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COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA
NUMBER 11

A DISTRIBUTIONAL LIST OF THE
BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA

BY

JOSEPH GRINNELL

CONTRIBUTION FROM THE MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

we

Ww @tional Musevt

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA
PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB
October 21, 1915

NOTE

Pacirric Coast AvirauNa No. 11 is the eleventh in a series of publications
issued by the Cooper Ornithological Club for the accommodation of papers whose
length prohibits their appearance in THE Conpor.

The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Club consist of two series—
THE Conpor, which is the bi-monthly official organ, and the Pactric Coast Avi-
FAUNA.

For information as to either of the above series, address one of the Club
Business Managers, J. Eugene Law, Hollywood, California, or W. Lee Chambers,
Eagle Rock, California.

CONTENTS

page
Imitroduchion 205 'es. eer ce Setatoeisle are els as paras tone histo Sie ee ne dee ee 5
Planvot Treatment, <.3.22,c0c2 Ss cos, satan see ames tele nie ie eterno eee i
Distributional ‘Areas: 5 sacs c icscvesateis isle opel aust oueisiasete aieaeeeeas toe eve eee 9
Aeknowle dgiments: > acpnersss2 secs tetesereiare ew ae aie ora icatake dake esate ee ee 13
the: Birds of Califormian, ts... saree cc tetas < aercreisic cia eerie rom aera ae 15
Species Credited to California on Unsatisfactory Grounds.............. 1738
Hypothetical. Dist): 50 one ole eta eters ternetraroee a riere atbanstnias oar ee 174
TCL Oe ai sin oe 0+ 3: Suadote abate lore eteyR le SoRte MeL rere Chae leinetee tr regehe ai cestat cues: ales ores eee 191

plate
Mapyof: lite Zonesof Calitornia jee ncaeeen eee oe eee eee eee I
Cross-sectional Profiles of California Showing Life Zones............... II

Maprot Baunal’ Areas of Californians. ..2 cee cee eee eee Ill

INTRODUCTION

Apparently the first attempt to catalog all the birds known at any one time
from California was made by Dr. James G. Cooper in his unsigned contribution
to Cronise’s Natural Wealth of California (pp. 448-480), published in 1868. A
brief running account is there given of 353 species. In 1890, Lyman Belding
(Occasional Papers, u, California Academy of Sciences) ascribed 295 species of
land birds to California, and in 1892, Walter E. Bryant (Zoe, 11, pp. 135-140)
listed 150 water birds, making a total of 445 species and subspecies then credited
to the state. Ten years later, in Pacific Coast Avifauna number 3, 1902, the
present writer enumerated, with brief annotations, 491 species and subspecies ;
and in 1912, in Pacific Coast Avifauna number 8, the same author gave a nom-
inal list of 530 forms. The present contribution shows a total of 541 species
and subspecies believed at the time of going to press, May 1, 1915, to properly
belong to the Recent avifauna of the state.

Of course, in each of the previous lists there have been some erroneous
entries; but the omission of these names in the succeeding list has always been
more than compensated for by additions during the intervening period. This
process may be expected to continue almost ad infinitum, as long as faunal lists
are published. As in the fifteen years or so just past, the increments will come
chiefly through the detection of stragglers, and, judging from the nature of those
already recorded, individuals representing practically every species and sub-
species in North America and the adjacent waters may be expected to reach
California sooner or later. This would probably hold true as well for any other
area in temperate America.

A notable part of the recent expansion in our state list has been due to more
intensive exploration, to the accumulation of series of specimens more or less
fully representing practically all of our faunal areas, and to the resulting activ-
ity in subspecifie discrimination made possible by these favoring circumstances.

While a great gain has been evident of recent years in the accumulation of
materials for the study of avian distribution, our basis for exhaustive research in
this line is yet far from ideal. The present writer, after having gone over the
literature with considerable care, confesses that there is still so much to be
desired that he has been discouraged from attempting now, as originally planned,
a far more detailed definition of the range of each species of California bird.

6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

An example of how he had wished to undertake such a treatment is to be found
in his paper on the ‘‘Distribution of the Mockingbird in California’’ (Auk,
xxvill, 1911, pp. 293-300, map). Part of the trouble lies in the general lack of
accurate systematic analyses of the variable groups of birds. Systematic ornith-
ology is popularly supposed to have reached such a high plane that no further
work remains to be done. As a matter of fact, the status of very many forms,
both species and subspecies, is but imperfectly understood, and consequently it is
impossible to map their distribution accurately. The type of work needed in
this connection is well illustrated in Swarth’s paper entitled ‘‘The California
Forms of the Genus Psaltriparus’’? (Auk, xxxi, 1914, pp. 499-526, pl. xu). A
score of other groups demand similar close attention.

There is marked need for much further field work, such as any conscien-
tious student of birds can engage in locally, whereby relative numbers of each
species will be ascertained for restricted areas throughout the year. The census
idea is an excellent one in this connection, and it is to be hoped that greatly
improved methods of recording bird populations will be developed, so that dis-
tributional behavior can be expressed in more nearly exact terms than is at pres-
ent possible.

In the main list comprising the bulk of the present paper, the author has
exercised care in admitting little known species to full standing. Where, after
due enquiry, grounds have been found for doubting the validity of a record, it
has been relegated to the Hypothetical List as a species credited to California
on unsatisfactory grounds (see p. 173), or else the name appears under the
synonymy of some other form, or sometimes both dispositions have been made
of the doubtful record. With rare, so-called ‘‘accidental’’, species, the bird
must, as a rule, have been secured and preserved in some accessible collection
so as to be subject to re-identification whenever desirable. The oft-repeated
maxim holds: That the more unusual and hence unexpected the alleged oceur-
rence of a species, the better must be the evidence in the case; such evidence must
be reasonably conclusive to warrant its acceptance as authentic.

1915 7

PLAN OF TREATMENT

It is important that the limitations of the following treatment of species be
clearly understood ; too much must not be expected of it, and at the same time its
full scope of usefulness should be realized.

The systematic order is that of the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-
List (1910), except that within groups of species or subspecies a more natural
arrangement is sometimes adopted, for example by according with geographical
sequence. The A. O. U. order is thus accepted here because of the convenience
thereby admittedly secured, in concording with the bulk of current ornithological
literature. That the classification indicated is quite unsatisfactory cannot be
gainsaid. (See Pacific Coast Avifauna no. 8, 1912, p. 5.)

The first number, in bold-face type, is the running number of this list. The
second number, in parenthesis, is that of the species as enumerated in the third
edition (1910) of the A. O. U. Check-List. This may serve to facilitate concord-
ance where the names are different. The term part, within the parenthesis, is
used where the subspecies or species here given full standing is not also separ-
ately recognized in the A. O. U. list, but is included both geographically and sys-
tematically with the species whose number is cited.

The nomenclature in large measure follows that adopted by the A. O. U.
Committee on Nomenclature up to and ineluding the Sixteenth Supplement
(July, 1912). In a few eases departure from this standard has seemed justified
because of the clearness of the contrary evidence as presented by the original
investigator, or because my own knowledge of the problems concerned seems to
provide sufficient ground for the expression of positive opinion. These points
of difference as a rule concern subspecies only.

The synonyms given are only those which have been applied to the species
as occurring in California. No effort has been made to obtain a complete list of
vernacular appellations, only the more common book names being given. But
the scientific names have been collected during rather exhaustive search and
are believed to include very nearly all ever applied to any bird of the state. The
term part is employed in connection with such names as have been applied to
more than one species or subspecies in California. Minor departures in spelling
from better known forms of names are not included; for example Dendroeca for
Dendroica, unalascae for aonalaschkae, ete. Diphthongs are not indicated by
the use of connected vowels. Possessives in vernacular names are ignored. All

8 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

printed synonyms are entered in the Index, so that the latter may be used as a
means of identifying any name in the literature of California ornithology.

The terms employed for comparative abundance are the usual simple and
relative ones: Abundant, common, fairly common, rare. Seasonal status is in-
dicated by these terms: Resident, meaning permanently present throughout the
year; summer visitant, indicating presence only during the summer season which
is also-usually the breeding season; winter visitant, of obvious meaning, comple-
mentary to summer visitant; transient, passing through during spring and fall
migrations and tarrying neither for the summer nor the winter. Occasional
qualifying words are used, with the intention always of leaving the meaning
clear. ;

This is solely a distributional paper; it has nothing to do with migration,
extent of breeding season, or systematic status, exeept in the latter case in so far
as is necessary to elucidate distribution. The distributional terms employed are
explained on succeeding pages (pp. 9-12). The maps (pls. I-III) should be con-
tinually consulted. In using this list it must be kept in mind that only with the
rarer species are all records of occurrence cited. With by far the greater num-
ber of species, only the first or most important for each critical locality is given;
also only such localities are specifically noted as represent extremes of range,
like northernmost, easternmost, ete., or are otherwise specially worthy of atten-
tion,

Citations to articles are, of course, given in uniformly abbreviated form.
Where the title of the periodical or book is not clearly apparent, reference should
be made to my Bibliography of California Ornithology (Pacific Coast Avifauna
number 5, 1909). Where more than one person of the same surname has contrib-
uted to Californian ornithology, the appropriate initials are used in citation; for
example, J. G. Cooper, W. A. Cooper. But otherwise the surname alone has
seemed sufficient ; as: Gambel, Heermann, Torrey.

An effort has been made to give the location, in museums or private collec-
tions, of specimens which form the basis of extraordinary records, as in the ease
of species which have been reported from the state less than four times. |

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1915 2)

DISTRIBUTIONAL AREAS

Close study of the life of any geographic area of large extent invariably
shows that, in dealing with the ranges of the included species, certain more or
less definite subdivisions may be usefully recognized. In other words, instead
of homogeneity in faunal composition, we find marked change from place to
place; and this change manifests itself in the exclusive presence, in a given por-
tion of the territory, of certain species, and in the absence of other species, pres-
ent in contiguous portions of the territory. There is usually conspicuous agree-
ment in the occurrence of a goodly proportion of the entire complement of spe-
cies, and this makes possible the characterization of minor areas relatively uni-
form within themselves. These latter are found to be separated by narrow
marginal strips of country where species drop out and others come in, and where,
in the case of subspecies, intergradation of forms takes place.

Each species or subspecies has a definite range, in which it is normally
abundant. It is the fact of approximate coincidence in the ranges of several or
many species that makes it possible to definitely characterize distributional areas.
These may be of varying rank, according as a greater or less percent of the total
complement of species is peculiar to each. A good parallel is afforded, in illus-
tration, by the manner in which characters are used in establishing systematic
groups; relatively few characters distinguish species and subspecies; progress-
ively more justify successively higher groups.

No such proportional treatment as just suggested has as yet been applied
in the attempt to divide California into zoogeographic areas. Data in hand,
while seemingly great in quantity, are still not sufficient to afford satisfactory
basis for statistical analysis. But enough are apparent upon comparatively
superficial examination to warrant the schemes here employed. These schemes
are not an innovation; they have grown up gradually, contributed to from
various sources and by various students, and are therefore believed to express
somewhere near the facts.

A major grouping of species geographically is by life zones, in accordance
with the system advocated by C. Hart Merriam. The ranges of most of the
land birds given in the present paper are defined primarily in terms of life

10 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

zones, and the extent of these distributional units, as represented within the
boundaries of California, is shown roughly on the map, plate I. The cross-see-
tional profiles given on plate II serve to convey some interesting suggestions as
to the effect of altitude and distance from the sea upon the ranges of the various
animals severally concerned.

Of lesser rank are faunal and subfaunal areas, using the term ‘‘faunal’’ in
a restricted or special sense. These areas, as the writer conceives of them, are
naturally subdivisions of life zones, so that each faunal unit consists of a divi-
sion of one life zone. The system of nomenclature for faunal units ought logically
to indicate their relationships accordingly ; but it does not. As a matter of prae-
tical necessity in most cases, divisions of two or even more adjacent zones are
lumped together under one faunal name (compare plates I and IIT).

It is natural to try to find some underlying causative factor to account for
the two types of distributional behavior involved in the two schemes, of life
zones and faunal areas. Study of the maps, of conditions in the field, and of
statements of distribution concerning our birds and other vertebrate animals
has forcibly suggested that adjacent zones are demarked from one another by
increase or decrease of temperature beyond in each case certain critical points.
Thus, in ascending a mountain, such as San Jacinto Peak, while there is little
doubt but that there is a uniform gradient in temperature from warm to cold,
one is impressed with the fact of zonation,—the existence of belts of life suc-
cessively passed through, broadly uniform, with narrow intervening bands of
blending.

The great topographic diversity in California, together with the presence
of the sea with the cool air-currents moving in a prevailingly eastward direction
from it, are factors which may be readily cited as accounting for the intricate
pattern of the life zones as shown on the map of this state. It is not necessary to
specify precise temperatures, in degrees, as delimiting zones (and this has not
yet been attempted critically by any one for California), in order to comprehend
what the writer believes to be trne—that temperature is the most important sin-
ele one of the several factors controlling the ranges of our birds. How this con-
trol is exerted upon each species concerned is a problem as yet incompletely
solved, but it seemingly has in many eases to do with the period and processes
of reproduction.

Broadly speaking, we may recognize two main zonal contingents in the ver-
tebrate life of California, Boreal, or northern, and Austral, or southern. Because
of the dominance here, in effect upon temperature, of altitude over latitude, we
might explain the situation more clearly to the inexperinced by speaking of the
animal life of the cool mountains as compared with the animal life of the warm
valleys. The contrasted differences are enormous, as even a cursory survey will ;
suffice to show. No close observer will deny that the critical factor here is that
of temperature.

By considering the whole of North America we are able to readily justify
zonal subdivision a step, and only one step, farther, as indicated in the following
brief synopsis of life zones.

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1915 DISTRIBUTIONAL AREAS 11

Arctic (or Alpine-Arctic)
BorEAL Hudsonian
Canadian

Transition

Upper Sonoran

AUSTRAL
Lower Sonoran

TROPICAL

While all of the zones from Lower Sonoran to Alpine-Arctic are represented
in California, the accompanying map takes account only of the Lower Sonoran
(orange), Upper Sonoran (yellow), and Transition (blue), separately, the three
uppermost subdivisions being lumped into one under the major designation
Boreal (green). This lumping is advisable for two reasons: (1) the detail on a
map of small scale would be too fine for practical portrayal; (2) the three divi-
sions of Boreal are not, in California, as sharply demarked as in a north-and-
south section of the continent interiorly, zonation in California in this respect
being confused locally through the effects of small area, and factors other than
temperature.

Transition is, as the name implies, a zone of overlapping of Boreal and
Austral,—where certain types from these opposite categories occur over a defi-
nite interval on common ground; and there are also perfectly characteristic
breeding species, chiefly if not exclusively among migrant forms, which render
this zone easily recognizable.

Turning again to the faunal divisions of California, we find that the factor
here involved is undoubtedly humidity of the atmosphere, directly or indirectly.
Roughly, the western portion of the United States can be separated into an arid
interior province (Great Basin plus southwestern desert tracts), and a humid
coastal strip, the latter of increasing width from south to north. In California
this line of demarcation appears to lie, approximately, along the crest of the
great Sierran divide the whole length of the state, from the Oregon line in the
vicinity of Mount Shasta, to the Mexican boundary below, and in line with, the
Cuyamaca Mountains. Distance from the ocean, prevailing direction of air eur-
rents, and height of intervening elevations of land crossed by these, seem to be
the chief conditions modifying the atmospheric humidity of a locality.

The faunal and subfaunal areas here recognized may be classified as follows.
The relationship of zones to faunas is also suggested.

12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Major Major
Zones Faunal Divisions Subfaunal Divisions
Humboldt Bay

i Northern Humid Coast
Marin

| HuMip Coast

BogeAL Santa Cruz
ORE <

Trinity
Sierra Nevadan
San Bernardino Mountain

[som
Sierra Foothill
Clear Lake
Sacramento Valley
CALIFORNIAN San Joaquin Valley

San Francisco Bay
San Diegan
Santa Barbara Island

AUSTRAL

Modoc
Great BASIN Inyo
(or Artp INTERIOR) Mohave Desert
Colorado Desert

Reference to plate III will show that, as with zones, the outlines of the
faunal areas in California are very irregular. The limit of subdivision of faunas
is not as sharply determined as with zones, and there is here more latitude for
the personal element. The boundaries as given are, of course, merely approx-
imate, and the areas themselves will doubtless receive extensive modification on
the basis of future, more intensive, geographical study. - Still, their recognition
as now defined has proven of great use in the attempt to formulate briefly the
extent of the ranges of the many species of birds involved.

A third order of distributional behavior, wholly complementary to the other
two, has been employed elsewhere in the study of the distribution of California
birds,—that by associations (see Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x11, 1914, pp.
64, 66, 90). Since this manner of occurrence is mostly local in its application,
and since its demonstration with regard to our birds would add very largely to
the bulk of the present paper, it has been left almost altogether out of consider-
ation in this connection. The present paper is thus given over to the treatment
of species upon the more purely geographical schemes, those of life zones and
faunal areas. The fact that birds, in spite of their superior powers of locomo-
tion, are often confined within very narrow ranges of climatic conditions, tends
to develop lively interest in this field of ornithological study.

Detailed, critical, and statistical marshalling of the facts of distribution of
our many species of birds, through the preparation of annotated tables, fauna by
fauna, zone by zone, and association by association, is a piece of work greatly
to be desired. Whoever undertakes it, however, will doubtless find his results
more significant if birds be handled along with other vertebrate classes. In the
meantime, accumulation of a very great deal more of distributional detail is to
be hoped for, as regards not only birds, but the other vertebrate groups as well.

—_—- ———

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Caras ER re Svar | FAUNAL DISTRICTS OF CALIFORNIA

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1915 13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Any undertaking of the nature of the present contribution is necessarily a
co-6perative affair. One person working by himself would inevitably fail in
considerable measure. The writer is therefore fortunate in being able to acknowl-
edge direct assistance from very many sources. This gives him confidence that
the results of his work are more nearly what the present stage of our science
demands.

The writer is indebted first of all to Miss Annie M. Alexander, the Founder
of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California. This
indebtedness has been incurred on two scores: First and primarily, in that since
the inauguration of the Museum’s activities, in March, 1908, there has been
as a result of her generous support of field work a unique accumulation of
facts and specimens from which to study bird distribution in this state. It is
particularly gratifying to record that this mass of data is on file in a public in-
stitution, the property of the state of California, where it is freely accessible
to any student of the subject. It is safe to say that seventy-five percent of both
the specific facts and general statements recorded in the present paper are capa-
ble of verification from the original records and specimens in this institution
alone. Secondly, the author is under personal obligation to the same benefactor,
who has been in continuous control of the Museum since its inauguration, for
allotment of a good share of his time to this, his favorite subject. Without this
privilege, and particularly without the active sympathy of Miss Alexander in
the all-important field work, no such relatively thorough knowledge would be
available at this time.

It is in order, also, to here express deep appreciation of the repeated and
important helps given by Messrs. Joseph Mailliard and John W. Mailliard. To
be explicit, these gentlemen not only placed at the writer’s disposal their finely
eared for and extensive private collections, but read and re-read the first drafts
of this paper, with the result that many errors were detected and much important
information added.

To Professor Harvey M. Hall I am grateful for considerable aid in mapping
the life zones of California. Since the zoologist is compelled to make constant
use of plants in indicating the ranges of animals, he continually appeals to the
botanist. Professor Hall has very similar views to the present author’s, as re-
gards the entity of life zones, and he has generously contributed from his own
knowledge of the conditions in many parts of California. The zone maps accom-
panying the present paper owe their approximate accuracy in many places to
his critical attention.

Members of the staff of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology have not only
helped conscientiously in whatever function the daily routine demanded, but Mr.
Harry 8. Swarth, in particular, has proffered numerous corrections and items

14 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

of information such as have brought the whole result to a more nearly satisfac-
tory plane of accuracy.

In running down records in literature it has become necessary to carry on
considerable correspondence with officials connected with the museums in Wash-
ington, D. C. It has proven desirable to verify many of the records made by the
early surveys. I have been especially assisted in this way by Mr. Wells W. Cooke,
of the Bureau of Biological Survey, who has always been cordial in his response
to my very frequent enquiries. In similar ways, I have been freely assisted
from time to time by Mr. Henry W. Henshaw, Dr. A. K. Fisher, Mr. Harry C.
Oberholser, and Dr. Charles W. Richmond.

One more specific source of information should here be mentioned. In
December, 1910, I for the first time had the opportunity of examining Belding’s
manuscript work on the ‘‘ Water Birds of the Pacific District’’, now deposited
in the Bancroft Library of the University of California. This is constructed
on very much the same lines as the same author’s ‘‘Land Birds of the Pacific
District’’, published in 1890 as an Occasional Paper by the California Academy
of Sciences. It consists largely of statements in regard to each species as quoted
from various publications of the early writers on California birds. The results
of Belding’s own personal observations are recorded at length; but many of
these, although not so indicated, had already been published by him in various
short articles. There remain, however, a good many notes, both of Belding’s
own, and from certain correspondents of his, which are new. The most import-
ant of these are Belding’s observations on the ducks and geese of the San Joa-
quin and Sacramento valleys. Such of all these notes‘ as are clearly authentic,
and as are found usable in the present paper, and at the same time have not
been previously published, I have credited to ‘‘Belding, MS’’.

It is proper that acknowledgment be made collectively to the host of observ-
ers, members of the Cooper Ornithological Club, who have contributed at more
or less length to our knowledge of California birds. In his capacity as Editor of
The Condor, the writer has repeatedly suggested to individuals the desirability
of publishing certain important facts communicated by letter or otherwise, and
a favorable response has almost invariably been accorded. In the citations for
details of specific occurrence in the following lists, full credit is given for practi-
cally everything so furnished, and germane to the purpose of the paper.

JOSEPH GRINNELL,
California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,

May 1, 1915.

1

|

THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA
Th) Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence)

WESTERN GREBE

Synonyms—Podiceps occidentalis; Podiceps clarku; Aechmophorus
clarkii; Aechmophorus occidentalis clarkvi; Clark Grebe.

Status—Common during fall, winter, and spring along the seacoast, on the
bays, and on the larger bodies of water inland throughout the state. Remains
through the summer on Buena Vista and Tulare lakes, where it may breed, as
it does certainly on Eagle Lake and Tule Lake in the northeastern part of the
state (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 190; Sheldon, Condor, rx,
1907, p. 186; V. Bailey, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 64). According to Belding (MS),
the species formerly bred in Sutter County and in the vicinity of Stockton, be-
fore so much of the tule land was reclaimed. Noted casually through the sum-
mer on the ocean'near Santa Barbara (Torrey, Condor, xt, 1910, p. 204), and
on salt sloughs near San Diego (Belding, MS).

2 (2) Colymbus holboelli (Reinhardt)

HOLBOELL GREBE

Synonyms—Podicipes holboelli; Podiceps coopert; Podiceps cristatus;
Crested Grebe; Red-necked Grebe.

Status—Fairly common as a midwinter visitant along the seacoast. Beck
(Condor, rx, 1907, p. 58) found it of regular occurrence in small numbers on
Monterey Bay from November to February; also, as observed more recently,
remaining until May (Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m, 1910, p. 58). Other
record stations are: San Francisco Bay—Presidio and Oakland (Kobbe, Auk,
xvii, 1901, p. 270) ; Pacific Grove (Loomis, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1,
1896, p. 14) ; Santa Barbara (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 76) ; Elsi-
nore Lake (Nordhoff, Auk, x1x, 1902, p. 212) ; Lake Tahoe, September 6 (Beld-
ing, MS).

3 (3) Colymbus auritus Linnaeus
HorNED GREBE
Synonyms—Podiceps cornutus; Dytes auritus.

Status—Fairly common as a midwinter visitant along the seacoast; occurs
casually inland. Recorded from: Humboldt Bay (Townsend, Proe. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 190) ; San Francisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bads.,
1902, p. xtvi); Monterey Bay (Loomis, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1,
1896, p. 14) ; Los Baftos, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.); Santa Barbara
(Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1886, p. 90); Alamitos and San Diego bays (Lin-
ton, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 110) ; Lake Tahoe, September (Belding, MS) ; Hype-
rion, Los Angeles County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 9); River-
side (Heller, Condor, m, 1901, p. 100) ; Colorado River (Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat.
Sei. Phila., 1866, p. 100). In several instances winter specimens have been
recorded under the name auritus, and subsequently shown to be californicus.

16 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

TSG) Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heermann)
AMERICAN EARED GREBE

Synonyms—Podiceps californicus; Podiceps auritus californicus; Dytes
auritus var. californicus; Dytes nigricollis californicus; Podicipes californicus ;
Colymbus nigricollis; Colymbus californicus; Colymbus auritus, part; Califor-
nia Grebe.

Status—Breeds commonly on many of the elevated lakes along the east
side of the Sierras; also south to Elizabeth Lake, Los Angeles County (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 12), Bear Lake, San Bernardino Moun-
tains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 51); San Jacinto Lake,
Riverside County (Willett and Jay, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 157), and casually to
Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 85). Winters abund-
antly on the ocean along our entire coast, and in smaller numbers on various
bodies of water inland throughout the state. Noted at Owens Lake up to June
(A. K. Fisher, loc. cit.). Occurs most widely during the period of dissemina-
tion immediately succeeding the breeding season.

5 (6) Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus)
PIED-BILLED GREBE

Synonyms—Podilymbus lineatus; Podilymbus carolinensis; Podilymbus
podicipes; Lineated Diver; Thick-billed Grebe.

Status—Fairly common breeding species on the smaller bodies of fresh
water both east and west of the Sierras; breeds south as far as San Jacinto
Lake, Riverside County (Willett and Jay, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 157), and
Escondido, in San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 86). More gener-
ally and abundantly distributed throughout the state as a migrant; small num-
bers remain through the winter in the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin (sey-
eral records), on Tomales Bay (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS), on San Franciseo
Bay (Belding, MS), and in the San Diegan district (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.
no. 7, 1912; p: 10).

6 (7) Gavia immer (Briinnich)
Common Loon

Synonyms—Gavia imber; Urinator imber; Colymbus torquatus; Colymbus
glacialis; Great Northern Diver.

Status—Common winter visitant to the ocean and bays along the whole
length of our coast; also to various bodies of water inland, even to the Colorado
River (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs sparingly in summer on elevated lakes in the
northern Sierra Nevada: recorded as breeding on certain small lakes near
Mount Lassen (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 190), and at Eagle
Lake (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p. 333).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 7

7 (10) Gavia pacifica (Lawrence)
Paciric Loon

Synonyms—Colymbus pacificus; Colymbus arcticus var. pacificus; Urina-
tor pacificus; Pacifie Diver.

Status—Common winter visitant on the ocean and estuaries along our
whole coast (many records); occurs on Humboldt, San Francisco and San
Diego bays, but not known from any interior locality.

8 (11) Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan)
RED-THROATED LOON

Synonyms—Colymbus septentrionalis; Urinator lumme; Red-throated
Diver.

Status—Recorded as a common winter visitant on the ocean and bays at
various points along the coast, from Tomales Bay (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS)
to San Diego. Appears to be confined closely to salt water; only two interior
records: Fort Crook, Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
p- 191), and Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, Tulare County, ‘‘rare
winter visitant’’ (Fry, U. S. Dept. Interior, General Information Regarding
Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, Season of 1912, p. 7); the latter
doubtfully authentie.

) (GI) Lunda cirrhata (Pallas)
TuFTED PUFFIN

Synonyms—Mormon cirrhatus; Fratercula cirrhata.

Status—Breeds abundantly on the Farallon Islands; in smaller numbers
at Point Reyes (C. A. Allen, Orn. & Ool., v1, 1881, p. 18; J. and J. W. Mailliard,
MS), Carmel Bay (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 211),
near Port Harford (Willett, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 186), at San Miguel Island
(Streator, Orn. & Ool., xm, 1888, p. 53; Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 172; H.
Wright and G. K. Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 88), on Anacapa Island (H.
Wright and G. K. Snyder, loc. cit.), and on Santa Barbara Island (J. Grinnell,
Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 22; H. Wright and G. K. Snyder, loc.
cit.). Not recorded at any season south of San Nicolas Island where of but
casual occurrence (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 10). The species
is permanently resident on our waters, though more widely dispersed in win-
ter. In the vicinity of Monterey it has not been observed from February to
April (Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 59).

10 (14) Fratercula corniculata (Naumann)
Hornep PUFFIN

Status—Rare winter visitant. One record: specimen taken by H. W. Mars-
den at Pacific Grove, Monterey County, February 17, 1914 (Bishop, Condor,
xvi, 1914, p. 204). The bird was a female in winter plumage and is now no.
26172 of the L. B. Bishop collection.

18 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

AL (Gl)) Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas)
RHINOCEROS AUKLET

Synonyms—Uria occidentalis; Cerorhina occidentalis; Cerorhina suckleyi;
Sagmatorrhina suckleyi; Ceratorhyncha monocerata; Horn-billed Guillemot ;
Horn-billed Auk.

Status—Common mid-winter visitant on the ocean off our seacoast, at least
from the vicinity of the Farallones to San Diego (many records). Said to have
formerly bred on the Farallon Islands (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859,
[dy (aye

1216) Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas)
Cassin AUKLET
Synonyms—WMergulus cassin; Aleutian Auk.

Status—Common resident on the ocean off our whole seacoast. Breeds
abundantly on the Farallones; also on Santa Barbara Island (J. Grinnell, Rep.
Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 22), Santa Cruz Island (Beck, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 85), and at San Miguel Island (Streator, Orn. & Ool., xm,
1888, p. 54; Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 172; H. Wright and G. K. Snyder,
Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89). Reeorded also as breeding on islets along coast of
Humboldt County (Clay, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 93).

13 (17) Phaleris psittacula (Pallas)

PaRoQuET AUKLET
Synonyms—Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus; Simorhynchus psittaculus.

Status—Rather rare midwinter visitant along our central and northern sea-
coast: San Francisco Bay, December and January, 5 specimens (Loomis, Auk,
xvi, 1901, p. 104); Monterey Bay, January, 3 specimens (Beck, Condor, 1x,
1907, p. 58); off Point Pinos, near Monterey, January, 14 specimens (Beck,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 59); Eureka, Humboldt County,
February 7, 1 specimen (Clay, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 196).

14 (21) Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin)
ANCIENT MURRELET

Status—Fairly common midwinter visitant on the ocean coastwise: Pacific
Beach, San Diego County (Bishop, Condor, vi, 1905, p. 141); San Pedro (H.
Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 65); Terminal Island and Hyperion, Los Angeles
County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 11); Santa Catalina Island
(Osburn, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 76); San Clemente Island (Linton, Condor, x1,
1909, p. 193) ; Santa Cruz Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128) ; off Monte-
rey and Monterey Bay (Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., rx, 1886, p. 524;
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 17; J. Mailliard, Auk, xv,
1898, p. 197; Beek, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 1m, 1910, p. 59; Mus. Vert.
Zool., many specimens, December 1 to March 17); San Francisco Bay (Kobbe,
Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlviii; Littlejohn, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 41).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 19

15 (23) Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin)
Marsuep MURRELET

Synonym—Marbled Guillemot.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant on the ocean coastwise: off Monte-
rey (Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 19; Mus. Vert. Zool.,
many specimens, August 31 to April 4) ; Santa Cruz (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 12); San Francisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook
Bds., 1902, p. xlviii; J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS); Santa Barbara (Streator,
Orn. & Ool., x1, 1886, p. 90). Has also been found in June and July on Monte-
rey Bay (J. Mailliard, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 15).

16 (25). Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus

XANTUS MURRELET

Synonyms—Micruria hypoleuca; Xantus Guillemot.

Status—Fairly common resident on the ocean along our southern coast and
among the Santa Barbara Islands. Recorded as far north as Monterey Bay reg-
ularly (Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 211; J. Mailliard,
Auk, xv, 1898, p. 197; Beck, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 58; Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad.
Sei., 4th ser., 11, 1910, p. 60). Found breeding on Santa Barbara Island (J. G.
Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., rv, 1868, p. 12; H. Wright and G. K. Snyder,
Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89), and on Anacapa Island (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no.
7, 1912, p. 12; H. Wright and G. K. Snyder, loc. cit.).

17 (29) Cepphus columba Pallas
PIGEON GUILLEMOT
Synonyms—Uria columba; Western Guillemot; Black Guillemot.

Status—Common in summer along our central seacoast. Breeds at many
points both on the mainland coast and on the islands, from Point Reyes (C. A.
Allen, Orn. & Ool., vi, 1881, p. 18; J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS) and the Faral-
lones, south to the Santa Barbara Islands (many records). Occasional on San
Francisco Bay. Noted but sparingly in winter. Southernmost record at any
season: San Clemente Island (J. G. Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870,
Dato).

18 (30a) Uria troille californica (H. Bryant)
CALIFORNIA MuRRE

Synonyms—Uria troile; Uria lomvia; Uria ringvia; Catarractes californi-
cus; Uria californica; Uria lomvia arra; Lomvia troile californica; Lomvia
troile; Lomvia californica; Uria brunnichi; Uria lomvia var. californica; Large-
billed Guillemot; California Guillemot.

Status—Common resident on the open ocean. Breeds abundantly on the
Farallon Islands; in smaller numbers at San Miguel Island (Willett, Condor, xm,
1910, p. 172; H. Wright and G. K. Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89), at Point
Reyes, Marin County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS), and, formerly at least, at

20 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Pedro Point, San Mateo County (Ray, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 431). Occurs at times
on San Francisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlviii). South-
ernmost record at any season: Newport Beach, Orange County (Van Rossem,
Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 144).

19) (35) Megalestris skua (Briinnich)
SKUA

Synonyms—Stercorarius catarractes; Stercorarwus skua; Buphagus skua;
Common Skua.

Status—Rare visitant on the open ocean; specimen secured previously to
18538, ‘‘off Monterey’? (G. N. Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v1,
1853, p. 7; see Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 21) ; speci-
men (no. 10,920, Calif. Acad. Sci.) secured August 7, 1907, on Monterey Bay
(Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 111, 1910, p. 61) ; specimens in Mus. Vert.
Zool. (nos. 17758, male, and 17759, female) taken by Beck on Monterey Bay,
August 4 and September 21, 1910.

20 (36) Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck)
p
POMARINE JAEGER

Status—Common fall migrant coastwise. Recorded from San Francisco
(W. E. Bryant, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., mu, 1889, p. 87), San Francisco
Bay (J. Maillard, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 15), and from off Monterey (Loomis,
Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2d ser., v, 1895, p. 213; Mus. Vert. Zool., specimens, Aug-
ust 2 to October 27). Oceurs off ‘‘Point Pinos in every month of the year’’
though only common during August to October (Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei.,
4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 61).

21 (87) Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus)
PARASITIC JAEGER

Status—Common fall migrant coastwise, on salt water only. Remains
through the winter in small numbers south of Point Concepcion. Recorded from
Iumboldt Bay (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 191), San Fran-
cisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlviii), off Monterey
(Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 213; Mus. Vert. Zool., speci-
mens, August 2 to December 12), Santa Barbara (Henshaw, Auk, tr, 1885, p.
232), San Buenaventura (Evermann, Auk, 1, 1886, p. 88), Santa Monica (J.
Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 6), and Hyperion, Los Angeles County
(Willett, Pace. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 13).

22 (38) Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot
LONG-TAILED JAEGER
Status—Rare fall migrant on salt water coastwise: off Monterey, one speci-
men, August 23 (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 213) ; Mon-
terey Bay, four specimens, August 2 and 13, September 5 and 7 (nos. 17760--

17763 Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 19, one
specimen (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 141).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 21

23 (40a) Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway
Paciric KirrrwaKE

Synonyms—Rissa kotzebuci; Rissa tridactyla kotzbuei; Rissa pollicaris ;
Rissa tridactyla; Kittiwake Gull.

Status—Winter visitant on the ocean and coastwise, irregularly common ;
casual inland. Recorded as follows: off San Diego (Anthony, Auk, xv, 1898, p.
267); Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County (Linton, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 199) ;
Long Beach (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 238); Playa del Rey, Los Angeles
County (J. Grinnell, Condor, vm, 1906, p. 57) ; Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo
County (Thompson, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 187) ; Monterey (Loomis, Proe. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 21) ; off Point Pinos (Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 62); San Francisco Bay (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., rv, 1868, p. 10) ; Nicasio, Marin County (Southwick and Jencks, Auk,
11, 1885, p. 313).

24 (42) Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus
Guaucous GULL

Synonyms—Larus glaucus; Larus hutchinsi; Burgomaster.

Status—Rare winter visitant along the seacoast: Farallones and San Fran-
- cisco Bay (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 9); off Monterey
(Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 22; ibid., 3rd ser., zool., u,
1900, p. 357; Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 11, 1910, p. 62) ; Monterey
Bay, one specimen, February 16, 1911 (no. 17932, Mus. Vert. Zool.).

25 (44) Larus glaucescens Naumann
GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL

Status—Common winter visitant along our whole seacoast, being recorded
south to San Diego. Notably numerous on San Francisco and Monterey bays.
No record away from salt water.
26 (49) Larus occidentalis Audubon

WESTERN GULL
Synonym—Larus argentatus var. occidentalis.

Status—Abundant resident along the whole seacoast; common at all seasons
on San Francisco and San Diego bays. Breeds on the Farallon Islands, on all
of the Santa Barbara Islands, at Point Reyes (C. A. Allen, Orn. & Ool., v1, 1881,
p. 18), and at Point Carmel (Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p.
62). Oceurs casually inland: Elsinore Lake, Riverside County (Nordhoff, Auk,
xix, 1902, p. 212) ; 100 miles up Sacramento River (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep.,
vi, 1857, p. 105).) :

27 (51) Larus argentatus Pontoppidan
HerrRING GULL

Synonyms—Larus smithsonianus; Larus argentatus smithsonianus; Larus
vegae; Larus cachinnans; Pallas Herring Gull; Vega Gull.

22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Status—Common winter visitant along our whole seacoast. Notably numer-
ous on San Francisco Bay. Casual inland: Los Angeles (Swarth, Condor, 11,
1900, p. 14).

28 (53) Larus californicus Lawrence
CALIFORNIA GULL

Status—Common winter visitant in suitable localities throughout the state ;
occurs along the whole seacoast, on all the large interior lakes from which we
have records of any water birds at all, and along the larger streams. Occurs
most widely at the period of dissemination in late summer. Breeds at Eagle
Lake, Lassen County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 191), and
occurs in summer also on other lakes of northeastern California, from Lake
Tahoe northward.

29 (54) Larus delawarensis Ord
RING-BILLED GULL

Status—Common winter visitant coastwise from Tomales Bay (J. and J.
W. Mailliard, MS) and San Francisco Bay southward (many records) ; occurs
inland in migration: Owens Lake (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p.
14) ; Lake Tahoe (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1877, p. 1322) ; Summit Lake,
near Mt. Lassen (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 192) ; Ivanpah,
San Bernardino County (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 457); Salton Sea (J.
Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 186). According to Bishop (Condor, xm, 1910, p.
174) certain records of ‘‘ Larus canus’’ may belong here.

30 (55) Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson

SHORT-BILLED GULL

Synonyms—Larus canus; Larus canus var. brachyrhynchus; Mew Gull.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant coastwise on salt water. Recorded
as follows: Humboldt Bay (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 192) ;
San Francisco Bay (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., 1v, 1868, p. 10);
Monterey Bay (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 24; Beck,
Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 63) ; Santa Barbara to San Diego
(ITenshaw, Auk, 1, 1885, p. 232); Ventura (Evermann, Auk, 1, 1886, p. 88) ;
San Diego, ete. (Saunders, Cat. Bds. British Mus., xxv, 1896, p. 283).

31 (57) Larus heermanni Cassin
HEERMANN GULL
Synonyms—Blasipus heermanu; Blasipus belcheri; White-headed Gull.

Status—Common at all seasons along our seacoast, at least as far north as
San Francisco Bay (many records); most numerous in winter. In only one
instance straying away from salt water: Sacramento River at confluence with
Feather River (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., v1, 1857, p. 105). No authentic ree-
ord of breeding north of the Mexican boundary.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 23

32 (59) Larus franklini Richardson
FRANKLIN GULL

Status—Rare winter visitant to the seacoast off southern California. Three
specimens taken at Hyperion, Los Angeles County, November 22, 1913, October
17, 1914, and November 24, 1914: nos. 1500, 2350, and 2587, respectively, of the
Law collection (Law, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 96).

33 (60) Larus philadelphia (Ord)
BoNAPARTE GULL
Synonym—Chroicocephalus philadelphia.

Status—Common migrant along the seacoast (many records) ; occasional
migrant through the interior: near Owens Lake (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 7, 1893, p. 14) ; Pajaro Valley, Monterey County (Chalker, Zoe, tv, 1893, p.
225); Colorado River (Coues, Ibis, 2nd ser., m1, 1866, p. 263); Yermo, Mohave
Desert (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 33). Winters regularly along our southern
seacoast from Monterey Bay southward (Mus. Vert. Zool.), occasionally on San
Francisco Bay.

34 (62) Xema sabini (Sabine)
SABINE GULL

Synonyms—Larus sabini; Fork-tailed Gull.

Status—Fairly common spring and fall migrant on the ocean: Monterey
Bay (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 215; ibid., 3rd ser.,
zool., 1, 1900, p. 358; Beck, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 58; Breninger, Auk, xx, 1903, p.
433; Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 63) ; San Francisco Bay
(W. E. Bryant, Zoe, 1m, 1892, p. 165) ; Santa Cruz Island (Willett, Pace. Coast
Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 15); Santa Barbara Channel, ten miles from Santa Cruz
Island (H. Wright, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 227). One instance of occurrence in
the interior: Mono Lake, September (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1v, 1902. jo), 110).

35 (64) Sterna caspia Pallas
CasPIAN TERN
Synonyms—Sterna tschegrava; Sterna regia, part; Hydroprogne caspia.

Status—Rather rare winter visitant and migrant both coastwise and in the
interior: Stockton and San Francisco (Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v1, 1881,
p. 124) ; San Francisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlix) ; Los
Banos, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Fresno district (Tyler, MS) ; Buena
Vista Lake, Kern County (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 196); Alamitos Bay,
Los Angeles County (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 68) ; Salton Sea (J. Grinnell,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 186); Cane Spring, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
San Diego (Saunders, Cat. Bds. British Mus., xxv, 1896, p. 32).

24 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

36 (65) Sterna maxima Boddaert
Royaut TERN

Synonyms—Sterna reg id, art ; Thalasseus 7 eguus; Sterna cayanensis ;
. i ‘ ,
Ca yenne Tern.

Status—Varyingly common at any season along the ocean coast from San
Francisco Bay southward (many records). Not known from north of Tomales
Bay (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS). One interior record: Elsinore Lake, River-
side County (Nordhoff, Auk, x1x, 1902, p. 213). Said to have been found breed-
ing on San Miguel Island (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 277).

37 (66) Sterna elegans Gambel
ELEGANT TERN

Synonyms—Thalasseus elegans; Sterna galericulata.

Status—Rather rare and irregular summer and fall visitant along our sea-
coast southerly: San Francisco Bay (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., rv,
1868, p. 10) ; Monterey (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 3rd ser., zool., 1, 1900,
p. 319); Monterey Bay (specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Pacifie Beach, San
Diego County (Bishop, Condor, vi, 1905, p. 141); San Diego (Belding, MS).
38 (69) Sterna forsteri Nuttall

Forster TERN

Status—Common summer visitant and migrant interiorly (many records) ;
definitely recorded as breeding at Eagle Lake (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1887, p. 192; Sheldon, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 186), Lake Tahoe (Ray, Osprey,
yv, 1901, p. 116), in Sacramento Valley (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Bds.
N. Amer., 11, 1884, p. 292), and, not so surely, at Elsinore Lake, Riverside
County (Heller, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 100). Common migrant coastwise. Win-

_ters sparingly on the coast of the San Diegan district, in rare cases north as far
as Stockton and Santa Cruz (Belding, MS).

39 (70) Sterna hirundo Linnaeus
Common TERN

Status—Fairly common migrant coastwise: Pacifie Beach, San Diego
County, September (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 141); Alamitos Bay, Los An-
geles County, September (Willett, Condor, x, 1908, p. 50) ; Hyperion Beach, Los
Angeles County, May (Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 174; L. H. Miller, Condor,
xvi, 1914, p. 40) ; Santa Barbara (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 16) ;
off Point Pinos, Monterey County, April and May, August to October (Beck,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., mm, 1910, p. 64). One winter record: San Fran-
cisco, January (Littlejohn, Condor, v, 1903, p. 81).

40 (71) Sterna paradisaea Briinnich
Arctic TERN
Synonyms—Sterna pikei; Sterna macrura; Slender-billed Tern.

Status—Fairly common fall migrant coastwise: off Monterey, August

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 25

(Loomis, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 215) ; off Point Pinos, Mon-
terey County, August and September( Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1,
1910, p. 64) ; Monterey Bay, August 4 to September 14, many specimens (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

41 (74) Sterna antillarum (Lesson)
Least TERN
Synonym—Sterna superciliaris var. antillarum.

Status—Common summer visitant locally coastwise; breeding colonies re-
corded as follows: San Diego (Kelsey, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 144) ; Newport Beach,
Terminal Island, and Ballona Beach (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898,
p. 8); Bolsa Beach (W. L. Chambers, Condor, x, 1908, p. 237) ; Hueneme, Ven-
tura County (Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 173); mouth of Salinas River, on
Monterey Bay (Beck, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 58) ; Moss, Monterey Bay (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). The latter is the northernmost locality of occurrence.

42 (77) Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin)
Buack TERN

Synonyms—Sterna nigra; Hydrochelidon nigra; Hydrochelidon plumbea;
Hydrochelidon fissipes; Hydrochelidon lariformis; Hydrochelidon swrina-
mensis.

Status—Common summer visitant to fresh water lakes and marshes interi-
orly and northerly. Recorded as breeding at nearly all lakes northeast of the
Sierras, and south to Lake Tahoe; also at many points in the San Joaquin and
Sacramento valleys. The southernmost recorded breeding point is Elsinore
Lake, Riverside County (Heller, Condor, m, 1901, p. 100). Oceurs rarely on
the seacoast during migration: off Point Pinos (Beck, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei.,
4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 64) ; Monterey Bay, August 2 to September 23 (Mus. Vert.
Zool.)

43 (81) Diomedea nigripes Audubon

BuACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS

Synonyms—Diomedea fuliginosa; Phoebetria fuliginosa, part; Diomedea
chinensis ; Brown Gooney ; Sooty Albatross, part.

Status—Occurs irregularly on the open ocean off the whole coast; at times
common, apparently irrespective of season.

44 (82) Diomedea albatrus Pallas
SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS
Synonym—Diomedea brachyura.
Status—Fairly common at all seasons on the open ocean off our whole coast
(many records). Has occurred on San Diego Bay (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 11), Monterey Bay (J. G. Cooper. Amer. Nat., rv, 1871, p.
788), and San Francisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlix).

26 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

45 (86b) Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejneger
Paciric FULMAR

Synonyms—Fulmarus glacialis, part; Fulmarus glupischa; Fulmarus paci-
ficus.

Status—Common winter visitant on the ocean off our central and southern
seacoast (many records). Has occurred casually on San Francisco Bay (Kobbe,
Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlix; Littlejohn, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 41).

46 (86.1) Fulmarus rodgersi Cassin
Ropcers FuLMAR

Synonyms—Fulmarus glacialis, part; Fulmarus glacialis rodgersi; Fulma-
rus glacialis coluwmba.

Status—Irregular winter visitant on the ocean in company with F’. glacialis
glupischa. The relationship of the latter with J’. rodgersi has not been satisfac-
torily worked out; but there seems to me little doubt but that the two are dis-
tinet, for they oceupy separate breeding areas in the north (see Stejneger, bull.
29, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 91).

47 (102) Daption capense (Linnaeus)
PINTADO PETREL
Synonyms—Procellaria capensis; Cape Pigeon.

Status—Rare visitant; but one record: taken off Monterey previous to 1853
(G. N. Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1853, p. 6). According to
Beck (Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 65), the specimen upon which
the above record was based is still extant, being in the American Museum of Nat-
ural History.

48 (91) Puffinus creatopus Coues
PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER

Status—Common summer and fall visitant on the ocean off our central and
southern seacoast (many records). Not recorded north of the vicinity of the
Farallones (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1868, p. 11). Of casual
occurrence on San Francisco Bay (Emerson, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 60). Occurs
off Point Pinos, Monterey County, from February to November (Beck, Proe.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 65).

49 (93) Puffinus opisthomelas Coues
BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER
Synonym—Puffinus gavia.
Status—Common visitant on the ocean off our southern seacoast almost
throughout the year (many records) ; at times abundant. Recorded north as far
as Santa Cruz (W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1889, p. 87).

Said to have been found breeding on Santa Barbara Island (Anthony, Auk, xm,
1896, p. 223), but the evidence is inconclusive.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 27

50 (95) Puffinus griseus (Gmelin)
DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER

Synonyms—Nectris fuliginosus; Puffinus fuliginosus; Puffinus strick-
landi; Sooty Shearwater.

Status—Abundant summer visitant on the open ocean along our whole
coast (many records). Has been observed at times in numbers on San Francisco
Bay (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS). Occasional off Monterey through the winter
(Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 27; Mus. Vert. Zool.).

51 (95.1) Puffinus carneipes Gould
FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER
Synonym—Pale-footed Shearwater.

Status—Rare but apparently regular summer visitant on the open ocean off
Monterey Bay: ten specimens secured, February to November of different years
(Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 11, 1910, p. 66) ; four additional speci-
mens from the same locality are in Mus. Vert. Zool. (nos. 18687-18690), taken
by Beck September 7, 23. and November 1, 1910.

52 (96) Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck)
SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER

Status—Fairly common winter visitant on the open ocean: off Monterey,
October to January (Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., v1, 1896, p. 28;
J. Mailliard, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 197; Beek, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 1,
1910, p. 65); Monterey Bay, April 10, and October 13 to December 31 (Mus.
Vert. Zool.) ; Hyperion Beach, Los Angeles County, November 22 (L. H. Miller,
Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 41); off San Diego, January (Anthony, Auk, xm, 1896,
peli).

53 (96.2) Puffinus bulleri Salvin
New ZEALAND SHEARWATER
Synonym—Buller Shearwater.
Status—Rare but apparently regular fall visitant on the open ocean off
Monterey. | Eleven specimens secured in that vicinity (Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 3rd ser., zool., 1, 1900, p. 319; Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,

mu, 1910, p. 66); five additional specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool. (nos. 18682-

18686), taken by Beck on Monterey Bay September 14 and 26, and October 13,
1910.

54 (97) Priofinus cinereus (Gmelin)
BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER

Synonyms—Procellaria haesitata; Adamastor cinereus; Puffinus melanu-
rus; Puffinus cinereus.

Status—Rare or casual visitant ; but one record: specimen obtained off Mon-
terey (G. N. Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, p. 5; see also

28 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 11, 1884, p. 375). According
to Beck (Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 66), the specimen is still
extant, being in the American Museum of Natural History.

55 (105) Oceanodroma furcata (Gmelin)
FORK-TAILED PETREL

Status—Irregular, late summer, fall and winter visitant on the ocean north-
erly: Humboldt Bay (T. S. Palmer, Proce. Calif. Acad. Scei., 2nd ser., m, 1889, p.
88); Monterey Bay (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., vi, 1896, p. 28;
Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 66) ; San Pedro (J. G. Cooper,
Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 10). The specimen upon which the latter,
our southernmost, record rests is in Mus. Vert. Zool. (no. 4470).

56 (105.2) Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony
KAEDING PETREL

Synonyms—Oceanodroma leucorhoa; Cymochorea leucorhoa; Oceanites
oceanicus, part; Thalassidroma leachi; Oceanodroma beldingi; Leach Petrel;
Belding Petrel.

Status—Fairly common resident on the ocean along our whole seacoast;
many records under different names. There may be two or more forms included
here, but the status of this group of petrels is not satisfactorily worked out. Re-
corded as breeding on the coast of Mendocino County (Dall, Proce. Calif. Acad.
Sei., v, 1874, p. 278), and on the Farallon Islands (Loomis. Proc. Calif. Acad.
Scei., 2nd ser., vi, 1896, p. 359) ; also breeds on a small island near Trinidad,
Humboldt County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

57 (108.1) Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend
Socorro PETREL

Status—Fairly common in summer on the ocean off San Diego (Anthony,
Auk, xit, 1895, p. 387). Breeds regularly on Los Coronados Islands but a few
miles south of the Mexican boundary.

58 (108) Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues)
AsHyY PETREL
Synonyms—Cymochorea homochroa; Coues Petrel.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant off central California. Breeds
commonly on the Farallon Islands (many records) ; also one breeding record for
San Miguel Island (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Sury., 1876, p. 277), and two for
Santa Cruz Island (H. Wright and G. K. Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 88, 89;
H. Wright, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 229). There are two specimens in Mus. Vert.
Zool. (nos. 6167, 6168) secured by L. H. Miller at sea near San Clemente Island,
April 8, 1904, and near Santa Barbara Island, April 10, 1904, respectively. Not
recorded south of the latter points, nor north of the Farallones save for a bird
picked up dead on a beach near Point Reyes (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).
Casual in November on San Francisco Bay near Redwood City (Littlejohn,

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 29.

. Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 41). Latest seasonal occurrence, November 4, off Poimt
Pinos, Monterey County (Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p 67).

59 (107) : Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte)
Buack PETREL

Synonyms—Procellaria melania; Thalassidroma melania; Cymochorea me-
lania; Oceanodroma townsendi; Black Stormy Petrel.

Status—Common in summer off our southern seacoast and around the Santa
Barbara Islands (many records). Recorded north regularly to vicinity of Mon-
terey Bay (Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 67). Northern-
most station: near San Francisco (Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x1, 1902,
p. 32).

60 (109) Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl)
WILSON PETREL
Status—Rare or casual visitant ; one instance: male specimen in Mus. Vert.
Zool. (no 18742), taken by R. H. Beck on Monterey Bay, August 24, 1910. Not
previously reported from the north Pacific Ocean.

61 (118) Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus)
WatTER-TURKEY
Synonym—Darter.

Status—One living individual scrutinized by Allan Brooks February 9, 1913,
at Potholes, on the California side of the lower Colorado River, Imperial County
(Brooks, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 182). Probably of fairly regular occurrence in
that locality, as it has been reported before from the Arizona side of the Colorado
River below Yuma.

62 (120c) Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway
FARALLON CORMORANT

Synonyms—Phalacrocorax dilophus; Phalacrocorax auritus; Phalacrocoraxr
dilophus cincinatus; Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus; Phalacrocorax town-
sendi; Graculus dilophus; Carbo dilophus; Carbo townsendi; Phalacrocorax aurt-
tus cincinatus; White-crested Cormorant; Double-crested Cormorant; Townsend
Cormorant; Lesser White-tufted Cormorant.

Status—Common resident both along the seacoast and on the larger bodies
of water inland. <A limited migration certainly occurs inland, for especially in
spring cormorants appear casually at many scattered localities far from suitable
feeding and nesting grounds. Breeds interiorly as follows: Eagle Lake, Lassen
County (Townsend, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 192) ; Clear Lake, Lake
County (C. Chamberlin, Nidiologist, m1, 1895, p. 29); Buena Vista Lake, Kern
County (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 196; Lamb and Howell, Condor, xv, 1913, p.
116); Tulare Lake (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p. 201); Salton Sea (J. Grin-
nell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 186). Seacoast breeding stations are: Farallon Islands
(many records) ; San Miguel Island (Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 173) ; Santa

30 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 11

Barbara Island (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 25) ; Santa
Catalina Island (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 9).

63 (122) Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt)

BRANDT CORMORANT
Synonyms—Carbo penicillatus; Graculus pemcillatus.

Status—Abundant resident along our whole seacoast and upon the bays; but
in no ease has it oceurred on fresh water. Breeding stations are as follows:
islets near mouth of Russian River, Sonoma County (J. and J. W. Mailliard,
MS); Point Reyes (C. A. Allen, Orn. & Ool., v1, 1881, p. 18); Farallon Islands
(many records) ; near Santa Cruz (Skirm, Orn. & Ool., rx, 1884, p. 150) ; Point
Carmel and Seal Rocks, near Monterey (several records) ; Port Harford, San
Luis Obispo County (Willett, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 186) ; San Miguel Island ( Wil-
lett, Condor, xi, 1910, p. 173); Santa Cruz Island (Blake, Auk, 1v, 1887, p.
329); Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa
Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 25) ; San Clemente Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82).

64 (123b) Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon

Batrp CoRMORANT

Synonyms—Phalacrocorax pelagicus; Phalacrocorax resplendens; Phala-
crocorax violaceus; Phalacrocorax violaceus resplendens; Phalacrocorax pelagi-
cus robustus; Graculus violaceus; Graculus bairdi; Graculus violaceus var.
bairdi; Violet-green Cormorant.

Status—Fairly common resident along the exposed seacoast. Occurs spar-
ingly on the bays, but not at all inland. Breeding stations are as follows: Point
Reyes( C. A. Allen, Orn. & Ool., v1, 1881, p. 18); Farallon Islands (many ree-
ords) ; near Santa Cruz (Skirm, Orn. & Ool., rx, 1884, p. 150); Point Carmel,
below Monterey (Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 221) ; Port
Harford, San Luis Obispo County (Willett, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 186); San
Miguel Island ( Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 173) ; Santa Cruz Island (Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 276) ; Santa Barbara Island (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds.
Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 26).

65 (125) Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin

WHITE PELICAN

Synonyms—Pelecanus americanus; Pelecanus molinae; Pelecanus trachy-
rhynchus; Rough-billed Pelican; American Pelican.

Status—Common resident interiorly and southerly. Recorded most widely
during migration, even to the seacoast, as on Tomales and San Francisco bays
(J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS). Probably absent from the more northern interior
localities in winter. Breeding stations are as follows: Eagle Lake, Lassen County
(Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 192) ; Tule Lake, near Oregon line
(Finley, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 35); Sacramento Valley (Heermann, Pac. R. R.
Rep., x, 1859, p. 72) ; Tulare Lake (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p. 201) ; Buena
Vista Lake (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 196; Lamb and Howell, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 116) ; Salton Sea (J. Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 187).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 31

66 (127) Pelecanus californicus Ridgway
CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN
Synonyms—Pelecanus fuscus; Gray Pelican; Brown Pelican.

Status—Varyingly common throughout the year along our whole seacoast ;
least so, and more locally restricted, in spring. Occurs on the bays, but not often
away from salt water; one interior record: Rancho Dos Rios, Stanislaus County,
three individuals, September 19, 1913 (J. Mailliard, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 228).
Breeds chiefly south of our limits, but colonies have lately been ascertained to
breed at Anacapa and San Miguel islands (Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, pp. 171,
173), on Santa Cruz Island (Willett, Pae. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 21), and on
Santa Barbara Island (Willett, loc. cit.; H. Wright and G. K. Snyder, Condor,
xv, 19138, p. 90).

67 (128) Fregata aquila (Linnaeus)
MAN-0’-WAR-BIRD
Synonyms—Tachypetes aquilus; Frigate Pelican.

Status—Rare and irregular visitant coastwise; casual in the interior; seems
to come irrespectively of season. Record stations are as follows: Farallon
Islands (J. G. Cooper, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 12); Catalina Island
(J. G. Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, pp. 69, 79) ; San Diego and San
Francisco (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 0, 1884, p. 130) ;
Humboldt Bay (T. S. Palmer, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., 1, 1889, p. 88) ;
Pasadena (R. H. Lawrence, Auk, x, 1893, p. 362); Santa Clara (Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Bds. British Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 443) ; Long Beach, Santa Monica and Los
Angeles (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 10); San Pablo Bay (Gif-
ford, Auk, xxm, 1905, p. 408) ; Long Beach (Linton, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 168) ;
Santa Barbara (Dawson, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 223) ; Hueneme, Ventura County,
and Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County (Willett, Pace. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912,
pp. 21, 22).

68 (129) Mergus americanus Cassin
AMERICAN MERGANSER

Synonyms—Mergus merganser americanus; Merganser americanus; Fish
Duek, part; Sawbill, part; Goosander; Sheldrake.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant coastwise and to interior valleys:
Los Banos, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.); Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles
County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 10) ; Long Beach, Redondo,
and Los Angeles (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 22); Elsinore Lake,
Riverside County (Nordhoff, Auk, xix, 1902, p. 213) ; San Diego (Belding, MS) ;
and other indefinite records. Recorded as summering about lakes and along
streams in the Sierra Nevadan region: Lake Tahoe (Belding, MS; Law, Condor,
xiv, 1912, p. 41) ; lower MeCloud River and Eagle Lake (Townsend, Proce. U. S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 193; Sheldon, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 186) ; Kern River Lakes,
Tulare County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, jos IIBy))e

32 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

69 (130) Mergus serrator Linnaeus
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER

Synonyms—Merganser serrator; Fish Duck, part; Sawbill, part; Red-
breasted Sheldrake.

Status—Common winter visitant along the entire seacoast, occurring both
on the open ocean about rocky headlands and islands, and on bays and salt
lagoons; less numerous interiorly on the larger bodies of water. Some interior
record stations are: Lake Tahoe (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 275) ;
Owens Lake (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 15); Ivanpah, San
Bernardino County (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 457) ; Yermo, Mohave Desert
(Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 34).

70 (131) Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus)
Hoopep MERGANSER
Synonyms—WMergus cucullatus; Hooded Sheldrake.

Status—Rather rare fall and winter visitant, both coastwise and in the
interior: Humboldt Bay, McCloud and Pitt rivers (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 193) ; Mark West Creek, Sonoma County (J. and J. W. Mail-
hard, MS) ; Suisun Marsh, and Putah Creek, Solano County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
San Francisco (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., v1, 1857, p. 104) ; Marysville (Beld-
ing, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 447); Paicines, San Benito County (J.
Mailliard, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 46) ; Ventura County (Evermann, Auk, m1, 1886,
p. 89); Fillmore, Ventura County, and Los Angeles (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.
no. 7, 1912, p. 22) ; Del Rey, Los Angeles County (W. L. Chambers, Condor, xv1,
1914, p. 92) ; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles
Co., 1898, p. 10); Westminster, Orange County (Grey, Condor, xvm, 1915, p.
59) ; San Diego (Belding, MS).

71 (182) Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus
MALiaArpD
Synonyms—Anas boschas; Green-head.

Status—Common resident and breeding species about fresh water in suit-
able localities throughout the interior of the state (many records). Southern-
most breeding record: San Diego (J. G. Cooper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., m, 1880,
p. 251). Most abundant in winter. Occurs but sparingly on salt water.

72 (133) Anas rubripes Brewster

Buack Duck

Status—Casual winter visitant: adult female (no. 17198, Mus. Vert. Zool.)
taken at Willows, Glenn County, February 1, 1911 (J. Grinnell, Condor, xm,
1911, p. 188).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 33

73 (135) Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus)
GADWALL

Synonyms—Anas strepera; Gray Duck.

Status—Fairly common resident west of the Sierra Nevada, chiefly on fresh
water. Recorded breeding as follows: Sacramento Valley (Heermann, Pac. R. R.
Rep., x, 1859, p. 69) ; Merced (J. Mailliard, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 15) ; Los Banos,
Merced County (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 222); San Pedro (Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 508); Los Angeles
(Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., 1889, p. 63); San Jacinto Lake,
Riverside County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 23). More common
and widespread in winter.

74 (136) Mareca penelope (Linnaeus)
EUROPEAN WIDGEON
Synonym—Anas penelope.

Status—Rare winter visitant; recorded instances as follows: San Francisco
market, several specimens (J. G. Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1868, p. 9;
W. E. Bryant, Forest & Stream, xxvi, 1886, p. 426; Ridgway, Proce. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 11, 1880, p. 231) ; Rio Vista, Solano County, two specimens (Belding, MS) ;
Eureka, specimen (Townsend, Auk, m1, 1886, p. 491) ; Humboldt Bay, two speci-
mens (F. J. Smith, MS); Bixby, Los Angeles County. specimen (J. Grinnell,
Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 383).

75 (187) Mareca americana (Gmelin)
BALDPATE

Synonyms—Anas americana; Mareca penelope, part; American Widgeon.

Status—Common winter visitant to suitable localities throughout the state.
Oceurs chiefly on fresh water, but occasionally reported from salt water, as on
Tomales Bay where “‘abundant during certain winter periods’’ (J. and J. W.
Maillard, MS).
76 (138) Nettion crecca (Linnaeus)

EuRoPEAN TEAL
Synonym—A nas crecca.

Status—Rare visitant: Known chiefly from J. G. Cooper’s statement that
it had been ‘‘found not rarely in California’’ (Auk, m1, 1886, p. 125). Thought
to have bred in marshes near Stockton (Belding, MS).

77 (139) Nettion carolinense (Gmelin)
GREEN-WINGED TEAL

Synonyms—Anas carolinensis; Querquedula carolinensis.

Status—Abundant winter visitant throughout the state, chiefly on fresh
water. Recorded as breeding in Ventura County (Evermann, Auk, m1, 1886, p.
89), at Tulare Lake (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129), and in Sierra Valley,
Plumas County (Belding, MS).

s

34 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

78 (140) Querquedula discors (Linnaeus)
BLUE-WINGED TEAL
Synonym—Anas discors.

Status—Rather rare transient and winter visitant, occurring altogether on
fresh water. Record stations are as follows: Stockton, San Diego (Cajon Val-
ley), and Agua Caliente [Palm Springs] (Belding, Zoe, 11, 1891, p. 97) ; Napa
(W. E. Bryant, Zoe, m1, 1891, p. 128) ; Little Owens Lake (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 16); Weaverville, Trinity County (Salvadori, Cat. Bds.
British Mus., xxv, 1895, p. 299) ; El Monte and Los Angeles (J. Grinnell, Bds.
Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 11; Swarth, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 14; Swarth, Condor,
x1, 1910, p. 107) ; Vallejo (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlix) ; near
Ehrenberg, on Colorado River (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 76) ; Santa Bar-
bara (Torrey, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 173) ; Los Angeles County (Willett, Condor,
xu, 1911, p. 76) ; Bolsa Beach, Orange County (male no. 7972, in Grinnell coll.) ;
National City, San Diego County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 23).

79 (141) Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot)
CINNAMON TEAL

Synonyms—A nas cyanoptera; Pterocyanea coeruleata; Pterocyanea discors ;
Red-breasted Teal; South American Teal.

Status—Common summer visitant to suitable localities throughout the state ;
many recorded breeding stations both east and west of the Sierras and through
the whole length of the state. Not noted anywhere on salt water. Winters spar-
ingly west of the Sierras from the vicinity of Stockton (Belding, MS) southward
through the San Diegan district.

80 (142) Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus)
SHOVELLER
Synonyms—Rynchaspis clypeata; Spoonbill Duck.

Status—Abundant winter visitant throughout the state. Remains through
the summer locally in small numbers. Breeding stations: Los Angeles (Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 24) ; Gorman Station, Los Angeles County (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 17); Tulare Lake (Goldman, Condor, x,
1908, p. 202) ; near Haywards, Alameda County (Emerson, Condor, m, 1901, p.
116) ; Chowchilla, Merced County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).

81 (143) Dafila acuta (Linnaeus)
PINTAIL
Synonyms—Dafila caudacuta; Sprigtail.
Status—Abundant winter visitant to suitable localities throughout the
state, but only rarely on salt water. Remains through the summer in small num-
bers locally. Breeding stations: San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County (Willett

and Jay, Condor, xim, 1911, p. 158); Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains
(Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 24); Los Angeles (Davie, Nests & Eggs

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 35

N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., 1889, p. 66) ; Alamitos, Los Angeles County (Cooke, bull.
26, Biol. Surv., U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1906, p. 38) ; Buena Vista Lake (Linton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 50) ; Tulare Lake (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p. 202) ; Los Bafios,
Merced County, and Pennington, Sutter County (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xv1,
1914, pp. 220, 223, 227).

82 (144) Aix sponsa (Linnaeus)
Woop Duck
Synonym—Summer Duck.

Status—Now rather rare as a resident in the Sacramento and San Joaquin
valleys and westwardly toward the coast; formerly common and well distributed
throughout the lowlands west of the Sierras. Southernmost station: Ramona, San
Diego County (Sharp, Condor, vii, 1906, p. 75). Breeding stations are: Forest
Lake, San Joaquin County (Sampson, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 95); Isleton, Sacra-
mento County (R. 8S. Wheeler, Nidologist, rv, 1897, p. 110); Lake Tahoe (Ray,
Osprey, v, 1901, p. 116); Ventura County (Cooke, bull. 26, Biol. Sury., U. S.
Dept. Agric., 1906, p. 40). For general statement as to status in California, see
J. Grinnell and H. C. Bryant, Calif. Fish & Game, 1, 1915, pp. 49-52.

83 (146) Marila americana (Eyton)
REDHEAD
Synonyms—Aythya americana; Aythya erythrocephala; Nyroca americana;
Nyroca ferina; Nyroca erythrocephala; Fuligula ferina americana.

Status—Common resident in suitable localities throughout the state; most
abundantly and widely distributed in winter. Recorded breeding as follows:
Lower Klamath and Tule lakes, on Oregon line (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914,
pp. 229, 231) ; Sacramento (Ridgway, Auk, 11, 1886, p. 403) ; Sacramento Valley
(Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 70) ; Ventura County (Evermann, Auk,
m, 1886, p. 89) ; Buena Vista Lake (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 197) ; Los Ange-
les (Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., 1889, p. 68) ; Nigger Slough,
Los Angeles County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 24); San Jacinto
Lake, Riverside County (Willett and Jay, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 158).

84 (147) Marila valisineria (Wilson)
CANVAS-BACK
Synonyms—A ythya vallisneria; Nyroca valisneria; Fuligula vallisneria.

Status—Common winter visitant both interiorly and along the seacoast.
Most numerous, particularly in early spring, about salt water bays and coastal
marshes. Many records, throughout the whole length of the state.

85 (148) Marila marila (Linnaeus)
GREATER Scaup Duck

Synonyms—Aythya marila; Aythya marila nearctica: FPuligula marila:
Fulix marila; Big Black-head; Broadbill.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant on salt and brackish water coast-

36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

wise. Recorded from a number of coast localities, south to San Diego (Baird,
Pac. R. R. Rep., 1x, 1858, p. 791; Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 25).
The only interior record station is Stockton (Belding, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1,
1879, p 446).

86 (149) Marila affinis (Eyton)
Lesser Scaup Duck |

Synonyms—A ythya affinis; Fulix affinis; Fuligula affinis; Fuligula mari-
loides; Little Black-head ; Blue-bill.

Status—Common transient and winter visitant, chiefly in the interior.
Coastwise records appear to be autumnal as a rule; records from the interior
valleys mostly in spring. Abundant at times in winter on Tomales Bay (J. and
J. W. Maillard, MS). Noted casually in June at Santa Barbara (Torrey, Con-
dor, x11, 1910, p. 204).

87 (150) Marila collaris (Donovan)
RING-NECKED Duck
Synonyms—A ythya collaris; Fulix collaris; Fuligula collaris.
Status—Now rather uncommon as a winter visitant; formerly fairly com-
mon; some fourteen records, the southernmost stations being Riverside (speci-
men in Mus. Vert. Zool., taken January 2, 1895), Yermo, Mohave Desert, March

10 (Lamb, Condor, xv, 1912, p. 34), and San Diego (Belding, MS). Recorded
once as breeding: Eagle Lake, Lassen County (Sheldon, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 187).

88 (151) Clangula clangula americana Bonaparte
AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE

Synonyms—Bucephala americana; Clangula americana; Bucephala clan-
gula; Clangula glaucion americana; Glaucionetta clangula americana; Bucephala
clangula var. americana; Whistler ; Whistle-wing.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant both on the coastal bays and
marshes, and in suitable places throughout the interior; many records. Less
numerous in the San Diegan district than in west-central California.

89 (152) Clangula islandica (Gmelin)

Barrow GOLDEN-EYE

Synonyms—Bucephala islandica; Glaucionetta islandica.

Status—Rare winter visitant; recorded only from the central parts of the
state: Specimens procured in San Francisco markets (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler
Surv., 1876, p. 274) ; San Francisco Bay (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902,
p. xlix) ; San Francisco Bay near Redwood City (Littlejohn, Condor, xtv, 1912,
p. 41) ; Marin County shore of San Francisco Bay in early spring (J. Mailliard,
Condor, v1, 1904, p. 15) ; Gridley, Butte County (Belding, MS) ; Stege, Contra
Costa County (female, no. 6393, Mus. Vert. Zool.).

1916 BIRDS OF- CALIFORNIA 37

90 (153) Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus)
BUFFLE-HEAD
Synonyms—Clangula albeola; Bucephala albeola; Butter-ball; Dipper, part.

Status—Common winter visitant both coastwise and in the interior, but
more particularly on the salt and brackish bays and marshes of the seacoast.
Many records, south to San Diego.

91 (154) Harelda hyemalis (Linnaeus)
OLD-SQUAW
Synonyms—Clangula hyemalis; Harelda glacialis.

Status—Rather rare midwinter visitant. Recorded as follows: Humboldt
Bay, October (T. 8. Palmer, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., m1, 1889, p. 88) ;
Point Reyes, January 17 (W. E. Bryant, Zoe, 1m, 1893, p. 363) ; Marin County
(J. Mailliard, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 46) ; San Francisco, during severest winters
(Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 104); San Francisco, December 26
(Loomis, Auk, xvi, 1901, p. 105) ; San Francisco Bay near Redwood City, De-
cember 17 and January 25 (Littlejohn, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 41). Monterey
Bay, December 23 (Beck, Condor, tx, 1907, p. 58); Santa Barbara (Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 274); Los Angeles County (Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 26) ; Newport, Orange County, November 28 (Daggett, Con-
dor, m, 1901, p. 15); San Diego Bay, January 13 (Anthony, Auk, xi, 1896,
p. 172).

92 (155) Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus)
HarLEQuin Duck

Synonyms—Histrionicus torquatus; Histrionicus minutus; Cosmonetta his-
trionica.

Status—Of sparse occurrence in summer on streams of the west slope of
the Sierra Nevada, where recorded as breeding: Stanislaus and Tuolumne rivers
(Belding, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 97; Belding, MS) ; also in summer at Crockers, on
South Fork of Tuolumne River, 20 miles northwest of Yosemite (A. K. Fisher,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 18). Of rather irregular visitation to the open
seacoast northerly, with following records: Bodega Bay (Belding, Zoe, 1, 1891,
p. 98); Tomales Bay, abundant in fall (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS); Point
Reyes, flocks in June (J. Mailliard, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 15) ; Monterey, May 25
(Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3rd ser., zool., 1, 1900, p. 362) ; Point Pinos,
near Monterey, July 7 (Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 222) ;
Point Carmel, Monterey County, June 6 (Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,
1, 1910, p. 69). The latter is our southernmost record station.

93 (162) Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus)
Kine EIDer

Status—Rare winter visitant; one instance: specimen taken off Blackpoint,

38 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

San Francisco, in winter of 1879-80 (Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
p. 189).

94 (163) Oidemia americana Swainson
AMERICAN SCOTER

Status—Rather rare winter visitant coastwise. Recorded as follows: Areata
Bay, Humboldt County (F. J. Smith, MS) ; San Francisco (Newberry, Pac. R. R.
Rep., vi, 1857, p. 104) ; San Francisco Bay near Redwood City( Littlejohn, Con-
dor, xIv, 1912, p. 41) ; Point Pinos, near Monterey (Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 69) ; Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 18) ; Santa Barbara (J. G. Cooper, Auk, rv, 1887, p.
87) ; coast of Los Angeles County and Santa Catalina Island (J. Grinnell, Bds.
Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 12).

95 (165) Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte
WHITE-WINGED SCOTER

Synonyms—Oidemia fusca; Melanetta velvetina; Velvet Duck; White-
winged Coot.

Status—Common winter visitant along the entire seacoast. Southernmost
record: San Diego (Belding, MS). Non-breeding birds remain throughout the
summer on San Francisco and Monterey bays, and south as far as San Miguel
Island (Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 173), and Santa Barbara (Torrey, Condor,
x, 1910, p. 204).

96 (166) Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus)
SurF Scorer ;

Synonyms—Oedemia perspicillata var. trowbridgci; Pelionetta perspicil-
lata; Pelionetta trowbridgei; Sea Coot; Surf Duck.

Status—Abundant winter visitant along our whole seacoast ; confined almost
exclusively to salt water. Occasional non-breeding birds remain all summer.

97 (167) Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin)
Ruppy Duck
Synonyms—Lrismatura rubida; Erismatura dominicensis.

Status—Common resident in suitable localities throughout the state; in
winter on San Francisco and Tomales bays (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS), other-
wise on fresh water. Many breeding records from the southern half of the state;
northernmost: on the coast, Santa Cruz (Ingersoll, Orn. & Ool., 1x, 1884, p. 15) ;
interiorly, Tule Lake, on Oregon line (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvr, 1914, p. 230) ;
southernmost: Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 86),
and San Diego (Belding, MS).

98 (169) Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (Pallas)

LESSER SNOW GOOSE

Synonyms—Anser hyperboreus; Chen albatus; Anser albatus; Chen hyper-
borea nivalis.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 39

Status—Abundant winter visitant to the interior valleys; less frequent near
the seacoast. Recorded south to San Diego (Belding, MS), and southeast to the
Colorado River below Needles (J. Grinnell, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914,
p. 116).

99 (170) Chen rossi (Cassin)
Ross SNow GoosE
Synonym—Anser rossi.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Val-
ley and to the vicinity of Los Angeles. Recorded also from Ventura County
(Evermann, Auk, m, 1886, p. 90), and Newport, Orange County (Daggett, Con-
dor, 11, 1901, p. 15). The latter is our southernmost record-station.

100 (171a) Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub
WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
Synonyms—Anser erythropus; Anser albifrons; Anser gambeli; Bernicla
gambeli; Laughing Goose; Checker-breast.
Status—Common winter visitant in suitable localities throughout the state.

As with the snow and Canada geese, the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley is the
area of marked abundance.

101 (172) Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus)
CANADA GOOSE

Synonyms—Bermicla canadensis; Branta canadensis occidentalis; White-
cheeked Goose.

Status—Fairly common in summer in suitable parts of northeastern Cali-
fornia; breeding stations: Lower Klamath Lake (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., v1,
1857, p. 100; H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 232); Eagle Lake, Lassen
County (Sheldon, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 187) ; Lake Tahoe (Belding, Zoe, m1, 1892,
p. 100). The identity of the goose nesting at Lake Tahoe has lately been proven
to be with canadensis rather than with occidentalis by the taking of a breeding
female, May 15, 1911, at Rowland’s Marsh; this bird is no. 17224, Mus. Vert.
Zool. (see Ray, Condor, x1v, 1912, p. 72). Occurs in winter regularly south
through the interior valleys; southernmost record stations: Bixby, Los Angeles
County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 13) ; Elsinore Lake (Nord-
hoff, Auk, x1x, 1902, p. 214) ; and ‘‘near San Diego’’ (Belding, Zoe, m1, 1892, p.
100). B. c. occidentalis, the so-called White-cheeked Goose, is now believed to
have no claim to recognition as a bird of California (see Swarth, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., xm, 1913, pp. 1-24, figs. and pls.).

102 (172a) Branta canadensis hutchinsi (Richardson)
HurcHins GoosE
Synonyms—Anser hutchins.; Bernicla hutchinsi.

Status—Common winter visitant to suitable localities throughout the state.
Most plentiful in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Recorded east to

40 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Owens and Death valleys (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 19), and
south to San Diego (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 67).

103 (172c) Branta canadensis minima Ridgway
CACKLING GOOSE

Synonyms—Bernicla leucoparia; Branta hutchinsi var. leucoparia; Branta
minuna.

Status—Common winter visitant to the Sacramento and San Joaquin val-
leys; also to the southward as far as San Diego County (A. O. U. Check-List,
3rd ed., 1910, p. 86).

104 (173a) Branta bernicla glaucogastra (Brehm)
EAstTerN SEA Brant ;

Status—Rare midwinter visitant. One record: adult male, now no. 24588
Mus. Vert. Zool., taken near Bird Island on Arcata Bay, Humboldt County, Jan-
uary 30, 1914 (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 183).

105 (174) Branta nigricans (Lawrence)
Buack SEA Brant
Synonyms—Bernicla brenta; Bernicla nigricans; Black Brant.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant along our whole seacoast. Reported
most numerously from San Diego, Bodega (Belding, MS), and Tomales (J. W.
Mailliard, MS) bays. Occurs but rarely away from salt water: Klamath River,
near Beswick, Siskiyou County (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 39) ; Los Banos, Mer-
ced County, January 3, 1912 (no. 22078, Mus. Vert. Zool.).

106 (176) Philacte canagica (Sevastianoff)
EMPEROR GOOSE

Status—Rather frequent winter visitant chiefly to fresh water areas in
west-central California; recorded instances as follows: specimen taken at Hum-
boldt Bay in the winter of 1884 (Townsend, Auk, 11, 1886, p. 491) ; specimen
from Gridley, taken in the fall of 1895, and one found October 8, 1900, in a San
Francisco market (Loomis, Auk, xvi, 1901, p. 105) ; specimen from Rio Vista,
Solano County, November 3, 1910 (Littlejohn, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 41) ; three
taken at Dixon, Solano County, one at Colusa, Colusa County, in November,
1912, male taken ten miles west of Modesto, Stanislaus County, November 15,
1913, and an immature male taken near Ingomar, Merced County, in December,
1912 (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 92) ; specimen taken near Davis, Yolo
County, in December, 1906 (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xv, 1915, p. 58).

107 (177) Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linnaeus)
BULACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK

Status—Rare visitant from the south. One authentie record for the state:
a mounted specimen in possession of Vernon Shephard, of San Francisco, taken
in the Imperial Valley, Imperial County, in the fall of 1912 (H. C. Bryant, Con-

1915 © -BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 41

dor, xvi, 1914, p. 94). A specimen is stated to have been procured at Fort Tejon
by Xantus, ‘‘who regarded it as of rare and unusual occurrence’’ (Baird, Brew-
er, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 482). Xantus gives only D.
fulva in his list of the birds of Fort Tejon (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p.
192) ; and a single specimen of fulva (and none of autwmnalis) is recorded from
there by Baird (Pac. R. R. Rep., rx, 1858, p. 770). So that there is the apparent
possibility of an error having been committed in the first cited work through
transcribing information under the wrong heading.

108 (178) Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot)
Funtyvous TREE-DUCK
Synonym—Dendrocygna fulva.

Status—Common as a summer visitant to the interior valleys southerly,
breeding in the San Joaquin Valley and in Los Angeles County. Occurs casu-
ally in winter. Northernmost records at any season: in the coast belt, Marin
County (J. Mailliard, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 15) ; in the San Joaquin-Sacramento
basin, Marysville (Belding, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 445) ; east of the
Sierras, Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 19). Breed-
ing stations: Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7,
1912, p. 28) ; Los Banos, Merced County (Barnhart, Condor, 11, 1901, p. 67).

109 (180) Olor columbianus (Ord)
WHISTLING SWAN

Synonyms—Cygnus american us; American Swan.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant to suitable localities (usually the
larger freshwater lakes and brackish heads of bays) south through the state
(many records) at least to Orange County (specimen in Grinnell coll.). Several
recent records and specimens from the west-central part of the state (Mus. Vert.

Zool.), and from the vicinity of Los Angeles (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7,
1912, p. 28).

110 (181) Olor buccinator (Richardson)
TRUMPETER SWAN
Synonym—Cygnus buccinator.

Status—Of regular occurrence, formerly, south through the interior of the
state. The following are some more or less definite records: A juvenile speci-
men from ‘‘California’’ has been listed as contained in the British Museum (Sal-
vadori, Cat. Bds. British Mus., xxvu, 1895, p. 35). J. G. Cooper (in Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 431) states that in his
day this species was found in small numbers in winter about freshwater lakes
and ponds inland. Heermann (Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 68) states that he
saw the species in the Suisun and Sacramento valleys, as well as frequently in
the San Francisco market; but since the Whistling Swan is not listed by him at
all, this record might be properly queried. Newberry (Pac. R. R. Rep., v1, 1857,
p. 100) gives both swans from California, designating the Trumpeter as the least

42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11 _

common, Townsend (Proc. U: S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 196) records the Trump-
eter Swan as ‘‘rare’’ in northern California, though possibly only on the author-
ity of Newberry. Evermann (Auk, 1, 1886, p. 91) records it from Ventura
County as a winter visitant, ‘‘more common’’ than the Whistling. J. Grinnell
(Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 13) records two specimens as having been taken
by A. M. Shields in Los Angeles County; but these were subsequently destroyed
by fire, and the identification has been questioned (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no.
7, 1912, p. 110). Belding (MS) identified three individuals “‘by description’’
in the markets of Stockton sometime previous to 1890. Actual specimens from
California do not appear to exist in any American museum. The species has not
been reported from California for at least the last seventeen years, and is appar-
ently approaching extinction even in the heart of its range, in the Canadian
provinces.

111 (183) Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus)
ROSEATE SPOONBILL
Synonyms—A jaja rosea; Platea mexicana; Platalea ajaja.

Status—Rare summer visitant from the south. Recorded as follows: Small
flocks stated to ‘‘have several times extended up the coast even as far as San
Francisco’’ (Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., 1, 1849, p. 222) ;
individual seen by R. B. Herron about four miles south of San Bernardino on
June 20, 1903, and one seen by H. E. Wilder flying overhead at Riverside in 1902
(F. Stephens, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 139). Rumors are current of its presence in
the Imperial Valley in the summer of 1909, and along the lower Colorado River
in the summer of 1913.

112 (187) Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus)
WHITE-FACED GLossy [BIS

Synonyms—Falcinellus cayanensis; Ibis ordi; Ibis mexicanus; Ibis thalas-
sinus.

Status—Common summer visitant to the interior, southern, and central
portions of the state, where, in suitable swampy areas, it breeds. Northernmost
records of occurrence: Lower Klamath Lake, on Oregon line (H. C. Bryant, Con-
dor, xvi, 1914, p. 232) ; Sutter County (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p.
443) ; Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 19) ; casual on
Farallon Islands (W. E. Bryant, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 42).
Some breeding stations are: Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, rx,
1907, p. 91); San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County (Willett and Jay, Condor,
xm, 1911, p. 159) ; Los Banos, Merced County (Shields, fide J. and J. W. Mail-
hard, MS). Winters casually in the San Diegan district, and north to Los Bafios,
Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Stockton (Belding, MS).

113 (188) Mycteria americana Linnaeus
Woop Isis

Synonyms—Tantalus loculator; Water-Turkey, part.

Status—Regular and common summer visitant along the lower Colorado

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 43

River; irregular and less common visitant in midsummer through the San
Diegan district (for records see Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 29) ;
north casually to San Francisco Bay, Haywards, and ‘‘San Joaquin Valley”’ (J.
G. Cooper, Auk, 1v, 1887, p. 90) ; noted also at Yermo, Mohave Desert, June 18
(Lamb, Condor, xv, 1912, p. 34). No definite nesting record, the species prob-
ably breeding wholly south of the Mexican line.

114 (190) Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu)
AMERICAN BITTERN
Synonyms—Botaurus minor; Ardea minor; Stake-driver.

Status—Common resident interiorly, breeding in suitable localities in the
interior valleys, and south as far as Alamitos, Los Angeles County (Robertson,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 94). Most numerous and widely spread west
of the Sierran divide in winter; probably absent at this season from northeast
of the Sierra Nevada.

115 (191) Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin)
Least BirtTERN
Synonyms—Ardetta exilis; Ardea exilis; Ardeola exilis; Botaurus exilis.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant locally north through the interior
to the Sacramento Valley. Also occurs near the coast southerly. Only four defi-
nite breeding records: Stockton (Belding, MS); Los Angeles County (J. Grin-
nell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 14; Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p
30) ; San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County (Willett and Jay, Condor, xm, 1911, p.
159) ; Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 91). Casual at
Yermo, Mohave Desert, August 7 (Lamb, Condor, x1v, 1912, p. 35).

116 (194, part) Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser
CALIFORNIA GREAT BLUE HERON

Synonyms—Ardea herodias, part; Ardea herodias oligista; Blue Crane;
Great Blue Heron, part.

Status—Abundant resident in suitable localities throughout the state chiefly
west and north of the desert divides. Very many recorded breeding stations in
the interior valleys, west to Redwood City, San Mateo County (Carriger and
Pemberton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 78), north to Eagle Lake, Lassen County (Shel-
don, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 187), and south to San Diego (J. G. Cooper, Proe. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., 1, 1880, p. 251). Common in winter also along the seacoast from the
Oregon to the Mexican line, as also about all of the adjacent islands. Although
individuals occur throughout the year around the Santa Barbara Islands (see
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 30), there is no good reason for the rec-
ognition of a local insular race (see Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 50).

117 (194, part) Ardea herodias treganzai Court
Pauuip Great Buus Heron

Synonyms—Ardea herodias, part; Great Blue Heron, part; Treganza Heron.

44 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.-11

Status—Abundant resident along the Colorado River and its distributaries,
from the Nevada to the Mexican line (Coues, Ibis, 2nd ser., 1, 1866, p. 263; Hol-
lister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 457; J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x11, 1914, p.
116), and on Salton Sea (J. Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 190). Recorded (casu-
ally?) west to near San Diego (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, 1912,
p. 546), and in Sacramento Valley (Cooke, U. 8. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 45, 1913,
p. 36). Records from the following points east of the Sierra Nevada probably
also pertain to this subspecies: Mono Lake (W. K. Fisher, Condor, tv, 1902, p.
11) ; Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 153).

118 (196) Herodias egretta (Gmelin)
AMERICAN EGRET

Synonyms—Ardea egretta; Herodias egretta var. californica; Herodias
alba egretta; Ardea occidentalis; Audubonia occidentalis.

Status—Fairly common visitant to favoring localities in the interior val-
leys, occurring only in summer in the northeastern section of the state, but irre-
spective of season elsewhere. Formerly numerous and widespread (many rec-
ords). Recorded as nesting at one time about lakes in northeastern California
(Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p. 323), and in the vicinity of Tulare
Lake (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 30). Localities of former oceur-
rence include points on the coast as well as in the interior. Said to be now on
the increase (J. Mailliard, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 50; zbid., 1912, p. 74; H. C.
Bryant, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 199; Grey, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 129; Myers, Con-
dor, xvi, 1914, p. 93), and a few are reported as nesting recently at Clear Lake,
Modoe County (Finley, Bird-Lore, xm, 1911, p. 347).

119 (197) Egretta candidissima candidissima (Gmelin)
Snowy Eerer

Synonyms—Ardea candidissima; Garzetta candidissima; Egretta candidis-
sima brewsteri; Snowy Heron.

Status—Now rather rare and of irregular occurrence in the interior valleys.
Common formerly as a summer visitant, both east and west of the Sierras (many
records). But one definite breeding record: near Dos Palos, Merced County
(Dawson, Condor, xvu, 1915, p. 97). Individuals occurred throughout the year
southerly west of the Sierras at least as far north as Stockton (Belding, MS),
and even Sacramento (J. Mailliard, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 50). Recorded from
coastal points as well as interiorly, a recent seacoast station being Carpinteria,
Santa Barbara County (Dawson, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 223).

120 (199) Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse)
Louisiana HERON

Status—Casual visitant from the south; one record. An adult female spe-
cimen taken at La Punta, on south end of San Diego Bay, January 17, 1914
(Huey, Condor, xv, 1915, p. 57).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 45

121 (201c) Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns)
ANTHONY GREEN HERON

Synonyms—Ardea virescens; Butorides virescens; Ardea virescens an-
thonyi; Fly-up-the-creek.

Status—Common summer visitant along rivers and lakes, wherever such
occur, north at least to Ukiah, Mendocino County (McGregor, Nidologist, m,
1896, p. 129) and Yreka, Siskiyou County (Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, p. 197). Breeding records from the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys,
from the Sespe River, Ventura County (Peyton, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 35), from
near Whittier, Los Angeles County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 31),
and from vicinity of San Diego (Huey, Condor, xvm, 1915, p. 59). Numerous
and widespread during migration, except along the seacoast. A few are reported
as wintering in the San Diegan district (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water
Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 52; Feudge, Condor, v, 1903, p. 80) ; in winter rarely
north to Stockton (Belding, MS).

122 (202) Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert)
BLACK-CROWNED NicHt HERON

Synonyms—Nycticoraxr nycticorax; Nycticorax naevus; Nycticorar griseus
naevius; Nyctiardea gardeni; Nyctiardea grisca naevia.

Status—Abundant in summer in suitable localities throughout the state;
oceurs most widely during migration. Winters in relatively small numbers in
the west-slope valleys of central and southern California. Northernmost winter
occurrence, San Geronimo, Marin County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).

123 (205) Grus canadensis (Linnaeus)
LittLe Brown CRANE
Synonyms—Grus mexicana, part; Sandhill Crane, part.

Status—While definite records of this species have only recently been estab-
lished, I feel confident that this is the crane seen commonly in migration through
the interior of the state. It follows that many of the records of ‘‘Grus mexicana’’
probably pertain wholly or in part to G. canadensis. While most abundant in
migration, many winter, at least in the San Joaquin Valley. Definite record
stations for G. canadensis are: San Francisco, San Rafael, and ‘‘northern Cali-
fornia’’ (Buturlin, Ibis, 9th ser., 1, 1907, p. 364) ; Newport, Orange County, and
Centinella, Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 128) ; Long
Beach and Riverside (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 32); vicinity of
Los Banos, Merced County (J. Mailliard, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 50; also six spe-
cimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.).

124 (206) Grus mexicana (Miiller)
SANDHILL CRANE
Synonyms—Grus canadensis, part; Grus canadensis mexicana.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to the northward interiorly; at

46 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

least a few winter in the San Joaquin Valley. Recorded as breeding in the
northeastern corner of the state (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p. 323;
Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., bull. 128, 1914, p. 11); summer records also from
alpine meadows of the northern Sierras (several records), and from the San
Joaquin Valley south to the Tulare Lake region (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p.
202),

125 | (210) Rallus obsoletus Ridgway
CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL

Synonyms—Rallus elegans; Rallus elegans var. obsoletus; Red-breasted
Rail; Marsh Hen.

Status—Common resident on the salt marshes around the south arm of San
Francisco Bay. Has been recorded (casually?) from Petaluma (Newberry, Pac.
R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 96), from the Farallon Islands (W. E. Bryant, Proce.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 42), from Tomales Bay (Storer, Condor,
xv, 1915, p. 98), and from Humboldt Bay (Suckley, Pac. R. R. Rep., xm, 1860,
p. 246; Storer, loc. cit.). Occurred formerly, 25 or more years ago, on the San
Francisco Bay shores of Marin and Sonoma counties (J. and J. W. Mailliard,
MS), and there are unconfirmed rumors of its more recent presence on the salt
marshes of Monterey Bay. The range of this comparatively large rail was thus
always within history at best extremely restricted; and now, with the reclama-
tion of marshlands around San Francisco Bay, and as subjected to concentrated
pursuit by hunters, the species seems destined to early extinction.

126 (210.1) Rallus levipes Bangs
LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL

Synonyms—Rallus obsoletus, part; Southern California Clapper Rail.

Status—Common resident on the coastal marshes of the San Diegan dis-
trict. Recorded at various points from San Diego to Santa Barbara. While
usually restricted to salt marshes, there is one breeding record from fresh water:
Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County (Willett, Condor, vim, 1906, p. 151). This
rail, like its near relative, obsoletus, is becoming notably scarcer year by year,
and in many marshes where it formerly occurred commonly it is now unknown
(see Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 32).

127 (212) Rallus virginianus Linnaeus

VIRGINIA Rath
Synonym—Sora, part.

Status—Common in summer in suitable localities throughout the state.
Southernmost breeding station, Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor,
ix, 1907, p. 86). Fairly common in winter west of the Sierras and north at least
as far as the Suisun marshes, Solano County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Tomales
Bay (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 47
128 (214) Porzana carolina (Linnaeus)
Sora Ratu

Synonyms—Common Rail; Sora, part.

Status—Common in summer in appropriate localities throughout the state;
recorded as breeding as far south as Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Con-
dor, 1x, 1907, p. 86). Fairly common in winter in interior valleys west of the
Sierras, occurring at that season north as far as Mad River, Humboldt County
(Townsend, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 197). Casual on the Farallon
Tslands (Keeler, Zoe, 11, 1892, p. 164).

129 (215) Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin)
YELLOW Rain
Synonym—Ortygops noveboracensis.

Status—Rather rare winter visitant to the marshes of west-central Califor-
nia: Martinez, Contra Costa County (J. G. Cooper, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv,
1868, p. 8); Alvarado, Alameda County (W. E. Bryant, Forest & Stream, xxv1,
1886, p. 426) ; Alameda County (H. B. Kaeding, Osprey, 1, 1898, p. 70) ; Sono-
ma County (Carriger, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 72); Rineon Valley,
Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Suisun Marshes, Solano County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; Los Banos, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Marin County (J. Mail-
hard, Condor, m, 1901, p. 16) ; San Mateo County and Berryessa, Santa Clara
County (Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 128, 1914, p. 32). Also Humboldt Bay
(Townsend, Auk, m1, 1886, p. 491), Newport Bay, Orange County (Osburn, Con-
dor, xm, 1911, p. 108), and Corona, Riverside County (Pierce, Condor, xv1, 1914,
p. 182).

130 (216.1) Creciscus coturniculus (Ridgway)
CALIFORNIA Buack Ram

Synonyms—Porzana jamaicensis; Creciscus jamaicensis ; Porzana jamaicen-
sis coturniculus; Porzana coturniculus; Farallon Rail.

Status—Fairly common fall and winter visitant to salt marshes of the San
Francisco Bay region: shores of San Mateo and Alameda counties (many speci-
mens), and Point Reyes Station, head of Tomales Bay (many records) ; also
interiorly: Martinez, Contra Costa County (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., rv, 1868, p. 8), Suisun marshes, Solano County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and
Stockton (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 443) ; and southerly: Santa
Cruz (Emerson, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 38), Hueneme, Ventura County (Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 33), Orange, Orange County, and Ballona, Los
Angeles County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 15), Riverside (i.
H. Miller, Orn. & Ool., xv, 1893, p. 104), and San Diego (Belding, MS). Cas-
ual on the Farallones (see Brewster, Auk, xxiv, 1907, p. 205). There is in Mus.
Vert. Zool. a second Farallon specimen (no. 17199) taken in December, 1909.
Fairly common in summer, and breeding, on the salt marshes of San Diego Bay
‘F. Stephens, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 47; Ingersoll, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 123).

48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

131 (219) Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein)
FiLoripa GALLINULE
Synonym—Gallinula chloropus galeata.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to suitable localities in the San
Diegan District northwest to Santa Barbara, and in the San Joaquin-Sacramento
Valley as far north as Sutter County: several breeding records. Recorded also
from San Francisco (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., v1, 1857, p. 96). A few winter
southerly, as, for instance, at Los Angeles (Swarth, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 15).

132 (221) Fulica americana Gmelin
Coor
Synonym—Mud-hen.

Status—Abundant resident of suitable localities throughout the state,
breeding at very many points both east and west of the Sierras.

133 (222) Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus)

Rep PHALAROPE
Synonym—Crymophilus fulicarius.

Status—Common in both migrations over the ocean and along the seacoast;
casual interiorly: Stockton (Belding, MS); Pasadena (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los
Angeles Co., 1898, p. 16) ; Los Angeles (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p.
34). Winters irregularly on the ocean southerly: off San Diego (MeGregor,
Osprey, 11, 1898, p. 88), around Santa Cruz and Anacapa islands (Willett, Con-
dor, xu, 1910, p. 175), and off Point Pinos, near Monterey (Beck, Proe. Calif.
Acad. Sei., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p. 70).

134 (223) Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus)

NoRTHERN PHALAROPE
Synonyms—Phalaropus lobatus; Phalaropus hyperboreus.

Status—Common spring and fall migrant along the seacoast, both on the
ocean and on nearby bodies of water inland. Recorded also from: head of Kern
River (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 271) ; Mono Lake (W. K. Fisher,
Condor, tv, 1902, p. 10) ; Webber Lake, Sierra County (Belding, Land Bds. Pace.
Dist., 1890, p. 267); Lake Tahoe (Belding, MS); Yermo, Mohave Desert,
August 20 to September 10 (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 35).

135 (224) Steganopus tricolor Vieillot
Winson PHALAROPE
Synonyms—Phalaropus tricolor; Phalaropus wilsoni.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to suitable country in northeastern
California. Recorded as breeding south to Lake Tahoe (Ray, Condor, v, 1903,
p. 49), and west to Lower Klamath Lake, on Oregon line (H. C. Bryant, Condor,
xvI, 1914, p. 232). Recorded in migration from Los Banos, Merced County (J.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 49

Mailliard, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 15) west to Cemetaries, San Mateo County (Pem-
berton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 207), and Santa Barbara (Torrey, Condor, x1, 1909,
p. 173; Bowles, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 35), thence south through the interior of
southern California.

136. (225) Recurvirostra americana Gmelin

AVOCET
Synonym—Recurvirostra occidentalis.

Status—Common summer visitant to suitable localities in the Modoe region,
in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, and in the San Diegan district.
Many breeding stations recorded, west on the Oregon line to Lower Klamath
Lake (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 233), and south at least to Santa Ana,
Orange County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 16). Occurs more
widely in migration, west to the coastal region south of San Francisco Bay.
Winters in fair numbers in the San Diegan district, casually as far north as
Stockton (Belding, MS), and Novato, Marin County (J. and J. W. Mailliard,
MS).

137 (226) Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller)

BuACK-NECKED STILT
Synonym—Himantopus nigricollis.

Status—Common summer visitant to interior localities the whole length of
the state, chiefly east of the Sierras at the north, west of the desert divide at the
south, and in the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley through the center of the
state. In the latter area recorded as breeding north to Sutter County (Belding,
Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 440), and in the San Diegan district south to
Santa Ana, Orange County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 16).
Occurs in migration in the coast belt north to Miller, Marin County (Kobbe,
Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. 1), casually to San Nicolas Island (J. Grinnell,
Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 26).

138 (230) Gallinago delicata (Ord)

WILSON SNIPE

Synonyms—Gallinago wilsoni; Scolopax wilsoni; Gallinago media; Gallin-
ago media wilsoni; English Snipe; Jack Snipe.

Status—Common migrant almost throughout the state; remains in moderate
numbers through the winter in west-central and southern California. A few
spend the summer in the Sierras; recorded as breeding at Eagle Lake, Lassen
County (Cooke, Bull. 35, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1910, p. 23); Webber Lake, Sierra
County (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 267); Lake Tahoe (Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 190) ; and near Gorman,
in Tejon Pass, extreme northern Los Angeles County (J. Mailliard, Condor, xv1,
1914, p. 261). Also in breeding season around Lower Klamath Lake, on Oregon
line (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 232). Adult specimen in Mus. Vert.

50 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Zool. taken July 5 on the South Fork of the Kern River, near Weldon, Kern
County, possibly indicates a breeding station at this point.

139 (232) Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (Say)
LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER

Synonyms—Scolopax grisea; Scolopax noveboracensis; Macrorhamphus
griseus; Macrorhamphus scolopaceus; Gray Snipe; Red-breasted Snipe.

Status—Common migrant both along the seacoast and through the interior
valleys west of the Sierras. Winters sparingly in the San Diegan district, and
irregularly in the west-central portion of the state: San Diego (Belding, MS),
Santa Ana, Orange County (J. Grinnell, MS), and Los Banos, Merced County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.; Beck, MS).

140 (234) Tringa canutus Linnaeus
Kyor

Status—Fairly common spring and fall migrant coastwise. Recorded from
Humboldt Bay ‘‘in winter’’ (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 198) ;
Alameda County shore of San Francisco Bay, April 27 to May 10 (Mus. Vert.
Zool.; J. Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, p. 25) ; Monterey, August 7 and
17 (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Santa Barbara, August 21 to September 7 (Bowles and
Howell, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 8) ; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, September
18 and October 10 ( Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 36) ; Anaheim Land-
ing, Orange County, October 3 (Lamb, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208); Pacific
Beach, San Diego County, September 10 and 16 (Bishop, Condor, vm, 1905, p.
141) ; San Diego, October 7 and 9 (Dwight, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 78).

141 (239) Pisobia maculata (Vieillot)
PECTORAL SANDPIPER
Synonyms—Tringa maculata; Actodromas maculata.

Status—Rare spring and fall migrant, recorded as follows: San Francisco
Bay (J. G. Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 8); San Francisco Bay
[Oakland], October 8 [1883], one specimen (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook, 1902, p.
1: as evidently based on specimen recorded by W. KE. Bryant under the name
Tringa fuscicollis; see p. 178) ; Mill Valley Junction, near Sausalito, September
14 (J. Maillard, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 15) ; Farallon Islands, September 4 (Cooke,
U.S. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 36) ; Santa Barbara, April 14, and August
18 to September 23 (Bowles and Howell, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 8; Torrey, Con-
dor, xu, 1910, p. 44).

142 (241) Pisobia bairdi (Coues)
Barrp SANDPIPER
Synonyms—Heteropygia bairdi; Actodromas bairdi; Tringa bairdi.

Status—Rare fall migrant; recorded as follows: Monterey, August 25, 1897,
one specimen (J. Mailliard, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 51); Santa Barbara, August 10 to

1915. BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 51

September 7, 1910 and 1911, several (Bowles and Howell, Condor, xiv, 1912, p.
8); coast of Santa Barbara County—Santa Barbara and Carpinteria—August
8 to 22, 1912 (Dawson, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 224) ; White’s Landing, Santa Cata-
lina Island, September 1, 1907, one specimen (J. Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909, p.
139); Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 8, 1904, one specimen
(Bishop, Condor, vm, 1905, p. 141) ; ‘‘California’’, three specimens (Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. British Mus., xxiv, 1896, p. 573).

143 (242) Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot)
LEAST SANDPIPER

Synonyms—Tringa minutilla; Tringa wilson; Actodromas minutilla; Lim-
onites minutilla.

Status—Abundant migrant throughout the state. Common through the
winter west of the Sierras from the San Francisco Bay region south through the
San Diegan district. Non-breeding or migrant individuals occur throughout
the summer months.

144 (243a) Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot)

RED-BACKED SANDPIPER

Synonyms—Tringa alpina; Tringa pacifica; Tringa alpina pacifica; Pelid-
na americana; Pelidna alpina americana; Tringa alpina var. americana.

Status—Common migrant along the seacoast, occurring also on suitable
eround a few miles inland. Remains through the winter in small numbers in
the central and southern coast regions from San Francisco Bay southwards; also
noted in winter in the Sacramento Valley (Belding, MS), and at Los Bafos
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

145 (247) Ereunetes mauri Cabanis
WESTERN SANDPIPER
Synonyms—Tringa semipalmata; Erewnetes petrificatus; Ereunetes pusil-
lus; Ereunetes occidentalis; Ereunetes pusillus occidentalis.

Status—Abundant spring and fall migrant coastwise; occurs also, but spar-
ingly, in suitable localities in the interior: Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 23) ; Shasta Valley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no.
16, 1899, p. 110) ; ete. A few are noted throughout the winter in the San Diegan
district and north as far as Oakland and Berkeley (Belding, MS). There is a
December record for San Clemente Island (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194).

146 (248) Calidris leucophaea (Pallas)
SANDERLING
Synonyms—Tringa arenaria; Calidris arenaria.

Status—Common transient and winter visitant along the seashore of the
San Diegan district and around the Santa Barbara Islands; northward less com-
monly as far as the San Francisco Bay region: San Francisco (Baird, Brewer,

52 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 253), and Oakland (Kobbe,
Bailey ’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. 1) ; also Bolinas and Point Reyes, Marin County
(J. and J. W. Maillard, MS). One interior station: Salton Sea, Imperial
County, April 20 and 30 (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; not recorded from any other point
inland.

147 (249) Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus)
MarBLED GopWIT

Status—Common migrant along the seacoast; occurs occasionally a short
distance inland, as at Elsinore Lake (Nordhoff, Auk, xtx, 1902, p. 214), Stock-
ton (Belding, MS), and Los Bafios, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). A few
remain apparently all winter even as far north as Humboldt Bay (Townsend,
Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 198); and stragglers have been observed in
June, as at Santa Barbara (Torrey, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 204).

148 (254) Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)
GREATER YELLOW-LEGS
Synonyms—Gambelta melanoleuca; Tell-tale; Stone Snipe.

Status—Common migrant both along the seacoast and at suitable points
through the interior; many records. Occurs in winter sparingly in the San Joa-
quin Valley, in the San Diegan district, and, more commonly, in the Imperial
Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 131). While late northward migrants
and early southbound birds almost span the summer, no authentic breeding rec-
ords are known.

149 (255) Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)
LESSER YELLOW-LEGS
Synonym—Gambetta flavipes.

Status—Rare migrant. Besides several general statements, the following
are the records specifying definite localities: Rhett [—Tule] Lake (Newberry,
Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 98) ; Humboldt Bay (Townsend, Proe. U. S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 198); Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County, “‘heard’’, September
19 (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 110) ; Gridley, Butte County,
April 20 (Belding, MS); Stockton, September 13 (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat.’
Mus., 1, 1879, p. 441) ; Santa Barbara, August 30 to about September 12, 1912
(Dawson, Condor, xiv, 1912, p 224) ; Santa Barbara, August 16, 1913 (Dawson,
Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 204-205, figs. 57-58) ; Riverside, twice in autumn (Heller,
Condor, m1, 1901, p. 100) ; San Diego (Belding, MS).

150 (256a) Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (Brewster)
WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER
Synonyms—Totanus solitarvus; Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus; Rhyaco-
philus solitarius.

Status—Fairly common migrant, occurring both near the sea and through
the interior; appears most often along freshwater streams, occurring even at

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 53

considerable elevations in mountainous regions. Many record stations, widely
scattered, though most numerous south of the 35th parallel.
oes

151 (258a) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster)

WESTERN WILLET

Synonyms—Totanus semipalmatus; Catoptrophorus semipalmatus; Sym-
phemia semipalmata; Symphemia semipalmata inornata.

Status—Common migrant coastwise, more sparingly through the interior.
Remains through the summer in suitable localities northeast of the Sierras: Altu-
ras and Davis Creek, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.); Beekwith, Plumas
County (Cooke, U. S. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 62). Stragglers or tran-
sients occur during each summer month along the seacoast, but no definite breed-
ing record is known to me outside of the above indicated area. Remains through
the winter regularly on and near the seacoast of the San Diegan district and in
the vicinity of San Francisco Bay; recorded in winter north as far as Humboldt
Bay (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 199).

152 (259) Heteractitis incanus (Gmelin)
WANDERING TATTLER

Synonyms—Totanus incanus; Heteroscelus brevipes.

Status—Common migrant and, at least southerly, winter visitant, on rocky
ocean shores. Recorded all through the summer, though these overlapping oceur-
rences are probably either of late northbound or early southbound individuals.
It is possible that non-breeders do not go north to the breeding grounds of the
species at all. Especially numerous, and occurring all the year, around the vari-
ous members of the Santa Barbara group of islands.

153 (261) Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein)
Upuanp PLOVER

Synonym—Bartramian Sandpiper.

Status—Rare fall migrant; only one record: bird shot at Tule Lake, Modoe
or Siskiyou County, by Vernon Bailey, August 8, 1896 (Cooke, U. S. Biol. Surv.,
Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 65). Upon inquiry I am informed by Mr. W. W. Cooke
that the specimen was not saved, though a wing was mailed to Washington to
ensure correctness of the field identification. This fragment was examined by
Dr. A. K. Fisher, but was not preserved.

154 (263) Actitis macularius (Linnaeus)
SporrEep SANDPIPER

Synonyms—Totanus macularius; Tringoides macularius.

Status—Abundant migrant throughout the state. Remains through the
summer and ‘breeds commonly along streams and lakes of the Sierra Nevadan

region, south at least as far as Cottonwood Lakes, 11000 feet altitude, Sierra
Nevada, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Many nesting records for Lassen

54 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

County and the vicinity of Lake Tahoe. Breeds also, but sparingly and locally,
along the larger streams of the coast belt, south as far as Santa Paula, Ventura
County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 39). Remains through the
winter in numbers along the seacoast of the San Diegan district and adjacent
islands.

155 (264) Numenius americanus Bechstein
LONG-BILLED CURLEW
Synonym—Numenius longirostris.

Status—Common as a breeding species in the Modoc region of northeastern —
California, at least as far south as Butte Valley, Plumas County (Feilner, Ann.
Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1865, pp. 423, 428). Although recorded from the San Joa-
quin Valley in June, actual breeding west of the Sierras has not been established.
Fairly common as a migrant both east and west of the Sierras, though not re-
corded near the seacoast north of the San Francisco Bay region. Occurs through
the winter in the San Diegan district, in the San Joaquin Valley (Tyler, Pace.
Coast Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 30), in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, and ocea-
sionally in the Sacramento Valley (Belding, MS). Far less numerous now than
formerly.

156 (265) Numenius hudsonicus Latham
Hupsonian CuRLEW
Synonym—Short-billed Curlew.

Status—Abundant spring and fall migrant along the seacoast. Perhaps a
few pass the winter southerly; for instance, Santa Cruz Island, December (Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126). Oceurs as a transient through the interior, espe-
cially in spring: Buena Vista Lake (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893,
p. 24) ; Marysville (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 441) ; Stoekton
(Belding, MS); Rancho Dos Rios, Stanislaus County (J. Mailliard, MS); Los
Banos, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Paicines, San Benito County (J. and
J. W. Mailliard, Condor, m, 1901, p. 121); Fresno District (Tyler, Pac. Coast
Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 80).

157 (270) Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus)
. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER

Synonyms—Squatarola helvetica; Charadrius helveticus; Charadrius squa-
tarola; Swiss Plover.

Status—Common spring and fall migrant along the seacoast. Occurs irreg-
ularly through the interior: Stockton (Belding, MS) ; Madera County (J. Mail-
liard, Condor, 11, 1900, p. 122) ; Los Bafios, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).
Winters coastwise in small numbers, even as far north as mouth of Eel River,
December (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 199), and casually inter-
iorly, at Los Banos, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 55

158 (272) Charadrius dominicus dominicus Miiller
AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER
Synonyms—Pluvialis virginiaca; Charadrius virginiacus; Bull-head.

Status—Rather rare as a fall migrant coastwise, with specific record sta-
tions as follows: San Francisco (Suckley, Pac. R. R. Rep., xu, 1860, p. 229) ;
Menlo Park and Vallejo (Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. 1); Santa
Cruz, October 22 (Cooke, U.S. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 84) ; San Diego
Bay near Coronado, one individual, January 12 to 20 (Torrey, Condor, xr, 1909,
p. 207).

159 (273) Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus)
KILLDEER
Synonyms—A egialitis vocifera; Charadrius vociferus.
Status—Abundant resident of suitable localities throughout the state west
of the Sierran divide and below the level of heavy snow; occurs commonly also

in appropriate localities east of the Sierras, but chiefly or exclusively in sum-
mer. The most widespread and numerous wader breeding within the state.

160 (274) Aegialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte)
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER
Synonyms—Aegialeus semipalmatus; Ring Plover.

Status—Fairly common as a migrant coastwise; occurs through the winter
sparingly on the coast of the San Diegan district: San Diego, in winter up to
April 23 (Belding, MS) ; San Pedro, October 17 (Grinnell coll.) ; southern Cali-
fornia in winter (Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 81). A few ree-
ords of occurrence during migration in the interior are: Webber Lake, Sierra
County, August 5 (Belding, MS); Fresno district (Tyler, MS); Julian, San
Diego County, April 16 (Belding, MS) ; Salton Sea, Imperial County, April 22
(Mus. Vert. Zool.). ;

161 (278) Aegialitis nivosa Cassin
Snowy PLover

Synonyms—Charadrius cantianus; Acgialitis cantiana nivosa; Acgialitis
cantiana; Aegialitis alerandrina nivosa; Charadrius melodus (2).

Status—Common resident at many points along the seacoast, particularly
from Monterey Bay south to the Mexican line; many breeding records, north to
Pescadero, San Mateo County (J. Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, p. 28) ;
breeds also near Eureka, Humboldt County (J. and J. W. Mailliard eoll.).
Occurs sparingly in the interior, where recorded from vicinity of Los Bais,
Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Owens Lake (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 7, 1893, p. 25), Buena Vista Lake (Linton, Condor; x, 1908, p. 197; Lamb
and Howell, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 117), and Salton Sea, at Mecea and in Imperial
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Recorded also from several of the Santa Barbara
group of islands.

56 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

162 (280) Ochthodromus wilsonius wilsonius (Ord)
WILSON PLOVER

Synonyms

Aegialitis wilsoma; Charadrius wilsoni.

Status—Rare visitant southerly. Recorded from ‘‘California’’ several
times, as by Seebohm (Geog. Dist. Charadriidae, 1887, p. 154). But only one
definite record: adult male specimen (now in Grinnell coll.) taken at Pacific
Beach, San Diego County, June 29, 1894 (Ingersoll, Nidiologist, 1, 1895, p. 87).

163 (281) Podasocys montanus (Townsend)
MountTAIn PLOVER

Synonyms—A egialitis montana; Eudromias montanus; Charadrius mon-
tanus; Aegialitis asiaticus var. montanus; Rocky Mountain Plover.

Status—Fairly common as a winter visitant to the San Joaquin and Saera-
mento valleys: recorded north to Marysville (Belding, Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1,
1879, p. 440), west to Concord, Contra Costa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Oak-
land (Belding, MS), and Paicines, San Benito County (J. and J. W. Mailliard,
Condor, 11, 1901, p. 121) ; also in the San Diegan district from Saticoy, Ventura
County (J. G. Cooper, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 91), southeast to Santa Ana (J. Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, p. 28), Riverside (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and San Diego
(Mus. Vert. Zool.). Noted casually on San Clemente Island (Breninger, Auk,
xxl, 1904, p. 222).

164 (282) Aphriza virgata (Gmelin)
SURF-BIRD
Synonym—Strepsilas virgata.

Status—Fairly common spring and fall migrant, appearing chiefly on
rocky portions of the seashore. Recorded from the following stations: Bodega
Bay (Belding, MS) ; Farallon Islands, June (Heermann, Pace. R. R. Rep., x, 1859,
p. 64; H. B. Kaeding, Condor, v, 1903, p. 127) ; Berkeley, October 24 (Cooke, U.
S. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 95) ; Santa Cruz, April (J. and J. W. Mail-
lard, MS) ; vicinity of Monterey, May and August (Loomis, Proce. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 2nd ser., v, 1895, p. 224; Beck, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,
mt, 1910, p. 71); San Miguel and San Nicolas islands (Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 41); Santa Barbara and Santa Barbara Island
(Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 127; Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Sury., 1876, p. 270) ; Santa Barbara, September 16 (Bowles and
Howell, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 11) ; Santa Barbara, May 3 (Dawson, Condor, xv,
1912, p. 224; cbid., xv, 1913, p. 5); Pacific Beach, San Diego County, Septem-
ber (Bishop, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 141). Also near Monterey, January 12 (two
specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.).

165 (283a) Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus)
Ruppy TUuRNSTONE
Synonyms—Arenaria interpres; Arenaria morinella; Strepsilas interpres.

Status—Fairly common as a spring and fall migrant along the seacoast and

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 57

around the adjacent islands (many records). Occurs rarely also in midwinter:
San Francisco Bay, December and January (J. Maillard, Condor, vi, 1904,
p. 16).

166 (284) Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors)
Buack TURNSTONE
Synonym—Strepsilas melanocephalus.

Status—Common throughout the year on the more rocky and exposed por-
tions of the seacoast the whole length of the state (many records) ; occasional on
shores of San. Francisco and Tomales bays (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).
Although observed throughout the summer, the individuals concerned are to be
considered either as late northbound migrants, early arrivals, or possibly as non-
breeders which do not follow the main bulk of the species to their far northern
nesting grounds, but remain south all summer.

167 (286.1) Haematopus frazari Brewster

FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER
Synonyms—Haematopus palliatus; Pied Oyster-catcher.

Status—Oceurred formerly as a fairly common summer visitant along
rocky portions of the seacoast of the San Diegan district. Recorded from defi-
nite localities as follows: San Diego, and Santa Barbara Island, breeding, accord-
ing to J. G. Cooper (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884,
p. 112) ; eoast of Ventura County (Evermann, Auk, 1, 1886, p. 92). There are
in Mus. Vert. Zool. two skins (nos. 4488, 4489), both adult females, taken by J.
G. Cooper at San Diego, May 16, 1862, and at Santa Barbara Island, June 2,
1863; these are probably the basis, in part at least, of Cooper’s statement as
above. The only recent record is that of a single individual seen at Santa Cata-
lina Island, February 12, 1910 (Osburn, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 76). While there
are no other instances of late occurrence, there is no reason to suppose that the
species does not exist at certain remote points along the coast of southern Cali-
fornia, or that individuals may not wander northward from the Lower Califor-
nian coast, where the species is known to occur regularly at the present time as
far north as Los Coronados Islands, just south of the Mexican line.

168 (287) Haematopus bachmani Audubon

Buack OYSTER-CATCHER

Synonyms—Haematopus townsendi; Haematopus ater; Haematopus niger ;
Bachman Oyster-catcher.

Status—Common resident on the more exposed and rocky portions of the
seacoast and adjacent islands. Known to breed at many points, from the coast
of Monterey County near Point Pinos (Jenkins, MS) south to San Clemente
Island (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1870, pp. 79, 81)). The only
locality of known occurrence north of the Farallon Islands and Point Reyes is
Trinidad, Humboldt County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

58 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

169 (292) Oreortyx picta picta (Douglas)
PAINTED QUAIL

Synonyms—Callipepla picta, part; Oreortyx picta plumifera, part; Ortyx
picta, part; Mountain Partridge; Mountain Quail, part.

Status—Common resident of the Transition and Boreal zones in parts of the
narrow humid coast belt, at least from Humboldt County south to Sonoma
County ; also sparingly south of San Francisco Bay in the Santa Cruz Mountains
(MeGregor, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 2, 1901, p. 5), and in the coast ranges of Mon-
terey County: several record stations, south to Big Creek (Jenkins, Condor, vim,
1906, p. 125). Monterey County specimens examined are so nearly intermediate
between picta and plumifera, that they might with equal propriety be referred
to under the latter name. Easternmost records at the north: Helena, Trinity
County (lL. Kellogg, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 119), and Mt. Sanhedrin (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) .

170 (292a) Oreortyx picta plumifera (Gould)
Mountain QUAIL

Synonyms—Callipepla picta, part; Ortyx picta, part; Ortyx plumifera;
Oreortyx picta, part; Oreortyx picta confinis; Plamed Partridge; Plumed Quail;
San Pedro Quail.

Status—Abundant resident of semi-arid and arid parts of the Transition
zone almost throughout the state: In northern California, along the inner coast
ranges from Mt. St. Helena (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 136) north to the
Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei.
Phila., 1903, p. 6); thence east through the Shasta and Modoe regions to the
Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; south along both slopes of the Sierra
Nevada to the Tehachapi Mountains (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 9) ;
also on the desert ranges east and south of Owens Valley: Panamint, Inyo, Argus
and Coso mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 26); in the
southern coast ranges from the Santa Ynez Mountains of Santa Barbara County
(Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1886, p. 67) and Mt. Pinos, Ventura County (J. Grin-
nell, Auk, xxi, 1905, p. 381) southeast throughout the Sierra Liebre, San Gabriel,
San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges to the Santa Rosa (Mus. Vert. Zool.),
Palamar (McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 67) and neighboring
mountains; also through the Cuyamacas (J. G. Cooper, Amer. Nat., vit, 1874, p.
17), to Campo. (W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1889, p. 276)
and Mountain Spring (Mus. Vert. Zool.), the last two localities being close to
the Mexican line in San Diego County. There is a slight vertical migration of
this quail in the Sierra Nevada (Belding, Zoe, 1, 1892, p. 233). On the eastern
bases of the southern ranges this quail occurs about springs well out onto the
desert.

The mountain quail inhabiting extreme southern California has been per-
sistently referred to another form, O. p. confinis; but examples at hand in fresh
fall plumage, from the Cuyamaca and adjacent mountains close to the Mexican
line, show themselves to be identical with the bird of the central Sierra Nevada.
(See Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, pp. 229-230.)

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 59

171 (294) Lophortyx californica californica (Shaw)
CALIFORNIA QUAIL

Synonyms—Tetrao californicus; Callipepla californica, part; Ortyx cali-
fornica, part; Lophortyx californica vallicola, part; Lophortyx californica brun-
nescens; California Partridge, part.

Status—Abundant resident of the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in
the narrow northwest humid belt south to southern Monterey County. The
range of this race includes the whole San Francisco Bay region east to Mt. Diablo.

172 (294a) Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway)
VALLEY QUAIL

Synonyms—Callipepla californica, part; Ortyx californica, part; Lophortyx
californica, part; Perdix californica; Callipepla californica vallicola; Valley
Partridge; California Partridge, part.

Status—Abundant resident of semi-arid parts of the Upper and Lower So-
noran zones through the state east of the northwest humid coast belt, and west
of the Mohave and Colorado deserts; occurs commonly in portions of the Modoc
region of extreme northeastern California, in Shasta Valley, and south along the
east slope of the Sierra Nevada to Owens Valley, and to the desert ranges to the
eastward: Inyo, Coso, Argus and Panamint Mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 28) ; occurs also out onto the deserts east of the southern
coast ranges, as in Antelope Valley, northern Los Angeles County (A. K. Fisher,
loc. cit.), along the Mohave River at least to Victorville (J. Mailliard and J. Grin-
nell, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 74), and at Palm Springs, Riverside County (many
records). The species has been introduced at points where it may not have
existed through natural means; as on San Clemente Island. The area of inter-
gradation between L. c. vallicola and L. c. californica is not well known, but it
is probably in a rather narrow belt paralleling the northern humid coast belt
and, save for a wider interior detour around the San Francisco Bay region, does
not extend more than forty miles from the seacoast. The range of vallicola meets
the seacoast from San Luis Obispo County southward. The active policy of the
State Game Commission in restocking depleted regions with quail from remote
areas is doubtless resulting in upsetting the original racial relationships of the
quail in the regions affected. Specimens at hand of good vallicola from Marin
County may be accounted for in this way.

173 (——) Lophortyx californica catalinensis Grinnell
Caraumna IsuAND QuATL
Synonyms—Lophortyx californica, part; Callipepla californica vallicola,
part; Lophortyx calfornica vallicola, part.

Status—Common resident on Santa Catalina Island. (See J. Grinnell, Auk,
xxi, 1906, p. 262; and Condor, x, 1908, p. 94).

60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

174 (295) Lophortyx gambeli gambeli Gambel
DESERT QUAIL

Synonyms—Callipepla gambeli; Callipepla gambeli deserticola; Gambel
Partridge; Gambel Quail; Arizona Quail.

Status—A bundant resident locally (in the vicinity of streams or springs) on
the Colorado and Mohave deserts. Recorded north to Amargosa and Death val-
leys (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer, Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 29) ; west across the Mohave
desert to Hesperia (Thurber, Auk, xm, 1896, p. 265), and in the Colorado desert
to the north flank of the Santa Rosa Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 232), and through San Gorgonio Pass to Banning
(Gilman, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 148). Reeorded casually from Los Angeles (J.
Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 19), and San Bernardino (Wall, Auk, x,
1893, p. 204). Along the western edge of its range this quail occurs at many
points on common ground with ZL. c. vallicola; several hybrid examples between
the two species have been recorded. Efforts have been made to introduce the
desert quail into northern California, as at Folsom, Sacramento County (Belding,
Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 8) ; but the birds liberated have always promptly
disappeared—as was to be expected!

175 (297a) Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (Ridgway)

Sooty GROUSE

Status—Fairly common locally in the semi-humid northwestern corner of
the state. Specimens examined from Hay Fork, Trinity County (lL. Kellogg,
Condor, x1, 1911, p 119), and Kuntz, Trinity County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), show
themselves to be distinctly of the northwest coast form as contrasted with that
of the Sierra Nevada. Grouse occur near the coast at Seaview, Sonoma County
(J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS) ; probably fuliginosus, but specimens not yet ob-
tained and compared. ;

176 (297c¢) Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Chapman
SIERRA GROUSE

Synonyms—Tetrao obscurus; Canace obscura; Dendragapus obscurus; Den-
dragapus fuliginosus; Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus; Sooty Grouse, part;
Dusky Grouse.

Status—Common resident of coniferous timber in the upper Transition and
Canadian zones of northern California from Mount Shasta south along the inner
coast ranges at least to Mount Sanhedrin (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1904, p. 580; Mus. Vert. Zool.), and along the Sierra Nevada south through the
Mount Whitney region to the Piute Mountains, Kern County (C. H. Richardson,
Condor, vi, 1904, p. 135). Also on the Warner Mountains of Modoe County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), on the White Mountains, Mono County (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 30), and on Mount Pinos, Ventura County (A. K.
Fisher, loc. cit.; probably Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 266; J. Grin-
nell, Auk, xxi, 1905, p. 382; and Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 43).

a

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 61

177 (300ce) Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas)
OREGON RUFFED GROUSE
Synonyms—Tetrao sabim; Bonasa wmbellus; Bonasa sabini; Oregon Grouse.

Status—Fairly common locally in timbered portions of the humid Transi-
tion zone in the extreme northwestern corner of the state, south to the vicinity
of Humboldt Bay (Townsend, Auk, m1, 1886, p. 491; and many later records),
and east into the Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc.
Acad, Nat. Sei. Phila., 1903, p. 6).

178 (308a) Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord)
COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE

Synonyms—Tetrao phasianellus; Tetrao columbianus; Pedioecetes colum-
bianus; Prairie Chicken.

Status—Occurred formerly as a fairly common resident on the Transition
plains of the Modoe region: Canoe Creek, 50 miles northeast of Fort Reading,
and upper Pitt River (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 94) ; Camp Bid-
well (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p. 317). No information is at hand
confirming its existence within the state at the present time.

179 (309) Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte)
SAGE-HEN
Synonyms—T'etrao wrophasianus; Sage-cock ; Cock-of-the-plains.

Status—Fairly common resident of an arid (sage-brush) part of the Transi-
tion zone, from Modoe County as far west as shores of Rhett (or Tule) Lake
(Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 95) south along east base of the Sierra
Nevada through Lassen County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p.
200), Sierra and Alpine counties (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 19), to
head of Owens River and White Mountains, in Mono County (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 31). The single record from the Mohave River, San
Bernardino County (J. G. Cooper, Amer. Nat., m, 1869, p. 188; J. G. Cooper,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 13), if authentic, indicates occurrence, for-
merly or casually, far out of the known present range of the species.

180 (312) Columba fasciata fasciata Say
BAND-TAILED PIGEON
Synonym—Columba monilis.

Status—Common but irregular winter visitant throughout the state west
of the Sierran divide and below the level of heavy snow, south through the San
Diegan district. Appears locally in large flocks, particularly in the oak and
chaparral belts. Of late years becoming notably less numerous. Occurs through
the summer, breeding locally in small numbers, in the Transition zone along both
the Sierras and Coast Ranges, south as far as Pine Mountain, San Diego County
(Sharp, Condor, v, 1903, p. 16), and Laguna Mountains, San Diego County (F.
Stephens, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 129). It appears that the entire pigeon popula-

62 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

tion of the Pacific Coast region of the United States concentrates in winter into
west-central and southern California, but that within this area there is much
yacillation in numbers from year to year locally, due to varying food-supply in
different places. (For full account, see J. Grinnell, Condor, xv, 1918, pp. 25-40).

181 (316a) Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse)

WESTERN MourNING DOVE

Synonyms—Columba carolinensis; Ectopistes carolinensis; Zenadura caro-
linensis; Zenaidura macroura; Zenadura macroura carolinensis ; Common Dove ;
Carolina Dove.

Status—Abundant in spring, summer and fall in the Lower and Upper So-
noran zones, and in small numbers up through Transition. Occurs practically
throughout the state save on the highest mountains; arid and humid belts are
equally inhabited, and even the islands farthest out to sea. Winters commonly
in the valleys of the San Diegan district, and in small numbers irregularly north
through the central California valleys west of the Sierras.

182 (319a) Melopelia asiatica trudeaui (Audubon)

WHITE-WINGED DovE
Synonyms—WMelopclia leucoptera; Melopelia asiatica.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to the California side of the lower
Colorado River below the Laguna Dam (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xn,
1914, p. 123; Morcom, Ridgw. Orn. Club, Bull. no. 2, 1887, p. 40) ; recorded also
farther up the river: Ehrenberg and Needles (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p.
77) ; and, perhaps doubtfully, from Twenty-nine Palms, Mohave Desert (Heller,
Condor, 11, 1901, p. 100). Specimen, doubtless a straggler, taken near Escon-
dido, San Diego County, about September 25, 1911 (J. S. Dixon, Condor, x1v,
1912, p. 196).

183 (320a) Chaemepelia passerina pallescens Baird
Mexican GrounD Dove
Synonyms—Chamaepelia passerina; Columbigallina passerina.

Status—Rare and irregular visitant southerly. Recorded only as follows:
Fort Yuma (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 93); Colorado River
near Ehrenberg, in August (F. Stephens, Condor, vy, 1903, p. 77) ; San Gabriel
(“‘several’’), Monterey, and San Francisco, May (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Fist. N. Amer. Bds., 11, 1874, pp. 390, 522) ; Banning, Riverside County, in Oc-
tober, and San Pasqual, San Diego County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912,
p. 44) ; Pescadero, San Mateo County, a flock and one specimen obtained, Febru-
ary 27, 1898 (Littlejohn, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 73).

184 (324) Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw)
CaAuirorNnIA CONDOR

Synonyms—Sarcoramphus californianus; Vultur californianus; Oenops

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 63

californianus; Cathartes californianus; Pseudogryphus californanus; Califor-
nia Vulture.

Status—Formerly common through the state west of the Great Basin and
desert territory, from Tehama County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, p. 201) south along the west slope of the Sierras, and south from San Fran-
cisco Bay through the coast ranges and throughout the San Diegan district to
the Mexican line. Easternmost record, Owens Valley between Big Pine and
Bishop Creek (Van Denburgh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 208). The
record from Fort Yuma (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1866, p. 42), if not
to be doubted, can only be considered as casual. At the present time the Condor
is probably restricted to a limited area comprising the coast ranges from Mon-
terey and San Benito counties south to Los Angeles County, and northeast
through the mountains encirchng the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley
into northeastern Kern County; possibly as far north along the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada as Fresno County (Tyler, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 9, 1913,
p. 37). Even in this area the species is not numerous and at best is barely hold-
ing its own.

185 (3825) Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied
TURKEY VULTURE

Synonyms—Ocnops aura; Rhinogryphus aura; Cathartes aura; Turkey
Buzzard.

Status—Common in spring, summer, and autumn throughout the state save
in the highest mountains; most abundant in the San Diegan district and through
the interior valleys. Breeds chiefly if not altogether in the Upper Sonoran zone.
Remains throughout the winter in small numbers in the San Diegan district, and
at the north interiorly at least to Vaca Valley, Solano County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).
186 (328) Elanus leucurus (Vieillot)

WHITE-TAILED KITE

Synonyms—Elanus dispar; Elanus glaucus; Black-shouldered Hawk;
White-tailed Hawk.

Status—Formerly common resident of Upper Sonoran valleys west of the
Sierras ; recorded from Red Bluff, Tehama County (Townsend, Proce. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 201) and Forestville, Sonoma County (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1,
1914, p. 41) south into the San Diegan district where the southernmost record-
stations are Alamitos, Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co.,
1898, p. 20), and San Diego (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 46). In
the coast region the species has been recorded as far north as Sebastopol, Sonoma
County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 27). It used to be particularly
numerous around San Francisco Bay; but it is now everywhere very much re-
duced in numbers and restricted in range, with promise of early extinction.

187 (331) Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus)
MarsH Hawk
Synonyms—Circus uliginosus; Circus cyaneus var. h udsonius; Harrier.

64 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Status—Common winter visitant to valleys and marsh lands throughout the
state. Remains through the summer locally in the Modoe region and at various
points west of the desert divide east and south of the humid coast belt. Recorded
(many instanees) as nesting in the San Joaquin Valley, and south through the
San Diegan district to the vicinity of San Diego (J. G. Cooper, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1, 1880, p. 251).

188 (332) Accipiter velox (Wilson)
SHARP-SHINNED Hawk

Synonyms—Astur fuscus; Nisus fuscus; Accipiter fuscus; Accipiter velox
rufilatus.

Status—Common winter visitant throughout the state below the Boreal zone.
Remains through the summer sparingly in Transition; recorded south in the
coast belt as far as Carmel River, Monterey County, nesting (J. Grinnell, MS),
and through the Sierras and mountains of southern California to the San Ber-
nardino Mountains ( Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 46), and even prob-
ably the San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, p. 235).

i189 (333) Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)
Cooper Hawk

Synonyms—Astur cooperi; Nisus cooperi; Nisus cooperi var. mexicanus;
Accipiter mexicanus; Accipiter cooperi mexicanus; Mexican Hawk.

Status—Common resident locally below the Boreal zone, almost throughout
the state. Many breeding records, south to Escondido, San Diego County
(Sharp, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 86) and the valley of the Colorado River above
Yuma (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 124). Recorded also
from Santa Cruz Island (Howell and Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 209).
Nests in both the valleys and mountains, in the latter up to 6500 feet altitude.
The species breeds through three life zones: Lower and Upper Sonoran, and
Transition.

190 (334a) Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridgway
WESTERN GOSHAWK

Synonyms—Accipiter atricapillus striatulus; Astur atricapillus; Astur pal-
umbarius var. striatulus; American Goshawk.

Status—Rare in summer in the Boreal zone on the Warner Mountains (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 201), the
Sierra Nevada south to Kaweah River, Tulare County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 37), and on the northern coast ranges south to Mount San-
hedrin, Mendocino County (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 580).
Occurs more widely but not commonly through northern California in winter;
recorded southwest of the Sierras to Paicines, San Benito County (J. and J. W.
Mailliard, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 122), and even to West Rialto, San Bernardino
County (Grey, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 129).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 65

191 (335) Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Audubon)
Harris Hawk

Status—Summer visitant to the valley of the lower Colorado River; two
records for the California side: specimen shot and two others seen near Ehren-
berg, in August, 1902 (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 77) ; specimen taken by
L. Wiley, 114 miles south of Palo Verde, November 1, 1914 (Mus. Vert. Zool.).
Also specimen taken in Mission Valley, near San Diego, November 17, 1912, now
in collection of San Diego Society of Natural History (Grey, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 128).

192 (337b) Buteo borealis calurus Cassin
WESTERN RED-TAILED HAwK

Synonyms—Buteo borealis; Buteo calurus; Buteo montanus; Buteo harlani,
part; Buteo borealis socorroensis; Red-tailed Black Hawk; Harlan Hawk, part.

Status—Common resident almost throughout the state, breeding from Lower
Sonoran up at least through Transition. Recorded from deserts, islands, lowest
valleys and highest mountain ranges, from most arid to rainiest belts. Evidently
a species lacking in sensitiveness to climatic conditions.

193 (339b) Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin
ReED-BELLIED Hawk

Synonyms—Buteo lineatus; Buteo elegans; Elegant Hawk.

Status—Common resident locally below Transition and west of the desert
divide; occurs chiefly in the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley, and in the low-
lands of the San Diegan district. Many breeding records in the latter region, and
several in the west-central part of the State. Northernmost records at any sea-
son: Point Reyes, Marin County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS), Mount Saint
Helena (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 11, 1900, p. 136), and Fort Crook, Shasta County
(Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x., 1887, p. 202).

194 (340) Buteo abbreviatus Cabanis
ZONE-TAILED HAWK

Synonyms—Buteo zonocercus; Tachytriorchis abbreviatus ; Urubitinga an-
thracina; Band-tailed Black Hawk.

Status—Rare visitant to Lower Sonoran in the extreme southern portion
of the San Diegan district; three records: specimen taken near San Diego in
“‘March’’ (really February 23), 1862 (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v,
1868, p. 7) ; male taken at National City, near San Diego, November 26, 1906
(Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 181) ; specimen taken near coast thirty miles north
of San Diego, September 10, 1907 (J. Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 69). The
first and third specimens are now in Mus. Vert. Zool., nos. 4375, 5494, respect-
ively ; the second is in the Thayer Museum.

66 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

195 (342) Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte
SwaInson Hawk

Synonyms—Buteo insignatus; Buteo obsoletus; Buteo harlani, part; Brown
Hawk; Swainson Buzzard; Harlan Hawk, part.

Status—Common in summer through the interior valleys west of the desert
divide and south and east of the humid coast belt; many breeding records for
the San Diegan district, south to Escondido, and for the San Joaquin-Sacramento
basin. Recorded north to Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County (C. H. Merriam, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 112), and east to Independence Lake, Nevada
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; casually to Santa Cruz Island (Howell and Van
Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 209). The zonal preference of this species in
California would appear to be Upper Sonoran, though in late summer families
of adults and young invade high up even into the Canadian zone. This is our
only hawk which migrates probably wholly out of the state for the winter. There
is but one winter record, not verified: San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist.,
1890, p. 36).

196 (347a) Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin)
AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED Hawk

Synonyms—Archibuteo lagopus; Archibuteo sancti-johannis; St. John
Black Hawk.

Status—Sparingly mid-winter visitant to the northern section of the state.

Reliable records are few; the southernmost appear to be: Berryessa, Santa Clara
County (Barlow, Condor, u, 1900, p. 131); San Jose (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Stock-
ton, and Big Trees, Calaveras County (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p.
436) ; plains southwest of Fresno (Tyler, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 48) ;
and Lake Tahoe (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1877, p. 1320).

197 (348) Archibuteo ferrugineus (Lichtenstein)

FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED Hawk

Synonyms—Falco ferrugineus; Buteo californica; Butaetes sancti-johannis ;
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, part; Rusty Squirrel Hawk; California
Squirrel Hawk. :

Status—Formerly common as a transient and winter visitant to the valleys
west of the desert divide, from the San Diegan district (several instances, inelud-
ing a specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., taken by J. G. Cooper near San Diego), north
to Cotati, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). and head of Sacramento Valley.
Has occurred also northeast of the Sierras (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879,
p. 315), and casually on the Farallon Islands (W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 45). Now notably searce or altogether wanting in all
regions from which recent reports have been made. There is one breeding’ rec-
ord: Consumnes River (Heermann, Pace. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 32), not alto-
gether trustworthy.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 67

198 (349) Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus)
GOLDEN EAGLE

Synonyms—Aquila canadensis; Aquila chrysaetos canadensis; Ring-tailed
Eagle; American Golden Eagle.

Status—Common resident locally in the mountains and valleys of the coast
district, chiefly south of San Francisco Bay, and south throughout the San
Diegan district; also fairly common in the Sierra Nevada, and along the north-
ern inner coast ranges; but rare or wanting east of the Sierran divide, and in
the humid coast belt north of Marin County.

199 (352) Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)
SouTHERN Bap EAGLE
Synonyms—F'alco leucocephalus ; White-headed Eagle.

Status—Common resident among the islands of the Santa Barbara group;
resident sparingly along the mainland seacoast at various points south to Orange
County (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 22), and interiorly in the
northern half of the state, even northeast of the Sierras: Eagle Lake (Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p. 315; Sheldon, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 187). Recorded
casually south to San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pace. Dist., 1890, p. 40), Nevada
City (Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvu, 1875, p. 363), and, formerly, along
the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers (Newberry Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p.
75). Said to have nested at Sacramento (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p.
30), in Santa Clara County (J. G. Cooper, Pac. R. R. Rep., xm, 1860, p. 152),
and at Elsinore Lake, Riverside County (Heller, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 100).

200 (355) Falco mexicanus Schlegel
PRAIRIE FALCON

Synonyms—Falco polyagrus; Falco lanarius; Falco lanarius polyagrus;
Falco mexicanus var. polyagrus; Prairie Hawk.

Status—Fairly common resident east and south of the humid coast belt,
chiefly in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones of the interior. Recorded as
nesting west to Berkeley and Mount Diablo (Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 169), and
in Santa Clara County. Has occurred casually on the Farallon Islands (W. E.
Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Seci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 45), and interiorly north
to the head of the Sacramento Valley (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
p. 202), Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no.
16, 1899, p. 113), and Camp Bidwell, Modoe County (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler
Sury., 1879, p. 314). The metropolis of the species appears to be the southeast-
ern deserts and the arid inner coast ranges west of the San Joaquin Valley.

201 (356a) Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte
Duck Hawk

Synonyms—Falco anatum; Falco peregrinus; Falco nigriceps; Falco com-
munis var. anatum; Falco communis var. naevius; Western Duck Hawk.

68 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA: No. 11

Status—Fairly common resident among the Santa Barbara Islands and on
the precipitous portions of the mainland seacoast to the northward, as at Santa
Cruz and Tomales Point (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS). Has been found breeding
also interiorly, as at Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, Ix, 1907, p.
86) ; and San Onofre, San Diego County (J. S. Dixon, Condor, vi, 1906, p. 96) ;
also on the Bay marshes of San Mateo County (Littlejohn, MS). Occurs more
widely and numerously in winter, invading the valleys generally west of the
Sierran divide.

202 (357) Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus
NorTHERN PigEON Hawk

Synonyms—Hypotriorchis columbarius; Falco lithofalco; Falco lithofalco
var. columbarius; Aesalon columbarius; Pigeon Hawk.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant south through the whole length of
the state chiefly west of the Sierran divide. Two record-stations east of the
divide: Little Owens Lake and Death Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no.
7, 1893, p. 40). While stated to occur in late spring and late summer, no reliable
records of actual nesting within the state are known to me.

203 (357a) Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgway
Buack Pigkon Hawk
Synonyms—Falco lithofalco var. suckleyi; Black Merlin.

Status—Rare winter visitant. Three recorded instances of occurrence:
Yreka, Siskiyou County, October (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer.
Bds., m1, 1874, p. 147) ; Wagon Camp, Mount Shasta, August 8 (C. H. Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 113), identity not quite satisfactory ; specimen
in Grinnell coll., taken by J. F. Illingworth at Claremont, Los Angeles County,
December 6, 1895 (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 49).

204 (357b) Falco columbarius richardsoni Ridgway
RicHARDSON PIGEON Hawk

Synonyms—/alco columbarius, part; Palco richardsoni; Richardson Mer-
lin.

Status—Rare winter visitant. Three records: immature female taken in
Walker Basin, Kern County, August 28, 1875 (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv.,
1876, p. 262); specimen taken in San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County,
October 31, 1903 (Daggett, Condor, vm, 1905, p. 82) ; immature female taken at
Witch Creek, San Diego County, February 9, 1904 (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905,
p. 142).

205 (360-+360a) Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus
AMERICAN SPARROW Hawk

Synonyms—Falco sparverius; Cerchneis sparverius; Tinnunculus — spar-
verius; Tinnunculus sparverioides; Falco sparverius deserticola; Falco spar-
verius phalaena; Desert Sparrow Hawk.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 69

Status—Common in summer practically throughout the state; abundant in
winter below the level of heavy snowfall. Breeds from the hottest parts of the
Lower Sonoran zone (Colorado River near Yuma, ete.) up at least through the
Canadian zone on the higher mountains, and from the dryest deserts to the north-
ern humid coast belt. This hawk is thus one of the few birds of marked indif-
ference to climatie conditions. There is possibly a distinguishable race in the
extreme southeastern corner of the state, in the ‘‘sahuaro belt’’ (see Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 126).

206 (364) Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin)
AMERICAN OSPREY
Synonyms—Pandion haliaetus; Pandion carolinensis; Fish Hawk.

Status—Breeds commonly about the Santa Barbara group of islands, and
sparingly along the mainland coast (at least formerly), as in the vicinity of
Santa Cruz (McGregor, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 2, 1901, p. 7), on Russian River,
Sonoma County (J. Mailliard, MS), and at Humboldt Bay (W. K. Fisher, Con-
dor, 1v, 1902, p. 132) ; also two definite nesting localities in the interior: Eagle
Lake (Sheldon, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 187; Ray, Condor, xv, 1915, p. 70), Kaweah
River, near Woodlake, Tulare County (Tyler, MS). Winters rarely, and only
along the seacoast: Farallon Islands, December 15 (W. E. Bryant, Proce. Calif.
Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 45) ; Santa Cruz Island, December (Linton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 127) ; San Diego, in winter (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890,
p. 46). Occurs more widely, and through the interior, during migration ; record-
ed from Colorado River (several instances), Death Valley (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 41), ete.

207 (365) Aluco pratincola (Bonaparte)
AMERICAN BARN Own

Synonyms—Strix pratincola; Strix perlata; Strix flammea_ pratincola;
Strix flammea americana; Aluco flammeus americanus; Tyto perlata pratincola.

Status—Common resident in suitable portions of the Lower and Upper So-
noran zones practically throughout their extent. Northernmost records: in the
coast region, Marin County (J. Mailliard, Condor, m, 1900, p. 63), and Covelo,
Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; in the Sacramento Valley, Woodland (A.
K. Fisher, Hawks and Owls of U. S., 1893, p. 132); east of Sierras, Madeline
Plains and Camp Bidwell, Lassen and Modoe counties (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler
Sury., 1879, p. 313). Casual on Santa Cruz Island (Howell and Van Rossem,
Condor, xu, 1911, p. 209), and Anacapa Island (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no.
Ll, USN, joy SLE

208 (366) Asio wilsonianus (Lesson)
LONG-EARED OwL

Synonyms—Otus wilsonianus; Asio americanus; Otus vulgaris wilsonianus ;
Nyctalops wilsonianus; Otus brachyotus var. wilsonianus.

Status—Common resident locally in the Upper Sonoran zone west and north

70 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

of the deserts; most numerous in the bottom lands of the San Diegan district and
in the interior valleys of central California. Recorded north in the coast region
to Sebastopol, Sonoma County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 47), in
the Sacramento Valley to Marysville, Butte County (Belding, Proe. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1, 1879, p. 433), and east of the Sierras to Fort Crook, Shasta County
(Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 203), and Goose Lake, Modoe
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs sporadically up into higher zones on the
mountains, as to 9000 feet on San Jacinto Peak (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 238), and Mineral King, southern Sierra Nevada
(A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 42). Found casually in midwin-
ter on San Clemente Island (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194), and breeding on
Santa Catalina Island (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 50).

209 (367) Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan)
SHORT-EARED OwL

Synonyms—Strigiceps uliginosus; Brachyotus palustris; Brachyotus cas-
sini; Otus brachyotus.

Status—Common migrant and winter visitant to unwooded lowlands chiefly
west of the Sierran divide. Its associational predilections are evident from its
usual presence in alfalfa-producing districts. Has been recorded east of the
Sierras at Mono Lake (W. K. Fisher, Condor, rv, 1902, p. 10) and Mohave River
(Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 34). Remains through the summer in
small numbers on extensive marshy areas, as those around San Diego and San
Francisco bays. Reeorded definitely as breeding at Los Bafhos, Merced County
(Bishop, Condor, vir, 1906, p. 29), and New Hope, Fresno County (Tyler, Pac.
Coast Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 49).

210 (369) Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus)
SouTHERN SporreD OwL

Synonyms—Syrnium occidentale; Syrnium nebulosum; Strix occidentalis
caurina, part; Western Barred Owl.

Status—Fairly common resident locally below Transition in the San Diegan
district, from southern San Diego County northwest to head of Castaic Canyon,
Los Angeles County (Peyton, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 122), Ventura County
(Dickey, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 193), and Fort Tejon, Kern County (Xantus, Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1859, pp. 190, 193). Recorded also along the eastern rim
of the San Joaquin Valley, at Big Trees, Calaveras County (Belding, Land Bas.
Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 49), Tuolumne County, ‘‘alt. 4600’? (J. and J. W. Mailliard
coll.), and in Fresno County (Tyler, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 82).

211 (369a) Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam)
NorTHERN Sporrep Own
Status—Rare resident of the northern humid coast belt; two instances:
Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, May 23, 1896 (J. Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909,

p. 138), and Eureka, Humboldt County, August 28, 1910 (Clay, Condor, xm,
1911, p. 75). Both specimens are now in Mus. Vert. Zool.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 71

212 (370) Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa (Forster)
GREAT Gray OWL
Synonyms—Syrnium cinereum; Ulula cinerea; Scotiaptex cinerea.

Status—Rare winter visitant to the north end of the state: recorded from
Chico, Butte County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 50), and the ‘‘Sae-
ramento Valley’’ (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 77) ; a specimen, now
no. 24484, Mus. Vert. Zool., taken September 26, 1913, six miles south of
McCloud, Siskiyou County (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 94).

213 (372) Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmelin)
SAw-WHET OwL

Synonyms—WNyctala acadica; Nyctale albifrons; Strix frontalis; Kirtland
Owl; Acadian Owl.

Status—Irregular winter visitant to forested areas of central California, and
south along the higher mountains to Riverside County. Recorded definitely as
follows: Sonoma, December 16 (Carriger, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p.
73) ; Point Reyes Station, Marin County, December 11 and 23 (J. Mailliard, Con-
dor, tv, 1902, p. 18); San Geronimo, Marin County, October 28 (J. Mailliard,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 94) ; Santa Cruz (J. G. Cooper, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv,
1868, p. 13) ; Monterey (Gambel, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1846, p. 47) ; Lake
Tahoe, September 21 (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 50) ; MeKinney’s
Ranch, near Lake Tahoe, August 23 (Belding, Condor, mr, 1901, p. 145); Glen
Alpine, Eldorado County, July (Price, Condor, m, 1901, p. 162); Fyffe, Eldo-
rado County, brood of young May 17 (Ray, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 65); Bear
River, Placer County, February 7 (Adams, Condor, v, 1903, p. 19) ; Ciseo, Pla-
cer County, October 6 (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Piute Mountains, Kern County, No-
vember 22 (Osburn, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 80) ; Fort Tejon, Kern County (Baird,
Pae. R. R. Rep., 1x, 1858, p. 921) ; Round Valley, San Jacinto Mountains, August
11 (F. Stephens, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 40). As indicated by some of the dates of
occurrence, as well as by the single definite breeding record, this owl breeds
locally in the Transition and Canadian zones along the Sierra Nevada.

214 (373c, part) Otus asio bendirei (Brewster)
CALIFORNIA Coast ScrEECH Own

Synonyms—Scops asio, part; Scops asio bendirei, part; Scops asio var.
mecalli, part ; Megascops asio bendirei, part; Ephialtes choliba; Mottled Sereech
Owl; Mottled Owl.

Status—Common resident of wooded localities in the Transition and Upper
Sonoran zones in the humid coast belt south to include the San Francisco Bay
region. Recorded definitely from Eureka, Humboldt County (Clay, MS), south
to Palo Alto, Santa Clara County (J. Grinnell, Auk, xxxm, 1915, p. 60).

72 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

215 (373c, part) Otus asio quercinus Grinnell

SouTHERN CALIFORNIA ScREECH OwL

Synonyms—Scops asio, part; Scops asio bendiret, part; Scops asio var.
mecalli, part; Megascops asio; Megascops asio bendirei, part; Otus asio ben-
diret, part; Ephialtes asio; Scops trichopsis.

Status—Common resident of wooded localities, mostly in the Upper Sonoran
zone, in southern California (San Diegan district) west of the desert divides and
north along the west flank of the Sierra Nevada (probably this race) to the
vicinity of Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 114).
The areas of intergradation between quercinus and the humid coast form ben-
direi probably lie in the vicinity of Monterey County and at the head of the Sae-
ramento Valley (see J. Grinnell, Auk, xxxm, 1915, p. 60). Not definitely re-
corded from anywhere on the desert or Great Basin slopes.

216 (3731) Otus asio gilmani Swarth

SAHUARO SCREECH OWL

Synonyms—Megascops asio cineraceus; Otus asio cineraceus; Arizona
Sereech Owl.

Status—Common resident along the valley of the lower Colorado River from
the neighborhood of Needles to the Mexican boundary (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., x11, 1914, p. 128). Probably occurs also in the Imperial Valley (see
Van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 131).

217 (374+374a) Otus flammeolus (Kaup)

FLAMMULATED SCREECH Own

Synonyms—Megascops flammeolus; Megascops flammeolus idahoensis;
Otus flammeolus; Scops flammeolus; Otus flammeolus idahoensis; Dwarf
Sereech Owl; Flammulated Owlet.

Status—Rare resident along the Sierra Nevada and on the San Bernardino
Mountains; probably breeds in the Canadian zone, dropping to lower levels in
winter. Definitely recorded as follows: Fort Crook, Shasta County, one speci-
men (J. G. Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1, 1870, p. 422); Big Trees, Calaveras County,
August 16, one specimen (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, p. 549) ; San
Bernardino Mountains, at least five specimens, May, June, July and January
(Hasbrouck, Auk, x, 1893, p. 260; T. S. Palmer, Auk, x1, 1894, p. 78; Oberhol-
ser, Ornis, x, 1899, [separate, repaged] p. 12; Gilman, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 86;
F. Stephens, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 40; J. S. Dixon, Condor, vi, 1905, p. 140; J.
xrinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 59); Monache Meadows, Sierra
Nevada, Tulare County, adult and young, August 4 (Mus. Vert. Zool.). All
records of the so-called ‘‘ Dwarf’’ Sereech Owl are included here, as the status of
““idahoensis’’ is questionable (see p. 182).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 73

218 (375a) Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone
WESTERN HorNED OWL

Synonyms—Asio magellanicus pallescens; Bubo virginianus pacificus, part;
Bubo virginianus subarcticus, part.

Status—Common resident on portions of the Mohave and Colorado deserts.
Recorded from along the Colorado River from Needles to Yuma (J. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xu, 1914, p. 129) ; Imperial Valley (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
and along the Mohave River near Victorville (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Con-
dor, vit, 1905, p. 74) and near Yermo (Lamb, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 36). The
records from Providence Mountains (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 78), and
the Panamint and Argus ranges (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p.
43), probably pertain to this subspecies also, though there is some doubt.

219 (375d) Bubo virginianus pacificus Cassin
Paciric Hornep Own

Synonyms—Striz virginiana; Bubo virginianus; Bubo virginianus subarcti-
cus, part; Bubo virginianus var. arcticus; Bubo magellanicus; Asio magellani-
cus; Asio magellanicus pacificus; Great Horned Owl.

Status—Common resident throughout the large portion of the state exclud-
ing the northwest coast belt and the southeastern desert region. This comprises
a diagonal belt from the Modoe region to the San Diegan region, inclusive, and
taking in the Sierras, the inner coast ranges and, south of San Luis Obispo Coun-
ty, the coast itself. No subspecies of horned owl is definitely recorded from
any of the adjacent islands.

220 (375c) Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgway
Dusky HornEep OwL

Synonyms—Bubo virginianus subarcticus, part; Asio magellanicus icelus;
Bubo virginianus icelus ; Coast Horned Owl.

Status—Common resident in the humid coast belt, from San Luis Obispo
(Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1904, p. 185) northward to the Oregon
line. The range of this form extends interiorly to include most of the San Fran-
cisco Bay region. And there are records of probably casual occurrence from the

central Sierra Nevada: Fyffe and Mount Tallaec (Barlow & Price, Condor, 11,
1901, p. 162).

221 (376) Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus)
Snowy Own

Status—Of rare and sporadic occurrence as a midwinter visitant. Recorded
as invading the northern coast region in December, 1896, visiting Humboldt and
Sonoma counties, and the east side of San Francisco Bay in Alameda County
(Cohen, Osprey, 1, 1897, p. 71; Cohen, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 185) ; also one record
from Santa Cruz, of occurrence at probably about the same date as above
(Thompson, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 141).

74 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

222 (378) Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte)
BurRROWING OWL

Synonyms—Athene socialis; Athene cunicularia; Athene hypugaea; Speo-
tyto hypogaea; Speotyto cunicularia; Strix cunicularia; Speotyto cunicularia
obscura; Ground Owl; Billy Owl.

Status—Common resident of treeless areas below the Transition zone both
east and west of the Sierras, excluding certain rocky portions of the southeastern
deserts, and the northwest humid coast belt. Occurs regularly on several of the
Santa Barbara group of islands; recorded also from the Farallones (W. E. Bry-
ant, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 45; Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911,
p. 180). Recorded west of the Sacramento Valley and north of Marin and Sono-
ma counties only from the vicinity of Mount Saint Helena (W. K. Fisher, Con-
dor, 1, 1900, p. 136), and Upper Lake, Lake County (F. Stephens, Auk, xi, 1895,
p. 372) ; both these localities are interiorwards from the humid coast strip proper,
from which we have no records north of Marin County.

223 (379a, part) Glaucidium gnoma californicum Sclater
CALIFORNIA PigmMy Own

Synonyms—Athene imfuscata; Glaucidium passermum var. californicum,
part; Glaucidium gnoma, part; Glaucidium gnoma vigilante; Glaucidium gnoma
pinicola; Rocky Mountain Pigmy Owl; Sierra Pigmy Owl.

Status—Fairly common resident along the Sierra Nevada, and San Gabriel
and San Bernardino mountains. Probably breeds chiefly in the Transition zone,
dropping below to adjacent foothills in winter. The northernmost record sta-
tion, believed to pertain to this subspecies, is west base of Mount Shasta (Town-
send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 204) ; the southernmost is Escondido, San
Diego County (Sharp, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 87).

224 (379a, part) Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli Ridgway
Coast Piemy Own

Synonyms—Glaucidium californicum; Glaucidium gnoma, part; Glaucidiwm
infuscatum; Glaucidium passerinum californicum, part; Glaucidium gnoma. cal-
ifornicum, part; California Pigmy Owl, part.

Status—Fairly common resident of humid coast Transition, from Little Sur
River, Monterey County (J. Grinnell, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 127) northward
through the Santa Cruz, Marin and Humboldt districts. Recorded east, north of
the San Francisco Bay region, to the inner coast ranges: Mount Saint Helena
(W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 136), and Mount Sanhedrin (Stone, Proce.
Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 581). This form oceurs possibly south as far as
Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County (Swarth, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 163).
225 (381) Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi (Cooper)

ArIzoNA ELF Own

Synonyms—Micrathene whitneyi; Whitney Owl.

Status—Resident in a restricted tract of giant cactuses on the California

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 75

side of the lower Colorado River above the Laguna Dam, where both the birds
and their eggs have been taken (Brown, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 45; J. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 129). The record from near San Bernardino
(Loomis, Auk, xix, 1902, p. 80) has been questioned (see F. Stephens, Condor,
Iv, 1902, p. 45). I consider some doubt to pertain also to that from ‘‘Kern
County’’ (Ridgway, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 18) .

226 (385) Geococcyx californianus (Lesson)
ROAD-RUNNER

Synonyms—Leptostoma longicauda; Geococcyx affinis; Geococcyx viaticus ;
Geococcyx mexicanus; Chaparral Cock; Paisano.

Status—Common resident of the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones on both
the desert and Pacific slopes. Recorded north, east of the Sierras, to Big Pine,
Owens Valley (Van Denburgh, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 209) ; north,
west of the Sierras, to the head of the Sacramento Valley, nearly 41° latitude, the
three northernmost stations, all in Shasta County, being: Igo (Belding, Land
Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 56), Fort Reading (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857,
p. 91), and Copper City, ten miles up Pitt River (Townsend, Proe. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 204). While fairly common, at least formerly, in the San Fran-
cisco Bay region, the species does not invade along the coast much farther north;
the northernmost recorded occurrences in the humid coast belt are: vicinity of
San Geronimo, Marin County (J. Mailliard, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 63), and Sebas-
topol, Sonoma County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 56). Although
the roadrunner has been recorded from Santa Catalina Island (Cooper, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 77), there has never been any corroborative evidence
to this effect ; nor is it known to oceur on any other of the islands.

227 (387a) Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway
CALIFORNIA CUCKOO

Synonyms—Coccyzus americanus; Coccyzus erythrophthalmus; Yellow-
hilled Cuckoo.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant chiefly to Lower and Upper Sono-
ran zones west of the Sierran divide. The metropolis of the species is in the
willow association of the river valleys. Recorded north in the coast belt to Sebas-
topol, Sonoma County (Shelton, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 19), and through the Sae-
ramento Valley to Fort Reading, Shasta County (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., v1,
1857, p. 92), and Shasta River (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p.
114). Recorded east of the Sierras from Death Valley and Owens Valley (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 45), Needles, on the Colorado River (F.
Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 101), and Yermo, Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor,
xiv, 1912, p. 36). Breeds south at least to Wilmington, Los Angeles County
(Jay, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 69), and Anaheim, Orange County (J. J. Schneider,
Condor, 1, 1900, p. 34) ; records of occurrence of individuals at various points in
San Diego County are as likely to have been of transients as breeding birds.

76 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

228 (390a) Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell

WESTERN BELTED KINGFISHER

Synonyms—Alcedo alcyon; Ceryle alcyon; Streptoceryle alcyon caurina;
Belted Kingfisher.

Status—Common migrant, appearing in suitable places throughout the
state. Remains through the summer and breeds along both the seacoast and in-
terior streams of the northern half of the state; recorded as breeding south along
the coast to near Santa Paula, Ventura County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7,
1912, p. 54), on streams along the Sierras south at least to Yosemite Valley (Em-
erson, Zoe, tv, 1893, p. 179), and east of the Sierras to Alvord, Owens Valley (A.
K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 46). Winters commonly along the sea-
coast of the San Diegan district ; in less numbers north along the coast of central
California (J. Mailliard, Condor, vr, 1904, p. 16) at least to Tomales Bay (JJ.
and J. W. Mailliard, MS).

229 (393e) Dryobates villosus harrisi (Audubon)

Harris WoopPECKER

Status—Common resident of the narrow northwest humid coast belt south
to Humboldt County ; occurs in winter east through the Siskiyou Mountains (M.
P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 7; Jenkins,
Auk, xxi, 1906, p. 161), and south along the coast to Monterey (J. Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3 ,1902, p. 37). Breeding birds from the coast region from
Mendocino to Monterey counties are variously intermediate towards hyloscopus.

230 (393d, part) Dryobates villosus hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine

CABANIS WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Picus villosus; Picus harrisi, part; Picus villosus harrisi; Dry-
obates villosus harrisi, part; Dendrocopus harrist; Harris Woodpecker, part.

Status—Common resident in the Canadian, Transition and high Upper So-
noran zones practically wherever these zones occur, except in the northwest humid
coast belt (where replaced by harrisi) and the Modoe region of northeastern Cal-
ifornia (where replaced by orius). More widespread in winter through the in-
terior valleys west of the Sierras. The breeding range is altitudinally very wide;
for instance in Los Angeles County, from the lowland willows near Compton up
to the highest pines of the San Gabriel Mountains (8500 feet) ; this means zon-
ally a habitat, in this case within a relatively short distance, from low Upper So-
noran to high Transtition.

This race of the hairy woodpecker, according to the latest reviser of the
group (Oberholser, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 611), extends north-
westwardly to Cahto (Mendocino County), Snow Mountain (Colusa County),
and, eastwardly, to the White Mountains, Mono County. The transition between
hyloscopus and orius evidently takes place through the central Sierra Nevada.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 77

231 (393d, part) Dryobates villosus orius Oberholser
Mopoc WoopPECKER

Synonyms—Picus harrisi, part; Dryobates villosus hyloscopus, part; Sierra
Woodpecker.

Status—Common resident of suitable localities in the Modoc region of north-
eastern California. Recorded west to Mount Shasta, and even to Canyon Creek,
Trinity County, and south along the Sierra Nevada as far as Placerville (Ober-
_holser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 610).

232 (394a) Dryobates pubescens gairdneri (Audubon)
GAIRDNER WOODPECKER

Status—Fairly common resident in the extreme northern end of the humid
coast belt. Recorded east to Hornbrook, Siskiyou County (W. K. Fisher, Condor,
Iv, 1902, p. 69), and Tower House, Shasta County (L. Kellogg, Condor, x1, 1911,
p. 119) ; south through Del Norte and Humboldt counties to Sherwood, Mendo-
eino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The latter locality furnishes specimens inter-
mediate towards turati. Occurs occasionally in winter south as far as Marin
County (Ridgway, Bds. N. and Mid. Amer., vi, 1914, p. 241).

233 (394e) Dryobates pubescens turati (Malherbe)
WiLtLtow WoopPECKER

Synonyms—Dryobates pubescens gairdneri, part; Picus pubescens; Picus
meridionalis; Picus turati; Dendrocopus pubescens; Picus pubescens gairdnert;
Picus gairdneri; Dryobates pubescens; Gairdner Woodpecker, part; Downy
Woodpecker.

Status—Common resident locally, chiefly in the Upper Sonoran zone west
of the Sierran divide, except in the extreme northwest humid coast belt. Most
characteristically associated in the breeding season with the willow growths of
the valleys. Recorded from the vicinity of Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 205) south to Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Con-
dor, 1x, 1907, p. 87). The birds from the humid coast belt immediately north of
San Francisco Bay, Marin to Mendocino counties, and from the mountains around
the head of the Sacramento Valley, are variously intermediate towards gaird-
nert (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 70). In winter, more widely distributed
locally, even a little ways onto the desert slope of southern California: Palm
Springs, Riverside County (J. Grinnell, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 13) ; ete. Certain
aberrant examples of this form so nearly resemble the Downy Woodpecker of the
Atlantic states, that they have been recorded as such.

234 (394b) | Dryobates pubescens homorus Cabanis and Heine
BaTCHELDER WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Dryobates pubescens oreoecus; Dryobates pubescens gairdnert,
part; Dryobates pubescens leucurus.

Status—Occurs in summer in the Transition zone on the Warner Mountains,

78 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and in the pinyon belt on the Panamint and
Grapevine mountains, Inyo County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893,
p. 47). Of casual occurrence in winter elsewhere in the eastern portion of the
state: Quincy, Kernville and Fort Tejon (W. K. Fisher, Condor, rv, 1902, p. 69) ;
the specimens in question are said to be not typical.

235 (396) Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser
Cactus WooDPECKER

Synonyms—Picus scalaris, part; Dendrocopus scalaris; Dryobates scalaris ;
Dryobates lucasanus; Dryobates scalaris lucasanus; Dryobates scalaris bairdi;
Texas Woodpecker; Baird Woodpecker; San Lucas Woodpecker; Arizona Wood-
pecker.

Status—Common resident locally on the Lower Sonoran deserts of south-
eastern California, from the valley of the Colorado (north to Needles) west to
the Santa Rosa Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Whitewater, San Gorgonio Pass
(G. S. Miller, Auk, x1, 1894, p. 178), Hesperia, Mohave desert (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 47), and Onyx, Weldon and Kelso Valley, Kern
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Recorded casually to San Jacinto Valley (J. Grin-
nell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 242) and Riverside (Heller,
Condor, m1, 1901, p. 100). The records of ‘‘lwcasanus’’ for California appear
to have been based on individual extremes of the prevalent cactophilus (see
Oberholser, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 154).

236 (397) Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel)
NurraLL WoopPECKER

Synonyms—Picus scalaris, part; Picus nuttalli; Dendrocopus nuttalli;
Picus scalaris var. nuttalli.

Status—Common resident locally of the Upper Sonoran zone west of the
Sierran divide, from Yreka, Siskiyou County (Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., rx, 1858,
p. 93), Red Bluff, Tehama County (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p.
205), and San Geronimo, Marin County (J. Maillard, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 196),
south to San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 62). Not recorded
from the northwest humid coast belt north of Marin County, nor from east of the
Sierras, save for a winter occurrence on the Mohave desert at Victorville (J.
Maillard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vm, 1905, p. 75). The easternmost breeding
station in central California is Walker Pass, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; in
the San Diegan district, the Cuyamaca Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

237 (399, part) Kenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin)
NORTHERN WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Picus albolarvatus, part; Melanerpes albolarvatus; Leuconer-
pes albolarvatus.

Status—Common resident in the Transition zone along the Sierra Nevada,
both slopes, from Mount Shasta and Shasta Valley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 114) south to Mount Pinos and head of Piru Creek, Ven-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 79

tura County (Grinnell and Swarth colls.), and in the inner northern Coast
Ranges, from Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains, south to Snow Mountain, Colusa
County (J. Grinnell, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 90). Also on the Warner Mountains,
Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

238 (399, part) Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris Grinnell

San BERNARDINO WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Picus albolarvatus, part; Venopicus albolarvatus, part; South-
crn White-headed Woodpecker; Grinnell Woodpecker.

Status—Common resident of the Transition zone on the San Gabriel, San
Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Santa Rosa mountaims (many records and speci-
mens from each), to Volean Mountain (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and the Cuyamaca
Mountains (Bendire, Life Hist., m1, 1895, p. 70), in south-central San Diego
* County.

239 (400) Picoides arcticus (Swainson)
Arctic THREE-TOED WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Picoides arcticus tenwrostris; Picoides tenwrostris; Sierra
Three-toed Woodpecker.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in the Boreal zone of the northern
Sierra Nevada: Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p.
15) ; east of Mount Lassen (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 205) ;
Eagle Lake (Sheldon, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 188) ; Soda Springs and Summit, Pla-
cer County (Belding, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 429) ; Pyramid Peak, ete.,
vicinity of Lake Tahoe (many records) ; Big Trees, Calaveras County (Belding,
Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 64). The latter is our southernmost record sta-
tion. Also, in extreme northeastern California, on the Warner Mountains (Mus.
Vert. Zool.).

240 (403a) Sphyrapicus varius ruber (Gmelin)
NORTHERN RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER
Synonyms—Picus ruber, part; Sphyrapicus ruber, part; Melanerpes ruber,
part; Sphyrapicus ruber notkensis.

Status—Common winter visitant to the northern humid coast belt, east
through the Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proce. Acad.
Nat. Sei. Phila., 1903, p. 8), and south through the San Francisco Bay region
and Santa Cruz district at least to Monterey (Grinnell coll.). Many specimens
from this area are not typical of ruber, but variously intermediate towards dag-
aetti.

241 (403) Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell
SrerRA RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER

Synonyms—Picus ruber, part; Sphyrapicus varius ruber, part; Sphyrapi-
cus ruber daggetti; Melanerpes ruber, part; Sphyrapicus ruber, part; Red-
breasted Woodpecker.

80 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Status—Common in summer in the Transition zone, from the Trinity Moun-
tains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, p. 205), and in smaller numbers on the Warner Mountains, Modoe County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), south along both slopes of the Sierra Nevada to near Weldon,
Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; and in southern California on the San Bernar-
dino and San Jacinto mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, pp. 244-245) ; also on the inner northern coast ranges: South Yolla
Bolly and Mt. Sanhedrin (Mus. Vert. Zool.). In winter this sapsucker is com-
mon at lower levels throughout the San Diegan district, and occurs sparingly
north through the valley and foothill regions west of the Sierras, reaching the
coast at least in the San Francisco Bay region. (For the nomenclatural status of
this form, see Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x,.1912, p. 35.)

242 (402a) Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER

Synonyms—Picus varius; Sphyropicus nuchalis; Red-naped Woodpecker ;
Red-necked Woodpecker.

Status—Common in summer in the Transition and Canadian zones of the
Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler
Sury., 1879, p. 312). Common in winter in the valley of the lower Colorado
River from Needles to Yuma (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p.
132; Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 58); also occurs at that season
rather sparingly in the San Diegan district (several records), even to San Cle-
mente Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84). Recorded casually in winter from
Palo Alto (Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxxvii, 1899, p. 162), San
Geronimo, Marin County (J. Mailliard, Condor, m, 1900, p. 64), and Baird,
Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 205).

243 (404) Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin)
WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER

Synonyms—Picus thyroideus; Sphyrapicus wiliamsom; Melanerpes rubri-
gularis; Brown-headed Woodpecker; Round-headed Woodpecker; Williamson
Woodpecker. . -

Status—Common in summer in high Transition and Canadian zones in the -
Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), in the Sierra Nevada from
Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 206) to Taylor
Meadow, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and in southern California in the
San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 64)
and San Jacinto Mountains (Bendire, Life Hist., m, 1895, p. 97; Mus. Vert.
Zool.). Occurs in winter down into the adjacent Transition, and sparingly even
to Upper Sonoran. Recorded west to Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and
J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1903, p. 8) and Trinity Valley (Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soe., 1858, p. 2), in northern California; and in the San Diegan dis-
trict to Mt. Pinos (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 49), and Los
Angeles (Swarth, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 67). There is but one record for west-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 81

central California: Santa Cruz (McGregor, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 2, 1901, p. 8);
and none for the great interior valleys, or the region south and east of the Sier-
ran divide.

244 (405a) Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola (Bangs)
NorTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Ceophloeus pileatus; Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola; Phloeo-
tomus pileatus picinus; Hylotomus pileatus; Dryotomus pileatus; Dryocopus
pileatus; Black Woodcock; Log-cock; Western Pileated Woodpecker.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in timbered Transition of the inner
coast ranges of northwestern California: Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson
and J. Grinnell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 8) south to Mount Sanhe-
drin, Mendocino County (Stone, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 581; Mus.
Vert. Zool.) and Seaview and Cazadero, Sonoma County (J. and J. W. Maillard,
MS) ; and in the Sierra Nevada from Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 206) south to Kings River Canyon, Fresno County (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 49). The records for Mount Diablo (J.
G. Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1, 1870, p. 396) and Hollister, San Benito County (Har-
gitt, Cat. Bds. British Mus., xvi, 1890, p. 515), if not faulty, would indicate
former occurrence in west-central California.

245 (407a) Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgway
CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER

Synonyms—Picus formicivorus; Melanerpes formicivorus; Melanerpes mel-
anopogon; Balanosphyra formicivora bairdt.

Status—Common resident of timbered parts of the Upper Sonoran and
lower Transition zones along the whole length of the state west of the Sierran
divides. Extreme southeastern record: Campo, San Diego County (Belding,
Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 69). Extreme eastern station in central Califor-
nia: Carroll Creek, east slope of Sierras, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Ex-
treme northeastern record: Sisson, Siskiyou County (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 116). Abundant in those regions where oak trees are
plentiful. ’

246 (408) Asyndesmus lewisi Riley

Lewis WooDPECKER

Synonyms—WMelanerpes torquatus; Melanerpes lewisi; Asyndesmus torqua-
lus; Picus torquatus.

Status—Common resident locally in the extreme northern tier of counties,
from the Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) west to the Siskiyou (M. P. An-
derson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 9) and Trinity
(Mus. Vert. Zool.) mountains; south along both slopes of the Sierra Nevada to
Walker Basin and Fort Tejon (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 50).
Recorded as breeding also near Niles, in Alameda County (Bolander, Condor,
xvi, 1914, p. 183), in San Benito Valley, San Benito County (J. Mailliard, Bull.

82 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Cooper Orn. .Club., 1, 1899, p. 53), and upper Salinas Valley, San Luis Obispo
County. (Thompson, Condor, u, 1900, p. 54). Of wide, though sporadic oceur-
rence in winter in timbered areas everywhere west of the Sierran divide, and
south through the San Diegan district, at least to Witch Creek (Marsden, Con-
dor, 1x, 1907, p. 27). Recorded from but one locality anywhere southeast of the
Sierras: Yermo, Mohave Desert, October (Lamb, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 36). The
species is erratic in its distributional behavior both summer and winter, and is
quite likely to put in an appearance anywhere irrespective of climatic conditions.

247 (411) Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird
Giua WOODPECKER
Synonym—WMelanerpes uropygialis.

Status—Common resident along the valley of the Colorado River, from the
Nevada line to the Mexican line (many records) ; closely adherent to the willow-
cottonwood association of the river bottom, and to the giant cactus belt, of lim-
ited extent a few miles above Potholes.

248 (412a, part) Colaptes auratus borealis Ridgway
BoreaAu FLICKER

Synonyms—Colaptes auratus, part; Colaptes auratus luteus; Yellow-shafted
Flicker, part; Northern Flicker.

Status—Rare winter visitant. Although recorded from many widely scat-
tered localities, the southernmost of which is Palm Springs, Riverside County
(—‘‘Warm Springs, San Diego County’’: J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1v, 1892, p. 21), it is quite probable that many of these are really based
upon aberrantly colored examples of C. c. collaris. The latter, like the California
Linnet, appears to be subject to recessive coloration, whereby in certain individ-
uals reds are replaced by yellow. Conspicuously yellow-shafted flickers should
not, therefore, because of this feature alone, be referred to C. a. borealis. I
have personally examined the following apparently ‘‘pure-blood’’ specimens of
borealis: 8, no. 6056, December 18, 1893; 2, no. 6057, January 14, 1895, both
from San Geronimo, Marin County, and contained in the Mailliard collection; ¢,
no. 1853, Swarth collection, Los Angeles, February 20, 1901.

249 (413) Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors
RED-SHAFTED FLICKER

Synonyms—Colaptes collaris; Colaptes mexicanus; Colaptes mexicanoides ;
Colaptes ayresw; Colaptes cafer; Colaptes cafer mexicanus; Colaptes cafer
hybridus ; Colaptes auratus mexicanus ; Colaptes auratus, part; Colaptes auratus
var. hybridus; Yellow-shafted Flicker, part; Hybrid Flicker.

Status—Common resident of Upper Sonoran and Transition zones almost
throughout the state; breeds also locally in the Canadian zone; winters in suita-
ble portions of the Lower Sonoran deserts as well as abundantly in Upper Sono-
ran and Transition. Flickers of the extreme northern humid coast belt are inter-
mediate towards saturatior, so far so as to be best referred to that form in cer-

1915”. . BIRDS .OF CALIFORNIA ~ 83

tain cases. The frequently recurrmg cases of ‘‘hybridization’’, especially in
winter birds, are doubtless some of them correctly diagnosed as showing near
descent relationship -with auratus; but-I feel confident that many of the speci-
mens showing yellow shafts in greater or less degree or proportion are in reality
chromatie variants of collaris.

250 (413a) Colaptes cafer saturatior Ridgway
NORTHWESTERN FLICKER

Status—Common resident of Transition and Boreal zones in extreme north-
ern end of humid coast belt, from Humboldt Bay region northward. Specimens
from this area are not typical of saturatior but are nearest that form; birds from
farther south in the same belt, especially in winter (and then south to the San
Francisco Bay region), are also intermediate towards collaris, but nearest the lat-
ter. Flckers have been recorded under the name saturatior from the Siskiyou
Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p.
9), and Red Bluff (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p 206).

251 (414b) Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway
Mearns GILDED FLICKER

Synonyms—Colaptes chrysoides; Malherbe Flicker; Gilded Flicker.

Status—Fairly common resident locally on the California side of the lower
Colorado River, three to five miles above the Laguna Dam (Brown, Condor, v1,
1904, p. 46; J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 135). The metropo-
lis of the species is in the belt of giant cactus, a limited growth of which exists
on the California side of the river at the above point.

252 (418) Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Audubon)
NuttTauL Poor-wILL

Synonym—Antrostomus nuttalli, part.

Status—Fairly common in summer in Transition and Upper Sonoran zones
of northeastern California, chiefly east of the Sierran divide. Recorded from
Warner Mountain region (Mus. Vert. Zool.) west to Mount Shasta (C. H. Mer-
riam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 116) and Yreka, Siskiyou County (Town-
send, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 206), and south along the eastern border
of the state to the desert ranges in the vicinity of Death Valley (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 51). Occurs throughout the year in the latter re-
gion, and as a winter visitant to the deserts to the southward, as at Yermo, Mo-
have Desert (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 36) and along the valley of the lower
Colorado River, at least to vicinity of the Laguna dam (J. Grinnell, Uniy. Calif.
Publ. Zool., x, 1914, p. 139).

253 (418a) Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewster
Frostep Poor-wiILL

Synonym—Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, part.

Status—Resident on the Lower Sonoran deserts of southeastern California ;
common along the lower Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,

84 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

xu, 1914, p. 189). Recorded as far north as Death Valley, Inyo County (Ben-
dire, Life Hist., u, 1895, p. 157), and west to Witch Creek, San Diego County
(Bishop, Condor, vm, 1905, p. 142). The latter locality also furnishes specimens
referable to californicus, and it is probable that the one recorded is at least not
typical of nitidus. The latter form may, however, be confidently expected along
the western edge of the Colorado Desert not far east of Witch Creek.

254 (418b) Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway

Dusky Poor-WILL

Synonyms—Antrostomus nuttalli, part; Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, part; Pha-
laenoptilus nuttalli nitidus, part; California Poor-will; Nuttall Whip-poor-will.

Status—Common in summer in the Upper Sonoran zone west of the Sierran
divide, both in the western foothills of the Sierras and in the coast ranges, from
Gridley, Butte County (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 75) and vicinity
of South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 41), south to the Mex-
ican boundary, including the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the whole San
Diegan district. Not recorded from the humid coast belt north of Sonoma Coun-
ty. Occurs locally up into the Transition zone, especially in late summer. Re-
corded from San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands. Migratory at high alti-
tudes and northerly, but occurs throughout the winter in the foothill region of
southern California; taken in January at Paicines, San Benito County (J. and
J. W. Mailliard, MS).

255 (420d) Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinnell

Paciric NIGHTHAWK

Synonyms—Chordeiles popetue; Chordeiles popetue var. henryi; Chordeiles
virginianus; Chordeiles virginianus henryi, part; Western Nighthawk, part;
Bull-bat.

Status—Common summer visitant to high Transition and Boreal zones in
extreme northern California, from the Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Ober-
holser, Bull. 86, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, p. 50), west to Humboldt Bay (W. K.
Fisher, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 132); and along the Sierra Nevada from Mount
Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 116) south to Trout
Creek, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also, in southern California, on the
San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 170) ; casual (?)
at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, June 19, 1891 (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 7, 1893, p. 53; see also Oberholser, loc. cit.). Noted rarely in migration else-
where west of the Sierras: Ukiah, Mendocino County (McGregor, Nidologist, 11,
1896, p. 129); Haywards (Emerson, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 28) ;
Pasadena (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 26). Doubtless most of
the valley records under one or other of the synonyms enumerated above really
belong to the Texas nighthawk.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 85

256 (421) Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence
Texas NIGHTHAWK

Synonyms—Chordeiles texensis; Chordeiles virginianus henryi, part; West-
ern Nighthawk, part.

Status—Common summer visitant to Lower Sonoran practically wherever
this zone occurs; particularly numerous on the southeastern deserts and in the
San Diegan district. Recorded east of the Sierras north to Bishop, in Owens Val-
ley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 53), and west of the Sierras
north to Stanislaus County (Belding, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 99), Paicines, San Benito
County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, m, 1901, p. 123) and even to Ukiah,
Mendocino County (Oberholser, Bull. 86, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, p. 104) and
Winslow, Glenn County (W. P. Taylor, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 222). Of casual
occurrence on Santa Barbara Island (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 58).

There has been much confusion of this species with Ch. v. hesperis; for in-
stance the record of terensis from Lake Tahoe (Ray, Osprey, v, 1901, p. 115)
with very little doubt belongs to hesperis; and conversely many of the records
of the ‘‘ Western’’ Nighthawk quite surely belong to tevrensis.

257 (422) Cypseloides niger borealis (Kennerly)

NorRTHERN BLAcK SwIrt

Synonyms—Cypseloides niger; Cypseloides borealis; Nephoecetes niger;
Black Swift; Northern Swift.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to a few widely separated locali-
ties in Upper Sonoran and Transition zones: Vicinity of Owens Lake (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 54) ; Kearsarge Pass, Inyo County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.) ; Santa Cruz, where found nesting in the sea-cliffs (Vrooman, Auk,
xvi, 1901, p. 394; Vrooman, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 176; Dawson, Condor, xvi,
1915, pp. 8-12, figs. 5-8); Monterey County and San Bernardino Mountains
(Bendire, Life Hist., 1, 1895, p. 175). Recorded casually or in migration at vari-
ous other points, localities representing extreme portions of the state being Pitt
River (Hartert, Cat. Bds. British Mus., xvi, 1892, p. 495), and San Diego (Beld-
ing, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 79). In my own experience the black swift
is a comparatively rare species in this state.

258 (424) Chaetura vauxi (Townsend)
Vaux Swirt
Synonyms—Acanthylis pelasgia; Acanthylis vauxi; Oregon Swift.

Status—Common summer visitant locally to the northwest humid coast
Transition, from the Santa Cruz district northward. Recorded as breeding near
Santa Cruz (Bendire, Life Hist., 1, 1895, p. 183), in Marin County (J. Mail-
lard, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 64), and in Humboldt County (H. R. Taylor, Condor,

vir, 1905, p. 177). Occurs commonly in both migrations practically throughout
the state.

86 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

259 (425) Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird)
WHITE-THROATED SWIFT

Synonyms—Panyptila melanoleuca; Cypselus saxatilis; Micropus melan-
oleucus.

Status—Common summer visitant locally east and south of the northern
humid coast belt, chiefly to mountainous portions of Upper and Lower Sonoran
zones. Occurs on the Santa Barbara Islands and north along the coast to Santa
Cruz County. Numerous interiorly throughout the San Diegan and desert re-
sions; north less commonly along the Sierra Nevada as far as Mount Shasta (C.
H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 117), and along the imner coast
ranges to Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County (Cohen, Condor, v, 1903, p. 119).
While nesting chiefly or altogether below Transition, the birds forage far and
wide even over the highest peaks. Remains in varying numbers through the
winter in the San Diegan district, where recorded at that season as far north
as Ojai Valley, Ventura County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p.
55); also Paicines, San Benito County, in January (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS)
and in the vicinity of Salton Sea, January (Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p.
132).

260 (429) Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant)
BuAcK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD
Synonym—Trochilus alexandri.

Status—Common summer visitant to Lower and Upper Sonoran zones both
east and west of the Sierran divide. Recorded as breeding west of the Sierras
as far north as lower McCloud River, Shasta County (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 207). Apparently most abundant in the San Diegan district.
East of the Sierran divide, breeds along the Mohave River (Coues, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 56), along the Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 143), and in. Owens Valley (Bendire, Life Hist., m,
1895, p. 198), and reeorded, perhaps casually, north to Honey Lake and Camp
Bidwell, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler
Surv., 1879, p. 312). Noted in the coast region of west-central California casu-
ally north to the San Francisco Bay region: Haywards, Alameda County (J. G.
Cooper, Amer. Nat., x, 1876, p. 90); San Geronimo, Marin County (J. Mail-
lard, Condor; xv, 1913, p. 43). Winters sparingly on the Colorado Desert:
Palm Springs, December (J. Grinnell, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 42).

261 (430) Calypte costae (Bourcier)
Costa HuMMINGBIRD
Synonyms—Atthis costae; Trochilus costae; Selasphorus costae.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Lower Sonoran zone, in the San
Diegan district northwest to Santa Barbara (J. Mailliard, MS), on the Colorado
and Mohave deserts, and, northeast of the Sierras, through the Panamint Moun-
tains and Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 56).
Rare north of the 35th parallel west of the Sierras: recorded casually from

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 87

Haywards (J. G. Cooper, Amer. Nat., x, 1876, p. 90), and Oakland (McGregor,
Auk, xtv, 1897, p. 91). Noted in migration on San Clemente Island (J. Grin-
nell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 15), and, perhaps breeding, on
Santa Barbara Island (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 60). Has been
found in winter on the Colorado Desert: Palm Springs (J. Grinnell, Condor, v1,
1904, p. 42; ibid., x1v, 1912, p. 154).

262 (431) Calypte anna (Lesson)
ANNA HUMMINGBIRD

Synonyms—Trochilus anna; Atthis anna; Selasphorus anna; Calliphlox
anna; Ornismya anna; Mellisuga anna; Trochilus icterocephalus.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran zone west of the Sierran
Divide: San Diegan district and central coast district north to include the San
Francisco Bay region; western foothills of Sierras and innermost northern coast
ranges to head of Sacramento Valley. Northernmost records: Ferndale and
Eureka, Humboldt County, in winter (C. M. Wilder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 129;
Clay, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 184), Cahto, Mendocino County (McGregor, Nidolo-
cist, m1, 1896, p. 130), Mount Sanhedrin (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1904, p. 582), Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p.
117), and Yreka (Feilner, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1865, p. 429). All these
stations are doubtless beyond the regular breeding area of this species. As with
all our hummingbirds there is a post-breeding upward invasion, so that mid-
summer finds many individuals temporarily in Transition and even Boreal of
nearby mountain ranges. The species has also been recorded from Santa Cata-
lina, Santa Cruz and the Farallon islands; casually in winter from the Colorado
Desert: Palm Springs (J. Grinnell, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 42), Meeea and Braw-
ley (Van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 132). In its breeding range and through-
out the year as well, save for the temporary partial exodus noted above, the Anna
Hummingbird adheres with remarkable closeness to the Upper Sonoran life zone.

263 (433) Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)
Rurous HuMMINGBIRD

Synonyms—Trochilus rufus, part; Selasphorus ruber, part; Selasphorus
henshaui; Calliphlox rufa; Red-backed Hummingbird.

Status—Common migrant the whole length of the state west of the deserts;
in spring through the valley and foothill regions of the Pacifie slope, in summer
and fall chiefly along the mountain ranges. In spring, the species arrives early
(March and even February), and some individuals are still about till early
May. The return migration begins the last week of June (old males, followed
in two or three weeks by females and young-of-the-year). The result of this
state of affairs is that many unqualified records of breeding encumber even our
most authoritative literature, which records were in all probability based either
on the occurrence of rufus in a locality during its supposed breeding season, or
upon misidentification of the eggs and nests of other species of hummingbirds.
It is quite possible that rufus breeds in the Boreal zone along the central Sierra
Nevada (though I have failed to establish even one undoubted instance of the

88 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

several on record); but it is very improbable that it breeds in Transition or
below. (See J. Grinnell, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 128.)

264 (434) Selasphorus alleni Henshaw
ALLEN HUMMINGBIRD

Synonyms—Trochilus alleni; Trochilus rufus, part; Selasphorus rufus,
part; Selasphorus ruber, part.

Status—Common summer visitant to the humid coast belt (Transition and
high Upper Sonoran zones). Breeds south through the San Francisco Bay re-
gion and Santa Cruz district at least to middle Monterey County; also at Santa
Barbara (Jeffries, Auk, v1, 1889, p. 221; Bowles, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 77), and
at Santa Paula, Ventura County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 61) ;
also on San Clemente, Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands where resident
throughout the year, these being the only localities in the state where the species
winters regularly. Occurs commonly as a spring migrant through the lower
parts of the San Diegan district, where it arrives early: January 26 at San
Diego (Torrey, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 173). In its southward movement, it appears
in midsummer along the higher mountain ranges, at least from Mount Pinos
southeastward. The easternmost record in northern California is Mount San-
hedrin (Stone, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila, 1904, p. 582). The Allen Hum-
mingbird is thus confined both as a migrant and breeding bird to a relatively
narrow coastal area the full length of the state.

265 (436) Stellula calliope (Gould)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD

Synonyms—Trochilus callione; Selasphorus calliope; Callothorax calliope;
Atthis calliope.

Status—Common summer visitant to upper Transition and Canadian zones
along the entire Sierra Nevada, north through the Shasta region; thence east to
Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and west to Wildeat Peak,
Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; south through the Mount Whitney region,
and in southern California from Mount Pinos to the San Bernardino Moun-
tains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 72). Recorded in adja-
cent country during migration, casually west to San Francisco Bay: Oakland
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), Haywards (Emerson, Zoe, tv, 1893, p. 179), and Berkeley
(Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 89). The breeding records from the
coast region are very probably erroneous. As before stated, the facts that when
one or two species of hummingbird are nesting, other species may be passing
through the region, and that females of the different species are similar to one
another in general appearance, have undoubtedly led to misidentification in a
regrettably large part of the literature relative to the hummingbirds of Califor-
nia; for instance in Bendire’s Life Historics. The Calliope hummingbird seems
to be adherent to semi-arid Transition and Boreal (hence interiorly), and its

range is thus in a way complementary to that of the Allen hummingbird of the
coastal region.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 89

266 (444) Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)
EASTERN KINGBIRD

Status—Rare transient visitant; two records: one individual seen by A. K.
Fisher at Olancha, near southern end of Owens Lake, June 29, 1891 (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 59); immature male secured by W. B.
Judson at Santa Monica, August 31, 1895 (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co.,
1898, p. 29) ; the latter specimen is now no. 10253, Mus. Vert. Zool. The species
probably occurs not infrequently as a summer visitant along the extreme north-
eastern borders of the state.

267 (447) Tyrannus verticalis Say
WESTERN KINGBIRD
Synonyms—Muscicapa verticalis; Arkansas Kingbird; Arkansas Flycatcher.

Status—Common summer visitant to Upper and Lower Sonoran zones both
east and west of the Sierras and almost everywhere these zones occur; breeds
also locally in Transition. Of wider distribution during migration. Most abund-
ant in the interior semi-arid valleys. Rare or absent on the deserts, save in mi-
eration, and in the humid coast belt north of Sonoma County and west of Shasta
Valley, Siskiyou County.

268 (448) Tyrannus vociferans Swainson
Casstn KINGBIRD
Synonym—Cassin Flycatcher.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in the Lower Sonoran zone in the
San Diegan district northwest to Santa Barbara. More in evidence in winter,
when T. verticalis is absent, for in summer 7. vociferans is far outnumbered by
verticalis. Winters also irregularly north to Santa Cruz (J. G. Cooper, Orn.
Calif., 1, 1870, p. 314). Oeeurs commonly as a summer visitant, and breeding, at
Paicines, San Benito County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, mr, 1901, p. 123;
also eggs in Mailliard eoll.). Recorded, further, from Santa Cruz Island, No-
vember (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127), the Providence Mountains, eastern
San Bernardino County (F. Stephens, Condor, v. 1903, p. 102), and, in winter,
Tmperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 132).

269 (454) Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence)
ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER

Synonyms—Myiobius crinitus; Tyrannus crinitus; Myiarchus mericanus;
Wyiarchus crinitus cinerascens; Tyrannula cinerascens.

Status—Common summer visitant to Lower and Upper Sonoran zones both
on the desert and the Pacifie drainage. Northernmost record east of the Sierra
Nevada: Honey Lake, Lassen County (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p.
309) ; northernmost west of the Sierras: Baird, Shasta County (Townsend, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 209). Most northwestern records: Ukiah, Mendocino
County (McGregor, Nidologist, mt, 1896, p. 129), and Covelo, Mendocino County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.). Casual visitant to the Farallon Islands (Dawson, Condor,

90 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

xii, 1911, p. 180). More widespread at low levels in spring; in late summer
visits higher altitudes, even well through Transition, at least in southern Cali-
fornia. Winters casually in Imperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911,
jay 1s).

270 (456) Sayornis phoebe (Latham)
EASTERN PHOEBE

Status—Casual visitant; but two records: male specimen, now no. 1849 in
the Swarth collection, on deposit in Mus. Vert. Zool., obtained at San Fernando,
Los Angeles County, February 14, 1901 (see Swarth, Condor, 1m, 1901, p. 66) ;
specimen, now no. 23461 Mus. Vert. Zool., taken at Moss Beach, near Pacific
trove, Monterey County, March 7, 1913 (Brooks, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 182).

271 (457) Sayornis sayus (Bonaparte)
Say PHOEBE

Synonyms—Myjiobius saya; Tyrannula saya; Sayornis pallida; Say Fly-
catcher.

Status—Breeds commonly in arid Upper and Lower Sonoran zones widely
east of the Sierran divide, but only locally on the Pacifie slope. Resident on the
southeastern deserts north through the Inyo region to Mono Lake (W. K. Fisher,
Condor, tv, 1902, p. 11). Breeds in portions of the San Diegan district (Escon-
dido, Elsinore, Whittier, San Bernardino, Sespe, ete..), in the southern part of
the San Joaquin basin, and northwest as far as Paicines, San Benito County (J.
and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 123) ;also in the upper Sacramento
Valley (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 209). .Common winter vis-
itant widely to the San Diegan district, even on the Santa Barbara Islands, and
north, west of the Sierran divide and chiefly east of the humid coast belt, to the
head of the Sacramento Valley. Recorded also, as a transient, from Shasta Val-
ley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 117), Sisson (H. C. Bryant,
Condor, xm, 1911, p. 205), and Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J.
Grinnell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 9). Not reported at any season
from the humid coast belt north of Sebastopol, Sonoma County.

272 (458) Sayornis nigricans (Swainson)
Buack PHOEBE

Synonyms—Muscicapa semiatra; Myiobius nigricans; Tyrannula nigricans ;
Tyrannus nigricans; Muscicapa nigricans; Sayornis nigricans semiatra; Black
Flycatcher.

Status—Common resident of Upper and Lower Sonoran zones west of the
Sierran divide, south through the San Diegan district, and north through the
San Francisco Bay region and Sacramento Valley; less common farther north
through the humid coast belt, even to Crescent City (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p.
41). Northernmost recorded breeding station: Baird, Shasta County (Town-
send, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 209). Occurs in winter on portions of
the southeastern deserts, as along the Colorado River; also on the Santa Bar-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 91

bara Islands. Occurs sparingly east of the Sierra Nevada in the Death Valley
region and north through Owens Valley to Bishop Creek, Inyo County (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 63).

273 (459) Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER
Synonyms—Oontopus borealis; Tyrannus borealis; Tyrannus coopert.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Transition and Canadian zones in
the Sierras and Coast Ranges, the whole length of the state. Southeasternmost
breeding record, Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County (Bendire, Life Hist.,
mt, 1895, p. 282); northeasternmost, Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), though otherwise not recorded east of the Sierrras except as a
migrant. Breeds west to the coast from Monterey County northward. Ordina-
rily confined in summer to areas well above the lower edge of Transition; but
noted locally during that season in country that is dominantly high Upper Sono-
ran, at Stanford University (W. K. Fisher, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 108), and at
Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 32), where planted coniferous trees
form extensive groves, thus introducing Transition zone conditions. The species
occurs rather widely in migration, through the valleys both east and west of the
Sierran divide, casually to the Farallon Islands (Dawson, Condor, xin, 1911, p.
180).

274 (462) Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson)
Western Woop Pewrr

Synonyms—Contopus richardsoni; Horizopus richardsoni; Tyrannula
virens; Contopus virens var. richardsoni; Contopus richardsoni saturatus;
Short-legged Pewee.

Status—Common summer visitant to Upper Sonoran, Transition and Cana-
dian almost wherever these zones oceur. Most abundant in Transition along the
main mountain ranges; fewer in the more arid regions east of the Sierras, and
in the northern humid coast belt. Widely distributed during migration over the
low country both east and west of the Sierras, even to the Santa Barbara and
Farallon islands.

275 (464) Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird
WESTERN FLYCATCHER
Synonyms—Empidonax flaviventris; Empidonax flaviventris difficilis;

Empidonar cineritius; Empidonax difficilis cineritius; Empidonax insulicola;
Island Flycatcher; San Lucas Flycatcher; Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Status—Common summer visitant to portions of the Upper Sonoran and
Transition zones the whole length of the state west of the Sierran divide; also in
the Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs almost uni-
versally throughout the state during migration. Breeds most abundantly in cer-
tain foothill localities in the San Diegan district and in the southern humid
coast belt including the San Francisco Bay region, but more sparingly along

92 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

the Sierra Nevada. Breeding birds from Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, San Clemente
and Santa Catalina islands have been referred to a separate species, insulicola
(Oberholser, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 300), but apparently without adequate reason
(see J. Grinnell, Condor, vim, 1906, p. 74). Summer birds from the Cuyamaca
Mountains, San Diego County have been called by the same name, cineritius, as
the form from southern Lower California. This does not seem to express the
facts, for several breeding birds at hand from the Cuyamaca region show no
characters outside the range of variation among more northern examples of
dif ficils.

276 (466) °* Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon)

TRAILL FLYCATCHER

Synonyms—Tyrannula trailli; Myiobius pusilla; Empidonar pusillus ; Em-
pidonaz trailli var. pusillus; Little Flycatcher.

Status—Summer visitant to suitable portions of Lower and Upper Sonoran
yones and rarely low Transition, both east and west of the Sierran divide. Most
numerous in the willow tracts in the beds of large valleys. Breeds along
streams well into the foot-hill regions, but apparently seldom above the limits of
Upper Sonoran. Northernmost summer record east of the Sierras: Goose Lake,
Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; breeds sparingly in the Inyo region (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 65). Northernmost record west of the
Sierra Nevada: Scott River, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds south
to base of Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County (Anthony, Auk, xm, 1895, p.
390). Widely spread over the lowlands of the state generally, during spring
migration; in the return migration which begins in midsummer this flycatcher
like many other insectivorous birds invades the higher mountans, even to the
Canadian zone, which fact has probably led to the erroneous recording of the
species as a breeding bird above its real breeding range.

277 (468) Empidonax hammondi (Xantus)
HamMonpb FLYCATCHER

Synonym—Tyrannula hammondi.

Status—Common spring transient through the valleys of southern and cen-
tral California; less common in the fall, occurring in the mountains as well as
the lowlands. Passes in migration both east and west of the Sierras, but not
through the coast belt north of Monterey County; in fact the only unquestioned
record for the northwestern section of the state, north of Monterey and west of
Mount Shasta, is Cotati, Sonoma County, April 21 (Mailliard ecoll.). Of the
many records of the breeding of this species along the Sierras, not one has been
authenticated, though a few remain untested. At any rate, I am confident that
all breeding records from southern California, and central California west of
the Sierras, are erroneous—most emphatically those from the San Jacinto and
San Bernardino mountains.” In these and doubtless most other cases E. griseus
or E. wrighti was mistaken for it. Breeding of 2ammondi in the high central
and northern Sierras is not improbable, but the records to this effect need veri-
fication.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 93

278 (469) Empidonax wrighti Baird
Wricut FLYCATCHER

Synonyms—Empidonax obscurus, part; Empidonax griseus, part; Empt-
donax canescens, part; Gray Flycatcher, part.

Status—Common summer visitant to high Transition and Canadian zones
along both slopes of the Sierras, from Mount Shasta south to the Mount Whitney
region; also to the innermost northern coast ranges: South Yolla Bolly and Mt.
Sanhedrin (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to the Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), and to the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Santa
Rosa mountains of southern California (Mus. Vert. Zool.). There are authentic
breeding records from all the above indicated areas. Occurs sparingly in migra-
tion through the valleys both east and west of the Sierras, but not at all in the
coast region of central and northern California.

279 (469.1) Empidonax griseus Brewster
Gray FLYCATCHER

Synonyms—EHmpidonax obscurus, part; Empidonax wrighti, part; Empido-
nax canescens, part; Wright Flycatcher, part.

Status—Fairly common transient and winter visitant in the valleys of the
San Diegan district, where recorded from a number of localities northwest to
Saticoy (J. G. Cooper, Auk, iv, 1887, pp. 85, 92), and Ventura (Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., m1, 1874, p. 520); also on the southeastern
deserts, as along the Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x11,
1914, p. 153), north to Goffs, eastern San Bernardino County (Hollister, Auk,
xxv, 1908, p. 459). I am much puzzled by the occurrence of this species in so
consistently typical form in migration, and then apparently disappearing. For
I now doubt that the breeding flycatchers from the high San Gabriel, San Ber-
nardino and San Jacinto mountains can be properly referred to griseus, but
believe they are wrighti (see Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x,
1913, pp. 257-259). Typical griseus does not seem to have been authentically
reported in summer north of the Mexican boundary, and the possibility presents
itself that the species is like Pyrocephalus and Passerculus rostratus which breed
south and come north for the winter!

280 (471) Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater
VERMILION FLYCATCHER

Synonyms—Pyrocephalus rubineus; Pyrocephalus mexicanus; Red Fly-
catcher.

Status—Common resident in the mesquite belt of the Colorado desert;
northwest through the Imperial valley at least to Torres, Riverside County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), and north along the Colorado River to Needles (J. Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 153). Winters regularly but in small numbers,
to the westward in the lowlands of the San Diegan district, from which there
are many records, from San Diego (J. G. Cooper, Auk, 1v, 1887, p. 92) northwest

94 PACIFIC COAST: AVIFAUNA No, 11

to Santa Barbara (Torrey, Condor, tx, 1907, p. 109). This species is thus nota-
ble for its partial shifting during the winter season west and north from its
breeding area, though it is so far impossible to designate the exact geographic
souree of the individuals participating in this movement. -

281 (474e) Otocoris alpestris actia Oberholser
CALIFORNIA HorNED LARK

Synonyms—Otocoris alpestris, part; Eremophila cornuta; Eremophila
alpestris chrysolaema, part; Otocorys chrysolaema; Otocoris rufa; Otocoris
alpestris chrysolaema; Otocoris alpestris rubea, part; Phileremos cornutus, part;
Alauda alpestris; Otocoris alpestris arenicola, part; Otocorys strigata, part;
Mexican Horned Lark; Sky Lark.

Status—Common resident of the valleys and plains west of the Sierran di-
vide from the vicinity of Stockton and San Francisco Bay in central California,
south throughout the San Joaquin Valley and coastal area, and all through the
San Diegan district to the Mexican line. This form also occurs limitedly on the
desert drainage in Tehachapi Pass, in extreme northwestern Los Angeles County
(Antelope Valley), and in San Gorgonio Pass. These birds exhibit intermedi-
ateness towards O. a. ammophila. The northernmost breeding record is Cotati,
Sonoma County (Mailliard coll.). Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxrv, 1902,
p. 849) found that the birds from Milton, ete., San Joaquin County, are interme-
diate towards O. a. rubea.

282 (474f) Otocoris alpestris rubea Henshaw

Ruppy Hornep LarK

Synonyms—Otocoris alpestris, part; Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema,
part; Alauda rufa; Otocoris rubea.

Status—Common resident in the northern Sacramento Valley. Recorded
as breeding from Red Bluff, Tehama County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1887, p. 210) south to Lincoln, Placer County (Adams, Placer Co. Inst. Res.,
1909, p. 85) and Drytown, Amador County, not typical (Mailliard coll.). Re-
corded in winter north to Battle Creek, Shasta County (Oberholser, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 853), southwestward casually to Santa Cruz (Oberhol-
ser, loc. cit.).

283 (474g) Otocoris alpestris strigata Henshaw
STREAKED Hornep Lark
Synonym—Otocorys strigata, part.

Status—Irregular winter visitant to the northern part of the state, chiefly
through the Sacramento Valley. Recorded south to Stockton (Belding, Land
Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 106), and San Francisco (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 838). According to the latter authority breeding horned
larks from the vicinity of Lake Tahoe are referable to this form, though prob-
ably as a result of intergradation between O. a. merrilli and O. a. rubea.

1915°° . BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 95

284 (474i) - Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwight
Dusky Hornep Lark

Synonyms—Lremophila alpestris; Otocoris alpestris leucolaema, part; Oto-
coris alpestris rubea, part.

Status—Common resident of the Modoe region of northeastern California.
Recorded as summering west to Shasta Valley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 16, 1899, p. 118), and south to Donner, Nevada County (Oberholser, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 836). Occurs in winter widely through northern
California, south to Lake Tahoe (C. Barlow, Condor, m, 1901, p. 167) and
Stockton (Oberholser, loc. cit.), and west to Upper Lake, Lake County, and
Yreka, Siskiyou County (J. Grinnell, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 52).

285 (474c) Otocoris alpestris leucolaema (Coues)
Desert Hornep LARK

Synonym—Otocoris alpestris arenicola, part.

Status—Winter visitant to the Inyo region of extreme eastern California;
casual west of the Sierras at Stockton (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxtv,
1902, pp. 820, 824). Recorded by the same authority as breeding on the White
Mountains, Mono or Inyo county.

286 (——) Otocoris alpestris ammophila Oberholser
Mouave HorneEp Lark

Synonyms—Otocoris alpestris arenicola, part; Otocoris alpestris pallida,
part; Desert Horned Lark, part.

Status—Common resident locally in the valleys of the Mohave desert and
southern part of the Inyo region; recorded from northern part of Owens Valley
and Panamint Mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 66)
southeast to Ivanpah Valley, San Bernardino County (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908,
p. 460), and southwest to Mohave, Kern County (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 851), Victorville, San Bernardino County (J. Mailliard and
J. Grinnell, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 76; Mus. Vert. Zool.), and, casually, to Santa
Ysabel, San Diego County (Oberholser, loc. cit.).

287 (474), part) Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila Oberholser
Yuma Hornep Lark
Synonym—Oftocoris alpestris pallida, part.

Status—Common resident locally in the bed of the Colorado desert. Re-
corded from Coyote Well, Imperial County, east to Yuma (Oberholser, Proe. U.
S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 865), and northwest to Mecca, Riverside County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

288 (474n) Otocoris alpestris insularis Townsend
IsuANp HorNep Lark

Synonyms—Otocoris alpestris strigata, part; Otocoris alpestris rubea, part;

96 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 11

Otocoris insularis; Phileremos cornutus, part; Otocoris alpestris, part; Eremo-
phila alpestris var. chrysolaema, part; Streaked Horned Lark, part.

Status—Common resident on all of the Santa Barbara Islands: San Cle-
mente (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, 1890, pp. 140, 141; and many
other records), Santa Catalina (Bendire, Life Hist., 1, 1895, p. 347; and others),
San Nicolas (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 10; and others),
Santa Barbara Island (J. G. Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78; and
other records), Anacapa (Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 172), Santa Cruz Island
(Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 248; and others), Santa Rosa Island
(Townsend, loc. cit.), and San Miguel (Streator, Orn. & Ool., xm, 1888, p. 54;
and others). Of casual occurrence in winter on the mainland coast: Alamitos
Bay, Los Angeles County, “‘December 4’’ [= January 18] (Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 181).

289 (475) Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine)
BuACK-BILLED MAGPIE

Synonyms—Pica pica; Pica hudsonica; Pica melanoleuca hudsonica; Am-
erican Magpie.

Status—Common resident in Transition and Upper Sonoran zones northeast
of the Sierran divide, that is, in the Modoe region. Recorded south along the
eastern margin of the state through the Tahoe district to Mono Lake (W. K.
Fisher, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 11) and even to Independence, Inyo County (Swarth,

MS), and west along the northern boundary as far as Shasta Valley (C. H. Mer-
riam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 118).

290 (476) Pica nuttalli (Audubon)
YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE

Synonyms—Corvus nuttalli; Corvus pica; Pica melanoleuca nuttalli; Pica
melanoleuca; Cleptes nuttalli; Pica caudata var. nuttalli.

Status—Common resident locally in Upper and Lower Sonoran zones west
of the Sierra Nevada, chiefly in the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin. Recorded
north as far as Red Bluff, Tehama County (Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, p. 211; Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; west, north of the latitude of San Francisco Bay,
to Mount Saint Helena (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 137), east to Clipper
Gap, Placer County (Adams, Placer Co. Inst. Res., 1909, p. 35) ; south in the
San Joaquin Valley to the Tulare Lake region (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p.
204), and vicinity of Visalia (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 86) ;
west, south of San Francisco Bay, to Watsonville, Santa Cruz County (Hunter,
Condor, v1, 1904, p. 24), and to the coast of southern Monterey County (Jenkins,
Condor, vi, 1906, p. 127) ; south through the inner coastal valleys as far as
Santa Paula, Ventura County (Evermann, Auk, 1m, 1886, p. 181) and formerly
or rarely to Simi and Conejo valleys, Ventura County ( Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.
no. 7, 1912, p. 67). Now less common and much more restricted in range than
formerly. There are early records for San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Cruz,

Monterey, Santa Barbara, and even San Diego. The last named station may,
however, have been given erroneously.

-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 97

291 (478a) Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway)
BLUE-FRONTED JAY

Synonyms—Cyanocitta stelleri, part; Cyanura stelleri, part; Cyanura stel-
leri frontalis, part; Cyanocorax stellert.

Status—Common resident of Transition and Canadian along the whole
length of the Sierra Nevada, and on the mountains of southern California from
those of Ventura County southeast to the Cuyamaca Mountains in San Diego
County ; also in the Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and in
the northern inner coast ranges from Siskiyou County south to Mount Saint
Helena (W. K. Fisher, Condor, m, 1900, p. 137), and Mount George, east of
Napa Valley (A. O. U. Check-List, 3rd ed., 1910, p. 223) ; also in vicinity of
Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County (Swarth, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 163).
Recorded as reaching the coast of Sonoma County (J. Mailliard, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 134; Mus. Vert. Zool.), but otherwise replaced in the humid coast belt by C.
s. carbonacea. Westernmost records of frontalis in extreme northern California
are Walker P. O., Siskiyou County (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 9), and Helena, Trinity County (L. Kellogg, Condor,
xii, 1911, p. 119) ; intergradation with carbonacea takes place in about the longi-
tude of those places. Not recorded from the desert ranges southeast of the
Sierra Nevada. There is a partial winter movement down into the western foot-
hills of the Sierras, and even out onto the valleys sporadically; thus frontalis
has been recorded in winter from Santa Barbara (Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1,
1886, p. 66), Paicines, San Benito County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, m,
1901, p. 124), Stockton (Sampson, Condor, m, 1901, p. 37), and Marysville
(Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 422).

292 (478e) Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell
Coast Jay

Synonyms—Cyanocitta stelleri, part; Cyanura stelleri, part; Cyanura stel-
levi frontalis, part; Steller Jay.

Status—Common resident of the Transition zone in the humid coast belt
from southern Monterey County north to the Oregon line. Recorded east to Sis-
kiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1903, p. 9), and to mountains on west side of Napa Valley (A. O. U. Check-List,
3rd ed., 1910, p. 223) ; also east of San Francisco Bay, at Berkeley (J. Grinnell,
Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 33), in Calaveras Valley, Santa Clara County (Carriger
and Ray, Condor, xm, 1911, pp. 73, 74), and on Mount Diablo (Mus. Vert. Zool.).
Recorded in winter east at the south to the Gabilan Mountains, San Benito
County (A. O. U. Cheek-List, loc. cit.). A hiatus exists in the range of this sub-
species along the north coast in Sonoma County, from the vicinity of Freestone
to Cazadero, this interval being occupied by the race frontalis which appears to
have pushed its way westward from the interior through the humid coast belt
(series of specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.).

98 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

293 (480) Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird)
WoopHOoUSE JAY

Status—Fairly common resident locally in arid parts of the Upper Sonoran
zone cast of the Sierran divide. Recorded as follows: between Chat and Beck-
with Pass, eastern Lassen County (Ray, Osprey, v, 1901, p. 117); White, Inyo,
Argus, Coso, and Panamint mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7,
1893, p. 69) ; east slope of Sierra Nevada, near Carroll Creek, Inyo County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.) ; Providence Mountains, northeastern San Bernardino County (F.
Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 102) ; New York Mountain, at eastern end of Provi-
dence Range (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 460).

294 (481-+-481b) Aphelocoma californica californica (Vigors)
CALIFORNIA JAY

Synonyms—Garrulus californicus; Cyanocitta californica; Cyanocorax cal-
ifornicus; Garrulus ultramarinus; Corvus ultramarinus; Cyanocitta floridana
californicus, part; Aphelocoma floridana var. californica; Aphelocoma califor-
nica obscura; Belding Jay.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran zone, chiefly west of the
Sierran divide. Ranges locally up into Transition, especially in the humid coast
belt. Occurs on the east slope of the Sierras as well as on the west, in some
places, as near Owens Lake (Bendire, Life Hist., u, 1895, p. 374; Mus. Vert.
Zool.), Mono Lake (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1v, 1902, p. 11), and northeastward
through the Modoc region to west and east bases of the Warner Mountains (Mus.
Vert. Zool.). Northernmost record along or near the coast: Hoopa Valley, Hum-
boldt County (W. K. Fisher, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 51), next interiorly, Helena,
Trinity County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Abundant south through the coast region
the whole length of the state. In the San Diegan district the species occurs on
the desert slopes of the mountain ranges, but has not been observed beyond their
eastern bases. There appear to be no adequate grounds for the recognition of
a subspecies obscura in extreme southern California (see J. Grinnell and Swarth,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, pp. 261-262).

295 (481.1) Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw
Santa Cruz Isuanp JAy

Synonyms—Cyanocitta floridana var. californica, part; Santa Cruz Jay.

Status—Common resident on the wooded portions of Santa Cruz Island (see
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 68).

296 (485) Perisoreus obscurus obscurus Ridgway
OrEGON JAY

Synonym—Cractes obscurus.

Status—Fairly common resident in Transition and Boreal in the north-
ern humid coast belt. Recorded repeatedly from the vicinity of Humboldt Bay;
also from Orick, Humboldt County (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 42), and from
near Mendocino, Mendocino County (Heller, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 46); the lat-
ter is the southernmost record.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 99

297 (485a) Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway
Gray JAY

Synonyms—Perisoreus canadensis; Perisoreus canadensis var. obscurus;
Perisoreus obscurus, part; Cractes obscurus griseus; Oregon Jay, part; Canada
Jay.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in the Boreal zone of northern
California east of the humid coast belt. Recorded as follows: near Camp Bid-
well [= Warner Mountains?] (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Sury., 1879, p. 308) ;
Warner Mountains, towards southern end (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Spanish Springs
Camp, near Beswick, Shasta County (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 42); Mount
Shasta and Mount Lassen (Feilner, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1865, pp. 421, 427).
There is a record from Summit and Castle Peak, Nevada County (Belding, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 423), but this has never been corroborated.

298 (486) Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler

WESTERN RAVEN

Synonyms—Oorvus coraxr; Corvus carnivorus; Corvus corax carnivorus ;
Corvus cacalotl; Corvus catatotl; Corvus corax clarionensis; Mexican Raven ;
American Raven; Colorado Raven.

Status—Common resident locally throughout the state, on the most arid
deserts and in the northern humid coast belt as well as in the interlying area.
Now scarce or absent in the most thickly settled counties. Notably numerous on
and around the islands of the Santa Barbara group. Specimens from there
have been assigned to another form, clarionensis; but comparison of all available
material discloses to me no grounds for distinguishing more than one form of
raven within the state.

299 (488b) Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridgway
WESTERN CROW

Synonyms—Oorvus americanus; Corvus ossifragus; Corvus cawrinus; Cor-
vus frugivorus; Corvus frugivorus cawinus; Corvus americanus caurinus; Cor-
vus americanus hesperis; California Crow; Common Crow.

Status—Common resident of the interior valleys west of the Sierran divide,
and of the seacoast and adjacent valleys from Monterey County northward, in-
cluding the San Francisco Bay region. Fairly common locally in the lowlands
of the San Diegan district, south to Campo, breeding (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Not
recorded east of the Sierran divide except in extreme northern California where
noted east to Fort Crook, eastern Shasta County (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv.,
1879, p. 303) and at Eagle Lake, Lassen County (J. and J. W. Maillard, MS) ;
also at Brawley in the Imperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xt, 1911, p. 152).
The crows of the northwest coast might be expected to approach cawrinus, under
which name they have been frequently recorded, which, however, they do not
seem to do, according to the material at hand.

100 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

300 (491) Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson)
CLARKE NUTCRACKER

Synonyms—Picicorvus columbianus; Clarke Crow.

Status—Common resident of high Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian
zones of the Sierra Nevada along their whole length, on the Panamint, Inyo and
White mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 72), and on the
high mountains of southern California from Mount Pinos, Ventura County (A.
K. Fisher, loc. cit.) southeast to the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains (Mus.
Vert. Zool.). At the north, common on the Warner Mountains, Modoe County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), west to the Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J.
Grinnell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 10), head of Bear Creek, Trinity
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and south on the highest of the northern inner coast
ranges as far as South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 42;
Mus. Vert. Zool.). Although there is a temporary vertical movement to slightly
lower altitudes in late summer, the species is remarkably stationary. There are
but two records of casual occurrence away from the near vicinity of its breed-
ing range: Point Reyes, Marin County, November 19, 1900 (J. Mailliard, Condor,
m, 1901, p. 16), and Laguna Mountain, San Diego County, as a possible tran-
sient (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 69).

301 (492) Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied)
Pinyon JAy
Synonyms—Gymnokitta cyanocephala; Maximilian Jay.

Status—Common resident locally of arid Upper Sonoran and Transition
chiefly along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada and ranges of southern
California, and on the desert ranges of the Inyo district. Recorded north to
Fort Crook, eastern Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1877,
p. 213), and north base of Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no.
16, 1899, p. 121) ; south to San Jacinto Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and La-
guna Mountain, San Diego County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 69).
Its permanent habitat is closely coincident with the presence of the pinyon
(Pinus monophylla) and juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). But the species is
disposed to undertake wanderings, when flocks appear sporadically in remote
places irrespective of season or faunal conditions. In this category are the oc-
currences at. Pasadena in fall of 1894 (Gaylord, Nidologist, m1, 1896, p. 106),
in San Bernardino in October, 1914 (Wall, Condor, xvm, 1915, p. 59), Pacific
Grove, near Monterey, in December, 1895 (J. Mailliard, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 198),
Berkeley, October 5, 1911 (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 33), Clipper Gap,
Placer County, in December, 1908 (Adams, Placer Co. Inst. Res., 1909, p. 36),
and Eureka, Humboldt County, February 2, 1912 (specimen taken by F. J.
Smith, in Mus. Vert. Zool.).

302 (494) Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)
BoBoLinkK

Status—Rare transient; four records: Redwood City, female taken Sep-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 101

tember 17, 1897 (Littlejohn, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 73) ; Monterey,
female taken October 14, 1896 (Breninger, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p.
93) ; Mono Lake, a flock in September, 1901 (W. K. Fisher, Condor, rv, 1902, p.
11); San Bruno Lake, San Mateo County, male taken between June 5 and 10,
1911 (W. P. Taylor, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 211).

303 (495, part) Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell
Nevapa Cowsirp

Synonyms—Melanothrus ater; Molothrus pecoris, part; Molothrus ater,
part.

Status—Rather rare in summer east of the Sierra Nevada, in the Modoe
and Inyo regions: ten miles north of Alturus, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
’ Camp Independence, Inyo County (Hoffman, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv.
Terr., vi, no. 2, 1881, p. 229) ; Death Valley, Inyo County, June 20 (A. K. Fisher,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 73; specimen examined by me). The record from
the ‘‘Sacramento Valley’’ (Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., rx, 1858, p. 524) is rather
more likely to pertain to this form than to the next. Casual visitant to the Far-
allon Islands, June 2 (Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 181). I have examined an
adult male specimen typical of artemisiae taken at Borego Spring, eastern San
Diego County, April 30, 1896; this is in the Stephens collection, and with little
doubt was a migrant. Recorded also from Yermo, Mohave Desert, June 1 to 7,
1911 (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 37).

304 (495a) Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin)
Dwarr CowBirD

Synonyms—Molothrus ater, part; Molothrus pecoris, part; Cow Blackbird.

Status—Common in summer on the Colorado Desert, keeping in the near
vicinity of water. Recorded all along the Colorado River north to the Nevada
line (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 460; and many other records) ; northwest to
Independence, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; west to Mecca, at northwest end
of Salton Sea (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1909, p. 281) and to
Borego Spring, San Diego County (specimen in Stephens coll. examined by me) ;
northwest to Yermo, Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 37). Positive-
ly identified from vicinity of Bakersfield, Kern County (Swarth, Condor, xt,
1911, p. 161), Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, breeding (J. Mailliard, Condor,
xvi, 1914, p. 261), and from valley of South Fork of Kern River near Weldon
(Mus. Vert. Zool.). A cowbird, probably of this subspecies, though not defi-
nitely so determined, has been recorded as breeding on the Pacifie slopes of Los
Angeles and Ventura counties (Law, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 174; Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 70), and as occurring in the Fresno district (Tyler,
Pae. Coast Avif. no. 9, 1913, pp. 67-68). Oceurs in winter on the lower Colorado
River (Daggett, Condor, rv, 1902, p. 39; Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1866, p. 90), and northwest to Mecea (Van Rossem, Condor, xt, 1911, p. 132) ;
also specimen (no. 21274, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from San Diego, December 10, 1911.

102 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

305 (497) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte)
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—Agelaius ranthocephalus; Xanthocephalus longipes; Xanthoce-
phalus icterocephalus.

Status—Common in summer in the vicinity of lakes and marshes in the
northeastern plateau area and in the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin; of irreg-
ular occurrence elsewhere, almost everywhere within the state, except in the
northwest coast belt and in the rougher mountainous sections. Recorded as
breeding west locally to San Jose (Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe.,
xxxvill, 1899, p. 168), and south to Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County (J. Grin-
nell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 32), Bear Valley, San Bernardino County
(Morcom, Ridgw. Orn. Club, Bull. no. 2, 1887, p. 47), and San Jacinto Lake, Riy-
erside County (Willett and Jay, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 160). Winters irregularly
in the San Diegan district and on suitable parts of the Colorado desert. Ap-
pears during migration at many localities both on the desert and western slopes;
but not recorded at any season in northwestern California west of the west base
of Mount Shasta and north of Petaluma, nor from any of the islands.

306 (499) Agelaius phoeniceus californicus Nelson

Br-coLoreD REp-wWINGED BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—A gelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius qubernator, part; Agelaius
phoeniceus gubernator, part; Agelaius gubernator californicus, part; Agelaius
californicus; Bi-colored Blackbird, part; Red-shouldered Blackbird; Swamp
Blackbird, part ; Red-winged Blackbird, part.

Status—Abundant resident of the San Francisco Bay region, in typical
form north to Freestone and Santa Rosa, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.),
east to Suisun and south at least to Santa Cruz; less typically, or of unknown
status north to Red Bluff, Tehama County, east to the Sierran foothills, and
south through the San Joaquin Valley at least to Stanislaus County (J. Mail-
liard, Condor, xt, 1910, p. 66). Very great confusion has evidently existed in
the separation of this blackbird from the red-and-buff shouldered type. and IT am
not at all certain of the standing of many records. Mr. W. W. Cooke of the U.
S. Bureau of Biological Survey has kindly looked up the basis of the A. O. U.
Check-List (Third Edition, 1910, p. 235) statement that californicus strageles
east to Owens Lake, and reports that the bird was really ‘‘newtralis’’ (doubtless
the more recently separated nevadensis). Californicus, or ‘‘gubernator’’, as it
used to be called, according to material now available for examination and also
according to the careful studies by J. Mailliard (loc. cit.). appears to have its
center of range, geographically and subspecifically, in the region close about San
Francisco Bay, and does not occur, at farthest, south of the 36th parallel.

307 (498e, part) Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway

San Direo RED-wINGED BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—Agelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis,

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 103

part; Agelaius phoeniceus longirostris, part; Icterus phoeniceus; Agelaius gub-
ernator, part; Agelaius phoeniceus gubernator, part; Agelaius gubernator cali-
fornicus, part; Bi-colored Blackbird, part ; Red-winged Blackbird, part; Swamp
Blackbird, part; Western Red-wing. 4

Status—Abundant resident locally in southern California chiefly west of
the desert divide; east to Jacumba, San Diego County (Ridgway, Proce. Wash.
Acad. Sci., m, 1901, p. 153) ; north coastwise at least to Monterey County, and
through the southern San Joaquin Valley as far as Stanislaus County (J. Mail-
liard, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 63). As shown by J. Mailliard (loc. cit.) there is a
large area in central California occupied by individuals of various degrees of
intermediateness towards A. p. californicus. <A. ‘‘phoeniceus’’ (as distinct from
californicus) has been recorded as breeding at Berryessa, Santa Clara County
(C. Barlow, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 132), but I have had no opportunity of verify-
ing the occurrence. Very many records of ‘‘Bi-colored’’ Blackbirds, as, for in-
stance, all those from south of the 36th parallel, were doubtless based on birds
better referable to neutralis.

308 (——) Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard
KERN RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD

Status—Common resident locally in mountain valleys of east-central Kern
County: in Walker Basin and along South Fork of Kern River (J. Mailliard,
Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 13).

309 (498a) Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway
SonorA RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—Agelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius phoeniceus longirostris,
part.

Status—Common resident locally along the Colorado River from Needles to
Yuma (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x11, 1914, p. 161), thence west and
north through the Imperial Valley at least to Mecca, at the northwestern end of
Salton Sea (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

310 (498e, part) Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell
NevapA RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—Agelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis, part ;
Agelaius gubernator, part; Agelaius gubernator californicus, part; Bi-colored
Blackbird, part; San Diego Redwing, part; Red-winged Blackbird, part.

Status—Common resident in associationally suitable parts of the Modoe and
Inyo subfaunal areas. Recorded west at the north to Mayten, Siskiyou County,
and Meadow Valley, Plumas County; south, east of the Sierra Nevada, to Lone
Pine, Inyo County. (See J. Grinnell, Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., xxv, 1914, p. 107.)

311 (498f) Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway
NORTHWESTERN RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD
Synonyms—A gelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius gubernator, part.

Status—Oceurs seatteringly in summer in the northwestern part of the

104 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

state; only two published records under this name, though others probably be-
long here: Mendocino County (Ridgway, Proce. Wash. Acad. Sei., m1, 1901, p.
153), and Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino County (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1904, p. 582).

312 (500) Agelaius tricolor (Audubon)
TRI-COLORED RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—Icterus tricolor; Agelaius phoeniceus var. tricolor; Tri-colored
Blackbird; Red-and-white-shouldered Blackbird.

Status—Common resident locally in the interior valleys west of the Sierran
divide and south through the San Diegan district. Recorded north to Shasta
County, east to Lake Tahoe and near Weldon, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.),
and west to the coast district of central and southern California. The San Joa-
quin Valley seems to be now the metropolis of this species. Not recorded east
of the Sierran divide, save as breeding at Lake Tahoe (C. Barlow, Condor, m,
1901, p. 168), nor in northwestern California north of Marin County, where
recorded only as a straggler (J. Mailliard, Condor, m1, 1900, p. 65). Western-
most breeding station: Sargents, Santa Clara County (C. Barlow, Condor, n,
1900, p. 182).

313 (501.1) Sturnella neglecta Audubon
WESTERN MEADOWLARK

Synonyms—Sturnella magna neglecta; Sturnella hippocrepus; Western
Lark.

Status—Abundant resident in appropriate localities practically throughout
the state, with the exception of the most arid and barren deserts, roughest moun-
tains and densest forests. Breeds from Lower Sonoran, as at Victorville, on
the Mohave desert (Mus. Vert. Zool.), up through Transition, in tha northwest
coast belt and on mountain meadows. In these highest localities, which are sub-
ject to snowfall, there is evidently an exodus of meadowlarks for the winter, and
in complementary fashion many birds winter on suitable portions of the Colo-
rado and Mohave deserts, where the species is unknown in summer. Recorded
as breeding both east and west of the Sierras, in arid and humid belts, and on
nearly all of the coastal islands; but no geographic variation has been detected
among the specimens examined.

314 (504) Icterus parisorum Bonaparte
Scorr ORIOLE

Status—Common summer visitant to extreme arid Upper Sonoran zone of
the southeastern portion of the state. Characteristic of portions of the pinyon,
tree yueca, and agave associations. Common on the desert slopes of the Santa
Rosa and San Jacinto mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, p. 264), at the west base of the Sierra Liebre in Antelope Valley,
northern Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 46), on the west
slope of the Sierra Nevada in Walker Pass, Kern County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 76; Mus. Vert. Zool.), and along the isolated ranges of the

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 105

Inyo region north as far as the Inyo Mountains (Fisher, loc. cit.) ; southeast to
the Providence Mountains (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 102). Occurs west
through San Diego County even to San Diego where recorded as nesting
(Browne, Auk, vir, 1891, p. 238; Stephens, Condor, m, 1901, p. 94; ete.). Of
casual occurrence in migration elsewhere on the Pacific slope of the San Diegan
district, west to Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, Garnsey and Glendora (J.
Grinnell, Joc. cit.), and even to Santa Barbara (Dawson, Condor, xv, 1913, p.
158).

315 (505a) Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway
ArIzONA Hoopep ORIOLE

Synonyms—Icterus cucullatus; Icterus nelsoni; Palm Leaf Oriole.

Status—Common summer visitant locally in the Lower Sonoran zone of
the Colorado desert and San Diegan district. Recorded as breeding in the latter
area from San Diego northwest as far as Santa Barbara (many records). Casual
on Santa Catalina Island (C. H. Richardson, Condor, x, 1998, p. 67), and at
Auburn, Placer County (Bendire, Life Hist., 1, 1895, p. 476). The latter is the
only definite record north of the latitude of Santa Barbara, though there is a
persistent rumor of its recent invasion of the Tulare district. The species breeds
in the vicinity of Yuma and has been noted a short distance up the lower Colo-
rado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x1, 1914, p. 163), but is un-
known from the Mohave desert or Inyo district.

316 (508) Icterus bullocki (Swainson)
BULLOCK ORIOLE

Synonyms—AHyphantes bullocki; Xanthornis bullocki; Western Oriole.

Status—Abundant summer visitant in many parts of the state—from the
Nevada line to the seacoast, and from the Oregon line to the Mexican boundary.
Of very general zonal and faunal preferences: breeds from Lower Sonoran up
through Transition, and from the riparian association on the deserts (as along
the Colorado River) to the San Francisco Bay region. Of least abundance in
the northwest coast belt and on the Santa Barbara Islands, though there are reec-
ords from both. Occurs in migration even on the arid portions of the southeast-
ern deserts, and up into the high mountains. Centers of abundance are the
interior valleys north of Tehachapi.

317 (509) Euphagus carolinus (Miiller)
Rusty BuAcKBIRD

Synonym—Scolecophagus carolinus.

Status—Rare mid-winter visitant. Two records: male taken by H. B. Kae-
ding in Amador County, December 15, 1895 (J. Mailliard. Condor, v1, 1904, p.
16) ; male, taken by C. B. Linton, on San Clemente Island, ‘‘December’’ (really
November 20), 1908 (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194). I have examined both
specimens; the first is in the Mailliard collection (no. x2185), the second, re-
cently in the Thayer Museum, now, by donation from J. E. Thayer, no. 21271
Mus. Vert. Zool.

106 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

318 (510) Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler)
BREWER BLACKBIRD

Synonyms—Quwiscalus mexicanus; Quiscalus purpureus: Scolecophagus
mexicanus; Scolecophagus ferrugineus; Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.

Status—Abundant resident of the Upper Sonoran zone, breeding also locally
up through Transition and even into Boreal, and wintering also in suitable
places down through Lower Sonoran. Breeds the whole length of the state—at
the north chiefly east of the Sierran divide, south, east of the Sierras, to Owens
Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 156), west of the Sierras
through the Sacramento Valley and marginal foothills of the San Joaquin Val-
ley, and coastally from the San Francisco Bay region south through the San
Diegan district. Rare in the northwest coast belt; northwesternmost station,
Hoopa Valley, Humboldt County. Casual on the Farallon Islands (W. E. Bry-
ant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 47), and on certain of the Santa
Barbara islands. Occurs in numbers in winter on the Colorado and Mohave
deserts.

319 (514a) Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway

WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK

Synonyms—Hesperuphona vespertina; Coccothraustes vespertina; Cocco-
thraustes vespertinus montanus.

Status—Fairly common in summer locally in Boreal on the high Sierra
Nevada, from Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p.
122) south at least to Yosemite Valley (Emerson, Zoe, rv, 1893, p. 180; Widmann,
Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 69); also on the Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and
Trinity Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.). In midwinter widely, but very irregu-
larly and for the most part sparingly, distributed west of the Sierran divide to
the coast; southernmost recorded occurrence: Pasadena and Mount Wilson, Los
Angeles County (Gaylord, Nidologist, m1, 1896, p. 106; Swarth, Condor, m, 1901,
je We a

320 (515b) Pinicola enucleator californica Price

CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK

Synonyms—Pinicola enucleator; Pinicola canadensis; Pinicola californica;
Pinicola enucleator kodiaka; Pinicola enucleator var. canadensis.

Status—Fairly common but very local resident of Boreal on the high central
Sierra Nevada: Soda Springs and Summit, Placer County (J. G. Cooper, Proe.
Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1868, p. 8; Belding, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, m, 1878, p. 66;
Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 131) ; vicinity of Pyramid Peak, Eldora-
do County, and Silver Lake, Amador County (Price, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 182; Ray,
Condor, xiv, 1912, pp. 157, 158) ; Blood’s, Calaveras County (Belding, Land Bds.
Pace. Dist., 1890, p. 131); Independence Lake, Nevada County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; head of San Joaquin River in Madera or Fresno county (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 79). The lowest elevation in the state at which the

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 107

species has been found at any season is Cisco Butte, 6500 feet, Placer County,
October 6, 1913 (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

321 (517a) Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird
CALIFORNIA PurRPLE FINCH

Synonyms—Erythrospiza purpurea; Carpodacus purpureus; Carpodacus
californicus; Western Purple Finch.

Status—Common resident locally of high Upper Sonoran and low Transi-
tion zones west of the desert divide; occurs throughout the northern humid
coast belt and along the coast ranges and lower west slopes of the Sierra Nevada
south to the San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Uniy. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, p. 266), Palomar Mountains (McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club,
1, 1899, p. 68) and Cuyamaca Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; more widely dis-
tributed through the intervening valleys in winter, and even south to San
Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist.; 1890, p. 131), casually to Santa Cruz
Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128), but not east of the Sierras at any
season. Easternmost records: at the north, Mount Lassen (Townsend, Proce. U.
S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 215) ; centrally, Mount Whitney region, casual in Octo-
ber (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 238; this occurrence verified in
November, 1911, by Mr. Henshaw at my request from the Smithsonian records).

322 (518) Carpodacus cassini Baird
Cassin PurpPLe FINcH

Status—Common resident of the Transition and Boreal zones, chiefly in
their semi-arid portions: Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Sierra Nevada,
chiefly along the eastern slope, from Mount Shasta (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat.
Mas., x, 1887, p. 215) south to Piute Mountains, Kern County (C. H. Richard-
son, Condor, vr, 1904, p. 136); South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x,
1908, p. 42; Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; White and Inyo mountains (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 79) ; Mount Pinos (J. Grinnell, Auk, xx1, 1905, p.
385) ; San Gabriel Mountains (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 34) ;
San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p.
89); San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
x, 1913, p. 267). Sparingly in midwinter to adjacent foothills, and casually
west to San Jose (C. Barlow, Condor, m, 1900, p. 132), and Los Angeles
(Swarth, Condor, mr, 1901, p. 66).

323 (519) Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say)

CALIFORNIA LINNET

Synonyms—Erythrospiza frontalis; Carpodacus frontalis, part; Carpoda-
cus familiaris; Carpodacus rhodocolpus; Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus,
part; Fringilla frontalis; Carpodacus mexicanus obscurus; Carpodacus me.i-
canus clementis, part; House Finch; Red-headed Linnet; Burion.

Status—Abundant resident throughout the state chiefly below Transition:
north along the humid coast belt even to Humboldt Bay (W. K. Fisher, Con-

108 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 11

dor, 1v, 1902, p. 133) ; north, east of the Sierras, through the Warner Mountain
region (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; on the southeastern deserts only within easy reach of
water, usually less than three miles; on the Farallon Islands (W. E. Bryant,
Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 47) ; and on the northern members
of the Santa Barbara group of islands (Santa Cruz and probably adjacent
islands), but not on San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and San
Nicolas islands where replaced by the race clementis. Wanders in late summer
up into the highest mountains, as to 9800 feet in the San Bernardino Moun-
tains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 91), and to 9800 feet
at Whitney Meadows in Sierras of Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

324 (519¢) Carpodacus mexicanus clementis Mearns
San CLEMENTE LINNET

Synonyms—Carpodacus frontalis, part; Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis,
part; Carpodacus clementis; Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus, part; Carpo-
dacus frontalis clementae; San Clemente House Finch.

Status—Common resident on San Clemente, San Nicolas, Santa Barbara
and Santa Catalina islands. The characters of this form are most extremely
developed in the birds on San Clemente Island. Birds from certain other
islands of the Santa Barbara group are variously intermediate toward the
mainland form (frontalis).

325 (521, part) Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm)
AMERICAN CROSSBILL

Status—Irregular midwinter visitant: Eureka, Humboldt County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.) ; Nieasio, Marin County (J. Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 102);
Pasadena (Daggett, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 51) ; specimens in these
cases re-examined by me. Also recorded from Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor,
xvi, 1914, p. 34). It is probable that several of the records under other sub-
specifie names, for the crossbill in winter in west-central’ California, really
belong here.

326 (521, part) Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway
STERRA CROSSBILL

Synonyms—Curvirostra americana; Loria americana; Loria curvirostra;
Loxia curvirastra minor, part; Loria curvirostra var. americana; Loxia curviros-
tra stricklandi; Mexican Crossbill; Red Crossbill.

Status—Fairly common in summer in the Boreal zone on parts of the high
Sierra Nevada from Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16,
1899, p. 123) to the vicinity of Mount Whitney (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 7, 1893, p. 81); also on Mount Pinos, Ventura County (J. Grinnell, Auk,
xx, 1905, p. 385), the San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 91) and San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xv, 1913, p. 268). Oceurs sporadically elsewhere at
almost any place and season: Marin County (J. Mailliard, Condor, 1, 1900, p.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 109

65), Santa Cruz and Olema (W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., u, 1887, p.
297), Monterey (J. Grinnell, MS), Santa Cruz Island (Howell and Van Ros-
sem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 210). Summer (breeding?) birds from the moun-
tains of southern California are larger than those from the central portions
of the state and have been referred to L. c. stricklandi. But examples more
typical of the latter, from Arizona, are still larger, especially with respect to
the bill; so that it seems best to include all California birds (not referable to
L. c. minor) under the name bendiret.

827 (524, part) Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell
SrprrA Nevapa Rosy FINCH

Synonyms—Leucosticte tephrocotis; Gray-crowned Rosy Finch; Gray-
crowned Finch; Gray-crowned Leucosticte.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in the Arctic-Alpine and Hud-
sonian zones along the crest of the Sierras from Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 124) to Mount Whitney (Daggett, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 119) and Olancha Peak (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 7, 1893, p. 83); also on the White Mountains, Inyo County (A. K. Fisher,
loc. cit., p. 82). Other record stations along the Sierras are: Pyramid Peak
(C. Barlow, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 109), Farewell Gap and Mono Pass (Van Den-
burgh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 213), Mineral King (Dean, Con-
dor, vu, 1905, p. 112) ; head of south fork of Kings River, Kearsarge Pass, Uni-
versity Peak, Mount Brewer, Harrison’s Pass, Mount Lyell, and Mount Gould,
and nesting on Pyramid Peak (Ray, Condor, xu, 1910, pp. 147-161) ; Mammoth
Pass, Independence Creek, Big Cottonwood Meadows, Round Valley (A. K.
Fisher, loc. cit., p. 83); Crabtree Meadows, Whitney Meadows, Army Pass,
Cottonwood Pass (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The altitudes of all of these stations are
above 9000 feet. The species has been taken in winter at Lake Tahoe (Hoff-
man, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., vi, no. 2, 1881, p. 223), and in
spring on the Inyo Mountains, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

328 (528) Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus)
ComMMON REDPOLL

Status—Known only as occurring commonly in 1899 from November 30 to
December 23 in the vicinity of Eagle Lake, Lassen County (Willard, Condor,
Iv, 1902, p. 45). Two specimens collected there November 30 and December
13, 1899, are now in Mus. Vert. Zool. (nos. 5542, 5543),

329 (529b) Astragalinus tristis salicamans (Grinnell)
WILLOW GOLDFINCH
Synonyms—Chrysomitris tristis; Carduelis tristis; Spinus tristis; Astra-

galinus tristis; Spinus tristis salicamans; American Goldfinch; Yellow-bird ;
Thistle-bird; California Goldfinch.

Status—Common resident locally in the valleys (chiefly Upper Sonoran)
west of the desert divides, from the west base of the Sierras to the seacoast, and

110 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

from San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pace. Dist., 1890, p. 136) north to Smith
River, Del Norte County (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 42), and Shasta Valley
(C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 124). Breeds characteristic-
ally in the riparian willow association of the lowlands. The San Joaquin and
Sacramento valleys form the metropolis of abundance. No instance of oceur-
rence anywhere east or southeast of the Sierra Nevada, save in midwinter at
Yermo, Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 38), and Palm Springs,
Colorado Desert (J. Grinnell, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 154), and in October at
Eagle Lake, Lassen County (two specimens in Maillard coll.) ; the latter birds
are somewhat larger than the usual salicamans of west-central California, thus
inclining towards A. t. pallidus.

330 (530a) Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser

GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH

Synonyms—Chrysomitris psaltria; Cardwelis psaltria; Spinus psaltria;
Astragalinus psaltria; Chrysomitris mexicanus; Chrysomitris psaltria var. ari-
zonae; Spinus psaltria arizonae; Astragalinus psaltria arizonae; Arkansas
Goldfinch; Mexican Goldfinch; Arizona Goldfinch; Arkansas Finch.

Status—Common resident nearly throughout the state below Transition,
and up into this zone locally as a summer visitant. Not so numerous in the
humid coast belt as in the interior and southern coast valleys. Some northern
stations are: Sisson and Shasta Valley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no.
16, 1899, p. 124) ; Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proe.
Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1903, p. 10); Eureka, Humboldt County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; Fyffe and Mount Tallac, Eldorado County (C. Barlow and Price, Con-
dor, m1, 1901, p. 170). Not recorded east of the Sierras north of the head of
Owens Valley where noted at Benton (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7,
1893, p. 84), but common locally on the southern deserts. Found casually on
the Farallones (W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 47),
and on Santa Catalina Island (J. Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235) and Santa
Cruz Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128).

331 (531) Astragalinus lawrencei (Cassin)

LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH

Synonyms—Chrysomitris lawrencei; Carduelis lawrencei; Spinus law-
rencet.

Status—Fairly common but irregular summer visitant to the Upper Sono-
ran zone west of the Sierras, and chiefly east of the humid coast belt. Re-
corded north through the Sacramento Valley to McCloud River, Shasta County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), and, nearer the coast, to Sebastopol, Sonoma County (Beld-
ing, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 138). Casual on Santa Catalina Island (C.
H. Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67) and Santa Cruz Island (J. Mailliard,
MS). Easternmost stations centrally: Raymond, Madera County (Widmann,
Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 73), and Weldon, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs
in summer on the mountain ranges of southern California up through Transi-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 111

tion. Winters irregularly in the San Diegan district—some years apparently
none at all remain within the state. Recorded in winter east of the desert
divide from Colorado Valley near Riverside Mountain (J. Grinnell, Uniy. Calif.
Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 166), and Imperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, x1,
1911, pp. 132, 136).

332 (533) Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson)
PINE SISKIN
Synonyms—Linaria pinus; Chrysonmitris pinus; Pine Finch.

Status—Loeally common in summer in the Canadian and Transition zones
along the Sierras from Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16,
1899, p. 124) and Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) to the San Bernardino
Mountains (J. Grinnell, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 92) and San Jacin-

.to Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p.
270); also south through the humid coast belt to southern Monterey County
(Jenkins, Condor, vim, 1906, p. 128). Occurs in winter sporadically in adja-
cent valleys: occurs at that season at least as far south and east as Jacumba,
San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Common resident in parts of the San
Francisco Bay region: breeds in San Mateo and San Francisco counties (Carri-
ger and Pemberton, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 18), im Marin County (J. Maillard,
Condor, vi, 1904, p. 16), in Santa Clara County (Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer.
Philos. Soc., xxxvi, 1899, p. 171), and at Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1,
1914, p. 34). In cultivated regions affects the vicinity of cypresses and Monte-
rey pines; in wild country that of conifers in general, but forages on the ground
in the open.

333 (——) Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)

ENGLISH SPARROW
Synonym—House Sparrow.

Status—Now an abundant resident in closely settled portions of west-
central California, more particularly in and around cities. This is true through-
out the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin, as well as in the coast district. Less
numerous, or of but recent appearance, almost everywhere else in the state,
where towns, especially along railroads, offer the proper inducements. The
first appearance of the English Sparrow in California was at San Francisco in
about 1871 or 1872 (Barrows, bull. 1, U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Orn. and Mam.
[= ‘English Sparrow Report’’], 1889, pp. 19, 201, 262). It is supposed to
have been purposely introduced from some point in the eastern states where
the species had already become abundant. It is probable, however, that it has
repeatedly entered the state along railroad lines, of its own volition or through
adventitious transportation in grain and stock ears. By 1886 the English
Sparrow had appeared generally throughout the San Francisco Bay region;
also at Eureka, Stockton and Hollister (Barrows, loc. cit.). In 1888 it had
reached Sacramento, Marysville, and Gridley, Butte County (Belding, Land
Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 168). Within a few years practically all suitable parts
of California north of the 35th parallel and west of the high Sierras had been

112 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

invaded, But southern California was much slower to be populated. English
Sparrows were first reported from Santa Barbara in 1909 (Torrey, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 208); from Bakersfield in 1901, and Tehachapi, Kern County, in
1903 (Howard, Condor, vii, 1906, p. 67) ; from Newhall, Los Angeles County,
in 1906 (Law, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 28) ; from Oxnard, Ventura County, in 1905
(Willett, Pac. Coast, Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 76); from Simi Valley, Ventura
County, in 1907 (Willett, loc. cit.) ; from Santa Paula, Ventura County, in 1910
(Willett, loc. cit.) ; from the city of Los Angeles in 1907 (Willett, loc. cit.) 5”
from Long Beach, September, 1911 (L. W. Welch, MS); from Corona, River-
side County, October, 1913 (L. H. Miller, MS) ; San Bernardino in 1912 (W. M.
Pierce, MS); San Diego, November, 1913 (Ingersoll, MS); from Banning,
Riverside County, in 1910 (Willett, loc. cit.).

The ability of this bird to stand almost any climatic extreme, both as to
temperature and humidity, is astonishing; as witness the following established
colonies: Crescent City, Del Norte County, 1905 (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p.
42); Needles, San Bernardino County, 1910 (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., xu, 1914, p. 166) ; Sisson, Siskiyou County, 1911 (H. C. Bryant, Condor,
xu, 1911, p. 205) ; Holtville, Imperial County, 1910 (H. C. Bryant, MS). The
English Sparrow thus stands not for climatic barriers; neither does it hesitate
to cross broad water-ways, for it has recently been found on the Farallon
Islands (Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 181). This is the only exotic species,
‘“introduced’’ or otherwise, which has firmly established itself as a member of
the state’s avifauna within our history.

334 (536a) Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway
ALASKA LONGSPUR

Status—Two instances: female, False Bay, San Diego County, October 2,
1909 (F. Stephens, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 44) ; female, Gunther’s Island, Eureka,
October 2, 1909 (Marsden, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 110): both on the same date,
and both on the seacoast, though 350 miles apart longitudinally. Mr. Stephens’s
specimen is now no. 6411 of his collection. Mr. Marsden’s is now no. 20809 in
the L. B. Bishop collection.

335 (540a) Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird
WESTERN VESPER SPARROW

Synonyms—Zonotrichia graminea, part; Emberiza graminea; Poocaetes
graminea; Grass Finch; Bay-winged Bunting.

Status—Fairly common in summer locally in high Upper Sonoran and
Transition east of the Sierran divide: Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) south to
head of Owens Valley, White Mountains and Inyo Mountains (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 85); also on several high Sierran meadows within
thirty miles south of Mount Whitney (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Common in winter in
the valleys of the San Diegan district northwest to Santa Barbara; more sparing-
ly on the deserts and in the San Joaquin Valley region north to Fresno County
(Tyler, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 76), and Paicines, San Benito County (J. and J.
W. Mailliard, Condor, m, 1901, p. 124).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 113

336 (540b) Pooecetes gramineus affinis Miller
OREGON VESPER SPARROW

Synonyms—Zonotrichia graminea, part; Poocaetes gramineus confinis,
part. :

Status—Fairly common winter visitant locally west of the Sierras and
south to Los Angeles County. Definite record stations: Oakland (Willard, Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 30) ; Battle Creek and Berryessa (McGregor, Con-
dor, u, 1900, p. 35) ; Pasadena (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 36) ;
Newhall and Highland Park, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

337 (542) Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis (Gmelin)

ALEUTIAN SAVANNAH SPARROW

Synonyms—Ammodramus sandwichensis; Sandwich Sparrow; Aonalaska
Sparrow.

Status—Rare winter visitant to northern California west of the Sierran
divide: Butte County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 142); Gridley,
Butte County, December 9, and Battle Creek, Shasta County, October 13 (Me-
Gregor, Condor, u, 1900, p. 35); Snelling, Merced County, January 6 and 8
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

338 (542b) Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte
WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW

Synonyms—Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus, part; Passerculus
alaudinus; Passerculus savanna, part; Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna;
Passerculus sandwichensis, part; Ammodramus savanna alaudinus; Emberiza
savanna; Passerculus sandwichensis bryant, part; Skylark Sparrow.

Status—Abundant winter visitant throughout the lower elevations of the
state, occurring also in migration practically everywhere observations have been
made. Swarms in greatest profusion on grassy tracts west of the Sierran divide.
Recorded also from Santa Cruz Island (Townsend, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1,
1890, p. 141; Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128), and San Clemente Island (J.
Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 17; Linton, Condor, x1, 1909,
p. 194). ;

339 (542d) Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell

NEVADA SAVANNAH SPARROW
Synonyms—Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus, part; Western Savan-
nah Sparrow, part.

Status—Common in summer in the valleys east of the Sierran divide:
Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Little Truckee River, Sierra County (J. Grin-
nell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1910, p. 314); Owens Lake (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 86). Also an isolated breeding colony in the valley
of the Kern River and its South Fork, northeastern Kern County (Mus. Vert.

114 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Zool., specimens not typical). Occurs in winter in suitable places on the deserts
of southeastern California, and in the San Diegan district, at least in Los Ange-
les County (J. Grinnell, loc. cit.).

340 (542c¢) Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway
Bryant MarsH SPARROW

Synonyms—Passerculus sandwichensis, part; Ammodramus sandwichensis
bryanti, part; Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus, part; Passerculus anthinus,
part; Passerculus savanna, part; Passerculus savanna var. anthinus, part; Tit-
lark Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident on the tidal marshes bordering Monterey, San
Francisco, Tomales, and Humboldt bays. The metropolis of this subspecies in
its most typical characters is the salicornia association of San Francisco Bay,
and here in many places it is abundant. The Humboldt Bay representatives
(specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.) are somewhat intermediate in characters
towards alaudinus. Wherever this form occurs at all it is apparently perma-
nently resident. The two exceptions to this rule are San Luis Obispo, two spe-
cimens, October 8 (Maillaird coll.), and Carpinteria, Santa Barbara County, one
specimen, December 23 (Brooks, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 182). Three of the re-
corded instances of occurrence far south of its breeding range have each been
found to have been due to probable misidentifications. In each case I have
closely examined the specimen upon which the record was based, with the follow-
ing results: San Pedro (Swarth, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 17) = P. beldingi; Witch
Creek (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 142) = P. s. alaudinus; Santa Cruz Island
(Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128) = P. s. alaudinus. The fourth record out of
range has not been verified: ‘‘Santa Barbara to Carpinteria’ (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer, Fauna no, 7, 1893, p. 86), probably = P. beldingt.

341 (543) Passerculus beldingi Ridgway
BreLpIng MAarsH SPARROW

Synonyms—Passerculus sandwichensis, part; Passerculus anthinus, part;
Passerculus savanna var. anthinus, part; Ammodramus beldingi; Ammodramus
sanduichensis beldingi; Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti, part; Titlark
Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident on the coastal marshes of southern California
from San Diego to Santa Barbara; casual north to Port Harford (W. E. Bryant,
Proce. Calf. Acad. Sei., 2nd ser., 1, 1889, p. 299). The salt marshes on the coast
of the San Diegan district form the typical habitat of this sparrow, and in only
rare instances does it stray short distances onto the adjacent higher ground.

342 (544) Passerculus rostratus rostratus (Cassin)
LARGE-BILLED MAarsH SPARROW
Synonyms—Hmberiza rostrata; Ammodramus rostratus ; Sea-shore Sparrow.

Status—Common winter visitant to the seacoast of southern California,
from San Diego to Santa Barbara; casually to Santa Cruz, specimen taken Aug-

1915 BIRDS .OF CALIFORNIA 115

ust 27 (J. Mailliard, Condor, vr°1904, p. 16), and to San» Clemente Island
(Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p2:223):;-also in’ midwinter at Salton Sea (Van
Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 132)..-There is apparently no authentic record
of actual breeding within the state; the evidence indicates that the species spends
the swmmer somewhere south. of this state (see J. Grinnell, Auk, xxm, 1905,
p. 16).

343 (546a) Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson

WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW

Synonyms—Emberiza passerina; Coturniculus passerinus; Coturniculus
passerinus perpallidus; Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus; Coturniculus
savannarum bimaculatus; Yellow-winged Sparrow.

Status—Sparingly resident locally in the valleys west of the Sierras, from
Sacramento (Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, p. 171) south through Los
Angeles and Ventura counties (Willett, Condor, x, 1910, p. 204) to vicinity of
San Diego (Huey, Condor, xvm, 1915, p. 60). Other record stations are: Ber-
ryessa, Santa Clara County (C. Barlow, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 132); Point Sur,
Monterey County (Ray, Osprey, v, 1900, p. 7); Merced County (J. Maillard,
MS) ; Santa Barbara (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 240; Bowles, Con-
dor, x1, 1911, p. 385); Laguna Beach, Orange County (Gardner, Condor, xvu,
1915, p. 99) ; Schain’s Ranch, near San Jacinto Peak (J. Grinnell and Swarth,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 271). Elsewhere more widely distributed
in winter: Oakland and San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 146) ;
Marin County (J. Mailliard, Condor, u, 1900, p. 65); Paicines, San Benito
County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, 1, 1901, p. 124); Stanislaus County
(J. Mailliard, MS); Pasadena and Los Angeles (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles
Co., 1898, p. 36); Beaumont, Riverside County (Swarth, Condor, xm, 1910, p.
108) ; Riverside, and Earlimart, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Fresno dis-
trict (Tyler, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 78).

344 (549.1) Passerherbulus caudacutus nelsoni (Allen)
NELSON SPARROW

Synonyms—Ammodramus caudacutus becki; Ammodramus nelsoni; Ammo-
dramus caudacutus nelson; Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni.

Status—Known only from its capture twice by R. H. Beck at Milpitas,
Santa Clara County: specimen taken May 6, 1891 (Ridgway, Proe. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 483), and specimen taken January 31, 1896 (C. Barlow, Con-
dor, 11, 1900, p. 132). The first, now no. 120310, U. S. Nat. Mus., has been exam-
ined by me and found to be quite indistinguishable from eastern specimens of P.
c. nelsoni.

345 (552a) Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson
WESTERN LARK SPARROW

Synonyms—Emberiza grammaca; Zonotrichia grammaca; Chondestes

grammaca; Western Lark Finch.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran zone, chiefly in the open

116 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

interior valleys west of the Sierras. Fairly common in the San Francisco Bay
region, but scarce in the humid coastal region to the northward, where recorded
casually to Crescent City (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 42). North through the
Sacramento Valley to Baird, and Shasta Valley (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 218; C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 125),
west to Scott River, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also extreme north-
eastern part of the state to Sugar Hill, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; and
breeds in Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 87). Com-
mon in the San Diegan district; irregularly so on the deserts, and as a winter
visitant only. Casual on Santa Cruz Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128).

346 (553) Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall)
Harris SPARROW

Status—Rare winter visitant; three instances: specimen taken at Haywards,
October 27, 1900 (Emerson, Condor, 11, 1900, p. 145) ; specimen taken at Smug-
gler’s Cove, San Clemente Island, October 15, 1907 (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.
84). Both specimens have been examined by me; the former is in the Emerson
collection (no. 2482), the latter, recently in the Thayer Museum, is now by dona-
tion from J. E. Thayer, no. 21272, Mus. Vert. Zool. A third instance is that of
a bird seen repeatedly in late winter (December 25, 1912, to February 11, 1913)
in Berkeley (A. 8. Allen, Condor, xvu, 1915, p. 80; A. S. Allen, MS).

347 (554) Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW

Synonyms—Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia, part; Zonotrichia leuco-
phrys var. gambeli, part; Zonotrichia intermedia, part.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Boreal zone along the Sierra Neva-
da, from Mount Shasta to the Mount Whitney region; also on Warner Moun-
tains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and White Mountains, Inyo County (A.
K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 88). Southernmost breeding station:
Sirretta Meadows, 9000 feet, southern Sierras, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).
Occurs commonly in migration over the southeastern deserts, sparingly
through the San Diegan district. Apparently passes in migration entirely east
of the Sierran divide north of Los Angeles County; at least there are no records
for central or northern California west of the Sierra Nevada.

348 (554a) Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall)
INTERMEDIATE SPARROW

Synonyms—Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia, part; Zonotrichia lecophrys ~
nuttalli, part; Fringilla leucophrys; Zonotrichia gambeli, part; Fringilla gam-
beli; Zonotrichia gambeli intermedia; Zonotrichia intermedia, part; Gambel
Sparrow, part; Western White-crowned Sparrow; Western White-crowned
Finch, part; Nuttall Sparrow, part.

Status—Abundant winter visitant to the valleys and deserts throughout
southern California; in smaller numbers north to include the San Francisco Bay
region and through the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin, to Red Bluff (Town-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 117

send, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 218) ; also on the Santa Barbara Islands.
Occurs elsewhere in the interior during migration; but apparently absent at all
seasons from the humid coast belt north of San Francisco Bay.

349 (554b) Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway
NutraLL SPARROW

Synonyms—Zonotrichia gambeli, part; Zonotrichia leucophrys, part; Zono-
trichia leucophrys gambeli, part; Gambel Sparrow, part; Western White-crowned
Finch, part.

Status—Common resident of the narrow northern coastal belt; breeds
south from Humboldt Bay through the San Francisco and Monterey bay regions
regularly at least to Port Harford (Willett, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 185), sparingly
to Santa Barbara (Bowles, Auk, xxvi, 1911, p. 174). Occurs seatteringly in
winter beyond these limits, interiorly to MeCloud River (Townsend, Proce. U. S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 218), Tracy, San Joaquin County (J. Grinnell, Condor,
xu, 1911, p. 110), and Modesto, Stanislaus County (Mailliard coll.) ; and south-
erly to Los Angeles (Swarth, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 39), and Pasadena (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). J. Mailliard (MS) notes a regular local migration within Marin County,
from the seacoast, where it breeds abundantly, to the interior, as at San Geron-
imo, where it winters plentifully.

350 (557) Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW

Synonyms—Fringilla aurocapilla; Zonotrichia aurocapilla; Emberiza atri-
capilla; Zonotrichia atricapilla.

Status—Common winter visitant, chiefly west of the Sierran divide and
below altitudes of heavy snows, interiorly east to Alta, Placer County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), and Walker Basin, Kern County (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv.,
1876, p. 242), and south through the San Diegan district to San Diego; also to
San Clemente, Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands. Casually to the Imperial
Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 133). The frequent occurrence of
this sparrow so late in the spring as the first week of May (even to May 9 at
Pasadena, and June 2 on the Farallones) has probably been the cause of the sev-
eral questionable breeding records. The only occurrences east of the Sierran
divide are: Eagle Lake, Lassen County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS), and Yermo,
Mohave Desert, October 14 (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 38).

351 (558) Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW

Status—Rare winter visitant west of the Sierras; 17 specimens have
been recorded as taken, as follows: Haywards, November 20, 1889 (Emerson,
Zoe, 1, 1890, p. 45) ; San Francisco, December 23, 1888 (W. E. Bryant, Zoe, 1,
1890, p. 46) ; Stockton, April 22, 1892 (Belding, Zoe, 11, 1892, p. 117); Santa
Ynez, December 6, 1891 (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 90) ; Pas-
adena, November 21, 1894 (Gaylord, Nidologist, m1, 1896, p. 106) ; Sonoma, Oc-

118 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

tober 27, 1896 (C. Barlow, Auk, x1v, 1897, p. 221); Los Angeles, February 25,
1897 (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 37) ; Santa Rosa, October 13
and November 23, 1898, 3 specimens (McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899,
p. 52) ; Santa Cruz, January 1, 1894 (Breninger, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899,
p. 93) ; Pescadero, December 29, 1900 (Willard, Condor, 1, 1901, p. 48); San
Geronimo, January 26, 1901 (J. Mailliard, Condor, 1m, 1901, p. 72); Petaluma,
March 16, 1903 (Pemberton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 50); San Geronimo, December
11, 1907 [= 1906] (J. Mailliard, Condor, x, 1908, p. 94) ; San Geronimo, Jan-
uary 22,1905 (Mailliard coll.) ; Fair Oaks, San Mateo County, October 6, 1895
(Maillard coll.) ; also Berkeley, one individual seen repeatedly, January 28 to
February 15 (Wythe, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 101).

352 (559a) Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster
WESTERN TREE SPARROW
Synonym—S pizella monticola.

Status—Recorded only from northeastern California, where taken by Feil-
ner at Fort Crook, Shasta County (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1879, p.
296; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 218); Feilner’s specimen,
still extant, in U. S. National Museum, examined for me by W. W. Cooke Janu-
ary 31, 1912. Presumably an occasional midwinter visitant to that elevated sec-
tion of the state subject to severe winters; so conjectured also by J. G. Cooper
(Orn. Calif., 1, 1870, p. 206).

353 (560a) Spizella passerina arizonae Coues
WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW

Synonyms—Emberiza socialis; Spizella socialis; Spizella domestica arizo-
nae; Spizella socialis arizonae.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Upper Sonoran zone west of the
Sierras, and of high Transition and Boreal almost throughout the state. Win-
ters sparingly in the San Diegan district, along the east side of the San Joaquin
Valley, and more commonly on the Mohave and Colorado deserts, particularly in
the valley of the Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914,
p. 170) ; also casually on San Clemente Island (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194).
The point of conspicuous peculiarity about the range of this bird in the state is
its regular breeding in the orchard districts of the valleys, as in parts of the
Lower Sonoran zone of Los Angeles County, and also in the coniferous forests
of the high mountains from Transition to timberline. It breeds in the humid
coast belt, as at Monterey and near Eureka (Clay, MS), on Santa Catalina Island
(C. H. Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68), and on the semi-arid Warner Moun-
tains and in timberline forests in the vicinity of Mount Whitney (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). This species thus lives under a remarkable range of both temperature

and humidity, and yet throughout the state there is no appreciable variation in
characters.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 119

354 (562) Spizella breweri Cassin
BREWER SPARROW

Synonyms—Emberiza pallida; Spizella pallida; Spizella pallida var.
brewert.

Status—Common summer visitant to arid Transition and high Upper Sono-
ran chiefly east of the Sierran divide; a characteristic member of the sage-brush
(Artemisia tridentata) association. Breeds south along the eastern slopes of
the Sierras to the Tehachapi region, thence west to Sespe, Ventura County (Pey-
ton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 207), and south to the San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grin-
nell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 273) ; breeding colonies are
reported locally from the southern San Joaquin Valley: Clovis, Fresno County
(Tyler, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 193), and west as far as Carrizo Plains, San Luis
Obispo County (Swarth, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 163). Oceurs more widely in mi-
gration, westward even to Marin County (Belding, Land Bds. Pace. Dist., 1890, p.
157) ; winters sparingly in Fresno County (Tyler, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 76), cas-
ually to Redwood City, San Mateo County (Littlejohn, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 41),
and regularly in the San Diegan district, but most numerously on the desert
along the Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x11, 1914, p. 171).
355 (565) Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis)

BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to semi-arid Upper Sonoran chiefly
of southern California. Common locally in the chaparral of the mountain
sides throughout the San Diegan district, northwest to Mount Pinos (J. Grin-
nell, Auk, xxi, 1905, p. 387); also in Walker Basin and Walker Pass, Kern
County, and on certain of the desert ranges southeast of the Sierras, north to
Independence Creek, in Owens Valley, Inyo County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 92). Recorded casually to Monterey County (H. R. Tay-
lor, Nidiologist, 1, 1894, p. 10) and Alamdea County (Cohen, Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, 1, 1899, p. 107). One instance of occurrence in midwinter: San Clemente
Island (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194).

356 (567) Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus)

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO

Status—Rare winter visitant. The following are the record stations for the
state, the dates of occurrence ranging through the winter from October 23 to
April 3. From one to five instances are on record from each locality. Santa
Barbara (Jeffries, Auk, vi, 1889, p. 221) ; Riverside and Haywards (Emerson,
Zoe, 1, 1890, p. 45; Emerson, Condor, m, 1900, p. 33); San Diego and Gridley
(Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 159); Panamint Mountains (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 92) ; Battle Creek and Saint Helena (Me-
Gregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 52); Berkeley (Slevin, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 73) ; Amador County (H. B. Kaeding, Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, 1, 1899, p. 81) ; Los Angeles and Pasadena (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles
Co., 1898, p. 38; Swarth, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 95) ; Mount Wilson
(Swarth, Condor, m, 1901, p. 17); Victorville (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell,

120 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Condor, vi, 1905, p. 76) ; Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1903, p. 10); Palo Alto (Pemberton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 92); Clipper Gap (Adams, Placer Co. Inst. Res., 1909, p. 39) ; Mount
Hamilton and Mountain View, Santa Clara County (Mailliard coll.) ; Yermo,
Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 38).

357 (567a) Junco oreganus oreganus (Townsend)
OREGON JUNCO

Synonyms—Junco oregonus, part; Junco hyemalis connectens; Junco hye-
malis oregonus, part; Junco oreganus shufeldti; Junco hyemalis shufeldti; Shu-
feldt Junco; Oregon Snowbird, part; Coues Junco.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant west of the Sierras and south through
the San Francisco Bay region. Recorded casually south to Santa Cruz Island (J.
Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45) ; also on Farallones (W. E. Bry-
ant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 47). I inelude under the above
name all records of the ‘‘Shufeldt Junco’’, as I am unable to distinguish certain
Californian specimens which have been given this name from examples of ore-
ganus. Itis not improbable that most of the Californian examples of ‘‘shufeldti’’
are in reality intergrades between thurberi and oreganus, and not the larger in-
terior race to which the name shufeldti had better be restricted. The latter may,
however, be expected to occur in winter in northeastern California; unequivocal
specimens are lacking.

358 (567¢) Junco oreganus thurberi Anthony
STERRA JUNCO

Synonyms—Struthus oregonus, part; Fringilla hudsomia; Junco oregonus,
part ; Junco hyemalis oregonus, part; Junco hyemalis thurberi; Niphoea orcgona;
Oregon Juneo, part; Oregon Snowbird, part; Thurber Juneco; Western Snowbird.

Status—Abundant summer visitant to the Transition and Boreal zones prac-
tically wherever these occur, except, as a rule, in the humid coast belt. Occurs
on the inner coast ranges from the Siskiyou Mountains south at least to South
Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 42) and Mt. Sanhedrin (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), and thence locally west to the coast of Sonoma and Mendocino coun-
ties, at least from Cazadero to Mendocino City (Mus. Vert. Zool.; J. Mailliard,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 133); also at Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County
(Swarth, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 163). Recorded as breeding casually at Stanford
University (W. K. Fisher, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 108), and as occurring in summer
at Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 35), these occurrences being re-
markable as being so near the habitat of J. 0. pinosus. Breeds on the Warner
Mountains of Modoe County, along the whole length of the Sierras, on all the
higher mountains of southern California from Mount Pinos southeast to the Cuya-
maca Mountains, and on the desert ranges southeast of the Sierra Nevada. Occurs
widely in winter over the lower levels of the state, west to the coast and even on
the Santa Barbara islands; also sparingly southeastward across the deserts to
the valley of the Colorado River.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 121

359 (567d) Junco oreganus pinosus Loomis
Port Pinos JuNco

Synonyms—Fringilla hyemalis; Struthus oregonus, part; Junco oregonus,
part ; Junco hyemalis oregonus, part; Junco pinosus; Junco hyemalis pinosus.

Status—Common resident of Transition in the Santa Cruz district, breeding
from King Mountain, and near San Bruno, San Mateo County (Ray, Osprey, v1,
1902, p. 26; Mus. Vert. Zool.) south to Big Creek, Monterey County (Jenkins,
Condor, vir, 1906, p. 128). Occurs sparingly in winter outside its breeding range,
extending to the west side of San Francisco Bay, and interiorly to Paicines, San
Benito County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, 1m, 1901, p. 125).

360 (570b) Junco phaeonotus caniceps (Woodhouse)
GRAY-HEADED JUNCO
Synonym—Junco caniceps.

Status—Rare winter visitant to the San Diegan district: Pasadena, October
26, 1894, one specimen, now in Swarth collection (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles
Co., 1898, p. 38) ; Julian, San Diego County, November 18 to December 3, 1906,
many (A. P. Smith, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 199).

361 (573a) Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway
DESERT BLACK-THROATED SPARROW
Synonyms—Poospiza bilincata; Amphispiza bilineata; Desert Sparrow.

Status—Common in summer on portions of the southeastern deserts, both
Lower and Upper Sonoran zones, west to the Walker Pass region (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), Antelope Valley, northern Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell, MS), east
slopes of Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 277), and La Puerta, western San Diego County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; north through Owens Valley to Alvord (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 95) ; also both bases of Warner Mountains, in Modoe
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceurs casually on the Pacifie slope of the San
Diegan district: San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, September 12 (Dag-
gett, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 24), Pasadena, April 10 (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles
Co., 1898, p. 39), and Claremont, March 14 (Pierce, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 144) ;
also in the southern San Joaquin Valley: Poso Mountains, Kern County (Shel-
don, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 172). :

362 (574) Amphispiza belli (Cassin)
BELL SPARROW

Synonyms—Emberiza belli; Poospiza belli, part; Amphispiza belli clemen-
teae; Bell Finch.

Status—Common resident in portions of the Upper Sonoran zone
west of the desert divides. Adheres closely to the chamisal (Adenostoma fasci-
culatum) association. Occurs north through the southern coast region from
San Diego to Santa Clara and Contra Costa counties, and locally in Marin and

122 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Sonoma counties where recorded from vicinity of Nicasio (J. Mailliard, Condor,
1, 1900, p. 66), and Sonoma (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 104) ;
also along western rim of Sacramento Valley, at Rumsey and Vaeaville (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), and along western foothills of Sierra Nevada: Murphys,. Calaveras
County (Belding, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 416), Carbondale, Amador
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Consumnes River, Eldorado County (Heermann,
Pae. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 46). Common resident on San Clemente Island
(many records), and has been found on Santa Rosa and San Nicolas islands
(Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 82).

363 (574.1b) Amphispiza nevadensis canescens Grinnell

CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW

Synonyms—Amphispiza belli nevadensis, part; Amphispiza belli canescens;
Amphispiza belli, part.

Status—Common in summer in the Upper Sonoran belt of sage-brush (Ar-
temisia tridentata) along the mountains encircling the south end of the San
Joaquin Valley: Piute Mountains and Mount Pinos (J. Grinnell, Condor, vu,
1905, p. 18); west rim of Owens Valley on Lone Pine Creek and near Owens
Lake (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; vicinity of Walker Pass (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; near Bak-
ersfield and McKittrick, Kern County, and on Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo
County (Swarth, Condor, xm, 1911, pp. 161, 163); also south to east slope of
San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 97),
and north to west side of Tulare Lake (Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, p. 204).
Occurs in late summer and winter in Fresno County (Tyler, Condor, xm, 1911,
p. 76), on the western part of the Mohave Desert (Victorville), on the Colorado
Desert (Whitewater and Imperial Valley), and in the San Diegan district (San
Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Mountains, Riverside). Specimens from the last
six specified localities in Mus. Vert. Zool.

364 (574.1) Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis (Ridgway)
NEVADA SAGE SPARROW

Synonyms—Poospiza belli, part; Amphispiza belli nevadensis, part; Poo-
spiza belli var. nevadensis.

Status—Common in summer in the Artemisia tridentata association (Up-
per Sonoran and Transition zones) east of the Sierran divide, from east base
of Warner Mountains in Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), through Sierra Val-
ley (Mus. Vert. Zool.) to Mono Lake region (W. K. Fisher, Condor, rv, 1902, p.
11), and desert ranges southeast of Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 7, 1893, p. 96). Common winter visitant generally on the Mohave and Colo-
rado deserts; also recorded from Riverside (F. O. Johnson, Zoe, m1, 1891, p. 22;
Swarth, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 108), where associated in winter with A. n. cane-
Scens.

365 (580) Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin)
RuFOUSs-CROWNED SPARROW

Synonyms—Ammodramus ruficeps; Peucaca ruficeps; Red-capped Finch.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 123

Status—Common resident locally in Upper Sonoran west of the Sierras,
from Nicasio, Marin County (Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, u, 1877, p. 37),
Rincon Valley, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Vacaville, Solano County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), Marysville Buttes, Sutter County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and
Colfax, Placer County (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 163), south to
San Diego (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands
(several records). Easternmost station in central California: south fork of Kern
River, seven miles above Onyx, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). | Occurs in
numbers locally on sparsely brushed hillsides in the San Francisco Bay region,
particularly near Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 35), and thence
south along the Mount Hamilton Range (C. Barlow, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 107).

366 (581n) Melospiza melodia caurina Ridgway
YakutTat Sona SPARROW

Status—Rare winter visitant to northwest coast: Female specimen, no. 34,
coll. C. I. Clay, taken at Eureka, February 20, 1910 (J. Grinnell, Condor, x11,
1910, p. 174).

367 (58le+581f) Melospiza melodia rufina (Bonaparte)
Rusty Sone SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza fasciata rufina; Melospiza rufina, part; Melospiza
fasciata guttata, part; Melospiza cinerea morphna; Melospiza melodia guttata;
Melospiza melodia morphna; Sooty Song Sparrow.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant south through the northern humid
coast belt to include the San Francisco Bay region; recorded east to Tower
House, Shasta County (L. Kelloge, Condor, x1m, 1911, p. 120). There are many
winter records of ‘‘rusty’’ song sparrows from the area thus indicated, and the
majority of these doubtless belong here, though it is probable that a few of the
northern ones refer to M. m. phaea, and it is possible that some belong under I.
m. merrilli. In absence, in most eases, of the specimens upon which these records
were based it is of course unwise to try to locate them definitely. All verified
records fall within the area specified, except one, from Riverside (Swarth, Con-
dor, x11, 1910, p. 108), this being far to the southward.

368 (581p, part) Melospiza melodia phaea Fisher
OREGON SONG SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza fasciata guttata, part; Melospiza cinerea phaea;
Rusty Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Winter visitant to extreme north end of humid coast belt—Cres-
cent City, Del Norte County, three specimens in Grinnell coll. (see W. K. Fisher,
Condor, tv, 1902, p. 36) ; also specimen, no. 4459, in Grinnell coll., taken on Pes-
eadero Creek, San Mateo County, November 25, 1900; identified by W. K.
Fisher.

124 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

369 (581p, part) Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor
MENbDOCcINO SonG SPARROW

Synonyms—Melospiza fasciata samuelis, part; Melospiza cinerea cleonensis ;
Samuels Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident of fresh water marshes within a few miles of the
sea in the northern humid coast belt, from Crescent City, Del Norte County (W.
K. Fisher, Condor, rv, 1902, p. 134; Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 43) south at least
to Westport, Mendocino County (McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p.
87), and Mendocino City (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; casual in autumn at Olema, Marin
County (no. 10570, Mus. Vert. Zool.).

370 (581d, part) Melospiza melodia gouldi Baird

Marin Sone Sparrow

Synonyms—WMelospiza gouldi; Melospiza fasciata samuelis, part; Melospiza
cinerea samuelis, part; Melospiza melodia samuelis, part; Melospiza cinerea
gouldi; Samuels Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident on fresh water marshes and streams immediately
to the north of San Francisco Bay, chiefly in Marin and Sonoma counties. Occurs
from the vicinity of Point Reyes (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1909,
p. 267) east at least to Vacaville, Solano County, and Rumsey, Yolo County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; north coastwise to Gualala, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), and interiorly probably to Mount Sanhedrin (Stone, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1904, p. 583), Cahto and Ukiah (McGregor, Nidologist, m1, 1896, p. 148).
While song sparrows probably occur almost continuously up the coast north of
Point Reyes, we have as yet no material showing intergradation of gouldi with
cleonensis (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1909, p. 267).

371 (5814, part) Melospiza melodia samuelis (Baird)
SamugEts Sone SPARROW

Synonyms—Ammodramus samuelis; Melospiza fasciata samuclis, part;
Melospiza cinerea samuelis, part.

Status—Abundant resident on salt marshes along the north side of San
Francisco Bay, from Larkspur, Marin County, through Sonoma and Napa coun-
ties to Vallejo, Solano County ; also on south side of San Pablo Bay, at Selby and
Pinole, Contra Costa County (J. Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, Dp. 55).

372 (5811) Melospiza melodia pusillula Ridgway
Sar Marsu Sone SPARROW

Synonyms—Melospiza samuclis, part; Melospeza pusillula; Melospiza fasci-
ata pusillula; Melospiza melodia gouldi, part; Melospiza cinerca pusillula; Melo-
spiza fasciata samuclis, part; Alameda Song Sparrow; Samuels Song Sparrow,
part.

Status—Common resident on the salt marshes bordering the south arm of

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 125

San Francisco Bay, from South San Francisco around by the way of Palo Alto,
Alviso and Alameda to West Berkeley (specimens examined).

373 (581d, part) Melospiza melodia santaecrucis Grinnell
Santa Cruz Sone SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza heermanni, part; Melospiza fasciata heermanni, part;
Melospiza melodia heermanm, part; Melospiza fasciata samuelis, part; Melospiza
melodia samuelis, part; Melospiza cinerea samuelis, part; Melospiza cinerea san-
taecrucis; Samuels Song Sparrow, part; California Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident on fresh water marshes and streams throughout
the Santa Cruz faunal area, from San Francisco south to Sur River, Monterey
County (Grinnell coll.) ; also east through the Santa Clara Valley to the streams
flowing west from the Mount Hamilton range and thence north to Oakland and
Berkeley. Also south to Paicines, San Benito County (Mailliard coll.) ; Poso and
Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The specimens
from the last three localities approach cooperi very closely; in fact they might
be about as well referred to cooperi.

374 (581m) Melospiza melodia cooperi Ridgway
San Dieco Sone SpaRRow

Synonyms—Zonotrichia fasciata; Melospiza heermanni, part; Melospiza
fasciata heermanm, part; Melospiza melodia heermanni, part; Melospiza sam-
uelis, part; Melospiza fasciata samuelis, part; Melospiza fasciata graminea, part;
Melospiza melodia graminea, part; Melospiza fasciata cooperi; Melospiza cinerea
cooperi; Heermann Song Sparrow, part; California Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident of suitable portions of the San Diegan faunal
district, from the Mexican line northwest at least to the vicinity of Santa Bar-
bara, and Cuyama Valley, extreme southern San Luis Obispo County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.). Closely adherent to the lower parts of the Pacific slope save at
two points where it has crossed to the desert side: Occurs down on the east slope
of San Jacinto Mountains nearly to the mouth of Palm Canyon (J. Grinnell and
Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, pp. 279-280) ; and on the north side of
the San Bernardino Mountains out on the Mohave Desert along the Mohave
River at least to Victorville (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vu, 1905, p.
76) and Yermo (Lamb, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 38). Material is lacking to show
Melospizine conditions between Santa Barbara and Monterey counties, but it is
probable that the distribution is nearly continuous and that M. m. cooperi blends
with M. m. santaecrucis.

375 (581h) Melospiza melodia graminea Townsend
Santa Barpara Song Sparrow
Synonyms—Melospiza heermanni, part; Melospiza melodia heermanm,

part; Melospiza graminea; Melospiza fasciata graminea, part; Melospiza cinerea
graminea.

Status—Common resident on Santa Barbara Island; less numerous and of

126 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

more local occurrence on Santa Cruz Island (see Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no.
7, 1912, p. 84).
376 (581i) Melospiza melodia clementae Townsend

San CLEMENTE SONG SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza heermanm, part; Melospiza clementae; Melospiza
fasciata clementae; Melospiza cinerea clementae.

Status—Common resident on San Clemente Island (many records) ; also
on San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands (Oberholser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxu,
1900, p. 282; Willett, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 172).

377 (581e, part) Melospiza melodia heermanni Baird
HEERMANN SONG SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza heermanm, part; Melospiza fasciata heermanni,

part; Zonotrichia guttata; Melospiza cinerea heermanmi, part.

Status—Common resident of riparian strips in the Tulare basin, from the
San Joaquin River near Fresno (J. Grinnell, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 110) south
and east to Fort Tejon (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1909, p. 266) and
Onyx, on South Fork of Kern River, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

378 (58l1e, part) Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell
Mopesto Sone SPARROW

Status—Common resident in the vicinity of the confluence of the Tuolumne
and San Joaquin rivers, Stanislaus County (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
vil, 1911, p. 197), and thence north at least to Tracy Lake, San Joaquin County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

379 (581s) Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell
Suisun Sone SPARROW
Synonyms—WMelospiza cinerea heermanni, part; Heermann Song Sparrow,
part.
Status—Common resident on the marshes surrounding Suisun Bay, more
particularly from the vicinity of the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joa-

quin rivers west to Benicia and Port Costa where abruptly delimited (J. Grin-
nell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1909, p. 266).
380 (581k) Melospiza melodia merrilli Brewster
MERRILL Sone SPARROW

Synonyms—Melospiza cinerea merrilli; Melospiza fasciata ingersolli; Melo-
spiza melodia ingersolli; Melospiza fasciata guttata, part.

Status—Winter visitant to northern California, east of the humid coast
belt, south to Saint Helena, Napa County (McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1,
1899, p. 35), and Clipper Gap, Placer County (Grinnell coll.). Casually to Palo

Alto, Santa Clara County (Grinnell coll.), and Victorville, on the Mohave Desert
(J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 76). Thought to breed in

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 127

Shasta County (Ridgway, Bds. N. & Mid. Amer., 1, 1901, p. 361). The standing
of this form is, perhaps, least satisfactorily defined of that of any of our song
sparrows.

381 (581b, part) Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser

Mopoc Sone SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza fallax, part; Melospiza rufina, part; Melospiza fasci-
ata; Melospiza fasciata montana; Melospiza cinerea montana; Melospiza fasciata
var. fallax; Melospiza fasciata heermanni, part; Melospiza melodia montana;
Mountain Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Commonly breeding in the Modoe district of northeastern Califor-
nia, west to Shasta Valley and Sisson (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16,
1899, p. 125), and south along the east slope of the Sierras at least to Lake Val-
ley, Eldorado County (Ray, Auk, xx, 1903, p. 189; specimens examined by me) ;
also through Owens Valley to Lone Pine and Ash Creek (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna, no. 7, 1893, p. 99: specimens, originally recorded as heermanni, re-exam-
ined). Common as a winter visitant locally to southeastern California: Colorado
Valley, Mohave River, and Salton Sink (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

382 (581b, part) Melospiza melodia fallax (Baird)
Rocky Mountain SonG SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza melodia montana, part; Desert Song Sparrow, part.
? ? t=) Dp ? if

Status—Occurs sparingly as a winter visitant to southeastern parts of the
state: Clipper Gap, Placer County, and Victorville, San Bernardino County (J.
Grinnell, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1909, p. 269) ; and south to El Monte, Los
Angeles County (Howell, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 93). The ‘‘Mountain Song
Sparrow’’ of much of the literature concerning California appears to me likely
to have referred to one or the other of the two races, fisherella and fallax. The
old name montana falls as a synonym of fallax (Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soe.
Wash., xxiv, 1911, p. 252). In absence of the original specimens in most cases,
it is impossible to make distributional use of the various records.

383 (581a) Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell

SALTON SINK SonG SPARROW

Synonyms—WMelospiza fallax, part; Melospiza cinerea fallax; Melospiza
melodia fallax, part; Desert Song Sparrow, part.

Status—Common resident of the Colorado River bottom from the Nevada
line above Needles to the Mexican line below Yuma; also in the Imperial Valley
west and north to the southeastern end of Salton Sea, and in the vicinity of
Mecea, at the northwestern end of Salton Sea. (See Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., v, 1909, p. 269.) Closely associated with such riparian plants as arrow-
weed (Pluchea), guatemote (Baccharis) and willows.

128 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

384 (583) Melospiza lincolni lincolni Audubon
LINCOLN SPARROW
Synonyms—Peucaca lincolni; Lincoln Finch.

Status—Common summer visitant locally to the Canadian zone along the
central Sierra Nevada, from Mount Whitney region (Mus. Vert. Zool.) to Mount
Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 126) ; also on the Trin-
ity Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; and, in southern
California, on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool. ;
J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 280). Winters in
the San Joaquin Valley (J. Mailliard, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 74), in the San
Diegan district, on Santa Catalina Island, and on suitable parts of the Colorado
Desert; widely distributed elsewhere in migration, but most numerous through
the interior.

385 (583a) Melospiza lincolni gracilis (Kittlitz)
ForBUSH SPARROW

Synonyms

Melospiza lincolm, part; Melospiza lincolm striata.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant locally south through the humid
belt to Monterey County; has occurred east to Battle Creek and Saint Helena
(McGregor, Condor, u, 1900, p. 35), and casually south to Fresno (Tyler, Con-
dor, xm, 1911, p. 76; J. Grinnell, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 111), Victorville (J.
Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 77), Long Beach (Linton, Condor,
x, 1908, p. 182), and Witch Creek, Jacumba, and Tiajuana River, San Diego
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

386 (585a) Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin)
SHUMAGIN Fox SPARROW
Synonym—Passerella tliaca townsendi, part.

Status—Winter visitant; recorded from widely separated points; verified
records: San Clemente Island, November 30 (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194) ;
Helena, Trinity County (L. Kellogg, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 120) ; Pasadena (J.
Grinnell, Pace. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, p. 57). Also specimens examined by me
from: Mount Wilson, Los Angeles County, three; Berkeley, one; head of Piru
Creek, Ventura County, one; Escondido, San Diego County, one. In this and
the succeeding subspecies of the Fox Sparrow, where localities of capture are
enumerated, I have made use of the series in Mus. Vert. Zool., and in the Mail-
liard, Grinnell and Swarth collections. In all cases the labels have been marked
with my determination, so that this may be verified or emended in the future by
anyone else working over the material. It is needless to say that in a varying
proportion of specimens uncertainty is experienced in assigning names. This is
to be expected in the nature of the problem, as many intermediates undoubtedly
occur between forms adjacent to one another in the breeding season.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 129

387 (585f, part) Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway
Kapiak Fox SPARROW

Synonyms—Passerella iliaca wnalaschcensis, part; Passerella iliaca town-
sendi, part; Zonotrichia townsendi; Passerella townsendi; Passerella wnalasch-
censis.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant south through the interior west of
the Sierras, and chiefly east and south of the humid coast belt, to the San Diegan
district and Santa Barbara Islands. Santa Catalina Island (Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxm, 1900, p. 232) ; Clovis, Fresno County (Tyler, Pac. Coast
Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 86). Specimens examined by me from: Mount Wilson, Los
Angeles County, eighteen; Pasadena and vicinity, ten; Los Angeles, three;
Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles County, three; Santa Catalina Island,
two; Drytown, Amador County, two; Alta, Placer County, one; Blue Canyon,
Placer County, four; San Francisco, one; Oakland, four; Berkeley, one; Nicasio,
Marin County, one; San Geronimo, Marin County, five. It is probable that some
of the records published elsewhere under the name wnalaschcensis really belong
here.

388 (585f, part) Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell
VaupEz Fox SPARROW

Status—Winter visitant; specimens examined by me from: Santa Barbara,
two (see Bowles, Auk, xxv, 1911, p. 175) ; Mount Wilson, Los Angeles County,
six; Pasadena, two; Azusa, one; Riverside, one; Santa Catalina Island, one;
Ciseo and Blue Canyon, Placer County, twelve; Eagle Lake, Lassen County,
two; Upper Lake, Lake County, one; Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains, two;
Little Van Duzen River, Humboldt County, one; Kuntz, Trinity County, one;
Bolinas, Marin County, one; San Geronimo, Marin County, seven; Nicasio, Marin
County, one; Pescadero, San Mateo County, one; Oakland, one; Berkeley, four.

389 (585f, part) Passerella iliaca meruloides (Vigors)
YakutTaT Fox SPARROW

Synonyms—/Fringilla meruloides; Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis, part;
Passerella tiaca townsendi, part; Passerella iliaca annectens.

Status—Common winter visitant south through the humid coast belt to
Monterey County. Specimens examined by me from: Point Reyes, Marin Coun-
ty, two; Bolinas, Marin County, three; Nicasio, Marin County, one; San Geron-
imo, Marin County, thirteen; Fulton, Sonoma County, one; Santa Cruz Moun-
tains, two; Palo Alto, seven; Oakland, one; Berkeley, two; Pescadero, San Mateo
County, four; Watsonville, one; Pacific Grove, four; Mount Wilson, Los Ange-
les County, four; vicinity of Pasadena, three. Also recorded from Tower House,
Shasta County (L. Kellogg, Condor, xim, 1911, p. 120); Placer County (Adams,
Placer Co. Inst. Res., 1909, p. 39); Raisin, Fresno County (Tyler, Pac. Coast
Avif. no. 9, 1913, p. 86) ; Witch Creek, San Diego County (Bishop, Condor, vu,
1905, p. 142). Some of the published records of ‘‘wnalaschcensis’’ probably be-
long here.

130 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

390 (585g) Passerella iliaca townsendi (Audubon)
TOWNSEND Fox SPARROW

Status—Winter visitant south through the northern humid coast belt: Bo-
dega, and Humboldt Bay (Ridgway, Bds. N. & Mid. Amer., 1, 1901, p. 392) ;
Farallon Islands, May 31 (Dawson, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 182). Specimens ex-
amined by me from: Cuddeback, Humboldt County, one; Trinidad, Humboldt
County, one; San Geronimo, Marin County, two; Berkeley, one; Oakland, one;
Santa Cruz Mountains, one; Pacific Grove, one.

391 (585e) Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway
Soory Fox SPARROW
Synonym—Passerella iliaca wnalaschcensis, part.

Status—Winter visitant south along the northern humid coast belt to San
Francisco (Ridgway, Bds. N. & Mid. Amer., 1, 1901, p. 394).

392 (585) Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem)
Fox-coLORED SPARROW

Status—Rare midwinter visitant: specimen from ‘‘California’’ (Coues,
Bds. Northwest, 1874, p. 161); intermediate examples from Saticoy, Ventura
County, December 14 (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, m1,
1874, p. 516) ; specimen from Poway, San Diego County, January 3 (W. E. Bry-
ant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., m, 1889, p. 90) ; specimen from Oakland,
December 2 (W. E. Bryant, Zoe, 11, 1893, p. 363) ; specimen from Big Sur River,
Monterey County, December 27 (Pemberton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 50) ; specimen
from Santa Barbara, January 1 (Bowles, Auk, xxvu, 1911, p. 175) ; specimen
from Burbank, Los Angeles County, November 11 (Howell, Condor, xiv, 1912,
p. 41) ; specimen from Mount Wilson, Los Angeles County, October 31 (no. 3233,
Grinnell coll.). Several intermediate examples or possibly hybrids are contained
in the available collections. The characters presented in nearly all of these cases
point toward interbreeding of iliaca with schistacea.

393 (585c, part) Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley
ALBERTA F'0x SPARROW

Status—Rare winter visitant to the northeastern section of the state, casu-
ally south to Los Angeles County. Record stations: Fort Crook, near Burgett-
ville, Shasta-County, specimen taken April 12, 1860 (Riley, Proc. Biol. Soe.
Wash., xxiv, 1911, p. 235) ; Eagle Lake, Lassen County (specimens in Mailliard
coll.) ; Signal Mt., near Cisco, Placer County, October 9, 1913 (no. 24298, Mus.
Vert. Zool.) ; Pasadena, January 19, 1907 (no. 12021, Mus. Vert. Zool.).

394 (585e, part) Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird
SLATE-COLORED Fox SPARROW
Synonyms—Passerella schistacea, part; Passerella townsendi var. schistacea.

Status—Breeds sparingly in the Transition zone on mountains to the east
of the Sierran divide: ‘‘eastern base of Mount Lassen’’ (Townsend, Proce. U. S.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 131

Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 220) ; White Mountains, Mono County (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 102). Occurs rather widely in fall and winter
through interior and southern California, but nowhere commonly: Murphys,
Calaveras County (Belding, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 418) ; Cisco and
Blue Canyon, Placer County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Fresno (Tyler, Condor, x11,
1911, p. 76); Panamint Mountains (A. K. Fisher, loc. cit., p. 102) ; near Lone
Pine, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Cottonwood Lakes, Sierra Nevada, Inyo
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Fort Tejon, Kern County (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. British
Mus., xu, 1888, p. 720) ; Los Angeles (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898,
p. 40) ; Millard Canyon, near Pasadena (Swarth, Condor, 11, 1901, p. 66) ; Pasa-
dena (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Poway, San Diego County (Belding, Land Bds. Pace.
Dist., 1890, p. 171) ; Witch Creek, San Diego County (Bishop, Condor, vm, 1905,
p. 142); Yermo, Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 39). In most
cases but a single specimen is reported. An extraordinary occurrence is that of
an individual, unequivocally referable to this form, on San Jacinto Peak, July
3 (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool,, x, 1913, p. 281).

395 (585b) Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird
THICK-BILLED Fox SPARROW

Synonyms—Passerella megarhyncha, part; Passerella schistacea, part; Pas-
serella schistacea var. megarhynchus; Passerella ilaca unalaschcensis, part;
Large-beaked Sparrow.

Status—Common in summer in Transition along the Sierra Nevada, from
Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 126) south
through the Lake Tahoe and Yosemite regions, to as far as Kearsarge Pass, Inyo
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The main mass of the Sierra Nevada north of the
37th parallel is oceupied by this race, but any area of intergradation which may
be assumed to exist between this form and stephensi is as yet undiscovered.
Breeds also east to the Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.),
though specimens from that region are non-typical, inclining towards schistacea.
Reported west in northern California to the higher parts of the inner coast
ranges: South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 43) ; Mount San-
hedrin (Stone, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 583); Trinity Mountains
(Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs in February, at least, in Trinity County (Ll. Kel-
logg, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 120). Winters commonly in the San Diegan district,
north to Fort Tejon, Kern County, and on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz
islands.

396 (585d) Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony
STEPHENS Fox SPARROW

Synonyms—Passerella iliaca megarhyncha, part; Passerella megarhyncha,
part; Passerella schistacea, part; Passerella stephensi.

Status—Common summer visitant to upper Transition in southern Califor-
nia: Taylor Meadow to Monache Meadow, extreme southern Sierra Nevada in
eastern Tulare and Kern counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Mount Pinos, Ventura
County (J. Grinnell, Auk, xx, 1905, p. 388) ; San Gabriel Mountains (J. Grin-

132 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

nell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 40) ; San Bernardino and San Jacinto moun-
tains (Anthony, Auk, x1, 1895, p. 348). Only three stations of occurrence, either
in migration or in winter: Santa Catalina Island, three specimens (Oberholser,
Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xx, 1900, p. 233) ; Little Pime Mountain, Santa Barbara
County, September, and San Geronimo, Marin County, frequent during midwin-
ter (J. Mailliard, Condor, x1v, 1912, p. 63; ibid., xv, 1913, p. 93). The latter,
as a wintering place for this bird, is most extraordinary, as being some 175 miles
north of the northernmost known breeding place.

397 (588b, part) Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bell
OrEGON TOWHEE

Status—Rare visitant; I have seen just one skin from California which I
should consider properly referable to oregonus: a female, now no. 21273, Mus.
Vert. Zool., taken by C. B. Linton on San Clemente Island, December 4, 1908
(original record: Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194) ; evidently a straggler far from its
normal range. This specimen was recently in the Thayer Museum, but has been
donated by J. E. Thayer ‘to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, as above indi-
cated. Although oregonus has been recorded many times from the coast district
of California, and even now is given (A. O. U. Check-List, 3rd ed., 1910, p. 280)
as breeding south to San Francisco and wintering to southern California, there
seems to be sufficient reason for employing the name falcifer (which see) for
the birds of the coast belt south to Monterey County; and, after examining all
available material with this point in view, I find not one good specimen of ore-
gonus from within the state, even as a winter visitant, save for the San Clemente
specimen as above recorded. This accords with the views of H. 8. Swarth (Con-
dor, xv, 1913, pp. 169-172).

398 (588b, part) Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor
San Francisco TOWHEER

Synonyms—Pipilo megalonyx, part; Pipilo oregonus, part; Pipilo macula-
tus oregonus, part; Pipilo maculatus megalonyx, part; Oregon Towhee, part;
Oregon Ground Robin.

Status—Common resident of the humid coast belt, from Humboldt County
south to southern Monterey County, including also the San Francisco Bay re-
gion. Specimens verifying the above statement of range are in the Museum of
Vertebrate Zoology. The numerous records of the ‘‘Oregon Towhee’’ from the
area above indicated very probably all belong under this heading. (See Swarth,
Condor, xv, 1918, p. 171.)

399 (588d, part) Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird
SPURRED TOWHEE
Synonyms—F'ringilla arctica; Pipilo arcticus; Pipilo oregonus, part; Pipilo
megalonyx, part; Pipilo maculatus oregonus, part; Pipilo maculatus atratus;

Pipilo maculatus clementac, part; Oregon Towhee, part; San Diego Towhee,
part; San Clemente Towhee, part; California Ground Robin.

Status—Common resident of Upper Sonoran and, locally, of Lower Transi-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 133

tion throughout the San Diegan district west of the desert proper, and also on
Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands. This race extends north along the coast into
San Luis Obispo County, in the near neighborhood of which intergradation with
falcifer takes place. The range of megalonyx extends east through the Tejon
region to the extreme south end of the Sierra Nevada (valley of the South Fork
of the Kern River, in Kern County). (For map and general discussion of the
subspecies of Pipilo maculatus in California, see Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, pp.
167-175.)

400 (588d, part) Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth
SACRAMENTO TOWHEE

Synonyms—Pipilo oregonus, part; Pipilo megalonyx, part; Pipilo maculatus
oregonus, part; Pipilo erythrophthalmus oregonus; Pipilo maculatus montanus ;
Pipilo maculatus megalonyx, part; Oregon Towhee, part; San Diego Towhee,
part; Spurred Towhee, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in
the Sacramento Valley, parts of the San Joaquin Valley, and on both slopes of
the Sierra Nevada. Specimens recorded south through Tulare and Inyo coun-
ties, and north to McCloud River, Shasta County, and Callahan and Summer-
ville, Siskiyou County (Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 172-173). At the north the
range of falcinellus reaches nearly to the Oregon line, and lies between the range
of the coast form falcifer and that of curtatus of the Great Basin.

401 (588a, part) Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell
NeEvADA TOWHEE
Synonym—Pipilo maculatus megalonyx, part.

Status—Fairly common in summer locally in the Warner Mountains, Modoc
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also probably on the desert ranges southeast of the
Sierra Nevada (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 102). Winters
in the valley of the lower Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
vil, 1911, p. 310; Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 173).

402 (588c) Pipilo maculatus clementae Grinnell
San CLEMENTE TOWHEE

Synonyms—Pipilo maculatus oregonus, part; Pipilo maculatus megalonyz,
part; Pipilo megalonyx, part; Pipilo clementac, part; Spurred Towhee, part.

Status—Common resident on San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands,
(See Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 171, 172.)

403 (591.1, part) Pipilo crissalis crissalis (Vigors)
CauirorntA Brown TowHERF
Synonyms—Fringilla crissalis; Pipilo fuscus, part; Pipilo fuscus crissalis,
part; California Towhee, part; Brown Finch, part.

Status—Common resident of the central humid coast belt, at least from
western Sonoma County to southern Monterey County (specimens in Mus. Vert.

134 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Zool.). The range of this race includes the San Francisco Bay region east into
Contra Costa County and southeast through Santa Clara County. Intergrada-
tion with P. c. senicula takes place interiorly and to the southeast. Intergrada-
tion with P. c. carolae is not shown by the material at hand (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

404 (591.1, part) Pipilo crissalis carolae McGregor
NorTHERN Brown TOWHEE

Synonyms—Pipilo crissalis, part; Pipilo fuscus crissalis, part; Pipilo fuscus
carolae.

Status—Fairly common resident locally of Upper Sonoran in the interior
of northern California: Battle Creek, Shasta County (McGregor, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 11) ; Alton Junction and Beswick, Siskiyou County (Ferry,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 43) ; Shasta Valley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16,
1899, p. 126); Helena, Trinity County, and Tower House, Shasta County (L.
Kellogg, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 120) ; Cuddeback, Humboldt County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; Sacramento Valley generally, south to Amador County (J. Grinnell,
Condor, x1v, 1912, p. 199). Specimens from the latter locality show obvious
tendency towards P. c. senicula.

405 (591.1a) Pipilo crissalis senicula Anthony
ANTHONY Brown TOWHEE

Synonyms—Pipilo fuscus, part; Pipilo crissalis, part; Pipilo fuscus crissalis,
part ; Pipilo fuscus senicula; California Towhee, part; Brown Finch, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper and Lower Sonoran zones, chiefly
west of the desert divides, in the San Diegan district and north through the
coast district at least to Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo County, (Grinnell coll.) ;
also east and north throughout the San Joaquin valley, and western foothills of
the Sierra Nevada from the vicinity of Walker Pass (Mus. Vert. Zool.) north-
wards, blending with P. c. carolae gradually between Madera and Amador.
counties. Occurs locally a short distance over onto the desert slopes, as at Palm
Springs (Gilman, Condor, v, 1903, p. 13), and Morongo Pass (F. Stephens, Con-
dor, v, 1903, p. 103).

406 (592) Pipilo aberti Baird
ABERT TOWHEE

Status—Common resident of the riparian strip along the Colorado River,
from the Nevada line to the Mexican boundary (many records), thence west
throughout the Imperial Valley to New River, and northwest beyond Salton Sea
to Indio and as far as Palm Springs, Riverside County (Gilman, Condor, v, 1903,
p. 12; and other records).

407 (592.1) Oreospiza chlorura (Audubon)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE

Synonyms—Pipilo chlorurus; Embernagra chlorura; Embernagra blanding-
iana; Atlapetes chlorurus; Green Finch; Blanding Finch.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 135

Status—Common summer visitant to semi-arid Transition, breeding chiefly
in this zone on desert ranges and along the eastern slope of the Sierras from the
Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) south to the San Jacinto
Mountains (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1918, p. 283).
Breeds locally on the western slope of the Sierras, especially southerly ; also west
in the mountains of southern California to Mount Pinos (J. Grinnell, Auk, xx,
1905, p. 389). Occurs in migration widely east of the Sierras, and sparingly
west of the Sierras. Recorded west to Mount Shasta (Feilner, Ann. Rep. Smiths.
Inst., 1865, p. 426), head of Bear Creek, Trinity County (Mus. Vert. Zool.),
South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 43), Mount Sanhedrin
(Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 583), Clear Lake, Lake County
(Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., m1, 1874, p. 517), San Fran-
cisco (Emerson, Orn. & Ool., rx, 1884, p. 93), and San Jose (Van Denburgh,
Proe. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxxvi, 1899, p. 174). Winters rarely in the San
Diegan district: Santa Ana River bottom near San Bernardino (Thurber, Auk,
xi, 1896, p. 265) ; San Diego (J. G. Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1, 1870, p. 248).

408 (595) Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus)
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK

Status—Rare sporadic visitant: Several individuals obtained by C. H. Gil-
bert and party at Myer’s, Humboldt County, July 1, 1897 (Mclain, Auk, xv,
1898, p. 190) ; immature male taken by M. F. Gilman at Palm Springs, Riverside
County, September 10, 1897 (J. Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, p. 59).
Both records verified: basis of the former in collection of Stanford University,
the latter in Grinnell collection. Sequoia and General Grant National Parks,
Tulare County, ‘‘very rare’’ (Fry, U. S. Dept. Interior, General Information Re-
garding Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, Season of 1912, p. 14).

409 (596, part) Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis (Baird)
Pactric BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK

Synonyms—Guiraca melanocephala; Coccoborus melanocephalus; Gonia-
phea melanocephala; Hedymeles melanocephalus; Habia melanocephala; Zame-
lodia melanocephala, part; Zamelodia melanocephala microrhyncha; Hedymeles
melanocephalus var. capitalis.

Status—Abundant summer visitant almost throughout the state, both east
and west of the Sierras. Breeds chiefly in Upper Sonoran and Transition zones,
preferably in riparian or deciduous growths of trees; but otherwise the species
oceurs indiscriminately without regard to relative humidity of climate; for ex-
ample it is recorded from Humboldt Bay and the Panamint Mountains. The
focus of abundance is in the willow bottoms of the interior valleys. Occurs most
widely in migration. Reported away from the mainland only from Santa Cruz
Island (J. Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45), and the Farallones
(W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 47).

410 (596, part) Zamelodia melanocephala melanocephala (Swainson)
Rocky Mountain BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK
Status—Oceurs in migration along the valley of the lower Colorado River.

136 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool. taken in May, 1910, on the California side of the
river five miles northeast of Yuma and near Pilot Knob (J. Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 179). It is possible that this name should be ap-
plied to grosbeaks breeding in certain mountain ranges east of the Sierran divide.

411 (597a, part) Guiraca caerulea salicarius Grinnell

CALIFORNIA BLUE GROSBEAK

Synonyms—Guwiraca caerulea; Goniaphea coerulea; Coccoborus coeruleus;
Guiraca caerulea eurhyncha, part; Guiraca caerulea lazula, part; Western Blue
Grosbeak, part.

Status—Common summer visitant to the interior valleys west of the Sierran
divide, breeding chiefly within the Lower Sonoran zone. Common locally in the
San Diegan district, and quite generally throughout the San Joaquin-Sacramento
basin from Onyx, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) north to Chico, Butte County
(Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 177). Oceurs also in the valleys of the
Inyo region, east probably to Death Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7,
1893, p. 106) ; at least specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool. from Independence, Inyo
County, belong to the race salicarius and not to lazula as might have been ex-
pected. Very rare in the coast belt north of Santa Barbara; recorded casually
from Haywards, Alameda County (J. G. Cooper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1880,
p. 248); Santa Cruz (J. G. Cooper, loc. cit.), and San Lorenzo River, Santa
Cruz County (McGregor, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 2, 1901, p. 16). Other sporadic
stations are: Pitt River (Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, p. 88); Santa
Cruz Island (J. Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899. p. 44).

412 (597a, part) Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson)
ARIZONA BLUE GROSBEAK

Synonyms—Guiraca caerulea eurhyncha, part; Western Blue Grosbeak,
part.

Status—Common summer visitant to the valley of the lower Colorad8 River
(J. Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xxiv, 1911, p. 163), from the Mexican line
north at least to Fort Mohave, above Needles (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x11, 1914, p. 180).

413 (599) Passerina amoena (Say)
Lazuut BuNTING
Synonyms—Spiza amoena; Cyanospiza amoena; Blue Linnet; Lazuli Finch.

Status—Common summer visitant to suitable parts of the Upper Sonoran
and Transition zones, practically wherever these occur in the state. Of most
wide occurrence during migration, appearing on the deserts, on the Farallones
(Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 182), and on the Santa Barbara Islands: Santa
Catalina (C. H. Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68); Santa Cruz Island (J.
Mailliard, MS). Breeds in the desert ranges east of the Sierra Nevada (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 107) and in the humid coast belt, as well
as in intermediate localities, showing a lack of sensitiveness at least to varying

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 137

conditions of humidity. As a rule, however, in arid regions it affects the shrub-
bery around springs or streams. Southernmost breeding station, Cuyamaca
Mountains.

414 (600a) Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway
BEAUTIFUL BUNTING

Status—Casual visitant from the south. Occurred in numbers in Febru-
ary, 1914, on the California side of the Colorado River at Blythe, Riverside
County; two specimens taken February 8 and 9, now in Daggett collection at
the Museum of History, Science and Art, Los Angeles (Daggett, Condor, xvi,
1914, p. 260).

415 (605) Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger
Lark BUNTING

Synonyms—Calamospiza bicolor; White-shouldered Blackbird; White-
winged Blackbird.

Status—Irregular late winter and spring-visitant to the southern portion
of the state; sporadically common. Recorded as follows: Tulare Lake (J. G.
Cooper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, um, 1877, p. 92); Santa Barbara (J. Mailliard,
Condor, vu, 1905, p. 143) ; Pilot Knob, Mohave Desert (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 108) ; Colorado River, near The Needles (J. Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 181) ; Newhall, Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell,
Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 41) ; San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County
(Swarth, Condor, rv, 1902, p. 95) ; Riverside (Swarth, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 108) ;
E] Cajon, Campo and Poway, San Diego County (Belding, Land Bds. Pace. Dist.,
1890, p. 180) ; San Diego (Holterhoff, Auk, 1, 1884, p. 293).

416 (610a) Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway
Cooper TANAGER
Synonym—Pyranga aestiva coopert.

Status—Two individuals said to have been seen and one of them taken at
Santa Barbara in the ‘‘spring”’ of 1885 (Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1886, p. 52) ;
a female example, which I have identified, taken October 11, 1907, on San Cle-
mente Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85) ; oceurs with probable regularity
in summer in the southeastern frontier of the state along the lower Colorado:
helow Ehrenberg (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 104), at and above The
Needles, “‘common’’ (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 461), and from eight miles
east of Picacho down to vicinity of Pilot Knob (J. Grinnell, Uniy. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x1, 1914, p. 182).

417 (607) Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)
WESTERN TANAGER
Synonyms—Pyranga ludoviciana; Louisiana Tanager

Status—Common in summer along the entire Sierra Nevada, breeding chief-
ly in the Transition zone ; occurs thus in the higher ranges of southern California

138 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

south to and including the San Jacinto Mountains; also in the inner northern
coast ranges from the Trinity Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) south to Mount
Sanhedrin (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 583). Breeds in north-
ern California rarely west to the coast, as in Sonoma County (J. Mailliard, Con-
dor, x1, 1911, p. 50) ; also locally well down into Upper Sonoran, as near Santa
Barbara (Bowles, Auk, xxv, 1911, p. 176). Occurs as a migrant nearly through-
out the state; in some years in early May, “‘waves’’ of tanagers appear along
the coast, as well as in the interior valleys, inflicting severe injury to early fruit
crops.

418 (61la) Progne subis hesperia Brewster
WESTERN MARTIN

Synonyms—Progne subis; Progne purpurea; Progne chalybea; Purple
Martin.

Status—Common as a migrant and interruptedly distributed as a breed-
ing species along, and west of, the Sierras, south into San Diego County. Many
records from both the humid coast belt, and the main Sierra Nevada, with the
interlying valleys, and from the Oregon to the Mexican lines. Recorded once
from Santa Catalina Island (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, pp.
78, 80). But no recorded occurrence from the southeastern deserts. Nests in
the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones, in oak and pine regions; also in small
numbers in towns just as with the eastern martin, for instance in Pasadena, Los
Angeles, Stockton, and Auburn. Appears to be increasing in settled districts
(see Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 89).

419 (612) Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say)

CLirr SWALLOW
Synonyms—Hirundo lunifrons; Hirundo fulva; Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.

Status—Abundant as a migrant and breeding species in suitable places
nearly throughout the state below the Boreal zone. Large nesting colonies oc-
cur along the lower Colorado River, thus in the Lower Sonoran zone (J. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 183) ; wide-spread in Upper Sonoran; and
fair-sized colonies nest in Transition both along the Sierras and in the humid
coast belt. Not recorded, however, from any of the islands. Occurs in winter
sparingly in the Imperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 133).

420 (613) Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert
Barn SwaLLow

Synonyms—Chelidon erythrogaster; Hirundo horreorum; Hirundo rufa;
Hirundo erythrogastra palmeri; Hirundo erythrogastra horreorum.

Status—Common migrant throughout the state. Breeds in moderate numbers
the entire length of the state west of the Sierras, especially on or near the sea-
coast; rare as a breeder in southern California: Point Loma, Balboa, and Santa
Monica; most numerous in the San Francisco Bay region; recorded also as nest-
ing in Owens Valley (Van Denburgh, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 216) ;

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 139

at Stockton, Murphys and Big Trees (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p.
408) ; Lake Tahoe (Ray, Auk, xx, 1903, p. 190) ; Eagle Lake (Sheldon, Condor,
Ix, 1907, p. 190) ; and in Tulare and Fresno counties (J. Grinnell, Condor, x1,
1911, p. 111; Tyler, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 168). Occurs sparingly in winter in
the Imperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 133).

421 (614) Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)
TREE SWALLOW

Synonyms—Tachycineta bicolor; Tachycineta bicolor vespertina; Irido-
procne bicolor vespertina; Chelidon bicolor; Hirundo bicolor; Hirundo bicolor
var. vespertina; Tachycineta thalassina, part; White-bellied Swallow.

Status—Common migrant throughout the state; breeds commonly in the
San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, particularly in the vicinity of lakes and
streams; also in similar locations in the coastal valleys south to San Onofre, San
Diego County (J. S. Dixon, Condor, vi, 1906, p. 97); and in the vicinity of
Lake Tahoe (Ray, Auk, xx1, 1905, p. 369) and Eagle Lake (Sheldon, Condor,
1x, 1907, p. 190). Passes the winter irregularly and locally in the lowlands of
southern and west-central California; northernmost occurrence in midwinter,
Point Reyes Station, Marin County (Slevin, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p.
29: recorded under the name “‘thalassina’’).

422 (615) Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns

NorTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW

Synonyms—Tachycineta thalassina, part; Tachycineta lepida; Hirwndo
thalassina.

Status—Abundant migrant throughout the state, arriving early and tarry-
ing long; passes the summer and breeds commonly in the Transition zone almost
everywhere that zone extends, both in the Sierras and Coast Ranges, and from
southern San Diego County northwards. Less common in the humid coast belt
than on the interior mountains. Not recorded from any of the islands. Occurs
in winter in the Imperial Valley (Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 133).

423 (616) Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)
Bank SWALLOW
Synonyms—Clivicola riparia; Cotyle riparia.

Status—Fairly common migrant throughout the state; remains through the
summer and breeds in colonies at a few points: Alvord, Owens Valley (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 112) ; Placerville (Emerson, Orn. & Ool.,
xu, 1888, p. 82) ; Paicines, San Benito County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS) ;
seacoast in vicinity of Long Beach (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p.
42), and Port Los Angeles (Shepardson, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 174) ; near Whit-
tier, Los Angeles County (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 91); and
vicinity of Santa Cruz (Skirm, Orn. & Ool., 1x, 1884, p. 149).

140 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

424 (617) Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon)
RouGH-WINGED SwALLow
Synonyms—Cotyle serripennis; Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant locally in the Upper and Lower
Sonoran zones, occurring more widely during migration. Recorded north to
Humboldt Bay and even Trinidad Head near the coast (W. K. Fisher, Condor,
Iv, 1902, p. 134); Baird, Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, p. 222) ; Edgewood, Siskiyou County (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no.
16, 1899, p. 127) ; and Eagle Lake (Sheldon, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 190). Recor-
ded at San Diego as late as November 9 and as early as January 27 (J. G. Cooper,
Orn. Calif., 1, 1870, p. 61). Common breeding species along the Colorado River
(J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 186). Usually rare in the
humid coast belt, and unknown from the islands.

425 (618) Bombycilla garrula (Linnaeus)
BoHEMIAN WAXWING
Synonym—Ampelis garrulus.

Status—Rare and irregular winter visitant; occurred in numbers in Febru-
ary, 1892, in the northeastern section of the state, whence specimens are on rec-
ord from Susanville and Quincey (W. E. Bryant, Zoe, 1v, 1893, p. 226; MeGregor,
Condor, 1, 1900, p. 34). An adult male was taken at Victorville, on the Mohave
Desert, December 31, 1904 (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vim, 1905, p.
77), and an adult female taken near Daggett, also on the Mohave Desert, Decem-
ber 13, 1910 (Lamb, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 34). In the late winter, 1911, the spe-
cies appeared in numbers in various parts of the northern half of the state:
Dutch Flat, Placer County (Gifford, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 109); Galt, Saera-
mento County (J. Grinnell, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 111); Tower House, Shasta
County, and Helena, Trinity County (L. Kellogg, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 120) ;
Eureka, Humboldt County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

426 (619) Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot
CrpArR WAXxWING
Synonyms—Am~pelis cedrorum; Cedar-bird.

Status—Common but irregular winter visitant into the Upper and Lower
Sonoran zones, remaining late in the spring, through May and even into June.
Recorded south, west of the Sierras, to Poway, San Diego County (Belding,
Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 195); only two records east of the Sierran di-
vides: Lone Pine, Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p-
113); Victorville, Mohave Desert (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vit,
1905, p. 77). Casual on San Clemente Island (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa
Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 19) and the Farallones (Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911, p.
182). Summers sparingly and locally in the extreme northwest, evidently as
an exclusive inhabitant of the northern humid coast Transition; recorded as
nesting at Eureka (J. M. Davis, Condor, xvr, 1914, p. 182). <A full-grown juve-
nal taken August 9, 1908, at Hemet Lake, San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grinnell

~ 1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 141

and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 288) might be interpreted as
indicating a breeding station somewhere in the mountains of southern California.

427 (620) Phainopepla nitens (Swainson)
PHAINOPEPLA

Synonyms—Ptilogonys mtens; Cichlopsis mtens; Black Flycatcher.

Status—Common resident in the desert regions of southeastern California;
common summer visitant through the San Diegan district and north locally to
Alameda County (Pemberton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 238), Chico and Marysville
(Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 196) ; also along the western foothills of
the Sierras through Eldorado County even to Baird and Fort Crook, Shasta
County (Townsend, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 222), and east of the Sier-
ras into Owens and Panamint valleys (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893,
p. 118). Breeds chiefly in the Lower Sonoran zone. Although this bird rarely
winters in the San Diegan district, it does winter in numbers on the much colder

Mohave Desert, and to the northward even to Paicines, San Benito County (J.
Mailliard, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 16).

428 (621, part) Lanius borealis invictus Grinnell
NORTHWESTERN SHRIKE

Synonyms—Lanius septentrionalis; Lanius borealis; Collurio borealis;
Northern Shrike; Butcher-bird, part.

Status—Irregular midwinter visitant into northern California; recorded
from: Nicasio (doubtful) and Marysville (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890,
p. 197) ; Fort Crook, Shasta County, and Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County (Feil-
ner, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1865, pp. 422, 425) ; Quincy, Plumas County (J.
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 1, 1900, p. 54); Eagle Lake, Lassen County (J.
and J. W. Mailliard, MS).

429 (622a) Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson
WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE

Synonyms—Collyrio excubitoroides, part; Collurio ludovicianus excubitor-
oides, part; Lanius excubitoroides, part; Lanius ludovicianus gambeli, part.

Status—Common resident of the desert regions of southeastern and north-
eastern California, that is, the area east of the Sierran divide. Recorded west at
the north to Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna
no. 16, 1899, p. 128), and at the south to Palm Springs, Riverside County (J.
Grinnell, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 43). The shrikes of the Colorado Desert differ
slightly from those of northeastern California; the status of the various forms
has not been satisfactorily worked out. The San Diegan district north at least
to the vicinity of Los Angeles, and the southern San Joaquin Valley, furnish
specimens variously intermediate between L. 1. excubitorides and L. 1. gambeli,
probably best referred to under the latter name.

142 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Novis

430 (622b) Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway
CALIFORNIA SHRIKE

Synonyms—Collyrio excubitoroides, part; Lanius excubitoroides, part; Lan-
ius ludovicianus excubitorides, part; Collurio ludovicianus; Collurio ludovici-
anus excubitoroides, part; Lanius ludovicianus robustus, part; Lanius elegans,
part; White-rumped Shrike, part; Butcher-bird, part.

Status—Abundant resident west of the Sierran divide chiefly in the Upper
and Lower Sonoran zones. Recorded north to Humboldt Bay (Townsend, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 222) ; casual on the Farallones (W. E. Bryant, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 48). The subspecies is most typical in the
humid coast belt, south into Monterey County; the shrikes of the San Diegan
district and the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley are here considered gambeli,
but in characters incline toward excubitorides.

431 (622c) Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns
IsLAND SHRIKE

Synonyms—Collyrio excubitoroides, part; Lanius ludovicianus gambeli,
part; Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, part; Lanius anthonyi; Lanius ludovi-
clanus mearnsi; Lanius mearnsi; San Clemente Shrike. ~

Status—Fairly common resident on San Clemente, Santa Catalina and
Santa Cruz islands (many records) ; also reported from Santa Rosa and Anacapa
islands (Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 92).

432 (624) Vireosylva olivacea (Linnaeus)
RED-EYED VIREO

Status—Rare transient; one record. An adult male taken at San Diego,
October 6, 1914 (Huey, Condor, xv, 1915, p. 58).

433 (625) Vireosylva flavoviridis Cassin
YELLOW-GREEN VIREO
Synonym—Vireo flavoviridis.

Status—But one record: a single specimen taken in the Santa Ana River
bottom near Riverside, October 1, 1887 (Price, Auk, v, 1888, p. 210) ; verified
by Ridgway (Bds. N. & Mid. Amer., m1, 1904, p. 146) who states that the label
gives the date as September 29, instead of as above.

434 (627a) Vireosylva gilva swainsoni (Baird)
WESTERN WARBLING VIREO
Synonyms—Vireo gilvus; Vireo gilvus swainsoni; Vireosylvia gilva; Vireo-

sylvia swainsom; Vireo swainsoni; Swainson Warbling Greenlet; Warbling Fly-
catcher.

Status—Common summer visitant in suitable parts of the Upper Sonoran
and Transition zones the whole length of the state, chiefly west of the Sierran
divides. Recorded breeding as far south as Escondido, San Diego County

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 143

(Sharp, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 90). Deciduous trees of riparian growth furnish
the typical habitat of this bird. Abundant and more generally distributed dur-
ing migration.

435 (629a) Lanivireo solitarius cassini (Xantus)

Cassin VIREO

Synonyms—Vireo solitarius; Vireo cassim; Vireosylvia solitaria; Vireo sol-
itarius cassini; Lanivireo solitarius; Lanivireo cassini; Blue-headed Flycatcher.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Transition zone, more particularly
along the Sierras; breeds from central San Diego County northward. Rather
rare in the San Francisco Bay region and humid coast belt; not recorded nearer
the coast north of Marin County, than Cahto, Mendocino County (McGregor,
Nidologist, tv, 1896, p. 8). Widely distributed all over the state during migra-
tion.

436 (629b) Lanivireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues)

PLUMBEOUS VIREO
Synonym—Vireo solitarius plumbeus.

Status—But one record: adult female taken by H. W. Henshaw in the
mountains near Fort Tejon, August 1, 1875 (Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 236).
Recent enquiry shows the specimen in question to be probably still extant in the
National Museum, but it could not at the time be found. Mr. Henshaw is con-
fident of its identity as above, as careful examination was made by Mr. Ridg-
way as well as by himself.

437 (632) Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin

Hutton VirEo

Synonyms—Vireo huttoni obscurus; Vireo huttoni oberholseri; Vireo hut-
toni mailliardorum; Vireo mailliardorum; Hutton Greenlet; Hutton Flycatcher.

Status—Common resident in suitable portions of the Upper Sonoran and
(in the northern part of the state) Transition zones west of the Sierran divide;
recorded from San Diego and the Cuyamaca Mountains northward, but (except
for the one instance cited below) only on the Pacific water-shed. Apparently
breeds wherever found, in other words, there is scarcely any seasonal shifting of
range, much less migration. Some eastward records are: Witch Creek, San
Diego County (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 142) ; Victorville, one individual,
probably a stray (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vm, 1905, p. 101) ; Kern
River, Kern County (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 181); Big Trees, Calaveras
County (Belding, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 410). Northernmost record:
Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1903, p. 12). Common on Santa Cruz Island (many records) ; recorded
once from Santa Catalina Island, one specimen (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist.,
1890, p. 203).

144 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

438 (633a, part) Vireo belli pusillus Coues
CaLiroRNIA Least VIREO
Synonyms—Vireo belli; Vireo pusillus; Vireo pusillus albatus.

Status—Common summer visitant to suitable parts of the Lower Sonoran
zone of southern California chiefly west of the desert divides, and north, entirely
east of the central coast region, through the San Joaquin and Sacramento val-
leys to Marysville (Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, p. 410). Casual in mi-
eration to Redwood City, San Mateo County (Littlejohn, Condor, xiv, 1912, p.
41). Most numerous in the lowlands of the San Diegan district. Recorded also
from a few points east of the desert divide: Mohave River (J. G. Cooper, Proce.
Calif. Acad. Sci., u, 1861, p. 122; Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Death Valley, and Owens
Valley north to Bishop Creek (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 116).
It is possible that these desert occurrences may really be of birds referable to the
race arizonae, but material is lacking for determining this point.

439 (633a, part) Vireo belli arizonae Ridgway
ArizONA Least VIREO

Status—Common summer visitant along the valley of the lower Colorado
River, from below Yuma at least to The Needles (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x1, 1914, p. 189).

440 (634) Vireo vicinior Coues
Gray VIREO

Synonym—Vireo vicimor californicus.

Status—Summer visitant to certain portions of the Upper Sonoran chapar-
ral belt of extreme southern California: Campo (F. Stephens, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, mt, 1878, p. 42), Cajon Pass (Morcom, Ridgw. Orn. Club, bull. no. 2, 1887,
p. 51), Riverside (F. Stephens, Auk, vi, 1890, p. 159), Julian (Belding, Land
Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 204). Also, as ascertained by the field collectors of the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in the summer of 1908, common and breeding in
the Adenostoma sparsifolium belt along the west and south sides of the San Ja-
cinto Mountains and thence east along the Santa Rosa Mountains (J. Grinnell
and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, pp. 291-297). Recorded in migra-
tion from Mecca, Riverside County (Van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 137) ;

also casual (?) northeast to near Bodfish, Kern County, one specimen, June 16,
1911 (no. 20679, Mus. Vert. Zool.).

441 (636) Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus)
BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER

Status—Rare migrant; four instances, each of the capture of a single spe-
cimen: Farallon Islands, May 28, 1887 (W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 48); Pasadena, October 8, 1895 (Gaylord, Nidologist, m1,
1896, p. 106) ; Carmel River, Monterey County, September 8, 1901 (Emerson,
Condor, m1, 1901, p. 145) ; and Watsonville, September 24, 1903 (Hunter, Con-
dor, v1, 1904, p. 25). :

1915: © BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 145

442 (643) Vermivora luciae (Cooper)
Lucy WARBLER
Synonyms—Helminthophaga luciae; Helminthophila luciae.

Status—Common summer visitant to the mesquite belt along the lower Colo-
rado River, at least from the vicinity of Picacho to Chemehuevis Valley (J.
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 191). Recorded also from the
Colorado desert: adult male taken by F. Stephens at Silsbee, April 8, 1909 (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), and adult female taken at Mecca, March 29, 1911 (Van Rossem,
Condor, xm, 1911, p. 1387).

443 (645a) Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis (Ridgway)

CALAVERAS WARBLER

Synonyms—Helminthophaga ruficapilla; Helminthophila ruficapilla gut-
turalis; Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis; Nashville Warbler.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Transition zone along the west
slope of the Sierra Nevada, from Greenhorn Mountains, Kern County (Mus.
Vert. Zool.), north to Mount Shasta; also on the Trinity Mountains, in Trinity
and Siskiyou counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.), the Warner Mountains, Modoe County
(Maus. Vert. Zool.), South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and on Mount
Sanhedrin, near the boundary between northern Lake and Mendocino counties
(Stone, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 584). A common migrant widely
through southern and interior California, but not noted near the coast north of
Santa Barbara; westernmost station in central California: Paicines, San Benito
County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, 1m, 1901, p. 126).

444 (646) Vermivora celata celata (Say)

ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER

Synonym—Helminthophila celata.

Status—Occurs as a migrant and midwinter visitant in southern California:
Los Angeles and Pasadena in September and October (Swarth, Condor, m1, 1901,
p. 17; and idem, p. 145) ; Pasadena, April 30, and El Monte, Los Angeles County,
September 17 (Grinnell coll.) ; Riverside, December 25 (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; San
Luis Obispo, October 10 (J. Mailliard, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 55) ; Victorville, De-
cember (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vm, 1905, p. 101) ; Colorado River,
Needles to Pilot Knob, February 17 to May 14 (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., xu, 1914, p. 194) ; Santa Cruz Island, November 29 (Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 128) ; Piedmont, Alameda County, October 4 (typical specimen, no. 6634,
Mus. Vert. Zool., secured by Miss L. Kellogg).

445 (646a) Vermivora celata lutescens (Ridgway)
LuTESCENT WARBLER

Synonyms—Helminthophaga celata, part; Helminthophila celata lutescens,
part; Vermivora celata; Helinaia celata; Helminthophaga celata var. lutescens;
Vermivora celata orestera; Orange-crowned Warbler, part.

146 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Status—Common summer visitant to high Upper Sonoran and Transition
zones on the Pacific watershed, from the San Jacinto and San Bernardino moun-
tains northward west of the Sierran divides to the Oregon line. More numer-
ously and widely distributed during migration; although arriving early and re-
maining late, I have found no instances of occurrence in mid-winter. Breeds
to the coast as far south as Santa Barbara (Bowles, Auk, xxv, 1911, p. 177).
In not quite typical form, V. c. ‘‘orestera’’ (Oberholser, Auk, xx11, 1905, p. 244),
occurs as a summer visitant to the Argus and Panamint mountains, Inyo County,
and to the Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Since it is
only in a small proportion of individuals that satisfactory separation is possible
to me, there seems to be no violation of subspecific refinement in lumping ‘‘ores-
tera’’ with lutescens, at least for the present.

446 (646b) Vermivora celata sordida (Townsend)
Dusky WARBLER

Synonyms—Helminthophaga celata, part; Helminthophila celata lutescens,
part; Helminthophila celata sordida; Helminthophila sordida.

Status—Breeds commonly on Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina and
San Clemente islands; also on the mainland at Point Loma and Coronado Beach,
near San Diego (specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., collected at the former station in
April, 1908, by F. Stephens; see also Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 95).
One instance of nesting at Anacapa Island ( Willett, loc. cit.). Occurs in autumn
and winter on Santa Catalina Island (J. Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 236), and
on the mainland at various points mostly opposite the Santa Barbara group of
islands: San Diego, Cuyamaca Mountains, Julian, Santa Ana Mountains, San
Pedro, Los Angeles, Highland Park, and Pasadena (specimens from all these
localities in Mus. Vert. Zool. and Grinnell coll.) ; also Santa Barbara, April (J.
Mailliard, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 16), Haywards, Alameda County, January 25 and
February 8 (Emerson, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 112; specimens, re-examined by me,
prove typical sordida), and Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, December 29 (spe-
cimen, no. 1129, in Law coll., examined by me). The latter two localities are
some 275 miles north of the northernmost of the Santa Barbara islands.

447 (647) Vermivora peregrina (Wilson)
TENNESSEE WARBLER
Synonym—Helminthophila peregrina.

Status—Only one record: a single specimen, now no. 3177 in Grinnell col-
lection, taken near Pasadena, September 27, 1897 (Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles
Co., 1898, p. 45).

448 (652a) Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster
Sonora YELLOW WARBLER

Status—Abundant summer visitant along the valley of the lower Colorado
River, from below Yuma at least to a point twenty miles north of Picacho (J.
Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 195). The specimen of ‘‘sonora-
na’’ recorded from Riverside (Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xu, 1902, p.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 147

180) I have examined and found to be exactly like females of brewsteri in first
winter plumage.
449 (652c) Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinnell
CALIFORNIA YELLOW WARBLER
Synonyms—Sylvicola aestiva; Dendroica aestiva; Dendroica aestiva mor-
comi; Dendroica aestiva sonorana, part; Western Yellow Warbler; Sonora Yel-
low Warbler, part.

Status—Common migrant nearly throwghout the state; summer visitant to
much of the area west and northwest of the Sierran divides, including also the
Modoe region south to Lake Tahoe, and the whole San Diegan district. Breeds
most numerously in suitable parts of the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
The preferred association is deciduous riparian growth, so that the matter of rel-
ative aridity of the including region counts but little. No record from any of
the islands except the Farallones (W. E. Bryant, Proce. Calif. Acad. Scei., 2nd ser.,
1, 1888, p. 48).

450 (652b) Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa (Pallas)
ALASKA YELLOW WARBLER

Status—Fairly common late spring and fall migrant: Mountain Spring, San
Diego County, May 11 (Oberholser, Auk, x1v, 1897, p. 78), Haywards, Alameda
County, September 8 to October 8 (J. Grinnell, Condor, m, 1901, p. 15; Emer-
son, Condor, vi, 1905, p. 113) ; Witch Creek, San Diego County, May 3 to 11,
and October 12 (Bishop, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 1483) ; Imperial, Imperial County,
May 11 (specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Dos Palmos Spring, Santa Rosa Moun-
tains, Riverside County, May 26, 27 and 31 (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 298) ; Pilot Knob, Colorado River, Imperial County, May
9 and 14 (J. Grinnell, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., xi, 1914, p. 200).

451 (654) Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin)
BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER

Status—But one record: Farallon Islands, November 17, 1886 (W. E. Bry-
ant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 48). The specimen, a female, is
now in the Emerson collection (no. 669A).
452 (655, part) Dendroica coronata hooveri McGregor

ALASKA MyrtTLeE WARBLER

Synonyms—Dendroica coronata; Hoover Warbler; Yellow-crowned Warb-

ler; Yellow-rumped Warbler.

Status—Fairly common winter visitant and spring migrant in west-central
California; recorded south to Santa Barbara Island (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds.
Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 7), San Clemente Island (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909,
p. 194), and Los Angeles (Swarth, Condor, m, 1900, p. 40) ; east in central Cali-
fornia to Murphys, Calaveras County (Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, m1, 1878,
p. 65), and Drytown, Amador County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).

148 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

453 (656) Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend)
AUDUBON WARBLER

Synonyms—Sylvicola auduboni; Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons.

Status—Common breeding species in the Transition and Boreal zones, from
the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountains, Riverside County (J. Grinnell and
Swarth, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 299), north along the Sierras to
Mount Shasta; also on the Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and south
through the northern coast ranges, from the Trinity Mountains (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) at least to Mount Sanhedrin (Stone, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p.
584). Not recorded as breeding in the humid coast belt, save locally in Sonoma
County (J. Mailliard, Condor, x, 1908, p. 133). Abundant winter visitant almost
throughout the state below the level of heavy snows; occurs on the islands coast-
wise and on suitable parts of the deserts, but most plentiful at that season in
the interior valley and foohill regions.

454 (657) Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)
MaGnouiA WARBLER
Synonym—Dendroica maculosa.

Status—Rare migrant; four records: adult male taken on Santa Barbara
Island, May 15, 1897 (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 7) ;
immature female taken by H. S. Swarth at Los Angeles, October 21, 1897 (J.
Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 45) ; and a female taken at Los Ange-
les, October 5, 1901 (Swarth, Condor, 11, 1901, p. 145) ; these three specimens
are on deposit in Mus. Vert. Zool. Two secured (now in Calif. Acad. Sci.) on
the Farallon Islands, May 29 and June 2, 1911 (Dawson, Condor, xi, 1911, p.
182).

455 (659) Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus)
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER

Status—But one record: male taken at Sherwood, Mendocino County, Sep-
tember 21, 1908 (Marsden, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 64). This specimen is now no.
19539 in the L. B. Bishop collection.

456 (665) Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend)
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

Synonym—Sylvicola nigrescens.

Status—Common summer visitant to suitable portions of lower Transition
and high Upper Sonoran zones from the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountains,
Riverside County, north along the Sierras and desert ranges, more sparingly in
the coast ranges, almost throughout the state, except in the humid coast belt.
Various localities of summer. record are: west through the San Diegan district
to the Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County (Pemberton, Condor, x1,
1910, p. 18) ; coast of Sonoma County (J. Mailliard, Condor, x, 1908, p. 133) ;
Hoopa Valley, Humboldt County (W. K. Fisher, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 51);
Scott River, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Sugar Hill, Modoe County

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 149

(Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Argus, Panamint, Inyo, Grapevine, and White mountains,
Inyo County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 120) ; Providence
Mountains, eastern San Bernardino County (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p.
105). Widely distributed during migration; some individuals tarry late in the
fall, as November 1 at Berkeley (F. O. Johnson, Zoe, m1, 1892, p. 117).

457 (667) Dendroica virens (Gmelin)
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER

Status—But one record: female adult taken May 29, 1911, on the Farallon
Islands, and another seen June 1 of the same year at the same place (Dawson,
Condor, xm, 1911, p. 168). The specimen secured, and examined by me, is now
no. 18080 in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

458 (668) Dendroica townsendi (Townsend)
TOWNSEND WARBLER

Status—Common migrant through southern and interior California. Casual
on Farallon (W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 49),
Santa Barbara (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 7), San
Clemente (Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194), and Santa Cruz (Linton, Condor,
x, 1908, p. 128) islands. Also fairly common as a winter visitant in the west-
central part of the state from Marin to Monterey counties including the San
Francisco Bay region, more sparingly in the San Diegan district. There have
been several ascriptions of this bird to the state as a breeding species; but no
instance so far, that I know of, bears criticism (see J. Grinnell, Condor, vn,
1905, p. 52).

459 (669) Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend)
Hermit WARBLER

Synonym—Western Warbler.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Transition zone along the Sierra
Nevada from the Mount Whitney region to Mount Shasta (several records for
each extreme). There are in Mus. Vert. Zool. two adult male specimens labelled
as taken in the San Bernardino Mountains, June 13, 1889; this would appear to
indicate a far southern breeding station, but the point is not proven. Fairly
common migrant through southern California both east and west of the Sierras;
more rare as a migrant north through west-central California: Paicines, San
Benito County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, Condor, mr, 1901, p. 126); Berryessa,
Santa Clara County (C. Barlow, Condor, m, 1900, p. 133); Berkeley (Belding,
Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 215) ; Petaluma (J. G. Cooper, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., 11, 1880, p. 246) ; Cahto, Mendocino County (McGregor, Nidologist, 1v, 1896,
p. 8). Casual on Santa Barbara Island (J. Grinnell. Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara
Ids., 1897, p. 7). Occasional individuals winter in west-central California:
Pacific Grove, Monterey County, January 22; San Geronimo, Marin County,
January 30; both specimens in the Mailliard collection.

150 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

460 (672) Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin)
PaumM WARBLER

Status—But one record, that of an immature male taken at Pacifie Grove,
October 9, 1896 (Emerson, Osprey, 0, 1898, p. 92). I have examined this speci-
men, now in the Emerson collection (no. 1089). .

461 (674) Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus)
OVEN-BIRD

Status—Casual visitant; one definite record: two observed on Farallon
Islands, May 29, 1911 (Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 167); the one specimen
taken, an adult male, is now no. 18078 in the California Academy of Sciences.
There is also an old record from ‘‘California’’ (Bonaparte, Compte Rendu, 1854,
Dp: oop).

462 (675a) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway
ALASKA WATER-THRUSH
Synonym—Grinnell Water-thrush.

Status—Rare fall migrant: Santa Cruz, September 25, 1885, two examples
secured by A. M. Ingersoll (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 216) ; San
Diego, September 11, 1887, one specimen (Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 371) ; Cactus
Flat, San Bernardino Mountains, August 16, 1905, one specimen (J. Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 115); National City, near San Diego, Sep-
tember 29, 1906, one specimen (Iinton, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 60).

463 (676) Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot)
LouIsIAaNA WATER-THRUSH

Status—But one record: male secured at Mecea, Colorado Desert, Riverside
County, August 17, 1908 (L. H. Miller, Condor, x, 1908, p. 236). This specimen
is now no. 1105, Mus. Vert. Zool.

464 (680) Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend)
TOLMIE WARBLER

Synonyms—Geothlypis macgillivrayi; Trichas tolmiei; Geothlypis philadel-
phia var. macgillivrayi; Geothlypis tolmiei; Macgillivray Warbler.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Transiticn zone of the northern
third of the state; breeds south along the Sierra Nevada at least to Yosemite
Valley, and along the desert ranges to the Grapevine Mountains (A. K. Fisher,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 122) ; also south through the coast belt and inner
coast ranges to the San Francisco Bay region, sparingly to Los Gatos, Santa
Clara County (Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxxvit, 1899, p. 176).
Apparently rare in the extreme northern humid coast belt. Occurs widely and
commonly as a migrant, particularly in southern California, though not reported
from the Santa Barbara Islands. One winter occurrence, possibly due to acci-
dent: Los Angeles, December 17, 1914 (Wyman, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 102).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 151

465 (68la+681c, part) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster
WESTERN YELLOWTHROAT

Synonyms—Geothlypis trichas arizela; Geothlypis trichas, part; Trichas de-
lafieldi; Pacifie Yellowthroat, part; Maryland Yellowthroat.

Status—Common migrant generally through southern California and
northward both east and west of the Sierras; summer visitant to fresh water
marsh areas below Boreal, from west-central California (except the San Fran-
cisco Bay region) to the Oregon line and east to the Nevada line. Occurs in the
valleys east of the Sierras south at least to the latitude of Death Valley (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 123) ; specimens from near Lone Pine,
Inyo County, are distinetly occidentalis (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The systematic
status of the breeding Yellowthroats of the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin has
not been satisfactorily determined.

466 (68le, part) Geothlypis trichas scirpicola Grinnell
TuLE YELLOWTHROAT

Synonyms—Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, part; Geothlypis trichas, part;
Trichas marylandica; Western Yellowthroat, part; Pacific Yellowthroat, part.

Status—Common resident on fresh water marshes of the Pacific lowlands
of the San Diegan district: San Diego, Orange and Los Angeles counties (many
specimens examined), northwest to Santa Barbara (Bowles coll.), and valley of
the South Fork of Kern River, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also along the
lower Colorado River, from Riverside Mountain to the Mexican line (J. Grin-
nell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 202).

467 (681e) Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell
Satur MAarsH YELLOWTHROAT

Synonym—Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, part.

Status—Common resident locally on salt and fresh water marshes in the
immediate vicinity of San Francisco Bay. Specimens, in Mus. Vert. Zool. and
Grinnell ecoll., examined from: Lake Merced, San Francisco County; Palo Alto,
Santa Clara County; Cerrito Creek, Haywards, San Leandro, and Melrose, in
Alameda County; Richmond, Contra Costa County; Saint Vincent, Marin Coun-
ty; Second Napa Slough, Sonoma County. Also Olema, Marin County (one spe-
cimen, Mailliard eoll.). This warbler is thus exceedingly limited in its range.
I have seen no examples of intermediate character, which would show intergrada-
tion with G. t. occidentalis of the nearby regions on the south and east.

468 (683a) Icteria virens longicauda Lawrence
LONG-TAILED CHaT
Synonyms—Icteria longicauda; Icteria viridis.
Status—Common migrant and summer visitant in suitable localities in the
Upper and Lower Sonoran zones, invading locally into lower Transition. Com-

mon in summer along the Colorado River from the vicinity of Yuma northward
(J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p. 204), in Owens and Death

152 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

valleys (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 123), along the South Fork
of the Kern River (Mus. Vert. Zool.), in the lowlands of the San Diegan dis-
trict (many records) ; thence north, locally common, through the state west of
the Sierra Nevada; also near Cedarville, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

469 (685a) Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas)
ALASKA PILEOLATED WARBLER
Synonym—Sylvania pusilla pileolata, part.

Status—Fairly common migrant through southern California: Santa Bar-
bara Island, May 14 to 16 (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds. Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p.
8); Pasadena, April 29, May 1, September 22 (J. Grinnell, Condor, v, 1903, p.
80); Cabezon, May 7, 13 and 15 (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, p. 301); Meeea, April 11 and 15; Imperial, May 10; Colorado
River, April 19 to May 12; Dulzura, April 25; San Diego, May 6; and Julian,
August 5 (specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Yermo, Mohave Desert, April 16
(Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 39). Summer specimens (in Mus. Vert. Zool.) from
Sugar Hill, eastern Modoe County, are quite typical of pilcolata and indicate the
breeding of this race within the extreme northeastern corner of the state. The
subspecies breeding in the White Mountains, near the Nevada line (A. K. Fisher,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 124) has not been definitely determined, but the
chances are that this station relates to pileolata also, rather than to chryseola.

470 (685b) Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway
GOLDEN PILEOLATED WARBLER

Synonyms—Sylvania pusilla pileolata, part; Sylvania pusilla; Wilsonia pu-
silla pileolata; Myiodioctes pusillus; Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus; Green
Black-cap Warbler; Green Black-cap Flycatcher.

Status—Abundant migrant nearly throughout the state, and common as a
summer visitant to suitable localities in the Upper Sonoran and Canadian zones,
from Escondido (Sharp, Condor, vm, 1906, p. 75), and the San Bernardino
Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 116), northward to
Mount Shasta (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and from the Sierran divide west to the coast.
This bird furnishes an almost unique instance of interrupted distribution zonal-
ly; the Transition appears to be taboo, while the zones immediately above and
below are locally thickly inhabited.

471 (687) Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)
AMERICAN REDSTART

Status—Casual visitant; four definite records: Haywards, male, June 20,
1881 (Emerson, Zoe, 1, 1890, p. 45); Marysville Buttes, male, June 6, 1884
(Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 222); Pasadena, female, December 27,
1905 (Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 102); Farallon Islands, male, June 1, 1911
(Dawson, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 182).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA ; 153

472 (697) Anthus rubescens (Tunstall)

AMERICAN PIPIT
Synonyms—Anthus ludovicianus; Anthus pensilvanicus; Titlark.

Status—Common winter visitant to the lowlands throughout the state. Some
widely scattered record stations are: Mono Lake (W. K. Fisher, Condor, tv,
1902, p. 11) ; Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xm, 1914, p.
206) ; San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pae. Dist., 1890, p. 222) ; San Clemente
Tsland (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86) ; Trinidad, Humboldt County, and Bes-
wick, Siskiyou County (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 43). Most abundant in
marshy areas coastwise. Mount Shasta, in Alpine-Arctie zone, ‘“‘heard’’ July
17 (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 130).

473 (701) Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte

AMERICAN DIPPER

Synonyms
Water Ouzel.

Cinclus americanus; Cinclus mexicanus; Hydrobata mexicana;

Status—Fairly common resident along streams in the Transition and Boreal
zones: San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; both slopes of
the Sierra Nevada from South Fork of Kern River (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 125; Mus. Vert. Zool.) northward; Warner Mountains,
Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; the coast belt from the Oregon line south to
Big Creek, Monterey County (Jenkins, Condor, vim, 1906, p. 129); also, per-
haps casually, or at any rate not at the present time, vicinity of Santa Barbara
(Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1886, p. 51), and in Ventura County (Evermann,
Auk, 1m, 1886, p. 185).

474 (702) Oreoscoptes montanus (Townsend)
Sace THRASHER
Synonyms—Mimus montanus; Mountain Mockingbird.

Status—Common winter visitant to the deserts of southeastern California,
and in small numbers to the San Diegan district, northwest to Santa Paula
(Evermann, Auk, m, 1886, p. 185). Summer visitant to the Artemisia tridentata
belt of northeastern California, and south along the eastern border of the state
along the desert ranges through the Panamint Mountains (A. K. Fisher, N.
Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 126). Also recorded in summer from Bakersfield
(Swarth, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 161), and vicinity of Walker Pass (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). A probably isolated breeding colony in Lockwood Valley, 5000 feet alti-
tude, Ventura County, where nests and eggs have been taken (Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 99). This valley is sage-brush high Upper Sonoran.

475 (703a) Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors)
WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD
Synonyms—Mimus polyglottos; Mimus caudatus.

Status—Common resident of the Lower Sonoran zone. Abundant in the

154 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

San Diegan district northwest to Santa Barbara, less common throughout the
desert regions north, east of the Sierras, to the head of Owens Valley (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 127), and through the San Joaquin and
Sacramento valleys to Marysville, Gridley and Chico (Belding, Land Bds. Pae.
Dist., 1890, p. 226) ; also Salinas and San Benito valleys; casually to Watson-
ville (Hunter, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 25), Haywards (Emerson, Condor, vu, 1906,
p. 51), Stanford University (three records), Redwood City (Littlejohn, Zoe,
ut, 1893, p. 362), and even San Geronimo, Marin County (J. Mailliard, Auk,
xv, 1898, p. 197). Most of these extreme stations are of autumn occurrences and
much beyond the known breeding range of the species. Resident also on Santa
Catalina, San Clemente and Santa Cruz islands; recorded once from Anacapa
Island (Burt, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 166). (See J. Grinnell, Auk, xxv, 1911,
pp. 293-300, map.) ;

476 (704) Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus)
CATBIRD
Synonyms—Galeoscoptes carolinensis; Mimus carolinensis.

Status—But one record: Farallon Islands, one specimen, September 4, 1884
(Townsend, Auk, 1, 1885, p. 215) ; this specimen is now in the U. S. National
Museum (no. 100202).

477 (708) Toxostoma bendirei (Coues)
BENDIRE THRASHER
Synonym—Harporhynchus bendiret.

Status—But three records: Agua Caliente [— Palm Springs, Riverside
County] (A. O. U. Cheeck-List, 2nd ed., 1895, p. 293; according to W. W. Cooke,
in letter, no verification of this record is now to be obtained) ; Warren’s Wells,
Mohave Desert, ‘‘fairly common in May, 1896’’ (Heller, Condor, mm, 1901, p.
100). There is a skin (examined by me) in the Zoological Department of Stan-
ford University taken by E. Heller at Whitewater, May 22, 1897. This locality
is in the western arm of the Colorado Desert, towards San Gorgonio Pass, in
Riverside County. An immature specimen (now no. 23259, Mus. Vert. Zool.)
taken in a suburb of Los Angeles, September 10, 1912 (L. H. Miller, Condor, xv,
1913, p. 41).

478 (710, part) Toxostoma redivivum redivivum (Gambel)

CALIFORNIA THRASHER

Synonyms—Harpes rediviva; Harporhynchus redivivus, part; Sickle-billed
Thrush, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran zone in the Santa Cruz
faunal area: San Francisco south through Monterey County; also east around
the south arm of San Francisco Bay to Berkeley (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 155

e

479 (710, part) Toxostoma redivivum sonomae Grinnell*
SonoMA THRASHER

Synonyms—Harporhynchus redivivus, part; Toxrostoma redivivum, part;
California Thrasher, part.

Status—Fairly common resident of the Upper Sonoran zone around the
upper end of the Sacramento Valley and thence west through the inner coast
ranges north of San Francisco Bay. Recorded from Marin County (J. Mail-
liard, Condor, mr, 1901, p. 72), and near Vacaville, Solano County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), north to Covelo, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and Baird, Shasta
County (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 225) ; probably south on
east side of Sacramento Valley at least to Placer County, in vicinity of which
county intergradation with pasadenense probably takes place.

*New subspecies; type no. 23615, Mus. Vert. Zool.; one mile west of Guerneville,
Sonoma County, California; August 30, 1913; collected by J. and H. W. Grinnell; orig.
no. 2323. Similar to 7. r. redivivum, but size slightly greater and back, chest and sides
less “warm” in tone of brown; similar to 7. r. pasadenense, but size, especially of
foot, greater, and coloration throughout darker, less ashy.

480 (710, part) Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense (Grinnell)
5 PASADENA THRASHER
Synonyms—Harporhynchus redivivus, part; Toxostoma redivivum, part;
Harporhynchus redivivus pasadenensis; California Thrasher, part; Sickle-billed
Thrush, part.

Status—Common resident below the Transition zone throughout the San
Diegan district, west to Santa Barbara; north along the coast ranges to Salinas
Valley and San Benito County (Mailliard coll.) ; and through the San Joaquin
and Sacramento valleys, chiefly along the western foothills of the Sierras, to
vicinity of Amador County, beyond which intergradation with sonomae of the
Sacramento Valley takes place. Intergradation with redivivwm probably takes
place through Monterey County. Easternmost stations are: Weldon, Kern
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Cuyamaeca Mountains, San Diego County
(J. G. Cooper, Amer. Nat., vit, 1874, p. 17).

481 (711) Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence
LECONTE THRASHER

Synonyms—Harporhynchus lecontei; Harporhynchus redivivus lecontei;
Leconte Thrush.

Status—Fairly common resident in suitable portions of the Lower Sonoran
zone throughout southeastern California (east of the Pacific watershed), west to
Banning (Gilman, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 95) and Antelope Valley (specimen in
Grinnell coll.), and north, east of the Sierras, to Benton, at the head of Owens
Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 129, map 3); also in the
bed of the upper San Joaquin Valley, at Buena Vista Lake (Fisher, loc. cit.),
Onyx, Kern River Valley (Anthony, Zoe, 1v, 1893, p. 223; Mus. Vert. Zool.),
Bakersfield and McKittrick, Kern County (Swarth, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 161),

156 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 11

and northwest of Tulare Lake, between Huron and Arroyo Los Gatos (Goldman,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 205). Casual near Julian, San Diego County (Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 100). An apparent hybrid between 7. redivivum and
T. lecontei has been reported (J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool..
x, 19138, p. 304).

482 (712) Toxostoma crissale Henry

CRrISSAL THRASHER
Synonyms—Harporhynchus crissalis; Henry Thrush.

Status—Fairly common resident of the mesquite association in the bed of
the Colorado Desert, from Palm Springs, Riverside County (Gilman, Condor,
tv, 1902, p. 15), southeast through the Salton Sea district to the vicinity of Pilot
Knob (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and thence north along the Colorado River at least as
far as Needles (Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 105).

483 (713) Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe)
NorTHERN Cactus WrREN

Synonyms—Oampylorhynchus brunneicapillus; Campylorhynchus couesi;
Heleodytes brunneicapillus; Heleodytes brunneicapillus anthonyi; California
Cactus Wren.

Status—Common resident of the Lower Sonoran zone throughout the des-
erts of southern California, northwest to the Coso Mountains and extreme south-
ern end of Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 131),
and through Walker Pass to Weldon (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and vicinity of Kern-
ville (Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 231). Also a common resident
locally in the San Diegan district from San Diego northwest as far as Santa
Paula, Ventura County (Evermann, Auk, m, 1886, p. 185; Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 100).

484 (713a) Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony
Bryant Cactus WREN
Status—Sparingly and locally resident in the vicinity of San Diego (An-
thony, Auk, x1, 1894, p. 213; also specimens, recently collected, in Mus. Vert.
Zool.). The metropolis of this form is to the southward, San Diego apparently
being the meeting ground of H. b. couesi and H. b. bryanti, for the two are

known to have nested in the same locality. These two forms thus have no wide
area of intergradation, if actual blending occurs at all.

485 (715) Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say)
Rock WrREN
Synonym—Troglodytes obsoletus.

Status—Fairly common in summer, locally, irrespective of zones, almost
throughout the state, but chiefly in the more arid eastern and southern portions;
occurs more widely and numerously in winter in the Upper and Lower Sonoran
zones. Breeds on the Farallon Islands and on most of the Santa Barbara group

19165 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 157

(all excepting San Nicolas). This rupestrine bird is within this state notable for
its apparent apathy to conditions of both temperature and humidity: both zonal
and faunal limits are totally ignored, save that there is migration for the winter
out of regions of heavy snow. Rock Wrens are found nesting from the lowest
and hence hottest deserts to very nearly the highest above-timber-line peaks of
the Sierras, and from the most arid points in the interior to the seacoast. It is
clear that associational predilections are of far more import in this species than
the other environmental factors named (see Swarth, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 211).

486 (715a) Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius Grinnell

San Nicouas Rock WrREN
Synonyms—Salpinctes obsoletus, part; Salpinctes pulverius.

Status—Common resident on San Nicolas Island (J. Grinnell, Rep. Bds.
Santa Barbara Ids., 1897, p. 10; and other records). The status of the rock
wrens occurring both on the mainland and on all of the California islands has
been studied by Swarth (Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 211) who concludes that the race
pulverius is but slightly differentiated and is confined to the island of San Nico-
las. :

487 (717a) Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway
NrvapA CANYON WREN

Status—Fairly common resident below Transition along the desert ranges
east of the Sierras: Panamint, Funeral, Argus and Inyo mountains (A.
K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 133) ; north to Mono Lake (W. K.
Fisher, Condor, tv, 1902, p. 11), and south to Providence Mountains (F. Ste-
phens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 105). Also Dry Creek, Warner Mountains, Modoe
County, one specimen (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs widely over the southeastern
desert regions in winter, as along the Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., xu, 1914, p. 209).

488 (717b) Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway

Dorrep CANYON WREN

Synonyms—T'roglodytes mexicanus; Catherpes mexicanus; Catherpes mea-
icanus conspersus, part; Catherpes mexicanus polioptilus ; White-throated Wren.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in the mountainous parts of south-
ern California from the vicinity of San Diego northwestward to Mount Pinos,
and along both slopes of the Sierra Nevada less commonly to Shasta County ;
also occurs sparingly in the west-central district: Santa Cruz Mountains (Ray,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 21), eastern Alameda County (Jewell, Oologist, xxm, 1905,
p. 122), Mount Saint Helena (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1, 1900,.p. 138), ete.; cas-
ually to Santa Cruz Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1898, p. 128). Breeds chiefly in
the Upper Sonoran zone. The status of the canyon wrens of various localities in
southern California from Fort Tejon southward has not been satisfactorily
worked out. The name C. m. polioptilus has been used for some of them. (See
Ridgway, Birds N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1904, pp. 658, 660.)

158 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

489 (719b, part) Thryomanes bewicki eremophilus Oberholser
DrEsERT WREN

Synonyms—Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster; Thryothorus bewicki bairdi,
part; Baird Wren; Desert Bewick Wren.

Status—Inhabits the desert ranges southeast of the Sierra Nevada, where
fairly common in the Upper Sonoran zone in summer: Panamint, Argus, Coso
and White mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 134) ; des-
ert valleys in winter from Owens Valley, Death Valley and Amargosa Desert
(Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, p. 427) to Palm Springs, River-
side County (J. Grinnell, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 44), and Brawley and Alamoria,
Imperial County (Van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 133).

490 (719d, part) Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser
San Dizco WREN

Synonyms—Thryothorus bewicki, part; Thryothorus bewicki spilurus, part;
Thryothorus bewicki bairdi, part; Troglodytes bewicki, part; Vigors Wren, part;
Western Mocking Wren; Southwest Bewick Wren.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran chaparral association
throughout the San Diegan district, northwest to the vicinity of Santa Barbara
and Mount Pinos; occurs in winter on the adjacent portions of the Mohave and
Colorado deserts, as at Victorville and Palm Springs (Grinnell coll.).

491 (719d, part) Thryomanes bewicki catalinae Grinnell
Catranina ISLAND WREN

Synonyms—Thryothorus bewicki spilurus, part; Thryomanes bewicki chari-
enturus, part.

Status—Common resident on Santa Catalina Island.
492 (719.1) Thryomanes bewicki leucophrys (Anthony)
San CLEMENTE WREN

Synonyms—Thryothorus bewicki, part; Thryothorus bewicki bairdi, part;
Thryothorus leucophrys; Thryomanes leucophrys.

Status—Common resident on San Clemente Island.
493 (_—) Thryomanes bewicki nesophilus Oberholser
Santa Cruz ISLAND WREN

Synonyms—Thryothorus bewicki bairdi, part; Thryothorus bewicki spilur-
us, part; Thryomanes bewicki spilurus, part; Thryomanes nesophilus.

Status—Common resident on Santa Cruz Island; occurs also on Santa Rosa
Island (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx1, 1898, p. 442).

494 (719d, part) Thryomanes bewicki drymoecus Oberholser
San Joaquin WREN

Synonyms—Troglodytes bewicki spilurus; Thryothorus spilurus, part;

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 159

Thryothorus bewicki spilurus, part; Thryothorus bewicki, part; Thryomanes
bewicki spilurus, part; Thryomanes spilurus ; Troglodytes bewicki, part; Vigors
Wren, part; Bewick Wren, part.

Status—Common resident of Upper Sonoran throughout the San Joaquin-
Sacramento basin, from the Tejon Mountains and vicinity of Walker Pass
(Mus. Vert. Zool.) north to Baird, Shasta County (Oberholser, Proce. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxi, 1898, p. 437) ; thence west over the northern inner coast ranges to
Helena, Trinity County (L. Kellogg, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 121), and east to
Sugar Hill and Cedarville, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also west from the
southern San Joaquin Valley through the Coast Ranges: southern Monterey
County (Jenkins, Condor, vii, 1906, p. 129) and San Simeon (Oberholser, loc.
Cit.)

495 (719a, part) Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (Vigors)
Viagors WREN

Synonyms—Troglodytes spilurus; Troglodytes bewicki, part; Thryothorus
bewicki, part; Thryothorus bewicki spilurus, part; Bewick Wren, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran chaparral association in
the humid coast belt, from northern Monterey County north up to the Golden
Gate; east around the south arm of San Francisco Bay at least to Berkeley
(Mus. Vert. Zool.).

496 (719a, part) Thryomanes bewicki marinensis Grinnell
Nicasio WREN

Synonyms—Thryothorus bewicki, part; Thryothorus bewicki spilurus, part;
Thryomanes bewicki spilurus, part; Vigors Wren, part.

Status—Fairly common resident in the humid coast belt, from San Fran-
cisco Bay and Golden Gate north through Marin and Sonoma counties at least
to Sherwood, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

497 (721a) Troglodytes aédon parkmani Audubon
WesTtTERN Houst WREN

Synonyms—T'roglodytes parkmani; Troglodytes aédon; Troglodytes domes-
ticus parkmam; Troglodytes americanus; Troglodytes aédon aztecus; Troglo-
dytes sylvestris; Parkman Wren; Parkman House Wren.

Status—Common summer visitant to Upper Sonoran and Transition nearly
throughout the state both east and west of the Sierras; invades the higher moun-
tains extensively during late summer; winters sparingly in the valleys of the
San Diegan district, casually north to Sur, Monterey County (Pemberton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 50), Snelling, Merced County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and commonly
along the lower Colorado River. Not reported from any of the islands.

498 (722a) Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird)
WESTERN WINTER WREN

Synonyms—Troglodytes hiemalis; Anorthura hiemalis pacifica; Anorthura

160 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

troglodytes pacifica; Troglodytes parvulus var. pacificus; Olbiorchilus hiemalis
pacificus; Troglodytes parvulus var. hyemalis; Anorthura pacifica; Troglodytes
hiemalis pacificus.

Status—Common resident in the Transition and Boreal zones of the humid
coast belt; south to Big Creek, Monterey County (Jenkins, Condor, vim, 1906, p.
129) ; also in summer, though more sparingly, in the northern high Sierra Ne-
vada, south as far as Yosemite Valley (Torrey, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 79; J. Grin-
nell, Sierra Club Bull., vi, 1911, p. 122); occurs more widely in mid-winter
through northern and central California west of the Sierran divide, south in very
small numbers as far as Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, San Fernando Val-
ley, Mount Wilson, San Dimas Canyon (Lawrence, Auk, x1, 1894, p. 181; J.
Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 48; Swarth, Condor, 11, 1900, p. 40; Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 102). One record from Santa Cruz Island
(Willett, loc. cit.).

499 (725a) Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird)
TuULE WREN

Synonyms—Cistothorus palustris, part; Cistothorus paludicola; Cistothorus
palustris paludicola, part; Troglodytes palustris; California Marsh Wren; Long-
billed Marsh Wren.

Status—Common resident locally in marshy tracts west of the Sierran di-
vide; breeds south to Escondido, San Diego County (Sharp, Condor, rx, 1907, p.
91); in winter more widely distributed over the lowlands, casually across onto
the desert, as at Yermo, San Bernardino County (Lamb, Condor, xiv, 1912,
p. 40).

500 (725c) Telmatodytes palustris plesius (Oberholser)
WESTERN MarsH WREN

Synonyms—Cistothorus palustris paludicola, part; Cistothorus palustris
plesius; Cistothorus palustris, part.

Status—Common in summer locally east of the Sierran divide; breeds at
Goose Lake, Eagle Lake, ete.; occurs in winter in suitable localities on the
southeastern deserts: Colorado River bottom (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., xu, 1914, p. 211), Mohave River (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor,
vu, 1905, p. 101), Yermo, Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 40),
Salton Sea (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also west of the southern Sierras in the coast
district of Los Angeles County (J. Grinnell, Condor, v, 1903, p. 134).

501 (726d) Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood

SIERRA CREEPER

Synonyms—Certhia familiaris americana, part; Certhia americana zelotes ;
Certhia americana; Certhia mexicana; Certhia familiaris; Certhia familiaris
fusca; Certhia familiaris occidentalis, part; Certhia familiaris montana; Certhia
americana montana; California Creeper, part; Rocky Mountain Creeper; West-
ern Creeper.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 161

Status—Common resident of the Transition and Canadian zones along
almost the entire length of the Sierras; northwest to Siskiyou Mountains (M. P.
Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 12), and thence
south along the inner northern coast ranges as far as the St. Helena Range, in
Sonoma County ; northeast to the Warner Mountains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; south to the vicinity of Mount Pinos, Ventura County (J. Grinnell, Auk,
xx, 1905, p. 391) ; thence east and south along the higher ranges as far as the
Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs in winter
at lower elevations adjacent, and, sporadically, in the interior valleys of central
California west at least to Berkeley, in the coastal portion of the San Diegan dis-
trict, and along the Mohave River out onto the Mohave Desert.

502 (726c) Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway

TAWNY CREEPER

Synonyms—Certhia familiaris americana, part; Certhia americana occi-
dentalis; California Creeper, part.

Status—Fairly common resident in the Transition and Canadian zones of
the narrow humid coast belt, south through the Santa Cruz district as far as Big
Creek, Monterey County (Jenkins, Condor, vi, 1906, p. 129). In winter occurs
sparingly in adjacent localities in the San Francisco Bay region, but as far as
known not at any season south of Monterey County.

503 (727a) Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cassin
SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH
Synonyms—Sitta carolinensis; Sitta aculeata; Western Nuthatch.

Status—Common resident of the Transition and Boreal zones almost
throughout the state outside of the narrow northern humid coast belt. Breeds
also locally in the oak belt of high Upper Sonoran, as at Escondido, San Diego
County (Sharp, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 91), in Santa Clara County (C. Barlow,
Condor, 11, 1900, p. 133), and in Sonoma County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS).
Southernmost breeding station east of the Sierras is Panamint Mountains (A. K.
Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 136). Occurs in winter sparingly else-
where in wooded valleys, and even out on the desert, as at Barstow (J. Grin-
nell, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 70).

504 (728) Sitta canadensis Linnaeus
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH
Synonyms—Canada Nuthatch; Red-bellied Nuthatch.

Status—Summer visitant in small numbers to the high Sierras, breeding in
the Canadian zone; occurs thus also at the north, east to Warner Mountains,
Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), west to the Trinity Mountains, Siskiyou and
Trinity counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and thence south along the inner northern
coast ranges at least as far as South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x,
1908, p. 43), and in the coast belt to Cazadero, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). Recorded south in summer as far as the San Jacinto Mountains (J.

162 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 309); also on Santa
Cruz Island (Howell and Van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 210). Occurs in
winter more or less commonly, but very irregularly, in suitable localities almost
throughout the state west of the deserts; also at Fort Yuma (Baird, Rep. Ives’
Expl. Colo. R., 1861, Zool., p. 6), and Vallecito Creek, extreme eastern San
Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; has strayed even to the Farallon Islands (W.
E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1888, p. 50).

505 (730) Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors
Piamy NuTHATCH

Synonym—California Nuthatch.

Status—Common resident locally of the Transition zone north of 35° lati-
tude; most numerous along the Sierra Nevada, and in the vicinity of Monterey.
Occurs in winter but very rarely outside of its breeding range; an extreme in-
stance: near Clovis, Fresno County, November 1 (Tyler, Condor, x1, 1909, p.
81). Not recorded at any season southeast of the main Sierra Nevada, nor in the
northern coast region north of Mendocino City, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), or west of Sisson and Shasta Valley, in Siskiyou County (C. H. Merriam,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 131). Common on the Warner Mountains,
Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Southernmost station for this form: Piute
Mountains, Kern County (C. H. Richardson, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 136).

506 (730a) Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony

WHITE-NAPED NUTHATCH

Synonyms—Sitta pygmaea, part; Pigmy Nuthatch, part.

Status—Common resident of Transition on the higher mountains of south-
ern California from Mount Pinos, Ventura County (Grinnell coll.) southeast
through the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Santa Rosa (J. Grin-
nell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 310) mountains to the
Cuyamaca Mountains in San Diego County (J. G. Cooper, Amer. Nat., vit, 1874,
p. 17; Mus. Vert. Zool.). (See Ridgway, Bds. N. and Mid. Amer., m1, 1904, p.
459.)

507 (733, part) Baeolophus inornatus inornatus (Gambel)
PLAIN TITMOUSE

Synonyms—Parus inornatus, part; Bacolophus inornatus restrictus ; Lopho-
phanes inornatus, part; Plain-crested Titmouse, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran oak and digger pine re-
gions west of the Sierran divide and north of Ventura County. Recorded north
to Ukiah and Covelo, Mendocino County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890,
p. 240; Mus. Vert. Zool.), Tower House, Shasta County (L. Kellogg, Condor,
xu, 1911, p. 121), and even Scott River, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).
Easternmost station: Walker Pass, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; specimens
from there, however, are non-typical.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 163

508 (733, part) Baeolophus inornatus murinus Ridgway
San Disco TirmousE

Synonyms—Parus inornatus, part; Lophophanes inornatus, part; Plain
Titmouse, part; Plain-crested Titmouse, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran oak regions throughout
the San Diegan district, from Santa Barbara and Ventura counties (where in-
termediate towards B. 7. inornatus) southeastward to the Mexican line. Not re-
ported from any of the islands, nor from east of the desert divides.

509 (733a) Baeolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway)
Gray TITMOUSE
Synonyms—Parus inornatus griseus; Parus mornatus ridgwayi.

Status—Sparingly resident in the Upper Sonoran zone on desert ranges
southeast of the Sierra Nevada: Panamint, Grapevine, Inyo and White moun-
tains, and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada at head of Owens River (A. K. Fisher,
N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 138) ; Providence Mountains (F. Stephens, Con-
dor, v, 1903, p. 105) ; New York Mountain (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 461).

510 (735b) Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis (Baird)
OREGON CHICKADEE

Synonyms—Parus occidentalis, part (?); Parus atricapillus (?); Parus
atricapillus occidentalis, part (?).

Status—First definitely established as a member of the avifauna of the
state by the taking by Miss A. M. Alexander and Miss L. Kellogg of four speci-
mens (nos. 19403-19406, Mus. Vert. Zool.) on Scott River, Siskiyou County, six
miles northwest of Callahan, June 10 and 13, 1911. Since two of these speci-
mens are but partly grown juvenals there can be no question but that this is a
breeding station for the species. This chickadee has been attributed to California
several times previously, in all cases most likely through misidentification of P.
gambeli, as shown by Belding (Condor, vu, 1905, p. 82).

511 (738) Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway)
MountTAIN CHICKADEE

Synonyms—Parus montanus, part; Parus gambeli, part; Parus atricapillus
occidentalis, part; Parus occidentalis, part; Mountain Titmouse.

Status—Common resident of Transition and Canadian zones throughout
the Sierra Nevada from the Piute Mountains, Kern County, northward; also on
desert ranges southeast of the Sierras: White, Inyo, Argus, Panamint and Grape-
vine mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 139); north to
Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; northwest to Siskiyou
Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J. Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903,
p. 13) ; west to Trinity Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and thence south to Yolla
Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 43) and Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino
County (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 585); but not in any part

164 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

of the humid coast belt. Occurs sparingly at lower levels in adjacent valleys in
winter, south to Fort Tejon, Kern County (J. Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 30).

512 (738a) Penthestes gambeli baileyae (Grinnell)
BartLey CHICKADEE

Synonyms—Parus montanus, part; Parus gambeli, part; Parus gambeli
baileyae; Mountain Chickadee, part.

Status—Common resident of Transition and Canadian zones from Mount
Pinos, Ventura County (J. Grinnell, Auk, XXII, 1905, p. 391) southeastward
through the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Santa Rosa moun-
tains to the Cuyamaca Mountains (J. G. Cooper, Amer. Nat., vi, 1874, p. 17;
Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also on the Santa Ana Mountains, Orange County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), and at head of Big Creek, Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County
(Jenkins, Condor, vill, 1906, p. 129; specimens, now in Mailliard coll., determ-
ined by me). Occurs in adjacent valleys in winter in small numbers, as at Pasa-
dena and Pomona; also along the Mohave River at Victorville (J. Mailliard and
J. Grinnell, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 102).

513 (741) Penthestes rufescens rufescens (Townsend)
CHESTNUT-SIDED CHICKADEE

Synonyms—Parus rufescens, part; Parus rufescens neglectus, part; Chest-
nut-backed Chickadee.

Status—Common resident of Transition and Canadian zones in the north-
ern humid coast belt; west to the Siskiyou Mountains (M. P. Anderson and J.
Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 18), Helena, Trinity County (L.
Kellogg, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 121), and casually to west base of Mount Shasta
(Townsend, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 229); south to coast of Sonoma
County in vicinity of Freestone (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and interiorly to Mount
Saint Helena (W. K. Fisher, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 138).

514 (741a) Penthestes rufescens neglectus (Ridgway)
Marin CHICKADEE
Synonyms—Parus rufescens, part; Parus rufescens neglectus, part ; Califor-
nia Chickadee, part.

Status—Common resident of humid Transition in Marin County, from Ni-
casio west to Point Reyes (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The range of this form is stated
by J. Mailhard (Condor, x, 1908, p. 182) to be separated from the range of P. r.
rufescens, at least along the coast, by a well-defined interval of associationally
unfavorable territory.

515 (741b) Penthestes rufescens barlowi (Grinnell)
Santa Cruz CHICKADEE

Synonyms—Parus rufescens, part; Parus rufescens neglectus, part; Parus
rufescens barlowi; Parus barlowi; Penthestes barlowi; California Chickadee,
part; Barlow Chickadee; Chestnut-backed Titmouse.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 165

Status—Common resident of Transition in the coast district south of Gol-
den Gate and San Francisco Bay, from Presidio (Carriger, MS) to Little Sur
River, Monterey County (Jenkins, Condor, vm, 1906, p. 129). Breeds east to
the west shore of the south arm of San Francisco Bay, as near mouth of San
Francisquito Creek near Palo Alto (J. Grinnell, MS). Has occurred casually
east in autumn to Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 39), Haywards,
Alameda County (Emerson, Condor, m, 1900, p. 19), and Gilroy, Santa Clara
County (J. Grinnell, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 380).

516 (743) Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend)
Coast BusH-TIT

Synonyms—Psaltriparus minimus californicus, part; Parus minimus; Acre-
dula minima; Psaltria minima; Psaltria minimus californicus; Least Titmouse ;
California Bush-tit, part.

Status—Common resident of Upper Sonoran and low Transition zones in
the coastal belt the whole length of the state: throughout the San Francisco Bay
region, east to Mount Diablo, and to the north through the humid coast belt and
ranges west of the Sacramento Valley to the Oregon line; south through the
Santa Cruz district, and throughout the entire San Diegan district, to the Mex-
ican line. Also on Santa Cruz Island (J. Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1,
1899, p. 45). The easternmost records of this subspecies at the north are Calla-
han, Siskiyou County, and Tower House, Shasta County; the easternmost in the
San Diegan district, Fort Tejon, Kern County, Victorville, San Bernardino
County (perhaps casual), and Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County. (See
Swarth, Auk, xxxi, 1914, p. 510, pl. xt.)

517 (7438a) Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway
CALIFORNIA BuSH-TIT
Synonym—Psaltriparus minimus, part.

Status—Common resident of the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin including
the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in Upper Sonoran and lower Tran-
sition zones, from the vicinity of Walker Pass, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.)
northward to Shasta Valley (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p.
132) ; also northeastward in the Modoc region to the head of the Pitt River basin
on the west side of the Warner Mountains: Parker Creek and Sugar Hill, Modoe
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs also on the eastern slope of the southern
Sierra Nevada in Inyo County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p.
141), as at Carroll Creek (Mus. Vert. Zool.). This race occurs west in central
California north of the Strait of Carquinez at least to Vacaville, Solano County
(Mus. Vert. Zool.), and at the extreme north to Yreka, Siskiyou County. (See
Swarth, Auk, xxxr, 1914, p. 516, pl. xt.)

518 (744) Psaltriparus plumbeus (Baird)
LEAD-COLORED BusH-tTIT

Status—Common resident of arid Upper Sonoran along the desert ranges

166 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

southeast of the southern Sierra Nevada: Panamint, White, Grapevine and Inyo
mountains (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 141) ; Providence
Mountains (F. Stephens, Condor, v, 1903, p. 105); New York Mountain, at
extreme east end of Providence Mountains (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 461).
Occurs also on the east slope of the Sierras proper, as at Carroll Creek, Lone Pine
Creek, and Kearsarge Pass, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). (See Swarth, Auk,
xxxI, 1914, p. 520, pl. x1.)

519 (746) Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall)
VERDIN

Synonyms—Aegithalus flaviceps; Paroides flaviceps; Auriparus flaviceps
ornatus; Auriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus ; Yellow-headed Tit; Yellow-headed
Titmouse; San Lueas Verdin.

Status—Common resident of the mesquite and catelaw associations of the
Lower Sonoran deserts of southeastern California. Recorded north to Resting
Springs, Inyo County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 142), west
to Victorville on the Mohave Desert (J. Mailliard and J. Grinnell, Condor, vn,
1905, p. 102), and to the eastern declivity of San Gorgonio Pass, across the Colo-
rado Desert (Gilman, Condor, rv, 1902, p. 88). An abundant bird along the val-
ley of the Colorado River from Needles to Yuma, and in the Imperial Valley re-
gion west to Vallecito, eastern San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

520 (742a) Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridgway
Pautm WREN-TIT
Synonyms—Chamaea fasciata, part; Ground Wren, part.

Status—Common resident of the Upper Sonoran zone west of the deserts
and Great Basin drainage from the Mexican line through the San Diegan dis-
triet northward coastwise to San Luis Obispo and San Benito counties, and in-
teriorly along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada to the lower McCloud
River, in Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 229) ;
also along the inner northern coast ranges from Helena, Trinity County (L. Kel-
logg, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 121), and Scott River, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.), south to Covelo, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Vacaville,
Solano County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The easternmost stations for this form are:
vicinity of Walker Pass, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Campo, San Diego
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

521 (742) Chamaea fasciata fasciata (Gambel)
INTERMEDIATE WREN-TIT

Synonyms—Parus fasciatus; Chamaea fasciata intermedia, part; Chamaea
fasciata rufula, part; Ground Wren, part: Ruddy Wren-tit, part; Ground Tit.

Status—Common resident of the coast region south of San Francisco Bay,
from the Golden Gate to southern Monterey County; east to include the Berke-
ley hills and at least the west slopes of the Mount Hamilton range. Specimens
indicating the existence of a race with the above range are in the Grinnell coll.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 167

It is true that the darkest examples are from the seacoast side of the hills of San
Mateo County ; but these are believed to be not properly referred to Ch. f. rufula,
although distinetly darker-colored than average fasciata.

522 (742c) Chamaea fasciata rufula Ridgway
Ruppy WREN-TIT
Synonyms—Chamaea fasciata, part; Chamaca fasciata intermedia, part.

Status—Common resident of the humid coast belt immediately north of San
Francisco Bay, in Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino counties. Northernmost sta-
tion for this form: Mendocino City (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

523 (742b) Chamaea fasciata phaea Osgood
NorTHERN WREN-TIT
Synonyms—Chamaea fasciata, part; Coast Wren-tit.

Status—Fairly common resident locally in the extreme northern humid
coast belt: Humboldt and Del Norte counties. The belt of intergradation, if
such exists, between the northern coast forms, phaea and rufula, and the interior
henshawi is wholly unknown to me; that is, there is no available material from
series of stations appropriately located.

524 (748a) Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird
WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET
Synonyms—Regulus satrapa; Golden-crested Wren.

Status—Common as a winter visitant south through the humid coast belt
(including the whole San Francisco Bay region) to Monterey; more sparingly
in winter elsewhere west of the Sierras south to mountains of Los Angeles Coun-
ty (J. Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 50; Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no.
7, 1912, p. 105). Has occurred in autumn on Santa Cruz Island (Willett, loc.
cit.). Remains through the summer and breeds, though sparingly, in the north-
ern humid coast belt, south to Marin County (Sheldon, Condor, x, 1908, p. 123) ;
also summers in the Trinity Mountains( Mus. Vert. Zool.), on South Yolla Bolly
Mountain (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and in the Canadian zone all along the high cen-
tral Sierra Nevada, on Mount Breckenridge, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.),
and, in southern California, on the San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell,
Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 126) and San Jacinto Mountains (J. Grin-
nell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., x, 1913, p. 313).

525 (749, part) Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell
WESTERN RUuUBY-CROWNED KINGLET

Synonyms—Regulus calendula; Ruby-crowned Kinglet; Ruby-crowned
Wren; Ashy Kinglet.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Canadian zone from the Warner
and Siskiyou mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) along the Sierra Nevada south to
Long Meadow, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Also sparingly in southern
California on San Gabriel Mountains (J. Grinnell, Condor, vi, 1904, p.

168 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

25), San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v,
1908, p. 127), and San Jacinto Mountains (Anthony, Nidiologist, 11, 1895, p. 16).
Winters abundantly in the San Diegan district, and in the interior valleys west
of the Sierras north to the head of the Sacramento Valley; also in the valley of
the Colorado River. Still more abundant and widespread during spring migra-
tion. Many of the ruby-crowned kinglets wintering in the west-central part of
the state are not typical of this form, being intermediate towards R. c. grinnelli
and hence very similar to, and in some eases indistinguishable from, R. c. calen-
dula, of eastern North America.

526 (749a) Regulus calendula grinnelli Palmer
Sitka KINGLET

Status—Fairly common midwinter visitant south through the humid coast
belt to Monterey (J. Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 3, 1902, p. 72): Santa Cruz
Mountains (J. Grinnell, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 48; M. P. Anderson and Jenkins,
Condor, v, 1903, p. 155); San Geronimo, Marin County (several specimens in
Mailliard coll.) ; Haywards, Alameda County (Mailliard coll.) ; Berkeley (J.
Grinnell, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 39). Casual south to Redlands, San Bernardino
County (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 143).

527 (751la) | Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway
WESTERN GNATCATCHER

Synonyms—Polioptila caerulea; Culicwora caerulea; Blue-gray Flycatcher ;
Blue-gray Gnateatcher.

Status—Common resident in Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in the San
Diegan district; northward as a summer visitant locally along the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada to Baird, Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, p. 230), casually to Yreka, Siskiyou County (J. G. Cooper, Orn.
Calif., 1, 1870, p. 35); also north through the inner coast ranges to Ala-
meda County and casually to San Mateo County (Pemberton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 239), and along the inner coast ranges north of San Fran-
cisco Bay, as at Lakeport (C. Chamberlin, Condor, m, 1901, p. 33), Mount St.
Helena, Mount Sanhedrin, Covelo, ete. (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also along the desert
ranges southeast of the southern Sierras (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7,
1893, p. 143). Found in winter generally in the lower parts of the southeastern
section of the state, occurring across the deserts to the Colorado River. Late
summer visitant to San Geronimo, Marin County (J. and J. W. Maillard, MS) ;
occurs through the winter as far north as Paicines, San Benito County (Mail-
hard coll.). Casual on Santa Cruz Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129), and
on Santa Catalina Island (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

528 (752) Polioptila plumbea (Baird)
PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER
Synonym—Polioptila melanura, part.

Status—Common resident of the Lower Sonoran zone on the Colorado Des-

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 169

ert; northwest through the Salton Sea district to Palm Springs (many records),
west to San Felipe Canyon, eastern San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and
north along the valley of the Colorado River to Needles (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Also
Yermo, Mohave Desert (Lamb, Condor, xtv, 1912, p. 40), Goffs, eastern San
Bernardino County (Hollister, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 462), and Resting Springs,
Amargosa River, Inyo County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p.
144).

529 (753) Polioptila californica Brewster

BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER

Synonyms—Polioptila melanura, part; Culicivora atricapilla; Black-tailed
Flycatcher.

Status—Common resident locally of the Lower Sonoran zone in the San
Diegan district, from the Mexican line northwest to the lower Santa Clara Valley
in southern Ventura County (Evermann, Auk, 1m, 1886, p. 186) and even to
Ventura (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs only west of the desert divide, except at
San Gorgonio Pass through which the range of the species extends casually in
winter desertwards as far as Palm Springs (J. Grinnell, Condor, vi, 1904, p. 45).

530 (754) Myadestes townsendi (Audubon)

TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE

Synonyms—Ptilogonys townsendi; Townsend Flycatcher.

Status—Common resident of high Transition and Canadian zones on the
Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and on the Sierra Nevada
from Mount Shasta south to Sirretta Meadows, Tulare County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.) ; also in southern California, on the San Bernardino Mountains (J. Grin-
nell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 128). Occurs in summer also on the
Trinity Mountains, Trinity and Siskiyou counties (Mus. Vert Zool.), and on
South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Mus. Vert. Zool.), but not known to breed in the
humid coast belt proper. Winters chiefly within the Transition zone, though oc-
curs at times in numbers in the adjacent valleys of both the desert and Pacific
slopes. Found in late spring on certain desert ranges southeast of Mount Whit-
ney (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 144). Recorded west in
mid-winter sparingly to the coast region, in southern and central California; for
instance, at San Diego (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 250), Los Gatos
(Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxxvit, 1899, p. 179), Monterey (J.
and J. W. Mailliard, MS), San Geronimo (J. Mailliard, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 197),
and Berkeley (J. Grinnell, Condor, xv1, 1914, p. 40) ; numerous in February at
Tower House, Shasta County (l. Kellogg, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 121).

531 (758) Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall)
RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus ustulatus; Turdus ustulatus swainsoni, part; Turdus
nanus, part; Turdus swainsoni; Turdus swainsoni ustulatus; Hylocichla ustu-
lata oedica; Oregon Thrush; Olive Thrush, part.

170 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Status—Common summer visitant in the vicinity of streams through Upper
Sonoran and Transition the whole length of the state west of the desert divide.
Southernmost station of actual nesting: Poway, San Diego County (Belding,
Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 1, 1889, p. 57); abundant in the lowlands of
the San Diegan district and west-central California, less common in the north-
west coast belt and in the lower canyons of the western slopes of the Sierras, as
in Yosemite Valley (several records). Widely distributed during spring migra-
tion both east and west of the divides, even to the various islands.

532 (758a) Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi)
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus ustulatus swainsoni, part; Olive Thrush, part.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to the vicinity of the Warner
Mountains, in Modoc County: Sugar Hill, Parker Creek, and Dry Creek (Mus.
Vert. Zool.). Casual, July 22, at head of Grizzly Creek, Trinity County (no.
19447, Mus. Vert. Zool.). Transient, May 18, Panamint Mountains, Inyo Coun-
ty (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 145).

533 (759) Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas)
ALASKA Hermit THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus minor; Turdus nanus, part; Turdus pallasi var. nanus;
Turdus guttatus; Turdus aonalaschkae, part; Turdus aonalaschkae auduboni,
part; Hylocichla aonalaschkae, part; Audubon Hermit Thrush, part.

Status—Common winter visitant throughout the state below the level of
heavy snows, particularly in the interior valleys and in the San Diegan district.
Has been taken east to the Colorado River (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
xu, 1914, p. 215), and to Independence, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

534 (759e) Hylocichla guttata nanus (Audubon)
Dwarr Hermit THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus nanus, part; Turdus pallasi; Hylocichla aonalaschkae,
part; Turdus aonalaschkae, part; Hylocichla aonalaschkae verecunda; Dwarf
Thrush.

Status—Common winter visitant south throughout the humid coast belt of
central California; abundant in midwinter in the San Fancisco Bay region;
occurs sparingly south to Los Angeles County (Daggett, Condor, m, 1901, p.
131), Palm Springs (J. Grinnell, Condor, vr, 1904, p. 45), and San Clemente
Island (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86).

H. g. guttata and H. g. nanus are, even typically, very much alike, and the
differences become clearly apparent only upon comparison of series from the
metropolis of each breeding area. Many winter birds from central and southern
California have proven impossible to locate with precision under one or the
other category.

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 171

535 (759d) Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell
Monterey Hermit THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus nanus, part; Turdus sequoiensis, part; Turdus aona-
laschkae sequoiensis, part; Hylocichla aonalaschkae slevini.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant in very restricted portions of the
southern humid coast belt: Sherwood, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
South Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 44; Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
Gualala River, Sonoma County (Sheldon, Condor, x, 1998, p. 121); Cazadero,
Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Butano Creek, Santa Cruz Mountains
(Jenkins, Condor, v1, 1904, p. 25) ; Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mountains (Ray, Con-
dor, x1, 1909, p. 21) ; Pacifie Grove (Ray, Auk, xxi, 1906, p. 418) ; Point Sur,
Monterey County (J. Grinnell, Auk, xvmt, 1901, p. 258). ° Occurs in migration
through the San Diegan district: Redlands (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 143) ;
Pasadena (Grinnell, loc. cit., and Daggett, Condor, mr, 1901, p. 131). Also speci-
men, April 16, Raymond, Madera County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

536 (759e) Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding)
SrerrA Hermit THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus aonalaschkae, part; Turdus auduboni; Turdus aona-
laschkae auduboni, part; Hylocichla aonalaschkae auduboni; Turdus sequoien-
sis; Turdus aonalaschkae sequotensis, part ; ee aonalaschkae sequoiensis ;
Audubon Hermit Thrush, part.

Status—Fairly common summer visitant to the Canadian zone, from Mount
Shasta south through the central Sierra Nevada to the Mount Whitney region:
Sirretta Meadows, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also on the Warner Moun-
tains, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Panamint and Inyo mountains, Inyo
County (A. K. Fisher, N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 146), and on the San Ber-
nardino Mountains (J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., v, 1908, p. 130).
Strange to say, this form has not to my knowledge been captured as a migrant
anywhere within the state, save at Independence, Inyo County (Mus. Vert.
Zool.). Various records of ‘‘auduboni’’ apply to H. g. guttata.

537 (761a) Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway)
WESTERN ROBIN

Synonyms—Turdus migratorius; Merula migratoria propinqua; Merula con-
finis; Planesticus confinis; Cape Robin; San Lucas Robin.

Status—Common summer visitant to the Transition and Canadian zones
along the entire Sierra Nevada, in the Humboldt Bay region, and on the Trin-
ity and Warner mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also in southern California, on
Mount Pinos (J. Grinnell, Auk, xx, 1905, p. 391), San Gabriel Mountains (J.
Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 51), and San Bernardino Mountains
(many records). Not known to breed anywhere in the San Francisco Bay region
proper ; southernmost breeding stations west of Sacramento Valley: Seaview and
Cazadero, Sonoma County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS), and San Geronimo,
Marin County (J. and J. W. Mailliard, MS). Occurs in winter abundantly, but

172 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

irregularly elsewhere throughout the state, even in suitable places on the deserts.
The movements of the robin in winter appear to be governed largely by the
varying supply of wild berries.

538 (763) Ixoreus naevius naevius (Gmelin)
Variep THRUSH

Synonyms—Turdus naevius, part; Hesperocichla naevia, part; Geocichla
naevia; Oregon Robin; Varied Robin; Western Robin, part.

Status—Common winter visitant, chiefly to the humid coast belt and adja-
cent areas south to Monterey County. This is the form prevalent in midwinter
in the San Francisco Bay region. Summers sparingly in the Canadian zone of
the northern humid coast belt: Lindsay and Redwood ereeks, Humboldt County
(W. K. Fisher, Condor, m1, 1901, p. 91); Fair Oaks and Cuddeback, Humboldt
County (Mus. Vert. Zool.).

539 (763a) Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson)
NORTHERN VARIED THRUSH

Synonyms—Twurdus naevius, part; Hesperocichla naevia, part.

Status—Common but irregular winter visitant to the interior and southern
portions of the state west of the desert divide, particularly the western foothills
of the Sierras, and the San Diegan district south through Los Angeles County at
least as far as Witch Creek, San Diego County (Willett, Pace. Coast. Avif. no. 7,
1912, p. 109), and to San Clemente Island (Iimton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86).
Recorded interiorly to Walker Basin and Caliente, Kern County (Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 226), and Yermo, San Bernardino County (Lamb,
Condor, xiv, 1912, p. 40). Although this form breeds in Alaska to the north-
ward of J. n. naevius, it winters in California south of that form. Several spe-
cimens examined from central California are not with certainty identifiable with
either one or the other of the forms. Individual variation evidently results in
overlapping of characters in certain individuals, and there are also known to be
true intergrades occurring in interlying areas of the summer habitat.

540 (767+767b, part) Sialia mexicana occidentalis Townsend
WESTERN BLUEBIRD

Synonyms—Sialia mexicana; Sialia occidentalis; Sialia mexicana anabelae;
Siaha mexicana bairdi; Anabel Bluebird; San Pedro Bluebird; Chestnut-backed
Bluebird.

Status—Common summer visitant to Transition and lower Canadian wher-
ever these zones occur, nearly throughout the state. Least numerous in the north-
ern humid coast belt; breeds also, but sparingly and locally, in Upper Sonoran,
and in a few cases even in Lower Sonoran, as at Los Angeles (Myers, Condor,
xiv, 1912, p. 221). Winters sparingly in Transition, and abundantly in Upper
and Lower Sonoran, on both the desert and Pacific drainage slopes, south to the
Mexican boundary. The recognition of a race anabelae from southern Califor-
nia does not seem to be justified (see J. Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, pp. 316-319).

1915 BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA 173

541 (768) Sialia currucoides (Bechstein)
Mountain BLUEBIRD
Synonyms—Sialia arctica; Arctic Bluebird; Rocky Mountain Bluebird.

Status—Loecally common as a summer visitant chiefly to arid Transition
and Boreal on the Sierra Nevada, and on the desert ranges to the eastward;
north to Mount Shasta (C. H. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna no. 16, 1899, p. 133),
and the Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; south to San Bernardino Moun-
tains (Moreom, Ridgw. Orn. Club, bull. no. 2, 1887, p. 57). Also in the inner
northern coast ranges: Wild Cat Peak, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ;
Mount Sanhedrin (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 585); South
Yolla Bolly Mountain (Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, p. 44). Ranges irregularly in
winter throughout Upper and Lower Sonoran, on the deserts and west to the
ee even to the Farallon Islands (W. E. Bryant, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2nd

, 1, 1888, p. 50), and south to San Diego Tait MS) ; but not in the pete
ern Sec coast belt.

SPECIES CREDITED TO CALIFORNIA ON
UNSATISFACTORY GROUNDS

The following lst of ‘‘hypotheticals’’ contaims the names of certain birds
which at one time or another have been ascribed to California, but which do not
now seem to merit claim to regular standing. In some eases there is doubt as
to the fact of their occurrence, through natural means, or even otherwise, within
the present confines of the state. In other cases their validity as species or sub-
species is in doubt; most cases of this category have, however, been disposed of in
the preceding lists of synonyms, and can be located through the Index.

In addition, there are yet a good many other bird names, not mentioned in
this contribution at all, and which have been associated with the geographic name
“‘California’’. These occur mostly in the writings of early date, at a time when
“‘California’’ was a much more extensive, and undefined, portion of the west.

In many eases birds known only from Lower California, Mexico, have been
referred to in general works as from simply California. Also southern Califor-
nia (that is, the southern part of the state) has sometimes, even within recent
years, been confused with Lower California, especially in foreign works the
authors of which had evidently not posted themselves upon the geography of
western North America.

To ferret out from the great volume of general ornithological literature all
of these ascriptions is a task which the writer has never attempted. The follow-
ing 61 cases are believed to include the more important of our doubtful records,
such as merit consideration because of ostensibly valid claims or because of repe-
tition in the more familiar literature.

An entirely different category of occurrences has to do with man’s impor-
tation and release of non-native song and game species. This deplorable custom
continues in spite of the good biologie and economic arguments which have been

174 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

set forth against it. As far as known to the writer, however, not one of the num-
erous ‘‘introduced’’ species has secured unquestioned foothold in our fauna, ex-
cept the English Sparrow. Even this bird is not definitely known to have been
purposely liberated at the outset, but may have found its own way here from
the east (see p. 111).

No attempt has been made to catalog here all the different species, perhaps
scores in number, that have been liberated within the state of California. A few,
only, are included in the following list, where exact data are at hand. The im-
portance of learning the source and history of every importation is fully realized,
and is hereby urged upon anyone in a position to ascertain the facts, on the
ground that, if successful from the importers’ standpoint (the exotic species
becoming established as a member of our avifauna), profound modification of
our originally native bird-life will inevitably follow, as regards distribution and
even persistence of species.

So far, the only non-native species beyond question established within the
state, is the English Sparrow, and only this one “‘foreign’’ member of our avi-
fauna is entered in the preceding main list. It is possible that the Ring-necked
Pheasant, has, among all the imported game species, reached a stage of establish-
ment where it now deserves inclusion in the main list. But this is not certain,
and the bird is entered beyond as being still ‘‘hypothetical’’.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST
il () Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman
Mexican GREBE

Synonyms—Colymbus doninicus; Podiceps dominicus; San Domingo
Grebe.

Status—Gambel’s alleged aseription of this species in ‘‘1847’’ to ‘‘Califor-
nia’’, although often quoted, has been discredited (see Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, 1, 1877, p. 26; J. G. Cooper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1, 1877, p. 97). I must
say, however, that I have failed to find any reference to this species in the papers
published by Gambel in either the Journal or the Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I wrote to Dr. Witmer Stone of the Phila-
delphia Academy in this regard, and he informs me that he, too, is unable to find
any mention of this grebe in the publications of Gambel. Mr. Stone suggests
that the possible basis of the reference of the species to California is to be found
in Volume ix, Pac. R. R. Rep., 1858, p. 897, where it is stated that ‘‘a specimen
in the Philadelphia Academy was obtained by Dr. Gamble [sic] on the Gulf of
California’’. Mr. Stone says further: ‘‘I find in our collection only one Grebe
collected by Gambel, which is labelled Monterey, and proves to be a young C.
mgricollis califormicus.’’ Whether or not this is the bird referred to, it is obvi-
ous that there are no good grounds for considering C. dominicus a member of
our avifauna. The species belongs to Central America and Mexico.

1915 HYPOTHETICAL LIST 175

2 (26) Brachyramphus craverii (Salvadori)
CRAVERI MURRELET

Status—Recorded by Van Rossem (Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 74) as having been
obtained in numbers on the ocean ‘‘about midway between San Diego and’’ Los
Coronados Islands, thus very close to the California-Mexico boundary. Even if
well within Californian limits, the case demands further study on the ground of
questionable differentiation of B. craveru from B. hypoleucus. A hasty glance
at the material in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology leads me to suggest age as
accounting for at least some of the alleged characters.

3 (56) Larus canus Linnaeus
Mew GuLuL

Status—Not one of the eight records of this species for California is likely
to have been based on specimens identical specifically with the palearctic Larus
canus. In at least one case (Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., m1, 1910, p.
63) the name canus is used as replacing the name brachyrhynchus, the latter be-
ing reduced to a synonym of the former. In other cases, either the basic speci-
mens are not now accessible or they have turned out to be other species. (See
Linton, Condor, 1x, 1907, p. 199; Bishop, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 174.)

4 (4, hyp.) Creagrus furcatus (Neboux)
SWALLOW-TAILED GULL

Synonyms—Xema furcata; Larus furcatus.

Status—Stated by Prevost and Des Murs (Voyage of the Venus, 1855, p.
277, pl. x of Atlas) to have been taken at Monterey. Several birds of tropical
America are also ascribed to Monterey. The expedition touched the coasts of
Peru, Chili, the Galapagos Islands (where this gull is well known to oceur), and
San Blas, as well as Monterey in upper California, and it looks as though there
might have been some mixing of labels. Under these circumstances, little faith
can be placed in this record alone. The species has been more recently reported
as “‘seen’’ off San Diego (Anthony, Auk, x11, 1895, p. 291), still not quite satis-
factory enough evidence to establish it in our list.

5 (82.1) Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild

Laysan ALBATROSS

Synonyms—Diomedea melanophrys; Spectacled Albatross.

Status—An individual ‘‘seen’’ at a distance, ‘‘about 1060 miles west of Cape
Mendoeino’’, October 31, 1880 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, p. 170).
Even if authentic, this is somewhat beyond our limits, as is, even, the recorded
occurrence of two individuals 750 to 600 miles ‘southwesterly from San Fran-
cisco’’ (Willett, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 158). My authority for putting Bean’s
record under D. immutabilis is Godman (Mon. Petrels, 1910, p. 336). The spe-
cies is plentiful in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands,

176 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

6 (83) Thalassogeron culminatus (Gould)
YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS

Status—Known to California only from a skull thought by J. G. Cooper to
have been of this species, and ‘‘found on the outer beach near Golden Gate’’;
the skull was formerly in the California Academy, of Sciences (Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p. 359; J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif.
Aead. Sei., 1v, 1868, p. 12), now probably destroyed. The species belongs to the
South Pacific and Indian oceans.

7 (84) Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster)
Soory ALBATROSS
Synonym—Phoebetria fuliginosa, part.
Status—Asceribed to California (W. E. Bryant, Zoe, m1, 1892, p. 137) merely
because it is a southern species and had been found off the coast of Oregon.
No definite record for the state. The citation referred to by Willett (Pac. Coast

Avif, no. 7, 1912, p. 110) undoubtedly belongs to Diomedea migripes. The spe-
cies belongs to the southern Hemisphere.

8 (85) Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin)
j Giant FULMAR

Synonyms—Fulmarus giganteus; Ossifraga gigantea.

Status—Known only from the statement by J. G. Cooper (Amer. Nat., rv,
1871, p. 758) that this huge petrel ‘‘could often be seen’’ in the summer of 1861
about the whale fishery in Monterey Bay. Lack of specimens or later confirma-

tory evidence casts a slight degree of doubt upon the record. The species be-
longs to the southern Hemisphere.

9 (87) Priocella glacialoides (Smith)
SLENDER-BILLED F'ULMAR
Synonym—fulmarus glacialoides.

Status—One rather uncertain instance: A skeleton supposed to be of this
bird found by J. G. Cooper on the beach at Santa Catalina Island in June, 1863
(Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., m1, 1884, p. 374). The cita-
tion quoted by Willett (Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912, p. 110) proves upon exam-
ination to refer to the same instance. This species occurs chiefly south of the
Equator.

10 (113) Phaéthon aethereus Linnaeus
ReEpD-BILLED T'ROPIC-BIRD

Status—According to W. E. Bryant (Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., u,
1889, p. 86), Dr. J. G. Cooper averred ‘‘that a skull of a tropic bird was found
by Mr. Gruber on the coast of Marin County about twenty years’’ previously.
There is no confirmatory evidence in this regard, although the species continues
to be credited to California (as, for instance, by Reed, N. Amer. Birds Eggs,
1904, p. 55). The species is known to occur north along the Mexican coast as

1915 HYPOTHETICAL LIST 177

far as Cape Colnett, Lower California, and is likely to be observed sooner or
later north of the Mexican boundary.

ilzk (alaly16)) Sula brewsteri Goss
BREWSTER BooBy
Synonyms—Sula fiber; Sula fusca; Sula bassana (?); Gannet (?) ; Booby.

Status—Newberry (Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, pp. 107, 108) records seeing
two species of Sula ‘‘off the coast of California’? during a voyage from San
Francisco to Panama. One he ealls: ‘‘Sula bassana. The Gannet’’; the other:
**Sula fusca. The Booby’’. It is not probable that any species of the genus was
seen north of Lower California. Of the two or more species occurring off the
west coast of Mexico, Sula brewsteri is the one which has been found farthest
north and hence is the one most likely to be detected as a stray above the Mexi-
can line.

12 (120b) Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt)
WHITE-CRESTED CORMORANT

Synonyms—Phalacrocorax cincinatus; Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus,
part.

Status—Supposed to be a winter visitant northerly: San Francisco Bay
(Kobbe, Bailey’s Handbook Bds., 1902, p. xlix; see also Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p.,150; and A. O. U. Check-List, 3rd ed.,
1910, p. 63). The occurrence of this form in California is difficult to verify be-
cause of absence of series of winter specimens of the awritus group for critical
determination. I cannot see that there are as yet good grounds for including
cincinatus in our main list. The form breeds in Alaska.

13 (169.1) Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus)

BLuE GoosE

Status—But one record: Two shot near Stockton ‘‘about February 1’’, 1892
(Belding, Zoe, m1, 1892, p. 97) ; parts of one of the birds were saved and submit-
ted to Ridgway, who is stated (Belding, loc. cit.) to have determined them as
above. I do not know whether or not the fragments are yet in existence, but
since the bird was pronounced a juvenal by Ridgway, and since there is said to
be difficulty in distinguishing the young plumages in the Snow and Blue geese,
the record seems open to question, more particularly because of absence of con-
firmation. (See Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 43.) The Blue Goose winters reg-
ularly in the Gulf States, with no positive record at any season west of the Mis-
sissippi Valley.

14 (172b) Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird)
WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE

Status—Until quite recently supposed to be a regular winter visitant
through the interior, even as far south as San Diego (Belding, Zoe, m1, 1892, p.
100). Supposed also to be the form breeding in the northeastern section of the

178 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

state. But careful study of the extensive material in the Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology now makes it practically certain that all records of “‘occidentalis’’ really
belong under canadensis proper, which see. (See also Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., xu, 1913, pp. 1-24, figs. and pls.)

15 (200) Florida caerulea (Linnaeus)
LittLE Buur HErRon

Status—One record: Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, ‘‘rare
winter visitant’’ (Fry, U. 8. Dept. Interior, General Information Regarding Se-
quoia and General Grant National Parks, Season of 1912, p. 8). Very doubtful
(see J. Grinnell, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 188). The species is normally confined to
the South Atlantic and Gulf states, straggling northwest to Nebraska.

16 (204) Grus americana (Linnaeus)
WHOOPING CRANE
Status—Said to have formerly bred ‘‘from Upper California northward’’
(Audubon, Bds. Amer., v, 1842, p. 195). More recently reported as seen in spring
and fall in Butte and Sutter counties (Belding, Zoe, n, 1891, p. 99). Neither
case is conclusive. The species is now rare even where once most plentiful—in
central British America south to the Great Plains.
17 (228) Philohela minor (Gmelin)
Woopcock
Status—One specimen listed from ‘‘California’’ by Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit-
ish Mus., xxiv, 1896, p. 681) ; there is no corroboration. The Woodcock, a com-
mon bird of parts of the eastern United States, has not been definitely recorded
west of Colorado.
18 (240) Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot)
WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER
Synonym—Tringa fuscicollis.
Status—Known only from the record by W. HE. Bryant (Auk, Iv, 1887, p.
78) of a female specimen taken near Oakland, October 8, 1883. This specimen
was in the first California Academy of Sciences collection, but was doubtless
destroyed in the fire of April, 1906. This record has already been queried
(Goss, Bds. Kansas, 1891, p. 174). I distinctly remember to have looked at the
specimen, labeled in Bryant’s handwriting. Mr. L. M. Loomis with whom I was
at the time (fall of 1900) remarked that the identification was wrong, and that
the bird was probably Tringa (=—Pisobia) maculata (see p. 50). The White-
rumped Sandpiper migrates chiefly, if not altogether, east of the Rocky Moun-
tains.
19 (251/) Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus)
Hupsonian Gopwit
Synonym—Limosa hudsonica.

Status—Three specimens are listed as from ‘‘California’’, without statement

1915 HYPOTHETICAL LIST 179

of more exact locality, by Sharpe (Cat. Bds. British Mus., xxtv, 1896, pp. 391,
756). As remarked by Cooke (U.S. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 53), this
record needs confirmation. Although occurring in summer in subaretie America
west to western Alaska, this species appears to pass in migration wholly east of
the Rocky Mountains.

20 (266) ; Numenius borealis (Forster)
Eskimo CurRLEW

Status—Ascribed to the state three times: ‘‘common”’ ‘‘in the San Fran-
cisco market’’ (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 66) ; specimen shot at San
Diego in September, 1883 (Holterhoff, Auk, 1, 1884, p. 393) ; ‘‘flock of about a
dozen’’ seen ‘‘a number of years ago’’ by P. I. Hoagland ‘‘at Coronado Beach,
near Tia Juana’’, and a few shot [but evidently not preserved] (Swenk, Proc.
Nebr. Orn. Union, vi, 1915, p. 31). The first two of these records, at least, are
believed to have been based upon small specimens of NV. hudsonicus (see Belding,
Zoe, m1, 1892, p. 257). As far as known the species (now nearly or quite ex-
tinct) passed in migration entirely east of the Rocky Mountains.

21 (276) Aegialitis dubia (Scopoli)
LirtLe Ringep PLOVER

Synonyms—Aegialitis nucrorhynchus; Aegialitis curonica.

Status—Possibly a casual visitant; one instance: specimen (no. 39523, U. S.
Nat. Mus.) supposed to have been taken at San Francisco (Ridgway, Amer. Nat.,
vill, 1874, p. 109; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 1884, p.
160). As indicated by the question mark in the account under the second cita-
tion, some doubt appertains to this record. The species is palearctic, and has oc-
curred casually in Alaska.

22 (283) Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus)
EUROPEAN TURNSTONE

Status—An immature female Turnstone taken at Pacific Beach, San Diego
County, September 8, 1904, is so identified by L. B. Bishop and H. C. Ober-
holser (Bishop, Condor, vu, 1905, p. 141). Examination of a series of the ordi-
nary Ruddy Turnstone reveals such wide variation individually that I am led to
query the above instance.

23 (——) Phasianus torquatus Gmelin
RING-NECKED PHEASANT
Synonyms—China Pheasant; Mongolian Pheasant.

Status—Numbers have been repeatedly liberated under both private and
publie auspices. The earliest recorded experiment was in 1894, and from 1897
to 1900 many more were brought in from Oregon and liberated; later, a game
farm was established by the California Fish and Game Commissioners, and
pheasants propagated for stocking (Oldys, U. S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull.
390, 1910, p. 16). According to the latest statements of the State Fish and
Game Commission (22nd Biennial Rep., 1913, pp. 23-24; 23rd Biennial Rep.,

180 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA : No. 11

1914, p. 14), ‘‘during the past several years, over four thousand pheasants have
been liberated’’ at a large number of points. Locally, in Humboldt and Santa
Clara counties, and in parts of the San Joaquin Valley, the birds are reported
to be thriving in the wild. Instances of breeding at large have been reported
numerously, a late one being from San Bernardino (Wall, Condor, xvu, 1915, p.
59). Elapse of a series of years will be required to demonstrate the firm estab-
lishment of this bird in California, as has been the case in Oregon. The exact
systematic status of our introduced pheasants has not been ascertained, but
there is a likelihood that more or less crossing has been allowed with near-related
species such as P. colchicus. The Ring-necked Pheasant is a native of eastern
China.

24 (——_) Perdix perdix (Linnaeus)

HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE

Status—Considerable effort has been made by the California Fish and Game
Commission to introduce this species into California. Two hundred birds were
liberated in 1908, and 1600 in 1909 (Oldys, Yearbook U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1909, p.
255). ‘‘These were placed in several counties in both lowlands and small moun-
tain valleys up to several thousand feet above sea level.’’ The latest statement
from the State Fish and Game Commission (22nd Biennial Rep., 1913, p. 24)
is that, although ‘‘given a good trial’’, no success has been met with. “‘There
have been very few places where they have been seen in recent months.”’ The
Hungarian Partridge is a native of Europe.

25 (289) Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus)
Bos-WHITE

Status—Repeated attempts have been made to introduce this eastern game-
bird into the state; but so far as known to date, all have failed. According to
Belding (Land Bds. Pace. Dist., 1890, p. 8), Bob-whites had been liberated pre-
vious to 1890 in Napa County, near Gilroy, Santa Clara County, and near Chico,
Butte County. This eastern quail did not occur naturally west of Colorado.

26 (——) Lophortyx douglasi (Vigors)
Douauas QUAIL
Synonyms—Ortyx douglasi; Callipepla douglassi.

Status—Deseribed as new on the basis of a specimen thought to have come
from ‘‘Monterey’’ (Vigors, Zool. Journ., tv, 1829, p. 354). Stated by Douglas
(Trans. Linn. Soe., xvi, 1829, p. 145) to have been found in the ‘‘interior of Cali-
fornia’’, but not as common as Ortyx picta or O. californica; specimens lost.
According to Gambel (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., 1, 1849, p. 218)
common about Mazatlan, Mexico, where ‘‘no doubt’’ Vigors’ bird was obtained,
not at Monterey. Possibly the ‘“‘young of L. californicus’’, according to J. G.
Cooper (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, u, 1877, p. 95). Etcetera! At any rate a
quail for which the above name has been employed (Cat. Bds. British Mus., xx,
1893, p. 404) inhabits portions of western Mexico, and it is very unlikely that it
ever occurred at Monterey or anywhere else in the state of California.

1915 ; HYPOTHETICAL LIST 181

27 (310, subsp. ?) Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus)
Witp TurKEY

Status—Turkeys, of unknown subspecies, supposedly from wild stock in
some part of Mexico, have been liberated in recent years in a number of counties
from Humboldt and Shasta to San Diego, particularly ‘‘in the lower Sierra
Nevada region”’ (Calif. Fish and Game Comm., 22nd Biennial Rep., 1913, pp.
23-24). According to information gathered by A. D. Ferguson (Calif. Fish and
Game Comm., Game Bull. no. 1, 1913, pp. 35-40) the birds introduced in 1910-11
in the vicinity of the Sequoia and General Grant National Parks are so far appar-
ently holding their own.

28 (14, hyp.) Buteo cooperi Cassin
CoopErR HENHAWK
Synonym—California Hawk.

Status—Known only from the type specimen shot by J. G. Cooper near
Mountain View, Santa Clara County, November, 1855 (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 253; J. G. Cooper, Pac. R. R. Rep., xu, 1860, p. 148; J. G.
Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1, 1870, p. 472; ete.). The specimen is still extant, in the
U.S. National Museum (no. 8525) ; the latest study of the case (Ridgway, Auk,
m1, 1885, p. 165) results in no definite conclusion. The bird was evidently nearly
related to the Buteo borealis group. The date of capture, as recorded in the
Smithsonian records (as I am informed by Dr. C. W. Richmond) is given as
“October, 1856’. This is also the date quoted in the A. O. U. Check-List (3rd
ed., 1910, p. 372). But that both are wrong is shown by Cooper’s repeated state-
ment as above, and also that Cassin published the description in the Philadel-
phia Academy Proceedings for October, 1856, which date of publication obvi-
ously could not have been the date of capture, as well. (See also Ridgway, Auk,
1, 1884, p. 253.)

29 (—_) Buteo solitarius Cassin
HawanAn Hawk
Synonyms—Onychotes gruberi; Onychotes solitarius; Gruber Hawk.

Status—Originally described as new under the name Onychotes gruberi
(Ridgway, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 149) from a specimen with no
more definite locality than ‘‘California’’. Later (Ridgway, Proce. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vit, 1885, p. 86), this specimen was found to be identical with the Hawaii-
an species, Onychotes (—Buteo) solitarius, thus making it improbable that it
was obtained in California as alleged. However, Henshaw (Auk, xvi, 1901, p.
162) records that an individual of the Hawaiian Hawk voluntarily accompanied
a vessel part way from Hilo to San Francisco; so that the casual occurrence of
the species in California is within possibility, but not proven.

30 (341) Buteo albicaudatus sennetti Allen
SENNETT WHITE-TAILED HAwK

A hawk thought to have been of this Mexican species was seen at Golden

182 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Gate Park, San Francisco, November 7, 1905 (J. Mailliard, Condor, vim, 1906, p.
29). My. Mailliard has in a personal letter to me expressed doubts as to this
identity ; possibly the bird was a Ferruginous Rough-leg.

31 (345) Urubitinga anthracina (Lichtenstein)
Mexican Buack Hawk

Status—Egegs described, said to have been taken in Los Angeles County,
April 6, 1889, by R. B. Chapman (Reed, N. Amer. Birds Eggs, 1904, p. 164) ;
identity extremely doubtful. The record from National City, San Diego County
(Linton, Condor, rx, 1907, p. 110) proved to be based upon a specimen of Buteo
abbreviatus (Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 181). The Mexican Black Hawk occurs
regularly north to southern Arizona and Texas.

32 (362) Polyborus cheriway (Jacquin)
AUDUBON CARACARA

Synonyms—Polyborus tharus; Polyborus tharus var. auduboni; Polyborus
auduboni; Caracara Eagle.

Status—One individual is recorded as having been seen in the winter of
1853 on the Colorado River near Fort Yuma, though which side of the river is
not stated (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, p. 30). The occasional pres-
ence of this bird in the extreme southeastern corner of the state is to be expected
as it occurs adjacently in Mexico and southern Arizona; but no actual oceur-
rence within our borders has as yet been well attested.

33 (373d) Otus asio kennicotti (Elliot)
KENNICOTT SCREECH OWL
Synonym—WMegascops asio kennicotti.

Status—While this northwest coast form may be expected to occur in the
extreme northern humid coast belt, particularly in winter, satisfactory evidence
to this effect is still wanting. Townsend (Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p. 203)
found fragments of an owl thought to be of this form at Baird, Shasta County ;
and a specimen from Fort Crook, Shasta County, was ‘‘intermediate between
kennicotti and bendirei’’. Emerson (Condor, vit, 1906, p. 29) records a speci-
men taken at Haywards, Alameda County, December 15, 1882, as either kenm-
cotti or a vartant of bendirei, which, is uncertain.

34 (374a) Otus flammeolus idahoensis (Merriam)
Dwarr ScrEecH Own
Synonym—(See Otus flammeolus, p. 72).

Status—Aseribed to California with expressed reluctance by Oberholser in
his study of this species (Ornis, x, 1899, [separate, repaged] p. 12), and since
then accepted as a member of our avifauna by authors at full value. A close
scrutiny of Oberholser’s analysis of characters of idahoensis as compared with
flammeolus, and his comment on the varying features of individual specimens,
leaves the reader with a distinct impression that the name idahoensis rests on

1915 ' HYPOTHETICAL LIST 183

very flimsy basis. At any rate, I have examined the thirteen available specimens
of flammeola from Arizona and California, and find no tangible excuse for
using separate names. According to my present interpretation of the case the
California birds should all rest under the name flammeolus, which see (p. 72).
“‘Tdahoensis’’ was based upon a single specimen from near Ketchum, Idaho.

[Since the above was written, Ridgway (Bds. N. and Mid. Amer., v1, 1914,
p. 730) has expressed similar views, and listed the name idahocnsis in the syno-
nymy of flammeolus. ]

35 (384) Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson
GROOVE-BILLED ANI

Status—Said to be ‘‘casual’’ in ‘‘California’’ (Bendire, Life Hist., m, 1895,
p. 9; F. M. Bailey, Handbook Bds., 1902, p. 193). I have found no specifie
basis for such statement. Possibly Lower California was meant, though the
species is well known to occur regularly in the vicinity of Cape San Lueas. It
belongs to Tropical America.

36 (391) Ceryle americana septentrionalis Sharpe
TExAS KINGFISHER

Synonyms—Ceryle americana; Ceryle americana cabanisi; Ceryle cabanisi;
Cabanis Kingfisher; Texas Green Kingfisher.

Status—Recorded twice: as observed in the fall of 1865 ‘‘at several points
on the Colorado River between Forts Mojave and Yuma’’ (Coues, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 59); and as seen at Poway Valley, San Diego County
(Emerson, Orn. & Ool., rx, 1884, p. 144). The latter is very likely a misidenti-
fication. Coues, however, recorded both the Belted and Texas kingfishers at the
same time, and furthermore repeated his Colorado River record over and over
again. There has never been a verification, however; besides, it is not stated
whether the species was observed on the California or Arizona side of the river,
or on both sides, for the implication is that several of the birds were seen. The
Texas Kingfisher belongs to tropical Mexico and has occurred casually in south-
eastern Arizona.

37 (406) Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus)
ReD-HEADED WOODPECKER

Status—Recorded by Gambel (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 2nd ser., 1,
1847, p. 55) as found by him common in oak timber near the Mission of San
Gabriel (Los Angeles County). The alleged occurrence has been given full face
value in various publications since then; but its extreme unexpectedness, and
lack of later corroboration, bring overwhelming doubt but that there was some
mistake. This eastern woodpecker occurs west to Colorado, and has been found
casually in Arizona.

38 (426) Eugenes fulgens (Swainson)
Rivonr HUMMINGBIRD

Status—One record, of an adult male said to have been taken in San Gor-

184 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

gonio Pass, July 15, 1899 (Loomis, Auk, xtx, 1902, p. 83). The authenticity of
the locality of capture has been doubted (see F. Stephens, Condor, tv, 1902, p.
45). The species is not certainly known to occur nearer than the mountains of
southeastern Arizona—in the Transition zone, whereas San Gorgonio Pass is
Lower Sonoran, barely low Upper Sonoran at its highest part.

39 (——) Archilochus violajugulum (Jeffries)
VIOLET-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD
Synonym—Trochilus violajugulum.

Status—The type and only known specimen was obtained at Santa Barbara
(J. A. Jeffries, Auk, v, 1888, p. 168). This specimen is with little doubt a
hybrid, probably between Archilochus alexandri and Calypte anna (see Thayer
and Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, p. 313).

40 (—_) Selasphorus floresii Gould
FLorEsI HUMMINGBIRD
Synonyms—Trochilus floresti; Selasphorus rubromitratus.

Status—Three instances of the occurrence in California of this supposed
species have been reported: male, near San Francisco, May, 1885 (W. E. Bryant,
Forest & Stream, xxvi, 1886, p. 426) ; male, Haywards, February 20, 1901 (Emer-
son, Condor, m, 1901, p. 68) ; Nicasio, Marin County, February 26, 1909 (W. P.
Taylor, Auk, xxv1, 1909, p. 291). These examples may be accounted for as re-
sulting from hybridization between Sclasphorus alleni and Calypte anna (see
Thayer and Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, p. 313; W. P. Taylor, loc. cit.; Ridgway,
Auk, xxvi, 1909, p. 440).

41 (432) Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson)
BrOAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD
Synonym—Trochilus platycercus.

Status—Recorded from California three times: (1) Lake Tahoe, a female
taken (J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 7; and many repeti-
tions). The identity in this case has already been doubted (by Henshaw, Rep. -
Wheeler Sury., 1879, p. 311, who thought the bird might have been S. calliope).
On January 6, 1908, I found in the U. S. National Museum a specimen (then un-
catalogued), evidently a young male of S. rufus, but with the following in-
scription upon the two sides of the label, in J. G. Cooper’s handwriting: ‘‘Selas-
phorus platycercus 2 | Tajo Valley Cal. | Sept 12—1863—J. G. C. || 3 75 4 75
1 87 Iris brown, bill | & Feet black’’. This bird would appear to have been
the basis of Cooper’s record.

(2) A. K. Fisher (N. Amer. Fauna no. 7, 1893, p. 58) records that this
species was reported by Mr. Nelson ‘‘as common on the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, California, opposite the head of Owens River, and Mr. Palmer
secured a specimen in the Sequoia National Park August 4’’. Dr. A. K. Fisher
informs me (under date of December 4, 1907) that the specimen secured by Dr.
Palmer is not now to be found, and he cannot recall having seen it himself; also

1915 HYPOTHETICAL LIST 185

that Mr. Nelson thinks he might have been mistaken in the identity of the hum-
' mingbirds seen opposite the head of Owens River.

(3) Male taken at Oakland May 8, 1890 (McGregor, Auk, x1v, 1897, p. 91).
This specimen proved to be a probable hybrid between Selasphorus rufus and
Stellula calliope (Thayer and Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, p. 313).

It thus appears that Sclasphorus platycercus has yet to be satisfactorily
identified within the state. It is a species belonging to the Rocky Mountain
region of the United States, and has been found west to western Nevada.

42 (442) Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus)
Fork-TAILED FLYCATCHER

Synonym—Milvulus tyrannus.

Status—Toppan (Orn. & Ool., 1x, 1884, p. 48) states: ‘‘I have lately re-
ceived from a dealer in California curiosities at Santa Monica, Cal., a fine speci-
men of the Fork-tailed Flycatcher, (Milvulus tyrannus,) which was shot near
that place in the latter part of the Summer of 1883’’. The circumstances of cap-
ture are not definitely attested. Mr. Toppan writes me under date of April 18,
1912, that the specimen in question was destroyed by fire in 1896. The species
belongs to Tropical America, from southern Mexico southward, but has occurred
casually in the eastern United States.

43° (——) Calocitta colliei ( Vigors)
COLLIE MAGPIE-JAY
Synonym—Pica bullock.
Status—‘‘ Woody portions of North California’’ (Audubon, Synopsis, 1839,

p. 153). No doubt an inferential blunder based upon a bird mislabelled as from
the ‘Columbia River’’. The species belongs to western Mexico.

44 (__) Calocitta formosa formosa (Swainson)
Buttock MaGpPIE-JAY

Status—A specimen is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia labelled ‘‘California’’ (Stone, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891,
p. 442). ‘‘No doubt an error’’. The species is native to southwestern Mexico.
45 (—_—_) Psilorhinus morio morio (Wagler)

Brown JAY

Synonym—Corvus morio.

Status—A specimen stated to have been obtained at ‘‘San Francisco, Cali-
fornia’’ (Eydoux and Gervais, Voyage of the Favorite, v, 1839, p. 54). A speci-
men is listed by Baird (Pac. R. R. Rep., 1x, 1858, p. 592) as from ‘‘San Diego,
Cal’’. Both records are extremely doubtful. The species is native to northeast-
ern Mexico.

46 (—_) Cissilopha beecheii (Vigors)
BrECHEY JAY

Synonyms—Pica beecheti; Cyanocitta beecheyi; Cyanurus beechen; Cyano-

corax geoffroyt.

186 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Status—A species of western Mexico, originally described from ‘‘Monte-
reale’’ (Vigors, Zool. Journ., 1v, 1829, p. 353). Bonaparte (Conspectus Avium, 1,
1850, p. 378) added ‘‘California’’, and Baird (Stansbury’s Expl. Salt Lake,
1853, p. 333) corrupted the type locality to ‘‘Monterey’’. Thus through appar-
ent error the species was for a time attributed to California. There is in the col-
lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia a specimen labelled
‘‘Qalifornia’’ (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 444) ; ‘‘doubtless an
error’’.

47 (487) Corvus cryptoleucus Couch
WHITE-NECKED RAVEN

Status—Of alleged occurrence in southern California: recorded as nesting
at Fort Tejon (Bendire, Life Hist., m, 1895, p. 402) ; specimen, not now extant,
said to have been identified from San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County (J.
Grinnell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 32). Rumors of existence on the Mohave
Desert are not found to be satisfactorily grounded. The species is plentiful in
southeastern Arizona, thence east to western Texas and south into Mexico.

48 (——) Trupialis militaris (Linnaeus)
RED-BREASTED LARK

Synonym—Sturnella militaris.

Status—Specimen supposed to have been shot at Monterey (Prevost and Des
Murs, Voyage of the Venus, 1855, p. 277), but more probably taken on the west
coast of South America where the same expedition also touched. A specimen
recorded as no. 4230, Smithsonian Institution, ‘‘was obtained in San Francisco ~
by Mr. R. D. Cutts’’ from a collector who ‘‘asserted positively that it had been
shot by him in San Francisco county’’ (Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., rx, 1858, p. 534).

Baird remarks: “‘Mr. Cutts may have been deceived by his informant’’. The
species belongs to southern South America.

49 (16.3, hyp.) Icterus icterus (Linnaeus)
TROUPIAL

Status—Only one instance: Santa Barbara, April 30, 1911, a male taken
(Bowles, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 109). The specimen is now in the Bowles collec-
tion. Probably an escaped ecage-bird. (See Willett, Pac. Coast Avif. no. 7, 1912,
p. 112.) The species is native to northeastern South America.

50 (513a) Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Swainson)
GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE

Synonyms—Quiscalus major; Boat-tailed Grackle.

Status—According to Gambel (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 203)
this blackbird was occasionally seen in his day as far north as Upper California;
Woodhouse makes a similar statement (Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp., 1853, p. 79).
But both reports may have really related to areas south and east of the present
confines of the state, or as far as California is concerned may have really per-

tained to the Brewer Blackbird. The species belongs to southern and eastern
Mexico north to southern Texas.

1915 HYPOTHETICAL LIST 187

51 (——) Spinus yarrelli (Audubon)
YARRELL GOLDFINCH
Synonyms—Carduelis yarrelli; Chrysomitris yarrelli.

Status—Deseribed from a specimen thought to have come from ‘‘ Upper
California’’ (Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, p. 117). According to Baird (Pac. R. R.
Rep., 1x, 1858, p. 421) the type appeared ‘‘to have been kept for a time in a
eage’’. The species is native to Brazil.

52 (——) Spinus barbatus (Molina)

STANLEY GOLDFINCH
Synonyms—Carduelis stanleyi; Chrysomitris stanleyt.

Status—Two specimens supposed to have come from ‘‘Upper California”’
(Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, p. 118; Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., rx, 1858, p. 420) ; the
specimens showed evidence of having been kept in a cage (Baird, loc. cit.). A
species of extreme southern South America.

53 (——) Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus

EUROPEAN CHAFFINCH

Status—Two instances of occurrence: specimen shot by Joseph Clemens at
Monterey, March 4, 1905 (J. Grinnell, Condor, vi, 1906, p. 58) ; and one seen in
Berkeley, May 14, 1908 (T. S. Palmer, Condor, x, 1908, p. 238). Each had prob-
ably been purposely liberated, or else had escaped from some aviary. The species
is palearctic.

54 (534) Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus)
Snow Buntine
Synonyms—Passerina nivalis; Snowflake.

Status—Known only from the statement by Belding (Condor, v, 1903, p.
19) that a flock visited Marysville in the winter of 1872-73. No specimen was
preserved. The species is of Arctic breeding range, coming south irregularly in
winter to the northern tier of states. I know of no record nearer California
than Camp Harney, Harney County, eastern Oregon.

5B (593) ‘Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus)

EASTERN CARDINAL

Status—Introdueed ‘‘from Missouri’’, in 1880, near Galt, Sacramento Coun-
ty, and ‘‘heard from’’ for some years after (Belding, Land Bds. Pace. Dist., 1890,
p. 175). A specimen of “‘Cardinalis igneus’’, or ‘‘Cape Cardinal’’, shot at Hay-
wards (Emerson, Orn. & Ool., vi, 1882, p. 119) proved to have been an escaped
eage-bird, as Mr. Emerson subsequently informed me. Repeated rumors of
Cardinals seen around Los Angeles and elsewhere doubtless pertain to birds either
purposely liberated or escaped from confinement. The species has apparently
never become well established within the state.

188 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

56 (594) Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (Bonaparte)
ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA

Status—Possibly a rare visitant to extreme southeastern corner of the state:
Fort Yuma (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 90) ; specimen from
‘*California’’ (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. British Mus., xm, 1888, p. 158). In each case the
specimen obtained is not likely to have been secured within the present state
limits. The species is more or less common in southern Arizona.

57 (18.1, hyp.) Piranga rubriceps Gray
Gray TANAGER

Status—One instance: specimen claimed to have been shot by W. G. Blunt
‘“about 1871’’ at Dos Pueblos (—Naples), Santa Barbara County (W. E. Bry-
ant, Auk, 1v, 1887, p. 78). I agree with Ridgway (Bds. N. and Mid. Amer., u,
1902, p. 776) who says: ‘‘The identification of the specimen on which the rec-
ord is based is undoubtedly correct; but even granting no mistake has been made
as to the specimen having actually been taken in California, the occurrence must
have been purely fortuitous, most likely an escape from captivity, and the spe-
cies has no claim to a place in the North American fauna.’’ The species is South
American.

58 (——) Lanius algeriensis Lesson
; ALGERIAN SHRIKE

Synonyms—Collurio elegans; Collurio ludovicianus robustus, part; Lantus
elegans, part; Lanius robustus; White-winged Shrike.

Status—Specimen supposed to have been obtained by Gambel in ‘‘Califor-
nia’’? (Cassin, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 213), and so recorded in

many works subsequently; an Asiatic species (see Ridgway, Bds. N. and Mid.
Amer., m1, 1904, pp. 236, 237).
59 (664) Dendroica graciae Baird
GRACE WARBLER
Status—A male specimen recorded as shot near Santa Paula, Ventura Coun-
ty, May 3, 1881 (Evermann, Auk, m, 1886, p. 185). I have elicited from Dr. B.
W. Evermann in conversation the information that this specimen was destroyed
by fire along with the rest of his California collection of birds and eggs. The
possibility was suggested that the bird might have been a Townsend Warbler,
but memory failed to provide any decisive clue. At any rate it would seem bet-
ter for the present to hold this record in abeyance. The species occurs regularly
in the mountains of central Arizona.
60 (705) Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus)
Brown THRASHER
Synonym—Harporhynchus rufus.

Status—A single doubtful record: ‘‘Dr. Cooper states that in September,
1870, he found a straggler at Clear Lake, close to the lower town’’ [==Lower

1916 HYPOTHETICAL LIST 189

Lake, Lake County?] (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., m1,
1874, p. 500). “Unfortunately, it [the bird] was not secured’’. The species be-
longs to the eastern United States, ranging west to Wyoming and Colorado, ecas-
ually to Arizona.

61 (762) Planesticus confinis (Baird)
San Lucas Rosin
Synonyms—WMerula confinis; Cape Robin.

Status—A female robin, showing very pale coloration, and taken at Hay-
wards, ‘‘January 2, 1880’’ (really January 7, 1882), was recorded under the
above name (Emerson, Zoe, 1, 1890, p. 46). For many years this record stood
in literature; but a recent critical examination showed the bird to be in all prob-
ability merely an individual extreme of Planesticus m. propinquus (see J. Grin-
nell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 238). The range of Planesticus confinis is limited to the
Cape region of Lower California.

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1915

A

Acanthis linaria linaria, 109
Acanthylis pelasgia, 85
vauxi, 85
Accipiter atricapillus striatulus, 64
cooperi, 64
cooperi mexicanus, 64
fuscus, 64
mexicanus, 64
velox, 64
velox rufilatus, 64
Acredula minima, 165
Actitis macularius, 53
Actodromas bairdi, 50
maculata, 50
minutilla, 51
Adamastor cinereus, 27
Aechmophorus clarkii, 15
occidentalis, 15
occidentalis clarkii, 15
Aegialeus semipalmatus, 55
Aegialitis alexandrina nivosa, 55
asiaticus montanus, 56
cantiana, 55
cantiana nivosa, 55
curonica, 179
dubia, 179
microrhynchus, 179
montana, 56
nivosa, 55
semipalmata, 55
vocifera, 55
wilsonia, 56
Aegithalus flaviceps, 166
Aeronautes melanoleucus, 86
Aesalon columbarius, 68
Agelaius californicus, 102
gubernator, 102, 103
gubernator californicus, 102, 103
phoeniceus, 102, 103
phoeniceus aciculatus, 103
phoeniceus californicus, 102, 103
phoeniceus caurinus, 103
phoeniceus gubernator, 102, 103
phoeniceus longirostris, 103
phoeniceus neutralis, 102, 103
phoeniceus nevadensis, 102, 103
phoeniceus sonoriensis, 102, 103
phoeniceus tricolor, 104
tricolor, 104
xanthocephalus, 102
Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps, 122
Aix sponsa, 35

191

INDEX

Ajaia ajaja, 42

Ajaja rosea, 42

Alauda alpestris, 94
rufa, 94

Albatross, Black-footed, 25
Laysan, 175
Short-tailed, 25
Sooty, 25, 176
Spectacled, 175
Yellow-nosed, 176

Alcedo alcyon, 76

Aluco flammeus americanus, 69
pratincola, 69

Ammodramus beldingi, 114
caudacutus becki, 115
caudacutus nelsoni, 115
nelsoni, 115
rostratus, 114
ruficeps, 122
samuelis, 124
sandwichensis, 113
sandwichensis alaudinus, 113
sandwichensis beldingi, 114
sandwichensis bryanti, 114
sandwichensis savanna, 113
savanna alaudinus, 113
savannarum bimaculatus, 115
savannarum perpallidus, 115

Ampelis cedrorum, 140
garrulus, 140

Amphispiza belli, 121, 122
belli canescens, 122
belli clementeae, 121
belli nevadensis, 122
bilineata, 121
bilineata deserticola, 121
nevadensis canescens, 122
nevadensis nevadensis, 122

Anas americana, 33

boschas, 32
carolinensis, 33
crecca, 33
cyanoptera, 34
discors, 34

penelope, 33
platyrhynchos, 32
rubripes, 32
strepera, 33
Anhinga anhinga, 29
Ani, Groove-billed, 183
Anorthura hiemalis pacifica, 159
pacifica, 160
troglodytes pacifica, 160

192 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Anser albatus, 38
albifrons, 39
albifrons gambeli, 39
erythropus, 39
gambeli, 39
hutchinsi, 39
hyperboreus, 38
rossi, 39

Anthus ludovicianus, 153
pensilvanicus, 153
rubescens, 153

Antrostomus nuttalli, 83, 84

Aphelocoma californica californica, 98

californica obscura, 98
floridana californica, 98
insularis, 98
obscura, 98
woodhousei, 98

Aphriza virgata, 56

Aquila canadensis, 67
chrysaetos, 67
chrysaetos canadensis, 67

Archibuteo ferrugineus, 66
lagopus, 66
lagopus sancti-johannis, 66
sancti-johannis, 66

Archilochus alexandri, 86, 184
violajugulum, 184

Ardea candidissima, 44
egretta, 44
exilis, 43
herodias, 43
herodias hyperonca, 43
herodias oligista, 43
herodias treganzai, 43
minor, 43
occidentalis, 44
virescens, 45
virescens anthonyi, 45

Ardeola exilis, 43

Ardetta exilis, 43

Arenaria interpres, 56
interpres interpres, 179
interpres morinella, 56
melanocephala, 57
morinella, 56

Asio americanus, 69
flammeus, 70
magellanicus, 73
magellanicus icelus, 73
magellanicus pacificus, 73
magellanicus pallescens, 73
wilsonianus, 69

Astragalinus lawrencei, 110
psaltria, 110
psaltria arizonae, 110
psaltria hesperophilus, 110
tristis, 109
tristis pallidus, 110
tristis salicamans, 109, 110
Astur atricapillus, 64
atricapillus striatulus, 64
cooperi, 64
fuscus, 64
palumbarius striatulus, 64
Asyndesmus lewisi, 81
torquatus, 81
Athene cunicularia, 74
hypugaea, 74
infuscata, 74
socialis, 74
Atlapetes chlorurus, 134
Atthis anna, 87
calliope, 88
costae, 86
Audubonia occidentalis, 44
Auk, Aleutian, 18
Horn-billed, 18
Auklet, Cassin, 18
Paroquet, 18
Rhinoceros, 18
Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps, 166
flaviceps lamprocephalus, 166
flaviceps ornatus, 166
Avocet, 49
Aythya affinis, 36
americana, 35
collaris, 36
erythrocephala, 35
marila, 35
marila nearctica, 35
vallisneria, 35

Baeolophus inornatus griseus, 163
inornatus inornatus, 162
inornatus murinus, 163
inornatus restrictus, 162

Balanosphyra formicivora bairdi, 81

Baldpate, 33

Bartramia longicauda, 53

Bernicla brenta, 40
canadensis, 39
gambeli, 39
hutchinsi, 39
leucoparia, 40
nigricans, 40

No. 11

1915

Bittern, American, 43
Least, 43

Blackbird, Bi-colored, 102, 103
Bi-colored Red-winged, 102
Brewer, 106, 186
Cow, 101
Kern Red-winged, 103
Nevada Red-winged, 103

Northwestern Red-winged, 103

Red-and-white-shouldered, 104
Red-shouldered, 102
Red-winged, 102, 103
~ Rusty, 105

San Diego Red-winged, 102, 103

Sonora Red-winged, 103
Swamp, 102, 103
Tri-colored, 104
Tri-colored Red-winged, 104
White-shouldered, 137
White-winged, 137
Yellow-headed, 102

Black-head, Big, 35
Little, 36

Blasipus belcheri, 22
heermanni, 22

Blue-bill, 36

Bluebird, Anabel, 172
Arctic, 173
Chestnut-backed, 172
Mountain, 173
Rocky Mountain, 173
San Pedro, 172
Western, 172

Bobolink, 100

Bob-white, 180

Bombycilla cedrorum, 140
garrula, 140

Bonasa sabini, 61
umbellus, 61
umbellus sabini, 61

Booby, 177
Brewster, 177

Botaurus exilis, 43
lentiginosus, 43
minor, 43

Brachyotus cassini, 70
palustris, 70

Brachyramphus craverii, 175
hypoleucus, 19, 175
marmoratus, 19

Brant, Black, 40
Black Sea, 40
Eastern Sea, 40

INDEX

Branta bernicla glaucogastra, 40
canadensis, 178
canadensis canadensis, 39
canadensis hutchinsi, 39
canadensis minima, 40

canadensis occidentalis, 39, 177, 178

hutchinsi leucoparia, 40
minima, 40
nigricans, 40
Broadbill, 35
Bubo magellanicus, 73
virginianus, 73
virginianus arcticus, 73
virginianus icelus, 73
virginianus pacificus, 73
virginianus pallescens, 73
virginianus saturatus, 73
virginianus subarcticus, 73
Bucephala albeola, 37
americana, 36
clangula, 36
clangula americana, 36
islandica, 36
Buffle-head, 37
Bull-bat, 84
Bull-head, 55
Bunting, Bay-winged, 112
Beautiful, 137
Lark, 137
Lazuli, 136
Snow, 187
Buphagus skua, 20
Burgomaster, 21
Burion, 107
Bush-tit, California, 165
Coast, 165
Lead-colored, 165
Butaetes sancti-johannis, 66
Butcher-bird, 141, 142
Buteo abbreviatus, 65, 182
albicaudatus sennetti, 181
borealis, 65, 181
borealis calurus, 65
borealis socorroensis, 65
californica, 66
calurus, 65
cooperi, 181
elegans, 65
harlani, 65, 66
insignatus, 66
lineatus, 65
lineatus elegans, 65
montanus, 65
obsoletus, 66

193

194 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Buteo solitarius, 181
swainsoni, 66
zonocercus, 65

Butorides virescens, 45
virescens anthonyi, 45

Butter-ball, 37

Buzzard, Swainson, 66
Turkey, 63

Cc

Calamospiza bicolor, 137
melanocorys, 137
Calearius lapponicus alascensis, 112
Calidris arenaria, 51
leucophaea, 51
Callipepla californica, 59
californica vallicola, 59
douglassi, 180
gambeli, 60
gambeli deserticola, 60
picta, 58
Calliphlox anna, 87
rufa, 87
Callothorax calliope, 88
Calocitta colliei, 185
formosa formosa, 185
Calypte anna, 87, 184
costae, 86
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, 156
couesi, 156
Canace obscura, 60
Canvas-back, 35
Caracara, Audubon, 182
Carbo’ dilophus, 29
penicillatus, 30
townsendi, 29
Cardinal, Cape, 187
Eastern, 187
Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, 187
igneus, 187
Carduelis lawrencei, 110
psaltria, 110
stanleyi, 187
tristis, 109
yarrelli, 187
Carpodacus californicus, 107
cassini, 107
clementis, 108
familiaris, 107
frontalis, 107, 108
frontalis clementae, 108
frontalis rhodocolpus, 107, 108
mexicanus clementis, 107, 108
mexicanus frontalis, 107, 108

Carpodacus mexicanus obscurus, 107
purpureus, 107
purpureus californicus, 107
rhodocolpus, 107
Catarractes californicus, 19
Catbird, 154
Cathartes aura, 63
aura septentrionalis, 63
californicus, 63
Catherpes mexicanus, 157
mexicanus conspersus, 157
mexicanus polioptilus, 157
mexicanus punctulatus, 157
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 53
semipalmatus inornatus, 53
Cedar-bird, 140
Centrocercus urophasianus, 61
Centurus uropygialis uropygialis, 82
Ceophloeus pileatus, 81
pileatus abieticola, 81
Cepphus columba, 19
Ceratorhyncha monocerata, 18
Cerchneis sparverius, 68
Cerorhina occidentalis, 18
suckleyi, 18
Cerorhinca monocerata, 18
Certhia americana, 160
americana montana, 160
americana occidentalis, 161
americana zelotes, 160
familiaris, 160
familiaris americana, 160, 161
familiaris fusca, 160
familiaris montana, 160
familiaris occidentalis, 160, 161
familiaris zelotes, 160
mexicana, 160
Ceryle alcyon, 76
alcyon caurina, 76
americana, 183
americana cabanisi, 183
americana septentrionalis, 183
cabanisi, 183
Chaemepelia passerina pallescens, 62
Chaetura vauxi, 85
Chaffinch, European, 187
Chamaea fasciata, 166, 167
fasciata fasciata, 166, 167
fasciata henshawi, 166, 167
fasciata intermedia, 166, 167
fasciata phaea, 167
fasciata rufula, 166, 167
Chamaepelia passerina, 62

No. 11

1915

Charadrius cantianus, 55
dominicus dominicus, 55
helveticus, 54
melodus, 55
montanus, 56
squatarola, 54
virginiacus, 55
vociferus, 55
wilsoni, 56

Charitonetta albeola, 37

Chat, Long-tailed, 151

Chaulelasmus streperus, 33

Checker-breast, 39

Chelidon bicolor, 139
erythrogaster, 138

Chen albatus, 38
caerulescens, 177
hyperborea nivalis, 38
hyperboreus hyperboreus, 38
rossi, 39

Chickadee, Bailey, 164
Barlow, 164
California, 164
Chestnut-backed, 164
Chestnut-sided, 164
Marin, 164
Mountain, 163, 164
Oregon, 163
Santa Cruz, 164

Chicken, Prairie, 61

Chondestes grammaca, 115
grammacus strigatus, 115

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 85
popetue, 84
popetue henryi, 84
texensis, 85
virginianus, 84
virginianus henryi, 84, 85
virginianus hesperis, 84, 85

Chroicocephalus philadelphia, 23

Chrysomitris lawrencei, 110
mexicanus, 110
pinus, 111
psaltria, 110
psaltria arizonae, 110
stanleyi, 187
tristis, 109
yarrelli, 187

Cichlopsis nitens, 141

Cinelus americanus, 153
mexicanus, 153
mexicanus unicolor, 153

Circus cyaneus hudsonius, 63
hudsonius, 63
uliginosus, 63

INDEX 195

Cissilopha beecheii, 185
Cistothorus paludicola, 160
palustris, 160
palustris paludicola, 160
palustris plesius, 160
Clangula albeola, 37
americana, 36
clangula americana, 36
glaucion americana, 36
hyemalis, 37
islandica, 36
Cleptes nuttalli, 96
Clivicola riparia, 139
Coccoborus coeruleus, 136
melanocephalus, 135
Coccothraustes vespertina, 106
vespertinus montanus, 106
Coccyzus americanus, 75
americanus occidentalis, 75
erythrophthalmus, 75
Cock, Chaparral, 75
Cock-of-the-plains, 61
Colaptes auratus, 82, 83
auratus borealis, 82
auratus hybridus, 82
auratus luteus, 82
auratus mexicanus, 82
ayresii, 82
cafer, 82
eafer collaris, 82, 83
cafer hybridus, 82
cafer mexicanus, 82
eafer saturatior, 82, 83
chrysoides, 83
chrysoides mearnsi, 83
collaris, 82
mexicanoides, 82
mexicanus, 82
Colinus virginianus virginianus, 180
Collurio borealis, 141
elegans, 188
ludovicianus, 142
ludovicianus excubitoroides, 141, 142
ludovicianus robustus, 188
Collyrio excubitoroides, 141, 142
Columba carolinensis, 62
fasciata fasciata, 61
monilis, 61
Columbigallina passerina, 62
Colymbus arcticus pacificus, 17
auritus, 15, 16
californicus, 16
dominicus, 174
dominicus brachypterus, 174
glacialis, 16

196 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Colymbus holboelli, 15
nigricollis, 16
nigricollis californicus, 15, 16, 174
pacificus, 17
septentrionalis, 17
torquatus, 16
Condor, California, 62
Contopus borealis, 91
richardsoni, 91
richardsoni saturatus, 91
virens richardsoni, 91
Coot, 48
Sea, 38
White-winged, 38
Cormorant, Baird, 30
Brandt, 30
Double-crested, 29
Farallon, 29
Lesser White-tufted, 29
Townsend, 29
Violet-green, 30
White-crested, 29, 177
Corvus americanus, 99
americanus caurinus, 99
americanus hesperis, 99
brachyrhynchos hesperis, 99
cacalotl, 99
carnivorus, 99
catatotl, 99
caurinus, 99
corax, 99
corax carnivorus, 99
corax clarionensis, 99
corax sinuatus, 99
cryptoleucus, 186
frugivorus, 99
frugivorus caurinus, 99
morio, 185
nuttalli, 96
ossifragus, 99
pica, 96
ultramarinus, 98
Cosmonetta histrionica, 37
Coturnicops noveboracensis, 47
Coturniculus passerinus, 115
passerinus perpallidus, 115
savannarum bimaculatus, 115
Cotyle riparia, 139
serripennis, 140
Cowbird, Dwarf, 101
Nevada, 101
Cractes obscurus, 98
obscurus griseus, 99
Crane, Blue, 43
Little Brown, 45

Crane, Sandhill, 45

Whooping, 178
Creagrus fureatus, 175
Creciscus coturniculus, 47

jamaicensis, 47
Creeper, California, 160, 161

Rocky Mountain, 160

Sierra, 160

Tawny, 161

Western, 160
Crossbill, American, 108

Mexican, 108

Red, 108

Sierra, 108
Crotophaga sulcirostris, 183
Crew, California, 99

Clarke, 100

Common, 99

Western, 99
Crymophilus fulicarius, 48
Cryptoglaux acadica, 71
Cuckoo, California, 75

Yellow-billed, 75
Culicivora atricapilla, 169

caerulea, 168
Curlew, Eskimo, 179

Hudsonian, 54

Long-billed, 54

Short-billed, 54
Curvirostra americana, 108
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 100
Cyanocitta beecheyi, 185

californica, 98

floridana californicus, 98

stelleri, 97

stelleri carbonacea, 97

stelleri frontalis, 97
Cyanocorax californicus, 98

geoffroyi, 185

stelleri, 97
Cyanospiza amoena, 136
Cyanura stelleri, 97

stelleri frontalis, 97
Cyanurus beecheii, 185
Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus, 18
Cygnus americanus, 41

buccinator, 41
Cymochorea homochroa, 28

leucorhoa, 28

melania, 29
Cypseloides borealis, 85

niger, 85

niger borealis, 85
Cypselus saxatilis, 86

No. 11

1915

Dafila acuta, 34
caudacuta, 34
Daption capense, 26
Darter, 29
Dendragapus fuliginosus, 60
obscurus, 60
obscurus fuliginosus, 60
obscurus sierrae, 60
Dendrocopus harrisi, 76
nuttalli, 78
pubescens, 77
sealaris, 78
Dendrocygna autumnalis, 40, 41
bicolor, 41
fulva, 41
Dendroica aestiva, 147
aestiva brewsteri, 147
aestiva morcomi, 147
aestiva rubiginosa, 147
aestiva sonorana, 146, 147
auduboni auduboni, 148
auduboni nigrifrons, 148
caerulescens caerulescens, 147
coronata, 147
coronata hooveri, 147
graciae, 188
maculosa, 148
magnolia, 148
nigrescens, 148
occidentalis, 149
palmarum palmarum, 150
pensylvanica, 148
townsendi, 149
virens, 149
Diomedea albatrus, 25
brachyura, 25
chinensis, 25
fuliginosa, 25
immutabilis, 175
melanophrys, 175
nigripes, 25, 176
Dipper, 37
American, 153
Diver, Great Northern, 16
Lineated, 16
Pacitic, 17
Red-throated, 17
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 100
Dove, Carolina, 62
Common, 62
Mexican Ground, 62
Western Mourning, 62
White-winged, 62

INDEX

Dowitcher, Long-billed, 50
Dryobates lucasanus, 78
nuttalli, 78
pubescens, 77
pubescens gairdneri, 77
pubescens homorus, 77
pubescens leucurus, 77
pubescens oreoecus, 77
pubescens turati, 77
scalaris, 78
scalaris bairdi, 78
scalaris cactophilus, 78
scalaris lucasanus, 78
villosus harrisi, 76
villosus hyloscopus, 76, 77
villosus orius, 76, 77
Dryocopus pileatus, 81
Dryotomus pileatus, 81
Duck, Black, 32
Fish, 31, 32
Gray, 33
Greater Scaup, 35
Harlequin, 37
Lesser Scaup, 36
Ring-necked, 36
Ruddy, 38
Spoonbill, 34
Summer, 35
Surf, 38
Velvet, 38
Wood, 35
Dumetella carolinensis, 154
Dytes auritus, 15
auritus californicus, 16
nigricollis californicus, 16

E

Eagle, American Golden, 67
Caracara, 182
Golden, 67
Ring-tailed, 67
Southern Bald, 67
White-headed, 67
Ectopistes carolinensis, 62
Egret, American, 44
Snowy, 44
Egretta candidissima brewsteri, 44
candidissima candidissima, 44
Hider, King, 37
Elanus dispar, 63
glaucus, 63
leucurus, 63
Emberiza atricapilla, 117
belli, 121
graminea, 112

197

198 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Emberiza grammaca, 115
pallida, 119
passerina, 115
rostrata, 114
savanna, 113
socialis, 118
Embernagra blandingiana, 134
chlorura, 134
Empidonax canescens, 93
cineritius, 91, 92
difficilis cineritius, 91
difficilis difficilis, 91, 92
flaviventris, 91
flaviventris difficilis, 91
griseus, 92, 93
hammondi, 92
insulicola, 91, 92
obscurus, 93
pusillus, 92
trailli pusillus, 92
trailli trailli, 92
wrighti, 92, 93
Ephialtes asio, 72
choliba, 71
Eremophila alpestris, 95
alpestris chrysolaema, 94, 96
cornuta, 94
Ereunetes mauri, 51
occidentalis, 51
petrificatus, 51
pusillus, 51
pusillus occidentalis, 51
Erismatura dominicensis, 38
jamaicensis, 38
rubida, 38
Erythrospiza frontalis, 107
purpurea, 107
Eudromias montanus, 56
Eugenes fulgens, 183
Euphagus carolinus, 105
cyanocephalus, 106

F

Falcinellus cayanensis, 42
Falco anatum, 67
columbarius, 68
columbarius columbarius, 68
columbarius richardsoni, 68
columbarius suckleyi, 68
communis anatum, 67
communis naevius, 67
ferrugineus, 66
lanarius, 67
lanarius polyagrus, 67
leucocephalus, 67

Falco lithofalco, 68

lithofaleo columbarius, 68
lithofaleo suckleyi, 68
mexicanus, 67

mexicanus polyagrus, 67
nigriceps, 67

peregrinus, 67
peregrinus anatum, 67
polyagrus, 67
richardsoni, 68
sparverius, 68

sparverius deserticola, 68
sparverius phalaena, 68
sparverius sparverius, 68

Falcon, Prairie, 67
Finch, Arkansas, 110

Bell, 121

Blanding, 134

Brown, 133, 134
California Purple, 107
Cassin Purple, 107
Grass, 112

Gray-crowned, 109
Gray-crowned Rosy, 109
Green, 134

House, 107

Lazuli, 136

Lincoln, 128

Pine, 111

Red-capped, 122

San Clemente House, 108
Sierra Nevada Rosy, 109
Western Lark, 115
Western Purple, 107
Western White-crowned, 116, 117

Flicker, Boreal, 82

Gilded, 83
Hybrid, 82
Malherbe, 83
Mearns Gilded, 83
Northern, 82
Northwestern, 83
Red-shafted, 82
Yellow-shafted, 82

Florida caerulea, 178
Flycatcher, Arkansas, 89 .

Ash-throated, 89
Black, 90, 141
Black-tailed, 169
Blue-gray, 168
Blue-headed, 143
Cassin, 89
Fork-tailed, 185
Gray, 93

Green Black-cap, 152

No. 11

1915

Flycatcher, Hammond, 92
Hutton, 143
Island, 91
Little, 92
Olive-sided, 91
Red, 93
San Lucas, 91
Say, 90
Townsend, 169
Traill, 92
Vermilion, 93
Warbling, 142
Western, 91
Western Yellow-bellied, 91
Wright, 93
Fly-up-the-creek, 45
Fratercula cirrhata, 17
corniculata, 17
Fregata aquila, 31
Fringilla arctica, 132
aurocapilla, 117
coelebs, 187
crissalis, 133
frontalis, 107
gambeli, 116
hudsonia, 120
hyemalis, 121
leucophrys, 116
meruloides, 129
Fulica americana, 48
Fuligula affinis, 36
collaris, 36
ferina americana, 35
marila, 35
mariloides, 36
vallisneria, 35
Fulix affinis, 36
collaris, 36
marila, 35
Fulmar, Giant, 176
Pacific, 26
Rodgers, 26
Slender-billed, 176
Fulmarus giganteus, 176
glacialis, 26
glacialis columba, 26
glacialis glupischa, 26
glacialis rodgersi, 26
glacialoides, 176
glupischa, 26
pacificus, 26
rodgersi, 26

Gadwall, 33

INDEX 199

Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 154
Gallinago delicata, 49
media, 49
media wilsoni, 49
wilsoni, 49
Gallinula chloropus galeata, 48
galeata, 48
Gallinule, Florida, 48
Gambetta flavipes, 52
melanoleuca, 52
Gannet, 177
Garrulus californicus, 98
ultramarinus, 98
Garzetta candidissima, 44
Gavia imber, 16
immer, 16
pacifica, 17
stellata, 17
Geocichla naevia, 172
Geococcyx affinis, 75
californianus, 75
mexicanus, 75
viaticus, 75
Geothlypis macgillivrayi, 150
philadelphia macgillivrayi, 150
tolmiei, 150
trichas, 151
trichas arizela, 151
trichas occidentalis, 151
trichas scirpicola, 151
trichas sinuosa, 151
Glaucidium californicum, 74
gnoma, 74
gnoma californicum, 74
gnoma grinnelli, 74
gnoma pinicola, 74
gnoma Vigilante, 74
infuscatum, 74
passerinum californicum, 74
Glaucionetta clangula americana, 36
islandica, 36
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 169
Blue-gray, 168
Plumbeous, 168
Western, 168
Godwit, Hudsonian, 178
Marbled, 52
Golden-eye, American, 36
Barrow, 36
Goldfinch, American, 109
Arizona, 110
Arkansas, 110
California, 109
Green-backed, 110
Lawrence, 110

200

Goldfinch, Mexican, 110
Stanley, 187
Willow, 109
Yarrell, 187
Goniaphea coerulea, 136
melanocephala, 135
Gooney, Brown, 25
Goosander, 31
Gocse, Blue, 177
Cackling, 40
Canada, 39
Emperor, 40
Hutchins, 39
Laughing, 39
Lesser Snow, 38
Ross Snow, 39
Snow, 177
White-cheeked, 39, 177
White-fronted, 39
Goshawk, American, 64
Western, 64
Grackle,- Boat-tailed, 186
Great-tailed, 186
Graculus bairdi, 30
dilophus, 29
penicillatus, 30
violaceus, 30
violaceus bairdi, 30
Grebe, American Hared, 16
California, 16
Clark, 15
Crested, 15
Holboell, 15
Horned, 15
Mexican, 174
Pied-billed, 16
Red-necked, 15
San Domingo, 174
Thick-billed, 16
Western, 15
Green-head, 32
Greenlet, Hutton, 143
Swainson Warbling, 142
Grosbeak, Arizona Blue, 136
California Blue, 136
California Pine, 106
Pacific Black-headed, 135

Rocky Mountain Black-headed, 135

Rose-breasted, 135
Western Blue, 136
Western Evening, 106

Grouse, Columbian Sharp-tailed, 61

Dusky, 60
Oregon, 61
Oregon Ruffed, 61

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Grouse, Sierra, 60
Sooty, 60
Grus americana, 178
canadensis, 45
canadensis mexicana, 45
mexicana, 45
Guillemot, Black, 19
California, 19
Horn-billed, 18
Large-billed, 19
Marbled, 19
Pigeon, 19
Western, 19
Xantus, 19
Guiraca caerulea, 136
caerulea eurhyncha, 136
caerulea lazula, 136
caerulea salicarius, 136
melanocephala, 135
Gull, Bonaparte, 23
California, 22
Fork-tailed, 23
Franklin, 23
Glaucous, 21
Glaucous-winged, 21
Herring, 21
Heermann, 22
Kittiwake, 21
Mew, 22, 175
Pallas Herring, 21
Ring-billed, 22
Sabine, 23
Short-billed, 22
Swallow-tailed, 175
Vega, 21
Western, 21
White-headed, 22
Gymnogyps californianus, 62
Gymnokitta cyanocephala, 100

H

Habia melanocephala, 135
Haematopus ater, 57
bachmani, 57
frazari, 57
niger, 57
palliatus, 57
townsendi, 57

No. 11

Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus, 67

Harelda glacialis, 37
hyemalis, 37

Harpes rediviva, 154

Harperhynchus bendirei, 154
crissalis, 156
lecontei, 155

1915

Harporhynchus redivivus, 154, 155
redivivus lecontei, 155
redivivus pasadenensis, 155
rufus, 188

Harrier, 63

Hawk, American Rough-legged, 66
American Sparrow, 68
Band-tailed Black, 65
Black Pigeon, 68
Black-shouldered, 63
Brown, 66
California, 181
California Squirrel, 66
Cooper, 64
Desert Sparrow, 68
Duck, 67
Elegant, 65

Ferruginous Rough-legged, 66, 182

Fish, 69

Gruber, 181

Harlan, 65, 66

Harris, 65

Hawaiian, 181

Marsh, 63

Mexican, 64

Mexican Black, 182

Northern Pigeon, 68

Pigeon, 68

Prairie, 67

Red-bellied, 65

Red-tailed Black, 65

Richardson Pigeon, 68

Rusty Squirrel, 66

Sennett White-tailed, 181

Sharp-shinned, 64

St. John Black, 66

Swainson, 66

Western Duck, 67

Western Red-tailed, 65

White-tailed, 63

Zone-tailed, 65
Hedymeles melanocephalus, 135

melanocephalus capitalis, 135
Heleodytes brunneicapillus, 156

brunneicapillus anthonyi, 156

brunneicapillus bryanti, 156

brunneicapillus couesi, 156
Helinaia celata, 145
Helminthophaga celata, 145, 146

celata lutescens, 145

luciae, 145

ruficapilla, 145
Helminthophila celata, 145

celata lutescens, 145, 146

celata sordida, 146

INDEX

Helminthophila luciae, 145
peregrina, 146
rubricapilla gutturalis, 145
ruficapilla gutturalis, 145
sordida, 146

Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus; 52

Hen, Marsh, 46
Henhawk, Cooper, 181
Herodias alba egretta, 44
egretta, 44
egretta californica, 44
Heron, Anthony Green, 45
Black-crowned Night, 45
California Great Blue, 43
Great Blue, 43
Little Blue, 178
Louisiana, 44
Pallid Great Blue, 43
Snowy, 44
Treganza, 43
Hesperocichla naevia, 172
Hesperiphona vespertina, 106
vespertina montana, 106
Heteractitis incanus, 53
Heteropygia bairdi, 50
Heteroscelus brevipes, 53
Himantopus mexicanus, 49
nigricollis, 49
Hirundo bicolor, 139
bicolor vespertina, 139
erythrogaster, 138
erythrogastra horreorum, 138
erythrogastra palmeri, 138
fulva, 138
horreorum, 138
lunifrons, 138
rufa, 138
thalassina, 139
Histrionicus histrionicus, 37
minutus, 37
torquatus, 37
Horizopus richardsoni, 91
Hummingbird, Allen, 88
Anna, 87
Black-chinned, 86
Broad-tailed, 184
Calliope, 88
Costa, 86
Floresi, 184
Red-backed, 87
Rivoli, 183
Rufous, 87
Violet-throated, 184
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 44
Hydrobata mexicana, 153

201

202 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Hydrochelidon fissipes, 25
lariformis, 25
nigra, 25
nigra surinamensis, 25
plumbea, 25
surinamensis, 25
Hydroprogne caspia, 23
Hylocichla aonalaschkae, 170
aonalaschkae auduboni, 171
aonalaschkae sequoiensis, 171
aonalaschkae slevini, 171
aonalaschkae verecunda, 170
guttata guttata, 170, 171
guttata nanus, 170
guttata sequoiensis, 171
guttata slevini, 171
ustulata oedica, 169
ustulata swainsoni, 170
ustulata ustulata, 169
Hylotomus pileatus, 81
Hyphantes bullocki, 105
Hypotriorchis columbarius, 68

Ibis, White-faced Glossy, 42
Wood, 42

Ibis mexicanus, 42
ordi, 42
thalassinus, 42

Icteria longicauda, 151
virens longicauda, 151
viridis, 151

Ieterus bullocki, 105
cucullatus, 105
cucullatus nelsoni, 105
icterus, 186
nelsoni, 105
parisorum, 104
phoeniceus, 103
tricolor, 104

Iridoprocne bicolor, 139
bicolor vespertina, 139

Ixobrychus exilis, 43

Ixoreus naevius meruloides, 172
naevius naevius, 172

J

Jaeger, Long-tailed, 20
Parasitic, 20
Pomarine, 20

Jay, Beechey, 185
Belding, 98
Blue-fronted, 97

Jay, Brown, 185
California, 98
Canada, 99
Coast, 97
Gray, 99
Maximilian, 100
Oregon, 98, 99
Pinyon, 100
Santa Cruz, 98
Santa Cruz Island, 98
Steller, 97
Woodhouse, 98

Junco, Coues, 120
Gray-headed, 121
Oregon, 120
Point Pinos, 121
Shufeldt, 120
Sierra, 120
Slate-colored, 119
Thurber, 120

Junco caniceps, 121
hyemalis connectens, 120
hyemalis hyemalis, 119
hyemalis oregonus, 120, 121
hyemalis pinosus, 121
hyemalis shufeldti, 120
hyemalis thurberi, 120
oreganus oreganus, 120
oreganus pinosus, 120, 121
oreganus shufeldti, 120
oreganus thurberi, 120
oregonus, 120, 121
phaeonotus caniceps, 121
pinosus, 121

Killdeer, 55
Kingbird, Arkansas, 89
Cassin, 89
Eastern, 89
Western, 89
Kingfisher, Belted, 76, 183
Cabanis, 183
Texas, 183
Texas Green, 183
Western Belted, 76
Kinglet, Ashy, 167
Ruby-crowned, 167
Sitka, 168
Western Golden-crowned, 167
Western Ruby-crowned, 167
Kite, White-tailed, 63
Kittiwake, Pacific, 21
Knot, 50

1915

L

Lanius algeriensis, 188
anthonyi, 142
borealis, 141
borealis invictus, 141
elegans, 142, 188
excubitoroides, 141, 142
ludovicianus anthonyi, 142
ludovicianus excubitorides, 141, 142
ludovicianus gambeli, 141, 142
ludovicianus mearnsi, 142
ludovicianus robustus, 142
mearnsi, 142
robustus, 188
septentrionalis, 141
Lanivireo cassini, 143
solitarius, 143
solitarius cassini, 143
solitarius plumbeus, 143
Lark, California Horned, 94
Desert Horned, 95
Dusky Horned, 95
Island Horned, 95
Mexican Horned, 94
Mohave Horned, 95
Red-breasted, 186
Ruddy Horned, 94
Sky, 94
Streaked Horned, 94, 96
Western, 104
Yuma Horned, 95

Larus argentatus, 21
argentatus occidentalis, 21
argentatus smithsonianus, 21
brachyrhynchus, 22, 175
cachinnans, 21
ealifornicus, 22
canus, 22, 175
canus brachyrhynchus, 22
delawarensis, 22
franklini, 23

_ fureatus, 175
glaucescens, 21
glaucus, 21
heermanni, 22
hutchinsi, 21
hyperboreus, 21
occidentalis, 21
philadelphia, 23
sabini, 23
smithsonianus, 21
vegae, 21

Leptostoma longicauda, 75

INDEX 203

Leuconerpes albolarvatus, 78
Leucosticte, Gray-crowned, 109
Leucosticte tephrocotis, 109
tephrocotis dawsoni, 109
Limonites minutilla, 51
Limosa fedoa, 52
haemastica, 178
hudsonica, 178
Linaria pinus, 111
Linnet, Blue, 136
California, 82, 107
Red-headed, 107
San Clemente, 108
Lobipes lobatus, 48
Log-cock, 81
Lomvia californica, 19
troile, 19
troile californica, 19
Longspur, Alaska, 112
Loon, Common, 16
Red-throated, 17
Pacific, 17
Lophodytes cucullatus, 32
Lophophanes inornatus, 162, 163
Lophortyx californica, 59
californica brunnescens, 59
californica californica, 59
californica catalinensis, 59
californica vallicola, 59, 60
californicus, 180
douglasi, 180
gambeli gambeli, 60
Loxia americana, 108
curvirostra, 108
curvirostra americana, 108
curvirostra bendirei, 108, 109
curvirostra minor, 108, 109
curvirostra stricklandi, 108, 109
Lunda cirrhata, 17

M

Macronectes giganteus, 176

Macrorhamphus griseus, 50
griseus scolopaceus, 50
scolopaceus, 50

Magpie, American, 96
Black-billed, 96
Yellow-billed, 96

Magpie-jay, Bullock, 185
Collie, 185

Mallard, 32

Man-o’-war-bird, 31

Mareca americana, 33
penelope, 33

204 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11

Marila affinis, 36 Melospiza fasciata heermanni, 125, 126, 127
americana, 35 fasciata ingersolli, 126
eollaris, 36 fasciata montana, 127
marila, 35 fasciata pusillula, 124
valisineria, 35 fasciata rufina, 123

Martin, Purple, 138 fasciata samuelis, 124, 125
Western, 138 gouldi, 124

Meadowlark, Western, 104 graminea, 125

Megalestris skua, 20 heermanni, 125, 126

Megaquiscalus major macrourus, 186 lincolni, 128

Megascops asio, 72 lincolni gracilis, 128
asio bendirei, 71, 72 lincolni lincolni, 128
asio cineraceus, 72 lincolni striata, 128
asio kennicotti, 182 melodia caurina, 123
flammeolus, 72 melodia clementae, 126
flammeolus idahoensis, 72 melodia cleonensis, 124

Melanerpes albolarvatus, 78 melodia cooperi, 125
erythrocephalus, 183 melodia fallax, 127
formicivorus, 81 melodia fisherella, 127
formicivorus bairdi, 81 melodia gouldi, 124
lewisi, 81 melodia graminea, 125
melanopogon, 81 melodia guttata, 123
ruber, 79 melodia heermanni, 125, 126, 127
rubrigularis, 80 melodia ingersolli, 126
torquatus, 81 melodia mailliardi, 126
uropygialis, 82 melodia maxillaris, 126

Melanetta velvetina, 38 melodia merrilli, 123, 126

Melanothrus ater, 101 melodia montana, 127

Meleagris gallopavo, 181 melodia morphna, 123

Mellisuga anna, 87 melodia phaea, 123

Melopelia asiatica, 62 melodia pusillula, 124
asiatica trudeaui, 62 melcdia rufina, 123
leucoptera, 62 melodia saltonis, 127

Melospiza cinerea clementae, 126 melodia samuelis, 124, 125
cinerea cleonensis, 124 melodia santaecrucis, 125
cinerea cooperi, 125 pusillula, 124
cinerea fallax, 127 rufina, 123, 127
cinerea gouldi, 124 samuelis, 124, 125
cinerea graminea, 125 Merganser, American, 31
cinerea heermanni, 126 Hooded, 32
cinerea merrilli, 126 Red-breasted, 32
cinerea montana, 127 Merganser americanus, 31
cinerea morphna, 123 serrator, 32
cinerea phaea, 123 Mergulus cassini, 18
cinerea pusillula, 124 Mergus americanus, 31
cinerea samuelis, 124, 125 cucullatus, 32
cinerea santaecrucis, 125 merganser americanus, 31
clementae, 126 serrator, 32
fallax, 127 Merlin, Black, 68
fasciata, 127 Richardson, 68
fasciata clementae, 126 Merula confinis, 171, 189
fasciata cooperi, 125 migratoria propinqua, 171
fasciata fallax, 127 Micrathene whitneyi, 74
fasciata graminea, 125 Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi, 74

fasciata guttata, 123, 126 Micropus melanoleucus, 86

1915 INDEX

Micruria hypoleuca, 19 Nutcracker, Clarke, 100
Milvulus tyrannus, 185 Nuthatch, California, 162
Mimus carolinensis, 154 Canada, 161
caudatus, 153 Pigmy, 162
montanus, 153 Red-bellied, 161
polyglottos, 153 Red-breasted, 161
polyglottos leucopterus, 153 Slender-billed, 161
Mniotilta varia, 144 Western, 161
Mockingbird, Mountain, 153 White-naped, 162
Western, 153 Nuttallornis borealis, 91
Molothrus ater, 101 Nyctala acadica, 71
ater artemisiae, 101 Nyctale albifrons, 71
ater obscurus, 101 Nyctalops wilsonianus, 69
pecoris, 101 Nyctea nyctea, 73
Mormon cirrhatus, 17 Nyctiardea gardeni, 45
Mud-hen, 48 grisea naevia, 45
Murre, California, 19 Nycticorax griseus naevius, 45
Murrelet, Ancient, 18 naevius, 45
Craveri, 175 nycticorax, 45
Marbled, 19 nycticorax naevius, 45
Xantus, 19 Nyroca americana, 35
Muscicapa nigricans, 90 erythrocephala, 35
semiatra, 90 ferina, 35
verticalis, 89 valisneria, 35

Muscivora tyrannus, 185

Myadestes townsendi, 169 io)
Mycteria americana, 42 Oceanites oceanicus, 28, 29
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens, 89 Oceanodroma beldingi, 28
crinitus cinerascens, 89 fureata, 28
mexicanus, 89 homochroa, 28
Myiobius crinitus, 89 kaedingi, 28
nigricans, 90 leucorhoa, 28
pusilla, 92 melania, 29
saya, 90 socorroensis, 28
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni, 91 townsendi, 29
Myiodioctes pusillus, 152 Ochthodromus wilsonius wilsonius, 56
pusillus pileolatus, 152 Oedemia perspicillata trowbridgei, 38
N Oenops aura, 63
Nannus hiemalis pacificus, 159 californianus, 62
Nectris fuliginosus, 27 Oidemia americana, 38
Nephoecetes niger, 85 deglandi, 38
Nettion carolinense, 33 fusca, 38
crecca, 33 perspicillata, 38
Nighthawk, Pacific, 84 Olbiorchilus hiemalis pacificus, 160
Texas, 84, 85 Old-squaw, 37
Western, 84, 85 Olor buccinator, 41
Niphoea oregona, 120 columbianus, 41
Nisus cooperi, 64 Onychotes gruberi, 181
cooperi mexicanus, 64 solitarius, 181
fuscus, 64 Oporornis tolmiei, 150
Nucifraga columbiana, 100 Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 105
Numenius americanus, 54 Bullock, 105
borealis, 179 Palm Leaf, 105
hudsonicus, 54, 179 Scott, 104

longirostris, 54 Western, 105

206 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Creortyx picta, 58
picta confinis, 58
picta picta, 58
picta plumifera, 58
Oreoscoptes montanus, 153
Oreospiza chlorura, 134
Ornismya anna, 87
Ortygops noveboracensis, 47
Ortyx californica, 59, 180
douglasi, 180
picta, 58, 180
plumifera, 58
Osprey, American, 69
Ossifraga gigantea, 176
Otocoris alpestris, 94, 96
alpestris actia, 94
alpestris ammophila, 94, 95
alpestris arenicola, 94, 95
alpestris chrysolaema, 94
alpestris insularis, 95
alpestris leucansiptila, 95
alpestris leucolaema, 95
alpestris merrilli, 94, 95
alpestris pallida, 95
alpestris rubea, 94, 95
alpestris strigata, 94, 95
insularis, 96
rubea, 94
rufa, 94
Otocorys chrysolaema, 94
strigata, 94
Otus asio bendirei, 71, 72, 182
asio cineraceus, 72
asio gilmani, 72
asio kennicotti, 182
asio quercinus, 72
brachyotus, 70
brachyotus wilsonianus, 69
flammeola, 183
flammeolus, 72, 182, 183

flammeolus idahoensis, 72, 182, 183

idahoensis, 72
vulgaris wilsonianus, 69
wilsonianus, 69
Ouzel, Water, 153
Oven-bird, 150
Owl, Acadian, 71
American Barn, 69
Arizona Elf, 74
Arizona Screech, 72
Billy, 74
Burrowing, 74
California Coast Screech, 71
California Pigmy, 74

Owl, Coast Horned, 73
Coast Pigmy, 74
Dwarf Screech, 72, 182
Dusky Horned, 73
Flammulated Screech, 72
Great Gray, 71
Great Horned, 73
Ground, 74
Kennicott Screech, 182
Kirtland, 71
Long-eared, 69
Mottled, 71
Mottled Screech, 71
Northern Spotted, 70
Pacific Horned, 73
Rocky Mountain Pigmy, 74
Sahuaro Screech, 72
Saw-whet, 71
Short-eared, 70
Sierra Pigmy, 74
Snowy, 73
Southern California Screech, 72
Southern Spotted, 70
Western Barred, 70
Western Horned, 73
Whitney, 74
Owlet, Flammulated, 72
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus, 55
Oyster-catcher, Bachman, 57
Black, 57
Frazar, 57
Pied, 57
Paisano, 75
Pandion carolinensis, 69
haliaetus, 69
haliaetus carolinensis, 69
Panyptila melanoleuca, 86
Parabuteo unicinetus harrisi, 65
Paroides flaviceps, 166
Partridge, California, 59
Gambel, 60
Hungarian, 180
Mountain, 58
Plumed, 58
Valley, 59
Parus atricapillus, 163
atricapillus occidentalis, 163
barlowi, 164
fasciatus, 166
gambeli, 163, 164
gambeli baileyae, 164
inornatus, 162, 163
inornatus griseus, 163
inornatus ridgwayi, 163

No. 11

1915 : INDEX’ , 207

Parus minimus, 165 Pelican, Rough-billed, 30
montanus, 163, 164 White, 30
occidentalis, 163 Pelidna alpina americana, 51
rufescens, 164 alpina sakhalina, 51
rufescens barlowi, 164 americana, 51
rufescens neglectus, 164 Pelionetta perspicillata, 38
Passer domesticus, 111 trowbridgei, 38
Passerculus alaudinus, 113 Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis, 163
anthinus, 114 barlowi, 164
beldingi, 114 gambeli baileyae, 164
rostratus rostratus, 93, 114 gambeli gambeli, 163
sandwichensis alaudinus, 113, 114 rufescens barlowi, 164
sandwichensis bryanti, 113, 114 rufescens neglectus, 164
sandwichensis nevadensis, 113 rufescens rufescens, 164
sandwichensis sandwichensis, 113, 114 Perdix californica, 59
savanna, 113, 114 perdix, 180
savanna anthinus, 114 Perisoreus canadensis, 99

canadensis obscurus, 99

obscurus griseus, 99

obscurus obscurus, 98, 99
Petrel, Ashy, 28

Passerella iliaca iliaca, 130
iliaca altivagans, 130
iliaca annectens, 129
iliaca fuliginosa, 130

iliaca insularis, 129 Belding, 28

iliaca megarhyncha, 131 Black, 29

iliaca meruloides, 129 Black Stormy, 29

iliaca schistacea, 130, 131 Coues, 28

iliaca sinuosa, 129 Le ee eet 28

iliaca stephensi, 131 Kaeding, 28

iliaca townsendi, 128, 129, 130 hey Ae

iliaca unalaschcensis, 128, 129, 130, 131 Pintado, 26

megarhyncha, 131 Beconta, 28
Wilson, 29

schistacea, 130, 131
schistacea megarhynchus, 131
stephensi, 131

townsendi, 129

townsendi schistacea, 130
unalaschcensis, 129

Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons, 138
pyrrhonota, 138
Peucaea lincolni, 128
ruficeps, 122
Pewee, Short-legged, 91
Western Wood, 91
Phaéthon aethereus, 176
Phainopepla, 141
Phainopepla nitens, 141
Phalacrocorax auritus, 29
auritus albociliatus, 29

Passerherbulus caudacutus nelsoni, 115
nelsoni nelsoni, 115

Passerina amoena, 136
nivalis, 187

© versicolor pulchra, 137

Pedioecetes columbianus, 61 auritus cincinatus, 29, 177
phasianellus columbianus, 61 cincinatus, 177
Pelecanus americanus, 30 dilophus, 29
ealifornicus, 31 dilophus albociliatus, 29
erythrorhynchos, 30 dilophus cincinatus, 29, 177
fuscus, 31 pelagicus, 30
molinae, 30 pelagicus resplendens, 30
trachyrhynchus, 30 pelagicus robustus, 30
Pelican, American, 30 penicillatus, 30
Brown, 31 resplendens, 30
California Brown, 31 townsendi, 29
Frigate, 31 violaceus, 30

Gray, 31 violaceus resplendens, 30

208 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus, 84

nuttalli nuttalli, 83, 84
nuttalli nitidus, 83, 84
Phalarope, Northern, 48
Red, 48
Wilson, 48
Phalaropus fulicarius, 48
hyperboreus, 48
lobatus, 48
tricolor, 48
wilsoni, 48
Phaleris psittacula, 18
Phasianus colchicus, 180
torquatus, 179
Pheasant, China, 179
Mongolian, 179
Ring-necked, 174, 179
Philacte canagica, 40
Phileremos cornutus, 94, 96
Philohela minor, 178
Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola, 81
pileatus picinus, 81
Phoebe, Black, 90
Eastern, 90
Say, 90
Phoebetria fuliginosa, 25, 176
palpebrata, 176
Pica beecheii, 185
bullocki, 185
caudata nuttalli, 96
hudsonica, 96
melanoleuca, 96
melanoleuca hudsonica, 96
melanoleuca nuttalli, 96
nuttalli, 96
pica, 96
pica hudsonia, 96
Picicorvus columbianus, 100
Picoides arcticus, 79
arcticus tenuirostris, 79
tenuirostris, 79
Picus albolarvatus, 78, 79
formicivorus, 81
gairdneri, 77
harrisi, 76, 77
meridionalis, 77
nuttalli, 78
pubeseens, 77
pubescens gairdneri, 77
ruber, 79
scalaris, 78
sealaris nuttalli, 78
thyroideus, 80
torquatus, 81
turati, 77

Picus varius, 80
villosus, 76
villosus harrisi, 76
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 61
Cape, 26
Pinicola californica, 106
canadensis, 106
enucleator, 106
enucleator californica, 106
enucleator canadensis, 106
enucleator kodiaka, 106
Pintail, 34
Pipilo aberti, 134
arcticus, 132
chlorurus, 134
clementae, 133
crissalis, 134
crissalis carolae, 134
crissalis crissalis, 133
crissalis senicula, 134
erythrophthalmus oregonus, 133
fuscus, 133, 134
fuscus carolae, 134
fuscus crissalis, 133, 134
fuscus senicula, 134
maculatus, 133
maculatus atratus, 132
maculatus clementae, 132, 133
maculatus curtatus, 133
maculatus falcifer, 132, 133
maculatus falcinellus, 133
maculatus megalonyx, 132, 133
maculatus montanus, 133
maculatus oregonus, 132, 133
megalonyx, 132, 133
oregonus, 132, 133
Pipit, American, 153
Piranga ludoviciana, 137
rubra cooperi, 137
rubriceps, 188
Pisobia bairdi, 50
fuscicollis, 178
maculata, 50, 178
minutilla, 51
Planesticus confinis, 171, 189
migratorius propinquus, 171, 189
Platalea ajaja, 42
Platea mexicana, 42
Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis, 187
Plegadis guarauna, 42
Plover, American Golden, 55
Black-bellied, 54
Little Ringed, 179
Mountain, 56
Ring, 55

No, 11

1915

Plover, Rocky Mountain, 56
Semipalmated, 55
Snowy, 55
Swiss, 54
Upland, 53
Wilson, 56

Pluvialis virginiaca, 55

Podasocys montanus, 56

Podiceps auritus californicus, 16
californicus, 16
clarkii, 15
cooperi, 15
cornutus, 15
eristatus, 15
dominicus, 174
occidentalis, 15

Podicipes californicus, 16
holboelli, 15

Podilymbus carolinensis, 16
lineatus, 16
podiceps, 16
podicipes, 16

Polioptila caerulea, 168
caerulea obscura, 168
californica, 169
melanura, 168, 169
plumbea, 168

Polyborus auduboni, 182
cheriway, 182
tharus, 182
tharus auduboni, 182

Poocaetes graminea, 112

Pooecetes gramineus affinis, 113
gramineus confinis, 112, 113

Poor-will, California, 84
Dusky, 84
Frosted, 83
Nuttall, 83

Poospiza belli, 121, 122
belli nevadensis, 122
bilineata, 121

Porzana carolina, 47
coturniculus, 47
jamaicensis, 47
jamaicensis coturniculus, 47

Priocella glacialoides, 176

Priofinus cinereus, 27

Procellaria capensis, 26
haesitata, 27
melania, 29

Progne chalybea, 138
purpurea, 138
subis, 138
subis hesperia, 138

INDEX

Psaltria minima, 165
minimus californicus, 165
Psaltriparus minimus, 165
minimus californicus, 165
minimus minimus, 165
plumbeus, 165
Pseudogryphus californianus, 63
Psilorhinus morio morio, 185
Pterocyanea coeruleata, 34
discors, 34

Ptilogonys nitens, 141
townsendi, 169
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 18

Puffin, Horned, 17
Tufted, 17

Puffinus bulleri, 27
carneipes, 27
cinereus, 27
creatopus, 26
fuliginosus, 27
gavia, 26
griseus, 27
melanurus, 27
opisthomelas, 26
stricklandi, 27
tenuirostris, 27
Pyranga aestiva cooperi, 137
ludoviciana, 137
Pyrocephalus mexicanus, 93
rubineus, 93
rubinus mexicanus, 93

Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 188
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata, 188

Q

Quail, Arizona, 60
California, 59
Catalina Island, 59
Desert, 60
Douglas, 180
Gambel, 60
Mountain, 58
Painted, 58
Plumed, 58
San Pedro, 58
Valley, 59

Querquedula carolinensis, 33
cyanoptera, 34
discors, 34

Quiscalus major, 186
mexicanus, 106
purpureus, 106

209

210 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Rail, California Black, 47
California Clapper, 46
Common, 47
Farallon, 47
Light-footed, 46
Red-breasted, 46
Sora, 47
Southern California Clapper, 46
Virginia, 46
Yellow, 47

Rallus elegans, 46
elegans obsoletus, 46
levipes, 46
obsoletus, 46
virginianus, 46

Raven, American, 99
Colorado, 99
Mexican, 99
Western, 99
White-necked, 186

Recurvirostra americana, 49
occidentalis, 49

Redhead, 35

Redpoll, Common, 109

Redstart, American, 152

Red-wing, Western, 103

Regulus calendula, 167
calendula calendula, 168
calendula cineraceus, 167
calendula grinnelli, 168
satrapa, 167
satrapa olivaceus, 167

Rhinogryphus aura, 63

Rhyacophilus solitarius, 52

Riparia riparia 139

Rissa kotzebuei, 21
pollicaris, 21
tridactyla, 21
tridactyla kotzbuei, 21
tridactyla pollicaris, 21

Road-runner, 75

Robin, California Ground, 132
Cape, 171, 189
Oregon, 172
Oregon Ground, 132
San Lucas, 171, 189
Varied, 172
Western, 171, 172

Rynchaspis clypeata, 34

Ss

Sage-cock, 61
Sage-hen, 61
Sagmatorrhina suckleyi, 18

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, 156, 157
obsoletus pulverius, 157
pulverius, 157

Sanderling, 51

Sandpiper, Baird, 50
Bartramian, 53
Least, 51
Pectoral, 50
Red-backed, 51
Spotted, 53
Western, 51
Western Solitary, 52
White-rumped, 178

Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted, 79
Red-naped, 80
Sierra Red-breasted, 79
Williamson, 80

Sarcoramphus californianus, 62

Sawbill, 31, 32

Sayornis nigricans, 90
nigricans semiatra, 90
pallida, 90
phoebe, 90
sayus, 90

Scolecophagus carolinus, 105
cyanocephalus, 106
ferrugineus, 106
mexicanus, 106

Scolopax grisea, 50
noveboracensis, 50
wilsoni, 49

Scops asio, 71, 72
asio bendirei, 71, 72
asio mecalli, 71, 72
flammeolus, 72
trichopsis, 72

Scoter, American, 38
Surf, 38
White-winged, 38

Scotiaptex cinerea, 71
nebulosa nebulosa, 71

Seiurus aurocapillus, 150
motacilla, 150
noveboracensis notabilis, 150

Selasphorus alleni, 88, 184
anna, 87
calliope, 88
costae, 86
floresii, 184
henshawi, 87
platycercus, 184, 185
ruber, 87, 88
rubromitratus, 184
rufus, 87, 88, 184, 185

Setophaga ruticilla, 152

No. 11

1915

Shearwater, Black-tailed, 27
Black-vented, 26
Buller, 27
Dark-bodied, 27
Flesh-footed, 27
New Zealand, 27
Pale-footed, 27
Pink-footed, 26
Slender-billed, 27
Sooty, 27
Sheldrake, 31
Hooded, 32
~ Red-breasted, 32
Shoveller, 34
Shrike, Algerian, 188
California, 142
Island, 142
Northern, 141
Northwestern, 141
San Clemente, 142
White-rumped, 141, 142
White-winged, 188
Sialia arctica, 173
currucoides, 173
mexicana, 172
mexicana anabelae, 172
mexicana bairdi, 172
mexicana occidentalis, 172
occidentalis, 172
Simorhynchus psittaculus, 18
Siskin, Pine, 111
Sitta aculeata, 161
canadensis, 161
carolinensis, 161
carolinensis aculeata, 161
pygmaea leuconucha, 162
pygmaea pygmaea, 162
Skua, 20
Common, 20
Snipe, English, 49
Gray, 50
Jack, 49
Red-breasted, 50
Stone, 52
Wilson, 49
Snowbird, Oregon, 120
Western, 120
Snowflake, 187
Solitaire, Townsend, 169
Somateria spectabilis, 37
Sora, 46, 47
Sparrow, Alameda Song, 124
Alberta Fox, 130
Aleutian Savannah, 113
Aonalaska, 113

INDEX

Sparrow, Belding Marsh, 114

Bell, 121
Black-chinned, 119
Brewer, 119

Bryant Marsh, 114
California Sage, 122
California Song, 125
Desert, 121

Desert Black-throated, 121
Desert Song, 127
English, 111, 112, 174
Forbush, 128
Fox-colored, 130
Gambel, 116, 117
Golden-crowned, 117
Harris, 116

Heermann Song, 125, 126
House, 111
Intermediate, 116
Kadiak Fox, 129
Large-beaked, 131
Large-billed Marsh, 114
Lincoln, 128 -

Marin Song, 124
Mendocino Song, 124
Merrill Song, 126
Modesto Song, 126
Modoc Song, 127
Mountain Song, 127
Nelson, 115

Nevada Sage, 122
Nevada Savannah, 113
Nuttall, 116, 117
Oregon Song, 123
Oregon Vesper, 113
Rocky Mountain Song, 127
Rufous-crowned, 122
Rusty Song, 123

Salt Marsh Song, 124
Salton Sink Song, 127
Samuels Song, 124, 125
San Clemente Song, 126
San Diego Song, 125
Sandwich, 113

Santa Barbara Song, 125
Santa Cruz Song, 125
Sea-shore, 114
Shumagin Fox, 128
Skylark, 113
Slate-colored Fox, 130
Sooty Fox, 130

Sooty Song, 123
Stephens Fox, 131
Suisun Song, 126
Thick-billed Fox, 131

212 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Sparrow, Tit-lark, 114
Townsend Fox, 130
Valdez Fox, 129
Western Chipping, 118
Western Grasshopper, 115
Western Lark, 115
Western Savannah, 113
Western Tree, 118
Western Vesper, 112
Western White-crowned, 116
White-crowned, 116
White-throated, 117
Yakutat Fox, 129
Yakutat Song, 123
Yellow-winged, 115

Spatula clypeata, 34

Spectyto cunicularia, 74
cunicularia hypogaea, 74
cunicularia obscura, 74
hypogaea, 74

Sphyrapicus ruber, 79
ruber daggetti, 79
ruber notkensis, 79
thyroideus, 80
varius daggetti, 79
varius nuchalis, 80
varius ruber, 79
williamsoni, 80

Sphyropicus nuchalis, 80

Spinus barbatus, 187
lawrencei, 110
pinus pinus, 111
psaltria, 110
psaltria arizonae, 110
tristis, 109
tristis salicamans, 109
yarrelli, 187

Spiza amoena, 136

Spizella atrogularis, 119
breweri, 119
domestica arizonae, 118
monticola, 118
monticola ochracea, 118
pallida, 119
pallida breweri, 119
passerina arizonae, 118
socialis, 118
socialis arizonae, 118

Spoonbill, Roseate, 42

Sprigtail, 34

Squatarola helvetica, 54
squatarola, 54

Stake-driver, 43

Steganopus tricolor, 48

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis, 140
serripennis, 140
Stellula calliope, 88, 184, 185
Stercorarius catarractes, 20
longicaudus, 20
parasiticus, 20
pomarinus, 20
skua, 20
Sterna antillarum, 25
caspia, 23
cayanensis, 24
elegans, 24
forsteri, 24
galericulata, 24
hirundo, 24
macrura, 24
maxima, 24
nigra, 25
paradisaea, 24
pikei, 24
regia, 23, 24
superciliaris antillarum, 25
ischegrava, 23
Stilt, Black-necked, 49
Strepsilas interpres, 56
melanocephalus, 57
virgata, 56
Streptoceryle alcyon caurina, 76
Strigiceps uliginosus, 70
Strix cunicularia, 74
flammea americana, 69
flammea pratincola, 69
frontalis, 71
occidentalis caurina, 70
occidentalis occidentalis, 70
perlata, 69
pratincola, 69
virginiana, 73
Struthus oregonus, 120, 121
Sturnella hippocrepus, 104
magna neglecta, 104
militaris, 186
neglecta, 104
Sula bassana, 177
brewsteri, 177
fiber, 177
fusca, 177
Surf-bird, 56
Swallow, Bank, 139
Barn, 138
Cliff, 138
Northern Violet-green, 139
Rough-winged, 140
Tree, 139
White-bellied, 139

No. 11

1915 INDEX 213

Swan, American, 41 Tetrao californicus, 59
Trumpeter, 41, 42 columbianus, 61
Whistling, 41 obscurus, 60

Swift, Black, 85 phasianellus, 61
Northern, 85 sabini, 61
Northern Black, 85 urophasianus, 61
Oregon, 85 Thalasseus elegans, 24
Vaux, 85 regius, 24
White-throated, 86 Thalassidroma leachi, 28

Sylvania pusilla, 152 melania, 29
pusilla pileolata, 152 Thalassogeron culminatus, 176

Sylvicola aestiva, 147 Thistle-bird, 109
auduboni, 148 Thrasher, Bendire, 154
nigrescens, 148 Brown, 188

Symphemia semipalmata, 53 California, 154, 155
semipalmata inornata, 53 Crissal, 156

Synthliboramphus antiquus, 18 Leconte, 155

Syrnium cinereum, 71 Pasadena, 155
nebulosum, 70 Sage, 153
occidentale, 70 Sonoma, 155

T Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 170
Audubon Hermit, 170, 171

Tachycineta bicolor, 139 Dwarf, 170
bicolor vespertina, 139 Dwarf Hermit, 170
lepida, 139 Henry, 156
thalassina, 139 Leconte, 155
thalassina lepida, 139 Monterey Hermit, 171

Tachypetes aquilus, 31 Northern Varied, 172

Tachytriorchis abbreviatus, 65 Olive, 169, 170

Tanager, Cooper, 137 Olive-backed, 170
Gray, 188 Oregon, 169
Louisiana, 137 Russet-backed, 169
Western, 137 Sickle-billed, 154, 155

Tantalus loculator, 42 Sierra Hermit, 171

Tattler, Wandering, 53 Varied, 172

Teal, Blue-winged, 34 Thryomanes bewicki catalinae, 158
Cinnamon, 34 bewicki charienturus, 158
European, 33 bewicki drymoecus, 158
Green-winged, 33 bewicki eremophilus, 158
Red-breasted, 34 bewicki leucogaster, 158
South American, 34 bewicki leucophrys, 158

Tell-tale, 52 bewicki marinensis, 159

Telmatodytes palustris paludicola, 160 bewicki nesophilus, 158
palustris plesius, 160 bewicki spilurus, 158, 159

Tern, Arctic, 24 leucophrys, 158
Black, 25 nesophilus, 158
Caspian, 23 spilurus, 159
Cayenne, 24 Thryothorus bewicki, 158, 159
Common, 24 bewicki bairdi, 158
Elegant, 24 bewicki spilurus, 158, 159
Forster, 24 leucophrys, 158
Least, 25 spilurus, 158
Royal, 24 Tinnunculus sparverioides, 68

Slender-billed, 24 sparverius, 68

214 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Tit, Ground, 166
Yellow-headed, 166
Titlark, 153
Titmouse, Chestnut-backed, 164
Gray, 163
Least, 165
Mountain, 163
Plain, 162, 163
Plain-crested, 162, 163
San Diego, 163
Yellow-headed, 166
Totanus flavipes, 52
incanus, 53
macularius, 53
melanoleucus, 52
semipalmatus, 53
solitarius, 52
solitarius cinnamomeus, 52
Towhee, Abert, 134
Anthony Brown, 134
California, 133, 134
California Brown, 133
Green-tailed, 134
Nevada, 133
Northern Brown, 134
Oregon, 132, 133
Sacramento, 133
San Clemente, 132, 133
San Diego, 132, 133
San Francisco, 132
Spurred, 132, 133
Toxostoma bendirei, 154
crissale, 156
lecontei lecontei, 155, 156
redivivum pasadenense, 155
redivivum redivivum, 154, 155, 156
redivivum sonomae, 155
rufum, 188
Tree-duck, Black-bellied, 40
Fulvous, 41
Trichas delafieldi, 151
marylandica, 151
tolmiei, 150
Tringa alpina, 51
alpina americana, 51
alpina pacifica, 51
arenaria, 51
bairdi, 50
canutus, 50
fuscicollis, 50, 178
maculata, 50, 178
minutilla, 51
pacifica, 51
semipalmata, 51
wilsoni, 51

Tringoides macularius, 53
Trochilus alexandri, 86
alleni, 88
anna, 87
calliope, 88
costae, 86
floresii, 184
icterocephalus, 87
platycercus, 184
rufus, 87, 88
violajugulum, 184
Troglodytes aédon, 159
aédon aztecus, 159
aédon parkmani, 159
americanus, 159
bewicki, 158, 159
bewicki spilurus, 158
domesticus parkmani, 159
hiemalis, 159
hiemalis pacificus, 160
mexicanus, 157
nesophilus, 158
obsoletus, 156
palustris, 160
parkmani, 159
parvulus hyemalis, 160
parvulus pacificus, 160
spilurus, 159
sylvestris, 159
Tropic-bird, Red-billed, 176
Troupial, 186
Trupialis militaris, 186
Turdus aonalaschkae, 170, 171
aonalaschkae auduboni, 170, 171
aonalaschkae sequoiensis, 171
auduboni, 171
guttatus, 170
migratorius, 171
minor, 170
naevius, 172
nanus, 169, 170, 171
pallasi, 170
pallasi nanus, 170
sequoiensis, 171
swainsoni, 169
Swainsoni ustulatus, 169
ustulatus, 169
ustulatus swainsoni, 169, 170
Turkey, Wild, 181
Turnstone, Black, 57
European, 179
Ruddy, 56, 179
Tyrannula cinerascens, 89
hammondi, 92
nigricans, 90

No. 11

1915

Tyrannula saya, 90
trailli, 92
virens, 91

Tyrannus borealis, 91
cooperi, 91
crinitus, 89
nigricans, 90
tyrannus, 89
verticalis, 89
vociferans, 89

Tyto perlata pratincola, 69

U

Ulula cinerea, 71
Uria brunnichi, 19
californica, 19
columba, 19
lomvia, 19
lomvia arra, 19
lomvia californica, 19
occidentalis, 18
ringvia, 19
troile, 19
troille californica, 19
Urinator imber, 16
lumme, 17
pacificus, 17
Urubitinga anthracina, 65, 182

Vv

Verdin, 166
San Lucas, 166
Vermivora celata, 145
celata celata, 145
celata lutescens, 145, 146
celata orestera, 145, 146
celata sordida, 146
luciae, 145
peregrina, 146
ruficapilla gutturalis, 145
Vireo, Arizona Least, 144
California Least, 144
Cassin, 143
Gray, 144
Hutton, 143
Plumbeous, 143
Red-eyed, 142
Western Warbling, 142
Yellow-green, 142
Vireo belli, 144
belli arizonae, 144
belli pusillus, 144
cassini, 143
flavoviridis, 142
gilvus, 142

INDEX 215

Vireo gilvus swainsoni, 142
huttoni huttoni, 143
huttoni mailliardorum, 143
huttoni oberholseri, 143
huttoni obscurus, 143
mailliardorum, 143
pusillus, 144
pusillus albatus, 144
solitarius, 143
solitarius cassini, 143
solitarius plumbeus, 143
swainsoni, 142
vicinior, 144
vicinior californicus, 144

Vireosylva flavoviridis, 142
gilva swainsoni, 142
olivacea, 142

Vireosylvia gilva, 142
swainsoni, 142
solitaria, 143

Vultur californianus, 62

Vulture, California, 63
Turkey, 63

Ww

Warbler, Alaska Myrtle, 147
Alaska Pileolated, 152
Alaska Yellow, 147
Audubon, 148
Black-and-white, 144
Black-throated Blue, 147
Black-throated Gray, 148
Black-throated Green, 149
Calaveras, 145
California Yellow, 147
Chestnut-sided, 148
Dusky, 146
Golden Pileolated, 152
Grace, 188
Green Black-cap, 152
Hermit, 149
Hoover, 147
Lucy, 145
Lutescent, 145
Macgillivray, 150
Magnolia, 148
Nashville, 145
Orange-crowned, 145
Palm, 150
Sonora Yellow, 146, 147
Tennessee, 146
Tolmie, 150
Townsend, 149, 188
Western, 149

216 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Warbler, Western Yellow, 147
Yellow-crowned, 147
Yellow-rumped, 147

Water-thrush, Alaska, 150
Grinnell, 150
Louisiana, 150

Water-turkey, 29, 42

Waxwing, Bohemian, 140
Cedar, 140

Whip-poor-will, Nuttall, 84

Whistler, 36

Whistle-wing, 36

Widgeon, American, 33
European, 33

Willet, Western, 53

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, 152
pusilla pileolata, 152

Woodcock, 178
Black, 81

Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 79
Arizona, 78
Baird, 78
Batchelder, 77
Brown-headed, 80
Cabanis, 76
Cactus, 78
California, 81
Downy, 77
Gairdner, 77
Gila, 82
Grinnell, 79
Harris, 76
Lewis, 81
Modoc, 77
Northern Pileated, 81
Northern White-headed, 78
Nuttall, 78
Red-breasted, 79
Red-headed, 183
Red-naped, 80
Red-necked, 80
Round-headed, 80
San Bernardino White-headed, 79
San Lucas, 78
Sierra, 77
Sierra Three-toed, 79
Southern White-headed, 79
Texas, 78
Western Pileated, 81
Williamson, 80
Willow, 77

Wren, Baird, 158
Bewick, 159
Bryant Cactus, 156

Wren, California Cactus, 156
California Marsh, 160
Catalina Island, 158
Desert, 158
Desert Bewick, 158
Dotted Canyon, 157
Golden-crested, 167
Ground, 166
Long-billed Marsh, 160
Nevada Canyon, 157
Nicasio, 159
Northern Cactus, 156
Parkman, 159
Parkman House, 159
Rock, 156, 157
Ruby-crowned, 167
San Clemente, 158
San Diego, 158
San Joaquin, 158
San Nicolas Rock, 157
Santa Cruz Island, 158
Southwest Bewick, 158
Tule, 160
Vigors, 158, 159
Western House, 159
Western Marsh, 160
Western Mocking, 158
Western Winter, 159
White-throated, 157

Wren-tit, Coast, 167
Intermediate, 166
Northern, 167
Pallid, 166
Ruddy, 166, 167

x

Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, 102
longipes, 102
xanthocephalus, 102
Xanthornis bullocki, 105
Xema fureata, 175
sabini, 23

No. 11

Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus, 78, 79

albolarvatus gravirostris, 79

- iY

Yellow-bird, 109
Yellow-legs, Greater, 52
Lesser, 52
Yellowthroat, Maryland, 151
Pacific, 151
Salt Marsh, 151
Tule, 151
Western, 151

1915

Zz

Zamelodia ludoviciana, 135
melanocephala, 135
melanocephala capitalis, 135
melanocephala melanocephala, 135
melanocephala microrhyncha, 135

Zenaidura carolinensis, 62
macroura, 62
macroura carolinensis, 62
macroura marginella, 62

Zonotrichia albicollis, 117
atricapilla, 117
aurocapilla, 117

INDEX

Zonotrichia coronata, 117
fasciata, 125
gambeli, 116, 117
gambeli intermedia, 116
graminea, 112, 113
grammaca, 115
guttata, 126
intermedia, 116
leucophrys gambeli, 116, 117
leucophrys intermedia, 116
leucophrys leucophrys, 116, 117
leucophrys nuttalli, 116, 117
querula, 116
townsendi, 129

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COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA
NUMBER 12

BIRDS OF THE ISLANDS OFF THE COAST
OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

BY

ALFRED BRAZIER HOWELL

R

sate o5/

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA
PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB
June 30, 1917

Edited by

JOSEPH GRINNELI
and
HARRY 5S. SWARTH
at the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology

University of California

NOTE

Pacmic Coast Avirauna No. 12 is the twelfth in a series of publications
issued by the Cooper Ornithological Club for the accommodation of papers
whose length prohibits their appearance in THE Conpor.

The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Club consist of two series—
Tum Convor, which is the bi-monthly organ, and the Paciric Coast AVIFAUNA

For information as to either of the above series, address one of the Club
3usiness Managers, J. Eugene Law, Hollywood, California, or W. Lee Chan:-
bers, Eagle Roek, California.

CONTENTS

Tratro Grae tion sae eer
NCW a aay yal KEYG Vd 401 29 61 gee nee a ee em CE Se ee ere
Man of whe Mgr Sees ce cots ecco ee
Descriptions of the Islands! ===
Problems Presented by, ihe) Island) “Atyadtieaam ee eee ereee eee eee eee
General Accounts) of the Birds) 2:20.22 e eee
Hypothetical List . Pe reser ea
Tabulation of cease oe TGV en GS) os ssecscccctercesceeacierens ee
Tabulation of Species by Manner of Occurrence -.cccccccccceccsccccceccceneceeceeeeecensernceseeeeeeeee
Bibliography: .ca.tcc5<52 os cee ee
Amex: :.a0 hee ecco aee r

INTRODUCTION

The need for a publication of some kind embracing all possible information
in regard to the avifauna of the islands off the coast of southern California first
came to my attention in 1908. At that time I began compiling lists of the birds
of each of the islands, for my own use only; but, at the suggestion of a few
friends, I began four years ago to get these notes into shape for publication. This
was undertaken, not because I have worked the islands more thoroughly than
anyone else, which is not the case, but because of the special interest I have in the
region.

The present contribution was completed and delivered to the Editors in
October, 1915, but for various reasons the Club has been long delayed in its pub-
lication. During this delay, I have taken the opportunity of bringing the paper
up to date, with the beginning of 1917.

The territory covered in the present paper consists of the Santa Barbara
Islands as properly restricted: Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Mig-
uel, with certain outlying rocks; the more southern group, popularly included
under the same general term: Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and
San Clemente; and Los Coronados Islands. The last mentioned group does not
lie off the coast of southern California, being Mexican territory and pertaining
to Lower California, but is included in this report because of location nearby,
and because of faunal similarity to the other islands named.

TI regret that I have been unable to spend more time myself in field work—
some weeks, at least, on each island. There seems no prospect of this in the near
future, and further delay of publication for this reason seems unwise. As a
matter of fact, there has been comparatively little work done upon these islands
by anybody, and a visit of several weeks to any one of them is almost sure to add
one or more new migrants or winter visitants to the list.

The scope of this paper, as originally planned for my own use, has necessar-
ily been amplified. I have endeavored to cite every publication relating to the
island avifauna that could be deemed of importance, and to gather all unpub-
lished notes relating to the subject, though I suppose it is useless to hope that I
have uncovered every one of either. As a matter of general convenience, the
nomenclature and order of the third edition of the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-List (1910) has been followed, except where modified by the one
supplement since published. There are several island races belonging to groups
which have lately been monographed, and which have been accorded standings
different from those in the Check-List. In such eases, while I personally accept,
for the most part, the opinions of the men who have done this work, Ff have in

6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

this publication been content to state their findings in the text, without changing
the formal headings under which these species are placed. This appeared to be
the best plan, in the interests of convenience and uniformity.

In the treatment of records objection may be made that some unconfirmed
ones are included, while others, at first glance apparently just as trustworthy,
are relegated to the hypothetical list. I have endeavored to act conservatively in
this; but one need not be as strict in such matters in the case of a local paper as
in a state list, and I have therefore accepted sight records, by competent observ-
ers, of birds not too hard to identify in the field and belonging to such species as
one might expect to find upon the islands. On the other hand, in the case of sin-
gle, sight records, of birds that are especially hard to differentiate in life from
closely allied forms, relegation to the hypothetical list has been the only course
open to me. As regards another type of record: We know that Dr. J. G. Cooper
was a most capable and scrupulous ornithologist; but in his time men did not
keep as exact notes, nor label their specimens with as much eare, as they now do.
I find that several of Cooper’s island skins were wrongly identified, while there
seem to be a number of mistakes and inconsistencies in his published notes.
Therefore, any unusual records of his, unless verified, have been placed in the
hypothetical list.

In the cases of birds that do not breed upon the islands, it is often difficult
to judge as to their numbers and the regularity of their visits. Therefore, in-
stead of merely citing a few winter records without any explanation, I have
stated, when there are instances of the occurrences of a species upon more than
one island, the probable numbers in which it’ is found, judging from its relative
abundance on the nearby mainland and the apparent likelihood of its occurring
regularly upon the islands. In general I have endeavored, besides giving man-
ner of occurrence, to present any little-known habits that may be of interest,
especially those relating to species or subspecies which are confined to the islands.

Generally speaking, it is a bad plan in any science to advance fanciful theo-
ries, impossible to prove; for a science should be built up of facts. With some
things, however, as for example, with bird migration, it is impossible to make
absolute statements as to cause and effect, and in such cases it seems justifiable
to advance theories, which, even though eventually shown to be incorrect, do good
by promoting further discussion. With such an idea IT have submitted several
theories in the following chapter on ‘‘Problems presented by the island avi-
fauna,’’ the resulting conclusions, though not considered as absolutely proven,
having been reached through careful consideration of the known facts. While
not submitted as final, I trust that they may prove of assistance in building up a
further understanding of our insular bird life.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

During the preparation of the following paper I have often called upon fel-
low members of the Cooper Ornithological Club for aid, which, though some-
times incurring trouble on their part, has at all times been most cheerfully and
promptly rendered. For furnishing me with important unpublished notes in re-
gard to the island birds, I am very greatly indebted to the following gentlemen :
W. L. Dawson, D. R. Dickey, O. W. Howard, L. M. Huey, C. C. Lamb, J. Maill-
iard, C. W. Richmond and G. Willett; and for supplying much needed informa-
tion of various kinds, to C. B. Linton, H. C. Oberholser, A. van Rossem, and H.
S. Swarth, the latter having been of great help to me in many ways. I am under
obligation to F. S. Daggett for allowing me access to the collections in the Mu-
seum of History, Science and Art, of Los Angeles; to J. EK. Thayer for the loan
of specimens and for notes; to the Bureau of Biological Survey, through E. W.
Nelson, for the loan of specimens; to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the
University of California for access to its collections, and for the loan of speci-
mens; and to W. L. Chambers for the unrestricted use of his splendid library.
Finally, to Dr. Joseph Grinnell I am under a lasting debt of gratitude for encour-
agement, advice on all sorts of subjects, and the use of his unpublished notes.
The accompanying map was drawn by C. L. Moody, and the technical descrip-
tions of the islands were taken in part from the Pacifie Coast Pilots of the U. 8.
Coast and Geodetic Survey.

A. Brazier IIOwELL.
Covina, California,
January 10, 1917.

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DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ISLANDS

According to the Pacific Coast Pilot, the Santa Barbara group of islands
consists of Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel, but in popular
parlance. all the islands treated in this report, with the exception of Los Coro-
nados, constitute the Santa Barbara group.

Very little is known of the geology of these islands, and although one can
frequently find statements in the older scientific books and reports that briefly
treat of their geological character, competent geologists of the present day are
reluctant to render an opinion in regard to their formation. It is a pretty well-
accepted theory, however, that they are the protruding peaks of an otherwise sub-
merged mountain chain, which was at one time integral with the mainland, prob-
ably during the Tertiary or Quaternary period.

LOS CORONADOS ISLANDS

These are four in number. Their northernmost point is three miles within
the Mexican border, and they are seven miles from the nearest part of the main-
land, being in the neighborhood of twenty-five miles from San Diego. The group
extends about five miles in a northwest and southeast direction. The southern-
most and largest island is about two miles long and half a mile wide, rising near
the southern end to a height of 672 feet. The two central islands, lying, respect-
ively, one half and three quarters of a mile westward, are much smaller, the lesser
of the two being hardly more than a great rock. Their heights are 251 and 101
feet, respectively. They were formerly a favorite resort of the sea elephant, and
the west side of the larger one is now the rendezvous of a herd of leopard, or har-
bor, seals. The fourth island, second in size, lies two and a half miles to the
northwestward of south island, and is about a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide,
and 467 feet high. There is a large colony of seals on the seaward side. A spe-
cies of Peromyscus is the only land mammal known to occur upon it. The isl-
ands are very step, and, as there is no water, they are comparatively barren, there
being only stunted bushes, iceplant and a few patches of opuntia and ‘‘cane’”’
cactus. Lizards of several forms are numerous, and on south island there are
many rattlesnakes, centipedes and tarantulas, besides several domestic cats, run
wild. A good place to camp is at the cove near the north end of the south island,
and another, at a little indentation of the shore near the middle of the north
island. Indeed these are the only two spots where it is possible to land in rough
weather. The islands are uninhabited.

10 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12
SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND

San Clemente Island is 1964 feet high, and its southeastern end lies sixty
miles from Point Loma, near San Diego, from which it is visible on a clear day.
It is eighteen miles long in a northwest and southeast direction, with an average
width of two and a half miles, the broader and higher part of the island being
near the southeast end. The northeast side is straight and bold, with rocky, pre-
cipitous cliffs, but the southwest side is lower and more broken. There is rather
good grazing here, and large flocks of sheep are kept at this point. Near the
southeast end, at Mosquito Harbor, there is water and a number of trees, but
the northwest part is devoid of moisture for the greater part of the year, and
there are no trees and very little brush. Back from the coast the land is rolling,
and near the northwest end are two fresh-water ponds, which are dry during
the summer. A Peromyscus and a fox occur, and in addition numerous house
cats. The San Clemente Wool Company have several ranch houses on the island
and it is necessary to obtain permission before staying and hunting in the local- —
ity. There is no publié boat service.

SAN NICOLAS ISLAND

This island les fifty-three miles from the nearest part of the mainland,
forty-three miles westward from San Clemente, and twenty-four from Santa
Barbara Island. It is eight miles long in an east and west direction, with an
average width of three miles, and is 890 feet high. Most of the island is very
sandy, with no vegetation to speak of, but around the lower end there are a few
patches of thorn, cactus and other scrub. Several alkaline springs occur, but the
island is, nevertheless, very barren indeed, and animal life is correspondingly
scarce. The high central mesa is the home of many sheep, to care for which there
is a single herder. Very few boats visit this island.

SANTA CATALINA ISLAND

Santa Catalina Island lies about twenty miles southward from San Pedro.
It is eighteen and a half miles long in an east and west direction, with a greatest
width of seven miles near the east end; the highest peak, 2109 feet, lies about
the middle of the island, near Avalon. The latter is a famous fishing ground and
resort, with a resident population of several hundred. It is two and a half miles
from the east end. About six miles from the western end is a deep cut that al-
most divides the island. Catalina is rugged and mountainous, with steep, precip-
itous shores, intersected occasionally by deep guleches and small valleys; good
water occurs in a number of places. For the most part it is covered with brush
and serub oak, with some fair-sized trees in the canyons. The uplands and hill-
sides, however, are often bare, except for grass. Two species of mice, a ground
squirrel, and a fox oceur here, but the latter is almost extinet because of con-
tracting ‘‘seabies’’ from the sheep, which causes them to become blind. An ex-
cursion boat makes a daily run from San Pedro to Avalon.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 11
SANTA BARBARA ISLAND

Santa Barbara Island lies twenty-one miles in a general westerly direction
from Catalina. It is one and a half miles long, with a maximum width of one
mile, the highest point being 547 feet. The shores are bold and precipitous, with
but one regular landing place, even that being impossible to negotiate in very
rough weather. A rocky islet 257 feet high is situated a third of a mile southwest-
ward, and a smaller one with a height of 125 feet les two hundred yards to the
westward. Except for two hills, the top is a smooth mesa with a heavy growth
of grass and weeds. In certain parts there are scrubby bushes and patches of
cactus, with an abundance of iceplant. There is no water, and no one lives upon
the island. House cats have become established there.

ANACAPA ISLAND

This is the easternmost one of the northern group, and consists of three
islets separated by narrow passages, the eastward channel being navigable for
small boats at high tide only. The eastern point lies ten and three quarter miles
from the nearest mainland. The islands extend four and a half miles in a gen-
eral east and west direction. The eastern extremity of the group is a large arched
rock, but the true eastern island is a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide, and 260
feet high. It is the lowest of the group and is rather level on top. The middle
one is nearly one and three quarters miles long, three quarters of a mile wide,
and 320 feet high. The western and largest island is two miles long, three quar-
ters of a mile wide, and rises to a peak 980 feet high. The shores are perpendic-
war and filled with numerous caves. This is a most beautiful island, especially
in the spring, when it is covered with verdure and wild flowers.

SANTA CRUZ ISLAND

Santa Cruz Island is the most beautiful and the largest island of all, being
twenty-one miles long, in an east and west direction, with an average width of
five miles, and a peak 2407 feet high. The eastern part is very irregular, barren
and almost destitute of water. The western part, however, is, in certain loeali-
ties, especially near Prisoners Harbor, plentifully besprinkled with forests of
the Santa Cruz pine, which, in the higher parts, gives a distinctly boreal impres-
sion. At the lower edge of the pines are oaks and considerable grass land. The
larger canyons are well wooded with a variety of deciduous trees, some of. them
quite large, and there is good water in many of them. Low cliffs skirt the shore.
About three quarters of a mile southward from the southern end, is Gull Islet,
150 feet high, it being the largest and outermost of a group of small rocky islets
a quarter of a mile in extent. There are two ranches upon the island, and a
small hotel which is visited more or less regularly by an excursion boat from the
city of Santa Barbara. Good camping spots ean be found almost anywhere.
There are many sheep on the island, a few pigs and house eats run wild, and
there are some foxes, though the latter are not as plentiful as formerly.

12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12
SANTA ROSA ISLAND

Santa Rosa Island lies five miles westward from Santa Cruz, and is fifteen
miles long, with a maximum width of ten miles. The shores are bold, high and
rocky; the highest point is 1562 feet, near the middle of the island. Water is
plentiful, and the island is covered with vegetation, but there are no large trees.
There are sheep upon the island and several people live there, but it is hard to
obtain permission to stay upon it.

SAN MIGUEL ISLAND

This is the westernmost island of the group, and is the most difficult to ap-
proach. Its western point les about twenty-five miles south of the nearest main-
land, and its eastern point three miles westward from Santa Rosa. The island
is irregular in shape, seven and a half miles long in an east and west direction,
and with an average width of two miles. The highest points, 860 and 850 feet
respectively, are about the middle of the island near the southern shore. There
is much long grass but no trees, and in the western part there are extensive sand
dunes. This sand is constantly shifting and encroaching on the remainder of the
island. The shores are bold, broken and rocky, with a few short stretches of
beach, the southern shore being more precipitous than the northern. Several
fairly good landing places occur, and there is some good water. Prince Islet, 303
feet high, lies a half mile off Cuyler’s Harbor, which is about midway on the
northern coast. It is a breeding place for many sea-fowl.

Begg’s, Wilson, and Richardson rocks are all three of small extent, and are
respectively 40, 15, and 50 feet high. As far as I know, they have been visited
by no ornithologist. A few gulls and cormorants may make their homes upon
them, but it is unlikely that they hold anything of greater interest.

1917 13

PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY THE ISLAND AVIFAUNA

The climate of the islands, taken as a whole, is more equable and humid than
that of the mainland coastal plain nearby. Although rainfall records are lack-
ing, it is common belief that even the islands nearest shore receive slightly less
rain than does the adjacent mainland. This is to be expected, for the nearer one
approaches to the mountains, the heavier is the annual rainfall. Those islands
farthest from the coast have a still smaller precipitation, and are corresponding-
ly more barren. The increased humidity, despite the lesser rainfall, is caused by
the modifying influences of the surrounding sea and frequent fogs. The eli-
mate of any one of the larger islands shows much variation, according to expos-
ure. The seaward sides are subjected to dense fogs and heavy winds, tending to
raise the average temperature in winter and lower it in summer. The compara-
tively sheltered landward sides are much warmer during the summer months,
occasionally presenting an aspect that is decidedly Lower Sonoran, though in
reality, the Upper Sonoran is the lowest, and by far the most prevalent zone that
occurs. In winter the temperature is higher than it is at the same altitude on the
nearby mainland coast, due again to the sea; frosts are unknown, except possibly
on the higher parts of the islands.

On some islands there are high, grassy ridges and tablelands, in strong con-
trast to the wooded canyons, and on Santa Cruz, pine forests, which, while prob-
ably of a Transition nature, present features decidedly boreal in appearance.
Although certain characteristics of other parts of this and other islands impress
one as being in a higher zone than Upper Sonoran, I am of the opinion that these
pine forests are the only spots in the region that will bear out such an impres-
sion. Taken as a whole, the climate of the islands probably has a lower meau
temperature than that of the adjacent coastal plain, which would tend to give
them a climate somewhat approaching that of the coast farther north, though not
with any conspicuous effect upon the flora and fauna.

The Santa Barbara Island Faunal Area, as a division, would seem to be con-
sidered such more because of convenience and its geographical position, than be-
cause of any general uniformity or peculiarity of animal or plant life. Geogra-
phieally it is segregated from the rest of the state, and the distinct insular forms
afford an apparent reason for terming it a separate faunal area; in reality it is
made up of an infusion from several of the other California divisions. In the
main, it is clearly San Diegan, but it also contains elements of the Sierran Area,
and to a greater extent is suggestive of the more humid northern coast district,
not so much of the Humid Coast Faunal Area as, say, of the San Francisco Bay
Region.

14 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

Colonization of the islands by birds may have been brought about in two, or
possibly in three, ways. First, through those species which originally lived in
the territory at the time when the islands were part of the mainland; these would
seem to constitute the bulk of the species now resident there. Second, through
such instances as where a pair or more of a species had wandered from the main-
land during fogs, or, having been blown to an island by storms, settled there
permanently. This theory, has, I believe, been accepted as an explanation of the
presence of some few resident birds on other islands. A third theory, which J
consider rather improbable, is that a few individuals of a species regularly or oc-
casionally visiting the islands in winter or during migration, have remained to
breed.

Conditions bearing upon the bird life of the islands differs from those on
the mainland in a variety of ways, as one would expect. Here we have the sur-
vival of the fittest carried to the extremest degree. If a species cannot readily
adapt itself to changed conditions, it is unable to seek more congenial surround-
ings, as on most parts of the continent, but must get along where it is, or perish.
If structural adjustments are possible, insular forms arise. Food on the islands
must differ, in the case of many birds, from that available on the mainland; but
to Just what extent, it is impossible to say. Notable cases are those of the insular
Mockingbird and House Finch, which feed on the fruit of the opuntia eactus
until their whole fronts are stained by the red juice. This may enter into the
menu of their mainland relatives as well, but certainly not to a like extent.

As for extreme change of habits, one has but to visit Santa Barbara Island
to be impressed by the case of the Song Sparrow. This island is rather barren
and without water; so, instead of a shady retreat among the dense brush of a
damp ravine, we see the little fellows out-larking the Horned Larks themselves,
among the iceplant and short grass of the mesa. The House Finches have taken
to building in pockets of the conglomerate cliffs as well as in the cactus, and the
Dusky Warbler, instead of building almost invariably on the ground, as does
the Lutescent, prefers a vine, shrub, or even the branches of a tree fifteen feet
above the ground.

Different exposures would seem to give more widely varying results than do
similar situations upon the mainland, judging by my experiences on Todos San-
tos Island, near Ensenada, Lower California. This island, of course, is beyond
the range of the present paper, but it is very similar to the smaller of the Santa
Barbara Islands, and is comparable in climate as well as otherwise. From April
15 to 20, 1910, I was on Todos Santos, and found that at the northern end the
San Clemente House Finches were far advanced in nesting (Howell, Condor,
xiv, 1912, p. 190). I found only two pairs having eggs far advanced in ineuba-
tion, while a dozen were located with young in all stages, some of which were
ready to leave the nests. On the southern end, fresh eggs and incomplete sets
was the rule, no young at all being noted. This was an unusual state of affairs.
The island is a mile and a quarter long and the northern end is windy and fog
drenched, while the southern part is comparatively warm and sheltered. I am
unable to offer any explanation of this. Certainly the food supply could not
have had anything to do with it in such a small area,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 15

Judging by the data in hand, the whole life cycle of the smaller insular sub-
species and species, on the more southern islands at least, is shifted a month or
six weeks earlier than that of the corresponding mainland forms. On San Cle-
mente Island in 1915, we collected during the last week in March juvenile
Shrikes, Song Sparrows, Horned Larks, House Finches and San Clemente Wrens
that were strong on the wing and with well grown tails. These were not isolated
cases, for after the first day seen, the youngsters at once became common. On
April 9 I shot a young Song Sparrow that had almost completed the post-juvenal
molt. On the same date, on San Clemente, however, the larger birds, such as the
Bald Eagle and the Raven, were not farther advanced in breeding operations
than one would expect. On Todos Santos Island, April 16, 1910, a pair of Barn
Owls had a nest containing a chick two-thirds grown, while during the first part
of the month, on the mainland, I examined two occupied nests which as yet held
no eggs, though of course Barn Owls sometimes do lay before this date. As pre-
viously mentioned, there were young House Finches there at the same time that
were ready to leave the nest, but on the mainland there is not much use looking
for Linnets’ eggs before the last of March.

This early nesting may be due to obscure and unrecognized causes, but it is
partly influenced by the mild winters, and to a greater extent, by the abundant
food supply. In regard to the latter, it is hard to make comparisons, for on parts
of the mainland where trees occur, there are large numbers of insects in the tops
of these, while on an island such as San Clemente they are under one’s feet and
more readily noticed. Be that as it may, on some of the islands insects are every-
where, and as there is no frost to reduce their numbers, the birds do not have to
wait in the spring until the presence of a new generation of bugs enables them to
begin nesting operations.

The molt, also, takes place earlier than is usual upon the mainland, and
birds in fresh plumage may be taken in early August, if not before. March speci-
mens are sometimes as ragged and faded as mainland ones taken in late June,
and by the time the new feathers begin to grow some of the birds are almost
naked.

Small birds on the islands are particularly numerous, due partly to the
abundant food supply, in large measure to the absence of many predaceous
forms, and to the excellent cover afforded by the patches of cactus and thorny
serub with which the islands abound. Here they usually nest and roost, secure
from everything except, in the case of the smaller ones, an occasional marauding
mouse.

The birds of the Santa Barbara Islands have not lost any of their fear of
man, as have, for instance, those of the Galapagos Archipelago. The aborigines
inhabited some of the islands for a long time, and white men have been visiting
them for many years. On the Coronados I have had Song Sparrows hopping
about within two feet of my head, but, on the other hand, the Island Shrike is
the most wary land bird for its size that I have ever encountered.

The formation of insular races is so shrouded in mystery that it is unsafe to
speculate as to causes and effects save in a most general way. We can see that
climate has played an important part in this. As mentioned previously, the gen-

16 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

eral island climate has a slightly northern or more humid tendency, and this has
its expected effect in that the majority of forms are slightly darker than are
their relatives on the adjacent mainland. In connection with the effect of cli-
mate on the birds as they were and as they now are, it is interesting to speculate
in regard to a number of suggestions and theories set forth. The previous integ-
rality of the islands and continent, and their subsequent separation at an uncer-
tain date; the effects of the encroaching ice cap in glacial times; some of the
tendencies of Pleistocene times as indicated by the avifauna of the Rancho La
Brea beds, and the finding there of conifers which do not now occur in the con-
tigous territory : all this makes interesting food for thought and speculation, but
is not closely enough related nor well enough understood for me to dare to set
down any conclusions. Each of these changing factors has undoubtedly had an
influence, however.

Both food and the quest of it have probably been contributing factors in the
forming of island races. It might readily be that in the course of time an arbor-
eal form inhabiting an island that had few trees and few predaceous forms, would
show a shortening of the wings, and corresponding increase in the size of the
lower extremities. Whether or not, this has had any effect, it is a fact that prac-
tically all the island subspecies whose feet differ from the forms of the main-
land, have those parts heavier, but without the correlated shortening of the wing.
Habits, as previously illustrated in the Song Sparrows of Santa Barbara Island,
may have an active influence in this connection, and the effects of inbreeding
must also be considered. It is a well known fact among breeders of domestie¢ ani-
mals that continual inbreeding will result in loss of vigor, lessening of size, and
accentuation of any defective points; and that it will help to bring out latent
atavistic tendencies. This surely does not concern us in the majority of in-
stances; but where a stray pair of a species has reached an island and remained
to breed, I believe that the resultant inbreeding would have a strong tendency
to form characters differing from the original type.

The island species and subspecies, including those that have been deemed
unworthy of recognition by the A. O. U. Committee, number nineteen. When
differing at all in dimensions from their relatives of the mainland, it is in the
following respects. Wing: in three races shorter and in two longer. Tail: in one
shorter and in two longer. Bill: in two smaller and in ten larger. Tarsus: in
one smaller and in seven heavier. Toe: in one shorter and in seven heavier or
longer. Eleven of the races show darker markings and three show lighter mark-
ings. Taking a composite of the lot, we find that the influences of this group of
islands tend to produce a bird of greater total length, with larger, heavier bill,
and heavier tarsus and foot. The length of wing and tail remains about the
same, and coloration becomes darker, with brighter colors and heavier streaking.

There seems to be a well used line of migration through the islands. Prac-
tically none of the passerine transients occur in large numbers, but the seasonal
waves of migration are well marked. There are several records from these and
the Farallon Islands, of birds that are decidedly rare in any part of the far west.
Winter visitants are abundant, but the species which are absent during the win-
ter, and return to the islands for the purpose of breeding, number only five.

1917 17
GENERAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BIRDS

i; Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence)

WESTERN GREBE
Aechmophorus occidentalis (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209.

Probably a regular and not uncommon winter visitant. C. B. Linton (MS)
has noted this species at different times during the winter months in the vicinity
of San Clemente and Santa Barbara islands. A. van Rossem (7) noted a single
bird at Santa Cruz Island the latter part of April, 1911.

2. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus
HorNnED GREBE
Colymbus auritus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvit, 1915, p. 204.

W. L. Dawson (1, WS) saw and photographed two of these birds at Prison-
er’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, April 22,1915. He says that in the photographs
the species is recognizable, as the birds were approaching high nuptial plumage.

ae Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heermann)

EARED GREBE

Colymbus nigricollis californicus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 5.
Am[erican]. Eared Grebe (2) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 19.
Colymbus californicus (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,

p. 125.

Common in winter about all the islands. C. B. Linton (ZS) has found the
species at San Nicolas in winter, and (3) recorded large flocks near the north
end of San Clemente from December to March, 1907. He also reports (4) one
specimen taken at Santa Cruz during November of the same year. During the
latter half of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I found the birds to be rather com-
mon in the latter locality. One taken April 25 was in the midst of the spring
molt. J. Grinnell (7) found them to be numerous at Catalina during the last
week in December, 1897, and I have noted them there repeatedly throughout
April.

4. Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus)
PIED-BILLED GREBE
The only record of this species from the islands seems to be that of a female
taken by H. Wright at San Clemente, August 26, 1908, and now in my collection.
Dd: Gavia immer (Briinnich)
Loon
Gavia immer (1) Dawson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 208.

While at Santa Cruz Island during April, 1915, W. L. Dawson (1) saw sey-
eral of these birds at close range. This species undoubtedly oceurs about the isl-

18 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

ands in numbers during the winter, as it does along the mainland, but unless espe-
cially hunted for, loons are most often seen at long range. As the several forms
are hard to differentiate under such circumstances, common loons may have been
noted about the islands and ascribed to the more numerous pacifica.

6. Gavia pacifica (Lawrence)
Paciric Loon

Crinator pacificus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898, p. 5.

Pacific Loon (2) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 19.

Gavia pacifica (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (4) Linton, Condor, xr, 1909, p. 193.
(5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 10. (6) Dawson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 205.

Abundant about the islands during migration, and not uncommon in win-
ter. C. B. Linton (4) reports having seen a few around San Clemente during
the winter of 1908, and J. Grinnell (7) took two specimens at Catalina during
the last week in December, 1907. A. van Rossem and I found them to be present
at Santa Cruz Island during the last half of April, 1911.

G. Willett (5) states that they arrive in September and leave in May, but
the bulk of the spring migration occurs from the middle to the last of April. The
main line of travel seems to be about twenty miles off shore, though in places it
is a trifle nearer. During a favorable morning I have watched thousands of
what must have been this species flying north in detached companies of from half
a dozen to thirty individuals, and all following exactly the same line of flight.
At this time the birds like to feed in the little coves along the shores of the isl-
ands, to which they are doubtless attracted by the spawning smelt. They are
fond of fishing in company with cormorants, and during the heat of the day,
mixed flocks of these several species may often be seen sleeping or playing a hun-
dred yards beyond the surf.

ie Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan)

RED-THROATED LOON
Favia stellata (1) Dawson, Condor, xvi1, 1915, p. 208.

W. L. Dawson (7) states that during most of his stay on Santa Cruz Island,
April 3 to 22, 1915, there was a single individual of this species usually to be
found in the vicinity of Prisoner’s Harbor. While it is hard to distinguish be-
tween this form and pacifica except at close range, there is every indication that
stellata is a regular and not rare winter visitant to the islands.

8. Lunda cirrhata (Pallas)

TuFTED PUFFIN

Lunda cirrhata (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 278. (2) Streator, Proc. Sta.
Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 23. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool. x1, 1888, p. 53.
(4) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 22. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
11, 1898, p. 6. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 38,1902, p.10. (7) Willett, Condor, x11,
1910, p. 172. (8) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 25. (9) Howell and van Ros-
sem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209. (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 10. (11)

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 19

Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 87. (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 17.

L[unda]. cirrata (13) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1908, p. 1066.

Tufted Puffin (14) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 170.

Common resident about the northern islands, occurring farther south in win-
ter. C. B. Linton and G. Willett (70) each saw a bird near San Nicolas in May,
1910, and on June 23,1911. The latter date would indicate that the birds possi-
bly breed in the vicinity, but I think this is doubtful. I saw them near an inac-
cessible cliff on Catalina in April, 1911, but I hardly think it likely that they
nest there, as they had not before been reported from this, probably the most
often visited island of the group, during the breeding season.

Eggs have not been taken on Santa Barbara Island, to my knowledge, but in
April I have found burrows there that undoubtedly belonged to this species. H.
Wright (77) records what were probably the same burrows, July 4, 1912, and
the fact that he saw five birds in the vicinity. On Anacapa the same writer
found the birds to be quite numerous near the east end, but very few nests were
aecessible. Those examined held either young or egg shells, July 5. At the same
place D. R. Dickey (JS), in 1913, noted a number of pairs going to and from
the cliffs, but examined no nests.

A. yan Rossem and I found the birds to be fairly common at Santa Cruz
Island during April, 1911, and the fishermen told us that they breed regularly
near the north end of the island. Although several writers give this bird as a
common resident there, definite breeding records from the locality seem to be
lacking, as also from Santa Rosa.

At San Miguel a large colony makes its home on Prince Islet. J. S. Apple-
ton and H. C. Burt (10) took fresh eggs there June 6, 1906, while H. Wright
(11) found young from a few days to several weeks old, July 10, 1912.

<

Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas)
RaAINOCEROS AUKLET

Cerorhyncha monocerata (1) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., u, 1884,
p. 522. (2) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 611.

Cerorhinca monocerata (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898, p. 6. (4) Bailey,
Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 18. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125.
(6) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 1938. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 10.

Rhinoceros Auklet (8) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 18.

Common in winter near all the islands. In June, 1913, on one of the Coro-
nados, I found the dessicated remains of a Rhinoceros Auklet which apparently
had been partly eaten by a Duck Hawk the winter before. C. B. Linton (6)
took two specimens at San Clemente during the winter of 1908, and J. Grinnell
(3, 8) reported the species as especially abundant at Catalina during December,
1897, he having secured ten specimens on the 29th. He states that they were par-
ticularly wary, swimming under water for three hundred yards or more when
pursued.

Dr. Heermann (7) thought that they burrowed on Santa Barbara Island,

20 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

but what he found were probably the holes of the puffins; he saw an Auklet
fly ashore with a fish in its mouth, and plunge into a hole. Of course these birds
may have nested on Santa Barbara many years ago, and since become extirpated.
I am inelined to think that Heermann must have been mistaken as to the identity
of his bird, it having been ‘‘towards night’’, but anyway, there is small likeli-
hood of the species having nested on any of this group of islands for a great
many years.

C. B. Linton and G. Willett (7) took specimens during November and De-
cember at Santa Cruz Island, and found that they were not particularly shy. The
crops of those shot contained sardines three or four inches long. There is in the
British Museum (2) an adult taken in spring at San Miguel.

These birds are deep water fishermen and are to be found near the islands
only where the ocean bottom drops abruptly. When resting they present a very
chunky appearanee, and, like most of their near relatives, they prefer to escape a
pursuer by diving rather than by flying. They arrive in October and leave the
first part of May, as A. van Rossem and I found them not uncommon at Santa
Cruz Island up to May 2, 1911. Some of them, at least, acquire their nuptial
plumage before this time.

10. Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas)
Casstn AUKLET

Ptychoramphus aleuticus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Baird,
Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 519. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
xI1I, 1888, p. 54. (4) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1890, p. 140. (5) Ste-
phens, Auk, x, 1893, p. 298. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 22. (7)
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 600. (S) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 3, 1902, p. 10. (9) Grinnell & Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 30, 37. (10) Rob-
ertson, Condor, v, 1903, p. 96. (11) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 222. (12) Reed,
N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 14. (13) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tv1, 1907, p. 141.
(14) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (75) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (16)
Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 98. (17) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 135. (18) Willett,
Condor, xu, 1910, p. 172. (19) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 11. (20) Wright
and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 88. (21) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 18.

Ptychorampus aleuticus (22) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 6.

Cassin Auklet (23) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 85. (24) Anthony, Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 102. (25) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 171.

A most abundant resident, breeding in all suitabie localities that are free
from cats and foxes. On the northernmost of the Coronados group there is a
very large colony of these birds, but they occur on none of the other three. Com-
mon in the vicinity of San Clemente and Catalina during the winter months, but
not recorded from either place in summer or spring.

In May, 1863, Cooper (2) found these birds numerous on Santa Barbara,
where they had undermined almost every part of the soft, earthy surface with
their burrows. In May, 1897, J. Grinnell (8, 22) recorded it as breeding in large
numbers in the same locality. Since that time, cats have been introduced, and

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 21

in May, 1908, I could find no indications of the auklets’ presence on the island.
G. Willett (19), however, found about a hundred pairs breeding on a large de-
tached rock near the main island, June 14, 1911. Nine nests examined held
heavily incubated eggs.

G. Willett (25) states that the birds were common at Anacapa the night of
June 5, 1910, and were undoubtedly breeding. They are not found on the main
part of either Santa Cruz or San Miguel, but on a rocky islet near Scorpion Har-
bor, at the former island, R. H. Beck (23) found many occupied burrows on June
5, 1895. On Prince Islet (San Miguel) there is a large colony (78, 19, 20) which
occupies all available space. Willett (19) thinks that they breed on Santa Rosa.

This species probably outnumbers all our other small pelagic birds com-
bined. They seem to be somewhat more plentiful in winter than during the rest
of the year, so it is possible that, although considered as non-migratory in Cali-
fornia, there is, during the cold weather, a limited influx of individuals that
have bred farther north, which mingle with the local birds. The nesting season
varies appreciably from year to year. The birds begin looking for home sites
towards the latter part of February, and fresh eggs may be expected by the last
of March. During the middle of June, 1910, on the Coronados, however, I found
fresh eggs to be the rule, and encountered but one small young out of a score of
nests examined. On July 1, 1913, D. R. Dickey, A. van Rossem and I found but
two or three badly incubated eggs, the remainder of the nests containing young
in various stages, most of them being half grown. Other observers have reported
a similar variation of nesting dates.

The single white egg is laid by preference in a burrow in soft ground, but
in a large colony, a number of birds are forced to occupy crannies under and
between rocks. New burrows are not constructed when old ones are available,
and some of the latter are a foot in diameter at the entrance, seeming to have
been occupied for a very great number of years. The birds are rather filthy, and
the burrows have a very bad odor, strongly reminding one of an ill kept chicken
house. The nestlings are at first covered with a slaty down which remains on the
tips of the feathers some time after these have grown out. In the morning the
crops of the youngsters were found to be stuffed with a thin, homogeneous mass
which smelled most vilely.

The adults forage well out to sea, in pairs or as many as twenty-five indi-
viduals in a flock. They suffer a great deal from the depredations of the Duck
Hawks, a pair or two of which are usually to be found near each colony. The
auklets attain an amazing speed when pitching vertically from the tops of the
islands upon being released from the hand, but the falcons overtake them with
ease, and continue to slaughter after their hunger has been appeased, merely for
the fun of it. The great mortality among these birds that the winter storms cause
is appalling. After one of these storms I have walked along the beaches of our
mainland for mile after mile, and counted dead or dying birds, sometimes averag-
ing as close together as one every hundred yards (see Condor, xvi, 1913, p. 144).
This is probably due more to their being unable to feed in very rough water,
rather than to the buffeting of the waves.

22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

ial Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin)

ANCIENT MURRELET

Synthliboramphus antiquus (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (2) Linton, Condor, x1,
1909, p. 102. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 198. (4) Osburn, Condor, x11, 1911, p.
76. (5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 11. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
E96, p: 18:

Probably a regular winter visitant, though there are comparatively few
records of its occurrence. C. B. Linton (2, 3) took several and saw the remains
of others during November and December, 1908, at San Clemente. At Catalina,
February 13, 1910, A. van Rossem (MS) obtained an individual that was feeding
near several Rhinoceros Auklets. C. B. Linton (7) secured two near the shore of
Santa Cruz Island, December 17 and 18, 1907.

12: Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus
Xantus MuRRELET

Brachyramphus hypoleucus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1868, p. 12. (2) Coo-
per, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (3) Goss, Auk, 1, 1884, p. 396. (4) Bry-
ant, Cat. Birds Lower Calif., 1890, p. 250. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897,
p. 28. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898, p. 6. (7) Brewster, Birds Cape
Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 15. (8) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 38, 1902, p. 11. (9)
Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 16. (10) Reed, N. Am. Birds’
Eggs, 1904, p. 16. (11) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (72) Lamb, Condor, x1, 1909,
p. 8. (13) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 98. (14) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 136.
(15) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 193. (16) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 170. (17)
Howell, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 184. (78) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 30. (19)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 12. (20) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,
pp. 86, 89. (21) van Rossem, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 738. (22) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avit., 115.1915; pig:

Xantus Murrelet (23) Anthony, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 102. (24) Peyton,
Oologist, xxx, 1913, p. 78.

Micruria hypoleuca (25) Anthony, Auk, xvil, 1900, p. 168.

Oceurs in considerable numbers throughout the entire group of islands dur-
ing the winter, and has been recorded breeding as far north as Anacapa.

A. W. Anthony (23) was the first to discover this bird nesting on the Coro-
nados; since then it seems to have increased steadily in numbers, until at
present it may be classed as abundant on all four islands of the group. One
or more wild house cats on south island, however, make sad inroads on the birds
that venture to nest there. C. B. Linton (15) took one at Clemente in December,
1908; H. Wright (19) has seen them there in summer, and believes that they
were breeding. I consider this highly improbable, however, except that a few
pairs may possibly be found on a large rock near the western end.

J. G. Cooper (2) reported them as breeding sparingly on Santa Barbara
Island in 1863, and H. Wright (20) found a single fresh egg in a hole on this
island, July 2, 1912. They are surely destined to be driven from this locality, as
have the auklets, by the cats. H. C. Burt (19) took a slightly incubated egg on
Anacapa, May 15,1911, and during the spring of 1913, D. R. Dickey and A. van

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 23

Rossem found the birds to be not uncommon in the same locality. One was shot
by G. Willett (17) during November, 1907, at Santa Cruz Island.

A. W. Anthony (23) states that on the Coronados in April, nearly all the
eggs had hatched, but I have found fresh eggs in numbers the latter half of
June, and a partly incubated set July 11, 1910. This might argue that two fam-
ilies are raised each year, but as a number of eggs are broken against the hard
rocks on which they are deposited, and as the mortality among the downy young
must be considerable, I am inclined to think that the great proportion of hypo-
leucus to be found nesting late in the season are birds whose first sets have come
to grief.

They do not assemble in colonies, but a number of pairs will often nest close
together in some especially nice rock slide or other favorite location. Nests may
be found from just out of reach of the high tides to the very tops of the islands.
A real burrow is never constructed, nor will they inhabit one that is made by an-
other bird, the usual site being a deep cranny under or between rocks and bould-
ers. They will, however, enlarge a small crack between the ground and a rock,
or scratch away a hollow in the loam beneath a tangle of low brush. No material
is used for construction of a nest, and a surprising number of eggs are cracked
by rubbing against the sharp rocks. Forty-eight hours elapse between deposi-
tions of eggs, and these occur before six in the morning.

A series of 152 eggs collected during the last few years by D. R. Dickey, A.
van Rossem and myself, and measured by me, averages 2.10x1.41 inches. Ex-
tremes are 1.93 to 2.30 inches in length, and 1.29 to 1.51 in diameter. No bird
on the Check-List, possibly with the exception of those of the genus Uria, lay
eggs exhibiting as wide a variation in color and markings as do those of Xantus
Murrelet. Eggs even of the same set run from an almost solid dark chestnut to
a clear sky blue with very faint markings. The majority have either a dark sea
green or drab ground color, with a great variety of brown and lavender cloud-
ings, spots and blotches. It is but rarely that both eggs of a set are of the darker
type. D. R. Dickey has made a careful study of the sets of single eggs that occur
so frequently, and he (1S) believes that the single eggs are incomplete sets, the
parents of which have been killed, possibly by Duck Hawks, before the second egg
was laid. Be that as it may, he has found only one incubated egg out of more
than fifty sets of singles that he has examined, the remainder being either fresti
or addled. This would indicate that the species practically never lays less than
two eggs to the normal set.

The young show amazing vitality. A set of two pipped eggs rescued by A.
yan Rossem and myself after having been deserted among the cold, damp rocks
by the parents thirty-six hours before, hatched two lusty youngsters, and these
we succeeded in keeping alive for several days on a diet of hard-boiled eggs.
When we substituted bits of fish for this, one died. The other escaped from his
box, crawled out of the tent, tumbled down a cliff, and when discovered was
making his way with all speed out to sea. The tarsus of a newly hatched chick
is nearly as long as that of an adult, and they swim very fast, with their little
feet fairly twinkling. Upon being placed in the sea at the age of two days, our
bird at once made itself at home, diving at the slightest suspicion of danger and

24 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

swimming for several vards beneath the surface. A large fish twice rose at him,
which the little fellow cleverly dodged. As in the case of the Ancient Murrelet
(Heath, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 35), the young are called to sea at night by the
old birds. This, in the case of the present species, I have found to oceur when
the chicks are from three to four days old. I have gained so much respect for
their swimming powers that I am inclined to think that but few perish by being
dashed against the rocks while entering the sea. I do believe, however, that the
larger fish get a good many, and as their down readily becomes waterlogged,
numbers must perish during the spring storms. When first hatched, they pre-
sent the most attractive appearance of any bird I know.

Shortly after dark during the breeding season, numbers of the adults make
their way to the coves and shallow water about the islands, and from then until
dawn they can be heard giving their characteristic ery, which may be deseribed
as a shrill, slow twitter, about four notes to the second. At night, and especially
when hunting nesting sites, they will sometimes be attracted to a light on shore.
They doubtless make several trips to the nests each night, but during the day
they keep well to sea, in pairs or family parties, and when pressed too closely,
will rise to the wind and fly some distance rather than dive. When attacked by
a Dueck Hawk while flying, they will suffer themselves to be caught rather than
take to the water, but a wounded bird will almost make one believe that he has
turned fish.

It has been stated (12) that this species will vomit a thin yellow oil when
handled, after the manner of petrels, but of approximately a hundred and fifty
live birds which I have handled, not one has shown any inclination to do this,
neither do their stomachs contain any oil, only a clotted, greenish slime in those
that I have taken, and very little of that. It seems probable that this is only an
indigestible residue, and that they are partial to all forms of small crustacea and
other sea life. I believe, however, that they very seldom eat fish.

13. Brachyramphus craveri (Salvadori)
CrAvERI MURRELET
Brachyramphus craveri (1) van Rossem, Condor, xvit, 1915, p. 74. (2) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 175.

Near the Coronados on August 13, 1914, A. van Rossem (7) and L. M. Huey
secured six murrelets that conform to the descriptions of craveri. J. Grinnell
(2) suggests that the characters-as given for this species are due merely to age.
I have had little experience with this form, but am inclined to think that the dif-
ference between craveri and hypoleucus is not due to age, for I have handled
scores of birds of the latter race, and none of them have had dark under wing
coverts. As hypolewcus wanders well north of its breeding range after the nest-
ing season, it is only natural that craveri should do likewise.

14. Cepphus columba Pallas

PIGEON GUILLEMOT

Uria columba (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 278. (3) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1,
1887, p. 22.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

ie)
uw

Cepphus columba (4) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 11, 1884, p. 495.
(5) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 328. (6) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x111, 1888, p. 538. (7) Grin-
nell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 23. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., m, 1898,
p. 6. (9) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 18. (7/0) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 11. (717) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (72) Willett, Con-
dor, x11, 1910, p. 172. (73) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 31. (74) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 12. (15) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 19138, p. 88. (16)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 19.

Pigeon Guillemot (/7) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident about the northern islands. J. G. Cooper (1) recorded
this species from San Clemente in the sixties, and Willett (74) saw three birds
near San Nicolas, June 26, 1911. I have seen a few near Catalina during April,
and J. Grinnell (8) noted several in the same locality in December, 1897. The
most southerly breeding station recorded is Santa Barbara Island, where J. Grin-
nell (8) found fresh sets of eggs May 15, 1897, and H. Wright (15) saw birds
carrying food into the caves July 3, 1912.

D. R. Dickey (MS) says that on Anacapa, June 22, 1913, these birds were
nesting in almost every tidal cave. Sites were chosen well back in the dark,
where the dripping water and dank moisture would seem to make it impossible
for eggs to hatch, but, nevertheless, most of the nests contained young.

H. Wright (15) found them breeding in considerable numbers near the
north end of Santa Cruz Island, July 10, 1912, and A. van Rossem and I saw sev-
eral off shore from Prisoners Harbor, April 24, 1911. On San Miguel, G. Willett
(12) says they were breeding commonly in the caves and niches all around the
island. On June 23, 1910, he found the contents of the nests to vary from fresh
eggs to young of all sizes.

1153, Uria troille californica (H. Bryant)
CATIFORNIA MurRE

Uria t[roille]. californica (1) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 172.
Uria troille californica (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 12. (3) Wright and Sny-
der, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 88. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 19.
Records from the mainland indicate that during the winter, this bird may be
found as far south as Catalina at least. During the spring they occur in some
numbers in the vieinity of Santa Cruz Island, where A. van Rossem and I en-
countered them in April, 1911, but the only place in this group where they have
been found breeding is on Prince Islet, near San Miguel. J. S. Appleton and H.
C. Burt (2) discovered this colony on June 6, 1906, and took fresh and slightly
incubated eggs. H. Wright (3) states that on July 12, 1912, there were several
small colonies there, aggregating probably one hundred pairs, which at this date
mostly had young.

16. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway

Paciric KirriwakE

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris (1) Anthony, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 267. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 13.

Probably a regular winter visitant, although there are but few records. <A.

26 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

W. Anthony (7) says that during the winters of 1896, 97 and 98 he found it of
regular though not common occurrence about Los Coronados Islands. As these
birds keep well away from the shore, they are more easily overlooked than are
the other gulls.

WT Larus glaucescens Naumann

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL

Larus glaucescens (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 6. (2) Breninger, Auk,
xx, 1904, p. 219. (3) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 209. (4) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (5) Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 292, 1915,
Do 2s
A regular though not plentiful winter visitant. G. F. Breninger (2) noted

immature birds but no adults at San Clemente during February, 1903, and D. R.

Dickey, L. M. Huey and I saw one or two immatures daily during our visit to

the same locality from March 22 to April 11, 1915. J. Grinnell (7) recorded the

species from Catalina in December, 1897, and on May 1, 1911, A. van Rossem (3)

saw three individuals at close range on Santa Cruz Island.

18. Larus occidentalis Audubon
WESTERN GULL

Larus occidentalis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 231. (3) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 22. (4) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn.
& Ool., xm, 1888, p. 53. (6) Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, p. 258. (7)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 28. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad, Sci., 11,
1898, p. 6. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 12. (10) Grinnell and Daggett,
Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 30, 37. (11) Breninger, Auk, xxr, 1904, p. 219. (172) Anthony,
Auk, xxi, 1906, p. 135. (13) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 141. (14)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (15) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 98. (76) Osburn,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 198. (17) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 193. (178) Willett, Condor,
x11, 1910, p. 178. (79) Osburn, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 32. (20) Burt, Condor, x11,
1911, p. 164. (21) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 14. (22) Wright and Snyder,
Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 89. (23) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 21. (24)
Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 292, 1915, p. 34,

Larus argentatus var. occidentalis (25) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 276.

Western Gull (26) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

Permanent and abundant resident, breeding on all islands that are not in-
fested with foxes, and when the latter condition prevails, on the nearby detached
rocks. The Western Gull begins selecting a nesting site the first part of April,
and eggs are usually deposited during the last week in that month and first of
May. Some of the young are able to fly by the first of July, but, of course, if a
first set is destroyed, unfledged young may be found late in the summer.

During the fall and winter occidentalis is a highly valued citizen, but I defy
anyone to visit a breeding colony and not wish, in the heat of anger, that every
bird of the species might drop dead. If a colony of cormorants, pelicans or
murres is disturbed, there is always a cloud of the larine robbers ready to pounce
on the unprotected eggs, and puncture as many of them as possible. They are

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 27

particularly fond of newly hatched cormorants and will gulp them down with
the utmost satisfaction. If the youngster is too large or if it happens to be a pel-
ican chick instead, they will just as cheerfully peck a hole in its skull, just to be
doing something. A. W. Anthony (12) saw one pull an adult Cassin Auklet
from a shallow hole, and swallow it with the same relish that it did the egg a mo-
ment later, and he has watched them in the act of dismembering half grown cor-
morants. Asa rule, however, this destruction takes place only when a human in-
truder invades the colonies; if we would deny ourselves the pleasure of walking
through these in the nesting season, it would certainly help to put the economic
value of occidentalis on the right side of the ledger.

gy Larus argentatus Pontoppidan

HERRING GULL

5

Larus argentatus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 7.

Xvi1, 1915, p. 204.

Probably of regular occurrence in winter. On April 5, 1915, I noted two
adults of this species at San Clemente, and during the following week, one or
two were seen daily about the harbor. J. Grinnell (7) found that it was present
in small numbers at Catalina during December, 1897, and secured one specimen.
While at Santa Cruz Island in April, 1915, W. L. Dawson (2) saw two of these
birds at close range.

(2) Dawson, Condor,

20. Larus californicus Lawrence
CALIFORNIA GULL

Larus californicus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 23. (2) Breninger, Auk,
xx1, 1904, p. 219. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (4) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909,
p. 136. (5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 14. (6) Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric.,
Bull. 292, 1915, p. 41.
Undoubtedly commmon about all the islands during the winter months. C.
B. Linton (3) says they were common at San Clemente during January and Feb-
ruary, 1907; and during the latter part of March and first of April, 1915, in the
same locality, D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I noted them daily in company with
the Western Gulls. A. van Rossem saw several at Santa Cruz Island April 24,
1911, and C. B. Linton (WS) has taken speciemns there.

mile. Larus delawarensis Ord
RING-BILLED GULL

Larus delawarensis (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 209.

As on the mainland, this species is probably almost as common in winter as
the last, but in some plumages it is so difficult to distinguish between the two
that it is impossible to determine their relative abundance. I have seen a few in-
dividuals at Catalina in April, and during the same month, 1911, A. van Ros-
sem and | positively identified several at Santa Cruz Island.

28 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

22, Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson
SHORT-BILLED GULL

The only record for this species is that of three immature specimens taken
by A. van Rossem (MS) at Catalina, February 11, 1910, two of which are now
in my collection.

23. Larus heermanni Cassin

HEERMANN GULL

Blasipus belcheri (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 79.

Larus heermanni (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 253.
(3) Blake, Auk, Iv, 1887, p. 329. (4) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1887, p. 24.
(5) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 28, 30, 37. (6) Breninger, Auk, xx1,
1904, p. 219. (7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivi, 1907, p. 142. (8) Linton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 82. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (10) Willett, Condor, xn,
1910, p. 173. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 14. (12) Cooke, U. S. Dept.
Agric., Bull. 292, 1915, p. 49.

Larus heermannii (13) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 22. (14)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89.

Larus heermani (15) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54.

These birds are to be met with off the coast of southern California the year
round, but the majority leave for the south about Mareh. During July, birds of
the year begin reaching us. Heermann (2) said that this gull breeds on the
Coronados, and J. G. Cooper, that it probably did so on other islands south of
San Francisco. As it is now pretty well proven that the species does not nest
on the seaward coast north of Cape San Lueas at least, there must have been mis-
takes in regard to the above statements.

The Heermann Gull as a rule is not as fond of coming close to shore as are
t=)

the other gulls, but prefers to stay out in the channel, where the usual method
of securing a meal is to haunt some patient pelican and wildly grab at any fish
which the latter may capture. C. B. Linton (8) found that at Santa Cruz Isl-
and, during November and December, 1907, their principal food consisted of
shrimps which they caught in the kelp, and I have watched them catching sar-
dines two or three inches long.

24. Larus philadelphia (Ord)
BONAPARTE GULL
Larus philadelphia (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209.

Abundant during migrations along the mainland coast, but seldom wander-
ing out to the islands. During the latter part of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and
I (1) noted several at Santa Cruz Island.

Xema sabini (J. Sabine)

t
OV

SABINE GULL
Xema sabini (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 15. (2) Wright, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 227. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 28. (4) Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric.,
Bull. 292, 1915, p. 65. .

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 29

Probably a regular migrant in the channel well out from shore. H. Wright
(1) took a pair near Santa Cruz Island August 6, 1909, and a female near the
Coronados August 20, 1910. On August 11, 1912, he (2) saw a flock of eight or
ten birds about ten miles from Santa Cruz Island, and on August 1, another
flock between the latter and Santa Barbara Island. E. W. Nelson informs me
that he has also seen small flocks in the channel during the fall.

26. Sterna maxima Boddaert

Roya TERN

Sterna regia (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 277.

Sterna maxima (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 11, 1884, p. 286.
(3) Blake, Auk, rv, 1887, p. 329. (4) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54. (5)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 0, 1898, p. 7. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902,
p. 18. (7) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 29. (8S) Linton, Condor,
x, 1908, p. 82. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (1V) Willett, Condor, xm, 1910,
p. 178. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 15. (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 24. j
Present among the islands throughout the year, but rather rare in spring.

I have seen several of these beautiful birds in the vicinity of the Coronados dur-

ing the early summer. C. B. Linton (17) noted a few near San Nicolas June 17,

1910, where C. P. Streator (4) also saw them in the fall of 1886. Linton (8)

also reported the species as very common during October, December and Janu-

ary, 1907, at San Clemente, but few were seen after February 5. J. Grinnell (3)

found it numerous in the vicinity of Catalina during the winter, and I have noted

a few individuals there in April. E. W. Blake (3) recorded it from Santa Cruz

Island in July and August, and C. B. Linton (9) says it was common there dur-

ing November and December, 1907.

H. W. Henshaw (7) was informed that the species bred in numbers on San
Miguel, but it seems unlikely that it has done so in recent years at least, as sev-
eral have made special searches for nests there. G. Willett (70), however, saw
several immature birds near the west end of the island June 17, 1910.

Bille Sterna forsteri Nuttall

Forster TERN

Sterna forsteri (1) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37.

Reported only in spring and summer, but doubtless occurring spar-
ingly in the fall and winter as well. Several were seen by J. Grinnell and F. §.
Daggett (1) while approaching the Coronados, August 6, 1902, and I have noted
an occasional bird the early part of July in the same locality. I also several
timaes saw what I believe was the same individual near Catalina in April, 1907. I
have included the above records under Sterna forsteri simply because the first
were so reported, and I have added my own observation to it because forsteri is
the commoner form in the region. Recent investigations have shown that S. hi-
rundo is almost as conimon off the coast of southern California as is forsteri,
and the individuals seen may have been of either species. Undoubtedly both do
oceur near the islands at times.

30 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

28. Diomedea nigripes Audubon

BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS
Diomedea nigripes (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 24.

Rather rare straggler to the channel from the open sea. J. Grinnell (7)
saw a single specimen between San Nicolas and San Clemente islands May 27,
1897, and another between the latter and Catalina June 8 of the same year. He
(MS) also noted several between Catalina and Santa Barbara islands August
27, 1903.

bo

9. Diomedea albatrus Pallas

SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS

Diomedea brachyura (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 79.

Diomedea albatrus (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 354.
(3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 8. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
lpn jos ae

Diomedea albatros (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54.

Probably slightly more numerous in the channel than is the last mentioned
species. J. G. Cooper (1) says that these birds occur near San Clemente and San
Nicolas, and C. P. Streator (5) saw quite a number between the latter point and
the mainland. C. B. Linton (4) has the head of one that was taken alive by his
cook on San Nicolas Island, and Dr. J. G. Cooper told Grinnell (3) that he had
taken the species near Catalina.

30. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejneger
Paciric FuLMAR

Fulmarius glacialis glupischa (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 8.
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (8) Linton, Condor, x,

1908, p. 126. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 17.

Abundant at sea during certain times of the year. C. B. Linton (2) says
that he has often seen these birds during the winter, while going from the main-
land to San Clemente, but that he noted none near shore. J. Grinnell (7) found
them very common about Catalina in December, 1897, and on April 27, 1908, I
found the decomposed remains of one in the same locality. C. B. Linton and G.
Willett (3) took several in the dark phase, and one in the ight phase of plum-
age, near.the shores of Santa Cruz Island, November 25 and December 4, 1907.
They also saw the species in the vicinity of Anacapa about the same time.

Oceasionally during the winter these birds flock to the fishing banks sixty
miles off San Pedro, by the thousands. They are then usually very tame, com-
ing right up to the boats, and endeavoring to snatch fish as they are hauled
aboard. The men often catch them in their hands to watch the stupid actions of
the birds when placed on deck.

31. Puffinus creatopus Coues

PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
Puffinus creatopus (1) Coues, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvr, 1864, p. 131. (2) Cooper,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 31

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 11. (8) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1870, p.

79. (4) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 384. (5) Grin-

nell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 24. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898,

p. 8. (7) Godman, Monog. Petrels, 1m, 1908, p. 101. (8) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p.

173. (9) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (10) Wright and Snyder, Condor,

Kv 191s) Dp: 8o:

Abundant during summer, fall, and the first part of the winter. Originally
described from a bird taken by J. G. Cooper (1) near San Nicolas Island. Coop-
er (4) found it to be the most abundant and easily approached species of Tubi-
nares near San Nicolas, where the water is shallow and small fish numerous. 1
have seen individuals around the Coronados during the months of June and
July; and L. M. Huey (MS) saw a few in the same locality on August 13, 1914.
H. A. Gaylord (6) noted birds near Catalina May 12, 1897. A. van Rossem and
I met with the species the last of April and first of May, 1911, near Santa Cruz
Island. G. Willett (8) recorded it from Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, June 7,
1910, where, by the 24th it had become quite plentiful, and the same writer (9)
encountered it near Anacapa and Santa Cruz in November and December, 1907.

32. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues
BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER

Puffinus opisthomelas (1) Anthony, Auk, x1, 1896, p. 225. (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1, 1897, p. 24. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci. 11, 1898, p. 8. (4) Anthony,
Auk, xvu, 1900, p. 247. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 15. (6) Bailey,
Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 35. (7) Godman, Monog. Petrels, m, 1908,
p. 109. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (9) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 1386.
(10) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 198. (11) Howell, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 186. (12)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (73) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 26.

Puffinus gavia (14) Breninger, Auk, xxt, 1904, p. 219.

Abundant except in the breeding season, sometimes making its appearance
in early May, but not becoming plentiful until some time later. Remains until
February at least. During July, August and September these birds are partic-
ularly abundant in the channel. I noted half a dozen individuals several times
during the middle of May, 1910, near the Coronados (11), and J. Grinnell (2)
saw several off Catalina May 12, 1897. C. B. Linton (10) saw the species near
San Clemente in the winter of 1908, and G. Willett (72) encountered it several
times near Santa Cruz Island in November, 1907.

As has been stated in print many times, there are four eggs that were said
to be of this species, in the National Museum, collected by Captain Scammon on
Santa Barbara Island. As most of us on this coast have viewed the above ree-
ord with considerable distrust, I wrote Dr. C. W. Richmond in regard to it, elic-
iting the following: ‘‘The eggs are in all probability those of Cassin’s Auklet
(Pt. aleuticus) with which they agree in size and texture of shell. They had
written on them, in pencil, ‘Egg of the Mutton Bird, Santa Barbara Id. Cal.’
From this beginning someone had added (on the data blank) ‘Puffinus gavia?’,
and as the eggs of Puffinus were not common in our collection at that time, the
determination passed muster for the time being’’. This undoubtedly solves the
question. Opisthomelas nests in large colonies, and as it does not invariably

32 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

nest on the same island in consecutive years, there is still hope that it may some
time be found breeding at least as far north as the Coronados.

33. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin)

Soory SHEARWATER

Nectris fuliginosus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79.

Puffinus griseus (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 24. (3) Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxir, 1900, p. 229. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (5) Linton,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 198. (6) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, pp. 170, 174. (7) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (8) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89.
This, our commonest shearwater, is found in the channel throughout the

year, but is less common during the winter months. It often occurs in company

with creatopus and more rarely with opisthomelas. In late spring and early
summer Sooty Shearwaters migrate through the channel in flocks numbering

tens of thousands, these sometimes taking the greater part of a day to pass a

given point.

34. Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony

KAEDING PETREL
Oceanodroma kaedingi (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 19.

The only record for this species is that of an adult male which flew aboard
the Fisheries ship ‘‘ Albatross’’? near San Clemente Island, March 22, 1904, and
was captured by L. H. Miller (7). I am told by the fishermen that at certain
times during the winter, small petrels will congregate on the fishing banks in
great flocks. As Anthony deseribed this bird from Lower California, and as it
breeds to the north of us, it undoubtedly migrates past the islands.

ec

313) Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte)

Buack PETREL

Oceanodroma townsendi (1) Anthony, Auk, x1, 1894, p. 231. (2) A. O. U. Committee,
Auk, x11, 1895, p. 168.

Oceanodroma melania (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 25. (4) Anthony,
Auk, xv, 1898, p. 140. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (6) Brewster,
Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 32. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903,
pp. 30, 37. (8) Godman, Monog. Petrels, 1, 1907, p. 24. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 82. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (71) Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 174.
(12) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 57. (138) Osburn, Condor, xii, 1911, p, 31.
(14) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 19. (175) van Rossem, Condor, xvi, 1915,
p. 76. (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 29.

O[ceanodroma]. melania (17) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1043.

Black Petrel (18) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 170.

Breeds on Los Coronados Islands. Fairly common in the channel through-
out the year. Under the heading of this species J. Grinnell (3) states that small
petrels of some kind were heard at night on the east end of San Nicolas, and at
Mosquito Harbor at San Clemente, in May, 1897. In the channel between Cle-
mente and Anacapa the species has been recorded commonly, but near none of

—

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 33

the intervening islands. Near Anacapa G. Willett (78) found it common June
5, 1910; and H. Wright (Condor, xy, 1913, pp. 87, 90) noted the remains of either
a Black or Socorro Petrel on the island itself, July 5, 1912. It is likely, however,
that this was a bird caught at sea by a Duck Hawk, and, when partly eaten,
dropped on the island.

A. W. Anthony (4) visited the Coronados April 21, 1896, and found that
melania was then mating and hunting nesting sites. He gives their notes as
““Tue-a-roo, tue-tuc-a-roo’’, which is a very good rendition of their call. When
D. R. Dickey (MS) visited the islands May 15, 1914, no petrels were observed,
although the colonies were gone over most carefully by three people. On May 26
a few pairs were found together on the nests, but no eggs had been laid; on June
12, fresh eggs were the rule. My first fresh egg in 1910 was found June 17, but
on the same date in 1913, A. yan Rossem and I found that ineubaation was
slightly more advanced. The earhest date that I have seen downy young was
July 4. On August 13, 1914, A. van Rossem and L. M. Huey (A/S) say that
all the young birds were small, not more than a week old and most of them newly
hatched. One fresh egg was discovered besides several incubated ones.

These birds do not nest in colonies but are apt to be scattered anywhere
about the islands. Where especially favorable sites occur, however, several nests
may be within a few feet of each other. The best place to look for eggs is under
or between good sized boulders. Here a little dirt may be scratched away at the
entrance of the nest cavity in order to make room. From over a hundred nests
examined I have found only half a dozen occupying true burrows that may have
been excavated by the birds themselves, but as these were all in a colony of O.
socorroensis, I prefer to believe that they were originally made by the latter, and
later preémpted by melania. As many more were in very old burrows of the
Cassin Auklet. For a short time after completing the nest site, and before the
ege is deposited, both birds of a pair will be found occupying the burrow during
the day, but after laying, only one parent, either male or female, will be found
at home. No structural material is used, the egg being laid on the bare ground.
It is usually pure white, but rarely there is a suspicion of a lavender wreath
about the larger end. I find that the average measurements of thirty-six speci-
mens are 1.39x1.02 inches. Extremes are 1.28 to 1.48 in length, and .96 to 1.08
in diameter. D. R. Dickey and A. van Rossem (ZS) state that the bird, while at
or on the nest during the night, utters a note suggestive of the song of the wren-
tit.

The young are covered, except the chin, with slaty down, and are most un-
attractive little things. This down clings to the end of the plumage until after
the body feathers at least have made their full growth. Nine times out of ten,
when removed from the nest, the old bird will vomit a short stream of dark, or-
ange colored oil, several times repeated, to a distance of four feet or more. She
will savagely bite the finger of her captor and will even lay hold of her own wing
in her rage. The oil has the typical petrel pungence, comparable to no other
odor with which I am familar, but to those who have spent happy days in the
colonies, it is not unpleasant. It will cling to specimens after they have been
shut up in eases for years. This oil, by regurgitation, constitutes the food of the

34 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

nestlings. It is generally conceded that the young of the rock lobster is the main
food supply of all our small California petrels, as A. W. Anthony (4) has
pointed out. From these the oil in the stomach must be secreted, and quite rap-
idly at that, for birds taken early in the morning after a night at sea contain
much oil and only a recognizable trace of the crawfish, in addition to a very lit-
tle green slime. The oil gland of this species is a dark gray in contrast to the
creamy color of that of socorroensis.

One often encounters lone individuals of these birds at sea during the day,
flapping just above the waves in an aimless and erratic manner. A. W. Anthony
(1), however, secured one from a flock of some two hundred birds. They suffer
considerably from the depredations of the Duck Hawks, as their dessicated re-
mains upon the islands bear mute witness. They begin visiting the nests about
8:30 p. M. and are very active until shortly before dawn. Pitching in from the
sea they come like big black bats, rocking to the breeze and uttering their loud
weird eall.

36. Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues)

AsHY PETREL

Cymochorea homochroa (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 277. (2) Baird,
Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 412.

Oceanodroma homochroa (3) Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, p. 356. (4) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (5) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 54. (6) God-
man, Monog. Petrels, 1, 1907, p. 29. (7) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 57. (8)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 19. (9) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 88. (10) Wright, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 229. (11) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 28. j

O[ceanodroma]. homochroa (12) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1043.

Fairly common in the channel at certain times. Breeds on Santa Cruz, and
possibly on San Miguel. G. Willett (8) found this species to be plentiful in the
channel between San Nicolas and Santa Barbara islands in June, 1911, and L. H.
Miller has an adult female that he took near the latter place April 10, 1904.

H. Wright (9) discovered them nesting in Painted Cave, Santa Cruz Island,
July 10, 1912. Four eggs and one small young were all that he found, deposited
on the bare exposed ledges in the dark parts of the cave. On June 23, 1913, D. R.
Dickey (MS) visited this locality and found that apparently but one pair were
nesting, for after a very thorough search, a single bird was located sitting on a
slightly incubated egg high above the water, in one of the side pockets of the big
cave.

H. W. Henshaw (7) received from Capt. Forney a specimen that was taken
on San Miguel, where the latter said that it bred in great numbers. G. Willett
(8) as well as others have made a careful search of this island without finding
indications of breeding petrels. It is quite possible that a few pairs may breed
in the caves of the main island, or on Prince Islet, but it is doubtful if the foxes
would allow any large colonies of small pelagic birds to become established on
San Miguel proper.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

i)
wu

BT. Oceanodroma socorroensis ©. H. Townsend

Socorro PETREL

Oceanodroma socorroensis (1) Townsend, Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1890, p. 134. (2)
Anthony, Auk, x1, 1895, p. 387. (3) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 117. (4)
Anthony, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 140. (5) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898,
p. 58. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk,
xx, 1903, pp. 31, 37. (8) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 54. (9) Osburn, Condor,
xi, 1911, p. 31. (12) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20. (173) van Rossem,
Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 76. (14) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 28.

O[ceanodroma]. socorroensis (15) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1044.

Oceanodroma monorhis (16) Godman, Monog. Petrels, 1, 1907, p. 33.

Breeds commonly on the smallest island of Los Coronados group. A. W. An-
thony (4) says that on the Coronados, April 24, 1896, he found a number of
nearly finished burrows and one bird. June 12, 1914, D. R. Dickey (MS) found
several pairs of birds but no eggs. It will therefore be seen that socorroensis be-
2ins preparing the burrows nearly two months before laying. This species breeds
only in burrows which are excavated by the birds themselves, and for this rea-
son, to be looked for only where there is a deposit of ight loam, sometimes over-
erown with a dense mat of bushes. The tunnels are usually about two feet long,
enlarged at the end. In the majority of cases they turn either to the right or
left a few inches from the entrance, which latter seems unusually small for the
size of the bird and is more than twice as wide as high. Occasionally the egg is
laid on the bare ground, but usually there is a flimsy platform of any bits of
twigs and rootlets that may be handy. The egg has a wreath of faint lavender
dots and tracings about the larger end. The average measurement of forty-two
which I have had in my possession, is 1.18x.89 inches, and the extremes are 1.09
to 1.23 in length, and .82 to .97 in diameter. I believe that the nesting dates of
the Black and Socorro petrels will run about the same. In 1910 I did not find an
egg of the latter until June 22, while those of the former were taken a week pre-
vious. In 1913 A. van Rossem and I found the opposite to hold good, for during
the latter half of June slightly incubated eggs of socorroensis was the rule, while
those of melania were still fresh.

Unlike their larger relative, Socorro Petrels but rarely vomit oil when re-
moved from the nest, but will often do so immediately after having been released
from the hand. This oil is substantially the same as that secreted by melania,
but sometimes contains flakes of whitish mucous matter, in addition to a little
green slime and a tiny rock lobster or two. Some birds taken by A. van Rossem
(MS) in 1914, contained what appeared to be young squid about an inch long.
In the hand one is impressed by the frailty and apparent weakness of these birds.
When released they launch forth in an uncertain manner, twisting and turning
in their nighthawk-like flight. If placed upon the ground they poke confusedly
about among the bushes.

F. Godman (16) considers this species and Oceanodroma monorhis of the
western Pacific, to be indistinguishable, although the type of the latter is of a
lighter gray on the head and throat than is the former. Dr. Hartert (MS) of

36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

the Tring Museum tells me that in addition to the above differences, monorhis
averages larger than socorroensis, and that he considers the two species not
quite the same. <As for the ight gray or plumbeous shade of the head of our
bird, and presumably the other, this should not be taken as a specific character.
In freshly taken breeding birds it is very noticeable, but after the skin is laid
away in a cabinet for a year or two, the head becomes as dark as the rest of the
body.

As is well known, this species has two extreme color phases. In one the
rump is of the same color as the back and underparts, while in the other, the
rump is almost entirely white. One of the latter was described under the name
Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani (Berlepsch, Auk, xxm, 1906, p. 185). Every
degree of intergradation occurs between the two types. I have studied this out
as thoroughly as possible and although I have been unable to reach any positive
conclusion in regard to the significance of this variation, I shall give the facts
as they appear to me in order that they may form the basis from which others
may work in the future.

I judge that when, in a given species, there are two distinct phases with
every degree of intergradation between, this species is in process of evolution
from one type to the other. Thus socorroensis was originally either a dark-
rumped or a white-rumped race, and is now evolving to the other extreme. Birds
collected in 1902 by F. S. Daggett show a ratio of white- to dark-rumped birds of
1 to 9. In 1910 I found the proportion of those which I took on the Coronados
was in the neighborhood of 1 to 5, while in 1913 the ratio was not far from 1 to
214. However, A. van Rossem (13) and L. M. Huey found that on August 13,
1914, the ratio had gone back to about 1 to 4. J. Grinnell and F. 8. Daggett (7)
seem to think that these petrels are descended from a wide-spread, white-rumped
ancestor, and of course this may be true; but from the averages taken daring the
first part of three nesting seasons, it will be seen that the proportion of lght-
rumped birds is quite rapidly increasing, and it seems reasonable to conclude that
in a relatively short time, a dark-rumped specimen of socorroensis will be rare.

Another possible, though improbable, explanation of the occurrence of the
two types, is that two species, a white- and a dark-rumped one, have bred together
and hybridized too recently for the characters of the resulting hybrid to have
become thoroughly fixed. If this was the case, the birds of one of the extreme
phases should closely approach some other species, which, as far as I am aware, 1t
does not do. Also the two phases occur among the breeding birds of both the
Coronados and San Benito islands, and it does not appear likely that the cross-
ing of two species would occur upon the two islands simultaneously.

In order to discover whether there is any size difference between the two
phases, I measured a series of a hundred and forty-three birds collected by D. R.
Dickey, A. van Rossem, F. S. Daggett and myself. I divided the birds into four
eroups according to the amount of white exhibited, calling them dark, medium,
light and white. The number of birds in each group was, respectively, 45, 46, 19
and 24. Measurements of the extremes, dark and white, show that the former |
is slightly greater in length (taken only of birds in the flesh) wing, tail, bill, tar-
sus, middle toe and fork of tail. This held good also in comparative group meas-

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

o>)
“NI

urements of males and females. The greatest difference was shown in the length
of wing of the dark and the white males, which varied + millimeters. There were
69 males and 65 females. Comparison showed that the greater wing coverts (the
light pateh) of the white-rumped birds are of a more grayish tinge and a lighter
shade than are those of the dark-rumped, and in the former the throat is more
plumbeous than in specimens of the latter collected at the same time. In short,
the differences seem pronounced enough to warrant recognizing a subspecies, if
it was not for the vital fact that the two extreme types may repeatedly be found
together in the burrows before the egg is deposited. This precludes the possibil-
ity of a valid subspecies.

38. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway

FARALLON COoRMORANT

7

Graculus dilophus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 275.

Phalacrocoraz dilophus albociliatus (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.
11, 1884, p. 153. (4) Streator, Orn. & Ool. x11, 1888, p. 54. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 25. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., m, 1898, p. 9 (7)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 141. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Phalacrocorax dilophus (9) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 23.

Farallon Cormorant (1) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 85. (77) Willett, Con-
dor, x11, 1910, p. 170.

Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (73)
Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37. (74) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82:
(15) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 99. (16) Osburn, Condor, xr, 1909, p. 1386. (17)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20. (78) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 90. (79) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 29.

Phalacrocoraxr a[uritus]. albociliatus (20) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 173.

Common resident, breeding on most of the islands. This species is an abun-
dant breeder on the Coronados, the principal colonies being loeated on north isl-
and. In the spring of 1897, J. Grinnell (5) noted immature birds commonly at
San Nicolas, but none were found breeding. At San Clemente C. B. Linton (14)
recorded the species as fairly common during the winter months, a flock of some
two hundred birds being seen February 5, 1907.

T have found a few old nests, too early in the season for eggs, among those
of the Brandt Cormorant, on Ship Rock, near Catalina. This is the only time
that I have ever noted nests of the two species within a few feet of each other.
Large numbers breed on Santa Barbara Island, where, towards the latter part
of April, they begin coming in from the sea, to select and start repairing the old
nests. J. Grinnell (5) notes, however, that on May 15, 1907, only two sets of
eggs had as yet been laid. D. R. Dickey (VS) states that there were quite a
number breeding on Anacapa in 1913, and H. Wright (78) found a few pairs
with newly completed nests there as late as July 5, 1912. R. H. Beek (10) says
that in 1895 there were birds breeding on a rock near Scorpion Harbor, Santa
Cruz Island; and on Prince Islet, San Miguel, G. Willett (20) recorded quite a
large colony with nearly full grown young and eggs in various stages, June 15,
1910.

38 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

The nests of albociliatus can always be told at a glance from those of the
two following species. They are quite bulky and well made, and are invariably
formed of weed stems, small sticks, or whatever similar material is handy. They
are always placed (on these islands) on the ground, usually on a high hillside.
Although breeding in colonies, these are seldom compact ones, and where a peli-
ean colony is available, they prefer to build among the nests of the latter. Three,
more rarely four, and occasionally five, eggs are laid, but because of the depre-
dations of the gulls the breeding season is a long one. In addition, the time when
eggs are deposited would seem to vary greatly from year to year (as is the case
with our other cormorants as well), for A. van Rossem (MS) took a set of five
eggs on the Coronados March 26, 1909, while J. Grinnell and F. 8. Daggett (73)
found two nests with eggs, and several containing small young, in the same loeal-
ity, August 7, 1902.

39. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt)

BrANnpT CORMORANT

Graculus penicillatus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 276.

Phalacrocorax penicillatus (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds, N. Am., 1, 1884,
p. 159. (4) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 28. (5) Blake,
Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (6) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54. (7) Grinnell, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 25. (8S) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898, p. 9. (9)
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv1, 1898, p. 364. (10) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (11) Brewster, Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 37.
(72) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1908, pp. 32, 37. (13) Breninger, Auk, xx, 1904,
p. 219. (14) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tvr, 1907, p. 141. (75) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 82. (76) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (17) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p.
99. (18) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 1386. (19) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 173.
(20) Osburn, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 32. (21) Willett, Pac. Coast, Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20.
(22) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 90. (23) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
AVE. LI A9Tb: sp. 305
This, our commonest species of the genus, is to be found about the shores

of all the islands and the adjacent mainland, breeding on or near all the islands

that have suitable rocky promontories. There are perhaps a dozen colonies of
these birds on the Coronados, distributed over all four of the islands. J. Grin-
nell and F. S. Daggett (12) found that they had completed nesting operations
for the year there by August 7, 1902. ;

©. B. Linton (15) noted immense flocks on San Clemente during January
and February, 1907. These flew back and forth daily, between their roosts on
the northwest coast and the feeding grounds, and I observed the same thing there
the first part of April, 1915. Linton took specimens in breeding plumage in Feb-
ruary and March, and reported the species as breeding in small numbers on the
northwest coast of the island.

J. Grinnell (7) states that there is a small colony on the north side of San
Nicolas Island, and C. B. Linton (27) saw incomplete sets there April 3, 1910.
They breed in limited numbers on several large detached rocks near Catalina.
There are large rookeries on Santa Barbara Island, where I found fresh eggs

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 39

May 1, 1908. H. Wright (22) records a few pairs nesting on the cliffs of Ana-
capa, July 5, 1912. At Santa Cruz Island a small number nest near Scorpion
Harbor, and they probably breed on or near Santa Rosa Island, but as there
has been so little work done in this locality, this is merely a supposition on my
part. On Prince Islet, San Miguel, G. Willett (79) found several large rooker-
ies. In the morning of June 15, 1910, he passed a colony of about a hundred
nests with eggs, but in the afternoon the gulls had left not a dozen eggs. He
took a set of six there.

I believe that as a rule these birds begin nesting slightly in advance of the
Farallon Cormorant. The nest is a rather compact but not bulky affair of sea
weed, and is always placed in colonies on a low cliff or shelf of rock, from fif-
teen to a hundred or more feet above the water. From three to five eggs, and
very rarely six, constitute a full set. At the approach of an intruder the young
exhibit great stupidity, the half grown ones unconcernedly walking off a high
ledge to fall on the rocks below, mortally disabled. During the winter they will
often gather in flocks numbering thousands of individuals, to roost at night in
some favorite spot, dispersing in the morning in quest of food. I have seen an
incredible number in the early morning leaving a sand flat on which they had
spent the night.

40. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon

BatRD CORMORANT

Graculus violaceus var. bairdi (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N.
Am., 11, 1884, p. 162. (3) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (4) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
x11, 1888, p. 54. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (6) Grinnell, Pas-
adena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898, p. 9. (7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (8)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (70) Osburn,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20. (72) Wright
and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1918, pp. 87, 90. (13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 30.

Phalacrocorazr violaceus (14) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 23.

Phalacrocoraz pelagicus (15) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvr, 1898, p. 362.

Baird Cormorant (16) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 85. (17) Willett, Condor,
x11, 1910, pp. 170, 172.

P{[halacrocoraz]. pelagicus resplendens (18) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 219.

Phalacrocoraxzr resplendens (19) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 178.

Fairly plentiful resident among the islands, though not nearly as numerous
as the last two forms. Rather rare in the southern part of the territory covered
by this paper, but increasing in numbers towards the northern part. H. W. Hen-
shaw (2) found them congregated in great numbers on the channel islands in the
early days, but since that time they must have decreased, for at present I do
not think that anyone could describe their numerical standing in such words.

I know of one rookery on the Coronados of perhaps a dozen scattered nests,
and there may be others. C. B. Linton (8) records seeing a few pairs in breed-
ing plumage near Mosquito Harbor, San Clemente, during March, 1907. Near
a large detached rock off the southwest end of the same island, D. R. Dickey and

40 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

lL. M. Huey saw several the last of March, 1915. I think it doubtful if the spe-
cies breeds at Catalina, at least on the east side. J. Grinnell (5) found small
numbers nesting on Santa Barbara Island in the spring of 1897, with but two or
three nests in any one group. H. Wright (72) noted several small colonies above
the entrance to the eaves on Anacapa, July 6, 1912, and says that the birds were
very shy indeed. R. H. Beck (76) recorded the species as breeding on the roel
at Seorpion Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, in 1895, and C. B. Linton (9) saw both
adults and birds of the year in the same locality during November and December,
1907. G. Willett (19) found them breeding commonly on the cliffs of San Mig-
uel. Jyne 19, 1910, some of the nests held young, but in most of them were eggs,
a few of which proved to be fresh.

Nests of this cormorant are a good deal like those of the last as to construe-
tion, but are notable for the fact that they are just about inaccessible, being built
in the niches of cliffs above the sea. The birds seem to stay in the open sea more
than either of the two foregoing, and I have been informed that they bring up
sea weed where there is none to be had within a hundred and sixty feet of the
surface, so they are unusually expert divers.

41. Pelecanus californicus Ridgway
CALIFORNIA BRowN PELICAN

Pelecanus fuscus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 275.

Pelecanus [fuscus?] californicus (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.,
11, 1884, pp. 143 (140-2).

Pelecanus californicus (4) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xm,
1888, p. 54. (6) Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d series, 11, 1889, p. 85. (7) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 9.
(9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (10) Brewster, Birds Cape Region
Lower Calif., 1902, p. 38. (11) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37. (12)
Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 219. (13) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 67. (14)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 88. (15) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (16) Wright,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 99. (17) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 136. (78) Willett, Condor,
x11, 1910, pp. 171, 173. (19) Burt, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 166. (20) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 21. (27) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 90. (22)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 31.

Brown Pelican (23) Holder, Museum, v, 1899, p. 71.

Pelican (24) Peyton, Oologist, xxx, 1913, p. 78.

Abundant resident throughout the region, but breeding on only a few isl-
ands. <A large colony nests on the south end of the south island of the Coro-
nados group, and another on north island. June 14, 1911, G. Willett (20) found
about twenty-five pairs breeding on Santa Barbara Island, while July 2, 1912,
H. Wright (27) reported three or four hundred birds with downy young at the
same place. C. F. Holder (23) first recorded nests of this bird from Anacapa.
The rookery seemed to him to be inaccessible, but there were four or five acres
packed with the birds, and the amount of guano indicated that the colony was an
old one. This was in August, 1898. Since that time the island has been oceupied
by the birds in some years, and vacant in others. H. Wright (20) found several

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 41

nests with young on Santa Cruz Island in July, 1909, and G. Willett (18) re-
ported five nests of young on Prince Islet, San Miguel, June 15, 1910.

In several instances I have noted pelicans beginning to repair nests the last
of April, while H. C. Burt (79) saw some at Anacapa flying with sea weed in
their bills, March 17, 1911. This, coupled with other observations made by me
farther south, in Mexico, indicates that the time for nest building and laying va-
ries considerably in different colonies. The nests on the Coronados are made
mostly out of sticks from a certain bush that grows there. L. M. Huey (MS)
tells me that he has watched the pelicans gathering this material, and that they
secure it in the same way that they fish, namely, by flying along and then diving
at the bush, landing feet instead of head first, however, and in this way breaking
the bush down. He affirms that he has seen opuntia cactus that had evidently
been flattened down by the pelicans in the same manner, in mistake for the other
bush. One can imagine the surprise of the bird after such a maneuver!

As the pelicans suffer much from the depredations of the gulls, fresh eggs
from second layings may be found well into July. The young leave the nest
when less than half the size of the parents, and it is quite Indicrous to watch the
compact flocks of fluffy, solemn youngsters parading sedately about the rook-
eries. When the primaries are quite well grown, they frequently hop off a shelf
of rock into one of the many patches of cactus, and it is not unusual to encounter
one literally bristling with the spines. When able to fly, but before ever having
tried to do so, they will sometimes take to the air at the approach of danger, and
20 careening out to sea on unsteady wings, then manage the turn, and come shoot-
ing back on the wind. They are unversed in the art of alighting, however, and
sometimes hit the cliff full speed, which is a signal for every gull in sight to sail
happily down to investigate the dying bird. When camped near the colonies,
one may see a line or wedge of these great birds go silently by at any hour of
the night, undoubtedly belated homecomers from some far fishing ground.

42. Fregata aquila (Linnaeus)
MAN-0’-WAR-BIRD

Tachypetes aquilus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79.

Fregata aquila (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 31.

J. G. Cooper (1) states that this species was said to oceur at Catalina, but
of course it could only have been a straggler in that locality. On June 29, 1913,
L. M. Huey ealled the attention of F. Stephens, A. van Rossem, D. R. Dickey and
myself, to an individual of this species that.was soaring over the island towards
the south. It was perfectly identified by all of us.

43. Mergus serrator Linnaeus
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER

Mergus serrator (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1898, p. 10. (2) Linton, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 198. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 22.
Merganser serrator (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Fairly common winter visitant to the islands. J. Grinnell (7) noted birds

42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

ut Catalina in December, 1897, and I saw several lone individuals there the lat-
ter part of April, 1907. While at San Clemente from March 23 to April 11, 1915,
I saw a single individual almost daily, and C. B. Linton (3) has noted the species
there as late as May 3, 1909. During November and December, 1907, at Santa
Cruz Island, the last mentioned writer (7) frequently saw it feeding among
the tide pools.

44, Dafila acuta (Linnaeus)
PINTAIL

While in camp on San Clemente, April 4, 1915, a female of this species flew
close over D. R. Dickey and myself. She acted in a peculiar way, circling about
over the camp, and then flying high up the hillside along the shore. We judged
that she was a wounded bird that had made her way to the island.

45. Oidemia americana Swainson

ScorER

Oidemia americana (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 12. (2) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 20. (3) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 80. (4) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 26. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 38.
Occasional at the islands in winter. J. G. Cooper told J. Grinnell (2) that

he had taken this species at Catalina.

46. Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte

WHITE-WINGED SCOTER

Melanetta velvetina (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 274.
Oidemia deglandi (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., m, 1898, p. 12. (3) Linton, Condor,

x, 1908, p. 126. (4) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 173. (5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,

7, 1912, p. 26. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 38.

Abundant in winter about the islands, a few non-breeders remaining all
summer. The majority arrive the latter part of September and remain until
May. F. Stephens (2) found it common at Catalina the latter part of March,
1893, and I have seen it repeatedly there during April. G. Willett (3) saw sev-
eral at Santa Cruz Island during November, 1907, and (5) found immatures
common at San Miguel, the middle of June, 1910,

47. Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus)
SurF Scorer

Pelionetta perspicillata (1) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 23.

Oidemia perspicillata (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1888, p. 54. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena,
Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 12. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (5) Linton, Condor,
xI, 1909, p. 1938. (6) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 178. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
4, L912) ph 26:

Most numerous one of the genus, remaining with us all winter, and an oeca-
sional non-breeder spending the summer. C. B. Linton (5) saw several at Cle-
mente during the winter of 1908, and D. R. Dickey and I saw a flock of five

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 43

there April 10, 1915. J. Grinnell (3) found it very numerous at Catalina dur-
ing December, 1897, and I have noted it in abundance there throughout April. I
have also seen a few near Santa Barbara Island the first of May. C. B. Linton
(4) found adults and immatures tobe common at Santa Cruz Island, November
and December, 1907, and A. van Rossem and | saw them from time to time in the
same locality during the latter part of April, 1911. G. Willett (6) recorded them
as common at San Miguel Island, the middle of June, 1910, and C. P. Streator
(1) stated that he saw immature birds there and was under the impression that
they bred in the locality, which supposition is, of course, extremely unlikely.
Willet (7) also saw a male at Santa Rosa Island, June 8, 1910. All of our sco-
ters prefer the ocean in the vicinity of sandy beaches, and so are not nearly as
common at the islands as they are along the neighboring mainland.

48. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (Pallas)
Snow GOOsE
Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

While on Santa Cruz Island in April, 1915, W. L. Dawson (7) saw a pair
of these birds that were kept in captivity at the ranch house. They were winged,
of course, and had been taken from flocks numbering several thousand which
visited the island during the winter of 1914.

49. Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub
WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
Anser gambeli (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

C. B. Linton (7) found this goose abundant on Santa Rosa Island in Novem-
ber, 1907, and he (MS) informs me that the fishermen at Santa Cruz Island are
in the habit of running over to Santa Rosa to get them for Christmas. I have
been told by several fishermen that a goose, probably this one, is found on Ana-
capa in flocks during part of the winter.

50. Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus

GREAT BLUE HERON

Ardea herodias (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Blake, Auk, tv,
1887, p. 329. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (4) Breninger, Auk,
xxI, 1904, p. 223. (5) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ltv1, 1907, p. 141. (6) Linton,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (8) Wright, Condor, x1,
1909, p. 100. (9) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Ardea herodias herodias (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 30.

Ardea herodias oligista (11) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., xii, 1913, p. 553.

Ardea herodias hyperonca (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 43.

Fairly common about all of the islands but evidently breeding on only a few
of them. I have seen these birds all through the spring and early summer stand-
ing on the kelp beds in the vicinity of the Coronados.

From San Clemente, H. C. Oberholser (177) has described a subspecies, the

44 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

type being an almost adult male taken August 26, 1894. It is similar to the
mainland bird, but smaller, and the desecriber says that in addition to the type
locality, it probably occurs on Santa Cruz, San Nicolas, Anacapa and Catalina.
Now I am very familiar with the Coronados Islands, having lived on them for
as long as two months at a time, and I am morally certain that no herons breed
there. Besides, I have seen one as far as five miles from the islands, flying to-
wards the mainland. In addition, G. Willett (JS) says that he has seen them
in flight between Anacapa and the mainland. If they fly back and forth from
these two islands, it is reasonable to suppose that they do the same from the oth-
ers, and if this is the case it is hard to believe that an island subspecies exists.

I have before me two Great Blue Herons from the islands, one from the col-
lection of A. van Rossem, shot by him on San Clemente, September 30, 1908, the
other, from my own collection, taken on Catalina by H. Wright, May 25, 1908.
Although they are both males, and, as far as I ean tell, near the age of Mr. Ober-
holser’s type, I can see no difference to warrant separation of the island bird.
Following are the average measurements of the eleven specimens of A. h. hyper-
onca from the Pacific slope of California as given by Mr. Oberholser in his orig-
inal description of that subspecies, his measurements of the type of oligista, and
the average of my two island specimens.

Wing Tail Culmen Tarsus Toe!
ial ARS 105 WWE oro coe oo ado DOO BO OeS 485.7 184.7 142.7 180.5 107.2
EVDO weA a ciiee OUGISEE reat bietoies ett ie 433 187 149 184 101

Py iikGhokss qakoyonl WMI ERNGESS 35 og oncom oo no.ptS 492 182.5 148.7 182.3 113
iMiddle toe without claw.

Some allowance should of course be made for two different people taking
measurements, but even with a generous margin to allow for variation in this, it
will be seen that my two birds have even longer wings and middle toes than the
mainland ones, while the shortness of these two members was the chief claim to
subspecifie rank of the type of oligista.

C. B. Linton (MS) saw several Great Blue Herons at San Nicolas during
January, 1911, and I have seen an occasional individual at Catalina at different
times of the year. H. Wright (9) records one at Anacapa, July 5, 1912, and A.
van Rossem and I saw a number at Santa Cruz in April, 1911.

In the vicinity of the islands these birds spend most of their time perched
on the kelp beds waiting for fish. The kelp sinks under them to a certain ex-
tent, and they appear as if their legs were but half the length that they really
are. Those that breed upon the islands build their nests in niches of the cliffs.

1. Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns)
ANTHONY GREEN HERON

Butorides virescens anthonyi (1) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1912, p. 548.

H. C. Oberholser (MS) informs me that his record for this bird on the Cor-
onados (1) is based on a specimen taken in that locality by A. W. Anthony, May
11, 1885. ©. B. Linton (WS) tells me that he also secured a bird on Santa Cruz

Island.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 45

52. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert)
BuLAcK-CROWNED NicHt HEron

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 141. (2)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 31.

K. A. Mearns (2) saw a bird of this species on San Clemente Island, August
22 to 29, 1894.

53. Porzana carolina (Linnaeus)

Sora
Porzana carolina (1) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 193.

C. B. Linton (7) found the partly eaten remains of one of these birds on San
Clemente Island during the winter of 1908.

54. Fulica americana Gmelin

Coor
Fulica americana (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.
But one record, that of a bird seen by C. B. Linton (7) December 18, 1907,
at Prisoner’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island.

55. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus)
Rep PHALAROPE

Crymophilus fulicarius (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54. (2) Mearns, Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 141. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Phalaropus fulicarius (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 33. (5) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 48.

Abundant at certain times during the migrations about the islands. On
April 10, 1911, I saw two of these birds feeding near the rocks of Catalina, and
E. A. Mearns (2) took specimens at San Clemente, August 22 to 29, 1894. C. P.
Streator (1) observed a number in the kelp fields near San Nicolas during the
middle of the fall, and C. B. Linton and G. Willett (3) found them abundant in
the vicinity of Anacapa and Santa Cruz islands until November 27. By Decem-
ber 5 the majority had left for the south.

56. Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus)
NorTHERN PHALAROPE
Lobipes lobatus (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 34.

Abundant migrant in the open channel, but few are seen near the shores of
the islands. C. B. Linton (7) took two birds from a large flock near Santa Cruz
Island, October 21, 1908, and A. van Rossem and I saw a few in the same loeality
May 2, 1911.

Life Recurvirostra americana Gmelin

AVOCET

Recurvirostra americana (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 270.

46 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

H. W. Henshaw (1) reports that during the middle of June, 1875, on Santa
Cruz Island, several of these birds had paired and were living on the beaches.
He thought that they may have been breeding, but in this conclusion I believe
that he may have been mistaken.

58. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller)
BLACK-NECKED STILT

Himantopus mexicanus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (2) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 49.

J. Grinnell (1) shot a male of this species May 25, 1897, that was standing
at the edge of a pool on San Nicolas Island, and C. B. Linton (MS) secured one
in the same locality.

59. Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (Say)

LONG-BILLED DOwITCHER

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 141.
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 35.

KE. A. Mearns (1) reports having seen this bird on San Clemente Island,
May 22 to 29, 1894.

60. Pisobia bairdi (Coues)
Batrp SANDPIPER

Pisobia bairdi (1) Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 139. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 36. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 50.

An immature male of this species was taken at Catalina, September 1, 1907,
by H. Wright (2).

61. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot)
LEAST SANDPIPER

Actodromas minutilla (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 79.
Tringa minutilla (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.
Pisobia minutilla (3) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194.

Common during migration on the sandy beaches of the islands. At San
Clemente, C. B. Linton (3) saw flocks of these birds, and took a few specimens in
December, 1908. He (MS) also saw many at San Nicolas during January, 1911.
J. G. Cooper (1) recorded it from Catalina, and Linton (2) met with it at Santa
Cruz Island during November and December, 1907. In the same locality, May 1,
1911, A. van Rossem and I saw a flock of what we believed to be this species.

62. Ereunetes mauri Cabanis

WESTERN SANDPIPER

Ereunetes mauri (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivi, 1907, p. 141. (2) Linton, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 194. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 51.

Probably a fairly common migrant on the sandy beaches of the islands. E.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 47

A. Mearns (7) shot some of these birds at San Clemente from August 22 to 29,
1894, and C. B. Linton (2) states that at the same place he met with it together
with the last species during December, 1908.

63. Calidris leucophaea (Pallas)
SANDERLING

Calidris arenaria (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 271. (2) Breninger, Auk,

xxi, 1904, p. 222. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. 2
Calidris leucophaea (4) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,

1912, p. 37. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 51.

Common winter visitant to suitable parts of the islands. C. B. Linton (5)
has found this species on San Nicolas as late as May 30. He (4) says that it is
common during the winter at San Clemente, where Breninger (2) also found
flocks in February, 1903. Linton (3) has noted it on Santa Cruz Island during
November and December, 1907.

64. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)

GREATER YELLOW-LEGS

Totanus melanoleucus (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xt, 1888, p. 53. (2) Osburn, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 137.

C. P. Streator (7) reports having seen one of these birds on Santa Cruz Isl-
and in 1886. No specimen was obtained, and it is with some hesitation that I in-
elude the species. <As it is a common migrant on the mainland, however, and not
hard to identify in life, I have ventured to do so.

65. Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (Brewster)

WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER

Totanus solitarius (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 53.
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (2) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivi, 1907, p. 141.
(8) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 38.
Rather rare migrant. C. P. Streator (1) met with this bird on both San
Nicolas and Santa Cruz islands in 1886, and E. A. Mearns (2) reported it from
San Clemente the latter part of August, 1894.

66. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster)

WESTERN WILLET

Symphemia semipalmata inornata (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1888, p. 54.
Catoptrophorus s[emipalmatus]. inornatus (2) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 173.
Catoptrephorus semipalmatus inornatus (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 38.

Regular migrant to suitable parts of the islands. C. P. Streator (1) re-
ported it from San Nicolas in the fall of 1886, and C. B. Linton (MS) met with
it upon the same island during January, 1911. G. Willett (2) records a flock of
ten or twelve birds seen at the west end of San Miguel, June 17, 1910.

48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

67. Heteractitis incanus (Gmelin)
WANDERING TATTLER

Heteroscelus incanus (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 272. (2) Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 291.

Heteractitis incanus (3) Blake, Auk, Iv, 1887, p. 329. (4) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, p. 455. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (6) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., H, 1898, p. 18. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33,
37. (8) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tvi1, 1907, p. 141. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 838. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (171) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130.
(12) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (13) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 1387. (14)
Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 173. (15) Howell, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 186. (16) Burt,
Condor, x11, 1911, p. 164. (17) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 38. (78) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 53.

Wandering Tattler (79) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

Common migrant to all the islands, and recorded during every month of the
year. Most abundant from August to the first part of May. Almost every or-
nithologist who has visited the islands in winter has met with this bird, and there
are about a dozen records for non-breeders during the summer months. They
are fond of frequenting the foam-sprayed rocks off shore, singly or in twos, and
not infrequently in the company of Black Turnstones. Here, when observed,
they will squat motionless or steal over a ridge of rock.

68. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus)
SPorreD SANDPIPER

Actitis macularia (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (2) Grinnell, Pasa-

dena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 18. (3) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37.

(4) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tvz, 1907, p. 141. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.

838. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (7) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (8)

Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137. (9) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 39.

Actitis macularius (10) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 53.

Common on the islands in winter, and, as with the last mentioned species,
occurring during every month of the year. On the Coronados I have seen them
repeatedly in the spring and occasionally during the early summer; J. Grinnell
and F. 8. Daggett (3) note two seen August 6, 1902, in the same locality. C. B.
Linton (5) found the species fairly common at Clemente during the fall and
winter of 1907, and I saw a bird on the rocks there March 29, 1915. J. Grinnell
(2) reports it as tolerably common at Catalina in December, 1897, and I have
seen individuals both here and at Santa Barbara Island in late April and early
May. Grinnell (7) also saw several at Anacapa, September 4, 1903; Linton (6)
found numbers at Santa Cruz Island in November and December, 1907, where A.
van Rossem and I noted them during the latter part of April, 1911.

69. Numenius hudsonicus Latham

HupDsoNIAN CURLEW

Numenius hudsonicus (1) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (2) Brenin-
ger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (4) Cooke, Bull. U.
S. Biol. Surv., xxxv revised, 1912, p. 74. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 54.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 49

Probably a regular but not very common migrant. J. Grinnell and F. S.
Daggett (1) observed two of this species flying over the Coronados, August 7,
1902; Breninger (2) noted a few at San Clemente in February, 1903; C. B. Lin-
ton (3) took a bird December 8, 1907, at Santa Cruz, and (MS) has also seen
birds on San Nicolas.

70. Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus)
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER

Squatarola helvetica (1) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am,. 1, 1884, p. 136.
Squatarola squatarola (2) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 218. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,

p. 126. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 39.

Rather common migrant at suitable localities. C. B. Linton (4) saw one
of these birds in full summer plumage at San Nicolas Island, June 1, 1910, and
G. F. Breninger (2) observed thousands on the shores of San Clemente in Febru-
ary, 1903. J. G. Cooper (1) took a female on Catalina, November 1, 1861, now
in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, and C. B. Linton (3) found it
cemmon on Santa Cruz during November and December, 1907, large flocks being
seen feeding on the mesas one half to one mile inland.

(ale Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus)
KOLLDEER
Aegialitis vocifera (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Straggles to the islands in the winter. I saw a lone individual of this spe-
cies, March 25, 1915, at a little pond on the top of San Clemente Island. C. B.
Linton (WS) noted several on San Nicolas in January, and a number on Santa
Cruz during November and December, 1907.

12. Aegialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte)
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER
Aegialitis semipalmata (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 141. (2) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 40.
Evidently a rather rare winter straggler from the mainland. E. A. Mearns
(1) took this species on San Clemente the latter part of August, 1894, and C. B.
Linton (2) saw it at San Nicolas, April 18 and May 6, 1910.

13. Aegialitis nivosa Cassin
SNowy PLOVER

Aegialitis nivosa (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (2) Linton, Condor,
x, 1908, p. 88. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 40. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 55.

Found on most of the sandy beaches of the islands, where apparently breed-
ing. ©. B. Linton (2) saw a flock of fifteen or twenty birds on San Clemente,
October 15, 1907, and says (MS) that they breed on San Nicolas. He (3) also
reported it as fairly common during the late fall of 1907 at Santa Cruz Island.
O. W. Howard (4) has seen it at San Miguel during the summer months.

50 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

74. Podasocys montanus (J. K. Townsend)

Mountain PLOVER
Podasocys montana (1) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222.
Podasocys montanus (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 41. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast

Avif., 11, 1915, p. 56.

G. F. Breninger (1) took one of these birds on San Clemente in February,
1903, and states that he was informed that they wintered on the island in large
numbers. If this was the case they are undoubtedly much rarer there at this
time than formerly, as is also true in the lowlands of the adjacent mainland.

7
(

5. Aphriza virgata (Gmelin)
SURF-BIRD

Aphriza virgata (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, p. 127. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3,
1902, p. 28. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 41. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 56.

Rare migrant on the islands though probably commoner there than on the
mainland opposite. C. B. Linton (4) took an adult on San Nicolas, May 15, 1909,
and J. G. Cooper (1) saw birds on Santa Barbara and Catalina islands which
he took to be of this species. L. M. Loomis (4) says that R. H. Beck secured sey-
eral on San Miguel from March 13 to April 1, 1903. My experience with this
species on the mainland leads me to believe that it is a rapid migrant, and in the
habit of making long flights, touching usually only at certain favorable promon-
tories and headlands in its line of travel. If this is the case, the islands should
be favorite resting places for the birds, and I believe that systematic work on
the rocks of the Santa Barbara group at the right season would prove them to
be not so rare as they are usually considered. Indications are that during the
spring, the first week in May is the most likely time to look for them.

76. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus)

Ruppy TURNSTONE

Arenaria interpres morinella (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 141. (2
Grinnell, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 139. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 41. (4)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Probably a regular though not a plentiful migrant. E. A. Mearns (1) took
this bird at San Clemente in late August, 1894, and C. B. Linton (3) found it
fairly common on the rocks of San Nicolas from March 30 to May 11, 1910. H.
Wright (2) shot an immature male at Catalina, September 3, 1907, and (4) saw
one at Pelican Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, July 8, 1912. C. B. Linton (3) noted
two birds on San Miguel, October 15, 1910.

°
‘

ie Arenaria melanocephala ( Vigors)

Buack TURNSTONE

Stripsilas melanocephalus (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 270.
Arenaria melanocephala (2) Blake, Auk, Iv, 1887, p. 329. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 51

1888, p. 538. (4) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxtv, 1896, pp. 102, 729. (5) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 26. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad, Sci., 1, 1898, p. 19.
(7) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 159. (8) Grinnell and Daggett,
Auk, xx, 1908, pp. 33, 37. (9) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 218. (10) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., ivi, 1907, p. 141. (11) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (12) Linton,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (173) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 180. (14) Wright, Condor,
xr, 1909, p. 100. (75) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137. (176) Willett, Condor, xu,
1910, p. 178. (17) Cooke, Bull. U. S. Biol. Surv., xxxv revised, 1912, p. 99. (18) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 42.

An abundant migrant, and common throughout the winter. Non-breeders
occasionally seen all through the summer. The majority arrive about the mid-
dle of August and leave the middle of May. Breeding plumage is assumed to-
wards the last of April. This is by far the most abundant shore bird on the isl-
ands, much more so than on the mainland, occurring in flocks of as many as thir-
ty individuals, and frequenting the rockiest shores.

78. Haematopus frazari Brewster
FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER

Haematopus palliatus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 8. (2) Cooper, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N.
Am., I, 1884, p. 113.

Haematopus frazari (4) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 161. (5)
Brewster, Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 74. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
3, 1902, p. 29. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 19038, pp. 29, 33, 37. (8) Osburn,
Condor, x11, 1911, p. 76. (9) Cooke, Bull. U. S. Biol. Surv., xxxv revised, 1912, p. 42.
(10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 42. (717) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 57. oe

Rare straggler from farther south during the late summer. J. Grinnell (7)
took one specimen on the Coronados, August 6, 1902, and saw another the follow-

ing day. J. G. Cooper (2) shot a female on Santa Barbara Island, June 2, 1865,

that held an egg nearly ready to be laid. Although this would indicate that the

bird was breeding in the vicinity, we have no cause to suppose that the species
has bred within our range since that time at least.

12 Haematopus bachmani Audubon
Buack OYSTER-CATCHER

Haematopus niger (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 270. (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.,
I, 1884, p. 116. (4) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1887, p. 22. (5)
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, p. 121.

Haematopus bachmani (6) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (7) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1u,
1888, p. 53. (8) Brewster, Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 75. (9) Grinnell
and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 38, 37. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (11)
Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (12) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (13) Os-
burn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 187. (14) Willett, Condor, xu, 1910, p. 173. (15) Osburn,
Condor, x11, 1911, p. 82. (76) Burt, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 164. (17) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 42. (78) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 87, 91.
(19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 57.

Haemantopus bachmani (20) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54.

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

uw
is)

Black Oystercatcher (27) Swarth, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 85. (22) Willett,

Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

Fairly common resident on some of the islands. There were at least four
pairs of these birds nesting on the Coronados in 1910, and I several times en-
countered the downy young after the middle of June. Breeds on the Coronados,
Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands. Most
plentiful on the last, where G. Willett (14) took five sets of eggs, June 17, 1910.

Data would seem to indicate that these birds do not lay much before the mid-
dle of May. Usually three and more rarely four eggs are laid. In winter the
legs and feet are yellow, but towards spring they become bright red. Certain
rocky points are selected by the birds, and to these are often brought the barna-
cles which they pry off the rocks. These are worked over at leisure, and at one
such depot on the Coronados which I examined, there was fully a bushel of shells.

80. Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway )
VALLEY QUAIL

Lophortyx californicus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 79. (2) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 550. (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 266.

Callipepla californica vallicola (4) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 12. (4)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. ,

Lophortyx californicus vallicola (6) Oberholser, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900, p. 229.
(7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivi, 1907, p. 142. (8) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p.
100. (9) Howell, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 187.

Lophortyx catalinensis (10) Grinnell, Auk, xxi, 1906, p. 262. (11) [Childs], Warbler,
mi, 1907, p. 1. (12) Richardson, Condor, x1, 1908, p. 66. (13) Grinnell, Condor, x,
1908, p. 94. (14) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 391.

Lophortyz sp ? (15) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p, 137.

Lophortyx californica vallicola (16) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 48. (17) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 59.

Lophortyx californica catalinensis (18) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 10. (19)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 59.

Rather rare on the Coronados; common on Catalina. There are at present a
few pairs on south island of the Coronados. L. M. Huey (WS) remembers years
ago to have heard talk of a Mr. Babeock of San Diego establishing a hunting pre-
serve upon the island, and believes that the birds were introduced at that time.
They now seem to have a rather precarious foothold there, and it is likely that
Duck Hawks and wild house eats will exterminate them in the near future. In
coloration, individuals may be found which somewhat approach californica, but
the majority have the markings of vallicola. It is not improbable that a part of
the birds which were liberated, were of each race. They are essentially the same
as birds from the mainland, four birds from my collection differing only to a
slight degree in having shorter bills and middle toes, and longer tails, an insuffi-
cient difference to warrant separation.

Mr. Howland of San Clemente Island, tells me that there were two or three
dozen birds liberated there in 1913, but that he has not seen any of them very
recently. G. Willett (16), however, records the species previous to that time (in
1912) as occasional on San Clemente, so that introduction may have taken place
at an earlier period.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

ue
oe)

The Catalina quail was separated by J. Grinnell (70), the type being a bird
collected November 25, 1904. He says that it is about nine per cent larger than
vallicola, and darker and more brownish dorsally than californica. Tail longer,
bill heavier, toes and tarsus stouter, than in either mainland race. It was not
aceepted by the A. O. U. Committee (74), but all the birds which I have seen
could be easily told from either of the mainland forms, and I believe it to be a
good subspecies. They are abundant on the island. A half finished nest found
by C. H. Richardson (12) in April, 1907, differed in no manner from that of
mainland vallicola. ?

H. W. Henshaw (.3) states that quail were at one time introduced on Santa
Cruz Island, but as none have been taken there as far as I know, they have prob-
ably disappeared, and there is no way of knowing whether they were californica
or vallicola.

81. Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse)

WESTERN MourninG Dove

Zenaidura carolinensis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Richard-
son, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66.

Zenaidura macroura (3) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (4) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 389.
(5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 5, 9, 18. (6) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898,
p. 234. (7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 141. (8) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 88. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Zenaidura macroura marginella (10) Mearns, Auk, xxvii, 1911, p. 490. (7/1) A. O. U.
Committee, Auk, xx1x, 1912, p. 881. (12) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.
(73) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 62. (14) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid.
Am., vir, 1916, p. 347.

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (15) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 44.

Rather common resident of certain of the islands. J. Grinnell (5) found
this bird quite numerous near the lower end of San Clemente during the spring
of 1897. Twenty or thirty of them roosted in a small clump of cherry trees in a
ravine, coming to it just at dusk. Two nests were found by him on June 3 and 6,
respectively, both being situated on horizontal branches of wild cherry. In the
treeless northern part of the island, however, they are distinctly rare, and I saw
but a single individual during a three weeks stay in the spring of 1915.

I have noted them in some numbers on Catalina, and C. H. Richardson (2)
found that they pair in April there. J. Grinnell (5) saw about a dozen birds on
San Nicolas in May, 1897, and remarks that a specimen secured is very much
darker than any he had seen from the mainland. He also saw about the same
number on Santa Barbara Island in May, 1897, but on the first of that month,
1908, I could find but a single bird in the locality. This is such a small barren
island that one feels surprised at meeting these birds. They, in addition to some
of the other land birds, must get their supply of moisture from the ice plant
which grows so abundantly.

A. van Rossem and I found doves to be common on Santa Cruz the latter
part of April, 1911, where they seemed partial to the upper edges of the bare
grass lands, and to the borders of the little canyons. Tere H. Wright (72) found
a nest containing a single egg, July 7, 1912.

54 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

82. Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus)

Marsu Hawk

Circus hudsonius (1) van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208. (2) Burt, Condor, x11, 1911,
p. 166. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 46.

Evidently a straggler to the islands. A. van Rossem (7) shot a female on
the Coronados, April 6, 1909; H. C. Burt (2) took an immature male on Anaca-
pa, Mareh 15, 1911; and C. B. Linton (WS) tells me that he has seen the species
on Santa Cruz.

83. Accipiter velox (Wilson)
SHARP-SHINNED Hawk

Accipiter velox (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (2) Richardson,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (3) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 46.

Probably not rare during the fall, winter and early spring. On San Cle-
mente, C. B. Linton (3) saw several of these birds during December, 1908; C. H.
Richardson (2) recorded one from Catalina, April 19, 1905; and J. Mailliard (7)
lists it as having occurred on Santa Cruz in April, 1908.

84. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)

CoorpER Hawk

Accipiter cooperi (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (2) Howell and
van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 46.
(4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 64.

Recorded only from Santa Cruz Island, where I believe it to be resident im
small numbers. J. Mailliard (7) lists the species from that locality during April,
1908, and on April 25, 1911, I (2) saw a pair at the lower edge of the pines which
acted very much as if they had a nest near by.

85. Buteo borealis calurus Cassin

WESTERN RED-TAIL

Buteo borealis calurus (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (2) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (3) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 220. (4) Richardson,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (6) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 127. (7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 65.

Fairly common resident of the larger islands. C. B. Linton (5) says that
several pairs were nesting on San Clemente in 1907, and L. M. Huey (MS) saw
a bird there March 25, 1915. I have found it common in the early spring at Cat-
alina, and on April 11, 1911, discovered in a tree a nest that held two pipped
eggs. J. Grinnell (7) saw two or three every day when he was there in Decem-
ber, 1897. C. B. Linton (6) noted several on Santa Cruz during November and
December, 1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw one there May 1, 1911.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

uU
uw

86. Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte
Swatnson Hawk

Buteo montanus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 77.
Buteo swainsoni (2) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209. (3) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 47. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 66.

Occurs on two of the islands at least. J. G. Cooper (1) says that the spe-
cies was present at Catalina, and F. 8. Daggett (3) found it common there from
August 1 to 16, 1898, one specimen having been taken. I (2) obtained a good
view of one on Santa Cruz, April 30, 1911.

on
=I

Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)

Baup EAGLE

Haliaetus leucocephalus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 77. (2) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 452. (3)Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 264.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus (4) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
XIII, 1888, p. 53. (6) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 41. (7) Keeler, Zoe,
1, 1891, p. 339. (8S) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 5, 9, 13. (9) Grinnell,
Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (10) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (11)
Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 38, 37. (72) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p.
219. (13) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 141. (74) Richardson, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 66. (15) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (76) Grinnell, Condor, x,
1908, p. 130. (17) Burt, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 164. (18) Howell and van Rossem,

Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 33.
(20) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (21) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 48.
(22) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 86. (23) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
1A, 1905; p: 67.

Bald Eagle (24) Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident of the Santa Barbara group. J. Grinnell and F. 8S. Dag-
gett (17) saw an eagle on the Coronados, August 6, 1902, and were told that a
pair of them had a nest. One of these birds was later killed, and during my sev-
eral visits since 1910 I have never seen one.

D. R. Diekey, L. M. Huey and I found them numerous on San Clemente in
the spring of 1915, and a pair that occupied an accessible nest still had eggs
April 3. C. B. Linton (15) says that scattered about the base of the cliffs where
the nests were situated, were numerous skeletons of sheep and young lambs, but
Mr. Howland told us that during fifteen years of almost continued residence on
the island, he had never seen an eagle carrying a lamb but once, and that was one
that had died a natural death. He was quite sure that they did not molest the
sheep at all. Worked into the material that formed the above nest found by Mr.
Dickey, was the dessicated remains of a whole fox.

Eagles are reported as abundant on San Nicolas, and J. G. Cooper (2) states
that on July 9, in the sixties, he saw more than thirty birds in immature plumage
soaring about the north end of Catalina. A number are killed here annually by
tourists and sheepherders, until now they are not quite so abundant. Still, sev-
eral individuals may be seen at almost any time, and many of their nests are on

56 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

the cliffs. These are sometimes also built in the wind-blown trees near the preci-
pices.

I have seen eagles about Santa Barbara Island, as have others, but as the
island is rather small, I think it probable that there is but one resident pair. Sev-
eral pairs are resident on Anacapa, and it is interesting to note, as H. C. Burt
(17) remarks, that all the sticks which enter into the construction of nests on
this island, must laboriously be carried across five miles of sea from Santa Cruz
Island. On the latter island they are said to kill lambs occasionally, and so are
undoubtedly shot by the herders at every opportunity. A. van Rossem and I
(18) found that most of the birds nested on the sea cliffs, but one nest was found
in a large tree, well back in a canyon. This nest, on May 2, 1911, held a single
young the size of a hen.

The Bald Eagle occurs on San Miguel and undoubtedly on Santa Rosa as
well. :

The majority would seem to lay the first part of February, but fresh eggs
may be found until late March.

88. Falco mexicanus Schlegel

PRAIRIE FALCON

Falco mexicanus (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 53. (2) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p.
340.

Both C. P. Streator (7) and C. A. Keeler (2) record the Prairie Faleon
from San Miguel, but no one else has since found it.

89. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte

Duck Hawk

Falco communis var. anatum (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 262.

Falco nigripes (2) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 77. (3) Cooper, Land Birds
Calif., 1, 1870, p. 456.

Falco peregrinus anatum (4) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 42. (5) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (6) Breninger, Auk, xx, 1904, p. 220. (7)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., nvr, 1907, p. 141. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83.
(9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (10) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (11)
Howell, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 186. (72) Burt, Condor, xt, 1911, p. 166. (13) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 49. (74) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p.
91. (75) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 67. :

Falco anatum anatum (16) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 338, 37.

Duck Hawk (17) Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident of all the islands. At least three and probably four pairs
of these birds breed on the Coronados. During late March and early April, 1915,
on San Clemente, I repeatedly saw a pair, but was unable to locate their nesting
site. G. Willett (13) took a set of four eggs on Catalina, April 8, 1904, and I
have observed several of the birds on the northwest part of the island. I flushed
a pair from the cliff on the seaward side of Santa Barbara Island, where they
undoubtedly had a nest of young, May 1, 1908, and H. C. Burt (72) noted a pair
on Anaeapa. On Santa Cruz, O. W. Howard (13) collected a set April 5, 1906,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 57

and C. B. Linton (9) says it is quite common there. Willett (17) found Duck
Tlawks to be common on San Miguel the middle of June, 1910.

- Where there are colonies of small pelagic birds, these faleons are the com-
monest. They usually nest on inaccessible cliffs, but on north island of the Cor-
onados group, they breed on ledges in the eaves of the hillsides, and are easily
accessible without a rope. A. van Rossem (MS) found a set of eggs there that
were deposited on a bare ridge close to a path. Fresh eggs may be looked for
during the last half of March and first of April.

J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett (16), on the Coronados, found skins of the
Western Gull turned wrong side out over the head, leaving the skeletons picked
clean, and believe that the hawks were responsible. H. Linton and G. Willett
(9) saw one take a Red Phalarope from the kelp near the shore of Santa Cruz
Island. First one and then another of a pair of faleons chased the little fellow
until he was tired out. C. B. Linton (9) states that Black Turnstones are a fa-
vorite prey. As previously stated, they do great damage among the colonies of
petrels, auklets and murrelets during the nesting season, while in winter, not
even that expert diver the Rhinoceros Auklet is immune from their successful at-
tacks. I have found that when the young Duck Hawks are thoroughly strong on
the wing, the majority forsake the islands, and probably spend the rest of the
season along the mainland coast. On the Coronados, June 8, 1913, A. van Ros-
sem shot an immature bird which tumbled down a cliff. As we were approaching
it in a skiff two hours later, an adult arose from the carcass, and upon examina-
tion we found that the whole back and one wing had been eaten away, so the
species evidently has cannibalistic tendencies.

90. Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus

Pigeon Hawk
Falco columbarius (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.
Rather rare winter visitant. While D. R. Dickey was removing a fox from
a trap on San Clemente Island, March 30, 1915, a pair of these birds circled
closely around him for two or three minutes. He says that there could have been
no mistake in identification, and from then until we left, April 11, we several
times saw what were evidently the same birds. C. B. Linton (7) noted a few in
the canyons of Santa Cruz Island during November and December, 1907.

91). Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson)

DerserRT SPARROW Hawk

Falco sparverius deserticolus (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44.

Falco sparverius (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (3) Wright and Snyder, Condor,
2, UNDE so Me

Falco sparverius phaloena (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (5) Osburn, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 137. (6) Burt, Condor, x111, 1911, p. 166.

Sparrow Hawk (7) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 172.

Reported from several islands, and probably resident. C. B. Linton (WS)
says that he has seen these birds on San Nicolas Island; he (2) recorded them as
occasional on San Clemente, in 1907. H. C. Burt (6) reported a pair on Ana-

58 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

capa, Mareh 15, 1911, and A. van Rossem (MS) noted two on Santa Cruz, April
25 of the same year. In the latter locality Linton (4) secured a pair during De-
cember, 1907, and G. Willett (7) saw the wings of a female that was shot on San
Miguel in 1910.

92. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin)

OSPREY

Pandion carolinensis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Iv, 1870, p. 77. (2) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 34. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Pandion haliaeetus carolinensis (4) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 53.

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (5) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 46. (6)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 9, 14. (7) Breninger, Auk, xxr, 1904, p.
219. (8) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., nvr, 1907, p. 141. (9) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 88. (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 49. (11) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
7Nvabigs ally alshlisy jas (eh
Fairly common breeder on some of the islands, but the majority seem to win-

ter south of us. I think it doubtful if any of these birds nest on the Coronados,

and have seen but one in that locality, this on June 30, 1913. We noted a good
many at San Clemente in the early spring of 1915, and were told of a number
of nests; C. B. Linton (9) says that they are plentiful at San Nicolas. Present
in some numbers at Catalina, but not as abundant as formerly, owing to the de-
predations of the tourists. Still every detached rock of any height has its resi-
dent pair. C. P. Streator (4) reported the species from Santa Cruz in 1886, and

Linton (3) noted one bird there, November 20, 1907. These two are the north-

ernmost island records, and it is not believed that the species breeds on the isl-

ands, north of Catalina. The time for egg laying seems to vary considerably. I

have found fresh eggs as early as March 7, and have watched birds constructing

a nest April 28.

93. Aluco pratincola (Bonaparte)

Barn Own

Strix pratincola (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Aluco pratincola (2) van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208. (3) Howell and van Rossem,
Condor, x111, 1911, p. 209. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 50. (5) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 69.

Tyto perlata pratincola (6) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., v1, 1914, p. 607.

Rather rare resident of some of the islands. A. van Rossem (2) saw one on
the Coronados, April 9, 1909, which I am inclined to think was a straggler from
the mainland, as no one else has met with it there, and this group has been very
thoroughly worked. G. Willett (1) shot a specimen on Santa Cruz, November 20,
1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw one there on the night of April 27, 1911. H.
C. Burt (4) collected a bird on Anacapa.

94. Asio wilsonianus (Lesson)
LONG-EARED Own

Asio wilsonianus (1) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (2) van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1909,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 59

p. 208. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 50. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,

11, 1915, p. 69.

Rather rare resident of San Clemente and Catalina. Accidental on the Cor-
onados, where J. B. Dixon (2) saw one April 7, 1909. C.-B. Linton (7) met with
four, one of which he shot, on San Clemente, during December, 1908. O. W.
Iloward (3) found six nearly half-grown young in an old raven’s nest on Cata-
lina in April, 1909, and I saw a single adult in the same locality, April 11, 1910.

95: Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan)

SHORT-EARED OWL

Asio flammeus (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,
p. 50.
Asio accipitrinus (3) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137.
Casual wanderer to the islands. J. Grinnell (7) saw a newly mounted spe-
cimen of this owl on Catalina during the latter part of December, 1897. that had
been shot the week before.

96. Bubo virginianus pacificus Cassin
Paciric HorNED Owl

Bubo virginianus pacificus (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 53.

O. W. Howard (1) saw a horned owl on Santa Cruz Istand, April 29, 1906,
which was presumably this form. It may either be a rare resident of the island,
or the one specimen may have wandered from the mainland.

97. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte)

BurRROWING Owl

Athene cunicularia (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., rv, 1870, p. 77.

S[peotyto]. cunicularia hypogaea (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54.

Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (3) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1890, p. 140.
(4) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 340. (5) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (6) Breninger,
Auk, xx, 1904, p. 222. (7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tvz, 1907, p. 141. (8) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (10) van Rossem,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 58. (12) Ridg-
way, Birds North & Mid. Am., v1, 1914, p. 817.

Burrowing Owl (73) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 172. (14) Burt, Condor, x11, 1911, p.
166.

Resident on the islands but not common. <A. van Rossem (70) shot a female
on the Coronados, April 8, 1909, but it must be rare there as I have never ob-
served it during any of my visits. C. A. Keeler (4) recorded the species from
San Nicolas as well as from San Clemente, on certain parts of which it is to be
found in some numbers. J. Grinnell (5) saw one on Catalina during December,
1897, and was told that it was quite numerous at times. I saw a single individual
here several times in April, 1911. It seems to be lacking on Santa Barbara Isl-
and. H.C. Burt (14) was informed that the species had been seen at different
times on Anacapa. C. B. Linton (9) reports the bird as fairly common in suita-
ble places on Santa Cruz, and states that they average a trifle paler than mainland

60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

specimens, with slightly different measurements. Mr. Ward, in charge of San
Miguel Island, told Willett (13) that there were a few there.

98. - Ceryle aleyon (Linnaeus)
BELTED KINGFISHER
Ceryle alcyon (1) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x111, 1888, p.

538. (3) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (4) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p.

14. (5) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (6) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., Lv1,

1907, p. 141. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

(9) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (170) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137. (11)

Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 84.

Regular migrant to the islands. A. van Rossem saw one on the Coronados,
August 13, 1914. One was seen almost daily about our camp on San Clemente in
late March and early April, 1915, and it has been recorded from there in the
fall. J. Grinnell (5) found it fairly common at Catalina in December, 1897, and °
he (9) shot one on Anacapa, September 4, 1903. Reported in some numbers by
various writers from July to December on Santa Cruz.

99. Sphyrapicus ruber ruber (Gmelin)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER

Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (2) Ridgway, Birds

North & Mid. Am., vi, 1914, p. 280. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 80.
Sphyrapicus ruber ruber (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 56.

Rather rare winter visitant to the larger islands. C. B. Linton (7) took two
immature birds of this form on San Clemente, October 11, 1907, which he erron-
eously recorded as S. v. nuchalis. I have seen their marks on trees on Catalina,
and April 8, 1911, I caught sight of a distant bird which was probably of this
species. On Santa Cruz Island, during the latter part of April, A. van Rossem
and I repeatedly saw trees that had been worked on by some sapsucker.

100. Asyndesmus lewisi Riley

Lewis WoopPECKER
Asyndesmus lewisi (1) Dawson, Condor, xvit, 1915, p. 204.

On Santa Cruz Island, April 4, 1915, W. L. Dawson (7) saw a single indi-
vidual on one of the outlying barns of the main ranch. It was not again encoun- .
tered.

101. Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors

ReEp-SHAFTED FLICKER

7
i.

Colaptes mexicanus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 7

Colaptes (2) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329.

Colaptes cafer (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 53. (4) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p.
234. (5) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (6) Oberholser, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., xx1r, 1900, p. 229.

Colaptes cafer (?) (7) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.

Colaptes cafer collaris (8) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (9) Linton, Condor, x,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 61

1908, p. 127. (10) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xii, 1911, p. 209. (11) Willett,

Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 57. (12) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.
C[olaptes]. aluratus]. luteus (13) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 209.

Rather common resident of Santa Cruz, and present on Catalina during the
winter at least. J. Grinnell (4) met with these birds in some numbers on Cata-
lina during December, 1897, flushing them from the north slopes, where they
were digging in the damp turf for larvae. I have noted two or three here in
early April. C. H. Richardson (8) considers them to be merely winter visitants
in this locality, as he was unable to find any old nesting holes. H. Linton (MS)
shot one on San Nicolas in May, 1910, which he presented to G. Willett.

Numerous on Santa Cruz, and although no nests have been reported, they
surely breed as they are present throughout the year. A. van Rossem and I
found them exceedingly shy. We stated (10, 13) that many birds were seen in
which the usual red was replaced by yellow, and judged accordingly that there
were also Northern Flickers present, or at least hybrids which closely approached
the latter. I have since changed this opinion, and consider, that whatever may
‘be the correct explanation of the occurrence of the so-called hybrid flickers that
are reported from many parts of the west, the birds of Santa Cruz are amenable
to the same influences that cause the red of the linnets here often to be replaced
by yellow.

102. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway
Dusky Poor-wiLL

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 14. (2)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tv, 1907, p. 142. (3) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p.
66. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 57. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 84.

A regular but not common migrant through the southern islands. J. Grin-
nell (1) says that on San Clemente from March 30 to April 2, 1897, this bird
was heard each evening, and a female was secured March 31. As no one else has
heard them there, the above would indicate that perhaps there was an unusually
heavy migratory wave of them passing through that year. C. H. Richardson (3)
has seen them occasionally in April on Catalina, and during 1911 I saw two birds
on the 8th of that month and another on the 10th. O. W. Howard (MS) shot a
bird on Anacapa Island, April 6, 1906.

103. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence
Texas NIGHTHAWK

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 58. (2) Grin-

nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 85.

G. Willett (2) shot an adult female on Santa Barbara Island, June 20, 1911,
and dissection showed her to be breeding. Although a careful search was made
during the succeeding days, her mate could not be located, and it is barely possi-
ble that she had wandered over from one of the larger islands the night before.

62 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

104. Chaetura vauxi (J. K. Townsend)
Vaux SwIirt
Chaetura vauxi (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (2) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 59.
Noted by J. Mailliard (7) on Santa Cruz Island during April, 1898.

105. Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird)
WHITE-THROATED SWIFT

Aeronautes melanoleucus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 9, 15. (2) Mail-

liard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 48. (3) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 220.

(4) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 142. (5) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908,

p. 66. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (8)

Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 187. (9) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid, Am., vy, 1911, p.

688. (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 59. (71) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,

11, 1915, p. 86.

Aeronantes melanoleucus (12) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100.
White-throated Swift (73) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 171.

Fairly common on most of the islands, and evidently breeding in suitable
localities. A. van Rossem and I noted a small flock on the Coronados, June 25,
1913, and the former shot a female which contained a well developed egg. They
were probably nesting on the high sand-stone cliffs on the south side of south
island. J. Grinnell (1) records this species from San Nicolas in May, 1897; on
San Clemente, D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I saw them several times in the
early spring of 1915. Here at Howland’s Bay, C. B. Linton (6) saw them enter-
ing crevices in the cliffs, March 7, 1907. I have repeatedly observed them dart-
ing about the high ridges of Catalina in the spring, and G. Willett (13) found a
number of them present on Anacapa, June 5, 1910. A. van Rossem and I saw
small flocks on Santa Cruz the latter part of April, 1911, and C. B. Linton (7)
recorded several there in December, 1907.

106. Calypte costae (Bourcier)

Costa HUMMINGBIRD

Calypte costae (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 15. (2) Mearns, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Lv1, 1907, p. 142. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 60. (4) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 86.

Breeds on some of the islands. During several visits to the Coronados in
spring, I have found this hummer frequenting the low bushes that straggle over
the chff bordering the cove on south island. It seems to be a fairly common
breeder and is very much in evidence near its home site, making pugnacious sal-
lies after other birds and even attacking any gull that chances near. J. Grinnell
(1) records a single adult male on San Clemente, Mareh 30, 1897, but considers
that it was merely a migrant. G. Willett (3) found it rather common among the
cactus patches of Santa Barbara Island in June, 1911, and on the 19th, noted a
female feeding young just out of the nest.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 63

107. Calypte anna (Lesson)
ANNA HUMMINGBIRD

Calypte anna (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78. (2) Grinnell, Auk, xv,
1898, p. 235. (3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, pp. 42, 44. (4) Richard-
son, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (5) Linton, Condor, x 1908 p. 127. (6) Osburn, Condor,
xI, 1909, p. 187. (7) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid Am., v, 1911, p. 621. (8) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 60. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 87.

Not rare on the islands, breeding on some of them at least. May 17, 1910,
I saw a single male of this species on the Coronados. On San Clemente, for sey-
eral days during the latter part of March, 1915, one collected bits of cotton from
the vicinity of our skinning table. At Catalina J. Grinnell (2) shot an adult
female and saw another the last of December, 1897, which indicates that they may
spend the entire winter in that locality, and C. H. Richardson (4) saw a few
there in April. C. B. Linton (5) found them to be fairly common on Santa Cruz
during November and December, 1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw several
there the latter part of April, 1911, the former taking two males on the 29th and
30th, respectively.

108. Selasphorus alleni Henshaw ‘
ALLEN HuUMMINGBIRD

Selasphorus rufus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 356.

Trochilus rufus (3) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (4) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.

Selasphorus alleni. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 15. (6) Grinnell, Auk,
Xv, 1898, p. 234. (7) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 18. (8) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, pp. 42, 44. (9) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xx, 1900, p. 280. (10) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 41. (11) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., tv1, 1907, p. 142. (12) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (13) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (/4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (15) Wright, Con-
dor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (7/6) van Rossem Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208. (17) Willett, Con-
dor, xu, 1910, p. 171. (18) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., v, 1911, p. 610. (19)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 61. (20) Snyder, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 182. (21)
Shepardson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 130. 22) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 88.

Common resident. On the Coronados A. van Rossem (16) found these birds
to be very common in April, 1909, and H. Wright (15) noted what he believed to
be this form the last part of June, 1908. On San Clemente J. Grinnell (5) met
with them commonly along the ravines, the latter part of March, 1897, and one
nest was found. This, as well as a number of other nests found by C. B. Linton
(13), was composed chiefly of sheeps wool, with the usual covering of lichens and
plant fiber.

The species is especially abundant on Catalina, where I have observed that
the birds are partial to the clumps of wild tobacco, though not by any means con-
fined to its vicinity. As an instance of its numbers here, G. K. Snyder (20) dur-
ing fifty-five minutes on March 20, 1914, examining, with the aid of a cumber-
some ladder, about thirty trees for possible nests, discovered and inspected eley-

64 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

en. Several of these were newly completed, and two held young almost ready to
fly. This hummingbird breeds mostly in the trees above stream beds.

J. G. Cooper (1) reported the species from Santa Barbara Island, and V. W.
Owen (17) saw a male on the top of Anacapa, June 5, 1910. On Santa Cruz, A.
van Rossem and I remarked a few the last of April, 1911, E. W. Blake (3) re-
corded the species as very common in July and August, while C. B. Linton (74)
saw several and shot a male, November 24, 1907.

109. Tyrannus verticalis Say

ARKANSAS KINGBIRD

Tyrannus verticalis (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (2) Linton,

Condor, x, 1908, p. 82.

Casual migrant. On San Clemente C. B. Linton (2) saw one of these birds
April 3, 1907, and another on the 5th. J. Mailliard (2) took a specimen on Santa
Cruz in April, 1898, and W. L. Dawson (MS) saw two in the same locality, one
on April 6, 1915, and the other on the 19th.

110. Tyrannus vociferans Swainson
Cassin KINGBIRD

Tyrannus vociferans (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (2) van Rossem, Condor, x1,
1909, p. 208. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 89.
Occasional migrant. A. van Rossem (2) recorded a pair from the Corona-
dos in April, 1909. On Santa Cruz C. B. Linton (1) saw a bird November 24,
1907, which he believes was of this species.

ial Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence)
ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER

Accidental on the islands. J. Grinnell (MS) obtained a good view of one of
these birds among some walnut trees on Santa Cruz Island, September 3, 1903.

112. Sayornis sayus (Bonaparte)
Say PHOEBE

Sayornis saya (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (2) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 223.
(3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (5) Osburn,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137.

Sayornis sayus (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 90.

A not uncommon winter visitant. C. B. Linton (3) says that on San Cle-
mente these birds are common over the whole island in winter, and I saw one
there as late as April 11, 1915. J. Grinnell (7) noted the species in some num-
bers on Catalina the latter part of December, #897, and C. B. Linton (MS) has
seen it on San Nicolas in January. At Santa Cruz Island the latter writer re-
corded it as fairly common during November and December, 1907.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 65

111g, Sayornis nigricans (Swainson)
Buack PHOEBE

Sayornis nigricans (1) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x1, 1888,
p. 54. (3) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 389. (4) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (5)
Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (6) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxu1, 1900, p. 280. (7) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223. (8) Richardson,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (10) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 127. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 68. (12) Wright and Snyder,
Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 90.

Resident but not in large numbers. C. A. Keeler (3) recorded this species
from San Nicolas. On San Clemente it is rather rare and confined to the north-
west coast. C. B. Linton (9) found an unfinished nest there March 20, 1907, and
I saw a single bird March 27, 1915, the only one during a three weeks stay. At
Catalina I have seen occasional birds during April, and J. Grinnell (4) noted
three in December, 1897. It was present, but not in numbers, on Santa Cruz
when A. van Rossem and I were there in late April, 1911. A nest which we kept
under observation contained pipped eggs April 26. Linton (10) found it fairly
common here during November and December, 1907. C. P. Streator (6) took
two adults on Santa Rosa in July, 1892.

114. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson)
WESTERN Woop PEWEE

Contopus richardsonii (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 10, 15.
Horizopus richardsonii (2) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 142.
Contopus richardsoni richardsoni (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 64.

A not uncommon migrant. L. M. Huey (MS) shot a female on the Corona-
dos, May 18, 1913, and the same day saw about four others flyeatching from the
large boulders near the water. On San Clemente, J. Grinnell (7) saw one June
3, 1897, and considers that although rather late in the season, it was a migrant.
He took a female on San Nicolas Island, May 20, and a male on the 23rd. C. B.
Linton (3) states that he heard several among the pines of Santa Cruz Island in
December, 1907, but collected no birds. As this is two months after they leave
southern California, and there is not another winter record for the state, it is ex-
tremely likely that Linton was mistaken in supposing that the notes which he
heard emanated from this species.

1hiby Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird
WESTERN FLYCATCHER

Empidonax difficilis (1) Blake, Auk, Iv, 1887, p. 329. (2) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.
(3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (4) Richardson, Condor, x,
1908, p. 67. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.
(7) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137.

Empidonar insulicola (8) Oberholser, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 300. (9) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 15. (10) Black, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 405. (11) Mailliard, Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (12) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1900,
p. 230. (13) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvii, 1901, p. 302. (14) Bailey, Handb.

66 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 260. (75) Grinnell, Condor, vir, 1905, p. 50. (16)
C(hilds), Warbler, 1, 1906, p. 38. (17) Grinnell, Condor, vir, 1906, p. 74. (18)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tvi, 1907, p. 141. (19) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxv,
1908, p. 353.

E({mpidonaz]. insulicola (20) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 531.

Empidonax difficilis difficilis (21) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., tv, 1907, p. 578.
(22) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 64. (23) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv,
19138, p. 91. (24) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 91.

Common in summer on the larger islands. The subspecies insulicola was —

described by H. C. Oberholser (8) from a specimen taken on Santa Rosa Island,
July 3, 1892. From difficilis it was said to differ in being darker, browner
above, especially the head, and paler below, especially anteriorly. There is a
great deal of individual and seasonal variation in birds from the mainland, and
upon bringing large series together since that time, other writers have claimed
that the insular bird was not entitled to subspecifie rank, wherefore it was sub-
sequently rejected by the A. O. U. Committee (19).

©. B. Linton (5) states that the earliest birds he saw on Clemente were a
pair on April 1, 1907, and that but three or four were noted as late as October.
They are quite numerous on Catalina and mostly frequent the shady dark parts
of the canyons. A. van Rossem and I found the species to be not particularly
numerous and rather shy on Santa Cruz in April, 1911. Linton (6) saw and
heard several there throughout November and as late as December 15, 1907.

A variety of situations are used as nesting sites, the favorite being in an ir-
regularity of a cliff or large boulder; but the fork of a small tree, a niche in a
large trunk, or the wall of a sea cave is often chosen. Two broods are raised each
season. I have found uncompleted nests after the middle of April, and ‘‘ Black’
(E. W. Blake) (10) has noted a pair building as late as July 10, 1886.

116. Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon)
TRAILL FLYCATCHER

Empidonaz traillii (1) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 137.

©. C. Lamb (M/S) shot one of these birds on the south island of the Corona-
dos group April 4, 1908.

Wile. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus)

HAMMOND FLYCATCHER

Empidonaxr hammondi ? (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 77.

L. M. Huey (MS) shot a single specimen on San Clemente Island, April 9,
1915. Also reported conditionally by J. G. Cooper (1) from Catalina and Santa
Barbara islands. However, as the latter failed to report difficilis in the same
paper, it is quite possible that the birds which he saw were referable to the lat-
ter species.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 67

118. Otocoris alpestris insularis ©. H. Townsend
IsuAND Hornep LARK

Phileremos cornutus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Iv, 1870, p. 78.

Eremophila alpestris var. chrysolaema (2) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 248.

Otocoris alpestris rubea (3) Henshaw, Auk, 111, 1886, p. 453.

Otocoris alpestris ————— (4) Blake, Auk, Iv, 1887, p. 329.

O[tocoris]. alpestris rubea (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54.

Otocoris alpestris strigata (6) Dwight, Auk, vu, 1890, pp. 151, 158. (7) Keeler, Zoe, 1,
1891, p. 339. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 5, 10, 16. (9) Davie,
Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 318.

Otocoris alpestris insularis (10) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890, p. 140. (71)
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1895, p. 347. (12) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, 1, 1899, p. 41. (13) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900, p. 280. (14)
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 839. (15) A. O. U. Committee, Auk,
xx, 1903, p. 345. (16) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222. (17) Mearns, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vi, 1907, p. 141. (78) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., tv, 1907, p. 317.
(19) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (20) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 181. (21) A. O.
U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 221. (22) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911,
p. 209. (23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 66. (24) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
8, 1912, p. 16. (25) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (26) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 95.

Horned Lark (27) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 85. (28) Willett, Condor,
xir, 19110, p. 171.

Otocoris insularis (29) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 45. (30) Linton, Condor,
x, 1908, p. 127.

O[tocorys]. a[lpestris]. insularis (31) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1908, p. 508.

O[tocoris]. allpestris]. insularis (32) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.
269. (33) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 228.

Otocoris a[lpestris]. insularis (34) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 172. (35) Burt, Condor,
xii, 1911, pp. 164, 166.

Resident of the islands. Abundant on some of them and rather rare on oth-
ers. Not found on the Coronados. This subspecies was originally described by
C. H. Townsend (70) from an adult male taken on San Clemente, January 25,
1889. It differs from actia in its decidedly darker coloration, and from strigata
in being slightly darker, with the buffy markings grayer, and underparts of
body usually without vellow. Regarding this form Ridgway (18) says ‘‘The
characters . . . . are most pronounced in specimens from the more north-
ern islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, those from the more south-
ern islands of San Clemente, Santa Barbara, San Nicolas and Santa Catalina in-
clining towards the mainland form, O. a. actia, thus indicating the origin of this
insular form.’’ This would probably indicate that the island form originated
from the latter, but the more northern islands, having a damper climate, would
tend to create characters more closely approaching those of strigata of the humid
northwest. (See also Oberholser | 74].)

C. B. Linton (20) secured one of these birds, a male, from a large flock at
Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, on January 18, 1908 (the date given in the
published record is erroneous). It may be a regular winter visitant to the main-
land coast, but I think it more likely that this bird was either an individual that

68 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

had accidentally wandered from the islands, or a case of unusual variation of
actia.

D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I found horned larks most abundant on the
open uplands of the northwest end of San Clemente in the spring of 1915.
Young on the wing were noted March 25; and during the first week in April see-
ond sets were being laid with remarkable uniformity. A number of nests were
found, containing either two or three eggs. They were located at the edge of the
ice plants, or in the lee of a wisp of grass.

J. Grinnell (8) says that it was the commonest species on San Nicolas, but
that (ZS) on Catalina horned larks were decidedly rare except at the northwest
end. Here he heard them on the hillsides near Johnson’s Harbor, August 27,
1903; G. Willett (ZS) saw them occasionally on this part of the island during
March, 1905. On Santa Barbara Island the larks are everywhere under one’s
feet. A nest which I discovered May 1, 1910, held a single egg and was of the
usual construction, flimsily built of dry grass only. H. C. Burt (35) reports the
species as common on Anacapa.

A number of observers have found it in numbers on the more exposed por-
tions of Santa Cruz Island, but it is inclined to be local here, for in the vicinity
of Prisoner’s Harbor in the spring of 1911, A. van Rossem and I made a very
diligent search for it without results. H. W. Henshaw (11) found a nest here,
placed in one of a large pile of abalone shells, overgrown with herbage. He said
that horned larks occurred in flocks of both sexes all through June.

G. Willett (34) found this to be one of the commonest land birds on San Mig-
uel. They had evidently raised one brood and were starting to nest again the mid-
dle of June, 1910. Here, on June 21 of the same year, O. W. Howard (23) collect-
ed a set of three eggs, in which incubation had begun. Several have reported the
species from Santa Rosa, but it does not seem to be especially abundant there.
Eggs are indistinguishable from those of actia. From the above dates I judge
that this subspecies must raise at least three broods a season.

119. Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw

Santa Cruz JAY

Cyanocitta floridana var., californica (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 253.

Aphelocoma insularis (2) Henshaw, Auk, 111, 1886, p. 452. (3) Ridgway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, p. 593. (4) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
x11, 1888, p. 58. (6) Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, p. 396. (7) A. O. U. Committee, Auk,
vI, 1889, p. 11. (8) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1890, p. 141. (9) Belding,
Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 111. (10) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, pp. 339, 342. (11)
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1895, p. 379. (12) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am.
Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 326. (13) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42.
(14) Mailliard, Condor, m, 1900, p. 42. (75) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxm,
1900, p. 230. (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 46. (17) Reed, N. Am.
Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 232. (18) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 276.
(19) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., m, 1904, p. 331. (20) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 127. (21) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 225. 22) Howell and van
Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 209. (23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 68. (24)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 18. 25) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1918,

—_

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 69

p. 91. (26) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 98. (27) Dawson, Condor, xvi,
1915, p. 203.

A[phelocoma]. insularis (28) Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, p. 355. (29) Coues,
Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 498.

Santa Cruz Jay (30) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 6.

Peculiar to Santa Cruz Island, where it is an abundant resident. This spe-
cies was first described by H. W. Henshaw (2) from three birds collected by him
in June, 1875. In coloration it most nearly approaches A. c. obscwra, but is very
much darker and much larger. It differs from californica in greater size, deeper
colors, especially the brown of the back, and in having blue instead of white un-
der tail eoverts. As with the mainland birds, the males are larger than the fe-
males, but not to a degree that can be noticed without comparison of specimens.

During July and August E. W. Blake (4) found the Santa Cruz Jay to be
impudently familiar, but when A. van Rossem and I (22) were on the island
during the breeding season, we found the opposite to be the case. Although the
birds were very common, we might easily have overlooked them entirely. Never
a sound did one make unless its mate was shot, and it was useless to try for them
by walking through their haunts. However, if we would select a likely spot and
sit quiet for a few moments, one would usually approach from the rear and silent-
ly examine the intruders from a distance of several yards

It is truly surprising to note the number of old jays’ nests upon the island.
These must either last for a greater number of years than is the case elsewhere, or
else the birds are in the habit of building extra or dummy nests. The favorite
sites seem to be in the tops of the local ‘‘palo fierro’’ (ironwood) trees, though
many were noted in low oaks or large bushes, mostly on the sides of the canyons.
Construction is the same as that employed by the mainland form. The latter
part of April, 1911, all the females shot had already laid, and I believe that a
large majority then had small young. Two nests that I examined on the 28th
(22) were some twenty feet up in ironwoods, and held, respectively, two small
young and an addled egg, and three young, half grown. R. H. Beek (30) found
four nests with eggs May 8, 1898, and I believe that the time for fresh eggs va-
ries considerably in different seasons. Eight of the above eggs average 1.16x.88
inches. Extremes are 1.10 to 1.21, in length, and .84 to .92 in diameter.

In the late fall C. B. Linton (20) found that the birds near the shore were
nearly all females, while in the high pines males predominated. They are not
equally common over the entire island, but seem to prefer the neighborhood of
the pines and heavy brush. Smugglers Cove is a good place to look for them.

120. Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler

RAVEN

Corvus carnivorus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 283.

Corvus corax var. carnivorus (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 251.

Corvus corax sinuatus (4) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11,
1888, p. 54. (6) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (7) Zahn, Avifauna, 1, 1895, p. 24. (8)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 6, 10, 16. (9) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p.
234. (10) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (71) Oberholser, Proc.

70 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900, p. 231. (172) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902; p. 46.
(73) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 19038, pp. 38, 37. (74) Breninger, Auk, xx, 1904,
p. 219. (15) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (1/6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84.
(77) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (78) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 180. (19)
Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (20) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 187. (27) Burt,
Condor, x11, 1911, p. 167. (22) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 210.
(23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 68. (24) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv,
1918, p. 91. (25) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 99.

Raven (26) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 86. (27) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910,
p. 172.

Corvus corax clarionensis (28) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 111, 1904, p. 264. (29)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tv, 1907, p. 141.

Common resident. In regard to the status of the raven of the islands, I
must confess to a feeling of uncertainty. Ridgway (28) identifies birds from
Clemente and Catalina as C. c. clarionensis, stating that although not quite as
small as the latter in its typical form, excepting the tarsus, they are nevertheless
nearer to it than they are to the mainland birds. Clarionensis is similar to sinu-
atus but smaller, especially the bill, and was deseribed from a single specimen
(Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool., 1x, 1902, p. 381.). The type may have been
merely a particularly small specimen from the locality where it was secured. At
any rate, all the island specimens examined average well below the measure-
ments for sinuatus, as given by Ridgway (28). Three skins from my collection,
compare with Rothschild’s type from Clarion Island, Mexico, as follows—

Locality Wing Tail Culmen Tarsus Toe! Date Sex
Catalina ds Waki cnite cre 371 217 65 67 42 5-25-08 2
Catalinayldarircrcterneiree 370 210 68 70 46 2-11-10 2
Catalina, Wideman levee 365 216 65 69 42 2-17-10 o
@larionWds yarn cetera 395 540 64 100 ° ase PERS 3

‘Middle toe without claw.

On the Coronados there are at least two resident pairs, one breeding on the
sandstone cliffs on south island, and the other on the west end of the same. On
San Clemente, G. F. Breninger (14) remarks that during February, 1903, he saw
thirty-eight at one time, and that there were ‘‘seven nests within a hundred
yards’’. Although still decidedly common, they do not now occur there in such
great numbers, for they are persistently poisoned by the sheepmen, who assert
that they are in the habit of pecking out the eyes of very young lambs. They are
quite common on San Nicolas Island.

At Catalina there is always a flock of these birds in the vicinity of the garb-
age dump near Avalon. -Many of them breed in the pockets of the nearby cliffs,
but the birds are so wary that it is no easy matter to locate the nests. I have also
found many old nests in trees in different parts of the island. In such a situa-
tion C. H. Richardson (15) took a set of five fresh and one slightly addled ege,
Mareh 19, 1905.

Two or three pairs breed on the cliffs of Santa Barbara Island, where J.
Grinnell (8) states that they evidently subsist on the eggs and young of the sea
birds which nest so numerously in that locality. On Anacapa, HI. C. Burt (27)
found a nest ready for eggs March 17, 1911, and is sure that there was only one

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 71

pair on the island. A. van Rossem and I (22) discovered two nests, not twenty
feet apart, on the sea chffs of Santa Cruz Island, April 28, 1911. Both held
small young. While there we occupied a large pothole at the base of a cliff, and
when absent from camp, these birds would enter to investigate. This was much
to the detriment of a couple of fine sets of eggs which we once left uncovered. G.
Willett (27) says that these birds are common on San Miguel, and H. Wright
(24) found an old nest on Santa Rosa that evidently belonged to a raven.

iPALE Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin)

Dwarr CowBirp
Molothrus ater obscurus (1) Colburn, Condor, xvir, 1915, p. 165.

On September 5, 1914, L. M. Huey (JS) shot an immature male cowbird on
the Coronados, that was catching flies in the air from a large boulder near the
water’s edge. J. Grinnell identified this specimen as M. a. artemisiae, although
he stated that the bill is not quite the right shape for that form. As I am follow-
ing the A. O. U. Check-list, the specimen would fall under the above heading. A.
E. Colburn (7) records the capture of an additional specimen, an adult male,
in the same locality, May 31, 1915.

122. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte)
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD
Xanthocephalus xranthocephalus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvi1, 1915, p. 204.

While at Santa Cruz Island in the spring of 1915, W. L. Dawson (7) saw a
mounted specimen of this species which had been taken by Mr. Luechell, of the
island, during the previous year.

123. Sturnella neglecta Audubon
WESTERN MEADOWLARK

Sturnella neglecta (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78. (2) Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx11, 1900, p. 231. (3) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907,
p. 142. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (6)
Burt, Condor, x11, 1911, pp. 164, 166. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 71.
(S) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 104.

Sturnella magna var. neglecta (10) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 250.

Sturnella magna neglecta (11) Henshaw, Auk, 10, 1886, p. 453. _ ) Streator, Orn. &
Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54. (13) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (1h Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 6, 16. (15) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.
(16) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 222.

Common resident on most of the islands. We found these birds numerous
back from the shore of San Clemente Island in the spring of 1915. D. R. Dickey
saw young on the wing as early as April 9. J. Grinnell (74) says that specimens
from there taken by him the last of March and first of April, 1897, in comparison
with birds in corresponding plumage from Pasadena, are darker and have larger
feet. I saw a single Western Meadowlark on Catalina, April 11, 1911, and a few
on Santa Barbara Island, May 1, 1908. H. C. Burt (6) records Meadowlarks

72 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

as very common on Anacapa in March, 1911. <A. van Rossem and I found them
to be fairly common on the grass lands of Santa Cruz Island in the spring of
1911. A nest of six slightly incubated eggs was found on April 28. H. C. Ober-
holser (2) mentions two specimens taken on San Miguel in June, 1892, and II.
Wright (8) noted the species on Santa Rosa, July 10, 1912

124. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway

ARIZONA HOoopED ORIOLE

Icterus cucullatus nelsoni (1) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (2) Grinnell, Pae.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 105.

C. Hl. Richardson (7) heard one of these birds at Catalina, April 16, 1906.
During the middle of April, 1911, and towards the last of that month, 1908, I
repeatedly saw one or possibly two pairs in the grounds of the Banning resi-
dence, a mile from Avalon. I twice flushed the female from an inaccessible nest
in a palm tree on the lawn, and presume that there were eggs at this date.

125. Icterus bullocki (Swainson)
BULLOCK ORIOLE

Icterus buliocki (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (2) Linton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 84. (3) van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208. (4) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 72. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 105.

Reeular migrant in small numbers. On the Coronados, A. van Rossem (3)
shot a male and saw others during early April, 1909, and I found a dead male
there June 10, 1910. C. B. Linton (2) shot a specimen on San Clemente, March
31, 1907, and another on San Nicolas Island, March 30 or 31, 1910. J. Mailliard
(1) mentions the species as occurring on Santa Cruz during April, 1908, and W.
L. Dawson (MS) saw one there April 20, 1915.

126. Euphagus carolinus (Miiller)
Rusty BLACKBIRD

Euphagus carolinus (1) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 72. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 105.
The only record of the Rusty Blackbird for the state of California is that of
an adult male shot by C. B. Linton (7) on San Clemente Island, November 20,
1908, and now no. 21271, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley.

12s Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler)
BREWER BLACKBIRD

Scolecoph[agus]. cyanocephalus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54. (3) Keeler, Zoe,
I, 1891, p. 340.

Euphagus cyanocephalus (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 106.

Brewer Blackbird (5) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 172.

Evidently a rather rare straggler to the islands. C. A. Keeler (3) listed this
bird from San Nicolas, and C. P. Streator (2) met with it in the same loeality

———s

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 73

during the fall of 1886. J. G. Cooper (1) encountered it on Catalina in October
only, and Mr. Ward, in charge of San Miguel, told G. Willett (5) that there had
been three around his house and barn in the spring of 1910.

128. Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird
CALIFORNIA PuRPLE FINCH

Carpodacus purpureus californicus (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

©. B. Linton (1) shot one in the pines of Santa Cruz Island, December 16,
1907, and saw several others at the same time.

129. Carpodacus mexicanus clementis Mearns

San CLEMENTE House FINCH

Carpodacus frontalis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78. (2) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 288. (3) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1890, p.
139.

Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus (4) Henshaw, Auk, m1, 1886, p. 453. (5) Blake, Auk,
Iv, 1887, p. 3380.

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (6) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 58. (7) Keeler,
Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, pp. 6, 10, 16. (9)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (10) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, pp.
41, 44. (11) Grinnell], Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 107.

Carpodacus clementis (12) Mearns, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 258. (73) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 3, 1902, p. 49. (14) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 38, 387. (15) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (16) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (17) Osburn, Con-
dor, xr, 1909, p. 137.

Carpodacus mexicanus clementis (18) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvr, 1899, p. 114. (19)
McGregor, Condor, 1, 1900, p. 35. (20) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900,
p. 231. (21) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 140. (22) Reed, N. Am.
Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 246. (23) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 141. (24)
Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (25) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (26) A.
O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 244.. (27) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 32. (28)
Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1911, p. 210. (29) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 73. (30) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 20. (31) Wright and Sny-
der, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (32) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 108.

Clarpodacus]. m[exicanus]. clementis (33) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p.
383. (34) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 313.

Carpodacus frontalis clementae (35) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 221.

Carpodacus m[exicanus]. clementis (36) Willett, Condor, xm, 1910, p. 172.

Abundant resident of all the islands, but less so on San Nicolas and San
Miguel. Originally described by E. A. Mearns (12) from specimens taken on
San Clemente Island, August 25, 1894. Subspecifie characters in comparison
with mainland birds are: larger legs, feet and bill, wings and tail slightly short-
er; striping below broader, and coloration brighter. Two phases of coloration
occur in this form, the usual red phase and another in which the red is replaced
by yellow. Every intergradation between these two is encountered. I have seen
specimens in which the yellow was of very limited extent, a male marked like a
female except for a faint red tinge on the chest, a female showing a trace of red,
and another with a tinge of yellow.

74 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

The breeding season is a long one, and at least three broods must be raised
each year. G. F. Breninger (35) found several sets of four and five eggs on San
Clemente in February, 1903, and I repeatedly saw young on the wing there dur-
ing the last of March, 1915. J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett (17) noted a nest on
the Coronados, August 6, 1902, which held small young. The eggs are indistin-
euishable from those of the mainland bird. The average measurements for a se-
ries of nine eggs taken by J. Grinnell (8) on San Clemente is .82x.59 inches.
Nesting sites originally were in cactus plants or in niches of cliffs, but the birds
are now taking advantage of the chance to occupy more sheltered situations in
buildings and sheds, where such occur. I have even known one to take posses-
sion of a nest of the Western Flycatcher (28) with one egg of the rightful owner
still in place, but as to whether the latter had first deserted of her own accord,
I am unable to say. Linnets are fond of congregating about the opuntia patches,
on the ripe fruit of which they feed extensively.

Being in doubt as to the identity of birds from Santa Cruz Island, I sent
a small series to J. Grinnell for his opinion. He agrees with me in considering
the bills of these birds indistinguishable from those of mainland specimens.
Among examples from the mainland which he had in the Museum collection, he
also found birds more heavily marked than my Santa Cruz specimens.

I believe in subspecies, and think that any form that has a constant charac-
ter of differentiation should be recognized. I cannot see, however, why any
race, only two thirds or so of which show the subspecifie characters, should have
formal place in the catalog of our avifauna. I have gathered together a good
sized series of the island Carpodacus and have examined many more. I have not
taken many measurements of bills and feet, as these often vary in a manner that
cannot be shown by calipers, but I have compared them very carefully in the
hand, where relative bulk is more apparent. In a large series these members
do average a very little larger in the island than in mainland birds, but speci-
mens of the latter may be found which surpass those of the former in the size of
both culmen and feet. I have a female taken in Covina, California, the streak-
ing of whose under parts is much heavier than any island female examined, and I
have seen males from the mainland just as heavily streaked as any of the insu-
lar birds. The latter probably do average heavier in this respect, but there is a
large number in which this criterion does not hold good. In the matter of com-
parative lengths of wing and tail, the following table speaks for itself. Speci-
mens in very worn plumage have not been compared.

Wing Tail
33 males from mainland (Los Angeles Co.)..............--eeeeeees 77.6 58.6
DormMalesstrom) San) Clemente) [sland .....-+ccesens cc + acca eee 78.6 58.4
Simalessirom santa Cruz dsland) a.rejcc sce seco ie pm Renee Ute 58.4

In making the above comparisons I am indebted for the loan of specimens to
the Museum of Mistory, Science and Art, of Los Angeles, through F. S. Daggett,
and to the U. S. Biological Survey, through E. W. Nelson. As but few females
were available, | have given measurements of males only. My large series from
the type locality certainly goes to show that birds from there at least have not
a shorter wing, and to all intents, no shorter tail than mainland birds. The

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

“I
un

wing measurement of the few birds from Santa Cruz, while slightly less, is not
enough so to merit recognition on this character. I have examined two males
from San Miguel, one from Santa Barbara and two from Los Coronados Islands,
but these are all in such worn plumages as to be well nigh worthless in the pres-
ent connection. In coloration, while the island birds are frequently more brilli-
ant than is usual among mainland specimens, occasional individuals of the latter
are sometimes still more intense. We therefore have not a single constant crite-
rion whereby clementis can be identified, though possibly larger series from some
of the other islands, as the Coronados, Santa Barbara or San Miguel may de-
velop some such character.

130. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway
Mexican CrossBILL

Lovia curvirostra stricklandi (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 210. (2)

Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 74.

Loxia curvirostra bendirei (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 108.

A. van Rossem and I (7) discovered these birds to be present on Santa Cruz
Island in the spring of 1911, in numbers sufficient to preclude the possibility of
their being merely stragglers to the region. They were found only in the pine
timber below the high ridges in the vicinity of Prisoner’s Harbor, and we were
pretty sure, with careful searching, to encounter them each time that we went to
this region, though they were rather wild and hard to locate. Van Rossem saw
a pair April 28, and shot the male, I shot a pair from a flock of eight on May 1,
and the former took the female to a pair, and saw three others, on the 2nd.

There is the possibility that these birds were merely winter visitants, but I
personally believe that they are resident on the island. The date was a late one
for them to be lingering in a winter home, and they were evidently beginning to
pair off. Another point is that, although a little low zonally, these pine woods
have a very boreal appearance and should provide a suitable home for them.

I have, with the help of J. Grinnell, carefully compared the three island
birds now available with the large series of Loria in the Berkeley Museum of
Vertebrate Zoology. They are practically indistinguishable from L. c. bendirei,
and so are much closer to stricklandi than to minor.

4

131, . Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)
ENGLISH SPARROW

Passer domesticus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvit, 1915, p. 204.

As yet, only accidental on the islands. On San Clemente, March 30, 1915, L.
M. Huey and I each saw a male of this species during different times of the day.
-This was at the corrals, and as we did not see the bird again, I am hoping that
the charge of shot which I sent after him took effect. W. L. Dawson (7) also
noted a lone female on Santa Cruz, April 18, 1915.

76 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Nozi2

132. Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser

GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH

Spinus psaltria (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (2) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn.

Club, 1, 1899, p. 42.

Astragalinus psaltria (8) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.
Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus (4) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (5) Linton,

Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 110.

Rather rare on the islands. I have noted a limited number of these birds
on Catalina several times during the early spring of different years, and J. Grin-
nell (7) saw three pairs there the last of December, 1897. J. Mailliard (2, 3) re-
corded the species from Santa Cruz Island in April, 1898, and C. B. Linton (5)
saw several and shot one during November, 1907, in the same locality. From
the above dates one cannot be sure that this bird breeds on the islands, but I
think it likely that it is resident where found at all.

133. Astragalinus lawrencei (Cassin)
LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH

Spinus lawrencei (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42.
Astragalinus lawrencei (2) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (3) Rich-
ardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 110.
Occurs in about the same numbers as the last. I noted a pair of these birds
among the eucalypti of Avalon, Catalina Island, May 4, 1908, and C. H. Riechard-
son (3) states that he has seen the species there several times during the same
month. J. Mailliard (7, 2) reports it as present on Santa Cruz Island in April,
1898, and W. L. Dawson (MS) saw it several times near the ranch house there
during April, 1915.

134. Spinus pinus ( Wilson)
PINE SISKIN
Spinus pinus pinus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 204.

While on Santa Cruz Island from April 3 to 22, 1915, W. L. Dawson (1)
several times encountered this species in the Monterey pine belt.

135. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte

WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW

Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus (1) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1890,
p. 141. (2) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 341. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897,
p. 17. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (5) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 142.
(6) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 77. (8)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 113.

Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Probably a regular though not common migrant to suitable localities. J.
Grinnell (3) shot one bird and saw several others along the grassy margin of a
slough at the mouth of a canyon on San Clemente, March 30, 1897; C. B. Linton

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 77

(6) noted several there during December, 1908; and I took a female March 31,
1915, that was feeding in the corral near a barn. Linton (JZS) also saw several
on San Nicolas in January, 1911. He (9) shot a bird on Santa Cruz Island and
saw two others, in December, 1907, which he recorded as bryanti, but which has
proved to be of this form (7). OC. H. Townsend (7) secured a specimen in the
same locality February 6, 1889.

136. Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson

WESTERN LARK SPARROW

Chondestes grammacus strigatus (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (2) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 115.
C. B. Linton (7) saw several of these birds on Santa Cruz Island, and col-
leeted one in December, 1907.

137. Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall)
Harris SPARROW

Zonotrichia querula (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 79. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 116.
C. B. Linton (7) took a specimen of this species, sex undetermined, on San
Clemente Island, October 15, 1907. It is now in the University of California Mu-
seum of Vertebrate Zoology.

138. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall)

GAMBEL SPARROW

Zonotrichia gambeli (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78.

Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia (2) Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., viz, 1877, p. 11. (3)
Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 341. (4) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 17. (4)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (6) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 41.

Zonotrichia gambeli intermedia (7) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1890, pp. 139,
141.

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (8) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxir, 1900, p. 232.
(9) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (11)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (12) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 187. (13) Howell
and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 210. (74) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p.
79. (15) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 116.

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (16) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ivi, 1907, p. 142.

Abundant winter visitant. Probably arrives in September and leaves the

first part of May. Streets (2) reports one taken on the Coronados, but I imagine

that it does not occur there in great numbers, as I have never seen it during the
early spring in that locality. We found it most abundant on San Clemente in
the spring of 1915. By the time we left the island, April 11, the birds were be-
ginning to bunch up in larger flocks than noted when we first arrived, and the
majority were evidently thinking about moving on. Birds were repeatedly no-
ticed chasing each other.

J. Grinnell (5) states that the species was numerous at Catalina in Decem-

ber, 1897, and I have found it to be well distributed over the island in April. C.

78 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

H. Townsend (7) notes a specimen taken on Santa Barbara Island, February 13,
1889, and on Santa Cruz, C. B. Linton (17) says that it was common everywhere
during November and December, 1907. A. van Rossem and I found it seattered
over the hillsides of that island, usually in pairs, up to the time we left, May 2,
1911.

139. Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW

Zonotrichia coronata (1) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1890, pp. 139, 141. (2)
Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 341. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 18. (4)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (5) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.
(6) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., nvr, 1907, p. 142. (7) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 67. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (10)
A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 262. (71) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11,
1911, p. 210. (12) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 80. (73) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 117.

Common winter visitant but does not occur in flocks, as does the last. L.

M. Huey and I saw numbers of this species on San Clemente from March 23 to

April 11, 1915, but they were rather shy. On Catalina during April I have seen

two or three of these birds every time I spent a few hours in the brush. C. H.

Townsend (7) records a specimen taken on Santa Barbara Island, February 13,

1889. C. B. Linton (9) says it was fairly common on Santa Cruz during Novem-

ber and December, 1907, and I (17) saw two birds there as late as April 24, 1911.

140. Spizella passerina arizonae Coues
WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW

Spizella socialis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 208.

Spizella socialis var. arizonae (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 244.

Spizella socialis arizonae (4) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 330. (5) Belding, Land Birds Pac.
Dist., 1890, p. 155. (6) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1, 1897, p. 18. (8) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (9) Ober-
holser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxz1, 1900, p. 232. (10) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
LVI, 1907, p. 142. (71) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.

Spizella passerina arizonae (12) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (13) Osburn, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 137. (14) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 80. (15) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 118.

Chipping Sparrow (16) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

Resident in rather small numbers on some of the islands. J. Grinnell (7)
noted a few on San Clemente in the spring of 1897, and from the actions of a
pair, he judged that they had a nest nearby. C. B. Linton (12) shot two birds
there in December, 1908. I have seen them occasionally on Catalina during
April. In June, one year in the sixties, J. G. Cooper (1) noted a flock of them
on the same island. A. van Rossem and I saw a number on Santa Cruz in April,
1911, and J. Grinnell (MS) found them plentiful there during the first part of
September, 1903. G. Willett (16) reported the species as plentiful on Santa
Rosa Island, June 7, 1910.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 79

141. Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis)
BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW

Spizella atrogularis (1) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
ial, als), To, abt)

The single record is of a female shot by C. B. Linton (7) on San Clemente
Island, December 5, 1908.

142. Junco hyemalis thurberi Anthony

THURBER JUNCO

Junco hiemalis oregonus (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.

Junco hyemalis thurberi (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 128. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 82.

Junco oreganus oreganus (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 120.

Junco oreganus thurberi (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 120.

Rare winter visitant. C. B. Linton (2) collected a bird on San Clemente
Island, October 13, 1907, he (4) saw one on San Nicolas, March 31, 1910, and (3)
took a pair on Santa Cruz November 28, 1907. In the latter locality J. Mailliard
(1) shot a female in April, 1898, which he aseribed to oregonus. He (MS) now,
however, believes that it is thurberv.

143. Amphispiza belli (Cassin)
BELL SPARROW

Poospiza belli (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land Birds
Calif., 1, 1870, p. 204.

Amphispiza belli (3) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1890, p. 140. (4) Belding,
Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 162. (5) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 340. (6) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 18. (7) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 221. (8) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (9) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 269. (10) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 82. (71) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 121.

Amphispiza belli clementae (12) Ridgway, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 230. (13) A. O. U. Commit-
tee, Auk, xvi, 1901, p. 318. (14) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ivi, 1907, p. 141.

Amphispiza belli belli (15) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 268.

Bell Sparrow (/6) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident of San Clemente, San Nicolas and Santa Rosa islands. R.
Ridgway (12) described a subspecies, A. b. clementae, from San Clemente, simi-
lar to belli in coloration, but larger and with a relatively larger bill. The differ-
ence, however, has not been considered to be sufficiently pronounced to justify
the recognition of the subspecies. On San Clemente the species is common on
the mesa lands back from the shore, and L. M. Huey and I found several nests
with pipped eggs and young the latter part of March, 1915. They were situated
in scrubby brush a few inches above the ground.

J. G. Cooper (1, 2) reported a specimen of the Bell Sparrow from Santa
Barbara Island. There is a specimen of Melospiza m. graminea in juvenal plum.
age, in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, from Santa Barbara Isl-
and, marked in Dr. Cooper’s handwriting ‘‘May 30, 1863, Poospiza belli or Peu-

80 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

,

cea ruficeps’’. Under the circumstances the species cannot be credited to the
fauna of that island.

Several writers state that it is common on San Nicolas, and G. Willett (16)
reported it as numerous in the brush of Santa Rosa Island in June, 1910.

144. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin)
RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW

Peucaea ruficeps (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 218. (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 244. (4)
Belding, Land Birds Pace. Dist., 1890, p. 163.

Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (5) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 247. (6)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (7) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 272. (8)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 88. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 122.

Aimophila ruficeps (10) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p, 210.

Common resident on Santa Cruz, and has been taken on Catalina. J. G.
Cooper took two adults in worn plumage on Catalina, June 19 and 28, 1863, now
in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. As far as I
know, no one has since met with the species in this locality.

On Santa Cruz, in December, 1907, C. B. Linton (6) encountered a flock of
some forty or fifty birds feeding on a hillside. During April, 1911, A. van Ros-
sem and I (10) found them rather common in suitable places. A female which I
shot on the 26th had no feathers on the abdomen, indicating that she was ineu-
bating at the time.

Through the kindness of J. E. Thayer and J. Grinnell, I recently assembled
a series of thirteen specimens of this species from Santa Cruz Island, and eighty-
three from the mainland. The conclusion reached is that the island birds differ
from the continental ones in having slightly shorter wing, bill and middle toe,
and longer tail and tarsus. The bill is wider at the base, and the tarsus heavier.
The underparts seem to average slightly darker, and there is less tendency to
buffiness on the chin. The upper parts are about the same in the two lots. Al-
though these differences are readily apparent in a series, there is no constant
criterion, and therefore, according to my opinion, no justification in naming a
new form.

145. Melospiza melodia graminea |. H. Townsend

Santa BARBARA SONG SPARROW

Poospiza belli (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Iv, 1870, p. 78.

Melospiza heermanni (2) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78. (3) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 213.

Melospiza fasciata samuelis (4) Henshaw, Auk, 111, 1886, p. 453.

Melospiza fasciata graminea (5) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1890, p. 139. (6)
A. O. U. Committee, Auk, vii, 1891, p. 86. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897,
p. 6. (8) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 392. (9) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44.

Melospiza fasciata samuelis (?) (10) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.

M([elospiza]. fasciata graminea (11) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 342.

M[elospiza]. flasciata]. graminea (12) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 86.

Melospiza melodia graminea (13) Oberholser, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 183. (14) A. O. U.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 81

Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 274. (75) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1911, p.

210. (16) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 84. (17) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8,

1912, p. 22. (18) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 19138, p. 91. (79) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 19115, p. 1125.

Melospiza cinerea graminea (20) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 369. (27)
A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xx, 1903, p. 35.

Melospiza graminea (22) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 56.

M[elospiza]. m[elodia]. graminea (23) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 19038, p. 420.

M{elospiza]. c[inerea]. graminea (24) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.
358. 25) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 267.

Melospiza graminea (?) (26) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Abundant resident of Santa Barbara Island, and less common on Santa
Cruz. C. H. Townsend (5) deseribed this subspecies from an adult male taken
on Santa Barbara Island, February 12, 1889. It is quite similar to the next
form (Melospiza m. clementae), but much smaller. In the type locality the first
of May, 1908, I found these birds fairly swarming, flushing from the short scrub
at my approach and flitting to the tops of nearby bushes. J. Grinnell (7) says
that during the middle of May, 1897, full grown juveniles were numerous, and
the adults apparently engaged in building their second nests. Their song, notes
and actions were just as those of the mainland bird. He and H. Gaylord dis-
covered five nests, a typical one being supported by the obliquely-growing twigs
of a bush, and lined and internally composed of fine yellow grasses, in marked
contrast to the larger brown grass and weed stems of which this nest is basally
built. From three to five eggs are laid. Five sets, aggregating nineteen eggs,
secured on May 14 and 15, average .61x.78 inches. Extremes are .70 to .82 in
length, and .57 to .64 in diameter. The markings are indistinguishable from
those of the eggs of the mainland bird. As previously mentioned there is a
young bird in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (no. 4142), taken on Santa
Barbara Island, May 30, 1863, by J. G. Cooper, and labelled by him ‘‘ Poospiza
belli or Peucea ruficeps’’.

A. van Rossem (15) heard two song sparrows near Prisoner’s Harbor, Santa
Cruz Island the last of April, 1911, but we failed to see any. J. Mailliard (9)
states that during April, 1898, he found none except in a certain cypress hedge.
If those were shot several more would appear to take their places in a day or two.
C. B. Linton (26) found them fairly common on this island in November and
December, 1907. Coues (23) says that the subspecies occurs on the adjacent
mainland during the winter, but I know of no specimen having been taken to
contirm this statement and consider the occurrence as doubtful in the extreme.

On Catalina Island, in April, 1908, I twice heard the song of this species in
the same patch of brush. No song sparrow has been taken on this island. If the
bird that I heard was one of a resident race it was probably of the subspecies
graminea, but if a migrant or winter visitant, it is more likely to have been a
strageler from the mainland.

146. Melospiza melodia clementae ©. H. ‘Townsend
San CLEMENTE SONG SPARROW

Melospiza heermanni (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78.

82 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Melospiza fasciata clementae (2) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1890, p. 189. (3)
Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 342. (4) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, vii, 1891, p. 86. (5)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 18. (6) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds,
5th ed., 1898, p. 392.

Melospiza fasciata samuelis (?) (7) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.

Melospiza melodia clementae (8) McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 88. (9)
Oberholser, Auk, xv1, 1899, p. 188. (10) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1900,
p. 232. (11) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 274. (72) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 84. (173) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 22. (14) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 126.

Melospiza cinerea clementae (15) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 368. (16)
A, O. U. Committee, Auk, xx, 1908, p. 351.

Melospiza clementae (17) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 56. (78) Linton, Condor,
x, 1908, p. 85.

Melospiza coronatorum (19) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, p. 34. (20) Wright,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (21) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 187.

M[elospiza]. m[elodia]. clementae (22) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1908, p. 421.

M[elospiza]. cLinerea]. clementae (23) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.
359. (24) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Bggs, 1904, p. 267.

Song Sparrow (25) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 221.

Melospiza m[elodia]. clementae (26) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 172.

Melospiza m[elodia]. coronatorum (27) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 32.

Common resident of Los Coronados, San Clemente, San Miguel and Santa
Rosa islands. Originally deseribed by C. H. Townsend (2) from an adult male
taken on San Clemente Island, January 25, 1889. Quite similar to cooperi but
slightly larger, with coloration grayer, back light olive-grayish and black streaks
narrower.

J. Grinnell and F. 8. Daggett (19) described another subspecies from the
Coronados, the type being an adult male taken August 7, 1902. The coloration
is said to be about the same as that of clementae but tarsus shorter and bill small-
er, This form is not recognized by the A. O. U. Committee, but the characters
certainly hold good in the case of all specimens which I have examined. Song
Sparrows are not especially numerous on most parts of the Coronados, but are
pretty evenly distributed over the four islands. The latter part of May, 1914,
D. R. Dickey (ZS) and party discovered seven nests. These were situated either
in the low bushes, the carpet of ice plant, or on the ground. The sets, of three
or four eggs, seemed to be fresh at this date, and were undoubtedly the second
laying, but as all birds must necessarily breed on rather steep hillsides, a sur-
prising number of eggs had been broken by pebbles rolling or bouncing into the
nests from higher up the slope. Grass, fine weed stems, and some gull feathers
are the usual material.

Song Sparrows are most abundant on San Clemente where their habit of
nesting in wisps of grass that grow in the opuntia patches is favorable to
their rapid increase. In late April, 1915, D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I found
many nests situated as above and a few in thorny bushes or in low weeds. Most
of them held young at this date. I saw a juvenile strong on the wing and with
tail almost full length, March 27, after which date they were common; and on
April 9 I shot one that had almost entirely completed the post-juvenal molt

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 83

How many broods each season they may raise I do not know, but there must be
three at least. Their notes are very similar to those of the mainland birds.

G. Willett (26) reports that in June, 1910, this was one of the commonest
birds on San Miguel, and several writers have recorded it as present on Santa
Rosa Island in considerable numbers. Just why graminea should oceur in the
intermediate territory between the extreme ranges of clementae, with climatic
and food conditions apparently very similar, is a problem in distribution on
which I am able to throw no lght.

147. Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon)

LINCOLN SPARROW

Melospiza lincolnii (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 19. (2) Grinnell, Auk,

xv, 1898, p. 235. (3) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., rvz, 1907, p. 142.

Melospiza lincolni (4) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (5) Oberholser,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1900, p. 232.

Melospiza lincolni lincolni (6) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 85. (7) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 128.

Evidently a rather rare but regular winter visitant. J. Grinnell (7) took
one bird and saw another on San Clemente, March 30, 1897. He (2) also saw
one on two occasions in a dooryard on Catalina in December, 1897, and there
was an adult female taken here by C. P. Streator (5) during April, 1892. Coi-
lected also by J. Mailliard (4) in April, 1898, on Santa Cruz Island.

148. Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin)

SHUMAGIN Fox SPARROW

P[asserella]. iliaca unalaschensis (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 53.
Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (2) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (3) Willett, Pac.

Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 85. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 128.

During the winter months fox sparrows occur on the islands in consider-
able numbers, but as they have been reported so often on sight identification
alone, it is hard to judge the relative numbers of the several forms.

C. B. Linton (2) took a female of the subspecies wnalaschcensis on San Cle-
mente Island, November 21, 1908, pronounced by J. Grinnell as not typical. A.
van Rossem shot one on Santa Cruz, April 27, 1911, and I saw another which
may or may not have been of this form.

149. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird

THICK-BILLED Fox SPARROW

Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (2) Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1900, p. 282. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 86. (4)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 129.

On Catalina, during late December, 1897, J. Grinnell (1) took four speci-
mens referable to this race; C. P. Streator (2) shot three typical ones in April,
1892, and A. van Rossem (3) secured a pair February 15, 1910. I shot a female
on San Clemente, March 28, 1915. On the day before I had seen a bird which
appeared to be of the same subspecies. G. Willett (3) collected an adult female

84 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

on Santa Cruz, November 24, 1907. I may be mistaken, but I believe that me-
garhyncha is the most numerous one of the four fox sparrows that are found on
the islands, with insularis a close second.

150. Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony

STEPHENS Fox SPARROW

Passerella iliaca stephensi (1) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900, p. 238. (2)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 58. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (4)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 86. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p.
131.

In April I have found fox sparrows in numbers on Catalina, and one that I
secured on the 8th is indistinguishable from breeding birds of the San Bernar-
dino Mountains. C. P. Streator shot a pair in this locality April 19 and 21,
1892, which Oberholser (1) pronounces of this subspecies. C. B. Linton (3) se-
cured one in the underbrush near the top of Santa Cruz Island, December 14,
1907.

Mey, * Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway
Kaprak Fox Sparrow

Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235.

Passerella iliaca insularis (2) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900, p. 232. (3)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 57. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (5)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (6) Willett Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (7)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 129.

Passerella iliaca insularis (?) (8) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.

Passerella iliaca sinuosa (9) Grinnell, Pace. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 129.

C. B. Linton (4) obtained several of these birds on San Clemente Island in
the winter of 1907-8, the first on October 5, and the last April 1. C. P. Streator
(2) shot one on Catalina in April, 1892, A. van Rossem (VS) a female Febru-
ary 15, 1910, and J. Grinnell (1) three in December, 1897. C. B. Linton and G.
Willett (5) also took several in the pines of Santa Cruz Island during November
and December, 1907.

152. Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bell

OrEGON TOWHEE

Pipilo maculatus oregonus (1) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (3) Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 172. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 132.

C. B. Linton (7) secured an adult female of this form on San Clemente, De-
cember 4, 1908, the specimen now being in the University of California Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology. The fact of this bird having been taken so far from its
usual range is surprising, but although there is of course the possibility that it
may be an individual variant of clementac, it is in appearance unquestionably
nearer to oregonus than to the local bird (3).

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 85

153: Pipilo maculatus clementae Grinnell
San CLEMENTE TOWHEE

Pipilo megalonyx (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., 1870, p. 242.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (3) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 171. (4) Town-
send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890, p. 140. (5) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234.
Pipilo clementae (6) Grinnell, Auk, xty, 1897, p. 294. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,

1, 1897, p. 19. (8) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 58. (9) Linton, Condor, x,

1908, p. 85.

Pipilo maculatus clementae (10) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 120. (1/1) Ridg-
way, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 418. (72) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
LVI, 1907, p. 141. (13) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. (14) A. O. U. Check-list,
3d ed., 1910, p. 280. (15) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (16) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 22. (17) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 133.

P{[ipilo]. m[aculatus]. clementis (18) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 460.

P{[ipilo]. m[aculatus]. clementae (19) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.
366. (20) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 270. (21) Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p.
168.

Common resident of San Clemente, Santa Catalina and Santa Rosa islands.
Originally described by J. Grinnell (6) from a male taken on San Clemente Isl-
and, March 31, 1897. It differs from megalonyx in being slightly larger, especi-
ally the bill and feet, and with lower back and rump grayer. C. B. Linton (9)
says that the birds are common near Mosquito Harbor, San Clemente Island. In
October, 1907, they were shaking the twigs of the wild cherry trees and then
flying down to feed on the fallen fruit. They practically do not occur on the
western end of the island, for during a three weeks stay, a single call note from
a dense patch of cactus was all that D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I saw or heard
of them.

I have found them in some numbers on Catalina during April. In the early
mornings the males will mount some bush and send forth their characteristic
note by the hour, but later in the day they scratch among the leaves in the shade
of the bushes. Here they are rather hard to locate, and unless approached with
due caution, will dive into the bush and become hopelessly lost in the scrub on
the other side. R. M. Perez (15) took three sets of eggs here from April 13 to 16,
1911, in which ineubation was advanced.

A single bird was reported from Santa Barbara Island by J. G. Cooper (1).
If correct in regard to the locality of the specimen, it must have been a straggler
either from Catalina or Santa Cruz. If from the latter island, it would of course
be referable to the next form. Reported as not rare on Santa Rosa. A. van Ros-
sem (MS) tells me that the note of the towhees on San Clemente has none of the
querulous upward inflection of that of megalonyx, and is shorter and more in-
sistent. I have also been impressed by the unusual tone of the notes of this form
on Catalina.

154. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird

San Dizco TOWHEE

Pipilo maculatus var. megalonyx (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Sury., 1876, p. 247.

86 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (2) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 330. (3) Belding, Land Birds
Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 171. (4) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1890, p. 140. (5)
Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 208. (7) Swarth, Con-
dor, xv, 1913, p. 168. (8) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 132.

Pipilo maculatus oregonus (9) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (/0)
Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 86.

Pipilo maculatus clementae (11) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900, p. 233.
(12) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1, 1901, p. 418. (7/3) Howell and van Ros-
sem, Condor, xi1I, 1911, p. 210. (14) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (15)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Pipilo clementae (?) (16) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Pipilo maculatus subsp. (17) Osburn, Condor, xt, 1909, p. 139.

Spurred Towhee (78) Willett, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 171.

The towhees of Santa Cruz Island have usually been classed with the last
race, but several observers have placed them otherwise. While we were on the
island in April, 1911, A. van Rossem called my attention to the fact that the eall
and song of the birds in that locality were precisely like those of megalonyx on
the mainland, whereas the notes of the towhees from the other islands are con-
siderably different. The few birds from Santa Cruz Island in my collection are
easily distinguished from Catalina specimens, but cannot be told from birds from
Los Angeles County. H.S. Swarth (7) presents this fact very clearly, and after
examining large series, identifies Santa Cruz Island birds as megalonyx. He in-
fers that towhees from Santa Rosa Island would also be referable to the mainland
race, but until an adequate series from that locality has been examined, I provi-
sionally place them with clementae.

Towhees are not abundant on Santa Cruz. In the spring they are shy and
little in evidence, but in the fall, when their numbers have been increased by the
yearly crop of youngsters, they are rather more common, seratching among the
leaves of the brushy hillsides.

Osburn (17) reported having seen a spotted towhee on the Coronados. If
there was no mistake in regard to the record, this bird was probably a straggler
from the mainland, for it is certain that no Pipilo is resident on that group of
islands.

15 ps Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson)

BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK

Habia melanocephala (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.
Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 135.

On Santa Cruz Island, J. Mailliard (7 and MS) shot a male April 27, 1898,
and saw several more. W. L. Dawson (MS) also saw a male that was in the
possession of Mr. Luechelli of that island.

156. Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson)

WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK

Fuiraca caerulea lazula (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44. (2) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 88.
Guiraca caerulea salicarius (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 136.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 87

J. Maillard (1) shot two males and saw another, April 30, 1898, on Santa
Cruz.

ate Passerina amoena (Say)
Lazuui BUNTING

Cyanospiza amoena (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (2) Richardson,

Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.

Passerina amoena (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 136.

Sometimes rather common during migration. C. H. Richardson (2) states
that he has seen this species occasionally during April in the canyons of Cata-
lina. J. Mailliard (7) shot a specimen on Santa Cruz Island, April 14, 1898, and
(MS) saw several more on the 21st, while W. L. Dawson (MS) says that it
formed the principal part of a migration wave that reached that locality April
19, 1915.

158. Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)
WESTERN TANAGER

Piranga ludoviciana (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (2) Howell, Condor, x11, 1910,
p. 187.

Regular migrant in small numbers. I (2) saw a male on the Coronados,
May 26 and 27, 1910, which seemed to feel very much out of place. D. R. Dickey,
L. M. Huey and I noted one feeding on some low bushes on San Clemente, March
23, 1915, and C. B. Linton (7) saw several in the same locality during the spring
of 1907. J. Grinnell (7S) heard one on the hillside of Santa Cruz Island, Sep-
tember 8, 1903.

159. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway
CoorER TANAGER
Piranga rubra cooperi (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 89. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, .p. 137.
A female of this species was secured by C. B. Linton (7) on San Clemente,
October 11, 1907, and is now in the collection of J. E. Thayer.

160. Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert

Barn SwALLow

Hirundo horreorum (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78. (2) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 235.

Chelidon erythrogaster (3) Blake, Auk, 1v, 1887, p. 330. (4) Belding, Land Birds Pac.
Dist., 1890, p. 187. (5) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.

Hirundo erythrogaster (6) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.

Hirundo erythrogastra (7) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 210. (8) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 90. (9) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Common summer visitant on some of the islands. A limited number occur
on the Coronados during the spring and summer, breeding in the sea caves where
their nests must frequently be dampened by the spray. D. R. Dickey and L. M.

88 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

TIuey (ZS) noted two or three birds about the caves of San Clemente in April,
1915, and G. Willett (JZS) says he saw them building commonly in the eaves of
Catalina during April, 1904. H. Wright (9) saw birds on Santa Barbara Isl-
and, July 2 and 3, 1912, and he found a nest with an addled ege on Anacapa,
July 1. Abundant on Santa Cruz, where, in April, 1911, we found them nesting
in a certain large tide cave in such numbers that their twittering could be heard
a long distance away. They frequently visited a spring near camp for the pur-
pose of gathering mud, sometimes trailing long wisps of grass in their wakes.

161. Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns
NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW

On San Clemente Island, April 9, 1915, one of these birds flew close over D.
R. Dickey and L. M. Huey, permitting certain identification.

162. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot

CrepAarR WAXxWING

Ampelis cedrorum (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 19. (2) Mearns, Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 142.

Bombycilla cedrorum (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 91. (4) Dawson, Condor,
xvi, 1915, p. 204. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 140.

Irregular visitant. On San Clemente, J. Grinnell (2) saw a single bird
May 31, 1897, which was unmistakably of this species. W. lL. Dawson (4) noted
a flock of about forty birds on Santa Cruz Island, April 11, 1915, which remained
among the holly bushes for a week or more.

163. Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns
ISLAND SHRIKE

Collyrio excubitorides (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78.

Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitorides (2) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 237.

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (3) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 330.

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli (4) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 19. (6) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234.

Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi (7) Mearns, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 261. (8) A. O. U. Commit-
tee, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 122. (9) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (10)
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxir, 1900, p. 233. (11) Ridgway, Birds North &
Mid. Am., 111, 1904, p. 251. (72) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 297. (13) How-
ell and van Rossem, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 210. (74) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,
p. 92. (75) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 18. (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 142:

Lanius anthonyi (17) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 62. (78) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 128.

L{anius]. I[udovicianus]. anthonyi (19) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 372.
(20) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 393. (27) Reed, N. Am. Birds’
Eggs, 1904, p. 283.

Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi (22) Ridgway, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv1, 1903, p. 108.
(23) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., m1, 1904, p. 252. (24) A. O. U. Committee,
Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 416. (25) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxvi, 1909, p. 296.

Lanius (26) Breninger, Auk, xx, 1904, p. 223.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 89

Lanius sp. ? (27) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.
Lanius mearnsi (28) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 182.
Lanius I[udovicianus]. mearnsi (29) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 182.
Lanius lLudovicianus]. anthonyi (30) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 182.

Fairly common resident of most of the islands. Originally deseribed by E.
A. Mearns (7) from a specimen collected by R. H. Beck on Santa Cruz Island,
May 6, 1897. Darker and smaller than gambeli. Another island subspecies, L. /.
mearns? was deseribed by R. Ridgway (22, 23) and was at one time accepted by
the A. O. U. Committee (24), but after its validity had been questioned by a
number of writers, it was finally discarded (25). The type was from San Cle-
mente Island and its characters as given, were: similar to anthonyi but upper
parts darker and upper tail coverts abruptly white, more white on scapulars,
white spot at base of primaries larger, and underparts less strongly tinged with
eray.

On San Clemente these birds are distributed over most of the island. In an
especially favorable little canyon several pairs will congregate, and I have found
two pairs breeding in such a place not a hundred yards apart, while a third nest
was within a quarter of a mile. On either side of this wash, however, there were
no birds for long distances. C. B. Linton (28) found a nest of small young
March 1, 1907, and I encountered a family of juveniles that were strong on the
wing, March 23, 1915. During the first part of April, second nests were in pro-
cess of construction. On the western end of the island at least, the nest is almost
invariably placed a couple of feet above the ground in a certain kind of thorny
bush, and is substantially constructed of twigs and weed stems and lined with
sheep wool.

On Catalina shrikes are rather rare, and I have seen only an oceasional indi-
vidual. C. H. Richardson (27) met fully fledged young here that were being fed
by the parents in April. Reported from Santa Barbara Island by J. G. Cooper
(1), but no one else has met with the species there. H. Robertson and V. W.
Owen (14) saw a pair, and found a nest full of young, on Anacapa, June 4, 1899,
apparently the only record for this island.

In the vicinity of Prisoner’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, A. van Rossem and
1 found shrikes to be decidedly rare. A favorite perch was at the very top of
some tall dead pine, and from this the bird would fly when the observer was a
surprisingly long distance off. J. Mailliard (9) found two nests here during
April, 1898, one, containing a set of seven eggs, placed in the middle of a brush
pile, and the other, with six eggs, in a gum tree. Present on Santa Rosa, where
H. J. Lelande and O. W. Howard (74) saw a bird June 8, 1910.

Numerically I believe that this subspecies is one of the rarest birds in the
country, and it is certainly one of the very shyest of the small land birds. No
matter what strategy the hunter employs, the shrikes seem perfectly capable of
matehing it, and except near the nest, it is well nigh hopeless to try and get
within gunshot of one. Even the alarmed shrieking of their own offspring will
fail to attract them. While on Clemente in the spring of 1915, I collected the
male and three young of a family of these birds. The following day I took the
female of another nest a short distance away, but did not try to deprive the

90 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

small young of their remaining parent. What was my surprise two days later
to find that the single male and the other female had combined forces and were
feeding the youngsters of the second nest. I verified this by shooting the male,
and his new mate continued to feed her adopted children. We were pretty well
acquainted with the shrike population of that section of Clemente, and no matter
which birds we shot, there always seemed to be others that came in to take their
places and join forees with the widows and widowers.

164. Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin

Hurton VirEo

Vireo huttoni (1) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 208. (2) Townsend, Proc. U.

S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1890, p. 141. (3) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 341.

Vireo huttoni (?) (4) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 44.
Vireo mailliardorum (5) Grinnell, Condor, v, 1903, p. 157. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,

p. 181.

Vireo huttoni mailliardorum (7) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 111, 1904, p. 748. (8)

Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Vireo huttoni huttoni (9) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 98. (10) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 143.

Rather common resident of Santa Cruz, and present on Catalina. In the
latter locality F. Stephens (7) took a female during August, 1886. A subspecies,
V. mailliardorum was deseribed from Santa Cruz Island by J. Grinnell (5).
Said to be shghtly smaller than huttoni, especially the bill, darker, more leaden
olive above and a little more buffy yellow below posteriorly. The differences,
however, were deemed by the A. O. U. Committee as too slight for recognition.
A. van Rossem and I found the species fairly common on Santa Cruz in April,
1911, and we took several specimens. C. B. Linton (8) reported it as present in
some numbers during November and December, 1907.

165. Vermivora celata celata (Say)

ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER

Helminthophila celata celata (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
Vermivora celata celata (2) Grinnell, Pae. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 145.

C. B. Linton (1) shot a bird of this species on Santa Cruz Island, Novem-
ber 29, 1907, which was afterwards lost. Both he and G. Willett, who was with
him at the time, inform me, however, that there was not the slightest doubt but
that the specimen was referable to this form.

166. Vermivora celata sordida (C. H. Townsend)
Dusky WARBLER

Helminthophaga celata (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., 1, 1870, p. 83. (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 233.
Helminthophila celata lutescens (4) Henshaw, Auk, 11, 1886, p. 453. (5) Blake, Auk, tv,

1887, p. 3380. (6) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 206.
H[elminthophila]. celata lutescens (7) Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 53.
Helminthophila celata lutescens (?) (8) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.
Helminthophila celata sordida (9) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890, pp. 139,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS o1

141. (10) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, vir, 1891, p. 87. (71) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1, 1897, p. 20. (12) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 482. (13)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., m, 1898, p. 44. (14) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, pp. 234,
236. (15) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 17. (176) Mailliard, Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (77) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1900,
p. 233. (18) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 11, 1902, p. 467. (19) Cooke, Bull.
U. S. Biol. Surv., xvii1, 1904, p. 42. (20) Howard, Warbler, 11, 1906, p. 8. (21)
Chapman, Warblers N. Am., 1907, p. 91. (22) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.
(23) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100.

Dusky Warbler (24) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 86. (25) (Snyder), Oolo-
gist, xxvi, 1909, p. 188.

Helminthophila sordida (26) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 638. (27) Linton,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (28) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

H{elminthophila]. c[elata]. sordida (29) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1908, p. 315.
(30) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 405. (31) Reed, N. Am. Birds’
Eggs, 1904, p. 292.

Vermivora celata sordida (32) Oberholser, Auk, xxtr, 1905, p. 245. (33) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., ivr, 1907, p. 141. (34) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 308. (35)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 95. (36) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 18.
(37) Wright & Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92. (38) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 146.

Herminthophila c[elata]. sordida (39) Cooke, Auk, xxi, 1905, p. 297.

Helminthophila celata (40) Osburn, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 138.

Reported from all the islands exeept San Nicolas. This subspecies was first
described by C. H. Townsend (9) from a male taken on San Clemente, January
25, 1889. From lutescens it differs in being darker, with larger feet and bill, and
slightly shorter wings.

On the Coronados I have found the Dusky Warbler common, frequenting
mostly the denser growth of bushes on the hillsides. On May 27, 1914, D. R.
Dickey (JS) found four nests in a certain kind of serubby bush, the lower or
downhill sides of which are always grown with gray moss. All four nests were
situated in clumps of this, but were empty.

Common on the eastern part of San Clemente, where O. W. Howard (20)
found several sets of eggs in April, and young ready to leave the nest the first
week in May. On the western end of the island, however, the species is almost
lacking, as two or possibly three birds were all that three of us heard or saw
during a three week’s stay in the early spring of 1915.

On Catalina I have found it rather abundant in the darker canyons and on
the wooded hillsides. In April, 1907 and 1908, I discovered several nests with
eggs or newly hatched young, but in the same month of 1911, although I found
the birds to be unusually common, they showed no indications of building, and a
diligent search for a week failed to reveal a single nest. Here during the last of
December, 1897, J. Grinnell (14) says that they were feeding on the fruit of the
opuntia, which had stained their digestive organs and the surrounding tissue a
bright red.

Reported provisionally from Santa Barbara Island by J. G. Cooper (1),
but its occurrence there has not been confirmed, and he may have been mistaken
in the birds he saw. On Anacapa, however, it ocewrs in limited numbers, and H.
J. Lelande (35) took a set of four slightly ineubated eggs there April 6, 1906.

92 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Nowee

On Santa Cruz, A. van Rossem and I met with numbers of these warblers
during April, 1911, and C. B. Linton (28) reported them very common there in
November and December, 1907. J. Mailliard (16) says that the note of the birds
he heard was longer and stronger than that of lutescens, with two louder addi-
tional notes at the end of the trill. C. H. Townsend (9) mentions a specimen that
was secured on Santa Rosa, January 7, 1889, and O. W. Howard (MS) says that
he has observed this form on San Miguel.

On a small peninsula near Coronado Beach, known as the Spanish Bight,
and now the aviation camp, I noted many Dusky Warblers, and found three in-
complete nests April 6, 1910. A. M. Ingersoll (MS) has also found nests at
Point Loma, nearby. It occurs in limited numbers on the islands during the
fall and winter, but the majority migrate to the mainland, where they may be
found in the lowlands from the Mexican line to Santa Barbara County.

The usual nesting site of the Lutescent Warbler is on the ground, but I have
never heard of sordida building in such a situation. On the smaller barren isl-
ands, such as the Coronados and Todos Santos (where it is common), they build
in a bush or tangle of vines, a foot or so above the ground, and the nest is always
mainly constructed of gray moss, where this is to be had, lined with a little fine
grass. On the larger islands, where there are good-sized trees, the site chosen
may be a thicket of vines several feet above the bed of a stream, a small shrub,
say four feet up, or perhaps an oak as much as fifteen feet above the ground. In
such case the nest is quite substantially made of leaves, twigs, bark, rootlets, and
often a little sheep wool. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and at least two
broods of young are raised each year.

167. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus)

MyrtLe WARBLER

7

Dendroica coronata (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 7. (2) Linton, Condor,
x1, 1909, p. 194. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 96.

Dendroica coronata hooveri (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 64. (5) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 147.

Uncommon winter visitant to the islands. C. B. Linton (2) recorded this
species as fairly common on San Clemente in the winter of 1908, and J. Grinnell
(1) shot an adult female on Santa Barbara Island, May 15, 1897, the only one
seen.

168. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (J. K. Townsend)

AUDUBON WARBLER

Dendroica auduboni (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 20. (2) Grinnell, Auk,
Xv, 1898, p. 286. (3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (4) Mearns,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., nvr, 1907, p. 142. (5) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. (6)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (7) van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208. (8) How-
ell and van Rossem, Condor, xii, 1911, p. 210. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 148.

Audubon Warbler (/0) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 17.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 93

Abundant winter visitant. Arrives in October and leaves in April. A. van
Rossem (7) found this species very common on the Coronados the first week in
April, 1909, and we noted it on San Clemente up to the same time in 1915. It
was very numerous on Catalina during my several visits in April, especially so
in 1911, while during December, 1897, J. Grinnell (10) says that it was even on
the beaches, busily engaged in flycatching within a few feet of the surf. On
Santa Cruz, A. van Rossem and I (8) found a few still present the last week in
April, 1911.

169. Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)
MaGnouia WARBLER

Dendroica maculosa (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 7.
Dendroica magnolia (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 96. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 148.

J. Grinnell (7) shot an adult male of this species on Santa Barbara Island,
May 15, 1897. It was the only one seen.

170. Dendroica nigrescens (J. K. Townsend)

BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER

Dendroica nigrescens (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.
In a little canyon on Santa Cruz Island, W. L. Dawson (7) obtained a close
view of two singing males on the morning of April 19, 1915.

ilffal Dendroica townsendi (J. K. Townsend)

TOWNSEND WARBLER

Dendroica townsendi (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 7. (2) Linton, Con-
dor x, 1908, p. 128. (3) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 97. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 149.

Probably a regular migrant, although not common. An oceéasional individ-

ual may spend the winter. On San Clemente Island, C. B. Linton (3) shot a

Townsend Warbler while it was flying along the beach, in December, 1908. H.

Gaylord and J. Grinnell (7) each shot a female on Santa Barbara Island, May

16, 1897, and Linton (2) secured a bird on Santa Cruz, December 13, 1907.

172. Dendroica occidentalis (J. K. Townsend)

Hermit WARBLER

Dendroica occidentalis (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 7. (2) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 97. (38) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 149.

H. Gaylord (2) took an adult female on Santa Barbara Island, May 14,
1897, and he and J. Grinnell saw three more the same day.

iets Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser

Paciric YELLOWTHROAT
Yellowthroat (7) Howell, Condor, x11, 1910, p. 187,

94 . PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Accidental on the islands. While on the Coronados, June 11, 1910, I (2)
encountered two yellowthroats on a dry hillside. They were not at all wary and
I had an excellent opportunity of observing them, but was at the time without a
gun. When I recorded this I stated the opinion of another to the effect that they
probably were not arizela, but I now feel no hesitation in referring them to that
race. On San Clemente, in a canyon thickly overgrown with succulent vines,
I clearly saw a male yellowthroat, March 23, 1915, as it flitted before me and be-
came lost in the thick growth. It was probably this form.

174. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas)
PILEOLATED WARBLER
Myiodioctes pusillus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, pp. 78, 80.
Sylvania pusilla pileolata (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 8.
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (3) Grinnell, Condor, v, 1903, p. 80. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast

Avif., 7, 1912, p. 98. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 152.

Rather uncommon migrant. J. G. Cooper (1) recorded what was probably
this subspecies from Catalina Island in October, 1863. On Santa Barbara Isl-
and, May 14, 15 and 16, 1897, J. Grinnell and H. Gaylord (2) noted several
each day in the weeds of a small ravine. Two males and three females were
taken.

ies Anthus rubescens (Tunstall)

Pirit

Anthus pensilvanicus (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.
128.
Anthus rubescens (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 153.
Fairly rare winter visitant. C. B. Linton (2) shot a specimen on San Cle-
mente, October 18, 1907, and (2) saw several on Santa Cruz Island during No-
vember and December of the same year.

176. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus ( Vigors)
WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD

Mimus polyglottos (1) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 226. (2) Grinnell, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 20. (3) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (4) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (5) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii,
1900, p.. 2338.

Mockingbird (6) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 17.

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (7) Breninger, Auk, xx1, 1904, p. 228. (8) Richardson,
Condor, vit, 1906, p. 56. (9) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., Lvr, 1907, p. 142. (10)
Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., tv, 1907, p. 229. (11) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 68. (12) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (13) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
(14) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 331. (15) Burt, Condor, x11, 1911, p. 166.
(16) Grinnell, Auk, xxvii, 1911, p. 294. (17) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p.
100. (78) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 153.

Common resident of San Clemente, Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands.
Occurs also on Anacapa. On San Clemente, during 1903, G. F. Breninger (7)
found this species breeding sparingly, about half a dozen pairs being on the isl-

a

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 95

and, but the birds have evidently increased amazingly since that time, for now
they are commoner than I have ever seen them elsewhere. Several nests held
small young before the first of April, 1915, and a number with eggs were found
by us. J. Grinnell (2) states that birds from this island at least are lighter dor-
sally than those from the mainland, and this also holds good in the case of my
single specimen. I have found mockingbirds common on Catalina in the early
spring, and Grinnell (6) says that in December, 1908, they were feeding on the
fruit of the cholla cactus, which had stained their faces bright red. C. H. Rich-
ardson (17) here heard one imitating the call of a Western Gull.

H. C. Burt (15) heard one singing on Anacapa, March 16, 1911. Near
Prisoner’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, A. van Rossem and I found them to be
rather rare, only two being encountered during our stay in the spring of 1911,
but C. B. Linton (13) reported them fairly common in November and Decem-
ber of 1907.

UTE Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say)
Rock WREN

Salpinctes obsoletus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 231. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xim, 1888, p. 54. (4)
Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 229. (5) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xi, 1890, p. 141. (6) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
I, 1897, pp. 8, 20. (8) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 236. (9) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, pp. 41, 45. (1/0) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1900, p.
238. (11) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 68. (72) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk,
xx, 1903, pp. 38, 37. (13) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223. (14) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., tv, 1907, p. 141. (15) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (16) Grin-
nell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 1380. (17) Wright, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 100. (78) Osburn,
Condor, x1, 1909, p. 188. (19) Willett, Condor, x1, 1910, p. 171.

Salpinctes pulverius (20) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 68.

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (21) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 11, 1904, p. 646.
(22) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 336. (23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,
p. 101. (24) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92. 25) Swarth, Condor,
Xvi, 1914, p. 211. (26) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 156.

Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius (27) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.

Common resident on all the islands except San Nicolas. On the Coronados
I have frequently met with this species on all four islands. Most numerous well
back from the shore and towards the tops of the islands. On San Clemente it is
fairly common, and D. R. Dickey shot a juvenile as early as April 9, 1915. Dur-
ing my several visits to Catalina in the spring, these birds were almost rare, but
J. Grinnell (7S) found them to be very common everywhere on the flats, as well
as among the rocks, near Johnson Harbor the latter part of August, 1903. G.
Willett (19) says they are common on Anacapa, and O. W. Howard (23) took
a set of seven slightly incubated eggs there April 30, 1906. On May 1, 1908, I
noted them in some numbers on Santa Barbara Island, and a couple of pairs
were engaged in nest building, probably for the second time that year. Near
Prisoner’s Harbor, Santa Cruz, A. van Rossem and I found the species rare in
the spring of 1911, but C. B. Linton (15) recorded it as fairly numerous there
during November and December, 1907. There are single records of this bird

96 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

from San Miguel and Santa Rosa. G. Willett (19), in June, 1910, found it to
be one of the commonest birds on San Miguel, and during the same month he
noted it on Santa Rosa also.

J. Grinnell (20) at one time referred birds from San Clemente to S. 0. pul-
verius, but H. 8. Swarth (25), after having examined larger series, states that
birds from that island are indistinguishable from those of the mainland.

178. Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius Grinnell

San Nicouas Rock WREN

Salpinctes obsoletus (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xi11, 1888, p. 54. (2) Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891,
p. 340. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 10.

Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius (4) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 287. (5) Bailey, Handb.
Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 448. (6) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 1m,
1904, p. 649. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (8) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxv,
1908, p. 350. (9) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 336. (70) Linton, Condor,
xm, 1911, p. 109. (11) Linton, Auk, xxvii, 1911, p. 489. (72) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 101. (123) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 17. (14) Swarth,
Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 211. (15) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 157.

Salpinctes pulverius (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 68.

Confined to San Nicolas Island where it is a common resident. Originally
described by J. Grinnell (4) from birds taken on San Nicolas, May 19, 1897.
Characterized as differing from obsoletus in larger feet and bill, and more buffy
coloration. H.S. Swarth (14), after assembling all available specimens of this
genus from the Pacific Coast, states that although the buffy coloration is very
pronounced in San Nicolas specimens with worn and abraded plumage, it is
merely an adventitious acquisition and one that cannot be regarded as a subspe-
cific character, for birds taken in freshly acquired autumnal plumage are indis-
tinguishable in color and pattern from mainland birds in similar feather. He
thus comes to the conclusion that the only subspecifie difference is a_ slightly
greater length of culmen.

J. Grinnell (3) found these birds shy, and the adults especially, hard to ap-
proach. They were very numerous over the whole island, but unusually so along
the dry watercourses. From May 19 to 26, 1897, he found juvenals more abund-
ant than adults. As G. Willett (72) discovered a nest in a sandstone cliff con-
taining a single fresh egg, as late as June 24, 1911, they must raise at least two
broods each year. On April 14, 1911, C. B. Linton (7) noted a pair carrying
nesting material into a crack under the eaves of a storehouse close to where sheep
were being sheared, but like the mainland bird, the usual site chosen is a pocket
in a boulder or cliff. A set of six incubated eggs collected by H. Gaylord from
a erack in a clayey bank of a gully, May 22, 1897, average .80x.64 inches.

179: Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway
CANYON WREN
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus (1) van Rossem, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 208.

On the Coronados, March 29, 1909, A. van Rossem (7) shot an adult male
Catherpes which J. Grinnell pronounced C. m. polioptilus, stating that it was

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 97

nearer conspersus than punctulatus. This specimen is now in my collection, and
is even lighter than any examples of conspersus which I have.

180. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway
Dorrep CANYON WREN

Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (2) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 101. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 157.

C. B. Linton (1) shot one of these birds on Santa Cruz Island, December
19, 1907.

181. Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser
San Dreco WREN

Thryothorus bewickii (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78.

Thryomanes bewickii spilurus (2) Blake, Auk, tv, 1887, p. 330. (3) Grinnell, Auk, xv,
1898, pp. 234, 236. (4) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 42. (5) Bailey,
Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 446.

Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (6) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1890, p. 140. (7)
Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 339.

Thryomanes bewickii charienturus (8) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx1, 1898, p.
435. (9) Allen, Auk, xv1, 1899, p. 346. (70) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxu,
1900, p. 238. (11) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvi, 1901, p. 307. (12) Ridgway,
Birds North & Mid. Am., 111, 1904, p. 561.

Thryomanes bewickii nesophilus (13) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx1, 1898, p. 442.
(14) Allen, Auk, xvr, 1899, p. 350. (15) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1900,
p. 234. (16) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvii1, 1901, p. 314. (17) Ridgway, Birds
North & Mid. Am., 11, 1904, p. 562.

Vigors Wren (78) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 17.

Thryomanes nesophilus (19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 69. (20) Linton, Con-
dor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Thryomanes bewicki charienturus (21) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. (22) A. O. U.
Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 339. (23) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, x11, 1911, p.
210.

Thryomanes bewicki catalinae (24) Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1910, p. 308. (25)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 102. (26) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p.
16. 27) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxrx, 1912, p. 387. (28) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 158. (29) Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., v1, no. 4, 1916, p.
78.

Thryomanes bewicki nesophilus (30) Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1910, p. 308.
(31) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 102. (32) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8,
1912, p. 17. (33) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92. (34) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 158. (35) Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser. vr, no. 4,
1916, p. 78.

Common resident of Catalina, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands. J. Grin-
nell (24) described a subspecies from Catalina, the type being an adult male
taken by him December 24, 1897. Its characters as given are: darker colora-
tion dorsally than charienturus, with heavier bill and larger feet. From lewco-
phrys it differs in being darker and less ashy, with more heavily barred under-
tail coverts. The differences are rather slight, although constant in all speci-
mens which I have examined, and it was rejected by the A. O. U. Committee (27).

98 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

In habits the Catalina wren is very similar to that of the mainland, being
met with in the dry, heavy brush and in the wooded canyon bottoms. The birds
prefer to breed in the latter places, selecting a knot hole or crack in a tree trunk,
and in such a situation, on April 11, 1911, I found a nest which held one fresh
egg. The species has been ascribed to Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands by
J. G. Cooper (1), but no one has since reported it from either place.

Another subspecies, 7’. b. nesophilus was deseribed by H. C. Oberholser (13)
from a bird taken on Santa Cruz Island by C. H. Townsend, February 7, 1889.
From charienturus it is said to differ in being darker and more rufescent above,
and from spilurus in being lighter and grayer with a longer bill. H. S. Swarth
(35) states that he finds birds from Santa Cruz Island most nearly like charien-
turus, and that the difference is very slight indeed, specimens being practically
indistinguishable from birds that occupy the intermediate coastal region between
the ranges of charienturus and spilurus. It is inferred that this applies also to
the wrens of Santa Rosa Island.

On Santa Cruz these wrens may be met with wherever fairly dense brush
oceurs. J. Mailliard (4) states that they have but one song, sounding different
from that of their mainland cousins, who have several. In this locality during
the latter part of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I found a nest containing half
grown young among the rafters of a small shack.

182. Thryomanes leucophrys (Anthony)

SAN CLEMENTE WREN

Thryothorus bewickii (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78.

Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (2) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1890, p. 140. (3)
Keeler, Zoe, 1, 1891, p. 340.

Thryothorus leucophrys (4) Anthony, Auk, x11, 1895, p. 51. (5) A. O. U. Committee, Auk,
x1I, 1895, p. 166. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897. p. 21. (7) Davie, Nests
and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 473.

Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (8) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx1, 1898, p. 443.
(9) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., 11, 1904, p. 5638. (10) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Livi, 1907, p. 141.

Thryomanes leucophrys (11) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 69. (72) Breninger,
Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 221. (13) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 448.
(14) Reed, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, p. 316. (75) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.
(16) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 339. (17) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,
p. 102.

T[hryomanes]. leucophrys (18) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1908, p. 296.

Thryomanes bewicki leucophrys (19) Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1910, p. 308.
(20) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 16. (2/7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 158. (22) Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., v1, no. 4, 1916, p. 79.

Abundant resident of San Clemente Island. Originally deseribed by A. W.
Anthony (4). Differs from charienturus in coloration being grayer, under tail
coverts less heavily barred, and wing and bill decidedly longer. These wrens are
evenly distributed over San Clemente, frequenting the densest thorn bushes and
cactus patches, from the tops of which their loud clear song, differing but little
from that of the mainland bird, is given. Before one is within good range of
them they will casually hop down into the lower cactus, and it is very hard indeed

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 99

to make them show themselves again. If it is in a low thorn bush that they dis-
appear, no amount of trampling will bring a bird forth, but as soon as one steps
off the bush, out he pops and away to another one. I shot a juvenal with fully
grown tail, April 2, 1915, and from then on the youngsters were not rare. The
eggs have evidently never been discovered, but I believe that the nest is invari-
ably built in the center of a dense patch of cactus. While I was trying to remove
a dead bird from such a place, on March 29, and smashing the cactus as I went,
I uncovered an unfinished nest, probably pertaining to this species. It was
wedged under and between cactus leaves some eight inches above the ground, a
three inch ball formed of soft fiber, and with the entrance on one side. Two
days later when I returned, some little lining had been added, but the situation
had been so disturbed that it was deserted before eggs were laid.

183. Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon
WESTERN House WREN

J. Grinnell (MS) secured an immature male on Santa Cruz Island, Septem-
ber 3, 1903.

184. Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird)
WESTERN WINTER WREN
Nannus hiemalis pacificus (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 102. (2) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 159.
The single record is that of a female taken by C. B. Linton (7) on Santa
Cruz Island, October 23, 1908.

185. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird)
TULE WREN

On San Nicolas Island, during January, 1911, C. B. Linton (MS) found a
pair of these birds about a spring. As he noted them at the same spot for sey-
eral weeks, there is small chance that the identity was incorrect. Many speci-
mens of marsh wrens taken in the lowlands of Los Angeles County during the
winter months, however, are referable to 7. p. plesius, so it is not impossible that
the birds which Linton observed were of the latter race.

186. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus
ReEpD-BREASTED NuTHATCH

Sitta canadensis (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 210. (2) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 104. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 161.

During four or five trips to the wooded top of Santa Cruz Island during the
latter part of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I (7) saw a couple of dozen of
these birds, and took six specimens. These average a very little smaller than
birds from the mainland and the east, but are otherwise indistinguishable. On
May 1 I watched an individual excavating a nesting site in a dead stub, so they
evidently remain during the entire year. C,. B. Linton (2) shot three October
3 and 4, 1908.

100 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

187. Psaltriparus minimus minimus (J. K. Townsend)

Coast BusH-TIT

Psaltria minimus californicus (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn, Club, 1, 1899, p. 45.
Psaltriparus minimus minimus (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (3) Swarth, Auk,

xxx1, 1914, p. 499. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 165.

Psaltriparus minimus californicus (5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 105. (6)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92.

Common resident of Santa Cruz Island, and occurs on Catalina. In the
brushy oak timber and on the canyon sides of Santa Cruz, these tiny birds are
often met with. During late April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I found them to be
rather common. H. Wright and G. K. Snyder (6) noted a flock in the brush,
July 7, 1912, and C. B. Linton (2) recorded several seen during November and
December, 1907. G. Willett (ZS) says he has seen quite a few in the western oak
region of Catalina in the springs of 1904 and 1905.

H. S. Swarth (3), in his paper relating to this genus, reports conclusively
that the island bird is minimus and not californicus as some times recorded.

188. Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird
WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET

Regulus satrapa olivaceus (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 105. (2) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 167. ‘

C. B. Linton (1) shot a pair on Santa Cruz Island, October 21, 1908.

189. Regulus calendula calendula (Linnaeus)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET
Regulus calendula (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Grinnell, Auk,
Xv, 1898, p. 236. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129.
Regulus calendula calendula (4) Willett, Pac. Coast. Avif., 7, 1912, p. 106.

Probably a regular but fairly rare winter visitant to suitable localities. J.
Grinnell (2) noted a very few of these birds on Catalina the last of December,
1897, and C. B. Linton (3) found them rather common on Santa Cruz during
November and December, 1907.

190. Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway

WESTERN GNATCATCHER

Polioptila melanura (1) Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 78.

Polioptila caerulea obscura (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (3) Osburn, Condor, x1,
1909, p. 188. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 106. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
/Siabigs ale aleakss pee alley
Rather rare on Catalina and Santa Cruz islands, but probably resident. G.

Willett (JZS) occasionally met with them on the western part of Catalina during

March, 1905. The specimen, now in the Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,

which J. G. Cooper (7) took on Catalina in 1861, and which he labelled P. melan-

ura, proves to be obscura. C. B. Linton and G. Willett (2) heard gnateatchers
several times on Santa Cruz Island in November and December, 1907, and a male

was secured October 21, 1908.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 101

ihe Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall)
RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH

Turdus ustulatus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 8.
Hylocichla ustulata (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.
Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast

Avif., 7, 1912, p. 107. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 169.

Probably a fairly common transient. C. B. Linton (2) states that on San
Clemente during October, 1907, these birds were common in the larger canyons.
On Santa Barbara, J. Grinnell (1) saw three and secured a female, May 16, 1897.
Linton (3) also shot one on Santa Cruz Island in the late fall of 1907.

192. Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas)
ALASKA Hermit THRUSH

Turdus aonalaschkae (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, 1897, p. 21. (2) Grinnell,

Auk, xv, 1898, p. 236.

Hylocichla aonalaschkae (3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 45. (4) Ober-

holser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1900, p. 234.

Hylocichla guttata (5) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., tyr, 1907, p. 142.

Visits the islands in small numbers during the winter. J. Grinnell (WS)
took a female on San Clemente, March 28, 1897, and two males on Catalina, De-
cember 24 and 28, respectively, of the same year. H. C. Oberholser (4) men-
tions a typical female as having been taken by C. P. Streator on Catalina in
April, 1892, and I shot a specimen on Santa Cruz Island, April 27, 1911. These
are all the island specimens which I ean locate.

193. Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway)
WESTERN ROBIN

Planesticus migratorius propinquus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 204.

Casual on the islands. H. Linton told G. Willett (ZS) that he had seen a
robin on San Nicolas during the winter of 1912. While we were preparing
breakfast on San Clemente, April 7, 1915, a single bird flew close above D. R.
Dickey and myself, and lit on a rock a hundred yards away. By the time I had
secured my gun it had disappeared. W. L. Dawson (7) noted a few on Santa
Cruz Island during the first part of April, 1915.

194, Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson)

NORTHERN VARIED THRUSH
Ixoreus naevius (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.
Txoreus naevius meruloides (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 109. (3) Grinnell,

Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 172.

Troreus naevius naevius (4) Dawson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 204.

Visits the islands in limited numbers during the winter months. Several
specimens were taken by C. B. Linton (7) on San Clemente Island from January
to April, 1907, and W. L. Dawson (4) noted a single bird, April 5, 1915, and
another on the following day, on Santa Cruz.

102 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

195. Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend

WESTERN BLUEBIRD

Sialia mexicana occidentalis (1) Linton, Condor, x1, 1909, p. 194. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 109.

Rare migrant. C. B. Linton (7) secured an adult male on San Clemente
Island in December 1908, and I saw a single bird on Santa Barbara as late as
May 1, 1908.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST

ile Priocella glacialoides (A. Smith)
SLENDER-BILLED I, ULMAR

Fulmarus glacialoides Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., 11, 1884, p. 374.

A skeleton was found on Catalina Island by J. G. Cooper, which he ascribed
to this species. Systematic collecting off the islands should produce records of
this bird, but the above instance of its occurrence is inconclusive.

2. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl)

WILson PETREL
Oceanites oceanicus Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1868, p. 11.

J. G. Cooper saw a white-rumped petrel near San Nicolas Island in July,
1863, which he aseribed to this form. In all probability a case of mistaken iden-
tity.

3. Marila affinis (Kyton)
LEessER Scaup Duck

Aythya affinis Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83.

On San Clemente Island during February, 1907, C. B. Linton saw several
ducks which he believed to be of this species. I personally believe it very likely
that the species is occasionally found about the islands, but as Linton himself is
not at all sure of his identification of the birds seen, I have thought it best to
relegate the record to the hypothetical list.

4. Branta canadensis, subsp.

On Santa Cruz Island, April 25, 1911, a single goose of this group flew over
A. van Rossem. He is of the opinion that it was B. c. hutchinsi, and it seems
likely that such was the ease.

5). Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)
YELLOWLEGS

C. C. Lamb informs me that while he and R. H. Beck were on the Coronados,
April 11, 1908, the latter shot a yellowlegs which they believed was small enough

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 103

for this species, rather than the larger 7. melanoleucus, but the present location
of the specimen is unknown.

6. Micropallas whitneyi (J. G. Cooper)
ELF Own
Microthene whitneyi ? Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 77.

J. G. Cooper thought that he heard an owl one night on Santa Barbara Isl-
and, and ascribed the sound to this species, provisionally. Its occurrence is ex-
tremely improbable.

le Geococcyx californianus (Lesson)

RoOAD-RUNNER

Geococcyx californianus Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, 1870, p. 77. Grinnell, Con-

dor, 1x, 1907, p. 52.

J. G. Cooper reported this bird from Catalina Island, but J. Grinnell, in his
article on the California distribution of the species, states that he does not know
of its occurrence on any of the islands. It is possible that during the sixties it
occurred on Catalina and has since become extirpated, but as none has been re-
ported since, it is safer to conclude that there was some mistake in regard to the
first record.

8. Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel)

Nutratt WoopPECKER
Picus nuttalli ? Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Iv, 1870, p. 77.
J. G. Cooper listed this bird from Catalina, but mentions that he is uncer-
tain in regard to it.

oF Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway
Nutra SPARROW
Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Dawson, Condor, xvi, 1915, p. 204.

W. L. Dawson states that while on Santa Cruz Island during the middle of
April, 1915, ‘‘individuals of this small dark type were seen at close range’’. This
subspecies is too hard to distinguish in life for a sight record to be conclusive.
10. Progne subis hesperia Brewster

WESTERN MARTIN
Progne purpurea ? Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78.

Recorded provisionally from Catalina by J. G. Cooper.

Te Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)
Bank SwALLow

Clivicola riparia Streator, Orn. & Ool., x11, 1888, p. 54.

Reported from San Miguel in 1886 by C. P. Streator. Although it is by no

104 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

means impossible that this species may occur upon the islands occasionally, the
above unsubstantiated record is inconclusive.

2 Vireosylva gilva swainsoni (Baird)
WESTERN WARBLING VIREO
Vireosylva gilva swainsoni Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

W. L. Dawson states that he heard one of these birds on Santa Cruz during
the morning of April 4, 1915. This identification is too uncertain to stand as a
record.

13. Hylocichla guttata nanus (Audubon)
Dwarr Hermit THRUSH

Turdus nanus Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., tv, 1870, p. 78.

Hylocichla guttata nana Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.
86. Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129.

Hylocichla guttata nanus Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 108.

It is with considerable hesitation that I place this subspecies in the hypo-
thetical list. The presence of nanus upon the islands in winter is to be expected,
and there are several records of its occurrence, but I can learn of no definitely
identified specimens ever having been taken, and so must include the form con-
ditionally.

TABULATION OF SPECIES BY ISLANDS

To facilitate comparison of the avifauna of the several islands, I have pre-
pared the following table. Although there are many species which certainly oe-
cur on all the islands, though recorded from but a few, I have not taken this faet
into account, having marked with an asterisk (*) only those birds which have
been definitely reported from the several islands.

|

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 105

Los Coronados Id.
San Nicolas Id.
Santa Catalina Id.
Anacapa Id.
Santa Rosa Id.
San Miguel Id

«| San Clemente Id.
*| Santa Barbara Id.

1. Aechmophorus occidentalis
DeeCOMVMDUS AULITUS 2222...

3. Colymbus n. californicus

ae Odi ymbus: SPOdICePS! =---.-!.--s.-.e-c2--cceo------
5

6

if

« «x «| Santa Cruz Id.

Gaviavimmen 22.2.5...
Gavia pacifica .....
. Gavia stellata .......

Som aude Cirmhatay 22...
9. Cerorhinca monocerata
10. Ptychoramphus aleuticus .... ae
11. Synthliboramphus antiquus ... se eieseee
12. Brachyramphus hypoleucus ... ae!
13. Brachyramphus craveri ........ wcu[) Pe lp | ae ee etek th ee
ide Gepphivs:.colwmibal i. ices
15. Uria t. californica
16. Rissa t. pollicaris -..
17. Larus glaucescens ..
18. Larus occidentalis
19. Larus argentatus
20. Larus californicus -.
21. Larus delawarensis _.
22. Larus brachyrhynchys
23. Larus heermanni~
24. Larus philadelphia ~
25. Xema sabini .........
26. Sterna maxima ........
27. Sterna forsteri............
28. Diomedea nigripes ..
29. Diomedea albatrus .....
30. Fulmarus g. glupischa ..
31. Puffinus creatopus ........
32. Puffinus opisthomelas
33. Puffinus griseus ............
34. Oceanodroma kaedingi
35. Oceanodroma melania ...
36. Oceanodroma homochroa ...
37. Oceanodroma socorroensis .....
38. Phalacrocorax a. albociliatus ....
39. Phalacrocorax penicillatus _.....
40. Phalacrocorax p. resplendens
41. Pelecanus californicus
42. Fregata aquila
43. Mergus serrator ..
44. Dafila acuta ...........
45 DIGOMIR AMENICANA <....-..---ces-sccc--s-sstescsexetocs
Bonm@iemia, Geelandy —.. c::s<.2<cccescccceteeceoe
47. Oidemia perspicillata
48. Chen h. hyperboreus ....
AO PATISOI te AMIBOMT oo 2.20 4. .-- sce _-nsctcsseseesece
50. Ardea h. herodias
51. Butorides y. anthonyi ..
52. Nycticorax n. naevius
53. Porzana carolina .............
54. Fulica americana .............
55. Phalaropus fulicarius
BOM MHODIDES MODAPUS: ee. ccses code cocncccencocecconstuesetesnees aces

106 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

Los Coronados Id.
| San Clemente Id.
San Nicolas Id.
| Santa Catalina Id.
Santa Barbara Id.
+ Santa Cruz Id.
Santa Rosa Id.
San Miguel Id.

| Anacapa Id.

57. Recurvirostra americana
58. Himantopus mexicanus .............
59. Macrorhamphus g. scolopaceus ........
60. Pisobia bairdi
61. Pisobia minutilla
62. Ereunetes mauri ......
3. Calidris leucophaea ...
64. Totanus melanoleucus ...........
65. Helodromas s. cinnamomeus
66. Catoptrophorus s. inornatus .....
67. Heteractitis incanus
68. Actitis macularia -.......
69. Numenius hudsonicus
70. Squatarola squatarola _...
71. Oxyechus vociferus ......
72. Aegialitis semipalmata
73. Aegialitis nivosa ........
74. Podasocys montanus -
Toy Aphriza wvingata es
76. Arenaria i, morinella ..
77. Arenaria melanocephala
78. Haematopus frazari _.....
79. Haematopus bachmani ....
80. Lophortyx c. vallicola
81. Zenaidura m. marginella a
Cyn ONAHUNES. TRUCGPSONOUI WIS ce see are ecmeseneeteteeceeeee
83. Accipiter velox
84. Accipiter cooperi .....
85. Buteo borealis calurus .-
86. Buteo swainsoni ...................
87. Halizetus 1. leucocephalus
88. Falco mexicanus ....
89. Falco p, anatum ....
90. Falco c. columbarius ........
oi) Halcous; phalaenay =
92. Pandion h. carolinensis
93. Aluco pratincola
94. Asio wilsonianus
95. Asio flammeus ......
96. Bubo v. pacificus -.......
97. Speotyto c. hypogaea
98a Cenyle wal cy ons ss
99. Sphyrapicus r. ruber .....
100. Asyndesmus lewisi _....
101. Colaptes c. collaris .........
102. Phalaenoptilus n. californicus
108. Chordeiles a. texensis ...
104. Chaetura vauxi ...............
105. Aeronautes melanoleucus
106. Calypte costae ..
107. Calypte anna .......
108. Selasphorus alleni
109. Tyrannus verticalis .
110. Tyrannus vociferans ...
111. Myiarchus ec. cinerascens .
112. Sayornis sayus

1917

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

Los Coronados Id.

«| Santa Catalina Id.
Santa Barbara Id.

113.
114.
115.
116.
Waly
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.

SAV ORMIS mI STICAN Ss me csc nessun cereus eee
Myiochanes r. richardsoni -
Empidonax d. difficilis
LBypearay Vo voyo¥st-< rh pee NUN DL PAR ee ere ee rree
Empidonax hammondi
Otocoris a. insularis
Aphelocoma insularis
GONVUISG? SIU CUS) seo ree ce ose ccccasastens-ecsaeese ane
Molothrus a. obscurus
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Sturnella neglecta
Icterus c. nelsoni
Icterus bullocki —..
Euphagus carolinus -.....

Euphagus cyanocephalus .................--------.-
Carpodacus p. californicus .................-.-......
Carpodacus m. clementis -.

Loxia ec. stricklandi —.....
Passer domesticus
Astragalinus p. hesperophilus —.............
Astragalinus lawrencei
SPINS) PIBUS. 2. bce e- ee
Passerculus s. alaudinus
Chondestes g. strigatus
Zonotrichia querula _....
Zonotrichia 1. gambeli
Zonotrichia coronata
Spizella p. arizonae
Spizella*atrogularis _.
Junco h. thurberi .....
Amphispiza belli —......
Aimophila r. ruficeps
Melospiza m. graminea -_..
Melospiza m. clementae
Melospiza 1. lincolni —_.........
Passerella i. unalaschcensis
Passerella i. megarhyncha ..
Passerella i. stephensi _.
Passerella i. insularis _.
Pipilo m. oregonus _......
Pipilo m. clementae _.
Pipilo m. megalonyx ........
Zamelodia melanocephala
Guiracase: lazula. <-2.-<:-..-..-
Passerina amoena _.
Piranga ludoviciana
Piranga r. cooperi .....
Hirundo erythrogastra
Tachycineta t. lepida _.....
Bombycilla cedrorum
Lanius |. anthonyi .-
Vireo h. huttoni _....

Vermivora c. celata _.

Vermivora c. sordida -
Dendroica coronata

« x «| San Clemente Id.
« «| San Nicolas Id.

107
. so .
eS
us} N Ss ra
Biles | | €
« 5 50
ay, |) Se || Peer | a
s 3 ala
— pe) ~
3s A g fe
s} a 3 3
< top) n wn
* *
*
*

108 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Santa Barbara Id.
Santa Rosa Id.
San Miguel Id.

San Nicolas Id.
Anacapa Id.

«| Los Coronados Id.
«| San Clemente Id
*| Santa Catalina Id.

*| Santa Cruz Id.

1682 WDendroicayand ihonimes enna
169. Dendroica magnolia
170. Dendroica nigrescens
171. Dendroica townsendi
172. Dendroica occidentalis
178. Geothlypis t. arizela _. :
Lie. Wilsoniay ps plleolatay..c.) eee eee
bee AN EHS snub eS CEN Siete ee a p
176. Mimus p. leucopterus ..
177. Salpinectes o. obsoletus ...
178. Salpinctes o. pulverius
179. Catherpes m. conspersus ............------0------.
180. Catherpes m. punctulatus ..
181. Thryomanes b. charienturus
182. Thryomanes leucophrys ...............--.-------
E83: ‘roglodytes: ay parkmanis--.
184. Nannus h. pacificus _..........
185. Telmatodytes p. paludicola
USGS Sivtacanadensis ee eee
187. Psaltriparus m. minimus ....................
188. Regulus s. olivaceus .......

189. Regulus ec. calendula _..
190. Polioptila ec. obscura .......
191. Hylocichla u. ustulata __..
192. Hylocichla g. guttata _......
193. Planesticus m. propinquus ........................
194. Ixoreus n. meruloides ..
195. Sialia m. occidentalis

These one hundred and ninety-five species and subspecies have been report-
ed from the several islands as shown in the following table. The first column of
figures gives the total number of forms accredited to each island; the second, the
number of these which have been reported on doubtful grounds.

Total number of forms Doubtful

Los Coronados 58 il
San Clemente 114 2
San Nicolas .... 51 1
Santa Catalina 93 4
Santa Barbara 48 5
PANNA GED 2 of Bose ee coe ae em eee 39 if!
FSET 01 We CG 1 Y Ape eee ene a eee ee ee eS ar PE ea oP pr 141 2
WANA: AROSE! s.c0c-.ccese sacavsersueae so ameessee reuse amet eoe aucncececnc eae eee eee 21

SOT MT SAS) seo cw ee ee sso eee es el eee agen cea eee een 35

Santa Cruz Island has more birds reported from it than the other islands,
both because its character is the most diversified, and because it has been rather
thoroughly worked for a number of weeks at a time during all parts of the year,
by several competent ornithologists. The latter reason is also the main one for
San Clemente showing up so well numerically. This island is comparatively bar-
ren, with few trees, and there are not a great number of resident species, but it

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 109

seems to be in a good line of migration. Santa Catalina is much more diversi-
fied than the last, in fact it is next to Santa Cruz in this respect, and if much
systematic work were done upon it, I believe that it would surpass San Clemente
in the number of species in its avifauna. It is the most often visited of the isl-
ands, and many ornithologists of note have collected there, but usually their vis-
its have been limited to several days. The Coronados fall fourth in this list,
rather surprising for such small barren spots, but then they are many times more
often visited than any other of the smaller islands. It is to be expected that not
so many forms occur on San Nicolas, as it is rather barren and well out to sea.
The avifauna of Santa Barbara Island is of quite respectable size. It has a good
list of water birds, and although there has not been a great deal of work done
there for any period of time, it seems to be a favorite resting place for the few
small land migrants that pass that way. There has been less systematic work
done on Anacapa, but it is much more often visited for periods of several days
at a time. The number of species recorded from both San Miguel and Santa
Rosa are very small for the size of the islands, but neither is especially attractive
to bird life. Then, too, there has not been much work done on San Miguel and
less on Santa Rosa, where it is difficult to get a permit to stay on the island.

TABULATION OF SPECIES BY MANNER OF OCCURRENCE

In preparing a table of seasonal occurrence of the different birds, I have
been obliged to use my own judgment to a certain extent. That is, when there
are but a couple of records for a species during the winter, it is hard to tell for
a surety whether it oceurs regularly during that time of year, or should be
classed as a casual visitant. In such case I have had to consider the conditions
under which the record was made, the abundance of the species upon the mainland
during the same season, and several other factors. It will therefore be seen that
the tables are only approximately correct, but as nearly so as it is possible for me
to make them under the circumstances.

RESIDENTS
1. Lunda cirrhata 19. Accipiter cooperi
2. Ptychoramphus aleuticus 20. Buteo borealis calurus
3. Brachyramphus hypoleucus 21. Halizetus leucocephalus leucocepha-
4. Cepphus columba lus
5. Uria troille californica 22. Falco peregrinus anatum
6. Larus occidentalis 23. Falco sparverius phalaena
7. Oceanodroma melania 24. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis
8. Oceanodroma homochroa 25. Aluco pratincola
9. Oceanodroma socorroensis 26. Asio wilsonianus
10. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus 27. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea
11. Phalacrocorax penicillatus 28. Colaptes cafer collaris
12. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens 29. Calypte anna
13. Pelecanus californicus 30. Selasphorus alleni
14. Ardea herodias herodias 31. Sayornis nigricans
15. Aegialitis nivosa 32. Otocoris alpestris insularis
16. Haematopus bachmani 33. Aphelocoma insularis
17. Lophortyx californica vallicola 34. Corvus corax sinuatus

18. Zenaidura macroura marginella 35. Sturnella neglecta

110

36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

throughout the year, and to breed there.

the winter.

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Carpodacus mexicanus clementis
Loxia curvirostra stricklandi
Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus
Astragalinus lawrencei

Spizella passerina arizonae
Amphispiza belli

Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps
Melospiza melodia graminea
Melospiza melodia clementae
Pipilo maculatus clementae
Pipilo maculatus megalonyx

No. 12

Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi
Vireo huttoni huttoni

Vermivora celata sordida

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus
Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus
Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius
Thryomanes bewicki charienturus
Thryomanes leucophrys

Sitta canadensis

Psaltriparus minimus minimus

The above is a list of species that are supposed to be found on the islands

Vermivora c. sordida, however, is only
partly resident, as a great many individuals migrate to the adjacent mainland for

O. socorroensis is probably resident, but this is not absolutely cer-

tain. In addition to the above, there is the following list of birds which, although
breeding, some to the north, and some to the south of the region treated, and
common only when not engaged in the rearing of young in other localities, may
nevertheless be encountered upon the islands during all parts of the year.

em Co bo eR

—

ao
—~ oO

ie ho

Larus heermanni
Sterna maxima
Diomedea nigripes
Diomedea albatrus

gal Go: Gx

eo

Puffinus griseus
Heteractitis incanus
Actitis macularia
Arenaria melanocephala

WINTER VISITANTS

Aechmophorus occidentalis
Colymbus auritus

Colymbus nigricollis californicus
Podilymbus podiceps

Gavia immer

Gavia pacifica

Gavia stellata

Cerorhinca monocerata
Synthliboramphus antiquus
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris
Larus glaucescens

Larus argentatus

Larus californicus

Larus delawarensis

Larus brachyrhynchus
Sterna forsteri

Fulmarus glacialis glupischa
Puffinus creatopus
Puffinus opisthomelas
Oceanodroma kaedingi
Mergus serrator

Oidemia americana

Oidemia deglandi

Oidemia perspicillata

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus

49.

Anser albifrons gambeli
Calidris leucophaea

Oxyechus vociferus

Podasocys montanus

Accipiter velox

Falco columbarius columbarius
Ceryle alcyon

Sphyrapicus ruber ruber
Sayornis sayus

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus
Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli
Zonotrichia coronata

Junco hyemalis thurberi
Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis
Passerella iliaca megarhyncha
Passerella iliaca stephensi
Passerella iliaca insularis
Bombycilla cedrorum
Dendroica coronata

Dendroica auduboni auduboni
Anthus rubescens

Regulus calendula calendula
Hylocichla guttata guttata
Planesticus migratorius propinquus
Ixoreus naevius meruloides

1917

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

With the above I have included all those birds which come to us after breed-

ing, even though some of them reach us in the middle of the summer months.

SUMMER VISITANTS

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis
Aeronautes melanoleucus
Calypte costae

4.
5.
6.

Of this list, I deem it extremely improbable that Chordeiles a. terensis is a

Empidonax difficilis difficilis
Icterus cucullatus nelsoni
Hirundo erythrogastra

regular breeder in the region; a few individuals of Aeronautes melanoleucus may
possibly spend the winter.

AA oF oo NS Re

TRANSIENTS

Xema sabini 13. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus
Phalaropus fulicarius 14. Chaetura vauxi
Lobipes lobatus 15. Tyrannus verticalis
Pisobia minutilla 16. Tyrannus vociferans
Ereunetes mauri 17. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus 18. Icterus bullocki
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna- 19. Zamelodia melanocephala

tus 20. Passerina amoena
Numenius hudsonicus 21. Piranga ludoviciana
Squatarola squatarola 22. Dendroica townsendi
Aegialitis semipalmata 23. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata
Aphriza virgata 24. Hylocichla ustulata ustulata
Arenaria interpres morinella 25. Sialia mexicana occidentalis

Under ‘‘Transient’’ I have put all migrants which one might judge should

occur with any degree of regularity, though with some of them it is a question
whether it would not be better to label them ‘‘Casual”’.

SISAL SM Got

<6 00

CASUAL VISITANTS

Brachyramphus craveri
Fregata aquila

Dafila acuta

Butorides virescens anthonyi
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius
Porzana carolina

Fulica americana

Recurvirostra americana
Himantopus mexicanus
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus
Pisobia bairdi

Totanus melanoleucus
Haematopus frazari

Circus hudsonius

Falco mexicanus

Asio flammeus

Asyndesmus lewisi

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens
Empidonax trailli trailli
Empidonax hammondi
Molothrus ater obscurus
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

bw bw wh tv
~

40.

eo

oo Ot +

Euphagus carolinus

Euphagus cyanocephalus
Carpodacus purpureus californicus
Passer domesticus

Spinus pinus

Zonotrichia querula

Spizella atrogularis

Pipilo maculatus oregonus
Guiraca caerulea lazula

Piranga rubra cooperi
Tachycineta thalassina lepida
Vermivora celata celata
Dendroica magnolia

Dendroica nigrescens

Dendroica occidentalis

Geothlypis trichas arizela
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus
Troglodytes aedon parkmani
Nannus hiemalis pacificus
Telmatodytes palustris paludicola
Regulus satrapa olivaceus

111

112 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

These are birds which are rare even on the mainland, or which at the pres-
ent time cannot be classed as regular migrants to the islands, although in the fu-
ture some of them may be found to pass through the region in considerable num-
bers.

There are three birds which I am unable to place. Buteo swainsoni may be
either a rare summer visitant of one or two of the islands, or else a migrant from
the coast. Bubo virginianus pacificus may be a rare resident of Santa Cruz, or
else, what seems more likely, an accidental visitant. The latter term may also
apply to Chondestes grammacus strigatus, although it is by no means improbable
that this sparrow is a resident in small numbers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

List of publications relating to the ornithology of the islands off southern
California.

1864. Coues, E. A critical Review of the Family Procellaridae: Part 11; embracing the
Puffineae. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv1, April 1864, pp. 116-144.
Includes the original description of Puffinus creatopus from near San Nicolas
Island.

1868. Cooper, J. G. Some Recent Additions to the Fauna of California. <Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., tv, November 1868, pp. 3-13.
Mentioning a number of birds observed upon the islands.

1870. Cooper, J.G. The Fauna of California and its Geographical Distribution. <Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 1v, February 1870, pp. 61-81.
Contains lists of birds observed on several of the islands.

1870. Cooper, J. G. Geological Survey of California. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist.
— Ornithology. Vol. 1 Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird from the Manuscript of
J. G. Cooper. — 1870, pp. i-xi, 1-592, many figs. in text.
Includes references to birds of the islands.

876. Henshaw, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Portions of California Visited
during the Field-Season of 1875 by H. W. Henshaw. < Ann. Rep. Geog. Sury. West
100th Mer. by George M. Wheeler — App. JJ of the Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for
1876, pp. 224-278.

Contains list of birds from Santa Cruz Island.

1877. Streets, Thos. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fan-
ning Islands and Lower California. < U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. vi, Ornithology, pp. 9-33.
One record from the Coronados.

1884. Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., and Ridgway, R. Memoirs of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard College. Vol. x1 [-x11]. The Water Birds of North
America. Issued in Continuation of the Publications of the Geological Survey of
California. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Vol. 1 [-11]. Vol. 1, pp. i-xi, 1-537,
many figs. in text; Vol. 11, pp. 1-552, many figs. in text.

Refers to water birds near some of the islands.

1884. Goss, N. S. Brachyramphus hypoleucus off the Coast of Southern California.
< Auk, 1, October 1884, p. 396.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 113

1886. Henshaw, H. W. Description of a New Jay from California. < Auk, m1, October
1886, pp. 452-453.
Aphelocoma insularis from Santa Cruz Island; with mention of five other spe-
cies.

1887. Streator, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. < Report of the Pro-
ceedings of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History: from its Organization, in
1876, to 1887. Bulletin No. 1, March 1887, pp. 18-21.

Unimportant account of water birds observed.

1887. Blake, E. W., Jr. Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. < Auk, Iv,
October 1887, pp. 328-330.
Annotated list of 28 species.

1887. Ridgway, R: A Manual of North American Birds. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott
Company; pp. i-xii, 1-631, pll. 1-cxxiv.

1888. Chapman, F. M. List of Additions to the North American Avifauna and of Elim-
inations and Changes in Nomenclature Proposed since the Publication of the A. O.
U. Check-List. < Auk, v, October 1888, pp. 2938-402.

1888. Streator, C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. < Orn. & Ool.,
xi, April 1888, pp. 52-54.
Running account of birds from Santa Cruz, San Miguel and San Nicolas islands.

1889. Anthony, A. W. New Birds from Lower California, Mexico. < Proce. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 2d series, 11, October 1889, pp. 738-82.

1889. Bryant, W. E. A Catalogue of the Birds of Lower California, Mexico. < Proce.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d series, 11, December 1889, pp. 237-320.
Mentions a few water birds from the Coronados.

1890. Belding, L. Land Birds of the Pacific District = Occasional Papers of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, 11, September 1890, pp. 1-274.
Mention of island birds.

1890. Dwight, J., Jr. The Horned Larks of North America. < Auk, vu, April 1890,
pp. 138-158, map.
Including the island bird.

1890. Townsend, C. H. Scientific Results of Explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission
Steamer Albatross. No. xiv. Birds from the Coasts of Western North America and
Adjacent Islands, Collected in 1888-89, with Descriptions of New Species. < Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, pp. 131-142.

Describing Melospiza m. graminea, M. m. clementae, Vermivora c. sordida, and
Otocoris a. insularis.

1891. A. O. U. Committee. Third Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, vim, January 1891, pp. 83-90.

1891. Keeler, C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California. tv. The
Island Fauna. < Zoe, 1, January 1891, pp. 337-343.
Lists of birds of each of the Santa Barbara Islands compiled from previous rec-
ords.

1893. Stephens, F. Notes on Cassin’s Auklet. < Auk, x, July 1893, pp. 298-300.
Near Catalina Island.

1895. Anthony, A. W. A New Species of Thryothorus from the Pacific Coast. < Auk,
xu, January 1895, pp. 51-52.
Thryomanes leucophrys from San Clemente Island.

114 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1895. Anthony, A. W. Oceanodroma socorroensis off San Diego, Calif. < Auk, x1, Oc-
tober 1895, p. 387.

1895. A. O. U. Committee. Seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, x11, April 1895, pp. 163-169.

1895. Bendire, C. Life Histories of North American Birds, from the Parrots to the
Grackles, with Special Reference to Their Breeding Habits and Eggs. Special Bull.
No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. i-ix, 1-518, pls. 1-v1.

1895. Zahn, O. J. The Mexican Raven on Catalina Island. < Avifauna, 1, October 1895,
pp. 24-25.

1896. Anthony, A. W. The Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas). < Auk,
xu, July 1896, pp. 223-228.

1896. Saunders, H., and Salvin, O. Catalogue of the Gaviae and Tubinares in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Gaviae by Howard Saunders. Tubinares by Osbert
Salvin. = Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, pp. i-xv, 1-475, pls. 1-vim1, several figs. in text.

1896. Sharpe, R. B. Catalogue of the Limicolae in the Collection of the British Museum.
= Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, pp. i-xii, 1-794, pls. 1-vi, several figs. in text.

1897. A. O. U. Committee. Highth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xiv, January 1897, pp. 117-135.

1897. Black (=Blake), E. W. Nesting Habits of Empidonax insulicola. < Auk, x1y,
October 1897, pp. 405-406.

1897. Grinnell, J. Description of a New Towhee from California. < Auk, xty, July
1897, pp. 294-296.
Pipilo m. clementae from San Clemente.

1897. Grinnell, J. Report on the Birds Recorded during a Visit to the Islands of Santa
Barbara, San Nicolas and San Clemente, in the Spring of 1897. Pub. 1, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., August 1897, pp. 1-26.

1897. Oberholser, H. C. Description of a New Empidonazr, with Notes on Hmpidonar
difficilis. < Auk, xtv, July 1897, pp. 300-303,
Empidonaz insulicola from the islands.

1898. Anthony, A. W. Petrels of Southern California. < Auk, xv, April 1898, pp. 140-
144,

1898. Anthony, A. W. The Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris) in Lower
California. < Auk, xv, July 1898, p. 267.
Near Coronados Islands.

1898. Davie, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th edition. David McKay,
Philadelphia; pp. 1-509, 1-18, i-xxi.

1898. Grinnell, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles County. Pub. 11, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., March 1898, pp. 1-52.

1898. Grinnell, J. Land Birds Observed in Mid-winter on Santa Catalina Island, Cali-
fornia. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 233-236.
Annotated list of 29 species.

1898. Grinnell, J. The San Nicolas Rock Wren. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 237-239.
Original description of Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius from San Nicolas Island.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 115

1898. Mearns, E. A. Descriptions of Two New Birds from the Santa Barbara Islands,
Southern California. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 258-264.
Carpodacus m. clementis from San Clemente Island, and Lanius 1. anthonyi from
Santa Cruz Island.

1898. Oberholser, H. C. A Revision of the Wrens of the Genus Thryomanes Sclater.
< Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx1, November 1898, pp. 421-449.
With original description of Thryomanes b. nesophilus from Santa Cruz Island.

1898. Ridgway, R. Descriptions of Supposed New Genera, Species and Subspecies of
American Birds. I. Fringillidae. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 223-230.
Original description of Amphispiza belli clementae from San Clemente.

1898. Sharpe, R. B., and Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones,
Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Aleae and Impennes in the Collection of the British Muse-
um. Plataleae and Herodiones by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Steganopodes, Pygopodes.
Aleae and Impennes by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, pp.
i-xvii, 1-687, pls. I-vi1.

Mention of specimens from the islands.

1899. Allen, J. A. Republication of Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies of
North American Birds. < Auk, xvi, October 1899, pp. 338-350.

1899. Anthony, A. W. A Night at Sea. < Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, November 1899,
pp. 101-102.
On the way to the Coronados Islands.

1899. A. O. U. Committee. Ninth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xvi, January 1899, pp. 97-133.

1899. Beck, R. H. Nesting of the Santa Cruz Jay. < Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, Janu-
ary 1899, p. 6.

1899. Beck, R. H. Additional Notes on the Birds of Santa Cruz Island, Cal. < Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, 1, September 1899, pp. 85-86.

1899. Grinnell, J. The Rhinoceros Auklet at Catalina Island. < Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, 1, March 1899, pp. 17-19.
During the winter, with remarks on other species.

1899. Holder, C. F. A Great Pelican Rookery. < Museum, v, March 1899, pp. 71-72.
On Anacapa Island.

1899. Mailliard, J. Spring Notes on the Birds of Santa Cruz Island, Cal., April, 1898.
< Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, May 1899, pp. 41-45.
42 species observed.

1899. McGregor, R. C. Notes on California Song Sparrows. < Bull. Cooper Orn. Club,
I, September 1899, pp. 87-88.
Mentions island birds.

1899. Oberholser, H. C. The Names of the Song Sparrows. < Auk, xvi, April 1899, pp.
182-183.
Mentions two island forms.

1899. Swarth, H. S. Black Oystereatcher on Anacapa islands. < Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, 1, September 1899, p. 85.

1900. Anthony A. W. Notes on the Genus Micruria. < Auk, xvi, April 1900, pp. 168-
169.
Brachyramphus hypoleucus at the Santa Barbara Islands.

116 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1900. Anthony, A. W. Nesting Habits of the Pacific Coast Species of the Genus Puf-
finus. < Auk, xvn, July 1900, pp. 247-252.
Incorrect record of P. opisthomelas nesting on Santa Barbara Islands, as pointed
out in this report.

1900. Mailliard, J. Measurements of the Santa Cruz Jay. < Condor, mu, March 1900,
p. 42.

1900. MeGregor, R. C. On the Range of Some California Birds. < Condor, nm, March
1900, pp. 34-35.
Includes Carpodacus m. clementis.

1900. Oberholser, H. C. Notes on Some Birds from the Santa Barbara Islands, Califor-
nia. < Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxm, April 1900, pp. 229-234.
Technically annotated list of 26 species.

1901. A.°O. U. Committee. Tenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xvitr, July 1901, pp. 295-320.

1901. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. —U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50; Part 1, Fringillidae; pp. i-xxx, 1-715, pls. I-xx.

1902. Brewster, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower California. < Mus. Comp.
Zool. [Cambridge], Bull. xt1, September 1902, pp. 1-241, map.
Unimportant references to the Coronados Islands.

1902. Grinnell, J. Check-list of California Birds. —= Pacific Coast Avifauna, 3, June
1902, pp. 1-98, 2 maps.

1902. Oberholser, H. C. A Review of the Larks of the Genus Otocoris. < Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xxiv, June 1902, pp. 801-883, pls. xL1lI-xLv, maps I-Iv.

1902. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. =U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull 50;
Part 1, Tanagridae, Icteridae, Coerebidae, Mniotiltidae; pp. i-xx, 1-834, pls. I-xxm.

1903. A. O. U. Committee. Twelfth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xx, July 1903, pp. 331-368.

1903. Coues, E. Key to North American Birds, 5th edition. Dana Estes and Company,
Boston; Vol. 1, pp. i-xli, 1-535, 2 pls., 353 figs.; Vol. 1, pp. i-vi, 537-1152, 1 pl., figs.
354-747.

1908. Grinnell, J.. and Daggett, F. S. An Ornithological Visit to Los Coronados Islands,
Lower California. < Auk, xx, January 1903, pp. 27-37.
Containing references also to some Santa Barbara Islands birds.

1903. Grinnell, J. The Alaska Pileolated Warbler in California. < Condor, v, May
1903, pp. 80-81.
With record from Santa Barbara Island.

1903. Grinnell, J. The Santa Cruz Island Vireo. < Condor, v, November 1908, p. 157.
Original description of Vireo mailliardorum.

1903. Robertson, H. Cassin Auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus. < Condor, v, July 1903,
pp. 96-97.
Nesting on Santa Barbara Island.

1904. A. O. U. Committee. Thirteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxr, October 1904, pp. 411-424.

1904. Bailey, F. M. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, 2d edition, pp.
i-xe, 1-514, 601 figs., 33 pls.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 117

1904. Breninger, G. F. San Clemente Island and its Birds. < Auk, xx1, April 1904,
pp. 218-223.
Mentions 35 species.

1904. Cooke, W. W. Distribution and Migration of North American Warblers. —= Divi-
sion of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bull. 18, pp. 1-142.
Unimportant reference to Vermivora c. sordida.

1904. Reed, C. A. North American Birds’ Eggs; Doubleday, Page and Company, New
York; pp. 12+1-136, many figs.

1904. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. =U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50; Part m1, Motacillidae, Corvidae, Hirundinidae, Paridae, Ampelidae, Sittidae, Ptil-
ogonatidae, Certhiidae, Dulidae, Troglodytidae, Vireonidae, Cinclidae, Laniidae, Cha-
maeidae, Sylviidae; pp. i-xx, 1-801, pls. 1-x1x.

1905. Cooke, W. W. The Winter Ranges of the Warblers (Mniotiltidae). < Auk, xxu,
July 1905, pp. 296-299.
Unimportant reference to Vermivora c. sordida.

1905. Grinnell, J. The Flycatcher from the Santa Barbara Islands. < Condor. vu,
March 1905, pp. 51-52.
Questions status of the island subspecies.

1905. Oberholser, H. C. The forms of Vermivora celata (Say). < Auk, xxi, July
1905, pp. 242-247.
Critical.

1906. C[hilds]., J. L. Eggs of the Santa Barbara Flycatcher (Empidonax insulicola).
< Warbler, 1, June 1906, p. 33.

1906. Grinnell, J. The Empidonax from Santa Catalina Island. < Condor, vii, May
1906, p. 74.
Questions status.

1906. Grinnell, J. The Catalina Island Quail. < Auk, xxi, July 1906, pp. 262-265.
Original description of Lophortyr catalinensis.

1906. Howard, O. W. Nesting of the Dusky Warbler (Helminthophila celata sordida).
< Warbler, 1, March 1906, pp. 8-10, pl. 1, fig. 1.
On San Clemente Island.

1907. Chapman, F. M. The Warblers of North America; D. Appleton & Company, New
York; pp. i-ix, 1-306, 36 pls.

1907. [Childs, J. L.] Eggs of the Santa Catalina Partridge (Lophortyx catalinensis
Grinnell). < Warbler, 11, p. 1, pl.

1907. Godman, F. duC. A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). In JFive
Parts. Part 1; Witherby & Co., London; pp. 1-68, 20 pls.
Includes our forms of Oceanodroma.

1907. Grinnell, J. The California Distribution of the Roadrunner (Geococcyx califor-
nianus). < Condor, 1x, March 1907, pp. 51-53, map, fig.

1907. Mearns, E. A. Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States. =U. S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 56, April 1907, pp. i-xv, 1-530, 13 pls., 126 figs. in text.
Including a list of birds from San Clemente Island.

1907. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. —U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part tv. Turdidae, Alaudidae, Zeledoniidae, Oxyruncidae, Mimidae, Tyrranni-
dae, Sturnidae, Pipridae, Ploceidae, Cotingidae; pp. i-xxii, 1-974, pls. I-xxxiv.

118 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No, 12

1908. A. O. U. Committee. Fourteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxv, July 1908, pp. 345-399.

1908. Linton, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. < Condor, x, March 1908, pp. 82-
86.
Annotated list of 68 species.

1908. Linton, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. < Condor, x, May 1908, pp. 124-129.
Annotated list of 88 species.

1908. Linton, C. B. Salpinetes obsoletus pulverius restricted to San Nicolas Island.
< Condor, x, May 1908, p. 129.

1908. Linton, C. B. Microscopic Subspecies. < Condor, x, July 1908, p. 181.
Mentions Vireo mailliardorum.

1908. Linton, C. B. Otocoris alpestris insularis on the Mainland Coast. < Condor, x,
July 1908, p. 181.

1908. Linton, C. B. Is not the San Clemente Shrike (Lanius l. mearnsi) identical with
the Island Shrike (Lanius |. anthonyi)? < Condor, x, July 1908, p. 182.

1908. Linton, C. B. Pipilo Clementae excluded from Santa Cruz Island Avifauna.
< Condor, x, September 1908, p. 208.

1908. Godman, F. duC. A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). In Five
Parts. Part 11; Witherby & Co., London; pp. 69-151, pls. 20-39.
Includes our forms of Puffinus.

1908. Grinnell, J. Catalina Quail. < Condor, x, March 1908, p. 94.
On status.

1908. Grinnell, J. Some Birds of Ana Capa Island. < Condor, x, May 1908, p. 130.
Running account of a few birds observed.

1908. Richardson, C. H., Jr. Spring Notes from Santa Catalina Island. < Condor, x,
March 1908, pp. 65-68.
Annotated list of 29 species.

1909. A. O. U. Committee. Fifteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxvi, July 1909, pp. 294-303.
1909. Grinnell, J. Two Waders of Note from Santa Catalina Island. < Condor, x1,
July 1909, p. 139.
Pisobia bairdii and Arenaria i. morinella.

1909. Lamb, C. C. Nesting of the Xantus Murrelet as Observed on Los Coronados Isl-
ands, Lower California. < Condor, x1, January 1909, pp. 8-9.

1909. Linton, C. B. Ancient Murrelet at San Clemente. < Condor, x1, May 1909, p. 102.

1909. Linton, C. B. Further Notes from San Clemente Island. < Condor, x1, Novem-
ber 1909, pp. 193-194.
Annotated list of 26 species.

1909. Osburn, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los Coronados Islands, Lower California.
< Condor, x1, July 1909, pp. 134-188, 1 fig. in text.
Annotated list of 34 species.
1909. [Snyder, G. K.] Dusky Warbler Haunts. < Oologist, xxv, p. 188.
On Catalina Island.

1909. van Rossem, A. Some Unrecorded Species from Los Coronados Islands, Mexico.
< Condor, x1, November 1909, p. 208.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 119

1909. Wright, H. W. An Ornithological Trip to Los Coronados Islands, Mexico. < Con-
dor, x1, May 1909, pp. 96-100, 3 figs. in text.
Annotated list of 22 species.

1910. A. O. U. Committee. Check-list of North American Birds. Third Edition; pp. 1-
430, 2 maps.

1910. Grinnell, J. Two Heretofore Unnamed Wrens of the Genus Thryomanes. Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool. v, February 1910, pp. 307-309.
Original description of Thryomanes b. catalinae.

1910. Howell, A. B. Notes from Los Coronados Islands. < Condor, x11, November 1910,
pp. 184-187, 2 figs. in text.
Running account of some of the birds observed.

1910. Willett, G. A Summer Trip to the Northern Santa Barbara Islands. < Condor,
xu, September 1910, pp. 170-174.
Birds observed on Anacapa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands.

1911. Burt, H.C. An Early Spring Trip to Anacapa Island. < Condor, x11, September
1911, pp. 164-167, 1 fig. in text.
Running account of birds encountered.

1911. Howell, A. B., and van Rossem, A. Further Notes from Santa Cruz Island.
< Condor, x111, November 1911, pp. 208-210.
Annotated list of the more important birds seen.

1911. Linton, C. B. Unusual Nesting Site of the San Nicolas Rock Wren. < Condor,
x11, May 1911, p. 109.

1911. Linton, C. B. Nests of the San Nicolas Rock Wren. < Auk, xxviir, October 1911,
p. 489.

1911. Mearns, E. A. Note on Two Unrecognized Forms of North American Birds.
< Auk, xxvii, October 1911, p. 490.
Mentions Zenaidura m. marginella from San Clemente Island.

1911. Osburn, P. I. Collecting Socorro and Black Petrels in Lower California. < Con-
dor, x11, January 1911, pp. 31-34, 2 figs. in text.

1911. Osburn, P. I. Notes on Two Birds from Santa Catalina Island, California.
< Condor, x1, March 1911, p. 76.

1911. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. —U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part v; Pteroptochidae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Trochi-
lidae, Micropodidae, Trogonidae; pp. i-xxiii,1-857, pls. ~-xxxm.

1912. A. O. U. Committee. Sixteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxrx, July 1912, pp. 380-387.

1912. Cooke, W. W. Distribution and Migration of North American Shorebirds. —= Di-
vision of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Bull. 35, Revised; pp.
1-100, 4 pls.

1912. Grinnell, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. — Pacific Coast Avi-

fauna, 8, August 1912, pp. 1-23.

1912. Oberholser, H. C. A Revision of the Green Heron (Butorides virescens [Linna-
eus]). < Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxxu, pp. 529-577.

1912. Willett, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California. — Pacifie Coast
Avifauna, 7, July 1912, pp. 1-122.

120 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1918. Oberholser, H. C. A Revision of the Forms of the Great Blue Heron (Ardea hero-
dias Linnaeus). < Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxx1, pp. 531-559.

1918. Peyton, S. B. A Collecting Trip to Anacapa Island. < Oologist, xxx, p. 78.

1918. Swarth, H. S. A Revision of the California Forms of Pipilo maculatus Swainson,
with Description of a New Subspecies. < Condor, xv, September 1913, pp. 167-175,
Aeties

1918. Wright, H., and Snyder, G. K. Birds Observed in the Summer of 1912 Among the
Santa Barbara Islands. < Condor, xv, March 1913, pp. 86-92, 2 figs. in text.
Annotated list of 37 species observed on Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz,
Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands.

1913. Wright, H. W. The Sabine Gull in the Santa Barbara Channel. < Condor. xv,
November 1913, pp. 227-228.

1914. Snyder, G. K. Nesting of the Allen Hummingbird on Catalina Island. < Condor,
xvi, July 1914, pp. 182-183.

1914. Swarth, H. S. A Study of the Status of Certain Island Forms of the Genus Sal-
pinctes. < Condor, xv1, September 1914, pp. 211-217.

1914. Swarth, H. S. The California Forms of the Genus Psaltriparus. < Auk, Xxx1,
October 1914, pp. 499-525, map.

1914. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. —U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part v1; Picidae, Capitonidae, Rhamphastidae, Bucconidae, Galbulidae, Alcedin-
idae, Todidae, Momotidae, Caprimulgidae, Nyctibiidae, Tytonidae, Bubonidae; pp.
i-xx, 1-882, pls. I-xxXvI.

1915. Van Rossem, A. Notes on Murrelets and Petrels. < Condor, xvir, March 1915,
pp. 74-78, 3 figs. in text.
Records the capture of Brachyramphus craveri near Coronados Islands.

1915. Shepardson, D. I. Some Extreme Nesting Dates. < Condor, xvm, May 1915, p.
130.

1915. Colburn, A. E. Dwarf Cowbird on the Coronado Islands. < Condor, xvu, July
1915, p. 165. :

1915. Dawson, W. L. Supposed New Records for Santa Cruz Island. < Condor, xvm,
September 1915, pp. 203-204.
Briefly records fifteen birds new to the island.

1915. Dawson, W. L. A Notable Occurrence of Pacific Divers. < Condor, xvi, Sep-
tember 1915, p. 205.

1915. Grinnell, J. A Distributional List of the Birds of California = Pacific Coast Avi-
fauna, 11, 1915, pp. 1-217, 3 maps.

1915. Cooke, W. W. Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and Their
Allies. =U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bull. 292, October 25, 1915, pp. 1-70, 31
figs. in text.

1916. Swarth, H.S. The Pacific Coast Races of the Bewick Wren. < Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., v1, no. 4, May 1916, pp. 53-85, map.

1916. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. —U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part vir; Cuculidae, Psittacidae, Columbidae; May 5, 1916; pp. i-xiii, 1-543, pls.
I-XXIV.

1917

Accipiter cooperi, 54, 106, 109

A

velox, 54, 106, 110

Actitis macularia, 48, 106, 110

macularius, 48

Actodromas minutilla, 46

Aechmophorus occidentalis, 17, 105, 110

Aegialitis nivosa, 49, 106, 109
semipalmata, 49, 106, 110

vocifera, 49

Aeronantes melanoleucus, 62
Aeronautes melanoleucus, 62, 106, 111

Aimophila ruficeps, 80

ruficeps ruficeps, 80, 107, 110
Albatross, Black-footed, 30

Short-tailed, 30

Aluco pratincola, 58, 106, 109
Armmodramus sandwichensis alaudinus, 76

sandwichensis bryanti, 76
Amphispiza belli, 79, 106, 110

belli belli, 79

belli clementae, 79
Ampelis cedrorum, 88

Anser albifrons gambeli, 43, 105, 110

gambeli, 43

Anthus pensilvanicus, 94
rubescens, 94, 108, 110
Aphelocoma insularis, 68, 107, 109
Aphriza virgata, 50, 106, 111
Arenaria interpres morinella, 50, 106, 111
melanocephala, 50, 106, 110

Ardea herodias, 43

herodias herodias, 438, 105, 109

herodias hyperonca, 43

herodias oligista, 43
Astragalinus lawrencei, 76, 107, 110

psaltria, 76

psaltria hesperophilus, 76, 107, 110

Asio accipitrinus, 59

flammeus, 59, 106, 111
wilsonianus, 58, 106, 109
Asyndesmus lewisi, 60, 106, 111

Athene cunicularia, 59

Auklet, Cassin, 20
Rhinoceros, 19

Avocet, 45

Aythya affinis, 102

Blackbird, Brewer,
Rusty, 72
Yellow-headed,

~]

bo

INDEX

Blasipus belcheri, 28
Bluebird, Western, 102
Bombycilla cedrorum, 88, 107, 110
Brachyramphus craveri, 24, 105, 111
hypoleucus, 22, 105, 109
Branta canadensis, 102
Bubo virginianus pacificus, 59, 106, 112
Bunting, Lazuli, 87
Bush-tit, Coast, 100
Buteo borealis calurus, 54, 106, 109
montanus, 55
swainsoni, 55, 106, 112
Butorides virescens anthonyi, 44, 105, 111
Cc
Calidris arenaria, 47
leucophaea, 47, 106, 110
Callipepla californica vallicola, 52
Calypte anna, 63, 106, 109
costae, 62, 106, 111
Carpodacus clementis, 73
frontalis, 73
frontalis clementae, 73
frontalis rhodocolpus, 73
mexicanus clementis, 73, 107, 110
mexicanus frontalis, 73
purpureus californicus, 73, 107, 111
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus, 96, 108, 111
mexicanus punctulatus, 97, 108, 111
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, 47,
106, 111
Cepphus columba, 24, 105, 109
Cerorhinca monocerata, 19, 105, 110
Cerorhyncha monocerata, 19
Ceryle alcyon, 60, 106, 110
Chaetura vauxi, 62, 106, 111
Chelidon erythrogaster, 87
Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus, 43, 105, 110
Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 77, 107, 112
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 61, 106, 111
Cireus hudsonius, 54, 106, 111
Clivicola riparia, 103
Colaptes auratus luteus, 61
cafer, 60
cafer collaris, 60, 106, 109
mexicanus, 60
Collurio ludovicianus excubitorides, 88
Collyrio excubitorides, 88
Colymbus auritus, 17, 105, 110
californicus, 17
nigricollis californicus, 17, 105, 110
Contopus richardsoni richardsoni, 65
richardsonii, 65

122 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Coot, 45 nigripes, 56
Cormorant, Baird, 39 peregrinus anatum, 56, 106, 109
Brandt, 38 sparverius, 57
Farallon, 37 sparverius deserticolus, 57
. Corvus carnivorus, 69 sparverius phalaena, 57, 106, 109
corax carnivorus, 69 sparverius phaloena, 57
corax clarionensis, 70 Falcon, Prairie, 56
corax sinuatus, 69, 107, 109 Finch, California Purple, 73 .
Cowbird, Dwarf, 71 San Clemente House, 73
Crossbill, Mexican, 75 Flicker, Red-shafted, 60
Crymophilus fulicarius, 45 Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 64
Curlew, Hudsonian, 48 Hammond, 66
Cyanocitta floridana californica, 68 Traill, 66
Cyanospiza amoena, 87 Western, 65
Cymochorea homochroa, 34 Fregata aquila, 41, 105, 111
D Fulica americana, 45, 105, 111
Fulmar, Pacific, 30
Dafila acuta, 42, 105, 111 Slender-billed, 102
Dendroica auduboni, 92 Fulmarius glacialis glupischa, 30
auduboni auduboni, 92, 108, 110 Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, 30, 105, 110
coronata, 92, 108, 110 glacialoides, 102
coronata hooveri, 92
maculosa, 93 G
US odi es Bay ay Gavia immer, 17, 105, 110
nigrescens, 93, 108, 111 pacifica, 18, 105, 110
occidentalis, 93, 108, 111 stellata, il. 105, 110
townsendi, 93, 108, 111 Geococcyx californianus, 103
Diomedea albatros, 30 Geothlypis trichas arizela, 93, 108, 111
albatrus, 30, 105, 110 Gnatcatcher, Western, 100
brachyura, 30 Goldfinch, Green-backed, 76
nigripes, 30, 105, 110 Lawrence, 76
Dove, Western Mourning, 53 Goose, Snow, 43
Dowitcher, Long-billed, 46 White-fronted, 43
Dryobates nuttalli, 103 Graculus dilophus, 37
Duck, Lesser Scaup, 102 penicillatus, 38
E violaceus bairdi, 39

Grosbeak, Black-headed, 86

Empidonax difficilis, 65 Western Blue, 86
difficilis difficilis, 65, 107, 111 Grebe, Eared, 17

hammondi, 66, 107, 111 ames: 17
insulicola, 65 Pied-billed, 17

traillii, 66 Western, 17

trailli trailli, 66, 107, 111 Guillemot, Pigeon, 24
Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema, 67 Guiraca caerulea lazula, 86, 107, 111
Ereunetes mauri, 46, 106, 111 caerulea salicarius, 86
Euphagus carolinus, 72, 107, 111 Gull, Bonaparte, 28

cyanocephalus, 72, 107, 111 California, 26
Glaucous-winged, 26

Eagle, Bald, 55

F Heermann, 28
Falco anatum anatum, 56 Herring, 27
columbarius, 57 Ring-billed, 27
columbarius columbarius, 57, 106, 110 Sabine, 28
communis anatum, 56 Short-billed, 28

mexicanus, 56, 106, 111 Western, 26

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 123

H J

Jay, Santa Cruz, 68

Junco, Thurber, 79

Junco hiemalis oregonus, 79
hyemalis thurberi, 79, 107, 110
oreganus oreganus, 79

Habia melanocephala, 86

Haemantopus bachmani, 51

Haematopus bachmani, 51, 106, 109
frazari, 51, 106, 111

Oe e thurberi, 79
elite: 61 oreganus thurberi, 7
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 55 K

leucocephalus leucocephalus, 55, 106, 109
Haliaetus leucocephalus, 55
Hawk, Cooper, 54

Desert Sparrow, 57

Killdeer, 49

Kingbird, Arkansas, 64
Cassin, 64

Kingfisher, Belted, 60

ee Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 100
Sharp-shinned, 54 E "
Swainson, 55 L

Helminthophaga celata, 90

Helminthophila celata, 91
celata celata, 90
celata lutescens, 90
celata sordida, 90

Lanius anthonyi, 88
ludovicianus anthonyi, 88, 107, 110
ludovicianus excubitorides, 88
ludovicianus gambeli, 88
ludovicianus mearnsi, 88

poe mearnsi, 89
Hel litarius cinnamomeus, 47, 106, 55%
€ peat Ss ihe Lark, Island Horned, 67

Larus argentatus, 27, 105, 110
argentatus occidentalis, 26
brachyrhynchus, 28, 105, 110
ealifornicus, 27, 105, 110
delawarensis, 27, 105, 110
glaucescens, 26, 105, 110
heermani, 28
heermanni, 28, 105, 110
heermannii, 28
occidentalis, 26, 105, 109
philadelphia, 28, 105

Lobipes lobatus, 45, 105, 111

Heron, Anthony Green, 44
Black-crowned Night, 45
Great Blue, 43

Heteractitis incanus, 48, 106, 110

Heteroscelus incanus, 48

Himantopus mexicanus, 46, 106, 111

Hirundo erythrogaster, 87
erythrogastra, 87, 107, 111
horreorum, 87

Horizopus richardsonii, 65

Hummingbird, Allen, 63
Anna, 63

Costa, 62 my 18
Hylocichla aonalaschkae, 101 Bed Peeataa 18
guttata, 101

Lophortyx californica catalinensis, 52
californica vallicola, 52, 105, 109
californicus, 52
californicus vallicola, 52
catalinensis, 52

Loxia curvirostra bendirei, 75
curvirostra stricklandi, 75, 107, 110

I Lunda cirrata, 19

cirrhata, 18, 105, 109

M

guttata guttata, 101, 108, 110
guttata nana, 104

guttata nanus, 104

ustulata, 101

ustulata ustulata, 101, 108, 111

Icterus bullocki, 72, 107, 111
cucullatus nelsoni, 72, 107, 111
Ixoreus naevius, 101 Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, 46, 106,
naevius meruloides, 101, 108, 110 111
naevius naevius, 101 scolopaceus, 46

124 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Man-o’-war-bird, 41
Marila affinis, 102
Martin, Western, 103
Meadowlark, Western, 71
Melanetta velvetina, 42
Melospiza cinerea clementae, 82
cinerea graminea, 81
clementae, 82
coronatorum, 82
fasciata clementae, 82
fasciata graminea, 80
fasciata samuelis, 80, 82
graminea, 81
heermanni, 80, 81
lincolni, 83
lincolnii, 83
lincolni lincolni, 83, 107
melodia clementae, 81, 107, 110
melodia coronatorum, 82
melodia graminea, 80, 107, 110
Merganser, Red-breasted, 41
Merganser serrator, 41
Mergus serrator, 41, 105, 110
Micropallas whitneyi, 103
Microthene whitneyi, 103
Micruria hypoleuca, 22
Mimus polyglottos, 94
polyglottos leucopterus, 94, 108, 110
Mockingbird, Western, 94
Molothrus ater obscurus, 71, 107, 111
Murre, California, 25
Murrelet, Ancient, 22
Craveri, 24
Xantus, 22
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens, 64, 106,
111
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni, 65, 107,
111
Myiodioctes pusillus, 94

N

Nannus hiemalis pacificus, 99, 108, 111
Nectris fuliginosus, 32

Nighthawk, Texas, 61

Numenius hudsonicus, 48, 106, 111
Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 99

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 45, 105, 111

°

Oceanites oceanicus, 102
Oceanodroma homochroa, 34, 105, 109
kaedingi, 32, 105, 110
melania, 32, 105, 109
monorhis, 35

No. 12

socorroensis, 35, 105, 109
townsendi, 32
Oidemia americana, 42, 105, 110
deglandi, 42, 105, 110
perspicillata, 42, 105, 110
Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 72
Bullock, 72
Osprey, 58
Otocoris alpestris insularis, 67, 107, 109
alpestris rubea, 67
alpestris strigata, 67
insularis, 67
Otocorys alpestris insularis, 67
Owl, Barn, 58
Burrowing, 59
Elf, 103
Long-eared, 58
Pacific Horned, 59
Short-eared, 59
Oxyechus vociferus, 49, 106, 110
Oyster-catcher, Black, 51
Frazar, 51

Pp

Pandion carolinensis, 58
haliaeetus carolinensis, 58
haliaétus carolinensis, 58, 106, 109
Passer domesticus, 75, 107, 111
Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus, 76,
107, 110
Passerella iliaca insularis, 84, 107, 110
iliaca megarhyncha, 83, 107, 110
iliaca sinuosa, 84
iliaca stephensi, 84, 107, 110
iliaca unalaschcensis, 83, 84, 107, 110
iliaca unalaschensis, 83
Passerina amoena, 87, 107, 111
Pelican, California Brown, 40
Pelecanus californicus, 40, 105, 109
fuscus, 40
fuscus californicus, 40
Pelionetta perspicillata, 42
Petrel, Ashy, 34
Black, 32
Kaeding, 32
Socorro, 35
Wilson, 102
Peucaea ruficeps, 80
Pewee, Western Wood, 65
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus, 37, 105,
109
dilophus, 37
dilophus albociliatus, 37
pelagicus, 39

1917

pelagicus resplendens, 39, 105, 109
penicillatus, 38, 105, 109
resplendens, 39
violaceus, 39
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus, 61, 106,
111
Phalarope, Northern, 45
Red, 45
Phalaropus fulicarius, 45, 105, 111
Phileremos cornutus, 67
Phoebe, Black, 65
Say, 64
Picus nuttalli, 103
Pipilo clementae, 85, 86
maculatus clementae, 85, 86, 107, 110
maculatus clementis, 85
maculatus megalonyx, 85, 107, 110
maculatus oregonus, 84, 86, 107, 111
megalonyx, 85
Pintail, 42
Pipit, 94
Piranga ludoviciana, 87, 107, 111
rubra cooperi, 87, 107, 111
Pisobia bairdi, 46, 106, 111
minutilla, 46, 106, 111
Planesticus migratorius propinquus, 101, 108,
110
Plover, Black-bellied, 49-
Mountain, 50 :
Semipalmated, 49
Snowy, 49
Podasocys montana, 50
montanus, 50, 106, 110
Podilymbus podiceps, 17, 105, 110
Poospiza belli, 79
Polioptila caerulea obscura, 100, 108
Porzana carolina, 45, 105, 111
Progne purpurea, 103
subis hesperia, 103
Priocella glacialoides, 102
Psaltria minimus californicus, 100
Psaltriparus minimus californicus, 100
minimus minimus, 100, 108, 110
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 20, 105, 109
Ptychorampus aleuticus, 20
Puffinus creatopus, 30, 105, 110
gavia, 31
griseus, 32, 105, 110
opisthomelas, 31, 105, 110

Q
Quail, Valley, 52
R

Raven, 69 .
Recurvirostra americana, 45, 106, 111

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 125

Red-tail, Western, 54
Regulus calendula, 100
calendula calendula, 100, 108, 110
satrapa olivaceus, 100, 108, 111
Riparia riparia, 103
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 25, 105, 110
Road-runner, 103
Robin, Western, 101

S

Salpinctes obsoletus, 95, 96
obsoletus obsoletus, 95, 108, 110
obsoletus pulverius, 95, 96, 108, 110
pulverius, 95, 96

Sanderling, 47

Sandpiper, Baird, 46
Least, 46
Spotted, 48
Western, 46
Western Solitary, 47

Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 60

Sayornis nigricans, 65, 107, 109
saya, 64
sayus, 64, 106, 110

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, 72

Sccter, 42
Surf, 42
White-winged, 42

Selasphorus alleni, 63, 106, 109
rufus, 63

Shearwater, Black-vented, 31
Pink-footed, 30
Sooty, 32

Shrike, Island, 88

Sialia mexicana occidentalis, 102, 108, 111

Siskin, Pine, 76

Sitta canadensis, 99, 108, 110

Sora, 45

Sparrow, Bell, 79, 80
Black-chinned, 79
English, 75
Lincoln, 83
Gambel, 77
Golden-crowned, 78
Harris, 77
Nuttall, 103
Kadiak Fox, 84
Rufous-crowned, 80
San Clemente Song, 81
Santa Barbara Song, 80
Shumagin Fox, 83
Stephens Fox, 84
Thick-billed Fox, 83
Western Chipping, 78

126 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Western Lark, 77
Western Savannah, 76
Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea, 59, 106, 109
Sphyrapicus ruber ruber, 60, 106, 110
varius nuchalis, 60
Spinus lawrencei, 76
pinus, 76, 107, 111
pinus pinus, 76
psaltria, 76
Spizella atrogularis, 79, 107, 111
passerina arizonae, 78, 107, 110
socialis, 78
socialis arizonae, 78
Squatarola helvetica, 49
squatarola, 49, 106, 111
Sterna forsteri, 29, 105, 110
maxima, 29, 105, 110
regia, 29
Stilt, Black-necked, 46
Stripsilas melanocephalus, 50
Strix pratincola, 58
Sturnella magna neglecta, 71
neglecta, 71, 107, 109
Surf-bird, 50
Swallow, Bank, 103
Barn, 87
Northern Violet-green, 88
Swift, Vaux, 62
White-throated, 62
Sylvania pusilla pileolata, 94
Symphemia semipalmata inornata, 47
Synthliboramphus antiquus, 22, 105, 110

T

Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 88, 107, 111
Tachypetes aquilus, 41
Tanager, Cooper, 87
Western, 87
Tattler, Wandering, 48
Telmatodytes palustris paludicola, 99, 108,
111
Tern, Forster, 29
Royal, 29
Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 101
Dwarf Hermit, 104
Northern Varied, 101
Russet-backed, 101
Thryomanes bewicki catalinae, 97
bewicki charienturus, 97, 108, 110
bewicki leucophrys, 98
bewicki nesophilus, 97
bewickii charienturus, 97
bewickii leucophrys, 98
bewickii nesophilus, 97

No. 12

bewickii spilurus, 97
leucophrys, 98, 108, 110
nesophilus, 97
Thryothorus bewickii, 97, 98
bewickii bairdi, 97, 98
leucophrys, 98
Totanus flavipes, 102
melanoleucus, 47, 106, 111
solitarius, 47
Towhee, Oregon, 84
San Clemente, 85
San Diego, 85
Tringa minutilla, 46
Trochilus rufus, 63
Troglodytes aedon parkmani, 99, 108, 111
Turdus aonalaschkae, 101
nanus, 104
ustulatus, 101
Turnstone, Black, 50
Ruddy, 50
Tyrannus verticalis, 64, 106, 111
vociferans, 64, 106, 111
Tyto perlata pratincola, 58

U

Uria columba, 24
troille californica, 25, 105, 109
Urinator pacificus, 18

Vv

Vermivora celata celata, 90, 107, 111
celata sordida, 90, 107, 110

Vireo, Hutton, 90
Warbling, 104

Vireo huttoni, 90
huttoni huttoni, 90, 107, 110
huttoni mailliardorum, 90
mailliardorum, 90

Vireosylva gilva swainsoni, 104

Ww

Warbler, Audubon, 92
Black-throated Gray, 93
Dusky, 90
Hermit, 93
Magnolia, 93
Myrtle, 92
Orange-crowned, 90
Pileolated, 94
Townsend, 93

Waxwing, Cedar, 88

Willet, Western, 47

Wilsonia pusilla pileolata, 94, 108, 111

Woodpecker, Lewis, 60-
Nuttall, 103

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 127

Wren, Canyon, 96 Yellowthroat, Pacific, 93
Dotted Canyon, 97
Rock, 95 . z
San Clemente, 98 .
San Diego, 97 Zamelodia melanocephala, 86, 107, 111
San Nicolas Rock, 96 Zenaidura carolinensis, 53
Tule, 99 macroura, 53
Western House, 99 macroura carolinensis, 53
Western Winter, 99 macroura marginella, 53, 106, 109
Zonotrichia coronata, 78, 107, 110
x gambeli, 77
Xema sabini, 28, 105, 111 gambeli intermedia, 77
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 71, 107, 111 leucophrys gambeli, 77, 107, 110

leucophrys gambelii, 77

leucophrys intermedia, 77

Yellow-legs, 102 leucophrys nuttalli, 103, 107
Greater, 47 querula, 77, 111

Y

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COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA
NUMBER 13

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

TO
THE CONDOR
VOLUMES XI-XX 1909-1918

BY

J. R. PEMBERTON

“<a somlan lastiz .

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA
PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB
August 15, 1919

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NOTE

Paciric Coast AvirFAUuNA No. 13 is the thirteenth in a series of publications
issued by the Cooper Ornithological Club for the accommodation of papers
whose length prohibits their appearance in THE Conpor.

The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Club consists of two series—
THE Conpor, which is the bi-monthly official organ, and the Paciric Coast
AVIFAUNA.

For information as to either of the above series, address the Club Business
Manager, W. Lee Chambers, Eagle Rock, Los Angeles County, California.

INTRODUCTION

HE WRITER has been occupied nearly a year and a half in the prepara-
tion of this the second ten year index to The Condor. Following upon
consultation with the editors of the publications of the Cooper Ornitho-

logical Club, one hundred ecireular letters asking for suggestions were sent to
such representative Club members as were thought would be most interested in
the effectiveness of such an index. From the answers received the present
plan was evolved and adopted.

The procedure followed consisted in making up a ecard index, allowing one
eard for each species, each locality, and each author. The annual indexes to
The Condor were not used except in checking for errors and omissions. This
card index was completed almost simultaneously with the appearance of the
last issue of The Condor for 1918. The whole was then typewritten, checked
item by item, and submitted to the editors.

PLAN OF THE INDEX

1. Authors. Titles of papers and articles reviewed are entered in chrono.
logical order, a review being indicated by the abbreviation ‘(rev.)’. Where the
indexed author is the reviewer the reviewed author’s name is placed before the
title. Where the indexed author himself is reviewed we read ‘rev. of his’. The
titles of all articles reviewed are inserted under both the author and the re-
viewer.

Cards were sent to all authors the full names of whom were not at hand,
but responses failed to come from many. Dr. T. S. Palmer furnished full
names for some of these.

2. Localities. Authors’ names are listed in alphabetical order under each
locality, whether the article deals with the avifauna of the region exhaustively
or simply records some one bird.

3. Subjects. Names of authors are also listed under special subjects such
as ‘Anatomy’, ‘Taxonomy’, but only where the article deals exclusively with
the subject.

4. Species. Species and subspecies are listed each under its respective
genus. Under each species are listed all localities from which that species is
recorded, and also, following a dash (—), are given subjects such as ‘nesting’
and ‘food’, to which special reference has been made. Usually references un-
der any of the latter headings may also be found under the locality heading.
Thus at a glance one may find, for example, to what locality a certain ‘nest-
ing’ reference pertains.

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

.. Synonyms. In parenthesis following the scientific name of each spe
cies is the vernacular name, and following this are all other names by which
that species has been called anywhere in the ten volumes of The Condor here
covered. Each of these names is also listed separately in its correct alphabet-
ical place in the Index, and cross references show under what scientific name
all the information is collected. In this way all references are brought together
under one name. The latest American Ornithologists’ Union Check-List has
been followed for scientific names excepting for geographic races recognized
subsequent to its publication, and for these the current usage in The Condor
has been followed—anticipating in some cases the acceptance of these races by
the American Ornithologists’ Union Committee on Nomenclature.

6. Key letters. Where any species is referred to in The Condor by any
other name than the scientific name used herein the reference in the Index is
followed by a key letter, and by examining the names in the parenthesis which
follows the scientific name it may be found what that name is. Thus, in the
index, the Cedar Waxwing appears as follows:

Bombycilla cedrorum (*Cedar Waxwing, "Ampelis, ‘Cedar Bird)

The first reference is Ark., XVII, 5i—meaning that there the name used is
Bombycilla cedrorum; the first reference for California is XII, 48*—and indi-
cates that here Bombycilla cedrorum has been omitted, the name Cedar Wax-
wing appearing alone. The first reference for Morelos is XI, 65?—indicating
that the bird is mentioned under the name Ampelis cedrorum. The reference
for ‘food’ is XIII, 107°—and means that here the species is called Cedar-bird
only. For the expert these key letters are perhaps unnecessary; but for the
average worker they are needed for the reason that all the synonyms for each
and every species cannot be kept in mind. Hence a novice in looking up ref-
erences to the species above mentioned would perhaps overlook ‘Ampelis’ in
his search for either ‘Bombycilla’ or ‘Cedar Waxwing’ were not the key letters
used.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Sincere thanks are herewith extended to Joseph Grinnell and Harry S.
Swarth for encouragement, help and advice during the time the Index has been
in course of preparation, and also for their service in editing the manuscript
for the press and for proof-reading. Acknowledgements are here made to the
author’s wife, Mrs. Edith Pemberton, for assistance in the second reading of
the proof. To all those Club members who replied to the circular letter above
mentioned, thanks are also extended, not only for their suggestions, which de-
termined the style of the Index, but also for the interest which they displayed
and which served as the stimulus to encourage the writer in what would other-
wise have seemed hopeless drudgery.

J. R. PEMBERTON,

San Francisco, California, January 17, ror

te

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

BIOGRAPHICAL SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST TEN YEAR INDEX

The following biographical index relates to all those authors whose names
appeared in the first ten volumes of THE Conpor, though not in full, and for

whom full names are now available.

Dr. T. S. Palmer furnished the greater

part of this list. Full names for thirty-three authors are still missing.

Allen, Glover Morrill

Allen, Joel Asaph
Anderson, Malcolm Playfair
Anderson, Rudolph Martin
Anthony, Alfred Webster
Arrigoni Degli Oddi, Ettore
Atkinson, William Leroy
Bailey, Florence Merriam
Bailey, Henry French

Beal, Foster Ellenborough Lascelles

Beck, Rollo Howard
Beebe, Charles William
Bishop, Louis Bennett
Bohlman, Herman Theodore
Bowles, Charles Warren
Bowles, John Hooper
Breninger, George Frank
Brown, Wilmot Wood
Bryan, William Alanson
Bryant, Walter Pierce
Burnett, Leonard Elmer
Burnett, William Lewis
Burns, Franklin Lorenzo
Carriger, Henry Ward
Chambers, Willie Lee
Chapman, Frank Michler
Childs, John Lewis
Clark, Frank Charles
Clark, Hubert Lyman
Cohen, Donald Atherton
Colvin, Walter Scott
Cooke, Wells Woodbridge
Cooper, James Graham
Daggett, Frank Slater
Dawson, William Leon
Dean, William Franklin
D’Evelyn, Frederick William
Dille, Frederick Monroe
Dugmore, Arthur Radclyffe
Duprey, Henry Frederick
Emerson, William Otto
Felger, Alva Howard
Ferry, John Farwell
Finley, William Lovell
Fisher, Albert Kenrick
Fisher, Walter Kenrick
Fleming, James Henry
Forbes, Frederick Hall
Fuertes, Louis Agassiz
Gaylord, Horace Amidon
Gifford, Edward Winslow

Gilman, Marshall French
Godman, Frederick duCane
Goldman, Edward Alfonso
Hanford, Forrest Sherer
Hanna, Wilson Creal
Henshaw, Henry Wetherbee
Hersey, Luman Joel
Holmes, Frank Henry
Hoover, Theodore Jesse
Hornaday, William Temple
Howard, Ozra William
Hunter, Joseph Slayton
Illingworth, James Franklin
Jenkins, Hubert Oliver
Jewett, Frank Baldwin
Job, Herbert Keightley
Johnson, Roswell Hill
Jordan, David Starr

Judd, Sylvester Dwight
Judson, William Boughton
Kaeding, George Ladd
Kaeding, Henry Barroilhet
Keeler, Charles Augustus
Kellogg, Vernon Lyman
Kelsey, Frederick Willis
Keyes, Charles Rollin
Kobbé, William Hoffman
Law, John Eugene
Lelande, Harry Jason
Linton, Clarence Brockman
Loomis, Leverett Mills
Mailliard, John Ward
Marsden, Henry Warden
McCormick, Aloysius Ignatius Stanislaus
McGregor, Richard Crittenden
McLain, Robert Baird
Mearns, Edgar Alexander
Mershon, William Butts
Miller, Loye Holmes
Montgomery, Thomas Harrison
Moody, Mrs. Charles Amadon
Myers, Harriet Williams
Nelson, Edward William
Noack, Harry Richard
Oberholser, Harry Church
Oddi, Ettore Arrigoni Degli (see Arrigoni)
Osgood, Wilfred Hudson
Palmer, Francis Marion
Palmer, Theodore Sherman
Peabody, Putnam Burton
Pearson, Thomas Gilbert

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Pemberton, John Roy
Pierce, Wright McEwen
Preble, Edward Alexander
Price, William Wightman

vRay, Milton Smith

Ready, George Henry
Redington, Alfred Poett
Rehn, James Abram Garfield
Richardson, Charles Howard, Jr.
Richmond, Charles Wallace
Rising, Harry George

Ritter, William Emerson
Rockwell, Robert Blanchard
Rolph, William LaGrange
Sampson, Walter Behrnard
Saunders, William Erwin
Schneider, Julius Jacob
Sclater, Philip Lutley
Sclater, William Lutley
Sharp, Clarence Sawyer
Sharpless, Robert Pennell
Sheldon, Harry Hargrave
Shields, Alexander McMillan
Shufeldt, Robert Wilson
Silloway, Perley Milton
Slevin, Thomas Edwards

Smith, Austin Paul
Snodgrass, Robert Evans
Stejneger, Leonhard Hess
Swarth, Harry Schelwaldt
Swenk, Myron Harmon
Taverner, Percy Algernon
Taylor, Henry Reed
Thayer, John Eliot
Townsend, Charles Wendell
Tyler, John Gripper
Vrooman, Albert George
Wallace, Alfred Russel
Ward, Henry Baldwin
Warren, Edward Royal
Way, Walter Scott

Weed, Clarence Moores
Wheelock, Irene Grosvenor
Whitman, Charles Otis
Willard, Frank Cottle
Willard, John Melville
Willett, George

Wolcott, Robert Henry
Wood, Casey Albert
Woodcock, Arthur Roy
Woodruff, Frank Morley
Wueste, Rudolph Charles

ABBREVIATIONS
alb. albino Mass. Massachusetts
anat anatomy meas. measurements
Ariz Arizona migr. migration
Ark. Arkansas Nev. Nevada
Aust. Australia nomen. nomenclature
B. C. British Columbia N. Dak. North Dakota
Calif California N. Mex. New Mexico
Co. County Okla. Oklahoma
Colo. Colorado Ore. Oregon
corr. correction parst. parasitism
descr. description photo. photograph
destr destruction plum. plumage
disev discovery prot. protection or conservation
distb distribution rev. review
fos. fossil S. Dak. South Dakota
hbt. habits syn. synonym
Kan. Kansas tax. taxonomy
L. Calif. Lower California Tex. Texas
1. hist life history Wash. Washington
CONCORDANCE
Vol. XI Condor for 1909
a Oy len)
ES SIA ee SAO
6 DV ss ee kyl
Sexe) J ue ale yg}
S XVI “1914
XVII $ La ea bss
“ XVIII ‘ “ 196
XIX SLOT
XX 4 “ 1918

No. 13

LE CONDOR

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

VOLUMES XI-XX

1909-1918

A

Abbott, Clinton Gilbert: XIV, rev. of his “the
home-life of the osprey”, 109.

Acanthis hornemanni exilipes (Hoary Red-
poll), Yukon, XI, 206. fs

linaria linaria (Common Redpoll), Alas-

ka, XII, 48; XVI, 86; XX, 129; Colo., XI,
16, 120; Idaho, XIV, 193; XVII, 127; Mon.,
XIV, 28; XVI, 136; S. Dak., XIII, 100;
Wash., XIX, 129; Yukon, XI, 206.—Photo.,
XX, 130-131; nest, XX, 129.

Acanthiza chrysorrhoa, Aust., XIII, 142;

XIV, 47.
Accipiter cooperi ("Cooper Hawk), Alaska,
MVE sos Ariz. XG 45") 100": XIII, 53%;
XIV, 58; XVIII, 111°, 156", 160%, 210; Ark.,
XVII, 43; Calif., XI, 170; XIII, 131, 163, 209;
XIV, 36; XV, 157°; XVI, 30, 210; XVII, 192;
XX, 18, 127; Colo., XI, 14, 116; Idaho, XIX,
daeeiwane Xl, 1bb, 158% Mont, XDV, .25;
XVI, 131; Ore., XVIII, 75; XIX, 135; Tex.,
XX, 40.—Destr., XIX, 148°; eggs, XVI,
164; food, XX, 127; nest, XVIII, 160°; XX,
40; miscl., XIV, 136°; XV, 33°; XVII, 227°;
pO, LTS.

cirrhocephalus, eggs, XVI, 164.

fuscus, eggs, XVI, 164.

nisus, eggs, XVI, 164.

velox (*Sharp-shinned Hawk), Alaska,
PeVilool- xx, 26: Ariz, XV, 229); XCVIIT,
210; Ark.,.XVII, 43; B. C., XIV, 21; Calif.,
a 194 XT, 180, 1353 XIV, 365 XV, 167";
XVI, 30, 146, 210; XVII, 192; XVIII, 34,
Bes mox, Loe: Colo, XI, 14, 116; XIL 30;
XVII, 149; Idaho, XIV, 192; XVI, 14; XVII,
124- XOX, 82: Mon, XIV, 25; XVI, 131;
XVII, 162; Ore., XVIII, 75; XIX, 185;
Tex., XII, 100; Wash., XVI, 251", 253°;
Yukon, XI, 205.—Destr., XIX, 148°; food,
pxexe, 27" fos., XLV, 44°: nest, XV, 229;
XVI, 14, 131; parst., XI, 92; photo, XVI,
12-23; miscl., XIV, 136".
Acrocephalus australis, Aust., XIII, 142.

AEGIALITIS

Actitis macularius ("Spotted Sandpiper),

Alaska, XVI, 80; XIX, 16; B. C., XIV, 21;
Calif., XI, 186"; XII, 44°; XIV, 10, 35, 143;
ROVE by 1553) 156%) 202 Xvi, 98> Xs
194, 197, 223, 232; Colo., XI, 14, 116; XII,
29, 164"; XIII, 125°; XIV, 90; Idaho, XVI,
122; XVII, 123; XIX, 32; L. Calif., XI, 137;
XV, 22; Mon., XIV, 24; XVI, 130; XVIII,
162; N. Dak., XVII, 224%; XX, 278, 136°;
Ore., XIII, 65; XVI, 114; XIX, 134; Tepic,
XII, 76; Tex., XVIII, 215°; Wash., XVI,
251, 253"; Yukon, XI, 210"——Eggs, XV, 139,
148; nest, XIII, 125°; XIV, 90, 148; XV,
Tbs XSVI, 130s) XVI 224%" photo:, XV,
139; XVI, 135°.

Adams, Ernest: XI, unusual wave of west-

ern tanagers, 70; winter notes from Clip-
per Gap, Placer County, 102; notes from
Placer County, 174.

XII, rev. of his “land birds of Placer Co.,
Calif.”, 48.

Aechmophorus lucasi, fos., XIII, 79.

occidentalis (*Western Grebe, °Podi-
ceps), Calif., XII, 204; XIII, 130, 209; XV,
PTGS Lh =15718) GXsViEl,) 235220) SEX, 24"
56? idaho; seville, Laie Ts (Calit, sxove 20
Mon., XVII, 114; N. Dak., XVIII, 16"; XX,
170°-174"; Ore., XVI, 109; XIX, 133.—
Eggs, XVI, 170; hbt., XX, 170-174"; nest,
KO, 242% photo. XsVi, -L7is syn; 2cvi,
170°; miscl., XVII, 612; XVIII, 238°.

Aegialitis meloda circumcincta (Belted Pip-

ing Plover, “meloda, *Charadrius melo-
dus), Alaska, XVI, 89°; Colo., XIV, 148°-
151"; Tex., XII, 99—Syn., XVI, 89°.

nivosa (*Snowy Plover), Calif., XIII,
185; XIV, 11; XV, 117, 155*-157"; XVI, 226;
XVII, 207; XVIII, 25, 103*-107°, 194, 197;
NEXIS TO ee Galitn, ML) bat seve eis
Ore., XVI, 114; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex., XII,
100.—Eggs, XV, 147, 150; food, XIV, 6°;
photo., XV, 147; prot., XIV, 112°; miscl.,
XVII, 169".

10 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

AEGIALITIS

semipalmata (*Semipalmated Plover),
Alaska, XVI, 80, 89; B. C., XIV, 21; XX,
185; Calif., XV, 155"; XVIII, 194, 197;
Colo., XI, 116; Ore., XVI, 114; Wash.,
XIX, 25; Yukon, XI, 204.—Food, XIV, 6°;
prot., XIV, 112; miscl., XIII, 113°.

wilsonia, see Ochthodromus wilsonius
wilsonius.

Aepyornis maximus (Roc), egg, XIX, 171.

Aeronautes melanoleucus (*White-throated
Swift), Ariz., XIV, 56; Calif., XI, 77-81,
UR ING Ty alee ani RP ala. Ie
XIV, 36; XV, 1549-156"; XVI, 196", 207,
210; XVII, 194; XIX, 3-8, 169; XX, 165,
196%; Colo., XII, 33; XIV, 84°, 95; XVIL
150; XX, 103-110; L. Calif., XI, 100, 137;
XIV, 190; XV, 23; Tex., XIX, 163.—Eggs,
2OG, MOR soles BN aI aD. PARIS 0-654
107; nest, XI, 77-81, 100, 137; XVI, 207;

XVII, 194; XIX, 4-8, 169; XX, 105-110;
photo., XVII, 12"; XIX, 4-7; XX, 104-108;
miscl., XI, 141°; XVI, 278; XVII, 9; XIX,
76°.
Aestrelata fisheri (Fisher Petrel), Alaska,
XVI, 75.
Aethia cristatella (Crested Auklet, *Simor-

hynchus cristatellus), Alaska, XVI, 89, 90.
SSSiptly Bk

pusilla (*Least Auklet), Alaska, XVII,
29".

pygmaea (Whiskered Auklet, *Simorhyn-
chus camtschaticus), Alaska, XVI, 89, 90.
—Syn., XVI, 90°.

Age of birds: Nichols, J. T.: XVII, 181.
Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus (Kern Red-

wing), Calif., XVII, 12.—Descr., XVII, 13;
distb., XVII, 13, 228; meas., XVII, 14; tax.,
XVII, 12, 228.

phoeniceus arctolegus, Colo., XIV, 149.

phoeniceus californicus (“California Bi-
colored Red-winged Blackbird, ’gubernator
californicus), Calif., XI, 83°, 127°, 185°;
XII, 63-70; XIII, 74; XV, 116, 228; XVIII,
224, 232: XIX, 60.—Eggs, XII, 22°; food,
XV, 50°; meas., XII, 40, 41, 66, 69; nest,
XI, 127; XVIII, 224; photo., XI, 128; XII,
40, 67, 68; tax., XII, 40, 63-70; miscl., XI,
139"; XII, 40.

phoeniceus caurinus (*Northwestern
Red-winged Blackbird, "phoeniceus), B. C.,
XX, 186"; Calif., XIII, 202; XVIII, 128,
199, 232; Mon., XIV, 107; XV, 94°; Wash.,
XVI, 252°—Food, XIII, 202, 204.

phoeniceus fortis (*Thick-billed Red-
wing), Colo., XI, 119; XII, 35; XIV, 97,
149; Idaho, XIX, 39; Mon., XIV, 27; XVI,
136°.—Nest, XIV, 97; XVI, 136°; photo.,
HOAG UB TES ;

phoeniceus neutralis (*San Diego Red-
wing, "californicus, ‘Bi-colored Redwing,
4Columbian Redwing), Calif., XIII, 160°;
ani Bye. 2 aie ob Ry shiny ab AS e-aialh lore
192°, 199°; XIX, 156"; Colo., XI, 119; XIV,
149, 151; XV, 111; Idaho, XVII, 126%; L.

No. 13

AIX

Calif., XV, 23; Nev., XII, 86, 87; Ore., XIX,
133", 137.—Nest, XII, 86; XIII, 1602; XV,
113; tax., XVII, 12; miscl., XI, 139"; XII,

63, 70.
phoeniceus nevadensis

*sonoriensis), Calif., XIV, 142; XV, 113°;
XVI, 144°; XX, 72.—Nest, XIV, 142; XX,
72; tax., XVII, 14.

phoeniceus phoeniceus
Blackbird, "Florida Redwing), Ark., XVII,
47; Colo., XI, 15, 70", 118"; XIV, 148-151,
227; XVII, 150; Kan., XI, 156, 161; N.
Mex., XII, 172°; N. Dak., XX, 31%, 649-668;
S. Dak., XIII, 93; 'Tex., XII, 97": )sxaViiieess
8>; XVIII, 187%, 1899; XX, 41—L. hist.
XVI, 263"; nest, XII, 20"; XVII, 4) Shaxexe
41; photo., XII, 40; tax., XII, 40; miscl.,
XII, 64, 65, 178; XX, 214.

phoeniceus richmondi (Vera Cruz Red-
wing), Tex., XII, 97.—Miscl., XII, 65.

phoeniceus sonoriensis (Sonora Red-
winged Blackbird, *Red-winged Black-
bird), Ariz., XIV, 62; XVI, 255°; XVII, 88;
Calif.,. XIII, 132, 135; XVII, 233—Nest,
XVII, 88.

tricolor (*Tricolored Red-winged Black-
bird, "Red and White-winged Troupial),
Calif., XIII, 160°; XV, 116, 157"; XVI, 204;
XVIII, 28; XX, 18; L. Calif, XU 528
Ore., XIII, 68.—Destr., XIX, 176%; discv.,
XVIII, 8?; hbt., XVI, 206; nest, XIII, 160°;
XVI, 204; photo., XII, 40; tax., XII, 39-41;
syn., XVIII, 10°.

Aiken, Charles Edward Howard, and War-
ren, E. R.: rev. of their “the birds of El
Paso County, Colorado”, XVI, 264.

Aimophila acuminata, Tepic, XII, 78.

carpalis (*Rufous-winged Sparrow),
Ariz., XVIII, 212, 213°.

humeralis, Morelos, XI, 58.

rufescens, Morelos, XI, 58.

ruficeps eremoeca (Rock Sparrow),
Tex., XX, 42, 212—Nest, XX, 42.

ruficeps ruficeps (*Rufous-crowned
Sparrow), Calif., XI, 131, 169°, 172; XII,
123: XIII, 210; XV, 155%, 157%, 180", 188;
XVI, 35; XVII, 80, 200; XIX, 180; L.
Calif., XV, 23.—Hbt., XI, 132; XII, 166; 1
hist., XI, 131: nest, XI, 131; Size.
photo., XI, 132; miscl., XI, 108", 141"; XX,
98".

ruficeps scotti (*Scott Sparrow), Ariz.,
XIV, 195; XV, 227; N. Mex., XII, 182°;
Tex., XIX, 163.—Nest, XIV, 195; XV, 227;
photo., XIV, 195; miscl., XI, 58*.

ruficeps sororia (Laguna Sparrow), L.
Calif., XI, 142.

Aix galericulata (Chinese Teal), eggs, XIV,
209.
sponsa (*Wood Duck), Calif., XII, 49;
XIV, 225; XVI, 228%; XVII, 207; ° XVIII,
39": XX, 56", 91; Colo., XI, 112; Idaho,
XVII, 122; N. Dak., XVIII, 55°.—Prot.,

(Nevada Red-
winged Blackbird, *Red-winged Blackbird,

(*Red-winged

ee eeleerrleleeerrrerrerereorrrrrerererer

——

tit

1919 SECOND TEN

AIX
RIV, 229°; XV, 127°; miscl., XII, 52; XIV,
a XV, 1768; XVI, 46°; XVIII, 88"; XX,
Ajaia.ajaja (*Roseate Spoonbill), Cuba,
XVIII, 147; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex., XII, 103;
XVIII, 155°; XX, 79-82.
Alaska:
Dice, -L. R., XX, 129.
Dixon, J:; XI, 187; XIX, 77.
Grinnell, J., XII, 41.
Hasselborg, A. E., XX, 191.
Heath, H., XVII, 20.
Swarth, H. S:, XT, 211; XIV, 73.
mbayer,. J. HL, SI, 173; XVI, 117.
Willett, G., XVI, 71; XIX, 15, 22; XX, 85.
Alauda arvensis (*European Skylark), food,
XV, 49; miscl., XIV, 227"; XVI, 151°.
Albatross, Black-footed, see Diomedea ni-
gripes.
Laysan, see Diomedea immutabilis.
Short-tailed, see Diomedea albatrus.
Sooty, see Phoebetria fuliginosa.
Wandering, see Diomedea exulans.
White-capped, see Thalassogeron culmi-
natus.
Albinism:
Bryant, H. C., XVI, 95.
Burnett, W. L., XIX, 69.
Du Bois, A. D., XX, 189.
Minutes Cooper Club, XX, 196.
Rockwell, R. B., XX, 45.
Unglish, W. E., XIII, 111.
Willett, G., XX, 122.

Alexander, Annie M.; photographs by, XI,
188-192.

Allen, Amelia Sanborn: XVII, return of
winter birds to the same locality, 58;
birds of a Berkeley hillside, 78; the hermit
warbler in Berkeley, 235.

XIX, western robin and Sierra junco
nesting in Alameda County, California,
185.

Allen, Arthur Augustus: XVI, rev. of his
“the red-winged blackbird: a study in the
ecology of a cat-tail marsh’, 263.

Allen, Francis Henry: XII, rev. of his
‘notes on New England birds, by Henry
D. Thoreau”, 206.

Allen, Glover Morrill, see Thayer, J. E.

Allen, Joel Asaph: XII, editorial remarks
concerning his service as reviewer, 47.

Aluco pratincola ("Barn Owl, "Tyto perlata
pratincola), Ariz., XI, 145, 147°; Calif.
XI, 80, 169", 171; XIII, 131, 135, 160, 162,
209: XIV, 36; XV, 157°; XVI, 31, 145;
XVII, 57, 79, 81°, 194; XVIII, 127, 223;
XIX, 59, 155"; L. Calif., XI, 143°, 208; XIV,
190; XV, 22, 210; Ore., XVIII, 76; Salva-
dor, XVI,°13"; Tex., XX, 40.—Distb., XVI,
189°; food, XVI, 105%; XVII, 57; fos., XII,
12, 18; nest, XIV, 190; XVII, 57; XX, 40;
photo, XVIII, 224"; syn., XVI, 189”; miscl.,
XV, 59%; XVI, 189".

YEAR INDEX u

: ANAS
Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota (Buff-
bellied Hummingbird), Tex., XII, 103.
Amazona albifrons (*White-fronted Parrot),
Tepic, XII, 76.—Nest, XII, 77°.
finschi, Tepic, XII, 76.
oratrix (Mexican Double-yellow-headed
Parrot), Tepic, XII, 77.—Nest, XII, 77.

American Ornithologists’ Union:
XII, rev. of Check-List, 175.
XVI, announcement of meeting at San
Francisco in 1915, 147.
XVII, Pacific Coast meeting, 168; snap-
shots from the San Francisco meeting,
171.

Ammodramus bairdi (*Baird Sparrow),
Ariz., XVI, 259; Ark., XVII, 48; Mon.,
XVI, 138.—Miscl., XX, 98°".

maritimus sennetti (Texas Seaside Spar-
row), Tex., XII, 100.

nelsoni (“Nelson Sparrow), N. Dak.,
XVIII, 20°, 21°; XX, 64°, 68°—Song, XX,
64°.

savannarum australis (*Grasshopper
Sparrow), Ark., XVII, 48; N. Dak., XVII,
178"; Tex., XV, 183°; XVIII, 154°.

savannarum bimaculatus (*Western
Grasshopper Sparrow, >Coturniculus),
Ariz., XIV, 60; Calif., XII, 108, 109, 204;
EXON, Ob, 109s EV, Lb b2) Loree) MeV, GOR 99)
XVIII, 83>, 84: XIX, 24: Colo, XI, 120°;
Idaho, XVI, 121"; Mon., XVIII, 86; More-
los, XI, 57°; Tex., XII, 100; XVII, 8°; XX,
42; Wash., XII, 138.—Nest, XII, 204;
XIII, 35; XVII, 60; XVIII, 84, 86; XIX, 24;
XX, 42.

Ampelis, see Bombycilla.

Amphispiza .belli belli (*Bell Sparrow),
Calif., XII, 110, 171%; XVII, 192°, 200; XIX,
143", 1568, 186; XX, 190; L. Calif., XIII,
153; XV, 23.—Disev., XVIII, 12"; nest,
XIX, 143", 186; miscl., XVIII, 279; XX,
98°.

bilineata deserticola (*Black-throated
Sparrow, "Desert, ‘bilineata), Ariz., XII,
1108; XIV, 54; XX, 28; Calif, XI, 169°,
170°, 172; XIII, 129%; XVI, 144; Colo., XI,
16: avy tds: Calif. XV_23-5Ore. eve
229: Tex., XII, 100; XIII, 44°, 46°; XVIII,
154”, 218. XX, 42°—Nest, XX, 42°.

nevadensis canescens (*California Sage
Sparrow), Calif., XII, 108, 109; XIII, 76,
133, 136, 161, 163; XVI, 98—Nest, XIII,
163; miscl., XVI, 42°.

nevadensis nevadensis (*Sage Spar-
row), Ariz., XVIII, 212°; Calif., XII, 108;
XIII, 133; XIV, 38; XIX, 142; Colo., XI,
16: Idaho, XVI, 120%, 122; XIX, 38", 39;
Ore., XIII, 68; XIX, 133*, 138.—Photo.,
SIRS BT

Anatomy of birds: Wetmore, A.: XX, 19.

Anas fulvigula maculosa (Mottled Duck),
Colo., XI, 111; XIV, 151.

platyrhynchos (*Mallard), Alaska, XVI,
76: Ariz., XII, 110°; Ark., XVII, 41; Calif.,

12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

ANAS
XIII, 130; XIV, 34; XV, 185"; XVI, 219,
227-235; XVII, 234%, 235; XVIII, 228; XIX,
BON Le Lb OR XX 75s NCOlOl, ly lo, ull
XII, 29; XIII, 122-124; XIV, 88; Idaho,
XIV, 191; XVII, 122; XIX, 30; Mon., XIV,
23, 220°; XV, 949, 121"; XVI, 127; N. Dak.,
OVD, APRS DAVIN PAU Oe BRM alae BH ES
(WER TOlGh, 206 Ibe Resin, Gays 2.0% 50 aloe
XVI, 9388; XIX, 133; S. Dak., XIII, 103;
Wash., XIX, 143.—Alb., XVI, 95; destr.,
XIX, 141; hbt., XII, 528; XIX, 24; nest,
XIII, 124; XV, 176; XVI, 98, 219, 227-230;
XVII, 225%, 235; XIX, 143; XX, 75; photo.,
XIII, 128; XV, 177, 178; XVI, Lai, 231;
miscel., XVI, 262; XIX, 121%, 1253.
rubripes (*Black Mallard, »Black Duck),
Calif., XIII, 138; Colo., XIV, 151.—WMiscl.,
XO, 52%: XM, 25°, 27°.

Anderson, Ernest Mellville: XVII, rev. of
his report on birds of Okanagan Valley,
133; rev. of his report on birds of the
Atlin District, 133; nesting of the Bohe-
mian waxwing in northern British Colum-
bia, 145.

Anderson, E. M., with Kermode, F.: XVII,
rev. of their report on birds of Atlin
Lake, 133.

Anhinga anhinga (Anhinga), Calif., XV, 132;
XVIII, 24; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex., XX, 38.-—
Nest, XX, 38.

Ani, see Crotophaga ani.

Groove-billed, see Crotophaga sulcirostris.

Anous stolidus ridgwayi (Ridgway Noddy),
Tepic, XII, 76.

Anser albifrons albifrons (#American White-
fronted Goose, "gambeli), Alaska, XVI, 78°;
XEX,, SbPs Calif, XQVIT, 398s) xx) 0b;
Colo., XI, 113°.—Alb., XVI, 95°.

albifrons gambeli (*Tule Goose), Calif.,
EX, 105

Anthus rubescens ("American Pipit), Alas-
ka, XVI, 88; Calif., XIII, 74, 133, 137; XVI,
89; XV, 1578; XVI, 38; XVII, 201; XVIII,
226; XX, 45; Colo., XI, 121; XII, 38; XIV,
872, 102; Idaho, XVII, 128; L. Calif., XV,
24; Mon., XIV, 30; XVI, 142; Ore., XVIII,
793) lex 13937) Tex. OVI, 295s 1bbFs
Wash., XVI, 255; Yukon, XI, 207.—Miscl.,
XX, 98".

spraguei (Sprague Pipit), Ariz., XX, 24;
Mon., XVI,- 142; Tex., XII, 100; XVIII,
129.

Antrostomus carolinensis (Chuck-wills-wid-
ow), Tex., XII, 103; XX, 41.—Miscl., XVI,
190.

vociferus macromystax (Stephens
Whip-poor-will, *arizonae), Ariz., XX, 22;
N. Mex., XX, 91.—Syn., XVI, 190°.

vociferus vociferus (Whip-poor-will),
Ark., XVII, 45; Kan., XI, 155, 159; More-
los, XI, 63.

Aphelocoma californica californica (*Cali-
fornia Jay, "obscura, ‘Belding Jay), Calif.,

ARA

XI, 21, 185"; XI, 73", 74, L635) xovewbes
164, 198; XVIII, 11°; XIX, 60, 95"—EHeggs,
XII, 21; nest, XIII, 73°; syn., XVI, 97>;
tax., XIX, 94; miscl., XII, 77"; XIV, 136°;
XVI, 27°; XVIL, 211%: XTX, 1045s xcxergon
985.

californica immanis (*California Jay,
*californica), Calif., XIII, 109", 119; XX,
12°, 18”, 71°, 190.—Hbt., XIII, 109°; miscl.,
x Shes etaxs exclxen gas

californica oocleptica (*California Jay,
*californica), Calif., XIV, 42>; XVI, 33°;
XVII, 79"; 80>; 85%; XVII, 199>s xno oe
—Nest, XIV, 42; XVI, 33°.

cyanea (*floridana), tax., XIX, 95; syn.,
XIX, 95°.

cyanotis ("californica cyanotis), tax.,
XIX, 94°.

grisea (‘californica grisea), tax., XIX,
95".

hypoleuca (*californica hypoleuca), tax.,
XIX, 95".

insularis (*Santa Cruz Jay), Calif., XIII,
209; XV, 91; XVII, 203.—Nest, XIII, 209;
XVII, 203; tax., XIX, 95.

sieberi arizonae (*Arizona Jay), Ariz.,
XV, 227; XVIII, 156%; XX, 21—Nest, XV,
227.

sieberi sieberi, Morelos, XI, 63.

sumichrasti (*californica sumichrasti),
tax., XTX, 95".

texana ("californica texana, Texas Jay),
Tex., XIX, 163.—Tax., XIX, 95°; XX, 212.

woodhousei (*Woodhouse Jay, califor-
nica woodhousei), Colo., XI, 15, 118; XII,
34; Nev., XII, 89; XX, 718; N. Mex., XIV,
116"; Tex., XIII, 44°, 46%; XIX, 163.—Tax.,
95».

Aphriza virgata (*Surf-bird), Alaska, XVI,

80; XX, 85; Calif., XIV, 11,2245 sxeveua:
1578; XVII, 207; XVIII, 102*-107", 203;
XIX, 101; Lb. Calif, XV, 22: Ore. Savas
115; Peru, XVI, 43°—Prot., XIV, 112°;
photo., XV, 4, 6-8.

Appleton, J. S.: XIII, Brewer sparrow breed-

ing in Simi Valley, 76.
XVIII, late nesting of the Arkansas gold-
finch, 30.

Apteryx, anat., XIX, 89.
Aquila chrysaetos (*Golden Eagle), Alaska,

XII, 42; XX, 191; Ariz., XVIII, 200; Ark.,
XVII, 43; Calif., XI, 170, 185%; XIII, 131;
XV, 119, 203; XVI,-196°, 210; XVII, 193;
XVIII, 26, 127; XX, 72, 212°; Colo: Xa 14)
117; XVII, 98; Idaho, XIV, 192; XVIII, 82;
XIX, 34; Mon., XIV, 25; S. Dak., XVIII,
130; Tex., XIII, 43°; XIX, 162; Yukon, XI,
205, 210.—Anat., XIX, 91°; food, XX, 191;
fos., XII, 13; hbt., XI, 170; XII, 81%; XIII,
138°; XX, 212%; mest, XV, 119; photo.,
XIII, 4388; misel., XVII, 211°. -

Ara militaris (Military Macaw), Tepic, XII,

76.

ee EEEEEEEEEEoEEOEOEOEOEOEeEeEeEeeeeeeeeeeeee

1919 SECOND TEN

ARAMIDES

Aramides albiventris, Honduras, XII, 54.—
Nest, XII, 54.

Archibuteo ferrugineus (*Ferruginous
Rough-leg), Calif., XVI, 145; XVIII, 39°;
XX, 127; Colo., XI, 117; XII, 30; XIV, 92;
Mon., XIV, 25; XVI, 132; N. Dak., XVII,
223°; XX, 136°.—Discv., XVIII, 11°; food,
Ve cGae xox, L20> fost, XIV, 44%: miscl.,
XVII, 180°.

lagopus sancti-johannis (‘American
Rough-leg), Alaska, XVI, 82; Colo., XI,
117; Idaho, XVI, 120°; XVII, 124; Mon.,
XVI, 182; Ore., XIX, 185; Wash., XX, 91.

Archilochus alexandri (*Black-chinned Hum-
mingbird, Trochilus), Ariz. XX, 21;
Calif oN, oy cv, 43, 118 1568) XVI,
LOS PXOVIELT. LOOP) 27 sox, 46:5 (Colo., Xl, 171:
Idaho, XVII, 125; Mon., XVIII, 85; Tex.,
XX, 41; Utah, XVIII, 114°; Wash., XVI,
251, 253°—Hbt., XIV, 105"; XVIII, 202°;
migr., XX, 46; nest, XII, 127; XV, 118;
VI, 31; XX, 41; photo:;—XVIII, 31;
miscl., XII, 46; XIV, 77°.

colubris (Ruby-throated Hummingbird,
*Trochilus), Ark., XVII, 45; Kan., XI, 155,
156, 159; Tex., XII, 103—Food, XVII, 45;
miscl., XII, 125; XIX, 168°.

Arctonetta fischeri (*Spectacled Wider),
Alaska, XI, 173°; Siberia, XII, 46.

Ardea cinerea ("European or Common Blue
Heron), habits, XIII, 112°.

herodias fannini (Northwestern Coast
Heron, *herodias), Alaska, XVI, 78; B. C.,
MIV, 21; XX, 185°.

herodias herodias (*Great Blue Heron),
Idaho, XVII, 123; XIX, 32; Mon., XIV, 24;
XVI, 129; N. Dak., XVIII, 21; Ore., XVI,
108, 113; XIX, 108; 134; S. Dak., XIII, 103;
‘Tex., XVIII, 155°; Wash., 251, 253°—Tax.,
XV, 50; miscl., XVII, 179%, 180.

herodias hyperonea (*California Great
Blue Heron, "Hyperonca Blue Heron, ‘her-
odias, “oligista), Calif., XII, 19°; XIII, 74°;
MEV, Bbc, 199°, 2249; XV, Qe, 1182, 155°,
1565; XVI, 30; XVII, 74°; XVIII, 112°, 196,
PermeMNeoge, 1578s oxex, 18°) Ore, XI,
65°.— Flight, XVIII, 112°; food, XIV, 199°;
TOS eee loe-) XI, 79° nest, XVII, 4°;
tax., XV, 50.

herodias treganzai (Treganza Heron,
“Great Blue Heron, "herodias, ‘hyperonca),
Ariz., XII, 110°; Calif., XIII, 130, 134;
Colo., XI, 13°, 114°; XII, 29°, 113"; L. Calif.,
Soe ee ges 100%, 143%: XT, Wb2> eV;
21>, 210°; N. Mex., XII, 163°; Tepic, XII,
75”, 76°: Utah, XVI, 2478; XVIII, 116-125.
NGS Cis 1142" OTT, 2s) SVT, 2EaTA:
XVIII, 116; tax., XV, 50.

Arenaria interpres interpres

Turnstone), Calif., XVII, 186.

interpres morinella (“Ruddy Turnstone),
Alaska, XVI, 80; Calif., XI, 139, 174; XIV,
11; XV, 91, 156"; Colo., XI, 116; L. Calif.,

(European

YEAR INDEX

ASIO

aoe 22; Tex., XVIII, 155°.—Miscl., XVII,
melanocephala (*Black Turnstone),

Alaska, XVI, 80; XIX, 16; Calif., XI, 174:;

XII, 173; XIII, 180; XIV, 11; XV, 7", 156";

SOV PAE IE CEN bii, OI, GIS B/S ah

189; XV, 22; Ore., XVI, 115.—Miscl., XVI,

258.

Arizona:

Colburn, A. E., XIX, 185.

Gilman, M. F., XI, 49, 145, 166, 173; XII,
45; XXIII, 35, 51; XVI, 255, 260; XVII,
86, 151.

Howell, A. B., XVIII, 209.

Law, J. E., XIX, 69.

Schaefer, O. F., XIX, 103.

Sloanaker, J. L., XIV, 154.

Stephens, F., XVI, 259.

Swarth, H. S., XII, 109; XX. 20.

Willard, F. C., XI, 129, 199; XII, 60, 104,
110; XIII, 46; XIV, 58, 194, 2138; XV, 41,
227, 229; XVIII, 110, 156, 200.

Willett, G., XVII, 102.

Arkansas:

Smith, A. P., XVII, 41.

Arnold, Ralph: XI, condors in a flock, 101.

Arnold, R., and Pemberton, J. R.: XVIII,
nesting of the western bluebird at Ven-
tura, California, 86.

Arnold, William W.: XVIII, a hospital for
wild birds, 190.

Arquatella maritima couesi (Aleutian Sand-
piper), Alaska, XVI, 79; XIX, 16; Ore.,
XVI, 93, 114.—Miscl., XII, 177.

maritima maritima, miscl., XII, 177.
maritima ptilocnemis, miscl., XII, 177.

Arremonops rufivirgatus (Texas Sparrow),

Tex., XII, 100; XV, 183.

Artamus tenebrosus, Aust., XIV, 47.

Asio flammeus (#Short-eared Owl, *accipi-
trinus, °‘Strix), Alaska, XII, 42; XVI, 83;
Calit= Xl olay xexen 125 Colo; xis ls,
XII, 31; XIV, 153; Idaho, XVI, 122; XVII,
IPINP ADC, Blip 1h (eputlis D615 ales abe Sie
Mon., XI, 89"; XIV, 26; XV, 121; XVI, 132;
N. Dak., XVII, 178, 222"; XX, 112°; Ore.,

136; Saskatchewan, XX, 101; S. Dak.,

103; XVIII, 130; Wash., XVI, 251,
Yukon, XI, 205.—Eggs, XVI, 165°;

foods XLV, 238o> fos:, Ml, Wes) XV, 445;

hbt., XV, 121; meas., XV, 123; nest, XI,

898; XV, 121; XVII, 174°; XX, 102; photo.,

XO ROS eee oe XOX OZ) Vmiscls) av,

104°; XIX, 126"; XX, 127.
wilsonianus (*Long-eared Owl), Calif.,

Secleeal GAteexehe 44 eX Ve 86) OXSV a lie Nav;

PAIS SOc WEY Cofeke, SALA aii Bate

XVII, 149; XIX, 142; Idaho, XVII, 124;

XIX, 34; L. Calif., XI, 208; Mon., XIV, 25;

N. Dak., XVII, 223"; XX, 134°; Ore., XIII,

66; XIX, 135; S. Dak., XVIII, 130; Tex.,

SAY, WE SSToh yes D:O.c a(S Sch, RGIG asi

hbt., XVI, 56%; nest, XI, 90°, 117; XV, 17;

14

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

ASIO
XVII, 223°; XIX, 142; photo., XII, 31;
song, XPV, 197": misel] Seis 90" GXsvinie
227°; XIX, 1232; XX, 195%.

Associated Societies for the Conservation of

Wild Life:

XIV, letter calling for organization meet-
ing, 227; letter and recommendations to
State Fish and Game Commission, 228.

XV, report of progress, 46.

XVIII, notice of, 132.

Association, American Bird Banding: XII,

notice of, 81.

Astragalinus lawrencei (*Lawrence Gold-

finch), Calif., XIII, 132, 136, 163; XIV,
WOG8:) XV, Tbt8s XVI, 84, 210; xovil, 199;
XVIII, 225; XIX, 60.—Disev., XVIII, 12°.

psaltria arizonae, Colo., XIV, 148-151;
XVI, 264.

psaltria hesperophilus (*Green-backed
Goldfinch), Ariz., XVIII, 212; Calif., XI,
21; XIII, 35, 74, 1382, 136, 205, 211; XIV,
106"; XV, 157"; XVI, 34, 55; XVII, 80, 166,
192°, 199; XIX, 60, 158°; XX, 16; L. Calif.,
XI, 11°; XV, 23—Food, XVI, 34; nest, XI,
THES econ ni Boy Zale Vom SIR D:GY0 i BY-58
XVII, 166; XVIII, 30; miscl., XV, 190°;
XVI, 256.

psaltria mexicanus (Mexican Gold-
finch), Colo., XIV, 148-151; XVI, 264; Tep-
ic; Xl, 78) Lex. Scbxs, W638:

psaltria psaltria (*Arkansas Goldfinch),
Colo., XI, 16, 120; XIV, 149, 227; XVI,
264; Tex., XIX, 163.—Discv., XVIII, 6°.

tristis pallidus (*Pale or Pallid Gold-
finch), Ariz., XVIII, 212; Colo., XII, 36;
Idaho, XVII, 127; XIX, 39; Mon., XIV, 28;
XVI, 136; Ore., XIII, 68; XIX, 138; Wash.,
XVI, 252, 253°.—Miscl., XII, 178°.

tristis salicamans (*Willow Goldfinch),
Calif., XI, 185%; XIV, 38, 106%, 154; XV,
T5e2 SOV, 34, 55s) VL 1922 199 exaVaL,,
LSE) OXODX G0) SXeXS 6s “Ore, XeVil Wis
XIX, 96*.—Food, XVI, 34; miscl., XII, 178°.

tristis tristis (*American Goldfinch),
Ark., XVII, 48; Colo., XI, 16, 120; XII, 36;
XIV, 98; Kan., XI, 155, 161; N. Dak., XX,
136", 176°—Food, XVII, 48; nest, XII, 16°.

Astur atricapillus atricapillus (*American

Goshawk, “Accipiter atricapillus), Calif.,
XIX, 70, 105", 185; Colo., XI, 14°, 116; XII,
30”; XIV, 162; Mon., XVI, 132; Wash., 127;
Yukon, XI, 205.—Migr., XIX, 70.

atricapillus striatulus (*Western Gos-
hawk, "Accipiter striatulus), Alaska, XVI,
Si BGs exe elas Calit.. xed tO) eXoVe
129, 203"; XIX, 70, 103; Colo., XIV, 152;
Wash., XIX, 127.—Tax., XX, 141°.

Asturina plagiata (Mexican Goshawk), Ariz.,

XIV, 58; XVIII, 210; Tepic, XII, 77.

Asyndesmus lewisi (*Lewis Woodpecker,

'Melanerpes), Ariz., XVII, 152; Calif., XI,
171; XIII, 205; XIV, 36; XV, 119; XVI, 31,
183° XVII, 204; Colo, XI, 15; X10, 27%,
32>: XIV, 94; Mon., XIV, 26; XVI, 134; N.

BAILEY
Mex., XII, 183"; Ore., XIII, 66; XIX, 136;
Wash., XVI, 251; Yukon, XI, 208.—Diseyv.,
XVIII, 5"; food, XIII, 206; nest, XVI, 183;
miscl., XVI, 204*.
Athene boobook, Aust., XIII, 142.

noctua (Litle Grey Owl), New Zealand,
XIV, 227.

Atkins, Emerson: XVIII, a nestful, 201.

Atthis morcomi (Morcom Hummingbird),
Ariz., XII, 109.

Auklet, Cassin, see Ptychoramphus aleuti-
cus.
Crested, see Aethia cristatella.
Least, see Aethia pusilla.
Paroquet, see Phaleris psittacula.
Rhinoceros, see Cerorhinca monoce-
rata.
Whiskered, see Aethia pygmaea.

Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (*Verdin),
Ariz., XI, 54°; XII, 110°; XIV, 55, 58; XVII
90; XVIII, 156"; Calif., XIII, 134, 187; XIV,
40; L. Calif., XI, 11; Tex., XII, 102; XVIII,
129° 218"; XX, 43.—Nest, XI, 11; XVII, 90;
XX, 43; miscl., XI, 168°; XIII, 54%; XX, 98".

Australia:

Richards, T. W.: XI, 5.

Avocet, American, see Recurvirostra amer-
icana.

Baeolophus atricristatus atricristatus
(*Black-crested Titmouse), Tex., XII, 102;
XVIII, 2168, 2188; XIX, 164.

atricristatus sennetti (Sennett Tit-
mouse), Tex., XX, 43.

bicolor (*Tufted Titmouse), Ark., XVII,
56; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 168; Tex., XVIII,
152°.

inornatus griseus (*Gray Titmouse),
Ariz., XIX, 103; Colo., XI, 17; N. Mex.,
XII, 182; XIV, 113*.—Miscl., XVI, 42°.

inornatus inornatus (*Plain Titmouse),
Calif., XI, 172; XII, 74, 121:sesVegoess
XVI, 38; XVII, 84, 197; XIX, 61—Discv.,
XVIII, 11°-12°; nest, XVI, 38; miscl., XX,
983.

inornatus murinus (San Diego Tit-
mouse), Calif., XII, 44.—Distb., XVIII, 81.

wollweberi (*Bridled Titmouse), Ariz.,
XI, 130°; XII, 46; XiVIIL, 204; sexo
Morelos, XI, 63.

Bailey, Bernard: XV, some winter notes
from the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, 94;
some 1913 spring notes from the Bitter
Root Valley, Montana, 184.

Bailey, Florence Merriam: XI, rev. of her
“handbook of birds of the western United
States’, 106.

XII, rev. of her “the palm-leaf oriole”,
138; an irrigated ranch in the fall migra-
tion, 161; the yellow pines of Mesa del
Agua de la Yegua, 181.

XIII, the oasis of the llano, 43.

1919

BAILEY

XIV, birds of the cottonwood groves, 113.
XVII, rev. of her “handbook of birds of
the western United States”, 105; charac-
teristic birds of the Dakota prairies, 173,
222.

XVIII, characteristic birds of the Dakota
prairies (cont.), 14, 54; a populous shore,

100; black-headed grosbeaks eating but-
ter, 201; meeting spring half way, 151,
183, 214.

XIX, birds of the humid coast, 8, 46, 95;
red letter days in southern California, 155.
XX, a return to the Dakota lake region,
24, 64, 110, 132, 170.

Bailey, Harold Harris: XV, rev. of his “the

birds of Virginia”, 233.
Bailey, Vernon: XV, rev. of his “life zones
and crop zones of New Mexico”, 232.

_ Baily, William Shore: XVI, rev. of his “the
birds on Buena Vista Lake, southern Cal-
ifornia’, 242.

Baldpate, see Mareca americana.
Bancroft, William Frederick, with Palmer,

T. S., and Earnshaw, F. L.: XVII, rev. of |

their “game laws for 1914”, 107.

Bangs, Outram, see Thayer, J. E.

Barrows, Walter Bradford: XIV, rev. of his
“Michigan bird life’, 233.

Bartramia longicauda (*Bartramian Sand-
piper, "Upland Plover), Colo., XI, 116;
RIV, 128; Kan., XI, 155, 157; Mon., XVI,
130; N. Dak., XVII, 177°, 222°; XX, 112°,
113°; S. Dak., XIII, 103; Tex., XVIII, 154”,
183°, 188°; XIX, 162.—Call note, XX, 112°;
hbt., XX, 112°; nest XI, 116; XIV, 128;
photo., XIV, 128; miscl., XVII, 237°.

Basileuterus belli (Bell Warbler), Morelos,
XI, 61.

rufifrons dugesi (Duges Warbler), More-
los, XI, 61.

Basilinna leucotis (White-eared Humming-
bird), Morelos, XI, 61.

Baynes, Ernest Harold: XVIII, rev. of his
“wild bird guests”, 37.

Beal, Foster Ellenborough Lascelles: XV,
rev. of his “food of our most important
flycatchers”, 46.

XVIII, F. E. L. Beal and economic ornith-
ology in California, 234; death notice, 234;
photograph, 235.

Becard, Cinnamon, see Pachyrhamphus cin-
namomeus.

Gray, see Platypsaris aglaiae latirostris.
Xantus, see Platypsaris albiventris.
Beck, Rollo Howard: XIII, rev. of his “water
birds of the vicinity of Point Pinos, Cali-

fornia”, 37.

XV, communication—“collecting in Peru”,
187.

XVI, communication—‘“a collector in
South America’, 42; “field experiences on
the coast of Chile’, 187.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

| Betts, Norman de Witt:

15

BLACKBIRD
XVII, communication—a
Cape Horn, 133.

Beebe, Charles William: XII, rev. of his
“ecology of the hoatzin”, 82; rev. of his
“racket formation in tail feathers of mot-
mots”, 82; rey. of his “an ornithological
reconnaissance of northeastern Venezu-
ela’, 137; rev. of his “three cases of su-

collector at

pernumerary toe in the _ broad-winged
hawk”, 138.
Beetham, Bentley: XIII, rev. of his ‘the

home-life of the spoon-bill, the stork and
some herons”, 112.

Belding, Lyman: XX, death notice, 47; pho-
tograph, 50; biography, 51-60; _ biblio-
graphy, 60.

| Bent, Arthur Cleveland: XVII, yellow-billed

loon:—a correction, 130.

XVIII, information wanted for the life
histories of North American birds, 88;
communication: regarding the life his-
tories, 236.

Bergtold, William Henry: XX, rev. of his
“a study of the incubation periods of
birds”, 95.

XVIII, birds seen

in the valley of the south fork of the Flat-

head River, Montana, 161.

XIX, death notice, 144.

Bicknell, Mrs. Frederick Thompson: XVI,
California brown pelican in British Co
lumbia, 92.

Bigglestone, Harry Clifford: XV, rev. of his
“a study of the nesting behavior of the
yellow warbler (Dendroica aestiva aesti-
va)”; 233.

Bird, Diamond, see Pardalotus striatus.

Frigate, see Fregata aquila.

Secretary, see Gypogeranus serpenta-
rius.

Surf, see Aphriza virgata.

Birds, migratory, see Migration.

Bishop, Louis Bennett: XII, Larus canus:
a correction, 174.

XVI, Henry W. Marsden, 202.

XVII, description of a new race of savan-
nah sparrow and suggestions on some
California birds, 185.

Bishop, L. B., with Sage, J. H.: XVI, rev. of
their “the birds of Connecticut”, 97.

Bittern, American, see Botaurus lentigino-
sus.

Cory Least, see Ixobrychus neoxenus.
Least, see Ixobrychus exilis.

Blackbird, Bi-colored, see Agelaius phoeni-

ceus californicus.
Brewer, see Euphagus cyanocephalus.
California Bi-colored Redwing, see Age-
laius phoeniceus californicus. :
Columbian Red-winged, see Agelaius
phoeniceus neutralis. ’
Florida Red-wing, see Agelaius phoeni-

16 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

BLACKBIRD

ceus phoeniceus.

Nevada Red-winged, see Agelaius phoe-
niceus nevadensis.

Northwestern Red-winged, see Agelaius
phoeniceus caurinus.

Red-winged, see Agelaius
phoeniceus.

Rusty, see Euphagus carolinus.

San Diego Redwing, see Agelaius phoe-
niceus neutralis.

Sonora Red-winged, see Agelaius phoe-
niceus sonoriensis.

Sumichrast, see Dives dives.

Thick-billed, see Agelaius phoeniceus
fortis.

Tri-colored, see Agelaius tricolor.

Vera Cruz Red-wing, see Agelaius phoe-
niceus richmondi.

Yellow-headed, see
xanthocephalus.

Bluebird, see Sialia sialis sialis.

Arctic, see Sialia currucoides.

Azure, see Sialia sialis fulva.

Chestnut-backed, see Sialia mexicana
bairdi.

Mountain, see Sialia currucoides.

Western, see Sialia mexicana occiden-
talis.

Boat-bill, see Cancroma zeledoni.

Boat-tail, Colima, see Megaquiscalus major
obscurus.

Bobolink, see Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

Bob-white, see Colinus virginianus virgini-
anus.
Masked, see Colinus ridgwayi.
Texas, see Colinus virginianus texanus.

Bohlman, Herman Theodore: XI, photo-
graphs by, 182-184.
XII, photographs by, 4-10.

Bolander, Jr., Louis Phillip: XVI, the Lewis
woodpecker nesting in Alameda County,
California, 183.

XVII, early spring notes from west-cen-
tral California, 131.

Bombycilla cedrorum (*Cedar Waxwing,
>Ampelis, ‘Cedar Bird), Ark., XVII, 51;
BiG, RATV, Ql exexs 186 (Calif. RT Aas:
XIE, G82)" SEVET 29h bb S AG, 188s Xavi,
36, 58, 181, 182; XVII, 201, 204, 205; XIX,
103"; Colo., XI, 17; Idaho, XVII, 128; XIX,
41; Mon., XIV, 30; XVI, 140; Morelos, XI,
64>; Ore., XVIII, 79; XIX, 96°.—Food,
RT, ALOT) VI, Sl Weehist ye Kal ors
migr., XVII, 205; nest, XIV, 30; XVI, 140,
182; miscl., XII, 166"; XIV, 224°; XIX,
141°.

garrula ("Bohemian Waxwing), Alaska,
XVI, 88; B. C., XVII, 134%, 145; Calif., XIII,
34, 109, 111, 120; XIV, 39; XIX, 103; Colo.,
XIX, 141; Idaho, XIV, 193; XVII, 128;
Mon., XIV, 30, 224; XVI, 140; Wash., XIX,
128.—Nest, XIV, 224; XVII, 145; photo.,
XVII, 146, 147; XIX, 128.

phoeniceus

Xanthocephalus

No. 13

BOWLES

Bonasa umbellus sabini (‘Oregon Ruffed
Grouse), Alaska, XVI, 89; B. C., XIV, 21;
XX, 185; Idaho, XVII, 123; Ore., XVIII,
75; XIX, 13°—Food, XIX, 168; miscl.,

XVI, 26°.
umbellus togata (*Canadian Ruffed
Grouse), Idaho, XVII, 123; XIX, 32, 338;

Mon., XIV, 25; XVIII, 86.—Miscl., XIV,
233.
umbellus umbelloides (Gray Ruffed

Grouse), Alaska, XII, 42; Mon., XIV, 25;
XVI, 131; XVIII, 86, 162; Yukon, XI, 204.
—Miscl., XVIII, 166.
umbellus umbellus (*Ruffed Grouse),
fos., XIV, 44°; miscl., XIV, 233.
umbellus yukonensis (Yukon Ruffed
Grouse), Yukon, XVIII, 166.—Descr.,
distb., meas., XVIII, 166.
Booby, see Sula sula.
Blue-footed, see Sula nebouxi.
Brewster, see Sula brewsteri.
Botaurus lentiginosus (*American Bittern),
Calif., XIII, 159; XIV, 34, 199, 2248; Xv,
157"; XVIII, 228; XIX, 578; XX, 75; Colo.
XI, 114; XIV, 117; Idaho, XVII, 123; Mon.,

XVI, 129; N. Dak., XVIII, 15%; XX, 28",
35°, 112°, 136"; Ore., XIX, 134; S. Dak.,
XIII, 103; Wash., XII, 110—Nest, XIV,

117; XX, 75; photo., XIV, 117, 118; XVIII,
192°; miscl., XVIII, 115°, 1922.

Bowerbird, Spotted, see Chlamydodera mac-
ulata.

Bowles, Charles Warren:
from Washington, 110;
towhee in Oregon, 204.
XIII, a method of tree climbing, 138.
XIV, an elevated camp, 196.

Bowles, John Hooper: XI, tapeworm epi-
demic among Washington seabirds, 33; a
flight of shearwaters, 34; notes on Parus
rufescens in western Washington, 55.
XII, a pink-legged tern, 79; Anna hum-
mingbird, 125.

XIII, the pallid wren-tit (Chamaea fasci-
ata henshawi), 30; the western winter
wren (Nannus hiemalis pacificus) at San-
ta Barbara, 35; notes from Santa Barbara,
35; the troupial in California, 109; rev. of
his “notes extending the range of certain
birds on the Pacific slope’, 140.

XIV, early nesting of Allen hummingbird
at Santa Barbara, 77; the wood duck at
Santa Barbara, California, 225.

XV, white-throated sparrow in western
Washington, 41.

XVII, European widgeon in Washington,
102.

XVIII, a record of the golden plover in
the state of Washington, 31; a record of
the Forbush sparrow in the state of
Washington, 35; the house finch in the
state of Washington, 128; another record
of the widgeon in the state of Washing-
ton, 129; a recent record of the trumpeter

XII, some notes
the California

i

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 17

BOWLES
swan in the state of Washington, 171; the
dwarf screech owl in the state of Wash-
ington, 231.
XIX, the Baird sandpiper in the state of
Washington, 25; the arctic horned owl in
the state of Washington, 70; the winter
migration of 1916-17 in the northwest, 125;
two new records for the state of Wash-
ington, 187.
XX, northern owls again visit Washing-
ton, 45; two more records for the widgeon
in Washington, and other notes, 93,
Bowles, J. H., with Dawson, W. L.: XI, rev.
of their “the birds of Washington”, 176.

Bowles, J. H., with Howell, A. B.: XIV, the
shore birds of Santa Barbara, 5.

Boyce, John J.: XVI, the struggle for exist-
ence, 260.

Brachyramphus brevirostris (“Kittlitz Mur-
relet), Alaska, XI, 107°, 173"; XIV, 234°;
XVI, 74, 117.—Nest, XVI, 117.

craveri (*Craveri Murrelet), L. Calif.,
XI, 142", 143; XIII, 106—Nest, XI, 143;
XIII, 106; photo., XVII, 74; tax., XVII, 74;
miscl., XIII, 38.

hypoleucus (*Xantus Murrelet), Calif.,
Mn, 64, 65%, 193; XID, 170; XV, 86", 89; L.
Calif., XI, 8, 9, 98, 136, 184, 207°; XII, 74;
XIII, 33°, 151; XIV, 188; XV, 20, 208; Tepic,
XII, 79*.—Nest, XI, 8, 9, 136; XII, 184; XV,
86°, 89; photo., XII, 185; XVII, 74, 75; tax.,
MVIl, 74; miscl., XIII, 38"; XVIII, 236°;
XIX, 173°.

marmoratus (*Marbled Murrelet), Alas-
ey Xdive2s4*: XVI, 74, 118"; B. C., XIV,
21; XX, 184.—Miscl., XVI, 91°; XVII, 132°;
XX, 98°.

Bradbury, William Chace: XVII, notes on
the nesting of the white-tailed ptarmigan
in Colorado, 214.

XIX, notes on the black-crowned night
heron near Denver, 142; notes on ‘the
nesting habits of the Clarke nutcracker in
Colorado, 149.
XX; notes on the nesting habits of the
white-throated swift in Colorado, 103;
notes on the nesting of the mountain
plover, 157; nesting of the Rocky Moun-
tain jay, 197.
Brant, Black, see Branta nigricans.
Eastern Sea, see Branta bernicla glau-
cogastra.

Branta bernicla glaucogastra (Eastern Sea
Brant), Calif., XVI, 183.

canadensis canadensis (“Canada Goose),
Alaska, XVI, 78; Ark., XVII, 42; B. C., XX,
185; Calif., XIII, 130°; XIV, 34, 67, 148;
XVI, 232, 234"; XX, 71", 75"; Colo., XI, 13,
114; Idaho, XVII, 122; Mon., XIV, 23;
XVI, 129; N. Dak., XVIII, 58°; Ore., XIX,
134; XX, 44°; S. Dak., XIII, 103.—Fos.,
XII, 13; nest, XIV, 67, 143; XVI, 232; », O.8
75": photo, XIV, 68-72; prot., XVII, 211";
tax., XVI, 45, 123; miscl., XII, 52; XIV,
169°.

: BRYANT
canadensis hutchinsi (“Hutchins Goose),
Calif., XVIII, 39°; Colo., XI, 114.—Tax.,
XVI, 45, 123; miscl., XVI, 26°; XIX, 126°.
canadensis minima (*Cackling Goose),
Calif., XVIII, 32°, 39", 194, 196; Colo., XI,
114; Ore., XVI, 113.—Tax., XVI, 45, 123;
miscl., XVIII, 2282.
canadensis occidentalis (White-cheeked
Goose), Alaska, XVI, 78; XIX, 16.—Nest,
XVI, 78; tax., XVI, 45, 123; miscl., XIV, 72.
nigricans (*Black Brant), Calif., XVI,
at AVL L968 Ly Calif, el db2-y Nove
Brewster, William: XIII, courtship of the
American golden-eye or whistler (Clan-
gula clangula americana), 22.
British Honduras:
Peck, M. E., XII, 53.

British Ornithological Union, XI, rev. of
their committee’s report on “the immigra-
tion of summer residents in the spring of
UGKOie. 7335

Brooks, Allan: XV, biography, 69; photo-
graph, 70; unusual records for California,
182.

XVI, a sadly neglected matter, 115; the
races of Branta canadensis, 123; eye col-
or of juncos: a correction, 183.

Brooks, Winthrop Sprague: XVIII, rev. of
his “notes on birds from east Siberia and
arctic Alaska’, 237.

Brown, Herbert: XV, obituary notice, 186;
photograph, 186.

Brown, Wilmot Wood, Jr.: XI, communica-
tion: collecting in Lower California, 142.
Bryan, William Alanson: XVIII, rev. of his

“natural history of Hawaii”, 88.

Bryant, Harold Child: XIII, the relation of
birds to an insect outbreak in northern
California during the spring and summer
of 1911, 195.

XIV, rev. of W. L. McAtee’s “woodpeck-
ers in relation to trees and wood pro-
ducts”, 44; rev. of his “the relation of
birds to an insect outbreak in northern
California’, 45; rev. of R. H. Sullivan’s
“the economic value of bird life’, 110;
the present and future status of the Cali-
fornia valley quail (with map), 131;
egrets in California, 199; rev. of E. Gresch-
ick’s “magen- und gewolluntersuchungen
unserer einheimischen raubvogel”, 232.

XV, rev. of F. BE. L. Beal’s “food of our
more important flycatchers”, 46; rev. of
J. Hammond’s ‘an investigation concern-
ing the food of certain birds”, 48; rev. of
his “birds in relation to a grasshopper
outbreak in California’, 49; the results of
some miscellaneous stomach examina-
tions, 92; rev. of W. L. McAtee’s “index to
papers relating to the food of birds in the
publications of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 1885-1911”, 132; rev.
of J. Henderson’s “the practical value of

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

BRYANT
birds’, 159; rev. of “fifty common birds
of farm and orchard”, 189; rey. of H. C.
Bigglestone’s “a study of the nesting be-
havior of the yellow warbler (Dendroica
aestiva aestiva)’’, 231.
XVI, rev. of the “Oregon Sportsman”, 43;
more records of the emperer goose in Cal-
ifornia, 92; occurrence of the black-bellied
tree-duck in California, 94; albino anatids,
95; the Cooper Club member and scien-
tific work, 101; rev. of his “a determina-
tion of the economic status of the western
meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in Cali-
fornia”, 149; rev. of H. T. Payne's “game
birds and game fishes of the Pacific
coast”, 152; the eastern sea brant in Cal-
ifornia, 183; a survey of the breeding
grounds of ducks in California in 1914,
217; rev. of H. Chase’s “game protection
and propagation in America”, 263.
XVII, another record of the occurrence of
the emperer goose in California, 58; rev.
of Hornaday’s “wild life conservation”,
106; late nesting of the Townsend soli-
taire, 205.
XVIII, a note on the food of the northern
pileated woodpecker, 32; rev. of R. C. Mc-
Gregor’s “birds in their economic rela-
tion to man”, 89; F. E. L. Beal and eco-
nomic ornithology in California, 234.
XIX, stomach contents of an Oregon ruf-
fed grouse, 168; rev. of C. A. Wood’s “the
fundus oculi of birds especially as viewed
by the ophthalmoscope”, 174.
XX, evidence on the food of hawks and
owls in California, 126; a new bird for
Santa Catalina Island, 193.

Bryant, H. C., and Amy M.: XVII, a two

hours’ acquaintance with a family of water
ouzels, 98.

XVIII, a peculiar nesting site of ash-
throated flycatcher, 230.

Buarremon virenticeps (Green-headed Tow-

hee), Morelos, XI, 62.

Bubo bubo (Uhu Owl), food, XIV, 233.

sinclairi, fos., XIV, 44.

virginianus algistus (St. Michael Horn-
ed Owl), Alaska, XII, 42; Wash., XIX, 127.

virginianus elachistus (*Dwarf Horned
Owl), L. Calif., XI, 143°.

virginianus lagophonus (Ruddy Horned
Owl), Alaska, XII, 42; Colo., XII, 133;
Yukon, XI, 205.

virginianus neochorus, Newfoundland,
XVI, 151.

virginianus pacificus (*Pacific Horned
Owl)} Calif’, <i, 825) a7 Xavi, 1545) 156s,
2288: XVI, 31, 47, 210; XVII, 79; XVIII,
34; XX, 125, 127; Ore., XIII, 66.—Food, XV,
92 XVI, Bic: XX, 125; L275) fos:, Xa 13;
nest, XV, 228"; XVI, 47; photo.,-XVI, 49-
3; miscl., XX, 195°.

virginianus pallescens (*Western Horn-
ed Owl), Ariz., XI, 145; XIV, 53; XVIII,
210; Calif., XIV, 36; XVII, 207; Colo., XI,

BUTEO
14, 90*, 118; XII, 32; XIII, 158; XIX, 1528;
Idaho, XIV, 192; XVII, 125; XIX, 35; Mon.,
XIV, 26; XVI, 132; XVIII, 162; Ore., XIX,
136; Tex., XX, 40.—Nest, XI, 90", 91%, 145;
XX, 40; photo., XI, 146°; XIII, 154°.
virginianus saturatus (*Dusky Horned
Owl, "Pacific Horned Owl, ‘pacificus),
Alaska, XVI, 83; Calif., XVII, 192°, 194°;
XIX, 57%; Idaho, XVII, 125; Ore., XVIII,
76; Wash., XIX, 125; XX, 45.—Hbt., XIX,
125; migr., XIX, 125; photo., XIX, 125;
miscl., XI, 205; XII, 133.
virginianus subarcticus (Arctic Horned
Owl), Ark., XVII, 44; Iowa, XIII, 5%, 19°;
Tex., XIII, 44°—L. hist., XIII, 5%; food,
XIII, 5-18"; nest, XIII, 8"; photos, XIII, 5-
18*,
virginianus virginianus (*Great Horned
Owl), Ark., XVII, 44; Iowa, XIII, 5*-
19"; Tex., XIII, 44°—L. hist., XIII, 5%;
food, XIII, 5-18*; nest, XIII, 8*; photos,
XIII, 5-18*.
Budytes flavus plexus, Siberia, XVIII, 236.
Bufflehead, see Charitonetta albeola.
Bullfinch, Cuban, see Melopyrrha nigra.

Bunker, Charles D.: XII, habits of the black-
capt vireo, 70.

Bunting, Beautiful, see Passerina versi-
color pulchra.
Black-throated, see Spiza americana.
Indigo, see Passerina cyanea.
Lark, see Calamospiza melanocorys.
Lazuli, see Passerina amoena.
McKay Snow, see Plectrophenax hyper-
boreus.
Painted, see Cyanospiza ciris.
Snow, see Plectrophenax nivalis.

Burnett, William Lewis: XI, an early Colo-
rado ornithologist—William G. Smith, 197.
XVII, notes on some birds of Spring Can-
yon, Colorado, 148.

XIX, two albino English sparrows, 69.

Burns, Franklin Lorenzo: XIV, rev. of his
“a monograph of the broad-winged hawk
(Buteo platypterus)”, 45; communication:
range of Buteo p. platypterus, 109.

Burt, Homer C.: XIII, an early spring trip
to Anacapa Island, 164.

Bush-tit, California, see Psaltriparus mini-
mus californicus.

Coast, see Psaltriparus minimus mini-
mus. Ss

Lead-colored, see Psaltriparus plumbeus.

Lloyd, see Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi.

Puget Sound, see Psaltriparus minimus
saturatus.

Buteo abbreviatus (Zone-tailed Hawk, *Uru-
bitinga anthracina), Ariz., XVIII, 156-160;
Calif., XI, 69; XIX, 103; Tex., XII, 103.—
Nest, XVIII, 157-160; syn., XI, 69°.

borealis alascensis (Alaska Red-tailed
Hawk), Alaska, XI, 107; XIII, 213; XVI,
82, 91; XIX, 16.—Food, XVI, 82.

1919

BUTEO

borealis borealis (Red-tailed Hawk),
Ark., XVII, 43—Egegs, XVI, 164.

borealis calurus (*Western Red-tailed
Hawk), Alaska, XI, 210; XII, 42; Ariz.,
Ro eR OS sexe (60,1. 925 exaV LEE, 12110);
Calif:, XJ, 21, 170; 1858; XIII, 73, 131, 135,
205; XIV, 36; XV, 154°, 156", 199°, 201,
203; XVI, 30, 210; XVII, 79, 192; XIX, 59;
exe 72), 127; 191° Colo: XI, 14, 116; X11,
30; XVII, 98, 149; XX, 1077; Idaho, XVII,
124; XIX, 34; Mon., XIV, 25; XVI, 132;
XVIII, 161; Ore., XIII, 66; XVIII, 75; XIX,
132", 185; Tex., XIX, 162; XX, 40; Wash.,
XVI, 251, 253"°.—Flight, XVIII, 112; focd,
MV SOs XX 127; fos., KIL, 13°; XIV, 44";
nest, XIII, 66, 73; XV, 199%; XX, 40, 72,
191; prot., XIX, 148; miscl., XVI, 204;
XVIII, 63°.

borealis krideri (Krider Hawk), miscl.,
XX, 214.

lineatus alleni (Florida Red-shouldered
Hawk), Tex., XX, 40.—Nest, XX, 40.

lineatus elegans (*Red-bellied Hawk),
Calif., XIII, 161; XV, 228%; XVI, 146;
XVIII, 194, 197; XIX, 129; Colo., XIV, 148,
150.—Nest, XV, 228"; XVI, 146.

lineatus lineatus (Red-shouldered
Hawk), Ark., XVII, 43.

platypterus cubanensis (Cuban Broad-
winged Hawk), Cuba, XIV, 45.—Miscl.,
XIV, 109.

platypterus platypterus (*Broad-winged
Hawk), Ark., XVII, 43.—Anat., XII, 138°";
distb., XIV, 109; miscl., XIV, 45.

swainsoni (*Swainson Hawk), Ariz.,
XIV, 60; Ark., XVII, 48; Calif., XI, 170;
XII, 110°; XIII, 162, 209; XVI, 92; XVIII,
26, 169: Colo., XI, 14, 116; XII, 30; XIV,
92; Idaho, XIV, 192; XVII, 124; XIX, 34;
Mon., XIV, 25; XVI, 132; XVIII, 162°; XX,
191; N. Mex., XII, 162; XVII, 131°; N.
Dak., XVII, 223°; Ore. XIX, 135; Tex,
XVIII, 184°, 189°—Fos., XIV, 44°; migr.,
XVII, 131°; nest, XI, 92"; XVI, 132; XVII,
223": XX, 191; miscl., XVIII, 63°.

Butorides virescens anthonyi (*Anthony

Green Heron), Ariz., XIV, 62; XX, 169;
Calif., XII, 44°; XIII, 35, 160; XIV, 35, 199,
224: XV, 118, 157°; XVII, 59; XVIII, 223;
XIX, 57°, 156°; Tepic, XII, 76.—Tax., XIV,
231; miscl., XIII, 35; XIV, 62; XVII, 59.

virescens frazari (Frazar Green Heron),
L. Calif., XI, 10—Nest, XI, 10.

virescens maculata (Antillean Green
Heron), Cuba, XVIII, 147.

virescens virescens (*Green Heron),
Ark., XVII, 42; Kan., XI, 155, 156; Tex.,
ONS O— NESE xox, 1095) tA, XIV) woul;
misel., XIII, 214°.
Buturlin, Sergius A.: XII, Limonites rufi-
collis (Pall.) as an American bird, 44; the
true home of the spectacled eider, 46; the
little brown crane in California, 80.

Buzzard, Turkey, see Cathartes aura septen-

trionalis.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 19

CALIFORNIA
Cc

Cacique, Mexican, see Cassiculus melanic-
terus.

Caged birds:
Gifford, E. W.: XI, 84.
Palmer, T. S.: XIX, 168; XX, 123.

Calamospiza melanocorys (“Lark Bunting,
*Lark Finch), Ariz., XII, 110%; Calif., XII,
108; XVIII, 203, 205; Colo., XI, 16, 109,
121; XII, 37; XIV, 100; XVII, 150; Mon.,
XIV, 29, 218"; XVI, 139; Morelos, XI, 87, 89;
N. Mex., XII, 162°; N. Dak., XVII, 177%; S.
Dak., XIII, 95, 96; Tex., XV, 183; XVIII,
154", 185"—Discv., XVIII, 9°.

Calearius lapponicus alascensis (*Alaska
Longspur), Alaska, XII, 43; XVI, 86;
Calif. Sal; 445 110) (Colos, Xa 120" Sulive
151; Mon., XVI, 137; Yukon, XI, 206.—-
Miscl., XVI, 204°.

lapponicus lapponicus (Lapland Long-

spur), Colo., XIV, 108, 151; Mon., XIV, 28.
ornatus (*Chestnut-collared Longspur),

Ariz., XII, 45; Calif.. XX, 87; Mon., XVI,

IB GN Weiss RAMI ariCS, 5.0.6 ae oe ere,

XII, 100.—Disev., XVIII, 9°.

Calidris leucophaea (*Sanderling, "arenaria),
Alaska, XVI, 79; Calif., XI, 64, 65°, 194;
XIV, 9; XV, 155°; XVII, 207; XVIII, 103°,
105", 110°; Colo., XI, 115; Greenland, XIII,
80°; Ore., XVI, 114.—Photo., XVI, 7°; prot.,
XV, Loh

California:

In general:

Dawson, W. L., XVIII, 22.

Palmer, T. S., XIX, 66.

Wilder, H. E., XVIII, 127.

Alameda County:

Allen, A. S., XVII, 78, 235.

Bolander, L. P., XVI, 183; XVII, 131.

Grinnell, J., XVI, 28.

Hunt, R., XX, 125.

Newberry, W. C., XVIII, 65.

Pemberton, J. R., XII, 123.

Richards, W. W., XVII, 85.

Storer, T. I., XVII, 131.

Wythe, M. W., XVII, 101; XIX, 185.
Butte County:

Bryant, H. C., XVI, 217.

Del Norte County:

Clay, C. I., XVIII, 205; XIX, 71.
El Dorado County:

Law, J. E., XIV, 41.

Ray, M. S., XI, 194; XII, 128, 147; XIV, 67,
157; XV, 111, 198; XVI, 57; XX, 70.
Farallon Islands:

Dawson, W. L., XIII, 167, 171.

Fresno County:

Swarth, H. S., XIX, 129.

Tyler, J. G., XI, 81; XII, 193; XIII, 76, 168;
XV, 16; XVIII, 86, 167, 194; XIX, 167.

Wear, W., XVII, 234; XIX, 142.

Glenn County:

Grinnell, J., XIII, 138.

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

CALIFORNIA

Mailliard, J., XX, 122.

Palmer, T.S:, XX; 183:

Taylor, W. P., XIV, 222.
Humboldt County:

Bryant, H. C., XVI, 183.

Clay, C. I., XIII, 75; XIV, 74, 196; XV,
184; XIX, 25, 68.

Davis, J. M., XVI, 182; XX, 190.

Gilbert, C. H., XVIII, 81.

Grinnell, J., XII, 174.

Mailliard, J., XVIII, 198.

Marsden, H. W., XII, 110.

Palmer, T. S., XX, 188.

Smith, F. J., XVIII, 205; XIX, 24.

Storer, T. I., XVII, 98.

Swarth, H. S., XVII, 167.

Wilder, C. M., XV, 129.

Wilder, H. E., XVIII, 204.
Imperial County:

Brooks, A., XV, 182.

Bryant, H. C., XVI, 94.

Howell, A. B., with Van Rossem, A., XVII,
232.

Wiley, L., XVIII, 230; XIX, 142.

Wyman, L. E., XX, 192.
Inyo County:

Grinnell, J., XX, 86.

Swarth, H. S., XVIII, 130.
Kern County:

Howell, A. B., and Lamb, C., XV, 115.

Mailliard, J., XVI, 261.

Peyton, L., XX, 191.

Sheldon, H. H., XI, 168.

Swarth, H. S., XIII, 160.

Willett, G., XIX, 143.
Lassen County:

Ray, M. S., XVII, 70.,
Los Angeles County:

Bailey, F. M., XVIII, 100.

Chambers, W. L., XVI, 92; XVII, 102, 235.

Edwards, H. A., XVI, 207.

Gardner, L. L., XVI; 181; XVII, 99.

Grey, H., XVII, 59.

Grinnell, J., XII, 46.

Howell, A. B., XIV, 41; XVI, 93; XVII, 206.

Jay, A., XIII, 69, 75.

Law, J. E., XII, 174; XIV, 41; XVII, 96.

Linton, C. B., XI, 68; XIII, 109, 168.

Miller, L. H., XV, 41; XVI, 40; XVII, 165,
166.

Myers, H. W., XI, 131; XVI, 93; XVII, 183;
XVIII, 204.

Nokes, I. D., XVII, 98; XIX, 25.

Osburn, P. I., XI, 102, 208.

Palmer, T. S., XX, 188.

Perez, R. M., XII, 133.

Peyton, L., XII, 122.

Pierce, W. M., XVI, 94, 144, 146; XVII, 59,
166, 206; XVIII, 233.

Shepardson, D. I., XVII, 206.

Swarth, H. S., XII, 107; XVI, 183; XVII,
208, 205.

Taylor, W. P., XI, 69.

Van Rossem, A., XVI, 92; XVIII, 202.

Willett, G., XII, 174, 204; XIII, 76; XIV,
194; XVI, 183.

No. 13

CALIFORNIA

Wright, H., XI, 64.

Wyman, L. E., XVI, 145; XVII, 102; XVIII,
169, 203; XIX, 141, 185; XX, 192.
Madera County:

Mailliard, J., XVI, 204.

Marin County:

Carriger, H. W., XI, 207.

Grinnell, J., XI, 102, 138.

Hansen, H. E., XVIII, 231.

Mailliard, J., XI, 127; XIII, 50; XIV, 63,
194; XV, 43, 93; XIX, 69.
Pemberton, J. R., XI, 207.

Squires, W. A., XIX, 185.

Storer, T. I., XVII, 98.

Mariposa County:

Mailliard, J., XX, 11.

McLean, D. D., XVIII, 229.

Storer, T. I., XIX, 103.

Torrey, B., XII, 79.

Wythe, M. W., XVIII, 123.
Mendocino County:

Marsden, H. W., XI, 64.

Merced County:

Bryant, H. C., XIV, 199; XVI, 217.

Dawson, W. L., XVII, 97.

Mailliard, J., XX, 122.

Palmer, T. S., XX, 188.

Modoc County:

Grinnell, J., XX, 190.
Mono County:

Grinnell, J., XX, 86, 193.

Grinnell, J., and Storer, T. I., XTX, 165.

Howell, A. B., XVII, 206; XIX, 186.
Monterey County:

Pemberton, J. R., and Carriger, H. W.,
XVII, 189.

Silliman, O. P., XVII, 201, 204, 205, 207.
Orange County:

Chambers, W. L., XIX, 102.

Grey, H., XVII, 59.

Grinnell, J., XI, 128.

Judson, W. B., XVI, 41.

Lamb, C., XI, 208.

Miller, L. H., XX, 44.

Osburn, P. I., XIII, 108.

Van Rossem, A., XVI, 144.

Willett, G., XII, 46.

Wyman, L. E., XIX, 141.

Placer County:

Adams, E., XI, 102, 174.

Bryant, H. C., and Bryant, Amy M., XVII,
98.

Gifford, E. W., XIII, 109.

Ingersoll, A. M., XV, 81.

Ray, M. S., XIII, 108; XIV, 12, 142.
Plumas County:

Bryant, H. C., XVII, 205.

Smith, A, P., XX, 45.

Riverside County:

Bailey, F. M., XIX, 155.

Daggett, F. S., XVI, 250.

Grinnell, J., XIV, 154.

Jay, A., and Willett, G., XIII, 157.

Herron, R. B., XVIII, 205.

Miller, L. H., XV, 92.

Nokes, I. D., XIX, 24.

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 21

CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA
Pemberton, J. R., XVIII, 219. Santa Barbara Channel Islands:
Pierce, W. M., XVI, 182; XVII, 130, 166; Bryant, H. C., XX, 193.
XVIII, 85. Burt, H. C., XIII, 164.
Swarth, H. S., XII, 107; XVIII, 32. Dawson, W. L., XVII, 208, 205.
Willett, G., and Jay, A., XIII, 157. Howell, A. B., and Van Rossem, A., XIII,
Sacramento County: 208.
Grinnell, J., XIII, 111. Linton, C. B., XI, 102, 139, 193; XIII, 109.
Salton Sea Region: Mailliard, J., XX, 189.
Van Rossem, A., XIII, 129. Osburn, P. I., XIII, 76.
San Bernardino County: Peyton, S. B., XIX, 102.
Hanna, W. C., XI, 77; XVI, 146; XIX, 3; Snyder, G. K., XVI, 182.
XX, 126, 211. Snyder, G. K., and Wright, H., XV, 86.
amp, CG Si; o4° XIV, 32. Van Rossem, A., XIII, 208.
Law, J. E., XVIII, 81. Willett, G., XII, 170, 175.
Bierce: iW. M., XV, 227; XVIII, 34, 177:.. Wright, H. M., XV, 229.
Bees, 126. Wright, H. M., and Snyder, G. K., XV, 86.
Pierce, W. M., and Van Rossem, A., XVII, Santa Barbara County:
163. Bowles, J. H., XII, 125; XIII, 35, 109; XIV,
Shepardson, D. I., XIX, 168. 77, 225.
Swarth, H. S., XII, 109. Bowles, J. H., and Howell, A. B., XIV, 5.
Van Rossem, A., XVI, 145. | Dawson, W. L., XIV, 223; XV, 5, 153, 158;
Wall, E., XVII, 59. | XVII, 207.
Willett, G., XII, 44. Hox; V2, XV, 129:
San Diego County: Torrey, B., XI, 173, 174, 208; XII, 44, 79,
Carpenter, N. K., XIX, 22; XX, 90. 80, 204.
Dixon, J., XIV, 196; XVIII, 83. Van Rossem, A., XVIII, 171.
Dixon, J. B: XIV, 75> XVI, 47- | Wright, H. M., XV, 227.
Evermann, B. W., XVIII, 231. Santa Clara County:
Grey, H., XV, 128, 129; XVII, 59; XVIII, Carriger, H. W., and Ray, M. S., XIII, 73.
83; XIX, 102, 103; XX, 91, 126. Wright, H. W., XV, 184.
Huey, L. M., XV, 151, 228, 229; XVII, 57, Santa Cruz County:
59; XVIII, 58. Dawson, W. L., XVII, 8.
Ineersoll) “A. M., XI, 123); XEX, 187: Ray, M. S., XI, 18.
Miller, L. H., XX, 211. Shasta County:
Stephens, F., XII, 44; XV, 129; XVII, 96; Grinnell, J., XX, 190.
XVIII, 129. Kellogg, L., XIII, 118.
Torrey, B., XI, 173, 207. Siskiyou County:
Van Rossem, A., XVI, 145. Bryant, H. C., XVI) 217.
San Francisco County: Chamberlin, W. J., XVIII, 30.
Dawson, W. L., XVII, 19. Grinnell, J., XVI, 94; XX, 190.
Hansen, H. E., XVIII, 170; XIX, 22; XX, Solano County:
93. Bryant, H. C., XVI, 92.
Hansen, H. E., and Squires, W. A., XIX, Grinnell, J., XVI, 41.
54. Mailliard, J. W., XVIII, 85.
Mailliard, J., XVII, 235; XVIII, 30, 41, Palmer, T. S., XX, 188.
202, 232. | Sonoma County:
Palmer, T./S:,, XX, 188: Grinnell, J., XVI, 41.
Ray, M.S: SoVill, 222° XTX. 170; Mailliard, J., XIII, 50; XX, 192.
Schussler, G. W., XVIII, 35; XIX, 101, Shelton, A. C., XII, 19.
170; XX, 62. Squires, W. A., XVIII, 232.
Squires, W. A., XVII, 234; XVIII, 170, 202, | Stanislaus County:
228; XIX, 185. | Mailliard, J., XIII, 49; XIV, 74; XV, 228,
San Joaquin Valley: | XVIII, 228; XIX, 68.
Grinnell, J., XIII, 109. Sutter County:
San Luis Obispo County: | Henshaw, F. W., XIX, 24.
Dawson, W. L., XV, 55; XVII, 96. Tehama County:
Richmond, C. W., XVIII, 83. Grinnell, J.,. XX, 190.
Swarth, H. S., XIII, 160. Mailliard, J., XX, 138.
Willett, G., XI, 185. Trinity County:
San Mateo County: : Grinnell, J., XX, 190.
Grey, H., XV, 129. Kellogg, L., XIII, 118.
Littlejohn, C., XIV, 41; XX, 44. Mailliard, J., XX, 138.
Pemberton, J. R., XI, 207. Yuba County:
Ray, M. S., XI, 94; XIII, 210. Muller, C. C., XVII, 129; XVIII, 32.
Squires, W. A., XIX, 185. Ventura County:

Taylor, W. P., XIII, 211. | Appleton, J. S., XIII, 76.

22

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

CALIFORNIA

Dickey, D. R., XVI, 193.
Pemberton, J. R., XII, 18; XIX, 24.
Pemberton, J. R., and Arnold, R., XVIII,

86.
Peyton, L., XI, 207; XIII, 35; XVII, 230.
Peyton, S. B., XIX, 103.

Yolo County:
Bryant, H. C., XVII, 58.

Callipepla squamata castanogastris (Chest-

nut-bellied Sealed Quail), Tex., XII, 93;
XV, 182; XX, 39.—Nest, XX, 39.

squamata squamata ("Scaled Quail),
Ariz., XI, 40; XV, 227; XVIII, 210; Colo.,
XII, 30; N. Mex., XII, 163°.—-Nest, XV, 227;
miscl., XI, 39%.

Callocitta colliei (Long-tailed Jay), Tepic,

MOOG Tele
formosa, Guatemala, XI, 72.

Calothorax lucifer (Lucifer Hummingbird),

Morelos, XI, 58.

Calypte anna ("Anna Hummingbird), Ariz.,

XVI, 261; XVII, 102; Calif., XI, 171, 185°;
XU, 1253) NUT, 74, 32) XIV, Tis SV, 1129)
156", 1845 XVI, 32, 182; 210; XaVIl, 79;
164, 194; XVIII, 128, 204, 227; XIX, 60;
XX, 165 18> Le Calif, xX 137; 208"= -Xxav;
190; XV, 23.—Hbt., XII, 125; XIX, 168;
XOX, 123; nest, XII, 125; KITV, 77; XVI, 32,
182; XVIII, 227; miscl., XI, 108"; XIV, 76’;
OV, 412) 190% XVI; 2682 XDX 160) W6L-
XOX, 75".

costae ("Costa Hummingbird, "Ornismya
costae), Ariz., XIV, 61, 62; XVIII, 156°,
58) 160" SXexX,, 215) 168) (Calit. iV, 75%,
154; XVI, 146; XVIII, 27; XX, 1968; L.
Calif., XV, 23.—Disc., XX, 114; hbt., XIV,
106"; nest, XIV, 61; XVIII, 156"; XX, 168,
196"; photo., XIV, 76, 77; syn., XX, 114°;
miscl., XVI, 98°.

Cameron, Ewen S., XVII, obituary notice,

208.

Camptostoma imberbe ("Beardless Flycatch-

er), Honduras, XII, 58; Morelos, XI, 59;
Tepic, XII, 78; Tex., XII, 98%; XVIII, 129;
XX, 212.

Canachites canadensis atratus (Valdez

Spruce Grouse), Alaska, XII, 139.

canadensis canadensis (Spruce
Grouse), miscl., XII, 49*.

canadensis osgoodi (Alaska Spruce
Grouse), Alaska, XII, 42, 189; Yukon, XI,
204.

franklini ("Franklin Grouse), Alberta,
XIII, 212°; Idaho, XIV, 192; XVIII, 82;
Mon., XIV, 24; XVI, 131; XVIII, 162; Ore.,
XVIII, 21.—Discv., XVIII, 5°.

Canada.

British Columbia:
Anderson, E. M., XVII, 145.
Bicknell, F. T., XVI, 92.
Munro, J. A., XX, 3.
Swarth, H. S., XIV, 15.
Taverner, P. A., XX, 183.

CARPODACUS
Warburton, S., Jr., XX, 178.
Saskatchewan:
Goelitz, W. A., XX, 101.
Mitchell, H. H., XIX, 101.
Yukon:
Grinnell, J., XI, 202.

Cancroma zeledoni (Boat-bill), Tepic., XU,
76.

Canvasback, see Marila valisineria.
Caprimulgus vociferus, miscl., XVI, 190.

Caracara, Audubon, see Polyborus cheriway.
Guadalupe, see Polyborus lutosus.

Cardellina rubrifrons (*Red-faced Warbler),
Ariz., XI, 130°; XX, 21°, 168; Morelos, XI,
63.—Miscl., XVIII, 160*; XX, 98°.

Cardinal, see Cardinalis cardinalis cardi-
nalis.

. Arizona, see Cardinalis cardinalis super-
us.

Gray-tailed, see Cardinalis cardinalis
canicaudus.

Tres Marias, see Cardinalis cardinalis
mariae.

Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus (*Gray-
tailed Cardinal), Tex., XII, 99, 1008; XV,
183°; XX, 42.—Nest, XX, 42.

cardinalis cardinalis (*Cardinal, ?Red-
bird), Ark., XVII, 50; Kan., XI, 155, 156,
161; XV, 121; Tex., XVIII, 151", 152%, 185%
—Miscl., XII, 186; XVI, 255.

cardinalis igneus, L. Calif., XI, 11.—
Nest, XI, 11.

cardinalis mariae (Tres Marias Cardi-
nal), Tepic, XII, 78.

cardinalis superbus (*Arizona Cardinal),
Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 55*; XVII, 88; XVIII,
157-160, 213; Tex., XVIII, 218*.—Nest,
XVII, 88; XVIII, 157.

Carpenter, Nelson K.: XIX, western belted
kingfisher breeding in San Diego County,
California, 22.

XX, observations in a swallow colony, 90;
an odd nest of the song sparrow of Los
Coronados Islands, 124.

Carpodacus cassini ("Cassin Purple Finch),
Calif., XI, 102; XIII, 205; XIV, 37, 146,
159, 170; XV, 84, 203; XVI, 60; XVIII, 34;
SEX, 71, 78°) Colo; XE 16) 120; sexes
XIV, 98; Idaho, XIV, 193; XVII, 127; XIX,
39; Mon., XIV, 28, 2168; XVI, 136; XVIII,
162; Ore., XIX, 138; Utah, XV, 106", 109°.
—Disc., XVIII, 12°; food, XIII, 204; nest,
XIV, 146, 170; XV, 84; XX, 71, 78°; miscl.,
D.@ 1h) Wy G-Fie G-1 a. @ es oy foe

mexicanus clementis (*San Clemente
House Finch), Calif., XII, 50°, 51°, 172;
XIII, 210: XV, 91; Le. (Calif, Xd 00 setaiy
XIII, 32; XIV, 190; XV, 23—Nest, XIII,
210; XIV, 190; miscl., XIX, 173.

mexicanus frontalis (*House Finch,
"Linnet), Ariz., XII, 35°, 110°; XIV, 56°;
VII, 163°; Calif, XI, 34, 169%; 12 esas;
XII, 171°; XIII, 74, 132, 162, 181; XIV, 14,

1919

CARPODACUS
58, 107", 146; XV, 119, 154%, 157°, 200, 2013;
XVI, 34, 55, 60; XVII, 80, 100, 192°, 200,
204; XVIII, 203°, 227; XIX, 60; XX, 15;
Colo., XI, 70°, 120; XII, 35; XIV, 98; XVI,
265; XVII, 150; Idaho, XIII, 108; L. Calif.,
XIII, 152; XV, 23; Nev., XII, 88; Ore.,
XIII, 68; XIX, 138; Tex., XIII, 46°; Wash.,
XVIII, 128.—Destr., XVI, 55; disev., XVIII,
6"; eggs, XII, 16°; nest, XI, 34; XIII, 82;
XIV, 56", 146; XV, 200; XVII, 100, 163",
204; XIX, 166; nomen., XVIII, 30; parst.,
XVII, 100, 204; photo., XII, 16; plum., XV,
184; XVI, 94, 154, 265; miscl., XI, 168;
Ma, A77?s XII 39%, 71", 82; XVII, 30, 98>,
Zab”:
mexicanus obscurus, Colo., XVI, 265.
mexicanus rhodocolpus (*Cuernevaca
House Finch), Morelos, XI, 57; Tepic, XII,
8s 192.
purpureus californicus (*California Pur-
ple Finch), Calif., XI, 21, 102; XIII, 120;
XV, 157%; XVI, 34, 60, 196", 210; XVII, 80,
199; XVIII, 194, 198, 224; XIX, 60; Ore.,
XVIII, 77; XIX, 46°, 58", 99°—Nest, XVII,
199.
purpureus purpureus (Purple Finch),
Ark., XVII, 47.—Food, XVII, 47.
Carriger, Henry Ward, with Pemberton, J.
R.: XI, western robin at Novato, 207; Wil-
son phalarope near San Francisco, 207.
XVII, a partial list of the summer resi-
dent land birds of Monterey County, Cal-
ifornia, 189.
XVIII, snakes as nest robbers, 233.
Carriger, Henry Ward, with Ray, M. S.:
XIII, an April day list of Calaveras Valley
birds, 73.
Cassiculus melanicterus ("Mexican Cacique),
Tepic, XII, 75, 77*°.—Nest, XII, 77°.
Catbird, see Dumetella carolinensis.

Catharista occidentalis (Western

Vulture), fos., XII, 18, 14, 48.
shastensis, fos., XIV, 44.
urubu ("Black Vulture, "atrata), Ariz.,

XX, 24; Salvador, XVI, 11°; Tepic, XII,

74, 798: Tex., XX, 38°, 40.—Fos., XII, 14;

nest, XX, 40.

Cathartes aura septentrionalis (*Turkey
Vulture, "Buzzard), Ariz., XIV, 63; XVIII,
156”, 210; Ark., XVII, 42; Calif., XI, 21,
81", 84%, 170, 185%; XIII, 131, 135, 205;
XIV, 35, 107°; XV, 156", 218; XVI, 30, 70;
evan 192)" Xx. HV"; (Colo: XI, 14) 0065;

Black

XII, 30; XIV, 928; XVII, 149; Idaho, XVII, |
123: XIX, 32; Kan., XI, 155, 157; L. Calif,
Ore., |

Mon., XIV, 25;

XIII, 152; XV, 22;
XIX, 135; S. Dak.,

XII, 66; XVIII, 75;

XVIII, 130; Tepic, XII, 74, 79*; Tex., XIU, |
44*, 45>: XVIII, 152", 183", 216%; XX, 38%, |

40.—Fos., XII, 13, 15", 19"; XIV, 44°; nest,
XI, 92"; XX, 40; miscl., XIX, 107°.
Cathartornis gracilis, fos., XIII, 79.
Catharus melpomene clarus_ (Solitaire),
Morelos, XI, 64.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 23

CERORHINCA
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus (“Nevada
Canyon Wren), Ariz., XI, 73°; XII, 110°;
XIV, 56; XX, 168; Calif., XIV, 40, 231;
Colo., XI, 33°; L. Calif., XI, 20S Nexs NOXe
sarees XX, 43; miscl., XII, 132; XVIII,
mexicanus mexicanus (*Mexican Can-
sia Wren), Morelos, XI, 63; Tex., XVIII,
mexicanus polioptilus, Ariz., XI, 73.
mexicanus punctulatus (*Dotted Can-
yon Wren, "Auburn, ‘Ridgway, ‘Troglo-
dytes mexicanus, Calif., XI, 21, AW PIR Pe
132; XIII, 111; XV, 1573; XVI, 210; XVIII,
13%, 29, 194, 198; XIX, 130; Ore., XVIII,
22; XIX, 140.—Nest, XII, 132; nomen.,
XVIII, 33, 82, 83; syn., XI, 73”: miscl.,
XIII, 30"; XV, 180°.
Catheturus lathami (Australian Brush Tur-
key), nest, XIX, 88.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus
(“Western Willet, "Symphemia), Calif., XI,
194; XII, 173, 204; XIV, 9; XVII, 207;
SVE e O22 ye l03% el 22 8h x bXen lh Ge:
Colo., XI, 116; XIV, 128: i. Calif., XIII,
152; N. Mex., XII, 163; Ore., XIX, 134;

Tepic, XII, 76°—Eggs, XV, 146; photo.,
XV, 145; XVI, 8"; miscl., XVI, 25".
semipalmatus semipalmatus (*Willet),

N. Dak., XX, 34", 113"; Tex., XVIII, 155",
188".—Eggs, XV, 146; photo., XV, 145.

Centrocercus urophasianus (*Sage Grouse,
*Sage Hen), Calif., XIX, 187; Colo., XI, 14;
XIV, 91; Idaho, XVI, 1207, 122; XIX, 32;
Mon., XIV, 25; Ore., XIII, 65; XIX, 133°,
135; Wash., XVI, 251.—Destr., XVII, 240°;
disev., XVIII, 5°; photo., XIX, 38; prot.,
XIV, 229°, 230°; miscl., XVIII, 6%.

Centurus aurifrons (*Golden-fronted Wood-
pecker), Tex., XII, 99, 102%; XVIII, 1892,
214"; XX, 41.—Nest, XX, 41.

carolinus (*Red-bellied Woodpecker),
Ariz, XOX, 24> Ark, X@VIl, 45° Kan., 2d:
155, 158; XV, 120; Tex., XVIII, 185°.

elegans (Elegant Woodpecker),
KONE Yh

superciliaris (Cuban Ladder-backed
Woodpecker), Cuba, XVIII, 147.

uropygialis uropygialis (*Gila Wood-
pecker), Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 55-60; XVII,
86%, 152-159; XOX, 169; Calif., XVII, 233;
Tex., XII, 102.—Nest, XIV, 56; XVII, 152;
note, XVII, 153; photo., XIV, 55; XVII,
154-159; miscl., XI, 52", 147", 148".

Cepphus columba (*Pigeon Guillemot, "Sea
Pigeon), Alaska, XVI, 74; XVII, 37; B. C.,
XUVe ol ORV, LAGRS NOX. BA (Calif. OCI
96, 186; XII, 171°, 172; XIII, 174; XV, 88°,
89; XVIII, 35, 222; XIX, 58, 62%, 71; Ore.,
XVI, 110.—Nest, XI, 186; XII, 172; XIII,
4 exCVe Sos XVI, Was» SOV 3, oS 68:
MVilte 3b, 222: KOUX, TL; photo, XA, 96;
MIM, WI": misel., XVII, 236°.

Cerorhinca monocerata (*Rhinoceros Auk-

Tepic,

CERORHINCA

let), Alaska, XVI, 73; XVII, 30; Calif., XI,
64, 65", 193; Ore., XVI, 110.—-Nest, XVI,
73; XVII, 30; photo., XVII, 30, 33; miscl.,
XVIII, 236°.
Certhia familiaris americana (*Brown Creep-
er), Ark., XVII, 55.—Miscl., XI, 93°.

familiaris montana (*Rocky Mountain
Creeper), Colo., XI, 121; XX, 199"; Idaho,
XIV, 194; XVII, 128; Mon., XIV, 31; XVI,
142; XVIII, 168; N. Mex., XIV, 115";
Wash., XII, 138.

familiaris occidentalis (*California
Creeper, "Tawny Creeper), Alaska, XVI,
88; XVII, 28; B. C., XIV, 21; Calif., XI, 21;
ASVIT, 192°) 199; (Ore:, =XDXS 528 W140:
Wash., XII, 168; XIX, 143.—Nest, XII, 168;
XVII, 199; XIX, 143; miscl., XII, 177°.

familiaris zelotes (*Sierra Creeper),
Calif., XIV, 40, 166°, 1768; XV, 85, 203;
XVI, 38; XX, 76.—Distb., XIII, 140; nest,
XIV, 166°; XX, 76; miscl., XV, 81°.
Ceryle alcyon alcyon (*Belted Kingfisher,
"Streptoceryle), Ark., XVII, 44; Colo., XI,
14, 118; XII, 32; XIV, 93; Idaho, XIV, 192;
ROVE, 21s OXSVA, eZ xenxe Sb Kane:
155, 156, 158; Mon., XIV, 26; XVI, 133;
XVIII, 162; Tex., XIX, 162°.—Miscl., XII,
139.

aleyon caurina ("Western Belted King-
fisher, "Northwestern, ‘aleyon, “Strepto-
ceryle), Alaska, XII, 139; XVI, 83, 91; B.
C., XIV, 21; XVIII, 4%; XX, 186; Calif., XI,
21 Asbo EXO ZOE EXTVas bene ban.
156%, 202°; XVI, 31; XVII, 193°; XVIII, 86°,
Utes PPE DAD. Pe UNE DOC UP WRI" IEE
Calif, SIy 131os) NA tb 2c exeVe noes Oren
XVIII, 76°; XIX, 9", 186; Wash., XVI, 251°,
253°.—Anat., XIX, 91°; food, XIII, 204;
nest, XV, 202°; XVIII, 76°, 227°; XIX, 22;
XX. 73"; photo, XX> 71"; miscl, XVIL, 26;
56"; XIX, 148°.

americana septentrionalis (Texas King-
fisher), Ariz., XII, 110; Tex., XX, 41.

cabanisi, Tepic, XII, 77.

torquata (Great Rufous-bellied King-
fisher), Tepic, XII, 77.—Miscl., XVI, 26.

Chachalaca, see Ortalis vetula maccalli.

Chaemepelia passerina aflavida (Cuban
Ground Dove, “*Columbigallina), Cuba,
XVIII, 147*.—Nest, XVIII, 147°.
passerina pallescens ("Mexican Ground
Dove, "Columbigallina), Ariz., XIII, 54;
XIV, 53, 58", 59", 62"; XVIII, 210; XX, 169;
Calif., XVII, 207, 233; XVIII, 83, 84, 230;
Morelos, XI, 63; Tepic, XII, 76°, 78°; Tex.,
XII, 95; XVIII, 214°—Hbt., XIII, 54; nest,
XIII, 54; XIV, 62%; XX, 169:
Chaetura pelagica (*Chimney Swift), Ark.,
XVII, 45; Kan., XI, 155,.159; Mon., XVII,
114"; N. Dak., XX, 176*.—Miscl., XI, 139.
vauxi (“Vaux Swift), Alaska, XIII, 211;
MOVIL, 845) Califs ex Ll Xavi bie S85
XVII, 164; XVIII, 26; XX, 16, 18; Mon.,
VIT, W4s) XSVIML -al628s) Ores en 1305

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

CHARITONETTA
XVIII, 76; XIX, 96", 136—Discv., XVIII,
9°; miscl., XVI, 25%; XVII, 9.
Chaffinch, see Fringilla coelebs.

Chamaea fasciata fasciata (Intermediate
Wren-tit, *intermedia), Calif., XI, 21°,
18585 SI 7455 XV, 1781S mexyl 39;
XVII, 80, 84", 85", 196; XVIII, 65; XIX,
56*.—Discv., XVIII, 11°; hbt., XV, 181; 1.
hist., XVIII, 65; nest, XVIII, 91"; song, XV,
178-181; photo., XVII, 84°; XVIII, 65, 66;
miscl., XVIII, 12°; XX, 98".

fasciata henshawi (*Pallid Wren-tit),
Calif., XIII, 30, 121; XIV, 107%; XV, 156";
XVI, 210; L. Calif., XIII, 153; XV, 248—
Food, XIII, 30; hbt., XIII, 30; nest, XIII,
30.

fasciata phaea ("Northern or Coast
Wren-tit), Ore., XVIII, 80; XIX, 49*.

Chamberlin, Willard Joseph: XVIII, a gold-
en-crowned sparrow lost on Mount Shasta,
30.

Chambers, Willie Lee: XIV, who will save

the band-tailed pigeon?, 108.

XV, more band-tailed pigeon notes, 41.

+ XVI, hooded merganser near Los Ange-
les, 92.

XVI, California condor in Los Angeles
County, 102; history of a nest of the
green-backed goldfinch, 166; western
bluebird nesting in Los Angeles, 235.

XVIII, a new fly trap, 83; decoys used by
market hunters in slaughtering band-
tailed pigeons, 170; hummingbird mis-
takes scarlet.yarn for a flower, 202.

XIX, early nesting of the San Diego song
sparrow, 102.

Chandler, Asa Crawford: XVI, rev. of With-
erby’s “the sequence of plumages of the
rook”, 45.

XVIII, rev. of his ‘a study of the struct-
ure of feathers, with reference to their
taxonomic significance’, 207.

Chapman, Frank Michler: XI, rev. of his

“camps and cruises of an ornithologist”,
71.

XII, rev. of his “the habitat groups of
North American birds in the American
museum of natural history”, 48.

XX, rev. of his “the distribution of bird-
life in Colombia”, 95.

Charadrius apricarius (European Golden
Plover, “pluvialis), eggs, XV, 197; syn.,
DOV alters

dominicus dominicus (*Golden Plover),
Alaska, XVI, 80; Ariz., XIII, 37"; Calif,
XI, 207; Colo., XI, 116; Ore., XVI, 114;
Wash., XVIII, 31; Yukon, XI, 204.—Eggs,
XV, 150, 197; photo., XV, 147; miscl., XV,
186°".

Charitonetta albeola (Bufflehead), Alaska,
XV, 7T; Calif.; Xl, 130) 134s xoivaesee
XVIII, 194, 196; Colo., XI, 113; Idaho,
XVII, 122; Mon., XVI; 128: Ones eave

a

1919

CHARITONETTA
112; Yukon, XI, 204.—Miscl., XVI, 25.

Chase, Henry: XVI, rev. of his “game pro-
tection and propagation in America”, 263.
Chat, Long-tailed, see Icteria virens longi-

cauda.
Yellow-breasted, see Icteria virens vir-
ens.

Chaulelasmus streperus (*"Gadwall), Alaska,
XI, 1078; XVI, 76; Ariz., XVIII, 214; Calif.,
XVI, 222, 234°; XVIII, 194, 195; XIX, 1567-
1582Colo. 261, 13, Ld XI 29s) XT: 122"
XIV, 89; L. Calif, XV, 21, 184; Mon., XVI,
128; N. Dak., XVIII, 15%, 54%; XX, 272.
Destr., XVI, 236°; nest, XVI, 222.

Chen caerulescens (*Blue Goose),
XV, 43; XX, 56°.

hyperborea .hyperborea (*Lesser Snow
Goose), Calif., XVII, 204; Colo., XI, 113;
Mon., XVI, 1267, 128; S. Dak., XIII, 103.—
Misc., XV, 43.

hyperborea nivalis
Goose), Colo., XI, 113.

rossi (Ross Snow Goose), Ariz., XX, 24;
Calif., XVIII, 194, 196; Mon., XVI, 129.

Chickadee, see Penthestes atricapillus atri-

capillus.

Bailey,
eyae.

Black-capped, see Penthestes atricapil-
lus atricapillus.

Carolina, see Penthestes carolinensis
carolinensis.

Chestnut-backed, see Penthestes rufes-
cens rufescens.

Chestnut-sided,
cens rufescens.

Hudsonian, see Penthestes hudsonicus
hudsonicus.

Long-tailed, see Penthestes atricapillus
septentrionalis.

Mountain, see Penthestes gambeli gam-
beli.

Oregon, see Penthestes atricapillus oc-
cidentalis.

Plumbeous, see Penthestes carolinensis
agilis.

Santa Cruz, see Penthestes rufescens
barlowi.

Short-tailed Mountain, see Penthestes
gambeli abbreviatus.

Texas, see Penthestes carolinensis agi-
lis.

Valdez Chestnut-backed, see Penthestes
rufescens vivax.

Western, see Penthestes atricapillus cc-
cidentalis.

Chicken, Prairie, see Tympanuchus ameri-
canus.

Calif.,

(Greater Snow

see Penthestes gambeli bail-

see Penthestes rufes-

Chili:
Beck, R. H.: XVI, 187; XVII, 133.
Chlamydodera maculata (Spotted Bower-

bird), Aust., XIV, 46.—Food, XIV, 46.
Chloridops kona, Hawaii, XVIII, 89.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 25

CINCLUS
Chondestes grammacus grammacus (*Lark
Sparrow, *Lark Finch), Ark., XVII, 48;

Tex., XII, 99; XVIII, 154*, 189*—Disc.,
XVIII, 6%, 9°.
grammacus strigatus (*Western Lark

Sparrow), Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 61; Calif.,
XI, 102, 169°, 172; XII, 44, 193"; XIII, 74,
133; XIV, 38, 1072; XV, 119, 157°; XVI, 35,
58; XVII, 200; XX, 190, 212"; Colo., XI,
16, 120; XII, 36; XIV, 84°, 99; Idaho, XVI,
121°, 122; Mon., XVI, 138; Morelos, XI,
57; Ore:, XII, 68; XIX, 133", 188; S. Dak,
XIII, 95, 103"; Tex., XVII, 8°; XVIII, 152°;
XX, 42.—Nest, XVI, 58; XVII, 200; XX, 42,
2125.
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior, distb., XVI,
190.
acutipennis micromeris, distb., XVI, 190.
acutipennis texensis (*Texas Night-
hawk), Ariz., XIV, 56; XVII, 88; Calif.,
XIII, 135, 160; XIV, 36, 222; XV, 184; XVI,
210; XVII, 96; XVIII, 26, 169; XIX, 159°;
Colo., XIV, 148, 156; Colombia, XX, 96;
Morelos, XI, 63; Tepic, XII, 77, 79"; Tex.,
XII, 103; XIII, 45°; XX, 41—Hbt., XV, 184;
nest, XIV, 222; XVII, 96; photo., XIV, 223.
rupestris rupestris, distb., XVI, 190.
rupestris zaleucus, distb., XVI, 190.
virginianus aserriensis, distb., XVI, 190.
virginianus chapmani (*Florida Night-
hawk), Tex., XVII, 8*.
virginianus henryi (*Western Night-
hawik)s) Amize. ssoxen 2 Colo.) xe aL bse
XII, 33; XIV, 94-97; Idaho, XVII, 125; XIX,
S65) Kan, 2X1, 155, 159; Mon, XV; 26:
RVI, W4s XVII 162 Ore, XA (6%:
Wash., XVI, 251, 253°.—Discv., XVIII, 13;
nest, XIV, 94; photo., XIV, 93, 95, 97.
virginianus hesperis (‘Pacific Night-
hawk), Ariz., XX, 24; Calif., XIII, 205;
XIV, 14; XV, 82%, 208; XVI, 98; XVII, 164;
MV, 34, L79s sxx, 169; Xex, -72; 7855
Idaho, XVII, 125; Ore., XVIII, 76.—Destr.,
XV, 82°: food, XV, 92; nest; XV, 14;
MOVIL, 79's XSPX.) WIGS) XEX, 7823) photos;
XIV, 14; XVIII, 179; miscl., XIX, 73°.
virginianus howelli, distb., XVI, 190.
virginianus sennetti (Sennett Night-
hawk), Kan., XI, 155, 159; Mon., XIV, 27.
virginianus virginianus (*Nighthawk),
ATi exoVilln 455 9Kan., cl; 1155; 159: NE
Mex., XII, 1827; S. Dak., XIII, 101; Tex.,

XI, 100: Xsvill, 154%) 183"; 189*:—Nest,
XII, 182°.

Chuck-wills-widow, see Antrostomus caro-
linus.

Ciconia maltha, fos., XII, 13, 14; XIII, 79.

Cinclus mexicanus unicolor (*Dipper, »Wat-
er Ouzel), Alaska, XVI, 88; B. C., XIV,
21: Calif, XI, 19>, 20°, 21; XIII, 205; XV,
203; XVII, 98, 192°, 196; XVIII, 29; XIX,
13>, 14, 169: XX, 13, 70, 78; Colo., XII, 38;
XIV, 102; XVII, 95; Idaho, XIV, 193;
XVII, 128: XIX, 41; Mon., XIV, 31; XVI,

26 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

CINCLUS

142; XVIII, 163; Ore., XVIII, 80; XIX,
8", 133", 189; Yukon, XI, 207.—Discv.,
XOVILUT 123) Nt, ol NG Loe. Noke ola mest,
XVII, 98, 196; XIX, 169; XX, 14, 70, 78; XII, rev. of F. H. Allen’s “notes on New
miscl., XI, 49», 199°; XIV, 178"; XVI, 25°, England birds by Henry D. Thoreau”,
ibot:, Vill, LOU Zoi 206.

Circus cyaneus cernuus, Siberia, XVIII, 236. XIII, rev. of G. H. Trafton’s “methods of

hudsonius ("Marsh Hawk), Alaska, XVI, attracting birds”, 38.

81; Ariz., XIII, 53°; Ark., XVII, 43; Calif., | Coccothraustes, see Hesperiphona.
XIII, 131, 166; XIV, 36; XVI, 30; XVII, | Coccyzus americanus americanus (*Yellow-

COLAPTES
Clifton, Harry Trumbull: XI, rev. of H. W.
Wright’s “birds of the Boston Public
Garden”, 143.

163; XIX, 186; XX, 18, 127; Colo., XI, 14,
116; XIV, 92; XVII, 98; Idaho, XVII, 124;
MLK, 82; L. Calif, XD 2085 XV, 22; Mon,
XV Zo OSV 99s 2A Nav ol Nee x,
XII, 162°; XVII, 131°; N. Dak., XVII, 174°,
A G-likiey 22a SGV LOL peso OOS aan,
Tatts GbIBRS Alby BYES (OreK, DONE (85 [Sp
Dak., XIII, 103; XVIII, 130; Tex., XVIII,
154*; XX, 40; Wash., XVI, 251, 253°; Yu-
kon, XI, 204.—Food, XIII, 66; XX, 127;
fOS:, <UL Lo ht keVe, O9Fe mie. oxcvill,
Asie: nest, XGV, 99) W218. KEK WS6s XEXs
40, 111"; photo., XV, 100-103; miscl., XI,
88"; XIV, 98; XIX, 103°.

Cissilopha san-blasiana san-blasiana (San
Blas Jay), Tepic, XII, 77.

Cistothorus, see Telmatodytes.

Clangula clangula americana (*American
Golden-eye, "Whistler), Alaska, XVI, 77;
Ariz., XIV, 154; B. C., XX, 59; Calif., XIV,
34; Colo., XI, 113; Mass., XIII, 22; Mon.,
XIV, 23; XV, 94°; XVI, 128; N. Dak., XVII,
ooR el Saini, GS byGe oe: py albybRiy:
1772: Ore., XVI, 112; Yukon, XI, 204.—
Courtship, XIII, 22; hbt., XX, 135°; draw-
ings, XIII, 23; miscl., XIX, 126°; XX, 4°.

islandica (*Barrow Golden-eye, 'Buce-
phala), Alaska, XVI, 77; B. C., XX, 3-5;
Calif., XIII, 50; XIV, 41; XVIII, 39%; Colo.,
XI, 113.—Food. XX, 5; hbt., Xx, 3-5; nest,
KONG 4° gym, Xn 24es

Clark, Austin Hobart: XII, rev. of his birds

of the north Pacific and adjacent shores,
138.

Clarke, Frank Cuthbert: XV, preliminary re-

port upon the disease occurring among the
ducks of the southern San Joaquin Valley
during the fall of 1913, 214.

Clay, Charles Irvin: XIII, the spotted owl in
northern California, 75; some diving notes
on cormorants, 138.

XIV, the evening grosbeak in Humboldt
County, California, 74; paroquet auklet
in Humboldt County, 196.

XV, artificial hatching of a Cassin auk-
let, 93; a winter home of the Anna
hummingbird, 184.

XVIII, a new breeding record for Califor-
nia, 205.

XIX, notes on the California jay in Hum-
boldt County, 25; a new record for Cali-
fornia, 68; Del Norte County bird notes,
Tl

billed Cuckoo), Ark., XVII, 44; Colo., XIV,
148, 156; Kan., XI, 155, 158; N. Dak., XVII,
2238; S. Dak., XIII, 97; Tex., XVIII, 185°;
XX, 40.—Nest, XX, 40; miscl., XIV, 46°.

americanus’ occidentalis (*California
Cuckoo), Calif., XI, 169%, 171; XII, 174;
XIII, 19, 69; XIV, 36; XVIII, 83%, 84; Colo.,
XIV, 148; XVII, 150; Ore:, XIII, 66; Tex.,
XIX, 162.—Hbt., XIII, 69-73; nest, XI, 169°;
XIII, 19, 69; photo., XIII, 70-72.

erythrophthalmus (Black-billed Cuckoo)
Ark., XVII, 44; Colo., XVII, 150.

Coereba ferryi (Ferry Honey Creeper), Lee-

ward Islands, XII, 49.
lowii (Low Honey Creeper), Leeward
Islands, XII, 49.

Colaptes auratus auratus (Flicker), Kan.,

XVII, 129; Morelos, XI, 63.

auratus borealis (*Boreal Flicker),
Calif., XVI, 188; XVIII, 39*—Tax., XVI,
188.

auratus luteus ("Northern Flicker, ?au-
ratus cafer), Alaska, XVI, 84; Ark., XVII,
45; Colo., XI, 118; Kan., XI, 155, 158; XV,

120; XVII, 129"; Mon., XIV, 26; N. Dak., -

XVII, 2238 XOX, 279, 34% 1763s Snakes
XIII, 102°; Tex., XV, 182".—Hybrid, XX,
142"; miscl., XIII, 209.

auratus luteus—cafer collaris (*Hybrid
Flicker, *’auratus—cafer), B. C., XX, 142°;
Calif., XII, 107.—Miscl., XI, 103°; XX, 216".

eafer collaris (*Red-shafted Flicker),
Ariz., XII, 110%; XVII, 159; B. C., Vil
4°: Calif., XII, 130°, 149"; XIII, 74, 119,
132, 135, 163, 204, 209; XIV, 36, 144, 147°;
XV, 91, 119, 156%, 203; XVI, 32, 68, 210;
XVII, 80, 195, 233; XVIII, 11%, 227; XIX,
60; XX, 72, 73%, 74°; Colo., XI, 15, 118;
XII, 32; XIV, 94; XVII, 98, 150; Idaho,
XVII, 125; XIX, 36; Kan. XI, 158; L.
Calif., XIV, 190; Mon., XII, 196%, 200%;
XIV, 26; XVI, 184; XVII, 111; XVIII, 162;
Nev., XII, 86; N. Mex., XII, 182%; XIV,
114": Ore., XIII, 67; XIX, 98", 136; Tex.,
XV, 182.—Eggs, XII, 15°; flight, XVIII,
112: food, XIII, 203-206; XVIII, 32°; hbt.,
XVIII, 85; nest, XII, 179°; XII, 67; XIV,
94, 144, 147"; XVI, 32, 68; XVIII, 227; XX,
72, 73, 748; photo., XII, 15"; plum., XVII,
82: miscl., XI, 174; XII, 107"; XVII, 190°.

cafer saturatior (Northwestern Flicker,
“Flicker, "auratus cafer, ‘auratus), Alas-
ka, XVI, 84; B. C., XIV, 21; XX, 186°;
Calif., XVI, 188; Ore., XI, 139; XVIU, 76.—

1919

COLAPTES
Hybrid, XX, 142”; miscl., XVI, 56°.
chrysoides mearnsi (*Mearns Gilded

Flicker, *chrysoides), Ariz., XIV, 57°, 59-
60°; XVII, 158", 160; XVIII, 212; XX, 169°;
Calif., XVII, 233.—Nest, XIV, 57°; XVII,
160; photo., XVII, 161, 162; miscl., XI,
147-148", 201°.
Colburn, Albert Ernest: XVII, dwarf cow-
bird on the Coronado Islands, 165.
XIX, the goshawk in southern California
and Arizona, 185.
Colinus graysoni nigripectus, Morelos, XI,
64.
ridgwayi (Masked Bob-white), Ariz., XV,
186.
virginianus texanus (*Texas Bob-white),

Tex., XII, 95; XV, 182-186"; XxX, 39.—
Nest, XX, 39.
virginianus virginanus (*Bob-white),

Ark., XVII, 42; Colo., XI, 116; Idaho, XVII,
123; Kan., XI, 155, 157; Mon., XIV, 24;
Ore. XIII, 65; S. Dak., XIII, 104: Tex.,
XVIII, 1548; Wash., XVI, 253-254.—Miscl.,
XIV, 136°; XV, 190°; XVI, 27°; XIX, 128°.

Collyriocichla harmonica (Gray _ Shrike-
thrush), Aust., XIV, 46—Food, XIV, 46.

Color standards and nomenclature:
Dawson, W. L., XV, 211, 212.

Colorado:

Bent, A. C., XVII, 130.

Bradbury, W. C., XVII, 214; XIX, 143, 149;
NEXENTOS) Lot, LOK.

Burnett, W. L., XVII, 148.

Cooke, W. W., XIV, 147; XV, 104.

Felger, A. H., XI, 68.

Figgins, J. D., XV, 158.

Frey, J. W., XI, 70.

Henderson, J., XVIII, 36; XIX, 141.

Hersey, J. C., XIII, 109.

Hersey, L. J., XI, 109; XIV, 108, 154; XV,
93.

Richards, G., XI, 101, 165.

Rockwell, R. B., XI, 24, 33, 90, 106, 109;
iio 64) Ss XG ib, 12d) 186;
SVG Li.

Sclater, W. L., XIV, 226.

Sloanaker, J. L., XVII, 60.

Smith, H. G., XII, 133.

Warren, HE. R., XI, 11; XII, 28, 79; XIII,
153; XIV, 81; XV, 110; XVII, 90.

Columba fasciata fasciata (*Band-tailed

Pigeon), Ariz., XV, 41; XVI, 259; XVIII,

fii Be Gy ev, 213 Calif, Xa 445 Xavi,

174, 194; XV, 26, 94, 129, 151, 227; XVI

Somes 1450 200. xXeval, 1928) 1933) XsVInT

169, 232; XX, 15, 45; Ore., XVIII, 75; XIX,

98": Tex., XIX, 162; Wash., XVIII, 8°.—

Bibliography, XV, 38; discv., XVIII, 6°;

distb., with map, XV, 26"; food, XV, 28°;

XVIII, 75; hbt., XIX, 98"; 1. hist., XV, 25;

nest, XIV, 194; XV, 30%, 41, 129, 227; XVI,

259; XVII, 193; XVIII, 110; photo., XVII,

111; prot., XIV, 108, 112%, 229-230°; XV, 25-

40", 1278; miscl., XIV, 200°; XV, 133%, 186";

SECOND TEN YEAR iNDEX 27

CONURUS
XVIII, 170°.
fasciata vioscae (Viosca Pigeon), L.
Calif., XI, 11, 143.—Nest, XI, 11, 143.
flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon), Tepic,
XII, 78.
Columbigallina, see Chaemepelia.

Colymbus auritus (*Horned Grebe), Alas-
ka, XIX, 15; Calif., XVII, 204; Colo., XI,
110; Idaho, XIX, 30; N. Dak., XVIII, 17-
18"; Ore., XVI, 109; Yukon, XI, 203.—
Eggs, XVI, 170, 172.

dominicus brachypterus (*Mexican or
San Domingo Grebe), Tepic, XII, 76; Tex.,
XVIII, 218", 221; XX, 38.—Hegegs, XVI, 174;
nest, XVILE, 221. XX 88: photo: XVE
173.

dominicus dominicus, eggs, XVI, 174.

holboelli (*Holboell Grebe), Alaska,
OVO DeLee Op, NON 84a Calite.
XX, 93; Mon., XVI, 127; N. Dak., XVIII,
16-18"; XX, 171°, 175°; Yukon, XI, 203.—
Eggs, XVI, 172; photo., XVI, 171.

nigricollis californicus (*American
Eared Grebe), Calif., XIII, 134, 157; XIV,
33; XV, 119, 155-156*; XVII, 168; XVIII,
1008, We7"; 77, 194, 195; 2225 Tee brs:
XX, 16, 18, 147°, 1968; Colo., XI, 13, 110;
XII, 28, 188; XIV, 88; Idaho, XV, 41; XVII,
121; L. Calif., XV, 20; Mon., XIV, 23; XVI,
127; XVIII, 114; N. Dak., XVIII, 17-183;
ROR S ORs Moxes OVAL Sits) 228) NENG OS
Utah, XVIII, 1148.—Alb., XX, 196"; destr.,
XX, 1479: eggs, MIL 167; XVI, 170-174;
nest, XI, 110; XII, 188; XIV, 88; XVIII,
178, 167%, 177, 195, 221°; XX, 38; photo,

NIG: 1885 189s Xv 2 emiscl el,
199"; XIII, 40°.

nigricollis nigricollis, eggs, XVI, 172.
torquatus, miscl., XVI, 169.
Compsothlypis americana ramalinae
(*Western Parula Warbler), Kan., XI, 155,
156s G2 MexcexoViLLI wba:
americana usneae (Northern Parula
Warbler), Ark., XVII, 53; Colo., XIV, 152.
pitiayumi nigrilora (Sennett Warbler),
Me xe Nl ek Ole
Concealing and revealing coloration:
Henderson, J., XV, 8.

Condor, Andean, see Sarcorhamphus gry-
phus.

California, see Gymnogyps californi-
anus.

Conservation and protection of birds:
Arnold, W. W., XVIII, 190.
Gifford, H., XIX, 73.
Grinnell, J., XV, 25.
Taylor, W. P., XV, 45, 125; XVIII, 132.

Conurus aeruginosus tortugensis, Leeward

Islands, XII, 49.

aztec (Aztec Paroquet), Honduras, XII,
55.
canicularis (Red and Blue-headed Par-
rot), Tepic, XII, 76.

neoxenus, Leeward Islands, XII, 49.

28

COOKE
Cooke, Wells Woodbridge: XII, rev. of his
“distribution and migration of North
American shorebirds”, 205.

XIV, the present status of the Colorado
check-list of birds, 147; rev. of W. L.
Sclater’s ‘a history of the birds of Col-
orado’’, 155.

XV, the wild turkeys of Colorado, 104.

XVII, rev. of his “distribution and migra-
tion of North American rails and their
allies”, 107; the yellow-billed loon: a
problem in migration, 213; rev. of his
“our shorebirds and their future’, 237.

Cooper Ornithological Club:

Constitution of, XIV, 47.

Directory of members, XI, 177; XII, 140;
XIII, 143; XIV, 202; XV, 160; XVI, 154;
XVII, 136; XVIII, 1386; XIX, 107; XX,
147.

Minutes of meetings, XI, 35, 75, 107, 144,
211; XII, 49, 83, 140, 178, 207; XIII, 39,
118, 142, 214; XIV, 50, 78, 111, 156, 201,
233; XV, 51, 97, 138, 160, 189, 236; XVI,
46, 99, 153, 190, 248, 265; XVII, 61, 134,
170, 212, 239; XVIII, 38, 90, 184, 174, 208,
237; XIX, 26, 74, 105, 147, 175, 188; XX,
99, 144, 194.

Report of business managers, XIV,
XV, 95; XVI, 96; XIX, 144.

Coot, American, see Fulica americana.

Cormorant, Baird, see Phalacrocorax pela-

gicus resplendens.

Brandt, see Phalacrocorax penicillatus.

Double-crested, see Phalacrocorax auri-
tus auritus.

Farallon, see Phalacrocorax auritus al-
bociliatus.

Mexican, see Phalacrocorax mexicanus.

Pelagic, see Phalacrocorax pelagicus
pelagicus.

Violet-green, see Phalacrocorax pelagi-
cus robustus.

White-crested,
tus cincinatus.

Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos
@C@row); “Ark, Sov 473 (Colos eka 5;
XIV, 97; Kan., XI, 155, 160; N. Dak., XVIII,
Open 50.6, CATES al7ib WPA" Mees 205 he

78;

see Phalacrocorax auri-

Anat., XIX, 928; food, XX, 140; miscl.,
OVNI CHE
brachyrhynchos caurinus (*Northwest-

ern Crow),-Alaska, XVI, 85; XVII, 27; B.

C., XIV, 21; XX, 186.—Food, XVI, 85;
miscl., XVI, 57°.
brachyrhynchos hesperis (*Western

Crow), Calif., XI, 171; XII, 74, 132; XVI,
145; XVII, 198; XVIII, 28; XIX, 57°, 143°;
Colo., XI, 118; XII, 34; Idaho, XVII, 126;
XEX, 37s) Mon: XlVeeeds) VL debarOxre,
XG, 675 XVI ieee STS bs als
Wash., XII, 169.—Fos., XIV, 44"; nest, XIV,
27: miscl.; XII, 177; XIV, 78°; XVII, 134°.
capensis, eggs, XVI, 166.

corax principalis (Northern Raven,

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 13

CRECISCUS

*corax), Alaska, XVI, 85; XVII, 26; XIX,
17; B. C., XIV, 21; XX, 1862; Mon., XVI,
135.—Food, XVI, 85; hbt., XVI, 85; nest,
XIX, 17; miscl., XVII, 186.

corax sinuatus (*American Raven,
"Western, ‘clarionensis), Ariz., XIV, 55,
108°; Calif., XI, 171, 185"; XII, 172"; XIII,
132, 137, 162, 167, 181, 210; XIV, 37, 154;
XV, 91; XVII, 186°; XVIII, 28, 39%, 224:
XIX, 57°, 155, 158°; Colo., XI, 15; XII, 34%
XIV, 97; XVII, 93; XX, 107"; Idaho, XVII,
126; L. Calif:, XI, 100, 137; Xai wse8
XIV, 190; XV, 28; Mon., XVIII, 162; Ore.,
XII, 67; XVIII, 77; XEX, 1324) 1373 Tem
XIII, 44°—Flight, XVIII, 112; fos., XII,
13; nest, XIII, 162, 167, 181, 210; XIV, 55;
XV, 23, 91; miscl., XII, 49"; XIII, 32; XV,
60".

cryptoleucus (*White-ynecked Raven),
Ariz., XII, 1107; XIV, 53, 61%, 10% Xvi
209; N. Mex., XII, 162"; Tex., XIX, 163.—
Migr., XIV, 107; nest, XIV, 53"; 61.

frugilegus frugilegus (European Rook).
moult, XVI, 45.

frugilegus pastinator (Hastern Rook),
moult, XVI, 45.

mexicanus (Mexican Crow), Tepic, XII,
74.

ossifragus (Fish Crow), miscl., XII, 136.

Cory, Charles Barney: XII, rev. of his “the

birds of the Leeward Islands, Caribbean

Sea’, 49.

XX, rev. of his “catalogue of birds of

the Americas and the adjacent islands

in Field Museum of natural history”,

148.

Coturnicops noveboracensis (Yellow Rail),
Ariz., XII, 46; Calif., XIII, 108; XV, 92;
XVI, 182.—Food, XV, 92.

Coturniculus, see Ammodramus.

Coward, Thomas Alfred: rev. of his “the
vertebrate fauna of Cheshire and Liver-
pool Bay”, 136.

Cowbird, see Molothrus ater ater.
Bronzed, see Tangavius aeneus aeneus.
Dwarf, see Molothrus ater obscurus.
Nevada, see Molothrus ater artemisiae.
Red-eyed, see Tangavius aeneus involu-

cratus and T. a. aeneus.

Crandall, Lee Saunders: XIX, rey. of his
“nets, their history and care’, 146.

Crane, Little Brown, see Grus canadensis.
Sandhill, see Grus mexicana.
Whooping, see Grus americana.

Creagrus furcatus (*Swallow-tailed Gull),

miscl., XX, 116°.

Creciscus coturniculus (*California Little
Black Rail, Farallon Rail), Calif., XI, 47,
123; XII, 84"; XVIII, 58-62.—Distb., XI,
47; food, XVIII, 60; hbt. XI, 47-49, 127;
XVIII, 59; mest, XI, 123-127; XVIII, 58;
photo., XI, 125, 126; XVIII, 58-61; prot.,
SVD. DUS Miscls cll wn

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 29
CRECISCUS CYPSELOIDES
jamaicensis (Black Rail), miscl., XII, Esquimo, see Numenius borealis.
177. Hudsonian, see Numenius hudsonicus.

ruber, Honduras, XII, 58.
Creeper, California, see Certhia familiaris oc-
cidentalis.
Carolina, see Certhia familiaris americana.
Brown, see Certhia familiaris ameri-
cana.
Rocky Mountain, see Certhia familiaris
montana.
Sierra, see Certhia familiaris zelotes.
Tawny, see Certhia familaris occiden-
talis.
Crossbill, American, see Loxia curvirostra
minor.
Mexican, see Loxia curvirostra strick-
landi.
Red, see Loxia curvirostra minor.
Sierra, see Loxia curvirostra bendirei.
Sitka, see Loxia curvirostra sitkensis.
White-winged, see Loxia leucoptera.

Crotophaga ani (Ani), Cuba, XVIII, 147.
sulcirostris (Groove-billed Ani), More-
los, XI, 61; Tepic, XII, 78.
Crow, Blue, see Cyanocephalus cyanocepha-
lus.
Eastern, see Corvus
brachyrhynchos.
Clarke, see Nucifraga columbiana.
Fish, see Corvus ossifragus.
Mexican, see Corvus mexicanus.
Northwestern, see Corvus brachyrhyn-
chos caurinus.
Western, see Corvus brachyrhynchos
hesperis.
Cryptoglaux acadica (*Saw-whet Owl,
>bNorthwestern, °Glaux, “Nyctala, *scotaea),
Alaska, XVII, 26; Calif., XII, 80°; XVI, 65;

brachyrhynchos

RVI, 39%: Colo, XI, 118°; XVII, 150;
Idaho, XVII, 125; XVIII, 82; XIX, 35;
Mon., XIV, 26; S. Dak. XVIII, 130;
Wash., XII, 110, 168°.—Nest, XVI, 65;

photo., XVI, 67-78; syn., XVI, 189°; miscl.,
XVI, 103%, 189.
acadica brooksi, miscl., XX, 144.
funerea richardsoni (Richardson Owl),
Alaska, XVI, 83; Idaho, XVII, 125; Yukon,
XI, 205.
Cuba:
Richards, T. W.: XVIII, 145.
Cuckoo, Australian, see Cuculus inornatus.
Black-billed, see Coccyzus erythroph-
thalmus.
California, see Coccyzus americanus oc-
cidentalis.
Cuban Lizard, see Saurothera merlini.
Rufous, see Piaya mexicana.
Yellow-billed, see Coccyzus americanus
americanus.

Cuculus inornatus
Aust., XIV, 47.

Cummings, Claude: obituary, XI, 35.
Curlew, see Numenius americanus.

(Australian Cuckoo),

Long-billed, see Numenius americanus.
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (*Pinyon Jay,
BBluEs Crow) ATIZ., Xe Woy (Calif, Xcvi,
33; XVII, 59, 164, 166; XVIII, 28; XX, 74,

190; Colo., XI, 15; XII, 34; XVII, 60°;
XIX, 150%, 152°; XX, 201"; Idaho, XVI,
Tales wOre, Xl) To; XL 1S (SS. Dak:

XIII, 93; Tex., XIII, 44°—Hbt., XIII, 93;
nest, XX, 201°; miscl., XIII, 156".

Cyanocitta cristata cristata (‘Blue Jay),
Ark., XVII, 47; Kan., XI, 155, 160; N. Dak.,
XVII, 223°; S. Dak., XIII, 94°, 104; Tex.,
XVIII, 151°.—Note, XIV, 199; miscl., XVI,
562; XVIII, 38°, 63°.

stelleri annectens (*Black-headed Jay),
Idaho, XIV, 193; XVII, 126; XIX, 333, 37;
Mon., XIV, 27; XVI, 135; XVIII, 162; Ore.,
XX, 137; Wash; XVI, 252; 253°.

stelleri carbonacea (*Coast Jay, ’Crest-
Gob), Chibi. 205 aS Pale p-auniy Yeee yE4S Aviles
292 Son Ova nsa, 1922, 198s) Xeville 199i;
Ore., XVIII, 77; XIX, 9”, 52°, 137—Food,
XVII, 82; nest, XIII, 73"; XVII, 198; photo.,
XI, 182; miscl., XIII, 119.

stelleri diademata (“Long-crested Jay),
Ariz., Xl. 60%:) Xai Sb XVII 59% Xe
168; Colo., XI, 15; XII, 34; XIV, 96; XVII,
93, 150; N. Mex., XII, 182°; Tex., XIX, 163.

stelleri frontalis (*Blue-fronted Jay,
bSierra Nevadan), Calif., XI, 84°; XII, 129,
1328; XIII, 119, 168, 205; XIV, 143, 166°,
1748; XV, 84, 157%, 199, 203; XVI, 63, 1938",
210; XVII, 58, 164; XVIII, 28, 34, 199; XIX,
169; XX, 16, 76; Nev., XII, 86—Food, XIII,

208-208; XIV, 45%; XVII, 58; nest, XII,
129, 132; XIV, 143, 166", 174°; XV, 84, 199";
NOVA, GAS MAN BES pape AIGHE D:o.G “(Ans

miscl., XVI, 119%; XVII, 198.

stelleri stelleri (*Steller Jay), Alaska,
AVIE Eine o:Cvanie COR ish Cl anys Wile 0.0:
186.—Fos., XIV, 44°.

Cyanocompsa concreta, Honduras, XII, 54.

Cyanolaemus clemenciae bessophilus, descr.,
XX, 181; distb., XX, 181; meas., XX, 181,
182.

clemenciae clemenciae (*Blue-throated
Hummingbird, "Coeligena, °‘Trochilus top-
iltzin), Ariz., XIII, 46”; XV, 41; XX, 168”;
Morelos, XI, 58°.—Meas., XX, 182; nest,
XIII, 47°; XV, 41; XX, 168”; photo., XIII,
47-49. syn., XX, 181°; tax., XX, 181.

Cyanomyia verticalis (Blue-headed Hum-
mingbird), Morelos, XI, 58.

Cyanospiza, see Passerina.

Cynanthus latirostris (*Broad-billed Hum-
mingbird), Ariz., XII, 109; XIV, 54; XVII,
156", 159, 212.—Nest, XVIII, 159.

Cyphornis magnus, fos., XIII, 117.

Cypseloides niger borealis (*Black Swift,
*Nephoecetes), B. C., XIV, 21; Calif, XHI,

30

CYPSELOIDES
160; XVII, 8-12, 164; Wash., XVI, 95.—
Nest, XVI, 95; XVII, 8-12; photo., XVII, 9-
12; syn., XIV, 110°; miscl., XVI, 25", 42°.
Cyrtonyx montezumae, miscl., XI, 41.

montezumae mearnsi (“Mearns Quail),
ATI, ORV ee ees LOxS ep OVE L Bots ONDNS G2.
—Distb., with map, XI, 39-43; moult, XI,
39-43; nest, XV, 227; photo., XI, 38-42.

D

Dafila acuta (*Pintail, "Sprig), Alaska, XVI,
it; EX, 16; Ariz, XI 110s (Cali, XIII,
130, 184, 158; XIV, 34, 147; XV, 1188, 155-
UTS, 20s) SV, 145522205 22/2 6234-2568

XVIII, 24, 34, 167, 178; XX, 77; Colo., XI,

13; 112; XII, 29; XID, 122°, 186, 1952;
Idaho, XVI, 122; L. Calif., XIII, 152; Mon.,
XVI, 128; N. Dak., XX, 30°, 33-35"; Ore.,
XVI, 112; S. Dak., XIII, 103.—Disease, XV,
220°; food, XVI, 77; hbt., XIX, 85; hy-

brid, XVII, 118; nest, XI, 112; XIII, 186-

T89s MVE 147 XVI, 2205 22 SXExXs 77

photo., XI, 4°; XIII, 187-189; XV, 2173;

XVI, 220, 223, 2368; XIX, 85; miscl., XX,

123°.

Daggett, Frank Slater: XIII, communication:
expansion of the A. O. U. Check-List, 78.

XIV, rev. of G. Willett’s “birds of the
Pacific slope of southern California”,
231.

XV, another instance of cannibalism in
the spotted owl, 40.

XVI, rev. of J. G. Tyler’s “some birds of
the Fresno district’, 44; beautiful bunt-
ing in California, 260.

Dall, William Healey: XVII, rev. of his bio-

graphy of Spencer Fullerton Baird, 169.

Davis, Evan: XIX, obituary of, 188.

Davis, John M.: XVI, cedar waxwing nest-
ing in Humboldt County, California, 182.
XX, long waits for sets of winter wrens,
190.

Dawson, William Leon: XII, rouge et noir,
167.

XIII, correspondence on cooperation, 78;
two species new to California, 167; an-
other fortnight on the Farallones, 171.

XIV, recent Santa Barbara records, 223;
“popular” ornithology, 225.

XV, a glimpse of surf-birds, 5; an unfor-
tunate dove, 42; the nesting of the prai-
rie falcon in San Luis Obispo County,
55; photograph of, 63; Allan Brooks—
an appreciation, 69; the all-day test at
Santa Barbara, 153; Scott Oriole (Ic-
terus parisorum) at Santa Barbara, 158;
identification by camera, 204; a mne-
monic device for color workers, 211; a
practical system of color designation,
212; rev. of the Auk for July, 1913, 234;
rey. of Bird-Lore for Sept.-Oct., 1913,
234.

XVI, direct approach as a method in bird

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

'

No. 13

; the people’s bread—a

critique of “western bird guide”, 24; a
new record for Oregon, 41; a second

DENDROCYGNA
photography, 5;

nest of the Sierra Nevada rosy finch, 41;
rev. of H. S. Swarth’s “a study of a
collection of geese of the Branta cana-
densis group from the San Joaquin Val-
ley, California,’, 45; an asionine ruse,
56; probable occurrence of the Harris
sparrow in Washington, 93; the undy-
ing error, 95; rev. of J. Grinnell and
H. S. Swarth’s “an account of the birds
and mammals of the San Jacinto area of
southern California’, 97; resident ver-
sus visitant, 119.

XVII, the nesting of the black swift, 8;
Niagara at your door, 19; early nesting
of the Texas nighthawk, 96; the breed-
ing of the snowy egret in California, 97;
pink-footed shearwater on the coast of
Washington, 101; supposed new records
for Santa Cruz Island, 203; a notable
occurrence of Pacific divers, 205; limi-
coline laggards at Santa Barbara, 207;
communication—fair play for the col-
lector: an open letter, 208.

XVIII, a personal supplement to the dis-
tributional list of the birds of Califor-
nia, 22; auburn canyon wren, a prefer-
able name for Catherpes mexicanus
punctulatus, 33; the new museum of
comparative oology, 68.

Dawson, W. L., with Bowles, J. H.: XI, rev.
of their “the birds of Washington”, 176.

Dearborn, Ned: XI, rev. of his ‘catalogue of
a collection of birds from Guatemala”,

72.
XVII, rev. of his “bird houses and how to
build them”, 108.
Delattria henrici brevirostris, Morelos, XI,

58.

Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (*Sooty
Grouse), Alaska, XIV, 234"; XVI, 81; B. C.,
XX, 185; Ore., XVIII, 75; XIX, 9°, 11°-12%,
135; Wash., XII, 169.—Fos., XIV, 44"; nest,
XII, 169; miscl., XII, 49°.

obscurus obscurus (*Dusky Grouse),
Colo., XIV, 91.—Disc., XVIII, 6°.
obscurus richardsoni (Richardson

Grouse), Idaho, XIV, 192; XVII, 123; XTX,
32; Mon., XIV, 24; XVI, 130; XVII, 113;
Ore., XVIII, 21; Wash., XII, 138.—Food,
XVI, 130.

obscurus. sierrae (“Sierra Grouse),
Calif., XII, 148°; XIV, 164°; XV, 198, 201",
208; XVIII, 28; XIX, 186; XX, 45; Nev.,
XII, 86.

Dendrocygna autumnalis (*Black-bellied
Tree Duck), Calif., XVI, 94; Tex., XVIII,
218%,

bicolor (*Fulvous Tree Duck, fulva),
Calif., XIII, 158; XIV, 199; XV, 118, 120°;
XVI, 27%, 224, 228", 234", 236"; XVII, 207,
232; XVIII, 25; I. Calif., XV, 21; ere

EE ————_— =

1919

DENDROCYGNA
XII, 93°; XVIII, 155*——Destr., XVI, 236";
nest, XVI, 224; miscl., XVI, 27°.

Dendroica aestiva aestiva (“Yellow Warb-

ler), Colo., XI, 17, 121; XII, 38; XIV, 102;
XVII, 151; Idaho, XVII, 128; XIX, 41;
Iowa, XV, 231; Kan., XI, 155, 162; Mon.,
XIV, 30, 216%, 218"; XVI, 141; XVII, 110;
Morelos, XI, 68; N. Dak., XVII, 224%; XX,
30, 172", 176"; Ore., XIII, 69; Tex., XVIII,
215°; Wash., XVI, 252-253.—Nest, XV, 231;
XVI, 141; miscl., XI, 10, 167%, 181°; XIII,
107; XVIII, 190-191*; XIX, 41.

aestiva brewsteri ("California Yellow
Warbler, »Western), Calif., XI, 172, 185°;
Ra 2055 XV, 39, Tow; 145, 74". XV,
84, 156-157%, 202-203; XVI, 37, 69; XVII,
OS vez Sb ny ENG) Ol 69s XOX 15, 19):
Cahit., XXIIT;, 1b3; Ney., XII, 88; Ore,
XVIII, 79; XIX, 189.—Migr., XX, 19; nest,
XIV, 145, 1478; 174"; XV, 84, 202; XVI, 69;
XIX, 169; miscl., XVI, 62>.

aestiva rubiginosa (Alaska Yellow War-
blen);) Alaska, Xl, 43s Xvi, 88s Bs iG.
eV eol i @alit., Xia tao vaokon, XI) 20.

aestiva sonorana ("Sonora Yellow War-
bler), Ariz., XIV, 53, 61°; XX, 168; Tex.,
XIX, 174.—Nest, XIV, 61°.

auduboni auduboni (“Audubon Warbler),
INVA, STE TT DIE Bie! BIO. Peis. ok n hieee
XO ss LO 149 XIN, 745 133; 137, 210;
SEIN, UBS BRB ES Ie RANG ei, WG alleys
1997-200", 203; XVI, 37, 55, 67; XVII, 80,
192, 199*; XVIII, 225; XX, 16, 70, 74°, 189;
Colo., XI, 17, 121; XII, 38; XVII, 95; Ida-
how eevaly 122) MAVET 28 OX, 4s) Iu:
Calif., XI, 208; XV, 24; Mon., XIV,. 30,
219; XVI, 141; XVIII, 163; Morelos, XI,
63; N. Mex., XIV, 114°; Ore., XVIII, 79;
NG AG@ ops POO ex., co. LOL Utah;
XV, 109"; Wash., XII, 167; XVI, 255; XIX,
143.—Destr., XVI, 55; discv., XVIII, 9°;
nest, XII, 130; XIV, 13, 146, 1768; XV, 85,
113, 199%, 200°; XVI, 67; XVII, 199; XIX,
143: XX, 74°; miscl., XJ, 139°, 199"; XV,
81°; XVI, 98°.

auduboni__—inigrifrons (*Black-fronted
Warbler), Ariz., XIII, 37; XVIII, 160%; XX,
22.

blackburniae (*Blackburnian Warbler),
Tex., XII, 101; XVIII, 218°.

bryanti castaneiceps ("Mangrove Warb-
ler), L. Calif., XI, 10, 143°——Nest, XI, 10.

castanea (Bay-breasted Warbler), Tex.,
XII, 101.

cerulea (Cerulean Warbler), Ark., XVII,
53.

chrysoparia (Golden-cheeked Warbler),
Tex., XX, 43.—Nest, XX, 43.

coronata coronata (Myrtle Warbler),
Alberta, XV, 131; Ark., XVII, 53; Colo.,
Ry 2 Tex. XL, 10d.

coronata hooveri (Alaska Myrtle Warb-
ler, *coronata), Alaska, XI, 107; XII, 43;
XIII, 213; Calif., XI, 194%; XVI, 37; XIX,
142; Yukon, XI, 207.—Miscl., XV, 131.

Dendrornis flavigaster

SECOND TEN YHAR INDEX 31

DESTRUCTION

discolor (Prairie Warbler), Ark., XVII,
54.

dominica albilora (Sycamore Warbler),
Ark., XVII, 53.

graciae (*Grace Warbler), Ariz., XX,
168; N. Mex., XII, 183°.

magnolia (*Magnolia Warbler, "macu-
losa), Ark., XVII, 53;. Calif, XIII, 168°,
182; XVII, 203°; Tex., XII, 99», 101°.

nigrescens ("Black-throated Gray Warb-
ler) pp Atiz) le 1302 Calif, Xolwul Zen xl
18; XIII, 187; XV, 157"; XVI, 37, 67, 196",
210; XVII, 83, 165, 192", 199, 204; XX, 46;
Colo., XI, 17; XV, 111; L. Calif., XIII, 153;
Morelos, XI, 63; Ore., XIV, 198°; XIX,
139; Wash., XII, 167, 170*.—Disev., XVIII,
OS IMIS T,, ONG, 463 Nest. XU, 18s oxaVale (Ges
RVI 1199) misels; XeVe wi:

occidentalis (“Hermit Warbler), Calif.,
XV, 188, 1988; XVI, 61, 145; XVII, 235;
Morelos, XI, 68; Ore., XIV, 198"; XVIII,
79; Wash., XII, 167, 170°; XIV, 75*—
Disc., XVIII, 9°; nest, XIV, 75°; XVI, 61;
photo., XVI, 61, 63; miscl., XVI, 58°.

olivacea, see Peucedramus olivaceus.

palmarum palmarum (Palm Warbler),
Ore., XVI, 93.

pensylvanica (*Chestnut-sided Warb-
ler) Ark., XSOVIL 53) (Calif Xd; 1642) Tex.
XVIII, 189*.—Miscl., XVI, 204°.

ruficapilla obscura, Leeward Islands,
XII, 49.

striata (Black-poll Warbler), Alaska,
SON, CRA NMdien DAVE RIS (elo, S.dl, iPALE
XIV, 152; Mon., XVI, 141.

townsendi (*Townsend Warbler), Alas-
ka, {Vi 883 Ba Cs Xaiv,, 21; (Calif. X15 69)
194;. XII, 108; XIII, 182; XIV, 195; XVI,
37; XVII, 88, 201, 235; Colo., XIV, 152;
Idaho, XVII, 128; Mon., XVII, 112"; More-
1OS eX Go Nes Mex eNChVey 14 e Ores
MOVIL, 79> XEX, 139: Tex, Xx, 164:
Wash., XII, 167.—Disc., XVIII, 9°.

vigorsi vigorsi (Pine Warbler), Ark.,
XVII, 53.

virens (*Black-throated Green Warbler),
Ark., XVII, 53; Calif., XIII, 168, 182; XV,
66"; Colo., XIV, 148, 149; Kan., XI, 156,
162; Morelos, XI, 63; Tex., XII, 99; XVIII,
185% 218%
(Swainson Wood-
hewer), Tepic, XII, 77.

Destruction of birds:

Chambers, W. L., XIV, 108; XV, 41; XVII,
166; XVIII, 170.

Editorial note, XIX, 172.

Finley, W. L., XI, 181.

Gilman, M. F., in “minutes of Cooper
Club”, XX, 147.

Hanford, F., XV, 137.

Howell, A. B., XII, 46; XVI, 54.

Ingersoll, A. M., XV, 81.

Law, J. E., XVI, 93.

Minutes of Cooper Club, XII, 51; XIX, 147.

Pemberton, J. R., and Carriger, H. W.,

32 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

DESTRUCTION
XVIII, 233.
Sell, R. A., XIX, 43.
Squires, W. A., and Hansen, H. E., XX, 6.
Willett, G., XVI, 168.

Dice, Lee Raymond: XII, rey. of his “new
records for the state of Washington”,
138.

XVII, first specimens of Baird sandpiper
from the state of Washington, 60.
XIX, habits of the magpie in southeast-

ern Washington, 121.
XX, notes on the nesting of the redpoll,
129,

Dickcissel, see Spiza americana.

Dickey, Donald Ryder: XVI, the nesting of |

the spotted owl, 193.
XVIII, the shadow boxing of pipilo, 93.

Diglossa montana, Guatemala, XI, 72.

Diomedea albatrus (“Short-tailed Albatross),
Alaska, XVI, 89, 90.—Miscl., XVI, 28".
brachyura, Alaska, XVI, 90.
cauta (White-capped Albatross), Aust.,
XI, 6.
exulans (Wandering Albatross), Aust.,
XI, 6.
immutabilis (Laysan Albatross), Mid-
way Islands, XI, 122; Pacific Ocean, XV,
158.—Nest, XI, 122.
nigripes (*Black-footed Albatross),
Alaska, XVI, 75; B. C., XX, 180°; L. Calif.,
XI, 98; XII, 74; XIII, 151; Midway Isl-
ands, XI, 122; Tepic, XII, 79*; Wash., XIX,
167; XX, 179.—Nest, XI, 122; photo., XX,
179.
Dipper, American, see Cinclus mexicanus
unicolor.

Diseases of birds:
Bowles, J. H., XI, 33; XIX, 141.
Clarke, F. C., XV, 214.

Dives dives (Sumichrast Blackbird), Tam-
aulipas, XI, 138.

Dixon, Joseph: XI, a life history of the’

northern bald eagle, 187.

XIV, white-winged dove in the San Diegan
district, 196.

XV, communication: collecting in Alaska,
159.

XVII, a foe of Johnson grass, 204.

XVIII, Mexican ground dove, western
grasshopper sparrow, and California
cuckoo at Escondido, San Diego Count-
ty, California, 83.

XIX, the home life of the Baird sand-
piper, 77.

Dixon, J., with Grinnell, J., Heller, E., and
Stephens, F., XI, rev. of their ‘birds and
mammals of the 1907° Alexander expedi-
tion to southeastern Alaska’, 106.

Dixon, James Benjamin: XIV, the Costa

hummingbird, 75.

XVI, history of a pair of Pacific horned

owls, 47.

DRYOBATES
Dolichonyx oryzivorus (“Bobolink), B. C.,
XV, 71"; Calif, 2X10, 210i y excvilinat oor
XVIII, 28; Colo., XI, 33; XIII, 109; Idaho,
XIT,. 80; XXIII, 75; XV, 41. kvaiedoee
Mon., XIV, 216", 218°; XVI, 135; N. Dak.,
XVII, 177%, 222"; XX, 345; 1125 Ore, ae
67; XVIII, 21; S. Dak., XIII, 95.—Miscl.,
> QiAgUIh Syhe
Dove, Cuban Ground, see Chaemepelia pas-

serina aflavida.

Inca, see Scardafella inca.

Mexican Ground, see Chaemepelia pas-
serina pallescens.

Western Mourning, see Zenaidura ma-
croura marginella.

White-fronted, see Leptotila fulviventris
brachyptera.

White-winged, see Melopelia asiatica.

Zenaida, see Zenaida zenaida.

Dowitcher, Long-billed, see Macrorhamphus
griseus scolopaceus.

Drepanididae, Hawaii, XVIII, 89.

Drummond, James: XIV, communication:
introduced birds of New Zealand, 227.

Dryobates arizonae (Arizona Woodpecker),

ATIZ., CLV, Obs

nuttalli (“Nuttall Woodpecker), Calif.
XI, 171; XI, 74, 163; XV, 119 1b4=ibes
XVI, 31; XVII, 82.—Dise., XVIII, 7, 11°.

pubescens gairdneri (*Gairdner Wood-
pecker), Calif., XIII, 119; Ore., XI, 138";
XVIII, 76; XIX, 52°.—Miscl., XII, 139.

pubescens homorus (Batchelder Wood-
pecker), Ariz., XX, 22; Colo., XI, 14, 118;
Idaho, XVII, 125; XIX, 35; Mon., XIV, 26;
Ore., XIII, 66.

pubescens medianus (*Downy Wood-
pecker), Ark., XVII, 44; Idaho, XIV, 192;
Kan., XI, 155, 158; XV, 120; No eke
XVII, 223°; S. Dak., XIII, 104—WMiscl.,
MIT, 139; XIX, 525.

pubescens microleucus, Newfoundland,
XVI, 151.

pubescens nelsoni (*Nelson Downy
Woodpecker, "glacialis), Alaska, XII, 42,
139%; XIII, 213°; XVI, 84; XX, 85%; Mon.,
XVI, 133.—Syn., XVI, 84°; miscl., XII, 139.

pubescens pubescens (Southern Downy
Woodpecker), Kan., XVII, 129.

pubescens turati (*Willow Woodpeck-
er), Calif., XI, 185°; “XIII, 163; 23Vouiiay
1572; XVI, 31; XVII, 195; XX, 16.—Miscel
XIII, 119.

sealaris bairdi (Baird Woodpecker),
distb., XIII, 170.

scalaris cactophilus (Cactus Woodpeck-:
er, "Texas, "Baird, ‘scalaris bairdi), Ariz..
XII, 110°: XVII, Dbl; XxX, 169 eal
XIII, 132°, 135°; XVI, 98.—Distb., XIII,
170; nest, XVII, 151; XX, 169; miscl., XI,
149", 167%, 168°.

sealaris eremicus, distb., XIII, 170.

sealaris lucasanus, distb., XIII, 170.

scalaris symplectus (*Texas Woodpeck-

1919

DRYOBATES
er, "bairdi), Tex., XII, 102°; XVIII, 189",

215"; XIX,-162; XX, 41°—Distb., XIII,

170; nest, XX, 41°.

villosus harrisi (*Harris Woodpecker),
Alaska, XIII, 213; B. C., XIV, 21; XX, 186;
Ore., XVIII, 76; Wash., XI, 55*.—Miscl.,
XIII, 170; XVI, 83.

villosus hyloscopus (*Cabanis Wood-
pecker, “leucothorectis), Ariz., XX, 169;
@alifweX lige XcUU yy 119) exXaV. GS 203
XVI, 62, 208, 210; XVII, 192", 194; XX, 16.
—Nest, XIV, 143; XVI, -62, 208; XX, 169;
syn., XIII, 169"; miscl., XIII, 169; XX, 86.

villosus icastus, distb., XIII, 169.

villosus leucomelas (Northern Hairy
Woodpecker, Yukon, XI, 205.

villosus leucothorectis (White-breasted
Woodpecker), Calif., XX, 86.—Meas., XX,
86.

villosus monticola ("Rocky Mountain
Hairy Woodpecker), Colo., XI, 14, 118;
XII, 32; XIV, 93; XVII, 60%; Idaho, XIV,
192" XVII, 125; XX, 38% 355—Mon., XIV,
26; XVI, 133; XVIII, 162; Ore., XIX, 133",
136.

villosus orius (*Modoc Woodpecker,
“hyloscopus), Calif., XIV, 143°; XX, 71-73.
—Distb., XIII, 169; nest, XX, 71, 72°, 73";
miscl., XX, 76°, 86.

villosus picoideus (Queen Charlotte
Woodpecker), Alaska, XIX, 17.—Distb.,
eT Os

villosus septentrionalis, distb., XIII, 170.

villosus sitkensis (Sitka Hairy Wood-
pecker), Alaska, XVI, 83, 91; XIX, 17.

villosus villosus (Hairy Woodpecker),
Ark., XVII, 44; Colo., XIV, 153; Kan., XI,
155, 158; XV, 120; S. Dak., XIII, 104.

Du Bois, A. D.: XX, an albino magpie, 189;
a late nest of the Swainson hawk, 191.

Duck, Baldpate, see Mareca americana.

Barrow Golden-eye, see Clangula is:
landica.

Black, see Anas rubripes.

Black-bellied Tree, see Dendrocygna
autumnalis.

Blue-winged Teal, see Querquedula dis-
cors.

Bufflehead, see Charitonetta albeola.

Canvasback, see Marila valisineria.

Cinnamon Teal, see Querquedula cya-
noptera.

Fulvous Tree, see Dendrocygna bicolor.

Gadwall, see Chaulelasmus streperus.

Golden-eye, see Clangula clangula am-
ericana.

Green-winged Teal, see Nettion caroli-
nense.

Harlequin, see Histrionicus histrionicus.

Lesser Scaup, see Marila affinis.

Mallard, see Anas platyrhynchos.

Mottled, see Anas fulvigula maculosa.

Pintail, see Dafila acuta.

Red-head, see Marila americana.

Ring-necked, see Marila collaris.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 33

EDITORIAL
Ruddy, see Erismatura jamaicensis.
Scaup, see Marila marila.
Shoveler, see Spatula clypeata.
Spectacled Eider, see Arctonetta fisch-

eri.

Spoonbill, see Spatula clypeata.
Steamer, see Tachyeres cinereus.
Wood, see Aix sponsa.

Dumetella carolinensis (*Catbird, °Galeo-
scoptes), Ark., XVII, 55; Colo., XI, 121;
XII, 39; XIV, 103; XVII, 151; Idaho, XIII,
108; XVII, 128; XIX, 41; Kan., XI, 155,
156, 163; Mon., XIV, 31, 218%; XVI, 142;
XVII, 110; N. Mex., XIV, 115"; N. Dak.,
XVII, 223°; XX, 28", 308; Ore., XIII, 69;
XVIII, 22.—Eggs, XVI, 164"; miscl., XVI,
25%) 121".

Dunlin, see Pelidna alpina alpina.

Dwight, Jonathan: XI, the popular names of
birds, 43.

XX, rev. of his “the geographical distri-
bution of color and of other variable
characters in the genus Junco: a new
aspect of specific and subspecific val-

m ues”, 142.

E

Eagle, Bald, see Haliaeetus leucocephalus
leucocephalus.
Golden, see Aquila chrysaetos.
Kamchatkan Sea, see Thalassaetos pel-
agicus.
Northern Bald, see Haliaeetus leucoce-
phalus alascanus.
Earnshaw, Frank Leslie, with Palmer, T. 5S.,
and Bancroft, W. F.: XVII, rev. of their
report on “game laws for 1914’, 107.

Eaton, Elon Howard: XII, rey. of his “birds
of New York”, 207.

Ectopistes migratorius ("Passenger Pigeon),
miscl., XII, 176"; XIII, 79"; XIV, 108%, 200°;
LOY WS SVG Te Te

Editorial notes and news.

XI, 35, 71 (on bird protection on Laysan
Island), 104, 140 (on color nomencla-
ture), 175, 209.

XII, 47 (on reviewing), 81, 111, 134, 176
(on simplified spelling), 205 (on simpli-
fied spelling).

XIII, 36 (on simplified spelling), 77, 112,
140, 169, 212 (advice on egg data).

XIV, 43, 78, 109, 155 (on terms indicating
abundance of birds), 200, 226.

XV, 44, 95, 130, 156, 185, 230.

XVI, 42, 96, 147 (“resident” versus “visit-
ant”), 184 (making field notes; cats as
enemies), 242, 262.

XVII, 61, 103 (A. O. U. meeting at San
Francisco), 132, 168 (A. O. U. program),
208, 236 (numbers of species of birds in
various states).

XVIII, 36, 87, 131, 172 (on game conserva-
tion), 206, 234.

Edquist,

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

EDITORIAL

XIX, 26, 72 (on care in writing), 104 (on
present work of Cooper Club members),
144 (on financial condition of Cooper
Club), 171, 188.

XX, 47 (on destruction of fish by peli-
cans), 94 (Cooper Club members in war
service), 128, 140, 194, 218.

A. G.: XIII, rev. of his
birds of South Australia’, 142.

XIV, rev. of his “useful birds of South
Australia’, 46.

“useful

Edson, John Milton: XIV, white pelican at

Edwards, Howard Arden:

Bellingham Bay, Washington, 225.

XVI, bird notes
from the Sierra Madre Mountains, south-
ern California, 207.

Eggs, see Oology.
Egret, American, see Herodias egretta.

Snowy, see Egretta candidissima candi-
dissima.

Egretta candidissima candidissima (“Snowy

Egret, "Snowy Heron, ‘Ardea), Calif.,
XIII, 50; XIV, 199, 228, 2248; XV, 155°,
156", 157°; XVII, 97; XVIII, 39", 194, 196;
Colo., XI, 13, 114; XIV, 152; L. Calif., XI,
11, 143°: XIII, 152; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex.
XVIII, 155°; Utah, XVI, 245°-250°—Eegs,
XVI, 247"; nest, XI, 11; XVII, 97; photo.,
XVI, 246"; prot., XVII, 211"; XVIII, 91*;
miscl., XIII, 214”.

Hider, King, see Somateria spectabilis.

Elaenia martinica

Elanoides forficatus

Spectacled, see Arctonetta fischeri.
subpagana, Honduras,
XII, 58.

(Swallow-tailed Kite),
Ark., XVII, 42.

Elanus leucurus (“White-tailed Kite), Calif.,

XV, 157", 184; XVI, 41; XVII, 206, 230;
XIX, 170, 185; Tex., XVIII, 218*.—Nest,
XVII, 206, 230; XIX, 170, 185; photo., XVII,
231.

Emerson, William Otto: XII, photograph by,

124.

Empidonax difficilis bairdi (Baird Flycatch-

er), L. Calif., XI, 139.

difficilis difficilis ("Western Flycatch-
er), Alaska, XVI, 84; XVII, 26; Ariz.,
OVI 1598.) B.C. Xv, aie Calif. xeon
185°; XIII, 74, 87, 181, 205; XV, 91, 156°;
XVI, 33, 210; XVII, 82, 167, 195; XVIII,
227; XIX, 60, 169; Colo., XII, 34; L. Calif.,
XI, 137, 1389; XV, 23; Morelos, XI, 60; N.
Mex., XIV, 115°; Ore., XIII, 67; XVIII, 77;
XIX, 528, 978; Wash., XII, 167.—Food,
XIII, 202, 204; hbt., XVI, 144; nest, XIII,
87; XV, 91; XVI, 33; XVII, 167; XVIII,
227; XIX, 169; photo., XIII, 87; miscl.,
>. OVA PAS

flaviventris (Yellow-bellied Flycatcher),
Ark., XVII, 46; Kan., XI, 155, 160.

fulvifrons fulvifrons (Fulvous Flycatch-
er), Morelos, XI, 60.

Ereunetes

Ergaticus ruber

Erismatura

No. 13

ERISMATURA

fulvifrons pygmaeus (*Buff-breasted
Flycatcher), Ariz., XII, 61°; XX, 168.

griseus (“Gray Flycatcher), Ariz., XVIII,
212; Calif., XI, 75%; XID, 182) Webs exavie
97; XVII, 223; Colo., XIV, 148; XV, 110;
Ore.,-XV, 229; XVI, 94; XIX, 133°, 187;
XX, 44.—Nest, XVI, 94.

hammondi (*Hammond Flycatcher), B.
C., XIV, 21; Calif:, XIV, 107%; Xv, 86%:
XVI, 66; XX, 18; Idaho, XVII, 126; Mon.,
XII, 196; XIV, 27; XVI, 135; XVIII, 85;
Morelos, XI, 60; Wash., XII, 167.

minimus (*Least Flycatcher), Ark.,
XVII, 47; Kan., XI, 155, 160; Mon., XVI,
134; XVII, 111; Tepic, XII, 78; Tex., XII,
98°; XIX, 163.—Nest, XVI, 134.

trailli alnorum (Alder Flycatcher),
Colo., XIV, 148, 156; Kan., XI, 155, 160.

trailli trailli (*Traill Flycatcher), Ariz.,
XIV, 61; XX, 168; Ark, XVII, 46; SBM
XIV, 21; Calif, XII, 174s XXII, 18 sSive
37; XV, 83, 119, 202; XVIII, 27, 28%, 194,
197; XX, 211; Colo., XII, 34; XIV, 96; L.
Calif., XI, 187; Mon., XVI, 134; Ore.,
XVIII, 77; XIX, 137.—Nest, XII, 174%; XIV,
61+ XV, 83; 202%) XX, 211): miscly exis

virescens (*Acadian Flycatcher), Ark.,
XVII, 46; Kan., XI, 156, 160°; Tex., XII,
98.

wrighti (*Wright Flycatcher), Calif.,
XV, 157", 203; XVI, 66, 98, 210; XVII, 164;
XVIII, 180; XX, 78; Idaho, XVII, 126;
Mon., XIV, 27; XVI, 135; Morelos, XI,
59", 60; N. Mex., XIV, 115%; Ore., XIII, 67;
Tex., XIX, 163.—Nest, XVIII, 180; XX, 78;
photo., XVIII, 181°; XX, 77.

mauri (*Western Sandpiper),
Alaska, XVI, 79; B. C., XIV, 21; XOX, 1865;
Calif., XI, 194; XII, 44%; XIII, 38, 131, 135;
XIV, 9, 224; XV, 156", 205°; XVI, 145, 226,
298: XVII, 207; XVII 25) 16s eos
197; Colo., XI, 115; Idaho, XIX, 32; Ore.,
XVI, 114; Tex., XII, 99; XVIII, 188*—
Food, XIV, 6°; photo., XV, 205%; miscl.,
XI, 181-1822; XII, 82"; XVIII, 83°.

pusillus (*Semipalmated Sandpiper),
Alaska, XVI, 79; XIX, 79°; Calif., XIII, 38;
Colo., XI, 115.—Miscl., XII, 44.

(Red Warbler), Morelos,

XI, 63.

jamaicensis (“Ruddy Duck),
Ariz., XVII, 102; Calif., XIII, 130, 158;
XIV, 199; XV, 118, 120%, 154°, 156"; XVI;
224, 228", 230, 2328, 2348; XVII, 234";
XVIII, 45%, 167, 196°, 223; XIX, 59; Colo.,
XI, 138, 113° X10, 29; Xa, 12285 192s
89: Idaho, XVII, 122; L. Calif., XIU,
152"; XV, 21; Mon., XIV, 23; N. Dak.,
XVIII, 18", 20°; XX, 37°, 170°; Tex., XX,
39.—Anat., XX, 19; hbt., XX, 19; nest,
XIII, 158, 194; XVI, 224, 230°, 232°; XVII,
234"; XVIII, 167, 223; XX, 39; photo.,
XIII, 190-194; XVI, 229; miscl., XI, 199°;
XVII, 100°.

a

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 35

ERSKINE
Erskine, W. J.: XVI, communication: de-
struction of birds as a result of volcanic
action, 186.
Esterly, Calvin Olin: XIX, how does the
shrike carry its prey?, 25.
Eucometis spodocephala, Honduras, XII, 54.

Eugenes fulgens (Rivoli Hummingbird),
Ariz., XI, 102; XX, 168—Hbt., XI, 102;
nest, XX, 168; miscl., XIII, 47.

Euphagus carolinus (Rusty Blackbird, "Sco-
lecophagus), Alaska, XII, 42; XVI, 85;
Calif., XI, 194; Colo., XI, 101°; Kan., XI,
161; Yukon, XI, 206.—Miscl., XIX, 173.

Euphagus cyanocephalus (*Brewer Black-
bird, "Scolecophagus), Ariz., XII, 110°;
Calif., XI, 21, 83, 172, 185%, 194; XII, 44°,
87, 129, 172°; XIII, 132, 136, 201-207; XIV,
37, 143, 145, 147%, 231°; XV, 1572; XVI, 33;
XVII, 199, 229; XVIII, 128, 227; XIX, 60,
62"; XX, 72; Colo., XI, 16, 70°, 119°; XII,
35; XIV, 98; XVII, 60%, 94, 150; Idaho,
XVII, 126; XIX, 37", 39; Mon., XII, 196°;
XIV, 27; XV, 121°; XVI, 136; Ore., XIII,
OSs VAL eum UNG) Secs ons oy Dak,
XIII, 96; Tepic, XII, 78, 79; Tex., XV, 183;
Wash., XVI, 252-255; XVII, 66%.—Alb., XI,
83; discv., XVIII, 7"; eggs, XII, 20; food,
XIII, 201-207; XIV, 45%; fos., XIV, 44°;
nest, XI, 83, 194; XII, 87; XIII, 108; XIV,
GR 43,045, 1478 xvas 1365 XVI, 66%;
MVII, 227; XIX, 39%; XX, 72; photo., XI,
195; XII, 21;: XVII, 66%; miscl., XII, 174";
XIV, 183°; XVII, 108"; XX, 45".

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (*Spoon-billed
Sandpiper), Alaska, XVII, 186; Siberia,
XIII, 40°.—Nest, XIII, 40"; miscl, XII,
US}

Evermann, Barton Warren: XVII, note on
the feeding habits of the blue-fronted
jay, 58.

XVIII, another record of the wood ibis in
California, 231.

F

Falco aesalon, eggs, XVI, 163.

cenchris, eggs, XVI, 163.

cenchroides, eggs, XVI, 163.

columbarius columbarius (‘Pigeon
Hawk), Alaska, XVI, 83; Ark., XVII, 44;
Calif,, XIII, 181; XVIII, 197; Colo., XI, 117;
XVII, 60°, 149; Idaho, XVII, 124; Yukon,
XI, 205.—Eggs, XVI, 163.

ecolumbarius richardsoni (Richardson
Merlin), Calif., XVIII, 194, 197; Colo., XI,
avg

ecolumbarius suckleyi (Black Pigeon
Hawk), Alaska, XVI, 82; B. C., XX, 185.

dominicensis (Cuban Sparrow Hawk),
Cuba, XVIII, 147.

eleonorae, eggs, XVI, 163.

fusco-caerulescens (*Aplomado Falcon),
Ariz., XII, 110°; Tex., XII, 103.—Eggs,
XVI, 163.

FALCON

gyrfalco, eggs, XVI, 163.

gyrfalco rusticolus (*Gray Gyrfalcon,
"rusticolus rusticolus), Alaska, XII, 42:
B. C., XV, 71"; Mon., XVI, 132°.—HEggs,
XVI, 163°, x

japonicus, eggs, XVI, 163.

mexicanus (*Prairie Falcon, »*Mexican
Falcon), Ariz., XVIII, 111"; Calif., XIII,
131, 162; XIV, 36, 41, 154; XV, 55-61, 1578;
XVII, 163, 166, 192; XVIII, 26, 34; XxX,
127; Colo. XI, 117, 164°, 165; XIV, 93;
Idaho, XV, 41; XVI, 120°; XVII, 124;
Mon., XIV, 25; XVI, 132; XVII, 112; N.
Mex., XVII, 131°; Ore., XIII, 66; XIX,
135; Tex., XIII, 46°; XIX, 162.—Eggs,
XVI, 168; food, XX, 127; hbt., XV, 55-61;
migr., XVII, 131°; nest, XI, 164; XIV, 93;
XV, 55; photo., XI, 165, 166; XV, 56-61;
miscl., XVI, 27%; XX, 1954.

obscurus, eggs, XVI, 163.

peregrinus anatum ("Duck Hawk),
Alaska, XI, 107; XVI, 82; XVII, 25; XIX,
16; Calif., XI, 171, 185°; XII, 171*, 1722;
XIII, 166; XV, 91; XVIII, 26; Colo., XI,
AEE Calif. Xt, LOO 37) NLD SG) excl
106*; XIV, 189; XV, 22; Mon., XIV, 25,
220°; XVI, 132; Ore., XVIII, 75; Tepic,
xT G98; exc Xi 103 ie Varkon axel
205.—Egges, XVI, 163; food, XVII, 25;
nest, XI, 137; XII, 186; XIV, 189; XVII,
25; miscl., XIV, 136°; XV, 338, 59: XVI,
26°; XIX, 22%:

peregrinus pealei (*Peale Falcon), Alas-
ka, XI, 107; XIX, 16.—Miscl., XVI, 42°.

rusticola, eggs, XVI, 163.

rupicoloides, eggs, XVI, 163.

sacer, eggs, XVI, 163.

sparverius sparverius (*Sparrow Hawk,
"Desert Sparrow Hawk, ‘phalaena, ‘Cerch-
NCIS) PATIZ.) CMLL LOL OXTVE) boos) sxeValile
163”; XVIII, 210°; Ark., XVII, 44; Calif.,
GCOS pany ale Sabie Vey apes akg
205; XIV, 36°; XV, 91, 1568; XVI, 30; XVII,
19) MU 2 XGENG 259) PRONG Os) Lath COLO meNae
LAS Se XT, SOs Ve OSes Neville 93; 149)
Idaho, XVI, 121°; XVII, 124°; XIX, 34°; L.
Galits; Xay 1Sics eXoV,, 2255) Mons, XliV. 255"
XVI, 182°; XVIII, 162; N. Mex., XIV, 114°;
VAL eS1S INS Dalkey eXSVi, 17882) VL
578; Ore., XIII, 66; XVIII, 76°; XIX, 98>,
133°, 135°; S. Dak., XVIII, 130; Tepic, XII,
79; Tex., XII, 108; XIII, 44%; Wash., XVI,
251, 253°—Egegs, XVI, 163; flight, XVIII,
112°; food, XX, 127; migr., XVII, 131°;
nest, XI, 92", 174°; XX, 73; miscl., XI, 147°.

sparverius paulus, eggs, XVI, 163.

subbuteo, eggs, XVI, 163.

tinnunculus, eggs, XVI, 163.

unicolor, eggs, XVI, 163.

vespertinus, eggs, XVI, 163.

Falcon, Aplomado, see Falco fusco-caeru-

lescens.

Laughing, see MHerpetotheres cachin-
nans.

Mexican, see Falco mexicanus.

36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

FALCON
Peale, see Falco peregrinus pealei.
Prairie, see Falco mexicanus.

Felger, Alva Howard: XI, a correction, 68.
XII, rev. of his “annotated list of the
water birds of Weld, Morgan and Adams
Counties, Colorado”, 82.
XIII, rev. of his “birds and mammals of
northwestern Colorado’, 80.

Ferry, John Farwell: XII, obituary of, 81.

Field collecting:
Miller, L. H., XVII, 226.

Figgins, J. D.: XV, the status of the Gambel
quail in Colorado, 158,
XX, photographs by, 203-208.

Finch, Aleutian Rosy, see Leucosticte gris-

eonucha griseonucha.

Black Rosy, see Leucosticte atrata.

Brown-capped Rosy, see Leucosticte
australis.

California Purple, see Carpodacus pur-
pureus californicus.

Cassin Purple, see Carpodacus cassini.

Commander Island Rosy, see Leucos-
ticte griseonucha maxima.

Cuernevaca House, see
mexicanus rhodocolpus.

Gray-crowned Rosy, see Leucosticte te-
phrocotis tephrocotis.

Hepburn Rosy, see Leucosticte tephro-
cotis littoralis.

House, see Carpodacus mexicanus fron-
talis.

Purple, see Carpodacus purpureus pur-
pureus.

Rosy,
phrocotis.

San Clemente House, see Carpodacus
mexicanus clementis.

Sierra Nevada Rosy, see Leucosticte te-
phrocotis dawsoni.

Finley, William Lovell: XI, some bird acci-

dents, 181.
XII, life history of the California condor,

Carpodacus

see Leucosticte tephrocotis te-

bs
XVI, rev. of his “the Oregon Sportsman”,
43. ;

Finley, W. L., and Finley, Irene: XVII, rev.
of their “little bird blue”, 236.

Fisher, Albert Kenrick: XVII, photo of, 171.
Fisher, Walter Kenrick: XI, rev. of Grin-

nell’s “the biota of the San Bernardino |

Mountains”, 73.

XVIII, rev. of Bryan’s “natural history of
Hawaii’, 88.

XX, in memoriam: Lyman Belding, 51.

Flicker, see Colaptes auratus auratus.

Boreal, see Colaptes auratus borealis.
Gilded, see Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi.
Hybrid, see Colaptes auratus-+cafer.
Mearns Gilded, see Colaptes chrysoides

mearnsi.
Northern, see Colaptes cafer luteus.

No. 13

FOOD
Northwestern, see Colaptes cafer satu-
ratior.
Red-shafted, see Colaptes cafer collaris.

Florida caerulea (*Little Blue Heron, “caeru-
lea caerulescens), Calif., XV, 188; Colo.,
XIV, 151; Cuba, XVIII, 147°; Tepic, XII,
76.—Miscl., XIII, 214°.

Flycatcher, Acadian, see Empidonax vires-

cens.

Alder, see Empidonax trailli alnorum.

Arizona Crested, see Myiarchus magis-
ter magister.

Arkansas, see Tyrannus verticalis.

Ash-throated, see Myiarchus cinerascens
cinerascens.

Baird, see Empidonax difficilis bairdi.

Beardless, see Camptostoma imberbe.

Brown, see Mitrephanes phoeocercus.

Buff-breasted, see Empidonax fulvifrons
pygmaeus.

Coues, see Myiochanes pertinax palli-
diventris.

Crested, see Myiarchus crinitus crini-
tus.

Derby, see Pitangus derbianus.

Fulvous, see Empidonax fulvifrons.

Giraud, see Myiozetetes similis super-
ciliosus.

Gray, see Empidonax griseus.

Great-crested, see Myiarchus
crinitus.

Green-crested, see Empidonax virescels.

Hammond, see Empidonax hammondi.

Least, see Empidonax minimus.

Mexican Boat-billed, see Megarhynchus
pitangua mexicanus.

Mexican Crested, see Myiarchus magis-
ter nelsoni.

Olivaceous, see Myiarchus lawrencei ol-
ivascens.

Olive-sided, see Nuttallornis borealis.

Querulous, see Myiarchus lawrencei
querulus.

Royal, see Onychorhynchus mexicanus
mexicanus.

Scissor-tailed, see Muscivora forficata.

Slate-headed Tody, see Todirostrum
schistaceiceps.

Sulphur-bellied, see Myiodynastes lutei-
ventris.

Vermilion, see
mexicanus.

Western, see Empidonax difficilis diffi-
cilis.

Wright, see Empidonax wrighti.

Yellow-bellied, see Empidonax flaviven-
tris.

Food of birds:
Bailey, F. M., XVIII, 201.
Bryant, H. C., XIII, 195; XV, 92; XVII,
32; XIX, 168; XX, 126.
Chambers, W. L., XVIII, 88, 202.
Colburn, A. E., XIX, 185.
Daggett, F. S., XV, 40.

crinitus

Pyrocephalus rubinus

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 37
FOOD GAVIA
Dixon, J., XVII, 204.
Editorial note, XX, 47. G

Evermann, B. W., XVII, 58.
McAtee, W. L., XIII, 107.
Saunders, A. A., XVIII, 81.
Squires, W. A., XIX, 69.
Tyler, J. G., XVII, 57.

Forbush, Edward Howe: XV, rev. of his “a

history of the game birds, wild-fowl and |

shore birds of Massachusetts and adja-
cent states’, 47.
XIX, rev. of his “the domestic cat’’, 145.

Fossil birds, see Palaeontology.

Fox, Virginia Fauntleroy: XV, some rare
transients of the Corral de Quati ranch,
129.

Fratercula arctica (Puffin), misel., XVI, 151.

corniculata (*Horned Puffin), Alaska,
RIV, 234°; XVI, 73; XVIL, 29; Calif., XVI,
204; XVII, 185.—Nest, XVII, 29.

Fregata aquila ("Frigate Bird), Aust., XI,
“9; “Calif., XXITT, 168; XIV, 223; Cuba,
XVIII, 146; L. Calif., XII, 74; Tepic, XII,
75*—Nest, XII, 75°.

Frey, John W.: XI, random bird notes from
Chaffee County, Colorado, 70.

Frigate Bird, see Fregata aquila.

Fringilla coelebs (*Chaffinch), Calif., XIV,
227°.—Miscl., XIII, 84°.

Frogmouth, see Podargus humeralis.

Frost, Albert H.: XIV, obituary of, 200.

Fry, Walter: XV, rev. of his ‘‘check list of
the birds of the Sequoia and General
Grant National Parks”, 188.

Fulica americana (*Coot, "Mud-hen), Alas-
ka, Vl, 185) ATK, OV, 42) Calif, XSi,
131, 160; XIV, 35, 199; XV, 119, 154", 1567,
218; XVI, 225, 228, 229, 232, 234; XVIII,
458, 1068, 196%, 226; XIX, 59, 1568; XX, 92,
1472" Colo:, Xd, 13; 114; XI, 295) XTV, 89)
120; Idaho, XVI, 121°, 122; XVII, 123; XIX,
32; L. Calif., XIII, 152; XV, 21; Mon., XIV,
24; XVI, 129; N. Dak., XVIII, 15°, 18*, 20°;

XX, 33", 35-37%, 170°; Ore., XIII, 65; XVI,
108, 113; XIX, 134; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex.,
XVIII, 187%, 2228; XX, 39; Wash., XVI,
251, 253"; XX, 193.—Destr., XV, 220°; XVI,
236; XX, 8, 147°; hbt., XX, 36", 92; nest,

XIII, 160; XIV, 120; XVI, 225, 228-229";
XVIII, 226; XIX, 65; XX, 39; photo., XIV,
120-122: XVI, 228; XIX, 65, 85; miscl., XV,
186"; XVI, 26°.
Fulmar, Giant, see Ossifraga gigantea.
Pacific, see Fulmarus glacialis
pischa.
Rodgers, see Fulmarus rodgersi.
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa (“Pacific Ful-
mar, *glacialis), Alaska, XVI, 75; Calif.,
vedio ios Calit., x98: Ven 20sOre:,
XVI, 111.—Miscl., XIII, 88°; XVI, 119°.

glu-

rodgersi (Rodgers Fulmar), Calif., XII, |

46.—Miscl., XIII, 38.

o

Gadwall, see Chaulelasmus streperus.

Gallinago delicata ("Wilson Snipe), Alaska,
XVI, 79; XX, 85; Ariz., XVIII, 210; Calif.,
XIII, 131, 185; XIV, 7, 35; XVI, 232, 261:
XVIII, 25, 168; XX, 74; Colo., XI, 14, 115;
XIV, 90, 125; Idaho, XIV, 192; XVI, 122:
2S IBIS GDS BIB IER Chibi, ay, Ohls
Mon., XII, 196°, 197; XIII, 1089; XIV, 24,
108"; XV, 94°; XVI, 130; N. Mex., XII,
163°; N. Dak., XX, 136"; Ore., XIII, 65;
XIX, 134; Yukon, XI, 204.—Hggs, XV, 144;
nest, XI, 115; XII, 197"; XIV, 24, 125: XVI,
261; photo., XII, 196°; XIV, 126; XV, 145;
prot., XIV, 112%, 229%: XV, 127%, 186"-
miscl., XVII, 61°, 2378.

gallinago (Huropean Snipe), eggs, XV,
144, 194; photo., XV, 143.

Gallinula galeata ("Florida Gallinule), Calif.,
XIV, 199; XIX, 22", 23; XX, 1478; Tepic,
XII, 78-79"; Tex., XVIII, 187°, 2228; XX, 39.
—Destr., XIX, 44; XX, 1479: nest, XX, 39:
miscl., XIII, 160; XV, 1868; XVI, 263.

Gallinule, Florida, see Gallinula galeata.

Purple, see Ionornis martinica.
Gallus bankiva, eggs, XIV, 209.
Game laws:
California Associated Societies for Con-
servation of Wild Life, XIV, 227.
Dawson, W. L., XVII, 208.
Editorial note, XVIII, 172.
Minutes Cooper Club, XII, 52; XIV, 112,
200.
Ray, M. S., XI, 141.
Taylor, W. P., XV, 42; XVI, 148.
Vogelsang, C. A., XI, 142.
Gannet, see Sula bassana.
Gardner, Leon Lloyd: XIV, rev. of his “a
partial account of the birds in the vicin-
ity of Laguna Beach”, 231.
XVI, notes from vicinity of Claremont,
California, 181.
XVII, notes from the sea-coast of south-
ern California, 99.

Gates, William H.: XII, rev. of his ‘a few
notes on the habits, life history and eco-
nomic value of doves’, 137.

Gavia adamsi (Yellow-billed Loon), Alaska,
XIII, 211; Colo., XVII, 130.—Eggs, XVI,
170, 176, 178; migr., XVII, 213.

arctica (Black-throated Loon),
XVI, 176-178; photo., XVI, 177.

immer (‘Common Loon), Alaska, XVI,
TRB Cn kL, 21 xox, 184 Califia, Xair,
173; XIV, 33; XV, 157"; XVII, 203; XVIII,
98, 107%, 222: Colo., XI, 110; XVII, 130;
Idaho, XVII, 121; XIX, 30; L. Calif., XV,
20; Mon., XVI, 127; Ore., XVI, 109; Yu-
kon, XI, 203—Eggs, XVI, 170, 175-178;
photo., XVI, 175; miscl., XVIII, 69°.

pacifica ("Pacific Loon), Alaska, XVI,

eggs,

38

GAVIA

73; XIX, 15; Ariz., XX, 24; Calif., XI, 193;
XV, 157°; XVII, 205; L. Calif., XV, 20; Yu-
kon, XI, 203.—Eggs, XVI, 176, 178.

stellata (*Red-throated Loon, *"lumme),
Alaska, XVI, 735 XXGX> V5) ‘Calif., XW,
203; Idaho, XV, 41>; XVII, 121; Ore., XVI,
109; Yukon, XI, 203.—Eggs, XVI, 176-179;
nest, XVI, 73; photo., XVI, 177, 179.

Geococcyx californianus ("Roadrunner, "Lep-

tostoma longicauda), Ariz., XIV, 56; XVII,
87; XVIII, 211; Calif., XI, 81, 171; XIII,
PRLS SiBPr abine Ohi BNR 2 c\yG alae >-aVAle
1928 193 XVI 203, 2275 XaxS 2am sn
1553; L. Calif., XIII, 152; N. Mex., XII,
16324) Dex., Mla 103s xen 4422 xan
1548, 215%; XIX, 162; XX, 40.—Discv.,
XVIII, 7°, 12°; food, XV, 92; XVI, 105°;
hbt., XVIII, 203; nest, XIII, 71°; XVII, 87;
XX, 40; miscl., XIV, 136"; XV, 61°; XVI,
24°; XVII, 180°; XIX, 160.

Geothlypis beldingi beldingi (*Belding Yel-
lowthroat), L. Calif., XI, 1428; XX, 57.—

Tax., XIX, 182; miscl., XX, 60.

beldingi goldmani, L. Calif., XIX, 183.-—
Deser:, XIX; 1838: meas., XIX; 183; tax,
XIX, 183.

poliocephala (Rio Grande Yellowthroat),
Morelos, XI, 61.

trichas arizela (Pacific Yellowthroat),
L. Calif., XV, 24; Ore., XVIII, 79.—Miscl.,
XII, 187.

trichas brachydactyla (Northern Yel-
lowthroat), Kan., XI, 155, 156, 162; Tex.,
XII, 102.

trichas occidentalis (*Western Yellow-
throat), Ariz., XIV, 62; XX, 169; Calif.
XT, 1298) 138, 1375) Xvi 39 Xavi, 11Gb:
EX, 16; Colo., XI; 1215 XA, 38; XhV, 150;
XVII, 151; Idaho, XVII, 128; Mon., XIV,
30; XVI, 142; XVIII, 163; Ore., XIII, 69,
XIX, 133°, 189; S. Dak., XIIL, 99; Wash.,;
XVI, 252, 253°—Miscl., XI, 163. ,

trichas scirpicola ("Tule Yellowthroat,
>bWestern Yellowthroat), Calif., XII, 133”;
XV TA

trichas sinuosa (*Salt Marsh Yellow-
throat), Calif., XVIII, 225; XIX, 61; XX, 62.
Distb., XX, 62; hbt., XX, 62; note, XX, 62;
nest, XVIII, 225; XX, 68; miscl., XVI, 42°.

trichas __trichas (“Maryland Yellow-
throat), Ark.; XVII, 54; Colo., XIV, 148,
150; N. Dak., XVIII, 20"; XX, 25", 28", 34°,
768s Tex, Xl Or eNGvill Asap es VILL,
151", 187*.—Miscl., XIII, 107.

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 138

GODWIT
conservation, 73.

Gilbert, Charles Henry: XY, a northern

winter station for the band-tailed pig-
eon, 94.

XVIII, nature of the occurrence of the
rose-breasted grosbeak in Humboldt
County, California, 81.

Gilman, Marshall French: XI, among the

thrashers in Arizona, 49; some owls
along the Gila River in Arizona, 145;
nesting notes on the Lucy warbler, 166;
red-eyed cowbird at Sacaton, Arizona,
173.

XII, notes from Sacaton, Arizona, 45.

XIII, notes from Sacaton, Arizona, 35;
doves on the Pima Reservation, 51.

XVI, breeding of the bronzed cowbird in
Arizona, 255; notes from Sacaton, Ari-
zona, 260.

XVII, a forty acre bird census at Sacaton,
Arizona, 86; woodpeckers of the Arizona
lowlands, 151.

Glaucidium gnoma californicum (*California

Pigmy Owl, "Rocky Mountain Pigmy, ‘pin-
icola, “vigilante, °‘gnoma), Calif., XII, 109°;
KV, 41°, (52°. 1579s: XV, 94s Xexe Ree
127.—Distb., XVI, 189; food, XII, 109°; XX,
127; fos., XIV, 44%; nest, XII, 109°; note,
XIV, 1978; syn., XVI, 1894; miscl., XX, 86.

gnoma grinnelli (Coast Pigmy Owl,
*californicum), Calif., XIII, 163°; XVII,
192*, 194; XVIII, 26—Distr., XVI, 189.

gnoma hoskinsii (*Pigmy Owl), L. Calif.,
XI, 143°.

gnoma pinicola (Rocky Mountain Pigmy
Owl, *Pigmy Owl, *gnoma), Ariz., XI, 201°;
XVIII, 158"; Calif., XX, 86; Idaho, XVII,
125>; XIX, 35>; Mon., XIV, 26°; XVI, 1383.
—Meas., XX, 86; photo., XI, 201%, 202".

gnoma swarthi, distb., XVI, 189.

phalaenoides (*Ferruginous Pigmy Owl,
bridgwayi), Ariz., XI, 145; XVII, 153";
XVIII, 211°; Tepic, XII, 78, 79°; Tex.; XI,
103.—Nest, XI, 148%; XVII, 153"; photo.,
XI, 148?.

siju (Cuban Pigmy Owl), Cuba, XVIII,
147.

Glaux, see Cryptoglaux.
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, see Polioptila caeru-

lea caerulea.
Black-tailed, see Polioptila californica.
California, see Polioptila californica.
Plumbeous, see Polioptila plumbea.
Western, see Polioptila caerulea ob-

Geranoaetus fragilis, fos., XIV, 44.
grinnelli, fos., XIV, 44.

Getty, Jennie V.: XIV, the Anthony vireo

(Vireo huttoni obscurus), 74.

Gifford, Edward Winslow: XI, the mourn-
ing dove (Zenaidura carolinensis) in
captivity, 84.

XIII, the Bohemian waxwing in Placer
County, California, 109.
Gifford, Harold: XIX, communication: on

scura.

Godman, Frederick du Cane: XI, rev. of his
“a monograph of the petrels’, pts. II
and III, 72.

XII, rev. of his ‘a monograph of the pe-
trels’, pt. V, 206.

Godwit, Black-tailed, see Limosa limosa.
Hudsonian, see Limosa haemastica.
Marbled, see Limosa fedoa.

Pacific, see Limosa lapponica baueri.

1919

GOELITZ g
Goelitz, Walter Adolph: XX, the short-eared
owl in Saskatchewan, 101.
Goethe, Charles Matthias: XVII, bird-study
out-of-doors in European schools, 201.
Golden-eye, see Clangula clangula ameri-
cana.
Barrow, see Changula islandica.
Goldfinch, American, see Astragalinus tris-
tis tristis.

Arkansas, see Astragalinus psaltria
psaltria.

Green-backed, see Astragalinus psaltria
hesperophilus.

_Lawrence, see Astragalinus lawrencei.

Pale, see Astragalinus tristis pallidus.

Willow, see Astragalinus tristis salica-
mans.

Goose, American White-fronted, see Anser

albifrons albifrons.

Blue, see Chen caerulescens.

Cackling, see Branta canadensis mini-
ma.

Canada,
densis.

Emperor, see Philacte canagica.

Greater Snow, see Chen hyperborea ni-
valis.

Hutchins, see Branta canadensis hutch-
insii.

Lesser Snow, see Chen hyperborea hy-
perborea.

Tule, see Anser albifrons gambeli.

White-cheeked, see Branta canadensis
occidentalis.

Goshawk, American, see Astur atricapillus

atricapillus.

Mexican, see Asturina plagiata.

see Branta canadensis cana-

Western, see Astur atricapillus stria-
tulus.

Grackle, Bronzed, see Quiscalus quiscula
aeneus.

Great-tailed, see Megaquiscalus major
macrourus.
Nicaragua Boat-tailed, see Megaquisca-
lus nicaraguensis.
Purple, see Quiscalus quiscula.
Grallina australis (Magpie Lark,
Aust., XIII, 142; XIV, 47°.
Grassquit, Melodious, see Tiaris canora.
Graucalus melanops, Aust., XIV, 47.—Food,
XIV, 47.
Grebe, American Eared, see Colymbus nigri-
eollis californicus.
Holboell, see Colymbus holboelli.
Horned, see Colymbus auritus.
Mexican, see Colymbus dominicus brach-
ypterus.
Pied-billed, see Podilymbus podiceps.
Western, see Aechmophorus occident-
alis. |
Greschik, Dr. Eugene: XIV, rev. of his ‘““ma- |
gen-und gewolluntersuchungen unserer

"*picata),

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

einheimischen raubvogel”, 232.

39

GRINNELL
Grey, Henry: XV, Harris hawk in Califor-

nia, 128; American egret in San Diego
County, 129; western goshawk in Cali-
fornia, 129.

XVII, bird notes from British Columbia
and southern California, 59.

ae Mexican ground dove at San Diego,

XIX, vermilion flycatcher at San Diego,
California, 102; zone-tailed hawk at San
Diego, California, 103.

XX, wood duck at San Diego, 91; wood
ibis at San Diego, 126.

Grinnell, Fordyce, Jr.: XI,
color nomenclature, 177.

Grinnell, Hilda Wood: XVII, rev. of W. L.
Finley’s “little bird blue”, 236.
XIX, rev. of L. S. Crandall’s “pets, their
history and care”, 146.
XX, rev. of T. G. Pearson’s “the bird study
book”, 48.

Grinnell, Joseph: XI, the status of the Hut-
ton vireo in southern California, 66; the
zone-tailed hawk in California, 69; rev.
of F. M. Chapman's “camps and cruises
of an ornithologist’, 71; rev. of God-
man’s “the monograph of the petrels”,
parts II and III, 72; rev. of his “the bio-
ta of the San Bernardino Mountains”,
73; the small American crossbill in Cal-
ifornia, 102; the little brown crane in
California, 128; the northern spotted
owl in California, 138; two waders of
note from Santa Catalina Island, 139;
further notes on the American crossbill
in California, 139; queries, 139; rev. of
F. H. Knowlton’s “birds of the world”,
144; rev. of W. L. Dawson and J. H.
Bowles’ “the birds of Washington”, 176;
rev. of L. H. Miller’s “Pavo californicus,
a fossil peacock from the Quaternary
asphalt beds of Rancho La Brea’, 176;
a collection of birds from Forty-mile,
Yukon Territory, Canada, 202.

XII, miscellaneous records from Alaska,
41; the Scott oriole in Los Angeles
County, 46; rev. of L. H. Miller’s “Tera-
tornis, a new avian genus from Rancho
La Brea”, 48; rev. of Ernest Adam’s
“land birds of Placer County”, 48; rev.
of R. C. McGregor’s ‘fa manual of Phil-
ippine birds”, 136; rev. of A. H. Clarke's
“the birds collected and observed dur-
ing the cruise of the United States fish-
eries steamer ‘Albatross’ in the North
Pacific Ocean” (1906), 138; rev. of his
“two heretofore unnamed wrens of the
genus Thryomanes”, 139; rev. of his
“the Savannah sparrow of the Great
Basin”, 139; rev. of his “birds of the
1908 Alexander Alaska expedition”, 139;
an additional song sparrow for Califor-
nia, 174; rev. of the new A. O. U.
“Check-list of North American birds”,

communcation:

40

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

GRINNELL

175: rev. of W. W. Cooke’s “distribution |

and migration of North American shore
birds”, 205; rev. of F. Du C. Godman’s
“a monograph of the petrels”, part V,
206; rev. of W. MacGillivray’s “life of
Wiliam MacGillivray”, 206; rev. of E.
H. Eaton’s “birds of New York”, 207.

XIII, rev. of R. H. Beck’s ‘water birds of
the vicinity of Point Pinos, California”,
37; rev. of L. H. Miller’s “wading birds
from the Quaternary asphalt beds of
Rancho La Brea”, “condor-like vultures
of Rancho La Brea”, “additions to the
avifauna of the Pleistocene deposits at
Fossil Lake, Oregon”, 79; rev. of H. C.
Tracy’s “significance of white markings
in birds of the order Passeriformes”, 79;
rey. of A. L. V. Manniche’s “the terres-
trial mammals and birds of northeast
Greenland”, 80; field notes from the
San Joaquin Valley, 109; the Bohemian
waxwing in Sacramento County, Cali-
fornia, 111; the black duck in Califor-
nia, 138; rev. of J. H. Bowles’ “notes ex-
tending the [known] range[s] of cer-
tain birds on the Pacific slope”, 140;
rev. of his “description of a new spotted
towhee from the Great Basin”, 170; rev.
of his “a new blue grosbeak from Cali-
fornia”, 170; rev. of his “early summer
birds in Yosemite Valley’, 170.

XIV, rev. of L. H. Miller’s ‘a series of
eagle tarsi from the Pleistocene of
Rancho La Brea”, “avifauna of the Ple-
istocene cave deposits of California”,
43: an afternoon’s field notes, 104; rev.
of C. G. Abbott’s “the home-life of the
osprey”, 109; rev. of R. Ridgway’s “the
birds of North and Middle America”,
part V, 110; February bird notes from
Palm Springs’, 154; the northern brown
towhee, 199.

XV, the outlook for conserving the band-
tailed pigeon as a game bird of Califor-
nia, 25; rev. of E. H. Forbush’s “a his-
tory of the game birds, wild-fowl and
shorebirds of Massachusetts and adja-
cent states”, 47; rev. of W. Stone’s “the
phylogenetic value of color characters
in birds”, 47; rev. of L. H. Miller's “con-
tributions to avian palaeontology from
the Pacific coast of North America”, 48;
rey. of H. G. Bryant’s “birds in relation
to a grasshopper outbreak in Califor-
nia”, 49; Leucosticte tephrocotis daw-
soni—a new race of rosy finch from the
Sierra Nevada, 76; call-notes and man-
nerisms of the wren-tit, 178; rev. of W.
Fry’s “check list of the birds of the Se-
quoia and General Grant National
Parks”, 188; rev. of H. H. Bailey's ‘“‘the
birds of Virginia”, 233; rev. of BH. Thay-
er and V. Keyes’ “catalogue of a col-
lection of books on ornithology in the
library of John E. Thayer”, 233.

No. 13

GRINNELL

XVI, a second list of the birds of the
Berkeley campus, 28; occurrence of the
white-tailed kite in central California in
1918, 41; the great gray owl in Cali-
fornia, 94; rev. of J. H. Gurney’s “the
gannet, a bird with a history”, 150;
communication: The Condor: a maga-
zine of vertebrate natural history?, 185;
rev. of R. Ridgway’s ‘the birds of North
and Middle America”, part VI, 188; rev.
of W. S. Baily’s “the birds on Buena
Vista Lake, southern California’, 242;
rev. of C. E. H. Aiken and E. R. War-
ren’s “the birds of El Paso County,
Colorado”, 264.

XVII, rev. of “Alaskan bird-life”’, 105; rev.
of W. H. Dall’s biography of Spencer
Fullerton Baird, 169; rev. of E. H. Ea-
ton’s “birds of New York”, part II, 169;
rev. of W. W. Cooke's “our shorebirds
and their future’, 237; rev. of his “a
distributional list of the birds of Cali-
fornia’, 237.

XVIII, a new ruffed grouse, from the Yu-
kon Valley, 166; rev. of Thayer, Bangs
and Allen’s “notes on the birds and
mammals of the Arctic coast of Hast
Siberia”, 236; rev. of W. S. Brooks’
‘notes on birds from Hast Siberia and
Arctic Alaska’, 237; rev. of F. S. Her-
sey’s “a list of the birds observed in
Alaska and northeastern Siberia during
the summer of 1914”, 237.

XIX, the subspecies of Hesperiphona ves
pertina, 17; a diagram for illustrating
the seasonal shifting of the bird calen-
dar, 68; an invasion of California by
the eastern goshawk, 70; rev. of W. W.
Cooke’s “second annual report of bird
counts in the United States”, 73; rev.
of A. C. Shelton’s “a distributional list
of the land birds of west central Ore-
gon’, 174.

XX, the status of the whiterumped pe-_

trels of the Cailfornia coast, 46; seven
new or noteworthy birds from east-cen
+ral California, 86; the name of the Am-
erican barn swallow, 92; rev. of W. H.
Bergtold’s ‘a study of the incubation
periods of birds”, 95; rev. of R. C. Mur-
phy’s “natural history observations from
the Mexican portion of the Colorado
desert”, 97; rev. of “birds of America”,
vols. I, Il, III, 97; extension of known
distribution in some northern California
birds, 190; the Virginia warbler in Cali-
fornia, 193.

Grinnell, J., with Heller, E., Stephens, he

and Dixon, J.: rev. of their “birds and
mammals of the 1907 Alexander expedition
{to southeastern Alaska”, XI, 106.

Grinnell, J., and Storer, T. I: XX ate

race of fox sparrow, from the vicinity of
Mono Lake, California, 165.

i i

1919 SECOND TEN

GRINNELL
Grinnell, J., with Swarth, H. S.: XVI, rev. of
their ‘an account of the birds and mam-
mals of the San Jacinto area of southern
California”, 97.

Grosbeak, Alaska Pine,

cleator alascensis.

\rizona Blue, see Guiraca caerulea la-
aula.

Black-headed, see Zamelodia melanoce-
phala melanocephala.

British Columbia Evening, see Hesperi-
puona vespertina brooksi.

California Blue, see Guiraca caerulea
salicarius. ,

California Evening, see Hesperiphona
vespertina californica.

California Pine, see Pinicola enucleator
californica.

Evening, see Hesperiphona vespertina
vespertina.

Kadiak Pine,
flammula.

Newfoundland Pine,
eleator eschatosus.

Pacific Black-headed,
melanocephala capitalis.

Rocky Mountain Evening, see Hesperi-
phona vespertina warreni.

Rocky Mountain Pine, see Pinicola enu-
cleator montana.

Rose-breasted,
ana.

Western Blue, see Guiraca caerulea la-
zula.

Western Evening,
vespertina montana.

see Pinicola enu-

see Pinicola enucleator
see Pinicola enu-

see Zamelodia

see Zamelodia ludovici-

see Hesperiphona

Grouse, Alaska Spruce, see Canachites can-

adensis osgoodi.

Canadian Ruffed, see Bonasa umbellus
togata.

Columbian Sharp-tailed, see Pedioecetes
phasianellus columbianus.

Dusky, see Dendragapus obscurus ob-
scurus.

Franklin,
franklini.

Gray Ruffed, see Bonasa umbellus um-
belloides.

Oregon Ruffed, see Bonasa umbellus sa-
bini.

Pinnated, see Tympanuchus americanus.

Prairie Sharp-tailed, see Pedioecetes
phasianellus campestris.

Richardson, see Dendragapus obscurus
richardsoni.

Ruffed, see Bonasa umbellus umbellus.

Sage, see Centrocercus urophasianus.

Sharp-tailed, see Pedioecetes phasianel-
lus phasianellus.

Sierra, see Dendragapus obscurus sier-
rae.

Sooty, see Dendragapus obscurus fuli-
ginosus.

Spruce, see Canachites canadensis can-
adensis.

see Canachites canadensis

YEAR INDEX 41

GYMNOGYPS
_ Valdez Spruce, see Canachites canaden-
sis atratus.
Yukon Ruffed, see Bonasa umbellus yu-
konensis.

Grus americana (*Whooping Crane), Colo.,
XT, 114; Tex., XVIII, 218"—Miscl., XVIII,

2283,
canadensis (Little Brown Crane),
Alaska, XVI, 78; Ariz., XIV, 154; Calif.,

XI, 128, 129; XII, 80; XIII, 50, 79; XVIII,
39"; Colo., XI, 114.—Fos., XIII, 79; meas.,
XIII, 50.

mexicana (*Sandhill Crane), Calif., XI,
129; XIII, 50, 1299, 130, 134; XIV, 35; XV,
218; XVIM, 39"; Colo., XI, 18, 114: Xv,
152"; Mon., XIV, 24; XVI, 129; Ore., XIX,
134; S. Dak., XIII, 103; Tex., XV, 182.—
Miscl., XVI, 267; XIX, 48+.

minor, fos., XII, 13; XIII, 79.

Guara alba (White Ibis), L. Calif., XI, 11;
Tepic, XII, 76—Nest, XI, 11.
rubra (*Scarlet Ibis), Colo. XII, 29;
Tex., XX, 78-82.—Photo., XX, 81°; miscl.,
XIX, 46°.

Guillemot, Pigeon, see Cepphus columba.

Guiraca caerulea caerulea (*Blue Grosbeak),
Tex., XVIII, 187°, 189°—Tax., XIII, 170.
caerulea lazula (*Western Blue Gros-
beak), Ariz., XIV, 62; XX, 169; S. Dak.,
XIII, 100; Tex., XIX, 164.—Eggs, XII, 16°;
food, XVII, 204%; tax., XIII, 170; miscl.,
aD. Bhs
caerulea salicarius ("California Blue
Grosbeak, Ylazula), Calif., XI, 172°; XIII,
161; XIV, 39>; XV, 116°, 129°.—Tax., XIII,
170; XVII, 189; miscl., XVI, 44°; XX, 92.

Gull, Bonaparte, see Larus philadelphia.
California, see Larus californicus.
Franklin, see Larus franklini.
Glaucous, see Larus hyperboreus.
Glaucous-winged, see Larus glaucescens.
Heermann, see Larus heermanni.
Herring, see Larus argentatus.

Ivory, see Pagophila alba.

Kumlien, see Larus kumlieni.

Mew, see Larus canus.

Ring-billed, see Larus delawarensis.
Ross, see Rhodostethia rosea.
Sabine, see Xema sabini.
Short-billed, see Larus brachyrhynchus.
Skua, see Megalestris skua.
Slaty-backed, see Larus schistisagus.
Swallow-tailed, see Creagrus furcatus.
Vega, see Larus vegae.

Western, see Larus occidentalis.

Gurney, John Henry: XVI, rev. of his “the

gannet, a bird with a history”, 150; mi-
grations of the gannet, 261.

Gymnogyps amplus, fos., XIV, 44.

californianus (*California Condor, ®Vul-
ture), Calif., XI, 101; XII, 5, 19; XVII, 102,
192; XVIII, 39°, 205.—Discv., XVIII, 4”;
fos. XII, 18: XIII, 79; 1. hist, XI, 3;

1

42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

GYMNOGYPS
photo., XII, 4-10; prot., XI, 104%; miscl.,
x 68 XT 392s) Xovil, 268) OVE. 175s
XIX, 159", 176°.
Gypogeranus serpentarius (*Secretary Bird),
miscl., XVII, 179°.

Gyrfalcon, see Falco gyrfalco rusticolus.
Gray, see Falco gyrfalco rusticolus.

H

Haematopus bachmani (*Black Oyster-catch-
er), Alaska, XVI, 81; XVII, 40; Calif., XI,
186; XXII, 171, 173s, XII, 1645 Xv, 87") 91;
XIX, 71; L. Calif., XI, 100, 137, 143°; XIII,
32, 152; XIV, 189; XV, 22, 210; Ore., XVI,
115.—Egegs, XV, 149; nest, XI, 186; XII,
173; XVII, 40; photo., XV, 149; XVII, 40;
Todo, QOD, IPL avail PAGS subital, >i
TS aval, Pare

frazari (Frazar Oyster-catcher), Calif.,
XIII, 76; Jalisco, XII, 73; L. Calif., XII,
74; XIII, 152; XIV, 189; XV, 22, 210; Te-
pic, XII, 76.—Nest, XII, 73.

ostralegus (European Oyster-catcher),
eggs, XV, 149, 151, 198; photo., XV, 149.

palliatus (American Oyster-catcher),
eggs, XV, 149, 150; photo., XV, 149.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus (*North-
ern Bald Hagle, "White-headed Eagle),
Alaska, XI, 187; XVI, 82; XVII, 24; XVIII,
>. D ey ar CRs 12k TOR D.Inye bhIos Oc alse
Mon., XVI, 132.—Food, XVI, 82; XVII, 24;
1. hist., XI, 187; meas., XVI, 132; nest,
XVII, 24; photo., XI, 188-192.

leucocephalus leucocephalus (*Bald Ea-
gle, "Southern Bald Eagle), Ariz., XVIII,
201; Ark., XVII, 44; Calif., XI, 185"; XII,
171°, 172°; XIII, 164-167, 209; XV, 86%, 91;
XVII, 166, 198; XVIII, 39>; Colo., XI, 14,
117; Idaho, XVII, 124; L. Calif., XI, 1437;
XIV, 189; XV, 22; Mon., XVIII, 162; Ore.,
XVIII, 75; XIX, 49%, 135.—Food, XVIII, 75;
nest, XIII, 164, 209; XIV, 189.

Halocyptena microsoma ("Least Petrel), L.

Calif., XII, 74; Tepic, XII, 79°.

Hammond, John: XV, rev. of his “an inves-
tigation concerning the food of certain

birds”, 48.

Hanford, Forrest Sherer: XV, Sierra storms
and birds, 137.

XIX, the Townsend solitaire, 13.

Hanna, Wilson Creal: XI, the white-throated
swifts on Slover Mountain, 77.

XVI, early nesting of the California
shrike, 146.

XIX, further notes on the white-throated
swifts of Slover Mountain, 3.

XX, nesting notes from the San Bernar-
dino Valley, 126; first occurrence of the
dwarf cowbird in the San Bernardino
Valley, California, 211.

Hansen, Harold Elwood: XVIII, the western
robin nesting in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, 170; the Alaska water-thrush

No. 13

HEATH
in Marin County, California, 231.
XIX, the Florida gallinule in San Francis-
co County, 22.
XX, two midwinter records for San Fran-
cisco County, California, 93.

Hansen, H. E., and Squires, W. A.: XIX, a
list of the birds breeding in San Fran-
cisco County, California, 54.

XX, the destruction of birds at the light-
houses on the coast of California, 6.

Harelda hyemalis (*Old-squaw), Alaska,
XVI, 77; XVII, 298; Calif., XIV, 41; XVIII,
85.

Hasselborg, Allen E.: XX, bird notes from
Admiralty Island, southeastern Alaska,
191.

Hawk, American Rough-leg, see Archibuteo

lagopus sancti-johannis.

Black Pigeon, see Falco columbarius
suckleyi.

Broad-winged, see Buteo platypterus pla-
typterus.

Cooper, see Accipiter cooperi.

Cuban Broad-winged, see Buteo platyp-
terus cubanensis.

Cuban Sparrow, see Falco dominicensis.

Desert Sparrow, see Falco sparverius
sparverius.

Duck, see Falco peregrinus anatum.

Ferruginous Rough-leg, see Archibuteo
ferrugineus.

Fish, see Pandion haliaetus carolinen-
sis.

Florida Red-shouldered, see Buteo line-
atus alleni.

Harris, see Parabuteo unicinctus har-
risi.

Krider, see Buteo borealis krideri.

Marsh, see Circus hudsonius.

Mexican Black, see Urubitinga anthra-
cina.

Pigeon,
barius.

Red-bellied, see Buteo lineatus elegans.

Red-shouldered, see Buteo lineatus line-
atus.

Red-tailed, see Buteo borealis borealis.

Richardson Pigeon, see Falco columbari-
us richardsoni.

Sennett, see Tachytriorchis albicaudatus
sennetti.

Sharp-shinned, see Accipiter velox.

Sparrow, see Falco sparverius sparve-
rius.

Swainson, see Buteo swainsoni.

Western Red-tailed, see Buteo borealis
calurus.

White-tailed, see Tachytriorchis albicau-
datus sennetti.

Zone-tailed, see Buteo abbreviatus.

Heath, Harold: XVII, birds observed on For-
rester Island, Alaska, during the summer
of 1913, 20.

see Falco columbarius colum-

1919 SECOND TEN

HEINEMANN
Heinemann, Oluf J.: XII, photographs by,

85-89, 146-160.
XIV, photographs by, 12-14, 143.
Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi ("Cactus
Wren), Ariz., XI, 50-548; XII, 110°; XIII,
ban excDVe bo OU ss XOVLL. 189) bat. bbs
H6S*-s OVILL, Lb6*) 203s) Calif. 129%) 1335
137; XVI, 146, 182; XVIII, 175"; XIX, 155";
XX, 189; Tex., XII, 100; XVIII, 215%; XX,
43.—Nest, XI, 53"; XIV, 60; XVI, 146, 182;
MEVIT, 89, 153%, 163"; XX, 43; photo., XI,
53** miscl., XIII, 54°.

capistratus capistratus (Hooded Cactus
Wren), Salvador, XVI, 12.

megalopterus (Huitzilac Wren), More-
los, XI, 68.

YEAR INDEX 43

HESPERIPHONA

Antillean Green, see Butorides _ vires-
cens maculata.

Black-crowned Night, see Nycticorax
nycticorax naevius.

California Great Blue, see Ardea hero-
dias hyperonca.

European Blue, see Ardea cinerea.

Frazar Green, see Butorides virescens
frazari.

Great Blue, see Ardea herodias her-
odias.

Green, see Butorides virescens vires-
cens.

Little Blue, see Florida caerulea.

Louisiana, see Hydranassa tricolor rufi-
collis.

Heller, Edmund: XI, see Grinnell, with Hel- Northwestern Coast, see Ardea herodias

. fannini.
{2 EME) Bee GM ; Pallid Great Blue, see Ardea herodias
Helmitheros vermivorus (*Worm-eating treganzai.

Warbler), Ark., XVII, 52.—Nomen., XVIII,
228°.
Helminthophila, see Vermivora.
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (*West-

Snowy, see Egretta candidissima.

Treganza Great Blue, see Ardea herodi-
as treganzai.

White-fronted, see Notophoyx novae-

ern Solitary Sandpiper), Calif., XIV, 9; hollandiae.
XVI, 145; Colo., XIV, 126"; Mon., XIV, 24; Yellow-crowned Night, see Nycticorax
xvi, 130; XVI, M4; XVII 162; Tex., violaceus.

XIX, 162; Yukon, XI, 204.—Miscl., XVI, | Herpetotheres cachinnans (Laughing Fal-
25%, con), Tepic, XII, 76.

solitarius solitarius ("Solitary Sandpi- Herron, Robert B.: XVIII, lark bunting at
per), Colo., XI, 116; Mon., XIV, 24; Tex., Cabezon, California, 205.

SE Sate 186% 188 : Hersey, Frank Seymour: XVIII, rev. of his
Hten; Heath, see Tympanuchus cupido. “a list of the birds observed in Alaska and
Prairie, see Tympanuchus americanus. northeastern Siberia during the summer
Sage, see Centrocercus urophasianus. of 1914”, 237.
Henderson, Junius: XI, the early western | ffersey, J. Clarence: XIII, bobolink at great
surveys, 67; a correction, 139; rev. of altitude, 109.
his “an annotated list of the birds of XV, Gambel quail (Lophortyx gambeli) in
Boulder County, Colorado”, 144. : Colorado, 93.
XV, concealing and revealing coloration of BEGGS IUREEy GaSe ONE GO nO MS

animals, 8; rev. of W. L. McAtee’s “the : ;
experimental method of testing the effi- ae Colorado, 108; a bird new to Colorado,

ciency of warning and cryptic colora- ‘
tion in protecting animals from their | Hersey, L. J., with Rockwell, R. B.: XI, an
annotated list of the birds of the Barr

enemies”, 47; rev. of his “the practical eq)
value of birds”, 159. Lake district, Adams County, Colorado,

XVIII, house finch or linnet?, 30; marbled 109.
godwit in Colorado, 35. Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi (British
XIX, the Bohemian waxwing in Colorado, Columbian Evening Grosbeak), distb.,
141. descr., tax., XIX, 20.
Heniconetta stelleri, Siberia, XII, 46. vespertina californica (California Even-
Henshaw, Frederick William: XIX, game ing Grosbeak, “Western Evening, “mon:
bird conditions in Sutter County, Cali- tana, sCoccotlraustes); Calif., 2S ee
enki, OL 204», 2055: XIV, 74°, 1599; XV, 84s, 203°;
XX, eerie pugnacious coots, 92. XVIII, 200°, 204°; XX, 45, 71°—Descr.,

_ XIX, 20; distb., XIX, 20; food, XIII, 204-
Herodias egretta ("American Egret, "Ardea),

: 205"; nest, XV, 84°; tax., XIX, 20.
Ark., XVII, 42; Calif, XIII, 50, 109, 160; vespertina montana (*Western Evening
XIV, 35, 74, 199; XV, 118, 129; XVI, 93;

XVII, 232: XVII. 194, 196: Golo., XI, 114°: Grosbeak, "Coccothraustes), Ariz., XII, 60;

rere) XVIII, 159"; XX, 168; Ore. XIX, 137;
Cuba, XVIII, 147"; Tepic, XII, 76.—Prot., | Wash. XII, 168".—Descr., XIX, 20; distb.,
XVII, 211; XVIII, 91*; miscl., XIII, 214°.

XIX, 20; nest, XII, 60; photo., XII, 61;
Heron, Anthony Green, see Butorides vires- Syme, XDx, 21> tax., KILX, 18-22: miscl., XJ
cens anthonyi.

93°53, XIV, 186°; XV, 137°.

HESPERIPHONA

vespertina vespertina (Evening Gros-
beak), descr., distb., tax., XIX, 17-22.

vespertina warreni (Rocky Mountain
Evening Grosbeak, *montana, °Cocco-
thraustes), Colo., XI, 119°; XII, 60°, 161°;
Idaho, XVII, 127°; Mon., XIV, 28*.—Descr.,
distb., tax., XIX, 21.

Heteractitis incanus (*Wandering Tattler),
Alaska, XI, 210°; XVI, 80; XIX, 16; Calif.,
ME 185") Xa 171s avs Xa Gt 0:
aaa ule Baie WbyCR ONPG yA by (CrnbiE. Dal,
100, 187; XII, 186; XIV; 189; XV, 21; Ore.,
XVI, 114.—Prot., XIV, 112°; miscl., XVI,
PS alaleyee

Himantopus avocetta, eggs, XV, 194.

melanopterus, eggs, XV, 194.

mexicanus (*Black-necked Stilt), Calif.,
XLV, 85s 199s SOV, DR ZS exes 226;
228, 230%, 235°; XVII, 207; XVIII, 25, 168,
D3 0e SXUEXG, 578s XOX, 126s ‘Coloz; d5) 109";
115; XII, 29; L. Calif., XIII, 152; N. Mex.,
XII, 162°; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex., XVIII,
154", 188".—Eggs, XV, 142, 144, 147; hbt.,
XX, 126; nest, XV, 117; XVI, 226, 230°;
XVIII, 168; photo., XV, 147, 208; XVI,
221; miscl., XIII, 113", 245°; XVII, 169°.

Hirundo erythrogaster ("Barn Swallow, "ery-
throgaster palmeri, ‘rustica erythrogas-
ter), Alaska, XI, 107"; XIII, 213>; XVI, 88;
Calif., XI, 80, 185"; XIII, 111, 133, 168, 205,
210; XIV, 39; XV, 91, 1568; XVII, 99, 130;
XVIII, 29, 169; XIX, 61, 62°; Colo., XI, 17,
D2 MTS 7 MV, LOZ xoValiad 5 0s daho;
NOVA) 122): SeXaVil, AS eecXe al ale @aliin,
XIII, 153; XIV, 191; XV, 23; Mon., XIV, 30,
2168: XVI, 140; Ore.. XIII, 68: XVIII, 79;
XIX, 10", 49", 1389; N. Dak., XX, 34", 37°,
68"; S. Dak., XIII, 99; Tex., XVIII, 189°,
216"—Food, XIII, 204; migr., XIII, 168;
nest, XV, 91; XVII, 130; XVIII, 79; no-
men., XX, 92°.

History, ornithological:

Burnett, W. L., XI, 197.

Henderson, J., XI, 67.

Palmer, T. S., XIX, 159; XX, 114.
Stone, W., XVIII, 3.

Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus (*Har-
lequin Duck), Alaska, XVI, 77; XVII, 29";
B. C., XIV, 21; Mon., XVI, 128; Ore., XVI,
112.—Miscl., XVI, 46", 103°.

histrionicus pacificus,
XVIII, 237.
Hoatzin, see Opisthocomus hoatzin.
Holden, Frank Harvey: XVI, a method of
cleaning skulls and disarticulated skele-
tons, 239.

XVIII, cleaning skulls and skeletons: a
supplementary note, 231.
Holland, Harold May: XVIII,

nest addition, 31.
XIX, the valley quail occupying nests of
the road-runner, 23.

Holleman, Ridley, with Quillin,

Kamchatka,

an unusual

Roy W.:

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

=

No. 13

HUMMINGBIRD
XVIII, the San Domingo grebe in Bexar
County, Texas, 221.
XX, the breeding birds of Bexar County,
Texas, 37.

Holoquiscalus orquillensis, Leeward Islands,
XII, 49.

Hornaday, William Temple: XVII, rev. of
his ‘‘wild life conservation”, 106.

Howell, Alfred Brazier: XII, mortality
among young hummingbirds, 46; notes
from Los Coronados Islands, 184.

XIII, some birds of the San Quentin Bay
region, Baja California, 151; correction,
211. g

XIV, another eastern fox sparrow in south-
ern California, 41; unusual nesting date
of mourning dove, 73; notes from Todos
Santos Islands, 187.

XVI, destruction of birds in California by
fumigation of trees, 54; a new record
for the Pacific slope of southern Cali-
fornia, 93; a plea for more lasting field
notes, 180.

XVII, California pine grosbeak in Mono
County, and other notes, 206.

XVIII, auburn canyon wren: an objection,
82; some results of a winter’s observa-
tions in Arizona, 209.

XIX, rev. of his “birds of the islands off
the coast of southern California”, 172;
condition of game birds in east-central
California, 186. :

XX, rev. of E. R. Kalmbach’s “the crow
and its relation to man”, 140.

A. B., with Bowles, J. H.: XIV, the
shore birds of Santa Barbara, 5.

Howell, A. B., with Lamb, Chester: XV,
notes from Buena Vista Lake and Fort
Tejon, 115.

Howell, A. B., with Van Rossem, A.: XIII,
further notes from Santa Cruz Island,
208.

XVII, additional observations on the birds
of the lower Colorado valley in Califor-
nia, 232.

Huey, Lawrence Markham: XV, with the
band-tailed pigeon in San Diego Coun-
ty, 151; nesting notes from San Diego
County, 228; spotted owls in San Diego
County, 229.

XVII, two birds new to California, 57;
random notes from San Diego, 59.

XVIII, the Farallon rails of San Diego
County, 58.

Hummingbird, Allen,
leni.

Anna, see Calypte anna.

Black-chinned, see Archilochus
andri.

Blue-crowned, see Cyanomyia verticalis.

Blue-headed, see Cyanomyia verticalis.

Blue-throated, see Cyanolaemus clemen-
ciae clemenciae.

Howell,

see Selasphorus al-

alex-

i919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 45

HUMMINGBIRD

Broad-billed, see Cynanthus latirostris.

Broad-tailed, see Selasphorus platycer-
cus.

Buff-bellied, see Amazilis cerviniventris
chalconota.

Calliope, see Stellula calliope.

Costa, see Calypte costae.

Lucifer, see Calothorax lucifer.

Rivoli, see Eugenes fulgens.

Ruby-throated, see Archilochus colubris.

Rufous, see Selasphorus rufus.

White-eared, see Basilinna leucotis.

Hunt, Richard: XX, the tragical addition of
a new bird to the campus list, 125.

Hybridism:

Peck, M. E:, XIII, 149.
Swarth, H. S., XVII, 115.

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (‘Louisiana
Heron), Calif., XVII, 57; Tepic, XII, 76;
Tex., XX, 39.—Miscl., XIII, 2142.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (“Black
Tern), Calif., XIII, 108, 158; XIV, 33, 143,
199; XV, 112, 118; XVII, 207; XVIII, 24;
Colo., XI, 110; XIII, 61; XIV, 88; Idaho,
XVII, 121; Mon., XVIII, 85; N. Dak., XVII,
173"; XVIII, 19-20%, 56"; XX, 111-113", 175°;
Ore., XIX, 133; Tex., XVIII, 218°; Wash.,
XVI, 251, 253°—Nest, XI, 110; XIII, 61;
XIV, 143; XV, 112; photo., XIII, 62-63;
miscl., XVII, 217°.

Hylocichla aliciae aliciae (Gray-cheeked
Thrush, Alice Thrush), Alaska, XVI, 90;
Ark., XVII, 56; Siberia, XVIII, 237.—
Nest, XVIII, 237.

fuscescens fuscescens (*Veery, Wilson
Thrush), Tex., XVIII, 214.—Miscl., XIX,
48".

fuscescens salicicola (*Willow -Thrush),
Colo., XVII, 151; Idaho, XTX, 43; Kan., XI,
156, 164; Mon., XII, 196"; XIV, 32; XVI,
143: Ore., XV, 229.—Miscl., XIV, 198°*;
MMVI, 25°.

guttata auduboni (*Audubon Hermit
Thrush), Ariz., XVIII, 159; Colo., XI, 122;
XIV, 104; Idaho, XIX, 43; Mon., XII, 196";
XIV, 32; XVI, 148; N. Mex., XIV, 116°;
Tex., XIX, 165—Nest, XVIII, 22, 159;
miscl., XX, 89.

guttata guttata (‘Alaska Hermit
Thrush), Calif., XV, 52"; XIX, 130; Colo.,
XIV, 104; Idaho, XVII, 129; Ore., XVIII,
80; XIX, 140.—Hbt., XX, 146"; miscl., XVI,
44,

euttata nanus (“Dwarf Hermit Thrush),
Alaska, XVI, 89; Ariz., XVI, 260; Calif.,
XI, 121; XIV, 40; XVI, 40, 55; XVII,
79%, 80.—Destr., XVI, 55; hbt., XX, 145";
photo., XVII, 85°; miscl., XV, 69°; XVI, 44;
XVII, 83°.

guttata pallasi ("Hermit Thrush), Ark.,
XVII, 56; Colo., XVII, 220°; N. Dak.,
XVIII, 19°; Tex., XII, 99; XVIII, 154*.

guttata polionota (White Mountains
Hermit Thrush), Calif., XX, 89.—Distb.,
descr., meas., tax., XX, 89-90.

ICTERUS

guttata sequoiensis (*Sierra Hermit
Thrush, "aonalaschkae auduboni, °Turdus,
“auduboni), Ariz., XX, 24; Calif., XII, 148";
XIII, 83; XIV, 143, 1648; XV, 86%, 115, 200°,
203; XVI, 60, 62%, 98; XVIII, 28, 34, 182;
Colo., XIV, 108, 151-152; Nev., XII, 86;
Ore., XVIII, 224—Disev., XX, 59°; nest,
XIII, 83; XIV, 143, 145%, 146%; XV, 115,
200°; XVI, 62°; XX, 61°; photo., XIV, 144;
MOVE 642) smisels)) xXiVe, 1782" Sev. W583"
XX, 89.

guttata slevini ("Monterey Hermit
UNas Celie, ede abe pales oanile Gale
XVII, 192%, 196; XVIII, 232; XIX, 186; XX,
192.—-Song, XX, 192; miscl., XVI, 42°.

mustelina (Wood Thrush), Ark., XVII,
56; Kan., XI, 154, 155, 164.—Nest, XVII,
56.

ustulata swainsoni (*Olive-backed
Thrush), Alaska, XII, 43; Ark., XVII, 56;
B. C., XIV, 21; Colo., XIV, 104; XVII, 151;
Idaho, XVII, 129; Kan., XI, 156, 164; Mon.,
D:40 Han :\ Soe. @ I) Aun ye. O14 fem © Se. 16 0 fm BUI
112"; Ore., XIII, 69.—Photo., XVII, 114°;
miscl., XI, 93°, 1398; XX, 89.

ustulata ustulata (*Russet-backed
Thrush, "oedica), Alaska, XVI, 89; XVII,
PAR 18h (OL DINE Palo Aer itey D<IEy Pal alsttae
XIII, 74, 183; XV, 85, 156", 203; XVI, 40;
XVII, 84; XVIII, 227; XIX, 61, 142; XX,
192; Ore., XVIII, 80; XIX, 46*, 48°, 96%, 98°,
99"; Wash., XII. 167.—Egegs, XII, 16°; nest,
XV, 85; XVI, 40, 89; XVII, 28; XVIII, 227;
photo., XII, 16; miscl., XIII, 20°; XX, 61”.

Ibis, Glossy, see Plegadis autumnalis.

Scarlet, see Guara rubra.

White, see Guara alba.

White-faced Glossy, see Plegadis gua-
rauna.

Wood, see Mycteria americana.

Ieteria virens longicauda (*Long-tailed

Chat), Ariz., XIV, 58, 62°; Calif., XIII, 74;
XIV, 105°; XV, 119; XVI, 38; XVII, 192",
199, 235"; Colo., XII, 38; XVII, 151; Idaho,
XIX, 41; Ore., XIII, 69; XIX, 139; S. Dak.,
XIII, 102; Tex., XIX, 164—Hggs, XII, 16°;
photo., XII, 16"; song, XIV, 106*; miscl.,
XVIII, 33.

virens virens (*Yellow-breasted Chat),
Ark., XVII, 54; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 163;
Tex., XVIII, 185%, 215°; XX, 43.—Nest, XX,
43.

Icterus bullocki (*Bullock Oriole), Ariz.,

XIV, 58; XVI, 255%; XVII, 88; XX, 170;
Calif., XI, 169*, 171; XII, 46"; XIII, 74, 75,
136, 162, 205; XIV, 14, 37, 106"; XVI, 33;
XVII, 192%, 199; Colo., XI, 118*, 119; XII,
35: XIV, 98; XVII, 150; Idaho, XVII, 126;
XIX, 39; L. Calif., XI, 208; Mon., XIV,
218": XVI, 136; Morelos, XI, 59; Nev., XII,
88: Ore., XIII, 68; XIX, 56%, 133°, 187; S.
Dak., XIII, 104; Tex., XII, 97; XVIII, 215";

46

Ic

Id

In

lo

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

ICTERUS

XX, 42; Wash., XVI, 252, 254°—Discv.,
XVIII, 7°; eggs, XII, 228; food, XIII, 203,
204, 206"; XV, 50°; nest, XI, 171: XVI,
33; XVII, 88; XX, 42; miscl., XIX, 1768.

cucullatus cucullatus (Hooded Oriole),
Morelos, XI, 59.

cucullatus nelsoni (*Arizona Hooded
Oriole), Ariz., XIV, 55, 588; XV, 227; XVI,
255", 2588; XVIII, 212; XX, 170: Calif.,
XIII, 186; XIV, 106; XV, 156%, 157%, 2288;
XVII, 101, 234; XVIII, 194, 198; Morelos,
XI, 59; Tepic, XII, 78.—Hbt., XII, 166;
nest, XII, 1385) XV, 5b; XV, 2275. 228":
XVII, 101; photo., XVI, 256°, 258°.

cucullatus sennetti (*Sennett Hooded
Oriole), Tex., XII, 96; XVIII, 215°, 218".

galbula ("Baltimore Oriole), Ark., XVII,
Os Ni Dalkay NOVA) 2238" exexc 768s) Mex
XII, 97.—Miscl., XII, 908; XIII, 107.

gularis gularis (Lichtenstein Oriole),
Salvador, XVI, 12.

hypomelas (Cuban Oriole), Cuba, XVIII,
148.—Nest, XVIII, 148.

icterus (Troupial), Calif., XIII, 109.

melanocephala auduboni (Audubon Ori-
ole), Tex., XII, 96; XV,.183.

parisorum (*Scott Oriole), Ariz., XIV,
Gl RG 22 lO Calif.) Xl le 465 eXoVe lO:
158; XVII, 59, 96; XVIII, 129, 202; L.
Calif., XIII, 152; Morelos, XI, 59; N. Mex.,
XV, 232; Tex., XIII, 45°—Nest, XVIII,
202.

pustulatus (Scarlet-headed Oriole), Te-
DIC) XL ns:

sclateri (Sclater Oriole), Salador, XVI,
12.

spurius (*Orchard Oriole), Ark., XVII,
47; S. Dak., XIII, 104; Tex., XII, 97; XVII,
8*; XVIII, 154*—Miscl., XII, 93".

wagleri (Wagler Oriole), Morelos, XI,
59.
tinia mississippiensis (Mississippi Kite),
Kan., XI, 154-157.
aho:
Jewett, S. G., XIV, 191.
Kenagy, F., XVI, 120.
Rust, He J., SV, 415 XV 4 XVI ls:

XVIII, 81; XIX, 29.
Tracy, H. C., XII, 80.
Wyman, L. E., XIII, 75, 108; XIV, 41.

gersoll, Albert Mills: XI, the only known
breeding ground of Creciscus coturni-
culus, 123.

XII, abnormal birds’ eggs, 15.

XV, great destruction of birds’ eggs and
nestlings in the Sierra Nevada, 81.

XX, second occurrence of Wilson plover
in California, 187.

nornis martinica (Purple Gallinule), Colo.,

XIV, 151; Tepic, XII, 78; Tex., XX, 39.—

Nest, XX, 39.

Iridoprocne bicolor (*Tree Swallow, »Tachy-

cineta), Alaska, XII, 43; XVI, 88; XX, 85;
Ariz,, XVI, 261; XVII, 212" Ark; XVII,

JAY
51; Calif., XIII, 133, 136, 168; XIV, 39, 147;
XV, 84, 113, 198", 203; XVI, 209, 210; XIX,
143"; XX, 71; Idaho, XVII, 128; L. Calif.,
XIII, 153; XV, 23; Mon., XVII, 111; Ore.,
XVIII, 79; XIX, 53%, 98"; Tex., XX, 42:
Utah, XV, 106*—Eggs, XII, 22; XVI, 165;
migr., XX, 71; nest, XIV, 147; XV, 84,
113; XX, 42.

Ixobrychus exilis (*Least Bittern, "Ardetta),
Calif., XIII, 159; XIV, 35, 199, 224; XV,
154°, 156°; XVIII, 25, 39°; XIX, 186; Tex.,
XX, 39"—Nest, XIII, 159; XX, 39”; photo.,
XIII, 157, 159.

neoxenus (*Cory Least Bittern), miscl.,
XVIII, 37°.

Ixoreus naevius meruloides ("Varied Thrush,
"naevius), Calif., XI, 102; XIII, 121"; XIV,
40; XIX, 130; Mon., XVIII, 163; Ore., XI,
68", 139°; Yukon, XI, 207.—Miscl., XI, 93".

naevius naevius (*Varied Thrush), Alas-
ka, XVI, 89; XVIE, 28; B. C., XIV, 20", 21;
Calif., XI, 69"; XIII, 121%; XVI, 40; XVII,
80, 85°, 201, 204; XVIII, 200; Colo., XIV,
151; Idaho, XVII, 129; Ore., XVIII, 22, 80;
XIX, 9", 46°, 50°, 140.—Migr., XIX, 27°;
nest, XVII, 28; XVIII, 22; photo., XIX,
100°; miscl., XII, 136; XVI, 258.

J

Jabiru mycteria (Jabiru), miscl., XIII, 79.
Jacana, Mexican, see Jacana spinosa.
Jacana spinosa (Mexican Jacana), Tepic,
XII, 76; Tex., XII, 94.
Jaeger, Long-tailed, see Stercorarius longi-
caudus.
Parasitic, see Stercorarius parasiticus.
_Pomarine, see Stercorarius pomarinus.
Jay, Alphonse: XIII, nesting of the Califor-
nia cuckoo in Los Angeles County,
California, 69; early spring arrival of
Bullock oriole in Los Angeles, 75.
XVIII, obituary notice, 172.
Jay, A., with Willett, G.: XIII, May notes
from San Jacinto Lake, 156.
Jay, Alaska, see Perisoreus canadensis fum-
ifrons.
Arizona, see Aphelocoma sieberi arizo-
nae.
Black-headed, see Cyanocitta stelleri an-
nectens.
Blue, see Cyanocitta cristata cristata.
Blue-eared, see Aphelocoma cyanotis.
Blue-fronted, see Cyanocitta stelleri
frontalis.
California, see Aphelocoma californica
californica.
Coast, see Cyanocitta stelleri carbona-
cea.
Florida, see Aphelocoma cyanea.
Green, see Xanthoura luxuosa glauces-
cens.
Long-crested, see Cyanocitta stelleri di-
ademata.

1919

JAY

Oregon, see Perisoreus obscurus obscu-
rus.

Pinyon, see Cyanocephalus cyanocepha-
lus.

Rocky Mountain, see Perisoreus cana-
densis capitalis.

San Blas, see Cissilopha
san-blasiana.

Santa Cruz, see Aphelocoma insularis.

Sierra Nevada, see Cyanocitta stelleri
frontalis.

Steller, see Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri.

Texas, see Aphelocoma texana.

White-headed, see Perisoreus canaden-
sis capitalis.

Woodhouse, _ see
housei. “

Xantus, see Aphelocoma hypoleuca.

Jewett, Stanley Gordon: XI, some unusual

records from Portland, Oregon, 138.

XIV, some birds of the Saw-tooth Moun-
tains, Idaho, 191.

XV, two stragglers on the Oregon coast,
226; three new birds from eastern Ore-
gon, 229.
notes from Netarts Bay, Oregon, 107.

XVIII, new and interesting bird records
from Oregon, 21; notes on some land
birds of Tillamook County, Oregon, 74.

Judson, William Boughton: XVI, vermilion
flycatcher in the San Diegan district, 41.

Junco, Arizona, see Junco phaeonotus palli-

atus.

Baird, see Junco bairdi.

Gray-headed, see Junco phaeonotus can-
iceps.

Intermediate, see Junco oreganus con-
nectens.

Mountain, see Junco oreganus monta-
nus.

Oregon, see Junco oreganus oreganus.

Pink-sided, see Junco hyemalis mearnsi.

Point Pinos, see Junco oreganus pino-
sus.

Red-backed, see Junco phaeonotus dor-
salis.

Shufeldt,
tens.

Sierra, see Junco oreganus thurberi.

Slate-colored, see Junco hyemalis hye-
malis.

Thurber, see Junco oreganus thurberi.

White-winged, see Junco aikeni.

Junco aikeni (White-winged Junco), Colo.,

XI, 120; XII, 37.—Miscl., XII, 177.

annectens, Ariz., XI, 73; Colo., XIV, 148,
150, 152.

bairdi (Baird Junco), L. Calif., XI, 11;
XX, 57.—Nest, XI, 11; miscl., XII, 177.

hyemalis hyemalis (Slate-colored Junco,
"Snowbird), Alberta, XV, 131; Ark., XVII,
49; Calif., XIV, 38; Mon., XVI, 138; Ore.,
XVIII, 21; XIX, 138; S. Dak., XIII, 94,
95°; Yukon, XI, 206.—Miscl., XII, 177.

san-blasiana

Aphelocoma wood-

see Junco oreganus connec-

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 47

KALMBACH

hyemalis mearnsi (*Pink-sided Junco),
Colo., XI, 16, 120; XII, 37; XV, 111; XVII,
60°, 95; Idaho, XIX, 39; Mon., XII, 196°,
198°; XIV, 29; XVIII, 163.

oreganus connectens (‘Intermediate
Junco, *Shufeldt Junco, ‘hyemalis connec-
tens, “shufeldti, °couesi), Ariz., XVIII, 212;
Calif., XV, 188°: Colo., XI, 16°, 120°; XV,
111°; XVII, 60°; Idaho, XIV, 193°; XIX,
39°; Mon., XII, 195°; XIV, 29°; XVII, 115°;
Ore., XVIII, 22°; XIX, 133°, 138°; Wash.,
XII, 169°.—Syn., XX, 142°; miscl., XX, 84.

oreganus montanus (Mountain Junco,
*hyemalis montanus), Alaska, XI, 210°;
Colo., XIV, 148", 150°, 151%; Idaho, XVII,
127°; Mon., XII, 195"; XIV, 298; XVI, 1387;
XVII, 1158; XVIII, 86, 163; Tex., XIX, 163;
Wash., XII, 138.—Tax., XX, 142.

oreganus oreganus (*Oregon Junco, "hy-
emalis oreganus), Alaska, XIII, 213; XVI,
87>; XVII, 27; Alberta, XV, 131; Colo.,
XIV, 148”, 150-151>; Mon., XIV, 107°; Ore.,
XVIII, 78.—Discv., XVIII, 98; nest, XVi,
87> XVIII, 78; misel., XII, 177.

oreganus pinosus ("Point Pinos Junco,
*hyemalis pinosus), Calif., XI, 19-21”; XII,
175; XIII, 210°; XVII, 192°, 200; XVIII,
225; XIX, 60.—Nest, XIII, 210°; XVII, 200;
XVIII, 225; miscl., XX, 143.

oreganus thurberi (*Thurber Junco,
>Sierra, “hyemalis thurberi), Calif., XI, 84°,
102°; XII, 129; XIII, 108°, 120°, 163°, 205°;
XIV, 13°, 38°, 142°, 176", 178°; XV, 84, 115,
119, 138%, 199”, 200°, 203; XVI, 35°, 60°, 66”,
69", 210°; XVII, 80, 234°; XVIII, 28, 202,
225, 232; XIX, 60, 169°, 185; XX, 15°, 76,
189; Nev., XII, 86; Ore., XIX, 138°—Food,
XIII, 204°; XVI, 66, 69°; nest, XIV, 13°,
142°: XV, 84, 115, 138%, 199°; XIX, 169°,
185; XX, 76; photo., XIV, 13°; XV, 201;
XX, 76%: tax., XX, 143; miscl., XII, 177°;
MaRS TS daiaT, Alle

phaeonotus caniceps (*Gray-headed Jun-
co), Colo., XI, 16, 70%, 120; XII, 37, 164;

Ve LOOs oXVille, Obs WUitah) -xcve 07s
Nest, XII, 164; photo., XII, 164; miscl.,
XVI, 183.

phaeonotus dorsalis (Red-backed Jun-
co), Ariz. XI, 73; XX, 21, 22—Tax., XX,
23, 142; miscl., XVI, 116, 183.

phaeonotus palliatus (*Arizona Junco),
Ariz., XI, 129; XIV, 195; XVIII, 159°; XX,
168.—Nest, XI, 129; photo., XI, 130°; tax..
MOG PRE EOL, X-O'dinabiy

K

Kaeding, Henry Barroilhet: XI, microscopic
subspecies: a reply, 32; communication:
microscopic subspecies, 210.

XV, communication: on misinformation,
96; obituary notice, 159, 191; photo-
graph, 192.

Kalmbach, Edwin Richard: XVII, rev. of

48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

KALMBACH
his “birds in relation to the alfalfa wee-
vil”, 108.
XX, rev. of his “the crow and its relation
to man”, 140.

Kansas:
Karn, AN J., sox, 1912
Wetmore, A., XI, 154, 208; XV, 120: XVI,
92; XVII, 129.
Keezel, Clara Cozad: XV, rev. of her “bird
study note book”, 232.

Kellogg, Louise: XIII, a collection of winter
birds from Trinity and Shasta counties,
California, 118.

Kenagy, Fayre: XVI, a change in fauna, 120.

Kennedy, Clarence Hamilton: XIII, notes on
a broken leg in the white-rumped
shrike, 107; some robins’ and mourn-
ing doves’ nests in the lower Yakima
Valley, Washington, 184.

XV, a nest of the dusky horned lark, 135;
mourning dove in the lower Yakima Val-
ley, Washington, 183. -

XVI, the effects of irrigation on bird life
in the Yakima Valley, Washington, 250.

XVII, adaptability in the choice of nest-
ing sites of some widely spread birds,
65.

XIX, some factors involved in the nesting
habit of birds, 87.

Kermode, Francis, with Anderson, E. M.:

XVII, rev. of their report on birds of

Atlin Lake, 133.

Keyes, Charles Rollin: XIII, a history of cer-
tain great horned owls, 5.

Keyes, Virginia, with Thayer, Evelyn: XV,
rev. of their “catalogue of a collection of
books on ornithology in the library of
John HE. Thayer”, 233.

Killdeer, see Oxyechus vociferus vociferus.

Kingbird, see Tyrannus tyrannus.
Arkansas, see Tyrannus verticalis.
Cassin, see Tyrannus vociferans.
Couch, see Tyrannus’ melancholicus

couchi.
Cuban, see Tolmarchus caudifasciatus.
Great-billed, see Tyrannus crassirostris.
Western, see Tyrannus verticalis.

Kingfisher, Belted, see Ceryle alcyon alcyon.

Great Rufous-bellied, see Ceryle tor-
quata. :

Northwestern Belted, see Ceryle aleyou
caurina.

Texan, see Ceryle cabanisi.

Texas, see Ceryle americana septentri-
onalis.

Western Belted, see Ceryle alcyon cau-
rina.

Kinglet, Golden-crowned,

trapa satrapa.
Ruby-crowned,
calendula.
Western Golden-crowned,
satrapa olivaceus.

see Regulus sa-
see Regulus calendula

see Regulus

No. 18

LAMB

Western Ruby-crowned, see Regulus cal-

endula cinerasceus.

Kirn, Alfred J. B.: XX, supposed new rec-

ord for central Kansas, 191.

Kitchin, Edward Alexander: XIX, the
black-footed albatross off the coast of
Washington, 167.

XX, the rough-legged hawk

Washington, 91.

Kite, Mississippi, see Ictinia mississippien-

sis.

Swallow-tailed,

tus.

White-tailed, see Elanus leucurus.
Kittiwake, Pacific, see Rissa tridactyla polli-

caris.

Red-legged, see Rissa brevirostris.
Knot, see Tringa canutus.
Knowlton, Frank Hall:

“birds of the world”, 144.

in western

see Elanoides forfica-

XI, rev. of his

[L

Lacey, John Fletcher: XV, obituary notice,
230.
Ladd, Niel Morrow: XIX, rev. of his “how
to make friends with birds’, 144.
Lagopus lagopus albus, miscl., XII, 138;
XVIII, 237.
lagopus alexandrae (“Alexander Willow
Ptarmigan), Alaska, XI, 107; XVI, 81, 91.
—Miscl., XII, 138; XV, 236°.
lagopus koreni, Siberia, XVIII, 236.
lagopus lagopus (“Willow Ptarmigan),
Alaska, XV, 159; Yukon, XI, 204.—Miscl.,
XVI, 262.
leucurus leucurus (*White-tailed Ptarmi-
gan), Alberta, XIII, 212"; B. Cl, XexXydsoy
Colo., XI, 708; XII, 30; XIV, 91; XVII, 92,
215-221; Mon., XVI, 131.—Nest, XVII, 214-
221; photo. XVII, 216-221; miscl., XIX,
104*..
mutus, Greenland, XIII, 80.
rupestris dixoni (*Dixon Rock Ptarmi-
gan), Alaska, XI, 107; XIV, 234°; XV,
159"; XVI, 81, 91—Food, XVI, 81; miscel.,
XV, 2363.

rupestris kelloggae (Montague Rock
Ptarmigan), Alaska, XII, 139.—Descr.,
XII, 139.

rupestris reinhardi, miscl., XIil, 80.
rupestris rupestris (*Rock Ptarmigan),
Alaska, XII, 139.—Miscl., XVI, 26°.

Lamb, Chester: XI, nesting of the Xantus
murrelet as observed on Los Coronados
Islands, Lower California, 8; the knot
in southern California, 208.

XII, a glimpse of bird life on the west
coast of Mexico, 74.

XIII, a second occurrence of the Bohemi-
an waxwing in southern California, 34.

XIV, birds of a Mohave Desert oasis, 32.

Lamb, C., with Howell, A. B.: XV, notes

1919 <

Lanivireo flavifrons

LAMB
from Buena Vista Lake and Fort Tejon,
115.
Lanius borealis borealis (*Northern Shrike),
Colo., XI, 17, 121; XII, 38; Idaho, XIV,
193; XVII, 128; Mon., XIV, 30; XVI, 140;
Yukon, XI, 210°—Miscl., XX, 61.

borealis invictus ("Alaska Shrike), Alas-

ka, XII, 48; Yukon, XI, 206——Meas., XI,
206; tax., XVII, 189.

ludovicianus anthonyi (Island Shrike),
Calif., XIII, 210.—Miscl., XX, 209.

ludovicianus excubitorides (*White-
rumped Shrike), Ariz., XVII, 89; Calif.,
RIT das, lave: XLV, 697 Colo: Xl 17, 12H:
XII, 38; XIV, 102; XVII, 60°, 150; Idaho,
XVI, 1214; XIX, 41; Mon., XVI, 140; XVII,
102; N. Mex., XV, 232; Ore., XIII, 69;
XD Loos doo. Ss: Dak: <li, 103"s Tex.
XII, 96; Wash., XVI, 251.—Anat., XIII, 107;
nest, XVII, 89. ;

ludovicianus gambeli (*California
Shrike), Calif., XI, 82, 172; XIII, 74, 111,
211; XV, 18; XVI, 36,146; XVII, 130, 131°,
1928 1G: XVII, L12 KX 61, 14325 LL.
Calif., XIII, 153; Mon., XVII, 102.—Food,
XV, 50°; flight, XVIII, 112; hbt., XIII,
fb": EX, 25; mest, XI, 82) KIM; 1, 200:
XV, 18; XVI, 146; XVII, 130.

ludovicianus mearnsi, miscl., XX, 209.

ludovicianus mexicanus, miscl., XX. 209

ludovicianus migrans (*Migrant Shrike),
Ark., XVII, 51; Kan., XI, 156; Mon., XIV,
30; XVI, 140; XVII, 102.

ludovicianus nelsoni, L. Calif., XX, 209.
—Descr., distb., meas., tax., XX, 209.
(Yellow-throated Vi-
reo), Ark., XVII, 51.

solitarius cassini (*Cassin Vireo), B. C.,
ONG LAT (Calif XU) U8) XV; 8! XGVel,
29", 37, 66; XVII, 192°, 197; XX, 19; Ida-
ho, XVII, 128; XIX, 41; Mon., XIV, 30;
XVI, 141; XVII, 111; Ore., XVIII, 79; XIX,
139; Tex., XIX, 164; Wash., XII, 168°.—
Migr., XX, 19; nest, XVI, 66; XIX, 41.

solitarius plumbeus (*Plumbeous Vireo),
Ariz., XI, 130°; XX, 168; Colo., XV, 111; N.
Mex., XIV, 113°.

solitarius solitarius (Solitary Vireo,
Blue-headed Vireo), Ark., XVII, 52; Kan.,
XI, 155, 156, 162; Tex., XII, 99; XVIII,
129.
Lapwing, see Vanellus vanellus.

Lark, Alaska Horned, see Otocoris alpes-
tris arcticola.

California Horned, see Otocoris alpes-
tris actia.

Columbian Horned, see Otocoris alpes-
tris merrilli.

Desert Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
arcticola.

Dusky Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
merrilli.

Horned,
tris.

see Otocoris alpestris alpes-

Larus argentatus

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 49

LARUS

Island Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
insularis.

Magpie, see Grallina australis.

Pallid Horned, see Otocoris
leucolaema.

Prairie Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
praticola.

Scorched Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
adusta.

Sonora Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
pallida.

Streaked Horned, see Otocoris alpestris
strigata.

Texas Horned, see Otocoris
giraudi.

Yuma Horned,
leucansiptila.

alpestris

alpestris

see Otocoris alpestris

(‘Herring Gull), Alaska,
GVA Bs Cexcxe 184 Calif= exeve a 5G-
157°; XVII, 204, 205; XVIII, 47"; XX, 192°:
Colo., XI, 110; England, XI, 211°; L. Calif.,
XV, 20.—Age, XVII, 181"; miscl., XII, 138;
OV 252) KAVTT: WES*

brachyrhynchus (Short-billed Gull),
Alaska, XVI, 74; B. C., XX, 184; Calif.,
XVIII, 49, 171; Ore., XVI, 111.—Miscl.,

XIII, 38.
californicus (*California Gull), Calif.,
INNIS AIRS aye aie alate walle S:aV/1It,

74, 205; XVIII, 47, 223; XX, 192"; Colo.,
Xi ls) Ee Calif; XE 136s sv, 20° Ores
XVI, 111; XIX, 133; Utah, XVIII, 116;
Wyom., XIX, 177.—Food, XVII, 108"; nest,
XVII, 74; XVIII, 116; photo., XVIII, 116-
119; miscl., XVII, 240; XVIII, 237.

canus (Mew Gull), misel. XII, 174;
MIM, 38:

delawarensis (*Ring-billed Gull), Calif.,
XII, 174; XIII, 129, 130, 134; XVII, 205;
XVIII, 47, 100°, 194-195; XX, 192"; Colo.,
XI, 13. 110; XII, 28; XIV, 88, 125%; Idaho,
XVII, 121; Mon., XVI, 127; XVII, 113; N.
Dak, XVII, 113; Utah; X Vill; 16:
Wyom., XIX, 177.—Nest, XVIII, 116;
photo., XVIII, 116; miscl., XIII, 38; XVIII,
237.

franklini (*Franklin Gull), Calif., XVII,
OSGi keke, 192) (Colo; Sly a0 ON, Dak
XSVAUM Des XEXS 136%) 53s TAL 7S";" 1S;
Dak., XVIII, 57%, 58°; Tex., XII, 99.—Miscl.,
XEXS 278.

glaucescens (*Glaucous-winged Gull),
Alaska, XVI, 74; XVII, 36; B. C., XX, 184;
Calif., XIII, 209; XVI, 183; XVII, 186;
XVIII, 47; Ore., XVI, 111; Wash., XII,
138°—Nest, XVII, 36; miscl., XIII, 176;
XVI, 26°; XVII, 186; XVIII, 23.

heermanni (*Heermann Gull), B. C., XX,
185; Calif., XI, 96; XII, 173; XIII, 176;
XV, 89; XVIII, 105"; XX, 122, 187; L.
Calif., XI, 151; XIII, 104, 152; XIV, 188;
XV, 20, 97°, 209; Tepic, XII, 75, 76%.
Alb., XX, 122; discv., XVIII, 13°; eggs, XI,
153; nest, XI, 151-153; XII, 75; XIII, 104;

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

LARUS

photos, XT, 161; 153) any 04s XExXs 122;
plum., XX, 122, 187; miscl., XVI, 119%;
XX, 145".

hyperboreus (*Glaucous Gull), Alaska,
XVI, 74; Calif., XV, 154, 156%, 157°; XVIII,
28, 47.—Miscl., XVI, 119°.

kumlieni (Kumlien Gull), Calif., XVII,
185.

occidentalis (*Western Gull), Calif.,
68", 96, 186, 193; XII, 50-51%, 138%, 171-1733;
XIU], 164, 167, 176; XV, 89", 1542) 1562:
XVII, 205; XVIII, 47, 104%, 105%, 110", 222;
EX 5S), Tis SXeXS) 1922" a Calit-exaie 98?
136, 151-153; XII, 74; XIII, 32, 152 XIV,
TS8s EV, 20, 208: XOX 9124" Ore: ov,
111; XIX, 9", 133; Tepic, XII, 79"—Hbt.,
SOVALY 475 nest, Xl V6, kb ex Ts.
XIII, 176; XIV, 188; XV, 89%, 208; XIX,
Mi photo; XL wi Vi 10texevan:
42-53.

philadelphia (*Bonaparte Gull), Alaska,
XVI, 75; CXS 8b (Calif XAT 209) Saliv;,
Bee 2.05 ES ales GAS alyCo call, GiHe
XVIII, 24, 100%, 1048; XX, 77, 1927; Colo.,
XI, 110; L. Calif., XV, 20; Mon., XVI, 127;
N. Dak., XX, 27°.—Photo., XV, 80°; miscl.,
XVI, 25-26%; XVII, 240%; XVIII, 492.

schistisagus (Slaty-backed Gull), Alas-
ka, XII, 138.

thayeri (Thayer Gull), Alaska, XVIII,
237; B. C., XX, 184.

vegae (Vega Gull), Alaska, XII, 138.

Law, John Eugene: XII, cowbird again not-

ed in Los Angeles County, 174.

XIII, a stray wild pelican, 35.

XIV, wood ibis near Long Beach, 41; the
American merganser at Lake Tahoe, 41.

XVI, accidents to spotted sandpipers, 93.

XVII, Franklin gull: a new record for Cal-
ifornia, 96; a remarkable flight of spar-
row hawks, 131; photograph, 171.

XVIII, slight extension of range of San
Diego titmouse, 81; odd performance of
a flicker with a malformed Dill, 85.

XIX, notes on the Arizona spotted owl, 69.

Leopold, Aldo: XX, do purple martins inhab-
it bird boxes in the west?, 93; are red-
headed woodpeckers moving west?, 122.
Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera (White-
fronted Dove), Tex., XII, 95.

Leucosticte atrata (Black Rosy Finch),
Colo., XII, 35; Mon., XIV, 28.

australis (Brown-capped Rosy Finch),
Colo., X!I, 36; XIV, 98; XVII, 94, 216.

griseonucha griseonucha (Aleutian Rosy
Finch), miscl., XII, 177.

griseonucha maxima (Commander Isl-
and Rosy Finch), Alaska, XVIII, 237.

tephrocotis dawsoni (Sierra Nevada
Rosy Finch), *tephrocotis, *"Gray-crowned
Rosy Finch), Calif., XII, 147-161*; XV,
203"; XVI, 41.—Descr., XV, 76; meas., XV,
78: nest, XII, 147-161"; XIV, 185°; XVI,
41; photo., XII, 156-160"; miscel., XV, 237";
XX, 76°.

LOON

tephrocotis littoralis (*Hepburn Rosy
Finch), Alaska, XII, 43; XVI, 86, 90; Colo.,
XII, 35; XVII, 150; Mon., XIV, 28; XVI,
136; Ore., XIX, 175%; Wash., XII, 110.—
Miscl., XII, 177.

tephrocotis tephrocotis (*Gray-crowned
Rosy Finch), Alaska, XI, 210; Alberta,
XIII, 2128; XV, 131; Colo., XII, 35; Mon.,
XIV, 28; XVI, 186.—Meas., XV, 78; tax.,
XV, 77; miscl., XII, 177; XIV, 157%, 164°.

Leucosticte, see Rosy Finch.
Limonites, see Pisobia.

Limosa fedoa (*Marbled Godwit), Calif., XII,
204; XIV, 9; XVII, 98, 207; XVIII, 100-
LOT: XTX, 162; ‘Colo: Xi, Alessia
RIV, 128: XVII 355) LG. Calit. aveecas
Mon., XVI, 130.—Prot., XIV, 112%; miscl.,
>My

haemastica (Hudsonian Godwit), Aias-
ka, XII, 41—Egegs, XV, 146.

lapponica baueri (Pacific Godwit),
Alaska, XII, 41.

limosa (Black-tailed Godwit), eggs, XV,
146, 195; photo., XV, 146.

Linnet, California, see Carpodacus mexican-
us frontalis.

Pine, see Spinus pinus pinus.

Linton, Clarence Brockman: XI, Sterna cas-
pia in Los Angeles County, 68; ancient
mnurrelet at San Clemente, 102; further
notes from San Clemente Island, 193.

XTil, unusual nesting site of the San Nich-
olas rock wren, 109; the egret in south-
ern California, 109; man-o’-war birds in
southern California, 168.

Litsey, John Bigger: XX, an eastern record
for the Townsend solitaire, 44.

Littlejohn, Chase: XIV, rare takes for San
Mateo County, California, 41.
XX, lesser yellow-legs and pectoral sand-
piper in San Mateo County, California,
44, 14
Lobipes lobatus (*Northern Phalarope),
Alaska, XVI, 79; Calif., XII, 44; XIII, 162,
179; XIV, 6, 10, 353 2©V, 156-1578 e205)
218: XVI, 226; XVIII, 25, 168, 2238; XX;
192"; Colo., XI, 13, 114; Idaho, XVII, 123;
XIX, 32; Mon., XVI, 129; Ore., XIII, 65;
XVI, 113; Yukon, XI, 204.—Eggs, XV, 193;
food, XIV, 6; hbt., XIV, 6; nest, XVIII,
223; photo., XIII, 183°; XIV, 10; XV, 205;
XVI, 7*, 111°: miscl., XI, 72%, 181"; Sl 82:
Longspur, Alaska, see Calcarius lapponicus
alascensis.
Chestnut-collared, see Calcarius ornatus.
Lapland, see Calcarius lapponicus lap-
ponicus.
McCown, see Rhynchophanes mccowni.
Loon, Black-throated, see Gavia arctica.
Common, see Gavia immer.
Pacific, see Gavia pacifica.
Red-throated, see Gavia stellata.
Yellow-billed, see Gavia adamsi.

1919 SECOND TEN

LOPHODYTES

Lophodytes cucullatus (Hooded Merganser),

Calif exeva, 92 SVL, (59 ERG 68 ‘Colo:,
XI, 111; XIV, 152; Idaho, XVII, 122;
Wash., XIX, 143.—Nest, XIX, 143.

Lophortyx californica californica (*Califor-

nia Quail), Calif., XI, 21; XIII, 73; XVI,
30: VIE, Si, 193; XIX, 59; Chili, XVI,
187°; Colo., XV, 94, 158; XVII, 60°; Ore.,
XIX, 135; Peru, XVI, 43°.—Hybrid, XIII,
149, 151; mest, XVI, 30; note, XIV, 73;
miscl., XI, 39°, 66%; XIII, 79°; XIV, 132.
californica vallicola (*Valley Quail,
>Partridge), Calif, XI, 170; XII, 108;
xT 9) XV, Wei-1428= xXove 17, 156%;
XVI, 98, 145; XVII, 206; XVIII, 4°, 168,
OMNES os Loess Ldaho, VE, 120 Ts:
Calif., XI, 100; XII, 187; XV, 22.—Dis-
ease, XIV, 136; distb. with map, XIV, 131-
142"; XVI, 98; food, XIV, 135; fos., XIV,

YEAR INDEX 51

MACHETES

curvirostra sitkensis (Sitka Crossbill),
Alaska, XI, 107; XVI, 86, 91; XVIII, 237;
DADS aly:

curvirostra stricklandi (Mexican Cross-
bill), Ariz., XI, 73; XXX, 22° Calif., XI, 102;
XIII, 210; Colo., XI, 120; XIV, 149-152,
227.

leucoptera (*White-winged Crossbill),
Alaska, XVI, 86; XX, 85; England, XII,
111; Idaho, XIV, 193; Mon., XVIII, 162;
S. Dak., XIII, 100°; Yukon, XI, 206.

Lunda cirrhata (*Tufted Puffin), Alaska,

XVI, 73; XVII, 29; B. C., XX, 180°; Calif.,
XI, 96, 186; XII, 170°, 172; XIII, 173, 209;
XV, 87°, 88; XVIII, 222, 232; XIX, 58, 71;
Ore., XVI, 110; Wash., XX, 178.—Destr.,
XII, 188"; nest, XI, 186; XII, 172; XII,
173; XV, 88, XVI, 73; XVII, 29; XIX, 71;
miscl., XVI, 119"; XVIII, 205", 236°.

44": nest, XV, 17; XVII, 206; XVIII, 168,
201; XIX, 23; note, XIV, 105°; photo.,
XIX, 23; prot., XIV, 112%, 131-142", 229- M
230"; miscl., XI, 43, 141%; XIII, 150°; XV,
Ba, 190%, 214": X6VE, 5b, 1038", 152%:) XVII,
209%; XVIII, 88°, 229°; XIX, 74%, 159%, 173;

Macaw, Military, see Ara militaris.
MacGillivray, William: XII, rev. of his “life

one a7: of William MacGillivray”, 206.
douglasi (Douglas Quail), Tepic, XII, | MacPherson, Henry [Edward] Brewster:
78. XII, rev. of his “the home-life of a golden
gambeli (*Gambel Quail, Partridge, eagle”, 81.

‘Desert Quail), Ariz., XI, 52, 54°; XIV, 58",
61; XVII, 86, 97; XVIII, 210; Calif., XIII,
131, 185; XIV, 35, 38; XVI, 98; Colo., XV,
93, 158.—Discv., XVIII, 12; distb., XVI,
98; hbt., XX, 97°; nest, XIV, 60°; XVII,
86, 97; photo., XIV, 61%; XVII, 97; prot.,
XIV, 229-230°; miscl., XI, 39-40", 43; XIII,
79"; XIV, 132°.
Lower California:

Carpenter, N. K., XX, 124.

Colburn, A. E., XVII, 165.

Howell, A. B., XII, 184; XIII, 151, 211;
XIV, 187.

Lamb, C., XI, 8.

Osburn, P. I., XI, 134, 151; XII, 73;
200 he Bul

Oberholser, H. C., XIX, 182; XX, 209.

Swarth, H. S., XV, 228.

Thayer, J. E., XI, 10, 142; XIII, 104.

Van Rossem, A., XI, 208.

Willett, G., XV, 19, 184.

Wright, H. W., XI, 96; XV, 207.

Loxia curvirostra bendirei (*American
Crossbill, "Sierra Crossbill), Ariz., XX, 22,
24- GCalif., XI, 102, 139%; XII, 149°; XV,
203; Colo., XI, 120.—Miscl., XVI, 103°.

curvirostra minor (*Red Crossbill, "Am-
erican Crossbill), Alaska, XVI, 86; XVII,
27: Calif., XI, 102, 1389; XVI, 34; XVIII,
224: Colo., XIV, 148-149; Idaho, XII, 90°;
XIII, 108; XIV, 193; XVII, 127; Mon., XIV,
28; XVI, 136; Ore., XVIII, 77; XIX, 133,
138; Wash., XII, 168°—Nest, XII, 90°;
photo., XII, 90, 92; miscl., XVII, 135°.

curvirostra percna (Newfoundland
Crossbill), Newfoundland, XVI, 151.

McAtee, William Lee: XII, rev. of F. J.
Phillips’s “the dissemination of junipers
by birds”, 135; rev. of W. H. Gates’ “a
few notes on the habits, life history and
economic value of doves’, 137.

XIII, remarks on the food of young cow-
birds, 107; rev. of A. G. Edquist’s “use-
ful birds of South Australia”, 142.

XIV, rev. of his “woodpeckers in relation
to trees and wood products”, 44; rev. of
H. C. Bryant’s “the relation of birds to
an insect outbreak in northern Califor-
nia”, 45; rev. of A. G. Edquist’s “useful
birds of South Australia’, part III, 46.

XV, rev. of his “the experimental method
of testing the efficiency of warning and
cryptic coloration in protecting animals
from their enemies”, 47; rev. of his “in-
dex to papers relating to the food of
birds in the publications of the United
States Department of Agriculture, 1885-
1911”, 132.

XVII, rev. of his “how to attract birds in
northeastern United States’, 107.

McGee, William John: XIII, rev. of his

“notes on the passenger pigeon”, 79.

McGregor, Richard Crittenden: XII, rev. of
his “a manual of Philippine birds”, 136.

XVIII, rev. of his “birds in their economic
relation to man”, 89.

McLean, Donald D.: XVIII, nesting habits of
the Virginia rail in Mariposa County,
California, 229.

Machetes pugnax (Ruff), eggs, XV, 141, 148,

196; photo., XV, 141.

on
bh

MACRORHAMPHUS
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (*Long-
billed Dowitcher), Alaska, XIII, 213; XVI,
19; XS 8b; Calif, SV, 8 obs eV Lous,
205°; XVII, 99; XVIII, 194, 197; Colo., XI,
115; XIV, 127; Tex., XVIII, 188*—Photo.,
XLV 49 XV, eee VS 8s prota eNl Vip delat
Magpie, see Pica pica hudsonia.
American, see Pica pica hudsonia.
Black-billed, see Pica pica hudsonia.
Yellow-billed, see Pica nuttalli.

Mailliard, Ernest C.: XIX, a portable nest,
166.

Mailliard, John Ward: XII, for the better
determination of Agelaius tricolor, 39.
XIV, concerning nesting sites of the Cali-
fornia jay, 42; call note of the female

California quail, 73.

“ XVI, red-winged blackbird on the Sierras
in winter, 144.

XVIII, shearwaters on San Francisco Bay,
30; the old-squaw in west-central Cali-
fornia, 85; pomarine jaeger in San
Francisco Bay, 202; notes on the dark-
bodied shearwater, 232.

Mailliard, Joseph: XI, nest of the dusky
poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttalli cali-
fornicus), 45; nest of the Tolmie warb-
ler, 65; nest of the western meadow-
lark, 100; flicker feathers, 103; nest of
the California bi-colored blackbird, 127.

XII, photographs by, 40; the status of the
California bi-colored blackbird, 63.

XIII, odds and ends, 49; golden eagle and
dog, 138.

XIV, Passerella stephensi in Marin Coun-
ty, California, 63; notes from the San
Joaquin Valley, 74; breeding of the
band-tailed pigeon in Marin County,
California, 194.

XV, the black-chinned hummingbird in
Marin County, California, 43; the Ste-
phens fox sparrow in Marin County,
California, once more, 93; Henry Bar-
roilhet Kaeding, 191; some curious nest-
ing places of the Allen hummingbird on
the Rancho San Geronimo, 205; dry sea-
son notes, 228.

XVI, announcement: convention of Am-
erican ornithologists in San Francisco
in 1915, 147; notes on a colony of tri-
colored redwings, 204; new breeding
records for California, 261.

XVII, the Kern redwing—Agelaius phoeni-
ceus aciculatus, 12; further remarks up-
on the Kern red-wing, 228; scaup ducks
breeding in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, 235.

XVIII, sea gulls at the Panama-Pacific In-
ternational Exposition, 41; some bird
notes from Humboldt Bay, 198; Caspian
tern in the San Joaquin valley, 228.

XIX, the hooded merganser in Stanislaus
County, California, 68; concerning two
forms of the Bryant marsh sparrow in

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 13

MARILA
California, 69; rev. of A. B. Howell’s
“birds of the islands off the coast of
southern California”, 172.

XX, early autumn birds in Yosemite Val-
ley, 11; additional records of European
widgeon in California, 122; the Yolla
Bolly fox sparrow, 138; new records for
some of the islands off the coast of
southern California, 189; when the
thrushes cease from singing, 192.

Mallard, see Anas platyrhynchos.
Black, see Anas rubripes.

Mancalla californicus, fos., XIII, 117.
Manikin, see Scotothorus veraepacis.

Manniche, A. L. V.: XIII, rev. of his “the
terrestrial mammals and birds of north-
east Greenland”, 80.

Mareca americana (*Baldpate, American
Widgeon), Alaska, XVI, 76; Calif., XIII,
130; XIV, 34; XVII, 166, 234%; XVIII, 24,
223; Colo., XI, 111; XII, 29;- XIII, 1228;
Idaho, XVII, 122; XIX, 30; L. Calif., XV,
21, 184; Mon., XIV, 23, 220%; XVI, 128;
Wash., XVII, 102; XIX, 142.—Hbt., XIX,
85; photo., XIX, 85; miscl., XVI, 46%; XX,
123°, 188.

penelope (*European Widgeon), Calif.,
XVIII, 39"; XOS, 122) 187; 192 iWasuy
XVII, #68; XVIII, 129; XIX, 142; XX, 93,
188. 72

Marila affinis (*Lesser Scaup Duck, “Ay-
thya), Calif., XII, 204; XIII, 134; XIV, 34;
XVII, 2348; XVIII, 35”, 194, 196, 223; XIX,
59; Colo., XI, 112, 144°; XII, 79, 80"; XIV,
152; L. Calif!, XIII, 152; XV; 20: Mon-s
XVI, 128; Ore., XVI, 112; Yukon, XI, 204.
—Nest, XI, 112; XVII, 234"; XVIII, 35°.

americana (*Redhead), B. C., XX, 5";
Calif., XIII, 130, 158; XIV, 34; XV, 120;
XVI, 224, 228, 229, 230, 234"; Colo. X1,
112; XII, 29"; XIII, 122°, 191; Mon., XVI,
128; N. Dak., XVIII, 20°; XX, 267; Ore.,
XIX, 134—Nest, XI, 112: XL isso
195"; XVI, 228, 229, 231; photo., XI, 113;
XIII, 189-190; XVI, 228-231; prot., XIV,
229%; XVII, 211°; miscl., XIV, 200°; XVII}
100°.

collaris (*Ring-necked Duck, ?Aythya),
Ariz., XVI, 260"; XX, 24; Calif., XIV, 34,
41; XVII, 186; XVIII, 25, 85; Colo., XI,
13°, 112°; XII, 79-802.

marila (*Scaup Duck, "Blue-bill, °‘Ay-
thya), Alaska, XVI, 77; Bi Gixoseoee
Calif., XVII, 131°, 235>; XVIII, 35%, 45", 194-
195; Colo., XI, 138; 112°; IN) Dak eves
55-56"; XX, 26*.—Destr., XIX, 141; nest,
XVII, 235°; XVIII, -35*.

valisineria (*Canvasback), Calif., XIII,
130, 194, 195%; XVII, 131°, 2325 )35V0iy
108", 194, 195; Colo., XI, 112; XIII, 122°;
Idaho, XVIII, 81; Mon., XVI, 128; N. Dak.,
XVIII, 54"; Ore., XVI, 112.—Hbt., XIX, 85;
nest, XI, 112; XIII, 194; photo., XIII, 191-

—

EEE EE EEE

1919

MARILA
192°; XIX, 85-87; miscl., XVI, 46, 233°.
Marsden, Henry Warden: XI, chestnut-sided

warbler at Sherwood, Mendocino Coun-
ty, California, 64.

XII, Alaska longspur at Gunther's Isl-
and, Eureka, California, 110.

XVI, obituary notice, 202; biography, 202.

Martin, Bee, see Tyrannus tyrannus.
House, see Progne subis subis.
Purple, see Progne subis subis.
Western Purple, see Progne subis hes-
peria.

Massey, Herbert: XV, notes on the eggs of
the North American Limicolae, referring
principally to the accidental visitors, 193.

Meadowlark, See Sturnella magna magna.

Rio Grande, see Sturnella magna hoop-
esi.

Southern, see Sturnella magna argutula.

Texas, see Sturnella magna hoopesi.

Western, see Sturnella neglecta.

Mearns, Edgar Alexander: XVIII, obituary
notice, 234.

Megalestris skua (*Skua), B. C., XX, 180°;

Calif., XIII, 38; Chili, XVII, 133%; Peru,
XVI, 43"; Wash., XX, 179.
Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Great-

tailed Grackle, “Jackdaw), Tex., XII, 97;
MOV, 1833 XVII 183", 187-1892, 20b*s XCx;
42.—Nest, XX, 42.

major obscurus (Colima Boat-tail), Te- |

pic, XII, 74.
nicaraguensis (*Nicaragua Boat-tailed
Grackle), Salvador, XVI, 11°.

Megarhynchus pitangua mexicanus (Mexi- |

can Boat-billed Flycatcher), Salvador,

XVI, 13.

Megascops xantusi
i. Calif.; XI, 142.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus (*Red-headed
Woodpecker), Ark., XVII, 45; Colo., XI,
118; XII, 32; XIV, 94; XVII, 150; Kan.,
XI, 155,158; Mon., XVI, 133; N. Mex., XX,
122; S. Dak., XIII, 94°, 102°.—Food, XVII,
45; hbt., XIII, 102%; miscl., XVI, 27"; XX,
26", 69°.

formicivorus bairdi (*California Wood-
pecker, "Balanosphyra), Calif., XI, 19, 21,

(Xantus Screech Owl),

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

| Melospiza georgiana

171; XIII, 74, 163; XV, 119, 1567; XVI, 31, |

64, 210; XVII, 82, 183, 195; XX, 16—
Disey., XVIII, 7%; food, XVIII, 32°; hbt.,
XIX, 69; nest, XVII, 183; XIX, 103; syn.,
XVI, 188°; miscl., XVII, 153", 168°.
formicivorus formicivorus (*Ant-eating
Woodpecker, *aculeatus), Ariz., XIII, 35°;
XV, 227; XVII, 152°.—Nest, XV, 227;
miscl., XVIII, 228°.
Melanotis caerulescens, Morelos, XI, 64.

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia (Rio Grande
Wild Turkey), Colo., XI, 14; Tex., XII, 93;
XX, 212.—Egegs, XIV, 212.

gallopavo merriami ("Merriam Wild Tur-

53

MELOSPIZA

key), Colo., XV, 104; Tex., XVIII, 186°.—
Distb. with map, XV, 105; eggs, XV, 212:

gallopavo mexicanus, Colo., XV, 104.—
Eggs, XIV, 212.

gallopavo osceola
key), eggs, XIV, 213.

gallopavo silvestris (Wild Turkey, *gal-
lopavo), Ark., XVII, 42: Colo., XIV, 148,
149, 152.—Distb. with map, XV, 105; eggs,
ra 210, 212; photo., XIV, 211; syn., XV,

Melopelia asiatica trudeaui (*White-winged
Dove, "asiatica, ‘leucoptera), Ariz., XIII,
52°; XIV, 58°, 58*-59"; XVII, 87: XVIII,
Lis) ALOR XEXS GOP-) (Calif. xave 196;
XVIII, 230"; L. Calif., XI, 11"; Morelos, XT,
63°; Tepic, XII, 78°; Tex., XII, 95%: XV,
182; XVIII, 190", 214-215", 218"—mFood,
XII, 52°; nest, XII, 11°; XII, 52>: XVII,
87; XVIII, 157*; miscl., XVI, 26°.

Melopyrrha nigra (Cuban Bullfinch), Cuba,
XVIII, 148.—Nest, XVIII, 148.

(Florida Wild Tur-

(Swamp Sparrow),
Ariz., XVIII, 213; Ark., XVII, 50; Colo.,
xT Se MON XV; 29 lex meXee 101;
XVIII, 129—Eggs, XVI, 166°.

lincolni' gracilis (*Forbush Sparrow,
*striata), Alaska, XI, 107; XVI, 87; Calif.,
XIII, 76, 111; XIV, 74°; XVII, 234: XVIII,
39"; XIX, 130; XX, 17°, 18°; Wash., XVIII,
35”°—Miscl., XVI, 44°.

lincolni lincolni (*LincolIn Sparrow),
Ariz., XVIII, 212; Ark., XVII, 50; Calif.,
XII, 175; XIII, 186; XIV, 38, 74, 106", 177°,
187; XV, 203; XVI, 98; XVII, 234: XVIII,
28, 34; XIX, 130; XX, 17, 189: Colo., XJ,
120; XVII, 150; Idaho, XVII, 127; XIX, 40:
Mon., XII, 196", 198; XIV, 29; XVI, 138:

Oren Xx) AS85e Topics xls os" Tex.,
XVIII, 1548; Yukon, XI, 206.—Nest, XII,
198; XIV, 177°; XVIII, 34; photo., XII,
198"; miscl., XVI, 44.

melodia caurina (Yakutat Song Spar-
row), Alaska, XIV, 73; XVI, 87; XIX, 16;
Calif., XII, 174; Ore., XVII, 60; XVIII, 78.
—Distb., XIV, 73.

melodia clementae (San Clemente Song
Sparrow), Calif., XII, 172; L. Calif., XIV,
190; XX, 124.—Nest, XX, 124; photo., XX,
124.

melodia cleonensis (Mendocino Song
Sparrow), Calif., XVIII, 199.

melodia cooperi (*San Diego Song
Sparrow), Calif., XIV, 38; XV, 1578; XVI,
55, 98, 98, 210; XVIII, 107"; XIX, 102; XX,
126; L. Calif., XV, 23.—Distb., XVI, 55;
hbt., XII, 165; nest, XIX, 102; miscl., XIV,
52.

melodia coronatorum (Coronado Song
Sparrow), L. Calif., XI, 100, 137; XIII, 32.

melodia fallax (Rocky Mountain Song
Sparrow, “Desert Song Sparrow), Ariz.,
MIV, 62; XVIII, 213; Calif., XIII, 129"
133, 186.—Nest, XIV, 62; miscl., XII, 177.

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

MELOSPIZA
melodia fisherella (Modoc Song Spar-
row, "Mountain Song Sparrow, *montana),
Calif., XIII, 205"; XIV, 38°, 143°; XV, 201°,
203>: XVI, 93"; XVIII, 194, 198; XX, 1%,
18, 45, 126—Food, XIII, 203-204"; nest,
RIV, 143°; KV, 201%.

melodia graminea (Santa Barbara Song

Sparrow), Calif., XIII, 210; XV, 91.

melodia heermanni (Heermann Song
Sparrow), Calif., XIU, 110, 161, 163; XVIII,
198.—Distb., XIII, 100; nest, XIII, 110.

melodia inexpectata, Alberta, XV, 181.

melodia juddi ("Dakota Song Sparrow),
Mon., XVI, 188; N. Dak., XX, 28°, 69°, 176°.

melodia mailliardi (Modesto Song Spar-
row), distb., XIII, 110; miscl., XIII, 110.

melodia maxillaris (Suisun Song Spar-
row), miscl., XVI, 42°.

melodia melodia (*Song Sparrow), Ark.,
XVII, 49; Tex., XVIII, 129—Food, XIII,
107; miscl., XII, 136, 177; XHI, 107; XVIII,
228"; XX, 214.

melodia merrilli (*Merrill Song Spar-
row), Calif., XIII, 120; Idaho, XVI, 121°;
XVII, 127; Mon., XVIII, 86; Ore., XIX,
138: Wash., XVI, 252, 253-254".

melodia montana (*Mountain Song Spar-
row), Ariz., XVIII, 213; Colo., XI, 16, 120;
XII, 37; XIV, 100; XVII, 60°, 95; Idaho,
XIV, 193; XVI, 121°; XIX, 40; Mon., XII,
196; XIV, 29; XVI, 138; Nev., XII, 88,
Ore., XIII, 68—Nest, XII, 88; XIV, 100;
XIX, 40; photo., XIX, 34; miscl., XVIII, 86.

melodia phaea (“Oregon Song Sparrow),
photo., XI, 182*.

melodia pusillula (Salt Marsh Song
Sparrow), Calif., XIX, 61.

melodia rivularis (Brown Song Spar-
row), miscl., XV, 187.

melodia rufina ("Rusty Song Sparrow,
bmorphna, °Passerella), Alaska, XIV, 73;
XVI, 87, 90; XVII, 27; XIX, 16; igh (G5
XIV, 21; XX, 186; Calif., XII, 108°; XIII,
120; XVII, 82%, 85"; Ore., XI, 1392; XVIII,
78>: XIX, 99°.—Distb., XIV, 73; nest, XVI,
87; XVIII, 78°; syn., XVI, 90°.

melodia saltonis (Salton Sink Song
Sparrow), Calif., XX, 126.—Miscl., XIV, 52.

melodia santaecrucis (‘Santa Cruz
Song Sparrow), Calif., XI, 185°; XIII, 74,
163; XVI, 35; XVII, 81%, 82, 85°, 200; XIX,
61.—Photo., XVII, 79%, 81°.
Merganser, American, see Mergus ameri-
canus.

Hooded, see Lophodytes cucullatus.

Red-breasted, see Mergus serrator.
Mergus americanus ("American Merganser),
Alaska, XVI, 76; B. C., XIV, 21; Cailif.,
XIV, 41"; XVIII, 127, 194, 195; XX, 70,
73": Colo., XI, 111; XIV, 88; Idaho, XVII,
121; Mon., XVI, 127; XVIII, 162; Ore.,
XIX, 133; Yukon, XI, 204.—Hbt., XIV, 41°;
nest, XVIII, 127; miscl., XIV, 169°; XVII,
135°.

serrator (*Red-breasted Merganser),

MILLER
Alaska, XVI, 76; XIX, 16; Calif., XI, 193;
IV, 34; XV, 156%, 1578s eV e288
Colo., XI, 111; Idaho, XVII, 122; XIX, 30;
L. Calif., XV, 21; Mon., XIV, 23; XVI, 127;
Ore., XVI, 112.

Merlin, Richardson, see Falco columbarius
richardsoni.

Merriam, Clinton Hart: XVII, photograph,
171.

Mexico. Baja California, see Lower Cali-
fornia.
Chihuahua: Oberholser, H. C., XX, 181.
Morelos: Smith, A. P., XI, 57-64.
Tamaulipas: Smith, A. P., XI, 138.
Tepic: Lamb, C:, XII, 74: Osburn, P.
I., XII, 80.

Micropalama himantopus (*Stilt Sandpiper),
Bi GC. XV, 12; Colo., xa, 1155 xebVeatzie
Micropallas whitneyi idoneus, distb., XVI,

189.
whitneyi sanfordi, distb., XVI, 189.
whitneyi whitneyi (*Elf Owl), Ariz., XI,

145; XIV, 55-60; XVII, 153", 158°; XVIII,

211; Calif., XVII, 233; L. Calif., XI, 142-

143°—Distb., XVI, 189; fos., XIV, 44°;

nest, XI, 149°; XIV, 56, 59°; XVII, 153;

photo., XI, 149, 150; XIV, 55-59"; XV, 186".

Midway Islands:
Richards, Dr. T. W., XI, 122.
Migration:
Adams, E., XI, 70.
Allen, A. S., XVII, 58.
Cooke, W. W., XVII, 213.
Gurney, J. H., XVI, 261.
Storer, T. I., XVI, 144.
Willard, F. C., XIV, 107.
Proposed new regulations for the pro-

tection of migratory birds, XVIII, 172.

Miller, Loye Holmes: XI, sparrow hawk
nesting in a bird box, 174; notice of his
“Pavo californicus, a fossil peacock from
the Quaternary asphalt beds of Rancho
La Brea”, 176.

XII, fossil birds from the Quaternary of
southern California, 12; rev. of his
“Teratornis, a new avian genus from
Rancho La Brea”, 48.

XIII, rev. of his “wading birds from the
Quaternary asphalt beds of Rancho La
Brea”, 79; rev. of his “the condor-like
vultures of Rancho La Brea”, 79; rev.
of his “additions to the avifauna of the
Pleistocene deposits at Fossil Lake,
Oregon”, 79; a synopsis of our knowl-
edge concerning the fossil birds of the
Pacific coast of North America, 117.

XIV, rev. of his “a series of eagle tarsi
from the Pleistocene of Rancho La
Brea”, and “avifauna of the Pleistocene
cave deposits of California”, 43.

XV, a specimen of Bendire thrasher in
the San Diegan region, 41; rev. of his
“contributions to avian Palaeontology

1919 SECOND TEN

MILLER
from the Pacific coast of North Amer-
ica’, 48; late fall occurrence of the
black-headed grosbeak, 92.

XVI, some notes on sea birds from Los
Angeles County, California, 40.

XVII, dwarf cowbird in the San Diegan
region, 165; a striking plumage of the
western tanager, 165; bluebird breeding
in Los Angeles, 166; pinyon jays in Los
Angeles, 166; a walking eagle from
Rancho La Brea, 179; a convenient col-
lecting gun, 226.

XX, the eastern kingbird in California
again, 44; a surprising trait in the
black-necked stilt, 126; the Kaeding
petrel in California, 211; first flights of
a young golden eagle, 212.

Milvago chimango, eggs, XVI, 163.
Mimocichla rubripes schistacea (Gray-bel-
lied Red-legged Thrush), Cuba, XVIII, 150.

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (*Western
Mockingbird), Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 58;
MOVIL, 89, 159°; Calif., XI, 172; XIII, 138,
eieetoo; XLV, 39, 10%"; XV, 156%, 2282:
XVI, 146; XVIII, 92°, 226; XIX, 158°; XxX,
190; Colo., XI, 17, 121; XII, 38; XIV, 102;
XVII, 151; L. Calif., XV, 248; Morelos, XI,
64; N. Mex., XII, 162°; Tepic, XII, 78;
Tex., XII, 96%, 102; XV, 183"; XIX, 164.—
Nest, XI, 121; XIV, 102; XV, 2289; XVI,
146; XVII, 89; photo., XVII, 159*; miscl.,
XII, 186; XIII, 114-1158; XV, 2368; XVI, 55;
XVIII, 937, 98°.

polyglottos orpheus (Cuban Mocking-
bird), Cuba, XVIII, 150.—Nest, XVIII, 150.
polyglottos polyglottos (*Mockingbird),
Ark., XVII, 55; Tex., XIII, 43-45%; XVIII,
151-154", 185-189", 205-218"; XX, 43.—Nest,
XX, 43.
Mitchell, Horace Hedley: XVIII, concerning
vernacular names of Passer domesticus,
82. ed
XIX, peculiar nesting habits of the avo-
cet, 101.

Mitrephanes phaeocercus (Brown Flycatch-
er), Morelos, XI, 60.

Mniotilta varia (Black and White Warbler,
"Black and White Creeper), Ark., XVII,
52; Calif., XVII, 131; Kan., XI, 156, 162;
Tex., XII, 101; XVIII, 189°.

Mockingbird,
glottos.
Cuban, see Mimus polyglottos orpheus.
Western, see Mimus polyglottos leucop-
terus.

Molothrus ater artemisiae (*Nevada Cow-
bird), Calif., XIII, 181; XIV, 37—Miscl.,
XVI, 42°.

ater ater (*Cowbird),

Ark, XVII 47;

YEAR INDEX

see Mimus polyglottos poly- |

Colo., XI, 15, 118; XII, 35; XIV, 97; Cuba, |

XVIII, 148"; Idaho, XIX, 37-39"; Mon.,
SV, 2s Vl, 1363 CVI 1625 Ne Mex;
XII, 162"; Ore., XIII, 68; XIX, 137; S. Dak.,
Ponies On, 1088s "hex. sles Os) Oke

MUSEUM

183"; XVIII, 154°, 189, 215"—Distb., XI,
52°; eggs, XII, 17°; food, XIII, 107"; nest,
XI, 92°, 118; XVI, 136; XIX, 37; photo.,
XII, 17; miscl., XI, 139"; XII, 72°.

ater obscurus ("Dwarf Cowbird), Ariz.,
XI, 173°; XVI, 257; XVII, 88, 155"; Calif.,
XII, 133, 174; XIII, 132, 134, 161; XIV, 37;
XVI, 261; XVII, 165, 206; XVIII, 28, 204:
XX, 211; L. Calif., XIII, 152; XVII, 165:
Tex., XII, 97; XX, 41—Nest, XII, 133:
XVI, 257, 261; XX, 41, 211; photo., XVI,
256; XVIII, 204.

Momotus mexicanus (Mexican Motmot),
Morelos, XI, 60; Tepic, XII, 77—Food, XT,
60; hbt., XI, 60.

Montana:

Bailey, B., XV, 94, 184.

Betts, N. de W., XVIII, 60.

Du Bois, A. D., XX, 189, 191.

Saunders, A. A., XI, 197; XII, 80, 195,
204; XIII, 108; XIV, 22, 107, 108, 215, 224:
XV, 99, 121, 128; XVI, 124, 183; XVII, 102,
109; XVIII, 85.

Silloway, P. M., XI, 86.

Mopoke, see Athene boobook.

Morphnus daggetti, desecr., XVII, 179; fos.,
REVEL 9

wcodwardi, fos., XIV, 44.
Motmot, Mexican, see Momotus mexicanus.
Mueller, Carl Stanley: XVII, a northern
winter record of the phainopepla, 129.
XVIII, occurrence of emperor goose

northern California, 32.

Munro, John Alexander: XX, the Barrow
golden-eye in the Okanagan Valley, Brit-
ish Columbia, 3; rev. of his “report of
field work in Okanagan and Shuswap dis-
tricts in 1916”, 48.

Murie, Olaus John: XV, unusual nesting site
of the mallard, 176.

Murphy, Robert Cushman: XX, rev. of his
‘natural history observations from _ the
Mexican portion of the Colorado desert”,
97.

in

Murre, California, see Uria troille califor-
nica.

Murrelet, Ancient, see Synthliboramphus an-
tiquus.

Craveri, see Brachyramphus craverii.
Kittlitz, see Brachyramphus_ breviros-
tris.
Marbled, see Brachyramphus marmora-
tus.
Xantus, see Brachyramphus hypoleucus.
Muscivora forficata ("Scissor-tailed Fly-
catcher), Calif., XVII, 203; XVIII, 208";
Golom xd, 1485 150) 152) Tex.) X99:
MeV, 182 XVI, 8"; MOVED, Lb3-154") 18s
2158: XX, 41, 212—Nest, XX, 41; miscl.,
XVII, 212°.
Museum of Comparative Oology: XVIII, an-
nouncement of opening, 68.

56 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

MUSEUM
Museum of History, Science and Art: XVI,
announcement of opening, 42.

Myadestes townsendi ("Townsend Solitaire),
Alaska; Xi (210:) Aniz., Soil, 61%: Zon, 35:
Calif., XIII, 121; XIV, 40, 154; XVI, 40, 60,
98; XVII, 165, 205; XVIII, 28, 32-34, 181;
XIX, 14; Colo., XI, 122; XII, 39; XIV, 103;
XVII, 95; Idaho, XVII, 129; Mon., XII,
199; XIV, 32, 2198; XV, 94; XVI, 143;
XVHEI, 113; Tex., XX, 44; Wash., XII, 110.
—Food, XVIII, 133°; hbt., XIX, 14; nest,
XVII, 205; XVIII, 32, 181; XIX, 14; photo.,
XVIII, 182; miscl., XI, 199; XIV, 158; XIX,
TAS: XX, 57%.

Mycteria americana (Wood Ibis, "Tantalus
loculator), Calif., XIV, 34, 41, 194; XVIII,
231; XX, 126; Tepic, XII, 76°.

Myers, Harriet Williams: XI, notes on the
habits of Phainopepla nitens, 22; nest-
ing habits of the rufous-crowned spar-
row, 131.

XII, notes on regurgitation, 165.

XIII, nesting habits of the western fly-
catcher, 87.

XIV, nesting habits of the western blue-
bird, 221.

XV, early arrival of the black-headed
grosbeak, 94.

XVI, egrets in Los Angeles County, Cali-
fornia, 93.

XVII, a late nesting record for the Cali-
fornia woodpecker, 183.

XVIII, the coming of the cowbird, 204.

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (*Ash-
throated Flycatcher), Ariz., XIV, 53, 57-
60%; XVII, 153°, 158"; XX, 168; Calif., XI,
81: XIII, 132, 135, 180; XIV, 37; XV, 157°;
XVI, 183, 2108; XVII, 196, 283; XVIII, 27,
230; XIX, 158"; Colo., XI, 15; XII, 33; Mo-
relos, XI, 60; N. Mex., XII, 182°; Ore.,
MVM, 2: XIX, 186; Tepic, Xi, 78; Tex.,
XIII, 448, 468; XX, 41.—Food, XIII, 202;
nest, XIV, 57%, 60°; XVII, 153°, 196; XVIII,
230; XX, 41; miscl., XIV, 46°.

crinitus crinitus (Crested Flycatcher),
Ark. XVII, 46; Kan., XJ) 1/5b, 156, 159);
Tex., XII, 99; XX, 41—Nest, XX, 41;
miscel., XVIII, 230.

lawrencei olivascens (Olivaceous Fly-
catcher), Ariz., XX, 168.

lawrencei ‘querulus (Querulous’ Fly-
catcher), Morelos, XI, 60.

magister magister (*Arizona Crested
Flycatcher, "mexicanus magister), Ariz.,
XIV, 59"; XVII, 153; XX, 22, 168.—Nest,
XVII, 153°.

magister nelsoni ("Mexican Crested
Flycatcher, "mexicanus), Honduras, XII,
59>: Morelos, XI, 60°; Tex., XII, 99; XVIII,
216"; XX, 41.—Nest, XX, 41.

nuttingi inquietus, Morelos, XI, 60.

Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris (*Coues
Flycatcher, *Contopus), Ariz., XX, 21, 167".
—Nest, XX, 167°.

No. 13

NEW MEXICO

richardsoni richardsoni (*Western
Wood Pewee, ’Richardson Pewee, ‘Conto-
pus), Ariz., XX, 168°; Calif., XI, 21, 171;
XIII, 180, 202; XIV, 107%, 1478; XV, 83,
156", 199-200", 203; XVI, 29", 32, 64, 210;
XVII, 164, 195; XIX, 169; XX, 46: Colo.,
XI, 118; XII, 34; XIV, 96; XVII, 150;
Columbia, XX, 96; Idaho, XVII, 126; XIX,
36; L. Calif., XIV, 190; XV, 23; Mon., XIV,
27, 216°, 218°; XVI, 134; XVII, 112": Mo-
relos, XI, 60; Nev., XII, 86, 88; Ore.,
XVI, 77; SGX, 628, 138%) 1365) Toxeele
ae XIII, 46°.—Migr., XX, 46; miscl., XV,

virens (*Wood Pewee), Ark., XVII, 46;
Kan., XI, 155, 160; N. Dak., XVII, 223";
XX, 176°; Tex., XII, 98; XVIII, 153%, 189",
214",

Myiodynastes luteiventris ("Sulphur-bellied
Flycatcher), Ariz., XV, 227°; XX, 168; Co-
lombia, XX, 96.

Myiopagis jaliscensis, Morelos, XI, 60.

placens, Morelos, XI, 60.
Myiozetetes similis similis, Honduras, XII,
58.
similis superciliosus (Giraud Flycatch-
er), Morelos, XI, 60; Tepic, XII, 78.
texensis texensis, Salvador, XVI, 11.—
Nest, XVI, 12.

N

Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Winter Wren),
Ark.,. XVII, 55; ‘Colo; XSIV, 153 Kane
121.

hiemalis pacificus (*Western Winter
Wren), Alaska, XVI, 88; XVII, 28; B. C.,
XIV, 21; XX, 186; Calif., XI, 19", 21; XII,
79; XIII, 35, 170°; XVI, 38, 63; XVII, 167,
196; XX, 190; Idaho, XVII, 128; Mon.,
XIV,. 81; XVI, 142; XVIII, 163; Ore) XI
138"; XVIII, 80; XIX, 49°, 51°, 100", 140;
Wash., XII, 168".—Nest, XIII, 170°; XVII,
196; XX, 190; miscl., XIX, 73°.
hiemalis semidiensis (Semidi
Winter Wren), Alaska, XVIII, 237.
Nelson, Edward William: XV, obituary of
Herbert Brown, 186.
XVII, communication:
census, 104.

Nesting, see Nidification.

Nettion carolinense (*Green-winged Teal),
Alaska, XVI, 76; Ariz., XII) 110*3BaiGe
XX, 185; Calif., XIII, 130; XIV, 34; XV,
118, 157%; 2075 XVI, 2248" Cologeesiete,
111; XII, 29; XIII, 122"; Idaho, XVII, 122;
XIX, 30; L. Calif., XIII, 152; Mon.) XIV,
23; XVI, 128.—Miscl., XVI, 26"; XIX, 125".

Nevada: -

Ray, M. S., XII, 85.
Newberry, F. E.: XVII, obituary notice, 132.

Newberry, Walter C.: XVIII, a chapter in
the life history of the wren-tit, 65.

Island

a national bird

New Mexico:

1919

NEW MEXICO
Bailey, F. M., XII, 161, 181; XIV, 113.
Law, J. E., XVII, 131.
Leopold, A., XX, 93, 122.
Smith, A. P., XX, 92.

New subspecies:
Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus,
12.
Bonasa
166.
Cyanolaemus
XX, 181.
Geothlypis beldingi goldmani, XIX, 182.
Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi, XIX,
20.

XVII,

umbellus yukonenss, XVIII,

clemenciae ~bessophilus,

vespertina californica, XIX, 20.
vespertina warreni, XIX, 21.
Hylocichla guttata polionota, XX, 89.
Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni, XX, 76.
Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni, XV, 76.
Passerculus sandwichensis brooksi,
XVII, 187.
Passerella iliaca brevicauda, XX, 138.
iliaca monoensis, XIX, 165.
Pipilo maculatus falcinellus, XV, 172.
Salpinctes guadeloupensis proximus,
eval PAlbE
Sitta carolinensis tenuissima, XX, 88.
Nichols, John Treadwell: XVII, estimated
average age of the herring gull, 181.
Nidification:
Kennedy, C. H., XIX, 87.
Nighthawk, see Chordeiles virginianus vir-
ginianus.
Florida,
chapmani.
Pacific, see Chordeiles virginanus hes-
peris.
Texas, see Chordeiles acutipennis tex-
ensis.
Western,
henryi.
Nokes, Irwin Dana: XVII, red phalarope in
the San Diegan district, 98.
XIX, western grebe breeding in southern

see Chordeiles’ virginianus

see Chordeiles virginianus

California, 24; vermilion flycatcher
near Los Angeles, 25.
Nomenclature:

Dawson, W. L., XVIII, 33.
Dwight, J., XI, 43.
Grinnell, J., XX, 92.
Henderson, J., XVIII, 30.
Howell, A. B., XVIII, 82.
Mitchell, H. H., XVIII, 82.
Pemberton, J. R., XVIII, 227.
Storer, T. I., XVIII, 202.
Taverner, P. A., XX, 213.
North Dakota:
Bailey, F. M., XVII, 173, 222; XVIII, 14,
54: XX, 24, 64, 110, 132, 170.
Notophoyx novae-hollandiae (White-fronted
Heron), Aust., XIV, 47.
Nucifraga columbiana (*Clarke Nutcracker,
*Crow), Alaska, XVI, 85; Ariz., XIII, 35;
XVIII, 159; Calif., XII, 130, 149; XIII, 108; ,

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

57

NYCTICORAX
XIV, 164°, 178°; XV, 86°, 203%; Colo., XI,
TOS 2:0 BIS a NY Cree o-ayllli, CRIS o-db.< alz ii)
XX, 199°, 202"; Idaho, XIV, 193; XVII, 126;
XIX, 162; Mon., XII, 195; XIV, 27; XVI,
135; XVIII, 162; Nev., XII, 86; Ore., XIX,

133", 137; S. Dak., XIII, 93; Tex., XIX,
163; Wyom., XVIII, 62.—Discv., XVIII,
5®; nest, XII, 130, 195; XVIII, 62, 159;

XIX, 149; XX, 2022; photo., XIX, 152-154;
miscl., XI, 93°, XIV, 1692.

Numenius americanus ("Long-billed Curlew,
blongirostris), Calif., xXiV, 10: XV, L165
XVII, 207; XVIII, 39", 204; Colo., XI, 14°,
16s) XHVe 90% We iCalify Xn 1525 210);
Mon., XI, 87-88"; XIV, 24, 216"; XVI, 127°,
130; N. Mex., XII, 1627; S. Dak., XIII, 103;
Tepic., XII, 76°, 79%; Tex., XVIII, 188°.—
Eggs, XV, 148, 150; nest, XI, 86°; photo.,
Ds ESTER OOS ERIE Tkwole, ORG) ahs
miscl., XVI, 245°; XVII, 237°.

borealis (“Esquimo Curlew), Calif., XX,
61.—Prot., XII, 206; miscl., XVI, 203°.

hudsonicus (*Hudsonian Curlew), Alas-
ka, XVI, 80; Calif., XIV, 10; XV, 155-1568;
XVII, 207; Colo., XI, 116; L. Calif., XIII,
DANCIN eXAV | 2a] Ores) OV, 114) epich oxaliy
76.—Photo., XVI. 113%; miscl., XIII, 113°.

phaeopus (*Whimbrel), eggs, XV, 148,
149, 196"; photo., XV, 143.

Nutcracker, Clarke, see Nucifraga columbi-
ana.

Nuthatch, Inyo Slender-billed, see Sitta car-
olinensis tenuissima. ‘

Pigmy, see Sitta pygmaea pygmaea.

Red-breasted, see Sitta canadensis.

Rocky Mountain, see Sitta carolinensis
nelsoni.

Slender-billed, see Sitta carolinensis ac-
uleata.

White-breasted,
carolinensis.

White-naped, see Sitta pygmaea leuco-
nucha.

Nuttallornis borealis (*Olive-sided Flycatch-
er), Ariz., XX, 21°; Ark., XVII, 46; B. C.,
cig, Gals Chite, ord5, Pale 2dBh also anak
108, 180; XV, 83, 156", 208; XVI, 29%, 32,
196", 210; XVII, 82, 164, 192", 195; XVIII,
27: XIX, 58%, 60, 170; XX, 46; Idaho,
XVII, 125: XIX, 36; Kan., XI, 155, 160;
Mon., XIV, 27; XVI. 134; Nev., XII, 86;
Ore., XVIII, 77; XIX, 9°, 46%, 101°; Tex.,
XII, 98; Wash., XII, 198*°.—Destr., XV, 82,
83; migr., XX, 46; nest, SAU. ERE ROA
195; miscl., XIV, 183°.

Nyctala, see Cryptoglaux.

Nyctea nyctea (“Snowy Owl), Alaska, XVJ,
83: Calif., XIX, 24, 71°; Colo., XI, 118;
Idaho, XVII, 125; Mon., XIV, 26; XVI
133: S. Dak., XVIII, 130; Wash., XIX, 127;
XX, 45, 98, 193—Food, XX, 193; migr.,
MEX, 127; miscl, XIX, 74°.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (*Black-
crowned Night Heron), Calif., XIII, 130,

see Sitta carolinensis

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

NYCTICORAX

134, 160, 162; XIV, 35, 224"; XV, 117, 118"
1568; XVI, 30; XVII, 978; XVIII, 223%;
IDG iy IS abt Coty, a ahyip >-agh
29, 113-121; XIII, 61°; XIV, 89; XIX, 142;
INS Mex,, ll 16375) Ni Dak: Sovlll, 47,
20-21", 548; XX, 28-29", 35", 171-172"; Ore.,
DO IBS D.C GE SO-AYI CRE Dab alby ts
Tepic, XII, 76; Tex., XVIII, 186"; XX, 39;
Utah, XVI, 247-248°—Nest, XI, 114; XII,
113-121; XIII, 61, 160; XV, 117; XVI, 93°,
247-248"; XVII, 978; XIX, 142; XX, 39;
photo., Sell, e412: misel,. x4 ss":
XVIII, 69%, 83%; XIX, 176°.

violaceus (*Yellow-crowned Night Her-
on), Colo., XI, 33; Tepic, XII, 76.—Miscl.,
XIII, 214°.

Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli (*Parauque),

Tepic, XII, 77; Tex., XII, 103; XVIII, 129,
215°.—Nest, XII, 77.

ie)

Oberholser, Harry Church: XIII, rev. of his

“a, revision of the forms of the hairy
woodpecker (Dryobates villosus [Lin-
naeus])”’, 169; rev. of his “a revision of
the forms of the ladder-backed wood-
pecker (Dryobates scalaris [Wagler])”,
170.

XIV, rev. of his ‘a revision of the sub-
species of the green heron (Butorides
virescens [Linnaeus])”, 231.

XV, rev. of his “a revision of the forms
of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias

Linnaeus)”, 50; rev. of R. Ridgway’s
“color standards and color nomencla-
ture”, 131.

XVI, rev. of his “four new birds from
Newfoundland”, 151; rev. of his “a
monograph of the genus Chordeiles

Swainson”, 189.

XIX, the number of species and subspe-
cies of birds in Texas, 68; the status of
Aphelocoma cyanotis and its allies, 94;
a new subspecies of Geothlypis beldin-
gi, 182.

XX, description of a new subspecies of
Cyanolaemus clemenciae, 181; descrip-
tion of a new Lanius from Lower Cali-
fornia, 209.

Oceanites oceanicus (Wilson Petrel), Calif.,

XVII, 238.

Obituary notices:

Beal, Foster Ellenborough Lascelles:
XVIII, 234. Born, 1839. Died, Branch-
ville, Maryland, October 1, 1916, age 77.

Belding, Lyman: XX, 47. Born, West
Farms, Massachusetts, June 12, 1829.
Died, Stockton, California, November 22,
1917, age 88.

Betts, Norman DeWitt: XIX, 144. Born,
1880. Died, May 21, 1917, age 37.

Brown, Herbert: XV, 186. Born, Win-
chester, Virginia, March 6, 1848. Died,
Tucson, Arizona, May 12, 1913, age 65.

No. 13

OCEANODROMA

Cummings, Claude: XI, 35.
ole, California, January, 1909.
rie Evan: XIX, 188. Died, November,

Ferry, John Farwell: XII, 81. Born, Oc-
tober 12, 1877. Died, Chicago, Illinois,
February 11, 1910, age 33.

Frost, Albert H.: XIV, 200.
York City, January 27, 1912.

Jay, Alphonse: XVIII, 172. Died, Los An-
geles, California, May 25, 1916.

Kaeding, Henry Barroilhet: XV, 191.
Born, San Francisco, California, 1877.
Died, Los Angeles, California, June 12,
1913, age 36.

Marsden, Henry Warden: XVI, 202.
Born, Boston, Massachusetts, 1856. Died,
Pacific Grove, California, February 26,
1914, age 58.

Mearns, Edgar Alexander: XVIII, 234.
Died, Washington, D. C., November 1,
1916, age 61.

Newberry, F. E.: XVII, 132. Died, San
Francisco, California, March 16, 1915.

Pomeroy, Harry K.: XVII, 132. Born,
Lockport, New York, April 3, 1865. Died,
Kalamazoo, Michigan, January 27, 1915,
age 50.

Snyder, Gaylord K.: XVII, 236. Died,
Los Angeles, California, August 28, 1915.

Taylor, Henry Reed: XX, 47. Died, Sep-
tember 23, 1917.

Died, Pin-

Died, New

Oceanodroma furcata (*Fork-tailed Petrel),

Alaska, XIV, 234"; XVI, 75, 90, 91; XVII,
39: B. C., XX; 180; Calif. SeVilge2z0ss
XVIII, 205; XIX, 141—Nest, XVI, 75;
XVII, 39; XVIII, 205; miscl., XIII, 177.

homochroa (*Ashy Petrel), Calif., XIII,
176; XIV, 41; XV, 88", 89, 229; XVIII, 24,
39°; XIX, 58.—Nest, XIII, 176; XV, 89,
229; nomen., XVIII, 33; miscl., D-H A alae?
XVIII, 83.

leucorhoa beali (*Beal Petrel, *kaedingi,
‘beldingi, “leucorhoa, *Kaeding), Alaska,
XVI, 75, 90, 91; XVII, 38¢; Calif., XII,
176%: XVIII, 205°, 232°; OXIxXS =bShaae
185°: XX, 46; Pacific Ocean, XV, 1584—
Meas., XVI, 75; XX, 46; nest, XIII, 176°;
XVI, 75; XVII, 384; XVIII, 205°; XIX, 71°;
photo., XVII, 38%; miscl., XX, 60°.

leucorhoa kaedingi (Kaeding Petrel),
Calif., XX, 211—Distb., XX, 46; tax., XX,
46.

leucorhoa leucorhoa (Leach Petrel), ,
distb., XX, 46; tax., XX, 46; miscl., XIII,
Welth

melania (*Black Petrel), Calif., XII,
170°, 174: XV, 879, 908; L. Calif., XI 9";
XII; 74, 187, 189; XIII, 31-34; XIV, 188;
XVII, 76; Tepic, XII, 79*.—Nest, XI, 9°;
XIII, 34; XVII, 76; nomen., XVIII, 33;
photo., XII, 33"; XVII, 77; miscl., XVII,
AS:

socorroensis (*Socorro Petrel), Calif.,
XV, 879, 908; L. Calif., XI, 9%, 136; XIII,

1919

OCEANODROMA

31-34; XVII, 76.—Nest, XI, 136; XIII, 34;
XVII, 76; photo., XVII, 77; miscl., XVII,
74°.

Ochthodromus wilsonius wilsonius (*Wilson
Plover, ’Aegialitis), Calif., XX, 187; L.
Calif., XI, 11°—Eggs, XV, 147, 150; nest,
XI, 11°; XX, 187; photo., XV, 147; miscl.,
XVI. 25%, 27°.

Oidemia americana (*American Scoter),

Alaska, XVI, 77; XX, 85; Calif., XIV, 41;
XVIII, 39°, 83, 108, 203; Colo., XI, 113.

deglandi (* White-winged Scoter, "dix-
oni), Alaska, XVI, 77; XVII, 29°; XVIII,
Zone) Iss G+ BSC.) Rex, 185s (Calif, Xi,
193; XII, 173, 204%; XV, 156%; XVIII, 1083,
223; Colo., XI, 113; Idaho, XVII, 122; L.
Calif., XIII, 151; Mon., XVII, 114; N. Dak.,
XVII, 228%; XVIII, 55-56"; XX, 25, 132-133",
175*; Ore., XVI, 112; XVIII, 35; Wash.,
XI, 33.—Hbt., XX, 26°.

perspicillata (*Surf Scoter), Alaska,
XVI, 78; XIX, 16; Calif., XI,-65°, 193; XII,
173; XV, 156%; XVIII, 45%, 108-110", 223;
Colo., XI, 113; Idaho, XV, 41; XVII, 122;
L. Calif., XV, 21; Mon., XVII, 114; Ore.,
XVI, 113; Wash., XI, 33.—Nest, XVI, 78.

Oklahoma:

Bunker, C. D., XII, 70.

Old-squaw, see Harelda hyemalis.
Olor buccinator (*Trumpeter Swan), Colo.,

XI, 114; Idaho, XVII, 128; XIX, 32; Mon.,
XVII, 115; Wash., XVIII, 171.—Miscl.,
XVII, 1362; XVIII, 228%; XIX, 176°.

columbianus ("Whistling Swan), Alas-
Rae OVA Sse ATIZ.,) SUD pos ATK NOVEL.
42) Calif., XVIII, 392; XX, 93; Colo., XI,
pila eeon, | eXVe, 233 SSVI, 126%) 9129)
Wash., XVIII, 171.—Discv., XVIII, 5%;
miscl., XVIII, 228°.

eygnus (*Whooping Swan), miscl.,
XVIII, 228°.

Oncostoma cinereigulare, Honduras, XII, 57.
Onychorhynchus mexicanus mexicanus

(*Royal Flyatcher), Honduras, XII, 56°.

Oology: -

Dawson, W. L., XVIII, 68.

Ingersoll, A. M., XII, 15.

Kennedy, C. H., XVII, 65.

Massey, H., XV, 193.

Peyton, S. B., XIX, 103.

Ray, M. S., XII, 19.

Richards, T. W., XVI, 161.

Rockwell, R. B., XI. 34.

Shepardson, D. I., XVIII, 35.

Shufeldt, R. W., XIV, 209; XV, 138;
XVI, 169.

Wetmore, A., XIX, 65.

Willard, F. C., XVII, 97; XX, 167.
Opisthocomus hoazin (*Hoatzin), hbt., XII,
82".

Oporornis agilis (Connecticut Warbler),
Kan., XI, 156, 162.
formosa (Kentucky Warbler), Ark.,

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 59

OREOSPIZA
XVII, 54; Tex., XX, 43:—Nest, XX, 43.
philadelphia (Mourning Warbler), Ark.,
eee 54; Tex., XII, 102.—Miscl., XVIII,
tolmiei (*"Tolmie Warbler, ’Macgillivray
Warbler, ‘Geothlypis), B. C., XIV, 21;
Calif., XI, 65°; XV, 85; XVI, 29", 38, 70;
XVII, 88, 102, 165, 199; XVIII, 123-127;
OG Wye 1k? (Oty 235 aA Say BEI ocdinye
1025) KVIT, Ubi; Idaho, XiVIT, W28i) Gx
41; Mon., XIV, 30; XVI, 142; Morelos, XI,
63°; N. Mex., XIV, 116; Ore., XVIII, 79;
XIX, 139; Wash., XII, 168°.—Disev., XVIII,
9°; nest, XI, 65%; XIV, 116; XV, 85; XVI,
70; XVIII, 124; photo., XI, 653.
Oregon:
Bailey, F. M., XIX, 8, 46, 95.
Bowles, C. W., XII, 204; XIV, 196.
Bryant, HH. Cl Xo 27.
Dawson, W. L., XVI, 41.
Jewett, S. G., XI, 138; XV, 226, 229;
XVI, 93, 107; XVIII, 21, 74.
Murie, O. J., XV, 176.
Peck, M. E., XIII, 63, 75.
Shelton, A., XVII, 60.
Stannard, E., XI, 68.
Telford, H., XVIII, 35. :
Walker, A., XVI, 94, 183; XIX, 131; XX,
44.
Oreocichla mollissima, eggs, XVI, 167.
Oreortyx picta picta ("Mountain Quail,
’Painted Quail, ‘plumifera), Calif., XIII,
1D) eXeVIT 9225 OSS -exeVITT 39°" 5 Ores
XI, 1398; XVIII, 74; XIX, 134.
picta plumifera (*"Plumed Quail, "Moun-
tain Quail, ‘confinis), Calif., XI, 84%, 170;
XIII, 205; XV, 83, 203; XVI, 59, 145; XVII,
163; XVIII, 34, 173; XIX, 169, 186, 187°;
XX, 56°.—Disease, XIV, 136°; XX, 61°;
food, XIII, 204; fos., XIV, 44°; hybrid,
XIII, 149; migr., XX, 61;.nest, XV, 83;
XVI, 59; XVIII, 173; syn., XVI, 97°; miscl.,
ol, 48; els 1=142""" XT 5 0Ps Xe 1325
DAMN PRAT EE

Oreoscoptes montanus (*Sage Thrasher,
>Mountain Mockingbird, ‘Oroscoptes),
Ariz., XI, 50°; Calif., XI, 174°; XII, 108°;
XIII, 129°, 187, 161; XVII, 234; XVIII, 29,
194, 198; XIX, 148; Colo.; XI, 17°; XII, 26-
278, 38°; XIV, 86%, 102; Idaho, XVI, 120°,
1PM S<ib:¢, Cale oN DANY, Wily CAleR ORD
XIII, 69; XIX, 133, 140; Tex., XV, 183;
Wash., XVI, 251%, 254"—Discv., XVIII, 9°;
nest, XII, 38°; photo., XIX, 35°; miscl.,
XVIII, 92°.

Oreospiza chlorura (*Green-tailed Towhee),
Ariz., XIII, 37°; Calif., XII, 131; XIII, 108,
205: XIV, 174%, 177%; XV, 84, 203; XVI,
210: XVII, 165; XVIII, 194, 198; XIX,
He OsmeNeXOML be W735 ees LCOlO., NW, UGS 708
120; XII, 37; XIV, 100; XVII, 150; Idaho,
XIX, 41; Mon., XIV, 29; N. Mex., XIV,
114"; Tex., XII, 100; XVIII, 129.—Food,
XIII, 203", 204%, 206"; nest, XIV, 174°, 177°;

60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

OREOSPIZA
XV, 84; XX, 77%; photo., XIX, 36"; miscl.,
xo G2) exeVile 25a
Oriole, Arizona Hooded, see Icterus cucul-

latus nelsoni.

Audubon, see Icterus melanocephalus
auduboni.

Baltimore, see Icterus galbula.

Bullock, see Icterus bullocki.

Cuban, see Icterus hypomelas.

Hooded, see Icterus cucullatus cucul-
latus.

Lichtenstein, see Icterus gularis gularis.

Orchard, see Icterus spurius.

Scarlet-headed, see Icterus pustulatus.

Sclater, see Icterus sclateri.

Scott, see Icterus parisorum.

Sennett Hooded, see Icterus cucullatus
sennetti.

Wagler, see Icterus wagleri.

Ortalis vetula maccalli (*Chachalaca), Te-

pic) cll, 775) Mex: Sal 935 945.
vetula plumeiceps, Guatemala, XI, 72.

Osburn, Pingree I.: XI, the American red-
start in southern California, 102; notes
on the birds of Los Coronados Islands,
Lower California, 134; nesting of the
Heermann gull, 151; notes on the nest-
ing of the western martin, 208.

XII, the nesting of the Frazar oyster-catch-
er, 73; a booby (Sula sula) on the
west coast of Mexico, 80; accidental
trapping of raptores, 80.

XIII, collecting Socorro and black petrels
in Lower California, 31; the California
shrike as a reptile destroyer, 75; notes
on two birds from Santa Catalina Isl-
and, California, 76; the yellow rail in
southern California, 108.

XV, expulsion from Cooper Club, 51.

Osgood, Wilfred Hudson: XI, rev. of J.
Grinnell’s, E. Heller's, F. Stephens’,
and J. Dixon’s “birds and mammals of
the 1907 Alexander expedition to south-
eastern Alaska”, 106.

XIII, rev. of H. S. Swarth’s “birds and
mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska
expedition”, 212.

Osprey, see Pandion haliaetus carolinensis.

Ossifraga gigantea (*Giant Fulmar), Peru,

OVAL ea ose

Otocoris alpestris actia ("California Horned

Lark), Calif., XI, 171, 185"; XII, 107;° XIII,

161; XV, 1568; XVI, 33; XVII, 131°, 164,

196; XVIII, 112, 227; XIX, 60, 156", 169.

Flight, XVIII, 112, 113; nest, XVIII,

227.

alpestris adusta (Scorched Horned

Lark), Ariz., XIV, 53.

alpestris alpestris (‘Horned Lark), S.

Dak., XIII, 97°, 103°.

alpestris ammophila, Calif., XVIII, 186.

alpestris arcticola (Pallid Horned Lark),

Mon., XIV, 27; XVI, 185; Yukon, XI, 206.

alpestris enthymia, Colo., XIV, 148, 151,

152, 226.

OTUS

alpestris euroa, Siberia, XVIII, 236.

alpestris giraudi (Texas Horned Lark),
Tex., XII, 100.

alpestris insularis (‘Island Horned
Lark), Calif:, XII, 50-51", 171°, 172; XIII,
164, 166", 209; XV, 91.

alpestris leucansiptila ("Yuma Horned
Lark), Calif., XVII, 186; XX, 146".

alpestris leucolaema (*Pallid Horned
Lark, "Desert Horned Lark), Calif., XVII,
233; Colo., XI, 15, 70°, 118; XII, 26%, 34;
XIII, 80; XIV, 96; XVII, 60°; Idaho, XIX,
36; Mon., XIV, 27, 108, 217, 220°; XVI,
135; Tex., XIX, 163.—Nest, XI, 118.

alpestris merrilli (*Dusky Horned
Lark), Calif., XVII, 186; Idaho, XVI, 122;
XVII, 126; Nev., XII, 87; Ore., XIII, 67;
XIX, 133%, 1837; Wash., XV, 1385; XVI, 251,
254*.—Nest, XII, 87; XV, 135; photo., XI,
183%. XV, 135: ‘misel., 3a teas

alpestris pallida (Sonora Horned Lark),
Calif., XIII, 132; XIV, 37; XVII, 186, 233.

alpestris praticola (*Prairie Horned
Lark), Colo., XIV, 148, 150, 151; N. Dak.,
XVII, 177-178"; XX, 69%; Tex., XVIII, 155",
189°.

alpestris strigata (Streaked Horned
Lark), Ore., XVIII, 77.

Otus asio aikeni (Aiken Screech Owl), Ariz.,

XX, 24.

asio asio (*Screech Owl), Ark., XVII.
44- GColo., XIV, 148, 150; Kan.) xyes
158; S. Dak., XVIII, 130.—Nest, XVIII,
130; nomen., XVIII, 228%; miscl., XI, 92°.

asio bendirei (California Screech Owl,
“Coast Screech Owl), Calif., XIJI, 73; XVI,
31; XVII, 79, 167, 194; XSDX, 57%; Xoxsat2de
—Food, XX, 127.

asio brewsteri (*Screech Owl), Ore.,
XVI, 189; XIX, 46, 50°, 96°.

asio cinerascens (Mexican Screech
Owl), Ariz., XVIII, 211—Meas., XVIII,
165; tax., XVIII, 164.

asio gilmani (*Sahuaro Screech Owl,
"Mexican Screech Owl, ‘cinerascens),
Ariz., XI, 202°; XIV, 57°, 60°; XVII, 1637;
XVIII, 211; Calif., XIII, 131; XIV, 154.—
Descr., XII, 140; meas., XVIII, 165; nest,
XIV, 57°; photo., XI, 202°; syn., XVI, 189°;
tax., XVIII, 163; miscl., XII, 140°.

asio kennicotti (*Kennicott Screech
Owl), Alaska, XVI, 83, 90; XIX, 16; B. C.,
XX, 185; Ore., XVIII, 76; Wash., XI, 56;
XIX, 143.—Hbt., XIX, 126"; nest, XIX, 143.

asio maccalli (Texas Screech Owl),
Tex., XII, 103; XV, 182; XX, 40.—Nesl,
XX, 40.

asio macfarlanei (MacFarlane Screech
Owl), Idaho, XVIII, 82; Ore., XIII, 66;
XIX, 136.

asio maxwelliae (*Rocky Mountain
Screech Owl), Colo., XI, 90%, 109°, 118;
Mon., XVIII, 162.—Nest, XI, 90°; miscl.,
Realoas

asio quercinus (Southern California

i919

OTUS

Screech Owl, “California Screech Owl,
*bendirei), Calif., XI, 171"; XIV, 154°; XV,
156"; XVI, 146"; XX, 127—Food, XX, 127.

flammeolus (*Flammulated Screech Owl,
*flammeola, ‘idahoensis), Ariz., XI, 200°;
Walitee Sd, 4cs oXCV, 98)! SXeX, 158": Colo:,
XII, 31°; Idaho, XVII, 125; Wash., XVII,
231°.—Nest, XI, 200°; XII, 31°; photo., XI,
201-202; syn., XVI, 189°; miscl., XI, 199°;
XV, 69°; XVI, 116°. .

trichopsis (*Spotted Screech Owl), Ariz.,
XI, 145, 147°.—Nest, XI, 147°.

xantusi (*Megascops), L. Calif., XI, 142°.

Ouzel, American Water, see Cinclus mexi-

canus unicolor.

Oven-bird, see Seiurus aurocapillus.

Owl, Aiken Screech, see Otus asio aikeni.

Arctic Horned, see Bubo virginianus
subarcticus.

Arizona Spotted, see Strix occidentalis
huachucae.

Barn, see Aluco pratincola.

Barred, see Strix varia varia.

Burrowing, see Speotyto cunicularia hy-
pogaea.

California Pigmy, see Glaucidium gno-
ma californicum. d

California Screech, see Otus asio ben-
direi.

Coast Pigmy, see Glaucidium gnoma
grinnelli.

Coast Screech, see Otus asio bendirei.

Cuban Pigmy, see Glaucidium siju.

Dwarf Horned, see Bubo virginianus
elachistus.

Elf, see Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi.

Ferruginous Pigmy, see Glaucidium pha-
laenoides.

Flammulated Screech, see Otus flam-
meolus.

Great Gray, see Scotiaptex nebulosa
nebulosa.

Great Horned, see Bubo virginianus vir-
ginianus.

Hawk, see Surnia ulula caparoch.

Kennicott Screech, see Otus asio kenni-
cotti.

Little Gray, see Athene noctua.

Long-eared, see Asio wilsonianus.

MacFarlane Screech, see Otus asio
macfarlanei.

Mexican Screech, see Otus asio ciner-
aceus.

Mopoke, see Athene boobook.

Northern Spotted, see Strix occidentalis
caurina.

Northwestern Saw-whet, see Crypto-
glaux acadicus.

Pacific Horned, see Bubo virginianus
pacificus.

Pigmy, see Glaucidium gnoma gnoma.

Richardson, see Cryptoglaux funerea
richardsoni.

Rocky Mountain Pigmy, see Glaucidium
gnoma pinicola.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 61

PALMER

Rocky Mountain Screech, see Otus asio
maxwelliae.

Ruddy Horned, see Bubo virginanus lag-
ophonus.

Sahuaro Screech, see Otus asio gilmani.

Saw-whet, see Cryptoglaux acadicus.

Screech, see Otus asio asio.

Short-eared, see asio flammeus.

Snowy, see Nyctea nyctea.

Southern California Screech, see Otus
asio quercinus.

papated, see Strix occidentalis occident-
alis.

Spotted Screech, see Otus trichopsis.

St. Michael Horned, see Bubo virgint-
anus algistus.

Texas Barred, see Strix varia helveola.

Texas Screech, see Otus asio maccalli.

Uhu, see Bubo bubo.

Western Horned, see Bubo virginianus
pallescens.

Xantus Screech, see Otus xantusi.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (*Killdeer,

>Aegialitis), Ariz., XII, 1107; XIV, 54;
XVII, 86; Ark., XVII, 42; Calif., XI, 194;
SOU "Bs oahu Webe aisals alba alts alae
MEV, 1, 35, 143°, 199; XV, 117, 156-157",
205%, 218; XVI, 30, 226-236; XVII, 207;
MVIII, 25, 228, 230; XIX, 59, 158%; XX,
147"; Colo., XI, 14, 70°, 116; XII, 30; XIV,
90, 130; XVII, 60°, 92, 149; Idaho, XVI,
1212 SV, 123 xe sas Tu. Calif, aly
152; Mon., XIV, 24; XV, 94%; XVI, 130;
Nev., XII, 86; N. Dak., XVII, 224%; XVIII,
558; XX, 30°, 35", 66%, 69°; Ore., XIII, 65;
mQvi, alk whVis odo: Bye Sh IDENe, >.<
103; Tepic, XII, 76; Tex., XVIII, 188"; XX,
39; Utah, XVIII, 116; Wash., XVI, 251,
253-254": XIX, 143.—Destr., XVI, 236°; XX,
1478; eggs, XV, 147, 150; food, XIV, 6%;
XV, 50°: nest, XI, 116; XII, 86; XIV, 61°,
130; XV, 117; XVI, 226, 229-230, 232°;
XVII, 86, 2248; XVIII, 223; XX, 39; photo.,
ah The) say Ee ody TPES RR D-aiG ake
prot., XIV, 112"; miscl., XI, 184°; XIII,
822.

Oyster-catcher, see Haematopus palliatus.
Black, see Haematopus bachmani.
European, see Haematopus ostralegus.
Frazar, see Haematopus frazari.

Pp

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus (Cinnamon
Becard), Honduras, XII, 59.—Photo., XII,
59.

Pagophila alba (*Ivory-billed Gull), Green-
land, XIII, 80°.

Palaeontology:

Miller, lu. H., XII, 12; XIII, 117; XVII,
179;

Palmer, R. H.: XVIII, a visit to Hat and Egg
islands, Great Salt Lake, 113.

Palmer, Theodore Sherman: XIV, the Cala-

62

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

PALMER
veras warbler in the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, 224.

XV, obituary notice of Major John Fletch-
er Lacey, 230.

XIX, names of writers on California birds,
66; Botta’s visit to California, 159; the
oldest American ornithologist, 166; an
early experiment in keeping humming-
birds in captivity, 168.

XX, Costa’s hummingbird—its type local-
ity, early history and name, 114; anoth-
er reference to early experiments in
keeping hummingbirds in captivity, 123;
Pacific coast records of the European
widgeon, 187.

Palmer, T. S., with Bancroft, W. F., and

Earnshaw, F. L., rev. of their “game
laws for 1914”, XVII, 107.
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (“Osprey,

‘Wish Hawk, chaliaetus), Alaska, XVI, 83;
BOs eV pale iCalits xan S ba yoxlly alam
XVI, 60; XVIL, 70; XVIII, 26, 194, 197, 223,
232; Colo., XI, 117; Florida, XVI, 260";
Idaho, XVII, 124; XIX, 34; L. Calif., XI,
143; XIV, 189; XV, 22, 210; Mon., XIV,
Ob XOVie 132" XVI, 110s KVL 162 =sOre.;
XIX, 185; S. Dak., XVIII, 130°; Tex., XII,
LOS XVM ea bP Wiyom: sn XDNey UT
JENS POG TDS) D.4b.G alas ay iii DAN
1098; nest, XIV, 189; XV, 22, 210; XVI,
83: XVII, 70, 110; XIX, 117; photo., XV,

210; XVII, 71-73; XIX, 118; miscl., XII,
172°.
Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (*Harris

Hawk), Ariz., XII, 1108; XVIII, 210; Calif.,
Orin, TDS Svan, Pi Wey BHI biG 1letye
Tepic, XII, 77; Tex., XII, 103; XVIII, 154°,
185", 1898; XX, 40, 212.—Nest, XVIII, 231;
XIX, 142; XX, 40.

Parasites of birds:

Warren, E. R., XV, 14.

Parasitism in birds:

Atkins, E., XVIII, 201.
Shepardson, D. I., XVII, 100, 204.

Parauque, see Nyctidromus albicollis mer-

rilli.

Pardalotus striatus (Diamond Bird), Austra-

lia, XIII, 142.

Partridge, California, see Lophortyx califor-

nica californica. \
Gambel, see Lophortyx gambeli.
Mountain, see Oreortyx picta picta.
Plumed, see Oreortyx picta plumifera.
Valley, see Lophortyx californica valli-
cola.

Parus, see Penthestes.
Passer domesticus (*English Sparrow, *Euro-

pean, °House), Ariz., XVIII, 210; Ark.,
XVII, 47; Calif., XI, 208; XIII, 120, 182°,
133, 135%, 162, 181, 205; XIV, 38; XV, 154°,
1578: XVI, 34; XVII, 79°, 201, 204; XVIII,
227: XIX, 60, 62°; Colo., XI, 16°, 70°, 120;
XII, 36; XIV, 98, 227%; XVII, 60°, 94; Eng-

No. 13

PASSERELLA

land, XI, 73; Idaho, XIV, 193; XVII, 127;
XIX, 39; Mon., XVI, 133; Nev., XII, 88;
Ore., XIII, 68; S. Dak., XIII, 95%, 98%, 99;
Tex., XII, 97°; XVIII, 216; XX, 42; Wash.,
XVI, 253°—Alb., XIII, 111; XIX, 69; destr.,
XIV, 229-230°; XVI, 46%; XVIIL 38"; XIX,
76°, 145°; food, XIII, 203; XVII, 2O0sss
XVIII, 83; nest, XI, 92°; XVII, 227) ae
39"; nomen., XVIII, 82, 202; miscl., XI,
149%, 181°; XI, 50%; XVII, 61°; 1345 Ggss
XVIII, 93%, 193°.

Passerculus beldingi (*Belding Marsh Spar-

row), Calif., XV, 155%, 157°; XVIII, 107%; L.
Calif., XIII, 152; XV, 23; XX, 57.—Miscl.,
XII, 177; XX, 60.

rostratus rostratus (*Large-billed Spar-
row, "Ammodramus), Calif., XI, 124°; XII,
175; XIII, 132; L. Calif., XIV, 190.—Discv.,
XVIII, 13°; distb., XIII, 141; miscl., XVI,
273,

rostratus sanctorum (“San Benito Spar-
row), miscl., XVI, 27%.

sandwichensis alaudinus (*Western Sa-
vannah Sparrow, ’sandwichensis), Alaska,
XVI, 86; XIX, 16; Calif; xt ioe
XIII, 110, 136, 205; XIV, 38; XV, domes
XVI, 35; XVII, 201>; XVIII, 228; XIX, 69°;
Colo., XI, 70%, 120; XII, 36; XIV, 99; Ida-
ho, XVII, 127; XIX, 39; Mon., XIV, 108;

* XVI, 137; XVIII, 86, 163; Ore., XVIII, 78;

XIX, 138; Tex., XII, 100; Wash., XVI, 252,
255"; Yukon, XI, 206—Disev., XX, 123;
meas., XVII, 188; nest, XII, 36; XVI, 86;
XIX, 69%; miscl., XII, 139; XVI, 28%;
XVIII, 84°.

sandwichensis brooksi (Dwarf Savannah
Sparrow), B. C., XVII, 187; Calif., XV,
187.—Descr., XVII, 187.

sandwichensis bryanti (Bryant Marsh

Sparrow), Calif., XV, 182; XVII, 187;
XVIII, 199, 225, 228; XIX, 60.—Meas.,
XVII, 188: nest, XVIII, 225; XIX; 69;

miscl., XII, 177.

sandwichensis nevadensis (Nevada Sa-
vannah Sparrow), Ariz., XVIII, 212; Calif.,
XVII, 186; XX, 17, 18—Meas., XVII, 188;
miscl., XII, 139; XVIII, 86.

sandwichensis sandwichensis (Aleutian
Savannah Sparrow), Alaska, XVI, 86;
XVII, 27; XIX, 16.—Miscl., XVIII, 78.

sandwichensis savanna (Savannah
Sparrow), Alaska, XI, 107; XIII, 213; XVI,
86; XIX, 16; Ark., XVII, 48; Calif., XIX,
68; Colo., XII, 27"; Mon., XII, 1968; XIV,
28: N. Dak., XVII, 178"; XX, 34%, 673,
112"; Tex., XII, 100; XV, 183"°.—Miscl.,
XIV, 108; XVIII, 78.

Passerella iliaca altivagans (Alberta Fox

Sparrow), Alberta, XV, 131.

iliaca brevicauda (Yolla Bolly Fox Spar-
row), Calif., XX, 188.—Descr., distb.,
meas., tax., XX, 138-139.

iliaca fuliginosa (Sooty Fox Sparrow),
Be GeexdVenail

1919

PASSERELLA

iliaca iliaca (Fox Sparrow), Ark., XVII,
50; Calif., XIV, 41; XVII, 201; Mon., XVI,
139.—Tax., XVII, 238.

iliaca insularis (Kadiak Fox Sparrow),
Calif., XVII, 189.—Miscl., XII, 140.

iliaca megarhyncha (*Thick-billed Fox
Sparrow), Calif., XII, 131; XIII, 120, 205;
XIV, 38; XV, 84, 201°, 203; XVI, 59, 68°,

70%, 145; XVIII, 28; XX, 75, 77°; Nev.,
XII, 89.—Alb., XX, 75°; food, XIX, 165;
hbt., XX, 61°; nest, XV, 84, 201°; XVI,
68%, 708; XX, 75, 77°; photo., XIV, 64;
XVI, 69%; tax., XIX, 165; miscl., XIV, 63;
XVI, 44.

iliaca meruloides (Yukutat Fox Spar-
row, “annectens), Calif., XIII, 120; XVI, 36;
XVII, 82, 201; XIX, 130.—Photo., XVII, 82;
syn., XII, 1408.

iliaca monoensis (Mono Fox Sparrow),

Calif., XIX, 165.—Descr., distb., meas.,
tax., XIX, 165.
jliaca schistacea (*Slate-colored Fox

Sparrow), Ariz., XVI, 259; Calif., XII, 76;
XIV, 39; XVI, 145; XVII, 164; Colo., XIV,
153; Mon., XII, 80, 1968; XIV, 29; XVI,
139; Nev., XII, 88; Ore., XIII, 68; XIX,
133", 138.—Song, XII, 80; tax., XIX, 165;
miscl., XIV, 64; XVI, 44.

iliaca sinuosa (Valdez Fox Sparrow),
Alaska, XII, 140; Calif., XVI, 36; Ore.,
XVIII, 78.—Descer., XII, 140.

iliaca stephensi (Stephens Fox Spar-
row), Calif., XI, 75"; XIV, 63, 65%; XV, 93;
XVII, 164; XVIII, 180; XX, 138.—Distb.,
XIV, 63; photo., XIV, 64; tax., XIV, 63;
XIX, 165; XX, 188.

iliaca townsendi (Townsend Fox Spar-
row), Alaska, XVI, 87; XVII, 27; Calif.,
XIII, 182; Ore., XVII, 78.

iliaca unalaschensis (Shumagin Fox
Sparrow), Alaska, XII, 43; Calif., »:¢ fe es
XIII, 120; XVII, 188.—Miscl., XII, 140.

Passerherbulus lecontei (Leconte Sparrow),
Ark., XVII, 48; Tex. XV, 183.

Passerina amoena (*Lazuli Bunting), Ariz.,
XX, 23; Calif.; XI, 185°; XIII, 182, 205;
XIV, 39; XV, 118, 157°; XVI, 36; XVII, 80,
201; XVIII, 225; XIX, 61; XX, 19, 212;
Colo., XI, 16, 121; XIV, 100, 105°; Idaho,
XIX, 41; L. Calif., XV, 23; Mon., XIV, 29;
XVI, 139; Ore., XIII, 68; XIX, 1389; Wash.,
XVI, 252-253.—Hees, XII, 20; disev., XVIII,
6"; food, XIII, 206; migr., XX, 19; nest,
XV, 118; XVIII, 225; XX, 212; song, XIV,
105"; miscel., XI, 141°.

ciris (Painted Bunting, aCyanospiza),
Kan., XX, 191°; Tex., XxX, 42°—Nest, XX,
OL".

cyanea (“Indigo Bunting), Ariz., XX, 23,
24; Ark., XVII, 50; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 161;
Tex., XVIII, 185".—Hegs, XII, 17°; photo.,
XII, 17°; miscl., XIX, 171°.

versicolor pulchra (Beautiful Bunting),
Calif., XVI, 260.

Pavo californicus, fos., XI, 176-177; XII, 13.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 63

PELIDNA
Payne, H. T.: XVI, rev. of his “same birds
aoe game fishes of the Pacific coast’,
52.

Peacock, California, see Pavo californicus.

Pearson, Thomas Gilbert: XX, rev. of his
“the bird study book’, 48.

Peck, Morton Eaton: XII, the effect of nat-
ural enemies on the nesting habits of
some British Honduras birds, 53.

XIII, summer birds of Willow Creek Val-
ley, Malheur County, Oregon, 63; pin-
yon jay at Salem, Oregon, 75; a hybrid
quail, 149.

Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris (Prai-
rie Sharp-tailed Grouse), Colo., XIV, 152;
Mon., XVI, 131.—Food, XVI, 181.

phasianellus columbianus (Columbian
Sharp-tailed Grouse), Colo., XIV, 152; Ida-
ho, XVII, 123; XIX, 32; Ore., KEK S55
Wash., XVI, 251.

phasianellus phasianellus (*Sharp-tailed
Grouse), Calif., XIV, 131°; Colo., Xie 4s
Mon., XIV, 25; XV, 121°; N. Dak., XVII,
174-175%, 223°; S. Dak., XIU, 104.—Discev.,
XVIII, 5*; disease, XIV, 136°; miscl., XI,
88"; XV, 104°.

Pelagodroma marina (White-faced Petrel),
Aust., XI, 5-

Pelecanus californicus (‘California Brown
Pelican), B. C., XVI, 92; XVII, 59; Calif.,
XI, 96; XII, 171, 178; XIII, 167; XV, 86°,
90, 155-157", 228; XVIII, 39%, 107°; XIX,
56", 102; L. Calif., XI, 98", 99, 186, 137;
XII, 151; XIV, 188; XV, 21, 210; XX, 124°;
Tepic, XII, 75.—Nest, XI, 99, 136; XII, 75,
171, 173; XIV, 188; XV, 21, 90; XIX, 102;
photo., XI, 99; XV, 90, 209; miscl., XV,
1178; XVI, 119°.

erythrorhynchos (‘American White Pel-
ican), Calif., XIII, 35, 130, 134; XIV, 34;
XV, 116, 217, 228; XVII, 74: XVIII, 24;
Colo., XI, 111; XIV, 152; Idaho, XIX, 30;
N. Dak., XX, 29°; Ore. XIX, 1383; Tex.
XVIII, 189%; Utah, XVIII, 116; Wash.,
XIV, 225; Wyom., XIX, 178.—Destr., XIX,
44°: food, XIX, 171s: XX, 475; nest, XV,
116; XVII, 74; XVIII, 116; XIX, 178;
photo., XVIII, 115, 121; misel., XVI, 25°;
XVII, 61°.

occidentalis (*Brown Pelican), Colo.,
XII, 133; XIV, 148; Cuba, XVIU, 146; Tex.,
XVIII, 155*—Miscl., XVI, 25.

Pelican, American White, see Pelecanus ery-
throrhynchos.

Brown, see Pelecanus occidentalis.

California Brown, see Pelecanus califor-
nicus.

White, see Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.

Pelidna alpina alpina (*Dunlin, »Tringa),
distb., XVIII, 287; eg8s, XV, 139, 146, 194°,
195; photo., XV, 139; syn. XV, 195°;
miscl., XIX, 83°.

alpina pacifica, distb., XVIII, 237.

64 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

PELIDNA
alpina sakhalina (*Red-backed Sand-
piper), Alaska, XVI, 79; Calif, XIV, 9;
XV, 156"; XVIII, 25; Ore., XVI, 114; XIX,
134; Siberia, XVIII, 237; Tex., XII, 100.—
Distb., XVIII, 237; food, XIV, 6°.

Pemberton, John Roy: XI, Wilson phala-
rope near San Francisco, 207.

XH, some bird notes from Ventura Coun-
ty, 18; notes on the rufous-crowned spar-
row, 123.

XVIII, variation of the broken-wing stunt
by a road-runner, 203; nesting of the
Leconte thrasher, 219; grammatical er-
rors in vernacular names, 227.

XIX, notes on the western grasshopper
sparrow, 24.

Pemberton, J. R., and Arnold, Ralph: XVIII,
nesting of the western bluebird at Ven-
tura, California, 86.

Pemberton, J. R., with Carriger, H. W.: XI,
western robin at Novato, 207.

XVII, a partial list of the summer resident
land birds of Monterey County, Califor-
nia (with map), 189.

XVIII, snakes as nest robbers, 233.

Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Black-

capped Chickadee, *Parus), Kan., XI, 155,

156, 163, 164.—Miscl., XI, 56°.
atricapillus occidentalis ("Oregon Chick-

adee, "Western Chickadee, ‘Parus), Alas-

ka, XVI, 90°; Calif, XVII, 238; Ore., XI,

138; XVIII, 80; Wash., XI, 55°, 93°.—Nest,

XI, 56°; miscl., XX, 61°.
atricapillus septentrionalis (“Long-tailed

Chickadee), Colo., XI, 121; XII, 39; Idaho,

XIV, 194; XVII, 128; XIX, 41; Kan., XI,

155, 156, 164; Mon., XV, 31; XVI, 143;

XVIII, 163; N. Mex., XIV, 114"; Ore., XIII,

69; XIX, 140; Wash., XII, 138.
carolinensis agilis (Plumbeous Chicka-

dee), Kan., XVII, 129; Tex., XIX, 164; XX,

43.
carolinensis carolinensis (Carolina

Chickadee), Ark., XVII, 56.—Nest, XVII,

56.
gambeli abbreviatus (Short-tailed Moun-

tain Chickadee, “Mountain Chickadee,

*gambeli, ‘Parus montanus), Calif., XII,

149°; XIII, 2055s XIV, 166%, 174, 176", 1:78",

182°; XV, 85», 198°, 200%, 203; XVI, 64>,

HSE 2088s y EXOVAL LORD AUENONC SP) GS ae

76>; Ore., XI, 138°.—Nest, XIV, 166°, 174°;

XV S Dose G Sa OVA OSE RON oo Loans

76°; miscl., XX, 60°.
gambeli baileyae (Bailey Chickadee),

Calif., XVI, 193, 208, 219; XVIII, 29.—

Nest, XVI, 208.
gambeli gambeli (*Mountain Chicka-

dee), Ariz., XIX, 1038; XX, 21; Colo., XI,

17; XT, 395) XV; 1035) Vill, 60") 955) XXX,

199"; Idaho, XIV, 194; XVII, 129; XIX, 41;

Mon., XII, 200-202; XIV, 31; XVI, 143;

XVIII, 163; N. Mex., XIV, 113°; Ore., XIX,

133", 140; Tex., XIX, 164.—Nest, XII, 200,

202; photo., XII, 201-202; miscl., XX, 97°.

No. 13

PETROCHELIDON

hudsonicus hudsonicus (Hudsonian
Chickadee), Mon., XVI, 143; XVIII, 163.

rufescens barlowi (Santa Cruz Chicka-
dee, *Parus), Calif., XI, 21*; XII, 211;
XVI, 39; XVII, 198; XVIII, 226; XIX, 61.
—Nest, XIII, 211; XVIII, 226)

rufescens rufescens (*Chestnut-backed
Chickadee, 'Chestnut-backed Titmouse,
*Parus), Alaska, XVI, 88; XVII, 28; BOCs
XIV, 21; XX, 186; Calif., XIII, 121; Idaho,
XVII, 128; Mon., XVIII, 86, 163; Ore,
XVIII, 80; XIX, 50°; Wash., XI, 55°; XII,
168, 170°—Discy., XVIII, 9"; nest, XI, 55°;
XII, 168; miscl., XII, 140.

rufescens vivax (Valdez Chestnut-back-
ed Chickadee), Alaska, XII, 140; XVI, 91.

Perez, R. M.: XII, cowbird in Los Angeles
County, 133; the western martin nesting
in Los Angeles, 133.

Perisoreus canadensis capitalis (*Rocky
Mountain Jay), Colo. XI, 15; XIV, 96;
XVII, 93; XX, 197-208; Idaho, XIV, 193;
XVII, 126; Mon., XIV, 27; XVI, 135;
XVIII, 162; Wash., XI, 93°—Hggs, XX,
208; nest, XX, 197-208; photo., XX, 198-
208.

canadensis fumifrons (Alaska Jay),
Alaska, XII, 42; Yukon, XI, 206.

canadensis obscurus, B. C., XX, 186.

canadensis sanfordi, Newfoundland,
XVI, V5.

obscurus griseus, distb., XX, 83; tax.
XX, 83.

obscurus obscurus (Oregon Jay, *rath-
buni), Ore., XVIII, 77.—Distb. XX, 84;
Syn, XX; 83!sitax, excxe ass

Peru:

Beck, R. H., XV, 187; XVI, 42.

Petrel, Ashy, see Oceanodroma homochroa.
Beal, see Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali.
Black, see Oceanodroma melania.
Coues, see Oceanodroma homochroa.
Fisher, see Aestrelata fisheri.
Fork-tailed, see Oceanodroma furcata.
Kaeding, see Oceanodroma leucorhoa

kaedingi.
Leach, see Oceanodroma leucorhoa leu-
corhoa.
Least, see Halocyptena microsoma.
Socorro, see Oceanodroma socorroensis.
Stormy, see Thalassidroma pelagica.
White-faced, see Pelagodroma marina.
Wilson, see Oceanites oceanicus.

Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Cliff
Swallow), Ark., XVII, 51; Calif., XI, 80,
138, 185°; XIII, 133, 162, 163°, 168, -205;
XIV, 39; XV, 1542, 156°; XVI, 36; XVII,
574, 80, 101, 196; XVIII, 169, 227; XIX, 61-
62", 158°; XX, 71, 91; Colo., Xl ies
XII, 37; XIV, 101; XV, 14°; 2kValieaets
XX, 105; Idaho, XVI, 121°; XVII, 128;
XIX, 39%, 41: L. Calif., XIE) 153; 2eVe2a5
Mon., XIV, 30, 216", 218°, 220°; XVI, 140;
XVIII, 163; Ore., XVIII, 78; XIX, 139; S.

1919 SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 65

PETROCHELIDON

Dak., XIII, 99-100°; Tex., XIII, 44°; XVIII,
216°; XX, 42.—Discv., XVIII, 6"; eggs, XII,
21°; food, XIII, 204, 206"; migr., XX, 72°;
nest, XI, 138; XIII, 162; XIV, 101; XVI,
140; XVII, 101; XVIII, 169, 227; XX, 42,
71, 75", 91; parasites, XV, 14"; photo., XIV,
83°; miscl., XII, 179"; XIX, 104*.

Peucaea aestivalis ("Pine-woods Sparrow),

Tex., XVIII, 154*.

botterii (Botteri Sparrow), Morelos, XJ,
BY:

ecassini ("Cassin Sparrow), Colo., XI,
120; Tex., XII, 99, 100°; XV, 183; XVIII,
129, 154, 189°, 215%; XX, 42.—Nest, XI,
120; XX, 42.

Peucedramus olivaceus (“Olive Warbler,
*Dendroica), Ariz., XII, 104°; XVIII, 160°;
XX, 168.—Nest, XII, 104°; photo. XII,
105-106"; miscl., XI, 130°.

Pewee, Richardson, see Myiochanes richard-
soni richardsoni.

Say, see Sayornis sayus.

Western Wood, see Myiochanes rich-
ardsoni richardsoni.

Wood, see Myiochanes virens.

Peyton, Lawrence: XI, Brewer sparrow in
Ventura County, 207.

XII, nesting of the spotted owl in north-
eastern Los Angeles County, California,
122.

XIII, notes from Ventura County, Califor-
nia, 35.

XVII, nesting of the white-tailed kite at
Sespe, Ventura County, California, 230.

XX, large set of eggs of the western red-
tailed hawk, 191.

Peyton, Sidney B.: XIX, early nesting of Cal-
ifornia brown pelican on Anacapa Is!-
and, California, 102; large sets of eggs
of the California woodpecker, 103; west-
ern goshawk in Ventura County, Califor-
nia, 103.

Phaeoptila sordida, Morelos, XI, 58.

Phaethon aethereus (*Red-billed Tropic-
bird), Tepic, XII, 74, 75°.

Phaethornis adolphi, Honduras, XII, 55.—
Photo., XII, 55.

longirostris, Honduras, XII, 55.—Photo.,
XII, 55.

Phainopepla nitens (*Phainopepla), Ariz.,
XIV, 58; XVII, 89; XVIII, 158°; Calif., XI,
22; XII, 48"; XIII, 111, 129°, 133, 136; XIV,
DO LOda eso 545) WbGR EXSVi 146) 9 US
XVII, 129, 167, 192", 197; XVIII, 230"; XX,
193—Hbt., XII, 166"; nest, XI, 22; XVII,
89; XVIII, 158", 230°; miscl., XV, 153°.

Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus ("Far-
allon Cormorant, "dilophus albociliatus),
ATIZ=eexOVLLI, 210s) Calit., Scie 70%) divas
Rots; Lit; LV, cos ov, 90; 106)
220%; L56*, 217, 228; XVIL, 19", 74; XVII,
100", 105-106", 228; XIX, 58, 186; L. Calif.,
XI, 98", 99, 186; XIII, 151; XIV, 188; XV,

PHALERIS

20, 207-208", 209; XX, 57; Tepic, XII, 78-
79.—Nest, XI, 99, 186; XII, 173; XIII, 177;
XIV, 188; XV, 90, 116; XVII, 19, 74;
photo., XI, 97°; XIII, 179; XV, 207, 208:
miscl., XVI, 26.

auritus auritus (Double-crested Cormo-
rant), Utah, XVIII, 123.—Nest, XVIII, 123.

auritus cincinatus (White-crested Cor-
aoa Alaska, XVI, 75.—Miscl., XIII,

mexicanus (Mexican Cormorant), Te-
pic, XII, 76.

pelagicus pelagicus (Pelagic Cormo-
rant), Alaska, XI, 107; XVI, 76; XVII, 41.
—Nest, XVII, 41.

pelagicus resplendens (*Baird Cormo-
rant), Calif., XI, 96, 186; XII, 170%, 173:
GUT alte DONE Eby CNET Sabet! eile ay,
Calite, Xa, 375) ove 2) (Ore, Xvi, 119 —
HibtcUU 138 -mest, Xe 137. 186s) oxi
173; XIII, 178; XV. 90; XIX, 71: miscl.,
XVI, 119%, 187°; XVIII, 69°.

pelagicus robustus (Violet-green Cor-
morant), Alaska, XI, 107.

penicillatus (*Brandt Cormorant), Alas-
Ka, SOXS 7855) Calif., XM: 65% 96; 186s aT
173; XIII, 178; XV, 86%, 88", 90, 156%; XIX,
SON S6 le. (Calif ext. 99) 1865 xe ds:
XII, 32, 151; XIV, 188; XV, 20, 208-2092,
210; Ore., XVI, 112; Tepic, XII, 78-79.—
Hbt., XIII, 138; nest, XI, 99, 136, 186; XII,
173; XIII, 178; XIV, 188; XV, 90; photo.,
XII, 187; XV, 87, 208.

perspicillatus, Alaska, XVI, 89-90.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus (*Dusky

Poor-will), Calif., XI, 45; XV, 1578; XVI,
210; XVII, 192%, 194; XVIII, 194, 197; XIX,
129; L. Calif., XIV, 190.—Nest, XI, 43;
photo., XI, 46"; miscl., XX, 144.

nuttalli nitidus (Frosted Poor-will),
Ariz., XGIIl, 37; Colo; XV, 1485 W5i> 152°
226; Tex., XV, 182.—Miscl., XVI, 189.

nuttalli nuttalli (*Poor-will), Ariz., XIII,
37; Calif., XIV, 36; Colo., XI, 15, 118; XII,
32; XIV, 94, 226; Idaho, XIX, 36; Mon.,
XVIII. 85; Morelos, XI, 63; Ore., XIII, 67;
XIX, 136; Tex., XIII, 44"; XVIII, 155-156";
XIX, 163; XX, 41.—Miscl., XVI, 189.

Phalarope, Gray, see Phalaropus hyperbo-

reus.
Northern, see Lobipes lobatus.
Red, see Phalaropus fulicarius.
Wilson, see Steganopus tricolor.

Phalaropus fulicarius (“Red Phalarope),

Alaska, XVI, 79; Calif., XII, 108, 175;
XIII, 178; XIV, 6; XVII, 98, 130; XVIII,
223; XX, 192; Colo., XIV, 148, 149, 151,
227; Greenland, XIII, 80°; L. Calif., XV,
21; Ore., XVI, 113—Hbt., XIV, 6; food,
XIV, 6; photo., XIII, 183"; XV, 139; miscl.,
XVI, 273.

hyperbcreus (Gray Phalarope), eggs,
XV, 193.

Phaleris psittacula (Paroquet Auklet, *Cyc-

66 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

PHALERIS
lorrhynchus), Alaska, XVI, 74; XX, 85;
Calif., XIV, 196%; Ore., XVI, 110.

Pheasant, China, see Phasianus torquatus.
Ring-necked, see Phasianus torquatus.

Phasianus (sp. non-det.), fos., XII, 13.
torquatus (‘China Pheasant, Ring:
necked), Calif., XVII, 59; XIX, 59, 187;
Colo., XIV, 148, 150; Idaho, XVII, 123;
Ore., XI, 139°; XIX, 135; Wash., XVI, 253,
254°—Nest, XVII, 59; miscl., XV, 190°;
XVIII, 238; XIX, 126°.

Pheugopedius felix felix (Happy Wren), Mo-
relos, XI, 63; Tepic, XII, 78.
felix grandis (Morelos Wren), Morelos,
XI, 63.

Philacte canagica (“Emperor Goose), Alas-
Kay es Sts OVI, 8s, (Calif. Seve 4h:
XVI, 92; XVII, 58; XVIII, 32".

Phillips, Frank J.: XII, rev. of his ‘‘the dis-

semination of junipers by birds”, 135.

Philohela minor (*Woodcock), eggs, XV,
141, 144; photo., XV, 141; miscl., XVII,
232.

Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola (*Northern
Pileated Woodpecker, "Ceophloeus, ‘pici-
MUS) Califeexale 11'9)s sxeV GOP G4 OXOKS
13, 45°; Colo., XIV, 152; Idaho, XIV, 192;
XVII, 125; Mon., XIV, 26; XVIII, 162;
Ore., XIII, 1389"; XIV, 197°; XVIII, 76;
XIX, 9°, 46°, 97°—Food, XVIII, 32; nest,
XIII, 189°; XIV, 197°; miscl., XVII, 135°.

pileatus pileatus (Pileated Woodpeck-
er), Ark., XVII, 45.

pileatus picinus (Western Pileated
Woodpecker, “pileatus), B. C., XX, 186*.—
Miscl., XVI, 188.

scapularis (Mexican Pileated Wood-
pecker, “Ceophloeus), Tepic, XII, 77°.

Phoebe, see Sayornis phoebe.

Black, see Sayornis nigricans nigricans.
Say, see Sayornis saya saya.
Yukon, see Sayornis saya yukonensis.

Phoebetria fuliginosa (Sooty Albatross),
AUIS Ts Sl Os

Phoenicothraupis salvini, Honduras, XII, 54.

Photography of birds:
Dawson, W. L., XV, 204; XVI, 5.

Piaya mexicana (Rufous Cuckoo), Tepic,
XII, 78. ;

Pica nuttalli (*Yellow-billed Magpie), Calif.,
XI ele) (os 4. 6s OXeVILTS g2n
198; XVIII, 39°, 175*—Disc., XVIII, 8°;
nest, XIII, 73%; XVII, 198; miscl., XVI,
26", 57%.

pica hudsonia (‘American Magpie,
»*Black-billed), Alaska, XVI, 84; Calif., XII,
132s KX, 72s ‘Colo; XE Wh; 70"; 90; 118:
XII, 34; XIV, 96; XVII, 60°, 93, 150; Ida-
ho, XIV, 192; XVII, 126; XIX, 37; Mon.,
SAT, 196) L978 NV, 2 XVI Sb Xess
189; Nev., XII, 86, 88, 89°; N. Dak., XX,
176"* (Ore. XII, (67/5 XX, ASK: “Sy Dak,

PINICOLA
XIII, 90, 91; Wash., XVI, 252, 2538; XIX,
121; Yukon, XI, 206.—Alb., XII, 45; xX,
189; hbt., XIII, 90; XIX, 121; nest, XI, 90;
XII, 196; XIII, 67, 91; XVI, 135; XIX, 122;
XX, 72; photo., XI, 91; XII, 45; XIX, 122:
miscl., XI, 18°; XVIII, 5°; XIX, 1438.

Picoides americanus americanus (American

Three-toed Woodpecker, ‘fumipectus),
Alaska, XI, 107%; XII, 42; XIII, 211, 213;
XVI, 84; Mon., XIV, 26; Yukon, XI, 205.—
Miscl., XVI, 844, Ghiy.

americanus dorsalis (*Alpine Three-toed
Woodpecker), Colo., XIV, 93; Idaho, XIV,
192; Mon., XIV, 26; XVI, 133; XVIII, 86,
162; Ore., XIX, 175*—Nest, XIV, 93; pho-
to., XIV, 91°.

americanus fasciatus (Alaska Three-
toed Woodpecker), Mon., XVIII, 86.

articus (Artic Three-toed Woodpecker),
Alaska, XII, 42; Idaho, XVII, 125; Mon.,
XIV, 26; XVI, 133; XVIII, 162.

Picolaptes leucogaster (White-bellied Wood-

hewer), Morelos, XI, 62.

Pigeon, Band-tailed, see Columba fasciata

fasciata.
Passenger, see Ectopistes migratorius.
Red-billed, see Columba flavirostris.
Sea, see Cepphus columba.
Sonora, see Melopelia asiatica.
Viosca, see Columba fasciata vioscae.

Pierce, Wright McEwen: XV, nesting of the

band-tailed pigeon, 227.

XVI, pigmy owl in San Antonio Canyon,
Los Angeles County, California, 94; des-
ert sparrow near Claremont, California,
144; variation in coloration of male
house finches, 145; additional notes to
Willett’s “birds of the Pacific slope of
southern California’, 146; occurrence of
the yellow rail in southern California,
182.

XVII, occurrence of white-crowned spar-
row near Claremont, California, 59; pe-
culiar nesting site of Anthony towhee,
100; red phalaropes near Corona, Cali-
fornia, 130; miscellaneous records from
southern California, 166; a new bird
for the Pacific slope of southern Cali-
fornia, 206.

XVIII, notes from the San Bernardino
Mountains, California, 34; ring-necked
duck near Corona, Riverside County,
California, 85; more bird notes from
Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino Moun-
tains, 177; spotted owl from the San
Gabriel Canyon, Los Angeles County,
California, 233.

XX, the Salton Sink song sparrow at Oro
Grande, California, 126.

Pierce, W. M., with Van Rossem, A.: XVII,

further notes from the San Bernardino
Mountains, 163.

Pinicola enucleator alascensis (“Alaska Pine

Grosbeak), Alaska, XII, 42; Ore. XIX,

1919

PINICOLA

175*; Yukon, XI, 206.—Miscl., XIV, 160.

enucleator californica (*California Pine
Grosbeak), Calif., XII, 149; XIV, 13, 157;
XV, 86°, 188, 203; XVII, 206.—Distb., XIII,
141; nest, XIV, 157; photo., XIV, 175-185;
song, XIV, 178°; miscl., XIV, 2028; XV,
106; XVI, 105°.

enucleator eschatosus (Newfoundland
Pine Grosbeak), Newfoundland, XVI, 151.

enucleator flammula (Kadiak Pine
Grosbeak), Alaska, XII, 42; XVI, 85.

enucleator montana (*Rocky Mountain
Pine Grosbeak), Colo., XI, 69, 106"; Idaho,
XIV, 193; XIX, 39; Mon., XIV, 28; XVI,
136; XVII, 110; XVIII, 162; Ore., XVIII,
21; Utah, XV, 106-110.—Nest, XV, 109;
photo., XV, 109; miscl., XVII, 135°.

Pintail, see Dafila acuta.

Pipilo aberti (*Abert Towhee), Ariz., XII,
110"; XIV, 58, 62°; XVI, 255"; XVII, 88,
155": XVII, 210; OX, 169: Calif., XII,
133, 136; XIV, 154; XVI,_98; Colo., XII,
37; XIV, 153.—Distb., XVI, 98; nest, XII,
37; XVII, 88; miscl., XX, 97°.

crissalis carolae (Northern Brown Tow-
hee, ‘crissalis, *fuscus carolae), Calif.,
MII, 120%; XV, 119%; Ore., XII, 204*.-—
Discv., with map, XX, 118°; distb., XX,
118; meas., XX, 121; tax., XIV, 199”; XX,
119.

crissalis crissalis (*California Brown
Towhee, ”Fringilla crissalis), Calif., XI,
21; XIII, 74; XVI, 36; XVII, 79%, 80, 833,
85% 1923, 201; XVII, 11°, 225; XIX, 58",
170.—Descr., XX, 119; distb. with map,
XX, 118, 119; eggs, XII, 21; hbt., XII, 166°;
meas., XX, 121; nest, XVI, 36; XVIII, 225;

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 67

PIRANGA

maculatus curtatus (Nevada Towhee,
“Spurred Towhee), Calif., XVII, 234;
Wash., XVI, 252-253"—Descr., OV, alye}e
oe with map, XV, 168-169; meas., Ve

; tax., XIII, 170; Xv, - Q i
oe 168-175; miscl.,

maculatus falcifer ("San Francisco Tow-
hee), Calif, XI, 21; XIII, 74; XVI, 36;
XVII, 80, 83°, 85%, 201; XIX, 61.—Descr..
XV, 171; distb. with map, XV, 168, 169;
meas., XV, 175; photo., XVII, 83.

maculatus falcinellus (Sacramento Tow-
hee, “Spurred Towhee, >*megalonyx), Calif.,
XIII, 120°, 161”, 205”; XVI, 59», 65-66"; XX,
15.—Descr., XV, 172; distb. with map, XV,
168-169; meas., XV, 175; nest, XVI, 59>,
65", 66°; miscl., XX, 87.

maculatus magnirostris (Large-billed
eek L."Calif., XI, 11, 188.—Nest, XI,

maculatus megalonyx (*Spurred Tow-
hee, "San Diego Towhee), Calif., XII, niy(to
XIV, 39; XV, 154°, 1578; XVI, 98, 210:
XVIII, 201; XIX, 169.—Descr., XV, 170;
distb. with map, XV, 168-169; XVI, 98:
hbt., XII, 166; meas., XV, 175; tax., XIII,
170; XV, 170.

maculatus montanus (Mountain Tow-
hee, “Spurred Towhee), Calif., XV, 188;
XX, 87; Colo., XI, 16; XII, 37; XIV, 100;
XVII, 150; Idaho, XVII, 127; N. Mex.,
XIV, 1148; Ore., XIX, 139; Tex., XIX, 164.
—Meas., XX, 88; tax., XIII, 170.

maculatus oregonus (“Oregon Towhee),
Calif., XI, 194; Ore., XI, 139%; XVIII, 78.—
Descr., XV, 172; meas., XV, 175; miscl.,
XX, 83.

XGDRemOs Sym, Nox, LT tax. X0V, 199;
mex ito miscl., XIID, 109°; XV, 1805,
1908; XVI, 44%; XX, 97", 139.

crissalis senicula (*Anthony Towhee,
*fuscus senicula), Calif., XI, 80; XIV, 107°;

Pipit, American, see Anthus rubescens.
Sprague, see Anthus spraguei.

Pipra mentalis, Honduras, XII, 55.
Piranga bidentata (Orange-headed Tana-

Deyn 154° 15%") XVI, bb, 98; XVII 100;
XVIII, 94-99; L. Calif, XV, 23.—Descr.,
XX, 120; destr., XVI, 55; distb. with map,
Savile 98: XX, 118) 1205 hbt.,. ME, 166;
XVIII, 94-99; meas., XX, 121; nest, XVII,
100; XVIII, 94-99; syn., XX, 117°; tax.,
XIV, 199; XX, 120.

erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus
(Towhee), Ark., XVII, 50; Kan., XI, 156.—
Miscl., XX, 23.

fuscus mesoleucus (*Canyon Towhee),
Ariz sk IOS: XV, 227° VILE La6e:
XX, 169; Colo., XII, 37; N. Mex.. XII, 182".
NESE GV eels Sos, 169; miscl, Xox5 97")
117, 120.

maculatus arcticus (Arctic Towhee),
Colo., XI, 120; Mon., XIV, 29; XVI, 139;
Ore., XIII, 68; S. Dak., XIII, 101.—Meas.,
XV, 175; miscl., XV, 173.

maculatus clementae (San Clemente
Towhee),, Calif, XII, 210;) V5) si-—
Descr., XV, 172; distb. with map, XV, 168;
meas., XV, 175.

ger), Morelos, XI, 59.

erythromelas (*Scarlet Tanager), Ark.,
XVII, 50; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 161—WMiscl.,
XEX, 52".

hepatica hepatica (“Hepatic Tanager),
Ariz., XX, 21, 168; Morelos, XI, 59; N.
Mex., XII, 188"; Tepic, XII, 78; Tex., XIX,
164.

ludoviciana (*Western Tanager, ?Lou-
isiana Tanager), Ariz., XX, 21, 168; Calif.,
X70; LZ XI, 18s XIE, 50; 109%) 182,
205; XIV, 195; XV, 84, 115, 157%, 203;
LOM Bia, iq Pass Sovaliig alas abe pe akhs
XVIII, 225, 232; XX, 14, 46, 196"; Colo.
M7, L2is XI 37; XLV, Los XVET, 150;
Idaho, XVI, 122; XVII, 128; XIX, 41; L.
Calif., XII, 187; XV, 23; Mon., XII, #96";
XIV, 29, 219"; XVI, 140; XVII, 114; Ore.,
MG Ss NOV eS CXOEXS O28 cl SOimess
Dak., XIJI, 100; Wash., XII, 167.—Discv.,
XVIII, 5°; food, XX, 14; migr., XX, 46;
nest, XIII, 50; XV, 84; XVI, 57; XVII,
199; plum., XVII, 165; miscl., XI, 93°;

68

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 15

PIRANGA

> GVA eI LEAR Ee. Ore Pee oalars shih
XVIII, 82°.

rubra cooperi (Cooper Tanager), Ariz.,
XIV, 58; XX, 169; Morelos, XI, 59; N.
Mex., XV, 232; Tex., XIX, 164.

rubra rubra (“Summer Tanager), Ark.,
XVII, 50; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 161; Tex:,
XVIII, 215°; XX, 42.—Nest, XX, 42; miscl.,
XVIII, 83°.

Pisobia bairdi (*Baird Sandpiper), Alaska,

XVI, 79; XIX, 77-84; Calif., XI, 139; XIV,
(ES PY Qe ale > Oiaiiis pis halal: > b.<
142; Colo., XI, 115, 116; XIV, 127; Mon.,
XV, 184; XVI, 130; N. Mex, XII, 162°;
Ore., XVI, 114; S. Dak., XIII, 103; Wash.,
XVII, 60; XIX, 25.—Food, XIV, 6%; hbt.,
XIX, 77; photo., XV, 68; XIX, 80, 83, 84.

fuscicollis (White-rrumped Sandpiper),
Colo., XI, 115. ;

maculata (“Pectoral Sandpiper), Alaska,
XVI, 79; Calif., XII, 44; XIII, 35; XIV, 6°,
8; XVIII, 25, 39%; XX, 44; Colo., XI, 115;
XIV, 127; Mon., XVI, 130; XVII, 114; Yu-
kon, XI, 204.—Food, XIV, 6*; miscl., XIX,
mon:

minutilla (*Least Sandpiper, *Limoni-
TES )e VAlasixc eNOVals Oi eee GemeNC VE ls,
Calif., XI, 194; XII, 44; XIII, 108, 131, 135;
XIV, 9, 35; XV, 1568; XVI, 145; Colo., XI,
bs XIV 27 Le (Calif. seve zi Mons.
XVI, 130; N. Mex., XII, 162°; Ore., XVI,
114: S. Dak., XIII, 103; Tepic, XII, 76°;
Yukon, XI, 204.—Distb., XII, 44”.

ruficollis (‘Limonites), Alaska, XI, 173".
—Distb., XII, 44".

Pitangus derbianus (“Derby Flycatcher,

*sulphuratus derbianus), Honduras, XII,
58": Salvador, XVI, 11°; Tepic, XII, 78;
Tex., XI, 103; XII, 98—Hbt., XVI, 11°;
Nest, svi, wll.

Planesticus migratorius achrusterus (South-

ern Robin, Kan., XVI, 92.

migratorius caurinus (“Northwestern
Robin, "migratorius), Alaska, XI, 107;
XVI, 89, 91; XVII, 28; XVIII, 237; Alber-
ta, XV, 131 B. G., XLV, Dis) XexXs 186"

migratorius migratorius (“American
Robin), Alberta, XV, 131; Ark., XVII, 56;
Colo., XIV, 148, 151, 152, 154; Kan., XI,
155, 156, 164; S. Dak., XIII, 94; Yukon,
XI, 207.—Miscl., XVI, 25"; XIX, 62°.

migratorius propinquus ("Western Rob-
in, "Merula), Alaska, XVI, 89; Alberta,
XV, 131; Ariz., XII, 110"; XX, 168; Calif.,
XI, 69%, 84°, 102%, 207; XII, 130; XIII, 82,
Soh TOGA MEST OH mmeNV Ohya Osp Laer,
178"; XV, 19, 85, 115, 199%, 200, 203; XVI,
40, 58, 69", 98; XVII, 85, 165, 201, 204, 235°;
XVIII, 34", 170, 226; XIX, 61, 185, 186; XX,
14: Colo., XI, 17°, 70%, 122"; XII, 39; XIV,
104, 154; XVII, 95, 151; Idaho, XIV, 191,
194; XVI, 122; XVII, 129; XIX, 43; Kan.,
XI, 208"; Mon., XII, 196°; XIV, 32, 216°,
218": XVI, 143; XVII, 110; XVIII, 163;
Nev., XII, 85, 88; Ore., XI, 68°; XIII, 69;

PODICEPS

XVIII, 80; XIX, 46%, 97, 99*, 140; Utah,
XV, 109"; Wash., XIII, 184; XVI, 252, 253-
254"—Food, XIII, 203, 204, 206; XV, 93;
XVIII, 81, 133"; nest, XII, 130; XIII, 82,
184; XIV, 12, 104, 143, 147", 174"; XV, 19,
85, 115, 1999; XVI, 58, 69"; XVII, 658;
XVIII, 170, 226; XIX, 185, 186; photo.,
XVIII, 171; miscl., XII, 132°; Xv; 178%
182°; XVIII, 190-191"; XIX, 176%.

tristis rubicundus, Guatemala, XI, 72.

tristis tristis (*Gray-breasted Robin),
Guatemala, XI, 72; Morelos, XI, 61, 62*—
Song, XI, 61.

Platalea leucorodia (*White Spoonbill), hbt.,
XIII, 112°.

Platycichla venezuelensis atra, Leeward Isl-
ands, XII, 49.

Platypsaris aglaiae latirostris (Gray Be-
card), Salvador, XVI, 12.

albiventris (Xantus Becard), Tepic, XII,
78. P

Plectrophenax hyperboreus (McKay Snow

Bunting), Alaska, XII, 43.

nivalis nivalis (Snow Bunting), Alaska,
XVI, 86; Idaho, XVII, 127; Mon. XVI,
137; Ore., XV, 226; XVII, 782 (Sita
XII, 99; Yukon, XI, 206.

Plegadis autumnalis (Glossy Ibis), Colo., XI,

114.

guarauna (*White-faced Glossy Ibis,
Black Curlew), Calif., XIII, 159; XIV, 34,
224*; XV, 118; XVI, 226, 232; XVIII, 230;
XIX, 156°, 157°; XX, 61; Colo., XI, 13, 114;
Idaho, XVI, 122; Tepic, XII, 76, 79"; Tex.,
XX, 39; Utah, XVI, 248".—Nest, XIII, 159;
XX, 39; photo., XIII, 158-159; XVI, 4°, 9-
10°: ‘prot., XVII, 211°; miscli) oVieZon
PACS

Pleistogyps rex, fos., XIII, 79.

Plover, American Golden, see Charadrius
dominicus.

Black-bellied, see Squatarola squatarola
squatarola.

European Golden, see Charadrius apri-
carius. :
Mountain, see Podasocys montanus.
Semipalmated, see Aegialitis semipal-

mata.
Upland, see Bartramia longicauda.
Wilson, see Ochthodromas_ wilsonius
wilsonius.

Podargus humeralis (Frogmouth), Aust.,
XIII, 142.

Podasocys montanus (“Mountain Plover,
»Aegialitis), Calif, XII, 206"; XVIII, 26,
168; XX, 56°; Colo:, XI, 116°; XID 730;
XIV, 84° 90° XX, 1573) Tex, <i nlte
Disc., XVIII, 9"; eggs, XV, 150; XX, 163;
hbt., XX, 109", 157; migr., XII, 206°; nest,
XI, 116°; XX, 157; photo., XIV, 86-87";
XV, 147; XX, 158-163; prot., XIV, 1125;
miscl., XI, 199"; XVI, 25°; XVII, 237°.

Podiceps cristatus, eggs, XVI, 170.

—_—

1919 SECOND TEN

PODILYMBUS

Podilymbus podiceps (*Pied-billed Grebe,
>*Dabchick), Calif., XIV, 33, 199; XV, 156°;
XVI, 146; XVIII, 100°, 167, 195°, 222; XIX,
58, 158"; XX, 189; Colo., XI, 110; XII, 28,
188-193; XIII, 157; Idaho, XVII, 121; L.
Calif., XIII, 152; Mon., XVI, 127; N. Dak.,
OV diay 208") (Ore: xExXS 133" Nex:,
XVIII, 187°.—Eggs, XVI, 173-174; nest, XI,
110; XII, 188-193; XIII, 157; XVIII, 167,
222; photo., XII, 190-192; XVI, 173; miscl.,
XI, 199; XIII, 40°; XVIII, 2388; XIX, 24°.

Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Blue-gray Gnat-
catcher), Ark., XVII, 56; Tex., XII, 102;
XX, 44.

caerulea obscura (*Western Gnatcatch-
er), Ariz., XVIII, 157°, 160°; Calif., XI,
2s St wes, ST XV, 405 SV, W574:
XVI, 39, 261; XVII, 84, 196; XX, 19; Colo.,
OV, a= Th, Calif Xu At") 138s XI 153;
XV, 24; Tepic, XII, 78, 79*.—Nest, XI, 11°;
XVI, 261; XVII, 196; XVIII, 160°; miscl.,
XIII, 88".

ealifornica (*California Gnatcatcher,
*Black-tailed Gnatcatcher), Calif., XI, 81;
XVI, 98; XIX, 156"; L. Calif., XV, 24.

plumbea (*Plumbeous’ Gnatcatcher), |

Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 55,56"; XVII, 90;
Calif., XIII, 129", 134, 137; XIV, 40.—Nest,
XIV, 55; XVII, 90.
Polyborus cheriway (*Audubon Caracara),
Ariz., XVI, 261; XVIII, 210; Tepic, XII, 76,
77"; Tex., XII, 103; XVIII, 153-154", 1892,
215°, 218"; XX, 40.—Fos., XII, 14°; nest,
XII, 76; XX, 40; miscl., XVII, 180°.
lutosus (Guadalupe Caracara), L. Calif.,
XV, 228-229.
Pomeroy, H. K.: XVII, obituary notice, 132.
Pooecetes gramineus affinis (Oregon Vesper
Sparrow), Calif., XIX, 130; Ore., XVIII,
Wide
gramineus confinis (*Western Vesper
Sparrow), Calif., XIII, 76, 132; XVI, 146;
XVII, 164; Colo., XI, 16, 70, 120; XII, 36;

XIV, 98; XVII, 94; Idaho, XIX, 39; Mon.,

XII, 196%; XIV, 29, 216", 219%, 220°; XVI,
TS ie OV, 1025 Morelos) Xt) 62; (Ore:,
XIII, 68; XIX, 138; Wash., XVI, 251.—
Nest, XII, 36; XIV, 98; XIX, 39; photo.,
XIX, 40; miscl., XVI, 28°.

gramineus gramineus (*Vesper Spar-
row), Ark., XVII, 48; N. Dak., XVII, 178°;
XX, 69-70, 112°.—Miscl., XIII, 107.

YEAR INDEX 69

|

Poor-will, see Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nut-

talli.

Dusky, see Phalaenoptilus nuttalli cali-
fornicus.

Frosted, see Phalaenoptilus nuttalli ni-
tidus.
Porzana carolina (*Sora Rail, "Carolina),
Galil. 3:1, 193: SI 445) XDI 108; 130;
MV, ob, 1455 XV, 112, 1545, 156": Xvi,
146; XVII, 163, 233; XVIII, 61, 178, 194,
196, 223, 230; XIX, 168; Colo., XI, 18, 114;
KEV, 119; Idaho, XVII, 123; XIX, 32;

PTARMIGAN
Kan., XI, 155, 157; L. Calif., XI, 142°; Xv,
21; Mon., XIV, 24; XV, 128; XVI, 129; N.
Mex., XII, 163°; N. Dak., XVIII, 15", 198:
XX, 31-32", 64°, 66", 69", 136%, 170"; Ore.,
XIX, 134.—Nest, XIV, 119, 145; XV, 112,
128; XVIII, 61, 178; note, XX, 67"; photo.,
2A TIE >.QY, ahi, SPS avant, Gil,

Preston, J. W.: XI, swarming of the ruby-

crowned kinglet, 93.
XII, notes on the northwestern crossbill,
90.

Priofinus cinereus (Black-tailed Shearwat-
er); Calif., Xai, 177:

Prictelus temnurus (Cuban Trogon), Cuba,
XVIII, 147.

Progne subis hesperia (*Western Purple
Martin), Ariz., XIV, 54; Calif., XI, 174,
208; XII, 133; XIII, 163; XIV, 39; XV, 119,
156"; XVI, 58, 145, 208, 210; XVII, 196;
XVIII, 29, 225; L. Calif., XIII, 153: N.
Mex., XX, 93; Wash., XVI, 94—Hbt., XX,
93; migr., XX, 61°; nest, XI, 208; XII, 133:
XVI, 58, 94, 208; miscl., XI, 1392.

subis subis (*Purple Martin), Ark.,
XVII, 50; N. Dak., XVII, 223;- XX, 1327,
36°; S. Dak., XIII, 100; Tex., XVIII, 152",
216"; XX, 42.—Nest, XVII, 223; miscl., XI.
M3980 OXON 47S

Protection and conservation of bird life:

Arnold, W. W., XVIII, 190.

Gifford, H., XIX, 73.

Grinnell, J., XV, 25.

Taylor, W. P., XV, 45, 125; XVIII, 132.

Protonotaria citrea (Prothonotary Warbler),
Colo., XIV, 148, 149, 151, 152, 227.

Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi (*Lloyd Bush-
tit), Ariz., XV, 284; Tex., XIX, 26", 165.

minimus californicus (*California Bush-
Lilie ee IMINIMUS))) \OaAlitew sXe. Odenton
TPL PANS PADS 0%, PISS oad, FAN INAS
XVI, 29 Colo. XDXS 150"; I: Calif. XV;
24; Tepic, XII, 77*—Nest, XVI, 70, 168;
photo., XVI, 168; miscl., XIII, 30°; XV,
180°.

minimus minimus ("Coast Bush-tit,
“California Bush-tit, “Bush-tit), Calif., XII,
122°; XIII, 74; XIV, 107°; XV, 156"; XVI,
39; XVII, 80, 198; XVIII, 81; XIX, 61.
Disev., XsVill, 9°: nest, XA, Ws; 74: SGV;
107°; miscl., XX, 23.

minimus saturatus (Puget Sound Bush-
tit), Wash., XI, 56.

plumbeus (*Lead-colored Bush-tit, "san-
taritae), Ariz., XV, 234; Colo., XI, 17; XII,
39; Tex., XIII, 44%; XIX, 165—Syn., XV,
234>: miscl., XI, 1392; XVIII, 30; XX, 23.

Ptarmigan, Alexander Willow, see Lagopus
lagopus alexandrae.

Dixon Rock, see Lagopus rupestris dix-
oni.

Montague Rock, see Lagopus rupestris
kelloggae.

Reinhardt Rock, see Lagopus rupestris
reinhardi.

70 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

PTARMIGAN RAIL

Rock, see Lagopus rupestris rupestris. Chestnut-belli

White-tailed, see Lagopus leucurus. squamata aoe see Te ae

Willow, see Lagopus lagopus lagopus. Desert, see Lophortyx gambeli.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus (*Cassin Auklet), Douglas, see Lophortyx douglasi.

Alaska, XVII, 33; B. C., XX, 180; Calif., Fool, see Cyrtonyx montezumae mearn-
XI, 64, 65%, 102; XII, 51%, 171°, 172; XIII, si.
173, 174; XV, 86, 88, 89, 98; XVI, 144; Gambel, see Lophortyx gambeli.
XIX, 58; L. Calif., XI, 9", 98, 136; XII, 74; Mearns, see Cyrtonyx montezumae
Lb 1s; SEV ASS EXave 202 XV 76% mearnsi.
Ore., XVI, 110; Tepic, XII, 79%; Wash., Mountain, see Oreortyx picta plumifera.
XI, 33.—Destr., XIV, 232; discv., XVIII, Painted, see Oreortyx picta picta.
12" nest. Xl, 9% 136s Xl. 72s XE alios Plumed, see Oreortyx picta plumifera.
XV, 20, 89; XVII, 338, 76: miscl., XVI, Scaled, see Callipepla squamata squa-
2028; XVIII, 236%. mata.

Puffin, see Fratercula arctica. Valley, see Lophortyx californica valli-

Horned, see Fratercula corniculata. cola.
Tufted, see Lunda cirrhata. Querquedula cyanoptera (*Cinnamon Teal),
Calif., XII, 80; XXIII, 130) 158:) xlveee4e

Puffinus auricularis, miscl., XI, 73.
XV, 154%, 156%, 1853; 217; XVI) 2225022

bulleri (New Zealand Shearwater),

Calif., XIII, 38.—Miscl., XI, 73. 230, 231, 234", 235°, 236; XVII, 166; XVIII,
carneipes (Flesh-footed Shearwater), 167, 178, 230; XIX, 157%, 158": Chili, XVI,
Calif Xai 38: 188"; Colo:, XI, 13) 111, 112: XU, 29" Sxaniae
creatopus (Pink-footed Shearwater), 122", 128; Idaho, XVII, 122; L. Calif., XV,
Alaska, XX, 85; Calif., XII, 173; XV, 89; 21; Mon., XIV, 23; Nev., XII, 87; Ore.,
Wash., XVII, 101; XX, 178.—Miscl., XI, XIII, 65; XIX, 134; Peru, XVI, 43"; Tex.,
73. XX, 38; Wash., XVI, 251, 253".—Destr.,
cuneatus (Wedge-tailed Shearwater), XVI, 236°; hybrid, XVII, 115; meas.,
miscl., XI, 73. XVII, 117; nest, XI, 112; XII, 87; XIII,
griseus (*Sooty Shearwater, "Dark-bod- 128; XVI, 222, 227, 230, 231; XVIII, 167,
ied Shearwater, ‘fuliginosus), Alaska, 178; photo., XI, 112; XIII, 126, 127; XV,
XVI. Th: Be CS Xx, 185s (Calif xa 1938; 217; XVil, 116; misel, Xi; 199%; sean
XII, 170°, 174: XV, 89; XVIII, 30, 232; 167"; XX, 123".
XTX, 57°; L. Calif., XIII, 152; XIV, 188"; discors (*Blue-winged Teal), Calif., XI,
XV, 20; Peru, XVI, 43"; Tepic, XII, 78- 173: XII, 107: XX, "76s XVI 24eeoloe
798: Wash., XVII, 101; XX, 178°.—Miscl., XI, 13, 111, 112; XII, 29; XIII, 124-128;
XI, 73. XIV, 89; Idaho, XIX, 32; Mon., XIV, 23;
opisthomelas (*Black-vented Shearwat- XVI, 128; N. Dak., XVIII, 16%, 18", 20°, 54°;
er), Calif., XI, 193; XIX, 173; L. Calif., XI, XX, 31-34"; 65", 67°; Tepic, XII, 76, 79° —
136; XII, 186; XIII, 151; XV, 20; Tepic, Hybrid, XVII, 115; meas., XVII, 117; nest,
XII, 78-79"; Wash., XVII, 101.—Miscl., X1, XI, 111; XIII, 124; miscl., XIII, 27°, 186*.
73. Quillin, Roy W., and Holleman, Ridley:
tenuirostris (Slender-billed Shearwat- XVIII, the San Domingo grebe in Bexar
er), Alaska, XVI, 89, 90; Calif., XVI, 41, County, Texas, 221.
99; XVIII, 203; Wash., XI, 33, 34; XVII, XX, the breeding birds of Bexar ‘Coun
101.—Miscl., XI, 73. Texas, 37.
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata ("Arizona Pyr- | Quiscalus quiscula (Purple Grackle), miscl.,
rhuloxia), Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 58; XVIII, XII, 136.
213; XX, 167, 169.—Nest, XX, 167; miscl., quiscula aeneus (*Bronzed Grackle),
XVI, 202". Ark., XVII, 47; Colo., XI, 119; XII, 35;
sinuata texana (*Texas Pyrrhuloxia), Kan., XI, 155, 160; Mon., XVI, 136; N.
Tex., XII, 99, 100°; XV, 183; XVIII, 154°, Dak., XVII, 224°; S. Dak., XIII, 96, 103;
218": XX, 42.—Nest, XX, 42; eggs, XX, Tex., XX, 42.—Nest, XI, 92%; XVII, 224";
42, XX, 42; miscl., XVI, 56".
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus (*Vermil-
ion Flycatcher), Ariz., XIV, 53, 58, 62"; R

XVIII, 156", 212; Calif., XII, 107; XIII, 132,
135; XVI, 41; XVII, 167; XVIII, 231; XIX, | Rail, Belding, see Rallus beldingi.

25, 102; Morelos, XI, 59; Tepic, XII, 78; Black, see Creciscus jamaicensis.
Tex., XII, 98; XVIII, 183°, 189°; XX, 41. California Black, see Creciscus coturni-
—Nest, XVIII, 231; XX, 41. rikney
California Clapper, see Rallus obsoletus.
Q Carolina, see Porzana carolina.

Clapper, see Rallus levipes.
Light-footed, see Rallus levipes.

Quail, California, see Lophortyx californicus
ealifornicus.

1919

RAIL

Louisiana Clapper, see Rallus crepitans
saturatus.

Mexican King, see Rallus tenuirostris.

Virginia, see Rallus virginianus.

Yellow, see Coturnicops noveboracensis.

Rallus beldingi (Belding Rail), L. Calif., XI,

11; XX, 58—Nest, XI, 11; miscl., XX, 60.

crepitans saturatus (Louisiana Clapper
Rail), Tex., XVII, 3-6.—Nest, XVII, 3-6;
photo., XVII, 5-6.

levipes (*Clapper Rail, *Light-footed),
Calif., XV, 157°; L. Calif., XIII, 152.—
Nest, XIII, 152; nomen., XVIII, 33°, 228";
miscl., XI, 49; XII, 177; XVI, 26, 27°.

obsoletus (*California Clapper Rail),
Calif., XVII, 98, 201—Distb., XVII, 201;
nest, XVII, 201; prot., XIV, 112%, 229°;
miscl., XII, 177; XVI, 26°.

tenuirostris (Mexican King Rail), Tepic,
XII, 76.

virginianus (*Virginia Rail), Calif., XIII,
130, 160; XVIII, 223, 229; XIX, 59; Colo.,
XI, 114; XIV, 119; XVII, 149; Mon., XIII,
108; XIV, 108°—Nest, XIV, 119; XVIII,
229.

Raven, American, see Corvus corax corax.
Western, see Corvus corax sinuatus.
White-necked, see Corvus cryptoleucus.

Ray, Milton Smith: XI, birds of the Big Ba-
sin, 18; passing of the Pedro Island sea-
bird rookery, 94; communication: pro-
tection of quail, 141; some Sierran nests
of the Brewer blackbird, 194.

XII, a defense of oology, 19; from Tahoe
to Washoe, 85; late spring in Lake Val-
ley, 128; the discovery of the nest and
eggs of the gray-crowned leucosticte,
147.

XIII, the literary and other principles in
ornithological writing, 81; some August
notes for Lake Valley, 108; tree-nests of
the Point Pinos junco and other notes,
210.

XIV, through Tahoean mountains, 12;
nesting of the Canada goose at Lake Ta-
hoe, 67; a journey to the Star Lake
country and other notes from the Tahoe
region, 142; the discovery of the nest
and eggs of the California pine gros-
beak, 157.

XV, some further notes from the Tahoe
region, 111; some further notes on Si-
erran field-work, 198.

XVI, some discoveries
Fyffe, 57.

XVII, nesting of the American osprey at
Eagle Lake, California, 70.

XVIII, more summer birds for San Fran-
cisco County, 222.

XIX, some further notes on San Francisco
County birds, 170.

XX, six weeks in the high Sierras in nest-
ing time, 70.

Ray, M. S., with Carriger, H. W.: XIII, an

in the forest at

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 71

REGULUS
ei day list of Calaveras Valley birds,
Reagan, Albert B: XII, rev. of his “destruc-
ae of young water birds by a storm”,
Recurvirostra americana (*Avocet), Calif.,
XIII, 134; XIV, 7, 35, 199; XV, 16, 117,
218; XVI, 226, 229, 230+, 233-235"; XVII,
98, 207; XVIII, 39", 168; XIX, 156"; Colo.,
XI, 14, 115; XII, 29; XIV, 89, 123; Idaho,
XVII, 128; XIX, 32; Mon., XIV, 24, 220°;
XVI, 126", 130, 133"; N. Mex., XII, 162°;
Saskatchewan, XIX, 101; Tex., XVIII,
154*—Hegegs, XV, 141, 142; nest, XI, 115;
XV, 117; XVI, 130, 226, 229, 2302, 233;
XVIII, 168; XIX, 101; photo., XI, 115;
XIV, 123, 124; XV, 141; XVI, 133; prot.,
XIV, 112"; miscl., XIII, 113°; XVI, 240ns
XVIII, 135", 1763.
Red-head, see Marila americana.

Redpoll, Common, see Acanthis linaria lin-
aria.

Hoary, see Acanthis hornemanni exili-
pes.

Redshank, see Totanus totanus.

Redstart, American, see Setophaga ruticilla.
Painted, see Setophaga picta.
Red-bellied, see Setophaga miniata.

Redtail, see Buteo borealis borealis.
Western, see Buteo borealis calurus.

Regulus calendula calendula (*Ruby-crowned
Kinglet), Alaska, XVI, 89; Ariz., XII, 60",
LOS) OVA, 159% G0; Ark. XOVIle 56°
Colo., XI, 121; XIV, 103; XVII, 95; Idaho,
XVIII, 82; XIX, 33", 42; Kan., XI, 156, 164;
Mon., XII, 196"; XIV, 31; XVI, 143; Ore.,
VILL 22 Ie AO Nex.) EXsVer sae
XVIII, 129°—Hbt., XI, 932; nest, XVIII,
22, 160; miscl., XIV, 178"; XVI, 143°.

calendula cinerascens (*Western Ruby-
crowned Kinglet, "calendula), Calif., XII,
TSOP TE Se XT 425 APS SA. Shs xd bve
40°, 145>, 1645; XV, 85°, 113%, 1992, 2008,
2032 XV, 39)) Novi, SOPeS42 3) XX 2S Tae
78°; Nev., XII, 86°—Nest, XII, 130°; XIV,

ASR VAT ES OVE Shes SP 199" 200%. xexe
Tonics Ons SDNOLO;, Noy Pod.
ecalendula grinnelli (Sitka Kinglet),

Alaska, XVI, 89, 91; XX, 85; Calif., XVI,
39; XVII, 201; Ore., XVIII, 80.

satrapa clarus, Guatemala, XI, 72.

satrapa olivaceus ("Western Golden-
crowned Kinglet), Alaska, XVI, 89; XVII,
28a Arizs, soxG 24" Bi GC. eXV, 2) (Calis
KAR, (Shs) Val, OOS SOV, 84> NOVI.
30; Idaho, XIV, 194; XVII, 129; XIX, 42;
Mon., XIV, 31; XVI, 148; XVII, 115; XVIII,
163; Ore., XVIII, 80; XIX, 47%, 50°; Wash.,
XI, 55, 56; XII, 168*°—Nest, XV, 85;
XVIII, 80.

satrapa satrapa (Golden-crowned King-
let), Ark., XVII, 56.

72 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

REGURGITATION
Regurgitation:
Myers, H. W., XII, 165.
Rhea darwini (Patagonian Rhea), hbt.,
XVIII, 203.
Rhodestethia rosea (Ross Gull), Alaska,
XVII, 136.
Rhynchocyclus cinereiceps, Honduras, XII,

56, 57.—Nest, XII, 56; photo., XII, 56.

Rhynchophanes meccowni (*McCown Long-
Spur). Bs) Gap OV) lar, ANLOM. eek Vemodiies
2208; XVI, 137—Nest, XVI, 137; photo.,
XVI, 141°.

Richards, George: XI, Scolecophagus caro-
linus in Colorado, 101; cliff climbing for
prairie falcon eggs, 164.

Richards, Dr. Theodore Wright: XI, notes cn
albatrosses and other pelagic birds in
Australian waters, 5; albino eggs of the
house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus
frontalis), 34; nesting of Diomedea ni-
gripes and D. immutabilis on Midway
Islands, 122.

XVI, a plea for comparative oology, 161.

XVIII, breeding of Tiaris canora, and
other notes from the U. S. naval sta-
tion, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 145.

Richards, William Walter: XIX, wild ducks
in a city park, 85.

Richmond, Charles Wallace: XVIII, an early
record of American scoter for Califor-
nia, 83.

Ridgway, Robert: XI, communication: color
nomenclature, 210.

XIV, rey. of his “birds of North and Mid-
dle America”, part V, 110.

XV, rev. of his “color standards and color
nomenclature”, 131.

XVI, rev. of his “birds of North and Mid-
dle America’, part VI, 188.

Riley, Joseph Harvey: XV, rev. of his “birds
collected or observed on the expedition
of the Alpine Club of Canada to Jasper
Park, Yellowhead Pass, and Mount Rob-
son region”, 130.

Riparia riparia (“Bank Swallow), B. C., XX,
186"; Calif., XI, 174, 185"; XV, 156"; XVII,
130, 196; XVIII, 225, 227°; XIX, 61; XX,
90; Colo., XI, 121; Idaho, XVII, 128; XIX,
41; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 162; Mon. XVI,
140; Ore., XIX, 189; Wash., XVI, 252, 253",
254",—Anat., XIX, 91°; eggs, XVI, 164;
nest, XI, 174; XVII, 180; XVIII, 225; XX,
90; miscl., XI, 139°; XV, 64°; XVIII, 231°.

Rissa brevirostris (Red-legged Kittiwake),
Yukon, XI, 203.—Descr., XI, 203; meas.,
XI, 203.

tridactyla pollicaris (Pacific Kittiwake,
"tridactyla), Alaska, XVI, 74; Calif.,
XVIII, 203; Ore., XVI, 111.—Miscl., XIII,
38°.

Roadrunner, see Geococeyx californianus.

Robin, American, see Planesticus migratori-
us migratorius.

No. 13

SALPINCTES
Gray-breasted, see Planesticus tristis.
_ Northwestern, see Planesticus migrato-
rius caurinus.

Southern, see Planesticus migratorius
achrusterus.

Western, see Planesticus migratorius
propinquus. :

Roc, see Aepyornis maximus.

Rockwell, Robert Blanchard: XI, the his-
tory of Colorado ornithology (with two
maps), 24; correction of errors, 33;
oological, 34; that cooperative scheme,
69; the use of magpies’ nests by other
birds, 90; correspondence: on certain
Colorado records, 106; rey. of J. Hen-

derson’s “an annotated list of the birds

of Boulder County, Colorado”, 144.

XII, an albino magpie, 45; some Colorado
night heron notes, 113; nesting of the
gray-headed junco, 164; nesting notes
on the American eared grebe and pied-
billed grebe, 188.

XIII, notes on the nesting of the Forster
and black terns in Colorado, 57; nesting
notes on the ducks of the Barr Lake re-
gion, Colorado, part I, 121; part II, 186.

XIV, notes on the wading birds of the
Barr Lake region, Colorado, 117.

Rockwell, R. B., with Hersey, L. J.: XI, an
annotated list of the birds of the Barr
Lake district, Adams County, Colorado,
109.

Rook, Eastern, see Corvus frugilegus frugi-

legus.

European, see Corvus frugilegus pasti-
nator.

Rough-leg, American, see Archibuteo lago-

pus sancti-johannis.

Ferruginous, see Archibuteo ferrugin-
eus.

Ruff, see Machetes pugnax.

Rust, Henry Judson: XV, birds new to the
vicinity of Lake Coeur d’Alene, Koote-
nai County, Idaho, 41.

XVI, some notes on the nesting of the
sharp-shinned hawk, 14.

XVII, an annotated list of the birds of
Kootenai County, Idaho (with map), 118.

XVIII, additional notes on the birds of
Kootenai County, Idaho, 81.

XIX, an annotated list of the birds of Fre-
mont County, Idaho, as observed during
the summer of 1916 (with map), 29.

Rhynchops nigra (*Black Skimmer), Tepic,

XII, 76; Tex., XVIII, 155*.

Ss

Sage, John Hall: XVII, photograph, 171.
Sage, J. H., with Bishop, L. B.: XVI, rev. of
their “the birds of Connecticut’, 97.
Salpinctes guadeloupensis guadeloupensis
(Guadalupe Rock Wren), meas., XVI, 214;

miscl., XVI, 213.

.

———s

1919

SALPINCTES

guadeloupensis proximus (San Martin
Rock Wren), descr., distb., meas., tax.,
XVI, 214.

obsoletus exsul, miscl., XVI, 216.

obsoletus notius (Mexican Rock Wren),
Morelos, XI, 63.—Miscl., XVI, 216.

obsoletus obsoletus ("Rock Wren), Ariz.,
a LO KV bos Calif, Xl 80). 170%;
172; XII, 122", 171-172"; XIII, 74, 174°, 183;
XIV, 40; XV, 85, 92, 157°; XVI, 210; XVII,
196; XIX, 61, 130", 156"; XX, 19; Colo., XI,
Wile 89s) XVI, Lolly Idaho, XVI,
pone eekcKe 40s Ty. Calif, XI, 100; 138;
XIII, 106; XIV, 191; XV, 24, 210; Mon.,
XII, 196"; XIV, 31, 220°; XVI, 142; Nev.,
XII, 88; N. Mex., XII, 182"; Ore., XIII, 69;
XV, 226; XVIII, 80; XIX, 133", 140; Tex.,
XIII, 44*.—Disev., XVIII, 6°; distb., XVI,
211; eggs, XII, 21; meas., XVI, 214; nest,
XI, 100, 138, 171; XII, 122°; XIII,-106, 183;
XV, 85; photo., XV, 210; miscl., XI, 933,
199"; XII, 132°.

obsoletus pulverius (San Nicolas Rock
Wren), Calif., XIII, 109; XVI, 211.—Descr.,
MV ios Gisth.; XVI, 213; meas., XVI,
214; nest, XIII, 109.

Salvador:
Van Rossem, A., XVI, 11.

Sanderling, see Calidris leucophaea.

Sandpiper, Aleutian, see Arquatella mariti-

ma couesi.

Baird, see Pisobia bairdi.

Bartramian, see Bartramia longicauda.

Buff-breasted, see Tryngites subruficol-
lis.

Least, see Pisobia minutilla.

Pectoral, see Pisobia maculata.

Red-backed, see Pelidna alpina sakha-
lina.

Semipalmated, see Hreunetes pusillus.

Solitary, see Helodromas solitarius soli-
tarius.

Spoon-billed, see Eurynorhynchus pyg-
meus.

Spotted, see Actitis macularius.

Stilt, see Micropalama himantopus.

Western, see Ereunetes mauri.

Western Solitary, see Helodromas soli-
tarius cinnamomeus.

White-rumped, see Pisobia fuscicollis.

Sapsucker, Red-breasted, see Sphyrapicus
varius ruber.
Red-naped, see Sphyrapicus varius nu-
chalis.
Rocky Mountain, see Sphyrapicus thyro-
ideus nataliae.
Sierra, see Sphyrapicus varius daggetti.
Williamson, see Sphyrapicus thyroideus
thyroideus.
Yellow-breasted, see Sphyrapicus varius
varius.
Sarcorhamphus clarki, fos., XIII, 79.
gryphus (Condor), miscl., XIII, 79.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 73

SAYORNIS
Saucerottea cyanura guatemalae,

mala, XI, 72.

Saunders, Aretas Andrews: XI, the nesting
of the broad-tailed hummingbird, 197.
XII, the bluebird (Sialia sialis) in Park
County, Montana, 80; singing of the fe-
male slate-colored fox sparrow, 80; bird
notes from southwestern Montana, 195;

a correction, 204.

XIII, the Virginia rail at
tana, in winter, 108.
XIV, some birds of southwestern Mon-
tana (with map), 22; some changes and
additions to the list of birds of south-
western Montana, 107; the western
marsh wren wintering near Helena,
Montana, 108; a correction, 108; a horse-
back trip across Montana, 215; the prob-
able breeding of the Bohemian waxwing

in Montana, 224.

XV, a study of the nesting of the marsh
hawk, 99; some notes on the nesting of
the short-eared owl, 121; an unusual
nest of the sora rail, 128.

XVI, the birds of Teton and northern
Lewis and Clark counties, Montana, 124;
the English sparrow as occurring in
northwestern Montana, 183.

XVII, the California shrike in Montana:
a correction, 102; a summer at Flat-
head Lake, Montana, 109.

XVIII, a note on the food of the western
robin, 81; plumage of the young male
red-shafted flicker, 82; additions and
changes to the summer birds of Flat-
head Lake, Montana, 85.

Saurothera merlini (Cuban Lizard Cuckoo),
Cuba, XVIII, 147.

Saxicola oenanthe oenanthe
Yukon, XI, 207.

Sayornis nigricans nigricans (*Black Phoebe,
bTyrannula), Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 55;
Calits Xa Bie Sie Was Ra 745 VS 32;
neo SIMS Bie TNCs ray, tile alto alser
Kavi oo, 200s SVIL 80) 82%, 101) 196;
XVIII, 107%, 180; XIX, 60, 158", 169; XX,
14, 190; L. Calif., XIV, 190; XV, 23; More-
los, XI, 60.—Discv., XVIII, 7*; nest, XVII,
HOtesyne | xOVnE) 125. miscl.) xolai;
XIII, 47*; XVI, 13°.

phoebe (*Phoebe), Ark., XVII, 46; Calif.,
XV, 182; XVII, 203"; Kan., XI, 155, 159;
Tex., XII, 98; XVIII, 153°; XX, 41—Nest
XX, 41.

saya saya (*Say Phoebe, *Say Flycatch-
er, ‘Tyrannula), Ariz., XII, 110°; XIV, 53;
Galif., XI, 171; XIII, 132, 162, 205; XIV,
37: XV, 182; XVI, 32; XVII, 80, 201; XIX,
156"; Colo., XI, 15, 118; XII, 33; XIV, 96;
XVII, 150; Idaho, XVII, 125; L. Calif., XI,
137; XV, 23; Mon., XIV, 220°; XVI, 134;
Ore., XIII, 67; XIX, 132-133", 136; S. Dak.,
XIII, 103; Wash., XVI, 251, 252, 253°.

Guate-

Helena, Mon-

(Wheatear),

74 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

SAYORNIS
Disev., XVIII, 6°; food, XIII, 202, 204, 208;
XIV, 45°; nest, XI, 171; XII, 33; XIII, 162;
XIV, 96; XVI, 134; miscl., XVIII, 12°.
saya yukonensis (Yukon Phoebe), Yu-
kon, XI, 206.

Scardafella inca ("Inca Dove), Ariz., XIII,
54; XVII, 87; XVIII, 210; XX, 169; More-
los, XI, 63; Tepic, XII, 78"; Tex., XX, 40.
—Hbt., XIII, 55; nest, XIII, 55; XVII, 87;
XX, 40.

Schaefer, Oscar Frederick: XIX, occurrence
of the red-breasted nuthatch in Arizo-
na, 103.

Schussler, George William: XVIII, the pig-

eon guillemot nesting in San Francisco,
35.

XIX, the surf bird at San Francisco, 101;
nesting of the California brown towhee
in San Francisco, 170.

XX, the salt marsh yellowthroats of San
Francisco, 62.

Sclater, William Lutley: XI, rev. of his “the
winter birds of Colorado”, 73.
XIV, rev. of his “a history of the birds of
Colorado”, 155; communication: the
birds of Colorado, 226.

Scolecophagus, see Euphagus.

Scolopax rusticola (European Woodcock),
eggs, XV, 144, 194.

Scoter, American, see Oidemia americana.
Surf, see Oidemia perspicillata.
White-winged, see Oidemia deglandi.

Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa (*Great Gray

Owl), Alaska, XVI, 83; Calif., XVI, 94;
Idaho, XVII, 125; Mon., XVII, 115; Ore.,
XTX, 175*; Yukon, XI, 205.

Scotothorus veraepacis (Manakin), Hondu-
ras, XII, 54. :
Scudder, Bradford Alexander: XIX, rev. of
his “conservation of our wild birds”, 74.

Seedeater, Morellet, see Sporophila morel-
leti.

Seiurus aurocapillus ("Ovenbird), Ark., XVII,
54; Calif., XIII, 167, 182; XV, 66°; XVII,
2038; Kan., XI, 156, 162; S. Dak., XIII,
102; Tex., XVIII, 185°.

motacilla (Louisiana Water-thrush),
Ark., XVII, 54.

noveboracensis notabilis (Alaska Water-
thrush), Alaska, XII, 43; Ark., XVII, 54;
Calif., XVIII, 231; Colo., XVII, 151; Mon.,
XIV, 30; Yukon, XI, 207.

Selasphorus alleni (*Allen Hummingbird),
Calif., XI, 173, 185%; XII, 171°; XIII, 211;
XIV, 77, 110°; XV, 154%, 156", 184, 205;
XVI 29% (825 182 EXeVill 79, 1305) 194
XVIII, 227; XIX, 60; L. Calif., XI, 100, 208.
—Hypbrid, XI, 108; nest, XIII, 211; XIV, 77;
XV, 205; XVI, 22, 182; XVII, 130; XVIII,
227; photo., XV, 206; miscl., XII, 46; XV,
413, 698; XVIII, 130°, 204; XIX, 73°; XX,
146°.

SHERMAN

platycercus (*Broad-tailed Humming-
bird, ’Trochilus), Ariz., XX, 21, 168; Calif.,
XVIII, 180; XX, 87; Colo., XI, 15, 33, 70%,
118; XII, 33; XIV, 95; Idaho, XVI, 122;
XIX, 36; Mon., XI, 197; XII, 204; N. Mex.,
XIV, 113°, 1168; Ore., XVIII, 21.—Nest, XI,
197; miscl., XI, 33°.

rufus ("Rufous Hummingbird, ruber),
Alaska, XVI, 84; XVII, 26; Ariz., XVI,
261; B: GC, XIV, 20%, 21!) XVI as eee
186; Calif, XTV, 37; P10" SGV, Tore yeevas
210; XX, 13, 16; Idaho, XVII, 125; L.
Calif., XIII, 152; XIV, 190; Mon., XII, 204;
XIV, 27; XVI, 184; XVII, 113; Ore., XIII,
67; XIV, 1988; XVIII, 76; XIX, 9%, 47°, 52",
96, 98", 136°; Tepic, XII, 78; Tex., XIX,
163; Wash., XVI, 251, 253°—Hbt., XIX,
168; XX, 123; nest, XVIII, 76; photo., XI,
184: syn., XX, 123"; miscl, XI, 1832
169"; XVIII, 130°; XX, 146°.

Sell, Ralph Abraham: XIX, some notes on

the effects upon bird life, of the Corpus
Christi storm of August 18, 1916, 43.
XX, the scarlet ibis in Texas, 78.

Setophaga miniata (Red-bellied Redstart),

Morelos, XI, 62.

picta (*Painted Redstart), Ariz., XVIU,
159", 213; XX, 21, 168; Morelos, XI, 63;
Tepic, XII, 78, 79°.

ruticilla (*American Redstart), Ark.,
MVII, 55; Calif, XT, 102; Xd, T6s sas
Colo., XI, 121; XVII, 151; Idaho, XVII,
128; Kan., XI, 154, 155, 156, 163; Mon.,
XIV, 30; XVI, 142; Ore., XIII, 69; XVIII,
22; Tex., XII, 99; XVIII, 218°.

Shearwater, Black-tailed, see Priofinus cin-

ereus.
Black-vented, see Puffinus opisthome-

las.
Dark-bodied, see Puffinus griseus.
Flesh-footed, see Puffinus carneipes.
New Zealand, see Puffinus bulleri.
Pink-footed, see Puffinus creatopus.
Slender-billed, see Puffinus tenuirostris.
Sooty, see Puffinus griseus.
Wedge-tailed, see Puffinus cuneatus.

Sheldon, Harry Hargrave: XI, notes on

some birds of Kern County, 168.

Shelton, Alfred Cooper: XIII, nesting of the

California Cuckoo, 19.
XVII, Yakutat song sparrow in Oregon, 60.
XIX, rev. of his “a distributional list of
the land birds of west central Oregon’,
174.

Shepardson, Durno Ira: XI, notes on the

nesting of the cliff swallow, 138; notes
on the nesting of the bank swallow, 174.

XVII, the house finch as a parasite, 100;
some extreme nesting dates, 130; the
house finch again, 204; bluebird nesting
in low country, 206.

XVIII, the coloration of eggs, 35.

XIX, notes from the southern Sierras, 168.

Sherman, Althea Rosina: XIV, position of

1919. SECOND TEN

SHERMAN
mourning dove nestlings, 153.
Shoveler, see Spatula clypeata.

Shrike, Alaska, see Lanius borealis invictus.
California, see Lanius ludovicianus gam-

beli.

Island, see Lanius ludovicianus an-
thonyi.

Migrant, see Lanius ludovicianus mi-
grans.

Northern, see Lanius borealis borealis.
White-rumped, see Lanius ludovicianus
excubitorides.
Shrike-thrush, Gray, see Collyriocichla har-
monica.
Shufeldt, Robert Wilson: XIV, study of the
eggs of the Meleagridae, 209.
XV, an introduction to the study of the
eggs of the North American Limicolae.

138.
XVI, on the oology of the North American

Pygopodes, 169.
Sialia currucoides

(“Mountain Bluebird),
Aviz~ oxi, 110") Califc, XU, '69%:) XI, 44,
HAG OXe, aid, Tea" XV 40) 143, 1478;
7 ReeNOVeN Sos 199) 20as) Vil, 98%s) SXOVILL,
201= (Colo:,, XI, 17, 70%, 122%) XII, 395 XIV,
104; XVII, 95, 151; XIX, 152; Idaho, XVII,
Hormexdixe 40.7) Mons. cll. 807), 1195) 91196;
202; XIV, 32, 108%; XV, 184°, XVI, 144;
Nev., XII, 88; N. Mex., XIV, 116°; Ore.,
XIX, 140; S. Dak., XIII, 104; Wash., XVI,
252, 253°—Food, XVII, 108%; nest, XII,
200, 202; XIV, 104, 148, 147"; XV, 85, 199°;
XVI, 144; photo., XII, 200, 202; XIV, 103;
miscl., XVI, 153°: XVIII, 63°.

mexicana bairdi (*Chestnut-backed
Bluebird), Ariz., XIII, 37; XVIII, 159°;
Colo; XI, 17; XM; 39; XV, 104> N. Mex,
XIV, 114°.

mexicana occidentalis (*Western Blue-
bird, *anabelae), Calif., XI, 21, 172, 194;
XIII, 74, 121, 134, 163, 205, 206°; XIV, 14,
40, 145, 221-2228; XV, 119, 156%, 188”; XVI,
40, 62, 208, 210; XVII, 166, 192%, 196, 206,
211", 234, 235; XVIII, 86; XIX, 57%, 169°;
XX, 16, 19, 71; Idaho, XVII, 129; XVIII,
82; L. Calif., XIV, 191; Ore., XVIII, 80;
XIX, 53°, 133°, 140.—Disev., XVIII, 9°;
food, XIII, 203, 204; nest, XIV, 145, 222°;
XVI, 62; XVII, 166, 206, 211°, 285; XVIII,
86; XIX, 169"; syn., XVI, 97°; miscl., XI,
150°; XII, 177"; XVI, 99; XVIII, 12, 190°.

sialis fulva (*Azure Bluebird), miscl.,
Lie:

sialis sialis ("Bluebird), Ark., XVII, 57;
Kan., XI, 155, 156, 164; Mon., XII, 80;
XV, 184; S. Dak., XIII, 98"; Tex., XX, 44.—
Food, XVIII, 133"; nest, XX, 44; miscl.,
MAT, Aes XT, 845 KVL, 25%.

Silliman, Oscar Perry: XVII, range of the
California clapper rail, 201; fork-tailed
petrels delayed by storm, 204; late mi-
gration of the cedar waxwing, 205; an-
other Mexican ground dove for Califor- |

YEAR INDEX

“I
on

SMITH

nia, and other notes,

Silloway, Perley Milton:
indeterminates, 86.

Simmons, George Finley: XVII, with Rallus
in the Texas marsh, 3.

Siskin, Pine, see Spinus pinus pinus.

Sitta canadensis ("Red-breasted Nuthatch),
Alaska, XVI, 88; XVII, 28; Ariz., XIII, 35;
10.6, WOKE 1 (Ch, Oy, PALS Chihte, cae Ge
205, 210; XIV, 176%; XV, 203; XVI, 38, 59,
G65 672, 702. XeVille 80s KAVII 28) xeiKe
186; XX, 12, 16, 46; Idaho, XIV, 194; XVI,
121°; XVII, 128; Mon., XIV, 31; XVI, 142;
XVIII, 168; Ore., XIII, 69; XVIII, 80; XIX,
140; Wash., XI, 55; XII, 168°—Nest, XVI,
59, 67°, 70°; miscl., XI, 93%: XII, 136.

carolinensis aculeata ("Slender-billed
Nuthatch), Calif., XI, 172; XIII, 108, 163;
ING AEBS >.OV6 tay, all) PARIS aig a7), al eh
210; XVII, 197; XX, 75; Idaho, XVII, 128;
Ore., XIX, 140.—Nest, XIV, 1748; XV, 85;
XVII, 197; XX, 75; miscl., XX, 88.

carolinensis carolinensis (*White-breast-
ed Nuthatch), Ark., XVII, 55; Kan., XI,
155, 156, 163; N. Dak., XVII, 223; XX, 176".

carolinensis nelsoni (*Rocky Mountain
Nuthatch), Ariz., XIII, 35; XIV, 213-215;
MDX, 10375 XX, 215 Colo:, XA, 17, 1215 XT,
39; Idaho, XIV, 194; Mon., XII, 2008; XIV,

207.
XI, a problem in

oe XOVE, 142) IN. Mex. X<II, 182) Xaiv,
113"; Ore., XIX, 140; Tex., XIX, 164.—
Nest, XIV, 213; photo., XIV, 214-215;
miscl., XX, 88.

carolinensis tenuissima (Inyo Slender-
billed Nuthatch), Calif., XX, 88—Descr.,

distb., meas., XX, 88-89.
neumayeri, Asia, XII, 179.
pygmaea leuconucha, L. Calif., XX, 58.
pygmaea pygmaea (*Pigmy Nuthatch),

Ariz., XIV, 213; XVIII, 159%; XIX, 103%;

KOXe ol CCalife Xi Silly Vey TATE exaViLle

Mo davai, Whee oorc, 76S (o@lKox, <6 ilz/s

XIV, 103; Idaho, XVII, 128; Mon., XVII,

12 NS Mexe Xie 182) xelven 152s One:

XIX, 133", 140.—Nest, XIV, 147; XX, 73;

miscl., XI, 93°; XVIII, 12.

Skimmer, Black, see Rhynchops nigra.
Skinner, Milton Philo: XVIII, the nutcrack-
ers of Yellowstone Park, 62.

XIX, the ospreys of the Yellowstone, 117;
the birds of Molly Island, Yellowstone
National Park, 177.

Skua, see Megalestris skua.

Skylark, see Alauda arvensis.

Sloanaker, Joseph Lyday: XIV, two new
Arizona records, 154.

XVII, New Years Day bird census

Palisades, Mesa County, Colorado, 60.

Smith, Austin Paul: XI, observations on
some birds found in southern Mexico,
57; the swamp sparrow on the lower
Rio Grande, 101; the Derby flycatcher
(Pitangus derbianus) a permanent resi-

at

76 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

SMITH
dent within our boundaries, 103; Sumi-
chrast blackbird in Tamaulipas, Mexico,
138; a correction, 139.
XII, miscellaneous bird notes from the
lower Rio Grande, 93.
XV, notes and records from Brooks Coun-
ty, Texas, 182.
XVII, birds of the Boston Mountains, Ar-

kansas, 41.

XVIII, winter notes from southern Tex-
as, 129. ‘
XIX, some birds of the Davis Mountains,

Texas, 161.

XX, September notes from Keddie, Plu-
mas County, California, 45; whip-poor-
will in New Mexico in March, 91; some
Texas bird notes, 212.

Smith, Franklin Jonas: XVIII, occurrence of
the condor in Humboldt County, 205.

XIX, thé snowy owl in Humboldt County,
California, 24.

Smith, Horace Gardner: XII, two avian
stragglers within the state of Colorado,
133.

Smith, William Gilbert: XI, biography, 197;
photograph, 198.

Snipe, European, see Gallinago gallinago.
Jack, see Gallinago delicata.

Wilson, see Gallinago delicata.

Snowbird, see Junco hyemalis hyemalis.

Snowflake, see Plectrophenax nivalis niva-

lis.

Snyder, Gaylord K.: XVI, nesting of the Al-
len hummingbird on Catalina Island,
182.

XVII, obituary notice, 236.

Snyder, G. K., with Wright, H.: XV, birds
observed in the summer of 1912 among
the Santa Barbara Islands, 86.

Solitaire, Townsend, see Myadestes town-

sendi.

Somateria spectabilis (King Hider), Siberia,

XII, 46.

Sora, see Porzana carolina.

South Dakota:

Tullsen, H., XIII, 89.

Walker, A., XVIII, 130.

Sparrow, Alberta Fox, see Passerella iliaca

altivagans.

Aleutian Savannah, see
sandwichensis sandwichensis.

Baird, see Ammodramus bairdi.

Belding Marsh, see Passerculus bel-
dingi.

Black-chinned, see Spizella atrogularis.

Black-throated, see Amphispiza biline-
ata deserticola.

Botteri, see Peucaea botterii.

Brewer, see Spizella breweri.

Brown Song, see Melospiza melodia ri-
vularis.

Bryant Marsh, see Passerculus sand-

Passerculus

No. 13

SPARROW

wichensis bryanti.

Cassin, see Peucaea cassini.

_ Chipping, see Spizella passerina passe-
rina.

Clay-colored, see Spizella pallida.

Coronado Song, see Melospiza melodia
coronatorum.

Dakota Song, see Melospiza melodia
juddi.

Desert, see Amphispiza bilineata deser-
ticola.

Desert Black-throated, see Amphispiza

bilineata deserticola.

Desert Song, see Melospiza melodia fal-
lax.

Dwarf Savannah, see Passerculus sand-
wichensis brooksi.

English, see Passer domesticus.

European, see Passer domesticus.

Field, see Spizella pusilla pusilla.

Forbush, see Melospiza lincolni gracilis.

Fox, see Passerella iliaca iliaca.

Gambel, see Zonotrichia leucophrys
gambeli.

Golden-crowned, see Zonotrichia coro-
nata. 3
Grasshopper, see Ammodramus saval-
narum australis.

Harris, see Zonotrichia querula.

Heermann Song, see Melospiza melodia
heermanni.

House, see Passer domesticus. .

Intermediate, see Zonotrichia leucophrys
gambeli.

Kadiak Fox, see Passerella iliaca insu-
laris.

Laguna,
ria.

Large-billed, see Passerculus rostratus
rostratus.

Lark, see Chondestes grammacus gram-
macus.

Leconte, see Passerherbulus lecontei.

Lincoln, see Melospiza lincolni lincolni.

Mendocino Song, see Melospiza melodia
cleonensis.

see Aimophila ruficeps soro-

Merrill Song, see Melospiza melodia
merrilli.

Modesto Song, see Melospiza melodia
mailliardi.

Modoc Song, see Melospiza melodia
fisherella.

Mono Fox, see Passerella iliaca mono-
ensis.

Mountain Song, see Melospiza melodia
montana.

Nelson, see Ammodramus nelsoni.

Nevada Savannah, see Passerculus sand-
wichensis nevadensis.

Nuttall, see Zonotrichia leucophrys gam-
beli.

Oregon
phaea.

Oregon Vesper, see Pooecetes gramine-
us affinis.

Song, see Melospiza melodia

i919

SPARROW

Pine-woods, see Peucaea aestivalis.

Rock, see Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca.

Rufous-crowned, see Aimophila ruficeps
ruficeps.

Rufous-winged, see Aimophila carpalis.

Rusty Song, see Melospiza melodia ru-
fina.

Sage, see Amphispiza nevadensis neva-
densis.

Salt Marsh Song, see Melospiza melodia
pusillula.

Salton Sink Song, see Melospiza melo-
dia saltonis.-

San Benito, see Passerculus rostratus
sanctorum.

San Clemente Song, see Melospiza melo-
dia clementae.

San Diego Song, see Melospiza melodia
cooperi.

Santa Barbara Song,
melodia graminea.

Santa Cruz Song, see Melospiza melodia
santaecrucis.

Savannah, see Passerculus sandwichen-
sis savanna.

Scott, see Aimophila ruficeps scotti.

Shumagin Fox, see Passerella iliaca un-
alaschensis.

Slate-colored Fox, see Passerella: iliaca
schistacea.

Song, see Melospiza melodia melodia.

Sooty Fox, see Passerella iliaca fuligi-
nosa.

Stephens Fox, see Passerella iliaca ste-
phensi.

Suisun Song,
maxillaris.

Swamp, see Melospiza georgiana.

Thick-billed Fox, see Passerella iliaca
megarhyncha.

Townsend Fox,
townsendi.

Tree, see Spizella monticola monticola.

Valdez Fox, see Passerella iliaca sinu-
osa. :
Vesper, see Pooecetes gramineus gram-
ineus.

Western Chipping, see Spizella passeri-
na arizonae.

Western Field, see Spizella pusilla are-
nacea.

Western Grasshopper, see Ammodramus
savannarum bimaculatus.

Western Lark, see Chondestes gramma-
cus strigatus.

Western Savannah, see
sandwichensis alaudinus.

Western Tree, see Spizella monticola
ochracea.

Western Vesper, see Pooecetes gramin-
eus confinis.

White-chinned, see Aimophila humera-
lis.

White-crowned, see Zonotrichia leuco-
phrys leucophrys.

see Melospiza

see Melospiza melodia

see Passerella iliaca

Passerculus

Spatula clypeata

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 77

SPHYRAPICUS
z White-throated, see Zonotrichia albicol-
is.
Yakutat Fox, see Passerella iliaca me-
ruloides.
Yakutat Song, see Melospiza melodia
caurina.

(Shoveler, Spoonbill),
Alaska, XVI, 77; Calif., XIII, 130, 158;
XIV, 34; XV, 118, 156", 157", 217; XVI,
145, 224, 227, 232%, 234"; XVIII, 167; Colo.,
XI, 13, 112; XII, 29; XIII, 1228; XIV, 879;
Idaho, XVII, 122; L. Calif., XIII, 152; XV,
21; Mon., XIV, 23; XVI, 128; XVIII, 85;
N. Dak., XX, 27", 30-34%, 67°; Tex., XVIII,
154", 186%, 188°, 214"; XX, 38; Wash., XVI,
251, 253°—Destr. and disease, XV, 220»,
224; XX, 8”; hbt., XX, 30-34*; hybrid,
Xavi lS meds: exeville, 16l7-" nest xcvils
232°; XVIII, 167; XX, 30%, 38; photo., XV,
217; XVII, 116; miscl., XVII, 1002.

Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (*Burrowing

Owl, "cunicularia), Ariz., XI, 145, 148;
Calif Xl.) Wits) xa, M72) OX Soe tsb:
GG LSOF avy 1S b= XOViE, 1464 svn,
192", 194, 233; XVIII, 128, 224; XIX, 60,
158"; Colo., XI, 14, 118; XII, 32; XIV, 93;
fdahoy XSVie 20-1212. 129° To. ality oxae
142-143", 208; XIII, 152; XV, 22; N. Dak.,
XX, 30°, 176°; Ore., XIII, 66; XIX, 133%,
136; S. Dak, XVIII, 130: Tex., XIX, 162:
XX, 40; Wash., XVI, 251, 254%.—Discv.,
XVIII, 6°; eggs, XVI, 165°; fos., XII, 12;
nest, XIV, 93; XVIII, 130; XX, 40; photo.,
XIV, 89°; miscl., XIX, 48*.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae (*William-

son Sapsucker, *thyroideus, ‘Picus nata-
liae), Colo., XII, 32°; XVII, 93°; Mon., XII,
203; XIV, 26°; Utah, XV, 106*.—Nest, XII,
203°; photo., XII, 203°; syn, XIX, 68°.

thyroideus thyroideus (“Williamson
Sapsucker), Calif., XII, 149°; XIII, 108;
XIV, 147, 166", 1788; XV, 203; XVII, 164;
XX, 45, 72; Ore. XIX, 136.—Discv.,
XVIII, 128; nest, XIV, 147, 166%; XX, 72-
74; miscl., XX, 76°.

varius daggetti (Sierra Red-breasted
Sapsucker, "ruber, ‘ruber daggetti, ‘ruber
ruber), Ariz., XVI, 260; XVII, 152; XX,
24; Calif., XII, 149%; XIII, 119; XIV, 147;
NOVA SOs cUSs) ENOL) ole G45) ol ORT OXSVILL,
164°, 201; XVIII, 128, 179; XX, 18%, 72-74.
—Nest, XIV, 147; XV, 83; XVI, 64";
ann Ales S:0:6 YPE Me chips Qian Pixie
miscl., XVI, 189.

varius nuchalis (*Red-naped Sapsucker),
Ariz., XVII, 152; Calif., XII. 107; XIV, 36;
MVilesas Colo. Xi. 15, L185 Ssliv,. 945
XVII, 93; Idaho, XVII, 125; Mon., XII,
200; XIV, 26; XVIII, 162; N. Mex., XIV,
116"°—Hybrid, XVII, 233; nest, XII, 200;
photo., XII, 200; miscl., XVI, 26%, 189.

varius ruber (*Red-breasted Sapsucker.
‘ruber notkensis, ‘ruber ruber), Alaska,
XI, 107; XVI, 84; Ariz., XVII, 153°; B. C.,

78

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 13

SPHYRAPICUS

Xs) (20% OVE, 742") (Calif exevill e201;
Colo., XI, 15; Ore., XVIII, 76°.—Hybrid,
XVII, 233; food, XVIII, 32%; syn., XVI, 84°;
miscl]., XVI, 27%, 448; XVIII, 235"; XIX,
104°.

varius varius (Yellow-breasted Sapsuck-
er), Ark., XVII, 45; Colo., XIV, 148, 150;
Morelos, XI, 63.—Food, XVII, 45.

Spinus pinus pinus (*Pine Siskin), Alaska,

XVI, 86; Ariz., XII, 61"; Ark., XVII, 48;
Calif., XIII, 108, 120, 186; XV, 82, 129,
203; XVI, 29%, 34; XVII, 80, 192°, 199, 204;
XVIII, 225; XIX, 60, 61°, 130; Colo., XI,
16, 120; XII, 36; XIV, 98; XVII, 94; Idaho,
XVII, 127; XIX, 39; Mon., XIV, 28, 216°;
RVI, 187" XVI, 163; (Ore; XVII 17;
XIX, 49", 138.—Nest, XVI, 34; XVIII, 225.

Spiza americana (“Dickcissel, ’Black-throat-

ed Bunting), Kan., XI, 154, 155, 161; S.
Dak, XA, “100;, 10s “Lex > XVil_ 8";
XVIII, 154°, 183-184", 218"; XIX, 164; XX,
42—Nest, XX, 42.

Spizella atrogularis (*Black-chinned Spar-

row), Ariz., XX, 22; Calif., XI, 194; XVI,
98°: XVIL 60, 192", 200; L. Calif., XIII,
152.—Nest, XVII, 60; miscl., XVIII, 27°,
2335.

breweri (‘Brewer Sparrow), Ariz.,
XVIII, 212; Calif., XI, 172, 207; XII, 193-
195; XIII, 76, 133, 136, 161, 163", 205;
XIV, 41; XVII, 233; XX, 17, 18; Colo., XI,
HG 08> 120s aN, 26385 Anan Ose Neve Soe,
100; XV, 111; Idaho, XVI, 121°; XIX, 39;
Mon., XVI, 138; Nev., XII, 85; Ore., XIII,
68; XIX, 133°, 138, 139"; Wash., XVI, 251.—
Food, XIII, 203, 204, 206; nest, XII, 36, 85,
194; XIII, 76; XIV, 100; XVI, 121°; XIX,
39; photo., XIX, 37%; miscl., XI, 139°.

monticola monticola (Tree Sparrow),
Ark., XVII, 49; S. Dak., XIII, 94.

monticola ochracea (Western Tree Spar-
row), Alaska, XII, 43; XVI, 87; Colo., XI,
120; XII, 36; Mon., XIV, 29; XVI, 138;
Tex., XII, 99; Yukon, XI, 206.

pallida (*Clay-colored Sparrow), Mon.,
XV, 121"; XVI, 138; N. Mex., XII, 1638; N.
Dak., XVII, 224-2255; XX, 25%, 28", 68%,
112°, 176"; Tex., XIX, 163—Nest, XVII,
2258.

passerina arizonae (*Western Chipping
Sparrow, "socialis arizonae), Ariz., XVIII,
213": Calif., XI, 194; XII, 171°; XIII, 74°,
182: XIV, 38, 107%, 146; XV, 83, 157%, 203;
XVI, 35, 55, 58, 63", 69"; XVII, 200; XVIII,
225; XX, 15, 16", 189; Colo., XI, 16, 120;
XII, 36; XIV, 99°; XVII, 95; Idaho, XVII,
197°) KIX 39° L., Cait, oy Ais) SV, 235
Mon., XII, 199; XIV, 29; XVI, 138; N.
Mex., XIV, 114°; Ore., XVIII, 78°; XIX,
9", 138: Tex., XIX, 163%; Wash., XVI,
252, 253°.—Destr., XVI, 55; nest, XII, 199;
XIV, 146; XV, 83; XVI, 58, 63°, 69°; XVII,
200; photo., XII, 199; miscl., XI, 56; XII,
193; XV, 42%.

STELLULA
passerina passerina (Chipping Spar-
row), Ark., XVII, 49.—Nest, XVII, 49.
pusilla arenacea (Western Field Spar-
row), Tex., XV, 183.
pusilla pusilla (Field Sparrow), Ark.,
XVII, 49; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 161.
Spoonbill, see Spatula clypeata.
Roseate, see Ajaia ajaja.
White, see Platalea leucorodia.
Sporophila morelleti (Morellet Seedeater,
"sharpei), Tex., XII, 101; XVIII, 129°.
Squatarola squatarola cynosurae, Siberia,
XVIII, 237.
squatarola squatarola (*Black-bellied
Plover), Alaska, XVI, 80; XIX, 16; Calif.,
XIV, 5°, 10; XV, 155-156"; XVII, 207; Colo.,
XI, 116; Idaho, XVII, 123; L. Calif., XV,
22; Mon., XVI, 130; Wash., XVIII, 32.—
Hbt., XIV, 5°; prot., XIV, 112°; miscl., XV,
186*; XVIII, 83°.
Squires, Walter Albion: XVII, nesting of
wild ducks near San Francisco, 234.
XVIII, nesting of the western robin in
San Francisco County, 170; Sierra junco
in Golden Gate Park, 202; are there two
forms of the Bryant marsh sparrow in
San Francisco County? 228; some field
notes from western Sonoma County,
California, 232.
XIX, is the California woodpecker a tip-
pler?, 69; some field notes for 1917, 185.
Squires, W. A., with Hansen, H. H.: XIX, a
list of the birds breeding in San Fran-
cisco County, California, 54.
XX, the destruction of birds at the light-
houses on the coast of California, 6.

Stannard, Earl: XI, winter observations in
Oregon, 68.

Starling, see Sturnus vulgaris.

Steganopus tricolor (*Wilson Phalarope),
Calif., XI, 173; 207; XXIII, 355) XGVeuee ee
35, 145; XV, 113, 157", 200; XVI, 232; XVII,
166; XVIII, 171, 194; 196; > Xxeeelog,
Colo., XI, 14, 114; XII, 29; XIV, 87%, 122;
Mon., XIV, 218", 220°; XV, 184; XVI, 129;
Nev., XII, 87; N. Dak., XX, 65°-68"; Ore.,
XIII, 65; XIX, 134; XX, 44"; Tex ave
218"°—Egegs, XV, 139, 140, 142, 193; food,
XIV, 6"; hbt., XX, 65°-68°; nest, XIV, 122,
145; XV, 113, 200; XVI, 232; XIX, 167;
XX, 67°; miscl., XIII, 141.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis (*Rough-winged
Swallow), Calif., XIV, 39; XV, 156°; Colo.,
XI, 121; XVII, 150; L. Calif, XIII, 153;
Mon., XIV, 30, 216°; XVI, 140; XVII, 113;
Ore., XIII, 69.—Eggs, XII, 21°; XVI, 165;
nest, XVI, 140.

Stellula calliope (*Calliope Hummingbird),
Calif., XV, 203; XVI, 196"; XVII, 164;
XVIII, 27, 179; XIX, 142, 169; XX, 16, 70,
74%: Idaho, XVII, 125; Mon., XIV, 27; XVI,
134; XVII, 113; N. Mex., XV, 232; Ore.,

Sterna

1919

STELLULA
XIX, 136.—Nest, XVII, 113; XVIII, 179;
XX, 74°; photo., XVIII, 180"; miscl., XVI,
26°; XVIII, 191°.
Stephens, Frank: XI, notes on the California
black rail, 47.
XII, the Alaska longspur in California, 44.
XV, early nesting of the band-tailed pig-
eon, 129; nighthawk drinking, 184.
XVI, Arizona records, 259.
XVII, Scott oriole at San Diego in the
fall, 96.
XVIII, the Scott oriole again at San Diego,
129.
XX, Frank Stephens—an autobiography,
164; photograph, 164.
Stercorarius longicaudus (Long-tailed Jae-
ger), Alaska, XX, 85; Calif., XVIII, 203.
parasiticus (“Parasitic Jaeger), Alaska,
XVI, 74; XIX, 81°; Calif., XV, 157*.—Hbt.,
PRDNS S18:
pomarinus (*Pomarine Jaeger), Alaska,
XIX, 81°; Calif., XVIII, 202.—Hbt., XIX,
81°.
aleutica
XVIII, 237.
antillarum (*Least Tern), Calif., XII,
173; XVIII, 24; Tepic, XII, 76.—Prot.,
XVII, 211°.
caspia ("Caspian Tern), Calif., XI, 68;
XV, 118; XVIII, 24, 194, 195, 228; Utah,
XVIII, 115-122; Wash., XIX, 187; Wyom.,
XIX, 182.—Nest, XVIII, 116-122; miscl.,
XVII, 240°.
elegans (“Elegant Tern), Calif., XII, 79.
—Disev., XVIII, 11°; miscl., XV, 69°.
forsteri (*Forster Tern), Calif., XIII,
108; XIV, 33, 199; XV, 118, 155%, 156%, 157°;
XVI, 40; XVIII, 167, 195"; Colo., XI, 110;
XIII, 57; L. Calif., XI, 98—Nest, XI, 110;
XIII, 57; photo., XI, 111; XIII, 57-61.
hirundo (*Common Tern), B. C., XX,
180; Calif., XII, 174; XVI, 40; XVII, 206;
XVIII, 194, 195, 197°; Idaho, XVII, 121; N.
Dak., XVIII, 57°.
maxima (Royal Tern), Calif., XI, 68;
XII, 79, 173; L. Calif., XIII, 152; XIV, 188;
XV, 20; Tepic, XII, 76.—Nest, XII, 173.
paradisaea (Arctic Tern), Alaska, XVI,
75; XX, 85; Calif., XVII, 206.—Nest, XVI,
75.

(Aleutian Tern), nest,

Stilt, Black-necked, see Himantopus mexi-

canus.

Stone, Witmer: XII, rev. of his “the birds

of New Jersey”, 48.

XV, rev. of his “the phylogenetic value of
color characters in birds”, 47.

XVII, photograph, 171.

XVIII, Philadelphia to the coast in early
days and the development of western
ornithology prior to 1850, 3.

Storer, Tracy Irwin: XVI, return of a west-

ern flycatcher to a particular locality,
144; rev. of A. A. Allen’s “the red-
winged blackbird”, 263.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 79

STRONG

XVII, additional records of the California
clapper rail and red phalarope in Cali-
fornia, 98; rev. of F. M. Bailey’s “hand-
book of birds of the western United
States”, fifth edition, 105; rev. of W. W.
Cooke’s “distribution and migration of
North American rails and their allies”,
107; rev. of W. L. McAtee’s “how to at-
tract birds in northeastern United
States”, 107; rev. of Palmer, Ban-
croft and Harnshaw’s “game laws for
1914”, 107; black-and-white warbler at
Berkeley, California, 131.

XVIII, rev. of F. E. L. Beal’s “some com-
mon birds useful to the farmer”, 133;
rev. of W. W. Cooke’s “preliminary cen-
sus of the birds of the United States”,
133; rev. of W. L. McAtee’s “eleven im-
portant wild duck foods”, 133; rev. of
A. Wetmore’s “mortality among water-
fowl around Great Salt Lake, Utah”,
133; rev. of F. E. L. Beal’s “food of the
robins and bluebirds of the United
States”, 133; rev. of F. E. L. Beal’s “food
habits of the thrushes of the United
States”, 133; the vernacular name of
Passer domesticus in North America,
202.

XIX, rev. of B. A. Scudder’s “conserva-
tion of our wild birds’, 74; Bohemian
waxwing in Mariposa County, 1038; rev.
of N. M. Ladd’s “how to make friends
with birds”, 144; rev. of E. H. Forbush’s
“the domestic cat”, 145; rev. of E. H.
Forbush’s “the natural enemies of
birds”, 145; rev. of E. H. Forbush’s
“ninth annual report of the state ornith-
ologist”’, 145.

Storer, T. I., with Grinnell, J.: XIX, a new

race of fox sparrow, from the vicinity
of Mono Lake, California, 165.

Strix aluco (*Syrnium), food, XIV, 233°.

occidentalis caurina (*Northern Spotted
Owl, *Syrnium), Calif., XI, 138; XIII, 75;
XV, 40, 229; XVIII, 127; Ore., XVIII, 76;
Wash., XII, 110.—Food, XV, 40; miscl.,
SIT Ss:

occidentalis huachucae (Arizona Spot-
ted Owl, *lucida), Ariz., XIX, 69°——Descr.,
XII, 140; XVII, 15; distb., XVII, 15; tax.,
XVII, 15.

occidentalis occidentalis (‘Southern
Spotted Owl, "Western Barred, ‘Syrnium),
Calif., XI, 82°; XII, 122; XVI, 193-200;
XVII, 59; XVIII, 233; XX, 58°; Colo., XIV,
152.—Descr., XVII, 15; distb., XVII, 15;
nest, XII, 122; XVI, 193-200; note, XX,
58”; photo., XVI, 194, 197-200; tax., XVII,
15; miscl., XII, 140; XVII, 227°; XIX, 69.

varia helveola (Texas Barred Owl),
Tex., XX, 40.—Nest, XX, 40.

varia varia (Barred Owl), Ark., XVII,
44; Colo., XIV, 153.

Strong, Reuben Myron: XVIII, rev. of A. C.

80

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

STRONG
Chandler’s “a study of the structure of
feathers”, 207.

Sturnella magna argutula ("Southern Mea-

St

dowlark), Tex., XVII, 8*—Nest, XVII, 8°;
photo., XVII, 7°.

magna hoopesi (Rio Grande Meadow-
lark, Texas), Ariz., XI, 73; Tex., XII, 98.

magna magna (*Meadowlark), Ark.,
XVII, 47; Kan., XI, 156; S. Dak., XIII, 923;
Tex., XVIII, 183°, 219*—Song, XIII, 92°.

neglecta ("Western Meadowlark), Ariz.,
XII, 110; XIV, 60; XVIII, 212: Calif., XI,
100, 102, 171; XII, 46; XIII, 74, 182, 136,
164, 166") 2055 XIV, 14, 37: SV, 91, Lb7*:
XVI, 33; XVII, 80, 130, 1928, 199; XVIII,
34, 107%, 227; XIX, 60, 155°; Colo., XI, 15,
219; XII, 27", 35; XIV, 84°, 98; XVII, 93,
150; Idaho, XVII, 126; XIX, 39; L. Calif.,
XIII, 152; XV, 23; Mon., XII, 196; XIII,

108°; XIV, 27, 216", 219%, 220"; XV, 94";
XVI, 136; XVII, 1128; Nev., XII, 88; N.
Dak., XVII, 178%, 223°; XX, 34%, 68-702,

2s Ore. x, 682, 1392) XT G8e) MOVIL:
ig) ss 18S. Dak., Xol 99.92". mess
XII, 98; Wash., XVI, 251, 253%, 254°.—
Food, XIII, 201-206; XIV, 458; XV, 50*, 93;
XVI, 105*, 149; fos., XII, 12; nest, XI, 100;
XIV, 98; XVI, 1386; XVII, 130; photo., XI,
100; XOVI, 139"; sone, XDD, 91 XxX, 61";
685; misel. Xa, 765, 12742) iy Adib ss eV,
104*; XVII, 108#;. XVIII, 190%, 1928; XIX,
126°.

urnus vulgaris (*Starling), food, XV, 49;
miscl., XVIII, 10°.

Sula bassana (Gannet), migration, XVI, 261;

miscl., XVI, 151.

brewsteri (Brewster Booby), L. Calif.,
XI, 143; XIII, 106; Tepic, XII, 74, 75.-—
Nest, XII, 75; XIII, 106; photo., XIII, 106.

nebouxi (Blue-footed Booby), L. Calif.,
XI, 152; XIII, 106; Tepic, XII, 74, 75.—
Nest, XI, 152; XII, 75; XIII, 106.

sula (Booby), Tepic, XII, 80.

Sullivan, Richard H.: XIV, rev. of his “the

economic value of bird life”, 110.

Surf-bird, see Aphriza virgata.
Surnia ulula caparoch (Hawk Owl), Alaska,

XII, 42; XVI, 83; Mon., XVI, 133; Yukon,
XI, 205.

Swallow, Bank, see Riparia riparia.

Barn, see Hirundo rustica erythrogaster.

Cliff, see Petrochelidon lunifrons luni-
frons.

Northern Violet-green, see Tachycineta
thalassina lepida.

Rough-winged, see Stelgidopteryx serri-
pennis.

San Lucas, see Tachycineta thalassina
brachyptera.

Tree, see Iridoprocne bicolor.

Violet-green, see Tachycineta thalassina
lepida.

Western Tree, see Iridoprocne bicolor.

No. 13

SWARTH
White-rumped, see Tachycineta albili-
nea.
Wood, see Artamus tenebrosus.

Swan, Trumpeter, see Olor buccinator.

Whistling, see Olor columbianus.
Whooping, see Olor cygnus.

Swarth, Harry Schelwaldt: XI, distribution

and molt of the Mearns quail, 39; rey. of
N. Dearborn’s “catalogue of a collection
of birds from Guatemala’, 72; rev. of
British Ornithologists’ Club’s “report on
the immigration of summer residents in
the spring of 1907”, 73; rev. of W. H.
Osgood’s “biological investigations in
Alaska and Yukon Territory”, 209.

XII, rev. of F. M. Chapman’s “the habitat
groups of North American birds in the
American Museum of Natural History”,
48; rev. of W. Stone’s “the birds of New
Jersey”, 48; rev. of C. B. Cory’s “the
birds of the Leeward Islands, Carrib-
bean Sea’, 49; rev. of H. B. MacPher-
son’s “the home-life of a golden eagle”,
81; rev. of A. H. Felger’s “annotated list
of the water birds of Weld, Morgan and
Adams counties, Colorado”, 82; rev. of C.
W. Beebe’s “ecology of the hoatzin”, 82;
rev. of C. W. Beebe’s “racket formation
in tail-feathers of motmots”, 82; miscel-
laneous records from southern California
and Arizona, 107; rev. of T. A. Coward’s
“the vertebrate fauna of Cheshire and
Liverpool Bay”, 136; rev. of C. W.
Beebe’s “an ornithological reconnais-
sance of northeastern Venezuela”, 137;
rev. of C. W. Beebe’s “three cases of su-
pernumerary toe in the broad-winged
hawk”, 138; rev. of his “two new owls
from Arizona”, 140.

XIII, rev. of S. S. Visher’s “notes on the
birds of Pima County, Arizona’, 37;
rev. of A. H. Felger’s “birds and mam-
mals of northwestern Colorado”, 80;
field notes from south-central Califor- |
nia, 160; rev. of H. C. Oberholser’s “a
revision of the forms of the hairy
woodpecker (Dryobates villosus [Lin-
naeus])”, 169; rev. of H. C. Oberhol-
ser’s “a revision of the forms of the
ladder-backed woodpecker (Dryobates
scalaris [Wagler])”, 170; rev. of J.
Grinnell’s “description of a new spot-
ted towhee from the Great Basin”, 170;
rey. of J. Grinnell’s “a new blue gros-
beak from California’, 170; rev. of J.
Grinnell’s ‘early summer birds in Yose
mite Valley”, 170; notes from Alaska,
211; rev. of his “birds and mammals of
the 1909 Alexander Alaska expedition”,
212; rev. of C. W. Ward’s “the Ward-
Mcllhenny wildfowl refuge”, 213.

XIV, a visit to Nootka Sound, 15; rev. of
F. L. Burns’s “a monograph of the broad-
winged hawk (Buteo platypterus)”, 45;
the winter range of the Yakutat song

1919

SWARTH

sparrow, 73; rev. of H. C. Oberholser’s
“a revision of the subspecies of the
green heron (Butorides virescens [Lin-
naeus])”, 231; rev. of L. Gardner’s “a
partial account of the birds in the vicin-
ity of Laguna Beach”, 231; rev. of W. B.
Barrows’s “Michigan bird life”, 233.

XV, the supposed occurrence of the blue
goose in California, 43; rev. of H. C.
Oberholser’s ‘a revision of the forms of
the great blue heron (Ardea herodias
Linnaeus)”, 50; William Leon Dawson—
a biography, 62; rev. of J. H.. Riley’s
“birds collected or observed on the ex-
pedition of the Alpine Club of Canada
to Jasper Park, Yellowhead Pass and
Mount Robson region’, 130; a revision
of the California forms of Pipilo macu-
latus (Swainson), with description of a
new subspecies, 167; note on the Gua-
dalupe caracara, 228; rev. of W. E. C.
Todd’s “a revision of the genus Chae-
mepelia”’, 231; rev. of V. Bailey’s “life
zones and crop zones of New Mexico”,
232.

XVI, rev. of his “a study of a collection
of geese of the Branta canadensis group
from the San Joaquin Valley, Califor-
nia”, 45; unusual plumage of the fe-
male linnet, 94; rev. of J. H. Sage and
L. B. Bishop’s ‘the birds of Connecti-
cut”, 97; rev. of H. C. Bryant’s ‘‘deter-
mination of the economic status of the
western meadowlark (Sturnella neglec-
ta)”, 149; rev. of H. C. Oberholser’s
“four new birds from Newfoundland”,
151; early arrival of the ash-throated
flycatcher in the San Diegan district,
183; rev. of H. C. Oberholser’s “a mono-
graph of the genus Chordeiles Swain-
son”, 189; a study of the status of cer-
tain island forms of the genus Salpinc-
tes, 211.

XVIL the status of the Arizona spotted
owl, 15; an apparent hybrid between
species of the genera Spatula and Quer-
quedula, 115; rev. of E. M. Anderson's
report on birds of the Okanagan Val-
ley and report on birds of Atlin Lake,
133; rev. of F. Kermode and. E. M. An-
derson’s report on birds of Atlin Lake,
133; California screech owl in the Hum-
boldt Bay region, 167; scissor-tailed fly-
catcher in southern California, 203;
western gull and Arctic tern: correc-
tions of records, 205; rev. of J. Grin-
nell’s “a distributional list of the birds
of California”, 237.

XVIII, Townsend solitaire in the San Ja-
cinto Mountains, 32; the broad-tailed
hummingbird in California, 130; the sa-
huaro screech owl as a_ recognizable
race, 163.

XIX, geographical variation in Sphyrapi-
cus thyroideus, 62; observations on

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 81

TACHYTRIORCHIS
some Fresno County birds, 129; rev. of
A. T. Wayne’s “a list of avian species
for which the type locality is South Car-
olina”’, 146.

XX, notes on some birds from central Ari-
zona, 20; rev. of J. A. Munro’s “report
on field-work in Okanagan and Shu-
swap districts, 1916”, 48; the subspecies
of the Oregon jay, 83; rev. of F. M.
Chapman’s “the distribution of bird-life
in Colombia’, 95; the distribution of the
subspecies of the brown towhee (Pipilo
crissalis), 117; rev. of P. A. Taverner
and R. M. Anderson’s “divisional re-
ports on birds, Geological Survey, De-
partment of Mines, Canada”, 141; rev.
of J. Dwight’s “the geographical distri-
bution of color and of other variable
characters in the genus Junco: a new
aspect of specific and subspecific val-
ues”, 142; rev. of C. B. Cory’s “cata-
logue of birds of the Americas and the
adjacent islands in Field Museum of
Natural History’, 143.

Swarth, H. S., with Grinnell, J.: XVI, rev.
of their ‘an account of the birds and
mammals of the San Jacinto area of
southern California”, 97.

Swift, Black, see Cypseloides niger borealis.
Chimney, see Chaetura pelagica.
Vaux, see Chaetura vauxi.
White-throated, see Aeronautes melan-

oleucus.

Symphemia, see Catoptrophorus.

Synthliboramphus antiquus (*Ancient Mur-

relet), Alaska, XIV, 234"; XVI, 74; XVII,

34° Calif, Xl, 64%, 65, 102, 193; XAIl, 76;

XIV, 41; Ore., XVI, 110.—Hbt., XVII, 34;

nest, XVI, 74; XVII, 34.

Syrnium, see Strix.

T

Tachycineta albilinea (White-rumped Swal-

low), Tepic, XII, 78.
thalassina brachyptera (San Lucas
Swallow), L. Calif., XI, 10.—Nest, XI, 10.
thalassina lepida (‘Northern Violet-

green Swallow, °Violet-green Swallow,
‘thalassina), Alaska, XII, 43; Calif, XI,
172, 185"; XIII, 74, 133, 163, 168, 182, 205;
XV, 82%, 119, 154, 156"; XVI, 210; XVII,
196; Colo., XI, 17; XII, 38; XIV, 102; XxX,
105”; Idaho, XIX, 41; L. Calif., XV, 24;
Mon., XIV, 30; XVI, 140; XVII, 113; N.
Mex., XIV, 114°, 116"; Ore., XVIII, 79;
XIX, 139; Wash., XII, 170".—Disev., XVIII,
7: eggs, XVI, 165°; nest, XIII, 168; XV,
82": XVII, 113; miscl., XVI, 25°.

Tachyeres cinereus (“Steamer Duck), Chili,
XVI, 187°.

Tachytriorchis albicaudatus sennetti (*Sen-
nett White-tailed Hawk, "Buteo), Tex., XII,
103>; XVIII, 184", 189°; XX, 212.

82 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

TANAGER

Tanager, Cooper, see Piranga rubra cooperi.
Hepatic, see Piranga hepatica.
Louisiana, see Piranga ludoviciana.
Orange-headed, see Piranga bidentata.
Scarlet, see Piranga erythromelas.
Summer, see Piranga rubra rubra.
Western, see Piranga ludoviciana.

Tanagra abbas, Honduras, XII, 58.
cana, Honduras, XII, 58, 60.

Tangavius aeneus aeneus (*Bronzed Cow-

bird, ’"aeneus involucratus), Ariz., XI, 173°;
XII, 46; XVI, 255; XVII, 155%; Tepic, XII,
78.—Courtship, XVI, 257; nest, XVI, 255,
257; photo., XVI, 256, 258.

aeneus involucratus (*Red-eyed Cow-
bird), Tex., XII, 97; XVIII, 218+.

Tantalus, see Mycteria.

Tattler, Wandering, see Heteractitis inca-
nus.

Taverner, Percy Algernon: XX, some sum-
mer birds of Alert Bay, British Colum-
bia, 183; Heermann gull with white
primary coverts, 187; trinomials and
current practice, 213.

Taylor, Henry Reed: XX, obituary notice,

47.

Taylor, Walter Penn: XI, Dendroica town-
sendi in Pasadena, 69.

XIII, bobolink in San Mateo County, Cali-
fornia, 211.

XIV, communication: conservation of wild
life, 80; communication: game laws as
applied to ducks, 200; notes on the Tex-
as nighthawk, 222.

XV, no-sale of American-killed wild game,
42; report of progress in conservation,
45; synopsis of the recent campaign for
the conservation of wild life in Califor-
nia, 125.

XVI, announcement: the referendum, the
initative and the wild life, 148.

XVIII, rev. of E. H. Baynes’ “wild bird
guests’, 37; communication: the Cali-
fornia Associated Societies for the Con-
servation of Wild Life, 1382.

Teal, Blue-winged, see Querquedula discors.
Chinese, see Aix galericulata.
Cinnamon, see Querquedula cyanoptera.
Green-winged, see Nettion carolinense.

Telford, Harry: XVIII, white-winged scoter
in Klamath County, Oregon, 35.

Telmatodytes palustris iliacus (Prairie
Marsh Wren), Colo., XIV, 151.
palustris paludicola (*Tule Wren),

Calif., XIV, 40; XV, 157%; XVIII, 107%, 226;
XIX, 61; Idaho, XVI, 121°; N. Dak., XVIII,
19-20"; Wash., XI, 56.—Nest, XVIII, 226.

palustgis plesius (*Western Marsh
Wren, "Interior Tule Wren, ‘Long-billed
Marsh Wren, “Tule Wren, ‘paludicola),
Calif., XIII, 129%, 134°; XIV, 40; XIX, 130;
Colo: eXd, 1215 aoe Calif sd, 142%;
Mon., XIV, 31, 108; XV, 94°; N. Dak.,

No. 13

THRASHER
XVIII, 16%; 18", 19*; Ore:, XIII) 69) abe
140; Wash., XVI, 252, 253».
stellaris (*Short-billed Marsh Wren,
*Cistothorus), Colo., XII, 39%; N. Dak.,
XVIII, 20°.—Eggs, XVI, 164°.
Teratornis merriami, fos., XII, 13, 48; XIII,
118.
Tern, Aleutian, see Sterna aleutica.
Arctic, see Sterna paradisaea.
Black, see Hydrochelidon nigra surina-
mensis.
Caspian, see Sterna caspia.
Common, see Sterna hirundo.
Elegant, see Sterna elegans.
Forster, see Sterna forsteri.
Least, see Sterna antillarum.
Royal, see Sterna maxima.
Texas:
Bailey, F. M., XIII, 43; XVIII, 151, 183,
214.
Litsey, J. B., XX, 44.
Oberholser, H. C., XIX, 68.
Quillin, R. W., with Holleman, R., XVIII,
PP ANEND:@. GSB
Sell, R. A., XX, 78.
Simmons, G. F., XVII, 3.
Smith, A. P., XI, 101, 103; XII, 93; XV,
182; XVIII, 129; XIX, 161; XX, 212.
Textor niger (*Blood-billed Weaver), miscl.,
XVIII, 39°.

Thalassaetus pelagicus (Kamchatkan Sea
Eagle), Alaska, XII, 138.

Thalassogeron culminatus (Yellow-nosed Al-
batross), Aust., XI, 6.

Thalassidroma pelagica (*Stormy Petrel),

miscl., XI, 122°.

Thayer, Evelyn, with Keyes, Virginia: XV,
rey. of their “catalogue of a collection
of books on ornithology in the library of
John E. Thayer,” 233.

Thayer, John Eliot: XI, some rare birds and
sets of eggs from the Cape region of
Lower California, 10; communication:
collecting in Lower California, 142; Li-
monites ruficollis in Alaska, 173.

XIII, a nesting colony of Heermann gulls
and Brewster boobies, 104.
XVI, nesting of the Kittlitz murrelet, 117.

Thayer, J. E., with Bangs, O., and Allen, G.
M.: XVIII, rev. of their “notes on the
birds and mammals of the arctic coast
of east Siberia’, 236.

Thoreau, Henry David: XII, rev. of his
‘notes on New England birds”, 206.

Thrasher, Bendire, see Toxostoma bendirei.
Brown, see Toxostoma rufum rufum.
California, see Toxostoma redivivum re-
divivum.

Crissal, see Toxostoma crissale.

Curve-billed, see Toxostoma curvirostre
curvirostre.

Leconte, see Toxostoma lecontei lecon-
tei.

1919

THRASHER
Mearns, see Toxostoma cinereum
mearnsi.
Palmer, see Toxostoma curvirostre
palmeri.

Pasadena, see Toxostoma redivivum pas-
adenense.

Sage, see Oreoscoptes montanus.

Sennett, see Toxostoma longirostre sen
netti.

Sonoma, see Toxostoma redivivum so-
nomae.

Thrush, Alaska Hermit, see Hylocichla gut-

tata guttata.

Alice, see Hylocichla aliciae aliciae.

Audubon Hermit, see Hylocichla guttata
auduboni.

Dwarf Hermit, see Hylocichla guttata
nanus.

Gray-bellied Red-legged, see Mimocichla
rubripes schistacea.

Gray-cheeked, see Hylocichla aliciae ali-
ciae.

Hermit, see Hylocichla guttata pallasi.

Monterey Hermit, see Hylocichla gutta-
ta slevini.

Northern Varied, see Ixoreus naevius
meruloides.

Olive-backed, see Hylocichla ustulata
swainsoni.

Russet-backed, see Hylocichla ustulata
ustulata.

Sierra Hermit, see Hylocichla guttata
sequoiensis.

Song, see Turdus musicus.

Varied, see Ixoreus naevius naevius.

White Mountains Hermit, see Hylocich-
la guttata polionota.

Willow, see Hylocichla fuscescens sali-
cicola.

Wood, see Hylocichla mustelina.

Thryomanes bewicki bairdi (*Baird Wren,
bleucogaster), Ariz., XIV, 58>: Calif., XIII,
133; XIX, 156; Colo., XI, 17; Tex., XII,
45%.

bewicki bewicki ("Bewick Wren), Ark.,
XVII, 55; Tex., XVIII, 215°.

bewicki calophonus (“Seattle Wren),
Ore., XVIII, 80; XIX, 97-98".—Tax., XII,
139; miscl., XX, 83.

bewicki catalinae (Catalina Island
Wren), descr., XII, 139.

bewicki charienturus ("San Diego
Wren), Calif., XIII, 133, 210; xOVeuLDONe
XVII, 196.—Tax., XII, 139; miscl., XV,
190"; XVI, 44.

bewicki cryptus (Texas Bewick Wren),
Tex., XII, 102; XX, 43.—Nest, XX, 42.

bewicki drymoecus (San Joaquin Wren),
Calif., XIII, 121; XVII, 196.—Miscl., XVI,
44.

bewicki eremophilus (Desert Wren),
Tex., XIX, 164.—Miscl., XI, 177.

bewicki leucophrys (San Clemente
Wren), tax., XII, 139; miscl., RL i

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 83

TORREY
bewicki marinensis (Nicasio Wren),
tax., 2GEI, 139:
bewicki nesophilus (Santa Cruz Island
Wren), Calif, XV, 92.—Nest, XV, 92;
tax., XII, 139.
bewicki spilurus (Vigors Wren), Calif.,
XIII, 74; XVI, 38; XVII, 80, 84; XVIII,
226; XIX, 61.—Nest, XVIII, 226; tax.,
XII, 139.
Thryothorus lomitensis (Lomita Wren),
Tex., XII, 102.
ludovicianus ludovicianus (*Carolina
Wren), Ark., XVII, 55; Kan., XI, 155, 156,
163; XV, 120; Tex., XVIII, 151%; XX, 43.
Tiaris canora (*Melodious Grassquit), Cuba,
XVIII, 145, 149.—Nest, XVIII, 149; miscl.,
XVIII, 228°.
tortugensis, Leeward Islands, XII, 49.

Ticehurst, Norman Frederick: XII, rev. of
his “a history of the birds of Kent”,
111.

Tit, Yellow-rumped, see Acanthiza chrysor-

rhoa.

Titmouse, Black-crested, see Baeolophus at-
ricristatus atricristatus.
Bridled, see Baeolophus wollweberi.
Gray, see Baeolophus inornatus griseus.
Plain, see Baeolophus inornatus inor-
natus.
Sennett, see Baeolophus atricristatus
sennetti.
Tufted, see Baeolophus bicolor.

Todd, Walter Edmond Clyde: XV, rev. of his
“a revision of the genus Chaemepelia’,
231.

Todirostrum cinereum, Honduras, XII, 56,

57.—Nest, XII, 57; photo., XII, 56.
schistaceiceps (Slate-headed Tody),
Honduras, XII, 57.—Nest, XII, 57; photo.,
YAH Ar
Todus multicolor (Cuban Tody), Cuba,
XVIII, 148.

Tody, Cuban, see Todus multicolor.
Slate-headed, see Todirostrum schista-

ceiceps.

Tolmarchus caudifasciatus (Cuban King-

bird), Cuba, XVIII, 148.—Nest, XVIII, 148.

Tomtit, Yellow-rumped, see Acanthiza chry-

sorrhoa.

Torrey, Bradford: XI, the Wilson phalarope
at Santa Barbara, 173; the Allen hum-
mingbird at San Diego in winter, 173;
the blue-winged teal at Santa Barbara,
173; the ruddy turnstone at Santa Bar-
bara, 174; the golden plover at Coro-
nado, 207; the English sparrow in San-
ta Barbara, 208.

XII, the pectoral sandpiper at Santa Bar-
bara, 44; the western winter wren (Nan-
nus hiemalis pacificus) in the Yosemite,
79; the cinnamon teal (Querquedula
cyanoptera) wintering at Santa Bar-

Totanus

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

TORREY
bara, 80; unexpected birds at Santa
Barbara in the summer of 1910, 204.

flavipes (*Lesser Yellowlegs).,
Alaska, XVI, 80; Calif, XIV, 224; XV,
204; XVIII, 171; XX, 44; Colo., XI, 116;
XIV, 90, 128; Mon., XVI, 130; Tepic, XII,
(63 Tex, XSVill, 186", 188": Yukon) oxi
204.—Egegs, XV, 195; photo., XV, 204, 205;
miscl., XV, 186°; XVI, 262.

melanoleucus (‘Greater Yellowlegs),
Alaska, XII, 41; XVI, 80; XIX, 16; Calif.,
MII, 44°: XIII, 131; XIV, 9; 35, 224° XV,
155%, 156%, 2048; XVII, 207; XVIII, 25, 168;
DEX, 1156") (Colo: ay 1016) ly, ess EL:
Oalifs, Xl 13s Ve Devons kav ls OF
N. Mex., XII, 162°; N. Dak., XVIII, 15°
Ore., XVI, 114; XIX, 134; Tepic, XII, 76;
Tex., XVIII, 155", 183", 186", 188°—Eggs,
XV, 195, 196; photo., XV, 204, 205; miscl.,
XaVeS O50) OD Now ion.

totanus (Redshank, *calidris), eggs, XV,
141, 146, 195; photo., XV, 141; syn., XV,
195*.

Towhee, Abert, see Pipilo aberti.

Anthony, see Pipilo crissalis senicula.
Arctic, see Pipilo maculatus arcticus.

No. 13

TROGLODYTES

Thrasher), Tex., XII, 102; XV, 183°;
WIL, 189", 21595 XOX 64> xoxo
Nest, XX, 43.

curvirostre palmeri (*Palmer Thrasher),
Ariz., XI, 50-54; XIV, 54, 56, 58"; XV, 41;
XVII, 155°; XVIII, 156*, 158%, 213.—Hbt.,
XI, 50-54; nest, XI, 50-54; XIV, 54; XV,
41; XVIII, 158°; photo., XI, 53; XIV, 58;
miscl., XIX, 104%.

lecontei lecontei (*Leconte Thrasher),
Ariz., XI, 50-54; Calif., XIII, 129%, 133, 161;
XIV, 40; XVII, 234; XVIII, 219; XIX, 143.
—Hbt., XI, 50-54; nest, XI, 50-54; XVIII,
219; XIX, 143; photo., XVIII, 219, 220.

longirostre sennetti (*Sennett Thrash-
er), Tex., XII, 102; XV, 183; XVIII, 1833.

redivivum pasadenense (*Pasadena
Thrasher, "redivivum), Calif., XIV, 106%,
231; XV, 1562; XVII, 221 Calitaeayes
24>—Nest, XVIII, 221; photo., XVI, 63;
miscl., XIII, 71%; XV, 190*.

redivivum redivivum (*California
Thrasher), Calif., XI, 21; XVI, 38; XVII,
83, 85%, 192%, 196; XVIII, 4%.—Discv.,
XVIII, 11%; miscl., XI, 50; XIV, 231; XV,
180"; XVI, 55; XVII, 169"; XIX, 159°,

redivivum sonomae (Sonoma Thrash-

Brown, see Pipilo crissalis crissalis.

California, see Pipilo crissalis crissalis.

Canyon, see Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus.

Eastern, see Pipilo erythrophthalmus.

Green-headed, see Buarremon virenti-
ceps.

er), miscl., XVII, 238.

rufum rufum (*Brown Thrasher), Ark.,
XVII, 55; Colo., XI, 109°, 121; XIV, 103;
XVII, 151; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 163; N. Dak.,
XVII, 223-224"; S. Dak., XIII, 98—Nest,

Green-tailed, see Oreospiza chlorura. XVII, 224"; miscl., XIV, 199"; XV, 64*.

Mountain, see Pipilo maculatus montan- | Tracy, Henry Chester: XII, the bobolink in
us. Idaho, 80.

Nevada, see Pipilo maculatus curtatus. XIII, rev. of his “significance of white

Northern Brown, see Pipilo crissalis car- markings in birds of the order Passeri-
olae. formes”, 79.

Oregon, see Pipilo maculatus oregonus. T F “pes:
ae rafton, Gilbert H.: XIII, rev. of his “meth-
Sacramento,: see Pipilo maculatus fal- ods of attractin= hinds!) oe)

cinellus.

San Clemente, see Pipilo maculatus cle- | Treganza, Alberto Owen: XVI, communica-
mentae. tion: reviews and just criticism, 96.

San Diego, see Pipilo maculatus mega- | Treganza, Antwonet, with Treganza, Ed-
lonyx. ward, and Treganza, A. O.: XVI, a for-

San Francisco, see Pipilo maculatus fal- ty-five year history of the snowy heron
cifer. x6 in Utah (with map), 245.

me dt see Pipilo maculatus megalo Treganza, Edward, with Treganza, A. O.:
nyx. Wee
*Thick-billed, see Pipilo maculatus mag- pea er reedicades groabeaie
nirostris. 3

Tringa canutus (*Knot), Alaska, XVI, 79;
: . 2 A Calif., XI, 208; XVI, 8; XV, 157%; Green-
e387 XVII, 156+, 2137 Cait, XV, 4 | land, XIII, 80°.—Prot., XIV, 112%; misel.,
‘ ‘ qaMeRee TT RAS bt: XVI, 119%:
. XIV, 153.—Eggs, XVI, 164; hbt., ,
a Ge nest, XI, 5054; XIV, 56; XVII, | Troglodytes aedon aedon (*House Wren),
89, 163": miscl., XIII, 55%. Tex., XII, 102; Utah, XV, 106".
cinereum mearnsi (Mearns Thrasher), aedon aztecus (Aztec House Wren), Mo-
L. Calif., XIII, 153. relos), XI, 63. e wae
crissale (*Crissal Thrasher), Ariz., XI, aedon parkmani (*Western House | ren,
50-54: XII, 110°; XVII, 89; XVIII, 210; >’Parkman, °House), Ariz., XI, 130°; XX,
Calif., XIII, 129%, 133, 137—BHggs, XVI, 168; Ark., XVII, 55; Calif., XIU, 134, 205;

- “hbt. 954: nest, XI, 52; XVII, | XIV, 40, 144; XV, 112, 119, 156", 203; XVI,
ae a tae. 5 38, 208, 210; XVII, 80, 165, 196; XVIII,

(*Curve-billed 29": XIX, 61, 130; XX, 19; Colo., XI, LG

Toxostoma bendirei (*Bendire Thrasher),

ecurvirostre curvirostre

1919

TROGLODYTES

121; XII, 39; XIV, 108; XVII, 95; Idaho,
SSVI, 1285 EX, 41; Kan., XI, 156, 163;
Mon., XVI, 142; N. Mex., XIV, 113-114*; N.
Dak., XVII, 223°; XX, 28°, 69°, 136; Ore.,
XIII, 69; XIX, 140; S. Dak., XIII, 98—
Food, XIII, 204; migr., XX, 19; nest, XIV,
144; XIX, 41; miscl., XII, 125°.

Trogon, Citreoline, see Trogon citreolus.
Coppery-tailed, see Trogon ambiguus.
Cuban, see Priotelus temnurus.
Mexican, see Trogon mexicanus.

Trogon amiguus (*Coppery-tailed Trogon),
miscl., XVI, 24°.
citreolus (Citreoline
>. Ey te
massena, Honduras, XII, 55.
melanocephalus, Honduras, XII, 55.
mexicanus (Mexican Trogon), Morelos,
XI, 62.

Tropic-bird, Red-billed, see Phaethon aethe-
reus.

Troupial, see Icterus icterus.
Red and White-winged, see Agelaius tri-
color.

Tryngites subruficollis (*Buff-breasted Sand-
piper), Alaska, XVI, 80; Colo., XIV, 151;
Tex., XVIII, 188°; Wash., XIX, 187.

Tullsen, H.: XIII, my avian visitors: notes

from South Dakota, 89.

Turdus musicus (*Song Thrush),
XIV, 227°.
viscivorus, eggs, XVI, 167.
Turkey, Australian Brush, see Catheturus
lathami.
Florida, see Meleagris gallopavo osce-
ola.
Merriam, see Meleagris gallopavo mer-
riami.
Rio Grande, see Meleagris gallopavo in-
termedia.
Wild, see Meleagris gallopavo silvestris.

see Arenaria melanoce-

Trogon), Tepic,

miscl.,

Turnstone, Black,

phala.
European, see Arenaria interpres inter-
pres. ;
Ruddy, see Arenaria interpres mori-
nella.

Tyler, John Gripper: XI, some notes from |

Fresno County, California, 81.

XII, the Brewer sparrow (Spizella brew-
eri) in Fresno County, California, 193.
XIII, sparrow notes from Fresno County,
California, 76; swallow notes from Fres-

no County, California, 168.

XV, notes on some Fresno County birds, |

16; a note on the plumage of the linnet,
184. :

XVI, rev. of his ‘some birds of the Fresno
district, California”, 44.

XVII, barn owls as the farmer's friends,
57.

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX

e-]
iT

ENT O)

XVIII, the belted kingfisher wintering in
Fresno County, 86; migration and field
notes from Fresno County, California,
167; some birds of the Fresno district
California: Supplementary notes, 194. ‘

XIX, nesting of the Wilson phalarope near
Fresno, California, 167.

Tympanuchus americanus "Prairi
"Chicken, Pinnated racer “Cols See
116; Kan., XV, 121°; N. Dak., XVIL 174"
175°, 222”; XX, 30°, 110%, 134°; Ore. XIX’
135”; S. Dak., XIII, 104—Nest, XL. 116.
XX, 134"; miscl., XV, 64, 190°.

cupido ("Heath Hen), miscl., XX, 146".

Tyrannus crassirostris Great-bi ing-
bird), Morelos, XI, 60. emis eins
melancholicus couchi
Tex., XII, 99.
melancholicus mel. i
XII, 68. ancholicus, Honduras,
tyrannus ("Kingbird), Ark., XVII, 46:
Calif., XVII, 203%; XVIII, CISD. O.G 44:
Colo., XI, 118; XII, 33; XIV, 95; XVII,
150; Idaho, XVI, 122; XVII, 125;, Kan., XI,
155, 156, 159; Mon., XIV, 27; XVI, 134;
XVIII, 162; N. Dak., 2 ADIS AY ASSS Ose) WE.
30°, 34°, 111°, 177"; Ore., XIII, 61S SXunxe
136; S. Dak., XIII, 96, 97°; Tex., XVII, 8°:
XVIII, 153" 154°; Wash., XVI, 251, 2533;
XVII, 67—Migr., XX, 44; nest, XI, 118-
XVI, 134; XVII, 8", 67; miscl., XVIII, 838;
exe 2
verticalis (*Western Kingbird, *Arkan-
sas Kingbird, ‘Arkansas Flycatcher),
Ariz., XIV, 53"; XVII, 88, 163°; XVIII, 212:
SEX, 170; Calif, Xi, 168%, 171) xa 144:
XII, 74, 111", 135, 161, 205; XIV, 37; XV,
116, 119, 154", 156"; XVI, 146, 210; XVII,
196; XVIII, 27, 169, 205°, 224; XIX, 58%
170; XX, 18, 190; Colo., XI, 15, 118: XII,
33; XIV, 95; XV, 110; XVII, 150; Idaho,
XVII, 125; XIX, 36; L. Calif, XIII, 152:
XIV, 190; Mon., XIV, 218"; XVI, 134: Mo-
relos, XI, 60; Nev., XII, 88; N. Dak., XVII,
178”; XX, 34>, 176°; Ore., XIII, 67; XIX,
133°, 136; S. Dak., XIII, 96, 97; Tex., XIII,
45>; Wash., XVI, 252, 254": XVII, 66.—
| Discy., XVIII, 6°; food, XIII, 201, 202, 208;
XIV, 45"; XV, 46°; hbt., XII, 166; nest, XI,
LS NT 61 EVE Se bots eles: xu
116; XVII, 66, 88, 163"; XVIII, 224; photo.,
MOVIN 68; G9) misclt, X42 xe ages
ais BELL
vociferans (*Cassin Kingbird), Ariz.,
XX, 168, 170; Calif., XIII, 132; XV, 154°,
156"; XVIII, 27, 128, 205%; XIX, 158"; Colo.,
tbs Ss XT, 33 SDV, 96 ev, 110s
Idaho, XVI, 122; L. Calif., XI, 208; XV,
23; Morelos, XI, 60; N. Mex., XIV, 114°;
Tepic, XII, 78; Tex., XIX, 163.

Tyto albus, distb., XVI, 189.
perlata perlata (South Amerircan Barn
Owl), distb., XVI, 189.

(Couch Kingbird),

i

86 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

UNGLISH

U

Unglish, William Elmer:
ibhl

Uria troille californica (*California Murre),
Alaska, XVI, 74; XVII, 37; Calif, XI, 96:
XII, 172; XIII, 174; XV, 88", 89; XVI, 144;
XVIII, 222; XIX, 58, 71, 172°; Ore., XVI,
110; XVIII, 75"; Wash., XI, 33; XX, 178.—
Destr., ll, 138". XIX 1724 exes) KI 17,
20; nest, XII, 172; XIII, 174; XV, 89; XVI,
74; XVII, 37; photo., XII, 17%; miscl., XI,
94° XIII, 38° XV, 237"; XVI, 26".

XIII, an albino,

Urubitinga anthracina (Mexican Black
Hawk), Tepic, XII, 77.—Miscl., XI, 69.
Utah:

Palmer, R. H., XVIII, 113.
Treganza, E., with Treganza, A. O., XV,
106; XVI, 245.

Vv

Van Rossem, Adriaan: XI, some unrecorded
species from Los Coronados Islands,
Mexico, 208.

XIII, winter birds of the Salton Sea re-
gion, 129.

XVI, notes on the Derby flycatcher, 11;
flight of Swainson hawks at Pomona,
California, 92; California murre at New-
port Beach, Orange County, California,
144; least and western sandpipers sum-
mering in San Diego County, California,
145; notes from the San Bernardino
Mountains, 145.

XVII, notes on murrelets and petrels, 74.

XVIII, notes from Goleta, Santa Barbara
County, California, 171; breeding of the
Scott oriole in Los Angeles County, Cal-
ifornia, 202.

Van Rossem, A., with Howell, A. B.: XIII,
further notes from Santa Cruz Island,
208.

XVII, additional observations on the birds
of the Lower Colorado valley in Califor-
nia, 232.

Van Rossem, A., with Pierce, W. M.: XVII,
further notes from the San Bernardino
Mountains, 163.

Vanellus vanellus (Lapwing, ‘cristatus),
eggs, XV, 149, 150, 197; photo., XV, 149;
syn., XV, 197°.

Veery, see Hylocichla fuscescens fusces-
cens.

Verdin, see Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps.

Vermivora bachmani (Bachman Warbler),
Ark., XVII, 52.
celata celata (*Orange-crowned Warb-
ler, "Helminthophila), Alberta, XV, 131;
Calif., XII, 108; XIX, 130; Colo., XI, 121°;
XV, 111; Kan., XI, 156, 162; L. Calif., XI,
138°; XV, 24; Mon., XIV, 30; XVI, 141;
KVIT Wi Ni; Mex, oscive 15? ex:,

No. 13

VIREO

XVIII, 129"—Discv., XVIII, 6".

celata lutescens (*Lutescent Warbler,
>*Helminthophila, ‘orestera), Alaska, XVI,
88; XVII, 28; Ariz., XIIL;-37*; Be Ch xkve
21; Calif., XIII, 137, 163; XV, 156"; XVI,
37, 210; XVII, 83, 165, 199, 234; XVIII,
169", 225; XIX, 61, 180; XX, 16, 18; Colo.,,
XIV, 148, 150; L. Calif., XI, 1389; XV, 24;
Mon., XII, 196%; Morelos, XI, 63°; Ore.,
XVIII, 79; XIX, 98", 133", 139"; Tex., XII,
pea XX, 17"; nest, XVI, 37; XVIII,

9.

celata orestera, Colo., XIV, 150.—Miscl.,
XV, 131.

celata sordida (Dusky Warbler, *Helmin-
thophila), Calif., XV, 92; XX, 189; L.
Calif., XI, 100%; XIV, 191; XV, 24—Nest,
XI, 100"; XIV, 191; plate, XV, 54; miscl.,
XVI, 55.

chrysoptera
Ark:; XsVIl, 52:

lawrencei (*Lawrence Warbler), miscl.,
XII, 49°.

leucobronchialis (*Brewster Warbler),
miscl., XII, 49°. 5

luciae (*Lucy Warbler), Ariz., XI, 166;
XIV, 53, 58; XVII, 153; XVIII, 157, 160°,
212; XX, 168; Calif., XIII, 137—Nest, XI,
166; XIV, 61%; XVII, 153; XVIII, 157, 160°;
photo., XI, 166; miscl., XX, 98".

(Golden-winged Warbler),

peregrina (Tennessee Warbler), Ark.,
XVII, 53.

pinus (Blue-winged Warbler), Ark.,
XVII, 52.

rubricapilla gutturalis (*Calaveras

Warbler), Calif., XI, 172; XIII, 170", 205;
XV, 84, 157"; XVI, 37, 65, 70; VIL 165;
XX, 17; Mon., XVIII, 86; Ore., XVIII, 22;
XIX, 139; Wyom., XIV, 224—Food, XIII,
204, 2068; nest, XIII, 170°; XV, 84; XVI,
70; XVIII, 22; miscl., XV, 81°.

rubricapilla rubricapilla (*Nashville
Warbler), Ark., XVII, 53; Kan., XI, 156,
162; Tex., XII, 99, 101"; XV, 183; Wyom.,
XIV, 224.

virginae (Virginia Warbler), Ariz., XX,
168; Calif., XX, 193.

Vireo, Anthony, see Vireo huttoni obscurus.
Arizona Least, see Vireo belli arizonae.
Bell, see Vireo belli belli.

Black-capped, see Vireo atricapillus.

Blue-headed, see Lanivireo solitarius
solitarius.

California Least, see Vireo belli pusil-
lus.

Cassin, see Lanivireo solitarius cassini.
Frazar, see Vireo cognatus.,

Gray, see Vireo vicinior.

Hutton, see Vireo huttoni huttoni.
Least, see Vireo belli belli.

Philadelphia, see Vireosylva philadel-
phia.

Plumbeous, see lLanivireo solitarius
plumbeus.

Red-eyed, see Vireosylva olivacea.

1919 SECOND TEN

VIREO

Small White-eyed, see Vireo griseus mi-
crus.

Stephens, see Vireo huttoni stephensi.

Warbling, see Vireosylva gilva gilva.

Western Warbling, see Vireosylva gilva
swainsoni.

White-eyed, see Vireo griseus griseus.

Yellow-throated, see lLanivireo flavi-
frons.
Vireo atricapillus (Black-capped Vireo),
Okla., XII, 70; Tex., XX, 212.—Descr., XII,
aus bbt., XII, 70; meas., XII, 73; nest,
XII, 72; photo., XII, 71.

belli arizonae (Arizona Least Vireo,
"belli pusillus), Ariz., XIV, 58; XVIII, 212.

belli belli (*Bell Vireo, "Least Vireo),
Guatemala, XI, 72; Kan., XI, 156, 162;
Tex., XX, 43.—Nest, XX, 43; miscl., XII,
72; XVIII, 233°; XX, 98%.

belli medius, Tex., XX, 212.

belli pusillus (*California Least Vireo),
Calif., XIII, 111, 161; XIV, 41, 1068; XX,
211.—Nest, XX, 211; song, XIV, 106°.

cognatus (*Frazar Vireo), L. Calif., XI,
11°.—Nest, XI, 11°.

griseus griseus (White-eyed Vireo),
Ark evils p25 man, XI, 155, 156," 162;
Tex., XX, 43—Miscl., XII, 99.

griseus micrus (Small White-eyed Vi-
reo), Tex., XII, 99; XV, 183.

huttoni huttoni (*Hutton Vireo, *ober-
holseri), Calif., XI, 66; XIII, 74, 121, 163;
Vee Gn ekOV,. ol 2LOe VIE, 83) 197;
XVIII, 29, 225; XIX, 61.—Disev., XVIII,
He itaxayoCL sos 662 miscl,, Xl) 200>:

huttoni obscurus (Anthony Vireo),
Ore., XVIII, 79; Wash., XII, 168"; XIV, 74.
—Nest, XIV, 74; song, XIV, 74; miscl.,
XIII, 214°.

huttoni stephensi (Stephens Vireo),
Tex., XIX, 164.

vicinior (*Gray Vireo, californicus),
Ariz., XVIII, 157-160; Calif., XIII, 157;
XVI, 97°, 98; Tex., XIII, 45°, 46°—Nest,
XVIII, 157-160; syn., XVI, 97°; miscl., XX,
98".
Vireosylva gilva gilva (*Warbling Vireo),
Ari OV Ls ol ‘Colo., Xa, 120s XeVIT, 150;
Kan., XI, 155, 156, 162; N. Dak., XVII,
223"; XX, 176*—Miscl., XIII, 107; XVIII,
228.

gilva swainsoni (*Western Warbling
Vireo, "swainsoni), Ariz., XI, 130°; XX,
AGS Calif. Xl, L772) SPU, 74 2O5es: RV,
39; XV, 84, 118, 156", 198°, 203; XVI, 36,
210; XVII, 87, 197, 204; XVIII, 181, 194,
198; XIX, 61, 169; XX, 16, 19; Colo., XII,
38; Idaho, XVII, 128; XIX, 41; L. Cailif.,
Ke 1" Mon, X<il, 196%: XIV, 30, 216°;
XVI, 141; N. Mex., XIV, 213°; Nev., XII,

YEAR INDEX 87

WARBLER
XVII, 128; Kan., XI, 155, 156, 162; Mon.,
XIV, 30; XVI, 141; XVII, 111°—Food,
XIII, 107.
philadelphia (Philadelphia Vireo), Ark.,
XVII, 51.

Visher, Stephen Sargent: XIII, rev. of his
“notes on the birds of Pima County,
Arizona”, 37.

XIV, blue jay imitating song of brown
thrasher, 199.

Vogelsang, Charles A.: XI, communication:
protection of mountain quail, 142.

Vulture, Black, see Catharista urubu.
California, see Gymnogyps californi-

anus.
Turkey, see Cathartes aura septentrio-
nalis.
Western Black, see Catharista occident-
alis.

Ww

Walker, Alexander: XVI, mallard nesting in
tree, 93; nesting of the gray flycatcher
in Oregon, 94; white-throated sparrow
in Oregon, 183.

XVIII, some raptores of Douglas County,
South Dakota, 130.

XIX, some birds of central Oregon (with
map), 131.
XX, corrections, 44.

Wall, Edward: XVII, notes from San Ber-
nardino, California, 59.

Warbler, Alaska Myrtle, see Dendroica cor-

onata hooveri.

Alaska Yellow, see Dendroica aestiva
rubiginosa.

Audubon, see Dendroica auduboni audu-
boni.

Bachman, see Vermivora bachmani.

Bay-breasted, see Dendroica castanea.

Bell, see Basileuterus belli.

Black and White, see Mniotilta varia.

Blackburnian, see Dendroica blackbur-
niae.

Black-fronted, see Dendroica auduboni
nigrifrons.

Black-poll, see Dendroica striata.

Black-throated Gray, see Dendroica ni-
grescens.

Black-throated Green, see Dendroica vi-
rens.

Blue-winged, see Vermivora pinus.

Brewster, see Vermivora leucobronchi-
alis.

Calaveras, see Vermivora rubricapilla
gutturalis.

86; Ore., XIII, 69; XVIII, 79; XIX, 139.— |

Mier) Xx; 19:- nest; XI, 11": XV; 4.84;

VIL LST) VLE, 18i XOX TGS!
olivacea (*Red-eyed Vireo), Ark., XVII,

51; Calif., XVII, 58; Colo., XI, 139"; Idaho,

California Yellow, see Dendroica aesti-
va brewsteri.

Canadian, see Wilsonia canadensis.

Cerulean, see Dendroica cerulea.

Chestnut-sided, see Dendroica pensyl-
vanica.

Connecticut, see Oporornis agilis.

88 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

WARBLER

Duges, see Basileuterus rufifrons dug-
esi.

Dusky, see Vermivora celata sordida.

Golden-cheeked, see Dendroica chryso-
paria.

Golden Pileolated, see Wilsonia pusilla
chryseola.

Golden-winged, see Vermivora chrysop-
tera.

Grace, see Dendroica graciae.

Hermit, see Dendroica occidentalis.

Hooded, see Wilsonia citrina.

Kentucky, see Oporornis formosus.

Lawrence, see Vermivora lawrencei.

Lucy, see Vermivora luciae.

Lutescent, see Vermivora celata lutes-
cens.

MacGillivray, see Oporornis tolmiei.

Magnolia, see Dendroica magnolia.

Mangrove, see Dendroica bryanti casta-
neiceps.

Mourning, see Oporornis philadelphia.

Myrtle, see Dendroica coronata coro-
nata.

Nashville, see Vermivora rubricapilla
rubricapilla.

Olive, see Peucedramus olivaceus.

Orange-crowned, see Vermivora celata
celata.

Palm, see Dendroica palmarum palma-
rum.

Pileolated, see Wilsonia pusilla pileo-
lata.

Pine, see Dendroica vigorsi vigorsi.

Prairie, see Dendroica discolor.

Prothonotary, see Protonotaria citrea.

Red, see Ergaticus ruber.

Red (of Australia), see Acrocephalus
australis.

Red-faced, see Cardellina rubrifrons.

Sonora Yellow, see Dendroica aestiva
sonorana.

Sycamore, see Dendroica dominica albi-
lora.

Tennessee, see Vermivora peregrina.

Tolmie, see Oporornis tolmiei.

Townsend, see Dendroica townsendi.

Virginia, see Vermivora virginiae.

Western Parula, see Compsothlypis am-
ericana ramalinae.

Western Yellow, see Dendroica aestiva
brewsteri.

Wilson, see Wilsonia pusilla pusilla.

Worm-eating, see Helmitheros vermi-
vorus.

Yellow, see Dendroica aestiva aestiva.

Warburton, Stanton, Jr.: XIX, another in-

stance of lead poisoning in ducks, 141;

another record of the European wid-

geon from the state of Washington, 142;

cases of early nesting in the state of

Washington, 143.
XX, some oceanic birds from off the coast

of Washington and Vancouver Island,

178; late snowy owl dates, 193.

Ward, Charles Willis: XIII, rev. of his “the

No. 13

WETMORE
Ward-Mcllhenny wildfowl refuge”, 213.

Warren, Edward Royal: XI, notes on the
birds of southwestern Montrose County,
Colorado (with map), 11; some interest-
ing Colorado records, 33.

XII, some central Colorado bird notes
(with map), 23; the ring-necked duck
(Marila collaris) in Colorado: a cor-
rection, 79.

XIII, some Colorado horned owl notes,
IEEE
XIV, some north-central Colorado bird

notes (with map), 81.
XV, swallows and bed-bugs, 14; notes on
some Mesa County, Colorado, birds, 110.
XVII, some Park County, Colorado, bird
notes, 90.

Warren, E. R., with Aiken, C. E. H.: XVI,
rev. of their “the birds of El Paso Coun-

ty, Colorado”, 264.

Washington:

Bowles, C. W., XII, 110.

Bowles, J. H., XI, 55; XV, 41; XVII, 102;
XVIII, 31, 35, 128, 129, 171, 231; XIX, 25,
70, 125, 187; XX, 45, 93.

Dice, L. R., XVII, 60; XIX, 121.

Dawson, W. L., XII, 167; XVI, 93, 95.

Edson, J. M., XIV, 225.

Kennedy, C. H., XIII, 184; XV, 183; XVI,
250.

Kitchin, E. A., XIX, 167; XX, 91.

Palmer, T. S., XII, 90.

Preston, J. W., XII, 90.

Warburton, S., XIX, 142, 143; XX, 178.
Water-thrush, Alaska, see Seiurus novebora-

censis notabilis.

Grinnell, see Seiurus noveboracensis no-
tabilis.

Louisiana, see Seiurus motacilla.
Water-turkey, see Anhinga anhinga.
Waxwing, Bohemian, see Bombycilla gar-

rula.

Cedar, see Bombycilla cedrorum.
Wayne, Arthur Trezevant: XIX, rev. of his

“a list of avian species for which the

type locality is South Carolina’, 146.

Wear, Winifred N.: XVII, Arizona hooded
criole in the Fresno district, 234.
XIX, notes from the Fresno district, 142.

Weaver, Blood-billed, see Textor niger.

Wetmore, Alexander: XI, rev. of his “notes
on some northern Arizona birds”, 73;
fall notes from eastern Kansas, 154;
two records from eastern Kansas, 208.

XV, notes on certain Kansas birds, 120.

XVI, a new bird for the Kansas list, 92.

XVII, three new records for Kansas, 129.

XVIII, the speed of flight of certain birds,
112.

XIX, an abnormal egg of Fulica ameri-
cana, 65.

XX, a note on the tracheal air-sac in the
ruddy duck, 19.

1919

WHEATEAR f
Wheatear, see Saxicola oenanthe.
Whimbrel, see Numenius phaeopus.
Whip-poor-will, see Antrostomus vociferus
vociferus.
Stephens,
macromystax.
Whistler, see Clangula clangula americana.

Widgeon, American, see Mareca americana.
European, see Mareca penelope.

Widmann, Otto: XIX, obituary of Norman
DeWitt Betts, 144.

Wilder, Charlotte May: XV,
in Ferndale, Humboldt County,
nia, 129.

Wilder, Harry Edward: XVIII, some distri-
butional notes on California birds, 127;
Humboldt County bird notes, 204.

Wiley, Leo: XVIII, bird notes from Palo
Verde, Imperial County, California, 230.

XIX, nesting of the Harris hawk in south-
eastern California, 142.

Willard, Frank Cattle: XI, behavior of a
young Rivoli hummingbird, 102; nesting
of the Arizona junco, 129; the flammu-
lated screech owl, 199.

XII, nesting of the western evening gros-
beak, 60; the olive warbler (Dendroica
olivacea), in southern Arizona, 104;
seen on a day’s outing in southern Ari-
zona, 110.

XIII, the blue-throated hummingbird, 46.

XIV, a week afield in southern Arizona,
53; migration of white-necked ravens,
107; breeding of the Scott sparrow, 195;
nesting of the Rocky Mountain nut-
hatch, 213.

XV, some late nesting notes from the Hu-
achuca Mountains, Arizona, 41; late
nesting of certain birds in Arizona, 227;
sharp-shinned hawk nesting in Arizona,
229.

XVII, a curious set of Gambel quail eggs,
97.

XVIII, nesting of the band-tailed pigeon in
southern Arizona, 110; on bicycle and
afoot in the Santa Catalina Mountains,
156; notes on the golden eagle in Ari-
zona, 200.

XX, evidence that many birds remain mat-
ed for life, 167.

Willet, Western, see Catoptrophorus semi-

palmatus inornatus.

Willett, George: XI, bird notes from the
coast of San Luis Obispo County, 185.
XII, additions to Grinnell’s list of birds
of the San Bernardino Mountains, 44;
Rodgers fulmar in southern California,
46; a summer trip to the northern Santa
Barbara Islands, 170; a southern Cali-
fornia spring record for the common
tern, 174; red phalarope in southern
California in winter, 175; southern Cali-
fornia breeding records of the western

see Antrostomus vociferus

Anna hummer
Califor-

SECOND TEN YEAR INDEX 89

WOODCOCK
grasshopper sparrow, 204.

XIII, blue-winged teal in southern Cali-
fornia, 76.

XIV, some 1912 spring notes from south-
ern California, 194; rev. of his “birds
of the Pacific slope of southern Cali-
fornia”, 231.

XV, bird notes from the coast of north-
ern Lower California, 19; pelagic wan-
derers, 158; a correction, 184.

XVI, birds of Sitka and vicinity, south-
eastern Alaska, 71; peculiar death of
California bush-tit, 168; unusual abund-
ance of the glaucous-winged gull on the
coast of southern California, 183.

XVII, new winter records for Arizona,
102.

XIX, further notes on the birds of Forres-
ter Island, Alaska, 15; another Alaska
record for the mourning dove, 22; some
April nesting notes from the vicinity of
Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, Califor-
nia, 143.

XX, bird notes from Forrester Island,
Alaska, 85; a peculiarity of plumage in
some specimens of the Heermann gull,
122:

Willett, G., with Jay, A.: XIII, May notes
from San Jacinto Lake, 156.

Wilsonia canadensis (Canadian Warbler),

Ark., XVII, 55; Tex., XII, 101.

citrina (Hooded Warbler),
54.

pusilla chryseola
Warbler, "Pileolated,
NVA Calif, Nie lii258 1858: xe 4s
13 182" XTVe BO XeVe Sb: 1H6P: Woes 2004;
203; XVI, 38°, 210; XVII, 165, 199, 235°;
EX, 61 170; 2XexX, 195 Colo:, xXaiv, 102;
Kan., XI, 156, 163; Mon., XIV, 30; More-
los, XI, 63°; N. Mex., XIV, 1148; Ore., XI,
138°; XVIII, 79; XIX, 11%, 50°, 98°.—Mier.,
XeNS 19-7 mest; XV, 85, owe Oe miscl=
NOVA, e818.

pusilla pileolata

Ark., XVII,

(Golden Pileolated
‘pileolata), B. C.,

(*Pileolated Warbler,
>Myiodioctes pusillus), Alaska, XYI, 88;
XVII, 28: Alberta, XV, 131; Calif., XVI,
38: XVII, 83; Colo, XVII, 95, 151); Mon,
XII, 196; XVI, 142; XVIII, 163; N. Mex.,
XID, 163°;
XVI, 38, 88; photo., XII, 197;
88>; miscl., XVI, 181°.

pusilla pusilla (Wilson Warbler), Ark.,
XVIL 5b; B. CG, XV, 131; Colo., Xi, 120;
Kan., XI, 156, 163; Tex., XII, 101.

Witherby, Harry Forbes: XVI, rev. of his
“the sequence of plumages of the rook,
with special reference to the moult of
the ‘face’ ”, 45.

Wood, Casey Albert: XIX, rev. of his “the
fundus oculi of birds especially as
viewed by the ophthalmoscope”, 174.

Woodcock, see Philohela minor.

European, see Scolopax raBtitGla)

syn., XVI,

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

WOODHEWER

Woodhewer, White-bellied, see Picolaptes

leucogaster.
Swainson, see Dendrornis flavigaster.

Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, see Pi-

coides americanus americanus.

Alpine Three-toed, see Picoides ameri-
canus dorsalis.

Ant-eating, see Melanerpes formicivorus
formicivorus.

Arctic Three-toed, see Picoides arcticus.

Arizona, see Dryobates arizonae.

Baird, see Dryobates scalaris bairdi.

Batchelder, see Dryobates pubescens ho-
morus.

Cabanis, see Dryobates villosus hylo-
scopus.

Cactus, see Dryobates scalaris cactophi-
lus.

California, see Melanerpes formicivorus
bairdi.

Cuban Green, see Xiphidiopicus percus-
sus.

Cuban Ladder-backed, see Centurus su-
perciliaris.

Downy, see Dryobates pubescens medi-
anus.

Elegant, see Centurus elegans.

Gairdner, see Dryobates pubescens
gairdneri.

Gila, see Centurus uropygialis uropygi-
alis.

Golden-fronted, see Centurus aurifrons.

Hairy, see Dryobates villosus villosus.

Harris, see Dryobates villosus harrisi.

Lewis, see Asyndesmus lewisi.

Mexican Pileated, see Phloeotomus sca-
pularis.

Modoc, see Dryobates villosus orius.

Nelson Downy, see Dryobates pubescens
nelsoni.

Northern Hairy, see Dryobates villosus
leucomelas.

Northern Pileated, see
pileatus abieticola.

Northern White-headed, see Xenopicus
albolarvatus albolarvatus.

Nuttall, see Dryobates nuttalli.

Pileated, see Phloeotomus pileatus pile-
atus.

Queen Charlotte Hairy, see Dryobates
villosus picoideus.

Red-bellied, see Centurus carolinus.

Red-headed, see Melanerpes erythroce-
phalus.

Rocky Mountain Hairy, see Dryobates
villosus monticola. |

Sitka Hairy, see Dryobates villosus sit-
kensis.

Southern Downy, see Dryobates pubes-
cens pubescens.

Southern White-headed, see Xenopicus
albolarvatus gravirostris.

Texas, see Dryobates scalaris symplec-
tus.

Valdez Downy, see Dryobates pubescens
glacialis.

Phloeotomus

No. 13

WREN

Western Pileated, see Phloeotomus pile-
atus picinus.

White-breasted, see Dryobates villosus
leucothorectis.

White-headed. see Xenopicus albolarva-
tus albolarvatus.

Willow, see Dryobates pubescens turati.

Wren, Aztec House, see Troglodytes aedon

aztecus.

Baird, see Thryomanes bewicki bairdi.

Bewick, see Thryomanes bewicki be-
wicki.

Cactus, see Heleodytes brunneicapillus
couesi.

Canyon, see Catherpes mexicanus con-
spersus.

Carolina, see Thryothorus ludovicianus.

Catalina Island, see Thryomanes be-
wicki catalinae.

Desert, see Thyromanes bewicki eremo-
philus.

Dotted Canyon, see Catherpes mexican-
us punctulatus.

Happy, see Pheugopedius felix felix.

Hooded Cactus, see Heleodytes capis-
tratus capistratus.

House, see Troglodytes aedon aedon.

Huitzlac, see Heleodytes megalopterus.

Interior Tule, see Telmatodytes palus-
tris plesius.

Lomita, see Thryothorus lomitensis.

Marsh, see Telmatodytes palustris pal-
ustris.

Mexican Canyon, see Catherpes mexi-
canus mexicanus.

Mexican Rock, see Salpinctes obsoletus
notius.

Morelos, see Pheugopedius felix grandis.

Nevada Canyon, see Catherpes mexi-
canus conspersus.

Nicasio, see Thryomanes bewicki mari-
nensis.

Parkman, see Troglodytes aedon park-
mani.

Prairie Marsh, see Telmatodytes palus-
tris iliacus.

Rock, see Salpinctes obsoletus obsole-
tus.

San Clemente, see Thryomanes bewicki
leucophrys.

San Diego, see Thryomanes_ bewicki
charienturus.

San Joaquin, see Thryomanes bewicki
drymoecus.

San Martin Island Rock, see Salpinctes
guadeloupensis proximus.

San Nicolas Rock, see Salpinctes obso-
letus pulverius.

Santa Cruz Island, see Thryomanes be-
wicki nesophilus.

Seattle, see Thryomanes bewicki calo-
phonus.

Semidi Island Winter, see Nannus hie-
malis semidiensis.

Short-billed Marsh, see Telmatodytes

1919 SECOND TEN

WREN

stellaris.

Texas Bewick, see Thryomanes bewicki
ceryptus.

Tule, see Telmatodytes palustris palu-
dicela.

Vigors, see Thryomanes bewicki spilu-
rus.

Western House, see Troglodytes aedon
parkmani.

Western Winter,
pacificus.

Winter, see Nannus hiemalis hiemalis.

Wren-tit, Coast, see Chamaea fasciata phaea.

Intermediate, see Chamaea fasciata fas-
ciata.

Northern, see Chamaea fasciata phaea.

Pallid, see Chamaea fasciata henshawi.

Wright, Horace Winslow: XI,.rev. of his
“birds of the Boston Public Garden”,
143.

Wright, Howard W.: XI, an ancient murre-
let at San Pedro, California, 64; an orn-
ithological trip to Los Coronados Isl-
ands, Mexico, 96.

XV, the white-tailed kite near Palo Alto,
184; the birds of San Martin Island,
Lower California, 207; the Sabine gull
in the Santa Barbara Channel, 227; note
on the ashy petrel, 229.

Wright, H., with Snyder, G. K.: XV, birds
observed in the summer of 1912 among
the Santa Barbara Islands, 86.

Writing, Methods in ornithological:

Dawson, W. L., XVI, 24.
Grinnell, J., XIV, 104.
Howell, A B., XVI, 180.

Ray, M. S., XIII, 81.

Wyman, Luther Everett: XIII, bobolink
again noted in Idaho, 75; the catbird in
southern Idaho, 108; a nesting incident
of the Brewer blackbird, 108; occur-
rence of the red crossbill (Loxia curvi-
rostra minor) in southern Idaho, 108.

XIV, bobolink again in Idaho, 41.

XVI, ferruginous rough-leg at Los Ange-
les, 145.

XVII,.a winter record for the MacGilli-
vray warbler, 102.

XVIII, early nesting of the lutescent warb-
ler in Los Angeles County, 169; notes
from the vicinity of Los Angeles, 203.

XIX, fork-tailed petrel and Baird sandpi-
per in southern California, 141; that
goshawk invasion again, 185.

XX, notes from southern California, 192.

Wyoming:

Skinner, M. P.: XVIII, 62; XIX, 117, 177.

Wythe, Margaret Wilhelmina: XV, rev. of C.
C. Keezel’s “bird study note book”, 232.

XVII, another record of the white-throated
sparrow for California, 101.

XVIII, nesting of the Tolmie warbler in
Yosemite Valley, 123.

see Nannus hiemalis

YEAR INDEX 91

ZAMELODIA

ae Sierra junco breeding at Berkeley,
Ds

x

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (*Yellow-
headed Blackbird), Ariz., XIII, 37°; XVIII,
209; Calif., XI, 83°; XIII, 108, 132, 160°;
XIV, 37, 1433 XV, 113, Wot"; XVIT, 131%
204; XVIII, 34; XIX, 156; Colo., XI, 15,
LSS XS 355) XVe 97, 12083 XSvail 50s
Idaho, XVII, 126; XIX, 37; Mon., XIV, 27;
XVI, 136; N. Mex., XII, 1628; N. Dak.,
XVII, 173"; XVIII, 16%, 18°; XX, 34%, 699;
Ones eXDxS 1375S.) Dake Xl oo ee mex.
XVIII, 155°; Wash., XVI, 252, 253°.—
Discv., XVIII, 6°; fest, XII, 872; XIII,
160°; XIV, 143; XV, 113; photo., XI, 119;
miscl., XIX, 176°.

Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens ("Green
Jay), Tex., XI, 103; XII, 95; XVIII, 2157.

Xema sabini (*Sabine Gull), Alaska, XVI,
75; XIX, 16; Calif., XV, 227; XVIII, 24;
Colo., XI, 110.—Miscl., XI, 199°.

Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus (*North-
ern White-headed Woodpecker, "Melaner-
pes), Calif., XII, 130; XIII, 205; XIV, 1753,
1768; XV, 199%, 203; XVI, 60; XVII, 163;
XX, 45; Ore. XIX, 133°, 136.—Discv.,
XVIII, 12; food, XIII, 203, 204; nest, XIV,
175", 176"; XV, 199*; tax., XIX, 63.

albolarvatus gravirostris (Southern
White-headed Woodpecker, *White-headed
Woodpecker), Ariz., XIII, 37%; Calif.,

XVI, 188; XIX, 169.—Nest, XIX, 169; tax.,
XIX, 63.

Xiphidiopicus percussus (Cuban
Woodpecker), Cuba, XVIII, 147.

Green

Y,

Yellow-legs, Greater, see Totanus melano-
leucus.
Lesser, see Totanus flavipes.
Yellowthroat, Belding, see Geothlypis bel-
dingi beldingi.

Maryland, see Geothylpis trichas tri-
chas.

Northern, see Geothlypis trichas brachy-
dactyla.

Pacific, see Geothlypis trichas arizela.

Rio Grande, see Geothlypis poliocephala.

Salt Marsh, see Geothlypis trichas sinu-
osa.

San Francisco, see Geothlypis trichas
sinuosa.

Tule, see Geothlypis trichas scirpicola.

Western, see Geothlypis trichas occi-
dentalis.
74
Zamelodia ludoviciana (*Rose-breasted

Grosbeak), Ark., XVII, 50; Calif., XV, 188;

92

Zenaida

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

ZAMELODIA

XVIII, 81; N. Dak., XVII,
XIII, 107"; miscl., XIX, 171°.

melanocephala capitalis (*Pacific
Black-headed Grosbeak, *melanocephala),
Ariz., XVII, 189; Calif., XI, 21, 172°; XIII,
TGs XENV, 39h L0GRS GV, G22 TOP Tb Te,
203; XVI, 36, 63, 69°; XVII, 80, 189, 201;
XVIII, 201°; XIX, 61, 158%; XX, 14°, 19>;
Nev., XII, 86; Ore., XIII, 68; XVIII, 78°;
XIX, 52*, 98° —Discv., XVIII, 7*; eggs, XII,
21; food, XVIII, 201"; migr., XX, 19°; nest,
XVEL. 68, 69"* miscl. SUL Tis" aly, 16%
178°; XV, 94°; XVIII, 190%, 233°.

melanocephala melanocephala (*Black-
headed Grosbeak), Colo., XI, 16, 70%, 120;
Xl, 37; XIV, 100; XVII, 150; Idaho,
XVII, 128; XIX, 41; Mon., XIV, 29; XVI,
189; N. Mex., XIV, 116°; S. Dak. XIII,
104; Tex., XIII, 45°—Egegs, XII, 21; pho-
to., XVI, 143.
zenaida (Zenaida Dove),
XVIII, 147.—Nest, XVIII, 147.

223*°.—Food,

Cuba,

Zenaidura macroura marginella (*Western

Mourning Dove, "Mourning Dove, ‘caro-
linensis, “macroura), Alaska, XVI, 81;
Rs 220 Ariz, lal Ol) XT ble EX,
53, 58*, 598; XVII, 87; XVIII, 156°, 210;
exe, 69S Anke, SxVilea 2 eiCalify xe eode
S45 170o 18bo: Sl A808) aos, woke,
135°, 180°, 205°; XIV, 14°, 35°, 107°; XV, 91,
156"; XVI, 30, 55; XVII, 131°, 193; XIX,
59; Colo., XI, 14°, 116°; XII, 25°, 30°; XIV,
92°; XVII, 92, 149°; Idaho, XVII, 123; XIX,
320: Kan., XT, 1b5% 57S; Li: (Calif; XDI,
1592S" exVewces Moni 2chV,) bse ove 4s
XVI, 131; Morelos, XI, 63°; Nev., XII, 88°,
89°; N. Dak., XVII, 223°; XX, 176°; Ore.,
KUM “668s MEX, 13bs) SS, Dak.,, xebil, 91h:
97°: Tepic, XII; 78° 79°; Tex:, XI; 95%;
XIII, 44>, 46°; XV, 182"; XVIII, 152”, 154”,
183”, 184-185», 188-189», 218; XX, 39;
Wash., Xl], 184c: SV, 188°: XVI, 2515
2538, 254*°—Destr., XVI, 55; food, XII,
137°; XIII, 204°; hbt., XI, 84°; XX, 1075;
nest, XI, 92%; XII, 30°, 130°; XIII, 51°,
TYE SIE BGS aIEBUS Davey thlG aAnhy ire
131%; XIX, 32°; XX, 39; photo., XIII, 184-
185°: DEV, 42%: prot., Xi 174%} iV, 112%;
229-2308; miscl., XI, 47°; XIII, 70%, 71°;

Zonotrichia

No. 13

ZONOTRICHIA

XV, 30°, 34°; XVI, 152"; XVIII, 175"; XIX,
176°. ;
albicollis (*White-throated
Sparrow), Ark., XVII, 49; Calif., XVII,
101; XVIII, 29, 39%; XX, 61>: Tex, oven
153", 154°; Wash., XV, 41; XVI, 183.

coronata (*Golden-crowned Sparrow),
Alaska, XI, 107"; XII, 43; XIII, 211; XVi,
87; XVIII, 4°; XIX, 16; Calif, Xana:
120, 138, 182, 210; XIV, 38, 106*; XVI, 35,
146; XVII, 81%, 85%, 101", 201: xsvilieeso-
XIX, 130; Colo., XI, 33; Ore., XVIII, 78;
XIX, 138.—Hbt., XVII, 58"; photo., XVII,
HOSE Sies

leucophrys gambeli (*Intermediate Spar-
row, "Gambel, ‘Nuttall), Alberta, XV, 131;
Ariz., XII, 110°; Calif., XI, 80; XIII, 110,
138, 136, 210; XIV, 38, 195; XVI, 35, 55,
146, 182; XVII, 80, 164, 188, 200; XVIII,
203°; XIX, 130°; XX, 15, 18; Colo., XI, 16,
120; XV, 111; XVII, 60°; Idaho, XVII, 127;
L.. Calif., XI, 137; XXIIl; 1523 3Vemrsoee
XV, 23; Mon., XIV, 29; XVI, 138; Ore.,
XIX, 138; Wash., XVI, 255; Yukon, XI,
206.—Destr., XVI, 55; miscl., XII, 177°;
XVI, 119°.

leucophrys leucophrys (*White-crowned
Sparrow), Alberta, XV, 131; Ark., XVII,
49; Calif., XII, 108; XIV, 144, 146%, 1473;
XV, 83, 1378, 198", 203; XVI, 67; XVII, 59,
101°; XVIII, 28; XX, 15, 61%; Colo., XI, 16,
120; XII, 36; XIV, 99; XV, 111; XVII, 60°,
94; Idaho, XIX, 37%, 39; Mon., XIV, 29;
XVI, 138; Nev., XII, 86; Ore., XIX, 9°;
Tex., XVIII, 154*°—Nest, XIV, 99, 144,
146", 1478; XV, 83, 187%; XIX, 39; photo.,
XIV, 99; miscl., XIX, 25%.

leucophrys nuttalli ("Nuttall Sparrow),
Calif., XI, 185; XIII, 74, 110; XVI, 29%, 35;
XVII, 80, 101°, 188, 204; XIX, 60, 170;
Ore., XVIII, 78; XIX, 9%, 46", 101°; Wash.,
XV, 41.—Nest, XI, 185; XVI, 35; XVIII,
78; XIX, 170.

querula (*Harris Sparrow), Ariz., XVI,
260: XX, 24; Ark., XVII, 49; Bs Cleave
713: Calif, XVII, 80; Ore. Vij eeiss
Dak., XIII, 95; Wash., XVI, 93.

END

I, 1899 ‘Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club” -

II, 1900 Complete, in‘parts as issued —- - - tat
Til; 1901 ; ‘ ee 4¢ ce ss cy 3 a 4
STV: 1902 : < 4 s, 3
: Vv, 1903 ‘6 os v6 t¢ tase i 33 oo iy

~ VI, 1904 # SEE OS Ms ae Z ee 3 ii
. WII, 1905 3 ey ee Z é z a
OM TLE 1906-5 0.4: z es ss ry
1X. 1907° ts sé ‘ 2 Z ‘ e % sy “i

iD. 1908 as te ae st ““« r: 3 2
XI, 1909 fb 44 Ce ee Lend a a i
.. XXII, 1910 = ice Hay ato
+ SITI, 1911 p 5 RCS Ph aks
IV; 64912 i 2 3 é oe
AiG" Bemen be) i Sa - = : z ee
. XVI, 1914 = a4 x meas
. XVII, 1915 Z 2 = 3 =
. XS VIIT, 1916 rs ip 3 tf a 3
> XIX, 1917 2 . . s
. 7 XX, 1918 ‘ j 3 i a5 %

, ‘XT; 1919 Cin progress) — - ~ rs sf = i
. XXII, 1920 (advance) - a “ as 8 2
, XXIII, 1921 (advance) St ae E: 3 im 3

1900
1901
1902
1904
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1909
1912
1912
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~ - ~

OO WA HN pw YN

~

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14, 1919

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