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850

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A FEW FACTS

About the

Salmon Canning Industry

From the Annual Number

of-

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

February, 1912

Published at
101 Grand Trunk Dock, Seattle, U. S. A.

n^si

Fair Play for the Fisheries

Recently the Kellingham Journal, a weekly
new8pai)er that pretends to be an especial cham-
pion of the people of Northwest WashinKton, and
»whlch is In some respects a very creditable little
paper, laid down the following proiKisitlons:

1. The State of Washington has paid all ex-
penses for the propagation of S.'>,000,000 young
salmon that have just been turned loose by the
state flsb commission. This enormous myriad of
tiny fish is the output of the fish hatcheries of
the state. A select few — The Fish Combine — reap
the golden harvest of salmon that mature each
year, propagated at great expense by the state.

2. The fish of the sea are a NATURAL \XVr
SOURCK, and a royalty, or tax, should be paid
on each fish taken from the sea for commercial
l)uri)ose8. It is but meet and fair that the huge
combines that have a practical monopoly ot the
fishing industry, should place into the coffers of
the state tax commensurate with the immense
profit taken from a sea product that belongs to
the people. The people demand this and it is but
fair and Just. • » * Tax flsh. Cows are taxed.
An acre of cleared land that produces grain, hay,
fruit or vegetables is taxed. Wby not tax fish?

Whether the Journal is ignorant of the facts
concerning the laws bearing upon the fishing in-
dustry of tie state, or is merely trying to mud-
dts its readers and embitter them against one of
the state's greatest industries, is not known. That
it is unfairly slatlnf th£ situation, is certain.

In the first place, the peoplf o* the State of
Washington, through methods of taxation, do not
contribute a dollar to the cost of propagating sal-
mon fry. The entire cost of the hatcheries, the
maintaining of them, and the i>lanting of the
young salmon, is paid out of a fund supplied
wholly by the fisheries. These revenues were
sufficiently large last year to pay for all expenses,
and the surplus, $14,000, was turned over to the
general tax fund.

Kor the biennial term ending April 1, 1911, the
amount paid into the fund for the maintenance
of the hatcheries and the distributing of the sal-
mon fry, was Jl.SO.OOO. The season ending April
1, next, promises to be sufficiently prosperous to
increase the sum several thousands of dollars.

Under the law theFish Commissioner is pro-
hibited from expending a dollar more than is col-
lected from the fisheries in the form of special
taxes, and there is no truth in asserting that "the
state of Washington has paid all expenses for
propagating" young salmon.
* * •

The special taxes levied upon the fishing indus-
try for the purpose of establishing and maintain-
ing hatcheries, paying the salaries of the Commis-
sioner and his assistants, and for the operating
expenses, is based on the following charges:

150 for each trap location, whether operated or
not

125 for each purse seine.

tS.OO for each gill net.

$2.50 for each set net.

$2.50 to $45 for each drag net. according to size.

$150.00 to $1,000 for each cannery depending
upon capacity tax and output.

$1.00 per thousand on all flsh caught.

Ninety cents on each ton on all kinds of flsh,
salted or smoked, in addition to the tax of $1.00
per thousand.

In addition to these special taxes the fishing in-
dustry pays the same personal taxes uiwn its
property that the merchant, the mill-owners, the
farmer and every other holder of personal property
must pay. This fund goes into the general coffers
of the state, county, municipality and schools.

If the lumbermen were specially taxed ui>on their
output and specially taxed u|x>n their mills to pro-
tect the forests and to pay for reforestrafiou they
would then be in practically the same situation
with regard to the state, as are the fisheries.

If the horticulturists were obliged lo pay so
much per box for their fruit and so much i)er fruit
tree, to cover the cost of the State Horticulturist
and his assistants, they, too, would be dealt with
as are the fisheries. But they are not so taxed
and if they were they would raise a complaint
that would reverberate through all tbeae mighty
mountains.

It is granted that some of the fisheries make
very large iirofits, as shown on paper, but they
also create an immense amount of wealth. Many
of them have lost very heavily. They have risked
great fortunes to take these values from the wa-
ters of the Sound and of the sea. The cost of
maintaining plants Is so great that all of thii nat-
ural wealtli would be a complete waste If men of
capltalLdld not prepare to recover it.

In tT^ taking of these flsh from the waters and
placiqplheni upon the markets there Is expended
for li 'or, for machinery, etc., a tremendous sum
that would not pass into the channels of business -
if the fish were left to be taken by those whom the
critics of the fisheries hypocritically call "the
people."

f The salmon would rot on the shores of the prop-
agating stream.

If these great Industries were not operated there
would be 12,000 men and women to be employed in
other avenues of human endeavor, and the wages
-^"■ii fo them would diminish the commercial rev-
enues'bfV«e cni'ntrv^by Just that imiB»ine sum.
•;.\n idea of what t firs'" matlls may be had wniTa i»— .,
is known that during the past three years the fish-
ing industries of this country |>aid out for labor
$7,500,000 annually.

• * •
In the creating of this great wealth no one is
robbed. The wealth is new wealth. It is all non-
sense to talk about the fishing industry robbing
the people, and It is only an ignoramus or a blath-
erskite who will urge such a thing.

If a company were to prospect Mt. Baker and
find in that magnificent mountain a great ton-
nage of copi>er, or silver or gold, and place the
metal upon the markets through the use of mod-
em methods and by the employing of hundreds
of worklngnien, it would not be said that It had
robbed the people of a "natural resource."

But the wealth produced from the mines could
remain intact for centuries and lose none of Its
value through the processes of natural laws,
whereas the failure to take fish fro mlhe sea at
an oiiportune lime means the failure to secure
the values of a season's catch.

Every salmon that Is not taken is the loss of
its proportion of a natural wealth which the God
of the Universe planted In the sea for the use
of man and which must be recovered at the prop-
er season or It is lost forever.

It may be true that the fisheries do not con-
tribute a fair proportion to the public burden.
Neither does the average man do so.

Men, as well as corporations, are natural tax-
dodgers. And the rule is that the ones who howl
loudest about the assessments of others are not
strictly honest with the assesor themselves.

The fishing industry of this section of the coun-
try is the greatest in theworld, and those who at-
tempt to harass such an industry, all things con-
sidered, are not only doing the community a
great injury, but they are indirectly Injuring
themselves.— Bellingham American-Reveille.

^:

EMPTYING A SALMON TRAP.

Annual Review of the Pacific Salmon Industry in 1911

Pacific Fisherrnan

.J^ aJournal D«vote«i ESxclusIvely to tti«; Rldlilnte Induaitry.
ISSUED ON THt riFTH OF EACH MONTH

VOL. X.

SEATTLE. WASHINGTON. APRIU 1912.

NO. 4

The Salmon Canning Industry — The Millions It Expends

EERY few persons, even among those actually
engaged in salmon canning, realize the vast
amount of money which the business expends
annually. Each canneryman knows his exact Indi-
vidual expenditure, but few grasp the enormous ex-
tent of the aggregate. Among the general public,
the lack of knowledge concerning this industry
is appalling but somewhat pardonable owing to
rhe fact that the bulk of persons are not thrown

ictlvely in contact at any point with the industry.

t is surprising, however, to find even among
those who aim to supply certain of the material
and apparatus used in the salmon canning indus-
try not only a partial knowledge of full require-
ment of the industry, but an absolute ignor-
ance of its true proportions and immensity.

The lamentable opinion prevails in some quar-
ters that the salmon canning industry is one which
thrives only by the destruction of the raw pro-
duct which it finishes and which requires but lit-
tle outside that raw product for its maintenance.
As a matter of fact there are few industries any-
where and none on the Pacific Coast which turn
back into business channels as large a portion of

$6.6oaooo

$6,000,000

$5,400,000

$4,500,000

the moneys which they receive and which require
as large and varied a quantity of supplies as the
salmon canning industry.

In the value of its product salmon canning is
exceeded on the Pacific Coast by one industry
only, the lumber business. Yet in proportion to
the value of Its product, far more money is spent
in the process of production In the salmon canning
than in the lumber business. As an example of
the various ways in which the salmon canning
Industry helps other businesses, it might be men-
tioned incidentally that the supplying, alone, of
the boxes which bold the annual salmon pack is
no small arm of the lumbering business.

Pacific Fisherman estimates (roundly for con-
venience sake) that the salmon canners of the
Pacific Coast spent $30,000,000 In putting up the
1911 pack. Exact figures would probably show
something more than $2,000,000 above this figure.

Mere statistics convey but little Impression of
their true significance and while manifestly large
the sum $30,000,000 does not give to the average
reader a true Impression of Its Immensity. The
impression is perhaps more forcible when it is
stated that at a salary of $2.60 per day this would
pay the wages of an ordinary working man for
3,000 centuries. The same sum would keep a
standing army of 100,000 for a year.

This money was divided among two great
classes. First, those who are employed directly
in the industry and who depend entirely upon It
for support and second, those who are engaged In
furnishing the BuppUes which the Industry re-
quires.

The accompanying tables, which show graphi-
cally the distribution of the money which the sal-
mon canners spend annually Indicates that the
first class received the lion's share, $6,600,000 be-
ing spent on those employed In the canneries and
another $6,000,000 being paid to the men who
caught the fish which filled the cans.

The remainder, as is shown by the accompany-
ing table, was distributed among those who furn-
ished the materials necessary to the business. The
manufacturers of tin plate, cans and solder, re-

$3300.000

$1,800,000

$900,000

$600,000

ceived $5,400,000 for the goods which they fum
ished those engaged in the Industry. The upkeep
of the cannery fleet of tenders, launches and other
vessels cost the canneryman $3,300,000, the larg-
est portion of which found its way into the i>ock-
ets of dealers in gasoline and other fuels, alls,
ets of dealers In gasoline and other fuels, oils,
tors, $1,SOO,000 being paid alone to those who
transported the pack and supplies between can-
neries and local centers. A huge Item of trans-
portation not shown here, yet which benefits hun-
dreds. Is the cost of carrying the pack from the
Pacific Coast to the scene of Its final consumption.

The box makers of the Coast divided nearly $1,-
000,000 among themselves while those who car-
ried the insurance on pack and canneries and
owners of warehouses through which the pack
passed in transit were paid $600,000 for their
part in the work.

The printers of the labels In which the 288,000,-
000 cans of salmon were wrapped, earned $300,000
while a similar amount went to the manufacturers
of lacquer and varnish with which the cans had
to be coated.

Fuel, light and power represented principally
In tne Item of coal, cost the packers another yMO,-
000, while the wholesale gro<-crs who supplied the
food served In the cannery messhouses were paid
still another $300,000.

The sum of $4,500,000 which went to cover taxes
and general overhead expenses, represents a mul-
titude of expenditures for office expenses, the sal-
aries of those engaged in the business end of the
Industry, thousands of dnllarn worth of office sup-
plies and Incidentals.

An adequate conception of the quantity of some
of the principal supplies used by the salmon can-
ners In putting up the 1911 pack can be gleaned
from a study of the drawing on the following page.
Only some of the supplies used in the greatest
quantities are shown yet they make an impress-
ive array.

Of tin plate, for Instance, the salmon canning
industry required 19,824,000,000 square Inches. Ptg
lead was used to the extent of 3,000,000 pounds,
and the same amount of pig tin was also consumed
in the canning operations. Of zinc approximately
300,000 pounds was necessary, while 1.168,000 gal-
lons of kerosene oil were consumed.

The canners chemical bill Is also high for he
required among other Items last year, 840,000
pounds of acid, and 180,000 pounds of cuastlc soda.

Al>out 300,000,000 labelx were used, and the cans
having been coated with 375,000 gallons of lacquer,
were placed In 6,000,000 boxes which were fast-
ened with some 240,000,000 nails.

$ $ $ ^

$300,000 300.000 300.00O 300.000

UBOR FISH CANSSOLOER GENLRAL& CANNWradT TRANSPORT-
AaO UC OVERHEAD EXPNS ATION

TAXES ETC.

BOXES

INSUftANCt
5T0RAGL

LABELS LACQUER FUEL LIGHT MESSH0U5E

fi, POWER SUPPLIES

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

The extent and variety of the purchases which
the salmon canners make annually and the num-
ber of business institutions which they patronize
in the course of their years operations is illus-
trated by the following list, taken from the pur-
chasing blanks of an Alaska salmon canning com-
pany and showing some of the supplies the com-
pany buys each spring.

Properties: — Boats, (power and sail), launches,
lighters. Pile drivers, scows, etc.. Can making
machines. Crimping and topping machines, filling
machines, fish cutter machines, iron Chink ma-
chines, labeling machines, solder machines,
solder wiping machines, boilers and engines
(main and auxiliary), lighting and electric ap-
paratus.
Raw Materials — Muratic acid, copper scrap, solder-
ing copper, pig lead, salmon cans, tops, chips,
etc., pig tin, tin plate, tin strip, zinc bar, scrap
tin.
Box Material — Cement coated wire box nails, box

shooks.
Finishing of Packing Material — Benzine, naphtha,
distillate, gasoline and coal oil, display cards,
labels, lacquer, cannery salt, caustic soda.
Fuel Material — Coal, wood.

Machinery Parts and Repairs — Boats (power and
sail), launches, lighters, pile drivers, scows, etc.,
parts and repairs, can making machines, parts
and repairs, crimping and topping machines,
parts an drepairs. Filling machines, parts and
repairs, fish cutter machines, parts and repairs,
iron Chink machines, parts and repairs, labeling
machines, parts and repairs, solder machines,
parts and repairs, solder wiping machines, parts
and repairs, boilers and engines (main and aux-
iliary), parts and repairs, lighting and electric
power aparatus, parts and repairs, rougn cast-
ings and forgings, miscellaneous machinery,
parts and repairs.
Hand Tools and Implements — Bits, braces, breast
drills, caulking mallets, chisels, clamps, cooper's
tools, cutters, drills, files, hammers, handles,

hatchets, hoes, jacks, lath tools, mallets, mat-
tocks, peavies, pipe cutters, planes, pliers,
punches, saws, saw sets, screw drivers, shears,
shovels, taps, stocks and dies, tongs, wedges,
wrenches, etc., etc.

Electrical Supplies — Electrical wire and cable, in-
sulated, miscellaneous, other than lighting and
electric power apparatus, other than lighting
and electric power apparatus, parts and repairs.

Cannery Supplies — Bare wire, nails and spikes,
blocks, pulleys, etc., bolts, nuts, rivets, spring
cotters, screws and washers, brooms and brushes
(corn, bristle and metallic), carboys, asbestos
and magnesia pipe covering, slabs, sheets and
asbestos cement, plaster paris, drums, lime,
cement, brick (building and fire), plaster, clay,
building paper, etc., leather and belting, lacing,
hose, flexible tubing (rubber or metal), hose
fittings, etc., all metals, sheets, plates and
shapes, bars, rods, billets, shafting, etc., oils,
lubricating, greases and lubricants, paints, paint
oils, turpentine, varnishes, rosin, etc., all pipe
and tubing, pipe fittings, valves, flanges, etc.,
powder, dynamite, caps, etc., other than sporting
powder, etc., packing, gaskets, rubber, etc.,
stoves, ranges, bake ovens, stove pipe, etc.,
lamps, lanterns, chimneys, wicks, etc., mis-
cellaneous cannery supplies.

Lumber — Doors and sash, hardwood lumber,
shingles, lumber and timber, piling.

Web — Cotton netting (cotton web), linen gill net-
ting, cotton rope, linen thread.

Rope — Manila, wire.

Twine — Twine.

Sundry Fishing Gear — Anchors, anchor chains, and
other ground tackle, all other chains, oars, oar
locks, pike poles, etc., pumps of every character,
sails, tarpaulins, tents, etc., other than canvas
and duck articles, pitch, tar, oakum, caulking cot-
ton, etc., miscellaneous.

Stores — Beans, dried fruits and vegetables, maca-
roni, vermicelli, barley, sago, tapioca, etc., beers,
brandy, gin, rum, wine, whisky, etc., canned

fruits and vegetables, canned meats, soups, and
fish, smoked and pickled meats, fresh meats,
chow chow, catsup, horse radish, mustard (pre-
pared), pickled onions, pickles, saner kraut,
vinegar, Worcestershire sause, etc., coffee, tea,
chocolate, baking powder, extracts, spices, etc.,
flour, white, whole wheat, graham, rye and
corn meal, jellies, jams, preserves, syrup, mar-
malade, honey, molasses, etc., milk, butter, eggs,
cheese, lard, etc., sugar, groceries, miscellaneous
sales.

Vegetables, Live Stock and Feed — Fresh fruits and
vegetables, live stock and poultry, feed, live
stock and poultry, miscellaneous.

Drugs — Drugs and surgeons' necessaries.

Stationery — Desks, chairs and other office furni-
ture, library books, charts, professional publi-
cations, music, blue prints, newspapers, etc.,
typewriters, computing machines, safes, letter
presses, filing devices, etc., books of account,
printed forms, etc.

Trade — Boots, shoes, etc., rubbers, rubber boots,
oil and rubber clothing, etc., hats, caps, gloves,
etc. .men's furnishings, collars, cuffs, handker-
chiefs, etc., ladies' apparel, dressgoods, skirts,
waists, aprons, outside wraps, etc., men's clo-
thing, suits, overcoats, etc., overalls, jumpers,
etc., underwear, night shirts, night dresses, pa-
jamas, over shirts, etc., blankets, quilts, etc.,
sheets, pillow slips, spreads, towels, napkins,
table covers, etc., pillows, matresses, cushions,
curtains, tufting, etc., furniture, beds, springs,
carpets, rugs, etc., ammunition, rifles, shot guns,
revolvers, re-loading tools, etc., canvas and duck
articles, cots, gloves, etc., other than sails,
tents, tarpaulins, etc., flags and bunting, candy,
chewing gum, etc., musical instruments, phono-
graph records, etc., cigars, tobacco, snuff, pipes,
etc., miscellaneous.

Mess House Gear, New — China crockery, glass-
ware, silver and metal tablewear, etc., cookers,
boilers, kettles, dough mixers, pots, pans,
knives, ladles, etc.

SOME OF THE SUPPLIES REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THE 1911 SALMON PACK.

T/N PL Are

HEROSSA/e O/U SALT , ^

AfAIL.%

2.1/^ o, 000, 000

Z./AIC.

300,000 i-as.

AC/O

f^~p-

SOX£S -

6 coo 000

FISH

t^7.0,000,CCO ^^S

LAB£LS
JO0,O00.OOO

LACfUJE/Z

PI6- 7"//V
~3,OC0,OC0 LBS

CAUST/C SOLiA
■ /f 0,00 c LSS

THE YEAR 1911 AND PACIFIC COAST
FISHERIES.

THE keynote of the year 1911 as concerns the
commercial fisheries of the Pacific Coast was
—Prosperity. Not a fleeting sort of uplift that
is here today and gone tomorrow, but the product
of years of healthy and natural development.
Slowly and surely the fisheries of this coast are
becoming established upon a more substantial and
enduring basis. The era of promotion, specula-
tion, insincere exploitation and experimentation is
passing, and supplanting it we have a stage of
brisk but steady and permanent expansion. The
fishing industry has here undergone a transforma-
tion. The men who once pursued the industry
in a spirit of chance have gone, and the business
has passed into the hands of a generation of level
headed business men, who are conducting it upon
sound business i)rincip]es. Scarcely a branch of
the industry but showed a quickening and growth
in 1911. It is doubtful whether at any stage of
their development the fisheries of the coast have
been in as prosperous a condition as at present.
It is true that there is some dissatisfaction in cer-

tain lines. Older branches of the industry which
flourished upder conditions far different from those
now existing are suffering natural declines, while
a few of the younger and less permanently estab-
lished branches are handicapped by local or pass-
ing circumstances. As a whole, however, the in-
dustry shows a pleasing growth, and unsatisfac-
tory conditions are being eliminated as rapidly as
is possible.

In the most important branch of the business in
value of its products, the salmon canning indus-
try, the year has been one of good fortune. The
pack yas the largest in the history of the indus-
try, and through a forutnate combination of cir-
cumstances packers were able to market their
Ijacks, even in the cheaper grades, at an excellent
profit. It is apparent, however, that further rapid
development in this line is unwise and that
it should be interrupted by a cessation in or-
der to give time for an adjustment of the busi-
ness workings of the industry under the new con-
ditions. Overexpansion should be discouraged, for
without this temporary period of adjustment the
whole industry would be weakened.

Further expansion of the canning industry in

the fisheries of the coast should be along other
lines. The year 1911 witnessed a large pack of
canned shad on the Columbia river, and prepara-
tions are being made for an increase in 1912.
The canned crab, sardine and clam industries are
flourishing, and there are other branches of the
fisheries which could be well developed through
the introduction of the canning process.

The heavy demand for salmon to complete the
canned pack made inroads on the stock usually
available for the mild curers and salters. This,
however, resulted in better prices being paid for
salmon prepared in that manner, and the mild
curers and salters enjoyed an excellent season.

Refrigeration is gaining rapid progress in the
fisheries and increased in favor during 1911. In
spite of the heavy drain on the salmon supply
caused by the canning demand, there was an in-
crease in the frozen salmon pack. Frozen salmon
met with increased favor and was favoi-ably in-
troduced into Atlantic Coast, English and Ger-
man markets. Great quantities of halibut were
also frozen to meet the popular demand. New
feezing iilants wene into operation, and still others
are projected for 1912.

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

Work of the Bureau of Fisheries on Pacific Coast in 1911

A RESUME of the work of the Bureau of Fish-
eries on the Pacific Coast during the year ISll
must necessarily embody In the muin a state-
ment of results as the several flsh-culture es-
iilillshments under operation, for It has been to this
: lactlcal phase of the fishery economics that atlen-
H>n has been largely directed. Problems of a sclen-
ullc character have also been dealt with to the fullest
. .xtcnt afforded by present facilities for such work.
In this connection, the need of an adequate biological
ration on the Paciflc Coast Is most pressing and it
hoped that Congressional aid in this direction
A ill be forthcoming at an <-arly date. Any move look-
ing to the establishment of a station to be devoted
primarily to a study of problems involving vitally
both the conservation and development of the vast
natural wealth embraced in thew aters of the Pacific
I 'oast Is a project worthy of most cordial support.
The scope of activities in matters pertaining to
Alaska lias l"<n greatly extended, for now the
Buriaii uiiil. 1 direction of the Secretarj' of Com-
merce and Labor administers not only the fisheries
of that region, but In addition has supervision over
all fur-bearing animals. Including both land animals
and the sea otter and fur seals. A new division of
tlie Bureau designated as the Alaska Fisheries Ser-
vice has been created to conduct and execute this
feature of the work.

In the summary of operations embraced by these
notes the work relating to each of the Pacific Coast
states and Alaska is taken up separately.

WASEnroToir.

A successful year in llsh cultural work has been
registered In the State of Washington, where oper-
ations have been conducted with local headquarters
at the Baker l^ke and BIrdsvlew stations. Aux-
iliary plants were operated also on lUabot creek
and Day creek, together with new stations opened
this year at Quilccne and Duckabush, and on the
Elwaha river near Port Angeles. All species of
salmon and the Steelhead trout were handled.

The Baker I.ake station Is operated for Sockeye
eggs. Notwithstanding the light season on Puget
Sound waters, 5, 56:;, 000 of these were collected, an
average number, though the take, completed in
November, wa.s reduceil by unusually low water. This
species runs up tlie Skagit river to Baker Lake dur-
ing the summer. The fish are taken In traps near
the outlet of the lake and impounded in an arm
of the lake until they ripen, a method followed for
several years. The failure of some brood fish to
properly mature their eggs Is believed to be due,
at least In part, to Injuries received In gillnets while
on the way to the Skagit river. Early in September
the run of Cohos started but low water soon checked
the movement and the season's take of Coho eggs
fell to 1,895,500, the smallest for several years. In-
ridentally, 40,000 Humpback and 8,000 Chinook eggs
were collected.

At Birdsvlew the splendid take of 7,327,000 Coho
u'gs was received from the Phinney and Grandy
leek fields, while receipts of Steelhead eggs nuni-
rred 2,032,000, Including several hundred thousand
lansferred from the Day creek and Illabot creek
li.lds. Also 231,000 Chinook and 1,935,000 Hump-
back eggs were handled at Birdsvlew. Collections
at the Illabot creek station totalled 839,280 Steel-
head, 7.003,000 Coho, 37,800 Chinook and 68,000 Hump-
back eggs.

In February an experimental shipment of Coho
"ggs was made from the Blrdsvley station packed
iv the so-called bulk method In vogue many years
igo for the transportation of Atlantic salmon eggs,
instead of the usual trays each containing eggs to
a depth of not over two or three layers, the eggs
were put directly Into boxes about three Inches in
depth, each containing several quarts, or else were
merely made into packages by wrapping In cheese-
cloth; In each case the whole surrounded by a few
Inches of hay, ftjie shavings, or other non-conductor,
and placed in a suitable case. No ice was used. The
shipment arrived in excellent condition after a Jour-
ney of seven days and when unpacked the tempera-
ture was ^a' F. This experiment was made with a
view to finding an economical and effective method
of packing eggs for long distance shipment. The
results in this instance most gratifying were proved
by sub.sequent experiment to Involve too many risks
to commend the method.

In October it was learned that a dam on the
Elwha river some 12 or 14 miles from Port Angeles,
was stopping manv salmon. An auxiliary hatchery
with a capacity of about 1,500,000 eggs was erected
nearby, and about 400,000 Coho eggs taken. More
would have been taken but for the loss of the trap
bv higli water. At the Qullcene station 793.000 Coho
aiid 918,000 Dog salmon eggs have been secured and
the work Is still in progress at the present writing
(January). Spawning fish are obtained from traps
in the Big and Mttle Qullcene rivers. I.Jtte In Oc-
totier 435.000 Humpback eggs were transferred from
Birdsvlew to Qullcene to be hatched and planted in
nearby waters. At Duckabush the collections at the
end of the year numbered 1,018.000 Humpback, 1,-
"05.000 Dog and 9.000 Coho eggs.

Dng salmon are not taken at the Baker Lake
.station. This species spawns along the shores of
Skagit river, frequenting shallow bars where the
water Is comparatively quiet. When the fall floods
recede millions of these eggs are left high and dry.
The eggs are easily susceptible of manipulation and
hatching percentages arc found to be ordinarily
higher than In any other species of salmon handled.
In view of the growing value and demand tor Dog
salmon it Is proiiosed to expand its propagation.

A field station for thih collection of trout eggs Is
contemplated In connection with the Bureau's pres-
ent activities in the State of Washington. Some of
the streams tributary to the uppar waters of the
Skagit mav afford spawning fish In sufflcient num-
bers for tiie purpose. Everett I.,ake near Concrete,
where Black Spotted and Steelhead trout have been
observed, may also merit a field station. With refer-
ence to the Steelheads in Everett Lake. Mr. T. H.
Dlnsmore, superintendent of the Baker Lake station
and auxiliaries, reports that these fish resulh from
small plant fry from the Birdsvlew station some
six years ago. They have easy access by way of a

By WARD T. BOIVER

Inspector of .Alaska Salmon Fisheries.

small mountain stream to the Baker river, and
thence to the Skagit river and Puget Sound, and al-
though from sea-run Steelheads, they have chosen
to remain In the lake. There Is good evidence that
they are multiplying.

Two sub-stations located In the State of Washing-
ton are under the Immediate direction of the superin-
tendent of the Clackamas, Oregon, station, one near
the mouth of the Big White Salmon river, the other
correspondingly located on the l-ittle White Salmon.
Operations were quite successful on the Big White
Salmon. During the fall of 1911, 6,681,000 Chinook
eggs were taken; In 1910 only 1,933,000. An Inno-
vation this season was the purchase for spawning
of fish from trap fishermen of the region. It has
been the practice to liberate all fry from this sta-
tion In the Columbia river, but hereafter part will
be released In the Big Wlilte Salmon river In the
hope of building up the run which has diminished
very perceptibly In this stream, although good runs
pass up the Columbia. The theory that the fish re-
turn only to the stream in which planted Is hardly
tenable, although there Is a posHlbillty of some In-
fiuence In this direction. It Is more probable that
shallow water due to the shifting of the bars at the
mouth of the Big White Salmon Is the chief cause
for the decline In the run up that stream. By the
construction of a wing dam it Is hoped to cause a
change whereby the river will debouche Into the
Columbia In a manner more attractive to salmon
seeking spawning grounds. At the Little White
Salmon station 14,912,000 Chinook eggs were col-
lected this fall, the best take recorded In many years
at this point. The previous season's collection here
numbered 10,696,000. Shipments aggregating 8,000,-
000 eggs were made to the Bonneville hatchery of
the Oregon Fish Commission and 1,100,000 to the
federal station at Clackamas. The fry from these
eggs will be planted In Columbia river waters.

The continued good collection of eggs from year
to year at the stations In Washington may be taken
as Indicative of the success of fish-cultural work
in that state, and this, too, in the face of greater
demands each season of the commercial fishery.

In pursuance of an Inquiry Into the natural history
of the salmon and Steelhead trout now being car-
ried on under the direction of Dr. C. H. Gilbert of
Stanford University, a total of 4,095 yearling Chinook
salmon were marked and released In the waters of
the Columbia river near the Little White Salmon
station during December, 1911. The mark consists
of a piece of pure silver wire three-quarters of an
Inch made fast around the first two or three dorsal
fin rays. These fish when liberated the latter part
of the month were In excellent condition. It Is the
purpose of this work to make It possible to follow
the movements of the fish, more especially In the
matter of their return as adults, and It is desired
that any note of their presence, or capture, be re-
ported with full details to the Bureau or to Dr.
Gilbert **

Another line of study seeking to throw light on
the same subject is the examination of the micro-
scopic structure of the scales. The work of Euro-
pean Investigators has demonstrated that a history
of the life of the fish is left on Its scales, and that
by this means It Is possible to determine »-ith fair
accuracy the age, as well as other facts. Dr. Gil-
bert has many examples of scales taken from salmon
of recorded size spawned at the Little White Salmon
and from other localities. Similar studies will be
made on material from Alaska by the Bureau's per-

OBBOOV.

The Bureau's fish cultural operations In Oregon
have been conducted along the same general line
which has prevailed for a number of years past. The
superintendent of the Clackamas station. Mr. Henry
O'Malley, has had local charge of the Oregon work
Including the Important Little White Salmon and
Big White Salmon field stations In Washington. The
list of stations operated Includes those at Czadero,
the new station on Applegate creek, west of Grants
Pass, Illinois river near Salem. Fish I^ike In Douglas
County, Willamette Falls at Oregon City. Iiagle
creek on the upper Clackamas river. Rogue river
near Trail, and the new so-called Lower Rogue river
station near Grants Pass.

As heretofore the work at the Clackamas sUtlon
has been chiefly the propagation of Chinook salmon
Early In the year upwards of 3,000,000 fry hatched
from eggs taken the previous fall were liberated In
the Clackamas river and a marby creek from which
they gradually work out Into the main river after
becoming accustomed to their new environment and
perhaps develop to a higher degree the Instinct of
self-preservation so necessary when coping with
their numerous natural enemies In the open waters.
About 200,000 of the Chinooks were fed until reach-
ing a length of from one and one-half to two Inche*
As a variation of the ordinary liver and mush diet
the experiment of feeding fresh smelt was Inau^r-
ated Preparation consisted first of boiling the fish
and then pouring off the oily substances rising to
the surface, after which they were ground and put
under pressure to extract the water, and then run
through a fine screen. The young salmon relished
and did well on this food. It is understood that
the Oregon Fish Commission has found In the
smelt a cheap and satisfactory form of food for flsh-
culaural purposes. The cost Is said to be about one
and one-half cents per pound. When the .smelt riiii
Is on quantities may be taken and placed in cold
storage until required. . ^, , „ .»,i.

The collection of Chinook eggs at Clackamas this
fall aggregated 2.833.600 as against 2.375.430 the
previous season. Low water lessened the take ma-
terially this fall. The stock was increased by a
consignment of 1.100.000 Chinook eggs from the Lit-
tle White Salmon Station. This fall several thou-
sand Chinook fingerllngs of last years hatch were
marked with a piece of silver wire In the anterior
rays of the dorsal fin after the manner previously
described. They were liberated In the Clackamas
river

During the year shipments agregatlng 100.000
eastern brook trout, 50,000 lake trout, and 200.000

Rainbow trout were received and the resulting fry
were deposited In Oregon waters. A shipment of
pike perch eggs (Stizostendlon vltreumi was received
from Michigan the latter part of May. This was the
first attempt to transport pike perch eggs for so
great a distance. Every precaution was taken to
make the shipment a success. The eggs were at the
best stage of development to withstand transporta-
tion and the method of parking was of the most ap-
proved type. Upon unpacking, after a Journey of six
days, at least sixty per ceni, of the eggs were dead,
while the remainder either died or hatched prema-
turely within a few hours, and the shipment resulted
In a total loss. In view of this unfavorable outcome,
notwithstanding the precautions taken to insure the
success of the undertaking. It Is hardly pmbable that
pike perch eggs ever can be shipped across the con-
tinent successfully, at least, unless other than ordi-
nary methods are employed in their transportation.
The period of incubation Is go short and the eggs
are of such a delicate character that further efforts
along this line with present means at command seem
futile.

Operations for the collection of Shad eggs were
begun June 20, on the Willamette river, near Oregon
I'lty, and continued through the early part of July.
The run of Shad was good, as high as 200 being
taken in a single short drift with a net 600 feet
long and 20 feet deep. A peculiar feature was the
absence of fully matured fish, although many were
taken which yielded a few thousand eggs. This year
1,311,000 eggs were taken, a slight decrease from
the previous season's take. The collection of Shad
eggs at this point began in 1906. Shad were first
introduced on the Pacific Coast In 1871 when 10,000
fry from the Hudson river. New York, were de-
posited In the Sacramento near Tehama. Subse-
quent plants up to 1880 aggregated 600,000 fry. In
1885 and 1886 plants totaling 910,000 Shad fry were
made In the Columbia river. Shad, however, were
taken In the Columbia 7 or 8 years prior, evidently
having migrated from California waters. The species
has since been observed as far north as Cook Inlet
In Alaska. The abundance of Shad on the Pacific
Coast is too well known to elicit comment at the
present writing. The thought occurs, however that
In view of the decline of the valuable Shad fish-
ery on the Atlantic seabord it is not predicting the
Improbable to .say that before long we may be pre-
sented with the unique spectacle of efforts to re-
stock waters on the Atlantic coast originally the
Shad's natural habitat, by transplanting of fry from
the wonderfully prolific colonization of the species
on the Pacific Coast. Present. l;i\ i ..iniHiDns nn the
east coast are almost wholly fail-

ure of the states to ena< ' lale

measures looking to the pr A

notable exception In this c i ili Caro-

lina, where the results of ..■ ve action

a few years ne" hnv .iii. nifiMt In

greatly Impi Al-

bemarle Soun ' '"e

situation In i., .... ,..; , ^.,. - 1 .icittc

Coast may note the induenoe of legiBlallve action
upon the fisheries.

At the Caiadero station coll •"" 'irated

405.600 Coho, 1,070,000 Ste.lli. ad :■ lOok

eggs. The unusually liKlit lake <•'■ due

to the poor run resulting from !"» \\ai<r. pirilcu-
larly at the mouth of the Clackamas. During sea-
sons when the water Is reasonably high a good run
Is assured, but low water means that relatively few
fish will enter from the Willamette. The recent
completion of an SS-foot <lam on the Clackamas. 4
miles below Cazadero, n.i essltateil moving t'
ery this fall to a point below th.- dam 'I'
ought to result in nn increased lake of egjir
tofore manv fish spawned naturally hetw. . ' >i
dero and the new site 4 miles below. Tin ■ ti.ii
Is a succession of canyons and niplds an.l Mti?i..i
be fished. . .

Early In the year a new substation was estab-
lished on Applegate creek. 8 miles west of Grants
Pass, and the season's work resulted in the excellent
take of 825.160 Coho and 3.120.600 Steelhead eggs.
During the past fall the capacity of the station has
been Increased by the construction of additional
troughs, and ponds have been excavated In wtii' li
to hold adult fish while ripening, A rather unique
method was adopted whereby moat of the fish wire
caught. A dam at this point Intercepts their pass-
age upstream, and after noting the place where they
Jumped the most persistently in their endeavor to
ascend the stream, a trough was so placed that when
the fish Jumped they fell back Into It and were
automatically carried to a live pen whence they
were from time to time transferred to the retaining
Inclosurcs. , ....

An investigation In 1910 of Fish lake, situated
on the divide between the Rogue and I'mpqua rivers
and draining Into the south fork of the Umpqua.
led to the conclusion that this body of water and
Its tributary streams presents a good field for the
collection of black spotlnl trout eggs. Accordingly
preparations were made I ist spring to undertake the
work. However, as late as May 20 it was found Im-
possible on account of .snow to cross the divide from
the Rogue river station near Trail. The outfit was
shipped back to Kiddle and finally after many dif-
ficulties the lake was r«^(hed June 3 by the way
of Drew. Traps and racks were at once Installed
In various tributary streams, but. owing to the laie
season and high waters from melting snows, rela-
tively few spawnluK trout were taken, while many
of the larger fish were spent. Part of the 23r.,700
eggs which reoultid from this work were transferred
to the Rogue river station. Another season, opera-
tions will be \indertaken at an earlier date if pos-
sible.

The year's work at the Rogue river statWil In-
cluded the collection of 4.830.000 Clilnoik salmon,
357.000 Steelli.ad and 39.000 black-spot f. 1 trout eggs.
The fry from the 2.483,000 Steelhead • ggs received
from Applegate creek station were al.so planted In
Rogue river waters. The take of Chinook salmon
Is the best for many years. The closing of Rogue
river to net fishing during the past two years has
been a decided benefit to fish culture. A eontlniia-

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

PACIFIC FISHEIRMAN

Issued on the 5th of Each Month

Devoted Exclusively to the Commercial Fisheries of

the Pacific Coast.

Published by
Faoifio Trade Freis Oorporatlon

A. V. COMINGS, Editor
MILLER FREEMAN, Manager

Suite 101 Qrand Trunk Fler, Seattle, IT. S, A.

United States and Mexico, per year $4.00

Canada and Foreign Countries in Postal Union 4.50
Single Copies 35

All changes and new copy for advertisements

must be furnished prior to the 15th of each month.

Entered as second-class matter May 5, 1903, at
Seattle. U. S. A.

Hon of the combined forces of protection and propa-
gation is bound to manifest itself in greatly im-
proved conditions at no very distant time.

Through the spring consiilerabie attention was de-
voted to tlie experimental feeding of 300,000 Chinook
salmon fry on canned salmon prepared especially
for the purpose. In the process of canning, the food
was ground to a fine pulp. Before feeding it was
necessary to work it tlirough a small mesh screen,
and at the same time care was exercised to pour
oft and remove as much oil as possible. The young
salmon soon learned to take the food readily and
for some time appeared to thrive, but after four or
five weeks they lost their thrifty and active appear-
ance.. They continued to take the food readily, but
evidently it did not give them the proper nourish-
ment. Feeding continued for 57 days, during the first
19 days of which the loss was 7 2-3 per cent, while
thereafter the ratio of loss steadily increased. Pre-
vious experiments in feeding a straight diet of canned
salmon have resulted similarly, but where it has
been frequently and regularly alternated with other
food such as liver and mush, results have been sat-
isfactory.

Last August a new field station was opened on
tlie Rogue river at Grants Pass, and during the
fall the excellent take of 5,726,000 Chinook salmon
eggs was secured. This new station bids fair to
rank among the best in Oregon. Operations at other
points included a take of 440,000 Steelhead eggs on
Eagle creek, a tributary of the Clackamas river,
while 345,200 eggs of the same species were ob-
tained on the Illinois river near Selma. As a result
of collections during the fall and winter of 1910,
plants of 639,000 Chinook and 189,000 Coho fry oc-
curred last spring at the latter station.

CAl^IPOBHZA,

Opcraiicns in California were in the main confined
to the propagation of Chinook salmon on waters
tributary to the Sacramento. As for several years
past stations were operated on the MoCloud river at
Baird, on Battle creek near Anderson, and Mill creek
at Tehama. In addition, a new station for the propa-
gation of Rainbow trout was operated at Hornbrook.
The California work was under the local direction of
Mr. G. H. Lambson, with headquarters at Baird.

Collections of Chinook eggs fell below the average,
being 7,676,900 at Baird, 11,590.000 at Battle Creek,
and 10,183,000 at Mill Creek, or less than thirty mil-
lion all told. This rather light take was due to
unfavorable stages of the streams where operations
were conducted. At Baird, extreme and long con-
tinued high water in the spring prevented the in-
stallation of racks until after many salmon had
passed upstream, while at Battle creek and Mill
creek, where only the fall run is handled, condi-
tions were reversed, the water being so low that but
relatively few fish entered the hatchery streams.

At Hornbrook 2,298,450 eggs were secured. As is
often the case in handling wild trout, considerable
difficulty was experienced in obtaining a sufficient
number of ripe males during the earlier part of the
run. On the Truckee river near Sparks, Nevada,
about 600,000 black-spotted trout eggs were taken.
This work is subsidiary to the general salmon op-
erations in California.

Several years ago the propagation of striped bass
was successfully undertaken at Bouldin Island, al-
though owing to physical difllculties egg collections
were not large. It is proposed to revive this work
at a point where conditions appear more favorable,
a site on the Feather river near Live Oak now being
under consideration. The striped bass is regarded
as one of the best food and game fishes on the
Pacific Coast. It is a native of the Atlantic and its
establisljment on the western seaboard has resulted
solely from two transplantings made by the federal
government. In 1S79 there occurred near San Fran-
cisco a plant of striped bass, mostly under 3 inches
long, from the Navesink river. New Jersey. Again
in 1883 a deposit of 300 small fish from the Shrews-
bury river, also in New Jersey, was made near the
same place. The acclimatization of the striped bass
on the Pacific Coast may be pointed to as one of
the most noteworthy achievements in this line of
endeavor.

During the winter of 1910-1911 a plant of 750.000
Coho salmon fry from the Klamath river was made
in the Sacramento at Redding. From all available
records in these waters, and since the Coho does
not naturally frequ'nt the Sacramento, the possi-
bility of a return from this experimental planting is
a .valted with interest.

M asurements of spawned Chlnooks at Baird and
at Baitle creek seem to Indicate that the fish at the
latter .station are slightly the larger. The maximums
are re.spectlvely, males 4,5.5 and 50 Inches; females,
30.5 and 35.7 inches.

During the summer Dr. Charles W. Greene of the
University of Missouri, continued at Baird his study
of the salmon. The distribution of fats with par-
ticular reference to the function of the pyloric
eoeca, was made a special inquiry. The results of
this work will be published by the Bureau of Fish-
eries.

The old idea that in the propagation of salmon
larger fish can be produced by selecting the larger
males for fertilizing the eggs is now questioned. Dr.
C. H. Gilbert states that since the larger males are
only the older fish nothing will be accomplished to-
wards producing a larger race by the exclusion of
the smaller males.

The recent development of large irrigation pro-
jects on the Sacramento river has become a menace
to salmon propagation in these waters. In their
Journey downstream after being released at the
hatcheries 300 miles or more from the sea. great
numbers of small fish are carried into the in-
takes of the ditches and soon are cast upon the
ranchers' fields. Large extensions of irrigation work
may be expected and soon the loss of fry will be
so great as to make it impossible to maintain the
run of salmon. Screens sufllclently fine to prevent
the entrance of small fish catch such quantities of
debris that their use is often impracticable. Recent
investigations by the California Fish Commission
shows that there is also a considerable loss of young
salmon caught in small ponds, which dry up after
the spring noods. It would seem that a remedy lies
in reieasmg the fry at a point below the intakes of
tlie irrigation ditches, if plants are not made so
close to salt water as to reduce too greatly that
period of residence in fresh water necessary to the
welfare of the young salmon-

ftT.ftBTT*.

The bureau's fish cultural operations in Alaska
were continued as in the past at Afognak and Yes
bay. The run of Sockeye salmon at Afognak was
some what lighter this summer than usual, limit-
ing the take to 30,520,000 eggs, or less than half the
capacity of the hatchery. In addition, 6,472,000
Humpback and 224,700 Coho eggs were taken. It is
the intention hereafter to expand the propagation
of Humpback salmon. Although mis valuable fish
is still numerous in flie waters of Alaska, steps
must soon be taken to conserve the supply before
too great inroads have been made by the demands
of commercial fishing. The time has arrived when
the artificial propagation of Humpback salmon in
Southeastern Alaska is highly necessary, and a Hsli-
cultural station devoted to this work is certainly
most desirable. At Alognak several million Sockeye
eggs were taken tliis year from waters tributary to
Malena bay and transported overland to the hatch-
ery on the Afognak side. An expansion of this work
is in contemplation. Fry liave been released from
the Afognak station for only three seasons hence
results therefrom are hardly to be expected before
another year has elapsed.

This fall the matchery at Yes bay was filled to
its capacity of 72,000,000 Sockeye salmon eggs. The
fall of 1910 this maximum was first secured; in the
four years' operation prior to that time the run
had not been of sufficient proportions to permit fill-
ing the hatchery. There are good reasons to believe
that the large take of eggs the last two seasons is a
concrete benefit from the propagation work begun
at this point in the fall of 1905. A consignment of
2,000,000 eggs was sent this season to Oregon for
Columbia river waters.

At Yes bay special attention has been given to
the use of salt as a means of removing dead and
unfertile eggs, and the work has now reached a
high degree of efficiency. The solution is now ap-
plied to eggs freshly taken as well as to eyed eggs.
The advantages of its use are manifold, but its
chief value is in saving labor. Its expeditious ap-
plication permits the prompt elimination of dead
eggs and is thus of great benefit in reducing con-
tamination and infection. Further, it is believed that
the salt solution acts as a tonic or stimulant to the
good eggs. The secret in the practical application
of the salt bath is to get the solution of the proper
strength. The operation is based on the simple fact
that the specific gravity of the good eggs is slightly
greater than that of the bad eggs. The method con-
sists in immersing the eggs in the solution; the
good ones sink while the dead float and are easily
skimmed oft. The process is superior in every way
to the laborious and at times even injurious pick-
ing by hand. A novice will meet most diftlculty in
getting the bath of proper density, for if it is too
weak all the eggs will sink, and if too strong all
will remain afioat. The balance is so sensitive that
the fresh water which adheres to a basket of eggs
as it Is lifted from the hatchery trough to the re-
ceptacle containing the solution is sufficient to affect
the result with succeeding baskets unless a little
of the stock solution is added every few minutes.
However, after some experience the operator can
easily regulate this condition. A salinometer for
testing the density of the solution is a useful ad-
junct. This in.strument is merely a sealed glass
tube weighted at one end which floats vertically in
the solution. A scale within the tube gives the
readings for density. Tests can also be made by
trying a few eggs, both good and bad, as the solu-
tion is being mixed.

At Yes bay it is customary to wait until five or
ten million eggs are far enough advanced to stand
moderate concussion, which is as soon as the line of

the embryo shows plainly upon being held up to
the light. They are then stirred thoroughly with
the hand thus causing the unfertile eggs or "emp-
ties" to die and turn white. When first killed the
unfertile eggs are as heavy as the good eggs, hence
it is necessary to wait three days before the solu-
tion will not work well if there is much sediment.
A basket is taken from the hatching trough and is
drained for a few moments. It is then immersed
until the rim is nearly level with the surface of
the solution. All the eggs rise but soon the good
settle and the rim of the basket is then shoved be-
neath the surface and drawn to one side, leaving
the poor eggs floating in the solution. The entife
operation does not take over two or three minutes.
If perchance the brine is too weak or too strong, or
if for other reason the operation has been unsatis-
factory, the process should not be repeated until the
following day with that particular basket. Two ex-
perienced men can handle ten million Sockeye eggs
in a day. If the eggs are at all poor, at least twenty
pickers will be required to accomplish the same
amount of work. The process has during the past
season been applied with great success to the lake
trout work on the Great Lakes. There is no reason
why it should not be extended to all branches of
trout and salmon culture.

The taking of salmon eggs by the methods of in-
cision Is now exclusively practiced at the federal
fish-cultural stations on Pacific Coast waters. This
process consists of killing the ripe female salmon
by a blow on the head, following which an incision
is made in the wall of the abdomen from the pectoral
fins to the vent. The knife is not inserted far enough
to injure any of the eggs. The method of incision
possesses marked advantages over the old process
of forcible expression by hand. In the latter, manj
eggs were ruptured by the heavy pressure often
necessary in forcing them out. A waste of good
eggs left in the folds of the organs within the fish
occurred, while on the other hand eggs but partially
mature and hence incapable of development were
often torn from the ovaries in the stripping process.
Even when so ripe that the eggs flow freely from
the vent without pressure there are usually a few
immature eggs in the ovaries. These immature
eggs cannot develop and are only a nuisance in the
hatchery, adding to the labor and spread of infec-
tions. When taken by incision the only eggs se-
cured are those fully ripe and at the same time no
good eggs need be left within the body cavity. The
hand of the operator is usually inserted to lift up
the organs in which the eggs are more or less en-
folded. Effective results cannot be obtained unless
the incision is made clear from the pectoral fins to
the vent. The entire operation requires less time
than stripping by hand pressure. Bleeding the fish
by cutting off the tail or head before excision of
the eggs has been practiced occasionally. Experi-
ments have clearly demonstrated that such procedure
is entirely unnecessary as the few drops of blood
occasionally getting into a pan of eggs will cause no
harm whatsoever. The value of taking salmon eggs
by the plan of incision is so well established that
the old method is no longer acceptable.

An important feature of the work in Alaska was a
continuation of the count of Sockeye salmon running
up Wood river. The problem involved is to ascer-
tain for a series of years the number of fish reach-
ing the spawning grounds. By adding to this num-
ber the number caught by fishermen in the bay. con-
clusions may be reached in due course whereby the
escapement of breeding salmon necessary to main-
tain future runs can be determined. A barrier is
constructed across Wood river, and the salmon are
counted as they pass through gates provided for
the purpose. The results of the count for four years,
the number caught by fishermen, and the percentage
of escape will be found in the following:

Caught No. Percentage

by Counted in of

Year Fishermen Wood River Escape

1908 9,000,000 2,600,000 29

1909 5,800,000 893,000 15

1910 5,000,000 670,000 13

1911 2,800,000 350,000 12

As a result of the data from the Wood river
studies, it is hoped that definite standards can be
established for regulating future fishing, so that
fishermen may have all the surplus over and above
the escapement of fish neces.sary to perpetuate the
supply. Assuming that the four-year cycle is cor-
rect, there ought to be returns next year from the
1908 run. Thus, the catch next season, plus the
number which will be counted as escaping up Wood
river to the spawning grounds, will represent the re-
turn from 2,600,000 counted as the escapement of
1908. Continued study for a series of years along
this line is certain to be productive of great benefit
to all concerned.

■ PACIFIC FISHERMAN 7

r Canned Salmon Pack by Years, Puget Sound, Alaska and British Columbia

PACK OF CANNED SALMON ON PUOET SOUND FROM 1887 TO 1911 BY SPECIES.

1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911

TEIAR

Num-
ber Of
Can-
neries

4
2

1

2

2

2

S

7

11

12

18

19

19

21
22
13
24
16
14
11
24
16
20

SPRING
Cases Value

240
1,000

382

86

1.200

1.642
13.495

9.500
11.200
24.364
22,850

30.049

14,600

14,441

1.804

8,139

1,814

95.210

13.019

10.064

21.823

1.200
6.000
2,101
473
6,480

7.325

67.475

39.045

50.624

103,180

134.100

160.245
72.600
69.262
9.922
48.834
16.226

666.470
72,604
60.324

172,582

SOCKETB
Cases Value

6.538

2.954

47.862

41,781

65.143

72.979

312.048

252,000

499.646

229,800

372.301
167.211
109.264
825.463
178.748
93.122
170,961
1.097,904
248.014
127.769

I 24,921

11,816

103.371

188.014

273,108

350,299

1,248.192

1.058.400

2.368,334

1.149.000

2,047.655
1.003.260

653.871
4,952.718
1,251.236

698.416
1,196.667
6.182.300
1.673.096
1.168.146

COHOB
Cases Value

7.480

3.000

5,869

7.206

11,812

22.418

60.866

82,640

91.900

98.600

111.287

128.200

85,817
103,460
118.127
79.336
94.497
119.472
128.922
143.122
162.766
266.124

CHUM
Cases Value

27.4001

16,000

19,268

14,500

69,060

89.672

164.218

264.448

282.122

125.240

418,176

612,800

429,085
412.800
447,851
237.174
472.486
476.288
644.922
610.446
896,163
1,591,186

1,146
4.000
3,091
16,180
11.380
22.152
18.786
16.660
22.310
28.400
21.481
89.100

93.492

12.001

49.666

41.057

149.218

60.249

47.607

63.688

146.942

104.121

I 3.436
12.000
10.825
66.620
11.296
60.918
94.741
72.013
64.103
106.600
86,427
246,025

467,460
20.002
124.264
102.641
708.781
150.847
142.821
128,916
614,297
191.121

PINK
Casea Value

1.809

5.647

17,510

9.041

11.611

67.268

■ 251.711

181.126

70.992

422,422

6,«75

170,991

108

1,046,9*1

1 7,514

16,246

47.111
14.412

62.666

171.804
"714,141'

407,984

111.976

1,100.269

18.226

902.242

288

4.101,144

TOTAL
Cases Value

11.000

11.976

11.674

8.000

20.619

26.416

81.111

15.400

179.968

196.664

494.026

400.200

919.611

461.460

1.280.690

681.669

478.488

291.488

1.018.641

410,601

6*8.080

448.766

1,611,949

567.881

1.117.91*

116.166
49.61*

11,000

71,461

»l,41*

147,617

161,016

6*1,*48

756,116

1.805,177

1, 541.864

1.710.168

I.940.925

3.094.446
1.927.646
1.296.118
6.615.411
2.481.226
2,642.146
2.669.095
7.917.608
1.141.166
7,717,614

PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN ALASKA FROM 1898 TO 1911, BY SPECIES.

L, YEAR

Coho, or Silver

DoK, or

Chum

Humpback, or Pink

Kins, or

Sprlnif

Red. or Sockere

ToUl

I^K..

Cases

Value

Cases

Value

Cases

Value

Cases

Value

Owes

Value

Cmmm

Value

IP

64.711
39,402
50.984
65.509
82,723

120,506
85,741
67.194

109,141
86,190
68.827
66.556

114.026

129.704

6,184

1,931

80.012

47.464

159.849

16.052

21,178

41.972

254.812

184.173

218.513

120,712

254.218

803.823

lOl.tt*
149.15*
211,011

641,427
649,602
166,799
299.331
168.597
348.297
661.972
644.123
464.873
664.322
1.021.356

12.862
21.400
17.715
41.069
69.104
47.609
41.966
42.125
20.834
43.424
23,730
48.034
40.221
46.378

781,941
8*4.264

1.197,406
1.119.135
1.686.646
1.687.244
1.606.548
1.674.428
1.476.961
1.296.112
1.651.770
1.706.202
1.460.267
1.320,706

**S,**T

1,078,146
1,648,11*
1.016.804
2.526.824

2.246.210
1.951.751
1.894.616
2.219.044
2.169.871
2.606.971
1.196.477
2,411,064
1,110.96*

1901

1 902

i«jo3 !*''*!*

1904

"»2i6,'875
382,109
337.384
274.089
231.029
559.666
762.283

iV.iii.VVV

6.620.876
5.916.227
7.524.261
7.610.660
7.774.190
8.552,512

1905

1113.056
730.236
547.757
554.197
274.110
773.409

1,215.692

i 498.194
1.046.951
1.799.280
1.713.379!
1,114,819
1.764.065
4,4*1,9*6

1141.999
116.222
181.718
99.867
207.624
214.802
363.024

1 6.104.671

1906

7.816.192

1907

8.781.166

1908

10.116.782

1909

*,4St.l62

1910

11,016.222

1911

1«.1**.I1S

PACK OF CANNED SALMON ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM THE INCEPTION OF THE INDUSTRY TO 1911.

••!6

;m;7
im;8
;^>;9

70

:i

■ T2
73
74

75

IM6
ls77
1^78
1^79
I sSO
IsSl
1--S2
1^83
1VS4
lvS5
lvS6

1 ^^T
I ^^^

1 sVO

• V '.1 3

-■•:!

I

1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903

1904

' I ' .5

..M>7

11108
i:<09

"MO

11

TEAR

Num-
ber of
Can-
neries

10

30
29

28
21
21
22
24
34
24
24
24
22
21
17
1*

14
16
20
19
19
19
14
16
15
16

Chinook

Cases Value

266,697
336.604
363.907
344.267
288.773
351.106
444.909
370.948
432.763
329.666
266.824
262,392

270.580
301.762
220.378
327.106
311.334
258,431
210.096
162.111
244.286
405.8621

11.600.182
1.946.087
2.088.566
1.996.288
1.659.374
1.895.976
2.428.668
1,840.511
1.804.221
1.490.394
1.468.176
1.821.268

1.428.743
1.610.614
1.944.690
1.962.686
1.868.007

Blueback

Cases Value

17,797
67.345
16.482
66.647
10,459
41.814
18.015
16.981
12.972
66,670
21.969
18.162

1.203.646
1.882.187 II
2.204,18611

II
II

17.087
8.181
12.911
7,768
7.816
5.504
8.581
•27.908
6.214
6,988

ToUl

1101.061

290.069

284.242

172.90*

152.2*6

224.410

86.622

81.518

51.888

300.016

134.723

92.184

86.465
42.867
78.048
46.608
54.712

214.661

14,287
47,9041

Bllversldes

Cases Value

4,176
29,107
42.768
99.601
44.108
60.860
65.431
29.608
44.926

10.612
12.181
11.254
26,126
41.44*
11.767
81,411
42,178
68,122
7*,416

Vog or Chum

Cases Value

1 20.880
116.428
171.032
329.682
141.146
197.762
222.466
112.056
202.163

44.732

49.869

118.357

114.011

124.111

2.111

22.493

11.17*
17.696

186.070
161.688 j
649,47|l

10.401
10.000
20.691
25.751
27.802
22.666
16.884
24.642
66.618
51.471

1 6.911

62.691

11.826

62.706

41.604
87.600
52.691
66.206
61.506

67.116
222.883
201.19*

Steelhead Trout

Cases Value

25.191
42.826
29,564
72,148
66.226
62,422
41.678
49.661
46.146
26,277
11.994
20.697

S.691
7.151
9.868

9 S22
(1.500
5.921
10,726
17,288
(.43<S
8.594

1108.687
171.100
118.166
288.892
260,904
201,618
202.542
198.652
166.440
60.352
29.1 <>6
10! 185

42.966
16.256
48,«»:

41,110
32,600

99,7*6
11.202
47,11*

Total

Cases Value

4,000
18,000
18.000
100,000
160,000
100.000
160.000
260.000
260.000
275.000
460.000
180.000
460.000
480,000
610,0*0
660,000
541,100
629.400
620.000
661.100
448.600
166.000
172.477
209.885
486.774
298.953
487.838
415.876
490.100
614.696
481,697
662.721
417.944
112.774
158.772
390.181
117.141
119.577
196.104
197.271
194.898
124,171
161.141
7174.087
191.416
54^111

16.960.199

• Of these. 2
t 55 Cases of

846 cases, valued at 123.201. were packed with Spckeyca brouRht from Pujet ^und.
Humpbacks, valued at 1112, were also packed with Humpbacks brought from Puget Sound.

t •4,000
281,000
192,000
1,160,000
1.800.000
1.100,000
1.326.000
2.260.000
2.626.000
2.260.000
2.476,000
2.062.000
2.100,000
2,640.000
2.660.000
2.476.000
2.600.000
1.147,0*«
2,>1 6,0*0
2.600,000
2.116.000
2.124,000
2.214.861
1.801.82*
2.407.46*
2.440,*64
2.67*,069
2.0**,*14
2,(01,12*
1,110,997
2.261.826
2.219,111
2,071,22*
1.777.976
2.212.296
1,942,660
1,644.509
1.777.106
2.242.678
2,227.571
2,149.062
1,762.490
1,280.708
1.760.088
2.644.198
tl.062.1':4

t94.79J,ttl

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

Pacific Coast Canned Salmon Pack, 1864 to 1911

YEAB

Puget
Sound
Cases.

Grays
Harbor
Cases.

Willapa
Harbor
Cases.

Columbia
River
Cases.

Coastal

Streams

of Oregon

Cases.

Smith

River, Cal.

Cases.

Klamath

River, Cal.

Cases.

Eel River,

Cal.

Cases.

5acrament<
River
Cases.

Alaska
Cases.

BrlUsh

Columbia

Cases.

Total
Cases.*

1864

2,000

2,000

4,000
18,000
28,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
250,000
350,000
375,000
450,000
380,000
460,000
480,000
530,000
550,000
541,300
629,400
620,000
553,800
448,500
356,000
372,477
309,885
435,774
398,953
487,338
415,876
490,100
634,696
481,697
552,721
487,944
332,774
358,772
390,183
317,143
339,577
395,104
397,273
394,898
324,171
253,341
274,087
391,415
543,331

4,000

18,000

.

28,000

100,000

_ . .

150,000

.:::...::: :;::;;::::

200,000

250,000

250,000

2,500

3,000

10,000

21,500

34,017

13,855

62,000

181,200

200,000

123,000

81,460

90,000

39,300

36,500

68,076

57,300

25,065

10,353

2,281

23,336

28,463

25,185

13,387

38,543

29,731

32,580

39,304

17,500

14,043

8,200

14,407

2,780

352,500

378,000

1 S7fi

7,247
58,387
89,946
61,093
61,849
169,676
240,461
163,438
123,706
108,517
152,964
204,083
184,040
417,211
411,257
314,511
248,721
610,202
492,232
587,692
617,782
1,027,183
492,651
765,519
606,540
1,247,212
627,161
473,847
465,894
1,167,822
629,460
547,459
566,303
993,060
760,830
948,966

467,247

1 877

5,600

238

1,300

5,100

8,500

7,900

1,500

5.500

12.000

17,000

22,000

21,976

11,674

8,000

20,529

26,426

89,774

95,400

179,968

195,664

494,026

400,200

919,611

469,450

1,380,590

581,659

478,488

291.488

1,018,641

430,602

698,080

448,765

1,632,949

567,883

1,557,029

7,804
16,634

8,571

7,772
12,320
19,186
16,156
12,376

9,310
49,147
73,996
92,863
98,800
47,009
24,500
83,600
52,778
54,815
77,878
87,360
60,158
75,679
82,041
12,237
58,618
44,236
54,861
98,874
89,055
107,332
79,712
52,478
58,169
103,617
153,828

8,500
10,500

481,691

5,420

4,277

8,169

12,530

6,539

8,977

21,745

48,337

64,886

83,415

142,065

206,677

412,115

719,196

682,591

801,400

474,717

643,654

686,440

626,630

966,707

909,078

965,097

1,078,146

1,548,139

2,016,804

2,536,824

2,246,210

1,953,756

1,894,516

2,219,044

2,169,873

2,060,973

2,395,477

2,413,054

2,820,066

629,191

1879

577,349

7,500

6,250

687,010

930,573

1,030,592

981,831

907,918

857,042

1886

848,976

899,256

Iggg

37,000

22,500

2,347

4,400

1,217,792

1,614,066

1,609,696

500
16,500
22.000
21,400
11,449
21,274
13,300
12,100
24,240
30,800
41,500
31,600

8,000
14,500
16,195
15,100
22,600
24,941
29,600
21,420
21,314
26,300
34,000
39,492

5,890
26,400
14,950
14,440
13,382
20,457
12,024
14,508
25,850

1,578,746

1892

1,354,083

1,500
1,500
2,250

1,600
1,700
1,600

1,876,915

1894

1,887,150

2,169,848

1896

2,408,812

3,124,609

1898

2,484,722

1,600

3,257,825

1900

3,091,542

5 186,407

1902

2,500

4 194 558

3,607,073

1904

27,559
22,050
22,000
14,000
14,000
19,787
51.130
61,671

3,400

3,276,882

4,607,087

1906 . .

3,817,776

3,522,506

1908

3,962,317

5,633
8.016
7,604

5,393,670

1910

6,000

4,316,453

4,142

6,140,887

12,105,409

520,180

443,803

17,603,530

1,983,770

19,374

38,053

31,250

1,356,997

36,389,737

16,644,721

86,744,598

♦ Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case.

RECAPITULATION— ALASKA SALMON PACK.

KINGS.

REDS.

COHOES.

PINKS.

CHUMS.

TOTAL.

All Sizes.

1-lb. Tails.

1-lb. Flats.

V4-lb. Flats.

1-lb. Tails.

1-lb. Plats.

H-lb. Flats.

All Styles.

All Styles.

28,075

15,862

1,441

668,585
412,647
188,631

578
'33,829

'l'6',436

11,585
17,326
88,144

I'l'.OSS

V,566

27,347

24,143

969,866

10,969

2,008

290,846

747,139

471,986

1,601,841

Central

Total

45,378

1,269,863

34,407

16,435

117,056

11,083

1,566

1,021,356

303,823

2,820,966

PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN ALASKA, BY DISTRICTS, FROM THE INCEP-
TION OF THE INDUSTRY.

YEAR

Southeast Alaska

Central Alaska

Western Alaska

Total

Can- 1 Pack
neriesi Cases

Can- Pack
neries Cases

Can-
neries

Pack
Cases

Can-
neries

Pack

Cases

1890

12

11

7

8

7

7

9

9

9

9

16

21

26

21

12

13

20

22

23

19

23

S3

142,901
156,615
115,722
136,053
142,544
148,476
262,381
271,867
251.385
310,219
456,639
735,449
906,676
642,305
569,003
433,607
767,285
887,503
1,011,648
862,870
1,066,399
1,601,841

19

14

6

11

10

10

12

13

14

14

14

13

12

12

11

9

8

8

8

8

10

12

421,300
511,367
295,496
399,815
435,052
327,919
485,990
382,899
395,009
356,095
492,223
562,142
583,690
417,175
499,485
371,755
473,024
522,836
425,721
391,054
432,517
471,986

4

6

2

3

4

6

8

7

7

9

12

21

26

27

32

25

19

18

19

18

19

19

118,390

133,418

63,499

107,786

108,844

150,135

218,336

254,312

318,703

411,832

599,277

719,213

1,046,458

1,186,730

885,268

1,089,154

978,735

759,534

1,169,604

1,151,563

914,138

747,139

35
30
15
22
21
23
29
29
30
32
42
55
64
60
55
47
47
48
50
45
52
64

682,591

1891

801 400

1892

474,717
643 654

1893

1894

686,440
626 530

1895

1896

966,707
909,078
965,097
1,078,146
1,648,139
2,016,804
2,536,824
2,246,210
1,953,756
1,894,516
2,219,044
2,169,873
2,606,973
2,395.477
2,413,054
2,820,966

1897

1898

1899 ■

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Total

12,249,061

10,243,725

13,473,851

36,390.637

1911 SALMON CATCH.

The following figures show the total catch
of salmon on the Pacific Coast in 1911 ex-
clusive of the quantities which were sold
fresh in local markets.

Form. No. of lbs. Value.

Canned 294,762,576 $34,303,287

Mild cured 16,296,800 1,711,900

Frozen 8,393,000 667,382

Salted 3,443,200 166,900

Smoked 2,000,000 100,000

324,895,576 $36,949,469

• Experimental pack.

PACIFIC FISHERMAN
1911— RECAPITULATION CANNED SALMON PACK— 1911,

DISTRICT.

Alaska

Puget Sound . . .
British Columbia
Columbia River .
Outside Rivers ■

Total

KINGS, SPKINQS,
CHINOOKS.

1-Ib.
TaUs.

46,878
10,008
38,699
144,764
58,462

a»7,a9i

l-lb.
Flats.

H-lb.
Flats.
8 dos.

RKDS. SOCKEYES.
BL.UEBACK8.

COHOES.
SILVER8IDES.

PINKS.
HUMPBACKS.

6,987

2.255

107.052

13.443

128,787

5.828

7.602

164.066

34.300

801,686

l-lb.
FUU.

l-lb.
Flats.

VI -lb.
Flats.
8 dos.

l-lb.
Talla

l-lb.
Flats.

Vj-lb,
Flats.
8 dos.

l-lb.
Tails.

lib.
Flats.

H-lb.
Flats.
t dos.

CHUMS,

All
Styles.

STBEL.-
HBAD8. :

All
Styles.

1,269.8621

40.040

69.252

6.988

31,966

34.407)

23.620

247.216

I

1,417,0M1 806,143

16.435
64.209
67.041

117,065

188.487

69,794

14,673

71.708

vni

11,081

30.806

20,811

9,136

4.180

76,018

1,6(6
36.831
29,197
(6,708
14.209

117,811

1.021.366
946.921
212.118

57.179
(8.396

42.8(2
64,734

8,180,8851 86,8741 f^

106,821
98.(21
91,961
63.471

43,2241

H'

8,(94
24

8,618

TOTAL
Districts

2,810.066

1.667.029

948.965

643.331

271,496

6,140,887

1911— CANNED SALMON PACK BY GRADES AND SIZES— 1911
Grades,

Pinks, Humpback 2,373,595 cases Sices

Red, Sockeye, Blueback 1,869,927

cases

Cohoe, Silverside 676,141 cases

King, S|)ring, Chinook 627,714 cases

Chums 592,790 cases

Steelhead 8,618 cases

One pound tall cans 4,978,810 cases

One pound flat cans 605,467 cases

One-half pound flat cans 564,608 cases

For purpoaes of comparison the 1910 pack i8
here, given by grades:

Pinks. Humpbacks 698,815 ca6M

Red, Sockeye, Blueback 2,262,401 cues

Cohoe, Silverside 502,837

King, Spring. Chinook 409.402

Chums 530,990

Steelhead 5,576

SHIPMENTS

OF CANNED SALMON

BY WATEB FROM PUGET SOUND IN

1911.

^^^^^^^^Bk'

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAT

JUNE

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

.*.u8tralla

24,000
12,726

»■■■ 2.666
1.666

WM:

10,T((

240
t4.000

2.41>
16

■nBritish Oceana

^^Rrlttnb Inilln

1

144

'i.ioo

S

iio

416

2.000

^^ritish South Africa

«i,io6

(■"■■1.(60

■ ■ ■ ■ 1,466

iie

■2.466
480

14,466

166

^HFfninil'^r

^nongWong

40

! ! ! ! 1 1 ! ! ■.

27.(00

'5.766
800

■ ■ 1.248

384

60

97

9(6

Jaoanese China

1

^Lprm

960
301.630

"240.666
1.248

i ! ! i ! ! i ! i

62
21.545

20.666

97

1 <AA

2 000

H^ortugiiese Africa

^Mtraits Settlements

ii

;.;;::.:.

1:::::::::

■33,666

P^New Zealand

[I

1 (00

' Costa Rica

Bolivia

Panama

Other British East Indies...

Total \n.

679.(10 1 ( 44.696

10.208 1 ( 696

79,680

( 7,4(6

(1.211

( 2,602

I M4»i» «H

106,87(1 ( 9.(44

SHIPMENTS

OF CANNED SALMON

BY WA

lTER FROM PUGET SOUND— CoatmuecL

^

AUGUST

SKPTEMBER

OCTOBBR

NOVEMBER

DE9CEMBBB

TOTAL

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

Lbs.

Value

Lbs. Value

Lbs.

Value

. U>a.

Value

Australia

Rrltlflh Pnlumbifl.

767.350

■4'.9i6

4(,200
686.604

( 10(.68(

648

(.960
66.192

7((.086

(40

24.144

3,(62

84,00f

1.8((,89l

1(6,(96

92,440

6.783.712

19.200

( 10(.000

26

British Oceana

British India

British South Africa

. ,

2.00(

45.792

" ■ ■ '4.780 ;
190.972

■(o.iio

6.600
125.728
204
(.104 1

] 1

27.600

40.800

403.872

136.896

7.200

3.988.896

19,200

3 2.(00

(.910

(4.(11

11.908

400

(76.807

2.000

2.848

'tu.iii
■7.166

70,000

( ■l'7,476
666

6.600

■634.966
68,126

7.860
168.670

Dutch East Indies

11.(08
7.468

England

Hongkong

1.227.100

■(■((.((O
122.200
471.160
9.600
209.936

■28.866
48.000

162,661

1.497.236

737.976
2.000

Japanese China

1

20.665 266.660
10.400,! 79,200

'(■4,6(6

■ ■ ■ ■ ■2,7(6

■644.326

264,620

3,673.402

29.808

896.816

2,508

62,400

91.640

12.000

280.800
16.080
11.(76

■4(.7(6

20.(26

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

Straits Settlements

Chinese Empire

61.600

4.eis

621.792
17.760

52.639
1.472

33.188:

1.000

13.838

■ ■ ■ ' 2.766
4.000

1.603.484

2.440

24.480

621.936

67,(16

1(4.9(0

t.(7(

422.400

(•,(•0

76.242
196

6 667

Costa Rica

40.760

12.000

280.800

16.0(0

2.538

1.000

23.400

1.630

3.((0

((4

6.802

1.000

23.400

1,630

other British East Indies

11.(76

i.i7(

1.07(

Total

(1.600 i( 4.616

931.16813 78.786

(.866,460 13 413.650 '

4.406.06S 13 42<i.O':S

5.715.6(4 l( e(2.(2( il IS.699.1(2

31.621.065

CANNED SALMON EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES, 1900—1910.

1900 j

1901

1902

1903 1

1904 '

1*06

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Founds 1 Value

Pounds

1

Value

Pounds

Vnlue

Pounds

Value

Europe

18.941.109

1.051.808

1.868.226

664.126

3.882.646

684,466

27,082,370

(1,881,725

98,064

192.918

67.941

390.466

62.634

(2.693.648

31.877,663

2.443.661

1,677,013

863,434

3,681,276

866,663

41,289,600

33.234.663

297.440

160.862

86.671

367.533

83,003

(4.2(0,271

(0.683.651
2.780.844
1,291,998
1,697,846
8.179.161
2,(40.214

47,173,114

32.626,284
242,029
107.907
120.674
<;70,741
224,7(7

(3.991,403

' 1 1

35.410.7681 33.125.197

4.285,4061 37S,«55'

;; >3,fi<»«.«ls
204,.1<i3

21.071.262
1.565.778
1,708,828
3.»il4,862
6.267.446

(1,877.609
132.134

South America

1.756.2141 121.91HII 1 17 .!.■!.•!
1 1,759.2!MI 1:M.7s.3i ]
5.'>I1.,'.H' 444. .'iO.''.:
1,«30.13M 14.';,7:'-^

1S4,;'41

Asia

280,701

467,!n't>

Africa

1 if.y -isjl ]42.2.'.f

ToUI

! 60.363.334

1 (4.(50.7.-

(1.0(6,4>;:

1906

1907

1908

1909 ;: 1910 TOTAL

1

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

h..,i l.UUW

1.004.671

6.1(1.564

641.6(9

28.216.046

1 Value

1 ID, Ms

86.908

439,917

62,696

32.4t(.61(

Pounds Value 1 Pounds Value | Pounds Value

32,061,402
2.069,690
3,499,603
779.415
(,340,346
1.194.291

46.944.414

32.753,643
171,946
249.052
60.173
509.257
103.872

33.847.943

7.766.780
3.062.668
6.669.690
1.419,391
6,719,167
610.429
26.218.106

3 791.4;;
261.1.-;
414.774
106.864
662,206
68,132

(2,183.049

23.028.476
2.209,405
1,461.662
1.(((.702
7.(83.494
447.370

36.117.109

32.207.194 1 44,765,k98| 34.712.182

292.514,892
26.7)13,859
29.1:43.904
2^,041.684
(7.564,024
9.346,470

453,8(4.8((

(27,29(,02«

198,043
123.602
119.6821
705.204
62.911
(3,416.436

2,224.5161 191.561
,"!. 193,812 226,197
1, 694,776 1(3.616

11.568.824 998,219
."•.10.871 B2.693

43.8(0,6(4 (6.314.268

2,418.242

2,290.14 7

2.126.270

5.U3,824

Africa

1,080.576

Total

(41.722.186

10

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

Perpetuating the Pacific Coast Salmon Fisheries

THE salmon run of 1909 was certainly a great
one for the State of Washington and set a
mark that few thought would ever be
equaled. The run of Sockeyes exceeded all expec-
tations and the great run* of Humpbacks completed
one of the greatest seasons ever experienced on
the Puget Sound. The run of Chinook salmon on
the Columbia river was good and the run of
Chinook and Silver Side salmon on Grays and
Willapa Harbors were record breakers. However,
during the season just past more salmon were
packed in the State of Washington than ever be-
fore. While the run of Sockeyes was not large
the great run of Humpbacks and a good run of
Silver Sides enabled the canneries to put up a
record breaking pack on the Puget Sound. Grays
Harbor experienced a great run of Chinook and
Silver Side salmon and the pack of Willapa
Harbor was fair. The Columbia river pack was
the largest in many years. Therefore, the salmon
season of 1911 showed more canned, i)ickled,
smoked and consumed fresh than in any year since
the packing of salmon first began in the year of
1866.

The fishing industry of the State of Washington
is second only to the lumber industry and while
the attention of the whole country has been called
to the conservation of our forests, coal supply and

By JOHN M. CRAWFORD

Washington State Superintendent of Hatcheries.

grounds, it will be only a matter of time until
this species of salmon will have become nearly
extinct.

While the year 1911 was a great one for the
salmon packers and fishermen, it must be borne
in mind that without the enormous run of the
once despised Humpbacks, the season would have
been a very lean one on the Puget Sound. The
large run of the Chinook salmon in the Columbia
river during the season of 1911 proved to all who
take an interest in matters of this kind that the
hatcheries are the salvation of the salmon in-
dustry.

To those who have watched the rearing pond
system and the feeding of the young fry for the
past four or five years at the hatcheries tributary
to the Columbia river, it has been made very
plain that no matter what it costs it is a proper
system and it should be followed out at all hatch-
eries where sufficient land for the building of
ponds and a good water supply can be obtained.
At plants where conditions are unfavorable for
the building of ponds, the eyed eggs should be
shipped to favorable points, and there hatched
and the young salmon Irept and fed until they are
large enough to escape the trout and their other
natural enemies.

During the fall of 1911 the Columbia river was

Tountr Salmon Can^lit in Fueret Sound and Sold as Salmon Trout.

water powers, very little interest has been taken
in the conservation of our salmon by the public
terest should be taken in the preservation of this
industry.

While the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, the State
of Oregon and our own state have been doing
splendid work in the matter of propagating the
different species of salmon that frequent the
waters of the Puget Sound, Willapa Harbor, Grays
Harbor and the Columbia river, this work has
had only the support of those directly interested
in the fishing business.

It is very true that the cannery men, cold stor-
age companies, men engaged in salting and selling
fish fresh and the fishermen are more interested
in this work than are the public at large. It is
also true that when this matter is looked into
carefully it will be found that it vitally concerns
almost every citizen in this state, and if this in-
dustry is to be perpetuated and placed on a safe
basis, the same interest must be taken by the
farmer, merchant, laborer and the professional
man as is taken by those directly interested in
the catching and packing of the fish.

The year 1909 was a big one for the Sockeye
salmon. This large run of Sockeye comes every
four years. However, unless more interest is
taken and more real effort made to allow a suffi-
cient number of these fish to reach their spawning

full of rearing pond salmon making their way to
the ocean. The rearing pond work started by
the Honorable Henry S. McGowan of Chinook,
Washington, has begun to show results and if
enough breeding salmon are allowed to reach their
spawning streams where hatcheries are estab-
lished and where rearing ponds are installed, the
future of the Columbia river as a producer of
Chinook salmon is assured. The natural spawn-
ing streams tributary to the Columbia river above
the Dalles have been nearly all destroyed by the
irrigating ditches and the large returns of 1911
are due to the hatcheries situated on streams
tributary to the Willamette river and to those
tributary to the Columbia river below the Dalles.
Enough salmon have reached the upper tributaries
of the Columbia to have made the returns greater,
but the majority of the young salmon hatched in
these streams have been destroyed by the irrri-
gating ditches.

While it has been claimed by some fish cultur-
ists that the young Sockeye or Blue Hack salmon
do not go to the ocean until nearly a year old
the same fact is true of other species of salmon
that are propogated in the mountain streams near
the head waters of the Columbia river.

A photo that accompanies this article if looked
at carefully will show many young salmon that
will measure three inches or more in length. At

IiOg-glngr Dam Witli ITo Flshway. — This Dam Has
Since Been Frovided Witb a Fishway.

the same time this photo will give an idea of the
enormous destruction of the young salmon by the
irrigating ditches in the tributaries of the Co-
lumbia river east of the mountains.

A large irrigating ditch has many lateral ditches
that distribute the water over a large area of
farming and fruit lands. These young salmon
shown in the photo were taken from one lateral
ditch within a distance of less than two hundred
feet, the main ditch being one of the smallest
taken from the Methow river. Another photo
that accompanies this article shows a string of
trout and more small salmon that are taken from
another lateral ditch tributary to the Methow
river.

Tributary to the Yakima, Wenatchee, Okanogan
and San Poll rivers and other streams east of
the mountains tributary to the Columbia river
there are thousands of these ditches and these
pictures will give some Idea of the loss of the

Fiahway Installed In Power Dam.

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

Younff Salmon Seven Montha In Searinir Fonda.

Toung salmon hatched in these streams. All of
these streams mentioned were at one time great
spawning streams for the Chinook salmon of the
Columbia river.

Kxtensive logging operations on tributaries of
the Columbia river, Willapa Harbor, Grays Har-
bor and Huget Sound have destroyed many of the
spawning beds of the different species of salmon
which frequent the waters of this State, and splash
and power dams have kept thousands from reach
ing their natural spawning grounds.

Still, in spite of all these obstacles and the fact
than an enormous amount of salmon have been
canned, pickled, frozen and consumed fresh, the
Columbia river has produced more salmon during
tlic year 1911 than In many years before.

The complete screening of all irrigating ditches,
Humes, etc., tributary to the spawning streams of
(he salmon, good fish-ways installed in all dams

nstructed on salmon streams, hatcheries or eye-
stations located on every salmon stream, large

itral stations with good rearing ponds where

young salmon can be taken care of and fed

il they are large enough to take care of them-

ves, and with good laws enacted and enforced
the protection of these young salmon, I will

:iture to state that within sixteen years the Co-

ubia will produce as many salmon as it did one
liuiidred years ago.

All this talk of advancing civilization destroy-
ing the industry is rot, pure and simple, and those
who advance this idea have never studied the
situation sufficiently to be competent to give a
proper idea of the conservation of the salmon.

That the advance of civilization will destroy the
salmon If proper steps are not taken to protect
the streams and care for everything pertaining to
the same is true, but that these streams can be

Rearing- Ponds at Chinook Hatchery.

taken care of and protected is also true. It has
been stated that at one time some of the rivers
in Europe were full of salmon, but the natural in-
crease of the population and the installation of
various industries so contaminated the waters
that the salmon disappeared. If this is true, it
must be remembered that at the time mentioned,
the artificial propagation of salmon was never
heard of, that the packing system was not an in-
dustry, no interest was taken whatever in their
preservation and nothing done to keep the spawn-
ing streams free from pollution.

Now this is the time to see that the salmon
streams In this state are protected and that noth-
ing is left undone to protect the salmon, not only
for this, but tor the future generations. Some
will argue that it is better that the future genera-
tions take care of themselves and that we get
everything out of this generation that is possible.
The fishing industry of this state is much larger
than almost anyone would imagine and by properly
caring for the same not only ourselves but our
children after us may find it a great thing to fall
back upon when many of our other resurces are
exhausted. This industry can be preserved and
will be preserved if the public at large will take
an interest in this matter at this time. When the
timber is gone the salmon will still be with us if
the proper methods are taken to conserve the
supply.

Having spent thirty-four years of my life in
every branch of the salmon industry and having
been fortunate enough to secure a practical knowl-
edge of conditions existing tributary to the Co-
lumbia river, Willapa Harbor, Grays Harbor, the
Puget Sound and the Fraser river, I am satisfied
that with proper, practical methods and with good
laws the fishing industry will continue to be one
of the largest assets of this state. However, if
no safe guards are thrown around the Industry
and no support given to those who are striving
to build up the same the salmon will go the way
of the buffalo.

Nature never intended that millions of salmon
should be killed every year. Before the White
Man came the Columbia river, Willapa Harbor,
Grays Harbor and the Puget Sound were full cf
salmon. If these salmon had much more than
reproduced themselves and these thus reproduced
should reproduce so many more. It would have
taken only a tew generations to so fill the Pacific
Ocean with salmon that there would not have been
enough food for a onethousandeth part of the
young salmon propagated in the streams tributary
to the sea. In all things nature has provided
aeainst an overproduction and with the coming of
le White Man the packing of salmon began and
1.13 continued until the amount of salmon taken
from the waters mentioned is so great that nothing
but artificial propogation, the greatest protection
that can be given to the fry so propagated, will
keep up the supply. Enough breeding salmo^
must be allowed to reach their spawning grounds,
and the most practical methods of artificial propa-
gation must be employed. On every salmon

11

stream in this state there should be a hatchery
and all of the try propagated at these plants should
be taken care of at rearing ponds until able to
take care of themselves.

The Cannerymeu's Association ot this state
is in a position to do a great deal to help to con-
serve the supply, and of late there seems to be
a disposition on the part of these gentlemen to
do veryihing they can to encourage and build up
the industry. However, the business man must
also help.

The fisheries ot this state give employment to
more than 12,000 people. Taking as an average
tour people to a family this industry feeds, clothes
and supplies with the necessaries ot lite at least
48,000 men, women and children and every year
tbere are more people engaged in this work.

These 12,000 people do not include the men who
cut the piling for the traps, the teamster who
hauls the same to the waters, the men who fur-
nish supplies of all kinds, the machinists and iron
workers who make and keep in repair the ma-
chinery necessary for the packing ot these fish,
the transportation companies and their employees
who handle the raw and packed material, but just
those people who are actually engaged in the
catching and packing of the fish.

The farmer on the east side of the mountains
furnishes the fiour, fruit and meat to feed this
army of people, the merchant on the west side ot
the mountains furnishes the groceries, boots and
shoes, clothing and other necessaries ot life. While
the farmer on the west side ot the mountains sup-
plis the vegetables and a great many ot the other
necessaries ot life consumed by those engaged
directly and indirectly in the fishing industry.

Almost every industry in the State of Washing-
ton is benefited more or less by the fishing in-
dustry, therefore it is up to all of these people to
take an interest in this great industry and by
their moral support help conserve the same, and
place it on a safe basis.

The trouble is that not enough publicity is given
to this business. Very little attention is paid to
the fishing industry of the state by the farmers,
real estate dealers, fruit growers, merchants, ma-
chinists, dairy men, laborers and professional men.
Yet, all ot these people directly or indirectly profit
more or less from the industry.

How many of these people have the slightest
idea of the number of cases of ?•■'— or- that are
packed in the State of Washingi a year

and what the value ot the samt . . ..ja many
people of this state know the amount of money that
is paid out tor labor and material every year?
How many know the number of salmon that are
caught to put up a season's pack? How many ot
our citizens have the faintest idea of the work
being done by the State Pish Commission to keep
up the supply of the raw material? How many
people know that the hatchery system comprising
twenty salmon hatcheries does not cost the aver-
age tax payer a cent but is kept up by licenses de-
rived from seines, traps, fish wheels, gill nets, set
nets, etc., and that every cannery man pays a tax
to operate his cannery, that every trap man pays
a percentage ot every fish caught by his traps,
that on every case of salmon a tax is paid, that all
the dealers in fresh fish pay a license and that all
of this money so collected goes to build, repair and
maintain the hatcheries of this state. Very few
outside of those directly interested have this
knowledge, and still almost everybody in the state
profits more or less from the output of these hatch-
eries.

The great majority of our people will gay, "What
can we do to help the industry, we are very busy
looking out for our own business and even if we
could spare some of our time what could we do
to help matters. We know nothing about the fish-
ing Industry, and would not be able to accomplish
anything if we tried?"

That is where they are wrong. Everyone should
post themselves on this subject. When Oifford
Pinchot spoke in Seattle of the coal and timber
ot Alaska, the building in which he gave his ad-
dress was jammed and would not accomodate the
people who evidently took a grreat Interest in this
•natter.

It the Honorable ,1. G. Megler (the father of the
hatchery system o fthls state), or the Honorable
Henry S. McGowan, who did as much for the rear-
ing pond system, or the Honorable George M.
Bowers, United States B1sh Commissioner, should
deliver a comprehensive lecture on the conserva-
tion of the salmon of the State of Washington,
they would talk to empty benches. Still the
importance of the fishing industry ot this state
is such that all citizens should take as much
interest in it as they do in the conservation of
coal and timber in Alaska.

At the very best, the salmon has a hard
struggle tor existence. The Royal Chinook of

12

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

680 Tonng' Salmon Taken From One I^ateral Sitoh
Tributary to the Methow Biver.

the Columbia river when seeking their spawn-
ing streams are met Uiree miles outside of the
Columbia river by almost a solid mass of gill
nets. These same gill nets are used from the
lightship outside of the Columbia river to the
Cascades, a distance of about 150 miles. On
entering the river, the Chinook are met by the
fish traps located all the way from the lower end
of Sand Island to the Dalles. On entering the
river, they also encounter the long, deep drag
seines. These seines vary from 100 to 400
fathoms in length and sweep the bottom of the
river at every available point from Sand Island
to Celilo catching every salmon they come in
contact with. The diver, a net so leaded as to
sink to the bottom of the river and slowly drift
with the current is also fished from the mouth
of the Columbia to the Cascades. In almost every
eddy is found a set net and the fish wheel work-
ing night and day is found in the swift waters
of the Cascades and from the Dalles to Celilo.

The number of Chinook salmon taken from the
Columbia river in one season by all of this fishing
gear is a great deal more than anyone can
imagine. The breeding salmon that escapes all
of this fishing gear and make their way to the
head waters of the Columbia river seek such
tributaries at the Kakima, the Snake river and its
tributaries, the Wenatchee, the Methow, the
Okanogan, the San Poil, the Little Spokane and
the Colville where they spawn and die. When
their spawn has hatched and the young salmon
begin to descend the stream, the majority find
their way into the irrigating ditches and are
carried out onto the fields and lost. Those that
escape the ditches encounter the Dolly Varden,
tie Cut Throat and the Rainbow trout besides
the bass, perch and crappie, (which some of our
enterprising sportsmen have planted in lakes that
have an outlet into the Columbia river) and the
number that finally reach the ocean from the
uper reaches of the Columbia river are very few
and were it not for the hatcheries located from
the White Salmon river to the Chinook river
tributary to the Columbia and those located on the
tributaries of the Willamette, the returns would
be smaller and smaller every year until the
Royal Chinook would have become only a memory.

Splendid work has been done tributary to the
Columbia river by the United States Bureau of
Fisheries under the supervision of Mr. Henry
O'Malley, one of the best known and most suc-
cessful fish culturists in the country, who Is a
man that has gained his knowledge of fish culture
by years of practical experience in this state and
who has done more for the fishing industry of
the Columbia river than any other man employed
by the Federal Government. Mr. O'Malley has
not only improved the work of the Federal Bureau
tributary to the Columbia river but has at all
times taken a great interest in everything per-
taining to the fishing industry in Oregon and
this state, and by his practical methods has greatly
benefited the industry in both states.

The State of Oregon has also assisted in the
increasing of the supply of the Royal Chinook
in the Columbia river. Mr. Clanton with the as-
sistance of the Oregon Fish Commission and a
splendid lot of hatchery superintendents is cer-
tainly doing a great work. The fisheries depart-
ment of this slate under the supervision of Mr.
John U Riseland is doing everything in their
power with the means at their command to build
up and place on a safe basis the hatchery system
of this state and to conserve the industry. The
hatchery system of the State of Washington, con-
sists of twenty salmon hatcheries located from
Chinook in the very southwest corner of this
state to Twisp on the Twisp river, a tributary to
the Methow river in Okanogan County in the
very northeast corner of the state. The hatch-
eries are located all along the Columbia river,
the WiUapa Harbor, Grays Harbor and the
Puget Sound and very few have any Idea of the
enormous amount of young salmon turned into
the waters of this state from these hatcheries.

The large rearing ponds at the Crinook and
Kalama hatcheries and the smaller one at the
Wind river hatchery are turning out millions of
pond raised fish into the Columbia river. While
the pond system at the White river and other
hatcheries on the Sound are also doing splendid
work. Grays and WiUapa Harbors also have
rearin gponds and taken as a whole it would be
hard to find a better set of hatchery superintend-
ents in the world than those now in the employ
of the Fisheries Department of this state. In
fact, the Department is doing everything at can
to perpetuate the industry with the amount of
money at its command.

In addition to the salmon hatcheries, the state
of Washington, operates four trout hatcheries and
are very careful to only stock trout streams with
the output of these plants. There are more sal-
mon streams tributary to the Columbia river where
good hatchery locations could be found if suffi-
cient funds could be secured to utilize them and
the supply could be still further increased. On
every stream tributary to the Columbia river
where breeding salmon can be taken a hatchery
should be located and everything possible should
be done to protect the salmon in these streams.

There is just as much food in the Columbia
river and in the Pacific Ocean as there was one
hundred years ago, and the young salmon that find
their way to the ocean will find plenty of food
and return to the Columbia river in as good con-
dition as their ancestors did one hundred years
ago.

To keep up the supply of salmon in the WiUa-
pa Harbor district, a hatchery is needed on the
Nasel river and another hatchery on some tribu-
tary of the North river. The one hatchery on the
WiUapa river tributary to WiUapa Harbor does
good work. Two more are really needed.

Conditions on Grays Harbor are somewhat simi-
lar to those on the Columbia river. Gill nets,
seines, traps and set nets are to be found from
the ocean to quite a distance up the Chehalis
river and all catch a great many salmon.

In the past, logging dams (splash dams) have
destroyed a great many spawning streams, but
strong efforts made by the fisheries department
of this state have compelled the parties owning
such dams to install fish ways and the streams
are therefore in a better condition than tor some
time.

The state has a splendid hatchery on one of
the tributaries of the Chehalis river that does
excellent work, but more hatcheries are needed
tributary to the Chehalis river if the supply is
to be kept up.

The Sockeye is a salmon most highly prized
in the Puget Sound district. With the exception
of the heavy run during the season of 1909, the
pack of these fish have been getting smaller for
the past ten years. While the pack on the Puget
Sound was a little larger during the past season
than it was four years ago, and on the whole the
pack of Sockeye on the sound does not show

Tbe Breeding' Sockeye Salmon.

such a great falling off during the past toui
years, the pack on the Frasier river has fallei
behind. By adding the pack of Sockeyes on th«
Fraser river to that of the pack of Sockeyei
on the Puget sound it will be found that the com
bined pack has fallen off to a considerable ex
tent during the last ten years.

Something should surely be done to alloW
enough of these fish to reach their spawning-
grounds in the streams tributary to the Fraser
river or the Sockeye will soon become nearly
extinct. British Columbia has a splendid hatch-
ery system and excellent hatchery superintend-
ents, but this will not avail much if they cannot
secure the breeding salmon necessary to operate
their hatcheries.

The Baker Lake hatchery situated near the foot
of Mount Baker in Whatcom county has done
splendid work in the past. This plant has done
more for the fishing industry of the Puget Sound
than it has ever been given credit for. The writer
of this article located and built the Baker Lake
hatchery and was its first superintendent. The
plant was built during the summer of 1896.

At that time there was not a fish trap on (he
west beach of WTiidby island and with the ex-
ception of one or two gill nets there was very
little fishing done for these Sockeye that fre-
quented the waters of Skagit river and spawned
in Baker lake and its tributaries.

During the summer of 1899 the United States
Bureau of Fisheries bought this plant from the
state and have operated it every since. In spite
of the number of fish traps located all along
Whidby island and even close to Deception Pass,
under the supervision of Mr. A. H. Dinsmore, cer-
tainly holds its own in regard to the amount of
and in spite of the gill nets that fish close to the
mouth of the Skagit river and purse seines that
operate on the outside, the Baker Lake hatchery
spawn taken. In fact the output of this hatchery
Is as large as it was sixteen years ago.

When the United States Bureau of Fisheries
first took over the Baker Lake hatchery, Mr. Buck
was placed in charge and during his first year
did very well. However, after that the output
was small for a couple of seasons. Mr. Buck re-
signed and Mr. O'Malley was placed in charge and
the plant has done splendid work ever since.

When Mr. O'Malley was placed in charge of
the United States Bureau of Fisheries operations

Kalama Eyeing' Station, Showing Section of Bearing Ponds.

on the Columbia river and in the state of Oregon,
Mr. A. H. Dlnsmore was placed in charge of the
Baker Lake and auxiliary stations.

Mr. Dinsmore has certainly naade good and has
at all times endeavored to take all the spawn
poKslble in all of the streams tributary to the
Skagit river. Besides looking out for the Baker
Lake station he has located small stations on
other tributaries to the Skagit river and after
eyeing out the spawn so taken has shipped the
same to the station at Birds View. Mr. Dins-
more has at all times been very active In every-
thing pertaining to the benefit of the ftshing in-
dustry of Piiget sound and certainly deserves all
the praise that has been given him.

The state of Washington has eleven hatcheries
on streams tributary to the Puget Sound, but none
of these plants handle the spawn of the Sockeye
salmon as Sockeye only frequent the Fraser and
the Skagit rivers tributary to Puget Sound.

The United States Bureau of Fisheries has also
(established one hatchery on the Quilcene and an-
(ither on the Duckabush river tributary to Puget
Mound and are also making preparations to
KStablisb another plant on the Elwha river near
•ort Angeles. These stations will undoubtedly
lielp a great deal to keep up the supply of the
I all salmon In the waters of the Puget Sound.

However, as more salmon are produced more
tanneries will be established and more fishing gear
ismployed and all the salmon possible will be
iiaught and packed, and for this reason the supply
)f Chinook, Silver Side, Dog and Humpback sal-
non must be conserved and everything possible
lone to protect the same to such an extent that
he hatcheries will be allowed to take their full
mpply of the spawn of all of these species of sal-
non.

All of the species of salmon that frequent the
waters of the Pacific Coast are to be found in
he waters of Puget Sound. Before entering the
ttraits these fish are met by the trollers and from
he time of entering the straits are met by the
lurse seines, fish traps, gill nets and set nets lo-
;ated or working at almost every available point
jetween the straits and their spawning grounds
\n enormous amount of fish are taken every year
'rom the waters of the Puget Sound. However,
his is as it should be and there is no reason why
n the ^Iture more salmon cannot be taken from
he Puget Sound. All that is needed is to allow
enough salmon to reach their breeding grounds.
The moral support of everybody and enough
money to operate hatcheries on every stream
tributary to the sound.

The hatcheries can turn out in good condition
more salmon than can be caught if given the op'
portunity and it is up to everybody to see that
they do get the opportunity.

I would again call the attention of the public to
the destruction of the young salmon on Puget
Sound. This matter was taken up live or six
years ago by the Pacific Fisherman. At that time
r was requested by Mr. Miller Freeman (editor of
the Pacific Fisherman) to make an investigation
of this matter and report ray findings of the same
to him. I found that tons of young Chinook and
Silver Side salmon are taken near Skagit head
in the Puget Sound and sold on tne market as
salmon trout.

The Conservation Committee appointed by Gov-

PACIPIC FISHERMAN

enor A. E. Meade at this time took up this matter
and recommended that the legislature should paaa
a law making it unlawful for anyone to have in
their possession, salmon of any kind less than
fourteen inches in length. This should have been
less than sixteen inches in length. However
nothing was done with this matter bv the legis-
lature.

During the summer of 1910 Dr. Gilbert, one of
our greatest scientists and a man who takes great
interest In everything pertaining to the fishing In-
dustry was on Puget Sound, and I gave him
some of the facts as I had found them. Doctor
Gilbert made some investigations with regard to
this matter and in a letter written to me Just be-
fore leaving Seattle for California he wrote as
follows: "I have made some Investigations with
regard to the destruction of young salmon and
have had no difficulty In finding young Chinook
and Sliver Side salmon from eight inches up in
any desired quantity. What I saw and what I
learned concerning this matter certainly filled me
with astonishment and dismay even after what
you had told me."

At a luncheon at the Rainier Club last summer.
Dr. Gilbert was present and was asked about this
matter. He stated that it was a very serious
thing. I asked the doctor what the result would
be If the practice of catching these young salmon
before they had a chance to reach the ocean, was
not discontinued. His answer was "it wlli gut
the entire Industry."

I consider this matter of the destruction of
these young salmon that have been raised at
the hatcheries and grown large enough to escape
nearly all their enemies, to be the most dangerous
menace to the fishing Industry of the Puget Sound.

These young salmon are turned out mostly from
the Skagit, Snohomish and White River hatcheries
and as there are good feeding grounds for them
off Skagit Head and vicinity, they are an easy
prey for the fishermen who make a practice of
catching them, and they find a ready market in
Seattle, Tacoma and Portland and are iced and
shipped all over the country and sold aa salmon
trout.

Thousands of these young salmon are destroyed
every year and if something is not done to stop
this practice the words of Dr. Gilbert will come
true "it will gut the industry."

The new eyeing station just located by the
Washington State Department on the Green river
below Tacoma's new water supply dam will prove
to be one of the best locations In the state and
the output from this station will greatly add to
the supply of the salmon in the waters of the
Puget Sound.

Now is the time for all the citizens of the state
to wake up to the value of the fishing industry.
Everybody must take an interest in conserving and
perpetuating the supply of salmon. Give your
moral support to those who are doing all in their
power to build up the salmon industry. You can
all help.

With good laws enacted and well enforced and
the moral support of the public at large given to
every branch of the proprogatlon and protection
of salmon, the state of Washington will always
have an industry that will feed and clothe thou-
sands of its citizens.

13

One of the Ob*taol** tlie FUharias Dapamntnt ■■■ to Ovtrcom*.

Pacific Fisherman

THE ONLY JOURNAL DEVOTED EXCLU-
SIVELY TO THE COMIMtERCIAL FI8H.
ERIE8 OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

A PUBLICATION of nine years" ■tandlng,
**■ the text boolc of cannerymen and flsbar-
men, recognlsad as an authority in iu fleld by
the Aaaociated Preas, the United Sutea and
foreign govemmenta, the railroad and steam-
ship corporatlona, aa well as by ereryone in
the business. Probably no trade loumal In
the United States has ao completa a circula-
tion in the fleld that it repreaenta.

Pacific Fisherman ia the beat adreruatng
medium for those who wish to secure a
share of the Pacific Coast flaberiea buaineas,
an industry which apenda $60,000,000 an-
nually. Covera the field from the Mexican
line to Arctic Alaaka once a month. Its ad-
vertising columns have alwaya been clean
and dependable, and represent aa atrong an
influence In the industry as Ita reading mat-
ter.

RATE CARDS FURNISHED UPON
APPLICATION

Subacription $4.00 per year

Foreign, $4.50

Pacifc Fisherman

101 Grand Trunk Dock Seattle, U. 8. A.

Pacific Fisherman
Wall Map

LINEN MOUNTED
2Sx 38 Inches

CHOWS clearly the location of every can-
nery, cold storage plant, halibut station,
aaltery, whaling atation, codfish station, fish
oil and fertlliaer «orks on the entire PaciOc
Coast.

Because of the universal demand this map
is mounted on cloth and ran be placed on a
spring roller.

Price $1.75

ADDRESS

Pacipc Fisherman

101 Grand Trunk Dock

Seattle, U. 8. A.

14

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

Salmon Industry and the Salmon Canners Association

By IV. J. CRAWFORD

Secretary Puget Sound Salmon Canners' Association.

Oaalal CunplMl], Treasurer Fn^et Sound Salmon
Canner*' Asioclation.

THE Salmon Canners' Association was formed
specifically for the purpose of gathering, com-
piling, classifying and disseminating reliable
data and Information regarding the canned salmon
business; to encourage ariilicial propagation of
«<•ln1/^n If, promotc a higher education among can-
. respect to both scientific and practi-
"B of the industry; to prevent waste of
the raw product and to use any honorable means
to advance the interests of the industry.

t'nforutnately, in the past it has been almost
impossible to secure reliable data, the State and
Federal Government reijorts, trade papers and
packers' reports showing a great difference in the
same season or year.

A review of the salmon business for the past
fifteen years shows that a majority of the people
who entered tlie business failed, and the men now
in the business have often faced failure, the busi-
ness requiring such a large cash working capital,
tbe uncertainty as to run of fish, market fluctua-
tions, trouble with fishermen and competition hav-
ing all played a part in the game. However, today
tbe salmon packers are men of known experience,
whose credit is good for the millions of dollars
necessary for operating puriioses.

The canners' association believes the people
should be informed — they should know more about
this great industry, not only the commercial side
of it, but the industrial features as well.

Tbe canneries in the State of Washington alone
employ more than 12,000 people, and indirectly
doable that number. It is estimated that the can-
neries of the North Pacific Coast furnish employ-
ment for 60,000 people, while the can factories
and box factories furnish a livelihood for thou-
sands more of men, women and children.
Money Expended Locally.

The Salmon Canners" Association is now com-
piling statistics for the past five years, covering
employes, wages paid, boats used, lines of machin-
ery used, boau cliartered, taxes and license fees,
supplies purdiased, additions and renewals, insur-
ance, interest, accidents, etc.

By averaging the reports already filed, according
to cannery pack, payroll and lines used, some In-
teresting facu are revealed. Millions of dollars
are paid out to labor, trades people, manufacturers
and others before a single dollar comes back to
the packer.

The salmon packer pays tribute to the State and
to the Federal Government; he pays a tax on
pvery !!••» taken, on every case of salmon packed,
or on every pound of salmon cured, salted or

T. J. aorman, Prcsiaent Pusret Sound Salmon
Canners' Association.

pickled; he pays the State for the privilege to op-
erate his cannery ; he pays for the right to run his
boats; he pays a license fee for every fish buyer,
fisherman, etc.

The fact that the canned salmon industry pays
directly and indirectly to the people more money
than any other business of like character is too
often overlooked and not well enough known to
the people at large.

The Puget Sound pack for 1911 had a cash value
of $7,012,133, the Alaska pack a value of $13,736,-
656, making a grand total of $21,748,789.

Of the Puget Sound pack, Blaine produced
297,113 cases: Bellinghara, 377,504; Anacortes,
420,398; Port Townsend, 125,470; Lummi Island,
119,448; Friday Harbor, 76,415; Point Roberts,
72,472; Port Angeles, 44,322, and Seattle, 23,407
cases.

The people of Blaine, Bellingham. Anacortes and
other places received from this vast business hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars, the fishermen from
Tacoma, Seattle, Ballard, Everett and the islands
received hundreds of thousands more, and through
these millions of cash was put into circulation
right here at home. (And that before a dollar
came back to the packer.)

Here is a business that brings untold millions of
money into this Northwest country from all parts
of the world.

The relation the association bears to the Indus-
try itself is evident when it is realized that its pol-
icy is to carefully compile all valuable information
on the foregoing subjects, segregate it, and put In
shape for ready reference and compadison matters
of vital interest.

The association maintains a complete catalog
department, having on file catalogs, price lists, let-
ters and bulletins of the leading manufacturers,
dealers and agents, architects, boat builders and
supply bouses of the world, together with every
facility for estimating, etc.

Bulletins are also sent out covering press re-
ports, foreign and domestic, about new canneries,
proposed companies, new boats building, names
and locations of companies and people necessary
to the business.

To illustrate the value of this service I cite the
following: In the Sunday Oregonian of .January
28, 1912, under the heading "Correspondents An-
swered," by Lillian Tingle, was the following:

"Portland, Ore., January 17.— Will you kindly tell
me the meaning of two solder points on the ends
of cans of salmon, clams, condensed milk, etc.? I
have read that it meant second grade goods, be-

W. I. Crawford, Secretary Pug-et Sound Salmon
Canners' Association.

cause the cans had been opened for some reason
and reheated. No groceryraan ever seems to have
heard of such a thing, however. I have refused to
take such goods, but do not want to be so fussy if
they are all right. I always read with interest
your answers to troubled people's questions, and I
thank you for the help I know you will give me on I
this point. — ^Mrs. V. F."

Mrs. Tingley answered this troubled heart as
follows :

"I am sorry not to be able to give you a very
definite answer on this point. T have always under-
stood that two solder holes might mean that the
contents had begun to ferment and form gas, caus-
ing a swelling of the can, and that the can had
been reopened to let the gas out and then reheated
and soldered as you suggest, but I have no definite
authority for this belief, though it certainly sounds
plausible. Perhaps some one in the canning busi-
ness can tell you whether this is true or whether
it is simply one of those 'domestic legends' that
have no real foundation in fact. (Now, listen to
this:) In the meantime, I think I should continue
to reject such cans, so as to be on the safe side."

The secretary of the association, as soon as his
attention was called to this, immediately advised
Lillian Tingley and the Oregonian of their error,
and trust they will see that the troubled people
and others are advised what "two soldered points
on the ends of cans of salmon" signify. The publi-
cation of the above article was inexcusable. The
telephone would have enabled Lillian to interview
some salmon or fruit canner right at her home,
and it may be that the article wi'l prejudice many
who read it against the safest and best of canned
foods.

Finally, I would say that while the Salmon Can-
ners' Association is not formed for the purpose of
fixing prices, for buying or selling, or for exploiting
the commercial side of the industry, but practically
for purposes emphasized above, any person can
easily understand that it bears an important rela-
tion to the industry and to the people at large.

The public press, the daily papers, the trade pa-
pers, State and Government officials, business men,
banks, etc., recognize the utility and advantage of
the work being done in securing and disseminating
reliable data concerning this great Industry.

I could not close this article without reference to
the Pacific Fisherman, recognized as the official
trade organ of the Pacific Coast fisheries interests,
and to express my appreciation of the many cour-
tesies extended this association by its manage-
ment.

PACIFIC FISHERlfAN

15

Progress in the Fisheries of British Columbia

By DAVID F. WILBER

American Consul General, Vancouver, B. C.

THE flshlnft industry of this re^on affords a very
111 ' i.itlon. It Is an

II olumbla'8 pros-

!'• tr'nl itom that

la on I '
In tl
at all.
and will, I •
port of mv
ev.T I I....V.

ap- u;n-l ..u!, .ut, 1 tiuiit, neither

nil lor far fi

! li and al! -tries of British Co-

lunilHii I' iMi'si It. I am lulU. a capitalization of 18.-
.'•OO.OOO, will li iniiy be classified somewhat as follows:
itcneral ll-shlnk' Indiistrv
Fishing botti>m.s .
Other ve.ssels . .

Boats |1,70U,U00

Flahins Rear 700.000

Plants (othrr i...>.. i... >'UrlnK,

canning or cold storage) . . 400,000

$2,800,000

Sal,

SaltuiK mill r 11- 11 it; j.i.m: : m.iiiiij

5,700.000

$8,600,000
xplanatory of these figures, a few statements
• ho made. Several British trawlrrs. to !).■ np-
1 Prince Rujicrt are to \-
ff- I this year. There ar-

K. til.' I'li's. Ill fl. ■•1. A:

v;i ■
at

aK .
in pU.

i»n.

adilii;.'

I

■i. Ml' litajii bi>. HI Uie rlotit; of
already rai.sed for expenditure In
.111 Iv in 111 ■ There will be some
at! ' ies and some of the

o). ''■'■y new and modern

or . ..■- . .. . . 1. ".ii-...f I., .■urine

Sii nts. Uf ' '•■n all

hi ii and T:. The

NV-« i-iii^. .111-1 1 .~j. . ■■mpany of i — -.u ;.- n .- leadine
American interest loc ileil in Brillsh Columbia, with
a cnpitnl of over $.100,000 Investf.l.

T' ' llgures give substantially, I believe, the

.sii it will be at the beginning of the flsh-

IriL; f 1912. that is, this coming spring.

Tiu! <:atch for 1911 Is estimated as follows:

Pounds.
Salmon, canned ts r.nn nno

Smoked

Salted and dried

Ilfrrir.R. salted or smoked

Canned, cured, etc 17,025.000

Killbut 20,000,000

id 4 2,000,000

.^almon 4,500,000

Oulachons 800,000

Smelt.s . . .' 600,000

Miscellaneous 200,000

Fresh and frozen

Canned, cured, etc

Fresh and frozen

Herring (fresh talted used as bai
Mixed nsh

.27.600.000

47,025.000

.27.600.000

. 3.000.000

600.000

Total catch 78,026,000

From thrso tlR-iires It will be seen that the flsh
form tv. I s, (a) the salmon canned and

(b) th' zen product. There are other

elemen' •• li't.ils salted ithI . nr-il fish.

shell n V-

ing. I I

able di ■y

time to Hum l>ut a few words regarding the two
classes first mentioned will be made.

The growth of the British Coiumhla canning Indus-
try has been pronounced, although the catch \» not
Increa.slng rapidly. The best single ria.«s of salmon
runs heavily only once In every four years, there be-
ing one slack and one ver.v busy year In every pe-
riod. This Is. of course, known to every one in the
fishing business and Is evident from the following
table, giving the pack In 48-pound cases in repre-
sentative years:

r^-:r1f'.

1897 7 7

1901

1905

J7.4o0

1909 »67,920

1S98 •..., 484.161

1903 478,674

1907 647.469

1908 , 642,889

It Is. therefore, deceptive to Ionic at the totals from

year to year to gain an Idea of the progress being
made. The totals for the four four-year periods In-
cluding the years mentioned above show something
of a gain, as follows:

Cases. Pounds.

1896-1899 .. .2,858,845 136.974,960

1900-1903 .. ...2.921,226 140.218,800

1904-1907.. ...2,810.278 134.898,104

1908-1911 3,221,775 154,646,200

ToUl 11.806,938 566,732.064

Puget Sound's pack Is understood to have been In
1911 over fifty per cent more than that of British
Columbia and Alaska's pack to have more than ex-
ceeded the combined production of British Columbia
and Puget Sound.

The canning industry In this i iiartakca of

a monopoly element through th f the gov-

ernment to grant licenses for r.i \- in regions

where, in its opinion, the ji .,ilc."i are prop-

erly handling the avallab ^ Thfit la, at

present no, licenses can bp ind the licenses

already issued are held by the owners as very valua-

DaTid r. 'WrUber,
American Consul General, Vancouver, B. C.

ble. There Is Invested In these franchise rights
fully as much or more capital as was, but a few
years ago. Invested In the whole of this branch of
the fishing industry. Their market value cannot be
Mined and in the table of capitalization I have
i the Item entirely, because accurate Informa-
-1 not to be had and because the capitallza-
iiuii <if such rights Is not. strictly speaking, a legiti-
mate Investment in the fishing business.

It is hard to pstlmate. the influence of this re-
striction against the best Interests of the canning
imlu.siry of the province. The policy was originally
designed to prevent extermination of the salmon
but such a policy is no longer necessary because It
has been ascertained that by the propagation of the
fish In hatcheries, etc.. the province can keep Its
supply unimpaired. While conservation of national
resources Is admittedly easier of accomplishment in
Canada than in the I'nlted Stales, with the fishing
as well as other Industries, it must be pointed out
that the present organization of the canning in-
dustry Is no longer perpetuated with this nrlme
Object. Those Interested In the fishing Industry are.
T understand, no longer fully convinced that this
organization is better for the canning Industry thir-
free development would be under government f
strlctlons.

It ts. at any rate. dlfHcult to obtain reliable in-
formation as to the development of this branch
of the fishing business as those interested in the
Industry are very secretive. It Is certain that a
few years ago — from limited markets, low prices
are less efn^ient management — there was little pro-
fit In !" ■ ig business in this province and some
of th' .8 had difflculty In continuing. A
consl.l. itlon of the capitalization was regu-
larly <laf<f?irif(l then as invested In "plants Idle."
Now, however, every license is worth a great di^al.
Now. more money is received for stuff once thrown
away than could be gotten, six years ago, for the
best of the product. Now. every little wooden
shack that used to house canning machinery U be-
ing replaced by a modern plant. Now. for Irslan'-e.
one individual concern worth hut $20,000 a short
time ago Is said to be worth $6,000,000. The plants
cannot Increase In number and exact Informa'inn Is
withheld as to the capital sunk in improvements In
existing plants, but tt© know that the actual capital
Investment Is at least double what it was six years
ago and that the value of the properliea has In-
creased to vast proportions and enoimous profltd
are being made and have been made for flu past
few years.

The Increase of capital to secure a production not
much larger than formerly Is accountable Id 'he
canning as well as the other branches of the In-
dustry to the increased cost of obtalping catches
equal to what were gotten formerly. This is lees
true, however, with the salmon for canning than
with the salmon and halibut for fresh and frsz^^n
production though It Is an Important factor. In
the canning industry, the rcplscemTit of out of
date equipment has been exl-

The aea.son of 1911 was extc
removal of the close season In

was but little less than that of ll"'?. the lani "big"
year, although the catch was principally if the
poorer grades. In fact. It will be noted that throtigh-
out the last four year period the poi.r ^ have

helped to make a larger total Atnd t itch of

the best qualities has rather remn tlonery

In amount than Increased. There has been a tend-
ency, too. toward the equalisation of yearly pro-
duction In the same way.

The restrictions on the establishment of new
canneries in British Columbia will have a benrficlal
effect upon the development of the Alaskan canning
Industry as well «■ a detrimental erfect upon the

free development of this provlnc.

pOlllUIi of llic

tin future of I

.--eetlon catirio-
bi> nr.twi ■
to in* ami

l->*:eausf i :

Ing stn-aiiij.. ll i'li

will neviT .S.I k .iii\

will Il.jl l.j<e
fish Industry ^
the fresh and i

•I. 1.1 when the latti r
K I hikan. Prince Rupei

:- 1.1 of as at present.

Within the pro-
is said, shift
I river and
1! f,'o..d pro-
ling
his
. . ver.

. of biihnun will continue
• llsli-propa,?<itlo.i work and
1 ili.r of inlets and »ca-IIow-
II >.• pon with salmon which
tli.r I i-ast.

V''- " ' i' • .! there Is no movement of

h the flsh constltuUng the

on. The bulk of this calcli

• i . I -> .- .....I ..i migratory flsii and along the

.•loiiili'iti iirulsh Columbia coast and in the Ptigel

Siiirii! diRtrlrt. Their home grounds were always

"' 'he AlaHkan and the northern Brltisii Columbia

^. Now tile migratory catch appeals tn have

fished out and it is necessary to go northward

' 1 111. grounds nt Hecate straits and ad,laeent

1 : ' \' lian or international walers to fill out

: 1 '■.',;■ 1 ■ ■-• i5niithcrn cnfches.

little but 111 for the
igh It will exi'erlence
iiied flsh production. It
liroportion of the canned
IS it will its proportion of
j 11' Thi time is about al
to t'ciiler about
hboring <llles In-
. IS for the Alaskan
Puget Sound cities will benefit indlr.vile .i
- he reimbursed to an extent for their loss of
-1 ■ ■ ; nr.iflts.
Il.siibs til.' nrressity of fishing further north, un
iiili'i. "itink' i.nlut Is the rapid Increase In lli« Iium-
hir of cold storage plants In northern British Co-
lumbia and Alaska. They afford a great advantage.
Fish going Into th.-ir "sharp" rooms are coated with
an \c-'. Jacket within as many hours after being
caught as It Is days for fish frozen at Vancouver
or Seattle. Tinder the most favorable con.lltlona.
with the shifted fl.shing fields fish are from sl.'<
to twenty days old when they reach this port or
.Seattle. The greater freshness of flsh frozen near
the fields Is too apparent a gain to require com-
ment.

The frozen flsh production will each year encroach
more upon the quantity of fresh flsh shipped. Up
to 1911. it Is safe to say that but fifteen per cent,
at the most, of the frtsh and frozen output was
frozen. The past year saw the fifteen per cent
stretched to at least thirty per cent and by 1913
the output promises. I am told, to be about half
fresh and half frozen. It Is likely that this tend-
ency toward frozen Instead of fresh fish will be
accelerated by the developments of thi.""

Cold storage plants ate. of course. •
prices and insurers of profit. But tl
always given satisfactory results In th:
of flsh. The dwindling of the fresh fish pi
now Is due to the greater number of cold
plants In part but more largely to the strhitr^ .,,..i
have been made in the methods of treatment. The
doctrine of slow freezing and quick thawing has
given place to quick freezing and slow thawing. The
flsh go as soon as possible Into a temperature of
twenty or more degrees below zero Instead of being
frozen by the salt and Ice method. Thawing has
been found to be best accomplished by placing the
flsh In cold Instead of warm water, as formerly was
the practice. These changes In ' t enable

the retailer to deliver flsh which. ved out

hy the consumer In cold water, ar. w hours

'' ind have ■ ' frozen flsh much more ac-

hie than t.

1 i.ng In til' rhood of the i

and many of tl..' .uiining plants. Pi
the Pacific terminal of the Grand Trunl
way. will. It Ff>rms probable, gain a i
of til' A certain porthm will still go

to \' Seattle by water, particularly

from ISC of the cheai>.

cause liiiMicdlate delivery is not c-
In my opinion, the coming pre-e:i
Rupert, so far us tiie fishing indu.^ .

is a point of very great importance.

of greatest production are shortly to be In Britlsli
Columbia and Alaska. The completion of the Grand
Trunk Pacific railway to Its Paclflc terminal will
be another factor In taking from southern Hrifish
Columbia its Importance in the fresh and frozen
fi.sh industry. The railroad announces that, by easy
mountain grades and a more direct route it will

be able to .""i-.. ■•- -..i«t. .i. — r t,---: ' Rupert

to the ea- ,,, -Van-

couver, r: ;,e case,

the route \si.i .-r "i tn.' Kc'iticHi vniue to trie fresh
flsh Industry because It Is the hypotheniise of a
right angled triangle whose spex Is at Vancouver
(or Seattle) with one of !" ' ' -j at the Ash-

ing flelds and the other a' irket. Since

It 1^ do'-lrable that they -t direct and

■ "" 1.'* route, fresh nsh stiipmrnls will be

I- the railroad's completion, through the
' -'nee Rupert.

".. however, that even the completion

unk Pacific railway will divert much

fmzrn and canned production. The

lines are giving satisfactory

• It seems, and are providing

VrnandP. Tin v li,a\e. also. The

■ i'-in

of

iiM .storage
■ rt.

ill-
' Ion

ra 1 e,s and be-
'1.

1" Prince
ricerned.
The centers

It :
of th'
of th.
American
service fr'
amply for

■ (ages ac
and the

■ ' '•■ nth. r ' • , : nf

the ' i.rodii. lion because of similar ad-

vant.' d by Canadian vessels, their lower

cost ' "on and iVf strafoirir- irnnnrtnnce of

Prince Rupert. General! 1 though

the American railways v. mint of

shipments destined to llii Ameri-
can boats will have a growing amount of business
with Alaska's advance.

Alaska Is of much more Importance thaii formerly
but it Is still behind Canada In the development that
has occurred and In the facliitleB that are already
provided. It may not have Its proper share of the
Industry until British Columbia's production has

16

PACIFIC FISHERMAN

fr««h fish and inuvn

T-t-nlth. Yet. in the courae
•OK. Puc«t Sound will lose
4 rras«n flsh. molt of its

.. 1 .1,1, ---^'iiction.

IB lb« opiaioa of rellabi. Uora I

bav* dtKaraed tlM sulv, -< an-

aasatraoiia a> «r«II In tlitu ''i< :i."m iii,>>. aesplte
til* tnutafer of importance from I'uget Sound to
Alaska, the Ameiiran sharr nf th-- Indiivirv will not
!»• Ifsocned much. If any rvcJop-

a«at tjhat Is cerialn to <^

Thare Is said to b« a k , ed by

Brttlah Oolumbla flshlnir nuerv-sis'. mc }>rK-es of
flak IB U>« Canadian markets average a c<>nt a pound
!«■• than at acKiiboiinK or similar American points.
TlM CaaadUiB operatora are able to sell at this low-
er wtte* at aa even sreater profit because of the
fkeultlaa vhloli eompatition f'^« pr<n'ided and.
aapadallr. as a result of ~ '.n the cost

of amiatlon of British hips. The

illaanismirr of Amcrli-.TT !f<m which

requliao «ni
tarsMad In

held and a' ^

are operated at a much lowor .:xi..'n.se.

The proportlOBS of the American and Canadian
aorUiweat paVlrtTig and acnntr.i; ir.dustry hare been
ooauaented on. ft lias b> tlmt it is with

freak aad fraaen flsh thai - most likely tu

rsdaico the share of the I ^^, The growth

of this branch In the province mh.-« be Indicated by
saving that the fresh and frosen production of Brit-
ish Columbia in 1911 was at least one-flnv. more
tliaii in 1910. In 1912 it promises to be at least
a third more than it was in 1910 and In 1913 at
least fifty per cent, more than in 1910. In other
words, there will be a gain, by conservative esti-
mates, of not less than one-half In three years
(1911, 1912 and 1913) upon the basis of the 1910
catch, which Is the last for which we have ofBcial
flffures.

Of the total fresh and frozen flsh production or
the Pacific Northwest fisheries, the American and
Canadian proportions are easily estimated. In 1911
Puget Sound received sixty per cent, of the fresh
and frozen catoh; Alaska, ten per cent, (the United
States, seventy per cent, and Canada thirty per
cent, of which two-thirds was taught by American
boats for an American company). This year the
proportions, as estimated bv reliable authorities,
will be as follows: Puget Sound, fifty per cent;
.\Iaska, thirteen per cent, (the United States, sixty-
three per cent.): and British Columbia, thirty-seven
per cent. In 1913. it Is predicted, British Columbia
will receive fullv forty per cent, and the sixty per
cent, of the United States will be. from Alaska, 20
per cent, and from Puget Sound 40 per cnt. Puget
Sound is not likely to catch a smaller amount. The
Alaskan production, however, will increase and sus-
tain the American proportion, and Alaska and Puget

Sound will within a few years occupy reversed posi-
tions.

The points which I would make are, then, a.s

fOttCKSl'.

Frozen fiSti is supplanting fresh ft»>i and, so far
as British Columbia Is concerned, it is in these
classes that the greatest increase in production Is
being made.

Vancouver and Seattle are likely to lose their
relative Importance in favor of Prince Rupert. Thi.s
movement of the Industry northward will be largely
because of the development of the fresh and frozen
flsh Industry for which greater facilities are being
rapidly provided.

The development of British Columbia's fishing in
dustry Is not excessive in my opinion and. excep'
for the immediate present before Alaska'.s impoi i
ance and the extent of Alaska's latent resource
is recognized, it is not likel.v that to make serious
inroads on the American share.

Greater markets are being opened. There is room
for all. Americans, to be sure, must be awake and
hustling to hold their own. But we do not need
to gain through any loss on the part of Britisli
Columbia. The same progressive spirit that has
given us our present share should insure the proper
development of our own resources and the sustain-
ing of our present pre-eminence in spite of the ac-
tivity and any strategic advantage that Canada en-
joys.

Production of Salt Salmon on Pacific Coast in 1911

THi£ salting season of 1911 opened up with
little stock on the market that had been car-
ried orer and the prospect that there would be a
Urge pack of pink saltnon on Puget Sound. Pack-
ers looked for all the pinks that the market could
poMfbly take at moderate prices if not an over-
production. Reds were cleaned up and as a con-
seqoence the new pack was in good demand from
tbe first arriTal throughout the season. As the
seaaop progressed, it became evident that the
large pack of pinks looked for on the Sound could
not be packed because the canneries used prac-
tically all of the available fish at prices that the
salters could not see any sure profit in meeting,.
The pack of pinks on the Sound was, as a conse-
quence of this condition, very light Alaska pinks
opened moderately strong at $6.50 and as the sea-
son progressed reached $S.OO per barrel. Alaska
reds tn 200-pound barrels opened at $10.00 with a
prospect of the pack being sufHclent to supply all
denanda and advanced to $11.50, some small
sales being reported at $11.75 and plenty of in-
qniries for the stock after dealers and packers
had no more to offer.

A few red bellies were received which brought
fSOoA prices as did also the pinks offered. Red
backs sold for $9.00, but the stock was only of-
fered in small quantities. The season was very
soceessfal from every standpoint, the packers
making good money and the dealers cleaning up
earlier than nsnal. The pack of pinks was far
from as large as It has been in former years when
the pinks ran In Puget Sound. The great number
of new canneries that are going into .Alaska this
season wlU fish the grounds formerly occupied by
salterles and will, in the opinion of dealers, mate-
rially Aeemue the pack of both reds and pinks in
the north for the season of 1912. Prospects for
good profits for the packer that does not have to
compete with a cannery for his stock are very
bri^t.

The 1911 pack reached the market in very good
condition which indicates that the tendency is to
be more conservative in packing only as many as
can be taken care of properly. This condition is
very gratifying to the salt trade generally, as in
previous years there has always been a quantity
of stock offered as good stock which was either
improperly cured or short weight which caused
the buyers a great deal of trouble. Most of the
IJack arriving from Alaska had been repacked
before being shipped and as a consequence was
sold on arrival, which cut out the storage and re-
packing charges that have cut into the profits of
the smaller salters in years past. Small salters
have apparently learned the lesson that goods of-

fered in first-class marketable condition will bring
a much better and quicker profit than goods
shipped to a broker without being repacked or
weighed.

The market has not been cleaned up on salt
salmon at as good figures and as early In many
years as it has for the season of 1911, Buyers
sought small consignments and made up their
cars from them cutting local wholesalers out of
a supply that has heretofore been at their mercy.
This condition made it necessary for the whole-
saler to keep his eyes open to get enough for his
winter trade. Salters to whom we have talked
are very optimistic of the immediate future for
salt salmon.

1911— SALT SALMON PACK— 1911.
Packer. Location. Headquarters Pack

Address. bbls. — 200 lbs.

Libby, McNiel & Libby Bristol Bay Chicago, 111 4,000

Alaska Packers' Assn Bristol Bay San Francisco 2,629

Alaska ish. & Pkg. Co Bristol Bay Astoria 400

FYancisco 340

Francisco 800

Francisco 134

94

68

28

571

Union Fish Co Bristol Bay San

Olson & Bros Bristol Bay San

Fred Schroeder Bristol Bay San

North Alaska Salmon Co Kviehak San Francisco

North Alaska Salmon Co .\ushagak San Francisco

North Alaska Salmon Co Lockawock San Francisco

Erskine & Fletcher , Kodiak San Francisco

Blodgett & Blinn Kodiak Seattle 650

Engelbr Wiese s. E. Alaska Seattle 50

George Irving Holbrouck Ketchikan 3 OOO

Alaska Codfish Co Bristol Bay San Francisco 126

J. B. Jacobson S. E. Alaska Seattle 20O

Martin Enge Petersburg Petersburg 200

W. H. Royden Petersburg Petersburg 150

E. Rogge s. E. Alaska Seattle : , 200

Chlopeck Fish Co Seattle Seattle 2 200

Pacific Fish. & Pkg. Co Aberdeen Aberdeen '76

Estimated pack small individual salters S. B. Alaska 1 ooO

Total coast pack, bbls

Total coast pack, lbs 3 443 200

Valuation ! ;$'l66;900

for purposes of comparison the 1910 figures are here given:

Pacific Coast salt salmon pack 1910 15,318 bbls.

,17,216

Mild Cured Salmon Review~-1911

By A. R. Todd.

TiiE season of 1911 was a good one for the
producers of mild cured salmon. All of
the outfits with whom we have been able
to get in touch put up average packs of large
sides, and many of them put up In addition to
their usual pack of large sides a subsUntlal pack
of small sides, which found a market as fast as
offered at good prices. We have in mind one
sale of a car load, that averaged less than seven
pounds apiece at eighty dollars a tierce and the
buyer repacked them. All goods that arrived
from Alaska In good condition and were offered
on the open market found the buyers bidding
aealnat each other and as a consequence brought
nice prices. lUe fisherman in Southeastern
Aalaka were aUracted by the high prices paid In
Seattle for fresh salmon and many large flsh were
shipped with the small reds and the whites, which
always find this market One packer finding that
this stock was arriving in such excellent condi-
tion split the large fish and good resulu. The
writer saw the first of these repacked and can
vouch for them as being of the very finest quality
Many of the flsheruien split and cured their own
catch and when they had a few tierces sold theiii
to the buyers in Alaska at good profit. Buyers

were unable to get enough to supply their export
trade with the larger sides and as a consequence
enterefl the market for the smaller sizes which
left New York and other eastern smokers short.
Brokers are receiving inquiries constantly for mild
cured which indicates that buyers and smokers
are living in hopes that some of the stock will
be uncovered and offered for sale and that they
will not get a chance at it. The increased de-
mand upon the wholesale dealers in fresh flsh for
red galmon during the early weeks of the King
salmon run is tending to place the mild cured
packers in Southeastern Alaska and it is praoicted
freely by fresh fish dealers that this condition is
only in its infancy as better steamship facilities
and more expert handling of the flsh will lessen
the percentage of flsh that will be damaged in
traiuit. Of course all agree that this condition
will not affect the out laying salteries, where the
boat service is in frequent. The fishermen are
getting larger and better equiped boats for the
handling of their flsh to the points for shipment
to Seattle, and this makes the mild cure packer
bid Against the fresh fish dealer for his stock.
The season of 1911 was a very successful season
for the packers however and all stock is now dis-
posed of, with absolutely none offered. Prices

ranged better on an average than for the season
of 1910.

Recapitulation.

District. No. Packers. Pack.

Columbia River 10 8,485

Alaska 5 3^902

'"uget Sound 4 2,745

California 5 2,171

British Columbia 5 2,006

Oregon-Washington Coast 6 l]l62

Total 35 20,37i

Total coast pack in tierces 20,37 1

Total coast pack in pounds 16,296. 8ti

Valuation $1,711, It;

For purposes of comparison the 1910 figures are
here given:

Columbia River 6,922

Alaska 4,694

Puget Sound 2!435

California 4,694

British Columbia 1^638

Oregon-Washington Coast 1,465

Total 1910 pack 23,04.'