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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY BOOK NUMBER l nns 2B 391138 ASSENnO SU 10 por ry > £ dw & mo | U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. 80. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. J. 4 ADA PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES I. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. By E. L. JENNE, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. II. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. By A. G. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. III. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LESSER APPLE WORM. By S. W. FOSTER anv P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IV. THE PEAR THRIPS AND ITS CONTROL. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. V. ON THE NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. By S. W. FOSTER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VI. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. By A. G. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VII (REVISED). THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD IN THE CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH AND THE PLUM CURCULIO. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND E. L. JENNE, E. W. SCOTT, anp R. W. BRAUCHER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VIII. TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. By P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. wire meee fuse & OrF Ax (ip =e Eig Bm yore oS) | Ie ie ; PY fl > 5 f G ti < tt [ <= eee 1.4 hal OFF PER ¢ fl al i by fe sila AT U ANN WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1912, ae OO eet ne ee a nae a —_ S° “22 - Toa SO ee OOF Sane aE SS ee Se a BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Cuirton, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. CHItTENDEN, 77 charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxrins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WEBSTER, 1n charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruuirs, in charge of bee culture. D. M. RoaeErs, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roza P. CurrRi£, in charge of editorial work. MABEL Co.LcorD, wn charge of library. Decipuous Fruit INsEct INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. FreD JOHNSON, E. L. JENNE, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. A. CusHMAN, J.B. Grit, R. L. Nouearet, W. M. Davipson, L. L. Scott, F. E. Brooxs, W. B. Woop, E. B. Buaxestee, E. H. Srecter, A. C. BAKER, agents and experts. E. W. Scott, F. L. Smranton, J. F. Zimmer, entomological assistants. S. W. Foster, W. H. S111, employed in enforcement of insecticide act, 1910. I LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., November 20, 1911. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bulletin No. 80, eight papers dealing with deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. These papers, which were issued separately during the years 1909-10, are as follows: The Codling Moth im the Ozarks, by E. L. Jenne; The Cigar Case-Bearer, by A. G. Hammar; Addi- tional Observations on the Lesser Apple Worm, by 8S. W. Foster and P. R. Jones; The Pear Thrips and Its Control, by Dudley Moulton; On the Nut-Feeding Habits of the Codling Moth, by 8S. W. Foster; Life History of the Codling Moth in Northwestern Pennsylvania, by A. G. Hammar; The One-Spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum Curculio, by A. L. Quaintance, E. L. Jenne, EK. W. Scott, and R. W. Braucher; Tests of Sprays Against the Euro- pean Fruit Lecanium and the European Pear Scale, by P. R. Jones. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. IIt Pol Bae A Cre, The present series of articles on deciduous fruit insects and insecti- cides, Parts I to VIII, comprises Bulletin 80. The first article, on the codling moth in the Ozarks, is a report on two years’ study of the life history of this insect, which is very destructive in that locality. For the first time three generations of larvee have definitely been established. The cigar case-bearer, treated in the second paper, is an insect that periodically attracts attention by reason of its injuries. During the outbreak of this species in the general region of North Hast, Pa., during the season of 1908, exceptional opportunity was presented for a study of its life history and habits, as detailed in the paper in question. The lesser apple worm was the subject of an article issued in 1908 as Part V of Bulletin 68. At that time the egg had not been found, and there was question whether this species fed to any extent upon the twigs of apple. Further observations on this important apple insect are presented in Part III, in which the egg stage is described, although previously noted by Mr. E. P. Taylor, and it was also found that the boring of apple twigs is due to the work of another species. The fourth paper, on the pear thrips and its control, comprises the second report upon this species, which is so destructive to deciduous fruits in the San Francisco Bay region in California. The first paper, issued as Part I of Bulletin 68, contained the principal facts in the life history of the insect, which are repeated and extended in the present paper, with the addition of many data resulting from large- scale experiments with remedies in orchards. Practicable control measures are indicated. The feeding of the codling moth upon nuts has been occasionally recorded in the literature of this insect, although the evidence has been inconclusive, and it was the consensus of opinion among ento- mologists that the insect never normally fed upon nuts. Part V of the present bulletin details definite extended observations showing that under certain conditions in California the codling moth is a seri- ous pest in its work on English or Persian walnuts. Part VI, which deals with the life history of the ecodling moth in - northwestern Pennsylvania, follows in general the plan of treatment of Part I of this bulletin, and constitutes the second article dealing Vv VI DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. with the detailed life history of this insect in an important fruit region. Similar studies are under way or planned covering the prin- cipal fruit sections of the United States. A report will shortly be prepared dealing with the codling moth in Michigan. During the past few years there has been considerable interest aroused, following the experience of certain western entomologists and orchardists, in the practicability of controlling the coding moth by a single thorough application immediately after the falling of the petals. This so-called one-spray method has been compared with the usual spraying schedule in vogue in the East by numerous east- ern entomologists, and the results of the investigations of this bureau on the relative merits of these two spraying methods in the control of the codling moth and also in the control of the pi eurculio are detailed in Part VII. The final paper, Part VIII, reports on tests of sprays against the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale, two serious scale-insect enemies of deciduous fruits in California. A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. ; Page. ithe codline moth injthe Ozarks jaye cope AEE 2 EF. L. Jenne.. 1 Seasonal siistoryp eee setae cee iatavele sie Marital NeaeadcVepesps) 2 2c lajoM@act oe eh elcs ae 1 PSY OMMDOVES Jos ROVOVGl Gi! TOYO ALAS eee Ne eee 6 eas iL Sprinevbroodsoimotin se ee teers) Sele \ reissue) eters cetera ete eee le let 4 Mine gins i Seer Atom Me creche ere) lace ra ye 2 ctaey ehbenn Nn MOEN VEER aU RMR LIT 6 hewecondiseneratione: soy sees As eee Be Me ee eet ha fa he yehirdyeemera tomes os Seki ysl er kokt hence Ne va) ue NANI Sy, 17 AVWiaraite vate peel rey cee ee cry HNO Se NE uO Aes stn DR aes ee 19 Revaewsot rearime work of the seasoms 401.005 jas ee a, 20 Mairdysen eration mpl GO (eee sos 2. by SS ne aM aN MEY El 22 Miscellaneous OOSERVALIONSta te et) 5 Ack ol 2 eck sini «AI ey Sel ree SORE U RED ABARGS « 23 PBAMGEE COLE SAL ie a oie MINER Ee Grace NG eee Aten RE SUR Ey US ERAN ee 23 Himergencetoh moth sess ly yee erie i Che a SUS ET ae Nec Bel Agee 26 Marve fOMTOMACE s Cy AUG Nas ara a2 esi Mery se ieee ees ly SN Eels 27 Waitavces im Cac ese ey wet el Cae GRR Me Nie ANSE ie EO Sere Se ERE Wear: 28 Numerous darvee in onevapplen take ee Py Seats Bp aa 28 IN(UMMIDS EAOL TIVOLGS Era SER ye rr Ay ees ey PRY es ET CR ILYS TUANa aa ee 29 Naturalrvenemmesss (neers U Nuss Nes CEE CELE Lee Eee ENS L ae 29 Rereentaceofiruitvmiestedan aun sie. pend ke a hieis ea) ees 30 CWOMCTUSTOMS HE ENE IE BPO EIN a Ue UAE uy Ua OUTS Ts Back cies Se UR Rea ae Ny tae oil The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherelia Fernald). -.-.-.-..- A.G. Hammar... 33 VB OT) iid See ers EA Merc A LG ne tac TERE A DAr Le EMA ASS 33 AD ASEPU LU ELOMS SUM Aig RA TN SUA SERS OVS OO LT At 35 ioodiolamtsiame ying urys et 2 eee ee Eley aa PE ed EN ae 36 IDESCHAP LTO Mis ee eet a RN BS RT Oe ae art NA Eee aa 37 SCAsOMaleMStORyere ss Ge eeene see Sites a tat (sags eee ems ae es tM pNpa ny Oy 39 FESTA @ TNT ses a ered cena ire mene intake a ET Ah os TO ae UE kt 4] Methodsjotcombrolees otek ee Qe ER TN tas So EN alae PCE SR MGMT AY Se 41 HES Ini rrrey po lay pay ias aie Pe eres SIE y o CHT HHI ae e Ue Soeh Pi NE RL LN 42 Additional observations on the lesser apple worm (Hnarmonia prunivora Walsh), PSMA LL OSLCI UIUC Teeth OTLESBeccs mrt ee ANU EE UEP ME Be SUS WOE rk Sy PU Le sak Paty 45 Two apple caterpillars other than the codling moth.............---....-- 46 Comparative abundance of the lesser apple worm and codling moth in CH OVO ASSIA hs OIE eae sie nS 9 a ee ea pea PERS USDA Ua OMAN 46 Seasonalihistory and alloitsee: Aan ase Ole ea ey Ma gc ae 47 iieveyecleandiduratiom or stages! soi. sn bk Sa ee a 48 Deseriptionol epee. 3) 2255 jaa4 eee Mi HG Ns ONG RR TLS SUNN A AMON 2h 50 AT ARIES ee vate ale Seve torn arcl WuMAiah st 8 082 Sieh)" ae RE BOE 50 Won trolymeas nes sere. 2S skh a2 Wea aN AUP NL cts! es at aN RS Re HL ENE 50 The pear thrips and its control (Huthrips pyri Daniel)....-- Dudley Moulton. . 51 WAS tet UbLOMG SAN, SAReN HOG pats take isis RU: DS Re WONG EDEN CEI OE PN ill Chara cherolanjUTy ease meee ED RNS Oa EN 0) en BG NBIC Ey ee 52 Sezsonalphustony, ame: ballon tse es ye o4 ee We Ce ee RP TENOR 55 Methodsrotstreatiment 42 oi le yee oie Uli i) MDM ADE Nt 60 PONUUO OU ODN ENT ALE it, JL RN ER ANU L/L REN ogee mB Mtoe Ne ADS andi J 66 1 The eight papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on June 26 and 30, Aug. 12, and Sept. 1, 1909, and Sept. 20 and Nov. 28, 1910 (three papers on the last date). Part VII, revised, was issued on Mar. 30, 1911. VII VIELE DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page. On the nut-feeding habits of the codling moth................. S. W. Foster... 67 Notice of walnut aniestation? os). 00. 522) ee Ae ene eee 67 Nature ‘of dnpury £52525. ood oh eke, a oie. oe SO 68 Extent of miesta toms Soo. Soo ea ioe OT es es 68 Warletios atiacked i. 2 04. ois a ica te Se eee ere 68 Seasonal history of the codling moth on walnuts...-....----------------- 68 Controls he sock a Ue ees en a, Ciel s yA eal ae rr rrr 7 Life history of the codling moth in northwestern Pennsylvania. A.G. Hammar. . TAL Seasonal-history studies of 1909 °2 co So Sk 72 Source of rearinp materials. 222s oo s.6 eee 72 Overwantering larvessis226 wi. 25 Se es ee Es eee 72 Sprine brood iof pup: 2 ss. oes eo ae es Ne eee 73 Spring brood ‘of moths. . 2.22 ssa sees ele ke eee ee 74 he first generations 3.22.2 8S Ra eee) ee Bae Giant be gee : 80 ‘The'second ‘wenerationsoo6 Series a VE a ee ee Se ee. 91 Band: TECOrd SOP 9096 ae eee ols a te Ce Ie toRGi ey pee HS iwi 95 Review of the life-history work:of 19092220... {220-4 eee 98 Seasonal-history studies of 1907 andGhG0S! 220 2 ae 98 Source of rearing material 4422 sh a ee eee 98 Time of emergence of moths of the spring brood...........--...----- 100 Time of emergence of moths of the first brood-..... oS AGL Leen i 100 Band jrecords:of 190 and 1908 2222 es isto. Wee ee ee 102 Weather-records for 1907; 1908; and 1909.0.25.--.. 32. oe ee ~ 104 Comparative life- history andes for the seasons of 1907, 1908, and 1909-. 108 Tmsectienemiess {22 2 ae seh GS Oa SU egy ee Ok eg ee 110 Summary sss ous ete bo Se I, 2G Sa SNE A 2 TE ee ae 110 The one-spray method in the control of the codling moth and the plum curculio, A.L. Quaintance, E. L. Jenne, E. W. Scotti, and R. W. Braucher.......------ 113 Results of experiments with the one-spray method as compared with results from the usual:schedule of applications.-~ .20- 235223: a ee 116 Experiments /in Arkansas: 00.004 os So ee ee Se ee 116 Bxperimentstin. Virginia <3. 6 3222208 Shs a gy oe ee 130 W.'8) Ballard’s orchards... $035 2y 8 PP Es ee 130 Orchard of Strathmore/Orchard |Coze. 24352525. een ee 134 Experimentsian’ Michigan si) S22 ee eee 137 Summary statement of'resultss.+/2 220s... 025 Se ee eee 145 Conclusions: .so292252 52 ke ee, BS SR eee 146 Tests of sprays against the Europea fruit Lecanium and the European pear BORE eee arciaie b sia wis Sie Oe eet Sn es ed PES Sones 5 ARE The European fruit Lecanium (Lecanium cornt Bouché).....------------- 148 Appearance of the imsect.-.22-. 2. ci. shee Be ee 148 Plan of work and method of ascertaining results..............--.-.---- 148 ‘Appheation ‘of sprayseenseees era ek oe eae ey 148 Sprays used and methods of preparation.............. 222) 222s 148 Restilta. :oi.g5%s 0. Re Beet ps Ua uth ty Bs Nae a 151 The European pear scale (Epidiasptis pyricola Del Guer.).........-------- 151 Appearance of the insect and extent of injury.............--.------- 151 Spraying: experiments A908... ols 2) ee Se eg Se eee 152 Spraying experiments inv 1909... 2.52. bs Re ee 155 Cost of sprayimgs os 2.'-1 oe ee SO eer Ne DN eg oo ae 158 SHMMIAT Yoo 22 oe, Ce cee ges ty ACO p AC = ee 159 | G0 >_< pam a tenn ee Ns Le ole ab Me Nim BM Mai gd Ra 161 Puate I. ble TIl. VII. VIII. XIII. . Work of the pear thrips on pear. . Work of the pear thrips on French prune. Pe SR AT LOONS PLATES. The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella). Fig. 1.—Apple leaf with larvee at work. Fig. 2.—Infested apple twig, two weeks after larvee ceased feeding. Fig. 3.—Young branches with puncturelike feeding marksitotithePanvces 26 oh.) Mai NE eb Ua as The cigar case-bearer. Fig. 1.—Apple leaf from which numerous cases have been constructed. Fig. 2.—Over-wintering larve. Fig. 3.—Apple leaf from which cigar-shaped cases have been made; the empty spring cases still adhering. Fig. 4.—Newly emerged moths in their characteristic pose on the empty cases..........-.------ The lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora). Fig. 1.—Photomi- crograph of egg. Fig. 2.—Work of larvee on fruit of Crateegus. . - - -- . Condition of buds at the time when first spraying for the pear thrips (Euthrips pyri) should be given. Fig 1.—Bartlett pear. Fig. 2.— Rrench) prune.) Pig. 3: —Imperialjprume: oi. oon Cos ie ay Fig. 1.—Destruction of buds and blossoms. Fig. 2.—Scabbing of fruit from feeding punctures by AGC Ultsoni tive Openi ne Uds In Sprimg a2 Woah ay eel Ve Fig. 1.—Shoot on which crop has been largely destroyed in blossom stage. Fig. 2.—Young fruit, natural size, showing scabbing resulting from work of larvee. Fig. 3.—Mature fruit, showing scabbing injury, resulting in a low erade Obdried srt es A UMm SWS eh Meena me tahiats se aa tlie aa Codling-moth injury to French walnuts. Fig. 1.—Concord variety of French walnut, showing character of injury by larvee of the cod- ling moth. Fig. 2.—Concord variety of French walnut, about twice natural size, showing larva at work. . Codling-moth injury to French walnuts. Fig. 1.—Concord variety of French walnut, showing fibrous tissue connecting the halves, and empty pupal skin. Fig. 2.—Concord variety of French wal- nut, showing entrance and exit holes of larva......-..-..-......- . Portion of outdoor shelter used in rearing the codling moth in 1909, at North East, Pa. . Fig. 1.—View in orchard of Mrs. S. E. Jones, near Siloam Springs, Ark. Fig. 2.—View in orchard of Mr. W. 8. Ballard, near Crozet, Va... - . Fig. 1.—View in orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va. Fig. 2.—View in the E. H. House orchard, near POE D2 TIC Ns Be) Ve ei gaa UUI et Tg pee ae E S SS Te . Fig. 1.—The European fruit Lecanium (Lecanium corni) on “acim. Fig. 2.—The European pear scale (Epidiaspis pyricola) on pear. - View of prune orchard used in experiments against the European Pear seal eee Aas NUM 2) i, Ll PR MN tel lalye Mae Page. 36 38 48 54 54 54 68 68 72 116 134 148 152 Or 36. Ve DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TEXT FIGURES. . Curve showing emergence of spring brood of adults of codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) from collected wintering material... ....... . Curve showing record of larve and pupe of the codling moth taken from bands in 1907 JaGurve showing band recordsonl 9082s aes o.oo Se eee . Curve showing band record from 6 Jonathan apple trees, made at Aniderson, Moz 11 L908 tsk) 2 22 ey RP ee eae ee nee . Curve showing band record from 14 Gano and Lansingburg apple trees, made;at Anderson, Moin 1908's 054 0es avy oon ks oe ek . Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking bandirecord meh O0 72s ee Se ely eB Re ells Cones aan . Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking band record 1m GO Ss ee ee ee 5 a ee ee . Diagram illustrating the seasonal history of the codling moth as ob- served 1mr903 at Siloam prmessvAmlces 2122s 0 ee ee ee ees . The peculiar cases of the cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella).... . The cigar case-bearer: Adult female, egg, larva, pupa, details......... . inte’cyeleor the ‘eigar case-pearer ses ira tee as ee eee eee ae 2. Habrocytus sp., a parasite of the cigar case-bearer_...-.......---.-.---- . The pear thrips (Zuthrips pyri): Ovipositor and end of abdomen from 55 (0 (6 EUR te SIMI eg ca My i ee ea he al MG Rial pcr se Ry a SU -Jhespear thrip see bors sat: tle siete nek) Cenc. 0 SE RR rag eae ae ans o"he pear thrnpsaaryias 28 So es wie eee ae nis hare ee Bre hat ae The spear thrips: Ny mpir Or pupa, 2208 8 ns oa eee cee 2 ee eee ange phe pear thr pac vac il Goa eee Co, te ete le ah: ote © ET a mn eae ; Rearino device ior-pu pal records: ae eke oe Gee ea ee ee ee . Emergence curve of spring-brood moths, 1909........-....----- hei . Emergence curveof first- brood moths, 1909-222 22 e se . 'Band-recordicurvejof. 1909: 22 aes eee Wat een ne es eee 22s . Emergence curve of spring-brood moths, 1907..........-.-...-------- 24. . Emergence curve of first-brood moths, 1908.....--...-2.2..-2222.s-22: 26. /Band=record:curves Of 908.. 2222 Pe ek aN a ee ger . Maximum and minimum temperature curves, 1907..........--------- . Maximum and minimum temperature curves, 1908...........-------- . Maximum and minimum temperature curves, 1909.........-.------.-- . Time of emergence of spring-brood and first-brood moths, and the Diagram showing the seasonal history of the codling moth in 1909... .-- Emergence curve.of first-brood moths, 1907-22552 see ae ee eee iBand-recordeurve of 190722292 02 ee ee eee eee blossom periods of apple trees, during 1907, 1908, and 1909.......- . Time of leaving the fruit of the first-brood and second-brood larve during 1907; 1908;‘and 1909522) 2a a SS Soe es ee eee . The condition of the calyx cup of the apple in relation to spraying for the Coding moth /e ees see FS POR ai ae ac era cee er 4. Diagram of the Mrs. S. E. Jones orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., showing location of plats and trees used for making counts of fruit. . Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard orchard, near’ Crozet a Vaeecck ss oes ko cao ec SL. eae Diagram Agnes arrangement of plats and trees in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va...........--.------ Diagram illustrating arrangement of plats and position of trees in the EK. H. House orchard; near Saugatuck, Mich-: : 2-222 -222-SSeemeeeee U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part I. D. F. TI. 1., June 26, 1909. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. By E. L. JENNE, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. In 1907 the Bureau of Entomology undertook some experimental and demonstration spraying for the control of the codling moth at Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The work being largely investigation of remedies, only a few notes relating to the life history of the insect were secured. The following season a fuller line of rearing work was conducted at the same place, and the present account of the codling moth in that locality applies mainly to the season of 1908. Data for 1907 are introduced for comparison, where it is possible. an In 1908 the rearing work was conducted out of doors. Moths were confined in Riley rearing cages; larvee were reared in fruit inclosed in paper bags on the trees, or in picked fruit m muslin- covered battery jars; and the pupal periods were observed in small vials. SEASONAL HISTORY. SPRING BROOD OF PUPX.4 Duration of the brood.—The earliest pupe did not come under observation, but judging from the first emergence of moths and the length of the earliest observed spring pupal stages, pupation began in late February or early March. 2'The term ‘‘brood” is used in speaking of any single stage of the insect, and ‘‘gen- eration” to include all the stages of the life cycle. The pupz and moths produced by the transformation of the wintering larve are sometimes termed ‘‘first-brood pup” and ‘‘first-brood moths.’’ Here, however, the first generation is regarded as beginning with the first eggs of the season, and ending with the moths that develop therefrom. Where three generations of the insect occur, the adult stages are spoken of as moths of spring brood, moths of first brood, and moths of second brood. The adults of the third generation become the spring brood of moths for the succeeding year. The spring moths lay the first-brood eggs, the first-brood moths lay the second-brood eggs, and second-brood moths lay the third-brood eggs. 1 2 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. On March 24 there were taken, from rubbish on the ground under an outdoor apple bin at a vinegar factory, 6 pupe and 130 larve. They were located in a damp place, shaded during the greater part of the day. Above, in crevices of the apple bin, were many cocoons, for the most part inaccessible, but those that could be examined showed a much larger proportion of pupe. On March 31 some timbers were pried from this bin and larve and pup were found in about equal numbers—122 larve and 112 pupe. This bin was situated on the west side of the building and was built of 2 by 4 material, nailed, 1 inch apart, to large supporting timbers. The cocoons occurred between the scantlings and their supports. This should represent fairly normal conditions above ground. Even here pupz would be found greatly in the majority under one scant- ling, while beneath an adjoining one nearly all cocoons might contain larve. This was evidently due to the fact that some of the pine scantlings were sapwood, which absorbs much moisture during rains. At the time of examination they were damp and soggy, though no rain had fallen for several days. Under these the proportion of pup was much smaller than under dry scantlings adjoiming. No empty pupal cases were found March 31, although one adult moth, evidently just emerged, was captured while sunning itself on the bin. On April 21 the bin was again examined, and there were found 79 larve, 114 pupe, and 64 empty cases. This showed that about 70 per cent of the wintering larve had pupated up to that time. But even yet larve were in the majority in damp and shaded parts. Nearly all of the larve collected on the above dates and kept out of doors in vials had pupated by May 12. Two belated individuals pupated May 19 and 20. This gives a probable time of 2} months during which wintering larve transformed to pupez. Apple trees bloomed about the middle of this period. The majority of the spring pupe had given out adults by May 27, the two belated indi- viduals emerging June 6 and 8. Thus there is a period of about 3 months during which spring pupe were present—from the first of March until June. Length of spring pupal stage.—Individual records were obtained of 131 spring pup, from larve collected at the out door apple bin. The material was kept out of doors in vials in a pasteboard box, under as nearly a normal temperature as possible. The length of the pupal stage steadily decreased with the advancement of the season. Doubtless a longer period would have been shown for the first pupz of the season if they could have been observed. The records of the spring pupal stages are given in Tables I and I, with a summary in Table III. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. Hae TasLE I.—Length of pupal periods in spring brood of pupx—from wintering larve collected March 31. Winter- | woth pengley BR SA ater Moth iano Individual No. | ing larva of pupa ndividual No. | ing larva of pupa EL emerged. eae pupated. emerged stage. Days. eyes ah aa eC Apr. 1|May 1 30 Pd ues SN EN Siete Apr. 2] Apr. 28 26 Se Me Ce ST Re doses: Apr. 30 28 CA NS ett SN LEU UALS a doles: ay 3 31 Sree ee ee ene Apr. 4/}May 1 27 (eRe TA a US ek Apr. 5|May 2 27 fetes ees PUI ae Se Apr. 6| May 3 27 FS Paras FOU elk a 8 do...-- May 4 28 LOA a eae, Al Nova Ch) a weolos oeae 20 ND es ers ccs te oa ADEN Seen dOsecce 26 0g Oa Ee a es meee ae do....-. May 5 27 TIP eae aR eS A spas sel ee do....-. Be edO esas 27 WS Tse Bia eae Apr Oils 2dorsace 26 ARM eee ee Apr. 10 |...do..-.- 25 TASS ery ses OM a, SU eae doles: LUG Of esis 25 TUS BATT nS aa ase do...--. Wed Oea see 25 LIGA ERs Se yi ra ay MCN Apr tela sdoueus. 24 TESS see Cia ae Oues peed Ovene! 24 I ee fe at Es eae i saa do....- eon sect 24 PADS Pie A ae Ga areata ashe Kas do...-- May §& 20 DATARS Mes OL alates ATS do...-- seed Owsnee 27 PODS Res) SAME A | do...-- May 9 28 OR Ee PRN TL ante ns ENS REE donee: May 10 29 AE AR ra UNS bs Sasi ce Apr. 12| May 9 27 Dy iar tel ayo ay rN downs: May 10 28 DS EN re SCT AONE Eee O eee 28 5S A IN ser ce aye Apr. 13 | May 9 26 DOR Ra a tarsiaaiee CO sodas| Ha sGlEAsse 26 Dh Se A oA SEES do....- May 10 27 OOM eee er aieves eels Cho ewele aCe ake 27 eStats domeeetlige doeeae: 27 Pe cl ES tiny a eee ES doses ido sese 27 iS Nie Se a a ee ae Ose ene Onesie 27 SA re EEN Clo esl as 6 (oy Gai 27 SEC aS a eon Seats Goseea ed Ose 27 OO Peete eine seers ate Apr. 14 |...do..... 26 Siebert Ath teen donee Pa edousee: 26 CaNe slat este ha Na hae at dows: ei donsne 26 8) pas OP eNO NdOsses | PetdoOkeces 26 A (ee eV TESS Aa HMOs Ad Oe cen 26 2 Lee Ue NSS BOOS May 11 27 CS BR es es SPACE EKG LOE el ee Cases 27 TaBLE II1.—Length of pupal periods in spring brood of pupex—from wintering larvxe collected April 21. Winter- Length Winter- Length su i : Moth an . Moth 8 Individual No. | ing larva of pupal Individual No. ing larva of pupal pupated. | merged. age! Dupated! emerged. stare) Days. Days. May 1 24 May 3] May 25 22 May 1 25 May 4] May 22 18 May 19 PANY Nae Anu a ata ae etn CO eee downs 18 May 18 24 May 45 |...do..... 17 SCO! 222 - PRIN Brain Pears coco ena does dow see: 17 “dOs==2= Za MIINGOM SMe e er Ai eek ae ee doseezeledossik 17 do....-. BAN esp A Mg le ag eae mea ee doe ees dorsi: 17 do...-. DSN RO2 seagate eee seen eee Gores | dol ss2: 17 May 19 PAYEE aes Meme ass Pal Goes edo ees: 17 AOE eas 23 Pena ea ec ue Ae domsess | eesdoOeseee 17 doteee: QQ aS p wey sais Se do..... May 23 18 do... .. PAL a oe HAUTE Ss aes dope se dow see 18 May 20 20 May 6! May 22 16 Vdowecns BS ce ei OE SNM a OAR doze: May 23 17 EdOzeeee 19 May 8 |...do..... 15 do..... ON AQ aes a shat y= Us as Gla ea Aula sec Koy as 15 May 21 PAU HR ie 8 EA a eeeee i ar ar La dosessteedOs 25. 15 ay 20 17 May 10 |...do..... 13 May 21 18 May 11| May 25 14 “(boys 18 ay 12 |...do..... 13 BOLE 1S 2a nae ee ese ano 8 A Onece May 27 15 sGOle25- 18 May 13 | May 26 13 edowser: 18 May 19| June 8 20 May 22 19 May 20| June 6 17 4 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLe III.—Spring brood of pupxr—summary of pupal periods shown in Tables I and IT. Number F nee Wi : + qa; |Maximum) Minimum | Average intering larve: collected. ne pupal life. | pupal life. |pupal life. Days. Days. Days. March Site emacs saben kine Sed deine ciate eile nae Saray he Seteye 83 31 24 26. 2 Aprile onteeueee e Ue Osea soem need) Mcp ues Meat 48 26 13 18.5 TBS OGL OES Spare epee ea te See Se os ee ae i che 131 31 13 23.5 SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. Duration of emergence.—Emergence began out of doors March 31, on which date we captured a moth while collecting wintering mate- rial at the outdoor apple bin. As no empty pupal cases were found this may be considered the beginning of emergence. Ben Davis apple trees were in full bloom at this time. From wintering material collected March 31, moths began emerging April 9. Some probably would have issued earlier had not a large proportion of the pupz been injured in collecting. On again examining the apple bin, on April 21, the numerous empty pupal cases indicated that about 25 per cent of the moths had issued, there being found 64 empty cases and 193 larvee and pupe. By May 27 all moths had emerged from collected wintering material except two belated individuals which issued June 6 and 8. The latter date coincides with the issuance of the first moth of the first brood. Briefly, the spring brood of moths issued during a period of 2 months, beginning with the date of full-bloom of apple trees (March 31). The emergence of moths from collected wintering material is shown in Table IV. TaBLE 1V.—Emergence of spring brood of moths—summary of emergence records from wintering material collected March 24, March 31, and April 21. Number Number | Number Number Number Date. |of moths Date. |of moths); Date. | of moths|| Date. !ofmoths|} Date. | of moths emerging. emerging. emerging. emerging. emerging. Apr. 9 || VA pr20e= DiiMayae. 2 3 || May 12-.. 16 || May 23.. 8 Apr. 10 2) Apr. 212: 3 || May 2... 9 || May 13-. 12 || May 24.. 1 Apr. 11 0 || Apr. 22.. 4 || May 3... 10 || May 14.. 0 || May 25.. 3 Apr. 12 0 || Apr. 23:. 11 |} May 4... 13 || May 15.. 11 || May 26.. 2 Apr. 13 1 || Apr.24.. 2 || May 5... 22 || May 16.. 11 || May 27.. 1 Apr. 14 0} |(PAtpre25% 4 || May 6... 2 || May 17.. 8 || June 6... 1 Apr. 15 2 || Apr. 26-.. 0 || May 7... 0 || May 18.. 7 || June 8... 1 Apr. 16 1) Aprag7ee 0 || May 8... 3 || May 19.- 5 Apr. 17 2 || Apr. 28.. 1 || May 9... 0 || May 20-.. 10 Apr. 18 4 || Apr. 29.. 2. || May 10.. 27 || May 21.. 6 Apr. 19 1 || Apr.30.. 1 || May 11.. 29 || May 22.. 11 The data given in Table IV are shown graphically in the accompany- ing curve, figure 1. The above record is from 320 larve and 232 pupe collected March 24, March 31, and April 21 from the outdoor apple bin. These 552 THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 5 larve and pup produced 275 adults. A much larger number of pupzx than of larvee were injured in collecting and failed to give out moths. This, together with the fact that 193 of the total number collected were taken after emergence had begun, would throw the maximum of emergencée here shown considerably later than it should be. As before stated, about 25 per cent of the moths had emerged in the field, from cocoons above ground, by April 21. In 1907 Mr. Dudley Moulton records the finding of a few empty pupal skins while collecting wintering material in an open packing shed April 27. This was 25 days after the apple blossoms had fallen, a period of cold weather occupying the interval. From material then collected moths continued to issue in the laboratory until June 1. 30 40 80;4 zo 10 t FH H PREEEEEEEEEE EEE Et piste [susan aagees rte 0 + aon ims i Apr iz 1@ (6 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 May 4 6 8 10-12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 go June 3 Sin Tad Fig. 1.—Curve showing emergence of spring brood of adults of codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonelia) from collected wintering material. Life of the moth.—Records of 28 spring-brood moths emerging April 13-23, and confined in a Riley rearing cage out of doors, show an average life of 10.5 days. Another lot of 35 moths that emerged April.25 to May 4 gives an average life of 9.1 days. The life of the moths is largely dependent on temperature. They are able to lay fertile eggs in 3 to 5 days after emergence, but during cold weather in spring or fall they remain torpid for long periods. Moths can be fed by putting into the cage a piece of raw cotton soaked in sirup or fruit juice. However, even without-food, if a suflicient number of moths are confined together, eggs will be laid abundantly. Data on caged spring-brood moths are given in Tables V and VI. These moths issued from the wintering material collected March 24 and March 31. 6 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, TaBLE V.—Life of spring brood of moths—Cage T. Moths emerged and put into Moths di cage. ths died. hives Eggs laid (at night). | life of | moths. Date. Number. Date. Number. | Date. Number. ATS Base see eee TL H ey oy TO ye 1 Aprilia eae: 23 WaNy oy al aay Saya al ia PAW Noy aU AAO) BO ee 1 Arp ri] e24 aera eter 46 TAPE LG ale as en ita ACTED 22 cues 1 Ma yi 2 eee eer reeian 16 AMpralyb eae eterna e 2M April 24 see ae ie as 4 PATIL See a tee a AN ACTIN 28 ese wears 2 cies 1 ee PLU 2 0 eee Sa Rice prils0 lee ee eee 5 REIN CNCEN 31 May aon ic Mina 1 |f10-5 days. April Zens eee TESS EN oe Seo dauede 1 Ma ys3e ooo ee 2 | Notalees soe. SON Mia yi ta eae ene 3 | Mayo 1 Maye 9 One er sep: 2 Mia val 02 eaeeee ace 1 Escaped........-. 2 | TaBLeE VI.—Lvfe of spring brood of moths—Cage IT. Moths aurea put into Moths died. Average | Egsslaid (at night). ANA aa ee eee oe whe OUP ITER ir sts Soe USL Te Sa cei moths. ; Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. ANpril ZOU mesa eae AG) Ween yh eran eva 2 Mia Ate ey sania 5 Aprils ces ee seo- Ab cay Ae areal ire il Mai Seceeconen ieee 16 NTO it AAS ee aR PAN ei Ba cies Seles a 1 Mary (near eee 45 May vase Sc aerance Dl Mian Gea eeaaaerse are 3 IMB 3D Beas eos ew ates eee Oui iMiaiydene eet see 1 a 5 eee 12 aay ie BE AE Ebene 2 AY Perce ee 10 Ayal Queers Mayan einmeari cs 4 [fot days. Motalaeeseewe AQ a Mia 2 es ee cea 3 Mayall 3 sake eee: 2 IM ey Al Se aie eae 4 Mayall jane e we 3 Maya Gey iene 2, Mayle inns ne 2 HSCapeG Seen sae ser 5 THE FIRST GENERATION. FIRST-BROOD EGGS. Period of oviposition.—Eggs were not laid in the rearing cages as early as in the field, because of the lack of a sufficient number of the earliest moths. Eggs collected in the field began to hatch April 27, which, from the earliest observed periods of incubation, would indicate that oviposition had commenced as early as April 7. Apple blossoms had nearly all fallen by April 7. Eggs were abundant in the orchard on April 27, 67 eggs being collected from the lower branches of 2 trees in the space of half an hour. Of these, 6 were empty shells, 2 showed the black head of the larva and hatched the same day, 36 showed the red ring, and 23 were undeveloped. Eggs continued abundant in the orchard during the early part of May. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. a e The last unhatched eggs of the first brood were found May 27. Empty shells were numerous in the orchard at that time, but only 3 unhatched eggs were found, all of them in the “black-spot”’ stage. This date seems to be near the end of the first brood of eggs, and agrees witli the issuing records of moths from collected wintering material, practically all moths having emerged by this time. In 1907 the last of the first-brood eggs were obtained June 2, having been laid in a cage by the last moths to emerge from collected wintering material kept in the laboratory. Place of oviposition.—Of 67 eggs collected in the orchard April 27, 53 occurred on the upper side of leaves, 13 on the back of leaves, and 1 on a twig. While bagging fruit on May 6 a careful examination for eggs was made on all the leaves, twigs, and fruit to be inclosed in the bags. There were 78 eggs or empty shells found, of which 76 were on the upper surface of leaves, 1 on a twig, and 1 on the side of the fruit. Since but few apples became wormy after being bagged, this represents nearly the whole number of eggs present on the parts examined. Some of the eggs were at a considerable distance from any fruit, but as a rule the moths seemed to have selected the fruit clusters, possibly only because the foliage there was denser than on isolated shoots. In the cages eggs were placed indiscriminately on all parts of twigs, leaves, fruit, framework of cage, and on the glass panes, always, however, on the side of the cage from which most light came. Twigs placed in the middle or on the darker side of the cage were disregarded, the moths depositing their eggs on the side or bottom of the cage while struggling to fly out toward the light. Fertility —Practically all eggs observed were fertile, whether laid in cages or collected in the orchard. Often a few sterile eggs were deposited in the cages before oviposition proper began. When eggs were laid in considerable numbers they were all fertile. Length of incubation period.—The egg stage was greatly lengthened by periods of cool weather such as are apt to occur in early spring. The first eggs obtained in cages were deposited the night of April 19. These were subjected to very cool weather, including frost, and gave a maximum period of 21 days, or an average of 19.6 days. Eggs deposited the night of April 24 experienced part of the same spell of cool weather, including frost, and required an average of 17 days to hatch. With the advent of warm weather the egg stage was rapidly shortened. Eggs deposited May 8 hatched in 84 days, and the lot laid May 10 hatched in 74 days. Undoubtedly the last eggs of the first brood would show the uniform period of 5 days required for second-brood and third-brood eggs laid during June, July, and August. In Table VII are shown the incubation records of first-brood eges deposited in outdoor cages. 30490°—Bull. 80—12——_2 8 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES TaBLe VII.—First-brood eggs—incubation records of eggs laid in Cages I and II (recorded in Tables Vand VI). A. 21 EGGS LAID IN CAGE I. al spo | of eggs. (night). appeared. appeared.| hatched. | egg stage. l | Tr rs | Number When Red ring Beck When | Length of | Days 2 Apr. 19 | Apr. 27} May 4j)| May 6 17 5 dO =s-4 |S 2GOle- May 5] May 8 19 11 =e dOsess=|5 10d 02-2e 3 [252d Oscess May 9 20 3 2eeGOs s54|2. 5 Oe Ssh GOs May 10 21 ; | B. 46 EGGS LAID IN CAGE I. 1 Apr. 24| May 2] May 10| May 11 16 2 do eGOs-=2e May 9/} May 12 17 6 do =G0=222 22 May 10 dorsan 17 30 do does: May 11 do 17 4 doen May 3 Golo. see dos 17 1 Gowen Mavi 2h eanG Oss | May 13 18 1 GOzsa2 Mayen th ecee eee - May 14 19 FIRST-BROOD LARVZ. Period of hatching—The date of the earliest hatching of larve can be put fairly accurately at about April 27 (3 weeks after petals had fallen), as on that day out of 67 eggs collected in the orchard only 6 were empty shells and 2 in the black-spot stage, hatching the same day. No wormy apples were found until May 4, the calyx lobes probably concealing their work for several days. Larve con- tinued to enter the fruit in numbers during nearly the whole of May. The last of the brood probably entered during the first week of June, which is allowing 10 days from the time of the last observed unhatched egg in the orchard. The great majority of the first brood of larve entered the fruit during May. Thus it will be seen that up to this time the different stages of the insect, instead of showing an increasing tendency to occupy a longer time, have actually become more compact. While it required about 2} months for the wintering larve to pupate, the spring moths issued within a space of 2 months and the first brood of larve hatched in scarcely more than 45 days. This is readily explainable from the influence of temperature on the different stages. The earliest spring THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 9 pupal stages lasted a month, but the later individuals to transform spent only 2 weeks as pupe; so that the time of emergence of the spring moths was shortened by 15 days. Again, the first eggs required 20 days to hatch, and the last only 5, a shortening by another 15 days of the period during which the first brood of larve entered the fruit. In 1907 the first larva was found in the orchard May 18, newly hatched, and in the act of entering the calyx. This was 6 weeks after the petals had fallen from the apple trees. Several wormy apples were found May 23, and they soon became abundant. On June 17 to 20, observations by Mr. Dudley Moulton at Bentonville, Ark., and by the writer at Siloam Springs indicated that the first brood had nearly all entered. Over 500 wormy apples were collected in orchards at the two places, but no larve just entering were found, the smallest larvee having burrowed to. the core. Maturing of larve.—tIn 1908 the first cocoon was found under a band May 27, and contained a newly transformed pupa (soft and white), indicating that the larva had left the fruit not later than May 24. Two full-grown larve left picked fruit May 26, the fruit having been collected in the orchard that day. The band record from 18 trees (page 24) indicates that the last of the first brood of larvee went into cocoons about July 15, or 52 days after the first larva left the fruit. This gives an increase of about a week over the time be- tween the first and last entering larve of this brood. In 1907 the first mature larve left picked fruit June 12. On June 17 many larve and some pupe were taken from bands, the last pre- vious examination of the bands being on June 10. In 1906 larvee had begun to spin cocoons by June 5, as indicated by a sending of wormy fruit from Bentonville, Ark., by Mr. W. M. Scott to Mr. Moul- ton. Several larve had spun up en route. Period in fruit.—Several of the earlier larve of the first brood hatched and were placed on bagged fruit May 4. Six larve reached maturity, leaving the fruit May 26-29, after an average life in the apple of 23.8 days, the minimum being 22 and the maximum 25 days. A greater range would probably occur in the field between larve in exposed fruit and those in the shaded interior of the trees. Larval life in cocoon.—F¥orty-three larvee which became full grown before July 10 showed an average interval of 7.2 days between leav- ing the fruit and pupation when kept in vials out of doors. The shortest interval was 3 days and the longest 19. The normal time in the orchard is probably nearer the minimum here shown, as in the glass vials many larvee seemed to spend an unusually long time trying to build a suitable cocoon. Individual records on this stage are given in Table VIII, 10 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. FIRST-BROOD PUP. First-brood larve began to pupate May 27, just a week after the last stragglers of the wintering larve under observation had pupated. Thus first-brood pupz appeared before the last of the spring brood had given out moths, the extent of the overlap being 12 days. Of 42 first-brood pupez observed, the average duration of the stage was 10.7 days, ranging from 9 to 13 days. The total period from the time the larva left the fruit until the adult issued averaged 17.8 days, with a range of from 13 to 21 days. As before suggested, larvee not confined in vials would probably pupate sooner, thus shortening the “‘cocoon stage.’’ Individual records of first-brood pup are shown in Table VIII. TasLE VIII.—Pupal periods and cocoon stages of first generation. ! Larva Length | Total ee Larva Moth : : Individual No. | left of pupal | time in fruit. pupated. emerged. stace? cocoon. Days Days. eee fad ere ee | eR A Oe er pees see see May 29 | June 2 | June 12 1 FSI pis Sie alle Peer esa RULES ee BERR Sa Soe eee ree Rie Os ee clnee do.. BO see 10 14 3 See Ree OB Bee es Sie OS Sere Seer ei comes do fe dos. 28/25: does 10 14 7 ce tS a age ice om i AE Meee et ee ae May 30 | June 38 |..-do..... 9 13 Gl aoe et Oe Meee he © eee ss Sear rs Sy oe eames |---dO..... sed Ones: June 13 10 14 ee Re oe oe presto Ane Seca aRiNe a ray Ne MND re Sexe knees June 5] June 18 13 19 PRU TS ahs 5 Se ene Se sen be Me eee ee Seat May 31} June 4] June 15 ll 15 Su as ea Bs Oe OES se eaes cote eee Sees one une 2| June 5} June 16 11 14 Les Ba ee eS Sere Paes EES Get as aa Ue nS As 5 dol June 6 dosse= 10 14 a RS ere Oe 2 rae eee en te St ae Rea SESE dos--= June 7/| June 18 11 16 SN ae ea poe ee Si eas a SOS See a See eee eee me June 3} June 6/| June 16 10 13 Dee eke Soca cena ae Cee ot pee none e as ecco eae al June 4] June 9 | June 21 12 17 185 thee et ED Se eee Sar eee Cee ke June 5| June 8/ June 19 11 14 11 MESS da eee i a Pa RR OE ob aE Ge SRA Rie te |EaadOesaee June 12 ; June 23 1 16 G2 5 Ee Ie ee eee ees Rr Ree PAR Rais Ses we oie dol June 21 | July 3 13 28 Gee) ele ia Seeds cae Ae AE Se) ooh Urano ere es June 6 | June 11 | June 22 11 16 IAS Beis Depa ibs ae Same Se Cee eee enum s Cie ok do=ss June 13 | June 24 11 18 HS OS ee ata ei ind See inate SR ap aes Sate ahs eae eee JUNE) See doses Ose 11 16 AG)S od Scheie Recte AOE SRE OPE RE Se Le ek Uae ee eee I ja -GOhes= June 16 | June 26 10 18 De ray chen ateb en er A See ete eee ote Stee tt nical onl a nen | June 9 dons June 28 12 19 DAS iey Sah Sie See RE ae kt ee Slee ee June 11 dos. June 25 9 14 PMR EY ese tea | RN Rete sce ee rar ea eee eee June 15 | June 19 | June 30 11 | 15 DOr rene eae By he earn a WIE CT ee ae ea rs, June 16 | June 23} July 5 12 17 7 SEP at OE Ar ae I SOLE, PS Pe SE SES oT RSE June 21)| June 24 |:.-doz.--- 11 14 PASE Sess Ay oie oe aie a mle nes hee aay Og iy ee Se ROL. ae aS June 23 | June 29 | July 11 12 18 Se pa ee Oe Reo aeiel ola ee eye pens Oneness July 7] July 17 10 24 A (ON A Ee ee Ree eS OI TAS On ee er June 24 | July 2) July 12 10 18 oe ee Le Cen oe eee tM eT ea ee Auer eo = dOEse | July 5| July 16 11 22 DORE tc Bi REL. SALE ARES Jo ee ees ae eee em | June 27 | July 7/} July 17 10 20 OO Re alale Pee aie, co oe ce en te Se tee | June 28 | July 3) July 13 10 15 BUSES Eo Le CIS ede A oe Ee eae es June 30 | July 7 | July 17 10 | 17 DE es cten Seam k oo ede eae is Be Sia ee emer peor July ul yen doses: 12 16 ote Shs ES So SSS) GSES Ae Se ee July 2)|July 8| July 18 10 16 SN ee ee eee ene SRO teat Soe Ses oe aeerod| -d0s July 11} July 20 9 | 18 DOS see se ehhh oc butts 5S Se eee eee See eee ee [doe July 16 | July 27 11 25 DOME senso eis se Sas kas ars aS Sa ee eee euaee July July 9/ July 18 9 15 3 x a te eee Seen eei ee eee teen gre eS og Se Paes Htliys et | HulyecOh Andes ek 12 25 Ss See eee Am Be ee 55 So OBO SS AOG aE edO-2e- July 26 | Aug. 7 12 31 DO beet ae BSS Ns ke a SOS Be eee eee sore ete | July 8| July 23] Aug. 2 10 | 25 AQ Rete Mee Noe Sac wte Si ou eS nee one eee Soe ome July 9) July 15| July 26 Ta es 17 A Re isc Seo Soe S aa on SR See See EE eee eee ame (eedos. July 18} July 29 11 20 AON Sateen ee tisleeis icc ss nisiS sth eee Tee EEE San eee REE ORS RAS July 25} Aug. 4 10 26 | FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. The earliest first-brood moth emerged June 8, on which date the last belated moth of the spring brood also issued. Sixteen of the earliest moths, caged June 8-15, showed an average life of 6.2 days. Oviposition began 5 days after the first moth was caged. In 1907, THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 11 when a large number of moths were caged on the same date, eggs were obtained on the third day. A record of first-brood moths confined in a cage is given in Table IX. TaBLE I1X.—Life of first-brood moths (Cage III), reared from first-brood larve from earliest wormy apples collected in orchard, and from earliest larve reared in bagged fruit. | Moths emerged and put P Te Te La ah into cage. Moths died. Ree Eggs laid (at night). life of : | moths. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. GUNCWSs see eee ao: 1) | PUMNeCU Ge eee 1 JUNE Mss 2 June Oy shee, ley TL Nad ypbovey ie eae oe ee 1 Gio dave JuNew4 ss oe eee 16 Ayo ayey Mae ac tite ALS ee UT SLO Eman Ls Uae U r Ms: Ajvobaveyn Uae aie AO ue) 26 Atenas Ba eae yh ahbhayey All SARs eee 7 PUNE 1G Segue 18 Afobo vey lz: ee ae es ee Zit |uSCA Peden ase are 5 Ape bayey il 7s ei sale i 104 GUNew Sse ees eee 11 PUMEW Ss ee se ys 25 Motalienssse: 16 are Motalar. oso 21 Motalieenass. 191 In 1907 no first-brood moths were obtained until June 25. In 1906 Mr. Moulton records the issuing of a moth on June 19 from apples sent from Bentonville, Ark. LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE OF FIRST GENERATION. The interval between the emergence of the first adult of the win- tering brood and the earliest first-brood moth was 69 days. Starting with a spring moth emerging after the weather became warm, the life cycle would be much shorter. A moth emerging May 5 might lay eggs May 10. Eggs laid on the latter date required 74 days to hatch. This, together with 24 days in the fruit and 18 days in the cocoon, gives a total of about 54 days as an average time for the latter half of the first generation. THE SECOND GENERATION. SECOND-BROOD EGGS. The earliest of the first brood of moths began depositing eggs on the night of June 13. In 1907 second-brood eggs were not laid in cages until July 5. All eggs of this brood required a nearly uniform period of 5 days for incubation. In Table X is given a record of the incuba- tion of some of the earlier eggs of this brood. TaBLE X.—Second-brood eggs—incubation periods of eggs laid in Cage IIT (recorded in Table IX). Number | £88Slaid| Red ring} Black When | Length of eggs 4 Beh) || SPO as | narchied: |) CLees 88S- | night). | peared. | peared. "| stage Days 26 June 15 | June 18 | June 20 | June 21 55 18 June 16 | June 19 | June 21 |..¢do.... 5 104 June 17 |...do....; June 22 jaJune 22 5 25 June 18 | June 20 |.......... June 23 54 @ At night. 12 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SECOND-BROOD LARVA. Perwd of hatching.—According to records of oviposition, the first larvee of the second brood would have hatched June 18. They began hatching in numbers in the cages June 21. Reared larve entering fruit as late as August 3 were undoubtedly of the second brood, as they pupated on reaching full growth. Some of the brood probably hatched later still, making a total period of entrance to the fruit of perhaps 55 days for such larvee of this brood as pupated. Maturing of larve.—tThe band record (p. 24) indicates that second- brood larve began to leave the fruit by July 15. The first of the reared larve left July 13, and were from eggs laid 4 days later than the earliest, so mature second-brood larve may have appeared by July 10. The band records of both 1907 (p. 23) and 1908 (p. 24) indicate that the last of the second brood left the fruit early in Sep- tember. Period in fruit.—A large number of second-brood larve hatching during the night of June 22 were transferred to bagged fruit June 25. Seventeen of these reached maturity after an average time in the fruit of 24.6 days, the time ranging from 21 to 31 days. The individual records are given in Table XI. TaBLE XI.—Life of second-brood larve, reared in bagged fruit on trees (eggs recorded in Table X). Number | When | Date of | ime in of larve. | hatched. pale fruit. Tuit. Night. Days il June 22 | July 13 21 4 PxdOeee ss July 14 22 1 dol July 15 23 4 a SOseae: July 16 24 1 zado# July 17 25 2 se G0ee22" July 18 26 2 SCO ssase July 19 27 il ee GOseses July 20 28 1 Budou rau July 23 31 Several of the same lot of larve were put on picked fruit and kept in jars out of doors. Most of these spun cocoons in the fruit, and had pupated before the fact was noticed. Three of them, however, left the fruit after periods of 21 and 22 days. The fact that these larvee had been kept in jars instead of on bagged fruit seems to have hastened development, as the average time from oviposition to emer- gence of adult of 11 individuals of this lot was 42.3 days, as against 49.5 days for the 17 individuals on bagged fruit. Nine second-brood larve hatching July 28 to August 3 were reared in picked fruit in jars, and reached maturity in from 16 to 20 days, the average being 17.7 days. Individual records of this lot are given in Table XII. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 13 TABLE XII.—Life of second-brood larvx, reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors. Number | When earn Time in of larvee. | hatched. fruit. Days 2 July 28} Aug. 15 18 1 Xone: Aug. 14 17 1 July 31 | Aug. 17 17 1 Aug. 2 | Aug. 20 18 1 Aug. Aug. 22 19 1 ee dopeees Aug. 23 20 1 BLO us! Aug. 19 16 1 -do. ..do. 16 In 1907 the period in the fruit was determined for 33 second-brood larvee which hatched July 10-15. All were reared in picked fruit kept in the laboratory. The shortest time was 15 days, longest 22, average 18.1 days. The 1907 rearings are tabulated in Table XIII. TaBLE XIII.—Life of second-brood of larvx, reared in picked fruit, in laboratory—1907 Number | Date of eee Time in of larvee. | hatching. fruit fruit. Days 2 July 10 | July 27 17 2 Seed Osere July 29 19 1 er dOaune: July 30 20 1 July 15 |...do..... 15 2 ..-do July 31 16 9 AGEC OBE Se Aug. 1 17 7 EGON stan Aug. 2 18 ..-do Aug. 3 19 1 NEU Oe et Aug. 4 20 Quen ay Aug. 5 21 2 doses Aug. 6 22 Larval life in cocoon.—Of 75 larve maturing from July 12 to Sep- tember 1, the time between leaving the fruit and pupation (in vials out of doors) varied from 3 to 21 days, with an average of 11.86 days. The remarks on this stage of the first-brood larve would also apply here. Individual records are shown in Table XIV. SECOND-BROOD PUPA. Pupz appeared out of doors as late as September 14. These, how- ever, were from larve that left the fruit September 1 or before, and only a few larve leaving the fruit later than August 20 transformed. In the laboratory pupe appeared well into November. In 1907 larvee appearing under bands later than August 26 generally failed to pupate, so that the last pupex in both seasons appeared early in September. Of 78 second-brood pupe, from larve maturing after July 12 and > until September 1, the longest pupal stage was 17 days, shortest 8, average 10.5 days. The longest total period in cocoon was 38 days, shortest 12, average 20.4 days. This material was kept in small vials, and the period between leaving the fruit and pupation was probably abnormally long, on account of the difficulty in spinning a suitable cocoon. The individual records are given in Table XIV. 14 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XIV.—Pupal periods and cocoon stages of second generation. Individual No. Larva left fruit. Larva pupa ted. Moth emerged. Time as pupa. H i OOF OWMMWONDOODWMONMOCO 10 Time in cocoon. Days. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 15 SECOND-BROOD MOTHS. Moths of the second brood were obtained from reared material July 25. Moths emerged in abundance during August and in dimin- ishing numbers throughout September. The last one to emerge out of doors appeared October 1. The earliest moths of this brood were not obtained in sufficient numbers to get the first possible third-brood eggs. Oviposition in a cage began on August 5 by moths the first of which emerged July 30. The record of this cage is given in Table XV. TaBLE XV.—Life of second-brood moths (Cage IV), reared from second-brood larve recorded in Table XI. Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). Moths died. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. lyn3 Ol ek ees siete hn ee A PATI STISTLOR Septet eee ZAI AT UIST OM Mencia (female) 1 Jip lees Sess ees ee TA ANTS TAG ee etre amen QP PATISUS Gal Ob a eee (female) 1 VANITOUIS G) Aree aie seme eli SSA STIS T Sahel siee slau DOM ATI SUS Uae ae noes (female) 2 INORIS GBs Secsospacueor 34 PATIPISTION. fo 52ciem ee ae HAM ATT SUIS GD se Ws ae (female) 2 SANT OUISG Ae eats ee ees at Hema a titre ian, Meet MN Stat) ile santa ek od GOs as hee Nae (male) 1 MUP UISTION. zeiaoae se ec 1 AU SUSTLIS eee al (male) 1 AUIS US GHME Es ais eerere ess 3 Lost or escaped... ... 5 PANT EUS Galilee are tei 1 ENO Galligan: se aa 13 LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE OF SECOND GENERATION. The interval between the emergence of the earliest first-brood moth (June 8) and the earliest of the second brood (July 25) gives a period of 47 days for the life cycle. Records of 19 individuals, the larvee being reared in bagged fruit on trees, give an average of 49.5 days from oviposition to emergence. Adding 5 days as the interval from emergence to oviposition gives 54.5 days as the total for the gen- eration. ‘The minimum time thus shown was 45 and the maximum 67 days. Records of these 19 individuals are given in Table XVI. 16 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE XVI.—Records, from oviposition to emergence of adult, of 19 individuals of the second generation reared from moths recorded in Table [X—larve reared in bagged Fruit on trees. | : Eg | Egg laid ant gee - ched | Larvaleft; Larva Individual No. | night) (at fruit. | pupated. oe night) | | (ee oe ae eae eee ema S | LIC ip | tree ribeye Bin meting ware! POA Gag) AR Sm ap oe oe eae ease erie ALOR eRe Ce oot earch Ne gee July 14) July 17 pee tyre eit oases er Sk eel aes doles! s edoet = dos aly 28 oe ES SAPS Sage as Pe ae aL ee ee BOY Ra don Hc (ees ee Sars Bee threes Res ee LN nie es Bp oy KE ee do22s oe dome sale EGO... l Joly, 3 i A Ey Syl ER ek stare ps are Nr eet Ys | dos - dor = July 15) July 29 Meth ance ray en OL et Re 2 Wea ee Ape dos rales doses July 16) July 25 “Shs Deep NPP ie ge RR et ea pat ee vat) done SO: = esd Os. see (ea eee -§) 55 Ao eS SN Ces Sateen rea Sees eee = ener Ee do*.-.. ec aa (oe dons: July 22 cL 1) 2 ee eee a sh Se es ee apy ee PEE do... mii (SRE [2 don. | sally 25 7 Le Aha eyed pd man yee | Ei) NE dow Ridges | July 17] Aug. 2 7 LAA RFR eRe Rita ca A TAL GS ce NY aera oe Unica pal age |e doles | July 18| July 22 11S Se Seager Oe ee rg Oe Wes een mene Meters ALM 7) (Eee dor AS adam ele sdo.s July 26 UE Se OG ees eR Oe Re ee lees EL ey eeeetee n doze 2-2 | Santee) Oot es tL ity ee Oa CAS ES eal rs eee See Pe ee douese deez dos | July 20; Aug. 7 o | Se Arete See IS ae A le Sok ee ole Sl Seca al Bee Gore eh gor | July 23| Aug. 4 gate ie Loy ee Oe en cee aN s doee& [odor 2 | Transformed in fruit. ART EAA Ac vis. hee st Meee te eea Re eiQmers | ediguence | eee dQSE By se : LEP bC MSA cater arte eet SH oT Coch Lan ake |"..do: 2) Br (ieee (ga « [roe ee 2 Spey as j | Time from. Moth | 028085 tion to emerged. eae gence o adult. Days. Aug. 2 46 July 27 40 Aug. 6 50 Aug. 7 51 Aug. 10 54 Aug. 7 51 Aug. 3 7 <2 dot 47 July 30 43 Aug. 7 -51 Aug. 11 55 July 31 44 Aug. 4 48 Aug. 3 7 Aug. 18 62 Aug. 16 60 Aug. 4 48 Be i Cane 48 es 5 49 Eleven individuals from the same lot as the above were reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors, and show an average of 42.3 days from oviposition to emergence, which would indicate about 47 days as the length of the life cycle. The records are shown in Table XVII. TaBLeE XVII.—Records, from oviposition to emergence of adult, of 11 individuals of the second generation reared from moths recorded in Table [X—larve reared in picked Jruit, in jars out of doors. Egg Egg laid | Tadividaal No ae : | hatched Larva leit night) (at fruit. ? night) | APE Ey Ee he De 3 REAR Cs oe er eae June 17 | June 22 | July 13 POR Sa i ee A ess ued on=cun ke do mene |July 14 SR pelea ee ey 2 oe © SR Se oral ny ae do. —d0=s4 Ped Que uy Bie PAS so Aa Soe 4 a Se dee Gorse] Adora | Transform By CE 0 oe Pe Rae 6 ee me doe 2))5 ders aan dows2 Byes eee ON 2 os Oa Se eee 6 a done ati ugd@reivediicages dore SRS aise ee ee Re RCL) cr Gree eR (ns 27] Eh do.. ue ¢ Hye eee doses: eta ee Cs vs. sel ae Thy Se Earn eee. Oe sates dey seedhaces dos 2 TERE are 2 ee OE gene ct eres OR 2 0. fe do. 22do: Bre leet of Cp eset te a tes es ee eee Rn eee do. Edessa does: MA Raper 8 Se oe rs LL So oo Re ae ae do. Qk sao eee do In 1907 | July Larva | pupated. 21 July July 20 ed in fruit. 17 | Moth emerged. | July | July Time from oviposi- tion to emer- gence of adult. Days. SESLESESS EEE records of 30 individuals reared in picked fruit in the laboratory gave a minimum time from oviposition to adult of 34 days, maximum 68, average 39.1 days. Allowing 5 days between THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 17 emergence and oviposition, the length of the life cycle would be: Minimum, 39; maximum, 73; average, 49 days. These indoor records show an average life cycle 5 days shorter than the outdoor records (on bagged fruit) of 1908. Table XVIII gives a record of the 1907 rearings. Taspie XVIII.—Records from oviposition to emergence of adult of 30 individuals of the second generation reared in 1907 from larve and pupex of the first generation collected from bands—material kept in laboratory. Time " tra from ovi- ee E Kg arva ot position Individual No. iaid. natened, left fruit. | emerged. | to emer- ; gence of adult. Days TU 8 peor ee Sia ce Aes la BM RE baal eae gC July 5] July 10| July 27 | Aug. 15 41 Ai a UE SR a ed ge La nM nc A do..... Om! ed Osaeue Aug. 12 38 Ts aly es SecA RESIN, e SE L et eaee a Goze. dower. : July 29 dothes 38 CAT Pie rpenL e y ben SEE RT ESTE eS Eig ant ly Sey eee eT De doze... do..... ceed we} dowse 38 Ae ea Ry ripe iat Miya eOM ane mermr lei me MM Cea r ity A July 10} July 15 | July 30/ Aug. 15 36 (Bice ps ceca ey gts A I Geen gd at Ne Sele a EA RS gale SCOR: Osos: July 31 | Aug. 13 34 aire ay tae 8 Sk NN DIN a Se OM RC ee LARUE A leeedoue ss. dole? neldouee: Aug. 14 35 So es ako RY lab Van Agen ae dae donee Gonese Aug. 1 does. 35 Oy Rerrer ee i n t Ucu te) aah Oa Male ua esl aint Ca Unico. Ale Goss: Gozses ead Oesee dome 35 TU is GA is ee ah a ELT on Meta rae a A Seay does. BdOwsee: esdosteee doses: 35 TUT os ey ee a aes Dee Ni LG Pana ne ge doves Zdonseee 220 Ons255 dopa: 35 TDS 5 So Se ea R GD A AUN ee ses CRT A ae EO a ek Pat fa een doses do..... Belo sae dozese: 35 By oS paf ee GR eee euler tansy Sa Ug ie ae a a IN do..... domes: Lad oLeeen Aug. 16 37 IAM lac iase yes REM ty eRe a itune cree alin baMeuats Sees do.. doze. 2. wEdOseeee doseass 37 TUS es paste Sek as IE SO es A rt le i ce ps I Cea a NDS Gorse sa Hee dosesae uedOesses Aug. 25 46 TG) oy Soe SRC Ee IRIE ELSES ANS a Rae aE RR Seat dora: tee dorsess Aug. 2/ Aug. 15 36 Pea ge ar eye sr ie iz om ian ine BeOS ITU EGO ese asdOs sess ee Oneness | ae dOeeese 36 LSS RPE SMe tene em eS Lie ee ANS Ry ceora Marc ved paye Geemicre setters do.... hope Sdclsorks acaae Gosse-2 36 HL rere ey Wena pae hep tui ctia bet aeay cyuHINeay EO IM AlAs ll Gia Au es eH do.... do.... ECON aae Aug. 21 42 2A) 3 6 a GO SB SOG HE SO GEOR SBS DEBE. So eo ESTE BERS EST ae [oR do... =G0e222 Goze: Aug. 22 43 PAE es i Eck sa A es cup ane Cee eae WU LSE SS tne Wi Lola dosseali=- do.. EdOsens Aug. 27 48 PD) 25, SAE si OS IE) A TIE ets eee Ob ee eg a anes do... dolecce Aug. 3 | Aug. 15 36 Pe 8 SOS I ero EON Ee Ca te I es ee Netanya Pr LSE do GOsses4|322002e2 52 dolese- 36 DRE as 5 pk ee a a Br pe RE dol: donee dosees! Aug. 16 37 DISS 53S ota UA Ae Cl Oa eR ne ote a Tt) ate Hog do do eadozeeas dows 37 PADS ps Ba Rh BEC NL ec eg A La ban do. do dow wes Sept. 16 68 DS BE SA SHE BS Ao AOS ORO TE ee REE Sere Ries Ets aia nese a do dome: Aug. 4] Aug. 17 38 PA OE HSCEI EI SETS ES TT EA I oaks ean OSH et ands es Sole LAG do.... Gores Aug. 5 | Sept. 1 53 PR) he cyl Pas Ba NS He ark) ee ns LN A LU ge ae ae do... Gorstes (@) Aug. 15 36 SO re ree eee CE eye etd ot thats er tee IVI tLe TL ey a ata Stee (Lea a do... dose (2) do..... 36 @ Spun cocoon in fruit. THE THIRD GENERATION. THIRD-BROOD EGGS. In the cages third-brood eggs were first secured August 5. The calculated time for their first appearance in the field is 10 days earlier. The last eggs observed were laid in a cage October 16 by moths emerging up to October 1. All second-brood and third-brood eggs laid before August 28 hatched in 5 days, the usual summer incubation period. During September the egg stage was gradually lengthened toward the maxi- mum period shown in early spring eggs. The eggs from which the third-brood larve were reared incubated as shown in Table XIX. 18 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XIX.—Jncubation periods of land rood eggs laid in Cage IV (recorded in able DoVa: Number | Eggs laid (at} Red ring Black spot Length of : of eggs. night). appeared. appeared. When hatched. egg Stage. Days. 55 IAI See ATig hie es AEN See ee Aug 4 annie ase 5 54 ATIC. OE: NDE A A Aug. 14,a.m....| Aug. 14, night... 5 Records of other eggs, mostly of the third brood, laid throughout the latter part of the season are given in Table XX. TABLE X X.—IJncubation periods of miscellaneous second-brood and third-brood eggs. | Number Eggs laid (at| Red ring Black spot Length of of eggs. night). appeared. appeared. When hatched. egg stage. Se | Days 94 Saye O ee eee etc tere ree iaaitl ys trans eerste Aug. 4, evening and night. 23 PATS alse Aug.14,p.m-| Aug. 17, a.m.-...| Aug. 17, night 5 18 FAN TOs [Bie peel | ee ee re) ey ee Aug. 18, p.m 5 96 INNS, Do ae Avg 30 eeeee Septi2eeeeec ee Sept. 3, p.m 53-6 50 AUIS 2O snes INT SS eee Sept 4eo eee seat Ss adscesddce 6 46 S891 (acsdse SeptsQeeses: Sept. 13, a. m-...| Sept. 13, p. m 6 and night 37 Septaddecs. Sept. (32 esse Sept Gaere eee Septtieameasaee 53 3 SEP Useldae -2| Gao ees eee Sept. 24, a.m-..-.| Sept. 25, p. m. 8 and night. 34 Sep tags oes ee ee Oc SoS eee Oct=57;atunee== 114 16 Sep F242) (iso eee eet Be Ga pe rete ened Octa9=I5eee eee 14-18 4 Ock GE Octy18=19 Ess OCts 29. eee ee IDriedsipsss-- ee 13+ } THIRD-BROOD LARVZ. In the cages the first hatching of third-brood larve was on August — 14. Judging from the emergence of second-brood moths July 25, third-brood larvee probably appeared in the field during the first week of August. Owing to the early dropping of the small crop of fruit in 1908, field observations on larve entering fruit could not be made during September. In the cages larve continued to hatch in numbers up to September 20, and the last on October 15. The last lot of eggs developed as far as the black-spot stage on October 29, but failed to hatch. : As the harvesting of the apple crop in this region ordinarily begins early in September, considerable numbers of the third brood would fail to mature before fruit picking. Reared larve of this brood began to mature September 2, and the band record for 1907 (p. 23) also shows an increase about this time. The calculated time of maturing of the earliest third-brood larve in 1908 is August 20. Owing to the dropping of the fruit in 1908, the band record for this season (p. 24) does not include a normal number of the later larve. In 1907 larve spun cocoons under the bands as long as any apples were on the trees, and at harvest time many small worms were still in the fruit. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 19 Forty-one third-brood larve, hatching August 14 and reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors, required from 19 to 32 days to become full grown, the average being slightly over 24 days. These records are given in Table XXI. TABLE XXI.—Life of third-brood larve, reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors, from eggs recorded in Table XIX. Date of sth Number : Time in enlarva When hatched. leaving fruit. Days. 2 Aug. 14,a.m..| Sept. 2 19 PA ted Wa kee Gone: Sept. 3 20 A eee Severs GORE ae. Sept. 4 21 Sip uy eee Goes ee Sept. 5 22 Soe lessee GONE as Sept. 7 24 Sia) pups donee so Sept. 8 25 Diy Mise Gloseasonae Sept. 9 26 Doyo ae Gosse eas Sept. 11 28 1 a es Sele dotesan nan Sept. 12 29 1 Rea ee Gover. Sept. 14 31 1 pee ees as Oeareieed Sept. 15 32 1 Aug. 14, night.| Sept. 3 19 x ae ae do ae Sept. 4 20 Dey Sih [aaa GOW eos Sept. 5 21 lease Gone cee Sept. 6 22 Sma Wal rsa doe aN Sept. 7 23 Dis unitate Gouna.) Sept. 24 IL io espera Gone ae Sept. 11 27 LOM Si|ertes Goss Sept. 12 28 Di nicl sws dos. sees Sept. 14 30 aoe eens Gone! Sept. 15 31 Total number, 41. All reared larve of the third brood were of the wintering gener- ation. WINTERING LARVE. A few erratic larve maturing early in the season failed to pupate. They remained in their cocoons throughout the season, apparently in a perfectly healthy condition. The first of these left the fruit June 9 and was undoubtedly of the first brood. Two others leaving the fruit July 2 and 4 were also probably of this brood. One win- tering larva left the fruit July 10, two July 19, and one August 2. All the above larvee were from collected wormy fruit. Among 20 of the earlier second-brood larve reared in bagged fruit (Table X XVI), 1 wintering larva left the fruit July 19. In 1907, out of 41 second- brood larve reared in the laboratory (Table X XIX), 5 that did not pupate left the fruit August 1-6. Beginning August 20, the percentage of wintering larve leaving the fruit suddenly arose to include the majority. In 1907 this hap- pened about the same time. A record of the material collected in taking the band records at this period will illustrate the transition. This is shown in Tables XXIT and XXIII. 20 -DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXII.—Transition to wintering larve in 1907. Number | Number Larve forming cocoons under bands. pupat- | winter- ing. ing. aly, 22-20 ee Mea GG ok ee cee ae BS eceale ose wisiaes ins ersioweie He ec eins Revere eee ere meee 112 1 Suby- 2A PUSt Daca ce eee ee eels Sere PCA ett SEs ales Wn aM e os ois = 193 I ANISUS TRUE ee cS ea c cia aise ss cls em bromine le a eC Se ee eee Rete ei = eee ae 144 4 AU SUS GHZ S19 wre see a ce sei os oe Aaa re ete SOREN OE UES ORAM E E elec ARYL, SANT AUTRES CAPR eve 121 36 UP USU IOI Gs ai Sica 25 3 is Sale la vera aed = Oe erhalten hn hecreelO ay S 50 46 AU ZUST ZG SOP tEMDeD 2): /aia\ San cn eine ioe Ue ER Ce a Ser alee rae agen Spare 2 Lie ae ee ee 8 36 SEP Lem Der 229 save cpeyie eri tere Maye ee ai A SER et CL a ae SS Se ae leer ALD gee ap 0 52 TaBLE XXIII.—Transition to wintering larve in 1908. [From record made by Mr. 8S. W. Foster.] Number | Number Larve forming cocoons under bands. pupat- | winter- ing. ing. AL by gi is 2 Ns eee ae ree Co SUIS Ger SE Sie Be i Re SoS aT eS Ce Me Oe Sa ae 15 1 FURY 2027S hes sa Re See Ls AG Sn oy ae He SRE Res ie dg Ree lve 26 0 Ab yee Es a Tea Lol rie ae onal SN RNS el ies ee i oe Oe a ee Boob oaarmnae 27 1 XE D Feat BS) Fase | apm Shes are MS OES re inde oh Ae ee i en a Ae Sei ec Se 63 6 DATES UIS Gl SUT a aN Pg FAT BS cs OR pa PEED ee ee ge as al 16 6 UNG t sab oy ral Wey: ee ee A SS PE ee OE Petry! ene ee en eee AR ee ant Gee Ie 11 12 ANI SUSG 24S a es SSE ey) EES ST Ae yg a aie Slo aye des OU elm erage eng es Oe ee 1 5 AUZUSESI=Se ptember oss coke ea ee ee cree ar ae reo eo orci erie ee rans 0 |. 11 After September 1 all larve appearing under bands were of the wintering brood. While some of the later second-brood larve may go over winter, there is evidence that most of them produce a second brood of moths instead. The species is therefore dependent largely upon the third-brood larve to perpetuate itself from season to season. Conditions affecting wintering larve in the orchard were not observed. Around the out door apple bin at a vinegar factory where large numbers of cocoons were examined in March and April the ereat majority of them contained live larve or pupe. REVIEW OF REARING WORK OF THE SEASON. An effort was made to rear through the season a continuous line of pedigreed stock from the earliest spring moths, with the principal object of ascertaining the maximum number of generations. With the exception of one unimportant break early in the season, this program was successfully carried out. The start was made from a number of eggs collected in the field and hatching May 4, several days before the hatching of the first eggs laid in cages. The larve were reared in bagged fruit on trees, and developed into first-brood adults as shown in Table XXIV. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 21 TABLE XXIV.—Records, from hatching of egg to emergence of adult, of 4 indiwiduals of the first generation. (Reared from first eggs found in orchard.) Egg Larva left Larva Moth hatched. fruit. pupated. | emerged. May 4..--| May 26 May 30 June 8 Dower May 27 May 31 June 9 Doe ea May 28 June 1 June 13 DORE Ee May 29 June 2 June 12 Not enough adults were obtained in this rearing to insure oviposi- tion for the second generation, so other adults reared from the earliest wormy apples from the orchard were put into the cage. This is the only break in the line of descent, where outside material had to be added. However, there can be no doubt that all these moths were of the first brood. In Table XXV is given the record of oviposition of these moths. TABLE XXV.—Life of moths of first brood, reared from first-brood larve from earliest wormy apples collected in orchard, and from earliest larve reared in bagged fruit. Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). Moths died. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. UTC Se ea eerste Te TW Goh asp ayy ei yee ao oe Qi iiile| cir Oeil: Gaia ey ana ace 1 UIT Og eee DOS AUT va A ees ee) Mae anaes AG ARE aKS\ Alesse he TN if FUN OR ee eee: IWAN diwbaley Sy Se ee ae ve PA Ma fivuarey eee av Se eee 7 A Bae 1 ser he See ra ere iy ea hpbotsyall(esesty esa aise Sea TSS gfe aKe PALS GI ee re 7 TUNE Wary ee Le ee ee Piva weaves thf ds Ma es Asal LOAN ME SCADEC ayaa umn a 5 AP UITIOM Oasis re ecce re as ciara, sie AL DAN VUNG CS ese ey aa 25 While not the earliest, the eggs laid on the night of June 17 were selected, on account of their numbers, to start the second generation. Some of the larvee hatching from these eggs were put on bagged fruit, and others were reared in picked fruit kept out of doors in jars. Those on bagged fruit developed as shown in Table XXVI. TaBLE XX VI.—Records, from oviposition to emergence of adult, of 20 individuals of the second generation, reared from moths recorded in Table X X V—larvx reared in bagged fruit on trees. Larva eet trans’ | arvaleft| Larva Moth Individual No. tee fruit. | pupated. |jemerged. night). gruit. TS 5 ese NS Reo et tte REN SINE LATE LINN UNE ae NN June 22 | June 25} July 13] July 24] Aug. 2 OE SOs 5 Pr lO SAA Roe ee eae TG NaS St 4 Se ee See Ose see a COuemee July 14] July 17 | July 27 Be Gi Ect AP et ae ta en te pe UT TU ee ge ae SOE e nea Osama ss CONeLe July 28] Aug. 6 Le GEG Ea EN aN Oe Le emo eN a 8 20 BEEOOsescallese Ouse POCO oI oe dows Aug. 7 ape mts earet speset rela einNngl Ree eM tae Aas, Jay Bail, Peed Ouse lee Owes BE dosaees July 31 | Aug. 10 Ben's BaS SSS S eee ee eS I AE pete enna pe) RUAN Pe owes eed Olea July 15| July 29] Aug. 7 CSSA SC SOS HEE ee ae AEE ee epee aL Ee aad acne oa Ch a MK OQUM ELE We Gouuinas July 16| July 25) Aug. 3 eGo BAGS GOCE S UES el Ce aes oe Lear A eae IT EN RRM OL EEL ROL ue HES Ko Yeu ota A donee: Do. REGO Ooeb HE CURSE EO COREE TE aE ee ny Hime maa ni eae do SaCOlcene downs July 22 | July 30 Te iy ae eres eee ees ae Sen tees Ui Veal gr Ean ARO my Pan dona dors COS ASe July 28] Aug. 7 DE ES cS ros Sa ES Ea NN ee domes dou wes July 17] Aug. 2) Aug. 11 PIE SEO oe ern es rs RCS Ser Nee 2a) ARERR ENR ID SE SE Goa doe July 18] July 22 | July 31 IG SN ES eA NN ey) Ae ae OF team downer Gowen: Hees Koh ts July 26} Aug. 4 ILA SG ES ae at aE ee AUST ULE aci RNE NL OR de Lee dousie Tuliye lO Heddon n. Aug. 3 1 HS oa ES ee eer ny td te I i abe TU BEG Osea ee COe aa UliygeZOM PAToal Zell wAaT ea 8 NG eae es Seren eee 1. oe ee Be Olea TR MLD SSauGloy ss Od Os sear July 23} Aug. 4] Aug. 16 Teer ees sie Breasts cele tee are Spee ebet ras ty ore apd eerie} eters SanGkoue sie Be CLO Sets Transformed infruit.| Aug. 4 SIRI ei atin 5 aN OLR A eR ae meee et cee AEH Cella a eGOuee! 2 Sat GOR ay Weve yen CGT GOse as ae Do. EQ Pe sia ah win aie) aici cima Sp erlc ie St rates ES SP a et Se FO SACO KO RU CG Kayes stall Hh ee doses Aug. § 2A Sis BCS ACER TSE Pelee AES a1 ls aati Ca hee aD Ee Oueemel es Oneeee July 19 Wintering. 22 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. To secure third-brood eggs, only moths that developed from the second-brood larve on bagged fruit were used. These emerged and oviposited as recorded in Table X XVII. TaBLE XXVII.—Life of moths of second brood, reared from material recorded in Table XX VI. Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). 1 Moths died. ' | 1) Date. | Number. || Date. | Number. | Date. Number. | pains SubyoOseerrs =a ee EL SAneush 5s tee 2 || Augusto 222 oss (female) 1 Ti 71 A Seale ae Se i: Augush 6.22 2 2.1] Angush1@): 3-77.80) (female) 1 PRGCUSE en Moses ces 1 PAM SUSE S22 ace- keene 55: ||| Aasush eee (female) 2 INUEUSE oe ee ce aes 3a||-AUsUSt 9s328e5- se. es 54, | Angust 122 -:5.0525- (female) 2 USES Secs ten 2 || | DOr eee co noise (male) 1 SAUISUSE Om sree eee 1 || Aagust 1326-2 ae (male) 1 IVC By (RE SA See 3 August Us. 222 53228 =e 1 Totals s2s--o see | 13 | Lost or escaped. ..-- 5 The eggs laid August 8 and 9 developed a third brood of larve as shown in Table XXVIII. TaBLeE XXVIII.—Life of larve of third brood, reared from eggs recorded in Table X XVII. : Eggs laid “Number | | Larve left (at night). | | Eggs hatched. of lary e.| fruit. Aug. 8... Aug. 14,a.m-~ 2 Sept. 2 | Dor eees22 dol.ct 4 = 2 Sept. 3 Dorma s.6 do. eck 1 Sept. 4 Doles isssc don. Sescae 3 Sept. 5 Dots. |-s252 dossi2 38> 8 Sept. 7 Noe |= does 2252: 3 Sept. 8 Doras. -2 dO x28. che 2 | Sept. 9 | Don se2<2 Gt ae 1 | Sept. 11 Dos |) se dO 2 ssc2: 1 | Sept. 12 Doses doe tesse- 1 | Sept. 14 | Doras see dos s.35- 1 Sept. 15 | Aug. 9...) Aug. 14, night- 1 Sept. 3 Ge aiee = der === 2 Sept. 4 | Doss | San do22-2 ==. 2 Sept. 5 | ID oes Pee doz 335-2 1 Sept. 6 | Dore = dol i 3 Sept. 7 DOS. s|ee2e" dO ea ees 2 Sept. 8 Doze ee-e = doe) 325- 1 | Sept. 11 Doss s|es-2 GOreset 2s beg | Sept. 12 Doreen dota 2252 2 Sept. 14 Dosa ess: dorwieeao 1 Sept. 15 The above larve were reared out of doors in picked fruit. All of them were of the wintering generation. THIRD GENERATION IN 1907. In 1907 all the rearing was done in the laboratory. ‘The first larve and pupz collected in taking the band record (first generation) were used to begin rearing for a third generation. From this material first-brood moths began to emerge June 25. Second-brood eggs were laid by them in ieee numbers July 5 to 20, from which 41 second- brood larve developed as shown in Table XIX, THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 93 TABLE X XIX.—Records of 41 individuals of the second generation, reared in the labora- tory in 1907, from band-collected larve and pupex of the first generation. Numberof| Eggs Larve Moths Numberof] Eggs Larvee Moths individuals.| hatched. | left fruit.| emerged. ||individuals.| hatched. | left fruit.; emerged. 1 July 10 | July 27 | Aug. 15. 2 July 15 | Aug. 3] Aug. 15. il Bee dOssene Beto layne Aug. 12. il AUSECG ICAP See BEE Coase Aug. 16. 2 SEGRE CEES July 29 Do. 1 eR GOsuay MERC O See Do. 1 Led Oueaae July 30 | Pupa died. 1 WeldOr- cee PREM OE eae Sept. 16. 1 Julye won| eee dossass Aug. 16. 1 SECO eres Aug. 4 | Aug. 17. 1 ee dO nee July 31) Aug. 13. ENS ene ecaipayat hae a Oueews Aug. 16. 1 Ae dOnea Bedoya Aug. 14. Ives el See ea Pe edoeues Wintering. 5 sad Onseee Aug. 1 - Do. Lyn At ees tase ved Oeste Aug. 15. 1 Pad Osseee ROS ae Aug. 16. 1 July 15) Aug. 5 | Sept. 1. 1 Se dosstas HE COuawal Do. 1 aed Onenss UoGACG KOSS ae Wintering. 1 pac aceas Olas Aug. 25. 1 OME tar Aug. 6 Do. 3 e0 Ko ymesmee Aug. 2 | Aug. 15. 1 GL OR ie ee COMee Do. 1 eC ORee ee EGOS eee Aug. 21. AN Sah eee Se ne Aug. 7 | Aug. 18. 1 Soe GOnsses i doe Aug. 22. Lays tele Ea LORE Se Aug. 20. 1 dee NGOESE e Aug. 1 | Wintering. If AG ale ed aU yas Aug. 9 | Aug. 25. 1 SAO sae. Aug. 2 | Aug. 27. 2 July 15 (a Aug. 15. a Pupated in fruit. As indicated in the table, 5 of these larve lived over winter, while the others developed to second-brood moths. No attempt was made to secure third-brood eggs from these moths, but from the time of their emergence we should expect third-brood larve to begin hatching about August 20. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS. BAND RECORDS. A band record is an important aid in tracing the seasonal history of the codling moth. The band record for 1907 is given in Table XXX and is shown graphically in figure 2. TABLE XXX.—Band record of 1907, made from 25 trees in an unsprayed orchard. Number Number Oren of atv and pups and pu- Date. taken Date. pe taken from from bands. | bands. | ASLO SYS SA a i Or a OT ANT SATS Groep ears eee es steer Sal ile RO sn 212 AE SE NSS NO) 5 en aU ak aie re RUE Qe ATT SG RUZ iS tr fay pe ee a St an a WA 168 ABO ONS) ALC ces A SE RS an Pa A AE ie ne a Sa ee 2 Sih ACU ETULS GH Oe 2 ees ee eI UG rege me 170 ARETE PPS Ss AAS eee a a i a ROR ee ASB ACUIBUISU QOS Bull. 34, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 38. 36 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. from Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Brit- ish Columbia. In the State of New York it has been recorded by Lintner, Slingerland, and others; at Manhattan, Kans., by Faville; at Santa Fe, N. Mex., by Cockerell; at North East, Pa., by the writer; at Port Hope, Mich., by Pettit, and at Douglas, Mich., by Braucher. FOOD PLANTS AND INJURY. The insect has a rather limited list of food plants. Originally it probably fed on native crab apples and certain species of Crategus. With the extensive planting of orchards, it has found in apple and pear favorite food plants, and it is largely to these two fruits that its depredations have been confined. It has also been recorded feeding upon quince and plums, and will undoubtedly be found on other trees allied to them. Like many other injurious insects, the work of the cigar case-bearer, _ when the species is present in destructive numbers, comes suddenly into evidence. The caterpillars infest mainly the leaves, but in the spring they may also be found on the buds and the young fruits. Injury at this time of the season is naturally quite important as affecting both the vigor of the trees and the development of the fruit. As shown in Plate I, figures 1 and 2, the foliage, under conditions of serious infes- tation, becomes practically skeletonized. In the orchard at North East, Pa., which came under the writer’s observation in 1908, the foliage was completely devoured and withered by the early part of June, and from a distance appeared brown and dead, as if swept by fire. Neighboring fruit growers believed this to be due to the burn- ing effect of an arsenical spray, but as a matter of fact the orchard had, to the knowledge of the present owners, never been sprayed, When inspected, June 3, the larvee, in their cigar-shaped cases, were found in such great numbers that not only had the foliage been com- pletely devoured, but the tender growths of the branches had been very generally attacked. (PI. I, fig. 3.) It was probably owing to lack of food that they were dropping down from the branches, sus- pended by a silken thread, in search of new feeding places. The owner, Mr. A. L. Short, and his team at the time of plowing the orchard were completely covered with the larve and presented a very strange sight. In looking through the spaces between the rows of trees one was impressed with the abundance of the larve, for their cases in countless numbers, suspended by silken threads and waving | back and forth in the breeze, almost resembled a drapery. As the larve ceased feeding by about the middle of June, the trees put out a new growth ci ieaves, and later in the season the condition of the orchard was favorable to its recuperation from the attack. Bull. 80, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER (COLEOPHORA FLETCHERELLA). Fig. 1.—Apple leaf with larve at work (enlarged). Fig. 2.—Infested apple’twig, two weeks after larvee ceased feeding (reduced). Fig. 3.—Young branches with puncturelike feeding marks of the laryee (natural size). (Original.) ; THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 37 DESCRIPTION. THE EGG. The minute egg (fig. 10, d), which is hardly visible to the naked eye, is pale yellow, and over the surface is closely marked with ele- vated ridges. On the average, it measures 0.31 by 0.25 mm. and is almost round in outline. THE LARVA AND ITS CASES. When newly hatched the larva is pale yellow, with the head and thoracic plates dark brown or nearly black. The full-grown larva (fig. 10, c) averages 5 mm. to 5.38 mm. in length and 1.16 mm. in greatest width. Its head is 0.5 mm. wide and is dark and strongly chitinized, with the ventral surface lighter than the rest. The body is reddish orange, with dark plates as follows: The cervical plate on the prothorax, subdivided by a white interspace; two smaller plates on the dorsum of the mesothorax; a pair of lateral plates on each thoracic seg- ment; a large anal plate on the termi- Fic. 9.—The cases of the cigar case- nal segment; a small plate on the side of each anal leg. The crochets on the fourth pair of abdominal legs are absent, and on the first three bearer (Coleophora fletcherella): a, Upper view of the cigar-shaped case, showing the smooth and the hairy sides and the three-lobed hind open- ing; b, side view of same; c, the case as it appears in the spring, with the tubelike addition; d, the fall and winter case. Much en- larged. (Original.) pairs are rudimentary or wanting, varying from none to 4, in one or two rows. The anal legs have from 10 to 13 well-developed crochets placed in a single row. The spiracles are round and feebly indicated. The thoracic legs are large, dark brown, strongly chitinized, and with a chitinous plate behind the basal portion of each leg. The sete on the head, thoracic legs, and terminal portion of the body are distinct; on the abdominal segments they are rather indistinct. The abdominal segments are distinctly divided into two annulets, and the dorsal surface of each annulet is minutely granular. The case, as it is made in the fall, is a minute, flattened structure (fig. 9, d) composed of portions of the upper and lower skins of the leaf. In the spring, with the growth of the larvee, the anterior open- ing is prolonged into a tube made from fragments of leaves fastened by silk (fig. 9, ¢). The second case, in which the larva finally pu- pates (fig. 9, a, 6), is longer, cylindrical or cigar-shaped, slightly compressed laterally, and with a more or less distinct ridge above and beneath. The anterior opening is round, slightly funnel-shaped, and bent downward, so that the plane of the opening forms an acute angle 38 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. with the longitudinal axis of the case. The posterior end terminates in three lobes, which neatly close the opening. The average length of the cigar-shaped cases is 6.5 mm. and the width 1.3mm. They are of a light brownish color, much like that of the dry leaves. As the case is made from the skin of the upper and lower sides of the leaves, the one side is hairy or velvetlike, while the opposite side is almost smooth. THE PUPA. The pupa (fig. 10, 6) has an average length of from 4 to 5 mm. It is light brown, long and slender, terminating posteriorly in a broad, somewhat depressed cremaster, with two short lateral spines on either side; the wing sheaths are narrow, with free, pointed extremities reaching almost to the end of the body; the hind borders of the ab- dominal segments are smooth; there is a chitinous semiring- hike ridge on the an- terior portion of the third to seventh ab- dominal segments. On emergence of the adult, the pupal skin remains within the case. AWW ANS \\\ \ AN\\\ Fie. 10.—The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherelia) : THE MOTH OR ADULT. a, Adult female; b, side view of pupa and upper view of cremaster of same; c, larva; d, egg; ©, venation of The original de- fore and hind wings. Much enlarged. (Original.) tgs hs scription of the moth (fig. 10, a, e€), as published by Fernald,* is herewith given: Hixpanse of wings from 10 to12 mm. Head, palpi and basal joint of the an- tenn, yellowish steel gray. Body, legs and wings above and beneath, plain steel gray, much more intense in fresh specimens. The palpi are without tufts, the basal joint of the antenne with a slight tuft, and the remaining joints of the antenne and also the joints of the tarsi are steel gray annulated with white. The two sexes are similar in color, the male, however, being smaller and recognizable by the blunt termination of the abdomen. The abdomen of the female is larger, more or less spindle-shaped, and terminates in a slender ovipositor, which as a rule protrudes from the last segment. The wings are typically like those of the Tineidee; narrow, pointed, with the veins in the hind-wings almost obliterated ; the hind border of both wings is fringed with long hairs, which are especially pronounced in the hind-wings. On emerging from the pupa the moth assumes a very characteristic pose, as illustrated in Plate II, figure 4. @Can. Ent., 1892, p. 122. Bull. 80, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, UvS. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE ll. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. Fig. 1.—Apple leaf from which numerous cases have been constructed. Fig. 2.—Overwintering larve (enlarged). Fig. 3.—Apple leaf from which cigar-shaped cases have been made, the empty spring cases still adhering (enlarged). Fig. 4.—Newly emerged moths in their charac- teristic pose on the empty case (Original. ) THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 39 SEASONAL HISTORY. In the early spring, as the buds begin to open, the minute larvee free their cases (fig. 9, d) from the branches where they have over- wintered, and begin to move about in search of food. Many of them reach the buds before these are opened, and eat into the soft inner tissues. By the time the leaves have begun to expand practically all of them have left their hibernating places and are actively feeding upon the delicate leaves. With the growth of the larvee an addition is built to the case in the form of a tube. This extends from the anterior opening on the lower. side of the case, and consists of fragments of leaves and silk. (See Hies.9, C3) | Fletcher observed that occasionally a larva, on reviving in the spring, would leave its old case and make a new one, but as a rule the old case is detached from its winter resting place and is used for some time before a new one is made. Toward the middle of May the larva makes a case of an entirely different appearance. After having undermined a sufficiently large area on the leaf, the larva abandons the old case, which usually re- mains attached to the leaf (Pl. II, fig. 3) and from the upper and lower skins of the leaf cuts out the future case. At first this is of an elongated, somewhat flattened shape, but as it becomes lined inside with silk it assumes a more cylindrical or cigar-shaped form. On close observation it will be found that one side of the case is of a hairy or woolly structure, while the opposite side is smooth. This is readily explained by the fact that the case is made from the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf, the lower surface being hairy and the upper practically smooth. In this case the larva will continue feeding for about one month. During that period it grows rapidly and consumes a relatively large amount of food. The injury caused at this time, though very extensive, is perhaps not more serious than in the early spring, when the opening buds are mutilated or killed by young larve. For some unknown reason it sometimes happens that a larva with a cigar-shaped case will abandon it and make a new one which is apparently similar in all respects to the one previously used. The writer has also observed larve transforming in the spring cases. This is probably owing to a lack of food, since these specimens, as a rule, seldom attained their full size. About the middle of June the larvee cease feeding and migrate from the leaves to the branches. The anterior end of the case is firmly fastened to the branch by means of silk, and a mass of silk is placed in the same end for the attach- ment of the cremaster of the future pupa. The larva turns around within the case before transforming, so that the head of the pupa is 30490°—Bull. 80—12--4 40 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. toward the posterior and free end of the case. The opening at this end is closed by three lobes, which are readily pushed apart by the emerging adult. A day or two after the fastening of the case, pupa- tion takes place, and from ten to twelve days later the adult emerges. At North East, Pa., the first adult emerged June 22; the maximum emergence took place during the early part of July, while after July 25 no adults emerged. Asa rule, the adults emerge in the afternoon, and for several hours remain motionless on the case in a characteris- tic pose, as shown in figure 4 of Plate II. Toward evening they become restless and fly off. Moths even a few days old generally seek their favorite resting place on the attached cases. The eggs are generally laid along the midrib, on the underside of the leaves, where they are found inserted in the pubescence or down of the leaf. A few eggs were similarly found on the hairy branches. The egg period lasts from fifteen to sixteen days. The newly hatched hee. are quite active, and were found moving about for several hours before eating their way into the leaves. During their early life they are true miners and feed for about two weeks on the inner tissues of the leaves. Their ~ mines take the form of minute, elliptical, brown patches, and are readily located by the pres- ence of the black powdery ex- erement which the larve eject from the mines. Fic. 11.—Life cycle of the cigar case-bearer : Toward the beginning of Adapted to a single insect under average August the larvze construct a normal conditons. (Original.) minute case from the upper and lower skins of the mined area of the leaf. Plate IT, figure 1, shows a single leaf from which numerous cases of this kind have been made. Before the foliage is ready to drop, the minute case-bearers migrate to the branches, where they fasten their cases and seal themselves up for the winter. During the latter part of August and early Sep- tember they were found in great numbers, especially in the forks and to some extent on the lower side of the branches. (See Pl. I, fig. 2.) For seven months the larve remain thus concealed in a dormant state, and, as previously stated, do not become active until spring. A general idea of the life cycle of the insect may be obtained from the diagram, figure 11. It shows the life cycle of a single insect, the dates and periods shown being averages for the insect as it was ob- served in its various stages in the field. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 41 - ENEMIES. PARASITES. Fletcher in 1897 reported a hymenopterous parasite of this insect, Microdus laticinctus Ashm., from Port Hope, Ontario. At North East, Pa., at the time of the emerging of the adults, another eeenonrerere parasite, Zabroca ytus sp. mae 12), as deter- mined by Mr. J. C. Crawford, was reared in considerable numbers. About 10 per cent of the transforming insects were parasitized. PREDACEOUS ENEMIES. The writer found that the eggs of the case-bearer were extensively destroyed by a minute yellow mite, which during the egg period was very abundant all over the orchard. The larve of the lacewing fly (Chrysopa oculata Say) and various species of ladybird beetles vigorously attacked. the eggs and larvee. METHODS OF CONTROL. A full account f v ‘ of the results of Fic. 12.—Habrocytus sp., a parasite of the cigar case-bearer. 5 Greatly enlarged. (Original.) the various spray- ing experiments carried out in Canada by different fruit growers will be found in Fletcher’s report for 1894 as entomologist and botanist for the Canadian experimental farms, pages 201 to 206. It was well demonstrated that the insect can be held under control with either a kerosene emulsion or a Paris green spray applied in the early spring before and while the leaf buds are opening. In orchards regularly treated with arsenical sprays for the codling moth the cigar case-bearer, if present in orchards, will undoubtedly be kept in check. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. BIBLIOGRAPHY. LINTNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp.<.5th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 324. LINTNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp. A new pear insect.<(Proc. Western N. Y. Hort. Soc., pp. 22-24. First account of ‘the insect’s life history; refers to injury and recom- mends an arsenical spray. LANTNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp. A new pear insect.< Popular Gardening, Buffalo, N. Y., 1890, p. 198. Same as previous account. LINTNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp. A new pear insect.<7th Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 347, 361. Same as above. FERNALD, C. H.—Ooleophora fletcherella, n. sp. Bul. 41, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 19, 1903. 67 68 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NATURE OF INJURY. The larve upon hatching soon bore into the fleshy hull covering the walnut proper. Some individual larvee one-fourth grown were found feeding in this hull, some burrowing around through the fleshy part, and others tunneling back and forth on the inner surface next to the walnut shell, producing many little narrow furrows along this inner surface. The majority of the larve, however, go at once into the nut, entering always through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at the base or the stem end. The larve may bore into the lobes of the kernel or feed on its surface. Some eat over a large portion next to the shell, some follow along the central area, while others may spend all the time near the entrance, eating away a larger portion of the kernel at this place. In any case the entire ker- nel is rendered rancid and unsuited for human consumption. Plate VII, figure 1, shows characteristic injury to the walnuts and Plate VII, figure 2, a larva at work in the kernel, the latter twice enlarged. EXTENT OF INFESTATION. Extended search throughout the central part of Contra Costa County, Cal., showed the infestation to be general, but hght, except where trees were near packing sheds, drying grounds, or adjacent to a badly infested pear orchard. Many trees were found in such locali- ties showing from 5 to 25 per cent of the nuts infested. During the winter of 1909-10 small quantities of walnuts were frequently bought in the local markets and twice from stands in San Francisco from which codling moth larvee were secured and which showed the char- acteristic injury to the kernel. The writer has also had the same experience with walnuts served on hotel and dining-car tables. Mr. E. J. Hoddy, of the Bureau of Entomology, has frequently, during the past winter, brought in walnuts from various parts of the county showing the injury and presence of these larve. _ VARIETIES ATTACKED. All of the soft-shelled French varieties of walnuts are subject to infestation, and in fact any of the soft-shelled sorts having a fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at base. Moths were reared the past season from the Mayette, Concord, Franquette, and Pari- sienne varieties. SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH ON WALNUTS. So far all observations indicate that only the later broods of larvee attack the walnuts. No walnuts could be found showing early injury, that is, before the shell hardened. Assuming that the larval life in walnuts is the same in length as in apples and pears, the earliest date of infestation would be late August or early September. The Bart- Bul. 80, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. FiG. 1.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, SHOWING CHARACTER OF INJURY BY LARVA OF CODLING MOTH. (ORIGINAL.) FiG.2.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, ABOUT TWICE NATURAL SIZE, SHOWING LARVA AT WORK. (ORIGINAL.) CODLING MOTH INJURY TO FRENCH WALNUTS. Bul, 80, Fart V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII. Fia. 1.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, SHOWING FIBROUS TISSUE CON- NECTING THE HALVES, AND EMPTY PUPAL SKIN. (ORIGINAL.) FiG.2.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, SHOWING ENTRANCE AND EXIT HOLES OF LARVA. (ORIGINAL.) CODLING MOTH INJURY TO FRENCH WALNUTS. NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. 69 lett pear crop around Concord, Cal., is picked prior to this time and before all the second-brood moths have developed. It is entirely probable that these late-appearing individuals seek the walnut as the only remaining plant suitable for oviposition. Thorough search during May and June, 1910, failed to show the presence of any larvee on trees that were badly infested last season. Life of larve in walnuts.—In spite of the extreme bitterness of the fleshy hull, some larvee thrive well there for a time before entering the kernel, as several specimens of healthy, active larve one-fourth to one-half grown were found in the hull. However, in all cases under observation the larve left the hull and entered the kernel be- fore reaching maturity. The majority of the larve burrow directly through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell. Some larve are saved the necessity of burrowing through the hull, as this, during the period of infestation, is ripening on many of the early nuts, and on account of the parting of the lobes the small larva has only to eat its way through the thin fibrous connection. No case was noted where the larva entered through the shell. Time required for development.—No individual records were kept, but all observations show that the larva develops as rapidly on the meat of the walnut as it does in apples at this season of the year. Some larve less than a week old, collected in walnuts October 5, reached their full development and were spinning cocoons by the middle of November. Others, however, continued to do more or less feeding on the kernel and did not spin cocoons until January. Hibernation—From 1 gallon of infested walnuts kept at the laboratory perhaps one-fourth of the larve cocooned and pupated inside the shell. Others, leaving the walnuts at the same place where they entered—that is, through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell—pupated in bits of paper and rags kept in the jars. Before pupating in the walnuts, the larva prepares an opening through the fibrous tissue sufficient for the exit of the moth and spins its cocoon immediately adjoining this opening. Upon the emergence of the moth the shed pupal skin is left outside on the end of the walnut, as is shown in Plate VIII, figure 1. All larvee under observa- tion pupated between February 20 and April 10. Adults—Moths emerged in numbers from the above material dur- ing April and May, 1910, comparing closely with the emergence record of moths from a quantity of overwintering larve taken from bands on apple trees the previous season. Identification—Numerous adults emerging from this material were submitted to Mr. August Busck, of the Bureau of Entomology, for identification. Mr. Busck has definitely determined these as Carpocapsa pomonella L.; he states that the European Carpocapsa putaminana Staudinger, recorded as feeding on walnuts in Europe. 1s now regarded as a variety of pomonella. 70 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. CONTROL. As many of the larve eat their way through the fleshy hull cover- ing of the walnut, it is probable that a thorough spraying with arsenate of lead in the month of August would greatly reduce the infestation. This treatment would apparently be as effective in destroying larve from eggs placed promiscuously over the foliage and nuts as in the case of the apple. From the fact that many of the larve gain entrance to the walnut after the hull has parted at the tip, the poison would, of course, not be effective against these. The infestation can, no doubt, be greatly reduced by maintaining the packing shed and drying grounds some distance from the walnut grove. It is the practice of many pear growers to save all windfalls in| the orchard and culls from the packing shed. These pears are either stored in large trays, stacked in the shade, or else the pears are covered with straw in layers on the ground. As a rule, the culls from the packing ground are nearly all infested with immature larvee of the codling moth, which reach their full development and produce moths during the ripening period of the walnuts. ‘This, in most cases, is the source of infestation of walnut groves found to be most seriously troubled with the codling moth. U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part VI. D. F. I. I., November 28, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWEST- ERN PENNSYLVANIA. By A. G. Hammar, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. In 1907 the section of deciduous fruit insect investigations of the Bureau of Entomology established at North East, Pa., a temporary field station, for the investigation of certain orchard and vineyard pests. One of these, the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella L.), has been studied for the three consecutive years of 1907, 1908, and 1909. The rearing work during the first two seasons covered only the more important features in the development of the insect, while in 1909 efforts were made to rear the insect throughout the seasons and to determine the time and relative occurrence of the various stages of the two broods. In 1907 the work was carried out by Mr. P. R. Jones of this bureau, and in 1908 and 1909 by the writer, who during the last season was assisted by Mr. Edwin Selkregg, of North East, Pa. Mr. Fred John- son, of this bureau, has for the three seasons contributed to this work numerous field observations. All of these studies have been made under the direction of Mr. A. L. Quaintance, in charge of de- ciduous fruit insect investigations. In the presentation of the life-history studies the separate stages of the two generations are first considered in detail as observed in 1909. Later are described certain fluctuations, found in regard to the time of emergence of moths, the time of maturity of larve of the two broods, and also a comparison of relative occurrence of larvee of the two broods for the three seasons under consideration. The term ‘“‘brood”’ is here used in speaking of individuals of one generation of any stage, as egg, larva, or pupa. A generation naturally includes all the stages of the life cycle, and is considered to begin with the egg stage and to terminate with the moth or imago stage of the same generation. 30490°— Bull. 80—12——6 a 2 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1909. SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. The main portion of the rearing material used in the spring of 1909 was collected during the previous summer and fall from banded apple trees; the rest—a small fraction—constituted reared specimens from experiments of the previous year. The larve intended for pupal records were allowed to make their cocoons between narrow strips of wood (fig. 18), where their transformation could be readily observed without greatly altering their conditions, while those for emergence records of the moths cocooned in masses of old bark of apple trees. During the winter the material was kept in a medium-sized glass jar, covered with thin cloth, and was thus left undisturbed in an open shelter (see Plate IX) ell the following spring. Fig. 18.—Device consisting of strips of wood held together by rubber bands used in obtaining pupal records of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella). Reduced. (Original.) The rearing material for the following emergence of moths, or first-brood moths, was mainly from that used in taking the band records of 1909, and, to a small extent, from reared specimens. There is a special ene | in the use of band- polleered larvee in the rearing of the codling moth, in that these have up to the time of une went developed normally in the field and the resulting adults show thus both the normal time of emergence and the relative occurrence in the field. OVERWINTERING LARVZ. The overwintering larve of the codling moth in the vicinity of North East, Pa., are partly of the first and partly of the second broods. As is more fully considered on page 84, a portion of the first-brood larvee, unlike the rest, hibernate—as do normally all larvee of the second brood—and complete their life cycle the following spring. PLATE |X. Bul. 80, Part VI, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PORTION OF OUTDOOR SHELTER USED IN REARING THE CODLING MOTH IN 1909 AT NORTH EAST PA ( ORIGINAL. ) CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. (8) Unless reared, the larve of the two broods can not be separated and are simply referred to as overwintering larve. Similarly the resulting pup and moths in the spring originate from the two separate broods of the previous year’s larve, and these are spoken of as “‘spring-brood pupe”’ and “spring-brood moths.” SPRING BROOD OF PUPZE. Time of pupation.—In the rearing cages the first observed pupation took place May 24. Considering, however, the time of the earliest record for the emergence of moths, and the duration of the pupal stage, which at that time of the season lasted 24 days, it is probable that pupation must have begun as early as May 20. The last larvee of the wintering broods pupated June 25. The pupation period thus covered a length of time of over one month (fig. 22). Since the last moth of the spring brood emerged July 17, pups were in evidence from May 20 to July 17. Length of spring pupal stage—In cage experiments, records were obtained of the duration of the pupal stage for 50 individuals. (See Table I.) | TasLe I —Length of pupal periods in spring brood from wintering larve, collected during 1908, on banded trees. | Date of— Date of— No. Days.|| No. Days. Pupa- Emer- Pupa- Emer- tion. gence. tion. gence. 1 | May 24] June 17 24 28 | May 29] June 21 | 23 2| May 25] June 16 22 29 | May 30]! June 22 | 23 3 dosaee June 19 25 SON eR Gosnaas June 17{ 18 4 doe: June 28 34 31 | May 31 | June 22] 22 5 | May 26] June 17 22 32 |...do dows 22 6 doles June 20 25 33 |...do Goseue 22 7 | May 27 oe 24 34) ee Cosa June 21] 21 8 Clos sane doses 24 Son Ree dosenen dos 21 9 Goseae: doe 24 36| June 1 | June 23] 22 10 Gosees June 27 31 Saleen Onsen doll se: 22 li doze June 20 24 38 dose doe: 22 12 do dowe: 24 39 dowees dor 22 13 do dows: 24 40 | June 2 dora: 21 14 doze: June 14 18 41 Osesee Gow: 21 15 dou: June 20 24 42 doezees Gorees 21 16 do dows: 24 43 dota. dosae 21 17 COU ANeS dour: 24 | ° 44; June 17} July 2); 15 18 dome June 14 18 45 Oueeas July 3) 16 19 | May 28] June 19 22 46 doses July 4) 17 20 doses June 20 23 47 | June 18 Ossaus 16 21 do dor: 23 AE Aware PAD ee eee so 22 doe June 21 24 49 CO Ka pera tea (ig as Me ae (Oh a 23 doze June 20 23 50 GLO oe Naa a | aida 24 doses June 16 19 51 | June 21 | July 6} 15 25 doses: June 21 24 52 | June 23] July 8] 15 2G) eMiava 29). doen 23 Oia | OUT | nea 27 do EGdORS =e 23 639 438 mo tallieese-fyurn een aait 1,077 74 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The variations in the length of the pupal periods, as shown in Table II, extended from 15 to 30 days. TaBLE II.—Spring brood of pupx. Variations in the length of the pupal periods as recorded in Table I. Pupe. | Days. Pupe. | Days. | 3 Leal er yl ee > 2 16 7 23 1 Tea ales b 24 Sul hile hc oe Cie Re | Orie | ey Gee Oren ewe 34 { The length of the stages were especially prolonged during the early part of the period of pupation and shortest toward the close of the period, due to a difference in the temperature. In Table III is given a summary of the observations recorded in Table I, showing an average pupal period of 22 days for the total number of observa- tions. TaBLE III.—Spring brood of pupz. Summary of pupal periods of Table I. Observations. Days. ACV CLARO saan ss sees 21.98 ED.GHI I yee tee ee Minimise eee ee 15 SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. Time of emergence of moths in the spring.—In figure 19 is shown eraphically the time of emergence and the relative occurrence of moths of the spring brood. The records for these observations are given in Table IV. TABLE 1V.—Emergence of spring moths, 1909, from wintering material collected on banded trees during 1908. Number | Date l l Number | | Number | Dae B moths.|| Date. | ofmoths. | lot Hoey ie of moths. | | Le ieee | June 12 | 1 || June 21 31 || June 30 13 || July 9 4 | sere Ge el eee te a || June 22 2 eeuly aa | 25 || July 10 aa | June 14 5 || June 23 50 || July 2 15 || July 1 1 June 15 3 || June 24 40 || July 3 3 || July 14 2 | June 16 6 || June 25 50 || July 4 5 || July 17 1 June 17 13 || June 26 33 || July 5 10 | | June 18 1 |} June 27 32 | July 6 6 | 486 | June 19 | 10 || June 28 35 || July 7 8 | | June 20 | 24 || June 29 30 || July 8 | 4 | | il Indoors, moths were observed previous to June 12, but since these undoubtedly had wintered in the house their appearance does not represent normal conditions, as is believed to be the case with mate- 7 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 1S rial which had been kept out of doors during the winter. The emer- gence reached its maximum on June 23 and 24, and on July 17 the last moth emerged. Time of emergence of moths vn the spring versus the time wintering larve leave the fruit the preceding year.—In Table V is given a detailed 590 PIZMISMINia LGN LIZ MMLOUIquncOn aimee uss eeweoiracl v2; mZei 2d SON mn gnu sim: Sho GNP oT SS VOM ANI AIS iti tS Moro ett! S UNE LNA Fig. 19.—Emergence curve showing spring-brood moths in 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) account of the band records of 1908, including the dates of collecting, which extend from July 18 to November 9, and the daily emergence records of moths in the spring of 1909 for the 17 separate band col- lections. 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Te The wintering larve belonged to both the first and the second broods. It will be seen by a glance at Table V that there was no marked difference in the time of emergence of moths from the first and the second brood larve. ‘The division line between the two broods can be approximately determined as between August 29 and September 5, as shown in figure 27. Time during the day when moths emerged.—When only one daily record of the emergence of the moths is taken, it is of importance to know the time when most moths emerge. Wi | Peido- 2) Aus. 27 | 39 | De idoress: Aug. 30 55 || 1| July 13] July 27} @14 2| July 21] Aug. 16} 26 | | ft) |Sulye8)| Sully? 255) ez) We deedol Be. July 6] 24 23| Pt idole Aug. 20| 30 | ie dow Aug. 2 25 || de doee- July 7 25 tae does Aug. 23] 33 | | 1 |...do Aus: 737226 |r ado ee July 8] 26) 1 |---do.....) Aug. 26 | 36 | a Probably previously infested apple. Summaries as to length of feeding for both transforming and win- tering larve are shown comparatively in Tables XV and XVI. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 83 TABLE X V.—Larve of the first brood. Comparison of the feeding periods of transforming and wintering larve. Summary of Tables XIV and X XII. Transforming larve. Wintering larve. Days for Days for Number | Days per| total | Number | Days per| total of larvee. | larva. number | of larvee.| larva. number of larvee. of larvee. 1 al4 14 1 ai4 14 ie eS an 1 ayes (akan NEL 1 a16 16 vel Aa AN A ae Geka eae eB 4 17 34 2 17 34 1 19 19 1 18 18 1 21 PAL Se Geka) AE GUO) hs Patio aco 1 23 23 phigh Nt ave PAN coi le Meaney Uh 3 24 74 EVA HSL ea OR AMA lah Denia Nees 10 25 250 6 22 132 9 26 234 3 23 69 10 27 270 3 24 72 23 28 644 5 25 125 20 29 580 3 26 78 15 30 450 7 27 189 17 31 527 5 28 140 10 32 320 5 29 145 16 33 528 3 30 90 13 34 442 4 31 124 8 35 280 2 32 64 7 36 252 2 33 66 4 37 148 eee SA aie eee aca 5 38 190 Saitama Pata tale Ms ae 2 39 78 TUN ae Ea SOA Pee wean 3 40 120 1 37 37 2 42 82 SITES Ne a SUC 2 43 86 Efe hse one AE ey SUR te eee RN ean 1 46 46 Bee SW pre fe enAtaP cpah gL NUR Wena Cire ge 2 47 94 Ear at yee aula agar aes nal ANA MAE A RSC 1 48 48 SA oo ete ESR arta tena Se AAG LRAT Pa is 1 50 50 he AM ge Lae Behe Lye A hal EI ace Ay lh 55 55 Oi ey eS OE 1,397 ODA ean RUS ate 5,975 a Probably from infested apple. and wintering larve. Summary of Table XV. TaBLe XVI.—Larve of the first brood. Comparison of the feeding periods of transforming Days of feeding of— Observations. Trans- | Winter- forming ing larvee. larvee AV CTAR Cie Lene wie ee ilease aieteh a 26. 36 31.10 Maxam tyme eee eee 37 55 Wikbavbeab bee aroge tana aE aN 17 17 84 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE XVII.—Larve of the first brood. Percentage of transforming and wintering larve of cage material. | Number of larve. Number of larve. | | Cage No. | a is | Cage No. | | Trans- inter- | Trans- | Winter- | | _forming.| ing. Total. forming.| ing. | Total. | | ee ] | H ] Pere birees atten oo 7 18 i ia ed 5 175) rH go Sierra 4 | 3 ie! aE SER OATN ON Ves 38] 6 | 6 | Passes 9 | 8 7 || ead ete Tee oN 7 )\\ 7 | erie eae ore 9 | 6 15 pA RIGtes eee Cee F 2 12 | a aya 14 | 13 Pd |i see] rece Shee 9 | 9 | enGsca 9 | 27 RG) eUBes eed aa a 19 | 19 | Nees uae 2 | 17 Fy | lene 1 8 9 | [Beg aLeaao sy 5 14 | 19 eeeee ary By 6 | 13 i); ( Totals} 85 | 199 | 284 | Kia eee: 5 AAs) 16 | — [fieadhoe StS 2m Saal 7 || Percent..| 29.93 | 70.07 | 100.00 | Pie) hone | 2 | 4 | 6 il | } il | | | ake Time of maturity of transforming larve.—F rom apples collected in an orchard July 8 the first larve emerged July 10, while from banded trees larvee were obtained three days later. In the rearing cages the last transforming larva left the fruit August 14. (See Tables XXII and XXXIII, and fig. 22.) Time of maturity of wintering larve.—Of the band record material of 1909 two larve, which had been collected July 19, did not transform with the rest of the brood, but remained in the larval stage and wintered. The second-brood larve first appear about September 10. (See fig. 22.) On examining the results of the band records, as pre- sented in figure 21, it will be noted that the greater number of larvee belonged to the first brood, and that the period of maturation of these larve extended from early July to the close of September, or perhaps even to the early part of October. Percentages of transforming and of wintering larve of the first brood.— In Table XVII is given a summary of breeding experiments, showing the comparative number of transforming and wintering larve of the first brood. From these observations it will be found that in number the wintering larve exceeded the transforming larve about two and one-half times. These results agree closely with those obtained from the band material, which is a better test of the relative occurrence of larvee in the field. (See Table XXXIV.) Of the first brood 23.46 per cent of the larve transformed and 76.54 per cent wintered. Considering the two parallel records of both cage-reared larve, the first brood consisted thus of one-third of transforming larve and two-thirds of wintering larve. : CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 85 Larval life in the cocoon.—Cage records were kept relative to the time of leaving the fruit and the time of pupation of 52 individual larve. This period includes the time for the making of the cell and the so-called post-larval stage, which consists of an inactive period of one or two days, when the larva undergoes structural changes previous to pupation. A definite time limit for the post-larval stage can hardly be given, since this is a gradual change, which leads up to pupation. In Table XXII the larval life of the cocoon has been referred to under the making of the cocoon, as this constitutes the main activity of the larva during this period, but it also included the post-larval stage. The summary of the larval life in the cocoon, as recorded in Table XXIII, agrees in a striking manner with the records obtained by Mr. E. L. Jenne * in Arkansas in 1908. For North East, Pa., the average was 7.09 days, the maximum 19 days, and the minimum 3 days. Mr. Jenne’s records show an average of 7.2 days, maximum 19 days, and minimum 3 days. In instances where the entire period previous to pupation has been recorded to last only three days, it is very probable that the larve, when dis- turbed in the process of making the cocoons, abandoned the first cocoons and made new ones. The period, therefore, appears shorter, as no record was kept of the time required in making the first cocoon. FIRST-BROOD PUP. Time of pupation.—FKrom infested apples, collected in an orchard July 8, mature larve emerged July 10 which pupated July 16. From the band material pupze were obtained a few days later and were observed in abundance throughout the period. The last pupation occurred in the cages August 27. These late-appearing pupex, how- ever, failed to develop, moths emerging only from larve that pupated not later than August 19. Length of first-brood pupal stage—Of 95 pupex of the first brood, the average duration of the stage was 12.5 days, ranging from 6 to 22 days. (See Table XX.) The records for the individual pup are given in Table XVIII, with a summary in Table XIX, showing variations observed in the length of the stages during the entire period when pup were found. — a@U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 80, Part I. 86 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLe XVIII.—Pupz of the first brood. Length of the pupal periods, from material collected in 1909, on banded trees. Date of— Date of— | Date of— No. | Days.| No. | Days. | No. Days.| Pupa- Emer- Pupa- Emer- | Pupa- Emer- | tion. gence. | tion. | gence | tion gence — a | — | 1!July 17| Aug. 2] 16| 33] July 28| Aug. 7| 10/| 65| Aug. 6| Aug. 22] 16 | | 2| July 18| Aug. 3 16 | 34 || July 29/| Aug. 8 10 || 66 | Aug. 7} Aug. 18} 11 SNS OL Aus. 52 15] 35 | o....| Aug. 7 9) Il “67. |e=-donaee|e5-dess 1A | Ae dese Ame 73 16 | 36 ||...do Aug. 9 11 68 -|--.do2= 34) Aue ioe 5 | July 19°) Aug. 2)1.° 14 |-.37 || July .301-.Jdo_22-|' 40 |) 69 |. -do!) 4 tde: Slaw | 6}...do....| Aug. 3| 151 38 o...\-2.do.— 21) 40 | 70. 12.-do! -2_|) Aug 20) bas | 7 | July 20| Aug. 2 13 | 39 ||...do Aug. 11 12 Wd. 12 dol 32. | Sidoze esate | 8|July 22| Aug. 3| 12] 40|/-.-do...| Aug. 12] 13]| 72| Aug. 8| Aug. 23] 15 | Oils=dos. 2.) Aug: 4 13 | 41 || July 31; Aug. 14 14 dd) Aue: Ose. dos. oat 44: | | 10; do) ok Augse3 12] 42 ||...do .--do....| 14) 74] Aug. 10| Aug. 26] 16 1i |...do Aug. 4 13 | 43 ||...do Aug. 13 ree Py ea 0...) Aue 2aileIS 412 (ido... 3) AugiS 1h 12] 44 dol 224) Aug 40] 10, 76H. dos 28 |e aoe ae } 13 | July 23 | Aug. 5 13 | 45 || Aug. 2] Aug. 9 fal | Vee ff (es Beers Cues ears (soo Gs [P44 12 2do- i Auge 4 [6112 1,746 i: 1 _doe itd. 2s 74: 74h 2.dou S|) dors ties [nib lb iedos2)| Ati 5a 49] A742 ado Aug. 8 6.1]. 790). do. ssl do aaa fee tdos sdoz 2 ce) 1S 48 Uh Anes 30 Aue $1) 804: idols ii Sede ea aS |: ef] -do- os! ait) 40 dons 4 Aurdo 7 || 81 | Aug. 11 | Aug. 26} 15 Sedo So ee] dos 28) pets Ny B00 (elder coh todo. =: 7 || 82. iedor S21 done mats dO gE OOn ee SOO == |i ion cod ieee Beale Z| S342 2200 -2)-2| Ager e2q | eAG | 20|...do....| Aug. 6| 14| 52 ||_.-do...-] Aug. 12 9 || 94 |..-do....| Aug. 25] 14 ye 2h eS cdose ss) AUEs IS) 5 9d))|) Ole =. |) Aus. 43 10 li 85 | Aug. 12 | Aug. 26| 14 22 edo sass Atass e4 12 | 54 ||...do....| Aug. 14 MFG) “86 2edo a eesdos saat ele. 23 | July 24 | Aug. 6 13 | 55 do:.--|...do— = 441). (87(22 dos 2 S212 dos et aa | 24] July 25 Oz 12 | 56 }|_..do....| Aug. 12 9 |) 88 do....| Aug. 25 | 13 bo oe GOs sce} Age id 13 | 57 do. ...! Aug. 11 8 89 do....| Aug. 26 | . 14 26 d0-52 4h dors 13} 58 does] Aug. 13 10 } 90 do.-..-| 22d0. soa | 27 | July 26 |...do....| 12] 59 |} Aug. 5| Aug. 17| 12/] 91] Aug. 16| Aug. 30] 14 Wide. se esidoss 12 60 do....| Aug. 18 | 13 || 92] Aug. 17| Aug. 31| 14 29 | July 27 | Aug. 8 12] 61 Wo 2d@s cee de! se.) 33:1) 951" 2ede Sept. 2/ 16 30) e2dona125-dor 12| 62 jj...do....| Aug. 15 10 | 94} Aug. 19; Sept. 6} 18 31 | dos _-aipAuge= 9 13 | 63 || Aug. 6] Aug. 28 227i s95 WATE 2a eeeere= ent ee |; 32) July 28 | Aug. 8 11 | 64 || Ops.) Aug. 20 14 | -—— | | lj 1,185 j } | ! TaBLE XIX.—Pupz of the first brood. Variations of pupal periods. Summary of Table XVIII. { | ; | |Number| Pupal | Number | Pupal of period | of | period pupe. (days). _ pupe. | (days). | Number} Pupal | of period pupe. | (days). feet sar ka ils Sule Seor a aaea | | | é [om o A hg Gc Le} x | 123 6 z \ | 7 16 ne 7 7 11 || 14 14 1 18 2 | 8 | 14 12 | 11 5 4 1 22 3 fl i | | | } | | TABLE XX.—Pupezx of the first brood. Length of pupal periods. Summary of Table X VITT. Pupal Observations. | period (days) ANVETAZC ASS sea sa tease se : 12.5 Maxamnins oS sees ose 22 Minimum? eee ee ee eee 6 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 87 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. Time of emergence.—On August 2 the earliest first-brood moths emerged from band material collected July 13. As shown in figure 20 and Table X XI, the moths gradually increased in number, reach- tt 20 seeeee F HH Suneeece saeuser sae E i : ats au H Saag! 4 gece Ft oon a i) Ft ES : ) jae +h 10 : peSeeaeet ear seeeseecestet se rese 4 ce ATH t f f HEF EEE ee EEE + ot H 5 AUG HZ One mn CHE nl Sm uta OMIM Desa Smaoml(enlslin2Orr2gQuu2Sh24y 2562627 2emueqLOOL SINS ERT 2 nes mo) Fig. 20.—Emergence curve showing first-brood moths, in 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) ing a maximum on August 26, at which time moths suddenly de- creased, emergence ceasing altogether about September 3. TABLE XXI.—Emergence of moths of the first brood. Material from banded trees. | Date of | Number Date of | Number Date of | Number Date of | Number emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. Aug. 2 4 Aug. 11 7 Aug. 20 18 Aug. 28 14 Aug. 3 8 Aug. 12 7 Aug. 21 Aug. 29 12 Aug. 4 4 Aug. 13 10 Aug. 22 8 Aug. 30 10 Aug. 5 8 Aug. 14 13 Aug. 23 15 Aug. 31 5 Aug. 6 3 Aug. 15 14 Aug, 24 5 Sept. 2 1 Aug. 7 7 Aug. 16 7 Aug. 25 13 Sept. 3 1 Aug. 8 5 Aug. 17 5 Aug. 26 22 ————— Aug. 9 Of. Aug. 18 6 Aug. 27 15 276 Aug. 10 3 Aug. 19 10 It is of interest to note that the rate of emergence of the spring- brood moths is almost the reverse of the rate of emergence of the first-brood moths. In the spring, shortly after the appearance of the first moths, the maximum is attained within about a week, while the decrease in the number of moths is more gradual and extends over a longer period. _ Ovrposition period.—For oviposition records moths of this brood were confined in rearing jars, as has already been described for the spring brood of moths (p.77). As shown in Table XXIV, the observa- tions include twenty-six separate jars, in which the number of moths varied from 3 to 17 for each jar. In five of the jars no eggs were 30490°—Bull. 8012-7 as, rae 88 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. obtained, while in the rest eggs were deposited in greater or less abundance. In the summary of the oviposition records (Table X XY) it may be observed that on an average the moths first oviposited 5 days after their emergence; in one instance this period extended to 13 days; the earliest oviposition took place 2 days after emergence. The length of oviposition in the various jars lasted, on an average, 7 days, with a maximum of 15 days and a minimum of 1 day. From the time of emergence of the moth the last oviposition in the various jars took place, on an average, the eleventh day, the longest time being 19 days and the shortest 6 days. On comparing the oviposition records of observations for the two broods of moths (Tables VIII and XXV) it will be noted that the records show practically similar results. The oviposition period extended from August 6—the fifth day after the emergence of the first moth—to September 22. Of the late deposited eggs only those laid previous to September 12 hatched, as the prevailing cold weather at that time stopped further develop- ments. Length of life of ndurdual male and female moths.—In the various stock jars which were used in the oviposition experiments records were kept as to the length of life of 57 male and 92 female moths. As has already been described in connection with the spring brood, moths of the first brood were similarly fed with brown sugar and honey and received daily fresh apples and apple foliage for oviposition. Summaries of the results of these observations are given in Tables XXVI and XXVII. The average length of life for the male moths was 9.79 days, and for the female moths 11.47 days. LIFE CYCLE OF THE FIRST GENERATION. In connection with the various rearing experiments for the separate stages of the first generation a set of experiments was conducted, carrying individual insects through a complete life cycle. The results of these observations (see Tables XXII and XXIII) agree closely with the sum total of the averages of observations on the separate stages. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 89 TABLE XX1II.—Life cycle of the first generation, as determined by rearing during 1909. No. Date of— Days for— of a L E Mak Total ser- arva a )mer- a i ak- ota va- Hee Cop: Hatch- leaving HUDe gence of ee veed ing of pupal life (itymg| | et me the fruit. moth 8- 8- | eocoon.| P cycle 1 | June 23 | June 30| July 27 | Aug. 5| Aug. 20 7 27 9 15 58 De eS. ORS eee GOsee alee donee: Aug. 3] Aug. 18 G 27 7 15 56 8 loos socoallsoc Gowen Lan Gores Aug. 2| Aug. 15 a 27 6 13 53 AT ese GOSsae alee Gomer (GOMER elles KOK Oe lene Gone 7 27 i) 13 53 Dhl aae CLO rere dots: July 28) Aug. 8 | Aug. 23 7 28 11 15 61 Gy ere a0 Cesta ees Gon ses GON Aug. 4] Aug. 16 7 28 7 12 54 Chelaaco Ossaaq| see GOL alee doses Aug. 3{ Aug. 17 7 28 6 14 55 Siieeedoz ed osenie July 29} Aug. 5} Aug. 19 7 29 a 14 57 OR Pee dOsease eee Or cael se done Aug. 9| Aug. 23 7 29 li 14 61 110) |EaaCKsescoliosn0Onssoe rulliye BOs | Merete erect Aug. 15 7 GeO) ae ores le RS 53 11 | June 24 |...do..... July 22 | July 29| Aug. 9 6 22 7 11 46 1) lee solos. PEON seeclnen Glo ae July 28] Aug. 11 6 22 6 14 48 13e|ecdo: SCO we alee EL OMA Osten elie ce dozeass 6 22 6 14 48 14 |..-do.. Wd Owens July: 27.\ duly 302 dolee.. 6 27 3 12 48 15} June 25| July 1) Aug. 1} Aug. 9] Aug. 20 6 31 8 11 56 Gi eed Oeste eden aa NUS end Ose. Aug. 23 6 33 6 14 59 17 | June 26] July 2) July 19] July 23 | Aug. 3 6 17 4 11 38 18h eeedore aCOuseea lie sCOnen sale doztee Aug. 5 6 17 4 | 13 40 19 |...do.. Ba GOSases Aug. 3] Aug. 9 | Aug. 24 6 32 6 15 59 Ab) NescGlOnsosu|loosG MeegG5 Aug. 8 | Aug. 13 | Aug. 29 6 37 5 | 16 64 21 | June 27 | July 41] July 22] July 28) Aug. 9 7 18 6 12 43 22) endo: dole July 30] Aug. 8 | Aug. 23 7 26 9 15 57 23| June 28 | July 6} July 28) Aug. 2))....2....- 8 22 ES Des Ree ae eC eo BN GABOOA 58 e5 oon ORauue, VA ZOE WAI OM ease oe 8 23 po aH elec tal ia Aes a on eee COs eee |G Oretas Viullvan SG PAU ie | eee ee 8 25 Us rede ears | Ree 26uleaeGOnees ee GdOse.. Aug. 1] Aug. 6) Aug. 19 8 | 26 5 13 52 iia | Pe Ober | eG Ob eeiee INOSS 2 Bie |p AES OE BEN a Se 8 28 Gulia tee Meee eerie 28h ee Onsen ieee Obeaer Aug. 4] Aug. 10 | Aug. 25 8 29 6 15 58 Zn EeadoOrsesa |= etree TASTE) ACUI Bah |e er eae 8 30 3 US| eae SOn une 295| July. 8) Aug. 1 |o:do.---: Aug. 19 9 24 7 | ily 51 31; June 30| July 9] Aug. 2] Aug. 15 | Aug. 28 9 24 13 13 59 | 32 |...do.. eC Oe PAB AT UAV Seth nisl Sei culy a ate 9 26 CEES IAC gat Wd wk ER Son | es Oke ee | EaadOnense INDIR. Op Nib hes bee ae ee 9 31 Di REAR AB a EY 34a) end Ole BAL OWS Ae ed Ones a CALE DO ellen noe 9 31 TAs attests ea wie Ree Soma Ob aes ee BOOS Ges AT ee 1) i Av gee seek eee) 9 32 Ara Shane tots is aera or 36| July 1) July 10| Aug. 1] Aug. 16] Aug. 31 9 22 15 15 61 Saale Oe S40Ks)s saddles sCOsea64 Aug. 9] Aug. 23 9 22 8 14 53 8) lisocO essa dllecc doses: Aug. 6); Aug. 16 | Aug. 30 9 Zl 10 14 60 SOR seed Osseael ec Goreses US 8) AUS 2a ee 9 29 OG has es es alee a A) Woe eG Oe sacollss SOs SAGO wnuee Aug. 18 | Sept. 3 9 29 10 16 64 41} July 2) July 11] July 25 | July 31) Aug. 14 9 ai4 6 14 43 AQR\ Eee Owes ee douse Peo pvees Way Ue Dh ess 1 bale ee et 9 25 (aie Sas bares baa ASEE sd Osenes EeedOseeis Ange VO} PA ee 22 ne eee Meno 9 30 ALDI ast Alara cea AA uly Ss \oulyaek2) | Aug 5 il Ae 12a ae 9 24 Tha ae ris ars) eho tac ANS |isaaiWyaeae AGW sade ASU UA ANU Sa Oba ease ye isaac 9 33 He Res Sere I tea near 46 | July 4 |...do..... Aug. 4] Aug. 8} Aug. 22 8 23 4 14 49 Alia eel Ose SOM Seas PRYDE RSS Cy ANE AO) i ee oe 8 25 She ere eae Lis lea ya ASS Mly: Oil WUlyeLo ul AU. i17))|| eA Se || Si eee 8 25 Bele ae A es ee pect AON Ee aGOs cae ane COesacalb as Ossae Aug. 13 | Aug. 27 8 25 6 14 53 SO eee don. nate HdOease. ARID ER MN JED Rei ANSON Aa NG a 8 27 CS oe Nas hepa a Oya ere ine ME SsClOnsesclinee dose: Aug. 10 | Aug. 14 | Aug. 28 8 28 4 14 54 GP) || sseCkneee Seto Koy ane WS Se SAC Sa Riese eae 8 31 Dis ea eee aes Ssu UUs UL ve alee. dO nos AUS ons mee eee 8 | 23 aU ape eS a aed 408 | 1,397 368 450 | 1,824 TaBLeE XXIII.—Life cycle of the first generation. a Probably from irifested apple. Observations. Hatch- Days for— : Making | Pupal Total Feeding. ofcocoon.| period. /life-cycle. 13. 63 53. 64 16 64 11 38 Summary of Table X XII. 90 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Since the life cycle is considered to begin with the appearance of the eggs, it becomes first completed with the appearance of eggs from moths of the same generation. The average period between the emergence of moths and first oviposition must therefore be added to the life cycle and not, as might be thought, the length of life of the moth (see Tables XXVI and XXVII). The sum total of the averages. for the stages together with the average of 5 days for the oviposition (see Tables XXIV and XXV) makes 58.28 days; the average for the life cycle of individuals reared through all stages together with 5 days for oviposition was 58.68 days. TABLE XXIV.—Oviposition periods of moths of the first brood in rearing cages. { Date of— Days— Be- Cage aes ; tween No. raere Emer- First Last Before | Length} emer- ‘| gence of Ovi- ovi- ovipo- of gence moth. | position. | position. | sition. | ovipo- jand last -| sition. | ovipo- sition. 1 4| Aug. 2] Aug. 9 | Aug. 12 7 4 10 2 7| Aug. 3] Aug. 6| Aug. 9 3 4 6 3 4/ Aug. 4) Aug. 7]| Aug. 10 3 4 6 4 8) | PAIS aa bu ea OEseae Aug. 20 2 14 15 5 3] Aug. 6] Aug. 13 | Aug. 13 a 1 7 6 8 | Aug. 7) Aug. 9]| Aug. 20 2 12 18 7 Bap SIN ices SIRENS SON Sana he lal | i Miaangs ra Me yar 8 7| Aug. 9)| Aug. 13 | Aug. 25 4 13 16 9 GT ies Nib ea UO a erate Py te eee hada ees I a ll oe ae 10 6| Aug. 11 |} Aug. 16 | Aug. 20 5 5 9 11 3 | Aug. 12 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 26 13 2 14 12 7H es DY =zeg el Ll ee |e a ee tl We ey Oe Wa crs Lal 13 4| Aug. 15 | Aug. 19 | Aug. 21 4 3 6 14 4] Aug. 16} Aug. 20 | Aug. 26 4 7 10 15 5 | Aug. 17 | Aug. 24 | Aug. 27 7 4 10 16 7, Aug. 18 | Aug. 22 | Aug. 28 4 7 10 17 Li Aneel Oe O lakes Aug. 29 3 8 10 18 17 | Aug. 20} Aug. 25 | Aug. 31 i) 7 11 19 10) | -Awes 21 |S dorssc. Sept. 9 4 15 19 20 DD A ARB OD Be i eH AUC ICA eeu aig 4D | aera 21 11 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 28 | Sept. 4 3 8 10 22 10 | Aug. 27} Aug. 30 | Sept. 11 3 13 15 23 9 | Aug. 29 | Sept. 2 | Sept. 12 5 11 14 24 an Kae sameness pene ml Mee A era NE Sea el SA elles ois 25 4} Sept. 3] Sept. 11 | Sept. 15 8 5 12 26 6 | Sept. 6 | Sept. 15 | Sept. 22 9 8 16 105 155 239 TABLE XXV.—Oviposition periods of moths of the first brood. Summary of Table XXIV. Days— . Between Observations. Before Length | emergence first ovi- of ovi- anda last position. | position. oviposi- tion. AVGTASC cote eeeerle ae ana 5.0 7.38 11.38 Wieb-ahan bbls GA pagcouousoens 13 15 19 Minimnmep ees eeceeeseeeerre 2 1 6 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 91 TaBLE XXVI.—Longevity of male and female moths of the first brood. Summary of records of 149 individual moths. Male. Female. Male. Female. Length | Number! Length | Number || Leagth | Number | Length | Number oflife. |ofmoths.| oflife. |ofmoths.|| oflife. |ofmoths.| oflife. |ofmoths. Days. Days. Days. Days. 2 3 2 1 14 2; 14 7 3 1 3 4 15 3 15 3 4 3 4 2 16 3 16 6 5 1 5 2 17 2, 17 7 6 1 6 4 18 1 18 2 if 5 7 (GY | Repetto a 19 1 8 6 8 Ds [MURR eS cane aU EN ne RLFC 20 1 9 9 9 AL Re a Ie TS setae a a 21 1 10 4 10 ASI WF A ES 22 2 ial 3 11 8 —— SSS 12 5 12 Gs iayff 92 13 5 13 10 TABLE XXVII.—Longevity of male and female moths of the first brood. Summary of Table XX VI. Life of Life of Observations. male female moths. | moths. Days. Days. 9.79 1 HAV CTE Cle ay cca ciagoretc ms tceys oe 1. 47 WEPabom onan ya ee ye Aa 22 Minima ee eee ees 2 2 On further testing the rearing results by taking the dates of the maximum emergence of the spring brood of moths (June 24) and the emergence of moths of the first brood (August 26) it will be found that 63 days elapsed. But since the emergence of moths of the first brood was very gradual, reaching its maximum first at the close of the season (fig. 22), it becomes evident that the average of 58.5 days is fairly accurate. THE SECOND GENERATION. SECOND-BROOD EGGS. Incubation period.—From two to three days after egg deposition, a semicircular red ring appears within the egg, which later disappears as the embryo attains further growth. Commonly this condition of the egg is referred to as the “red-ring’”’ stage. A black spot ap- pears in the egg from two to three days previous to hatching, and is caused by the dark-colored portions of the head and prothorax of the future larva which are partly visible through the eggshell. In taking observations on these features of incubation no fixed time can be given, as these changes set in and disappear gradually with the growth of the embryo or young larva. It is of value to know the significance of the “red ring’”’ and the “black spot,’”’ as the age of the eggs can thus be approximately determined in the field. In the cages eggs were laid daily during the entire ege-deposition period, which extended from August 6 to September 22, and a full record of the incubation period was kept during this time (Table XXVIII). 99 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXVIII.—Second-brood eggs. Incubation periods of eggs laid in rearing cages. | = Date. Days. No. of obser- > | a Ee | vation. eDos- e ack Red | Black | Incu- ited. | ring. spot. Hatched. ring. | spot. | bation. | ae 1| Aug. 6| Aug. 8] Aug. 11 | Aug. 13 | 2 | 5 | 7 2| Aug. 7| Aug. 9| Aug. 13 | Aug. 14 2 | 6 | 7 3 | Aug. 8 | Aug. 10} Aug. 14] Aug. 15 2 | 6 6 AN AGE. 19H Sadossse- Aug. 15 | Aug. 16 1 | 6 7 ry feet Ce Pye al [sc ORS ec Cees mel CET IY 1 | 6 8 6 | Aug. 10 | Aug. 12} Aug. 16 ]...do.. 2 | 6 7 7 Onesie GOs -do. Aug. 18 2 | 6 8 8 | Aug. 11 | Aug. 13 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 19 2 | 7 | 8 9 | Aug. 12} Aug. 15 dosses|-=-dor- 3 | 6 aril 10 | Ossss Hee dos Sa4ce doses Auee 20g 3 | 6 | 8 11 | Aug. 13 |...do. Aug. 19 | Aug. 19 Dil 6 6 IDR See Ose sal - Ee GOEe =-do. <2.) Anup. 20) 2 | 6 7 LO 3 Ves 6 Co J opel RNG [eye ee Bee eS cee reas L 2 | 6 8 14 |2=-do: .-2|-Aug. 16 )|---do= Aug. 22 3 | 6 | 9 45) 1222-00-12 -- do Aug. 20 | Aug. 23 | 3 Z| eat 16 | Aug. 14] Aug. 15 |...do....| Aug. 21 | 1 6 7 a7 (Ee -GOs=— 3] Ate AG | 2002222) Aug. 22 2 6 8 19) dO ace pe eG Ose ae eee Oke eA Usa 5 2 6 9 19) (do he8 Sedo nd -c| PAri nial Ate AG 2 | Talc lO 20 | Aug. 15 | Aug. 17 | Aug. 22 |..__do- 2 | 7 | 9 21 | Aug. 16 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 24] Aug.-25 2 | 8 | 9 22 | Age 17 | Augs 19°) 8do. 2 |. doz 2 7 8 23 ug. 18 | Aug. 21 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 26 3 7 | 8 DAS 82 On sa Se dna ole dO nae Ale as 3 | 7 9 2D PAU OM Bede qeetee One as eAt e420 2 | 6 a 26 GOssee Ate eee Ones ANS. 27, 3 6 8 27 | Aug. 20 | Aug. 23 | Aug. 27 | Aug. 28 3 | if) 8 28 do sso4|-- dos. si==-do-e a Aug. 29 3 | 7 9 200) Aug Dis eee oe (RAW C GOS UE GOze-cjees ee se 7 8 30 | Aug. 22 | Aug. 24 |...do Ssdoweee 2 6 7 Si Sede dos] a= doe Aug. 30 72 6 8 32 | Aug. 23 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 29 | Aug. 31 2 6 8 33.) SUS. 24 Wee eee ESsxcte Sepia eee 5 8 3 ees € Le ge eae Poe So a | Auge SOU Sepizs 2 )232 25S 6! 9 35 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 27} Aug. 31 | Sept. 3 2 6 9 36 dos S25)e22GO22 sal) doe a2 Sepia 4 2 6 | 10 Shall Ate 264252 0O=sacie-- GOs se ptsws 1 | 5 | 8 38 Coss 23h doeres|2=- dos es|bpepis 24 il 5 9 338) We Xe Loe [boos Seem teley opens ofl 1 itstey arts cd) 1 6 10 40\) Aug. 27, | Ave. 29522 5522-2. Sept. 4 Dl eects 8 Al eatd0scelh Ose cal seceeen oa Sept. 5 2 leet Ae oe 9 42 | Aug. 28 | Aug. 30} Sept. 8 | Sept. 9 2a 11 12 43 0. See|E ado 22 o....| Sept. 10 7 ll 13 44 do....| Aug. 31 | Sept. 9 | Sept. 11 3 12 14 45 | Aug. 29 |...do -- OOS = oe OO eee) 2 | 11 13 46 Goes 22 | S22 Goes ss b= GOs ee | Neitz 2 | 11 14 47 }...do..-..|...do._..| Sept. 10 | Sept. 13 2 | 12 15 48 do | Sept. 1 |...do....| Sept. 14 3 12 16 49 | Aug. 30 | Sept. 3) Sept. 11 | Sept. 12 4 12 13 5HOkEesdorees|e-edoe- 2|e-do-. 2 sepiats 40 12 14 His CAP asl lee GOs ea|== Ose enna Gore | 11 13 52 |...do....|...do-....| Sept. 12 | Sept. 14 3 12 14 3h eed es AGOe eee |-=e GOs eeleepta do 3 12 15 54} Sept. 1] Sept. 4 |...do....} Sept. 13 3 11 12 5552 One =) ese O Ose |p a GOL ee oe pial 3 sul 13 56 | Sept. 2] Sept. 5 | Sept. 13 |...do.... 3 ll 12 57 | Sept. 3 dos. 522-2 00s .<|-5-00 2 10 11 5Sn|-2- GOs 452/220 |2=-.=|-sept. 15 2 10 12 59 | Sept. 4] Sept. 6 | Sept. 14 |...do 2 10 il 60.) Sept. °5:)/Sept. $:|_. -dorc.-}-2 dex: <2 3 9 10 61 | Sept. 6 | Sept. 10 |...do....|.-.do.... 4 8 9 62 | Sept. 7 Of cssP2GOel |e Gores: 3 rf 8 G3e es -GOn see lose GOne as eG Ozer ILSe DLO 3 7 9 64 | Sept. 8 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 15 |...do 3 7 8 65\)|-- = do2. =-|5--doneen eee Goze Sept. 17 3 7 9 66 |...do .do....| Sept. 16 | Sept. 18 3 8 10 67 | Sept. 9 | Sept. 12 |...do-- Sept. 17 3 7 8 68 |...do dossesi=-edon- Sept. 18 3 7 9 69 dos=.2|=22do0L =eSeptelveincept..19 3 8 10 70 | Sept. 10 | Sept. 13 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 17 3 6 7 71 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 14 | Sept. 17 | Sept. 18 3 6 7 (2200. = oe eee Ose |e CORSE poeDu. Lo 3 6 8 16) bescloe te) | Sept. 18 | Sept. 20 3 7 9 74 | Sept. 12 |...do | Sept. 19 | Sept. 21 2 of 9 75) | Septet 5) bese ae |-------+--]----------|-------- Jit seh 2 a ae 716A Septnl8) eee a ee aaa areteetecrs eae. es ee SEES > Ts pept: ale teehee (SAK Skea uh eee Rae eee See 78 | Sept. 22 | oe eer ae See iL On ee ee on eee [esa eS. Je { i | CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 93 The incubation period ranged from 6 to 16 days, with an average of 9.47. In the time of appearance of the red ring, the range varied from 1 to 4 days, with an average of 2.4 days. The black spot appeared on an average 7.66 days after egg deposition, and hatching generally took place from 1 to 2 days after the black spot had been observed. (Tables XXIX and XXX.) TABLE XX1X.—Jncubation periods of second-brood eggs. Summary of Table XX VIII. Appearance of red Appearance of Total incubation ring. black spot. period. Number Number Number Number of Number of Number of of days. | observa- || of days. | observa- || of days. | observa- tions. tions. tions. 1 6 5 4 6 1 2 32 6 26 7 12 3 30 7 19 8 20 4 3 8 4 9 16 9 1 10 ff 10 3 11 2 11 8 12 4 12 7 13 5 14 4 15 2 16 1 TABLE XX X.—Incubation periods of second-brood eggs. Summary of Tables XX VIII and X XIX. Number of days— Observations. For appear-| For appear-| pop incu. ance of ance of Baton red ring. | black spot. ; FAVELA RO onan ates SUG Ae cieie 2.4 7. 66 9. 47 WIEp-ohadipbanks Aes Ae nies 4 12 16 WiGtabbooybba oo See Sek se 1 5 6 Eggs deposited from September 15 to September 22, inclusive, failed to hatch because of prevailing cold weather. SECOND-BROOD LARVZ. Time of hatching.—The extent of the hatching period of second- brood larve can be accurately determined, since eggs were obtained August 6 from the earliest emerging moths and subsequently almost. daily until September 22. In the cages the first larve hatched August 13 and the last September 21; late-deposited eggs, as already stated, failed to develop because of cold weather, which limited the number of the second-brood larve considerably. Feeding period.cFrom a number of larve that hatched in the cages, 100, as given in Table XXXI, developed about normally and entered hibernation. 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXXI.—Larve of second brood. Periods of feeding of larve in rearing cages. | | Date of— Date of— f— Days |ino. of ie Days |ino. of Dale Days of | 1 of AR Se 1S ae of 8 eA feed=\| eo a Set eal | cae | -_, | feed- Hatch- | Leaving ing. || V2: Hatch- | Leaving in ve. | Hatch- | Leaving 7 ing. | the fruit. | ‘75: ing. | the fruit. | 78 ing. | the fruit. | 8- a | i SO Aug. 13 | Sept. 11 29 36 | Aug. 19 | Sept. 29 41 71 | Aug. 27 | Oct. 4 38 donee doe 5 29 Sia aed Oe LOCtaaS 50 f2ESSGOSs—4| FOCtommed 41 -do. Sept. 12 30 38 do....| Oct. 22 64 (3-4-2 2d0:2--|-Octy #8 42 Aug. 14|...do....| 29 || 39 |-_-do do....| 64]| 74|...do....| Nov. 1] 66 do Sept. 17 34 40 | Aug. 20/ Oct. 3 | it 75 | Aug. 28 | Oct. 4 37 -do Ore scl ot AI RAR Ose | ROCu RAO 51 76 |..-do....| Oct. 10 43 -do. do....| 34 || 42] Aug. 21 | Sept. 19 | 29 || 77| Aug. 29|...do....| 42 Aug. 15 | Sept.12! 28 || 43 |...do.- eee 29 48) |=2200555.s| NOVA! 64 ..do....| Sept. 13 29 || 441|...do...-] Sept. 20 30 79 | Aug. 30| Oct. 9 40 =-doz Sept. 16 32 || 45 GO: Ss e|-2- GOre alien oO 80 | Aug. 31 | Sept. 26 | 226 2 2do: Ose] 3201. 46i-eeGos eI septaes 33 Si ||-- do: =) Oct. 7 37 20 Oee lsd On sae) = voeelamed sy, dos---| Octa 9 49/825) =-do._-- | Oct. 08 38 dota Sept. 17 33 |} 48 |.-:do-..-| Oct. 26 66 || 83 |...do. Oct. 26 | “56 E-adQssee| o...-| 33 || 49 | Aug. 22 | Sept. 17 26 || 84) Sept. 2| Oct. 5 33 52d0= | Sept. 21 37 50 |...do...-.| Sept. 19 | 28} | 85:|:. 2005. |2Oct., ae 39° |...do....| Sept. 24 40 51 |...do Sept. 28; 37 86 |..> é HUNAN TH HNN 52> SSS = = = == 22 Sas=saa==s= Net aky = SS SS T1013 le 9 22 25 283) 3 © 4 12 15 138 212427302 5 B I M4 17 20282627 2 5 8 WM te 17 202326291 & 7 10 13 1619 SULY AVG. SEETE OCT. NOV Fig. 21.—Band-record curve of 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) brood larvee which were removed had no influence upon the number of larvee of the second brood. With the appearance of the first larvee, July 13, the banded trees were examined every three days throughout the season until November 13. (See foes) In comparing the number of larve collected from the upper and the lower bands, it will be noted (Table XXXITJ) that 53 per cent were taken from the lower bands and 47 per cent from the upper bands. These figures are of interest as bearing on the effectiveness of gathering windfalls. A summary of the band records is given in Table XXXTY. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. TaBLE XX XIII.—Records of larvex collected from banded trees during 1909. Number of larve. Number No. of | Date of Dead or | of trans- ee record.| Cllect- Upper | Lower Total eleag eee tering nes bands bands (16 trees) pao (1909). larve. (5 trees). | (5 trees). : : 1 PUI Resi Peseta ower aveuinle 13 6 psi ex tes Bea aal 2 July 16 3 2 29 11 SOR este seat le 3 July 19 4 5 19 1 16 2 4 July 22 6 2 21 1 ON NENA tant li 5 July 25 8 3 24 1 18 5 6 July 28 11 7 54 2 30 22 7 July 31 10 14 48 2 23 23 8 Aug. 3 22 UG fe SARIS Va Nit a 51 23 9 Aug. 6 24 10 (Patan Wee aN RRS 30 32 10 Aug. 9 23 15 Tha tall eset ere ae 40 37 11 Aug. 12 23 22 ASIP Apel Cains se Man 45 52 12 Aug. 15 15 18 AS pid eat ahs teat 3 76 13 Aug. 18 13 19 CFS pial Ma Ne eats ti BN ae 68 14 Aug. 21 8 30 Sian Mess el eo ae Si 88 15 Aug. 24 13 19 BSAC Lis Gs a SU a 83 16 Aug. 27 18 26 100 1 as hs a ae 99 17 Aug. 30 14 24 oo SU ese ee a se 94 18 Sept. 2 8 11 EDR O} LAS ks Myrtaceae 56 19 Sept. 5 6 15 OA [See OU Se ae yan eeue 64 20 Sept. 8 7 10 Carly il eNae mee A ue eS ae OTe 38 21 Sept. 11 7 9 CEC Bec tro I tH RD 47 22 | Sept. 14 9 7 Biel emery as ig 5 23 Sept. 17 3 10 Raa eae ok Ns UR oe Ae 37 24 Sept. 20 4 5 Pa ls) NRG NO ae Na Ae Ap 21 25 | Sept. 23 8 10 AGE oY le DO MONE 46 26 Sept. 26 Orch 4 PXO ri etait 20 ONG Sept. 29 2 2 IL Yel eA eA aa 13 28 Oct. 2 4 3 TS Miu Seavaiyree se apes | alee ee 13 29 Oct. 5 5 3 OER Rie cen calle sects tees 15 30 Oct. 8 7 6 QO ceM lc aN taney nian 29 31 Oct. 11 9 12 AAMAS Sinan te posers Nek use ais 44 32 Oct. 14 1 1 ESS re rors Meph e e gtd 5 33 COX RSEHLGEA (el eaten eae easy pt MC EA RE Rie lec oe re OA 34 Oct. 20 1 1 Ape nes Mivcedeens fags ae: a 4 35 Oct. 23 5 1 1 ICG} PRA a IN Ya i ale 16 36 Oct. 26 2 1 Gis | atest aia IU eign rears 6 37 Oct. 29 3 2 aL itn ees Pate ss iE al 17 38 Nov. 1 6 8 PAG) Ae] Sk es oe Rese Slay I 26 39 Nov. 4 9 3 TA Wal econ let ae aby ice the 14 40 INOW Mees wee ul pe | See a eek ole 2 Al INOW OW | pesaseskey 3 (GEST Gi enc a yee) i Ma es 6 42 Nov. 13 2 5 a sal egl any RSIS INIR Ne A 9 324 366 1, 631 25 301 1,305 of Table XX XITI. TaBLE XXXIV.—Records of larvx collected from banded trees during 1909. Larve from band collections. tae Warvee tron upper bandssei seis Sok ee ee 46. 95 Larvee from lower bandSs................-.----- 53. 04 Transforming larve of band collections......... 18. 74 Wintering larvee of band collections............ 81. 26 Relative proportion of first-brood larvee........ 83. 87 Relative proportion of second-brood larve..... 16.13 Transforming larve of first brood.............. 23. 46 Wintering larve of first brood.................. 76. 54 oF Summary Few of the results here obtained have been based upon observa- tions made during the rearing in the laboratory. For instance, the two broods of larvee, which at the time of maturity overlap, could only be separated through rearing experiments. On comparing the 98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. two broods of larvee it will be noted that the first brood exceeded in number the second brood about five times. Considering the number of transforming larve and the number of wintering larve of the first brood, it was found that only one-fourth of the brood completed the life cycle the same season, while three-fourths of the brood hiber- nated, attaining their full development with individuals of the second brood. REVIEW OF THE LIFE-HISTORY WORK OF 1909. During 1909 an attempt was made to rear the codling moth through- out the season, and to determine the time and relative occurrence of the different stages of the two broods. The essential results of observations for the season are shown in the diagram (fig. 22). The moths in-the spring commenced to emerge June 11, reaching a maximum of emergence June 24. Moths of the following brood— the first-brood moths—appeared from August 2 to September 3, with a maximum August 26. Oviposition generally took place the fifth day after the emergence of the moths of either brood. The time during which the first brood larve attained maturity extended from July 10 to the end of September. Only one-fourth of the larve of this brood transformed and completed the life cycle the same year, while three-fourths of the larve hibernated. Of the second brood, mature larve appeared first on September 11 and continued to appear until the middle of November, at which time quite a number was prevented from further growth and failed to enter hibernation places because of prevailing low temperature. Judging by the number of larve collected from the banded trees, individuals of the first generation exceeded in number the second generation five times. SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1907 AND 1908. SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. The rearing material for the spring of 1907 was collected from a cider bin May 9, before any larve had transformed. Later in the season larvee were obtained from banded apple trees, which were then used partly the same year and partly (overwintering larvee) for emergence records of moths the following spring. Additional band material was obtained in 1908, which, together with a small number of reared larve, constituted the entire supply used that year. The rearing work for the two seasons of 1907 and 1908 was carried out on an open porch of the laboratory building, or out of doors under trees in the laboratory yard, and it is thus believed that the records of observations represent the normal transformation of the insect in orchards. 99 CODLING MOTH IN NORTH WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Vie Aa 7a omen ie) fon ameerst cece rpereey (PTET SL eet tmp rep enveloped |] EL ae ee ST teomnatett | ee econ bette tt Te Pees | ete te + BPP PEPE LTTE CcUPTEEoT eric cruladbeirr rer EET TL yates lote tp" brgoe beg PT TAT | ebeemesttlert TTT TTT ye LTE Eo eee eee ee icecmeceeee 7 a tT EEE etd SL | aremten tierra | TT ee Saeaeea: comme beep [T SU ae : EEE ri peta er tet Eero ———— " | T) | fetid bed thot chal dend Catisbe gh TL Fic. 22.—Seasonal history of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) as observed during 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) 100 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TIME OF EMERGENCE OF MOTHS OF THE SPRING BROOD. The first moth observed in 1907 appeared in the cages June 17 and the last July 10. The emergence period, as shown in figure 23, lasted twenty-three days, reaching a maximum on June 24. These emer- gence records are given in Table XXXYV. TABLE XXXV.—EHmergence of spring moths during 1907, from material collected in a cider bin. | Number | Numb Number | Numb | ; Number || umber | Number | umber Date. of moths. Date. of moths. Date. | of moths. | Date. | of moths. June 17 1 || June 23 14 June 28 10 July 5 | 4 June 18 4 || June 24 27 || June 29 6 July 6 4 June 20 2 || June 25 14 July 1 1 July 10 2° June 21 3 June 26 15 July 2 6 — June 22 6 June 27 3 Julye 3 2 124 In the spring of 1908 moths commenced to appear in the cages by May 30. The last moth of this brood emerged June 24. Unfortu- nately no record as to the number of emerging moths was kept, and their relative abundance can thus only be estimated. Judging by the size of a number of larve collected in an orchard June 10, it was evi- dent that moths in the field must have appeared even earlier than those emerging in the cages and, on considering the band records also, it is probable that the emergence extended to the end of June. TIME OF EMERGENCE OF MOTHS OF THE FIRST BROOD. In 1907 the first moth emerged August 6, the maximum number emerged August 13, while the last moth appeared September 5; the emergence period was thus limited to thirty days. (See Table XXXVI and fig. 24.) TABLE XXXVI.—Emergence of first-brood moths during 1907. From band-collected material of 1907 and reared specimens. Date. Number Date. Number | Date: Number Date. Number of moths. of moths. | of moths. | of moths. Aug. 6 1 Aug. 15 1 Aug. 21 5 || Aug. 27 2 Aug. 8 2 Aug. 16 5 Aug. 22 4 Aug. 30 2 Aug. 9 1 Aug. 17 5 Aug. 23 2 Aug. 31 1 Aug. 10 5 Aug. 18 4 Aug. 24 4 Sept. 5 1 Aug. 12 5 Aug. 19 2 Aug. 25 4 Aug. 13 18 Aug. 20 5 Aug. 26 1 80 During 1908 the emergence period was remarkably extended. In the cages the first moth emerged July 28, and the last moth emerged September 9, covering a period of forty-four days. In Table XX XVII are given the dates of emergence of the first-brood moths from band- collected material. (See also fig. 25.) 101 NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. CODLING MOTH IN IMTS TTT TTT ox STILL STAT ct - TARR A ETT TNT IN AAAS A UEUTERTTTRERY EET STEEL ec ITT STC PT STU TTTTTTTA LETTS TTT foe Records of Mr. P. R. Jones. Lee ERE Ae eT TTT TTT CETTE AAA NCEE CTT SS Le TTT TTT. AHH LE : HN JAUALCELALCEUETTE Fic. 23.—Emergence curve of spring-brood moths in 1907, at North East, Pa. (Original.) bh iain i TT, STAT 24.—Emergence curve of first-brood moths in 1907, at N orth East, Pa. Records of Mr. P. R. Jones. Fia. ( Original.) UHL : ec His SN Se eee Fig. 25.—Emergence curve of first-brood moths in 1908, at North East, Pa. From band-collected ( Original.) material. 102 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXXVII.—Emergence of first-brood moths during 1908. From band-collected material. Number Number | Number Number Date. of moths.|| P@- |of moths.|| De | of moths Date. | of moths. July 28 1 Aug. 7 9 Aug. 19 3 Sept. 2 4 July 31 2 Aug. 11 29 Aug. 22 3 Sept. 5 1 Aug. 2 6 Aug. 12 9 Aug. 24 1 Sept. 7 3 Aug. 3 20 Aug. 14 5 Aug. 26 1 Sept. 9 2 Aug. 4 17 Aug. 17 19 ||} Aug. 28 Lea Aug. 6 7 Aug. 18 20 || Aug. 30 9 172 BAND RECORDS OF 1907 AND 1908. For the banding work in 1907 an unsprayed orchard was kindly placed at the disposal of the Bureau of Entomology, through the courtesy of Mr. W. Towne, of North East, Pa. : After the loose bark on the trunk and larger branches had been scraped off, 16 trees were properly banded. The banded trees were examined once a week from July 12 to November 5 for larve and pupe. The results of these observations are given in Table XX XVIII. TaBLE XXXVIII—Band records taken from 16 apple trees during 1907. Number | Number Number | Number No. Date of | of larve of No. Date of | of larve of of record. | collecting. and (emerging || ofrecord.| collecting. and emerging pupe. moths. | pups. moths. | 1 uly LO pe es Sere ales eee 14 Sept. 21 Sh ae 2 Tea ya 23a [eee ates [eee eas 15 Sept. 26 Abie ale | 3 July 27 23 14 16 Oct. 29° {ease oreee al NG ad 25 | 14 | 17 || Oct= 16 spe MRS 8 5 ADE 0 >| 29 8 1 | Om 1h! Ue Pe enaeee: 6 Auge bt o| 51 a a 19 Oct. 16 Gi Pseceteees U Aug. 17 (hen) eae ae oe 20 Oct. (24 i () | Beer eee 8 Aug. 21 | 7 fate PAS, ee | 21 Oct. 26 el See we 9 Aug. 26 | PAGS d eee 22 Oetaret Oe Se ee 10 Aug. 31 DE Pa cee eral 23 Nov. 5 She asses 11 | Sept. 5 Theory (BSE ONO 12 Sept. 11 LOY | eel ae ee 1, 457 37 13 Sept. 16 TOA nn Sectors | { | Because of the short and cool season of 1907, the great majority of the larve of the first brood wintered, which resulted further in a very small second generation. It is evident from figure 26 that the second- brood larve constituted only a small fraction of the total band col- lection. Since the two broods of larve evidently always overlap, the relative number for each brood can only be approximately estimated. Judging by the first emergence of moths of the first brood and by other rearing records of the year, the first larve of the second brood reached maturity about October 10. Judging by this the entire band collection would consist of 96.5 per cent of first-brood larve and 3.5 per cent of second-brood larve. Considering, further, that out of the 1,400 larve of the first brood only 37 individuals transformed, while the rest wintered, it can be figured appreximately that only 3 per cent of the first-brood larve transformed, while 97 per cent wintered. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 103 In 1908 the band-record experiments were carried out at Westfield, N. Y., in an unsprayed orchard consisting of large apple trees belong- ing to Mr. George Walker and kindly placed at the disposal of the Bureau of Entomology. The bands were examined once a week, and 760 720 80 10 ay Fic. 26.—Band-record curve of 1907, at North East, Pa. (Original.) the larve were counted and removed to the laboratory for further observations. As is evident from figure 27, the bands were placed on the trees about one week too late, so that no record was obtained of the earliest maturing larve. The two broods are here clearly dis- Fic. 27.—Band-record curves of 1908, at Westfield, N. Y. (Original.) tinguishable, overlapping but slightly at the end of August. The great drop in the number of larve in early October (fig. 27) was due to cold weather. In Table XX XIX is given the full record of the band collections for 1908, with a summary in Table XL. 30490°—Bull. 80—12——_8 104 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXXIX.—Band records taken from ten apple trees during 1908. Number of | Number emerging | No. of Drie el of larvee moths. record. 7 and g- pupe. 1908. 1909. 1| July 18 84 66 1 2) July 25 77 69 1 3| Aug. 1 121 87 13 4| Aug. 8 90 25 27 5 | Aug. 14 5A 7 Gil Ss 6 | Aug. 22 52 1 38 7 | Aug. 29 PAU eae Ree 14 8 | Sept. 5 PAE Weigel 25 9 | Sept. 12 TO2) ee aree 43 10 | Sept. 19 LOSVIES ten 92 11 | Sept. 27 LOL ese 56 12| Oct. 3 Doi dete 26 | 135} Ochs 12 85) he ceee 50 14| Oct. 18 | 7 Wii 20 5s OCt26E| LO! | eee 7 16} Nov. 2 Gulsaoeeee 2 17} Nov. 9 Pil Heese aan 2 1 993 252 449 TaBLeE XL.—Band records of 1908. Summary of Table XX XIX. Larve from band collections. P as Transforming larve of band collections......... 35.9 Wintering larve of band collections............ 64.1 Relative proportion of first-brood larve........ 50 Relative proportion of second-brood larve...... 50 Transforming larve of first brood..............- 67.7 Wintering larve of first brood.................. 32.3 Parasitized, injured, and dead larve........... 30.1 WEATHER RECORDS FOR 1907, 1908, AND 1909. During the three seasons that the life history of the codling moth has been studied in northwestern Pennsylvania (1907-1909) daily records have been kept of the maximum and minimum temperatures, together with other climatic conditions. In preparing the tempera- ture curves shown in figures 28-30 use has also been made of the weather records of the Weather Bureau made at Erie, Pa. The climatic conditions have been strikingly different during the three seasons. The year 1907 was marked by an abnormally low temperature, a late spring, and an early fall with a rather high pre- cipitation for the summer months. The month of May was the coldest on record during a period of eighteen years. In 1908, on the contrary, the spring was very early, the mean temperature was above normal, and the summer was marked by two periods of severe drought, the dry condition being especially felt during the latter part of August. In most respects 1909 was considered normal. By comparing the daily fluctuations of temperature with the various records showing the behavior of the codling moth it will be found "2061 “Vd “seq TON 48 omMyeiodure, UMUITUIU pue UMUITXeUI 04) SULMOYS SOAINO—'8Z ‘DIT (-[eurs110 ) CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 105 PHY iH Coo siaatiiir a Cee as S08 .a08e SeeS2= lee ToT Banees rr] ooo sieerte i" ie Ce Fert Coe anea. Toc met SS a sins Sees ret HH fh BREESE rH ‘ ae ptf ta SH ot Se | uuesnuagan Gage Sifeeesiee Try Pees HH ] TTI Ly Ho re : die Nae a 4 dq FEE H ie rH Teste HoH eicteioeee — ry a8 HH reo sane apeee sate EERE eH 4 Bee PH Hits H pb + | Eee Ht as fosee EEE 106 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Seseasceedscesa ansesassssatanssaza vend cerassses eatecssezs unamaganas == eae as an SgSSSRSR5R85 05 PH sities: EeEeE +H Sebvesebsesstzees cecet cesar east siibsapesstiesits FH seereer PORE eee aabaaes S55 0508 SSReE EES Hao Sreases mo gsseaeeveeceeacs H === CORRS EEE EEE sanassces iSuanasenn---anengua Poo one ee ies scnanas SUaEE BEaREBEs rr —— i>-~8 SSeSeseaaR PEEEEEEEH PEPE See sezreecaevenrai iis ae ini PH — pesed esses anes Sesezsazesiy == Aa ees eee SoS8ee sesso ro Sat susceuawad CeCe an coo SO 00RSSe ee a R088 GReSe esses wees eee iT am ee Pi oa SOS S908 She Ses eee eee = Perr peeeeee penis tees coeeseeese ae mee fH Pri a TT SERRE BREUSERn— 2 eee Try ry Perry ryt BEEEEE EEE EERE ECE EERE EEE EEE Eee EBON D SOBRE FUROR FADES DEORE ORNS BARR BI 8e BREE RSs GAS e OO Ees SOD Ee Bees BSRe se Bee BES 8 ee0s aaa tit SORE SS OSRSs BESS Sees Sears See. ERED RESES SESE BOees eee rt I Ho SS BOSS OSES BPH=— cease Seesaw eee eee fe Besues Gssl bSschetal Boosh sos lossosecdlasacosedlposecoss Oy RN LO a a yt a 6 4 2 1 1 1 LOA eae Second brood: yee eal Saeisicicc erie veciee 141 103 105 158 96 70 64 66 SIM Sesame set ae see re ci eee 208 163 157 224 198 154 136 121 S GET eee yer srene aves ret ua 49 28 24 50 30 25 21 16 TO tal ean Neen alse ae 398 294 286 432 324 249 221 203 Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- . broods. age of Total Total larvee by larve, broods : fi rea | ‘Tree | plat | embeting | “second, Place of entrance. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11. oe ae a ae. ae broods. stem. First brood: Bil e.4 2 eee ale (ang a Wen Shea a aaE ie tn heen elecopon booaGc 3 1200 in| Sees sers Sider eee ENG Se tre Lee team | a PL ears wom | erence al tarot 22 S800) sarees S tem Fass nade ee Sal Ue hea Saisie tine Sess ee a ose eel cece Sac os 6 | Game eee | Eee ins MO tale is ed ps oa ere aD ae te wy ee ec Ate Sees etn leet te 25a Pate ees eS See Second brood: Byes eye ie se se Gu eit sia (eS ees seenobgs| Soeene bacase 877 33.201 | Peeseees Sy 0 Vee Shy es Ae A See ee 147i sease ae alecee aoe Cece ealseek ee 1,508 Ly (agi Lc] ee Se oe Stem aoa ets Se Sake 2 a tee D oa tere tenn | erararcrie eens =yctal[ercraereee 256 9103|S eee es ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC, 123 Tasie IIT.—Places of entrance into frust by total larvx of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: EeM AUP A I LA 9 AR tye Lea PE LU BC ULAR Ba eT SA 2 FS 50 Pe OU SUDA ener Psa em, Soe RN 1 ES en es Ay, aN ai OES aU AE ari SN 1] FSS V a LN Ne AN NE las CRAIN IN APA MT Ua UD OE] Cl ie a ay POI IM els PN Se I Ns Ss IV a NA 1 FAN Ged liercas SN et NORA ce cau sy Lath die) (a Ou aees TY AR PN UAE at 4 Second brood: (OB yo -ci Ae ai sei A ee UE aes 14 26 41 6 16 16 32 29 STC ese reece DR IEMII SNe IR Sigs Ea, Oa 20 14 45 10 5 7 25 21 S Cerne ONAN RA TURES TORIES iN Bisa Bhi | ese 1 1 1 3 STN GR A a RN a ee 0 aT aE 35 40 89 16 22 24 58 53 Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- broods. age of larvee b Total Total Y! larve, broods ae entering first and pla secon Place of entrance. Tree 9. |Tree 10.|/Tree 11. De ue ee broods. stem. First brood: Cathy RA aM als eae le 4 1 1 Bi | RU NA Wt 8 3 OS AOI; | Bei aye cas SIC en ein el UMM RMON lee SPARTINA 0 FEDS TRG TOU I Pee ER aR 10 ASW AQ Ys pre emveon i nee SCOTT eM ee Mee SL ae aS QL Zh TE east oat Nia sky LAN A 4 DSS2O MN ee eee BY a 2) Leet AL UA NTA elo tc) ORLA 7 2 TBool TARA a AL SP NA| eae ENT al Wigs chy pl SRL Second brood: EH rp. end RD SA a Ct 719 47 Dis |e cebe mies AERA 328 G0) | WAS Rabies SLCC HEH ante Wie SMES CUE As 65 18 LUZERN ep sete ou as ead 247 AU ASO Aleyeyy cj eee SCOTT Aes Muse eR VP NI il eno ieaahs Da a eae SU eat 16 POW SARA aes A Moy 2) tse) Si UN a a eG 149 65 AQ eee aes aA SOME ey at a 613 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: COE W ypc STAN AUN a EI ee UC 64 102 32 132 52 96 45 25 POY KG Fee SA a A a ae 23 26 4 33 14 15 12 7 S COTM Canes traits ure NM ol Bis 6 5 1 5 10 6 7 4 A oy eM SOU Se Lt TA aN MUN 93 133 37 170 76 117 64 36 Second brood: UN yA Se IO ie CL naa 579 464 139 463 295 588 513 197 SUG CE RIAD CUSTOM ARREU ELA tauan ig te AU ee 102 67 34 69 58 125 94 49 SiGe Aaa RM Ae AE 28 23 7) 26 18 31 32 6 TO Ga eS ANU MR ANE STEN) 709 554 180 558 371 744 639 252 124 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLe III.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larve of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. PLAT V. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. Number of larvee for each tree. Percent- age of Total Total ae ay larve, Brood and place of entrance. entering first and Tree 9. |Tree 10.|Tree 11. dice ae Plat at calyx, ne rhe : side, and a stem. First brood: Cal yarse rime ee yams Bee eee ee 31 258 55 63 | 133 | 1,088 16284) [aie eee SG Orie tl va aS a Se ae nae 9 36 19 23 33 254 1 CY. gi Rae SS CO TINS See ys eee ge ee een ee 2 12 4 1 11 74 bi 7 fell ICE Bs Mohali see Aen Ei eee 42 306 78 BL ETA VS AUG eo ee ee eer Second brood: PET 0. ote Bee Sas al Re RE © 489 458 535 | 398 | 353) 5,471 805345 tae ee SIGGIe ers Me EE ea he aes 98 89 81 94 96 | 1,056 Pte |e ae SS FOTN Sei) ee ee ahi 2s ie pi ae ea 28 11 29 29 15 283 4.15 [eee ee 5=52 CDG Eek iestelle ge dd a el 615 | ssa | 645 | sor | apa | 8,226 In the case of the sprayed plats, as would be expected, the propor- tion entering at the calyx is greatly reduced, and there is a corre- sponding increase in the proportion entering the fruit at the side, owing to the lesser efficiency of the spray at the latter place. This is shown for each of the plats in Table IV. Taste IV.—Places of entering apples, shown in percentages, of total larvxe of first and second broods of the codling moth combined. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. | P f terine— ercentage of larvee entering Total Total —- Plat No ane 2 et Vea est and , first second ann Calyx.| Side. | Stem. | Total brood brood Bands T. One-spray , Bordeaux nozzles. ...- 15.96 | 75.38 8. 66 100. 00 26 3,158 3,184 TIT, One-spray, Vermorel nozzles.....- BovOlela Oleog 9. 60 100. 00 25 2,641 2, 666 DV; (Demons trations 62 Slee eee ae 54.81 | 41.93 3. 26 100. 00 | 22 592 613 Wis UMS Dray CO ae He Sane ees 79.73 | 15.93 4.34 100. 00 1,416 6, 810 8, 226 As between the several sprayed plats there is considerable variation. in the number of apples wormy at calyx, side, and stem, which is of significance in connection with the character of the treatments given. To compare these points better Table V has been prepared. TaBLE V.—Eficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. | Percentage of wormy apples.a Tol fuel number | number Plat No. ‘of wormy | of Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. apples. | apples I, One-spray, Bordeaux nozzles......... 1.18 5. 54 0. 64 7.24 3,120 43,152 TIT, One-spray, Vermorel nozzles.......... 3.32 5.57 -97 9.97 2, 654 26, 534 RV. Demonstration s-ceeceee eee eee 1.03 .79 .20 1.88 607 32, 451 Ve Unsprayed so) 5 65 ae eee 26. 85 5. 36 1. 46 33. 26 8,120 24, 428 } a As some apples were entered at more than one place, the sums of the percentages for calyx, side,and stem slightly exceed the total percentages of wormy apples. * ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 125 A comparison of the figures for the different plats in Table V shows as to calyx entrance for the two broods about the same degree of protection in the case of Plats I and IV, while as between Plats I and III, both involving the one-spray method, there is a difference in favor of a coarser as against a mist spray of 1.14 per cent of the total crop. The figures on side entrance show that neither of the one-spray treatments afforded any protection to the side of the fruit, while the demonstration treatment saved 4.57 per cent of the crop by preventing side entrance. In comparing the total efficiency of the different treatments, it will be seen that there was a saving of 26.02 per cent of the crop in Plat I, 23.29 per cent in Plat III, and 31.38 per cent in Plat IV. The superiority of the demonstration treatment was mostly due to the prevention of side worminess. In order to determine what effect the respective treatments might have on the proportion of fruit which dropped and that which remained on the trees until picking time the following table (Table VI) was prepared from the data in the previous tables: TaBLE VI.—Comparison of amounts of drop-fruit during season on the several plats. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Fruit from ground. Num- First brood. Second brood. Plat No. ber of Per Per Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent sound. sound. SPAREN Neste ERR Hace 11 26 | 10,202 | 10,228 | 99.74 1,449 | 7,663 | 9,112 84. 09 ED Ui et SUA UNA es te 9 25 | 5,314] 5,339] 99.53 1,249 | 5,997 | 7,246 82.76 Aarts ee TIN AE CSE A OE 11 22 | 8,970; 8,992 | 99.74 240 | 5,513 | 5,753 95. 82 AU yi ATO eg NUE a ee ape Ee 13 945 | 8,109] 9,054] 89.56 5,471 | 5,742 | 11,213 51. 20 Fruit from tree. Total fruit. nr Per um- centage Plat No. ber of Per Per | of drop- trees. | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent }|Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent | fruit. sound. sound. 11s ee Ss 11 1,645 | 22,167 | 23,812 | 93.09 8,120 | 40,032 | 43,152 | 92.76 44.81 DEVEL sh ye A SE el 9 1,371 | 12,578 | 13,949 | 90.17 2,645 | 23,889 | 26,534 | 90.03 47. 42 LEY ai EAH ESE 11 345 | 17,361 | 17,706 |. 98.05 607 | 31,844 | 32,451 | 98.12 45. 43 Ve eee conn & 13 1,704 | 2,457} 4,161 | 59.04 8,120 | 16,308 | 24,428 | 66.76 82. 96 As will be noted, the highest percentage of drop-fruit was on the unsprayed plat, namely, 82.96, with 47.42 per cent drop-fruit from Plat Il]. Plats I and IV (the one-spray and demonstration treat- ments) show a difference in favor of the demonstration plat of only 0.62 per cent, an amount practically negligible. The percentage of drop-fruit, including fallen fruit from all causes, is shown, but it should be remembered that fruit from all plats, except the check, was largely protected from fungous troubles by applications of Bor- deaux mixture. 126 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PLUM CUBCULIO. Throughout the season the drop-fruit and the fruit on trees at picking time from four of the plats in the Jones orchard were care- fully examined as to injury by the plum curculio. The results of examinations are given in detail in Table VII. TaBLeE VII.—IJnjury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and J, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4.| Tree 5. | Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of pune Lares SB oan NE i ath 1,979 | 1,713 | 2,613 683 268 | 1,012 638 1, 200 Number of fruit punctured.......... 1,179 915 687 387 208 532 370 706 Number of sound fruit..............- 4,510 | 3,898 | 3,109} 2,363] 3,238 | 3,236] 2,937 4,737 NUMERO fMULG ee ee 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750] 3,446] 3,768) 3,307 5, 443 Per cent free from injury.......---.-- 79.27 | 80.98 | 81.90} 85.92] 93.96 | 85.881! 88.81 87. 02 Number of punctured ant sound fruit, etc., Morale er tree in eac at. P P Total for | cent fruit plag. . | free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. paul Oc Number of punctures.......-.-..-.... 642 319 GAD ets Ga Ces er ea ALA O Se are es es Number of fruit punctured........... 364 216 Stay Umeee arn call Malbec te D289 Oi | ae serene ee INumberioisound fruitee ss. oes. BaD) Ne PCE NP ear GO) ey eS eM Se Si O0AR eee By INITIATING CHO MAT UIE ele rieys ene es eat nn SHC44G 2 NGD2 US eS 9 on Mess eal eee tee 436 203u |e n eee Per cent free from injury........---.. SOLOE AM OTR Say OTe BOs |e eres ae te se aU SCS a | ester Pe 86. 34 PLAT IIT. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4.| Tree 5. | Tree.6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of puncturesin. sees ence nee 2,321 721 919 788 560 | 1,790] 1,756 732 Number of fruit punctured..........-. 1,051 349 533 368 358 795 727 372 Number of fruit free from injury.....| 3,698 | 2,339 | 2,211 | 2,284] 1,883] 2,775} 2,154 1, 620 INMIMDEL Of iEUT G2 ae ee ee ne ee 4,749 2, 688 2,744 2,652 2,241 3,570 2,881. 1, 992 Per cent free from injury..-...--.---- 77.86 | 87.01 | 80.57) 86.12 | 84.02] 77.73 | 74.76 81.32 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., MOtanper u in each plat. Bait ane P Total for | cent fruit a | TOL CL free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. EY Number of punctures ..............-- DEG 2G) pat ira ie ates ra Ue rag | Ut tps eae el brag N15 26 leans erste Number of fruit punctured........... (PAT ad ee SE eesti Ieee sal REET GT S280) | epee Number of fruit free from injury...... LAO SU NOTE eral re te eteteral| Rial as tayatete ll Reap ee te ae 20 4b irl eee Number ofeinuiteeceeeeaseee ee aon Dp OPAD YUEN A seb a Lap 8 elk RAN eee ora Paha SU 8 eM 258 7S al apea eae Per cent free from injury.............- LOY APIs I Na ret te ler eget tet ane NI Hed ohn foal BS my 79. 48 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. Lipa TaBLeE VII.—IJnjury by plum curculho for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAP IV. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of punctures................. 1, 293 562 C8 98 430 432 | 1,025 877 Number of fruit punctured.........-- 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 Number of fruit free from injury.....-| 2,790 | 1,589] 4,639) 1,591 | 2,879] 1,465 | 1,998 2,705 INGmberiofiruit 7. eee eee 3,536 | 1,890 | 5,076) 1,665] 3,145 1,665 | 2,496 3,172 Per cent free from injury-............- 78.90 | 84.07} 91.39 | 95.55 | 91.54] 87.98} 80.04 85. 27 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., r tree in each plat. Total per Pe r P Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. AOL Nimiberiof punctures) 2222 See ae” 13,129 254 Number of fruit punctured............ 3, 656 140 Number of fruit free from injury ....-. PLSD y a ele Sed, INVMIbeTOF fri Gee es NS 4791 | 1,957 Per cent free from injury.............. 65.43 | 92.84 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.| Tree 2.) Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of puncture................. 6,623 | 6,230 | 4,331 | 10,068 | 3,372 | 9,527 | 14,727 4,714 Number of fruit punctured ..._...... 2,130 | 1,595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 Number of fruit free from injury -.... 430 106 47 16 207 202 97 86 NUM erOR AUG eee eee 2,560 | 1,701 995 | 1,538 | 1,206] 2,501 | 2,821 1,156 Per cent free from injury............. 16. 79 6. 23 4,72 1.04; 17.16 8. 07 3. 43 7.43 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., er tree in each plat. Total per pert x P Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9.|Tree 10.)Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. a ary Number of punctures................ 6,143 | 8,707 | 6,921 5, 984. 6, 739 LOND as ouoeasee Number of fruit punctured........... 19386) [i 2) 7] 15.605 1,517 1, 750 PROM IA NA iain ith Number of fruit free from injury..... 387 141 114 91 310 QED RAs eee eoune: ING berrOfsinuiG yay se eae wee yae PROV Ay PL Pater Houma ale) 1, 608 2, 060 DAV AAG EM Per cent free from injury..-.-....0...- 16. 65 6. 24 6. 63 5. 65 LSA OA aaa ee 8. $5 All punctures, whether egg or feeding, are classed together under “Number of punctures.”’ The total percentage of fruit free from cur- culio injury includes fruit entirely free from feeding and egg punc- tures, and has no reference to injury from other insects, as the codling moth or lesser apple worm. Curiously, in the Siloam Springs work the one-spray block (Plat I) shows the maximum percentage of fruit free from curculio attack, injury on the demonstration plat exceeding in this regard that on the one-spray plat by 3.46 per cent. It should be noted, however, that Plat IV was adjacent to the unsprayed block (see fig. 2) and there was unquestionably considerable overflow of 128 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. eurculio, as on this latter the beetles were quite abundant, as showa | by the low total percentage of uninjured fruit, namely, 8.85 per cent. In view of the habits of the curculio in ovipositing and feeding over a considerable period (six to eight weeks or more), the results from the one-spray method are the more surprising, and it would appear that the single treatment resulted in their almost complete destruction. In Table VIII are brought together data showing the effects of the treatments in the control of the three principal insect enemies of the fruit, namely, the codling moth, the plum curculio, and the lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunwora Walsh). The value of the one- spray method is here put to the severest possible test so far as con- trolling insect enemies of the fruit is concerned. It will be noted that when these three insects are taken into account somewhat better results were secured from Plat IV, which received the demonstration treatment, namely, 81.19 per cent sound fruit, as against 79.60 per cent sound fruit from the one-spray plat. The ynsprayed plat (V) shows a very low percentage of fruit free from injury by these three insects, namely 6.94 per cent. TaBLE VIII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio............ 1,179 915 | 687 387 208 | 532 | 370 706 Injured by codling moth.....-...--.-. 703 522 419 118 181 222 | 286 315 Injured by lesser apple worm.....-.. 71 74 41 6 31 17 19 30 Number injured apples..........---- 1,778 | 1,403 | 1,062 486 409 739 652 991 Number uninjured apples.........-.-. 3,911 | 3,410} 2,734) 2,264) 3,087] 3,023 | 2,655 4, 452 Rotalnumberapplestas2222 2242-5222 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750 | 3,446 | 3,762 | 3,307 5, 443 | | mele Total ota er cent |per cent ae ae ee ee n ce | for |free from} free : plat. | injury. | from injury Injured by plum curculio.......-..-- 364 216 Sh it] ee eee ek» 5,899 S6 Baie ee Injured by codling moth........-.-.- 110 113 TSO oe. oof 3, 120 OD M7A NORE MS Injured by lesser apple worm....-.-- 10 5 Dalbwe ess eemeene 309 . si ont beet ee Number injured apples.........----- 473 349 AGO rs use ee 85802 Ns. 2 cae eee oe Number uninjured apples.......-..-- StZOupn 2, 30a) ito leaseeoe be eee Be SRS oh egal ue es 79. 60 Totalmnumiberappless:—.-42-2-- se a, 0998] 2,02, ||", S900 |= ea fee ace 43, 20282 eso oee ee PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. | Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio.....-...--- 1,051 349 533 368 | 358 795 727 372 Injured by codling moth...-........--. 397 298 286 431 321 247 231 200 Injured by lesser apple worm......-- 29 19 14 32 40 22 26 12 Number injured apples..........-.--- 1, 363 525 772 806 684 | 1,010 919 dol Number uninjured apples...........-. 3380. |) 2.9601) 1,972 | 1846) 155575) 22500 ae Soe 1,441 Total number apples.........-.------ 4,749 | 3,485 | 2,744 | 2,652 | 2,241 | 3,570 | 2,881 1,992 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 129 TaBLe VIII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Injured by plum curculio.....- Injured by codling moth....-.. Injured by lesser apple worm Number injured apples.-....-.. Number uninjured apples.....-. Total number apples.........-- Injured by plum curculio...... Injured by codling moth....... Injured by lesser apple worm Number injured apples........- Number uninjured apples...... Total number apples........... Injured by plum curculio....... Injured by codling moth........ Injured by lesser apple worm Number injured apples. .......-.- Number uninjured apples....... Total number apples...........- Injured by plum curculio....... Injured by codling moth........ Injured by lesser apple worm Number injured apples.......... Number uninjured apples.....-.. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT Ill. ONE-SPRAY—Continued. Total Total | Per cent |per cent Trees |) Lree! >|) Tree, | Tree”) Tree free from | free 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. plat. injury. res injury Me yein a aC ea Fe LI) LVS (ely e AVON Peper | APE) eS) (ORAS Me hee dataags ees Sa Dobe Er oer A Us WOU MCSA ALG ie 2 AG SONOS tee SCM aren tani Pm OS) Ns me entree Ua LS ace eh Pe 203 QOH 24 eee es Bau RAG WN A NL AN Bee UL nN Ey RO HTN ACK Gy (et eR pa Abs Sets MASA Ree Ret [ere vance ya evn ger dc et oi LO MPL aL nev ceits acrre ate 72. 05 Se Sa ASOD (Nal ahead pep a aetna Wd Os oy SU ee [es a led PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3.| Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. ae A 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 pete 36 41 93 16 22 23 57 57 egoue 6 1 6 1 0 2 3 0 Beeas 826 332 509 90 287 222 545 518 sie 2,710 | 1,558 | 4,567 | 1,575 | 2,858 | 1,443 1,951 2, 654 sets 3,536 | 1,890} 5,076| 1,665 | 3,145 | 1,665 | 2,496 3,172 Total | Per cent |per cent for |freefrom| free 9. 10. 11: 12. 13. plat. | injury. | from injury su 1, 656 140 TOON EMS e as oes) Os OOF 82:88) (eeaeeee AS 154 67 Ae ee ee eee 607 OSD! [eye soci? 14 6 3 PA ae 42 OOD S73: 2a ue ah 1,761 207 SOG | ci See eG LOB ei ea ie eS Enc 33030) |p -7O0"|*-2e202 |o.. 60s). o2 2 26, 8481 oo eh SE 19 Lars ATOM WM P9ST hi BHOOSK ees. 5 S| Nas SU a2 ABI ewe wis aes aes PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Tree 1.| Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | T'ree 8. ists 2,130 | 1,595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 ae 795 679 217 716 450 823 697 287 Hee 213 140 52 229 89 224 309 91 van 2,250 | 1,605 959 | 1,528] 1,072] 2,355| 2,740| 1,076 yen 31 78 36 1 134 8 Total number apples................ 2, 560 1,683 995 | 1,538 | 1,206 | 2,501 | 2,821 1,156 elt Total ota, er cent |per cent ae cree dree aree cee for |freefrom} free ‘ z S x plat. | injury. | from injury. Injured by plum curculio............ 1,936 | 2,117 | 1,605 | 1,517 | 1,750 | 22,212 S5S5/seewee Injured by codling moth............. 652 859 70S 592 644 | 8,120 GEN a eee Injured by lesser apple worm......-- 120 218 139 174 77 | 2,068 OLSON eee Number injured apples.............-. OST 2p ASn iL GSly el Fo Gh wl SZ AN D273 Lys lene eye) ete et eCPM Pa Number uninjured apples............ 336 1 88 é ZED TO esc soe 6. 94 Total number apples................. Zr O2Oi | MapZOSN | da hO le GOSi22OGOK | pede 2eni lee icye nell easel 130 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. EXPERIMENTS IN VIRGINIA. The experiments in Virginia were carried out in two localities, namely, at Crozet, i the orchard of W. S. Ballard, and at Mount Jackson, in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company. W.S. BaLuarp’s ORCHARD. ¢ W.S. Ballard’s orchard is located in the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and is composed mostly of the Yellow New- town (Albemarle Pippin) variety, which sort was used exclusively West $s SS GEG G BEG. GUS nS nS nS oe So Ss GS Gis tsi ste l Ss SisiSs 6 1S QS VE Ge G Sie SS Ss DIOR DORD ST DOWD 72) D DDDiDOD DDD DP Dy) Vv 135 Sete LY TRV EN Lag EE a Dee XD x LOL: LRTRWEE EAGLE ae 10) 2 72) ~ $| 220000000 olerm AOVAOI a C IN) x S| 20 5222 0 doe 2 od S La, Beet hoe CPO pooo o®oar s\ce@ AO Ova, DD DB ONLY Dye Re Perk, VI BODE DDN CD aay ier BY AN ae ed hc SSNS NS Senso oe ees cic GiS GS oS ie Sista Sis Gis 6's) Ste Sas CISisiis's sig sis sis SiG is sis Gs Gusme S SS 6 'S'6 SS § SS GS ISS SSS S CS SING Siu Su Sas SSS asl to ttoiomonst tis Sts wols ko) oie Sirois) ou aiteitay (invic tlie Last Fic. 35.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard orchard near Crozet, Va. Trees counted are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of trees in the tables. Variety, Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin). Trees marked S sprayed by owner. in the experiments. The location of the trees sprayed, with refer- ence to adjacent trees in the orchard, is shown in figure 35. The surrounding trees not included in the experiment were sprayed by the owner. ‘The size of the trees and general character of the loca- tion are shown in Plate X, figure 2. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, 2&Te. 131 THE CODLING MOTH. The treatments given and dates of applications are shown in Table IX. TaBLE I1X.—Dates of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Crozet, Va., 1909. Plat VIII. aud, Plat V. Plat VI. Date of application. (Demonstration. ) (One-spray method.) (Unsprayed.) First application, April | Notdrenched. Vermorelnoz- | Drenched with arsenate oflead | Unsprayed. 27 (after falling of zles. Mistspray. Arsenate 2 pounds to 50 gallons Bor- petals). of lead 2 pounds to 50 gallons deaux mixture (2-2-50) Bordeaux mixture (2-2-50). Pressure 125-160 pounds. Pressure 120 to 140 pounds. Seneca nozzles. 11 gallons per tree. nS) g co u d application, |..... CKO pt Ahi alibalan uh label NIC Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. rales 50). Not drenched. Thi application, June) [esse COCO Ut RE NEG iS CEN, DAR TOSI ES TNR CLO Nese ate MO sie a STN Ne Do. Four o h application, |....-. C0 Ko peg Be a oO EU I GO eNO Re EU Do. July 26-27. rn Plat V (demonstration) received four applications in all, the Ver- morel nozzle being used. The effort was made to spray thoroughly, but none of the trees was drenched. Plat VI (one-spray method) was thoroughly drenched, using Seneca nozzles, applying an average of 11 gallons per tree. This plat received three subsequent appli- cations of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule, to pro- tect the fruit from possible infection by bitter rot. Plat VIII was left unsprayed throughout the season for purposes of comparison. The first application, on April 27, was given just after most of the petals had fallen, and conditions were favorable for the work except that showers interrupted the spraying for about one hour. At the time of the second application, May 24, the weather was showery, but spraying was finished without serious interruption. The third application, on June 26, was interrupted near the close of the work by rain, while the fourth application, on July 26, was made under very favorable conditions, the weather being clear and dry. Comparatively little bitter rot developed during the season, even on the unsprayed plat. A heavy hail, however, which occurred during late June, badly injured the fruit and foliage. It was noticed that the hail injury to the fruit resulted in a much greater proportion of codling-moth larve entering on the side, and this fact must be taken into account in the consideration of the results. Table X gives the total wormy fruit and fruit free from codling- moth injury for the entire season for the eight count trees of each plat, the numbers of the trees in the figure agreeing with those in the table. 32 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLe X.—Number of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Crozet, Va., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total ‘ Total per Condition of fruit. Tree 1./Tree 2./Tree 3./Tree 4.|Tree 5.|Tree 6.)/Tree 7.;|Tree 8.| for cent of plats. | sound fruit WORM Anes sane eens 90 115 68 191 173 49 54 87 | +o] al ee SOU epee aes ee estan 712 | 1,344 651 | 2,224 | 1,859 | 1,259 | 2,958 | 2,243 | 13,250 |.......- Total eee Sass see eee 802 | 1,459 WL 2254155525032. 1308s) 3; 01221823300 142 07a see Per centSound=. 22 --222-5-- 88.78 | 92.12 | 90.55 | 92.10 | 91.49 | 96. Aire oO lsxe74 bell GbE lesoeaoos 94.13 PLAT VI. ONE: SPRAY. WORT 2 Saas sa nee 498 367 627 | 1,681 445 362 391 462 | 3,320 | See REE SOULE Reh anes a 2,080 | 2, 166 | 4,478} 1,150 | 2,800 | 1,617 | 1,650 | 1, 577 | asia hey ee oe TOtales Deh AeA keenele D225 TSA| Pas OSST Og OonfeleshS aise 245 | 1,979-|} 2,041 | 2, 039 | | 20, cate Eee iPericent sound s2225-- seen 80.30 85.52 | 87.72 | 87.26 86. 29 “81. 71 | jee 90 77. 35 | Jnneeeeee | 84.07 | PLAT VIIM UNSPRAYED. Mi@a iy passed ssesesaasuedas 1,165 | 1,593 545 560 | 1,641 | 1,444 | 1,089 | 1,001 | 9,038 }.......- Sounadte sys aa eee 2,258 | 2,089 271 456 | 1,470 | 1,544 904 | 1,206 | 10,198 |.......- Rotaley eho AS eee 3,423 | 3,682 816 | 1,016 | 3,111 | 2,988 2,207 | 19,236 | peers BS Pericentisound.222-+-------2} 60.97 ||, 00579 | 33.22 | 44.89 | 47.90 | 51.68 | 45.31 | 54.65 |...-...- 53.02 } Plat V, which received the demonstration treatment, gave 94.13 per cent fruit free from codling-moth injury, as against 84.07 per cent fruit free from this insect on the one-spray plat, a difference in favor of the demonstration treatment of 10.06 per cent. The check or unsprayed plat (VIII) shows 53.02 per cent fruit free from codling- moth injury, and there is thus a gain in sound fruit by the demon- stration treatment of 41.11 per cent and by the one-spray method again of 31.05 per cent of sound fruit. As will be seen from the foregoing table, there were counted in Plats V, VI, and VIII, respec- tively, 14,077, 20,838, and 19,236 apples, a total for all plats of 54,151. Undoubtedly the results from the one-spray plat are less favorable than would have been the case had there been no hail. The injured places on the sides of the-fruit permitted ready entrance of the larve, as indicated on all plats by the relatively high percentage of larvee which entered the fruit on the side. This condition is shown in Table XI, which gives the places of entrance of the fruit for each tree of each plat for the total larve of the two broods throughout the season. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 133 Taste XI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Crozet, Ae, PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve of fruit for each tree, Percent- first and second broods combined. ages of Total Dna enue oO IRA che uenn Eat RNR Otel tanya en: aaa Place of entrance. for | tering at Ravlot Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Plats: cal larvee 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 Sige jon x : x i s ‘ aie First and second broods: bp: aE Me Aeent a Ga alah 8 6 5 13 15 2 4 il 64 TNT BM ice key eek SiK0 (AY ae ee cae aera 76} 105 59} 159] 148 46 46 68 707 SoeAQ i Nese S Ferma is Be NS 6 4 4 19 10 1 4 8 56 B18. DCO 2) Ware ei es ee Gs 90} 115 68 | 191 | 173 49 54 87 827 100. 00 827 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. First and second broods SLVR roe 35 12 26 7 12 23 17 19 151 2 EMR Sia ate SSG Cee es ISS a os 443 | 331] 567] 150} 407] 319) 344] 415) 2,976 SON64 eo S Pere yy ae ane 20 24 34 11 26 20 30 28 193 HN STs) | Rereaeaee Totaly a erates 498 | 367 | 627] 168| 445] 362; 391] 462 | 3,220 100. 00 3, 220 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. First and second broods Ba Li eae Os ANG 3) 3) 527 | 888} 320| 258| 878] 677 | 512} 493 | 4,553 FOSS Silesia SiGe HAAN ee Re 483 508 158 231 561 620 439 429 | 3,429 STO A gee 8 SGOT ee nee ONG 155 | 197 67 71} 202} 1471 138 79 | 1,056 PT BS ieeal ee ee TRO tale ey ea 1,165 |1,593 | 545 | 560 |1,641 |1,444 |1,089 |1,001 | 9,038 100. 00 9,038 The efficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments in preventing worminess is shown in condensed form in Table XII. Here it will be seen that the one-spray method was nearly as effective as the demonstration in preventing calyx entrance, but gave little benefit in regard to side infestation. TaBLE XII.—Efficiency of the different treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Crozet, Va., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total numb: Total a es mber Plat No. of ae Nee wormy of Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. apples. apples. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. WE DEMONS traiOM oe yas ey a a 0. 45 5. 02 0. 40 5. 87 827 14,077 WALCO ne-SPrayas eyes See PACA ON 0.73 14. 28 0.92 15. 93 3,320 20, 838 VALLES Unsprayed aed san pee Neo utG y 23. 67 17. 82 5. 49 46. 98 9,038 19, 236 THE PLUM CURCULIO. The effect of the treatments in the W. S. Ballard orchard in con- trolling the plum curculio on Plats V, VI, and VIII is shown in Table XIII. Egg and feeding punctures are combined in the table under “‘No. punctures.” 134 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XIII.—IJnjury by HELA See Maaencth Plats V, VI,and VIII. Crozet, a., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per Total tree in each plat. Total | per cent = De Re fruit Tree | Tree | Tree | TT€ | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Pl4ts- | free from Tae Sa ete elf ted (AMG PaCaes Sala st ey No. Parnes REO Soe Ae ML Bs Gh CR LOM 2 Toi UGS D245 | OOS GZ, S95 in aS Wine). O Gam eae rete No Msruiti punctured ces.) ee 115; 187 | .103 |. 345 | 463 | 114 |. 267 |. 252) 15846 |. 222 222.- INGESonndtruibee ne eon Lane 687 |1,272 | 616 |2,070 |1,569 |1,194 |2,747 |2,076 | 12,231 |.........- NOE MATAUTT Ge pene ele RIL (CPO Sa 802 1,459 | 719 |2,415 |2,032 |1,308 |3,014 |2,328 | 14,077 |.......... Per cent free from injury.......... 85.66 |87.18 |85.67 185.71 |77.21 |91.28 |91.14 |89.17 |........ 86. 89 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. I ING SPUN CLINGS Aes) ee sane erates ans 1,510 '1.,290 2,143 | 360 1,095 | 647 | 775) 823 | 8,644 ].......... INO Int pPUNChUTed as 32 sea e ees 961! 730 {1,347 | 238) 719 | 405} 521 | Sil | 5,432 |.......... INE GO saa he Ee Ae Se ee 1,617 11,803 /3,758 |1,080 |2,526 }1,574 |1,520 |1,528 | 15,406 |.......... INO ET UNA ee ee a eR ay LE 2,578 12,533 |5,105 {1,318 3,245 |1,979 |2,041 |2,039 | 20, 838 |........-.- Per cent free from injury.....----- 62.72 71.17 73.61 |81.94 |77. 84 |79.53 |74.96 |74.93 |........ 73.93 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. INO PUN CEUTES Soe ein pes a ae 2,746 |2,571 | 705 | 962 |2,490 |1, 939 |1,865 |2,300 | 15,578 |.........- INO: druibpunctured 2s) 22-2 2s 55.28 1,255 1, 571 430) Ook ALS 9ST O9Si 1 2854 aS eon eeeeeeere INOHSOUN GMT Ube Sey eee ae 2,168 |2,111 | 379 | 485 |1,696 |1,795 | 882} 806 | 10,322 |.......... INO SPECT eo Oe NE I 3,423 |3,682 | 816 |1,016 3,111 |2,988 |1,980 |2,091 | 19,107 |.......... Per cent free from injury..-..-.-.-- 63.30 |57.33 [57.33 |46. 44 |47.73 160.00 [44.54 38.54 |........ 54. 02 The percentage of fruit uninjured by the curculio in the demonstra- tion block, 86.89 per cent, shows a gain over that of the one-spray plat, 73.93 per cent, of 12.96 per cent, and the gain in percentage of uninjured fruit on the demonstration over the unsprayed plat is 32.87. ORCHARD OF STRATHMORE ORCHARD COMPANY. The orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company is located near Mount Jackson, in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The size of the trees and general appearance of the orchard are indicated in Plate XI, figure 1. The location of the trees under experiment with respect to the rest df the orchard is shown in figure 36. All trees not in the experiment were sprayed by the owners. The treatments given and dates of application are stated in Table XIV. TABLE XIV.—Dates of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. Date of application. | Plat XIII. (Demonstration.) | Plat XV.(One-spray method.) (Unnore aay First application, May | Notdrenched. Vermorelnoz- | Drenched with arsenate of | Unsprayed. 6-7 (after falling of zles. Mistspray. Arsenate lead, 2 pounds to 56 gallons petals). of lead, 2 pounds to 50 water. Pressure 175 pounds. gallons Bordeaux mixture Seneca nozzles. 8.1 gallons (i-1-50). Pressure120 to 140 per tree. pounds. 4.7 gallons per tree. Second application,May| Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. 28-29. zles. Mist spray. Arsenate 50). Not drenched. of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons Bordeaux mixture (2-2-50). oh application, July |..... CO Ka aR ep kM Maa LE Vata De a GO 28 eee ae Een Do. 9. Bul. 80, Part VII, Revised, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XI. Fig. 1.—VIEW IN ORCHARD OF THE STRATHMORE ORCHARD COMPANY, NEAR MOUNT JACKSON, VA. (ORIGINAL.) tip Vij, FiG. 2.—VIEW IN THE E. H. HOUSE ORCHARD, NEAR SAUGATUCK, MICH. (ORIGINAL.) ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 135 The demonstration plat (XIII) received in all three treatments of a combined Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead spray. Plat XV (one-spray method) received only one arsenate of lead treatment just after the falling of the petals, but two additional applications of Bordeaux mixture were given to protect the fruit and foliage from fungous diseases. Plat XVII was left unsprayed throughout. The Ben Davis variety of apple was used entirely in the experiments. $ $ $s é a é 4 4 z é BENW DAVIS ae HG w RR ARR . South MAPERIAL YORA HHH HHNRARA RRA HHA HHA RRR RRR AH GH HHH WAAR RRR RR BOE HHHHGIS HOD HHH 4 HIH OST OOO SSS OB oo % Sd HhHW HH KRRARRAR BH L WH H GY G fH DH YG HH WH HHA RAR RAR? HHH HOARRA RAR ACK HHH G GYIDOIO 9 HHH HHIKDVHH 6 HOH HHIS HOS &©HH HHIFT KH HHS HH HY H]H OHH 1H H®H GH HHH HHO ODD V4 48H HHH YXGIH ODS 64 4 © oIO[o 9 HH HHO DH Fig. 36.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va. Trees marked S sprayed by the owner; trees marked ZL used for experiments with lime-sulphur wash. Circles indicate count trees, the numbers agreeing with those in the tables. THE CODLING MOTH. The results of the respective treatments in the control of the codling moth are shown in Table XV. TaBLE XV.—Number of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Total | Total Condition of fruit. for per cent 1. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Us 8. plats. | sound. WVOLI Yea eee SER 200 | 136] 155 83 | 173 | 168) 119] 150] 1,184 ].......... Sob AKG SS Se Bes career a Nae ee 1,666 |1,172 |3,311 | 625 |1,494 |3,618 | 944 |2,278 | 15,108 |........-- ENRON a La sea ge 1,866 |1,308 |3,466 | 708 |1,667 |3,786 |1,063 |2,428 | 16,292 |.......... IBELICEHLISOMN Geese ene eit 89.29 |89.61 |95.53 [88.28 |89.69 195.57 |88.81 |93.83 |......-.- 92.74 PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. \AYO) 200 (Reese rays Mee A 250 | 253 86 | 186) 250 | 219 | 122) 257 | 1,623 |.......... SOU e ee os aera ee Lois cyl 3,577 |3,404 | 589 | 730 |1,429 |3,261 | 847 |4,042 | 17,879 |.-........ Motaless sos oe meee ae 3,827 |3,657 | 675} 916 |1,679 |3,480 | 969 |4,299 | 19,502 |.......... IPerCelLISOUNG ss tee see eee Cenc. 93.49 93.09 |87.26 |79. 70 |85.12 |93.71 |87.41 [94.03 |........ 91.68 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. WVOFIMUY fio 5 = se ts See eae 1,913 |1,425 | 865 | 983 /1,538 1,792 |2,027 |1,247 | 11,790 |.......... OUI Geaess Oy hee nee ae ciel aA 12, 013 il, 684 | 965 | 524 |1,651 |2,361 3,094 |1,548 | 13,840 |.......... HANG) 2) USS aS rr ee eae ud EL Se 3,926 13,109 {1,830 |1,507 |3,189 [4,153 |5,121 |2,795 | 25,630 |.......... IPencentisounde 2). Se tie 23 154.17 52. 19 34. 78 51. 78 56: 86 60. 42 BB: AD Ree eG 54.00 30490°—Bull. 80—12——10 186 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The influence of the treatments on the places of entrance of fruit by the larve of the first and second broods combined for the respective plats is shown in Table XVI. TaBLE XVI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve of fruit for each tree, first Percent- and second broods combined. ages of Total | larve pe otal Place of entrance. for | entering horct plats. | at calyx, Eos Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree} Tree | Tree | Tree side, and = ile 2. 5 8 stem First and second broods: Bly esate eas sears 2 14 15 16 20 26 15 24 162 TAsO8; Rat. ase SiGeeee ie eeu s ae P54) ltt 22 58 | 1386] 125 92] 116 914 CECA SRS 8 Stem aera ee 14 11 18 9 17 17 12 10 108 Fae bal Ls Sie era Total seen Seceue ase 200 | 136] 155 83 | 173) 168] 119] 150] 1,184 100. 00 | 1,184 ; PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. First and second broods: Calyx eee tee ane 13 32 6 16 25 19 18 17 146 8299 eo eee SIG@kose aor aeeeeeen 190 | 193 74] 143 | 173} 183 91) 214) 1,261 COON ees Stem 47 28 6 27 52 17 13 26 216 SASSSE Soe Lota eee tces 250 253 86 186 250 219 122 257 1,623 100. 00 1,623 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. Calysc Shears): 1,466 {1,063 | 699 | 762 11,232 11,377 [1,584] 969] 9,152 TGS ED tke Gideos ea ae es 332 | 265] 119| 141 | 203] 295] 353] 209] 1,917 16.96) Stemucs Sentai 115| 97! 47/| 80{ 1083] 120} 90] 69 721 Gato |e gece 1,538 | For more ready comparison of the efficiency of the treatments, Table XVII is given, from which it will be seen that the demonstra- tion and the one-spray treatments were about equally effective in protecting the galyx and that neither was satisfactory in controlling worms entering the side. The difference in total efficiency between the demonstration and the one-spray plats is quite small, namely, 1.06 per cent in favor of the former. The unsprayed trees show 46 per cent of wormy fruit, so there is a total saving of 38.44 per cent of the crop by the demonstration treatment and 37.68 per cent by the one-spray. TABLE XVII.—Efficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total number Total Plat No. Sh SE ERE: re Gea number Calyx. | Side. Stem. | Total. | apples. | 0! @PPles- PACE. P.ct. IPSC IPSC ULE (demonstration) =. oo ene eee eee 0.99 5.61 0. 66 7.26 1,184 16, 292 XV (ONG:SPray)) csc es see ee ele eee eee AG 6.46 tenth 8.32 1,623 19, 502 SV TT TUNSPrAyed)io cee coo ee cece eee 35.71 7.48 2.81 46.00 11, 790 25,630 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, BTC. 137 THE PLUM OURCULIO. The plum curculio proved to be unusually destructive in the Strathmore orchard, which had not been plowed for at least two years and had grown up in grass and sod. The results of the respec- tive treatments in the control of this insect are shown in Table XVIII, and as will be noted the percentage of fruit free from curculio injury is in all cases comparatively low. Nevertheless the one-spray treat- ment shows a gain of 17.08 per cent of fruit free from injury over the demonstration treatment, and a gain of 30.67 per cent of fruit free from injury over the unsprayed trees. The location of the trees in the respective plats does not indicate a more favorable place as regards liability to curculio injury for the one-spray block and the notably higher benefit of the single treatment in the control of the curculio on this plat is not understood. TaBLE XVIII.—Jnjury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats XIII, X V, and XVII. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per C fe Total tree in each plat Total | per cent for fruit free Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Pat. ee 1 OU Si Be es eS) JURY: INO HUNG UTES es ney ae 2,961 |2,391 |3,067 | 932 |3,013 |4,040 /1,486 |2,869 | 20,759 |.......... No. fruit punctured..........-.--. 1,367 | 755 {1,631 441 {1,257 |2,197 | 612 |1,3882 | 9,642 |.......... INOS SOUN GMT UIGs yee ae aes 499 553. |1, 835 267 | 410 {1,589 451 |1,047 | 6,651 |.......... INOS BUIG ee eee unum Na Mie AL 1,866 {1,308 |3, 466 708 {1,667 |3, 786 {1,063 |2,429 | 16,293 |.......... Per cent free from injury.......... 26.79 |42.27 |52.94 |33.71 [24.58 |41.97 [42.42 |43.10 |.....-.-. 40. 82 PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. INE OBA ADU AT Os a aS Se aie 2,782 {1,800 | 633 |1,032 |1,449 |2,159 | 987 13,153 | 138,995 |.......... NoMinuitipuncturedess: Jake oes 1,507 |1,788 } 303 | 494] 754 |1,212 | 447 11,785 | 8,240 |.......... INOS SOM GME UT T ainnnae 2,320 |1,869 | 372} 495 | 925 |2,268 | 522 12,564 | 11,335 |.......... INCOR DEUCE in SI LNs seal a0 3,827 |3,657 | 675 | 989 {1,679 3, 480 969 |4,299 | 19,575 |.......... Per cent free from injury.......-.-. 60.62 |51.10 |55.11 |50.15 {55.09 |65.17 [53.86 [59.64 |........ 57.90 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. INO DUNEHUITeS sy )58 ee eee 7,336 |4,497 |2,212 |2,888 |5,030 |6,122 |8,779 |4,904 | 41,768 |.......... No: fruit punctured. oo) 2222: 3,186 |2,226 |1,079 |1,226 |2,399 |2,823 /8,611 |2,107 | 18,657 |.......... INO; SOUPAG AABN Oaks Mae ee 740 | 883} 761 | 282] 790 |1,330 |1,510 | 688 BORA yea eel ING TRABDU EGO DOSE an Sh lel di te ak 3,926 |3,109 |1,840 |1,508 |3,189 [4,153 /5,121 |2,795 | 25,641 |.......... Per cent free from injury.......... 18.84 |28.40 |41.35 |18.61 [24.77 |82.04 |29.46 |24.61 |........ 27.23 EXPERIMENTS IN MICHIGAN. The experiments in Michigan were carried out in the vicinity of Saugatuck, in the orchard of Mr. E. H. House. The location of the plats in the orchard and of the count trees in the respective plats is shown in figure 37. The size of the trees is illustrated in Plate XI, figure 2. This orchard included trees of the Wagener, Ben Davis, and Baldwin varieties, and an equal number of trees of each variety was used for counts in the respective plats. As in the work else- where, all drop-fruit during the season, as well as that from the trees 1388 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. at picking time, was taken into account and classified as to injury or otherwise. Also the work of the two broods of the codling moth was carefully separated by removing from the trees at the period of maximum maturation of the first-brood larve all fruit injured by the first brood, thus eliminating entirely from later counts first-brood work. The infested apples, however, were placed on the ground under the respective trees, so that development of second-brood larvee would be in no wise interfered with. DOod WwW Ww DVO TORO WWW DAD VOID WWWWwWBWWWWW DODD wwwwOwww GWHO@ o ww ww BP@ w w® o ov WWWWWwWWWWWW OD ODO ww wWO w wD o® v PLAT IM. (ONE SPRAY) D D D woQooore W w DBD Wi DiDOKD VO iO VD OVD tPA ore tee PLAT I. (OEMONSTRATION) D | D WW D ee yee D dD DD ww oo®oo wwWWw oo o wOwww- oe w@w o PLAT J. (CHECA) Fic. 37.—Diagram illustrating arrangement of plats and position of trees in the E. H. House orchard, near Saugatuck, Mich.: D, Bef# Davis; B, Baldwin; W, Wagener. Count trees are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with those in the tables. The treatments given and dates of application are indicated in Table XIX. TaBLE XIX.—Dates of applications for the codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. Date of application. ee ) Plat II. (Demonstration.) | Plat III. (One-spray method.) First application (before| Unsprayed....| Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Drenched. Bordeaux nozzles. blossoms opened), zles. Mist spray. Bordeaux Coarse spray. Bordeaux mix- May 20-21. mixture (4—4-50). ture (4-4-50). Second application, |..... do.........| Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Drenched. Bordeaux nozzles. June 3-9, after falling zles. Mistspray. Arsenate Coarse spray. Arsenate of of petals. of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gal- lead, 1 pound to 50 gallons lons Bordeaux mixture water. Pressure, 175 to 200 (4-4-50). Pressure, 125 pounds. pounds. Third application, June |..... Goss. s easlneeee C6 (a ere ple arye a es ath Bordeaux mixture only (4-4- 21-22. 50). June 10-11 and again June 21-22. Fourt nM application, ees Goscsvot ne lose (0 (OFS ASN cae Ts Baie raf Bordeaux mixture only (4-4- August 50). ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 139 Plat I was left unsprayed for purposes of comparison. Plat II (demonstration block) received four applications in all, the first before blooming but after cluster buds had opened, te protect the fruit from apple scab, which during some seasons in the lake region is very troublesome. Plat III (one-spray block) received the first scab treat- ment of Bordeaux mixture only and an additional treatment with arsenate of lead only at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons water imme- diately after the falling of the petals. This treatment was immediately followed by an application of Bordeaux mixture to prevent scab infection, as it was considered unsafe to apply the fungicide so excessively as the one-spray method required in the use of the arsen- ical. Plat III received two subsequent applications of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule of applications, to further insure freedom from apple scab. THE CODLING MOTH. The percentages of wormy and sound fruit for the respective plats for the season are shown in Table XX, and the numbers of trees in the table agree with those in the diagram of the orchard (fig. 37). TaBLE XX.—Sound and wormy fruit from unsprayed, demonstration, and one-spray plats. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. aie ; Tre Tree Tre Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. 1. 3. A 7. 9. 10. 13. AAVCOs Tag AAs Eanes at ey Ua Sey Nae ict a Un A RN RN 663 752 605 166 946 | 1,207 416 SOUT EEA HEE A raha Titan ue eet a Nae AS ARS 3,996 | 5,033) 2,947] 1,340] 1,805 | 2,676 2,213 AT GSR et Asian o/h aah AR SCARS ENC RT MRM ae 4,659 5, 785 3, 552 1,506 2,751 3, 883 2,629 IR ORiGentiSOUMIGi see el ele AU Salis 85. 76 87. 00 82. 96 88. 97 65. 61 68. 91 84. 17 Total | Total Condition of fruit. ae ee pe ise ee for {percent : 7 ‘ r : plat. | sound. AIG y i oly exp ET sn aT PR UTS HS 889 651 404 1,041 669 S409 i eee aes S OULD Bere eee aerate Meenas lee eine aaa, Wed AME DEaN 1,926 | 2,632 | 1,276} 2,321] 1,301 | 29,466 |........ Ui DYG) FEST Lee SR OU a eas SEN RR AU REE NERO py 2,815 3, 283 1,680 3, 362 1,970 | 37,875 |....-.... IR GrCen ti SOU Cee eee ee eaten UR OS 68.14] 80.17 | 75.95} 69.03 | 66.03 |........ 77.79 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. LOU 102s sud Obde ledOGeuine TOS Wits lotay \AMCO) a0 aby /eaeties Bevetet Nias AU tye at Oe IASI Ae ial ute Ns Re 120 122 48 75 96 72 15 PSKORH BaVG UE eps Re vacates Ia Meus dee eye oa ann cs 1,505 | 1,643] 2,112; 1,775 | 5,623] 3,950 5,781 AW 2) LE SR eT es est URS cM AV 1,625 | 1,765 | 2,160} 1,850] 5,719 | 4,022 5, 796 Pericentisoun die wisecca nase enetaermetaatsts 92.61 | 93.08 | 97.77 | 95.94 | 98.32} 98.20 99. 74 140 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XX.—Sound and wormy fruit from unsprayed, demonstration, and one-spray plats. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLATE II. DEMONSTRATION—Continued. Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Potal | Total Condition of fruit. for |per cent 118. 127. 132. 135. 136. plat. | sound. TMV ODI yeahs eee se eR Hie NER AEE Ea 1 13 245 76 OOS ekaseee SOUT eee SETI LO ee gel A EO 5,188 | 4,386 | 4,285 3,978 1,644 | 41,820 |........ PROTA Bree een NOL Re oh Ce ACL eles yey 5,213 4,427 4, 298 4, 223 1,720 POLS Sees Per/Cent/SOUnd een soe oo a eee) et 99. 52 97. 94 99. 69 94.19 | 95.58 |... 222. 66 PLAT IIT. ONE SPRAY. aN " Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. 904, | 295, | 232. | 236. | 237. | 238. | 230. NYAUC0) rr 0 fea me ne a aR iy el ees 500 103 396 343 118 41 SOUT es eee ee IN Ne ea feel he 3,113 | 4,602 3,061 2,753 | 2,779 3,510 3, 062 Nosy INGA RR ae UEC Aaa TERM WL oh er 3,613 | 4,705 3,457 3, 096 2,897 Snoop! 3, 124 PericentiSOuUnG soo aae oat Sot eh era 86. 16 97. 95 88. 54 88. 92 95. 92 98. 84 98. 01 Total | Total Ane . Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree Condition of fruit. for |per cent 244. 245. 246. 249. 252: 266. plat sound. WWVOT TI yoo eee eed NS UT PR eee aa 452 340 165 62 46 TOM 2a 7385 | eee SOUT Gai ae eta de 2) Seas ROM ea eB eng 4,107 | 4,001 | 2,743 | 3,381 | 1,092 | 1,925 | 40,129 |.......- 1 Noy 2) Cea es Sumy Sn Sars oe Beege neae SOE 4,559 | 4,341 | 2,908 | 3,443 | 1,188 | 2,035 | 42,867 |........ IPEFCEMESOUITN es ee eae wien ee Se 90. 08 | 92.16 | 94.32 | 98.19 | 95.95 | 94.59 |.....22. 93. 61 In the foregoing table the demonstration plat shows an increase of sound fruit over the one-spray method of 4.05 per cent and over the unsprayed plat of 19.87 per cent. There was less injury on the unsprayed trees than usual for that section, due to the small size of the second brood. Only 13 per cent of the first-brood larve from bands transformed to moths. The effect of thé’ treatments on the places of entrance of fruit by larvee of the first and second broods is shown in Table XXI. TaBLe XXI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Sauga- tuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. Number of larvee for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. SSS SSS SS SS SS Tree 1.| Tree 3.| Tree 4. | Tree 7. | Tree 9. |Tree 10.|/Tree 13./Tree 16. First brood: ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 141 TaBLE XXI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Sauga- tuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLATE I. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of larve for each tree. Percentage fotel ae Brood and place of entrance. aa oie andsecond Tree 20.|Tree 21.|Tree 26.|Tree 33.| for 8- | broods. plat First brood: Bu yee ere ote gh ei Ree ata Le 176 129 442 266 | 2,544 STEP OB Py Ian I te SiGe ae TNC oI et A SAU 17 21 68 59 376 T ZHOU Oni Mint S Cer ee reer UCU Ip eRe BOI 4 5 13 9 66 PPA Seas ROC epee ee ea AUN TE 197 155 523 334 2 QS Gi acs cet ae eT eh UL Sa AC £econd brood: i ie PE A/>: ceases ete Mi eau QO A Se 208 105 290 183 | 2,752 SOSA Hu [yee ene PSI C0 (eye ate sapere vay a ra enna BAN I pet ae VAL 240 151 231 181 2,531 AGH 40 ele Nee SS Cer ae eet Ta atic pera ep 18 6 21 18 172 SH LOR ES NS IN ae BG 21) (aa) Sela as aka LEN aS a A 466 262 542 BEPP H iiays 2 tay ues 8,441 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. Number of larvze for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 101. 102. 105. 106. 108. 115. 117. 118. First brood: EA ceo soe Soe Be CoO CEB OE SoCE HSCHEEHal DEAUAEBeT 1 el a ess es 5 10 2 2 SIM ees POE NNN, Me rea ee 9 12 14 12 8 5 5 4 S Ferree ee gl ag CNA cei Mec Mc le eeu bad Mey aisha a RA Rete 1 | SEE Ss a Lea FT Genders ieee Lyles ati ad RUE S GG 9 13 15 12 14 15 7 6 Second brood: j a yas apn EVE oa yo ate a ce aS AH UU eS eda | aan PAT WN ANSI CE] SRC 1 SIGS se ase Me hae) file nit 146 155 41 81 95 73 8 19 SHRED OV S45 2 UES ESN A SO LIC ASOLO LARA SU Sag et VC Unt Gata TA AE agp een ARUP nen ANA Hace cL | L Vea NAS Ua AD Geaerttos iste ia is i eter ON 146 155 41 81 97 73 8 20 Number of larvee for each tree. Total larve Percentage Brood and place of entrance. Total Gilaryes) et first a Tree Tree Tree Tree tae entering. as Sarak DO SOR Sb kl 186, 2 eae: plat. First brood: BNP Sob eciadeaiedad sone Aon abe a sheen 8 Ue ee ees 2 31 ZOOS gee aa oe FSH KG (SHI ee CTL TEU on UP 7 1 27 11 115 CHEK UN) DUE ren a FSH EN Oa a ee Cae ee RE hd aig OE ae TO UD TaN De 2 PBS BS | Re Ae ea og 9 MOV a) Ls Rate a oak Se BO RR ate Sy 15 2 27 13 MAR SRL MAI RSH NORE A Nai, Second brood: A) VeNeraren aie crtiele aici ee ees 1 Pe a at 1 1 6 SRO il Ba a ie SIUG (eYare sees eae ee 95 11 320 93 | 1,137 GOK SOR er au) ee ei S tera cota aie Shah ae eave a eae TLD TSR Arte HN | Lea mC 2 hia) Ne SHEN CI Noy 2) LAS ie ciaerere enoe ae eh ea Nei 97 11 322 poe inal sn We Ses HA Le sale 1,293 142 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Sauga- tuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. Number of larve for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 224, 225. 232. 236. 23ile 238. 239. 244, First brood: Calliyani teh ii aie letde aa ietien Senge 5 Sass eee Zileseeceee 2 1 3 SIMO ees CNET Ue ORR Ch Cimed 86 6 15 24 7 5 2 31 SCOTIA ONO IE it SERNA CO LAER 2 Piaf aoe EP Us Sa ies coral | eZee a ot PROT ies eA ES SAIL SUN 93 10 15 27 7 7 3 34 Second brood: Eel i Se SRC SSO eS yaa SL 6 1 Side ery MOON in DAR TUE aA 356 141 416 370 161 43 75 492 FHF 0 8 MEd dy ea ON yt Ne ia) GR | SU NP one a Rh a ry I a ROG Sere anaes RO CN ace 369 142 422 378 162 44 76 498 Number of larvee for each tree. P Total EIEN Es see Sea cee A Sal Sl MNO ee Ce eo eA A are aaa larvee of Be rst Brood and place of entrance. Total of larvee ad Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree fond | enteral aoa d 245. 246. 249. 252. 266. plat ing. Broode First brood: ORT hota Mei MSE Fa Me De ae 1 ib | Pa a 20 (ESS EST UG Ye Veo RDI St BAS oe eS ta GE CN ei CAs) 40 13 6 1 9 245 QO SAT ee a PSH He) 0 0 Pepa Aa LUANG UE ABU UP gi od Psa CART PAR EUR ON nae iS ibn Ve OA DA Wir] Neagaipcnes a DO Ga Re ANU nee 42 16 7 1 9 7A Dah WAN Cen ee Napa te Second brood: hyp. cp epae ale Uae a Arama oes Sebati ae eel eal a CC Hel iba Ave aeee 37 HES OR ine eae Se eae ey asec tana Nata 297 176 67 52 131 PAU OTRO AG ose FSIS) 0 0 RIG eet IaH ia i NUE 13 AS IME G TAMIR ROSA EE) gS. 33 Pe Gia sie as BRO FES) BRR NR i Hee RT 319 180 71 52 134 2,840 || Roeaee. 3,118 A study of the percentages of larve of the respective broods enter- ing the calyx, side, and stem ends of the fruit for each plat, as shown in Table Orde presents some points of interest. On all plats a greater percentage of larve of the first brood entered at the calyx than was true of larve of the second brood. Thus, on the un- sprayed plat (I), 85.20 per cent of the first-brood larve entered at calyx as against 50.45 per cent of second-brood larve. On Plat II (demonstration) 20.95 per cent of first-brood larve entered at calyx end as compared with 0.52 per cent of second-brood larve, while on Plat III (one spray) 7.38 per cent of first-brood larvz entered at calyx and 1.30 per cent of second-brood larve entered at this place. Attention should also be called to the ratio of increase of larve between the first and second broods. On Plat I (unsprayed) for every larva of the first brood there were 1.82 second-brood larve, whereas on Plat II (demonstration) and Plat III (one spray) for each larva of the first brood there were 7.7 and 10.5, respectively, of the second brood. i \ ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 143 Similar comparison may also be made from the data from Arkansas. Thus, on the unsprayed plat (V) for each first-brood larva there were 4.8 second-brood larvee. On Plat III (one spray) for each larva of the first brood there were 105.6 larvee of the second brood. Plat I (one-spray method) shows for each first-brood larva 121.5 second- brood larvee. To show the comparative efficiency of the demonstation and one- spray treatments in preventing infestation at calyx, side, and stem, Table XXII is presented. TABLE XXII.—E ficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentage of wormy apples. Plat No. Calyx. Per cent PMU MSPraye eee Oe ae as BU iad 13. 98 ID CM OMSELA BIOTIN saree) oe ce ah TIT. Onespray Side. . | Per cent. Percentage of wormy apples.a Stem. Total. Per cent. | Per cent. 0. 62 22. 20 01 2.33 . 09 6. 36 Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. Total number: of wormy apples. 8, 409 998 2,738 Total number of apples. 37,875 42,818 42, 867 a Kach entrance was counted in determining the percentages for calyx, side, and stem, so that the sum of these percentages exceeds the total percentage of wormy fruit. It is here seen that the two methods of spraying were about equally effective in preventing entrance at the calyx, and that the one-spray method had practically no effect upon side entrance. The demon- stration treatment saved a total of 4.03 per cent of the crop more than the one-spray, practically all of this saving being due to the pre- vention of side entrance. But, as in all the other experiments, the demonstration treatment failed to reduce side entrance to anything like the same degree that calyx entrance was prevented. THE PLUM CURCULIO. The effects of the applications of sprays on the plum curculio in the EK. H. House orchard are shown in Table XXIII. TaBLe XXIII.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats I, II, and III. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. Number of punctured and Saunt apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree al 3. 4, Uc 9. 10. 13. INO} PUNCLUTESH se ee oe ee Send LLNS ARI 1, 452 422 506 505 | 1,078 756 141 INOSinUItypUN Clune deere esse eae 866 214 220 241 480 372 56 INOMSOUM GTI GS eee ere WR ATU VA 3,793 | 5,571 | 3,332 | 1,265 | 2,271 | 3,511 2,573 INTO UES Ae eye sie Bap RENE LS eae 4,659 | 5,785 | 3,552} 1,506 2, 751 | 3,883 2,629 Per cent free frombinjuny-223. 525 522 es 81.41 | 96.30] 93.81) 83.99| 82.55] 90.42 97. 87 144 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXIIT.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats I, II, and III. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., | Tota] per tree in each plat. per cent fruit free Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Total | from 16. 20. 21. 26. 33. |forplat.) injury. INOM PUNE EUTES eae cs sce een ens Bale eee 1,108 883 DOOM A265 S 12 TOT. OES A Sie eee INOMIruitipunctured ae sense eee ease ee eee 454 426 329 644 462 | 4,764 |........ INOSSOUN CSIR ee eee nee nee eee eee Z5G01s) ) 2 5S0en| wool 278s} 1s O0S) | reas Mili Geman UNTO Ste il eee a rea eget oe LIEN yc Le Ra 2,815 | 3,283 | 1,680 | 3,362 1,970 | 37,875 |_......- Rencentiree dromuinjunyes..- ass eee eee 83.87 | 86.96 | 80.42] 80.85 | 76.55 |........ 87.42 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 101. 102. 105. 106. 108. HG be INON PUN ChURES Bae ese ea ea ee sea eee 24 37 32 128 169 12 102 INOSiraiti punctured sae eee ase es cena 11 13 15 60 61 5 62 INONS OUTRUN GRE eee eee ee eee eee aaa 1,614} 1,752) 2,145} 1,790} 5,658 | 4,017 5, 734 INGO BADR DR hes Ae Re Ra eee re ae tele ea pes eter 1,625 | 1,765} 2,160} 1,850}; 5,719 | 4,022 5, 796 Percent tree trom INnjury.-:- 2 5-2-2 ee sees ee ee 99.38 | 99.26] 99.31 | 96.76] 98.93 | 99.88 98. 93 Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., | Total per tree in each plat. per cent fruit free Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree | Total | from 118. 127. 132. 135. 136. |for plat.| injury. IN Os WU CHUTES eee mele iictaenesee lacie (ete 112 89 139 398 OR US 2525 eee INO Veo H RE jorwbaVe Ab Heels Ne We Lak keaoe 32 50 58 153 3 OZ Nees IN ON SO ITS IRIE Geese ele ee arama een 5,181 | 4,377 | 4,240] 4,070) 1,717 | 42,295 |_.- 0 7: IN OPES Dh DY Ree G 2 Meee AT 1 aN A a al ps Ete A 5,213 | 4,427] 4,298 | 4,223 | 1,720 | 42,818 |.._....- Pericent frees#rominjuryj sone o> eee eee 99.39 | 98.87 | 98.65 | 96.38] 99.83 |_....... 98.77 -~ PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 224, 225. 232. 236. 237. 238. 239. ——$— | | | | | SE INOSiPUNCHUTES hese Nee eee oe all ae Bre ee ee 1,015 278 108 198 64 67 45 NO Miniitpuncturedyeaseeeee oe ee eee eee 374 117 30 85 30 33 19 INOSSOUNGIRIIT see eee see eee eee 3,239 | 4,588 | 3,422) 3,011 | 2,867] 3,518 3, 105 IN OFMTUIES ENE eee ee ena ee Bera 3,613 | 4,705 | 3,457] 3,096 | 2,897 | 3,551 3,124 Percent tree fronrinjurye ceo ae ee eee 89.92 | 97.51 | 98.99] 97.25 | 98.96} 99.07 99. 39 Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., per | Total tree in each plat. per cent Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree Tree | Total | from 244, 245. 246. 249. 252. 266. | for plat.| injury. INOS PUDCHUTCS see eee eee ee ees 228 255 238 194 42 LAS ie 2uS Ton eee mee NO SILUIt pPUNChUTeR Soe ee ee eee 65 102 91 43 20 AQ} nl 054s eee eae INO SOUN GHENT hee: une O ee lpi anes ie 4,494 | 4,239 | 2,817 | 3,400 | 1,118] 1,995 } 41,813 |........ INOS EIULG Se Secs cromia ee rate Maton ellen or 4,559 | 4,341 | 2,908 | 3,443 | 1,138} 2,035 7] 42,867 |......-- Per cent free from injury .............2--- 98. 57 | 97.65 | 96.87 | 98.75 | 98.24] 98.03 |......-- 97.54 nn ad ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 145 The plum curculio, it will also be noted, was not especially destruc- tive at Saugatuck, Mich., during the season of 1909, the unsprayed trees showing 87.42 per cent of fruit free from injury. Nevertheless the demonstration and one-spray plats show a fair benefit, but the difference in the amount of fruit free from injury between these two plats, namely, 1.23 per cent, is not important. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF RESULTS. For the purpose of more ready comparison, the percentages of fruit free from codling-moth and plum-curculio injury on the one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats, from the several localities, are tabulated in Table XXIV. The average percentage of fruit free from these insects for the four orchards gives for the one-spray method 91.46 per cent as against 96.57 per cent for the demonstration treat- ment, a gain in favor of the latter of 5.11 percent. Comparing the final average of percentage of fruit free from the plum curculio, there is seen to be a gain in favor of the demonstration treatment of 6.27 per cent. TaBLE XXIV.—Percentages of fruit free from injury by the codling moth and plum cur- culio on one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats in Arkansas, Virginia, and Michigan, wn 1909. Codling moth. Plum curculio. Locality. pease Pang ST ULI ASS NN A aa One Demon- Un- One Demon- Un- spray. | stration. | sprayed.| spray. | stration. | sprayed. SiloamyS primes WAT eeu cei i ee aaa 92. 76 98.12 66. 74 86. 34 82. 88 8. 85 WTOZETVIE aeee Ei yc eSNG se ae ORV 84. 07 94.13 53. 02 73.93 86.8 54. 02 Mount JacksonmViai em sacar ees Mena ta as 91. 68 92. 74. 54. 00 57. 90 40. 82 27. 23 SS UT eC kee IMANT ebay as Pea acer 93. 61 97. 66 77.79 97. 54 98. 77 87. 42 Average of four localities............ 91. 46 96. 57 65. 14 77.10 83. 37 49.17 Table XXV presents in comparison the effect of treatments for the four orchards in reducing the number of wormy apples. The table shows, besides the total efficiency, the protection afforded to each of the different parts of the apple. From the averages of the four localities it will be seen that approximately two-thirds of the total larve on the unsprayed plat entered through the calyx, while on the sprayed plats over three-fourths of the worms entered the fruit by way of the side. This shows the very much greater efliciency of the poison in the calyx than of that on the side of the fruit and emphasizes the twofold advantage of a thorough poisoning of the calyx, as there it is that the spray gives the greatest protection against the greatest number of larvee. A comparison of the effects of the one-spray and demonstration treatments on the percentage of apples wormy at the calyx shows about an equal degree of pro- tection by the two methods, the average for the demonstration treatment being slightly the better. As to side entrance, the one- spray gave little improvement over the unsprayed condition, while the demonstration showed a considerable reduction. Both methods were effective in reducing entrance at the stem end, the demonstra- tion somewhat the more so. 146 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXV.—LE ficiency of the one-spray and demonsiration treatments, as shown by the percentages of wormy apples, Arkansas, Virginia, and Michigan, 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. Locality E E E Z| : 3 3 : 3 S : 3 s : 3 3 el el eee | eel eee eee =~ i - D2 a g g a = g a = s a g S 2 = a 2 =) a 2 = a, m S a ® = D ® g Q ® = D ® = D q o - S| 5) =) q o q q o q eo) a =) e) AQ =) o) (an) =) e) a P Peta Poche WPA chap €bo hon Cle ns Clo) ACES Exe CLA CE) Race ece ese Siloam Springs, Ark....... 1.18 | 1.03 |26.85 | 5.54 | 0.79 | 5.36 | 0.64 | 0.20 46 | 7.24 | 1.88 | 33.26 @rozet3Vian ae eae eee Me -45 |23. 67 |14.28 | 5.02 |17.82 92 -40 | 5.49 115.93 | 5.87 | 46.98 Mount Jackson, Va........ ~75 | ~ 599 |35..715\' 6.469) 5560 | 7.48 | fo11 F 266 | 2.88 18232717. 26 |" 46200 Saugatuck, Mich.¢......... -13 | .09 |13.98 | 7.05 | 2.92 | 7.67 09.) OL | -.629| 6536252233) 22:20 IASVeTape see ries ie .68 | .57 |23.85 | 7.64 | 2.87 | 8.92 | .59] .18 | 2.21 | 8.55 | 3.42 | 34.86 a The figures under calyx, side, and stem for Saugatuck are based on the number of entrance holes in- stead of the number of apples entered. CONCLUSIONS. From the data presented, covering one season’s work in three States, it appears that very satisfactory results may be obtained by the one-spray method, in so far as the control of the codling moth and plum curculio is concerned, although further experimentation will be necessary before final conclusions can be reached. Sight must not be lost, however, of the fact of the necessity, under eastern condi- tions, of making applications of Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide for the control of fungous diseases; so that in effect the one-spray method under present practices can not be recommended to orchard- ists in regions where fungous troubles, such as apple scab, apple fruit blotch, bitter rot, and leaf-spot affections require treatment. The results, However, show the great importance of very thorough spraying to fill the calyx cups with poison. The efficiency of the spray at this point is much greater than at any other part of the apple. This, taken in connection with the fact that the majority of the larve seek the calyx as a point of entrance, makes the filling of the calyx of prime importance. Although the importance of accomplishing this has long been recognized by entomologists and fruit growers, it would appear that this work has not been done with sufficient thoroughness in the past, and eastern apple growers could certainly with great profit give more attention to thorough- ness in the first spraying for the codling moth, immediately after the falling of the petals. The russeting of the fruit following such drenching applications of Bordeaux mixture, in which the arsenical has been generally applied, may doubtless be avoided by the substitution as a fungicide of dilute or self-boiled lime-sulphur wash, as shown to be feasible by Mr. W. M. Scott, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. U.S. D.A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part VIII. D. F.1.1., November 28, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. By P. R. Jongs, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. Attention appears to have been first called in California to the brown apricot scale by Mr. Alex. Craw? in 1891, at which time the insect was described by him under the name Lecanium armeniacum. The investigations of Mr. J. G. Sanders? while an agent of this Bureau, however, have unmistakably shown that the brown apricot scale of California is identical with Lecanwuwm cornt Bouché, known in Europe since 1844, which Mr. Sanders has appropriately named ‘the Kuropean fruit Lecanium.”’ The European pear scale (Hidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) was first recorded as occurring in the United States by Prof. J. H. Com- stock* in 1883, from Sacramento, Cal., under the preoccupied name Diaspis ostreeformis. Since their introduction these two scale pests have been the subject of considerable attention on account of their injuries, and at the present time in the Santa Clara Valley are by far the most important scale insects with which orchardists have to contend. The European fruit Lecanium is now especially abundant and the copious honeydew excreted by the scales upon the leaves and fruit, with the accompanying sooty fungus, leaves the fruit in an veel condition for market. In connection with other work in the deciduous fruit insect inves- tigations of the Bureau of Entomology, carried on at the laboratory at San Jose, Cal., experiments have been made to determine an effective mente for both of these insects, with the results recorded in the following pages. The work during 1908 was carried out by Messrs. Dudley Moulton and Chas. T. Paine. a Rept. Cal. State Bd. Hort., p. 12, 1891. b Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 2, p. 443, 1909. ¢2d Rept. Ent. Dept. Cornell Univ., p. 94, 1883. 147 148 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM. (Lecanium cornt Bouché.) APPEARANCE OF THE INSECT. The insect heretofore generally known as the brown apricot scale belongs to the subiamily of scale insects, the Lecaniine, being naked but with hardened derm, and differs from the San Jose scale and European pear scale in that the horny covering of the full grown scale is a part of the body of the insect, while in the case of the other species mentioned the body is protected by a waxy covering made up from secretions and the molted skins of the larve. The adult female of the European fruit Lecanium is about one- eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch long, three-thirty-seconds to one-eighth of an inch wide, and about one-eighth of an inch high, yellowish in color, marked with black. The older scales are shiny, oval, convex, and often covered with a mealy pruinose deposit (see Een hie): PLAN OF WORK AND METHOD OF ASCERTAINING RESULTS. In the winter of 1909 an infested orchard near San Jose, Cal., was selected and divided into 9 different plats of 14 trees each. Hight plats were used for trying out various sprays, and the ninth plat was left unsprayed for a check. It was planned to examine a number of twigs at intervals of two days, two weeks, five weeks, three months, and ten months from date of spraying for proportion of live and dead scales; also, to take into account the action of the different washes on the trees and to examine the fruit as to freedom from the sooty fungus. The effect of the sprays flpon the growth of lichens on the trunk and limbs was also to be noted. Such a number of examinations was considered necessary as some of the sprays were immediate in their action while others acted over a longer period. APPLICATION OF SPRAYS. All of the plats were treated February 18 with the sprays indi- cated below, using a single bent-disk nozzle (with one-eighth inch hole in disk) on each rod, the pressure being maintained at about 200 pounds by means of a gasoline-power outfit. At this pressure the lichens were thoroughly soaked. From 4 to 5 gallons of liquid were used per tree and the work was very thoroughly done. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, 6 per cent distillate-oil emulsion—This was made after the formula given in Bulletin 80, Part IV, Bureau of Entomology. A concentrated emulsion was made by dissolving 30 pounds of fish- Bul. 80, Part VIII, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XII. Fic. 1.—THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (LECANIUM CORN! BOUCHE) ON PECAN. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2.—THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE (EPIDIASPIS PYRICOLA DEL GUER.) ON PEAR. (ORIGINAL. ) EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 149 oil soap in 12 gallons of hot water and pouring the mixture into the spray tank with 20 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baumé). The mixture was then thoroughly agitated and run through the nozzles into a barrel at about 150 to 180 pounds pressure, giving a thick, creamy emulsion of about 55 per cent strength of oil. A powerful agitation, such as obtained by driving the liquid through nozzles or the relief valve at a high pressure, seems to be the most important factor in obtaining a stable emulsion. The formula used for the stock emulsion was: ENO Pawaler eee tae Mec iar WINE MRIS NL Hee TAPE Se eaves seota array gallons.. 12 TNTISH Me COvd Ay StOX2 o ets ee AL Age ROS UR MAU ESTE AA IRS Na ieee EN a pounds.. 30 Distillate oil (28 ye Baumd) se ney estos cs eaae es ee) gallons... 20 The fish-oil soap was made as follows: NAYS) PRS Sa A SH PT a eV 98 gallons.. 6 LE Sse AGS cane ea ANT pS A GP al pounds 2 JENTESH OU ACO Fe cess USS CUA aan ut ee ISLE a mT gallons... 14 The soap ingredients were boiled for about two hours and gave about 40 pounds of soap. The 6 per cent distillate emulsion was made by taking about 53 gallons of the concentrated emulsion and 44% gallons of water. One pound of caustic soda was used to soften the water. Plat 2, 5 per cent distillate-oil emulsion and caustic soda.—This was prepared by using 44 gallons of the concentrated or stock emulsion, 5 pounds of caustic soda, and 454 gallons of water to make 50 gallons of spray. Plat 3,6 per cent distillate-oil mechanical emulsion.—Made by using 3 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baumé), 1 pound of caustic soda, and 47 gallons of water to make 50 gallons of the liquid. This was agitated violently for about five minutes before being applied. Plat 4, caustic soda.—Six pounds of caustic soda were used to 50 gallons of water. Plat 5, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—The formula used for this emulsion was— J HSI deel MSI0f2 9 Oe aR oP a Sars cal SSAA AAAS A ea pO ale egg a pounds 5 Wisse rcs Satu AAn SNL A ata et pb bas deb esouse snes dedeoucaackousuer doze ial: (Ope GIGI) Cot MENA Ss SN ae er LUE Ue EON TN ian I gallons... 6 NIBH SSE esas Se ead NE Va esas ae, 2 8 AM ae NER a doves This formula makes 50 gallons of liquid. The soap was dissolved in about 10 gallons of hot water; the soap water was then poured into the tank and the rest of the 43 gallons added; then the 1 pound of lye was added and the crude oil poured in slowly while the mixture was being agitated. More water should never be added after the oil has been poured in. The crude oil used was pure ‘‘Coalinga’ special” crude petroleum 16° to 22° Baumé, with an asphalt base. 150 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Plat 6, resin-soda wash.—The following formula was used: Resinietne Feo oe oa ere ere ea, © or Enea yee eee pounds.. 10 Causticisodani eg ree Sone en EM So ee a dos. STs Wish-ollset e228 Weiss. 3555225 65 54 83 | A few live scales... ..- Do. , 7 | Commercial lime-sulphur| 248 ii 15} A number of live} A number of live wash No. 1. scales; lichens dead. scales; lichens dead. SB OTA oh ee oe aaa 107 Sue Nh eas eee ae ORE ase ae eee 0. : 9°) Check: 5-4: cco eee oe 142 24 17 | Seales nearly all alive; | Scales nearly all alive; | lichens flourishing. | lichens flourishing. i} EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 151 RESULTS. It will be seen from Table I that nearly all of the washes showed lower percentages of dead scales at the time of the second examina- tion than at the first, third, fourth, and fifth examinations. The first five washes gave excellent results in the percentage of scales killed, and cleaned the trees from lichens. Lime-sulphur wash and borax gave apparently excellent results upon the first examination, but later examinations proved these washes to be of little value, and the trees at the end of the season appeared little better than the unsprayed trees. The fruit (12 tons) from the 8 sprayed blocks was free from the smut fungus, while that from the unsprayed trees was quite black in appearance. Caustic soda, borax, lime-sulphur, and the resin wash were all caustic and immediate in their action on the insects. The distillate sprays were prompt in their action, but not so much so as the former. The crude-petroleum sprays gave more of a smothering effect, and were slower, their action extending over a long period. None of the washes injured the trees seriously, but the caustic soda, resin, lime-sulphur, and borax sprays blackened the buds and hardened the bark to some extent. The distillate and crude-oil sprays did not injure the buds or the bark of the trees in the least, although some of the buds were very far advanced at the time of application. It was noted during the summer that the distillate and crude-oil emulsions seemed to possess fungicidal properties. On sprayed apricots and prunes, the foliage was dark and healthy and of much better color than on the unsprayed blocks. THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. (Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) APPEARANCE OF INSECT AND EXTENT OF INJURY.® The European fruit scale, or, as it is commonly known in California, the Italian pear scale, closely resembles to the naked eye the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.), but can be readily dis- tinguished from this species by the form of the male scale which is a great deal longer and carinated. (See Pl. XII, fig. 2.) Furthermore, they can be separated by the manner of working. The European pear scale, in California, so far as the writer has observed, 2 Comparatively little has been written in an economic way concerning this insect, either in this country or in Europe. The writer has been unable to find an account of its life history; probably because it has never proved so serious as some of the other scales injurious to fruit trees. Attention, however, is called to an article on the synonymy of the species by C. L. Marlatt in Entomological News, November, 1900, p. 590. 30490°—Bull. 80—12——11 152 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. works only under cover of the lichens on the trunk and larger limbs, and apparently does not work on the twigs or younger branches as does the San Jose scale. While the European pear scale is not soserious a pest to fruit trees as is the San Jose scale, nevertheless its manner of working under lichens causes it to be neglected by fruit growers until the trees are badly infested, with consequent loss in vitality. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1908. PLAN OF WORK AND MANNER OF APPLICATION. An orchard badly infested with the European pear scale (see PI. XIII) was selected in February, 1908, and divided into 16 plats of 6 to 16 trees each. It was planned to examine a large number of scales in the laboratory from the treated trees of each plat, and a like number from the unsprayed, or check, trees, and also to make field examinations as to the effect of the sprays on the scales, on the lichens, and on the trees. The applications of sprays were made February 18, 19, and 20 on plats 1 to 12; and March 3, on plats 13 to 16. A strong hand-pump tank outfit and also a barrel pump were used. No pressure gauge was on the pumps, but pressure was probably not more than 60 to 75 pounds. Vermorel nozzles were used. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, lime-sulphur wash.—This was made after the same formula described for the European fruit Lecanium. Piat 2, commercial lime-sulphur solution Né. 1.—The stock solu- tion was used at the rate of 1 part to 9 parts of water. Plat 3, commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 2.—This spray, of, different brand, was used at same strength as preceding. Plat 4, commercial 4 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was used as follows: Distillate-o1l-envulsion...-22 28: 22 Jee SS eee gallons.. 34 Caustic:soda. .o lia: Ceo ees eee pound... 2 Watereecd-i csc 8 22 ee BS es gallons.. 50 Plat 5a, home-made 10 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was made according to the following formula: Boilineywater 5:5 se eee eee oe gallons... 5 fish-o1l soap'.02. 22 <2 2 eee eee ae eee pounds.. 2 Caustic soda 22 5 Pe ee ee ee doi Distillate (28° Baume)s.5- <2 eee eee ae oe eee gallons.. 5 When the water started to boil, the caustic soda was added; then the soap, and finally the oil. The whole mixture was then forced through a pump to emulsify it; it was then poured into the barrel and necessary water (40 gallons) to make 50 gallons of the spray was added. | PLATE XIII. Bul. 80, Part VIII], Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. VIEW OF PRUNE ORCHARD USED IN EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. (ORIGINAL.) EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 153 A perfect emulsion was not formed, as some of the oil came to the top. Plat 5b, 10 per cent distillate-oul emulsion.—This was made as follows: IBRD antes WENNER a She CU Ae Re oe es SNM ees 2A oy cpr Sena gallons.. 5 LOTSA =ovUll ORY Ov ays aes AEN ics ly a Pe IIA Se aera pounds.. 14 Wistillaten(2sewbaumiC)ee ws se ge | eye Se Mae eee) ak gallons... 5 Water (40 gallons) was added to make 50 gallons of the mixture. The emulsion was imperfect. Plat 6, creosote-oil emulsion.—This is a commercial preparation and recommended to be used at the rate of 1 part to 20 parts of water, but was used 3 parts to 20 of water. Plat 7a, home-made 10 per cent creosote-oil emulsion.—The following formula was used: Boluniopwaer nee se eet eee et a ee Ae tee eile gallons... 5 JETUSIN=@VUL Slovan Osc ek ad ll Mae Ne reste SEIT Vege 0 Nera a ge pounds.) 7 c2 WaIStIC SO Cares Wa Ce wr C AN OES ST Se a nities mn SMe eal dosent, Creosoteroile assy ce mrs LIke. SMe ae, See a gallons... 5 The caustic soda, soap, and oil were added in turn after the water started to boil, and the mixture was forced through the pump to emulsify it. Water (40 gallons) was then added to make 50 gallons of wash. Plat 7b, 5 per cent creosote-oil emulsion.—This was made in the same manner as for plat 7a, except that 100 gallons of spray were made. Plat 8, commercial carbolic emulsion (distillate)—The following formula was used: NIV EEN a Sega sO a ck Sil SS A PC ORCS GE RE A Ra PRA dor 2-40 Plat 9, 10 per cent crude-ol emulsion.—This was made with the ingredients proportioned as follows: I OM SAILS Tote als eer eae arse yr Seer Nes anes oe as Etat cere gallons.. 5 CRNUISIIGIO (SIT eA Te AE CO CST AN 0) sae REA Pee a er stele aie pound... 4+ TETSU ue OE] (OPE ONES as Ran eae SA en tN Gh a eae pounds.. 4 CrurderollkGl22 tole: Baume) as saeco 5 os ee ees gallons.. 5 The caustic soda, soap, and oil were added to the water, in turn, as soon as it had started to boil. The mixture was then forced through the pump twice to emulsify it. Water (40 gallons) to make 50 gal- lons of wash was then added. The emulsion was not perfect, as some free oil came to the top. Plat 10, caustic soda.—The following formula was used: WQS WA GSE GeO Hee ROE Ee OES ECA BES Neem INR the init gallons.. 50 154 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Plat 11a, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—The formula was as follows: Boiling waters ses Rohe rer i oie chk tree eae tage tee eee gallons.. 10 Pish-o1l/s0apzmeseecie acco os eae eee eee eee pounds.. 24 Dy Coo Cece ee Nee ee a Sie se gene ee ce ea ea dorze 3 Crude souls(liGtor22 2 Baume) ee. cers eee ey ee gallons 3 The soap and lye were dissolved in the water, which was then placed in a barrel; 22 gallons of water were then added and the oil slowly poured in, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred. A very good emulsion resulted. Plat 116, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion Same as for plat 11a, except that a ‘“‘kerosene soap” was used. Plat 11¢, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—Same as 11a, except that a 14° Baumé crude oil was used. Plat 11d, 12 per cent crude-oul emulsion.—Same as 11a, except that a 12° to 14° Baumé crude oil was used. : None of the emulsions for plat 11 was forced through the pumps; but, on the other hand, no water was added to the mixture after the oil had been poured in. It seems to be essential, in order to keep free oil from coming to the top, that this be avoided. A good emulsion resulted in each case. The difference in gravity did not seem to make much difference in the emulsions, but the 16° to 22° Baumé, which was a ‘Coalinga special,’ appeared to give the best emulsion. All of the crude oils used contained an asphalt base. RESULTS. The results of the several sprays are given in Table II. TasBLE ITl.—Results of spraying for the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1908. First examination, Mar. 3, 1908. ; ae Ae Plat EAS a Per- Treatment. sprays | trees | Num- Mo: applied. | spray-| ber eee ae ed. seales 5 exam. | Scales of ined dead. | dead seales 1 3) quime-sulphur/(iomemade):) sseeeeeeet cease ae eee Feb. 18 16H) a2 000 85 255 Commerciallime-sulphursNO sl sass eae eens eee ee Osea 9 547 51 9 3) (Commercial lime-sulphury NO. 25s ee eee eG Onae 13 838 581 69 4 Commercial distillate-oil emulsion...............----- ape One 13 926 280 30 5a | Distillate-oil emulsion (homemade) .........-.------- Feb. 19 7 834 285 34 Bom Cee Or eee lo NE ee .do. 8 | 1,042 364 34 6 | Commercial creosote-oil emulsion............--------- .do il 664 174 26 7a | Creosote-oil emulsion (homemade) .............------ Feb. 20 8 995 424 42 TWh ease (0 Penta Ree ree a ete A Ue oe tee hos ok Oe oa cieee gx6Koe 11 854 780 91 8 Commercial carbolic-distillate emulsion. ............- -do. 13 789 689 87 9 Crude-oilbemulsion Ss sae ee eee do U4 bec 480 40 10): | MCaustic SOGA Ise Sees dG Bee eee ne ee do 6 905 632 64 1e@:|\KCrude-oilvemiulsionic 2s oe eee Seana Mar. 3 ee eee ee eee 18D eee OE SE Eee € Se oS oe Oe ut SR nme ier eta ae eS do 6 nest BSS e eee 11. Reece (6 Ko ype Meret ar ets rere pena pe mame Fa rm oS a do G5 eA a ee ees oe NT Gal eee CL eee ie RRs, Ceo i a EE eC LO do 6: |e See ks a eee EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 155 TaBLeE II.—Results of spraying for the EHuropean pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1908—Con. Second examina- tion, Mar. 21, 1908. Plat Per- Third examination, Dec. 17, Nee Treatment. Aa aadlsceae Remarks. 1908. ‘r | ber | age scales 8 exam.| Scales! _ of ined dead.| dead ; scales 1 | Lime-sulphur (home- |1,000 | 828 S2h Real ee nem ne ea eps oats Many scales living; lichens made). mostly dead. 2| Commercial lime-sul- | 492 51 LOR rare eater mn aesee eye Many scales living; only phur, No. 1. larger lichens dead. 3 | Commercial lime-sul- | 838 | 581 70 | Secale killed better Do. phur, No. 2. where there is heavy incrustation. 4! Commercial distillate- | 646 | 280 43 | Lichens not all killed..; Many scales living; no lich- oil emulsion. ens killed. 5a} Distillate oil emulsion | 549 | 285 On |e sere COs Sept Ree Do. (homemade). Ne aae COs er 678 | 364 BR eco GOP ep iecnrectes Do. 6 | Commercial creosote- | 490 | 174 Olas ae CORSO ei Many scales living; lichens oil emulsion. mostly living. 7a, Creosote-oil emulsion | 571 | 424 74 | Lichensall killed; bark} Many scales living; lichens (homemade). hard and injured. mostly dead. WWlesese GOES ieee eae aus 854 | 780 91 | Lichens all killed...... Do. 8 | Commercial carbolic- | 789 | 689 Sialeeere CLO eet ne Do. distillate emulsion. 9 | Crude-oil emulsion... .. 697 | 480 GOR asses CON as Most all scales dead; lichens mostly all dead. NOeCausticisodas. 45) -225- 905 | 632 64 | Lichens all _ killed; | Most all scales living; lichens bark hard. mostly all dead. lla} Crude-oil emulsion. .... (2) 4 (6) LOOM eee C0 Ka i gE ult Most all scales dead; lichens mostly all dead. BID |e GO Nn eee (a) (b) TOO eee COM eee sae. Do. WG ese COR hc aga hee (a) (b) HOON a2 Xo ys: COGS ea ell narig Cte faa) Do. THIGHS eke GOPMise si erence ee (a) (c) OOF ess ic GLO eat wie oe Do. WheekisUnsprayedisn s2s46 524. 736 84 od Ea cee eS ca ie Deg oan ace oe tye Nr ara a Large number. b All. ¢ Nearly all. An examination of the table shows that at the end of the season only the crude-oil emulsions had proved adequate in killing all the scales and lichens. No injury to the trees was apparent except where the caustic soda and creosote-oil emulsion were used. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1909. PLAN OF WORK AND MANNER OF APPLICATION. A badly infested orchard other than the one used in 1908 was selected and divided into 6 different plats of 32 trees each. Four examinations of infested material were made in the laboratory and in the field at intervals of three days, three weeks, six weeks, and eight months, respectively, after the applications. A large number of scales was examined from each of the six plats and the check plat. The applications were made March 1, 1909, with a strong power outfit, using two leads of hose with 12-foot bamboo rods and single- crook nozzles, with }-inch apertures. A pressure of 200 to 240 pounds was maintained, and the trees were given a very thorough treatment. 156 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, 6 per cent distillate oil (mechanical mixture).—This was amare as follows: Wiatere hair e te eae eo aoe Nae Blt sa) iy renee eee im eS gallons 90 Caustic sod aan wae ieee ii A is ee a ee Ro ese pounds 2 Distullaterouly (2s esbaumie)e ss oe ees eee ee ener eee gallons 6 The water was poured into the tank; then the caustic soda was added to soften the water, and the oil slowly poured in while the water was being violently agitated. The mixture was applied immediately. Plat 2, caustic soda.—The formula was as follows: VEY 2) gee a ie ne re eae en es eee eS NUE pe GR iM es gallons... 100 Caustietsodas ssi. ii aa oe Sein) Oe kN sie seco ne em ee a eee pounds... 16 Plat 3, crude-oil emulsion.—This was prepared as follows: MY Rel deeb sy, te rer amt See ar ati 8 Gator rey mera Ream apne Aten Give at gallons.. 86 Mish | es ny oO 3 53 |5 E Bulsis F oie a va va Ay Zz Z onl 1 | Distillate-oil mechan- | 805 | 789 98 | 759 | 757 | 100 | Lichens mostly dead; bark soft. ical mixture. Qe CAUSUIC) SOMA ap eisee aes ce 637 | 449 70 | 455 | 449 98 | Lichens mostly dead; bark hard. 3 | Crude-oil emulsion..... 648 | 613 94 | 207 | 207 100 | Lichens mostly dead; bark soft. 4 | Commercial lime-sul-| 536 | 411 76 | 659 | 624 93 | Lichens mostly dead; bark slightly phur, No: 1. hardened. OES OLAX Sh pratense a 640 | 609 95 | 452 | 449 99 | Lichens mostly dead; bark hard. 6 | Homemade lime-sul- | 652] 514 79 |1,147 | 811 70 | Lichens mostly dead; bark slightly phur. hardened. Chelis\ OL Vey ol gee ea eset erasers 372 | 133 35 | 939 96 10 | Lichens flourishing. RESULTS. An examination of Table III shows that all of the sprays with the exception of the commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 1 and the well- cooked lime-sulphur washes proved very successful in killing the scale. All of them killed most of the lichens. The caustic-soda and borax treatments injured the trees to a certain extent and hardened the bark. In the case of the trees treated with distillate-oil emulsion and erude-oil emulsion the bark was normal and in good condition. As noted previously, on the apricots the distillate-oil sprays as well as those from crude oil seemed to possess distinct fungicidal proper- ties, as the foliage was as dark and healthy on these plats and remained on the trees as long as on the plats sprayed with commercial and cooked lime-sulphur washes. A comparison of the results of 1908 and 1909 shows much in favor of the latter year, which should be attributed to the better method of application and of making the sprays. It appears essential for good 158 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. results to use a power outfit at a high pressure and a coarse drenching spray to penetrate the lichens and the heavy scale incrustation. A power sprayer is especially useful in applying distillate-oil emulsion, crude-oil emulsion, and mechanical mixtures of either, as a hand outfit does not give sufficient agitation for a perfect emulsion. The writer recently noticed several prune orchards which had been sprayed with a commercial distillate spray and caustic soda at 4 per cent strength; they were well cleaned of the scales and lichens. COST OF SPRAYING. Table IV shows the comparative cost of materials of the most im- portant and efficient treatments. To get the total cost of spraying it will be necessary merely to add the cost of the labor, which is vari- able and was therefore not included. Usually 3 men and a team are required for spraying with a hand pump and the same number with a power outfit, adding an additional man and team where a supply wagon is used. The number of trees that can be sprayed in a day is variable, depending upon the size of the trees, the availability of the water, and the efficiency of the labor. With medium-sized prune trees, from 800 te 1,000 trees is considered a good day’s work with a power outfit and a supply tank. Below is shown what the ingredients of the spray mixtures would cost the fruit grower in the vicinity of San Jose in barrel lots: times Gunslaked)) See eee eae a eee ere ete ae cc een ely ane per barrel.. $1. 75 Sulphur Gouna ke a ee ee alee Shee eee per 100 pounds. . 2. 65 Caustic soda, in 120-pound cases. .....---..----:-----per pound.. . 054 Borax; anh? pound eases As tee? yaa ae 0 ae ee 1. 40 Love, am AS-poundscases. 2 i.e, 6 lies «ene ee sec oe gee 3. 25 Bishvoilim barrelslots ne So fret Sie wie Sele a een per gallon. . . 30 Crude oil (12 to 24° Baumé), in 110-gallon drums.......--...-..--- 3. 00 Distillate oil (28° Baumé), in 110-gallon drums ....-.. per gallon.. . 07-. 09 - Commercial lime-sulphur solution ..........--..-----per barrel.. 210.00 Commercial distillate-oil emulsion.........--...----------- dol... 32277250 Commercial distillate emulsion and caustic soda... -.--....-..do.... %9.95 A good fish-oil soap can be made at the followane cost: Lyesi2 pounds. 23 eh ae ee ee Se er $0. 1354 Fish oil, 14 eallong ee Reeser gy oS eno 2 Romer ees cusrers . 9200 Water, 6 gallons. This makes $0.6604 for 40 pounds of soap, or $0.0165 per pound. The concentrated distillate-oil emulsion (55 per cent) will cost: Hot water, 12 gallons. Fishoilsoap,730) pounds hi. soe eee ee Sates 2,2 5, oe ee ee $0. 495 Distillate, oil 8° Baume); 20icalllonseeee se 2 S>: 22 2. eee 1. 400 Totallys 2). 22 igs SAS ee Ri Se Creat gs eye eee 1. 895 This makes $1.895 for 36 gallons, or $0.0526 per gallon. a About. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 159 TaBLE IV.—Comparative cost of spray materials. Hereaules Cost of | Cost per | Cost per | Cost per Coe Treatment. ingredi- | 100 gal- | diluted tree Fare Metiele, Quantity. ents. lons. gallon. | (prune). cot). 6 per cent distillate |(Oil.........---.---- 6 gallons... . $0. 42 oil (mechanical |JCaustic soda....... 2roounds eae n ag \so. 53 |g0.0053 | $0.0212 | 0.0265 mixture). Wiatteniiere st eee aa! 94 gallons. -. Concentrated emul- | 11 gallons. . - on 6 per cent distillate- sion. d \ oil emulsion. Caustic soda.....-- 2 pounds. --- adlak - 6886 | . 00688 -0275 0844 Wiatersean ase i: 89 gallons. . . K ee Concentrated emul- | 9 gallons... . econ cand) 08 | ee |p 1028 1.002) 0408) | opi 2 are oe wi Caustic sodale. 10 pounds... £55 aa sn ; : Sele NANT) ES eee espe a 91 gallons. . - 4 per cent commercial Emulsion 62 Se bile 2 gallons. . - - Se epr emul- fae ar stu a ales got gallons... 1.00 1.00 OL 04 05 4 per cent commercial att pate distillate-oil emul- AMUISTOMe esse ese 2 gallons. . . f sion and caustic |)Water............-- g2k gallons. . 1.326 1.326 -0132 -0528 - 066 soda. COW Se a A bt 12 somone 2 3964 12 per cent crude-oil |)Soap....-......-.-- 10 pounds. . - ; e emulsion. ae ese eet rN ee 2 pounds. --. ; nae -5493 | . 0054 0219 -0274 Wialeraeaan aici 88 gallons. . . IVOSIM a avsieoe sr eret pp 20 pounds. ae 55 : i Caustic soda......-. 6 pounds... . y Resin-soda wash..... TAP H IA ieee he cae 3 gallons. ... ae | 1.011 . 0101 . 0404 . 0505 WWWia Tene tee oe emene 100 gallons. . Ey Gonivuercialblane sulle iene solu- | 11 gallons. . - ee ree io ie a phur No. 1 (1-8). VGA GOT sie alee na 88 gallons hi . ADE a eee 40 pounds... Homemade pales jsutphi ES Sub eae 30 pounds... 20, \ 1.145 | .0145 058 0725 ae Wiciter: cael ee 100 gallons. . yes : ; Caustic soda......- 12 pounds... \ B : A Caustic soda.......-.- TENE On Naa 100 gallons... . 66 . 66 . 0066 . 0264 . 033 IOP eek booseee 20 pounds... \ : Z BOAR ae sae mvece VSL le 100 gallons... 2.32 2.32 . 0232 . 0928 116 SUMMARY. Distillate-oil emulsion at 5 per cent and 6 per cent strengths, with and without caustic soda; crude-oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength; and resin-soda wash are effective in controlling the European. fruit Lecanium and in cleaning up the trees from lichens and do not injure the trees when applied as a winter treatment. Distillate-oil emulsion at 5 per cent and 6 per cent strengths, with and without caustic soda; distillate oil at 6 per cent strength (mechan- ical mixture); and crude-oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength are effective in controlling the European pear scale, destroy the lichens, and do not injure the trees when applied as a winter treatment. Caustic-soda and creosote-oil emulsion sprays control both of these scales and destroy the lichens, but are injurious to the tree. Lime-sulphur and borax sprays are not so efficient in controlling these scales, especially the European fruit Lecanium, as are the distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions, and borax acts on the trees in the same way as does caustic soda. Distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions appear to have distinct fungi- cidal properties aside from their insecticidal value. a 160 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Distillate-oil emulsions at 6 per cent strength and crude-oil emul- sion at 12 per cent strength, measured by their efficiency against scales and lichens, convenience of preparation and application, and cost, are the sprays best adapted for the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale. The 6 per cent distillate-oil emulsion will cost about 24 cents for each prune tree and 34 cents for each apricot tree. The 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion will cost about 2 cents for each prune tree and 24 cents for each apricot tree. All sprays, to insure the best results, should be applied with a power outfit at a high pressure (180 to 200 pounds). A coarse, drenching spray applied with crook nozzles is preferable, and Feb- ruary is the best month in which to spray. CINEIDHE 2 Page. Apple bitter rot, Bordeaux mixture as remedy................- 115-116, 118, 131, 146 calyx cup in relation to spraying for codling moth.........-......... 113-115 crabstoodsplamt of Coleophora jietcheretlas.. 28.2 ele ye. se oe 36 foodsplant or cod hinge, moth). (oe eh See Se sc cea) cial ees 1-32, 71-111 Coleopnonawletchencllace rs 2. ened en oem Nik spent ee cpa 36 EORTRON UMD TUM UU OTC saat rer ea eat a ee eel ee ete 30, 46-47 DUOC ED J RUCOLATUCE= eae earn tee eater ere ee ee 30, 46 fruit blotch: Bordeaux mixturevasiremedy 22-2220... 252: 115-116, 118, 146 leaf-spot affections, Bordeaux mixture as remedy.-.......-.-.-.-.- 115-116, 146 sca. bordeaux mixturevas remedy. 22-2002 2s 0 20. oie: 115-116, 119, 139, 146 worm, lesser. (See Enarmonia prunwora.) 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