acChond: ON NORTH AMERICAN HELICIDA, AND ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEST INDIA LAND SHELLS / BY THOMAS BLAND, F.G.S., LONDON, 2 MEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL S8CIENOES, PHILADELPHIA, ETC. ALSO NOTICE OF LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. - cs Division of Molingk. T. BLAND anp Dr. J. G. COOPER. Sectional Library ’ REPRINTED FROM THE ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK, VOLS. VI. AND VII. | NEW YORK: é BAILLIERE BROTHERS, 440 BROADWAY. | ae LONDON:—H. BAILLIERE, 219 REGENT STREET. bie PARIS:—J. B, BAILLIERE ET FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE, i « MADRID :—C. BAILLY-BAILLIERE, CALLE DEL PRINCIPE. 4 1862. if i 2 . ee ae ‘ . : ’ Spee ie TS eta OS a eat : oe ee oe Pie h ROE ES i a ee NR dD a ae Mae as, Ms Cae Rl Bee et / . CONTENTS. pgigion of Moltosks - JOrory é Boctional ie ty . - ra Papers By Tuomas Bianp. ; PAGE Description of Two New Species of North American Heticrws, : ; 1-4 Hetrx Edvardsi, . : : é 3 : : ; : ; 1 << seulptilis, . ; : : : : : 5 : 3 Remarks on Certain Species of North American Heticrp&, in Three Parts: Part I., with Contents prefixed, . F ‘ : ; : . 1-58 Part IL, « « PRO ms Ut) MSs UR 5015 Part IIL, + fg : : 5 ; : c . 97-116 Note on the Toothed Heticrs of North America, 5 : A 7 { 117 Note on Variation in Species of Hexrx in Eastern North America, . : 123 List of Figures on Plate IX., Ann. of Lyceum, Vol. VI, . : . 2 26 List of Figures on Plate IV., Ann. of Lyceum, Vol. VIL, : : : 125 On the Geographical Distribution of the Genera and Species of Lanp Suetts of the West India Islands, with a Catalogue of the Species of each Island, : A : é : : : : : . pp. 35 Parrer By T. Buanp anp J. G. Coorrr. Notice of Lanp and Fresawater Suetts collected by Dr. J. G. Cooper in the Rocky Mountains, ete., in 1860, . : : ° : 2 ppr? New Species Described: Hex Mullani,. ‘ 2 : : : : : 5 : p- 2 “ polygyrella, . : : . : : ¢ . : : p- 4 € ite ne REMARKS: ON CHRTAIN SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN HELICIDE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY THOMAS BLAND, E.GS., LONDON, MEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK; OORKESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHELADELPHIA, &0. REPRINTED FROM THE ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK. YOL. Vi. PART 1 NEW YORK: H. BAILLIERE, 290 BROADWAY. LONDON:—H. BAILLIERE, 219 REGENT STREET. PARIS ‘—J. B. BAILLIERE ET FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE. MADRID :—C. BAILLY-BAILLIPRE, CALLE DEL PRINCIPE. 1858. i 7 4 7 x 4 1 A * j s : “ 5 "| 2 1 z 3 , @ - 1 ' ‘ < é F ; ¥ i ‘i i i ‘ ; 1 “) ~ ' . S Pa > 7 r oT a Tae ‘ CONTENTS. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. Helix Edvardsi BLAND, “ “ Helix albolabris Say, “ vc “ “ it “ “ “ “ “ “cb “ pustuloides ‘“ sculptilis ‘“ c C REMARKS ON THE FoLLow1ne SPECIES, VIZ.: clausa, 6 Dorfeuilliana LEa, < : fatigiata Say, c : C c glaphyra “ : . : 5 : Hazardi BLAND (plicata Say), jejuna Say (Mobiliana LEA), leporina GOULD, Mitchelliana Lra, : Pennsylvanica GREEN, - porcina Say, pustula FER., Troostiana LEA, PAGE Vo a en ae) Aas Gi DESCRIPTION OF Tio Act Species of Aorth American Helicidy. By Tuos. Buanp. Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, February, 1858. 1—Helix Edvardsi. Plate IX. Fig. 14-16. T. imperforata, lenticulari, carinata, tenuiuscula, fulva ; epidermide castanea, supra in striis pilosis prostratis minutis elevaté,—infra tuber- culis acutis minutis creberrime munita, que juxta aperturam setos erectos gerunt; spird) convexo-conoidea; anfr. 5, complanatis, lente accrescentibus ; ultimo antice gibbo, subito subdeflexo; apice minute granulato ; basi convexo, parum indentata, lineis numerosis spiralibus sub epidermide impressis ; sutura profunde impress&; apertura obliqua, transvers4, auriformi; dente angusta, subarcuata, lamelliformi, pre- longa, parietis aperturalis coarctata; perist. margine supero acuto, parum reflexo, infero subarcuato, depresso, subreflexo, et ad anfractum ultimum subappresso, callo dentiformi intus instructo, obsolete inciso. Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, New York. Vou. VI. No. 8 & 9. FEBRUARY, 1858, 2 Descriptions of Two New Species of Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinate, the carina obsolete near the aperture, rather thin, beneath the epidermis pale brown ; the epidermis dark chestnut color, with numerous minute curved hair-like processes lying flat upon, and attached to the epidermidal surface of the upper whorls in the direction of the incremental strie, the epidermis at the base covered with acute, raised, transverse tubercles, most numerous, and having erect bristles near the aperture; spire convex-conoid ; whorls five, flattened, gradually increasing, the last gibbous above, suddenly but slightly deflected; apex minutely granu- late ; base convex, little indented in the umbilical region, and with impressed spiral lines beneath the epidermis; suture deeply impressed ; aperture oblique, transverse, auriform, nar- rowed by a slender slightly arcuate lamelliform parietal tooth extending across from the umbilical axis, and terminating with a short angular deflection within the aperture ; upper margin of the peristome acute, scarcely reflected, lower margin slightly arcuate, depressed, slightly reflected, and partially appressed to the body whorl, with a tooth-like callus within, having an almost obsolete notch in the centre. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 5 mill. Habitat.—Mountains in Fayette, or Green Briar Co., Virgi- nia. W. H. Edwards! Observations.—This species is allied to or rather interme- diate between H. barbigera Redf. (Plate IX. figs. 47), and Z. hirsuta Say—the former connecting H. spinosa Lea with /. fraterna Say. It is smaller, more elevated, less acutely cari- nated, and readily distinguished from ZH. barbigera by the par- tially appressed, notched peristome, and the different character of the epidermis. In Z. barbigera the attached hair-like epi- dermidal processes are produced, at the sutures and carina, into cilia which are entirely wanting in this species. The same processes, though less numerous, and sometimes almost obso- North American Helicide. $ lete, are observable at the base of the former, while in the latter, the basal epidermis approaches in character to that of LT. palliata Say. The deep characteristic notch in ZZ. hirsuta is considerably less developed in 77. Hdvardsi, and the callus which connects the parietal tooth with the upper margin of the peristome in the former, does not exist in the latter. In the general character of the peristome the species under consi- deration resembles /7. hirsuta, while Hl. barbigera is in that particular more appropriately compared with HZ. fraterna Say. While naming this species after my friend Mr. Edwards, who collected it, 1 am quite aware of the objections to such specific names, but in the Genus Helix it seems almost a hope- less case to find, for a shell closely allied to several others, an unpreoccupied name derived from any distinct specific cha- racter. 2.—Hielix sculptilis. Plate IX. Fig. 11-18. T. obtecte perforata, suborbiculari, depressa, subpellucida, pallide cornea, nitenti, lineis transversis regularibus concinne impressd ; spird parum elevata, subconvexa; anfr. 7, planulatis, ultimo rapide accres- cente, prope aperturam § diam. subzequanti; basi planulata, leviter excavata ; sutura parum impressa ; apertura subobliqua, depressa, trans- versa, lunari; perist. simplici, acuto, sinuato, margine columellari rapide et anguste reflexa, ct perforationem minutam tegenti. Shell scarcely perforate, suborbicular, depressed, subpellucid, pale horn color above, of lighter shade beneath, shining, with regular, subequidistant, impressed transverse lines, those on the last whorl extending over the periphery, and converging in the umbilical excavation ; spire very little elevated, scarcely convex ; whorls 7, planulate, the last rapidly increasing, equal at the aperture to $ the diam. of the shell, beneath flattened, and little excavated in the umbilical region; suture lightly 4 Remarks on Certain Species of impressed ; aperture scarcely oblique, depressed, transverse, lunate ; peristome simple, acute, sinuate, the columellar mar- gin very rapidly and narrowly reflected over, and almost entirely covering the very small perforation. ' Diam. maj. 124, min. 11, alt. 5 mill. Habitat.‘ The Anantehely Mountains, which are a local spur of the Alleghany Mountains in North Carolina, just where that State touches Georgia and Tennessee.” Bishop Elliott! A single specimen of this very interesting species was found in the locality above mentioned, by Bishop Elliott, in whose cabinet I noticed it some months ago. In sculpture it is closely allied to H7. indentata Say, of which it might almost be termed a gigantic variety, but the impressed striz are more numerous, and closer together. The form of the aperture is very near that of HZ. inornata Binney.* The general aspect of this shell reminds one of the Asiatic group, to which HZ. resplendens Phil. and H. vwitrinoides Desh. belong. XXXV.—Remarks on certain Species of North American Helicide. By Tuomas Branp. Read February 22, 1858. Ir appears not a little singular that many of the Helices of the United States are but imperfectly understood, and that much contrariety of opinion exists both there and in Europe * This species is well known and understood, but I rather doubt its identity with H. inornata Say. North American L[Helicide. 5 regarding them. This is particularly the case as to some of the species described by Thomas Say. To a considerable extent it may be attributed to the inaccessibility of Say’s wri- tings, now happily remedied by the recent publication of all relating to the terrestrial species by Mr. W. G. Binney. Some of the species have been moreover hitherto rare, and seeing how much they vary, an extensive suite of specimens can alone enable a Conchologist to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion on points in dispute. The valuable work of the late Dr. Amos Binney, only recent- ly completed under the supervision of Dr. A. A. Gould, has added very much to our knowledge of the subject, but the text, written some years since, scarcely gives the information or the opinions as to several of the groups, which more recent study of them, and the present appreciation of the value of specific characters, would seem to demand and justify. It is to be regretted that some of the specimens of the Land shells, deposited by Say at the Academy in Philadelphia, have been lost, and I fear that not all of those remaining are, strictly speaking, entirely reliable. Mr. Isaac Lea has described a considerable number of species, and published figures of some of them, but the descriptions are generally by no means ample, and the figures not always satis- factory. In Europe there has certainly been disregard of the writings of American authors, which, with the adoption there of Rafines- quean names, has added to the prevailing confusion. Dr. Pfeiffer has published some grievous errors in his works, but has unquestionably been puzzled by the conflicting views of American Conchologists. In reviewing the North American Land Shells, we must not overlook the fact, that in no part of the world have species such a wide distribution in latitude, owing it may be argued to the direction, from north to south, of the Rocky and Apalachian Mountain chains. 6 Remarks on Certain Species of The fact of wide distribution of identical or closely allied forms is admitted, but how far attributable to the physical out- lines of the Continent, or to circumstances connected with their original creation, are subjects of deep interest.* Very many of the species present great variations,—so much so as to induce difference of opinion as to whether individuals should be considered simply varieties, or valid species. Our knowledge of the limits of variation is very circumscribed and unsatisfactory, and we know little or nothing of the causes of this variation,—whether due to physical circumstances or to creative power. Several species have a tendency to run into, or are repre- sented by acutely carinated forms; /Z. alternata Say is thus represented by HZ. Cumberlandiana Lea, H. palliata Say by H. helicoides Lea, H. stenotrema Fer. by H. spinosa Lea, and I may add 7. Troostiana Lea by H. fatiguata Say. The metro- polis of the carinated forms seems to be Tennessee. The sculpturing and epidermis also greatly vary ; the fine incremental strive of the Ohio HZ. alternata, are replaced in the South by strongly developed ribs, and in some individuals of HT. palliata, the rough epidermis described by Say is wholly wanting. The situation of the teeth on the peristome is by no means constant, especially in ZZ. tridentata Say. A careful examination of the animals of the varieties of the species would be a most valuable contribution to science,—it would show to what extent variation in the shell prevails, with- out variation in its living tenant. The local distribution of varieties renders it most important, in seeking to identify the species of Authors, to learn from whence their specimens were obtained, and to study examples from the same locality. * It is worthy of remark, that in the limited area of the Island of Jamaica, the forms of H. acuta Lam. differ as widely as those of H. alternata Say, distri- buted over the North American continent from Canada to Texas. North American Helicide. i Having enjoyed the advantage of much intercourse, as well personal as by correspondence, with Mr. W. G. Binney, to whose liberality I am greatly indebted for very many specimens, and also for information derived from his numerous correspondents, and from a study of his late father’s papers, and cabinet, I de- sire to publish my views on some of the North American species (especially those described by Say), in the hope that they will at least aid in the elucidation of questions regarding them. For the extensive suite of specimens in my cabinet I am un- der much obligation to many friends and correspondents, and particularly to Bishop Elliott. I would also acknowledge the very interesting and instructive correspondence had two years ago with Mr. R. J. Shuttleworth. My thanks are due to my friend Mr. Edward Magens for the excellent figures on Plate ix. which illustrate this paper. Helix fatigiata Say. Plate IX. Fig. 17—20. SYNONYMY. Polygyra* fatigiata Say Diss. of Useful Knowledge, II. p.229. 1829. ¢ Desc. of some new Terr. and Fluv. Shells of N. Amer,, p. 1. No. 3. 1840. Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. IIL, p. 388 ex parte (excl. Syn. et fig.) 1840. ——- Texasiana var, B. Chemn., ed. 2. Helix I., p. 86 (excl. desc. Syn. et fig.). 1846. —— é 8. Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 1086 (excl. desc. et Syn.). 1848. * Mr. W. G. Binney informs me, that this specific name was written originally in Say’s MS., fastigiata. Pfeiffer (Malak. Blatt. 1856) objects to fatigiata as not being a Latin word. The former would certainly be more correct, and was doubtless intended, but seeing that it has been used by Hutton for another species, [ retain the latter. 8 Remarks on Certain Species of Helix Dorfeuilliana Desh, Fer. Hist. I. p. 73, tab. 69 D. fig. 3. (excl. Syn.). ——- Texasiana Desh. 1. c. p. 74 (excl. desc. Syn. et fig.). ——- fatigiata Binn. Terr. Moll. II. p. 193, ex parte (excl. Syn.)-pl. xxxix. fig. 4. 1851. —- i Shuttl. Diag. n. Moll. p. 17 + (Bern. Mittheil.). 1852. Polygyra “ W. G, Binn. Reprint of Say’s Descr. of Terr. Shells of N. Amer. p. 37. 1857. In order to appreciate correctly Say’s species, his remarkably lucid description and remarks should be carefully studied; for facility of reference I subjoin them: “Polygyra fatigiata. Shell convex beneath, nearly plane above, the spire being hardly perceptibly elevated ; whorls a little over six, com- pressed, acutely carinated, crossed by numerous raised, equidistant lines, which form grooves between them}; superior surface not at all convex ; aperture subreniform; labrum reflected, regularly arcuated, describing two-thirds of a circle; within two toothed, lower tooth conic obtuse, superior tooth compressed, transverse, placed further within the aper- ture than the inner one, from which it is separated by a wide and deep and obvious sinus; labrum with a very profound duplicature; which has a concave surface, but with no emargination near its acute tip ; beneath exhibiting only two volutions, without any distinct groove on the external one near the suture; beneath the carina the elevated lines are obsolete. “Greatest breadth seven-twentieths of an inch. “Found by Mr. Lesueur in the vicinity of New Harmony. It is very closely allied to that species which I described under the name of plicata ; the character of the mouth is very similar, but in that shell, such is the situation and form of the teeth of the labrum, that at first view they do not seem to be separated by a remarkable sinus, and the inferior tooth is compressed and larger than the other; the duplicature of its labrum is emarginate near the tip. The present species is also larger, carinated, and the elevated lines are obsolete below the carina.” No doubt can exist as to the form indicated by Say under the above description, and it is strange that the species should North American Helicide. 9 have been so much misapprehended. A specimen deposited by Say in the Cabinet of the Academy of Nat. Sci. of Phila- delphia is still preserved there,—it entirely agrees with his de- scription, and with Binney’s figure (PI. xxxix. fig. 4.), in the “Terrestrial Mollusks.” Dr. Binney in the Bost. Jl. unites fatigiata with ZZ. plicata Say, HZ. Troostiana Lea, and H. Dorfewilliana Lea, adopting - the first specific name, that of plicata, otherwise having priority, being preoccupied. His figure (Pl. xix. fig. 3) represents Troostiana Lea, a nearly allied form. The same views are expressed in the Terr. Moll. Binney gives there two figures, one (Pl. xxxix. fig. 4) of fatigzata, and the other (fig. 2) of Troostiana under the name of plicata. Pfeiffer treats fatigiata Binn. (ZZ. Troostiana Lea), HH. pii- cata Say, and /. fatigiata Say, as synonyms of HH. Texasiana Mor., which is certainly quite distinct,—adopts HZ. Troostiana Lea as a good species, and confounds H. Dorfeuwilliana Lea with another species. The same errors prevail in Chemnitz (ed. 2), and in Reeve’s Conch. Icon., in neither of which works is jfategiata Say figured. Deshayes (Fer. Hist.) has fatigiata Say, and fategiata Binn. in his synonymy of AH. Texasiana Mor., but describes and refers to a figure of the former, under the name of Dorfewzl- liana Lea, of which he gives plicata Say as synonym. He refers to a specimen in Ferussac’s collection, labelled plicata Say, but Say’s name being preoccupied adopts Dorfewilliana Lea, mentioning that he had himself proposed jinetema. He admits the specific value of Zroostiana Lea, with much doubt. Shuttleworth (Bern. Mittheil.) points out the errors of Pfeiffer, correctly determines fatigiata Say, and Dorfewilliana Desh., and also Texasiana Mor., but at the date of that publication ‘misconceived Dorfewilliana Lea, and plicata Say. In justice to Mr. Shuttleworth I subjoin a copy of his accu- rate description, and of his observations; they are in a work 10 Remarks on Certain Species of not readily met with in’ the United States, and I should add were not accepted by Pfeiffer in 1856 (vid. Malak. Blatt.). Herix ratierara Say. “'T, spurie umbilicato- perforata, superne plana, subtus inflato-convexa, acute carinata, plicato-striata, striis subtus exilioribus, corneo-rufescens, superne obscura, subtus nitidula; anfr. 64, lente accrescentes, plani, ultimus ad aperturam brevissime deflexus et scrobiculato-constrictus, basi devius; sutura satis profunda; apertura subreniformis, valde coarc- tata; perist. albidum, reflexum, marginibus dente triangulari linguiformi profunde intrante junctis, dextro dente valido profunde immerso, basali dente minore submarginali munito. “Diam. maj. 10, min. 9; alt. 3 mill. “Syn. Polygyra fatigiata Say Descr. of some new Terr. and Fluv. Shells of N. Amer. p. 1. No. 3. “ Helix Dorfeuilliana Desh. in Fer. Hist., I. p. 73, et tab. 69 D. fig. 3. “Hab. Spec. ultra 12 e Tennessee misit Lequereux : “Obs. Sub nomine H. Texasianz 3 species a cl. Pfeiffer confusze sunt. “1. H. fatigiata Binn., que ad H. Troostianam Lea (H. plicata Say), pertinet. “2. H. fatigiata Say, supra descripta. “3, H. Texasiana Mor., ad quam forsan tantum var. 7 pertinet. Figura Kusteriana (Chemn., ed. 2. tab. 10, f. 11-12), ab H. Texasiana Mor., secundum exemplaria authentica in collectione Charpenteriana conser- vata, omnino abhorret, aut H. Troostiane mala delineatio, aut: species mihi omnino ignota.est. HH. Texasiana Mor. non valde ab H. Hindsi Pfr. discrepat. H. fatigiata Say differt ab H. Troostiana Lea, testa superne plana, acute carinata, dimensionibus majoribus, et dente supero majore et magis conspicuo: ab H. Texasiana Mor. testa superne plana, carinata et dente supero profunde immerso, nec superficialiter in margine peristomatis sito.” H. fatigiata Say is larger than Zroostiana Lea, plicata Say, and Dorfewlliana Tea; it is most nearly allied to the first, and through it is connected with the second, but wholly distinct from the last. The parietal tooth is more rectangular than that of North American Helicide. ne | Troostiana, in which it is slightly emarginate near the tip,— but much more so in plicata, while the parietal tooth in Dor- feuilliana is rather quadrate. The teeth on the peristome in fatigiata and Troostiana are much alike, as regards form, size, and position,—the superior one being the largest,—both are larger and transverse in Dorfewilliana and in plicata, the inferior one being the largest in the latter. Behind the peri- stome there are two small pits, showing the situation of the teeth in fatigiata and Troostiana, while there is scarcely more than a deep, well marked constriction in Dorfeuilliana. H. Troostiana has a slight groove on the inner side of the last whorl, the absence of which in fategiata is noticed by Say, but I scarcely consider that a good specific character. Fresh specimens of 7. fatigiata are, I believe, covered with a very thin epidermis, on which hairs are sparingly scattered,—the sears of the hairs may be detected, especially on the last whorl, in denuded shells. HT. fatigiata has, at a short distance within the aperture on the base of the last whorl, a small, detached, erect, rounded tubercle, answering probably the same purpose in the economy of the animal, as the “fulerum”* originally noticed by Mr. Lea (Observations Vol. V. p. 80) in H. spinosa, though of a different construction. The measurements of my specimens agree with those given by Shuttleworth. For further illustration of the differences in the species in question, I refer to the accompanying figures. * In his “‘Notes on American Land Shells” (Proc. Acad. Nat. Se., Phila. Oct. 1857), Mr. W. G. Binney mentions having a specimen of H. fallax Say, in which there is “a well developed fulcrum as in H. spinosa, &e.” I should explain that he received the specimen referred to from me (one of several given to me by Dr. Budd), and that it is by no means H. fallax,—rather a very large form of H. vultuosa Gould, or its close ally. In the latter species, as well as in Mr. Binney’s shell, there is a short, somewhat transversely elongated tubercle, not rounded and obtuse, though in the same situation as in H. fatigiata. There is no such process in H, fallaz. 12 Remarks on Certain Species of For fine specimens of /Z. fatigiata Say from Tennessee, I am under obligation to the late Judge ue pen and to Mr. J. G. Anthony. Helix Troostiana Lea. Plate IX. Fig. 21-23. SyNonyMyY. Polygyra Troostiana Lea Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VI. p. 107. Pl. XXIV. fig, 119. 1838. Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. Ill. p. 388, ex parte (excl. Syn.)—pl. xix. fig. 3. . 1840. — Troostiana Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 1088. 1848. — a Desh. in Fer. Hist. I. p. 75, tab. 69 D. fig. 4 ? —. y Chemn. ed. 2, Helix I. p. 376, tab. 65. fig. 21-24. —— fatigiata Binn. Terr. Moll. II. p. 193 ex parte (excl. Syn.) 1851. —— plicata ‘ Ke *) AT tab. xxx. fig.) 2. — Troostiana Rv. Conch. Icon. Helix. No. 706. pl. cxx. fig. 702. 1852. —— plicata Shuttl. Diag. n. Moll. p. 18 (Bern. Mitth.). 1852. Lea’s description and remarks are as follows :—for copies of his figures see Pl. [X. fig. 21, 22. “ PoLYGYRA TROOSTIANA. “TT. superne subplanata, inferne subinflataé, corned, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicaté ; anfr. 6 ; apertura lunata, tridentata. “Shell above nearly flat, below somewhat inflated, horn color ; longi- tudinally striate, widely umbilicate; whorls 6; aperture lunate, three toothed. “ Habitat—Tennessee. Prof. Troost. “Diam. .4, Length .2 of an inch. “ Remarks.—This species strongly resembles P. Dorfeuilliana, herein described, being nearly of the same size, and possessing most of its cha- North American Helicide. 13 racters. It differs, however, in the large solid tooth on the left lip being more angular, and in the two teeth on the right lip being some- what differently placed. In the strie it differs much, these being larger, much better defined, and passing over the whorls. In the umbi- licus it is wider, and shows more of the two whorls. This shell forms | the fourth of a group, the form of the apertures of which is exceed- ingly alike, viz. P. fatigiata Say, P. plicata Say,* and P. Dorfeuilliana Nob.” As already mentioned, Binney gives a figure of this species in the Boston Jl. as fatigiata Say, and in the Terr. Moll. as plicata Say. In Pfeiffer’s Mon., in Chemnitz (ed. 2), and in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. no doubt is expressed as to Zroostiana being a good species. The figures in the two latter works appear cer- tainly to be of Lea’s shell. Deshayes, in Fer. Hist., refers to its close affinity with his Dorfeuilliana ( fatigiata Say), of which he is inclined to treat it as a variety,—the figure to which he refers (PI. 69 D. fig. 4) is not altogether satisfactory. Shuttleworth in Diag. n. Moll. (1852), as already quoted, erroneously considered Zroostiana Lea identical with plicata Say, and in his observations on H. Dysoni,+ in the same work, as scarcely more than a variety of Dorfeuilliana Lea, but he subsequently entertained a different opinion, as I shall pre- sently explain. Lea’s description is unfortunately meagre, and his magnified figure, copied on Pl. IX. fig. 22, does not correctly show the parietal tooth,—its form, indeed, as figured, might be referred to H. plicata, but the size, form, and position of the two other teeth agree with Zvroostiana. * Mr. Lea in his remarks on H. Jroostiana and H. Dorfeuilliana, refers to H. plicata Say, but in fact alluded to H. pustula Fer., labelled plicata Say in his cabinet. + For copy of the description and observations on this species see p. 295. 14 Remarks on Certain Species of Mr. Lea has kindly allowed me to examine his original spe- cimen, which differs from mine only in having the parietal tooth somewhat more emarginate. #1, Troostiana is very closely allied to 7. fatigiata Say, from which I separate it with some hesitation. In its fresh state it has a thin, sparingly hirsute epidermis. J have moreover two specimens in my cabinet (both hirsute), which are as acutely carinated as fatigeata, with the striz as prominent below as above,—(in one more numerous), but both having the parietal tooth of Troostiana. I am not altogether satisfied with the validity of Shuttle- worth’s remark, that the superior tooth in /atigzata is larger and more conspicuous than in Z7oostiana. This species has the same tubercle within the last whorl as Hf. fatigiata. The following are the measurements of my specimens,—of one received from Judge Tappan, and agreeing with Mr. Lea’s. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 3. Var. b.—carinata. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 3. Var. ¢.—minor. Carinate, and with striz below more nume- rous than above—an additional one being intercalated between nearly every pair passing over the carina. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 3. Mr. W.G. Binney, in his “ Notes on American Land Shells,” remarks on the plates in the “ Terrestrial Mollusks” in the following terms,—‘ Heurx pricara Say. PI. xxxix. Fig. 2. Mr. Say’s type is preserved in the collection of the Academy. Having carefully compared it with Mr. Lea’s original Z7oosti- and, 1 am led to believe them identical. In this case Mr. Lea’s name alone will stand, as that of Mr. Say is pre-occu- pied.” He adds, that of twenty-five specimens found in Ten- nessee by Bishop Elliott, ‘all were well marked 4. Z7oosti- ana.” Since our recent discussion of this subject, and further careful study of the specimens referred to, Mr. Binney North American Helicide. 15 renounces the above opinion, believes with me that 7. T7roos- tiana Lea and H. plicata Say are distinct, and admits that the Bishop’s specimens are of the latter species. There is a good specimen of ZZ. Troostiana Lea in the cabi- net of the Academy, which was, I learn, received from Mr. Sowerby. For examples of this species from Tennessee, I am indebted to the late Judge Tappan, and to Mr. Postell of St. Simon’s Island, Ga. HMelix Hazardi. Plate IX. Fig. 27-80. SyNoNYMY. Polygyra plicata Say Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. Il. p. 161. 1821. Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. III. p. 388 ex parte (excl. Syn. et pl. xix. fig. 3). 1840. Texasiana Pfr. Mon, Hel. I. p. 418 (excl. desc. et Syn.). 1848. —— Dorfeuilliana Desh. in Fer. Hist. I. p. 73 (excl. desc. Syn. et . fig.). —— Texasiana Chem. ed. 2 Helix. I. p. 85 (excel. desc. Syn. et fig). fatigiata Binn. Terr. Moll. II. p. 193 ex parte (excl. pl. xxxix. fig. 2). 1851. plicata W. G. Binney Reprint of Say’s Desc. of Terr. Shells of N. Amer. 1856. Polygyra Troostiana W. G. Binney Notes on Amer. Land Shells, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 21. 1857. The following is Say’s description with which his explana- tory remarks, accompanying the description of HZ. fatigiata, should be studied. “ Polygyra plicata—Shell convex beneath, depressed above, spire slightiy elevated ; whorls five, compressed, crossed by numerous raised, equidistant lines, which form grooves between them; aperture subreni- 16 Remarks on Certain Species of form, labrum reflected, regularly arcuated, describing two-thirds of a circle; within two-toothed, teeth not separated by a remarkable sinus ; labrum with a profound duplicature, which terminates in an acute angle at the centre of the aperture; beneath exhibiting only two volutions, of which the external one is slightly grooved near the suture. “Tnhabits Alabama. Breadth one-fourth of an inch. Cabinet of the Academy. “This species is about the same size as P. avara,* but, besides other characters, it is sufficiently distinguished by the acute fold of the labrum. It was sent to the Academy by Mr. Samuel Hazard.” No author appears to have correctly identified this species. If distinct, as I fully believe it to be, the name must be changed, inasmuch as H. plicata Born is of prior date. Mr. W.G. Binney informs me that in Say’s MS. there is an erased remark as to the name being pre-occupied, and proposing beta. As Pfeiffer has already trespassed on the Greek alphabet, I would suggest the propriety of dedicating the species to its discoverer, Mr. Hazard. This shell may be distinguished from fatigvata Say, and Troostiana Lea, independently of the absence of the carina, by its smaller size, and more particularly by the different form, relative size, and position of the teeth. In those species the superior tooth on the peristome is transverse, compressed, and larger than the inferior one, from which it is separated by a “remarkable sinus,” distinctly visible on looking into the aperture; the inferior tooth is obtuse. Immediately behind the peristome, the position of the teeth is marked by small * Say describes P. avara as having 4 whorls, covered with numerous short robust hairs, and with no groove on the last whorl. He gives a quarter of an inch as the breadth. This is very different to the shells generally bearing the name of avara. I have one specimen in my cabinet, given to me by Dr. Budd, which agrees closely with Say’s description. North American Helicide. 17 shallow pits, giving the character to the last whorl designated by Shuttleworth “ scrobiculato-constrictus,”—the strie run over the whorl up to the peristome. In H. Hazardi, the two teeth on the peristome are of the same character as the superior one in fatigiata and Troostiana,—the inferior tooth is however the largest, and so partially conceals the lower margin of the supe- rior one as to obstruct the view into the aperture, and give no appearance of separation “ by a remarkable sinus.” Both the teeth are more deeply seated than in the other species. The nature of the secrobiculation behind the peristome in ZZ. Hazardi alone sufficiently distinguishes it from its allies. The space behind the peristome, and between it and the curved pit, showing the seat of the superior tooth, is convex and smooth, the striz not extending over it. This character, as well as the form of the parietal and other teeth, is shown in Plate IX. fig. 27, 28. This species has, in common with fatigiata Say and Troos- tiana Lea, athin, brown, but more sparingly hirsute epidermis. I have noticed the tubercle within the last whorl, near the aperture, in fatigiata and Troostiana, but no such process exists in the species now under consideration. In ZZ. Hazardz, the inferior tooth of the labrum, at its inner end, is continued back within the aperture, forming a white erect lamella on the floor of the whorl, parallel with, and leaving a narrow sinus between it and the inner wail, to which it is joined at its extremity, about 24 mill. from the edge of the peristome. The position of this lamella can be seen through the shell. In my remarks on H. fatigiata I have referred to the cha- racter of the parietal tooth in this species. The size of my specimens is constant, viz., Diam., maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 3 mill. In the Cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia there are three specimens (dead shells), labelled HZ. plicata Say, and with memorandum on the label that they were deposited by Say. The habitat given is Kentucky. These specimens agree 2 18 Ltemarks on Certain Species of entirely with Bishop Elliott’s, from one of which my figures were taken. For the beautiful specimens in my eabinet, I am indebted to Bishop Elliott, who collected them in Murray Co., Georgia, and Soquatchee Valley, Tenn. He has recently sent me also, ‘the only one found in a pretty extensive search in the Cum- derland Mountains, Tennessee.” ' Helix Dorfeuilliana Lea. Plate IX. Fig. 24-26. Polygyra Dorfeuilliana Lea Trans, Amer. Phil. Soc. VI. per HO, pl. xxiv. fig, 118. 1838. Ueliz fatigiata Binn. Bost. J]. IL. p. 388 ex parte. (excl. Syn. et fig.) 1840. — ae S Terr. Moll. Il. p. 193 ex parte. (excl. Syn. et " fig.) 1851. (non Pfr.—Desh. in Fer. Hist—Chemn.—Reeve.) The following is a copy of Mr. Lea’s description,—his figures are copied on Plate IX. fig. 24, 25. i: PoLyGyRa DORFEUILLIANA. “T. superne obtuso-conica, inferne subinflata, nitidé, cornea, longitu- dinaliter striata, late umbilicata ; anfr. 6; apertura lunata, tridentata. “Shell above obtusely conical, below somewhat inflated, shining, horn color; Iongitudinally striate, widely umbilicate ; whorls six ; aperture lunate, three toothed. “ Hab.—Ohio. Mr. Dorfeuille, Cincinnati. “Diam. .3; Length .2 of an inch. “ Remarks.—I adopt Mr. Say’s genus Polygyra, believing the divi- sion, though very artificial, quite as good as many made by Lamarck. North American FHelicide. 19 This species has, like P. fatigiata Say and P. plicata Say, one large tooth on the left lip, and two smaller ones on the right lip. It differs from the first.in not being carinate, from the last in being larger, and having larger striz. In the Dorfeuilliana the tooth on the left lip is large and square, with an indentation in the centre. The view into the mouth is nearly obstructed by the teeth, leaving, to appearance, three nearly square apertures. The superior part of the shell is striate, while the inferior part is nearly smooth, and exhibits two volutions. I have seen but a single specimen, which, I believe, is the only one obtained by Mr. Dorfeuille, who obligingly sent it to me.” I have already mentioned that Binney, both in the Boston Jl. and Terr. Moll., treats this species as identical with fatigi- ata Say, plicata Say, and Troostiana Lea, and that Deshayes confounds it with the two former. Lea’s Dorfewilliana is certainly not described in Pfeiffer, Chemnitz (ed. 2), or Reeve, nor is there any figure of it in the two latter works. In all of them Honduras is erroneously given as one of the habitats, and I believe that they describe and figure the Honduras species, referred to by Shuttleworth (Diag. N. Moll. p. 16), in the following terms :— ‘HELIX DYSONI. “T. late et subperspective umbilicata, depressa, nitida, rufo-cornea, superne brevissime conoidea, plicato-striata, subtus inflata, striis exilio- ribus subobsoletis, lineisque paucis interruptis spiralibus circa umbilicum impressis obscure notata; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus vix descendens, angulatus ; sutura profunda ; apertura majus- cula, auriformis, tridentata: dente 1, valido, obliquo, pliciformi, in pariete aperturali intrante ; perist. reflexum, album, dentibus 2 margina- libus intus munitum. “ Syn. Heliz Dorfeuilliana Pfr. 1. c. p. 410, No. 1067, non Lea, et excl. fig. Fer. a a : Chemn. ed. 2, t. 65, fig. 25-28. ’ 20 Remarks on Certain Species of “ Hab,—In Honduras (Dyson). “ Obs.—Spec. 6 vidi. Species nullo modo cum H. Dorfeuilliana Lea confundenda, quze, ultimo anfractu subtus devio umbilicum tantum spu- rium et rimalem ostendente, revera solummodo perforata est. Differt insuper H. Dorfeuilliana Lea, dente parietali magno, fere tetragono, ~ linguiformi, peristomatis margina jungendo. H. Dorfeuilliana Lea (ad specimen unicum descripta) vix nisi H. Troostiana Lea varietas. H. Dysoni H. fallaci et Hepetonensi proxime affinis videtur.” Shuttleworth gives no measurements. In January, 1856, Mr. Shuttleworth wrote to me, acknow- ledging receipt of some shells sent to him for examination, and which I had not then determined. As to one, agreeing with my figure 26 on PI. ix., he said, “this is Z. Dorfeuilliana Lea, which I had never seen, but I find Albers has it unnamed from Texas, and I was on the point of describing it as a new species, so little does Lea’s figure agree.” The shell referred to may be a variety of Lea’s species, to which certainly it is allied; it is distinct, however, from fatz- giata, Troostiana, and Hazard. With respect to another shell, the same as my figure 25 a. Pl. ix., Shuttleworth remarked, “this is, I suppose, the true H. plicata Say, but not being able to compare Say’s descrip- tion, I am not sure,—it is at all events distinct from H. Dor- feuilliana Lea, fatigiata Say, and Zroostiana Lea.” I find on examination of Mr. Lea’s original specimen of Dorfeuilliana, that it entirely agrees with the form supposed by Mr. Shuttleworth to be plicata Say. The magnified figure of the aperture (Pl. ix. fig. 25 a.), taken from a specimen in my cabinet, agrees nearly with Mr. Lea’s figure (Pl. ix. fig. 25). Pfeiffer refers in the Synonymy of his Dorfewilliana to the figures in Chemnitz and Reeve, of which I annex copies (Pl. ix. fig. 31, 32), in order to show how widely they differ from Lea’s species, and inasmuch as Shuttleworth refers to the North American Helicida. on former figure in his Synonymy of 7. Dysoni. Reeve, in ex- planation of his figure, says,—‘ the specimen here figured has no teeth on the inner wall of the aperture, it being as com- monly absent as present.” I have examined many specimens of Lea’s shell, and have seen none without the parietal tooth. Pfeiffer also refers, but with doubt, to the figure in Fer. Hist. t. 69 D. fig..8, which is, as I have shown, //. fatigiata Say, and in Mon. III. p. 264, he increases the confusion by adding 7. finitima Desh. (plicata Say) to the Synonymy of Dorfeuilliana Lea. It may be noticed that Honduras, and the habitats ‘in the United States of Lea’s species, are in distinct zoological pro- vinces,—I do not know any species of Helix common to both. H. Dorfeuilliana Lea differs materially in its characters from the three preceding species ; the strize on the upper sur- face are not so well defined as in Zvroostiana, but more so than in Hazardi, while the base is more smooth than in either of them, having only very delicate strize, with microscopic im- pressed spiral lines. The parietal tooth is quadrate,—the two teeth on the right lip are more nearly of the same size and form than in fatigzata and Troostiana. In this species the inferior tooth is transverse, and in some specimens broader than the superior one, but has a somewhat pointed apex,—both are very nearly equally deeply seated, but so far apart as to allow a view between them into the aperture, leaving, as Mr. Lea expresses it, “ to appearance three nearly square apertures.” Say would have described the two teeth as “separated by a remarkable sinus.” The peristome of this is more thickened and less reflected than in the other species,—behind it is deeply constricted, without any appearance of pits showing the position of the teeth within. H. Dorfeuilliana Lea varies in size,—the following are the measurements of my largest and smallest specimens :— 22 Leemarks on Certain Species of Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 34 mill. Ge “ce 64 66 54 (79 8 (79 With respect to the shell considered by Shuttleworth to be’ HT. Dorfeuilliana, it will be seen from the figure (PI. ix. fig. 26), which differs, as he says, from Lea’s, that the superior tooth on the labrum is larger and more deeply seated than the infe- rior one, and that the latter, though more developed, is much of the same form as the inferior tooth in fatigéata and Troosti- ana. The parietal tooth partakes of the general character of that in Lea’s type of Dorfeudlliana, but its lower and terminal margins project more perpendicularly from the parietal wall. The umbilical perforation is also larger, and the base of the shell is more smooth. The following are the measurements of a large specimen :— Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4. f am much inclined to consider this a distinct species, but remark upon it, as I believe it is more commonly found in cabinets under the name of Dorfeuilliana, than the shell described by Lea. fH. Dorfeuilliana, and also the shell last considered, have a tubercle within, very similar to that in fatigiata and Troosti- and. . Both forms were given to me, neither separated nor deter- mined, by Mr. J. G. Anthony, with Kentucky as habitat. This species does not inhabit Ohio,—Mr. Dorfeuille resided at Cincinnati, but there must have been some mistake as to the habitat of the specimen sent to Mr. Lea. Nove.—H. Texasiana Mor., with which Pfeiffer and other authors confound Say’s above named species, is very distinet, especially in the form of the parietal and other teeth,—the two on the peristome are moreover on its margin. I publish a copy of Moricand’s magnified ——=— = - North American Helicide. 23 figure (Plate ix. fig, 33), and also Reeve’s figure (same plate, fig. 34), which fairly represents the species. H, Texasiana, in the form of the aperture and teeth, is nearly allied to H. Hindsi Pfr., and certainly more to H. ventrosula Pfr. than to H. fatigiata Say, or Hazardi Nob. (plicata Say). The figures in Chem. (ed. 2, t. 10, fig. 11-12) said to be of H. Texasi- ana, and to which Shuttleworth refers in his observations on H, fatigiata (see ante, p. 286), appear to represent an undescribed species from Louisiana, of which I have specimens from the cabinet of Dr. Binney, and also from Mr. Isaac Lea. In my cabinet there are numerous specimens of H. Texasiana Mor. from Texas and Mexico,—received from Judge Tappan, Dr. Newcomb, and Mr. W. G. Binney. One from Tamaulipas has the rufous band on the periphery, agreeing with Pfeiffer’s Var. y. Helix Pennsylvanica Green. SYNONYMY. Helix Pennsylvanicus Green Cont. to Macl. Lyc. N. 1, p. 8. 1827. Pennsylvanica Binn. Bost. Jl. I. p. 483, pl. 16. 1837. se De Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 45. 1843. ae tf Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 759, ex parte. 1848. — As Chemn. ed. 2 Helix No, 442, ex parte, t. 73, fio. 4-5. —— Mitchelliana Desh. in Fer. Hist. p. 137. ex parte. t. 97, fig. 4—7. nec. 13-16. — Pennsylvanica Binn, Ter. Moll. II. p. 105. Pl. VII. 1851. a me Rv. Conch. Icon. No. 676 ex parte, Pl. CXVII. fig. 676. 1852. Green’s description is not readily met with, even in the United States, and I subjoin a copy of it:— “ H, PENNSYLVANICUS. Shell subglobose; spire elevated; whorls 6 or 7, with numerous ob- lique wrinkles or strise ; suture deeply impressed ; epidermis smooth, and of an olive-brown color, like most of the American Helices; umbilicus 24 Remarks on Certain Species of closed, or masked; aperture slightly contracted at the base,—a small callosity on the inner margin of the other lip near its lower angle. Shell rather more than half an inch in diameter. This shell somewhat resembles the H, clausa of Mr. Say, but may very readily be distinguished from that species by the closed umbilicus, the number of its whorls, and its general form. This shell is not uncom- mon in the moist ground near Chartier’s Creek, in Washington Co., Pa. I obtained five or six specimens with but very little trouble at that locality, associated with the . solitaria, profunda, and palliata. Authentic specimens are in the Cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia. This species has not been accurately determined by European authors, who have confounded it with HZ. clauwsa Say and H. Mitchelliana Lea, from which, however, it is entirely distinct. Green’s description, to be found only ina scarce work, has pro- bably been unknown, but the shell was correctly described and figured by Binney in the Boston Journal. Pfeiffer, nevertheless, has 77. clawsa in the Synonymy of /. Pennsylvanica, and refers to Say’s figure of the former, as well as to Binney’s of the latter. The confusion has been increased by American Conchologists, who have treated, in my opinion erroneously, /Z. clausa Say and H. Mitchelliana Lea as identical. It may also be remarked that Dr. Jay, in his Catalogue, 2d ed. (1836), admitted Pennsyl- vanica and clausa to be distinct, but in the 4th ed. (1852) adopted the views of Pfeiffer. Shuttleworth, in 1853, published (for private distribution only I believe), figures of many North American species, and among them, of H. Pennsylvanica and H. Mitchelliana, but each under the specific name of the other. He was evidently misled as to the latter by Lea’s description, and misapprehended the former, not having seen that of Green. Reeves’ figure fairly represents this species, but he has the same error with regard to H. clausa as Pfeiffer. North American Helicida. 25, Deshayes, in Fer. Hist., describes H. Mitehelliana, but refers to the figure, which is rather of Pennsylvanica. The species under consideration may be readily distinguished from clausa and Mitchelliana by its somewhat triangular aper- ture, which is more like that of ZZ. elevata Say; it is more ele- vated, has usually 6 whorls, more convex, and with deeper suture than in H. clawsa. In mature shells the inner margin of the peristome, near the columella, has a tooth-like callus, very similar to that often prevailing in forms of /Z. zaleta Say, thyroidus Say, and albolabrisSay. The umbilicus is invariably more or less open in HZ. clausa, but closed in 7. Pennsylvanica and Mitchelliana. This shell varies in size. The following are the dimensions of the largest and smallest specimens in my Cabinet: Diam. maj. 19, min. 164, alt. 11, mill. 6c cc 16, (73 144, ce 9, 6c The distribution of this species is far more limited than that of H. clausa. I have seen specimens only from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois; but of clawsa from Ohio, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, Alabama, Illinois, Jowa, and Missouri. The mention of this and other species by De Kay in the New York Fauna, because of the probability of their discovery in that State, is calculated to mislead. He.rx Exvziorr1 RepFievp. This species was described by Mr. John H. Redfield, in Annals of Lyceum Vol. VI, p. 170. Figures are now given on Pl, IX, figs. 8-10. 26 29-30. 33. 34. North American Helicidea. List oF Figures on Puare IX. Cyprza notata Gill. Ann, Lye. Vol. VI. p. 256. Helix barbigera Redf. nat. size. on ee a p.171. eke. pret “ upper surface, double nat. size. $ « “ part of same magnified four times. “ Elliotti “ nat. size : NESE pee 10: “ sculptilis Bland. “ x tS tas ip QHOT “ Edvardsi “ i ss © pre S63) pe OTs “ fatigiata Say (Dorfeuilliana Desh.), copied from Fer. Hist. Pl. 69 D. fig. 3. 6S Oh 8, PBB: . « “aperture mag. four times. ‘ “ copied from Binney Ter. Moll. III. pl. xxxix. fig. 4. Troostiana Lea, copied from Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VI. Plocxty tie LS") ot “ “ aperture mag. four times. Dorfeuilliana Lea, copied from Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VI. PL xxiv. figs Gs. oe p. 294. 4 “ aperture mag. four times. 13 2 var. 4 “ “c “ . Hazardi Bland, aperture mag. eight times. p. 291. + is ortion of last whorl behind the aperture, i Ig magnified. 3 “base and upper surface, double nat. size. Dysoni Shuttl. (Dorfeuilliana Chem.), copied from Chem. ed. 2. Helix.t.65. fig. 25. “ © p,295. « 9 — (Dorfeuilliana Reeve), copied from Conch. Icon. pl. exx. fig. 718. Texasiana Mor., copied from Mem. Soe. Hist. Nat. Geneva. VI. pl. i. fig. 2 ¢. i “ copied from Reeve Conch. Icon. pl. cxx. fig. 707. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. Plate IX. Edw? W Magens N.Y. Del. Lith. of Endicott & CONY. REMARKS ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN HELICIDE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. a THOMAS BLAND, F.G.S., LONDON, WEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK, COREBESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, &O. REPRINTED FROM THE ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK. VOL. VII. PART II. NEW YORK: H. BAILLIERE, 440 BROADWAY. LONDON:—H. BAILLIERE, 219 REGENT STREET. PARIS :—J. B. BAILLIERE ET FILIS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE. MADRID :—C. BAILLY-BAILLIERE, CALLE DEL PRINCIPE. 1860. LOaTa WIAT ETS a . \ SY \ : : r ~ i + yee , eM et cf a i \ = ‘ , i, ' 5 VTE ARO TK W 0H . ¢ ¥ iy BES Dt he Re iy t me a * h ‘ ‘i a, ray heey = ’ Py , we J Me ’ ; i 5) ‘y yen} rf Horde wade to SeoRarMORe?. ee! : ‘ j ¥ | si hr . : 26 : e \ “it rs Why “Ih elit CE A Aa AAI ah won ee ae. Tie’ aHases ae | insae write Jy Sine bl sols & os wis Pt “xe hey i A Pp PRARBS., SENS PRRR HE ead yave 38 a ise ie meta te é a . ; agro silts Kab na; whan ee ty MAX we HUT Ree cna Mil oly Ba mae Wa a 4 ak THe. ; a AAO oem! haat | Sew oe) e.. case's iA | re ROR WHICH) M2 ee He Modko 2! | “ela ye Ry huaans a Herta 4 7 ye) r iy lial ie CONTENTS. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. Helix auriformis BLAND, : ° : : : = 5 c “ Carpenteriana ‘‘ 5 c c - z : * . 5 ; sO Christyaie 87. : “ 5 . : 5 : “ espiloca RAVENEL, ; : : c . . 5 . “ jntroferens BLAND, : : < : ° . “ Postelliana “ . : 4 . : a“ Helix auriculata Say, . : : c : . Wheatleyi “ . REMARKS ON THE Fottow1ne SPECIES, VIZ.: avara . : cereolus MUHLFELDT, fastigans L. W. Say, friabilis W. G. BINNEY, . inornata BINNEY, levigata RAFINESQUE, . lucubrata Say, microdonta DESHAYES, porcina SAY, septemvolva Say, . uvulifera SHUTTLEWORTH, . : : , : : : 6 a yolyoxis PARREYSS, [The Plate referred to will be issued with the next and concluding Part. ] 55 59 90 94 82 80 73 83 93 95 85 63 89 u , ; 44) . fer - dl ¢ ves i) ee . P Lin ate be my ies 4 y é ara | » ae hae | og ‘\ veh a al. a. ’ ee Fa ay t " y Aa i f > ' - * i * ; f a : , ~ : - ~ i . - ; 5 - | Ss ' 4 : j . . ' t i E “a. f e* 2 uy \ ‘ Wate Uae ee 4 + ry ; y ‘ + : i alee Lay ~ ? : x 4 Peet ae : * . . } . 4 ‘ ‘ ‘ *, ’ ty Ail) ' * - . * . . 7 . ‘ i 7% lee ‘ 4! ' ‘ * 2 : , ‘ D - ; ‘ ‘ J 1 j ‘ i He * “ ' ’ ’ * : x 4 aa . as % ‘ 4 cae = , A } ‘ : ASD S La ' ' + 8 é 4 ‘ p ¥ . f _ i a af ii k ‘ : vara 4 et 4 we lh RA er it i ‘ ‘ * . + LP . * , Ys wy ‘loa Cas \ r ‘ Wd P ; . . oe ¥ ir f i v ‘ : a ‘ 4 ; . tye iy i ' ‘ , ‘ ‘ « , ’ fi * ‘ - ‘ . ‘ . x 4 ’ ‘ Pe fy ee y's « e } ‘ ™ ; ; ' \ SUG: inornata By. Bost. Jl. UI. p. 419, t. 21, f. 3, 1840, glaphyra Pfr. Mon, I. No. 120, 1848. inornata By. Terr. Moll. II. p. 227, t. 34, 1851. North American Helicide. 81 Helix glaphyra Rv. Conch. Icon. No. 667, 1852. inornata W. G. By. Suppl. p. 109, 1859. ©. heP fro Mon. TVs No. 273, 1859. In my remarks on ZH. glaphyra Say (Ann. Lyc. VI. 352), and in the preceding pages, I have fully stated my reasons for deter- mining that 77. levigata Raf. and 77. inornata Say are identi- eal, and that 77. inornata By. must be referred to HZ. glaphyra Say. To my mind the evidence is conclusive, but, as already explained, I leave the last named shell in the synonymy of tnornata By. I would repeat that, confining myself strictly to the descrip- tions of Say, I find that of his énornata applicable only to the shell known as levigata Raf., and that of glaphyra only to the tnornata By. Too much weight has been attached to the locali- ties given by Say of his two shells. Ie attributes énornata to Pennsylvania, from whence we have now no authentic speci- mens, but the species occurs in Virginia and Maryland, and may reasonably be looked for on the borders at least of the adjoining state. 7. glaphyra was found where certainly it - was a stranger—no one knows how, or from whence it came. LH. cellaria, to which it is referred, inhabits the New England States only, and the facts already stated indicate that Say knew cellaria, and in correspondence did not allude to it as his glaphyra. LH. inornata By. is a variable species. In many cabinets, both here and in Europe, it appears to be represented by speci- mens from Ohio, which, when mature, are generally by no means “ very much depressed,” and scarcely * pellucid, polished.” I have individuals from N. Car. and also from Lycoming Co., Pa., which are planulate, pellucid, and with a very brilliant glassy polish. The Pennsylvanian form is small, and the color above is occasionally as dark asin ZZ. fuliginusa. A young specimen with four whorls is much like Say’s figure of gla- phyra.* * See Say’s description of H. glaphyra, p. 42. 82 Remarks on Certain Species of The following are measurements of specimens in my cabinet: Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 7 mill. Ohio. See Ge Maryland. ‘ 66) Dido | thi AD 8s at oeapeomitnio One) ea. I have recently received from Dr. Ravenel, for examination, a singular specimen, collected by himself on the mountains near Ashville, N. Car., which I can only refer to this species. It has-6 whorls, and measures,— Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, Alt. 9 mill. Helix friabilis W. G. Binney. SynonyMy. Helix friabilis W. G. Binney, Proc. A. N.S. Phila. p. 187, 1857. Suppl. p. 106, 1859. lucubrata Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. No. 413, p. 68, 1859. I concur with Mr. Binney in the establishment of this species, but by no means with Dr. Pfeiffer in his view that it is the H. lucubrata Say, with the description of which it does not agree. Say mentions that ducubrata is closely allied to his inornata, but H. friabilis is totally distinct both from HH. levi- gata Rat.and H/, inornata By. W.G. Binney’s shell is of uniform color, and the umbilicus is not “much larger” than that of either of the species referred to. The spire is not “much depressed.” Binney describes the shell as having four whorls, but I have seen no adult with less'than five. Specimens from Illinois are very thin, but those collected by Mrs. Say in Indiana, by Moore in Texas, and received by Dr. Newcomb from De Witt Co. in the latter state, are rather less so. I am indebted to Mr. Henry Van Nostrand for a large and heavy example, having 54 whorls, from Helena, Arkansas, the measurements of which are as follows :— Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, Alt. 16 mill. Ap. 18 mill. longa,. 15 lata. North American Helicide. 83 Helix lucubrata Say. This species was described by Say in the “New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge,” II. 229 (July, 1829), and the description was republished by Mrs. Say in 1840, in “ Descrip- tions of some New Terr. and Fluv. Shells of N. America.” The subjoined copy is from the reprint of W. G. Binney. “ H, lucubrata. Shell subglobose, depressed, reddish brown, polished, subtranslucent; whorls over four, much wrinkled; spire much depressed, convex ; suture moderate; beneath paler; umbilicus open, rather large ; aperture nearly orbicular ; labrum simple. “Greatest width one inch. Inhabits Mexico. Closely allied to H. tmor- nata Nob., but the umbilicus is much larger, and the aperture is more accurately rounded ; the color is nearly the same, excepting that in the present it is of a deeper shade.” There is great difference of opinion as to this species, and indeed it has not been satisfactcrily determined. As has been shown, Dr. Binney confounded it with ZZ. levi- gata, by others it has been placed with that species in the synonymy of ZZ. fuliginosa, and Pfeiffer has recently deter- mined it to be the species described by W. G. Binney as ZZ. friabilis. Mr.. Binney (Suppl. p. 106) considers the Mexican 7. caduca Pf. allied to, if not identical with it, and refers to “ Mexican specimens of Jucubrata preserved for many years in the Phila- delphia Academy” as agreeing perfectly with that species. I have critically examined the three specimens at the Aca- demy; they are attached to a card, and labelled, by Mr. Phillips I believe, “ Helix lucubrata Say, Mexico. N. H. Disseminator, vol. ii. p. 229.” One of the specimens, that of which the base only is visible, is I think a pale var. of A. fuliginosa, but the other two differ from all the forms of the group, including ZZ. caduca Pf., which I have seen. The adult specimen (the other is young of the same) of which both the upper and lower side, 84 Lemarks on Certain Species of and aperture can be fully seen, agrees entirely with Say’s de- scription of 77. lucubrata, so much so as to favor the conclusion that it is an authentic example, if not indeed his type. It is appropriately compared with ZZ. levigata Raf. (inornata Say), but as Say remarks, the umbilicus is “ much larger,” nearly equal to that of /7. fuliginosa, and the aperture “ more accu- rately rounded,” being somewhat wider, but much like that of Griffith’s species. The shell is in color darker above than usual in ZZ. levigata, the darker shade extending over the periphery and terminating abruptly, where the paler color of the base prevails. The margin of the last whorl, at the suture, has indications of a line of a deeper reddish brown color than that of the rest of the upper surface of the shell. The incremental strixe are well defined “ wrinkles,” but of irregular elevation, and not equidistant. The shell has five whorls, less rapidly increasing than in ZZ. dwvigata, and the follow- ing are its dimensions :— Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, Alt. 114 mill. Ap. 12 mill. long. 12 lat. This Academy specimen differs from examples of [/. caduca Pf. received from Mr. Cuming and M. Sallé in the following particulars; it is more strongly ‘“ wrinkled,” of darker color above, and the aperture is more orbicular—the last whorl is more ventricose. A specimen of ZZ. caduca in my cabinet, with 54 whorls, measures, Diam. maj. 26, min. 213, Alt.10 mill. Ap. 10 mill. long. 13 lat. The color is scarcely paler at the base than above, the umbilicus is the same as in the Academy shell, and the whorls increase in the same proportion. Several young shells have the same but more plainly discernible dark sutural line. Considering the Philadelphia specimen to be the /7. Jucubrata Say, I cannot pronounce it to be identical with 77. caduca, but intermediate between it and ZZ. Jevigata—more closely allied to the former, and possibly a variety of it, certainly distinct from the latter and from HZ. fuliginosa, and H. friabilis. North American Helicide. 85 Helix septemvolva Say. This species was described by Say in Nicholson’s Ene. in 1816,* and the description was republished in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy in May 1818 ; it is as follows :— “P. sepremvotvya.—Shell much depressed, discoidal; spire not prominent; whorls seven, perfectly lateral, compressed, depressed, and marked with conspicuous lines and grooves above, a projecting carina on the upper edge of the body whorl, beneath which the lines and grooves are obsolete; aperture subreniform, not contracted; lips equal elevated, outer one reflected, regularly rounded so as to describe two- thirds of a circle; pillar lip projecting inwards, into an angle or tooth, which is concave beneath; beneath the four exterior volutions equally prominent, transverse diameters equal to those of the upper surface ; umbilicus central, moderate, attenuated to the apex so as to exhibit the remaining volutions, Breadth, female, two-fifths—male, three-tenths of an inch. Inhabits Georgia and East Florida. Cabinet of the Academy. A very common shell in many parts of Georgia, particularly the sea islands, also in East Florida. We found them numerous under the ruins of old Fort Picolata on the St. John River, and on the Oyster-shell Hammocks, near the sea, and in other situations under decaying palmetto logs, roots, &c.” This is a very variable shell, and the species of the group to which it belongs, inhabiting the Southern States and adjacent Islands and Keys, as well as the Bahama and Bermuda Islands, have not been accurately defined and determined. Say, it may be inferred, considered all the individuals which came under his notice from the United States as belonging to septemvolva. He sent specimens to Férussac, and was informed, by letter in reply dated 15th July, 1820, that the species had been figured and described in 1816, by Megerle de Muhlfeldt in the Berlin Magazine, under the name of /Z. cereolus. * Mr. Binney mentions in the Preface to the reprint of Say’s writings on the Conchology of the United States, that he had not been able to find the first edition of this work, but gives its date 1816, on the authority of Férussac, Mag. de Zool, 1836. 2 86 Lemarks on Certain Species of The description by Muhlfeldt (Berlin Mag. VIII. p. 41, pl. ii. fig. 18, 1816) is short, and the figure indifferent,—I subjoin copy of the former :— “'T. orbiculari, umbilicata, utrinque planata, alba, oblique subcostata, marginata, unidentata.” The dimensions given are Diam. 44 lines, Alt. about 1 line. In some remarks (in German) Muhlfeldt mentions that the shell has eight whorls, and that it was most probably from the West Indies, specimens having been found with a lot of shells from thence. Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I. p. 1839%) remarks in connexion with ZZ. septemvolva: “Tl est bien a présumer que I’ H. cereolus de Megerle est la méme que celle-ci; cependant sa description trop courte et sa figure médiocre- ment exécutée, nous laissent quelques doutes sur son identité avec celle que nous venons de décrire.” Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I. p. 6, pl. 72, fig. 13) described 7. microdonta as follows: T. discoidea, planulata, albo-grisea, flammulis obliquis fuscis sub- rubescentibusve ornata; superne spira depressissima, subtus profunde lateque in ambitu umbilicata, tenuissime et regulariter striata; apertura obliqua, marginata, ovato-semilunari; labio dente obliquo minimo pre- dito. Hab.—L Amerique méridionale? Visle de Cuba? communiquée a M. de Férussac par M. d’Orbigny. Nous n’ayons sous les yeux que le seul individu de cette espéce que possédoit la coll. de M. de Férussac ; nous le regardons comme appar- tenant a une espéce bien distinete, intermédiaire par ses caracteres entre lH. septemvolva et le lingulata (paludosa Pf.) se rapprochant cepen- dant plus de cette derniére que de l’autre. Elle est orbiculaire, depri- mée, & spire 4 peine saillante au-dessus du dernier tour; mais elle n’est pas concaye en dessus ; en dessous Ja coquille est percée d’un ombilic profond et s’elargissant subitement a son entrée, parce que le dernier tour North American Helicide. 87 se déroule par une spire plus large que ceux qui le précédent. Les tours de spire au nombre de sept sont convexes, couverts de stries fines, regulieres, rapprochées, plus profondes sur le cété supérieur que dans la partie ombilicale: elles s’attenuent insensiblement en passant du dessus a la circonférence et de la circonférence au-dessous. L’ouverture est trés oblique, le bord droit, épaissi en dedans, est renversé en dehors ; il se continue par ses extremités en un bord gauche, sur le milieu duquel se reléve une petite dent oblique et courbée que l’on voit tout entiére en dehors lorsque l'on regarde l’ouverture de profil. Cette coquille est dun blanc grisatre, et elle est ornée de flammules longitudinales, etroites, irréguli¢rement distribuées et d’un brun pale et rougeatre. “Eile a 10 mill. de diamétre et 4 de hauteur.’”’* Pfeiffer (Mem. i. p. 409, 1848) assigns ZZ. microdonta to the Bermudas and Texas, “ teste coll. Menkeana.” Muhlfeldt and Deshayes did not know the localities from which their specimens came—the figure and description of the former author are unsatisfactory, and the latter described from a single individual, and gives a figure which is by no means conclusive. Under such circumstances, considering that the species of the group to which /Z. cereolus and H. microdonta belong are very variable, it is not surprising that difficulty should be now experienced in determining them. When in Bermuda, in 1852, I collected a large number of specimens of a finely striated shell, pretty closely agreeing with the description of ZZ. microdonta Desh. ; but Mr. Shuttleworth, in 1855, was disposed to think it distinct, and proposed to call it ZZ. delitescens, under which name it has been extensively distributed, but nothing published about it. In 1853, Mr. S. sent me specimens labelled “ 7/7. mécrodonta Desh., Key West, Florida,’ which differ very much from the Bermuda shell, having sharp and more distant striz, and an internal lamella. I also received from the same source examples of /7. volvoxis Parr., trom Hopeton, Ga. Both these * See facsimile of the figure to which Deshayes refers, in W. G. Binney’s Supp. to the Terr. Moll., pl. 78, fig. 23. 88 Remarks on Certain Species of species were at that time apparently unknown to American conchologists. Dr. Binney makes no mention of them in the Terr. Moll. ; and Dr. Gould even omits them in vol. ili. (1857), although he inserts descriptions of additional species, “so as to embody all the species at present known.” Mr. W. G. Binney admits them in the Supplement (1859) to his father’s work. In 1859, Mr. Wm. Cooper collected at Nassau, New Provi- dence, numerous specimens of a species apparently identical, though varying somewhat from that whieh inhabits Bermuda.* Neither Mr. Binney nor I have received, or even seen speci- mens from Texas of any of the species belonging to this group. Before examining the strictly North American species in detail, I may explain that I consider ZZ. cereolus Mihi. and //. septemvolva Say to be distinct,—that the Bermuda shell is the H. microdonta Desh, and that the species from Florida, now known here as microdonta, has not been described. In the fol- lowing pages I describe it under the name of 7. Carpenteriana. As to ZZ. volvowis Parr. I think that it is no more than var. of LT. septemvolva. H. septemvolva, as described by Say, cannot be misunder- stood,—it oceurs only, I believe, in East Florida, and especially at and in the vicinity of St. Augustine,—for many fine speci- mens collected there, I am indebted to Mr. O. M. Dorman. It is variable in size, but distinguished by its sharp carina and open umbilicus. In a specimen with 8} whorls (diam. maj. 14 mill.), the width of the actual umbilical opening is 2 mill. The penultimate beneath is generally half covered by the last whorl. The very small var., called the male by Say, is com- paratively rare. The four examples preserved at Philadelphia, said to be authentic, are of the form described. * H. paludosa Pf. (lingulata Fer.), an inhabitant of Cuba and Jamaica (rare in the latter island), belongs to this group, bnt is readily distinguished by its rugose upper surface, and small parietal tooth which is unconnected with the margins of the peristome. North Ainerican fTelicide. 89 The following are measurements of large and small specimens in my cabinet :— Diam. maj. 14, min. 12} mill, Alt. 3 mill. anf. 83. rT: c -7L 64 “OL & ‘“ Associated with septemvolva, Mr. Dorman found not only the shell described by Pfeiffer as ZZ. volvowis, but an intermediate form, in which the flat upper surface and carina of the former, ~t are combined with the more tumid character, and breadth of the last whorl beneath of the latter. In many specimens the uniform opaque light color of the base of each whorl is a striking feature. Mr. Dorman informs me that in some places in St. Augustine the three forms are found together, but that septemvolva and volvoxis generally inhabit different localities. Welix volvoxis Parreyss. Pfeiffer’s description of this species is as follows :— T. umbilicata, orbiculato-convexa, tenuis, rufo-cornea, pellucida, regu- lariter costulato-striata; spira brevissima, convexa; anfr. 7 convex, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus reliquis superne vix latior, angulatus, infra angulum inflatus, striatus, nitidus; umbilicus latus, regularis, anfractu ultimo latissimo, reliquis regulariter decrescentibus; apertura majuscula, reniformis; perist. intus callosum, reflexum, marginibus callo brevi, triangulari, dentiformi junctis. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8; Alt. 4, mill. Habitat in America boreali: Georgia, Florida. Obs. Hane speciem, a preecedente (H. cereolus Miihl.) toto ccelo diver- sam, seepius ex America nomine HI. septemvolvee Say accepimus. This shell is very generally labelled in cabinets ZZ. septem- volva, but I entertain great doubts, looking at my extensive suite of specimens, as to its specific difference. The form described by Pfeiffer is common in St. Simon’s Island, Ga., whence I have examples collected by Mr. Postell. It varies in size,—the following are the measurements of a small specimen, having 6} whorls :— Diam. maj. 73, min. 65; Alt. 3 mill. 90 Remarks on Certain Species of Helix cereolus Muhifeldt. T have already quoted the original deseription of this species at page 133, and refer to the copy of the author’s unsatisfactory figure, published by W. G. Binney in his Suppl. pl. 77, fig. 23. The whitish shell, H. cereolus Miihl. var. laminifera of W. G. Binney’s catalogue in the Philadelphia Proceedings, which we have in our cabinets, found by Lieut. Wurdeman at Indian River, E. Florida, and also from Indian Key, belongs in my opinion to this species. The annexed figures,* double the natural size, of the base of septemvolva (fig. 1.) and cereolus (fig. 2.) show the striking differences in the characters of the umbilicus, and of the aperture, and also that Miihlfeldt’s figure, especially of the umbilicus, agrees rather with the latter than the former. Fie. 1. Fie. 2. H, septemvolva Say. Hf, cereolus Mihi. The umbilical opening, in specimens of abont equal size, is only half the width of that in septemvolva; the last whorl is wider, especially towards its termination at the aperture, more inflated, and rather less acutely carinated. The aperture is more orbicular, more contracted, and the outer lip more expanded * The woodcuts were executed by Waters & Son, 90 Fulton Street, New York, admirable figures of the shells having been previously photographed, in their establishment, on the block. I gladly avail myself of this opportunity of calling the attention of naturalists to this valuable method of securing aceurate figures. North American Helicida. 91 and acutely reflected, and at its junction below with the pillar lip more closely appressed to the last whorl. This shell has generally a more or less developed internal lamina, commencing on the parietal side of the inner fourth of the last, and running round rather obliquely within from two- thirds to three-fourths of the penultimate whorl,—revolving in fact nearly once round the shell. In some specimens the penultimate whorl below is partially covered by the last, as in septemvolva. This species, which I consider distinct from ZZ. septemvolva Say, has from 7 to 8 whorls, and measures as follows :— Diam. maj. 14, min. 123, Alt. 83 mill. (large specimen.) : enol tn Be toe eee \(annellve ode.) Dr. Gould (Terr. Moll. Vol. II. p. 31) refers to the vertical series on Plate XX XVIII as reprenting the typical form of JZ. septemvolva Say, but the lower figure, showing the base, is cer- tainly not of the shell described by Say, rather of that which I call LZ. cereolus. Helix Carpenmteriama, mov. sp. Synonymy. Helix microdonta Pfr. Mon. 1. p. 499 ex-parte? 1848. W. G. Binney, Notes on Amer. Land Shells, Phila. Proc. 1858. ~— be Suppl. Terr. Moll. p. 91, 1859. T. umbilicata, orbiculata, cornea vel pallide rufescente, superne plana, oblique et argute costulata, subtus convexa, leviter striata, nitida, maculis opacis, indistinctis, sape ornat&; sutura valde impressA; anfr. 53-64, ultimo ad peripheriam superne subangulato, ad aperturam breviter sed subito deflexo, gibbosulo, scrobiculato-constricto, pone aperturam tumido, costulato, basi dilatato, lamina interna alba in pariete columel- Jari, pone aperture insertionem sita; apertura perobliqua, lunari; perist. intus calloso, incrassato, reflexiusculo, marginibus lamella dentiformi triangulari junctis, 92 Lemarks on Certain Species of Shell umbilicate, orbicular, horn-colored or pale rufous, above flat, obliquely and acutely ribbed, beneath convex, slightly striated, shining, often ornamented with indistinct white spots ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 53-64, the last subangular at the periphery, shortly but suddenly deflected at the aperture, gibbous, serobicnlate, constricted, tumid behind the aperture, and ribbed, base dilated, with a white internal lamina on the columellar wall near the point of attachment of the aperture ; aperture very oblique, lunate ; perist. callous within, thickened, little reflected, the margins joined by a triangular dentiform lamella. Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt, 4 mill. anfr. 64. 6c 66 Us 66 6, 66 3 66 «6 53, Habitat.—Key Biscayne, Florida, Wurdeman! Key West, Shuttleworth. South Florida, Dr. Cooper! Sea Islands, Flo- rida, Bartlett. Lake Harney, Fla., E. Norton ! Leemarks.—This species has been hitherto named ZZ. méero- donta Desh. in American Cabinets, and I have indeed so distributed it, but I believe erroneously. It is readily distin- guished from all the other species of the group by its strong acute rib-like strive, and the peculiarity of the outer whorl. About the last third of it, behind the aperture, is ribbed and tumid,—the whorl is then rather abruptly contracted, becoming narrower above, and flattened and slightly striated beneath, but again, as it passes towards and beneath the aperture, dilated, and convex. This change of form gives to the last whorl a distorted appearance. The internal lamina is on the columel- lar wall of the contracted and flattened portion of the last whorl, and runs obliquely, in the direction of the aperture, attaining a length in a large specimen of about 6 mill. The character of the aperture is most like that of ZZ. cereolus, but in that species the last whorl has none of the peculiarities above described. The internal lamina is found in a majority of specimens, but not in all; it can generally be seen through the outer wall of the shell. North American LTelicide. 93 In my Cabinet are specimens, received from Mr. W. G. Binney, belonging to this species, having all the peculiarities of the last whorl, but being rather delicately striated,—they are extremely small, and were, I believe, from Dr. Binney’s Cabinet; the habitat unknown. The measurements are, Diam. maj. 54, min. 5, Alt. 2 mill. anfr. 5. The variety from Lake Harney is dark horn-colored, thin, translucent, acutely ribbed, but with little of the peculiarities of the last whorl prevailing in the Key Biscayne specimens, and in the small variety already noticed,—the whorl, scarcely flattened and contracted as in those, is nearly of uniform size beneath. Several years ago I received from the late Mr. Clark of Cin- cinnati, about a dozen shells of the species now under consider- ation, labelled by Mr. Bartlett “‘H. septemvolva Say, Matanzas, Cuba,” but agreeing with specimens sent to me by Mr. Shuttle- worth as //. mécrodonta from Key West. I communicated them under the latter name to M. Poey, who seeing that live exam- ples have not been found in Cuba, doubtfully refers the species to the fauna of that island. (Vide Mem. V.II. p. 49 and 90.) This species I dedicate to my friend Mr. P. P. Carpenter, author of the ‘ Report on the Present State of our Knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North Ame- rica,” &¢c., &c., whose labors in the United States have added | much to the value of many of our public and private cabinets. Nore.—H. microponra Desn.—With respect to this species, looking at his description, I cannot doubt but that the author refers to the Bermuda shell, now somewhat extensively known in cabinets as 77. delitescens Shutt. I should mention that Mr. Shuttleworth, in his latest correspondence with me on the sub- ject, expressed some doubt as to treating the Florida shell as the species described by Deshayes. Those doubts may account for the non-publication of /Z. delitescens. The shells found in abundance by Mr. W. Cooper, at Nassau, agree rather with those from Bermuda than any other. But in 94 Remarks on Certain Species of one with very fine striz (anfr. 63), and in another (anfr. 7), with the striz rather coarse, I have detected the internal lamina. In both, the outer whorl is without the characteristic features of HZ. Carpenteriana. Among a considerable number of specimens I found the lamina only in the two referred to. I have never seen it in the Bermada shell, of which I have examined very many individuals. The Bermuda shell was known to Say. He wrote a descrip- tion, which was, however, never published. The following is a copy trom the original MS. in the possession of Mr. Binney : “TW. cuEtLopon.—Discoidal, labrum reflected—a tooth on the labium. Inhabits Bermuda. “ Shell discoidal, the spire very slightly convex, whorls nearly 6, with elevated strize across, forming somewhat regular intervening grooves,— body whorl angular above its middle, beneath which it is convex, and only wrinkled, the grooves terminating at the angle or carina,—umbilicus dilated, exhibiting the volutions to the apex: aperture rather longer than wide,—labrum contracting the aperture a little, reflected, excepting towards its superior termination, and declining a little at its junction with the preceding volution: labium with a short, oblique tooth, Breadth, 2 inch. The late Mr. Stephen Elliott presented to me this shell, which he obtained from Bermuda, Jt is more completely fastigiate than even H. septemvolva Nob., and there is no obvious calcareous deposit on the labium, as in that species.” It may be remarked that Say’s description agrees almost entirely with that of Deshayes of mzcrodonta,—in specimens from Bermuda, not completely full grown, but with reflected lip, the labial tooth is of the character mentioned by Say. Herix rasricans L. W. Say.—In my Remarks (Ann. Lye. Vol. VI. p. 283) on H. fatigiata Say, I noticed that the name was originally written by Say correctly, viz. fastigiata, and that Pfeiffer had remarked to the effect that the former word is unmeaning. Mrs. Say, anxious that this long-standing typographical error should be removed, expresses her wish North American Helicide. 95 that the specific name of the species should be altered to Sastigans, that of fastigiata having been applied by Hutton to another. Herrx porcina Say.—I commented on this species in Ann. Lye. Vol. VI. p. 344, suggesting that Say’s description applies rather to a young ZZ. injlecta, than H. hirsuta, but anticipating that “further researches will prove this to be a distinct species.” I now learn that “7. hispida L. inhabits some parts of Nova Scotia, and also Canada East; and Dr. Gould suggests —as indeed seems highly probable—that Z7. porcina is identi- cal with it. REMARKS ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN HELICIDAN, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY THOMAS BLAND, F.G.S., LONDON, MEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SOIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, &O. REPRINTED FROM THE ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK. VOL, VII. PAT, UI: NEW YORK: BAILLIERE BROTHERS, 440 BROADWAY. LONDON:—H. BAILLIERE, 219 REGENT STREET. PARIS:—J. B. BAILLIERE ET FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE. MADRID :—C. BAILLY-BAILLIERE, CALLE DEL PRINCIPE, 1862, —_ * R. CRA(GHEAD, Printer, Stereotyper, and Electrotyper, Carton Building, 81, 83, and 85 Centre Street, 4 ain din ded \gateacbont | i —": CONTENTS. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. PAGE _ Helix Downieana Branp, . : : : : ; : : ; 5 UE « — labrosa re - - 3 : : : : o : LOT “ triodontoides “ . : . : : ; : : é ; ae LOT REMARKS ON THE FOLLOWING SPECIES, VIZ.: Helix alternata Say, . : : - : : - 4 : : 5 he ““ appressa “ é : : : : : . : . : - 109 ‘“ Cumberlandiana Lxa, : : 5 3 ‘ : 5 : - 100 “ Edgariana Gap : : 2 c : . : : - 105 “hirsuta Say, ‘ : : : : : : ° : : 31 104 Uy nilectan = : : : 5 ‘ : : : : LOZ “© monodon RaAckETT, . é d ; ; : 3 : : > Los “‘ obstricta Say, . ; é . j : : ; : ; 5 vals “ palliata “ : : 5 - $ : : : : - 7 L110 “ Rugeli Saurrteworty, : 3 : : : ; : z . 1038 “spinosa Lra, : - 3 : A : : : : : . 105 « stenotrema Fkr., : ; : 3 5 5 x : ‘ . 104 “tridentata Say, . ; ; ‘ : 5 ‘ : 5 F =) 00 « yultuosa Gounp, é , : : ; : ; 5 3 eels Note on the Toothed Helices of North America, . ; : ‘ . BL Note on Variation in Species of Helix in Eastern North Auierien . - 1238 List of Figures on Plate IV., : : : : ‘ ¢ : : . 125 oo Ns th a ih ae tind ay : , Remarks on Certain Species of North American Hexicip2. By Tuomas Brann. Read December 16th, 1861. Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, Vol. VIL. December, 1861. Hieclix Dowmieama nov. sp. Plate IV. fig. 23-24. T. subobtecte umbilicata, subglobos4, tenui, subpellucida, obsolete costulato-striata, lineis spiralibus impressis sublente confertim decussata, virenti-cormmed; spira brevi, obtusa; anfr. 5, convexis, ultimo tumido, antice gibbosulo, vix descendente, constricto ; apertura ebliqua, lunato- ovali; perist. albo, labiato, reflexo, margine dextro expanso, columellari angulatim dilatato umbilicum fere tegente. Shell umbilicate, umbilicus nearly covered, subglobose, thin, subpellucid, with obsolete rib-like strize, decussated with crowded microscopic spiral lines, greenish horn-colored; spire short, obtuse ; whorls five, convex, the last tumid, anteriorly some- what gibbous, scarcely descending, constricted; aperture ob- lique, lunate-oval ; perist. white, labiate, reflected, right margin expanded, columellar margin angularly dilated, nearly covering the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 103, min 94, Alt. 6 mill. Station.—Among leaves, at the roots of grass and shrubs in rocky places. Habitat.—University Place, Franklin Co., Tenn. Downie! Remarks.—In the autumn of 1860 I received three specimens, through Bishop Elliott, from Major Downie of Brunswick, Ga., to whom I dedicate the species. In form and aspect it is most like H. Christyi Nob., but has no parietal tooth; it is allied also to H. clausa Say, and H. Mitchelliana Lea. 98 —emarks on Certain Species Helix altermata Say. The geographical distribution of the varieties of 7. alternata is interesting. The species attains its largest size in Ohio and Michigan—from the former I have it with 6 whorls, Diam. maj. 24, min. 22, Alt. 10 mill. In both of those States indi- viduals are found of nearly uniform color, from pale straw to dark reddish brown. In Canada, on Goat Island, Niagara, and on Cunningham Island, Lake Erie, the shell is frequently much elevated, even globose, thickened, and almost covered with dark- colored flammules. A beautiful variety was discovered a few years ago by Mr. Ferguson on.the Helderberg Mountains, New York; subse- quently near Greenwood Cemetery, Long Island; and also in the woods adjoining the New York Bay Cemetery, near Jersey City. It is small, comparatively smooth, especially at the base, has a shining somewhat translucent epidermis, which on dead shells becomes opaque. ‘The suture is well impressed and the outer whorl is not, as usual in the species, obsoletely carinated. The deep red flammules are disposed with much regularity on a pale horn-colored ground. An average sized specimen, with 5 whorls, is Diam. maj. 154, min. 14, Alt. 6$ mill. The ani- mal does not exude'the saffron-colored mucous secretion usually observed in the typical form. I designate this shell as 77. alter- nata Say var. H. Ferguson. In Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, the moderately elevated and numerous strize of /Z.. alier- nata are replaced by sharply defined distant ribs. In a spe- cimen from North Carolina, for which I am indebted to Mr. David Christy, these ribs have a remarkable development, being nearly 1 mill. apart on the last whorl; the shell is depressed, but obsoletely carinated only. Bishop Elliott found a few spe- cimens on the eastern slope of the Cumberland Mountains, strongly ribbed, depressed, and the last whorl subcarinate, the * of North American Helicide. 99 carina in a measure obsolete behind the aperture, but modi- fying its form. The var. found fossil at Jackson, Miss., is well marked; being ribbed above, the ribs passing over the periphery, with, at the base, an additional less prominent rib between each. I have living examples of the same form from Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Helix mordax Shuttieworth. This was described by Shuttleworth in the following terms: (Bern. Mitth., 1852, Diag. n. Moll., No. 2.) T. late et perspective umbilicata, depressa, sublenticularis, carinata, tenuis, luteo-cornea, strigis rufis interruptis fasciatim ornata, costis vali- dis flexuosis remotis utrinque eximie asperata ; anfr. 53, plani; apertura perobliqua angulatim lunari-ovalis ; perist. simplex, acutum. Diam, maj. 18, min. 16, Alt. 6 mill. Hab.—In mont. Caroline sept. specimina ultra 12 legit Rugel. Obs.—H. alternatz valde affinis, sed costis validioribus, ad 1 mill. inter se remotis, distincta. H. Cumberlandiana Lea (forsan mere forma mon- struosa), quacum carina congruit, differt (ex icone) testa tantum tenuiter striata nec costata. Shuttleworth observes that HZ. mordaw being costate is dis- tinct from ZZ. alternata, and also from H. Cumberlandiana, described by Lea as tenwiter striata ; the fact is, that both his own and Lea’s species are costate, although the coste in the latter are not so sharp and regular, indeed on the last whorl near the aperture are partially obsolete. Shuttleworth states that his shell agrees, as regards the carina, with 1. Cumber- landiana. Ihave not seen an authentic specimen of 7. mor- daz, but looking at the description consider that it bears the same relation to H. Cumberlandiana, as H. Carolinensis to H. obstricta, and although with coste like the southern forms of HM. alternata already noticed, being carinated to the extent described, it is a variety of HZ. Cumberlandiana. 100 Remarks on Certain Species Hielix Cumberlandiana Lea. I subjoin a copy of Lea’s description, (Zrans. Amer. Phi. Soc., VIII. p. 229, pl. 6, fig. 61, 1840.) CARACOLLA CUMBERLANDIANA. T. lenticulata, carinata, striata, albida, fusco-notata, laté umbilicata, ad carinam superne et inferne impressa; anfr, quinis; apertura angulata, intus sulcata; labro acuto. Shell lenticular, carinate, striate, whitish, brown-spotted, widely umbi- licate, impressed above and below the carina; whorls 5; aperture angu- lar, within furrowed, lip acute. Hab,—Cumberland Mts. near Jasper, Tennessee. Dr. Currey. Diam. .54, length .14 inch. Remarks—Among many species of land shells which I owe to Dr. Currey’s kindness, were two individuals of this Caracolla which does not appear to have been before noticed. It has some resemblance to #7. alternata Say, but may at once be distinguished by its depressed, flat, lenticular form and carina. It is a very interesting species, and has a remarkable furrow above and below the carina; all the whorls are visi- ble in the umbilicus, and are striate all over. This beautiful species was extremely rare, even in American cabinets, until Bishop Elliott, after diligent search during seve- ral summers, discovered it in August, 1860, inhabiting a single spur of the Cumberland Mountains, near University Place, Franklin County, Tenn. In one of his letters to me he men- tions having found it on the ground, under stones and wood, in company with £. spinosa Lea, and also after rain creeping upon precipitous faces of rock, with a few //. alternata (the common Southern form), and Helicina orbiculata Say. My largest specimen measures, Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, Alt. 54 mill. Helix tridentata Say. This well known species varies much in size ; for a very unu- Siesta BN. | of North American Helicide. 101 sually large specimen, said to be from Tennessee, I am indebted to Mr. Henry Van Nostrand ; it measures, Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, Alt. 9 mill. (6 whorls). The comparatively smooth Ohio form is, Diam. maj. 19, min. 16, Alt. 7 mill. (54 whorls). A small variety from Goat Island, N. Y., is, Diam. maj. 13, min. 104, Alt. 53 mill. (5 whorls). A variety found by Mr. H. Van Nostrand, at Delaware Water Gap, Pa., has very rigid somewhat distant ribs. The position of the upper lip-tooth in this species is not abso- lutely constant, its distance from the lower one is variable. . Helix triodontoides nov. sp. Plate IV. fig. 11-12. T. perforata, globoso-depressa, tenui, subpellucida, pallide cornea, superne subobsolete costulato-striaté, basi convexa, levigata; spira brevi; anfr. 5 convexiusculis, ultimo prope aperturam plicato, antice deflexo ; aperturé rotundato-lunari, obliqua, coarctata; perist. reflexo, calloso, marginibus dente linguiformi, acuto, triangulari junctis, dextro dente in margine calli posito, basali dente obliquo munito, ambobus den- tibus parvis, inter se remotis. Shell perforate, globose-depressed, thin, subpellucid, pale horn-colored, with partially obsolete rib-like strisze above ; base convex, smooth ; spire short; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last plicately ribbed near the aperture, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture roundly lunate, oblique, contracted; perist. reflected, callous, the margins joined by a sharp linguiform triangular tooth, the right with a tooth on the margin of the callus, basal with an oblique tooth, both teeth small and far apart. Diam. maj. 93, min. 8, Alt. 5 mill. P uy, Habitat—De Witt Co., Texas, Dr. Newcomb!; Corpus Christi, Texas. Remarks.—It has been generally assumed that the ZZ. trzo- 102 Remarks on Certain Species f donta Jan is identical with ZZ. Zewasiana Moricand. Férus- sac (Bul. Zool., 1853) states that it is so. Dr. Binney, looking at specimens bearing Jan’s name in the Paris Museum, made the following note: “ ZZ. triodonta Jan is the shell which we have from Texas like H/. tridentata, with very small teeth ; it seems to run into H. Zewasiana Mor.” Dr. Binney referred to the shell which I have above described; if Jan’s shell is the same, it should bear the name given by him. W. G. Binney sent specimens to Pfeiffer, whose opinion is quoted (Terr. Moll. iv. 79, pl. 78, fig. 18), that it is var. of H. Tewasiana, but Mr. Binney now concurs with me in considering it distinct. H. triodontoides is a more delicate shell than H. Texasiana, and does not attain the same size. It is not as distinctly ribbed, is somewhat more elevated, and the aperture is more round. The last whorl is less devious at its termination beneath, the lip teeth are smaller and wide apart. In H. Texasiana they are close together, and the space between them has much resem- blance to the notch in H. hirsuta. In that respect, as well as in the form of the aperture, Moricand’s shell is more closely allied to HZ. Mooreana W. G. By. H. Texasiana varies much in size, which is not the case with my species. The following are measurements of specimens of the former in my cabinet : Diam maj. 114, min. 9, Alt. 5 mill. ce ce 8 <3 i 74 4 cc Helix imflecta Say. Say gives 8,ths of an inch as the greatest transverse diameter of this species; the size and other characters are, however, variable. For an extraordinarily large specimen, found at University Place, Tenn., I am indebted to Bishop Elliott; having 54 whorls, it measures, Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, Alt. 7 mill. A small var., Diam maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 43 mill., inhabits Taylor Oo., Ga. (Dr. Neisler), in which the superior tooth on A of North American Helicide. 103 the peristome is situated lower than in the typical form ; and in consequence the space between it and the inferior tooth is reduced. From Darien, Ga. (Dr. Wilson !), and St. Simon’s Island, Ga. (J. Postell !), I have a variety in which the epidermis has very little of the usual hirsute character; the aperture is more rounded, and the two lip teeth are small, in fact mere denticles. The parietal tooth is less oblique and more central, not being continued to the lower margin of the little reflected lip. Helix Rugeli Shuttleworth. The following is a copy of Shuttleworth’s description of this species (Diag. n. Moll., No. 2, p. 18). T. obtecte perforata, orbiculato-convexa, granulato-striata, parce setosa, corneo-cerea; spira brevis, obtusa; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus antice subito deflexus, ad aperturam valde constrictus; apertura depressa, dente valido linguiformi flexuoso in pariete aperturali intrante coarctata ; perist. reflexum, intus callosum, margine dextro dente magno obtuso profunde immerso extus subscrobiculato, basali dente minore transverso submarginali instructo. Diam. maj. 13, min, 114, Alt. 64 mill. Hab.—In Tennessee (Rugel). Obs.—Specimina plurima vidi. Variat magnitudine, sed semper major quam H. inflecta Say, cui maxime affinis; differt insuper dente parietali magis evoluto et angulatim flexuoso, et dente supero marginis dextri peristomatis crasso et valde immerso. As regards the form and position of the upper tooth on the lip, this species has the same connexion with /7. injlecta, as H. fallax with H. tridentata. Shuttleworth’s measurements show that his species is not always larger than Z/. inflecta. The following are the dimen- sions of the largest and smallest specimens in my cabinet. Diam. maj. 134, min. 113, Alt.6 mill. Cherokee Co. N. Car. Christy ! 66 6 9 a9 i <4 44 “ ® 104 Ltemarks on Certain Species Melix hirsuta Say. This species varies in size; in my cabinet are specimens which measure as follows : Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, Alt. 64 mill. “ “ 6 6c 5 66 4 66 The last whorl in front of the aperture, especially in the larger forms, is more or less angulated, but I have never seen a specimen carinated. The position of the parietal tooth is often rather oblique, but usually nearly parallel with the lower lip, and is more or less distant from it. The nature of the epi- dermis varies; in some forms the hairs are very numerous, in others comparatively few. Spiral impressed lines sometimes occur beneath the epidermis, at the base of the shell. Hielix stemotrema Ferussac. Terr. Moll. pl. XLII, fig. 4. W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. IV., p. 61) treats this as distinct from HH. hirsuta, “its characteristics being constant in post- pleiocene fossil as well as in recent individuals.” He does not, however, define the characters, and I confess that it is difficult to do so satisfactorily. In /7Z. stenotrema the notch is invariably small, and more central than in //. hirsuta ; the parietal tooth is more produced over the aperture, and its lower edge is a regular curve, not somewhat sinuous as in the latter and 7. spinosa Lea; it is also curved downwards at its outer extre- mity, not terminating abruptly, as usual in those species. The form of the parietal tooth, however, varies in /Z. hirsuta, from which Feérussac’s species can chiefly, if indeed not alone, be distinguished by the size and position of the notch. H. stenotrema is not found in the Eastern and Middle States. It does not vary much in size, seldom exceeding, Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 6, mill. Tennessee, Shuttleworth ! of North American Helicida. 105 . Helix spinosa Lea. This well known species varies in size. Large specimens from Alabama and the Cumberland Mountains, Tenn., are much depressed above and little convex beneath; they measure, Diam. maj. 14, min. 18, Alt. 5 mill. | A small var. from the Look Out Mountains, Tenn. (2000 ft., Bp. Elliott !), is proportionately more elevated above, and more convex at the base, measuring, Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, Alt. 5 mill. Helix Edgariana Lea. Plate IV. fig. 18. (T'wice nat. size.) This was described by Lea in the following terms : CaracoLia EDGARIANA. T. supra subplana, subtus convexa, rufo-fusca, enormiter striata, imper- forata; spiré brevi; suturis vix impressis; anfr. 5 planulatis, apertura angustissima; columellé dentem unicum longum et laminatum habente ; labro incrassato, in medio inciso. Shell nearly flat above, beneath convex, reddish-brown, irregularly striate, imperforate ; spire short; sutures scarcely impressed; whorls 5, flattened; aperture very narrow; columella furnished with a long lamellar tooth; lip thickened, in the middle notched. Hab—Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. Diam. .40, length .20 inch. Remarks—Among a number of Helices taken by Mr. Edgar were three specimens of this species, which do not seem to have been before observed. The carina is sharp. The form of the aperture is that of H. hirsuta Say, except that the superior and thick part of the lip joins the tooth of the columella; on the surface of the shell there is no hirsute character. Several specimens of the hirsuta accompanied them, all of which presented their usual globose character. It differs from C. spi- nosa Nob., in being smaller, less flattened, and being without the cilia. (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 31. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IX., p. 2.) To. Dr. Binney’s remarks on /. spinosa Lea (Terr. Moll. IT., 155), Dr. Gould adds the following: 106 Eemarks on Certain Species “There is a small variety of this species, having about half the usual diameter, and having its faces much more conyex, which Mr. Lea has described under the name of Caracolla Hdgariana. Mr. Lea says, its aperture has the form of H. hirsuta, except that the superior and thick part of the lip joins the tooth of the columella. We are not yet pre- pared to admit this as a distinct species, though farther researches may prove it to be so. The junction of the lip with the columellar tooth seems to have been accidental in Mr. Lea’s specimens; at least, we have several specimens, corresponding to his in other respects, where this character is wanting. Moreover, there is a large carinated variety of H. hirsuta, from the same locality, which, so far as the aperture is concerned, corresponds still better with Mr. Lea’s description. His other character, by which he distinguishes H. Hdgariana from H. spinosa, its being without cilia, is not constant, for fresh specimens of both large and small are well garnished with hairs, quite as abundantly as in H. hirsuta ; and the difference in the two species is that in the latter the hairs are erect, while in H. spinosa they are prostrate. Unfortunately the engravings were made from specimens destitute of hairs.” There are two specimens in my cabinet which accord entirely with Lea’s description, and also with fig. 2, Pl. XLIV. Terr. Moll., the habitat of one unknown, the other collected by Bishop Elliott in Tennessee. I have seen no specimen, agreeing other- wise with the type, in which the junction of the lip with the parietal tooth is wanting, and believe it to be a good specific character. H. Edgariana differs also from 7. spinosa in the following particulars: it is smaller, more elevated, and more convex beneath. In form the parietal tooth is most like that of Z. stenotrema, while that of 7. spinosa is more nearly allied to that usually prevailing in HZ. hirsuta. The whorls of £7. spi- nosa are flattened and exserted, the carinated edges of all being seen, but in H/. Hdgariana the upper whorls are rather convex, and defined by a well marked suture. _ Traces of hairs rarely exist at the base of 7. spinosa, and no scars indicating their presence are visible on dead or denuded shells, whereas in 7. of North American Helicide. 107 Edgariana there are distant short prostrate hairs, with strongly marked scars on the shell. Fresh or young specimens have no doubt the cilia, as in 47. spinosa. The specimen had from Bishop Elliott measures, Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 5 mill. Helix labrosa nov. sp. Plate IV., fig. 19, (twice nat. size.) T. imperforata, lenticulari, carinata, cara pone aperturam subobsoleta, solida, arcuatim striata, sub epidermide fusco-cornea ; epidermide tenui, supra setis prostratis munita; spira convexo-conoidea, obtusuld ; anf. 5} planiusculis, ultimo antice deflexo, constricto, basi subinflato, lineis numerosis spiralibus impressis sub epidermide ornato; apertura perob- liqua, anguste auriformi, dente valido in toto pariete aperturali linguee- formi arcuatim intrante coarctata; perist. calloso, reflexiusculo, margi- nibus callo sinuato junctis, margine basali incrassato, introrsum perdila- » tato, medio valde inciso. Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, the carina somewhat obsolete behind the aperture, solid, with curved stri, dark- brown colored beneath the epidermis, thin epidermis with pros- trate hairs; spire convex-conoid, obtuse; whorls 54, rather convex, the last deflexed, constricted, the base inflated, and sculptured beneath the epidermis with numerous impressed spiral lines; the aperture very oblique, narrowly ear-shaped, contracted by a strong linguiform tooth extending along the entire parietal wall; peristome callous, somewhat reflected, the margin joined by a sinuous callus, the basal margin thickened, inwardly much dilated, with a deep and wide notch in the middle. Diam. maj. 123, min. 10, Alt. 64 mill. Habitat.—Waschita Springs, Arkansas (Cabinet of W. G. Binney); Hot Springs, Arkansas (Cab. Smithsonian Institu- tion); Alabama (W. G. Binney) ; Tennessee (Bishop Elliott!). 108 Eeemarks on Certain Species Remarks.—This species has been confounded with H. Ldgar- dana Lea, from which, however, it differs in several well marked characters. The specimens to which Mr. W. G. Bin- ney refers (Terr. Moll. IV., p. 65), as being of Lea’s species, are of that now under consideration. The thickened and reflected peristome, and deep wide notch, sufficiently distinguish ZZ. labrosa from H. Hdgariana. The notch in the latter, situated in the centre of the aperture as in H. stenotrema, is in a measure obsolete, but in /7. labrosa it is strongly developed, and nearer to the outer edge of the peri- stome as in HZ. jwrsuta. The form of the parietal tooth of my species is like that of HZ. hirsuta, while H. Hdgariana is in that particular more like Z/. stenotrema. H. Edgariana, in fact, connects LZ. stenotrema with H. spi- nosa, but H. labrosa is rather allied to HZ. hirsuta, and insthe character of the peristome to 77. maxillata Gould. W.G. Binney has a pale, thin, apparently immature spe- cimen of /7. labrosa, entirely agreeing with it as above described, ® excepting that the lower lip is not thickened. Helix monodon Rackett. There appears to be no doubt that /Z. fraterna Say is a vari- ety of this species; the degree to which the umbilicus is open is very variable, it is comparatively rarely entirely closed. The parietal tooth is sometimes much elevated, approaching in form to that of H. hirsuta. I have several specimens in which the lower lip is continued as in the typical form, so as partially to cover the umbilicus, but in a subsequent stage of growth has its columellar termination duplicated, recurved, and united to the parietal tooth. Occasionally there is a callus, having the appearance of an incipient tooth, on the inner margin of the outer lip. The following are measurements of specimens in my cabi- net. of North American Helicide. 109 H. monodon Rack., umbilicus open. Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, Alt. 54 mill (63 whorls), Texas. “ce “cc ae “cs 6 oe 4 “ (54 6“ ‘ N. Car. #1. fraterna Say, umbilicus entirely closed. Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 5 mill (53 whorls), Goat Isl., N.Y. i eee OE ool oS ae ion ee Alabama: I have three specimens of 4. monodon, sent to me by Mr. Sloate, formerly of San Francisco, who assured me, on the authority, however, of another person, that they were found near the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon. I confess that I do not feel satisfied of the correctness of the statement. H. Leaiz Ward is the most striking variety, if not indeed entitled to specific rank; it inhabits by no means so wide an area as [7/. monodon or the var. H. fraterna, being found only, I believe, in Michigan, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. Mr. Frank Higgins, in his Catalogue of the Mollusca of Columbus, Ohio, insists on its being distinct. He says that it is found in the swamp prairies only, its station being very different to that of H. monodon, and that it never appears to extend its range, and does not vary in color of shell or animal. Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a late letter remarks, “ H/. monoden and H. Leati have entirely dif- ferent habits, the former is abundant in dry, the latter rare in moist situations and swamps associated with Amnicola lapi- daria Say,andothersemi-aquatic species. £7. Leadi lives during half the year under water and ice, while . monodon is found under the bark of trees and rotten stumps. If their stations were changed both would become extinct.” The measurements of my largest and smallest specimens are, Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, Alt. 4 mill. (64 whorls), Ohio. (c ce We (29 6 “ 34 ce (5 66 HE 66 Helix appressa Say. This species is variable in several characters. In Georgia it attains its greatest size; from that State I have examples with 2 110 Remarks on Certain Species six whorls, Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, Alt. 9} mill. Some south- ern forms are beautifully sculptured with numerous spiral lines, _ and have a narrow but very projecting parietal tooth. Near Nashville, Tenn., a small flattened var. is found, widely ribbed above, the ribs obsolete at the base, the lip widely reflected, and the parietal tooth arcuate. Say’s “var. a, Labrum with two projecting angles,” inhabits Illinois ; in some specimens the aperture and teeth are singn- larly like those of HZ. palliata. From Wilmington, N. Car., and City Point, Va., I have a remarkable variety,—depressed, with 44 whorls, the ribs far apart, and the surface between them somewhat granulated ; the periphery more sharply angulated than in other forms, and the parietal tooth more arcuate. Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, Alt. 54 mill. Specimens from Illinois have the whorls flattened above, and partially exserted, showing a tendency to variation in the same direction as /7/. palliata. Melix palliata Say. This shell has been fully identified, but doubts exist as to Say’s var. a., HZ. obstricta Say, H. helicoides Lea, and H. Caro- linensis Lea. Having had much correspondence with concho- logists, both here and in Europe, respecting those forms, I pro- pose fully to examine the questions which have arisen con- cerning them. In 1821 Say thus described HZ. palliata and H. obstricta, (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. U., pp. 152-154),— H. patyrata.—Shell depressed, with elevated lines, forming grooves between them ; epidermis fuscous, rugose with very numerous minute tuberculous acute prominences; volutions five, depressed above, beneath rounded, forming an obtuse angle exteriorly, which is more acute near the termination of the labrum; umbilicus covered with a white callus ; aperture contracted by the labrum; labrum widely reflected, with two of North American Helicide. 111 profound obtuse sinuses on the inner side above the middle, forming a prominent distinct tooth between them, and a projecting angle near the middle of the lip; labium with a large, prominent white tooth, placed perpendicularly to the whorl, and obliquely to the axis of the shell, and nearly attaining the umbilical callus, Inhabits Illinois. Length of the column seven-twentieths of an inch. Greatest breadth, four-fifths of an inch. Var. a.—A very prominent acute carina, destitute of minute pro- minences. Inhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch. H. ossrricta.—Shell depressed, with elevated lines forming grooves between them ; epidermis pale-brownish, naked; volutions five, depressed above, beneath rounded, with an acute, projecting carina; umbilicus covered with a white callus, indented; mouth resembling that of H. palliata. Inhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch. This species is very closely allied to H. palliata, but the epidermis is not covered with small elevations as in that shell, and the carina is very prominent and remarkable. In 1831 Lea described the following species : H. caro.inensis.—T. supradepressa, infra inflata, oblique striata, fusca, imperforata ; anfr. 5, spira maxime obtusa; apertura coarctata ; labro albo, reflexo, latoque, duobus dentibus instructo, quorum inferior longus et laminatus, superior parvus et conicus est, columella dentem elevatum incuryumque habente, columelle basi valde impressé. Diam. 14ths. Length {ths inch. Hab.—South Carolina, near Cheraw. Shell depressed above, inflated below, obliquely striated, fuscous, im- perforate ; whorls 5; spire very obtuse ; aperture contracted ; outer lip white, broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the inferior one long and lamellar, the superior one small and conical ; columella with an elevated incurved tooth ; base of the columella much impressed. Remarks.—I found a few specimens of this fine Helix while travelling through South Carolina three years since. They were taken from beneath the bark of an old tree. It is closely allied to Mr. Say’s pal- liata, but differs in the region of the base of the columella being more deeply impressed. The oblique strise are more distinct, and no specimen 112 Leemarks on Certain Species - which I obtained is in the least hirsute. (Zrans. Amer. Phil. Soc., NV. S.IV., p. 108, Pl. XV., figs. 33—a. b. c.) Caracouta Hericomes.—T. orbiculata, fuscd, supra plano-convexa, subtus inflaté, imperforata, oblique striata; anfr. 5, spira obtusissima ; apertura contract&é; labro albo, lato et reflexo, dentibus duobus instructo, quorum inferior longus et laminatus, superior parvus et conicus est; columella dentem unicum, longum, elevatum et incurvum habente. Diam. 18ths. Length 2>ths inch. Hab.—Tennessee, near Nashville. H. palliata? Say var.a. Acad. Nat. Soc. IL, p. 152. Shell orbicular, fuscous, plano-convex above, inflated below, imperforate, obliquely striated; whorls 5; spire very obtuse; aperture contracted ; outer lip white, broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the infe- rior one long and lamellar, the superior one small and conical; colu- mella with a long, elevated, incurved tooth, Remarks.——Among the fine shells brought by Prof. Vanuxem, some years since, from a tour through the Western States, were two specimens of this beautiful Caracolla. In its specific characters it resembles H. pal- liata Say, and HZ. Carolinensis described in this paper. It is destitute of the hirsute appearance of the padliata, and is entirely distinct in the flatness of the whorls of the spire. In the Carolinensis the base of the colamella is more impressed, and the whorls more inflated. (Zrans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢., p. 109, PL, XV. .gtgs, 84,00, 0,0.) On the cover of No. 6, of his American Conchology (1834), Say published the following note: C.. helicoides Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IV. N. S., is var. a. of H. palliata Say, H. denotata Fer. H. Carolinensis Ibid. corresponds by description and figures with H. appressa Say, var, a. Dr. Binney, in the Boston Journal (1840), and also in the Terr. Moll. (1851), places /Z. obstricta and Lea’s two species in the synonymy of HZ. palliata. W.G. Binney (Terr. Moll. IV., 1859) observes that the extreme variation of H/. palliata has given rise to considerable confusion. He designates HZ. Caro- linensis as “a prominent variety,” but holds 77. obstricta to be distinct, having no doubt of its identity with HZ. helicoides ; he of North American Helicide. 118 adds to the synonymy of ZZ. obstricta Say’s var. a. of H. palliata, considering that the descriptions agree. The name HZ. denotata appears in Férussac’s Prodromus. In the Histoire, Pl. 50, fig. 7, agrees with Lea’s figure of HZ. helicoides, but in the Expli- cation des Planches it is erroneously called ZZ. appressa Say. In the Bull. Zool. (1835), Férussae refers ZZ. Cawrolenensis to fH. palliata, and treats HH. helicoides as a variety of it. Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. Viv.) has H. Carolinensis in the synonymy of //. palliata, and IT. helicoides in that of ZH. obstricta. Ihave now quoted everything of any moment which has been written on the subject of the different forms of, or imme- diately allied to ZZ. palliata. There can be no doubt as to the HZ. palliata Say. It is im- possible, however, with absolute certainty to identify Say’s var. a. and his /7. obstricta, looking at the descriptions, and his note of 1834 on LZ. helicoides. Say gives Ohio as the habitat of the two first, which increases the difficulty, inasmuch as no carinated form, so far as I know, occurs in that State. Say, in 1824, separated ZZ. obstricta from var. a. 3 in 18384 he pronounced /. helicoides to be the latter, and did not mention the former. At the latter date he erroneously referred /Z. Carolinensis to H. appressa, and I believe that he was equally in error in referring /7. helicoides to var. a. instead of to /7. obstricta. | Judging alone from Say’s diagnosis of //. obstricta, I should certainly consider it identical with HZ. helicoides as figured by Lea, who, in his description, makes no allusion to the carina. Say characterizes the carina of /7. obstricta as acute, projecting, very prominent, and remarkable. In H. helicoides the carina is certainly remarkable; projecting from the edges of all save the apicial whorls, compressed, and overlapping the suture, as in /7. Cumberlandiana Lea, a shell unknown to Say. Under these circumstances I concur with W. G. Binney in placing ZZ. hedi- covdes in the synonymy of /. obstricta. H. palliata, var. a., is described by Say as having a very pro- minent acute carina, and destitute of minute prominences. 114 Remarks on Certain Species The only shell to which the description applies (excluding Z. obstricta) is H. Carolinensis or an intermediate form, and I am decidedly of opinion that Lea’s species has been misunderstood by authors; that it is in fact a variety of HZ. obstricta, to which it is nearly allied in epidermis and sculpturing, rather than of H. valliata, from which, in those particulars, it essentially differs. The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only constant specific characters which distinguish 4. palliata from H. obstricta. In the former the epidermis has ‘“ numerous minute tuberculous acute prominences;” the striw are close together, and somewhat irregular in development. In the typi- cal form the whorls are convex, with a well impressed suture ; the last whorl is obtusely angulated in front of, but not behind the aperture. The following are the dimensions of the largest and smallest specimens in my cabinet. Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 10 mill. (5 whorls). 14 66 17 74 14 66 8 14 (43 6 ye The species varies in the form of the whorls and extent of the angulation of the periphery, as follows. Ar. 8.—Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last more sharply angulated in front of the aperture, with the stria, especially behind the aperture, more distinctly defined. Diam. maj. 22, min. 194, Alt. 83 mill. (5 whorls). I am indebted to Mr. A. O. Currier of Grand Rapids, Mich., for beautiful specimens from Mumfordsville, Ky., and Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. Var. y.—Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to show the carinated edges of all excepting the apicial whorls, the last whorl with an acute projecting carina continued to the back of the aperture ; the umbilicus not always entirely covered by the reflected lip. Diam. maj. 214, min. 184, Alt. 7 mill. (5 whorls). Bishop Elliott collected fine specimens at Jasper Town, Tenn. of North American Helicide. 115 Melix obstricta Say. SYNONYMY. Helix obstricta Say Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II., 154, 1821. — palliata Say var.a. Jour. Acad., 1. ¢., 152. —- Carolinensis Lea Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. N. 8., IV., 108, pl. XV., figs. 38, a, b, c, 1831. Caracolla helicoides Lea Trans Amer. Phil. Soc., 1. c., 109, pl. XV., figs. 34, a, b, ¢. Helix pallcata Binney Terr. Moll. I1., 186, var. pl. XV., 1851. - var. H. Carolinensis W. G. Binney. Terr. Moll. LV, 57, 1859. From the dates at which this species and its varieties were described, the most distinctly carinated form must be treated as the type, although the nature of the variations is the same as in HZ. palliata. H. obstricta Say (H. helicoides Lea) differs from HZ. palliata in the following particulars ; the epidermis is free from “ tuber- culous prominences,” but has raised spiral lines between the costae on the upper and lower surfaces of the shell. It has ele- vated, rigid, distant coste, the whorls are subexserted and acutely carinated, the carina of the upper whorls compressed, and overlapping the sutures as in //. Cumberlandiana Lea. The umbilicus, as in the most carinated form of ZZ. padliata, is not always entirely covered by the reflected lip. The typical form varies in color from pale to dark brown, and also in size and elevation, as the following measurements will show : Diam. maj. 25, min. 22, Alt. 10 mill. (53 whorls). Cab. W. G. Binney, Lea! : “6 6 285) 8 20,4 (8h. & G whorls).'Bersh. Spr., Tenn., Elliott! My Cab. és PaO ATES 8 A (i ywhorls), Indiana, Dr. Ingalls! My Cab. 116 Remarks on Certain Species Var. 8. Whorls subexserted, carina less acute and promi- nent, partially obsolete behind the aperture, not covering the sutures. Diam. maj. 24, min. 19, Alt. 8 mill. (5 whorls). “ ‘<5 203 ce ive “cc Te 6 (5 “6 ). Bp. Elliott collected many specimens at Columbus, Geo. This var connects H. Carolinensis Lea with H. obstricta, and is generally found in cabinets under the former name. Var. y. Whorls more convex, the last obtusely angulated in front of, but very little behind the aperture. Diam. maj. 21, min. 17, Alt. 7} mill. (5 whorls). South Carolina, Lea! Cab. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Diam maj. 18, min. 16, Alt. 7 mill. (6 whorls). My Cabinet. This is the typical HZ. Carolinensis Lea, holding precisely the same relation to H. obstricta, as H. palliata to H. palliata var. 7. Helix vultuosa Gould. Pl. IV. fig. 21. I have lately received from Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, a very instructive specimen collected near Pine Town, Cherokee County, Texas, by Miss S. N. Bates. It is larger than the usual form, and has the characteristics of the species singularly developed. The last whorl is so pro- duced as to leave both the lip teeth far within the aperture ; the exterior scrobzeult are long and deep, the space between them being almost as much elevated as in H. auriculata Say. In specimens had from Dr. Gould, the edge of the peristome between the teeth is thickened, but in the example before me it is produced into an erect, white, polished lamella, 3 mill. long and 13 mill. in height, as shown in my figure. Dr. Gould remarks, that H. vultwosa differs from H. Teras- zana Mor., ‘by having no line of callus connecting the pillar- tooth with the angle of the lip, thereby forming a re-entering of North American Helicide. 117 angle.” There is, however, a callus at the lower termination of the pillar-tooth, extending nearly 1 mill. in the direction of the upper angle of the lip, which is shown in the figure of the aper- ture, Terr. Moll. IIL, pl. XL. In Mr. Currier’s specimen this callus extends for a short distance across the parietal wall, at a right angle with the tooth, and is thence continued upwards towards, but not so far as the upper angle of the lip. I subjoin measurements— Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 5$ mill. Dr. Gould’s specimen. * SS fie ga 1S migy «Ret? EA OE Ourrier’s’ It is curious to notice how much the increased development of the characters of HZ. vwltwosa gives to that species affinities, not existing in the typical form, with the group to which /7. auriculata belongs. But I should remark that some of the North American Heli- ces, especially the toothed species, are by intermediate varieties connected in a marked degree. Note on the Toothed Helices of North America. The frequent occurrence of toothed shells of the Genus Helix on the North American Continent is very remarkable. * In W. G. Binney’s “ Check List” of the species of “ Eastern North America from the boreal regions to the Rio Grande,” published by the Smithsonian Institution, 116 are enumerated, of which no less than 61 have one or more teeth in the aperture, or within the whorls. In his list of the species of the ‘“ Pacific Coast from the extreme north to Mazatlan,” Binney mentions 31 species, of which four have teeth, while 8 have them out of 31 named (exclusive of those embraced in the Pacific Coast list), in his list of Mexican Helices. Species similarly armed are numerous in the West Indies, and not unfrequent in Cen- tral and parts of South America. What office in the economy of the living tenants of the shells these processes, showing much uniformity of design, are des- 118 Remarks on Certain Species tined to perform, it is difficult, indeed impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to comprehend. When the teeth, from their form and number, contract to a considerable degree the apertural space through which the animal can alone protrude itself, they appear capable of affording to it protection against the entry of its enemies, or a means of removing particles of earth or other foreign matter adhering to its mucous-covered body, when withdrawing into its habitation. I am not, how- ever, aware of any differences in the habits of the animals of shells with and without teeth, which warrant such or any other theories as to their value. Shells with large and small, toothed and toothless apertures, are found inhabiting the same localities, and subject to the same external influences and circumstances. The form and position, and with very trifling exceptions the number of the teeth, are constant and reliable specific charac- ters. In proof of this, and as evidence of their value, [ may mention that when the aperture of a toothed shell is accident- ally broken, the animal not only repairs the injured part, but reproduces the teeth. Ihave specimens of /7. appressa, inflecta, monodon, septemvolva, and tridentata, in which, after the for- mation of the parietal tooth, the aperture and part of the last whorl adjoining were broken off, and the animals not only reconstructed the reflected lips of their shells, but added also the parietal teeth, the old ones remaining as monuments of the destroyed apertures. In one of my specimens of //. triden- tata, after completion of the shell, the animal continued the last whorl about 2 mill. beyond the lip, partially reflected the new lip, and added two incipient teeth in advance of the old ones. On Plate IV., fig. 20, a sketch is given of the very singular reparation of one of my specimens of JZ. sep- temvolva. The fracture was behind the aperture, which the animal in consequence abandoned, but it formed a new one by reflecting the outer lip, on the lower part of which it added a small tooth,—it found insuflicient space for another parietal tooth behind the old aperture. of North American Helicide. 119 A number of the North American Helices have, besides the teeth, the process first noticed by Lea (Obs. V., 60), as a “ pillar or additional column, placed like a fulcrum (buttress) in the interior, against the wall of the ordinary column, at the distance of a fifth to a third of a revolution of the whorl from the aper- ture.” Lea first observed this in /. spinosa, and subsequently in seven other species. He remarks that the fulerum “ will be found in some species to be a simple round column soldered to the paries of the main column; in others a compressed or flat- tened column extending into the cavity of the whorl.” The purpose, he adds, “of this fulcrum or buttress is very evidently instituted for the greater strength of the ultimate whorl, which, being very much enlarged, seems in some of these more deli- cate species to require additional support.” With regard to the particular use of this curious appendage, which exists only, so far as I know, in shells having the aperture contracted by teeth, I suggest that it acts literally as a fulerwm, in connexion with which the muscles of the animal have increased leverage power to draw back its protruded body into the shell, in the performance of which operation the teeth are obstacles,—yet many toothed shells are without this process. In repaired individuals of “. monodon, not only is a new parietal tooth added, as above mentioned, but the fulcrum is also reconstructed in its proper position with respect to the new aperture. The locality of the old fulcrum is indicated by a callus,— whether it was broken off or removed by the animal I am unable to determine. The following, framed from personal observation of specimens in my cabinet, presents an arrangement of the species of Helix of Eastern North America, based on the number of teeth, dis- tinguishing those which have the fulcrum, and also the cha- racter of the lip—whether simple or reflected. A. Lip sIvPpLE—NO FULCRUM. 1. One tooth within at base of aperture. H. perspectiva Say. * 120 Remarks on Certain Species 2. Two teeth within at base of aperture. H. suppressa Say. “ gularis . 3. Two internal lamelle. H. Jasmodon Phill. 4, Two or more internal teeth repeated in two or more series. H. lineata Say. “ interna “ “ multidentata By. B. Lire REFLECTED—NO FULCRUM. 5. One parietal tooth,* H. exoleta By. “ thyroides Say. “ bueculenta Gould. “ Wheatleyi Bland. “ dentifera By. “ Roemeri Pfr. “ Christyi Bland—allied in form to H. inflecta Say. 6. One tooth on lower lip.t H. profunda Say. “ Pennsylvanica Green, tooth not prominently developed. 7. One parietal tooth, and one on lower lip. H. Sayii By. 8. One parietal tooth, and one (lamelliform) on lower lip. H. elevata Say—var. without lip tooth. “ Clarkii Lea. “ appressa Say—var. with outer lip tooth, like H. palliata. 9. One parietal tooth, one (lamelliform) on lower lip and one on outer lip, H. palliata Say. “ obstricta “ * H. albolabris not unfrequently, and H. mudltilineata rarely have this tooth. + 1. albolabris, exoleta, and thyroides have often a tooth-like callus on the lower lip near its columellar termination. of North American Helicide. 121 10. One parietal and two lip teeth. H. inflecta Say. “ Rugeli Shuttl. “ tridentata Say. “ Vopetonensis Shuttl. “ fallax Say. ‘ 11. One parietal lamella, continued from its lower end upwards to superior termination of lip, and two lip teeth. H. triodontoides Bland. “ Hindsi Pfr. upper lip tooth modification of the notch of “ ventrosula Pfr. AT, hirsuta. “ Texasiana Mor.—both lip teeth ditto. 12. Modification of same form of parietal lamella, with no lip teeth. H. septemvolva Say. “ cereolus Muhlf. “ Carpenteriana Bland. 13. Modification of same form of parietal lamella, with two lip teeth, more or less lamelliform. L have also an internal lamina. H. oppilata Mor. “ auriformis Bland, upper lip tooth with incipient hook, “ avara Say. ] epper lip tooth with hook; the lip teeth especially in H. aurtformis and H. avara are modifications of the notch of H. hirsuta. “ espiloca Ray. “ Postelliana Bland. “ auriculata Say. “ uvulifera Shuttl. “ Ariadne Pfr. 14. Two parallel parietal lamine, with internal teeth. H., lJabyrinthica Say. H. Hubbardi Brown.* C. . Wir FULCRUM. 15. One parietal lamelliform tooth, lower lip more or less laminated. * The lip of H. Hubbardi is reflected. Brown in his description (Proc. Acad. N. Sei., Phila. 1861), by an oversight has the word “simplici” as well as ‘ bre- viter reflexo.” | 122 Remarks on Certain Species H. monodon Rack.,, lip reflected, var. with denticle on outer lip. “ barbigera Redf. ef H. Edvardsi Bland, small notch, lowerlip more or less appressed. “ spinosa Lea, «“ « &“ - H. Edgariana Lea, ‘“ ‘ “ stenotrema Fer., ¥ “ «“ . H. hirsuta Say, deep notch, “ és “ labrosa Bland, “ lower lip produced. H. maxillata Gould, no notch, lower lip produced and duplicated within the aperture. D,. Lip reEFLECTED—WITH FULCRUM. 16. Parietal process modification of § 11, and two lip teeth. H. leporina Gould—lip teeth modified form of notch, “ pustuloides Bland. “ pustula Fer. H. Mooreana W G. By. “ tholus.* H. vultuosa Gould, continuation of parietal lamella to lip inci- pient only. ¢ H. Dorfeuilliana Lea. “ 'Troostiana “ fastigans L. W. Say. “ Hazardi Bland. 17. One parietal and two lip teeth. H. introferens Bland,—allied to H. fallaw and H. vultuosa. 18. Parietal process modification of § 11, with lamella on lower lip and two extending downwards, forming, far within the aperture, a modified duplication of the lower lip, with notch having reflexed hook. H. hippocrepis Pfr. * H. tholus is, I believe, a large var. of H. Mooreana. * ‘of North American Helicide. 123 The four species having teeth, comprised in W. G. Binney’s Pacific Coast List, are H. germana Gould, allied to 7. monodon Rack., but without the fulcrum, belonging to the foregoing sec- tion 5; H. devia Gould, to section 8; HZ. acutedentata W. G. By., to 13, assuming from its affinity with ZZ. Ardadne that it has no fulcrum, and /Z. loricata Gould, which has a well developed tubercle, belonging to section 17. To these may be added H. Mullani Bland and Cooper (sec. 9), and ZZ. polygy- rella Bld. and Coop., which, unlike any other North American species, has, with an unreflected lip, a parietal tooth and two series of three teeth in each within the last whorl. Note on Variation in Species of Helix in Eastern North America. It will be seen from the foregoing remarks that many of the species of Helix inhabiting Eastern North America are subject to considerable variation. Without entering upon the question of causes of variation, I should notice that, with the exception of size, the variability of shells is rather in ornamentation than in characters which indicate differences in the structure of the animals, or can affect their welfare. The variations referred to are chiefly in size, color, sculpture, and degree of the angulation of the periphery. Wollaston (On the Variation of Species, p. 106) refers to the tendency exhibited by many Helices to have at least two abruptly marked forms, a larger and a smaller one. He says— “‘T have indeed been shown specimens by Sir Chas. Lyell of the HZ. hirsuta Say from N. America, one state of which is considerably more than double the dimensions of the other; and I believe it is a well known fact that intermediate links have not yet been observed to connect the extremes.” So far, however, as my experience teaches, I must say that, without exception, the extremes in N. American Helices are connected by others of intermediate sizes. al 124 Remarks on Certain Species The tendency of species, in different groups of the same genus, to vary as regards form in a similar direction, is certainly curious. 7. palliata Say, with whorls convex above, and an obsoletely angulated periphery, has a variety with flattened, sub-exserted whorls, and carinated periphery. The same dif- ferences exist between H. Carolinensis Lea and H obstricta Say, and although in a less degree in forms of 7. appressa Say. There is also the same relation between HZ. hirsuta Say and H spinosa Lea, and I may add between H. Troostiana Lea and H. fastigans L. W. Say. In the species without teeth there appears to be less tendency to carination,—but H. Cumberlandiana Lea has the same rela- tion to HZ. alternata Say as H. obstricta to H. palliata. There is also a carinated variety of HZ. enterteata Binney. It is worthy of remark that the striew in HZ. alternata and H. pal- liata are replaced by costew in H. Cumberlandiana and obsiricta. The geographical distribution of the carinated forms above mentioned is interesting. None are found in the Eastern or Middle States; they inhabit chiefly Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala- bama, and Georgia,—Tennessee being their metropolis. Darwin (Origin of Species, p. 143, Amer. Ed.) states the fol- lowing propositions,—‘ distinct species present analogous varia- tions; and a variety of one species often assumes some of the characters of an allied species, or reverts to some of the cha- racters of an early progenitor.” He gives as a case of analo- gous variation in the vegetable kingdom, the enlarged stems of the common turnip, Swedish turnip, and Rutabaga, remarking that, “ according to the ordinary view of each species having been independently created, we should have to attribute this similarity in the enlarged stems of these three plants, not to the vera causa of community of descent, and a consequent tendency to vary in a like manner, but to three separate yet closely related acts of creation.” I certainly am not prepared to accept community of descent as the cause of analogous variation in the American Helices above mentioned. . | Remarks on Certain Species, ke. 125 In connexion with the subject of variation, I may refer to the great length of time during which species have been per- petuated without alteration. In the Post-pleiocene beds of the Southern States a considerable number of the Helices and other land, and also fresh water species, occur identical with those now living. H. labyrinthica Say, widely distributed in North America, is said to be an Eocene fossil in England. When species have well defined colors, or colored bands, or other ornamentation, uniformly pale individuals are usually noticed as varieties. I have such, in my cabinet, of the follow- ing Helices, viz.: alternata, solitaria, albolabris, multilineata, perspectiva, thyroides, interna, profunda, Pennsylvanica, pal- liata, inflecta, tridentata, fallax, and hirsuta. In North America there is no species of Helix which, in its normal state, is s¢néstral, but I may record that I have reversed HT. alternata, thyroides, and Mitchelliana ; W.G. Binney has H. fallax, Mr. Isaac Lea HZ. wrsuta, and Mr. Anthony, I believe, H/. enflecta and LZ. solitaria. LIST OF FIGURES ON PLATE IV. Fig. 1-2. Helix espiloca Ravenel, Ann. Lye. VII. p. 115 “3-4. “ introferens Bland, i este Leh «8-6. “Christy ie ee * ' pa LNs © ont eo Wiheatleyio © a Haris OB 2) #:* 9-10. - > “Postelliana: ¢ € ey Daoe “ TI1-12.° “ triodontoides “ i « p. 424 “ 13-15. “ polygyrella Bland and Cooper, “ “ p. 365 SAG AT,