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PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

REPORT
Bey AL SOCIETY
TASMANIA,

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TASMANIA :
PRINTED AT THE ‘‘MERCURY” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART ‘TOWN.

1876,

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PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

REPORT
bee Y ABE. SOC Lay
TASMANIA,

Lo.

TASMANIA :

PRINTED AT THE ‘‘MERCURY” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN,

1876.

Gyvvrtya,
A%-Ohovy beard as

Page 37. —Fourth line from bottom, for “* Phalangesta,” read ** Phalangista.”
Page 43.—Line 19, for ‘‘ Pulmo branchiata,” read ** Pulinobranchiata.”
Page 45.—Line 15, for ‘‘ by the chair,” read ‘‘from the chair.”

Page 122.—In sub-heading of tables [I] and [K] for ‘‘Age at Death,” read

“Age.”

Page 125.—In sub-heading of last table for “ Age at Age,”

read *‘ Age at
Death.”

The responsibility of the statements and opinions given in the
following Papers and Discussions rests with the individual authors

the Society as a body merely places them on record.

Goantents,

Proceedings for March, 1875 ...

Wool, on Treatment of

Galena, Argentiferous...

Proceedings for April, 1875
ee md May, 1875

Kestrel, Nankeen, Occurrence of in acinants

Reed Warbler, ditto $

Blue Gum ( Luealyptus Gites preservation é

Domain, Improvement of, Mr. Sayce’s letter on.. ‘

On some Tertiary Fossils from Bebe Cape. By eine Rex: Saker E.
Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.8., &e. ... a ain bes Pc

On some New Species of Tasmanian Marine Shells. By the Rev.

Julian E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.8., F.L.8., &ce.
Proceedings for June ...

Domain, Improvement of, Mr. Abbott? s letter on.
a ae His Excelleney’s remarks on

Proceedings for July ... se

Domain, Improvement of, Discussion on’...

Proceedings for August ae Tee sad

Aboriginal Stone Implements, Mr. J. Scott, on ... = es “ee

Shells, Freshwater, Remarks on the Study of. By Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.G.8., F.L.8., &c. : x ee .. nes

On the Genus Fenestella. By the Rev. Julian E. Tenison-Woods,
ENG? Sse bes.) oc: re pre us He Be

Further Notes on the Salmon Bispe riment. By Morton Allport,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. i Mi she 3 a Ae

Notes on the Chlamydosaurus or Frilled Lizard of Queensland
(Chlamydosaurus Kingii, Gray), and the Discovery of a Fossil
Species on the Darling Downs,Queensland. By G. Bennett, M.D.,
F.L.S., Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania

On the Luplectella Aspergillum, Owen ; or ** Venus’s Flower Basket,”
a Species of Sponge belonging to the Alcyonoid Family, and a
Notice of the Hyalonema, or ‘‘ Glass Rope” Sponge. By G.
Bennett, M.D., F.1..8., Corresponding Member of the Royal
Society of paand a dee sae ae Ses ~

On the Freshwater Shells of Tasman By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.,‘&ce. ... Pe = eee

Proceedings for September a ae a0 a

Remarks on Flint Implements and Retreat ae ee Hevea a
Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., &c.

Frost Fish (Lepidotus caudatus ) ashen on shore at Battery ‘Point...

Proceedings for October ae ee eS wwe eas ar axe

OL

Qt
ry)

ly. CONTENTS.

Herbarium, Dr. Milligan’s, remarks on, by Rev. W. W. Spicer

Australian Trees, growth of, on Isle of Arran, Frith of Clyde

Proceedings for November oo See ots ot

Introduction to paper on new Re seitian Shells. By Rev. J. E.
Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., &e.

Proceedings for November, 1875 a se me ee ne

Port Davey in 1875. With diagrams. By the Hon. James Reid
Scott, M.L.C.

On the Vital Statistics of Pagans pret epecal Be terentect te the
Mortality of Children. By KE. C. Nowell, Government
Statistician = Ls wa ass oh coe 5 ae

Our Grasses (Queensland). By J. M. Bailey, Brisbane, Corresponding
Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania

Description of New Tasmanian Shells. By the Rev. a E. Panieda
Woods, F.G.S8., F.L.S., &e. fs oy Lt A

Descriptive Notes on a New Vaccinium frac Samoa By Baron Ferd.
Von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S. ...

Meteorology for January, 1875

- February, 1875
a5 March, 1875...

a April, 1875 ...
a5 May, 1875 ..

35 June, 1875 ...
a July, 1875

- August, 1875

53 September, 1875
3 October, 1875

ss November, 1875

December, 1875... :
Monthly Means of Observations taken at N ew er folk oe 1875
Report of Council for 1875 ate sa

ROYAL SOCIETY.

MARCH, 1875.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, the
9th March, M. Allport, Esq., V.P., in the chair.

The following gentlemen, who had previously been nominated by
the Council, were balloted for, and declared duly elected as Fellows of
the Society, viz., His Honor Sir Francis Smith, the Rev. Thos. Kelsh,
Messrs. John Kenrick Lewis, H. A. Perkins, and C. Dowdell.

Professor W. Harkness, of the United States Naval Observatory ;
Henry Heylin Hayter, Esq., Government Statist, Victoria; Fredk, M.
Bailey, Esq., Brisbane, Queensland; and A. Thozet, Esq., Botanist,
Rockhampton, were elected as corresponding members.

The Hon. Secrerary (Dr. Agnew) laid before the meeting the usual
monthly returns as under :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum in January, 1,579; in February,

1,221.

2. Ditto to Gardens ditto, 3,893 ; ditto, 2,923.

3. Plants, &c., received at and sent from Gardens during January and
February.

4, Time of leafing, &c., of a few standard plants in Botanic Gardens
during February.

5. Books and periodicals received.

6. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns—

1, Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.,{tables for January and
February.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., ditto ditto.

3. Mount Nelson, from Marine Board, ditto ditto.

4, Goose Island, from ditto, table for January.

5. Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq., tables for January and
February.

6. Sydney, from H. C. Russell, Esq., B.A.—Printed tables for Sepe

tember, 1874,
. Melbourne, from R. L. J. Ellery, Esq.—Ditto, for August, 1874,

The presentations to the Museum were as follows—

1. From Mr. H. G. Lloyd, New Norfolk.—Three specimens of wood,
and three of fossil wood, from Queensland.

2, From F. A. Blackman, Esq.—Two snakes, 1 lizard, 1 bat, 1 large
beetle, and a collection of land and,fresh water shells, from Warro,
Port Curtis, Queensland.

3. From the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods.—Three specimens of gold
from Devonian Rock, Smithfield Reef, Gympie, Queensland.

[Remarkable for being in close proximity to fossils (Devonian), and
occurring partly in quartz and partly in greenstone. The gold is not
pure, as will be seen from its colour, containing ten per cent. of silver,
and traces of copper, lead and iron. ]

4, From C. E. Morton, Esq., Grafton, New South Wales.—A female
specimen of a species of ‘* Walking-leaf Insect,” probably
Extatosoma tiaratum. (See British Museum catalogue of Orthop-
terous Insects, part 1 ; ‘* Phasmide,” page 170, plate 8, supplement. )

~a

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.

10.
11.

12.
13.
14,
15.
16.
17.

23.

2

From Mr. R.J. Harris, Sorell.—A large Black Snake ( Toplocephalus
curtus ).

From M. Allport, Esq.—A smaller ditto.

From ‘‘Jonah,” a native teacher from Samoa.—A model of a
Samoan fishing canoe, made by him when in Tasmania, and pre-
sented through the Rev. G. Brown, Wesleyan missionary. A
large sheet of Tapa cloth.

From Mr. D. Hancock, O’Brien’s Bridge.—A specimen of Spirifera
bisulcata, from slope of Mount Wellington. [An unusually large
and very perfect example of the fossil. |

From J. W. Graves, Esq.—A bivalve shell (Crassatella castanea )
from the North Coast of Tasmania.

From Mr. J. Ferguson.—A crab from Tinder Box Bay.

From Mr. 8. H. Wintle.—Samples of iron ore, limestone, and
coal, from the River Don, Tasmania.

From J. Simpson, Esq., Mercury office.—Sample of stream tin,
from Mount Horror, Dorset, Tasmania.

From Mr. E. N. Spong.—A collection of sponges, rock specimens,
portion of old telegraph cable, &c., &c., from King’s Island.
From Mr. C. H. Hall.—Specimen of tin in lode, stream tin, tin
nuggets, gallena, antimony, &c., from Mount Bischoff.

From Mr. F. J. Davies.—Samples of tin, antimony, silver ore,
peacock copper ore, &c.—From Stanthorpe, Queensland.

From Col. Crawford.—Sample of tin smelted from Mount Bischoff
ore.

From H. Hopkins, Esq.—20 Chinese ‘‘cash.” A ‘‘ Caltrop ”—A
sharp four-pronged instrument used in the late war by the
Chinese for scattering about the ground to embarrass the advance
of hostile troops.

. From Mr. Lewis, Geelong.—A large Echinus, from the Pacific.
. From Master H. Hull.—Egg of the Native Companion, or Aus-

tralian Crane (Grus Australasianus. )

. From Mr. W. L. May, Muddy Plains.—A curious marine incrus-

tation on shell of Pecten, from Frederick Henry Bay.

. From W. A. Kermode, Esq.—Two samples of salt from Saltpan

Plains, Mona Vale.

. From His Excellency F. A. Weld, Esq.—Two Lizards from

Western Australia. A collection of ornaments, nets, and other
implements made by the Aborigines of that colony.

From John Macfarlane, Esq.—Two specimens of the ‘‘ Glass
Thread Sponge” (Hyalonema mirabilis), from Japan.

[The Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods made some observations on this

24,
25.
26.
. From Mr. Hissey.—Skin of the ‘‘ White Bird ” of Kerguelen’s
28.

very remarkable object, and expressed his intention of giving
further details in reference to it at the next meeting. |

From N. J. Browne, Esq., M.H.A.—Specimens of Opalized
Wood from Meadow Banks.

From Mr. Prescott—Two specimens of the gladius or ‘‘ pen ” of
a species of Squid.

From the Hon. J. Maclanachan, Esq.—A Mountain Duck
(Casarca tadornoides ).

Land (Chionis necrophaga ). ‘
From Mrs. Buckland.—A framed portrait of the late Sir Henry
Young.

The following presentations to the Library were reported :—

From the Royal Colonial Institute.—Proceedings for 1873-4. _
From the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods.— ‘‘ Hume’s overland journey

from Lake George to Port Phillip, 1824.” Roots, &c., used as food

)

by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensiand ;” by A. Thozet.
«* Extract from Bulletin of the Acclimatisation Society of France,
July, 1872.” ‘* Lectures delivered at Industrial and Technological
Museum, Melbourne, 1872.” ‘* Hortus Kewensis, Epitome to ;”
by W. T. Ayton, 1814. ‘* Geology of Queensland,—Notes on,
by R. Daintree, F.G.S.”

From the author, F. M. Bailey, Esq., ‘‘ Handbook of Queensland
Ferns.”

From the author, Professor A. Liversidge, Sydney University, ‘‘ Iron
and Coal deposits at Wallerawang, New South Wales.” _‘‘ Nickel
Minerals from New Caledonia” (two pamphlets.) ‘‘ On Dendritic
Spots.” ‘The Bingera Diamond Field.” ‘* The Deniliquin, or
Baratta Meteorite.”

From the Royal Society of New South Wales.—‘‘ Transactions,”
1872-3.

From the Malacological Society of Belgium.—Reports of Proceedings
of vol 8, 1873; vol.3, 1874.

From the Entomological Society of Belgium.—Transactions of, series
2, Nos. 1, 2, 3, Nos. 96 to 100.

From the Department of Agriculture, United States. — Annual
Reports of Department for 1870-1-2 ; monthly ditto for 1871-2-3.

A specimen of Argentiferous Galena, accompanied by the following
memorandum, and forwarded by Mr. S. H. Wintle was exhibited. ‘‘ This
specimen of argentiferous galena is Tasmanian, and according to Melbourne
assay yields I am assured, 82 per cent. of combined metal, of which 48
per cent. is silver. The actual locality is not at the present time made
known to the public. I have not been able to find time to make any
test of it myself, but regarding it from its outward appearance it justifies
all that has been said of it.”

A subsequent communication from Mr. Wintle was read to the effect
that the specimen submitted for analysis was a picked one, and as far
as he could judge from a rough assay with the blowpipe, the sample of
the ore exhibited yielded little over 60 per cent. of combined metal—
silver being a little in excess of the lead.

Dr. AGNEW read a note from Mr. W. A. B. Gellibrand mentioning
that in reply to some enquiries directed to Mr. L. C. Miall, of Leeds,
he had recently received from England, a pamphlet and some papers
upon wool, together with the following note :—

** Keighley, Nov. 30th, 1874.
** Dear Miall,—The best authority that I know has been in London
at the sales for some time pack or I would have replied earlier. As to
New Zealand wools ;

*©1. It is better to wash with cold water if the fleece will ‘ scour ’
or cleanse well ; if it will not scour, tepid water and little soft soap
must be used.

‘© 2. The wool must be washed before shearing the sheep ; thus the
wool dries easily and naturally.

‘<3. The fleece should not be ‘ sorted,’ that is, made into different
qualities, but only the dirt and locks taken off. Every spinner has his
own idea of the kind of division he requires in the qualities of the
fleece.

‘*4,. Wool that is ‘dumped,’ or hard packed, is not really injured,
but the idea is prevalent among importers that it does not sell so
well ; as the appearance of the wool is injured by pressure. Herewith
you have printed information from the Chamber of Commerce, and

4

remarks in the two reports containing replies to former enquiries on
similar subjects.
‘* Yours very truly,

* Joun Brice.”

[The pamphlet and papers will be left on the table at the Museum for
the inspection of any person who may wish to peruse them. ]

The Rev. J. E. Tenison Woops, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., a corresponding
member of the Society, read a paper ‘‘On some Tertiary Fossils
from Table Cape.” [In alluding to the various works which he had
occasion to consult when writing his paper, the author took occasion to
compliment the Society on the richness of its library. He was both
astonished and pleased at being able to refer to so many authorities, and
it was evident that great care and intelligence had been exerted in
forming a collection of books, of which, especially when the limited
number of its members was considered, the Society had certainly just
reason to be proud. |

A short discussion ensued, after the reading of the paper, in which the
members expressed their extreme gratification at the help given by it to
the subject of Tasmanian paleontology. In answer to several questions
from Bishop Bromby, Mr. Woods stated that the Cretaceous formation,
upper and lower, were extensively found on the western side of the
dividing range in Northern Queensland. He added that fossiliferous
beds of all the leading formations were found in Australia, including the
Oolite, Lias, and Trias.

A special vote of thanks was then moved by Bishop Bromby to the
reverend gentleman for his able and interesting paper. He was sure
the members of the Society would agree with him in saying that their
thanks were more especially owing because the author was known to
have left himself but little leisure for such studies from the higher and
holier labours to which, as every one knew, he had so completely dedi-
cated himself, and at a time when barely recovered from a long and
serious illness, he had made this effort to fulfil a former promise to
them. The present instance was one which showed how the highest
interest in the cause of God was combined with ardent admiration and
knowledge of God’s works, and it must command their warmest com-
mendation as well as their thanks. Mr. Barnard seconded the motion,
which was carried by acclamation, and the meeting separated.

i)

APRIL, 1874.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, the
13th April. P. T. Smith, Esq., in the chair.

The following gentlemen, who had previously been nominated by the
Council, were ballotted for and declared duly elected as Fellows of the
Society, viz., the Rev. W. W. Spicer, of Jutland, New Town; and A.
Simson, Esq., of Brighton.

The Secretary submitted the following returns for the month of
March :—

1. Visitors to Museum, 1155.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 3113.

3. Plants received at Gardens—From Mr. W. Bull, London, 12
tuberous rooted Begonias, and 1 packet of seeds. From Jules de
Cock et Sceur, France, 25 packets seeds. From the North China
Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, 1 packet of seeds and bulbs.
From the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, 4 species of Dendrobium,
from Queensland.

4, Plants, &c., sent from Gardens—To Department of Agriculture,

Washington, U.S. America, 3 Tree Ferns, and 10 packets seeds.

. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in
Society’s Gardens during March.

6. Books and periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table and summary for

March.

2. Mount Nelson, from Marine Board.—Table for March.

3. New Zealand, from Dr. J. Hector, F.R.S., &c.—Meteorologica
Report for 1873 ; printed abstract tables from various stations foi
August to December, 1874. Monthly tables from Wellington,
September, 1874 to January, 1875.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From R. Butler, Esq.—A young Black Snake (Hoplocephalus

curtus), beautifully marked.

- From Mrs. Hooper, Battery Point.—A young Cuttle Fish, taken

from the stomach of a fish.

. From J. Miller, Esq., Carrick, per J. W. Graves, Esq.—A young

Kangaroo, from the pouch.

. From Mr, H. Judd, Franklin.—A curious Spider, found among tree

ferns.

. From Mr. F. Salier.—A Crab from Howe’s Island.

. From Mr. Radcliffe.—A specimen of dbacus Peronis from East

Coast Tasmania.

From Mr. J. Mezger.—Specimen of the Port Jackson Shark

(Cestracion Phillipi), from Adventure Bay.

. From Lady Dry.—A young Cuckoo.

. From Mrs. Parsons.—An albino variety of the common Opossum.
(Phalangista fuliginosa). A White Hawk (Leucospiza Nove
Hollandiv). A yellow-bellied Beaver Rat (Hydromys Chry-
sogaster). A Rat (Mus fuscipes ?). Specimen of (Antichinus
Swainsonii), A Bandicoot (Perameles Gunnii). A Petrel.

10. From Mr. C. Weeding.—6 stone implements of Tasmanian Abo-
rigines. Specimen of Native Bread (Mylitta Australis). Two
pieces of fossil Wood, ploughed up at the Eastern Marshes.

11, From J. E. Calder, Esq.— A collection of bones of Native animals
procured in 1870 from a cave at Glenorchy.

In reference to this presentation, the Secretary read a note from Mr.
Calder, from which the following is an extract :—‘‘I beg to send you

oO

0 SI ON PF w WD

6

the bones promised yesterday, that I got from what is called a bone-

cave on one of the basaltic ridges of Glenorchy, but which is only a

deep narrow hole, or fissure in the rocks.” (A full account of the

finding of the bones was published immediately afterwards in the

Lasmanian Times.)

12, From Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S.—A collection of Fossils from New
South Wales ; viz., teeth of Diprotodon and Nototherium, jaws of
fossil Kangaroo, Thylacine, &c.

This very valuable and interesting contribution was examined with
great attention by the meeting. The Secrerary at the same time men-
tioned what he was sure would give great pleasure to the Fellows, that
Dr. Bennett during his recent visit had taken great interest both in the
Museum and in the affairs of the Society generally, and that he had
promised still further contributions to the Museum, and also papers for
their publications.

The SECRETARY read a paper on ‘‘Some New Species of Tasmanian
Shells,” by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &c. This
paper, which was descriptive of eight new shells procured by Mr. W.
Legrand by dredging in Long Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel, will be
published in the next number of the Society’s Transactions.

The CHAIRMAN having reminded the meeting that the question of
undertaking the supervision of works for the improvement of the
Domain had on a former occasion occupied their attention, begged to
know if anything further had been done in the matter. ‘he meeting
was informed that a letter on the subject had been addressed to Govern-
ment, but that no reply had been received. It was understood, how-
ever, that the subject was under the favourable consideration of the
Government, and that the necessary works were only delayed on
account of the present scarcity of labour.

A vote of thanks to the author of the paper and to the donors of
presentations closed the proceedings.

7

MAY, 1875.

The monthly evening meeting was held on Tuesday, the 11th
May, M. Allport, Esq., V.P., in the chair.

Joseph Broughton, Esq., of New Town, who had previously been
nominated by the Council, was ballotted for, and declared duly elected,
as a Fellow of the Society.

The Srcrerary brought under notice the following returns for the
month of April :—

1. Visitors to Museum, 1163.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 2522.

3. Seeds received at Gardens—From Messrs. Macfarlane Bros., 10
packets seeds from Japan. From A. Simpson, Esq., Queensland Ferns.

4, Plants sent from Gardens—To Monsieur A. Verschaffelt, Ghent,
Belgium, 12 Tree Ferns. -

5. Time of leafing, &c., of a few standard plants in the Botanic
Gardens during April.

6. Books and Periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns—

1. Hobart Town, from F, Abbott, Esq.—Table for April.

2. Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq,—Ditto.

3. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Summary of observa-
tions taken during 1874.

4, Mount Nelson, from Marine Board.—Table for April.

5. Melbourne, from the Government Observatory.—Printed tables for
September, October, and November, 1874.

6. From the Meteorological Office, London.—Hourly readings of
self-registering instruments, at seven observatories, during October, 1874
(one sheet)

The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—

1. From Mr. C. Allen, Port Cygnet.—An Opossum (Phalangista
Suliginosa ).

2. From E. D. Swan, Esq.—Nest and egg of Reed Warbler
(Calamoherpe Australis).

3. From Mr. W. Peacock, Sorell,—A Nankeen Kestrel ( Tinnunculus
cenchroides), shot in that locality.

4, From J. K. Clark, Esq.—Specimens of Quartz, with penetrating
crystals of rutile, from New South Wales.

5. From A. K. Chapman, Esq.—Specimens of a species of Fluke
taken from a large diamond snake. 3

6. From J. W. Graves, Esq.—Fossil Wood from Risdon.

7. From Mr. J. Bidencope.—Samples of Felt in various stages of pre-
paration for hat making.

[This material is the first of the kind which has been produced in the
colony. The various stages of its preparation, from the unwashed wool
to the perfect article, are well shown in the presentation. ]

8. From the author, Dr. J. Barnard Davis, F.R.S.—An illustrated
treatise on the osteology and peculiarities of the Tasmanian aborigines.

[The Srecrerary requested the special attention of the Fellows to this
treatise. The illustrations were admirably executed, and as 2 record
of a race which has virtually just passed away from amongst us, it was
of peculiar interest to the Society. }

9. From the India Office, London.—Part 3 of ‘‘ The Flora of British
India,” by J. D. Hooker, C.B., M.D., F.R.S., &c., &c.

10. From Mr. S. H. Wintle.—The following specimens, obtained
by qualitative assays :—Bismuth and Copper, Mt. Ramsay, from
Sulphide. Bismuth freed from Copper, Mt.Ramsay. Copper from Mt.
Nicholas coal, Ditto, from Ferro-cupreous Pyrites in New Town coal.

8

In reference to this presentation the secretary read the following

note addressed to him by the donor :—
‘11th May, 1875.

‘* Dear Sir,—The samples of metal on the card accompanying this
are the result of qualitative analysis only. The copper from such a
source, 7.e., coal is invested with interest. The gold I obtained by
employing the iodine process, which is quite modern, vide ‘ Crooke’s
Select Methods in Chemical Analysis,’ p. 271. Neither Gold or Copper
exist in sufficient quantity to have a commercial value. ‘The crude
sulphide of Bismuth contains about 15 per cent. of copper.

‘“*T remain, etc., etc.,

6° S,. H. WINTLE.”

Presentations Nos. 2 and 3 were examined with much interest, and
in connection with them the CHAIRMAN offered the following remarks :—
About the middle last month Mr. Wm. Peacock, of Sorell, presented to
the Museum the beautiful specimen of the Nankeen Kestrel (Tinnunculus
cenchroides) now before you. Tasmania is not given asa habitat of this
charming hawk by Gould, and this is probably the first instance
of its presence here being publicly recorded, though I find another
specimen in the Museum labelled from Clarence Plains, and presented
by Mr. Luckman in April, 1873. These specimens are unquestionably
a great addition to the Museum, but it should be borne in mind by
farmers and gardeners that this bird, like its European congener, preys
far more on insects than on any other food, and is therefore not only a
source of attraction when wheeling in circles far over head, or poised
for minutes together apparently motionless, but is also earning our
gratitude by destroying heaps of grasshoppers and other insect pests.
Mr. Edward Swan has presented the Museum with the nest and one
egg of the Reed Warbler (Calamoherpe Australis) obtained by him in
Victoria, and has written me from Launceston, recording the presence
of the bird in Tasmania as follows :—

“St. Leonards, 21st April, 1875.”

“* My Dear Allport,—During the past summer I observed a pair of
Reed Warblers (Calamoherpe Australis) that had taken up their quarters
among a bed of reeds on the banks of the North Esk, near Launceston.
They arrived there in September, remained till March, and then
disappeared. As the Reed Warbler is not allowed by Gould to inhabit
Tasmania, and has not, so far as I am aware, been previously noticed in
this colony, knowing the interest you take in all matters ornithological,
I have much pleasure in informing you of its appearance among us, in
order that you may add another to your list of Tasmanian birds. I did
not find their nest, though I knew from the actions of the old birds
that they had either eggs or young near at hand; but I readily
obtained several nests in Victoria along the river Yarra, and in other
localities. These were, for the most part, supported by three or four
reeds, or fsuspended from the branches of willows overhanging the
water, so that they could not be reached from land. In one case the
nest was built at a greater height than usual, on a tree growing some
distance from the water. The Reed Warbler is a late breeder ; the nest,
which with an egg is forwarded you, was not finished till near the end
of January, nor the eggs laid till February. It is probable there are two
broods, for the young had left some of the nests found a month earlier.
As a songster, it is a success, its only rival here being the striated Reed
Lark (Calamanthus striatus), with which and the little Grass-bird
(Spheneacus gramineus) it may have been confounded, or, I think, it
would have been oftener noticed, as it most likely occurs in other parts
of the colony similar to the one indicated. The Melbourne bird-stuffers
did not possess any skins of this kind, else I would have procured

9

specimens. Gould’s is a good illustration, and to him I refer you for
description of plumage.
** Yours sincerely,
“¢ EDWARD D. Sway.”

A letter from Mr. A. K. Chapman, addressed to the secretary, was
read. The following is an extract :—

‘**Sir,—I have the honour to bring under the notice of the Royal
Society the desirability of some steps being taken to restore the rapidly
diminishing stock of our most valuable timber tree, the blue gum
( Bucalyptus globulus ).

** The blue gum is so eagerly sought after by shipbuilders that most
of the available timber has been cleared from the accessible spots in the
Huon district and other localities where blue gum formerly abounded.
Hundreds of young trees, of little present value as timber, but
inestimably valuable in a few years time if allowed to grow, are annually
felled merely for the sake of the seed, which is exported in large quan-
tities to countries, the inhabitants of which have more forethought than
ourselves. ‘‘ In France, Spain, Algeria, Egypt, California, the Mauritius,
and, coming nearer home, in the colonies of Victoria and New Zealand,
the Tasmanian blue gum is now being grown in large quantities, and
is highly esteemed, not only as an ornamental and useful timber tree,
but for the protection afforded by its shade, and for the valuable
medicinal qualities of its leaves.

‘«Even in the cold climate of England an attempt is being made by
certain enterprising perfumers to grow blue gum trees extensively for the
sake of distilling the aromatic oil contained in their foliage. While so
mnch is being done to encourage the growth of this valuable tree
elsewhere, we in Tasmania seem to be doing our best to render it
extinct, and it is with a view to reverse this very undesirable proceeding
that I now address your society.

I would recommend that the society should direct its attention to the
question of preserving the blue gum from extinction, and would suggest
that the Government be requested to reserve a portion of the Crown
land in the vicinity of Port Arthur as a state forest and nursery for
young trees. Much of the land on Tasman’s Peninsula is practically
valueless except for the purpose of growing timber, but with care and
attention I believe this land could be made a source of public wealth
if devoted to the purposes I have indicated.”

Discussion ensued, but the generally expressed feeling was, that
considering the enormous extent of country covered with the tree re-
ferred to, it was scarcely necessary to take any immediate action
towards its preservation.

The SEcreTary, after reminding the meeting that the Society on a
former occasion had addressed the Government on the subject of the
improvement of the Domain, mentioned that Mr. P. T. Smith had
recently taken a warm interest in the matter and had lately requested a
visitor to the colony, who was versed in matters of the kind, to inspect
the Domain with a view to giving such hints towards possible improve-
ments as he might think necessary. This he was kind enough to do,
and subsequently addressed the letter to Mr. Smith which he (Dr.
Agnew) would now proceed toread to the meeting :—

“24th April 1875.
““P, T. Smith, Esq., Macquarie-street.

‘*My dear Sir,—Since I had the pleasure of the drive through a
portion of the Queen’s Domain with yourself and Dr. Agnew, my opinion
respecting that reserve forthe purpose mentioned by you, is, that although
unrivalled as a site for an ornamental park, not only for the very exquisite
views it commands, but from the natural conformation of the surface,

10

yet from the extreme shallowness of the soil overlying a generally im-
pervious rock of considerable depth, it is quite unsuitable, without
enormous cost, for the successful culture of trees of large growth ; and
the stun‘ed appearance of the existing trees, is abundantly confirmatory of
this opinion. There may, nevertheless be isolated spots, of more or less
extent, possessing a greater depth of soil; but as these will probably exist
only in the lowest depressions, their existence to the landscape gardener
would be nearly valueless ; indeed the probabilty is that the entire area
is quite unsuitable, without a very large amount of labour, for the per-
manent growth of the kinds of trees necessary for the adornment of a
public park ; for instance, out of the large order conifer, which con-
tains some of the most beautiful, as well as some of the grandest trees in
the world, few would be found, without the special treatment hereafter
described, to attain to other than very miserable specimens, totally unlike
their natural character.

“Notwithstanding this serious drawback, I consider that much may
be done, at a moderate cost, to render this large area of ground more
attractive than it is at present. In the first place I would recommend
the entire removal, by grubbing, of all the dead and decaying trees, the
holes being*afterwards filled up, and the ground levelled.

‘*So far the work could, of course, be done without a plan, but it
would be indispensable before proceeding to lay out paths, to form
vistas, open out views, or to plant trees, that a design be carefully fre-
pared for the laying out of the entire ground. It is obvious that no new
work could be performed without such plan ; and with one, a great
deal of labour, otherwise useless, might be saved.

** After a design is adopted, the thinning out of some of the trees, the
selection of others to be left more closely together in groups, the opening
out of views, the formation of paths, and the erection of seats could all
be proceeded with, at a very trifling cost, under proper supervision.
The sowing of English grasses on some of the more prominent open
glades would also be one of the lesser expensive matters.

“The more costly work of planting new trees might follow these
preliminary operations, but in order that this may be done economi-
cally, I would recommend that some of the more prominent positions for
groups of trees and shrubs should be planted first, the ground for such
groups to be deeply trenched for the entire area of each group, rather
than the formation of isolated holes for each individual tree—the worst
of all modes of planting. This preparation of the ground, in compara-
tively large areas, is advisable at all times, but it is especially needful
here, where, in consequence of an almost impermeable subsoil, the surface
soil becomes so soon arid after the cessation of rains. Some of the
avenue trees might also be planted early, and in a similar manner, i.e.
avoiding detached holes for each tree.

** Probably the portion that it may be desirable to plant first would
be the comparatively narrow strip lying between the railway and the
drive on the northern side of the Domain.

“Tf these brief notes are of any value, as showing how the work of
laying out the Domain may be economically effected, and in a progressive
manner, they are quite at your service to use in any way you may think
proper ; and [ shall be only too glad, in my periodical visits to your
lovely island, where Nature has done so much, to mark the progress of
substantial improvements in that eminently beautiful locality, the
Queen’s Domain.

“Tam, my dear sir,
** Yours very sincerely,
<¢ J. SAYCE.”

Mr. Grant considered that the letter contained some valuable sug-

11

gestions. He thought the Domain was left in its present state for fear of
the cost of improving it, but in reality very little outlay was required
to effect a great amount of good. The gum and wattle trees in the
Domain were generally very poor, they would be well out of the way,
and the really beautiful trees of other countries planted in their stead.
Trenching on a large scale would of course be expensive, but in many
localities the English oak, ash and elm, might be planted without the
great expense of trenching, and by the richness and depth of their
foliage would be highly ornamental. The American rock maple, again,
with all the splendour of its autumnal leaves, would be a grand addition
to the beauty of the locality, and all these and other trees could be
gradually introduced at very little cost.

Mr. Suiru thought that no great outlay was proposed, but rather that
everything from the beginning should be done according to some settled
plan. The dead and dying wattle trees were quite an eyesore. He
would have them all grubbed out forthwith, and the dead wood would
pretty nearly pay the expense. By this means alone many fine views,
now lost, would be opened up. It might be worthy of consideration if
a public subscription to a small amount, say £200 might not be
attempted. A good deal could be done with this, and Government
might fairly be appealed to afterwards to carry on and complete the
work. He would like to ask how it was that a large portion of the
Domain was granted to be fenced off for the new cricket ground? He
hoped this alienation would be only temporary, as he had a great
objection to see this public pleasure ground cut into. It was a
disgrace that any portion of it should have been sold, and a few
wretched cottages, which were anything but an ornament, built upon
it. If Government labour was all that was wanted, surely if it could
be obtained for a race-course, it might also be available for the Queen’s
Domain.

Mr. BarnarD highly approved of the proposed grubbing out of all
diseased and unsightly trees, and thought the sale of the wood would
repay the cost. He deprecated any idea, however, of making the
Domain too artificial in its features. He would like it kept as a natural
forest. He confesssd he liked the gum tree, still he would be glad to
see some of our old English trees also,—not in such numbers, however,
as to overshadow the native trees, as the characteristic foliage of the
Colony ought to be carefully conserved.

Mr. STEPHENS remarked that the preliminary operations, such as the
clearing out of the old trees and opening out vistas, should be entered
upon with great care and judgment. These should indeed be super-
vised by a Committee of Taste. Government was probably afraid of
the expense, but if the Royal Society were simply authorised to
carry out the work according to a definite plan, he had no doubt it
could be done at a very small expense. He did not agree with a
suggestion which had been thrown out as to planting isolated trees here
and there, without much preparation of the ground. If the ground
were not thoroughly trenched, the trees would grow small, stunted,
and the reverse of ornamental. Even if English grass seed were to
be sown over the Domain, the ground should be properly prepared
for its reception.

Mr. Rure doubted if any more carriage drives were necessary, and
did not think the people generally would care to subscribe, as had
been suggested, for these. If any were to be made, he thought those
who would make use of them should construct them. He quite agreed
with Mr. Barnard in thinking that our native and distinctive trees and
foliage should be carefully preserved, and that the ground generally

12

should be kept as nearly as possible in a state of nature, and not reduced
to the condition of an artificial park or garden.

Mr. Grant suggested if Government was asked for permission to allow
the Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens to undertake the work, it
would be granted at once. Private subscriptions might be got up for the
expense of fencing, and the whole might be under the direction of a com-
mittee chosen from the Council.

Mr. RULE thought the suggestion might be acted on, and proposed that
Mr. P. T. Smith, Mr. M. Allport, Mr. Stephens, and Dr. Agnew be
appointed as the committee.

The motion was put from the chair and carried. :

A vote of thanks to the donors of presentations closed the proceedings.

FIGURES OF TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM TABLE
CAPE TASMANTA.

No. L—Yorebra simplex ( Woods )
U.—Voluta Weldii
IIf.—Natica Wintlei

IV.

— polita
V.—Typhis McCoyi
ues Meredithiz
Vit.———— Roblini
VIII.—Tritton Abbotti
1X.—Cypreea Archeri
X.—Venus Allporti
XI.—Crassatella oblonga
XII.——___—-_- aphrodina
XIII.—Lyonsia Agnewi

XIV.—Solecurtus Legrandi

aS
nll

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; LA 7 te
ie A
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; ?
‘ : y ,
} tie, f Pod i
ga) eo AS Aen —

ak - Py]

aL. ns :

a

in re, fo

t.€7.Lire

De

LA. Mereoiry

Se
TUR AI.

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: r; TA)
2
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i ghse
ba} P
» sy Se v oe
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7 ; Pe a)

Aree,

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J f L.Henn-&C? Litas

2 ny

LA. Meweosrn Dex Er Liip, L.Henn & C8 Lorn

18

ON SOME TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM TABLE CAPE.
By tux Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, F.L.S., F.G.8., &c.

[Read 9th March, 1873. ]

My attention has been called to some fossils in the Museum
of the Society, which are alleged to have been collected close
to the sea-side at Table Cape. They were presented to the
Society by Dr. Milligan, and consist of remains taken, as far
as I can judge, from three different deposits. In perusing
the transactions of your Society, I do not find that an attempt
has yet been made to determine the relations of these beds
to similar deposits in Australia. Neither can I learn that a
classification of the imbedded remains has been attempted.
The following observations on the subject may, therefore, be
of some little value.

Most of the members of the Society are probably aware
that extensive tertiary deposits are found in Australia. They
are, as far as known, restricted to the southern portions of the
continent. From Carpentaria I have seen fossils from quar-
ternary raised beaches, and also similar fossils from Perth
in Western Australia. Generally the eastern, northern,
and south-eastern portions of the continent are occupied by
Paleozoic rocks, and this seems to be the case in Western
Australia. The series of tertiary rocks in Southern Australia
is very complete. Commencing in the west side of the Great
Australian Bight, they are but little interrupted until the
high land of Cape Otway is reached. The only interruptions
are, granite outcrops about Fowler’s Bay, Port Lincoln, &c.,
and the axis of the Flinder’s range, which terminates at Cape
Jervis. Upon the flanks of all these, up to a certain height,
the tertiary rocks rest.

In some places, such as the Australian Bight, the beds are
nearly 400 feet in thickness, which give almost at one glance
a conspectus of the whole of our tertiary formations. Between
Warnnambool and Cape Otway there are equally perfect
series, but not superimposed. It will very much elucidate
what I have to say in this paper if I give an abstract of Mr.
Wilkinson’s report on geology of the Cape Otway district.
(See Reports of Geological Survey of Victoria.)

“The carbonaceous range which rises near Loutit Bay
reaches 2,000 feet, 12 miles north of Apollo Bay, and which
again falls to Moonlight Head, seems to have been an elevated
portion of the sea bottom during the deposition of the miocene
strata. From position and the horizontal manner in which
tbe upper beds of the series repose on the flanks of the range,
I am inclined to believe they never wholly covered it. ‘This
formation occurs, at intervals, round the dividing range to

14

Moonlight Head and thence to Cape Otway. Though not
again seen to the east of the Cape for more than 40 miles,
there can be little doubt that it was once continuous from
Moonlight Head, to Point Addis. The cliffs on the coast near
Spring Creek, 16 miles south of Geelong, expose a thickness
of about 300 feet of miocene strata. The upper portion of
the series is nearly 100 feet in thickness, consisting chiefly of
yellow sandy limestone, the calcarious portion composed almost
entirely of polyzoa and fragments of echini spines. The
characteristic fossils are Cellepora Gambierensis, Busk, Hemi-
patagus Forbes, Duncan, and the little Yerebratula compta.
Sow.—The middle series, which is about 150 feet thick, con-
sists of soft, blue, brown, or yellow sandy clays. Bivalve
shells are characteristic of these beds, the most common of
which are Pectunculus laticostatus, Quoy. The fossils from the
lower beds Professor M‘Coy regards as belonging to the Upper
Eocene.

“We find next Miocene occupying the base of the cliffs,
about a mile and a half west of the Aire river. Here occurs a
plant bed 17ft. thick, containing fossil leaves. This bed
consists of dark, almost black, argillaceous clay, with crystals
of selenite, and the crevices filled with a yellow substance,
determined to be basic sulphate of iron. This bed rests on
miocene strata, with fossils soon covered over with more recent
tertiary fossils, almost exclusively polyzoa, and a large Pecten
(Hinnites Coriensis M‘Coy?) Here a fossil seal’s tooth was
found (Phocodon Wilkinsoni M‘Coy?) which Professor M‘Coy
regarded as belonging to the same species as that found in
the miocene of Malta.”

I need not quote the abstract further. I only want to draw
attention to the leading tertiary deposits found in Australia.

1. The polyzoan limestone, with Hemipatagus Forbesii and
Cellepora Gambierensis. 2. Brown clays and sandstones, with
Pecten laticostatus, &c. 3. Plant beds, with leaves of species
not belonging to the existing flora, highly ferruginous, and
interstratified with mud, sand, lava, and volcanic ash.

The fossils in the Museum of the Society appear to me to
be taken from beds belonging to the lower part of No. 1, and
the upper part of No.2. There are also plants taken from a
bed similar to No. 3, and Ihave but little doubt that the plants
recently described by Mr. Johnson in your last year’s Trans-
actions will be found to belong to the same age. 1 now proceed
to describe the fossils.

1. Cellepora Gambierensis Busk.—This fossil was named by
Dr. Busk sixteen years ago, from specimens furnished by me ;
but as no diagnosis has ever been given, I proceed to describe
the species myself. Polyzoary, large cylindrical branching

15

irregularly, branches hollow, rarely encrusting, cells .inflated,
irregular, with large avicularium at each side of mouth, pro-
bably a socket for a vibraculum above.

2. Hemipatagus Forbesii Duncan.—Ann. Nat. Hist., vol.
xiv., p. 165.—I regard the above two fossils as very charac-
teristic of the upper (so-called Miocene or lower Pliocene
beds of Australia.) Thev are never found mingled with the
lower fossils, except in intermediate beds, and then only spar-
ingly, as in the present case.

3. Pecten laticostatus Quoy.—This shell is still a common
existing species in New Zealand, from whence I have received
specimens; I believe from Dunedin or Invercargill, Middle
Island.

4, Dentalium Kicksii Nyst.—This shell is described in
Nyst’s Coquilles, &c.,des terrains tertiaries de la Belgique. As
the work is scarcely accessible to Tasmanians, I give his
diagnosis, D. testa tereti, subarcuata, longitudinaliter striata,
striis irregulariter dispositis. He adds that this fossil is quite
distinct from D. striatum Sow. of the London clay, though
somewhat like D. grande and D. Bouei of Deshayes, Paris
basin. The ends of all the species seen were constantly broken.

Dentalium long and narrow,finely streaked lengthwise. Strize
variable in number and position, and sometimes a vacant space
or groove instead, sometimes irregularly placed between
slightly elevated narrow and sharp ribs, prolonged along whole
surface, and variable in number. Numerous transverse strie
indicating lines of growth.

6. Waldheimia.—This species was described by me in the
Transactions of the Adelaide Philosophical Society, and
figured by that Society in 1866. I find the synonym W.
macropora M‘Coy attributed to a specimen in the collections of
the Victorian Geological Survey. It is very common in the
Murray beds, and in the Geelong miocene.

7. Rhynchonella lucida M‘Coy.—I think the species found at
Table Cape will be found identical with R. lucida of M‘Coy.
It is common in the Geelong beds, and though probably
now an extinct species, one like it occurs in the tertiaries of
Spain in the glacial deposits, in the Norwich Crag (pliocene),
and is still living in Australia: that is, 2. psittacea Sowerby.

8. Cuccullea concamerata Reeve.—Very common in No. 2,
Australia, and many specimens here. Living at present in
the Mauritius seas, Nicobar, China. Figured by Sowerby,
Gen. Char. Shells, Vol. 1, and in Woodward’s manual.

9. Cyprea eximia Sow.—This shell was described by
Sowerby in Strzelecki’s New South Wales, &c., from a speci-
men said to have been found in a well at Franklin village,
130 feet below the surface. This, I presume, is near Laun-

16

ceston, not Franklin, at the Huon, where the surface rock is
voleanic tertiary dolerite. It would be very interesting to
ascertain if the tertiary formation is found at great depths in
the southern part of the continent, though a priori we might
conclude it would be so. I append a translation of the diagnosis
as the work is not generally accessible. Shell, ovately ventricose
somewhat thickened, smooth polished, produced anteriorly and
posteriorly, anterior prolongation the longest with two dorsal
tubercles ; posterior slightly reflexed; spire with two con-
spicuous whorls; aperture long, narrow, sinuous, canalicu-
late at each end; the posterior slightly ascending; external
lip toothed in its interior margin; the posterior teeth small,
anterior somewhat inconspicuous and interrupted ; the inter-
nal lip with sharp transverse sulci on the inner margin,
the interstices thicker and longer anteriorly, basal sides
thickened at the extremities snd somewhat margined above.
Mr. Sowerby adds:—‘“‘ A fossil cowry of very remarkable form,
bearing but a slight resemblance to any known species. It
slightly resembles C. Scotti, but distinguished by its length-
ened anterior and posterior canals, and by the two tubercles on
the posterior dorsal part of the anterior canal, and by the very
remarkable grooves or ribs of the inner edge of the inner lip.

I may add that the fossil is not uncommon in the Victoria
Upper Tertiary, though it occurs in the lower bedsas well,
having a wide range.

10. Trigonia semiundulata M‘Coy.—I take this name from
the collections of the Geological Survey, Victoria, though no
diagnosis has been published. The species is very common
in the middle tertiaries of Victoria, and is easily recognised
by half the ribs on the shell radiating, and half being
concentric. In this respect it resembles a fossil British
Oolite species, Zrigonia costata.

Corbula sulcata, Lamarck.—This species is still living
on the west coast of Africa, as Prof. M‘Coy (see Annals of
Nat. Hist. for 1866) has pointed out. It is very characteristic
of the Australian Lower Cainozoic. It is figured in Wood-
ward’s Manual, pl. 23, fig. 2 ; there are also excellent figures in
Martini (Chemnitz) pl. 172, fig. 1668 to 1671. Habitat of
living species, Senegal, about lat. 16 N.

Voluta Hannafordia, M’Coy, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. XVIIL,
new series, p. 367.

Voluta antiscalaris, M‘Coy, loc. cit.
Voluta macroptera, M‘Coy, loc. cit.—Several specimens, but
few old enough to manifest the peculiar extended outer lip.

All these volutes are well known forms in the Australian L.
Cainozoic.

17

Cassidaria reticulospira M‘Coy. Exhibition reports, 1866.
Victoria,

Ancillaria mucronata. Sowerby Thes. Conch. pt. 63, pl. 211,
f. 11.—This species exists in Tasmania, one of the very few
forms surviving in the present series. There are trifling
variations of character, but not, I believe, of specific value in
the fossil form.

Dentalium lacteum ? (Ditrupa?) Deshayes. Monograph of
Dentalium. Living inthe Indian seas. This isa doubtful
identification. The fossil is very common, and may be a variety
only. Another smooth Dentalium is living, and is found fossil
in the Vienna basin. (D. entalis Linn.) but is very distinct
from our species.

Turritella Tasmanica. u.8. (Diagnosis reserved for better
specimens.)

Natica ovata Hutton, Catal. Ter. Mollusca of New Zealand,
p- 9, No. 61.—This is a Pliocene fossil of New Zealand.

Natica Wintlei. 1.8.

Triton Abbotti. n.s.

Fusus Roblini. us.

Terebra simplex. N.s.

Typhis M‘Coyit. n.s.

Solecurtus Legrandi. n.s.

Crasatella oblonga. 1.8.

Crasatella aphrodina. n.38.

Lyonsia Agnewi. ns.

Venus Alilporti. n.s.

Besides fragments of a large Trochus, Haliotis, Corbis,
Waldheimia, too imperfect for identification.

Polyzoa are few in number, as wellas Foraminifera, bit
this must not be wondered at, as the deposits are evidentlv
transported from a distance. They are much broken and
mingled with coarse fragments of quartz and ferruginous
gravel, which seems to have comminuted the softer and smaller
particles into fine mud. This mud bas even preserved the
colour of the shells at times. Thus in the Solecurtus Legrandi,
which is very closely allied to the existing but larger species
in Brisbane, the pink colour ofthe shell is quite perceptible.

The corals of the deposit are not numerous, but of a larger
size than any found in Australia. Ihave found three des-
cribed species and two unknown hitherto. They are—

Placotrochus deltoideus. Duncan, Journal of Geological
Society, vol. xxvi., p. 300, et. seq.

Sphenotrocus excicus. Duncan, loc. cit.

Conotrochus M‘Coyi. Duncan, loc. cit.

The above are well known Australian Lower Cainozoic
forms. They are pedicellate corals and very characteristic. I

18

have found none of the eight described Australian L. C.
Balanophyllia, which give such a peculiar facies to the
Australian Tertiary coral fauna, since eight species of one
genus, and that a rare one, is a remarkable paleontological
fact. There is, however, a large cylindrical and much branched
Balanophyllia, with a dense rugose epitheca and peculiar
systems of cycles, which, [have no doubt, will prove most
interesting to science when determined, as it will be, by our
greatest living authority on corals, Prof. Duncan. There is
also a coral of the Heliastrzean type, which is also new in
Australian paleontology. Both have been sent to Europe.

Amongst the Forminifera identified, we have Tezxtularia
pygmea, T. agglutinans, Cassidulina oblonga, Rosalina bertho-
letiana, and some few others, all evidence of deep water, say
from 200 to 300 fathoms.

From the foregoing facts there can be little doubt that we
have in Northern Tasmania a portion of the great tertiary
formation which occupies so much of the Southern Australian
continent. From this we may conclude that Tasmania has
shared the general upheaval, of which there is so much
evidence as occurring in the continent during tertiary periods.
Until the beds have been carefully examined it will not be
competent for any one to hazard an opinion as to whether the
upheaval in Tasmania has been greater or less than that
observed in Australia, and whether now continuing or followed
by subsidence. The position of the beds is in longitude
eastward of any deposits in Australia, and proves one more
link to the union of these beds with the great tertiary forma-
tions of New Zealand. There can be but little doubt also
that the tertiary leaf beds, which Mr. Johnson has lately
described in so interesting a manner, form a part of this
upper tertiary formation, and are connected with similar
deposits near Cape Otway. A careful examination by a com-
petent botanical Palzontologist would lead, no doubt, to the
most interesting results.

As to the age of the beds, I cannot do better than append
the published opinion of Dr. Duncan, one of the secretaries of
the London Geological Society, whose kindness and industry in
attending to all my communications on the subject of Austra-
lian tertiary fossils have led to the great progress which
Australian Paleontology has lately made. I may add that to
him, Professor M‘Coy, Professor Etheridge, and Mr. Moore,
F.G.S., we owe nearly all we know of the fossils of Australia.

In the Quart. Journ. Geo. Soc., Vol. 26 p. 318, he says that
the corals of the Australian tertiaries are very characteristic.
They were not reef builders, but forms which tenanted the sea
bottom from low spring tide, much to the depth where polyzoa

19

abound. The species of the different beds have so great a
general resemblance, that they do not offer evidence of any
biological changes during the deposition of the whole. He
points out that it is inconsistent with the rules of geological
classification to subdivide the series into Oligocene, Lower,
Middle, Upper Miocene and Pliocene, which in Europe have
very distinct fauna. The percentage system cannot yet be
applied to Australian beds, as the Mollusca existing are so
little known, and a comparison of the corals would make them
older than the evidence of the physical geology warrants.
There was evidently in these periods much disturbance and
alteration of currents in the sea bottom, formed of Silurian
rocks, basalts, and carbonaceous sandstones ; conglomerates,
pebbly sandstones, clays and clayey sandstones alternated
under different conditions during a vast period of subsidence
connected with the outpouring of trap rocks, covering littoral
deposits and the gradually denuded rocks. The leaf beds
show temporary upheavals. The relations of the leaf beds,
clays, gypsum and basic sulphate of iron, so frequently seen
in Europe, are repeated in Australia. The chemical decom-
position of these beds accounts for their contortion. No other
disturbance is manifested in Australia in which the beds
contrast with the changes to which the tertiaries of the West
Indies, Europe and Sindh have been subjected.

Dr. Duncan thinks that during the long duration of time
during which Australia was a sea, there was open water
to the north, with reefs in the lava district and corresponding
formation, opening into what is now the Mediterranean,and the
Sahara tothe north-west. The Indian peninsula, and the area
now occupied by the Himalayas, and stretching far away to
the east, were not a part of a great continent. The greater
part of the American continent was submerged, and the Car-
ribean Sea was a coral sea. He then suggests that the
bulk of land must have been to the extreme north
and south of the globe. Australia and New Zealand,
he adds, were bounded on the north by a coral sea, and on
the south by a deep sea, asnow. In this way he accounts for
the persistence of earlier types in Australia, and its perfect
disconnection from Europe in its present and existing fauna
and flora. For though corals are known to have an enormous
range, very few are common to Australian and European
tertiaries. “The absence of any littoral connexion between
Australia and the points to the north in the tertiary period,
and the remoteness of the south of its area from any great
centres of frequent terrestrial oscillations, may explain the
persistence of type.” This persistence was infinitely less in
Europe on account of the more frequent changes in its physi-

20

cal geology. The distinct and comparatively quiet area of
Australia was hence tenanted by the same species, whilst vast
biological and geological changes took place in the European
area, formerly considered the type by which all others would
be compared. He adds that the extinction of Australian vol-
canoes, and the change in its coral flora, were grand phe-
nomena, which he also regards as contemporaneous with the
upheaval of the Alps, Himalayas, New Zealand, and the
closure of the Isthmus of Panama. He points out the enor-
mous denudation of the Australian area from the thickness
and extent of unfossiliferous deposits which cover the marine.
During the glacial period of Europe, he supposes that sub-
aerial denudation went on. The gold drifts, sandy ferruginous
clays, coarse pebble grits, and hard ironstone, cements and
conglomerates with the lava plains north of Cape Otway, are
of this age, and younger than the polyzoic limestones.

To all these conclusions I would readily subscribe, except to
that portion which supposes Northern Australia completely
submerged, and no land to have been north of the tertiary sea.
The following are facts on the subject:—l. The tertiary
marine fossiliterous beds thin out rapidly as they are followed
north. In the south-east portion of the continent this occurs
ina few miles, and in any case they are not known further
than 30deg. 8. lat. 2. The enormous development of upper
secondary beds in the north of the continent, and their com-
plete absence from the south. This seems to show that North
Australia has escaped the general tertiary denudation, which
would not have been so hadthese bedsbeensubmerged. Besides,
they are very soft in character, and so horizontal, that
they do not appear to have suffered any disturbance
in tertiary periods. Thirdly, the only tertiary rocks
which are found in North Australia appear to be either
subaerial or lacustrine. Last of all, the physical geology of
the tertiary deposits serve to show that the sea encroached
upon the present area of Australia in a great horse shoe form,
and that the contour of the continent gives a good general
idea of the shape of the great tertiary sea basin. Add
to this that the flora and fauna of the land seem to bea
connecting link with the secondary fauna and flora of Europe,
which is very easily understood, if we suppose a part of the
Australian continent to have been undisturbed. South
Western Australia possesses these features in the most marked
way, and this is the portion of the land, too, where the
physical geology is against the supposition of any submersion.*

* Dr. Hooker says the Australian orders (abundant there and rare else-
where) are very unequally distributed in Australia. There is a greater
specific difference between S.E, and 8.W. Australia than between Australia

21

In conclusion, Dr. Duncan suggests that the word
“Tertiary” should only be used relatively in Australian
geology, but all ahove the carbonaceous sandstones should
be called Cainozoic ; but this, I presume, is for Victoria and
South Australia, as there is a full series of intermediate
Mesozoic rocks in Queensland, and probably Western Aus-
tralia. He would refer all below the Mount Gambier lime-
stones to Lower Cainozoic. That deposit he would call
Middle Cainozoic, and all above Upper Cainozoic. The Table
Cape beds should therefore be called Lower Cainozoic. He
says that the tertiaries of New Zealand should be studied in
relation to those of Australia, and he regards the polyzoic
limestones of the North Island as the equivalents of the
Mount Gambier Middle Cainozoic. ‘“ At present,” he says,
“all that can be arrived at, concerning the relative position of
the Australian tertiaries, is that they were formed on a sea
bottom of the oldest rocks in increasingly deep water, during
a period when the denudation of the neighbouring coast line
to the east and north-east was rapid. They were very distinct
from the reef area of the period, and the physical conditions
of such an area were never present during the deposition of
these beds, which have a facies characteristic of all the Euro-
pean marine tertiary deposits above the nummulitic. They
were subjected to frequent volcanic outbursts, which covered
large areas with basalt and ash, and they were covered after
the general upheaval of the centre of Australia with lacustrine,
dune, river and torrent deposits, whose depth testifies to the
enormous denudation of the older rocks, The condition of
the high land on the extreme easé and west of Australia was
probably that of dry land during the whole Cainoz oie period,
and these districts probably bounded the tertiary sea.’

The italics are my own, as I wish to indicate those con-
clusions which are borne out by all that Australian geology
has taught me in many years’ investigations.

DIAGNOSIS OF NEW SPECIES.
Fossibs FROM TABLE CAPE.
(Note all measurements in French millimetres.)

TeREBRA Srmpiex,n.s. T. testa fusiformi-turrita, acuminata,
striis numerosis, flexuosis, tenuibus, transversalibus : anfractibus
planulatis superné, sutura vix impressa; apertura anqustata;
columella contorta, recurva, basi emarginata, labro angusto.

Anf. 18. Long 50 mil. Lat 11 mil. T. shell terete, smooth,
without grooves, finely wrinkled, with undulating transverse

and the rest of the globe, and the most marked characteristics of the flora
are concentrated at that point, which is geographically most remote from any
other portion of the globe.—Flora of Tasmania, The Introd. : xxxiii,

wo

Dy)

lines, suture overlapping, aperture narrow, columella arched,
twisted and recurved at the base, outer lip sharp.

A very simple shell withsmooth whorls. The specimen in the
museum has mottled brown spots at the suture, which seem
very much like the traces of former coloring. There is no
described species at all like it.

Typuis M‘Coyt,n.s., 7. testa ovato-oblonga, fusiformi-levigata,
quadrifariam varicosa ; varicibus spinosis (ult. anf. spin. 5) ;
anfractibus convexiusculis, tubiferis ; ultimo anfracto canali
longo, angusto, arcuato,clauso,terminato ; apertura ovata,integra ;
labro incrassato, varicibus 2 et 3 canali recurvo terminatis. Long
38 mill, Lat. 22. Anfr. 7.

T. shell ovately oblong, fusiform, smcoth, with four spinose
varices in each whorl (5 spines on each of the varices of the
last whorl) whorls convex, tubiferous, last whorl terminating
ina long narrow recurved closed canal, mouth ovate entire,
with a thickened lip, second and third varices uniting into a
recurved canal.

This fossil is somewhat near the Murex tubifer Brug. of the
European eocene at least as far as Nyst’s figures and descrip-
tions guide. Brugiére says (Encycl. Method.) that the species
is living in Ceylon, but no such shell is figured in Reeve or
Sowerby. The nearest congener in Southern deposits is the
T. Zealandica, Hutton, of the Wanganui Pliocene, but it is very
distinct.

Fusus Rosurni, n. s. F. testa contorta, fusiformi, anfr.
tenuiter longitudinaliter sulcatis et striatis, superne ad angulum
plicato-tuberculatis, tuber., acutis, subdistantibus (in ult. anfr. 13)
apertura elongato-pyriformi,superné angulata, columella contorta,
canali recurvo. Long.75. Lat.37. Anfr. 7.

F. shell twisted, fusiform ; whorls finely spirally sulcate and
striate, whorls seven, with a row of sub-distant somewhat
sharp tubercles on the outer sloping margin, which is there
angulated; tubercles 13 in body whorl, aperture elongately
pyriform, columella twisted, canal recurved. I have named this
species which is very distinct, after Mr. Thos. Roblin, the in-
dustrious curator of the Society's Museum, whose ready and
prompt assistance has been of the greatest service to scientific
investigators.

Fusus Graciuimus, nus. F. testa lanceolato-fusiformi,
gracillima, solidiuscula, transversim striata et sulcata; striis
subtilibus,confertis,nodulosis ; sulcis peculiariter plano-excavatis ;
longitudinaliter costatis ; costis brevibus interruptis ; anfractibus
convexis ; apertura angusto-ovata, superne angulata cauda
preélonga, aperta, gracili terminato. Anf.8. Lon. 33. Lat. 12.

F. shell, lanceolately-fusiform, most graceful, somewhat
solid, transversely striate and sulcate ; strie. very fine, close

20

and nodulose ; sulci in peculiar flat grooves; ribbed lengthwise,
with short interupted cost, whoris convex, angulate above,
terminated by a long open graceful canal.

This beautiful fossil is very near to Fusus acris (Reeve and
Adams) of the China seas, and & longirostris of the Vienna
basin. If many of each species were put together I have no
doubt gradations from one to another would readily be traced. |
They may be identical. Many miocene forms exist still
in China, and some of the European types closely approximate
to those living in the Eastern seas.

Nartica Winttet,n.s. NW. testa canaliculato-wmbilicata, obliqué
globosa, subtus concava, solidiuscula ; spira elongata, apice acuta ;
anfractibus rotundatis, tenuissime striatis ; apertura lunari-ovata,
eallositate parva, columnari umbilicum, vix intrante. Anfr. 5.
Long. 25. Lat. 19.

N. shell canaliculately-umbilicate, obliquely globose,
concave beneath, rather solid, spire elongate, whorls rounded,
apex acute, very delicately striate, aperture lunately-ovate,
columnar callosity small and only slightly entering the
umbilicus.

This fossil I have dedicated to Mr. Wintle, who has long
and industriously worked amid the Tasmanian rocks.

Narica Porira, n.s., WV. testa parva, nitida, ventricosa, sub-
globosa, umbilicata, fragili, levigata, transversim substriata,
long. lineis obsoletis fasciata ; anfractibus 5, subglobosis,ad sutur.
profunde canaliculatis ; apertura ovato-semilunari, mangine
sinistro reflexo, dextro tenui acuto. Anf.5. Long.13. Lat. 11.

N. shell small, shining ventricosely sub-globose, umbilicate,
fragile, smooth or transversely substriate, banded with obsolete
lines, suture profoundly canaliculate, aperture ovately semi-
lunar, left margin reflexed ; right thin acute.

This shell is very different from any existing or extinct
species, coming nearer to some European Kocene fossil forms
than any other.

Cyprma ARCHERI n.S. C. testa ovato oblonga, levigata, medio inflata,
utrinque sub-attenuata, antice subrostrata, postice attenuata, utriusque
emarginata, spira vix cooperta: apertura basim versus latiore ;
dentibus parvis, mumerosis, subaequalibus, long. 23, lat. 14.

C. shell ovately oblong, smooth, inflated, somewhat attenuate
at each end, slightly rostrate above, attenuate below,
emarginate {at both ends, spire not quite covered, aperture
broader towards the base and furnished on both lips with
numerous sub-equal teeth.

This fossil is not very different from C. sanguwinolenta
Gmelin (in Lin. Syst. Nat., p. 83406, N. 38) which is found in
the miocene faluns of Touraine and in the Vienna basin.
Compared with Haidinger’s figures, the difference is slight,

a4

but the actual fossils side by side are very different. I have
named this after my esteemed friend, Mr. W. H. Archer, the
learned Victorian statist, whose labours in every branch of
science are well known.

Triton Axssort, n.s., 7. testa elongata, acuta, turrita, varicibus
tribus,longitud. striatis, striis plus minusve interruptis vel nodosis,
(ad lab. et canal. requlariter alternatis) ; anfractibus irreqgulariter
convolutis, globosis, angulis tuberculisque biseriatim armatis ;
ultim. anfract. canali longo, arcuato, recurvo, aperto, terminato ;
apertura ovata integra, labro inerassato, intus denticuluto.

Long. 50. Lat. 30.

Triton shell elongate acute, turrited, with three varices,
spire-twisted, whorls globose, armed with two sharp angles,
on which are a series of sharp tubercles, the upper larger, 12
in first whorl, the lower becoming very small and obsolete at
the outer lip, shell long. striate, the strize becoming obsolete
or dotted, at the mouth on alternate lines; last whorl termi-
nating by a long, open, arched, and recurved canal, aperture
entire, outer lip denticulate interiorly.

This shell I have dedicated to Mr. F. Abbott, the curator
of the Royal Society’s gardens. Itiscommon. As in other
shells in these beds, there are distinct traces of color on the
shell, which has a bluish ground, with brownish square spots
in zigzag lines.

CRASSATELLA APHRODINA, 0.8. C. testa trigono-ovata, obliqua,
tumida, crassa, tenuiter stricta et sulcata, wmbonibus sulcatis
angustis ; lunulaimpressa, latere postico subangulato, productiore.
Long. 53. Lat. 44.

C. shell ovately trigonal, oblique, solid, faintly striate and
sulcate, umbones sharp, with more distinct sulci, lunule im-
pressed, posterior side subangulate and prolonged.

Votuta Wetpu, n.s., V. testaovato-conica, ventricosa, solida,
long. tenuissime striata, spira conica, mammillata ; anfractibus ad
angulum tuberculis acutis coronatis (tuber. ultim. anfr. 9) ; aper-
tura angusta ; labro simplici, crassiusculo, superne emarginato ;
columella arcuata, medio 4-plicata ; callo magno. Long. Al.
Lat. 22. Anf. 8.

V. shell ovately conical, ventricose, solid, long. finely striate ;
spire conical, mammillate; whorls with sharp-edged tuber-
cles at the angle (last whorl 9, and coming towards the middle
of the whorl near the aperture), aperture narrow, lip thick-
ened, simple, emarginate above, columnella somewhat curved
with four plaits in the middle, enamel, widely spread over the
lower part of the shell.

This shell is very near Nyst’s Voluta depressa Lam. (See
Nyst Recherches sur les coq. foss de Hoesselt et de Kleyn
Spauwen. p. 37, no. 29, et pl. iv., fig. 99.) Itis a miocene

‘

8]

faa
vo

form common at Bordeaux. Our shell is however thicker, and
the four plaits on the columella show its distinctness, though it
adds one more to the many instances of mimetism, that is to
say, forms, which seem closely approximate to types in contem-
porary European beds. This is especially seen in the volutes,
which Professor M‘Coy was the first to point out in describing
Voluta antiscalaris. The only living form at all near it is
V. flavicans Gmelin, which is Australian.

Lyonsra AGNEWI ns. L. testa ovato-transversa, inequilateralis,
convexa, concentrice striata et sulcata; latere postico attenuato-
rotundato, antico oblique producto, latiore, aperte antice et
postice hiante. Long. 82. Lat. 1. 44.

L. shell transversely ovate, inequilateral, somewhat solid,
convex concentrically striate and sulcate,posteriorly attenuately
rounded, exterior obliquely produced, broader, gaping at both
ends.

This fossil I have dedicated to Dr. Agnew, secretary of the
Society, to whose indefatigable labours the flourishing state of
the Society is owing.

Sotecurtus Lecranpi n.s. S. testa polita, oblonga, inequila-
teralis, latere postico elongato, utrimque subtruncato, hiante,
medio et postice oblique sulcata, sulcis prope marginem dorsalem
retrosim angulatis. Long. 44. Lat. 19.

S. shell polished oblong inequilateral, prolonged posteriorly,
subtruncate at both ends, gaping, obliquely grooved, grooves
angularly turred back near the dorsal margin and radiating
from the umbones towards the margin.

This fossil is very near to the Solecurtus Australis of Dunker,
which now inhabits N. Australia; it is, however, smaller.
Traces of the pink color of the shell are plainly visible. I
have dedicated the species to Mr. W. Legrand, of Hobart
Town, the learned conchologist, whose most painstaking
enquiries into our living molluscan fauna have resulted in his
monograph of Tasmanian land shells, besides many additions
to the marine fauna. I have also thankfully to acknowledge
the assistance I have received from him in preparing this list.

CRASSATELLA OBLONGA, n.8. C. testa ovato-transversa, ine@qui-
lateralis, crassissima,convexa,transversim sulcata,sulcis posteriori-
bus tenuibus, latere postico angulato, sinuato. Long. 98. Lat. 67.

C. ovato trigonal, inequilateral, very convex, obliquely
truncate behind, closely concentrically ribbed, the ribs becom-
ing fine striz on the posterior flattened portion, hinge large
thick, lunule impressed, with a distinct ridge from the umbo
to the base of the truncated flattened posterior margin.

This shell which is very distinct from any existing species,
and very large, is somewhat similar in form to C. attenuata,

26

Hutton of the Lower Miocene, New Zealand. It is apparently
rare.

Venus Atiportin.s., V. testa ovata, obliqua, anterius angu-
lata, subdepressa, tenuissime striata, albida, lamellis transversis,
subdistantibus, appendiculatis. Long., 29. Lat., 19.

V. shell ovate, oblique anteriorly, angulate, subdepressed,
slenderly striate, white, with transverse subdistant appendi-
culate lamelle.

This shell which very closely resembles V. lamellata var. sub-
depressa of Lamarck (1st edit. Hist. des Moll, Vol. 1, p. 349).
It is, however, a smaller shell and more irregular in the lamella
and not striate on the anterior side of the same. There is
but one specimen of this fossil in the Museum, and that very
much damaged. It is possible that a larger suite of specimens
may show it to be identical with the living form whose habitat
is Tasmana.

aT

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF TASMANIAN MARINE
SHELLS.

By Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, F.G.S8., F.L.8., &.
[Read 13th April, 1875.]

The following species of marine shells have been placed at
my disposal for description by Mr. W. Legrand, the well-
known conchologist of Hobart Town. They were all procured
recently in a series of dredging operations, conducted by the
Rev. H. D. Atkinson, in Long Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel.
They are eight in number, comprising three species of
MarGIneLia, and one species respectively of the genera.
Triroris, Oponrostoma, Hunima (?) Nemra, and Carpira.
Apparently they have hitherto escaped the attention of
naturalists, owing no doubt to their very small size, and pro-
bably also because dredging in the interests of conchology has
been almost untried in Tasmania. All the shells have an
Australian facies, that is to say, they are all more or less allied
to those species which are characteristic of Australia. The
Odontostoma seems to me, however, inseparable from a well-
known miocene fossil. It would be interesting to find well-
proved instances of survivors from the extinct cainozoie fauna
of Europe. Analogy would lead us to look for the survivors
here, and further investigation may show that the search has
not proved in vain. The following is the diagnosis :—

1. Carpira ATKINSONI, nov. spec. C. testa parva, fusca, suborbi-
culato-cordiformi, sub-obliqua, 16-costata ; costis radiantibus, nodoso-
imbricatis, lunula obsoleta. Long. 13. Lat. 12. millimetres.

C. shell small dusky, suborbiculately cordiform, sub-oblique,
16-ribbed ; ribs radiating, nodosely imbricate, lunule obsolete.

This shell has, at the request of Mr. Legrand, been named
after the Rev. H. D. Atkinson, who has given much attention
to dredging investigations. The shells are rather common,
but found in few other places besides Long Bay.

2. Nexra Tasmanica, ns. N. testa parva, fragilis, sub-fusca,
transversa, tenuis, inequivalvis, clausa, transversim regulariter sulcata;
sulcis paucis, latere antico rotundato, postico rostrato. Long. 5.
Lat. 3. millimetres.

N. shell, small fragile, dusky, thin, inequivalve, closed, regu-
larly transversely sulcate, sulci few, anterior end rounded;
posterior prolonged or rostrate. Long Bay, 6 fathoms.
The small size and regular sulci of this species easily serve
to distinguish it. Rare.

3. MarcINeLLA MINUTISSIMA, n.s. M. testa, minutissima, ovata,
ovuliformi, nitente-fusca, spira immersa; anfractibus swperne productis ;
labro modice incrassato; apertura curvata; columella triplicata,
superne obsolete dentata. Long. 3. Lat. 1. millimetres.

M. shell ovate, most minute, ovuliform, shining fawn color,

28

spire immersed, whorl produced above,lip moderately thickened,
aperture curved, columella tri-plicate, and above obsoletely
unidentate. Dredged ata depth of 6 fathoms. A single speci-
men, the only one seen during many years’ collecting in
Tasmania by Mr. Legrand.

4. Mararnetta Atiporti, n.s. M. testa parva, ovato-turbinata,
nitida, anfractibus superne sulcatis, spira conica, exserta ; labro incras-
sato, superne emarginato ; columella 4-plicata, apertura ad basin
latiuscula; albofusca pallide tri-fasciata. Long. 9. Lat. 5 mill.
Anfr. 4.

M. shell small, ovately turbinate, shining, whorls sulcate
above, spire conical, exsert, outer lip thickened, emarginate
above, columella distinctly 4-plicate, aperture slightly wider
at the base, color whitish brown, with three pale bands.
Found in the dredge at the same time as the above, with
three other specimens.

5. Marernetta Tasmanica, n. s. MM. testa fusiformi-oblonga,
diaphano-alba, nitente, spira acuta, elevata, anfractibus(5) ad angulum
callosis, labro rotundato, incrassato, eburneo ; columella tri-plicata,
exteriusque callosa. Long. 10. Lat. 4 millim.

M. shell fusiformly-oblong, translucently white and shining,
spire acute, elevated, whorls five, suture obliterated by a kind
of callosity, lip rotundately thickened, waxy-white, columella
tri-plicate, exteriorly callous.

This shell is much smaller and much narrower than JL.
muscaria Lam. with a somewhat sharp spire. It has little or
no colour, but the callosity at the suture gives it a white banded
appearance round the spire. It has rather a prominent
callosity above the columella at the mouth, and resembles JZ.
muscaria in the way the outer lip is thickened. Not uncommon
in Storm Bay.

4, Triroris Tasmanica. 7. testa, parva, sinistrorsa, elongata,
subulata, angusta, acutissima ; anfractibus nwmerosis, planatis,
triplict serie granulorum cinctis, ad suturam rufo maculatis ;
columella contorta, arcuata. Long. 9 mill. Anfr. 13.

T. Shell small sinistral, elongately subulate, narrow, very
sharp, whorls numerous, flat, circled with a triple series of
granules at the suture, spotted red between the granules;
columella twisted and arched.

Two specimens dredged up at Long Bay.

Oponrostoma. This genus was proposed by Fleming in
the year 1819 (Edinburgh Encyclop., Art. Conchology) for
turriculate subconical shining shells with flattened whorls either
smooth or long, or transversely sulcate, aperture suboval,
peristome continuous, first two whorls sinistral. Fleming
named the shell Odostomia, but Haidinger (Abhandlungen
der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, 3
band 1856), has pointed out that since the word is derived

29

from the genitive inflexion oSovros and stoua, the name should
be Odontostoma which I adopt.

5. OponrostomMa TASMANICA. n. 8. QO. testa, minuta, sub-fusca,
elongata conoidea, turrita, levissima, polita; apice, sinistrorso ;
anfractibus, 6-8, planiusculis ; sutwris distinctis; ultimo anfracto
subangulato ; apertura semi-ovata; columella wniplicata ; labro,
acuto, intus dentato. Long. 2 mill. ;

O. Shell minute elongately conoidal, turriculate, polished,
apex sinistral, whorls 6 to 8, somewhat flattened, suture
distinct, last whorl subangulate, aperture semi-ovate, colu
mella uniplicate, outer lip acute, and toothed within.

Tecan find no difference whatever between this shell and
the minute shell of our Upper European tertiary (O. plicatus
Wood in the monograph of Crag, Mollusca synon. Turbo
plicatus Montague Testacea Britannica, vol. 1, p. 85. Plate
9, fig. 3.) It is probable, however, that an extensive comparison
of specimens might show them to be distinct. The present
species was dredged up from Long Bay by Mr. Legrand.

It should be remarked that Odontostoma is a synonym of
of D’Orbigny (1841) for Proserpina and the name should be
carefully distinguished from Odontostomus, separated from
Bulimus by Beck, in 1837. The present species seems to be
very near O. nitida. Alder.

6. Evria Tasmantca, ns. LH. testa minuta, swb-fusca, elongato-
conoidea, imperforata, levigata, polita ; apertura integra, rotundata ;
labro incrassato; labio reflexo. Anfractibus (6) convexvusculis.
Long. 3 mil.

E. shell minute, dusky, elongately conoid, imperforate,
smooth, polished, aperture entire, rounded, outer lip thickened,
inner lip reflexed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex. Long Bay;
6 fathoms. W. Legrand.

This minute shell is doubtfully referred to Eulima; but
there appears to be no other genus now under which it can be
appropriately placed. Its somewhat depressed form makes it
like the preceding species in shape, but it is a larger
shell. Under the microscope, the absence of any folds on the
columella, the entire or reflexed lip, readily distinguish it.
It is not common,

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31

JUNE, 1875.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday,
the 8th June. ‘There was an unusually large number of the Fellows
present. The chair was occupied by His Excellency the Governor,
as President of the Society.

Messrs. W. J. J. Reynolds and F. S. Edgar, who had previously been
nominated by the Council, were ballotted for and declared duly elected
as Fellows of the Society.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the usual
monthly returns, viz. :—

1. Visitors to Museum during May, 1,017.

2. Visitors to Gardens ditto, 2,349.

3. Plants and seeds sent from Gardens:—To Mons. A. Verschaffet,
Ghent, Belgium, 12 tree ferns. To Dobroyd Nursery, Ashfield,
Sydney, one package of plants. Packages of seeds were for-
warded to Mr. C. F. Creswell ; Mr. B. E. Heyne, Adelaide ;
Baron von Mueller ; the Department of Agriculture, Washington,
United States; the Royal Gardens, Kew, England; Mr. W.
Bull, London ; the Acclimatisation Society of Queensland ;
Mr. C. Hollinsdale, Mr. Latham, and Colonel Crawford.

4, Plants and seeds received at Gardens:—From Baron F. von
Mueller, seeds of Vaccinium macrocarpum, and Rhus coriaria,
From the Department of Agriculture, Washington, four packets
of seeds. From Colonel Crawford, four packets of seeds of
conifer from India. From Mr. E. B. Heyne, Adelaide, 200
packets seeds. From Mr. C. Hollinsdale, 21 packets seeds.
From Mr. T. Johnston, seeds of five species of Palms. From
Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand, two cases of plants.
Through detention in transit, all the latter had perished.

[His Excellency remarked he had recently received a number of
plants, many of them of great value, from New Zealand. After re-
serving a few for the Gardens at Government House, he would be
happy to present the remainder to the Society’s Gardens. ]

5. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants

in the Botanic Gardens.

6. Books and periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum and Library.

Meteorological Returns—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for May.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.

3. Mount Nelson, from Marine Board.—Ditto.

4. Sydney, N.S.W., from the Government Observatory, printed

tables for December, 1874.—Results of observations made during
the year 1873.

The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—

1. From Mr. B. R. Dyer, Battery Point. —A Hooded Dottrell ( Wyialites
monacha), shot at Sandy Bay.

2. From Mr. D, Chisholm.—Casts of Roots of Trees, from the Five-
Mile Beach, Forcett.

3. From G. Bennett, Esq., M.D., F.Z.S., Sydney.—A specimen of a
Curious Bird (Didunculus strigirostris), from the Samoan Islands.
A specimen of the Frilled Lizard (Chlamydosaurus Kingii). ‘Two
specimens of the very beautiful Sponge, known as ‘‘ Venus’
Flower Basket ” (Zuplectella aspergillum), from the China Seas.

[This remarkable object, certainly one of the most beautiful in the
whole range of Natural History, was examined with great interest by
all present. The secretary mentioned that Dr. Bennett had informed

32

him a full description of the presentation would be forwarded in time
for next meeting. |

4, From Master Stanfield, Clarence Plains.— A Black-cheeked Falcon

(Falco melanogenys ).
. From Mr. J. Bailey, Blue Hills, Oatlands. —The cast skin of a
Snake, very perfect.
. From Captain Reynolds.—The tail of a species of Ray.
. From Mr. Thomas Genge, Sandy Bay.—Nine Pheasants’ Eggs.
. From Dr. Wm. Walker.—A large specimen of Native Copper from

New South Wales.

From Miss Wilson.—Specimen of ‘‘ Copper Moss” from Swansea,

Wales. <A water-color view of Hobart Town, taken in 1820.

10. Water-color drawings by Mrs. C. Meredith of fossil shells from tke
North Coast, described in a paper lately read by the Rev. J. H.
Tenison Woods.

[The Rev. J. E.T. Woops drew the special attention of the meeting to
these drawings illustrative of hisformer paper. They were beautifully
executed, and most accurate in drawing, and he was sure would receive,
as they well deserved, the warmest thanks of the Society. ]

The Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, F.G.S., etc., read a very able and
interesting paper ‘‘ On the Fossil Genus Fenestella.” The paper was
introduced by some preliminary remarks by the writer, and various por-
tions of it were illustrated by observations bearing on the general
subject of Fossil Polyzoa.

In connection with the discussion held at last evening meeting on
the improvement of the Domain, the following letter from Mr. Abbott,
the Superintendent of the Gardens, was read :—

““ Royal Society’s Gardens,
‘* 8th June, 1875.

1 OND OK

‘The Council of the Royal Society.

**Gentlemen,—As it is probable the question of improvement of the
domain will engage the attention of the Council at its next meeting,
Ihave thought it advisable to forward a few remarks bearing on the
subject.

‘* As to the desirability of the work being undertaken, provided suf-
ficient funds are forthcoming to carry it to a successfulissue, there can
be but little or nodoubt. Having resided in the domain for a period
of 24 years, and having during that time repeatedly traversed every
part of it, the question of its improvement has frequently been present
ip my mind, and one time or another I have bestowed a good deal of
thought on the matter.

‘*The removal of dead or dying trees, and surface stones, and the
extraction of stumps, from the more prominent parts, are but pre-
liminary operations, that would be necessary in any case, before any
real improvement could be undertaken. There seems to be an impres-
sion that the sale of the timber would repay the cost of collecting and
grubbing, but I consider this to be quite a mistake. The Society has
had the privilege for many years of removing the fallen timber, and
I have had an opportunity of estimating the actual cost, and labour, of
collecting and carting it. This J have always considered to be equal to
12s, per ton, or about one third more than better wood could be bought
for in bulk.

‘* Supposing a Jarge quantity to be cut down at once, the cost of
collecting would probably be lessened, and perhaps the sale of the
timber might realise sufficient to pay for cutting ‘and collecting, but not
more than this; it would certainly not cover the expense of extracting
the stumps.

“*Mr, Sayce in his letter read at the last meeting of the Society,

338

speaks of the subsoil as being impervious, but this I cannot admit in
the true sense of the word. Toacertain extent it may be impenetrable
to the roots of plants, but certainly not impervious to moisture. It
is in fact just the reverse of this. Being composed of greenstone gravel,
one of its great merits would be its efficient drainage, and, although not
wishing to advocate planting in holes—-for I agree with all Mr. Sayce
says on this point—yet I would not hesitate to adopt this plan, to
facilitate operations, in most parts of the Domain. This, however, should
only be done where plants are ready for planting before the ground
has been thoroughly prepared, and the intermediate spaces should be
trenched as soon as possible afterwards.

“‘Too little attention is often bestowed on the proper planting
of trees; the prevailing desire appears to be immediate effect, and this
is too frequently purchased at the expense of the after welfare of the
plants themselves.

‘When entering on a work of this kind it should be remembered that
it is not the present generation which will reap the full benefit of it—that
will remain as a valuable and enduring legacy to future generations.

‘There is ample scope for improvement without doubt, and I hold a
higher estimate of the capabilities of the soil itself than has been attri-
buted to it. I believe it will be found that there are but few parts
of the Domain where a depth of 3 feet could not be obtained by trench-
ing, and even a greater depth on many of the lower parts, were it
desirable. A free admixture of the greenstone gravel with the top soil
would be beneficial to most plants, especially to conifer, which appear
to luxuriate in a soil composed of little else than this loosened green-
stone.

‘If the surface soil was properly attended to this depth would b
sufficient to enable most plants to grow to more or less perfection ; but
certainly not to that degree of perfection which trees attain to in their
most favourable natural habitats, as this is rarely arrived at in artificial
plantations.

‘* Attention has been drawn to the stunted appearance of the trees at
present in the Domain, and this has been taken as an indication that
the soil was not capable of growing trees to perfection, but I do not
think the reasons for this stunted appearance have been properly con-
sidered. In the first place there can be no doubt that between 20 and 30
years ago, many of the largest gum trees were cut down, some, I
believe, for shipbuilding purposes; and, again, during the whole of
this time the surface has been depastured by sheep and cattle, which
has had the combined effect of consolidating the surface, and preventing
any seedling trees from springing up to supply the place of those re-
moved. The wattles again present a most unsightly and stunted
appearance, and, being naturally short-lived trees, are evidently rapidly
hastening to decay. This is partly due to the cause just mentioned,
and partly to the fact that the lower branches have generally been
browsed off when the trees were young. Again,,the depasturing of cattle
has not only consolidated the surface, but ithas kept the grass close
grazed, which may be considered as removing nature’s mulching, the
effect of which is that the rains, instead of soaking into the ground, rush
precipitately to the water-courses, and thence to the sea, and what
little does enter the soil is quickly dried up by the sunand wind. Here
we have another cause for the stunted appearance of the remaining trees.

“One of the greatest difficulties that would be met with, when the
operations for planting were taken in hand,would be procuring plants
of a suitable size. It would be useless to depend on these gardens for a
supply ; there is in reality no skilled labour available for this work.
The most the Society could do would be to supply young plants from

od

time to time of any kind suitable, which would have to be grown in
a nursery set apart for the purpose, or by some nurseryman who might
undertake the work by contract. It would be essential to grow the
plants to some size in the nursery before final planting, as they could
be much more easily attended to, and the chance of loss would not
be so great; besides which it would be necessary to have a reserve in
ease of accident.

‘‘ But after all the real question just now is not what to do’nor how
to do it; but where are the funds to come from to employ the necessary
amount of labour ?—for I am inclined to think the day has gone by when
much could be accomplished by prison labour. The fact is the nume-
rical prison strength is daily decreasing, and there is the greatest diffi-
culty in keeping up the strength of the present gangs. Our own
garden gang has not for some time been in a satisfactory state. Just at
the time when additional strength was urgently required it has been
numerically less than ever, and | fear much work pressing for attention
will now have to be abandoned for the season. Any gang that might be
supplied under present circumstances would make slow progress indeed.
Nor am [J inclined to think that much could be done permanently by
public subscription. Although a fewhundred pounds might be collected
at first, which might be applied to clear away some of the stumps and
stones and open up vistas, yet a much greater outlay would be necessary
before planting operation could be undertaken. An expenditure cf 30s.
and perhaps more, would be required to prepare the ground for every
tree planted with a view to ultimate success.

“* Although it is desirable that this work should be undertaken with as
little delay as possible, especially as the appearance of the Domain will
become year by year more uninviting if left to its present fate, yet I
think great caution is necessary before entering upon a work of this
description until the ways and means have been duly considered. I have
always thought the undertaking should bea national one, for unless this
is the case it will never be adequately supported. I think it very
desirable that sites should be found for numerous test plantations, which
would ultimately be of national importance, while they would add to
its interest as a place of resort. The garden contains numerous plants
that can never attain their full development in their present sites,
because there is not sufficient space to do justice to them all ; if these
are not propagated and planted under circumstances more favourable
to their growth, many of them will stand a chance of being destroyed
altogether in a few years.

**T am, gentlemen,
‘* Your obedient servant,
‘* F, ABBorT, JUN.,
‘ “* Superintendent.”

The SecrETARY reported that, with the exception of Mr. Stephens,
absent on duty, the Members of the Domain Committee appointed at
last meeting had had an interview with the Hon. the Colonial Secre-
tary, and the Hon. the Minister of Lands and Works, and had
explained the views of the society as to the proposed improvements, and
the material assistance required to carry them out. These views were
entertained by the Ministers present with the greatest cordiality, and
were very carefully discussed during a prolonged interview. The
only difficulty in fact wasthe want of labour. Mr. Moore mentioned
that at present he was most anxious to completethe new cricket ground
as soon as possible, having promised to do so. To finish this work, he
thought it would be also advisable to make a carriage drive all round
the fence, and perhaps open out vistas looking towards Government
House, and down the harbour. These works would absorb almost, if

sI9)

not all, the available labour for some time to come ; still, as the object of
the deputation was certainly a very important one, he would make every
effort to meet their views by getting together as much labour as possible,
and placing it at their disposal.

His EXxcetiency, after referring in complimentary terms to Mr.
Abbott’s letter, observed that he was thoroughly convinced of the
necessity of a very carefully considered plan being laid down before
any practical action was taken. The Domain was most beautiful in
itself and also possessed great capabilities of improvement, but when
developing these capabilities great care should be taken at the same
time to preserve generally the natural features of the locality. Were
he about to undertake such a work himself he would in the first instance
spend weeks in walking over and over every portion of the ground
so as to become thoroughly acquainted with its every feature. By this
means allits latent capabilities would be discovered. The greatest
caution should be exercised in the after proceedings, especially in re-
moving old, and planting new trees, etc. If one ugly tree were rashly
removed it might only uncover another still more ugly, or if a rock
were taken away something worse might appear and require removal
in turn, and thus we might go on improving everything off the face of
the ground till nothing was’ left. Without going into very extensive
plantations, excellent effects could be obtained by planting the best and
most ornamental trees in those localities which were most suitable.
The natural formation of the ground would assist them inchoosing what
and where to plant. For instance, in hollows, where masses of foliage
would naturally occur, there they ought to plant. In this manner other
natural indications should guidethem in forming their plans. For his own
part, as he (His Excellency) had always taken a very great interest in
matters of this kind he would at all times be most willing to give his per-
sonal assistance to any well-considered action which might be taken to
improve the Domain. (Applause.)

Mr. Grant was glad to find that the views he had given expression
to at a previous meeting, on the economical improvement of the Domain,
were likely to find favour. Without going to the expense of trenching
on a large scale, a very great deal could be done by carefully selecting
proper spots and planting suitable trees here and there, and as the
general formation of the ground was favourable for easy drainage, this
could be carried on in a gradual and progressive manner at little com-
parative expense.

The Bishop or TasMANTA observed that any one undertaking a work
of this kind should possess the practical knowledge of the horticulturist,
with the taste of the landscape gardener. Good results could be obtained
only by the combination of both. His Lordship gave an instance of a
locality well known to himself in England, which, in its unimproved
state, was rude and uninviting, and greatly inferior in its capabilities to
the Domaia, yet, under such skilled management as he had alluded
to, was converted, at comparatively small expense, into one of the
most attractive public resorts with which he was acquainted. He con-
gratulated the meeting on the fact that the restoration to health of the
learned author of the paper they had had the pleasure of listening to
had been the means of laying them under a fresh obligation to him. The
paper was one of great interest, and this interest was much enhanced
by the running commentary with which it was accompanied. Its full
value, however, could only be realised by a careful study of it when
printed, which he hoped it would soon be, in their ‘‘ Transactions.”
He was about to propose that the cordial thanks of the Society were
due to the Rev. Julian Woods, but before doing so he would take the
opportunity of alluding to the exquisite drawings by Mrs. Meredith,

56

which had been brought under their notice. Every one must be struck
by their beauty, but their great merit was, that with so much artistic
finish, they possessed all that scientific accuracy without which they
would have been comparatively valueless in connection with the paper
they were designed to illustrate. The vote then proposed by the Bishop
to the Rev. Julian Woods was carried by acclamation.

Mr. M. Au.port cordially agreed with all that had been said in praise
of Mrs. Meredith’s admirable and valuable drawings. It gave him great
pleasure to move that the best thanks of the Society were due to Mrs.
Meredith for her very valuable contribution.

This having been carried, thanks were also voted to the donors of pre-
sentations, with special reference to the very valuable and interesting
contributions both of specimens and books from Dr. George Bennett,
F.Z.S., of Sydney. The proceedings then terminated.

oF

JULY, 1875.

The monthly evening meeting of the society was held on Tuesday,
13th July. A large number of Fellows were present ; His Excellency
the Governor in the chair.

J. K. Clark, Esq., who had previously been nominated by the Council,
was ballotted for and declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society.

The Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the following re-
turns, etc., for the past month :—

1. Visitors to Museum, 1010.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 2006.

3. Plants received at Society’s Gardens—From His Excellency,

F, A. Weld, Esq., 15 packets seeds of Conifer ; 3 ditto (various).
From Mr. Geo. Brunning, St. Kilda, Melbourne, 80 plants.
From A. Simson, Esq., plants of Z'odea barbara and Dicksonia
dubia, from the vicinity of George’s Bay. From Rev. W. W.
Spicer, plants of various Sedums. :

4. Plants and Seeds sent from Gardens—To Mr. G. Brunning, St.
Kilda, 1 case plants (various). To Royal Gardens, Kew, 1 packet
seed of Waratah (Telopea truncata). To Mr. Wm. Bull, London,
1 packet ditto.

5. Plants supplied fordecoration of public places—To Brickfields Depot,
60 plants. To Memorial Church, Elizabeth-street, 30 plants.
To the Cornelian Bay Cemetery, 198 plants. For Government
House grounds, 20 plants.

G. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants in
Society’s Gardens during June.

7. Book and periodicals received.

8. Presentations to Museum and library.

Meteorological Tables :—

1, Hobart Town, from F, Abbott, Esq.—Table and summary for

June.

. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.

. Mount Nelson, from the Hobart Town Marine Board.—Ditto.

. Swan Island, from Ditto.—Tables for April and May.

Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq.—Table for May.

From Government Observatory, Melbourne.—Printed tables for

January.

. Wellington, New Zealand, from Dr. Hector.—Tables for February,
March, and April. Abstracts of observations from various sta-
tions in New Zealand, for January, February, and March.

8. Sydney, from Government Observer.—Printed Tables for January,

February, and March.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From His Excellency the Governor.—T wenty-four named specimens
of wood from Western Australia, squared and polished. A
Japanese mirror, in case. ‘Tusks and ear-bones of Dugong
( Halicore dugong).

. From Master J. C. Young.—Two mats from Fiji, originally be-
longing to King Thakobau. A basket made by a Fijian Chief.
The first copy of the earliest newspaper struck off in Fiji. An
East Indian hunting knife. Shells (Littorina sp.) from Great
Barrier Reef.

. From Mr. Edwin Luckman, Sorell. — An Albino Opossum
(Phalangesta fuliginosa). TwoBrush Wattle Birds (Anthochera
mellwora). Three specimens of the White-fronted Epthianura
(Epthianura albifrons ).

4, From R, C, Read, Esq.—Two specimens ofAntichinus albipes.

oe nS)

i)

iN)

38

5. From Mr. R. Thorne, junr., Forcett.—A Tippet Grebe
(Podiceps Australis ).

6. From Mr. Weeding, Oatlands.—A Tiger Cat (Dasyurus maculatus).
Two Native Cats (Dasyurus viverrinus ).

7. From Dr. Huston, New Norfolk.—An Opossum mouse (Dromicia

gliriformis).

8. From Master W. HE. Calder.—A beautiful specimen of a fossil
shell (Spirifera bisulcata) silicitied, showing the spiracles.

9. From Dr. E. 8. Hall, pro Mr. Hissey.—Minute Shells taken
from the stomach of a mullet.

10. From Mr. J. W. Graves.—A fossil shell (Pacchydomus sacculus,
McCoy), from limestone beds, Bridgewater.

11. From Mr, E. L. Stanfield.—Two Native Cats (Dasywrus viverrinus).

The SECRETARY requested special attention to the numerous presenta-
tions of books before the meeting from learned bodies with which the
Royal Society of Tasmania makes exchanges. These were as follows :—

1. From the British Museum.—Catalogue of Birds, Vol. 1;
Hand List of Seals, etc. Guide to Exhibition Rooms, 1874.

2. From the Royal Academy of Sciences, Munich.—Publica-

tions of the Academy, 1872-3 and 4.

3. From the Asiatic Society.—Journal of the Society, vol. 7,

part I, 1874.

. From the Royal Geographical Society.—Journal of Society,

vol. 43 (1873) bound.

. From the Zoological Society, London.—Proceedings of Society,

part. 3, 1873 ; parts 1, 2, 3, 1874.

. From the Royal Astronomical Society.—Memoirs of the Society,

vol. 40, 1874-5.

. From the Geological Society, London.—Quarterly Journal,
Nos. 118 and 120. List for 1874.

From the Linnean Society.—Journal of Society, vol. 14, Nos. 75,
76, 77 (Botany); vol. 12, No. 58 (Zoology). List for 1874.
Proceedings 1873-4. Additions to Library.

9. From the Government of India.—Memoirs of Geological Survey
of India, vol. 10, part 2; vol. 11, part 1. ‘‘ Paleontologia
Indica,” vol. 1, part 1; (‘‘ Fauna of the fluviatile deposits ’’)
series 10, 1. Records of Geological Survey of India, vol. 7,
parts 1, 2, 3, 4.

10. From the Government of Victoria.—‘‘ Prodromus of Palcon-
tology of Victoria,” by Professor McCoy, Decades 1 and 2.
Report of Chief Inspector of Mines for 1874. Do. of Mining Sur-
veyors for first quarter of 1875. Mineral Statistics of Victoria
for 1874.

The Secretary reported that soon after the last evening meeting the
Garden Committee, with the Honorable the Colonial Secretary and
Minister of Lands and Works, had proceeded to inspect a portion of
the Domain. They were there met by His Excellency who kindly
accompanied them over the various improvements which had recently
been effected in the enclosure round Government House. Afterwards
the committee carefully inspected that portion of the Domain which
lies beyond the Gardens. Here great numbers of trees, some very un-
sightly, others in the last stage of decay were noticed, none of which
could be either useful or ornamental. After some discussion it was
thought best to request the Governor, in conjunction with Mr.
Abbott, to mark such trees as it was desirable to remove. The Com-
mittee were led to adopt this course on considering the practical
interest which His Excellency had shown in the matter, and they were
also influenced by the evidence of his skill and taste which their
recent visit to the Government House grounds had afforded. His

ot A & -~zA

39

ixcellency when applied to, at once took action at the earliest possible

date, and in conjunction with Mr. Abbott had marked a number of trees
which would soon be removed by means of labour promised by
Government.

His Exce.itency remarked that agreeably to the request of the
Domain Committee he had carefully gone over that portion of the Do-
main lying between the Gardens and Cornelian Bay, and he had also, to
some extent, inspected it generally. In making his observations he had
been greatly assisted by Mr. Abbott, to whom he was indebted for
many valuable hints. He had marked some trees, which as a
beginning, he had no doubt, ought to be removed. Some of these
were ugly and deformed in themselves, whilst others obscured the
view of finer trees. Many again were so nearly dead already, thatif not
quickly removed they would soon fall of themselves. He expected
that the removal of these trees would open up some pretty vistas
looking both up and across the river. Afterwards it could be deter-
mined by careful observation if any further clearing was advisable But
the removal of trees was not the only matter which should engage
their attention. It was of great importance, even at the present early
period, that planting operations should be considered and that some de-
tinite plan of operations should be adopted. He might, perhaps, be
allowed to suggest, that planting might advantageously be com-
menced somewhat outside of the Domain along the border of the
creek near the bridge in Macquarie-street. This, however, was
rather a matter for the consideration of the Town Council. In a
sanitary point of view the blue gum might be of great benefit to this
locality. Then the railway works might be enclosed by orna-
mental trees. Some appropriate and pretty trees such as Pinus
maritima, etc., might be planted behind the Battery and would
look wellfrom the harbour. The sides of the railway also at certain
points would furnish good sites for planting. Coming round by
Government House we find the large and unsightly quarry. This might
be made very ornamental at a very trifling expense by judicious plant-
ing, etc. Beyond this, the ravine above the pond might easily be
converted as suggested by Mr. Abbott, into a pretty fern tree valley.
Round the domain and at its upper entrance he had found a stone-
crusher at work, and the engine was fed with firewood from trees in
the vicinity. 1n cutting down trees for this purpose great care should
be taken that those only should be removed which could be advan-
tageously spared from the locality.

Mr. Grant had no doubt that the planting on the borders of the creek
as suggested by His Excellency would be both beneficial and orna-
mental. The planting of the railway enclosure which had also been
alluded to by the President would be undertaken by the Railway
Company. (Applause.) At many other points along the railway
cuttings in the domain there was plenty of soil for the growth of
trees of considerable size.

Mr. SrerHens directed the attention of the meeting to specimens
of the strata traversed by the prospecting shaft at Spring Bay, which
had been forwarded by Mr. Robinson of Triabunna. For the first 23
feet the sinking appeared to have been through surface soil and a
yellowish sandstone, succeeded by a grey sandstone charged with
thin streaks and irregular bands of carbonaceous matter, and occasional
nodular patches of an indurated fire-clay ; the whole extending to a
depth of about 70 feet. Though the evidence up to the present time
was of a somewhat negative character, it was quite as favourable as could
be expected, where nothing is accurately known of the order or thick-

A()

_ ness of the various members of the carboniferous series. Had section
boxes, or any kind of specimens, been preserved to show the results
obtained in the other shafts by which these coal measures have
already been proved to a depth of at least 400 feet, it might now have
been possible eithertoassure the promoters of speedy success, or to point
out a more eligible locality. He (Mr. Stephens) hoped that they would
persevere in their spirited undertaking, and that all persons engaged in
such works would remember the importance of preserving an exact
record of the results of sinking or boring in any part of the colony, with
specimens of the different rocks which are met with.

The SEcreTArRy read a paper, contributed by Dr. G. Bennett, F. L.
S., F.Z.S. of Sydney, a corresponding member of the society, ‘‘ On
the Frilled Lizard (Chlamydosaurus Kingii), of Queensland.” A paper
by the same learned author on the beautiful Sponge from the Philip-
pine Islands, known as ‘‘ Venus’ Flower Basket” (Huplectella aspergillum),
was also read by the Secretary.

This paper was listened to with marked attention, and specimens of
the silicious skeletons of the Hwplectella—than which there is, perhaps,
nothing more exquisite in the whole domain of natural history—were
examined with the greatest interest by all present. For these fine
specimens the society, as noticed at the last meeting, is indebted to
the liberality of Dr. Bennett.

M. Autport, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete., etc., read a paper entitled
‘*Some Further Notes on the Salmon Experiment.”

Mr. Ruiz observed, although he could not speak scientifically as to
the distinctions between the grilse and salmon trout, he could do so
from a practical point of view. He had been told by experienced fishermen
—and from his own long experience, he knew it to be a fact—that the
grilse and trout could be readily distinguised by simply grasping them a
little above the tail, and then lifting them up. The trout could only
with difficulty be held in this position, owing to the thickness of the
flesh at the point grasped ; whereas, the thinner structure of the salmon
affords a firm hold. After applying this test with others) to our fish,
he had no doubt whatever it was a true salmon.

Mr. STEPHENS proposed that the ‘‘thanks of the meeting should be
given to Dr. Bennett for his very interesting papers, and, also to Mr.
Allport for his able and vigorous championship of the Tasmanian
salmon.” Carried by acclamation.

Mr. Barnarp then moved ‘“‘ that a vote of thanks be accorded to the
donors of the various presentations to the Museum and Library.”

Mr. STEPHENS, in seconding the motion, called attention to the large
collection of West Australian woods, presented by his Excellency, whom
he was sure they were all glad to see presiding at the meetings of
the society. (Hear, hear.)

The vote having passed, the President left the chair.

4]

| AUGUST, 1875.

The monthly evening meeting was held on Monday, the 9th August.
His Excellency F’. A. Weld, Esq., President, in the chair.

The Secretary brought under notice the usual monthly returns, viz. :—

1. Visitors to Museum during July, total 1375.

2. Ditto to Gardens ditto, total 2772.

3. Plants and seeds received at Gardens—From Botanic Gardens,
Christchurch, New Zealand, 46 plants. From Mr. J. Latham, 9
packets seeds, 45 varieties, Anemone and Ranunculus.

4. Plants and seeds sent from Gardens—To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux
and Co., France, one ditto. To Messrs Fardey and Co., France,
one ditto To Jules Cock and Sceurs, France, one ditto. To Mons.
Huber, Hyeres, France, one ditto. To Shepherd and Co., Sydney,
a small box of seeds. ‘To the North China Branch Royal Asiatic
Society, Shanghai, one package ofseeds. ‘To the Botanic Gardens,
Queensland, one small box of plants and seeds.

5. Times of leafing, etc., of a few standard plants in Society’s Gardens
during July.

6. Books and periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum and Library.

Meteorological Returns.

1. Hobart Town—From F. Abbott, Esq., table for July.

2. New Norfolk—From W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., ditto.

3. Port Arthur—From J. Coverdale, Esq., ditto for June.

4. Kent’s Group—F rom the Marine Board, tables for May, June, July.

5. Mount Nelson, from ditto.—Table for July.

6. Sydney, from the Government Observer.—Printed tables for April.

The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—

1, From Mr. Quinlan, Montpelier-street.—A Pouched Lamprey (Geotria
Allporti Gthr.) é

2. From Mr. Bealey.—A Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus.)

3. From J. R. Scott, Esq., M.H.A.—Specimens of the stone implements
of the Tasmanian Aborigines. An explanatory letter from Mr.
Scott accompanying the presentatation was read. The following is
an extract :—

“Tt has long been desirable to fix upon a spot where the aborigines
obtained their flint or stone implements. I am now able to fix upon two
places, viz.—First, abont ten chains immediately in front and to the
north-east of the stone hut in Stocker’s Bottom, County of Somerset,
parish of Peel.

‘*The second is about one mile more to the south-west, on Lot 443, on
a branch of Dismal Creek, running out of Stocker’s Bottom.

“These two places are about six miles distant from the Macquarie
River, where I found the stones forwarded some years since, known as
the ‘Mount Morriston’ collection, and now in the Museum.”

On the presentation of the Stone Implements, the Rev. Julian Woods
called attention to the extraordinary similarity of one of them to a spear-
head figured in the Geological Society's Journal some years previously. He
observed that probably the arguments based on the antiquity of such
relics might require modification, seeing that in this island the “ stone
age’ and “flint implements” belong to the present century.

4. From F. Groom, Esq, Harefield, St. Mary’s. An unusually fine
specimen of the ‘Sharp-nosed Hel,’ measuring 2 feet 5 inches
in length. [It is believed that this fish has not yet been scientifi-
cally named and described. A specimen, however, was last year
forwarded by Mr. M. Allport to Dr. Gtinther, of the British
Museum, from whom information relative to it will doubtless be re-
ceived in due course. |

42

Lal

. From Mr. Hissey. Four specimens of the young of the Bandicoot
(Perameles obesula) from the pouch.

. From His Excellency the Governor—Rock Specimens from the
variegated ferruginous sandstones of Western Australia, and proba-
bly belonging to the lowest secondary formations. Egg of “‘ Native
Pheasant ” / Leipoa ocellata), and other eggs.

. From W. Lovett, Esq.—A specimen of the ‘‘ Sooty Oyster-catcher,”’
or “ Black Red Bill” (Hamatopus fuliginosus), shot at Kangaroo
Bluff.

8. From J. W. Graves, Esq.—A Ring-tailed Opossum, (Phalangista

viverrina. }

9. From the Ven. Archdeacon Davies—A fossil from a hill on Mr. Pitt’s

property, Hunting Grounds. ~

[In reference to this presentation, the Rev. J. HE. T. Woods remarked
that it was a very fine and unusually large specimen of the coral known
as Stenopora informis, Lonsdale, with ashell of Myacites curvata, Lonsdale,
adhering. The both belong to the Marine Devonian period, of which so
many examples occur in Tasmania. |
Presentation to Library.

Ae Se Sir Robert Officer—Benthams “ Flora Australiensis,”’ six vols.

ound,

[The Secretary requested special attention to this valuable presentation.
Being the standard work on Australian botany, it was much wanted,
but the council had never been able, from want of funds, to procure it.
Other works, indeed, were still required, and as several of the Fellows
had already shown their practical interest in the welfare of the society
by making presentations, he hoped that others, whether resident in town
or country, would be induced to follow their example. Good books could
not be better placed than in a library, where they could be utilised by all
comers. A list of such as are required could at all times be had from the
curator. |

2. From Mr. T. Roblin—Tables of Affinities of the Classes of the Animal

Kingdom, by Prof. J. Reay Greene; three sheets mounted on rollers.

3. From Baron F. von Mueller—Proceedings of the Zoological and

Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, vol. 4, 1875.

4, From the Royal Society of New South Wales—Transactions, 1874.

6. From the Government of New Zealand—Census for 1874.

6. From the Malacological Society of Belgium—Proceedings for 1874.

7. From the Entomological Society of Belgium.—Proceedings for 1874.

The Rev. J. HE. Tenison Woops, F.G.S., F.L.S., read a paper on the
Freshwater shells of Tasmania, prefacing it by some remarks on the
study of fresh water shells generally. ‘It must not be supposed,” he
said, “that such studies meant no more than merely naming certain
specimens new toscience. ‘To the outside public it might seem no more,
but to the man of science it was different. A name when applied to a new
species thenceforth became not only a tally by which it might be known
and referred to, but it meant all the details of observation in its description,
and it wasa centre around which a multitude of useful observations would
be grouped. Thus Scalaria Australis is a name applied to a marine shell
of a peculiar, and at one time, rare genus. Other naturalists had found
that its habits were most interesting and various. Thenceforth the
name was the repository in which those observations were collected, and
they were conveyed to the mind of those familiar with them by the mere
association of the name. Finally the same mollusc had been found to
contain a beautiful purple dye, and this also became, if we may so speak,
a property of the name. All natural science is more or less open to the
reproach that it is a science of names, but this would also be strictly true
of all human knowledge, since it is only by names or words that it can be

for)

wT

43

communicated. The fresh water shells did not present a very inviting
field to the naturalist in the early history of science, but they were not
long studied before they were found to possess features worthy of
attention. A great impetus had been given to the study by Mons.
Draparnaud, a young French surgeon, whose brilliant career was stopped
all too soon by the insiduous ravages of consumption. His work forms
a standard on the subject, as it is a model of accurate observation, careful
delineation, and charming interest. It was owing to the knowledge thus
given that the eminent osteologist Baron Cuvier was so much aided in
his determination of the fossils of Montmartre, Paris. There bones were
found associated with shells, and the bones might have been supposed to
belong to marine drift, but an attentive consideration of the shells showed
them to be fresh water, and of a kind whose habits of life were now known.
This tended materially also to explain the conditions under which the
extinct mammals of the bed existed. Much light had been thrown on
the conditions of life in the coal formation from the freshwater and
land shells found embedded init. The reverend gentleman went on
to describe generally the natural history of that order of Mollusca known
as Pulmo branchiata, that is Molluscs with lungs and gills, breathing
both air and water. Water is their natural element, but they can also live
out of it. As they live in creeks and waterholes, which are liable to
diminish or totally dry up in certain seasons, they must have means for
withstanding a drought, or the order would soon perish. They are there-
fore provided with an apparatus which is part lung and part gill. The
organ is a respiratory sac through which the blood flows, and is aerated
in a network of minute vessels, and it is filled with branchial plates or
lamell~ for the purpose of extracting the necessary oxygen from water.
He called attention to the observation of Draparnaud, who said that if we
consider the very small number of points by which the animal is attached
to the shell, one is astonished to understand how so fragile a covering
could withstand the action of external agents, and at the same time pre-
serve its solidity, its colour, and its transparency, especially as upon the
death of the animal it bleaches and exfoliates on slight exposure. We
must then admit some sort of intercommunication between the shell and
the animal which it encloses. We must admit also that if is animated
with vitality, although it appears to our eyes, which are too feeble to un-
ravel its interior structure, as if it were mere inert matter.’”’ The reverend
gentleman then read tho introduction to his paper.

The Governor observed that the remarks made by the Rev. Julian
Woods, as to the stone implements, showed the care that should be taken
not to allow preconceived theories to hurry our conclusions in matters
of fact. He thought that it was very easy for even very able, honest, and
painstaking men to miss facts that lay just to the right or left, or close
behind them, whilst they were looking straight at their theory. The lapse
of a very few years often was suflicient to cover up and bury facts or
traditions that might be of great value. An instance of this had occurred
in New Zealand. A very eminent scientific man there had argued, in
a most interesting paper, that the race who made and used the stone knives
and implements found in the kitchen mounds on the Rakaia together with
moa bones were probably a race distinct from, and anterior to, the
Maori, and of immense antiquity; that the moa (Dinornis) itself had
been for ages an extinct bird; that there was no reliable evidence from
Maori sources of the recent existence of the moa (Dinornis), still less any
trace at all of any tradition of the newly-discovered Harpagon Moorei, the
gigantic eagle, or bird of prey, whose bones had very recently been
discovered at Glenmark. These general views had been combated by
Dr. Hector, and also contradicted by Sir G. Grey and others whose testi-
mony was of greater weight upon native evideuco that even Sir George's.

44

For himself, he (the President) might say that having been one of the
early settlers of New Zealand, hoe had opportunities of knowing the tradi-
tions of the New Zealanders, which were not available to scientific men who
came to New Zealand at a later period, and who, generally inhabitants of
towns, were less thrown amongst the natives. Now in the first place he
could remark that the “stone age”’ of the New Zealander had not passed
when the early settlers arrived ; they were still making stone implements,
and though in the northern island the tradition regarding the moa had
assumed in some cases a wild and legendary form (of which he gave
examples) yet when he first visited the Southern island the natives
warned him when he explored the Kaikora inland country to be careful
in attacking the moa, a huge bird that he would certainly meot, for if he
approached it from behind it would ‘‘ kick like a horse” and _ possibly
break his leg, thus showing their acquaintance with the habits of a bird
closely allied to the ostrich and emu family. In the Wairau also the
natives had a quill said to be of the moa, and in the Weilington museum, a
portion of the skin of the neck of one of these birds with feathers
adhering is at present preserved, he himself had exhumed the skeleton of
a moa lying on the clayey side of a hill, and only partially covered by a
slight slip of a few inches of vegetable mould from a hillock above. ‘The
gristly rings of the windpipe of this bird were in a perfect state of
perservation. It is yet more remarkable that when early in January.
1851 he travelled on foot from Port Cooper, the present site of the Canter-
bury settlement to Warau, being the first European who had traversed that
district, at Kaikora, under the mountains named by Cook, the ‘ Lookers
on,” an old chief ‘‘ Kaikora”’ ‘‘ of that Ilk,’’ told him that on the tops
of those mountains an enormous bird of prey rufous in colour, built its
nest, and that in their forefather’s time it sometimes descended suddenly
and was large enough to carry off a good sized boy or girl. Was not
this a tradition of the Harpagon Moorei? This bird had not been seen
for some generations, but though it was doubtful whether their fathers
had seen the moa their grandfathers I have been assured certainly had,
and natives doubted not but that it still existed in wild localities.

Mr. M. Aturort had listened with the greatest pleasure not only to
the admirable paper just read, but also to the highly interesting intro-
ductory remarks by its learned author, to whom he proposed a special vote
of thanks should be accorded. (Applause.)

The Bisnor or Tasmania, in rising to second the vote of thanks to the
reader of the paper, wished to make a few observations upon the
argument previously advanced upon the stone or so called flint implement
before them. That implement was, as he was assured, the work of an
Australian savage, and if 80, a presumption was raised that the inferences
drawn by Sir C. Lyell, and others, upon the antiquity of man have been
rash. It is quite possible that hasty conclusions have been drawn, and
that calculations will have to be corrected by some thousands or perhaps
hundreds of thousand of years. But the main argument is not disturbed
by that flint implement before them. Put by the side of another such
weapon upon which Sir C. Lyall and others have reasoned, it plainly
tells us that those savages who lived some untold periods ago, and those
who till lately inhabited this island, are of the same human race, and with
common instincts have fallen back in the same stage of civilisation, upon
the same rude weapons suggested to them by the same flint material lying
before their eyes. The flint was altogether in a scientific point of view
different from another found associated with organic remains of animals
that existed in an exceedingly remote period of time. Besides, there are
other paraliel lines of evidence, resting upon ethnological science, and
the science of language, which supported the inference drawn by Sir C.
Lyell. The flint implement before them, and the facts related by His

45

Excellency have an exceedingly interesting value of their own, but ho
could not accept them in the sense which had been sought to be put uvon
them. As to the paper which had been read subsequently, he had pleasure
in seconding the vote of thanks for the gratification Father Woods had
afforded him personally, the obligation he had again placed upon the
Society, and the benefit conferred upon science. The prefatory remarks
had also a valuable educational character, and he should rejoice if these
remarks had the effect of introducing more largely the study of natural
science in the curriculum of popular education. It was not the acquisition
of shells that made the naturalist, or a cabinet of fossils the geologist ;
but the study of natural objects as a branch of Education developed first the
observing faculties, then the classifying and then the inductive and
reasoning faculties. The paper was an exceedingly interesting one, and
he had much pleasure in adding his testimony to its value.

The vote having been put by the chair, was carried by acclamation.

Mr. Ruxe observed that the immense age of the flint implements of
Europe was shown by the conditions in which they existed in the caves
where they were found. They were covered by stalagmitic deposits of
many feet in thickness, and other matters, and mixed up with the bones
of extinct animals of pre-historic times. It was these surroundings which
gave a guarantee as to the enormous antiquity of the implements.

His Excetnency said that he had not understood that the Rev. Julian
Woods meant to adduce the facts he had alluded to as proofs of a theory,
but as instances of how a pre-conceived theory might unconsciously
influence conclusions—for himself, in the few unpremeditated remarks he
had made, his object had been simply to illustrate the desirability that
collectors of facts should be very careful, in their statement of facts, not to
allow their judgment to be influenced by pre-conceived opinions, or to
jump too readily at conclusions from a partial view. He remembered
talking in England to a late well-known naturalist, a gentleman respected
not only for his personal efforts in the cause of science, and for his
attainments and knowledge, but also for the honest zeal which he threw
into whatever interested him—part of his creed was that cannibalism was
only the result of want of animal food and hunger—never deliberate and
systematic. Being appealed to as aresidentof New Zealand he (the President)
was obliged with much humility to express a contrary opinion, and to
instance cases in which slave girls had been slain for feasts or the
bodies of enemies killed in battle had been eaten, if being, mor3over,
supposed that the heart of a chief imparted his courage to the child who
feasted on it—having eaten a former possessor was, moreover, a valid title
to land—and it also appeared to him, for several reasons, that the ‘ Kai
Tapu,”’ sacred food, was in some degree connected with an obsolete
idea of sacrifice. These reasons, however, had no effect whatsoever, upon
the gentleman to whom they were addressed. It was, vulgarly speaking,
a case of so much the worse for the facts. He (the President) could
only excuse this digression on the ground that he wished to point out the
advantages of bringing calm criticism and a dispassionate mind to bear
upon the registration and discussion of facts, and of viewing both sides of
every question.

Mr Justin Browne, in proposing a vote of thanks to the donors of pra-
sentations, referred especially to the donation of books from Sir Robert
Officer. He hoped the remarks made by the Secretary might induce
some of our town or country members, or others, to consider if they
could not do something towards our library. Some might contribute
in money, which would be the preferable mode, but other might have
recent works which they could spare, or recent editions of old works
which we already possess.

The vote having been agreed to, the meeting terminated.

46

ON THE GENUS FENESTELLA.
By tHE Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, F.G.S., &c.
[Read 8th June, 1875.]

As species of Fenestella are very common as fossils in the
Devonian rocks, but especially those of Tasmania, a few
observations on the genus and its affinities will be found
useful to geologists.

Fenestella is a genus placed now by all paleontologists in
the Class Polyzoa, Order I. Infundibulata.

Sub order Cheilostomata, that is to say, with the aperture of
the cell filled with a thin membranaceous or calcarious velum,
with a crescentic mouth provided with a movable lip. This
latter feature in the case of Fenestella is concluded from
analogy and certain anatomical details, because the fossils
themselves are never so perfectly preserved as to manifest
them.

Fenestella is also placed in the subdivision B. inarticulata
or continuous, and in the section bimultiserialaria, that is,
the cells disposed in a double or multiple series. It is also
placed by most authors in the family Hscharide, of which the
definition is as follows :—Polyzoarium erect, rigid, foliaceous,
and expanded, lobate, or reticulated. Cell ‘disposed quincun-
cially in the same plane on one or both sides of the polyzoarium.
But in some cases this hardly applies, as the cells are some-
times, as in the case of F’. internata, Lonsd. ina double series
only. The genus was also placed with the Retepora, of which
the definition is foliaceous, calcareous, reticulated, cells im-
mersed opening on one surface only. But in 1830 Mr. Miller
suggested a new genus for certain reticulated polyzoa in the
carboniferous limestone which Mr. Lonsdale adopted. All
cup-shaped reticulated polyzoa were hitherto called Retepora,
but now it was agreed to name Reteporathose only on which the
openings of the cells were inside the cup, and those in which
the cells opened on the outside only were henceforth erected
into a new genus, and called Fenestella. But difficulties in
applying his distinction soon arose. The cup-shaped or
conical figure is nearly always absent. In Tasmania the
distinction would be of no avail. The polyzoary, though very
wavy and irregular, is always fragmentary, and often lies per-
fectly flat. Prof. Phillips suggests (Pal. Foss. of Cornwall,
Devon, &c., p. 22) another mark of distinction. He says that
the non-poriferous surface of Fenestella is usually marked by
longitudinal, more or less continuous ribs, united by bars of
smaller diameter, leaving oval or subquadrangular spaces.
In Retepora these spaces look more like holes or perforations

47

through the coral. The external poriferous interstices of
Fenestella are in several species, but perhaps not in all,
carinated in the middle.

It seems to me that there is a better mark of distinction
than this, at least for the Tasmanian species. In Retepora the
holes are at rarer intervals, and the term bars cannot be
applied to the tissue above or below them. It is a mass of
cells like the rest of the polyzoary. In Fenestella the bars
are sparsely celluliferous. There are calcareous points of
attachment to give mutual strength and support to dichoto-
mously dividing and spreading ligulate series of cells. The
transverse bars are much narrower than the celluliferous por-
tion, and they are given off almost at right angles, and in some
species only very slightly arched. It is this peculiarity which
causes the interstices to be more quadrangular than oval.

Prof. Phillips thus defines the genus (loc. cit.) :—‘“‘ General
figure spreading from a narrow base to an infundibuliform or
foliaceous figure; substance, a thin stony expansion, com-
posed of slender radiating or longitudinal ribs variously con-
nected by transverse bars, so as to constitute a more or less
regular open network. Headds (but the italic words marked
by me do not apply to all the Tasmanian species) the longitu-
dinal ribs margined on each side by one row of pores on the
outer face only.”

It must be always borne in mind that we very seldom find
anything but casts of these beautiful fossils. The calcareous
matters have been so completely dissolved away that nothing
remains of the old polyzoary. The casts too seldom show any
markings of the front or back of the cells. The most of
the specimens preserved by collectors are valueless as showing
any details. They are merely impressions of the interstices
or net-work markings, and nothing more. Those who are
very familiar with the species might determine them from this
alone, but it is hardly a safe identification. There are, how-
ever, in the Museum of this Society some specimens from
Maria Island, where the whole polyzoary has been beautifully
preserved. The calcareous matter is untouched, and the detail
of the cells is plainly evident. In one species, Fenestella ampla,
there is a raised margin round the mouth and circular depres-
sions, probably for avicularia. In one place also there is the
embossed dome of what appears to be an ovicell. Thus the
functions of nutrition and reproduction were in no way diffe-
rent from the polyzoa of the present day. It is seldom that
such an opportunity is offered for studying the details of these
interesting organisms. Prof. Phillips (Joc. cit.) says “ that
owing to the decomposition of the whole or part of the coral-
line substance in argillaceous rocks these beautiful fossils

48

must be studied in such cases by very careful comparison of
the impressions of the surfaces. In limestone beds the sub-
stance is often well exposed by atmospheric influences, but in
such instances the poriferous face seldom clearly appears,
owing apparently to the former adhesion of this face to the
rock.” ‘This passage is especially applicable to the fossils of
Tasmania. In most cases we have only impressions on
argillaceous rocks, while the well preserved specimen now re-
ferred to is a limestone rock. Here but for the dark compact
surrounding matrix and the accompanying mass of Stenopora
ovata Lonsd. the white crystalline network of Polyzoan frag-
ments might almost seem to be from the Polyzoan limestone of
the middle Cainozoic of Australia. But except in few instance
the fossils are most provokingly nearly all face downwards.

There are 28 known species of Fenestella in British rocks
according to Morris’ Catalogue, in which are none of the
Australian species. They range from the L. Silurian to the
Permian formation, but their principal horizon seems to be
the Devonian. Three species and a variety are known in
Tasmania, the species all represented in Australia and the
variety also probably. They are thus described :—

Fenestella ampla Lonsdale.* Cupshaped, celluliferous, sur-
face internal, branches dichotomous, broad, flat, thin; meshes
oval ; rows of cells numerous, rarely limited to two, alternate ;
transverse connecting processes sometimes cellular ; inner
layer of non-cellular surface very fibrous; external layer very
granular, non-fibrous, gemmuliferous vessel small.

“Among the specimens of this coral,’ continues Mr.
Lonsdale, ‘“ contained in the collection under consideration was
one which afforded some interesting changes dependent upon
age, the absence of which in the series originally examined
was alluded to in the species. In the uppermost portion of
this specimen the casts of the cellular surface exhibited
similar characters to those displayed in Mr. Darwin’s series,
with the addition occasionally of a crescent-shaped impression
under the mouth, and due, it is believed, to a local modifica-
tion of the sculpturing on the surface of the other cells. A
little lower the ridges, or furrows representing, them began to
disappear, and still lower by a further thickening of the
exterior all traces of them were obliterated, the interspaces
between the mouths displaying irregular protuberances ; and
that which was considered as a state bordering upon decrepi-
tude exhibited casts of minute oral apertures, with longer
projections immediately beneath marking the original exten-

* These and the two following descriptions are taken from Darwin’s Geo-

logical Observations in South America, etc., page 163. Appendix. Quoted
also in Strzelecki’s New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, page 268.

49

sion of the mouths.” Query, Were these protuberances ovicells,

Fenestella internata, Lonsdale. Cup-shaped ; celluliferous
surface internal; branches dichotomous compressed, breadth
variable; meshes oblong, narrow ; rows of cells, 2—5, divided
by longitudinal ridges; transverse connecting processes short,
without cells ; non-cellular surface, inner layer sharply fibrous,
outer layer minutely granular.

Fenestella fossula. Lonsdale. Cup-shaped; celluliferous
surface internal ; branches dichotomous, slender ; meshes oval ;
rows of cells two; transverse processes non-cellular; inner
layer of non-celluliferous surface minutely fibrous, external
layer smooth or granular.

Variety a F. densa. Etheridge.* Of this variety, if it be
not a distinct species, Mr. E. says:—‘“ Form of polyzoarium
not known, probably cup-shaped, one portion is foliaceous,
meshes or fenestrules oval, small, densely arranged upon the
expanded ccencecium or polypidom, transverse processes or bars
non-cellular. These unsatisfactory casts of Fenestella I refer
to Lonsdales species F’. fossula. No good characters are left
for determination. The transverse processes or bars and the
fenestrules are so obscure that any attempt to give definite
characters would mislead. It so closely resembles F fossula
from Mount Wellington, Tasmania, and St. Patrick’s Plains,
New South Wales, that I feel obliged to refer it to that form.
Any additional species would only multiply names. I had,
however, proposed the name of #. densa for this Queensland
specimen. The original habit was probably infundibuliform
or cup-shaped; but whether the bars were rectangularly
dichotomous with oval meshes, cannot be distinetly made out.
Locality, Gympie, Queensland, Smithfield reef. Form,
Devonian.

It will be seen that the above characters differ from what I
have said on the cup-shape which many specimens in the
Museum will show to be untenable, and in the transverse bars
bearing cells. But as the observations were all apparently
made from casts mistakes might easily arise.

We may now enquire, what are the affinities of the genus
Fenestella, or its relations with other genera. It cannot
strictly speaking, be classed with Retepora for the reasons I
have given. Asa slender ligulate polyzoarium strengthened
and held together by transverse bars its disassociation from
Retepora is very evident; and this is plainly seen in the
British Devonian species, F. lara, Lons., where the bars are
irregular at rare intervals, and giving rise to interstices of
three or four lines square. Among existing polyzoa we have

* Proceedings of Geological Society, April 24th, 1872, p. 332.

50

such a form in Canda arachnoides (Lamouroux Encyclop.
Methodique 5, p. 64, figs. 18 to 22), where the branches are
connected with tubular fibres, but these are flexible, horny,
and not calcareous. There is, however, a species of Hornera,
H. Gambierensis, Busk, in the polyzoan limestone of Mount
Gambier, a middle cainozoic tertiary fossil, where the ligulate
celluliferous portions are united by transverse calcareous bars.
The analogy of this fossil to Fenestella is very great. In
Hornera, however, the back of the cells shows concentric ridges
of growth, whereas that of Fenestella is fibrous. The casts of
the two forms are the same, and widely as they are separated
in point of time, I am much inelined to the opinion that
Hornera Gambierensis is one of the recent analogues of the
Devonian Fenestelle.

Were these fossils entirely calcareous? In answer to this
it must be remembered that a corneous substance, the nature
of which has not received the attention it deserves, forms the
root byssus or point of attachment of many polyzoa. It also
forms the point of attachment between each cell in Catenicella,
and the junction of the internodes, in Calpidium, Salicornaria,
&c. I have reason to believe that it lines the cells in
all polyzoa. Something like that is seen in Cateniceila
under the microscope. In examining many hundred specimens
I remarked that similar species showed the same optical
peculiarities under the polariscope. In Catenicellz these were
generally slight; in Bugula on the other hand most brilliant.
Sometimes when the whole calcareous portions of Fenestella
are removed, there remains a series of rounded cells, which
are not effected by acids. ‘These may be the corneous lining
of the cells. It would seem from the fact that a calcareous
root is never seen in Fenestella, that it had a fibrous byssus
like Canda, &c. How these bars and extra cellular portions
are formed is not known, even in existing species. The body
contained in the cell must not, however, be considered as an
individual. Indeed, in living species when thousands of
the cells are open one of them is touched, the whole draw
back, and close instantly. We must consider the polyzoarium
like a plant with leaves, bark, buds, flowers, seeds, and the
different processes belonging to each. These constitute one
whole which they subserve by different functions endlessly
repeated in one individual.

Finally the fewness of species of one genus, though indi-
viduals are as common as in any deposit is a remarkable fact.
In recent rocks genera of polyzoa can be counted by tens, and
species by hundreds. It must, however, be remembered that
the past forms are as highly organised as those of the present
day, and belonging to specially developed classes.

51

FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALMON EXPERIMENT.
By Morton Atxuport, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

[Read 13th July, 1875. ]

The Fellows of the Society may remember that since the
capture of the female grilse at Bridgewater in December, 1873,
and which fish I shall in this paper refer to as “the first
grilse,” a male specimen of nearly the same size and weight,
and which I shall refer to as “the second grilse,” was caught
in the lower Derwent. The second grilse was, in January
last, forwarded to Dr. Giinther, of the British Museum, for
- examination, and in reference to it I received by last mail
from Dr. Giinther the following remarks :—

“The most important specimen is that described in your letter
as a migratory salmon, weighing three pounds, taken in the salt
water of the Derwent estuary.

** This fish has a short, broad tail, with a perfectly truncated
caudal fin, fourteen scales in a transverse line between the adipose
fin and lateral line; numerous x shaped spots on the body; 54
pyloric appendages, characters which leave no doubt whatever in
my mind that it is a salmo trutta, as which it has been recognised
by other men well versed in the distinctions of salmonoids.

“Tt had in its stomach eight anchovies, a diet which will account
for the rapid growth of salmonoids in your waters, but which will
not improve the flavour of their flesh.

‘“T have placed this specimen into our public galleries, as evidence
of the remarkable success which has attended the efforts of the
colony to introduce salmonoids.”

Before referring to the above remarks in detail, I desire to
express my sense of the obligation we are under to Dr.
Ginther for the prompt courtesy with which he has atall
times examined and reported upon the salmonoids sent from
the colony, and my conviction is that any light thrown upon
the obscure life history of migratory salmon by the experiment
in this colony will always be hailed by him as a scientific
gain, even though such light may change somewhat his own
preconceived opinions.

In determining the species of any indivividual belonging to
the genus salmo in this colony, as we have not the advantage
of undoubted fresh specimens for comparison, we have to rely
on the written descriptions of recognised authorities on the
subject, aided by what we may gather of the life history of
the particular individual, so that when dealing with the first
grilse, its determination rested on a careful detailed com-
perison with the descriptions contained in Dr. Giinther’s
admirable ‘“ Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum,”
published in 1866, coupled with the knowledge that out of
nearly 10,000 fish turned into the Derwent, barely 300 were

52

Salmon trout, and the remainder salmon; and that the 3060
salmon trout had been liberated in 1867, while 3,000 of the
salmon had been liberated in 1865, and the remainder with
the salmon trout in 1867. I now propose to deal seriatim
with Dr. Giinther’s reasons for concluding that the second
evilse is a salmon trout, and first the “short broad tail, with
a perfectly truncated caudal fin.” Though Dr. Giinther, in
the catalogue, gives, as one test, “the form of the caudal
fin in specimens of a given size, age, and sexual condition,”
there is no statement which implies. that this is an infallible
test in immature fish, and as an actual matter of fact, the
caudal fin of the first grilse is decidedly emarginate or
forked, which was one argument used by me for deciding that
it was a true salmon, because salmon trout of even less size
almost invariably have this fin truncated, or even rounded.
(See Proceedings Royal Society, Tasmania, 1874, p 15).
Again, it is remarkable that every salmonoid (except the
second erilse) caught in the Derwent estuary last year, and
of which four had reached the size at which the caudal fins
of salmon trout usually become truncated had the caudal fin
more or less distinctly forked. ‘Two of those fish are now
before you, and speak for themselves, especially when com-
pared with the male smolt sent to the salmon commissioners
from England, and in which the caudal fin is but slightly
more forked than in its larger companions. In spite of this
discrepancy I wish it to “be distinctly understood that I
regard the second grilse as identical in species with all these
salmonoids, and am disposed to place little reliance on this
test where the fish are approaching the adult stage.

An enormous diversity will be found in the ‘form of the
caudal fin in specimens of salmo fario or common trout, many
of which have it truncate when the fish are but 5 or 6 inches
in length, while others show emargination when 17 or 18
inches long.

There appears to be, as hinted by Dr. Giinther, some
subtle connection between the state of sexual development
and the form of the caudal fin, and as we know that a per-
centage of the male salmon parr at only 6 inches in length
do arrive at actual sexual maturity, and are capable of
impregnating the ova of the full grown female salmon, is it
not quite possible that these rapidly developed male fish may
exhibit the truncate fin at an earlier stage than their sexually
immature brethren ?

The second reason assigned is: “14 scales in a transverse
line between the adipose fin and lateral line.” Here again a
marvellous diserepancy exists amongst the salmonoids taken
in the estuary of the Derwent, for out of some 30 specimens

53

examined the numbers have ranged from 11 to 14, but in no
instance in fish taken below Bridgewater has the number
exceeded 14.

In the detailed descriptions of various specimens of salmo
salar in the British Museum the number of these scales is
unfortunately omitted, but in four instances the number in the
transverse series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line is given as well as
the number of the longitudinal series of scales between the
lateral line and the base of the ventral. In one adult the
numbers are 25; in another adult 2%; in the third in the
grilse stage 25; and in the fourth a parr 22.

Next let us turn to Dr. Giinther’s descriptions of the salmon
trout in the Museum, and we find that the number of
scales between the adipose fin and the lateral line varies
even in the adult fish from 13 to 15, the latter number never
having yet beenfound in any of our salmonoids taken in
salt water.

The male smolt from England already mentioned contains
only one scale less in this series (viz., 13) than the second
grilse, while the salmon parr preserved in our Museum,
which was hatched from an English ovum, has 14 on one
side and 13 on the other.

Now, finding this discrepancy coupled with the great
variation in the numbers exhibited by our own salmonoids,
are we not justified in concluding that, however constant
within certain limits, this test may be in mature fish, that
as applied to immature specimens, it is all but valueless ?

Dr. Giinther’s next reason—“ numerous x shaped spots on
the body ’’—requires very few words. When fresh from the
water the second grilse was perfectly free from spots bclow
the lateral line, and had but few above that line; shortly
after the immersion in spirit, however, several more spots be-
came apparent, and the same thing took place with the first
grilse. On turning to Dr. Giinther’s descriptions, I find details
of only one specimen of true salmon, which approximates in
size to the second grilse. This is a male, 22 inches long, in
reference to which Dr. Giinther writes :—‘‘ Upper parts
greenish, which colour gradually passes into the silvery hue
of the belly. There are some scattered x shaped black spots
on the side of the back above the lateral line.”

It is curious that the above description occurs only in the
solitary instance in which the size and sex agrees with the
second grilse, because no test is so variable as the fleeting
one of colour, which in the salmonide (as in most fish) is
perpetually liable to change rapidly from causes as yet
unexplained.

d4

As to the last reason, “54 pyloric appendages,” as I had
not dissected the fish I was, of course, unaware of the number,
which I now find, is three or four less than in the first grilse-
and 13 or 14 less than in some others of the Derwent
salmonoids. Nevertheless I should have regarded the number
54 (having no other light than Dr. Giinther’s own descriptions),
as a proof of the fish being a true salmon, because the
Dr. gives as his own formula for salmo salar, “ Coe. pylor.,
53 to 77,” and also mentions a mature male from the River
Tamar in which the Pyloric appendages were only 51. Again
Dr. Giinther’s formula for salmon trout is “49 to 61, rarely
less,’ but in the descriptions of salmon trout in the British
Museum, out of 20 specimens seven contain the minimum
number 49 or less; six more contain less than the number
found in the second grilse; while the average number in
the remaining seven only slightly exceeds 54. On the
strength of this test, therefore, we should be justified in
regarding the second grilse as a true salmon.

Dr. Giinther speaks of the rapid growth of salmonoids in
our waters, and attributes it to the presence of the anchovies,
but it is at least doubtful whether the fish would thrive
better here on anchovies than in Britain on whitebait,
sprats, herrings, or others of the schoolfish abounding on the
coast. If the first and second grilse could be regarded as
true salmon, nothing extraordinary could be found in their
size,asitis about the average of grilse taken in spring on
their first journey from sea. But the case is very different
if they are salmon trout,—because the majority of salmon
trout on the first return from sea do net weigh more on an
average than from one pound to one pound and a half. That
the first and second grilse were on their first journey from sea
is all but certain from the presence of several of the deciduous
teeth still left on the vomer, and the fact that they should
both so much exceed the average weight of a large majority
of the salmon trout of a similar age from the best British
rivers, is difficult to explain if they are salmon trout.

Had Dr. Giinther been able to examine the first smolt
sent from this colony in 1869 by the light which the further
conduct of the experiment has since thrown on the subject,
we should never have been told that that smolt was a stunted
salmon trout, because the statement that it was stunted was
due to an erroneous conviction that no migratory salmon could
return from the sea to a Tasmanian river, and that as we
had only received one lot of ova of salmon trout in 1865, the
smolt must have been three years and-a-half old. The deter-
mination of the species of the second grilse proves that the
first smolt was no stunted individual; but that it was what

55

it appeared, a healthy well-fed fish which had travelled more
than 30 miles seaward in obedience to the migratory instinct,
and it also proves to my mind that inasmuch as it could not
be one of the fish originally hatched from an English salmon
trout egg,and there had not been sufficient time for the
salmon trout to have bred and produced a smolt of that age;
-hat, therefore, that first smolt could only have been a true
salmon—the whole difficulty in the determination of its
ipecies having arisen from the fact that, however valuable
he tests applied may have been for the elucidation of the
pecies of adult specimens, those tests are valueless when
pplied toimmature fish. So with the determination of the
econd grilse. Ifwe are to regard it as adult,—that is to say,
“it has arrived at such a stage that there would be no
ther change in the anatomical details of the fish on its
ext journey seawards, beyond mere increase of size,—then
ie tests applied by Dr. Giinther would doubtless be sufficient
'» warrant the conclusion that it is a salmon trout (Salmo
utta); but if, on the other hand, any further change
ight take place in those details, its species cannot with
solute certainty be determined till the sum of that change
ss been recorded ; and, therefore, nothing but the capture
a full-grown specimen will ever satisfactorily set the

» role question at rest.

56

NOTES ON THE CHLAMYDOSAURUS OR FRILLED
LIZARD OF QUEENSLAND (Chlamydosaurus Kingi,
Gray), AND THE DISCOVERY OF A FOSSIL
SPECIES ON THE DARLING DOWNS, QUEENS.
LAND.

By Grorar Bennert, M.D., F.L.S., Corr. Memser or
THE RoyaL Society or TASMANIA.

[Read 13th July, 1875.]

This remarkable lizard was first described by Mr. John FE.
Gray, in 1827, and published in the appendix to the “ Narra-
tive of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of
Australia, by Captain P. P. King, R.N. He considers it
closely allied to the Agamz, but differing from them in the
peculiar frill that is appended to the neck, and named it
Chlamydosaurus Kingu. This interesting lizard was found
by Mr. Allan Cunningham, who accompanied Captain King’s
Expedition as His Majesty’s Botanical Collector for Kew
Gardens, on the branch of a tree in Careening Bay, at the
bottom of Port Nelson. Mr. Cunningham’s journal contains
the following remarks respecting it, he says :—‘‘ I secured a
lizard of extraordinary appearance, which had perched itself
upon the stem of a small decayed tree. It had a curious
crenated membrane like a ruff or tippet round its neck,
covering its shoulders, and when expanded, which it was
enabled to do by means of transverse slender cartilages,
spreads five inches in the form ofan open umbrella. I regret
that my eagerness to secure so interesting an animal, did not
admit of sufficient time to allow the lizard to show by its
alarm or irritability, how far it depended upon, or what use it
made of this extraordinary membrane when its life was
threatened. Its head was rather large, and eyes, whilst
living, rather prominent, its tongue, although bipfid, was
rather short and thick, and appeared to be tubular.” The
colour of the tongue and inside of the mouth was yellow.
The discovery of the fossil species occurred as, follows :—
In a letter dated Toowoomba, Queensland, July 22nd, 1874,
received from my son, Mr. G. F. Bennett, he says:—“I
have just returned from a visit to Gowrie Station, on the
Darling Downs, and was successful in securing a good speci-
men of the jaw of Notoherium Mitchellit, a portion of the jaw
of Diportodon, and other specimens, but the most curious of
all is a small portion of a jaw with a good many teeth, either
ofa fish or snake.” On receiving this specimen and examin-
ing it very carefully under a powerful lens, I considered it
was decidedly reptilian. On afterwards showing it to Mons.

57

Henri Filhol, one of the naturalists attached to the Museum
of Natural History of Paris (this gentleman had just arrived
at Sydney wid Batavia and Singapore, forming one of the
French Expedition for observing the Transit of Venus at
Campbell’s Island, South Pacific, and brought a letter of in-
troduction to me), he kindly gave it a very attentive exami-
nation, confirming my opinion as to its reptilian character, and
on the following day informed me that he considered it a
fossil of an extinct species of the Chlamydosawrus or Frilled
Lizard of Queensland. I immediately transmitted it by post,
by the mail steamer, to my friend Professor Owen, and in a
letter dated November 5th, 1874, received the following
reply :—‘“I lose no time in acknowledging yours of September
8rd, 1874, and the small box therein referred to, which has
safely reached me. The portions of jaw with teeth, are those
of a Chlamydosaurus ; but of a species with a shorter, more
obtuse, and higher head than Chlamydosaurus Kingii. I have
therefore entered it, and shall find a place for it in some plate
for figuring fossils, as of a Chlamydosaurus Bennettit. By
the way, I should like to have from some competent and
trustworthy observer an opinion whether the Frilled Lizard
walks erect on its hind legs, or ever walks at all, or in any
fashion, on that pair solely, after the manner of birds. I can
understand its sitting itself up, and outspreading its frill, and
perhaps snapping its teeth when attacked. But some, here,
have rested their argument on Jgwanodon, etc., walking on
their hind feet, on a statement in Krefft’s list of specimens in
your Museum, that Chlamydosaurus does so.”

In reply to the enquiry of my distinguished friend respecting
the Frilled Lizard walking on its hind legs, I communicated to
him the information I had obtained from several competent and
trustworthy observers, and which led to the conclusion that the
Chlamydosaurus did move solely on the hind legs occasionally,
but when in that position the mode of progression was more
hopping than walking, in some degree resembling the mode
of progression as observed in the kangaroos. Mr. Krefft, who
had an opportunity of observing these reptiles alive in a very
large cage, says:—“It rises occasionally on its hind legs,
squatting like a kangaroo. When suddenly disturbed it has
this habit more particularly, sometimes it hops not unlike a bird
for a short distance, say one or two yards, and then takes to
all fours again. The common Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus
varius) has similar habits, and I have noticed some of them
rise up and start, body erect, for fifteen or twenty yards.
The Lace Lizard only rises up when on the ground, but the
‘ Frilled Lizard’ does so when in trees, and probably jumps
from branch to branch.” The movement of the “ Frilled

08

Lizard” on its hind legs was mentioned to me by Mr. Brown,
who observed them in the vicinity of Rockhampton, and we
have further confirmation of the fact by the following letter
from Mr. Charles Coxen, of Brisbane, dated February 27th,
1875, who says :—“ Respecting the locomotion ef the Chlamy-
dosaurus King or ‘¥rilled Lizard,’ I will state what came
under my own observation. While on a visit in 1871 to my
friend Mr. W. Archer, of Gracemere, near Rockhampton, my
attention was aroused early one morning by seeing one of these
reptiles standing erect on the garden path, with its head and
nose in a line with its body. Not wishing to disturb it, I
stood still and observed its movements, when seeing there
was no desire on my part to disturb it, it quietly walked with
its nose in the air amongst the shrubs; on my following it
rather quickly, it ran away on its four legs for a short distance,
but not being further interfered with, it again took to its
bipedal progression, but on being startled a second time, it
started off on all fours and ranupatree. On mentioning this
to Mr. Archer, he appeared to be aware of this peculiar habit
of the reptile, and informed me that this lizard had been for a
long time a denizen of his garden, and that the creature was
tame, no one being allowed to frighten or interfere with it.
Since making these observations, I have had an opportunity of
stuffing one for the Queensland Museum, and have placed it
in the bipedal position I have just described, with its frill in
repose, that being in accordance with my observation of the
one I saw at Grasmere, for I believe itis only when at bay, or
showing ficht, that the frillis erected.”

In part illustration of these notes, I have sent a specimen of
the “ Frilled Lizard” (Chlamydosaurus Kingii) in spirits for
the Museum of the Society.

Sydney, N. 8. Wales,
May 20th, 1875.

59

ON THE EUPLECTELLA ASPERGILLUM, Owen;
OR “VENUS’S FLOWER BASKET,”

A SPECIES OF SPONGE BELONGING TO THE ALCYONOID FAMILY ;
AND

A NOTICE OF THE HYALONEMA OR “GLASS ROPE”
SPONGE.

By Georee Bennert, M.D., F.L.8., &., Corr. Mem. or THE
Royat Socrery oF T'ASMANTA.

[Read 13th July, 1875.]

Sponges assume a great variety of forms, some are
cylindrical and cup-shaped, others are flattened, spherical,
and finger shaped, varying in size from small specks to
gigantic dimensions, the latter exemplified in the so-called
* Neptune’s Cup,” (Zhalassema Neptunt) a specimen of which
is in the Museum of the Society. Some of the sponges
display a great variety of rich colours, from bright scarlet
and mauve, to pale yellow and rose, but the beautiful and
delicate tints change when exposed to the air to a dull
brownish hue. Sponges are formed of a soft glairy substance
termed sarcode, which envelopes a skeleton composed of
silicious, calcareous, or horny material. The first exemplified
by the Luplectella, Hyalonema, Holtenia, Rossella, &e., &e. ;
the second by the genus Grantia, and the last by the common
sponge (Spongia communis) forming an elastic substance
extensively employed for domestic purposes.

The most delicate and beautiful of the silicious sponges are
those composed of threads or filaments of almost pure silex,
beautifully interlaced and terminating at the base in delicate
threads of exquisite fineness like spun silk, as seen in the
Euplectelia aspergillum of Owen, popularly named “ Venus’s
Flower Basket,” resembling in its form a bouquet holder of
spun glass; others form hollow cups, from which beards of
long, flossy filaments are pendent, consisting of silex
resembling spun glass, as in Holtenia, Rossella, &c. Another
remarkable silicious sponge, is the Hyalonema, known as the
“Glass Coral,’ or “Rope Glass;” this sponge or rather a
portion of it, I had an opportunity of examining in the
Museum of the Royal Society at Hobart Town, and also some
specimens in the possession of Mr. James Macfarlane, of that
city, who brought them from Japan, and presented the
examples in the Society’s Museum. The portions of the
Hyalonema I examined consisted of a rod of twisted fibres
varying in thickness, and about six or seven inches in length,
encased in a brownish leathery coating, the surface of which
was studded with a species of parasitical Zoophyte; the lower

60

portion was frayed out, so that the glass threads were
separated from one another. It was evidently not perfect,
and a question had arisen where specimens were first seen
brought from Japan, whether it was a natural production or
a misdirected industry of those ingenious people. It appears
that Ehrenberg took this view, when he examined the
Hyalonema, recognising the silicious strands as the spicules
of a sponge quite independent of the Zoophyte with which
they were encrusted. After an examination of the specimens,
the conclusion I arrived at, and the opinion I gave, was, that
the Zoophyte was imperfect. On my return to Sydney, I
found on reference to Professor Wyville Thompson’s recent
work on the “Depths of the Sea,” that the conclusion I
arrived at was correct, and that perfect specimens of this
remarkable sponge had been obtained, not from Japan, but
at first from the coast of Portugal and subsequently from
the coast of Scotland. The species obtained from the
coast of Portugal was discovered by Professor Barboza de
Bocage, and is named Hyalonema lusitanicum (of which
an engraving is given from which I send a copy) it is
closely related to the glass rope sponges of Japan, which have
so long perplexed naturalists to determine their position in
the animal series, and their relation to their constant
companion the parasitic Palythoa, a genus of Zoophytes.
Respecting the capture of Hyalonema on the coast of Scotland,
Wyville Thompson says :—Off the Butt of Lewis, north of the
Hebrides, or western islands of Scotland, “ we met in water
of 450 to 500 fathoms, on two occasions, with full grown
specimens of a species of the remarkable genus Hyalonema,
with the coils in the larger examples upwards of forty
centimetres in length. Hyalonema is certainly a very striking
object, and although our specimens belong apparently to the
same species, H. lusitanicum, of Professor Barboza de Bocage,
from the coast of Portugal, it is one of the most interesting
additions made to the British Fauna during our cruise.” He
further describes this curious sponge as follows:—‘ A bundle
of from 200 to 300 threads of transparent silica, glistening
with a silky lustre, like the most brilliant spun glass, each
thread from 380 to 40 centimetres long, in the middle the
thickness of a knitting needle, and gradually tapering towards
either end to a fine point; the whole bundle coiled like a
strand of rope into a lengthened spiral, the threads of the |
middle and upper portions remaining compactly coiled by a
permanent twist of the individual threads; the lower part of
the coil, which, when the sponge is living, is imbedded in the
mud, frayed out so that the glossy threads stand separate
from one another, like the bristles of a glittering brush; the

61

upper portion of the coil, closo and compact, is imbedded
perpendicularly in a conical or cylindrical sponge ; and usually
oak of the sponge-substance, is covered with a brownish
eathery coating, whose surface is studded with the polyps of
an alcyonarian zoophyte. Such is the general effect of a
complete specimen of Hyalonema.” In the same work he
says “ Hyalonema was also common; but we got few perfect
specimens with the sponge and glass rope in connection. The
conical sponge heads were very numerous; they seemed to
have been torn off by the edge of the dredge, the rope remain-
ing in the mud, and the ropes were frequently brought up
without the sponge. Almost all the ropes were encrusted
with the constant ‘ commensal’ of Hyalonema, Polythoa fatua.
Very young examples of Hyalonema, with the whisp from
5 mm. to 20 mm. long, had usually no Palythoa on them;
but when they had attained above the latter dimensions in
almost every case one could see the first Polyp of the Palythoa
making its appearance as a small bud, and its pink-encrusting
crnosare spreading round it.” When the Challenger was
in the South Atlantic it has been mentioned that the trawl
was put down in 1,375 fathoms, and on the following day in
1,600 fathoms, between Prince Edward’s Islands and the
Crozets, the number of species taken in these two hauls
was very large, and many of them belonged to especially
interesting genera, while many were new to science. Thero
occurred with others the well-known genera Euplectella and
Hyalonema, showing the wide range of those beautiful sponges.
It has only been during the last few years that specimens of
the beautiful silicious frames or skeletons of the sponge
belonging to the Alcyonoid family named Luplectella has been
discovered in greater numbers, and have been brought from
the Philippine Islands to New South Wales by the ships
arriving from those islands with cargoes of sugar. The
Euplectella is of a most singular and beautiful texture, ex-
citing admiration by the clear transparency of its exquisite
lace like work, and the delicacy with which the threads are
apparently interwoven, forming a construction of delicate net-
work not to be equalled by any human fabric. They assume
for the most part the form of a cornucopia, and are attached,
when partly buried in the mud, to the sand, coral rock, or
other objects, even to the mud itself by a bundle of terminal
fibres or threads having a silky or silvery lustre, situated at
the smaller and narrower end or base of the sponge. In the
living state this silicious or flinty skeleton is enveloped by a
delicate gelatinous organic tissue of a pale brown colour. This
beautiful sponge can now be seen in our public museums, and
also in many private collections, and as I have been able to send

62

two specimens for your Museum, some account of them may be
interesting to the members of the Society. This elegant
generic form of reticulate aleyonoid sponge was first described
by Professor Owen, in 1841, from a specimen brought from
the Philippine Islands by Mr. Hugh Cuming, and published
in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London (vol.
3, 1849.) In a letter to Professor Owen, Mr. Cuming relates
how it was obtained, as follows:—“The Luplectella brought
home by me from the Philippines, was taken by a fisherman,
in ten fathoms, rocky ground, off the Island of Bohol, one of
the Southern Islands of the Philippine Group. The fisherman
was employed in catching a species of cod which abounds in
those islands, and finding, after some time, the fish did not
take his bait, he drew up his line, when to his surprise he
found the specimen of Euplectella attached to his hook, near
the orifice, and fearing to injure it by disentangling the hook
from such a fragile substance, he cut out that portion to which
the hook was attached. On his arrival on shore, at St.
Nicholas de Zebu, he made a present of it to the Governor of
the town. On my arrival a few days after, I was introduced
to the Governor, who, upon knowing the object of my visit to
the island, presented me with it, as the greatest curiosity he
had to offer me, as he had never seen the like before. On my
showing it to the Bishop of that city, and the principal inhabi-
tants, they confirmed the opinion of its rarity expressed by
the Governor.” This beautiful and singular marine production
forms part of a member of the lowest class of organised bodies,
being the skeleton of a species of sponge, belonging to the
cylindrical or reticulate, or alcyonoid family. “If,” says
Professor Owen, “ the basal aperture of the cone were open, the
resemblance to some of the known reticulate alecyonoid sponges
would be very close, especially to that called Alcyonellam
gelatinosum by Blainville, its closure by the reticulate
convex frilled cap, in the present instance establishes the
generic distinction; and, in the exquisite beauty and regu-
larity of the texture of the walls of the cone, this species sur-
passes any of the allied productions that I have yet seen, or
found described. I propose, therefore, to name it Huplectella
aspergillum,” the generic name being derived from Eu, well;
and Plecto, to weave. ‘The specific name given by Professor
Owen, is simply a translation of the popular name by which it
is known among the fishermen at the Philippine Islands, who
call it “ Regadera,” which means “ Watering Pot,” from the
resemblance of the reticulated cap at the upper end to the
spout of a watering pot; but Dr. J. E. Gray bas given to it, a
very pretty and appropriate popular name of “‘ Venus’s Flower
Basket.” Huplectella is an excellent generic name, being

63

indicative of the exquisite regularity and complexity of
the interweaving of its component threads, resembling the
most delicate spun glass, and of a silvery lustre. The speci-
mens brought to Sydney, New South Wales, varied in size
from eight to fifteen inches in length, and of a proportionate
diameter. An account was published in the annals of Natural
History (vol. 3, 4th series, 1869) of the method adopted to
capture the Euplectella. It was as follows :—* The only place
where the Regaderas are to be found is about three miles from
the shore, in front of the small village of Palisay, which is
about five or six miles south of the town of Zebu, Island of
Zebu, Philippine Islands. The mode of catching them is very
ingenious, and is as follows :—When the tide is about its full,
the natives go out in very small canoes to the bed in which
they are found, which is about a mile in circumference, and
from 130 to 135 fathoms deep. The native, when he considers
he has come to about the extremity of the bed, then lets drop
his fishing tackle, composed ofa piece of iron of the shape of a
T,to the two extremities of which are attached two flexible pieces
of bamboo, armed with hooks. This sinks to the bottom, and
the native sits perfectly still in his tiny canoe, which is then
gradually drifted by the tide or current over the ground on
which the Regaderas are found; so soon as he feels that his
trawling apparatus has caught something, he begins to haul
his line gently in, and generally finds two or three impaled on
the hooks. When taken out of the water the Regaderas are
dirty and yellow, but after being put into fresh water, or ex-
posed to the rain, and dried in the sun, they become perfectly
white. The bottom of the sea where the Regaderas are found,
is composed of soft mud and sand. ‘The extended fibres or
root of the Regadera is embedded in this, and the top or broad
part always looks, as the natives say, to the setting sun. In
the Regadera, when fished up, are generally found from one to
three small animals of the crab species, of about the size of
very small shrimps. The hooks, of course, often catch
Regaderas without bringing them up, and many that have
been recovered show signs of having a new piece of netting
put over the part torn by the hook. It is said that the first
Regadera discovered in Zebu was sold for fifty dollars, and
that a Dr. Caloo, who took it to Manilla, was then offered
two hundred dollars for it; for some time after that they con-
tinued to be worth sixteen dollars each. It was only in 1865
they became abundant, through the present bed of them being
discovered.” ‘The Regaderas’ usual form is that of a cornu-
copia, although some have been oecasionally seen nearly
straight, but those are comparatively rare. The inclination of
the growth is outward. When first caught they are covered

64

with a yellowish brown gelatinous tissue veiling the beautiful
texture of the crystal framework.

The first specimen obtained by Mr. Hugh Cuming was sold
in London for thirty pounds, others afterwards realised from
ten to fifteen pounds; but fresh discoveries having lately been
made, they have become more plentifal, and the prices have
been very materially reduced. In nearly the whole of the
specimens I examined, there were different species of crabs and
other crustacea, imprisoned in the crystal frame without any
opening to admit a possibility of escape, as secure as if in a
corked or sealed bottle, the mystery of their entrance has
puzzled learned naturalists, as the apples in the dumplings
did George the Third, or as the liqueurs in the sugar plums
have also mystified many wise heads. A question arises, how
they got in? ‘This can only be satisfaetorily explained, either
by their having effected an entrance previous to the completion
in growth of the skeleton of the sponge, or what is still more
probable, when a rent has occurred accidentally in the delicate
net work, an entrance was effected before the injury had been
repaired, and which, when completed, render their escape im-
possible, for that this sponge has the power of secreting
silicious matter for the reparation of any injury it may sustain,
can be proved by the examination of specimens in which
repairs of injuries have been made ; for the restoring power of
the sponges displays remarkable activity of their vital power
as shown by the rapidity and strength with which injuries
are repaired, for according to experiments made by Mr.
Bowerbank, injuries that had been sustained by some sponges
were repaired in less than twenty-four hours. By some
naturalists it was supposed that the crabs were the architects
of this fairly-like structure, but they might have reflected,
that although crabs have the power of secreting calcareous,
they cannot produce a silicious or flinty matter, but as this
class of sponges is known to be capable of creating this silicious
material, we may readily be convinced that this elaborate and
exquisitely delicate lace tracery is their work. In 1857
Professor Owen and Dr. Arthur Farre, published in the 22nd
vol. of the Linnean Transactions, an account of another beauti-
ful species of Kuplectella, under the name of Luplectella
cucumer, or Cucumber Euplectella, from the peculiarity of
its form, which when first seen in the engraving, might
readily, and has been mistaken for the representation of that
singular vegetable production the Cactus, and it certainly bears
a close resemblance to the form of some of the species. It is
stated in the description to have been given to Captain
Etheridge, R. N., by the King of the Seychelle Islands, but as
no monarch resides at that group, it is most probable a mistake

65

for the ruler of the Comoro Islands, which are situated be-
tween the East Coast of Africa, and the North point of
Madagascar, or for the Sultan of the Island of Zanzibar.
Professor Owen says that “To the question put by almost
every one to whom the Kuplectella is shown, as to how the
threads could have been so regularly, yet intricately inter-
woven, I have sometimes replied, that there has been no such
thing as interweaving in the case; that no thread, as ‘such,
was ever laid across another in the construction of the
Euplectella, that the analogy of human textile fabrics does not
apply to this beautiful natural object. In artificial lace work,
the several stages of a complex result must be taken in the
succession indicated by painful and exact calculation; in
organic lace work, different stages are done at once. Thus it
is that the Divine works surpass those of man’s utmost
ingenuity. The threads of the Huplectella were not first spun,
and then interwoven, but were formed as interwoven, the two
processes going on simultaneously or ‘ pari passu.’ Just asin
the cancelleous texture of bone, the plates of bone are not first
formed, and then fitted to one another, as in building a house
of cards ; but the forming and the fitting go on together in
the course of molecular growth. I presume also that in the
beautiful object which we call the Huplectella we have but its
skeleton, and that in the living state the exquisite structure
of the flinty framework may be veiled by the delicate gelatin-
ous enveloping organic tissue.” This beautiful sponge will
now ke still more plentiful as it has recently been discovered
on the coast of Portugal, for in a letter in the Daily News
from that journal’s special correspondent on board the
“Challenger,” he says, “‘ on the evening of 4th of March, 1873,
Professor Wyville Thompson gave a popular lecture on the
objects of the expedition, and after giving an account of the
very satisfactory results which they had already obtained,
the Professor described some of the most interesting objects
brought up by the dredge. One of the most interesting of
these objects was a beautiful specimen of the Philippine
Island Sponge (Luplectella aspergillum) obtained off the coast
of Portugal at a depth of 2,000 fathoms. This is the first
specimen of this species of sponge ever found in any waters
but those of the Philippine Islands, and it was always believed
to be indigenous to them.”
Sydney, New South Wales,
June 2nd, 1875.

66

ON THE FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TASMANIA.
By Rey. J. E. Tennison Woops, F.G.S8., F.L.S.
[Read 9th August, 1875. |

Introduction.—No attempt has yet been made to arrange
the freshwater shells of Tasmania. The land shells have
been~ carefully catalogued by Mr. Legrand, so that little
remains to be desired in that department of our island fauna.
The marine shells have received much attention from most
eminent naturalists, though a list carefully criticised, with a
well arranged account of the bibliography is much wanted.
But the freshwater shells have been almost entirely neglected.
There have been one or two descriptions of Physa in Reeve,
and one or two other notices of species scattered through
various scientific publications, but the majority of the shells
here described are new to science. This comparative neglect
has one advantage, which is, that the whole can be done
without a troublesome synonomy. ‘There are other advantages
in describing species in their native country. Mistakes as to
the habitat are thus avoided by the examination of large
collections, all the variations to which any species is subject
can be observed, and details which in isolated specimens
might be regarded as of specific value are rightly estimated,
and the unnecessary multiplication of species obviated. For
this reason I am sure tbat it is no real gain to science to
send one or two natural history specimens to scientific men
at home no matter how eminent they may be. In this way,
a hopeless confusion of names and habitats arises, no accurate
knowledge is gained, and science is, in fact, really retarded.
I say this because in the very subject I am now writing upon,
I find in various eminent scientific works descriptions of Aus-
tralian freshwater shells, which I have very little doubt were
derived from Tasmania; and, further, I also find shells
described as Tasmanian, which the most careful and pains-
taking collectors assure me have never been found in this
island. Such instances I will note as I proceed,

The first fact that strikes us in the examination of the fresh-
water fauna of Tasmania is its perfect distinctness from that
of Australia. The latter is well marked, and there is the
greatest distinctness hetween shells gathered in different parts
of the continent. But with this fact there is another still
more remarkable, that one of the Tasmanian Phys, and that
the most common seems scarcely to be distinguished from the
common Physa fontinalis of Europe, and it is found in places
which preclude the supposition of its having been introduced.
Moreover the facies or general character of our freshwater

67

shells is not Australian, which certainly is most singular,
considering that the geographical relations of the two places
are so close. These facts, however, are quite in keeping with
the teachings of both the zoology and geology of Tasmania,
namely, that the island has been separated from the conti-
nent in very remote periods of the earth’s history, perhaps
since the close of the mesozoic.

Secondly, we find in the freshwater shells of Tasmania a
singularly restricted habitat for some species, and an unac-
countably capricious distribution for others. Thus some
species are only found in small inland lakes, and others are
found in one restricted habitat, and then strangely reappear
at other and remote parts of the island, while between the
two localities there seems to be no present communication,
Every species, too, which has a wide range has a local variety.
It would seem from these facts that the present physical
features of Tasmania have undergone little change in recent
times, but the outpouring of lavas, etc., in tertiary times, of
which there is such evidence, has altered some of the inland
characters, and so divided districts which may have been
formerly united in their freshwater streams. This, however,
is merely a supposition, which is only one of many which may
be offered in explanation of the phenomena.

There are in all 32 species of freshwater known shells in
Tasmania, that is to say, 28 univalves and 4 bivalves; the
proportion of bivalves to univalves for Britain is 29 to 9. The
Tasmanian species are distributed in the following genera:—
Physa, 12; Limnea, 4; Bythinia, 7; Ancylus,2; Pomiatopsis, 1;
Planorbis, 1; Assiminea, 1. The latter isa very doubtfully re-
ferred to freshwater, being usually found only in brackish
streams. Still, as it seems to live in streams where the tidal in-
fluence of the salt water is scarcely felt, I must place the one
Tasmanian species amongst the list of our freshwater fauna.

Ofthe genera, Physa is the largest in number, and this is the
case also in Australia, where it takes the place occupied by
Limnea elsewhere. But the Australian species are generally
very globose with short spires or with a peculiar elongation of
the penultimate whorl, with a deeply impressed suture, and
these features are not marked in the Tasmanian species.
Their form rather approximates to the European and American
types. The only exception is in P. ciliata, which has a short.
spire, and in the Bruni Island variety a globose habit. Those
from Lake Dulverton are not globose. This species is also
remarkable for being clothed with long reddish hairs in its
young state, a feature not seen in any other of its congeners
except one from India. It is very strange that this species is
only found in Lake Dulverton and Bruni Island, places more

68

than eighty miles apart, and separated by an arm of the sea.
In Lake Dulverton is found P. mamillata, which is also found
in Brunilsland. I may here remark that a variety ot the latter
exactly corresponding with Sowerby’s P. attenuata is found in
the same lake, and though described as coming from Aus-
tralia, Mr. W. Legrand assures me it came from Lake Dul-
verton, as it was sent to Mr. Sowerby from Tasmania by Mr.
Legrand. Under these circumstances, the species and name
should be suppressed, but the matter is one for Australian
naturalists. ‘The common Physa of Tasmania I have named
P. tasmanica. It varies very much according to the place in
which it is found, and is closely allied to P. fontinalis of
Europe. The number of Physas (12) for such a small island
is very large, and it may be that some of the species will yet
need reduction, yet it must be remembered that Tasmania is
an extremely mountainous country. The ridges acting as
complete barriers between different parts of the island.

The genus Bythinia contains species which may possibly need
further reduction. Some authors have referred those species,
of which the Tasmanian creeks, ete., are so full, to the genus
Paludestrina. Under the head of that genus I have given
my reasons for classing them asI have done. The partly
calcareous operculum appears to me, in the absence of the
animal, decisive of the point. Two species of Paludestrina
have been described by Mr. Brazier as from Tasmania in the
Zoological Society’s proceedings, but I have never been able
to find any collector who has seen them. I therefore con-
clude there is some mistake in the habitat. Nevertheless I
have included them in the list, hoping that future investiga-
tions may throw some light on the point.

The four species of Limnea do not call for any remark
except that they are local and very distinct from any European
or Australian congeners.

The two species of Ancylus are very remarkable, in fact,
Tasmania can boast of the largest and finest species of Ancylus
known, being so distinct from every other species, that at
one time it was proposed to erect a separate genus for its
reception. ‘The other species in no way resembles it, being
small and inconspicuous.

The other genera have nothing peculiar about them. They
are the representatives of Huropean species in our streams.
It is said that our Pomiatopsis is found in Australia, but as
there it is claimed as a Blanfordia, the indentification is
doubtful.

It is remarkable that there is only one Unio in Tasmania,
and that is entirely restricted to rivers emptying themselves
en the north side of the island.

69

Altogether the fresh water shells of Tasmania present a
novel and peculiar character which, when carefully studied,
may help to explain much of the distinctive zoology and
geology of the island. So far as my observations go, its
results seem more adverse than favourable to the Darwinian
hypothesis, but the nature of this paper prevents my stating
at any length the reasons which incline one to this opinion.

UNIVALVES. ANCYLUS. Gerorrroy, 1767.

(Traite des coquilles de Paris par Etienne Louis Geoffroy,
Paris, 1767.)

Testa tenuis, oblique conica, apice acuto, posterius inflexo, apertura
ovalt ; marginibus simplicissimis.

Shell thin, obliquely conical, apex acute, posteriorly in-
flated, aperture oval with quite simple margins.

These freshwater limpets are air breathers, and not nume-
rous in species. They are found, says Mons. Bourguignat
(who has made the genus the subject of a most elaborate paper
in the Zool. Soc. Proceed. for 1853 p. 77) in all the great
divisions of the world, but the section Velletia has hitherto
only been found in Europe. About 50 species are known.

AncyLus cumrncianus, Bourguignat (loc. cit.) <A. testa antice
gibboso-convexa, postice concava, apice recuivo, contorto, ad marginem
aperture lateralem dextrorsus dejecto, ac duos anfractos prebente ;
anrfractibus depressionem apicalem convexitate penultimi obtegentibus.
Testa parwm diaphana, levi vel striata, presertim ad aperturam ;
anfractibus apicis sepissimi rugoso-radiatis ; epidermide supra cornea
vel virescente, intus albida ; apertura subangulato-rotundata

Shell gibbosely convex anteriorly, posteriorly concave, apex
recurved, twisted and dextrally turned down to the lateral
margin of the aperture, so as to make two whorls; whorls
covering the apicial depression by the convexity of the
penultimate. Shell slightly diaphanous, smooth or striate
about the aperture, the apicial whorls very often rugosely
radiate, epidermis greenish or horny above, white within ;
aperture subangulately rounded. Length 6—7. Breadth,
5—53. Alt., 2}—3 mill. But specimens have been placed in
my hands by Mr. Legrand of neariy double this measurement.

This species is truly the finest Ancylus known, having no
congeners in any way approaching it. Latia neritoides of New
Zealand may be compared with it in some respects. Its peculiar
features are its size, the excessive deviation of the apex, its
peculiar spiral apex, its mode of growth and the form of
its aperture. These separate it completely from all speeies
hitherto known. MHabitat, in streams between New Norfolk
and Hamilton. The large ones referred to from a small

70

stream running into the Derwent near Dunrobin.-—RZ.
Maddock.

ANCYLUS TASMANTIOUS. n.s. A. testa parva, oblongo-ovata,diaphana,
cornea, concentrico striata, et subtillisime rugoso-radiata, epidermide
nigro plus minusve induta et maculata, apice obtuso, postico ; apertura
postice subatenuata.

Shell small, ovate, diaphanous horny, concentrically striate
and very faintly rugosely radiate, more or less covered and
spotted with a black epidermis, apex obtuse, posterior aperture
subattenuate posteriorly. Long.,3—35. Lat., 1;—2. Alt.,
13—2.

Common near Hobart Town in streams, on stems of water-
cress (Wasturtiwm officinale.)

LIMNAAA. Lamarck, 1799.

Testa oblonga, interdum turrita; spira exserta, apertura integra,
longitudinalis. Labrum acutum, inferné ad sinistram revertens et
ascendens, in columellam versus aperturam decurrit, plicamque obli-
quam mentitur. Operculum nullum. Hist. Nat. des Anim. s.
Verteb. 2 edit par Deshayes et Milne Edwards. Paris, 1838.

Shell obloug, sometimes turretted, spire exsert. Aperture
entire, longitudinal. Outer lip acute returning to the left,
and ascending decurrent with the columella towards the
aperture making a false oblique. plait. No operculum.

The Limnez are world-wide in their distribution, and in-
habit ponds, lakes, and running water. The species have a
wide distribution, so that it is difficult to distinguish between
those folmd in America and Europe. Sowerby says that the
Australian species have generally an inflated form, while
Lovell Reeve (Land and Freshw. Moll of Brit. p. 155) says,
“InIndia, neighbourhood of Calcutta, the shell is cylindrically
oblong. In Malayan Islands and Punjaub districts of India
it is of a peculiarly silvery horny substance, marked with
opaque white brown streaks. Western Asia, north of the
Himalayas, over the whole of Europe, extending to Greenland,
and over all the United States, the Limnex produce a dull
horny malleated shell. The inland waters of Central America
and Australia have few Limnez. They are chiefly inhabited
by Physe.

1. Limy a TAsMANtca n.s. P.testa tenui,pellucida,eleganter pyrami-
data, corneo-fulva ; spira elevata, acuminata, apertura longitudine,
paulo swperanti; anfractibus (5-8) obliquis ; ultimo anfracto inflato ;
apertura late ovata ; labio externo tenwissimo, fragilis; labio interno
subexpanso, plica inconspicua, columella alba, vie contorta.

P. shell thin, pellucid, elegantly pyramidal, horny fulvous ;
spire elevated acuminated, aperture little larger than the

71

spire, whorls 5 to 8, oblique, last whorl inflated, aperture
widely ovate ; outer lip extremely thin, fragile ; inner lip some-
what expanded, columella fold inconspicuous; columella
white, scarcely twisted. Long. 25. Lat.12. Apert. 15 mill.
But this isa large size.

Habitat.—Everywhere in South Tasmania about Hobart.
This shell is very like Limnea stagnalis, Linn, but the spire is
not so attenuated, the aperture not nearly so expanded, the
columella fold is inconspicuous, the columella white, and the
shell much smaller and thinner. It also comes near some
American species.

2. Limya%a nvonensis. L. testa tenwissima, pellucida, nitida,
ventricosa, pallide cornea, rectiuscula, spira brevi, acuta; anfractibus
(4) productis, labio externo tenuwissimo, acuto; labio interno expanso ;
plica contorta, columella arcuato.

Shell very thin, pellucid, shining, ventricose, pale horny,
rather straight, spire short, acute, whorls 4, penultimate whorl
rounded; last whorl large, concave behind the columella,
aperture ovate, produced; outer lip very thin, acute; inner lip
expanded, fold twisted, columella arched. Long. 8. Lat. 43.
Apert. 5 mill.

Habitat, River Huon, upper part, Craycroft River, &c.
This very interesting species comes somewhat near L. pinguis

of America.

3. LIMN#A HOBARTONENSIS, 7.8. L. testa ventricosa, subumbicicata,
obliqua, pallide-cornea, spira brevi, anfractibus 4, duobus apicali-
bus parvis, rotundis, penultimo majusculo, ultimo inflato ; post
columellam concavo, apertura obliqua, pyriformi, antice oblique
expansa; labio externo tenwi; labio interno vie expanso, plica quast
obsoleta,

L. shell ventricose, subumbilicate, oblique, horny, spire
short, whorls four, the two apicial ones small,
rounded, the penultimate somewhat larger, the last
inflated ; concave behind, the columellar aperture pyriform,
obliquely expanded in front, outer lip thin, inner lip
expanded, columellar plait almost obsolete. Long. 11. Lat.
& Aperture 9 mill.

Habitat, very common about waterworks near Hobarton.
Closely allied to preceding, but the spire is more conspicuous
and the shell oblique, more solid, and altogether larger.

4. LIMNa&A LAUNCBSTONENSIS n.8. L. testa tenuwissima, pellucida,
alba, nitidissima,ventricosa,rectiuscula ; spira brevi, acuta ; anfractibus
4, ultimo magno, post columellam concavo ; apertura pyriformi ; labio
externo expanso, acuto,fragilis ; colwmella arcuata, plica inconspicua.

Shell very thin, pelJucid, white, very shiny, ventricose,
somewhat straight, spire short, acute, whorls four, last large,
concave behind the columella; aperture pyriform ; outer lip

(e

expanded, acute, fragile ; columella arched, plait inconspicuous.
Long. 15. Lat. 9. Aperture 11 mill.

Habitat, Creek near Launceston. While in habit this shell
much resembles the two preceding it is larger and of shining
white or silvery lustre. I also think that there are signs of a
band circling the shell formed by two parallel lines.

PHYSA.

Genus Physa Draparnaud. Hist. Nat. des Moll. cc., de la
France, 1805.

Testa fluviatilis, cornea, tenwis, spiralis, sinistrorsa, plerwmque
ovato-acuminata ; labio externo acuto, simplici ; labio interno
expanso, cum columella continuo; columella contorta, wniplicata,
operculum nullum.

Shell fluviatile, horny, thin, spiral, sinistral, generally ovate,
acuminated ; outer lip expanded, continuous with the colu-
mella; columella tortuous, singly-plaited. No operculum.

The Physe may be considered sinistral or reversed
Limneade. They are most numerous in warm countries,
but are found in Britain. The usual species are found in
Kurope and South Africa, and they prefer running streams.

1. P. aperta. P. testa parva, brevi, ovata, inflata, epidermide
olivaceo-fusca induta ; spira brevissima, anfractibus duwobus, ultimo
inflato, superne sub-gibboso; apertwra magna, lata, intus sub
cerulea, columella contorta, plica promiuula.

Shell small, short, ovate, inflated, covered with an olive
brown epidermis; spire very short, with two whorls, last
whorl inflated, rather gibbous above: aperture large, broad,
bluish within, columella tortuous, fold rather prominent.
Sowerby, in Reeve’s Icon. Plate x1., figs 88, a b.

Habitat, creeks between Hamilton and New Norfolk,
Tasmania.

2. P. pepurRNEA. PP. testa gracili, obliqua, subfusiformi, polita,
alba, fulvescenti, semipellucida; spira acwminata, quam apertura
longiori ; anfractibus obliquis, declivibus, attenwatis ; apertura brevius-
cula, subauriformi, intus fusco rubescenti ; columella contorta, alba
medio interdum incrassata.

Shell slender, oblique, rather fusiform, polished white
fawn, semipellucid ; spire acuminated, longer than the aper-
ture, whorls oblique, sloped, attenuated ; rather short, sub-
auriform, reddish brown within, columella tortuous, white,
sometimes thickened in the middle.

Sowerby, in Reeve’s Icon. PI. x1, figs 89 a. b.

Habitat, creeks near Launceston.

3. PHysa MAMILLATA. PP. testa elongata, fusca, antice subex-
pansa 3 spira quam apertura breviuscula ; anfractibus apicalibus

73

minutis, acwminatis, antepenultimo inflato gibboso, penultimo inflato,
gibboso, elongatol; ultimo anfractu attenuato, subcylindrico, antice
oblique subexpanso ; apertwra oblonga, intus subviolacea, colwmella
tenui, contorta, plica elevata.

Shell elongated, brown, anteriorly somewhat expanded,
spire a little shorter than aperture, spiral whorls minute,
acuminated, antepenultimate inflated, gibbous, penultimate
inflated; last whorl attenuated subcylindrical, anteriorly
obliquely rather expanded, aperture oblong, rather violet
within, columella thin, tortuous plait elevated. Length 27 ;
breadth at aperture 7 mill.

Sowerby, in Reeve’s Icon. PI. xi., fig 90.

Habitat, Lake Dulverton.

4. P. ntrma. Sowerby. P. testa parva, subfusiformi, pallide
fulva, levigata, obliqua; spira breviuseula, anfrac. apicalibus acu-
minatis, parvis, penultimo inflato ; ultimo anfrac. ovato, twmidiusculo,
antice rotundato; apertura ovato, columella contorta, plica incon-
spicud.

P. shell small, subfusiform, pale, fulvous, smooth, oblique ;
spire rather short, spiral whorls acuminated, small, the
penultimate inflated; last whorl ovate, rather tumid, an-
teriorly rounded; aperture ovate, columella tortuous, plait
inconspicuous. Length from 6 to 9, breadth from 3 to 43 mill.

Reeves’ Icon. PI. xii., figs 98 a. b.

Habitat, in creeks 8S. E. Tasmania.

5. P. pruntensis. Sowerby. P. testa parva, oblonga, angusta,
pellucida, nitenti; spira breviuscula, anfrac. 3, distinctis, prope
suturam gibbosis, ultimo oblongo ; apertura angustiuscula, columella
tenuissima, plica, iiconspicua,

P. shell, small, oblong, narrow, pellucid, shining; spire
rather short, whorls three, distinct, gibbous near the suture,
the last oblong ; aperture, rather narrow, columella very thin,
plait inconspicuous,

Habitat, Bruni Island. Reeve Icon., pl xii., fig. 99.

6. PHysA VANDIEMENENSIS. Sow. P. testa solida, subquadrata,
fumoso-cornea ; spira brevi, anfrac. paucis, subangulatis ; ultimo
anfractu oblongo, prope sutwram angulato; apertura subquadrata,
intus obscwré purpwrascenti ; labio externo antice expanso, colwmella
contorta, recurva.

P. shell solid, rather square, smoky horn color ; spire short,
whorls few, subangular; last whorl oblong, angular near
the suture ; aperture squarish, dull purplish within, outer lip
anteriorly expanded, columella tortuous, turned backward.
Length 17. Breadth 8.

Habitat, northern Tasmania. I have never seen this species.

Reeve’s Icon. Pl. vii. fig. 57.

Sowerby remarks of this species that its oblong, square,

4 74

angular form is unusual in the genus, but that this only ap-
pears strongly in mature specimens.

7. PHYSA HUONENSIS, n. s. PP. testa, parva ovato-fusiformi,
pellucida, nitente cornea; spira subproducta; anfr. (5), apicalibus
acuminatis, parvis, penultimo longiusculo; apertura producta, auri-
formis; columella ten, arcwata, plica via visibilis.

P. shell small, ovately fusiform, pellucid, shining, horny ;
spire sub-produced ; whorls (5) the spiral acuminated, small,
penultimate somewhat long, aperture produced, auriform;
columella thin, arched, fold scarcely visible. Long. 8, Lat. 3.
Aperture, 4 mill.

This shell is very distinct from P. bruniensis being larger
and having the aperture regularly produced, but it has much
the same habit.

Habitat, Huon River, near Victoria. Legrand.

&. PHYSA. LEGRANDI. n.s. P. testa fusiformi, acuminata, tenwiter
striata, subpellucida, pallide fulva, in partibus fusca ; spira producta,
attenuata, apice acuminato ; anfrac (6) obliquis, attenwatis ; ultimo
anfractu oblongo; apertura producta, auriformis, columella arcuata,
plica conspicwa.

P. shell fusiform, acuminated, finely striated ; sub-pellucid,
pale brown, dusky in parts ; spire produced, attenuated ; apex
acuminated, whorls 6, oblique, attenuated, last oblong; aper-
ture produced, auriform, columella arched, plait conspicuous.
Length 15, breadth 7 mill.

This shell, which may be a large variety of the next species,
has the acuminate oblique habit, which may be said to be the
typical form of so many Australian and Tasmanian species.

Habitat, creeks Cambridge, near Richmond, Tasmania.

9. PHysa TASMANICA, n.s., P. testa ovata, tenwi, nitenti, pellucida,
pallide fulva, rufa, fusco-subviridi, olivacea vel fusco-cornea, pallide
lutea et subalba: spira brevi, acuminata; anfractibus (5) deelivis ;
apertura obliqua ; colwmello alba, term, contorta, plica subconspicua ;
labio interno tenuissimo, recurvo, cwm columella continuo.

P. shell ovate, thin, shining, pellucid, pale fulvous, or red-
dish or brownish green, or olive, or horny brown, occasionally
pale yellow and almost white; spire short, acuminated; whorls,
five, sloping ; aperture oblique ; columella white, thin, twisted,
plaits rather conspicuous ; inner lip very thin, recurved, and
continuous with the columella. Length from 8 to 13 mill.,
breadth from 43 to 73 mill.

This shell which appears to have escaped the notice of pre-
vious naturalists is the common Physa of the country, and is
found in all the inland streams. It is, however, so closely
allied to the Physa fontinalis which is diffused over Great
Britain and Europe that we may well doubt if it be distinct.
If not, has it been introduced? It is very hard to suppose

70)

this seeing the remote places where it is found. The shell
varies much in color according to the locality. Specimens
from streams near the Great Lake are reddish, those from the
Clyde olive, and the Coal River specimens very varied. Five
varieties, with many examples of each, were furnished me by
Mr. Legrand. To judge from the figure alone in Reeve’s
Teon. the species would be taken for P. nitida, but the latter
is a much smaller shell, with a wider aperture and more
globose habit.

10, Puysacrnrata n.s. P. testa subovata, fusco-cornea, longitudinal-
iter striata, lineis spiralibus, sub-distantibus, ciliatis, cincta; spwrabrevi,
accuminata, anfrac. (5) declivis, penultimo inflato ; apertura subovata,
magna; columella alba, plica conspicua.

P. shell subovate, horny brown, striate lengthwise, girdled
with spiral subdistant ciliated lines; spire short, acuminated;
whorls five, sloping, penultimate inflated, aperture subovate,
large; columella white, plait conspicuous. Length 17 mill,
breadth 8 mill.

Habitat, Lake Dulverton, and Bruni Island.

This ciliated form is quite exceptional in the genus, only
one other being found in India. That species is, however,
cancellate, and of a different color, with an angulated aper-
ture, though in general form not unlike the present species.

11. PHYSA TASMANICOLA 1.8. P. testa minutissima, ovata, long:
striata, luteo-cornea, pellucida ; spira breviuscula, anfrac. (4) distinctis,
declivis, ultimo oblongo ; apertura angustiuscula, columella tenwi, plica
inconspicua, labio interno cwm colwmella continuo, recurvo.

P. shell very smal!, ovate, longitudinally striate, yellowish
horny, pellucid; spire short; whorls four, distinct sloping ;
last whorl oblong, aperture rather narrow, columella thin,
plait inconspicuous, inner lip continuous with the columella and
recurved. Length 4, breadth 2 mill.

Habitat, found by the Rev. H. D. Atkinson ina water-hole,
Mount Murray, East Coast. |

This species is closely allied to P. bruniensis but is a stouter
shell, more globose, not gibbous at the sutures, and not with
the peculiar shining brilliancy of that shell.

12. Puysa HuONICOLA, n.s., P. testa gracilis, angusta, fusiformi,
fulva, nitida, intus albida, solidiuscula, spira elongata, anfractibus (6),
obliquis, apicalibus parvis, plica colwmellari obsoleta ; labio externo
sinuato ; labio interno albo, reflexo.

P. shell graceful narrow fusiform, fulvous, shining, whitish
within, somewhat solid, spire elongated, whorls (6) oblique,
apicial ones small, columella fold obsolete ; outer lip sinuous,
inner lip white, reflexed. Length 15, breadth 5 mill. Propor-
tionate length and width of aperture to whole dimensions,
length 6—15, width 3—5.

76

Habitat, Upper Huon River. <A very distinct fusiform
species much larger and more solid than P. huonensis.

BYTHINIA. Gray. 1821.

Testa turbinato-conica subumbilicata, fulwo-virida, pelliicida, laevigata
anfractibus 5-7, plus minisve rotundatis, epidermidé obscwré cornea
inditis ; apertura pyriformé-ovata, integra.

Shell turbinately conical, subumbilicate, fulvous green, pel-
lucid, smooth ; whorls 5 to 7, more or less rounded; clothed
with an obscurely horny epidermis, aperture pyriformly ovate,
entire.

It has been generally believed that no Bythinia exists in
Australia and Tasmania, and the shells here described have
been classed by some naturalists as Paludestrina, D’Orbigny.
This genus was, however, erected for semi-globose solid thick
shells with a short obtuse spire, and a callous columella, with
which description none of the following would agree. But
they do agree with Gray’s genus of Bythinia, especially in
this that the operculum is partly horny and partly, as far as
I have been able to ascertain, calcareous. This feature should, it
seems, enhance the importance of the other details in assigning
a true position to the shells. It is a fact, however, that we
have in the freshwater streams of Tasmania many species of
a univalve spiral shelled mollusc so like the Bythinia of
Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America, that I am
forced to include them in that genus, and believe that Aus-
tralia is not an exception to the world wide diffusion of
Bythinia. The Tasmanian species are all very small.

1. BYTHINIA LEGRANDI, n.s. B. testa minima, solidiuscula,
elongato-conica, epidermide incompleta, obscure olivacea, spira obtusa ;
anfractibus (5-55) rotundatis, apertura producta integra, pellucida,
margine acuto.

Shell small, somewhat solid, elongately conical, with an
obscurely olive, incomplete epidermis; spire obtuse, whorls
(5 to 55) rounded, aperture entire, produced, pellucid, margin
acute. Length, 2; breadth, 1 mill.

Habitat, Brown’s River.

This shell is distinguished by its size, solidity, obtuseness,
and few whorls. It retains these characters so constantly
under every circumstance that it cannot be regarded as a mere
variety.

2. BYTHINIA PONTVILLENSIS, n.s. B. testa turbinato conica, obtusa,
pellucida, nitida, fulvo-cornea epidermidé pallide lutea, anfractibus,
(6) rotundatis, ultimo anfractu sub-inflato, apertura ovato, ab ultime
anfractu disjwncta.

Shell turbinately conical, obtuse, pellucid, shining fulvous,
horny, with a pale yellow epidermis; whorls (6) rounded,

aT

last whorl subinflated, aperture ovate, disjoined from the last
whorl. Length, 3; breadth, 1 mill.

Habitat, Jordan River, near Brighton. Augustus Simson. -

A very distinct but small species, with the whorls some-
times almost entirely separate.

3. ByTHINIA DULVERTONENSIS, n. s. B. testa turbinato-conica,
fulva, epidermide alba, spira obtusa, anfractibus (6) rotundatis ;
apertura ovata, superné angulata, integra, ab anfractu distincta, intus
albida.

Shell turbinately conical, fulvous, with a white epidermis ;
spire obtuse, whorls (6) rounded, aperture ovate, angulated
above, entire, distinct from the whorl, whitish within. Length
3; breadth 2 mill.

Habitat, Lake Dulverton. More turbinate than any of the
preceding species. Under the microscope the epidermis is
found to consist of small, oval, silvery scales.

4, ByTHINIA HUONENSIS, n. s. 3B. testa elongata, pyramidata,
attenuata, fumoso-cornea, nitida, epidermidé fusca; spira elevata
acuminata, anfractibus (8) vie obliquis, duobus apicalibus aliquando
subinflatis, apertura pyriformi ; labio interno reflexo.

Shell elongate pyramidal, attenuate, smoky horn, shining,
with a blackish epidermis; spire elevated, acuminated,
whorls (8), scarcely oblique; the two apicial sometimes in-
flated, aperture pyriform; inner lip reflected. Length 4.
Breadth 13 mill.

Habitat, Huon River. A very distinct and interesting
species, with a pyramidal habit.

5. ByrHinra UNIcARINATA, 7. 8. B. testa elongato-conica, tenwi,
semi-pellucida, fwmoso-cornea, anfractibus (6) rotundatis, dwobus
ultimis unicarinatis, carina interrupla; apertura ovata, integra
crassvuscula.

Shell elongately conical, thin, semi-peliucid, smoky horn,
whorls (6) rounded, two last with one interrupted keel;
aperture ovate, centre somewhat thickened. Length 4.
Breadth 12 mill.

Salmon Ponds—Not common.

6. ByTHINIA DUNROBINENSIS, n. s. B. testa elongato-pyrimidata,
tenui, pellucida, albida, epidermidé pallide rufa vel atra maculata ;
anfractibus (6) planatis reqgulariter decrescentibus; spira obtusa ;
apertura pyriformi, integra; labio interno swperné reflexo.

Shell elongately pyramidal, thin, pellucid, whitish, spotted
with pale or black epidermis; whorls (6) regularly decreas-
ing; spire obtuse, aperture pyriform ; inner lip reflected
above. Length, 3; breadth, 1 mill.

The Ouse near Dunrobin. A pale narrow shell longer and
more slender than any of its congeners.

7. ByrHrNia TASMANICA, 2.8, B. testa turbinato-conica, solidius-

8

cula, olivacea ; dense squamata, squamis minutissimis, nitidis, ovatis ;
spira acuta; anfractibus (6) rotundatis, requlariter decrescentibs ;
apertura integra, ovata. 3

Shell turbinately conical, somewhat solid, olive, thickly
covered with very minute shining ovate scales; spire acute ;
whorls (6) rounded, regularly decreasing, aperture ovate,
entire. Length 4, width 2 mill.

Habitat, creeks throughout Tasmania. In old specimens
especially near Hobarton the scales are a good deal hidden
by green deposits of confervoid spcres.

POMIATOPSIS. Tryon.
(Contributions to Conchology. New York, 1862.)

Testa parva tenui, levigata, elongata, subwinbilicata ; spira turrita,
apertura ovata ; labio inteino refleco. Operculum corneum.

Shell small, thin, smooth elongate, sub-umbilicate. Spire
turreted. Aperture ovate, inner lip reflected. Operculum
horny.

1. Pomratopsis strratutA. Menke (Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 9.
Cox. mon. 1862 p. 95. Pl. xv. fig. 13 a.b.c.) P. testa pyram-
data (swepe truncata), tenwi, opaca, carneo-alba, intus rufo-fulva ;
anfractibus vrotundatis, regulariter decrescentibus ; spira obtusa ;
apertura ovata, crassiuscula, integra ; labio interno ab anfractwu ultimo
disjuncto.

Shell pyramidal, often truncate, thin, opaque, fleshy white,
inside reddish brown, whorls (6) rounded, regularly decreasing,
spire obtuse, aperture ovate, somewhat thickened, eutire,
inner lip distinct from the last whorl. Length 7, breadth
3 mill.

Habitat, Muddy and Clarence Plains, Rev. H. D. Atkinson.
This shell was described as Blanfordia by Dr. Cox, as it was
thought to be a land shell, but the Pomiatopsine are am-
phibious. This specimen is said to be found in South Aus-
tralia, Victoria,and elsewhere. I believe I have found it in the
interior of the continent in freshwater swamps in the Murray
deserts, South Eastern district, &c.

ASSIMINEA. Leacu.
(A synopsis of Moll. of G. Brit. Lond., 1820.)

Testa pyramidé-conica, solidiuscula wmbilicata, wmbilico parvo et
feré occulto ; anfractibus levigatis declivis converis ad basim obtuse
angulatis apertura integra, ad anfr. ultim. adherenti, columella tenwiter
callosa. Operculum cornewm.

Shell pyramidally conical, somewhat solid, umbilicate, um-
bilicus minute, small and nearly hidden,whorls smooth, sloping
convex, obtusely angular at the base, aperture entire, ad-

79

hering to the last whorl. Columella thinly callous. Oper.
culum horny.

Assiminea was first discovered in the Bay of Naples and
afterwards in Britain. Seaveral allied forms occur in India and
China. There is a globose form in Chili, and the genus
appears to be represented by Amnicola in N. America. But as
the determination of the genus rests more upon the structure
of the animal than the shell, and as the new European species
have not been examined, the identification must remain
doubtful. For the information of observers who may pursue
the subject, the following is the description of the animal.
Body small; head produced into a ringed muzzle notched in
front, tentacles short, united with the eye pedicels and bearing the
eye at the summit, foot ample, broad in front, short and rather
obtuse behind, carrying a slight horny, few whorled oper-
culum.

1, ASSIMINEA TASMANTICA 2.8. A testa turbinato-conica,parva, opaca,
pallide viridi, intus fulva; epidermidé olivacea (sepé corrdsa) ; spire
acuta ; anfractibus (5) planatis, apertura fulva.

Shell turbinately conical, small, opaque, pale green, fulvous
within with an olive epidermis (often corroded), spire acute,
whorls (5) flattened, aperture, columella, and callosity fulvous.
Length 4, breadth 2 mill.

Habitat, Sorell, a somewhat solid shell with much the habit
of a small Littorina.

PLANORBIS. Guverrarp.
(De la Classification des Coq. Paris 1756.)

Testa discoidea, spira depressa vix priminula; anfractibus omnibus
utringue conspicuis, apertura oblonga, lunata, ab axe remotissima ;
margine numquam reflexo; operculum nullum.

Shell discoid, compressed, spire scarcely prominent, whorls
all visible on both sides. Aperture oblong, remote from the
axis, margin never reflected, no operculum.

Freshwater shells of world-wide distribution. The species
also have a wide range. More than 100 are known and they
are very abundant in America. The variations from the typi-
cal form are not numerous. There are two or three known in
Australia but only one in Tasmania, and this appears to have
escaped previous observers.

1. PLANORBIS TASMANICUS 1.8. P. discoidea,minuta, planata, tenuis,
superne convert, inferne wmbilicata, confertim sinuato - striata,
nitida, pellucida, pallide cornea, anfractibus (4—44) convewis, ad
basim dilatatis ; sutwra profunda; apertura ovata, obliqua ; peristoma
simplex sinuato. Diam. maj. 5, alt. 1, min. 33 mil.

Shell discoidal, minute, flattened, thin, convex above, umbil-
icate below, thickly sinuately striate, shining pellucid, pale

80

horny ; whorls 4 to 44, convex, dilated at the base, suture deep,
aperture ovate, oblique, peristome simple, sinuated. Diam. 5.,
base 34, height 1 mill.

Habitat, still waters throughout the island.

PALUDESTRINA.

Under the head of this genus Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S.,
has described the following species (See Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, for the year 1871, page 696,
* Descriptions of seven new species of Helix, and of two
fluviatile shells from Tasmania, by John Brazier, C.M.Z.S.) :—

PALUDESTRINA LEGRANDIANA.—Shell elongately conical,
thin, semi-pellucid, greenish horn color, under a dark epi-
dermis ; whorls 63, somewhat flattened, the last three keeled
between the suture, and furnished with small, solid, stunted
hair-like spires, (as seen under the lens) of a bright, trans-
parent horn color, flattened on the top; aperture ovate,
margins continuous, thickened, outer lip reflected. Length
2; lines. Breadth 1} lines. Hab., Salmon Ponds, New Nor-
folk, Tasmania (Legrand.) This species is allied to Paludes-
trina Salleana, Fischer from Auckland, New Zealand.

PALUDESTRINA WISEMANIANA.—Shell elongately conical,
thin, semi-diaphanous, epidermis light green; apex acute ;
whorls 6 to 63 ; convex smooth, grooved at the suture; aperture
ovate ; margins continuous, moderately thickened, columellar
margin reflected, outer lip edged with green and reflected.
Length 2 lines. Breadth 1 line. Hab., near Hobart Town,
Tasmania, common in all creeks. Legrand and Petterd.”

So far Mr. Brazier, but I must add that I have been unable
to find either of the above shells nor anything resembling
them in Mr. Legrand’s extensive collections. Iam unable to
communicate with Mr. Brazier, as he has sailed for New
Guinea in Mr. McLeay’s expedition. I am obliged, therefore,
to conclude that some mistake has occurred in transmitting
the specimens. No such shells exist in Tasmania as far as at
present known.

BIVALVES.
UNIO. PuHtiprson.

UNIo MORETONICUS, Sow. U. testa late oblonga, latere antico declivi-
rotundato, postico oblique angulato, deinde oblique truncato ; fusco
nigricante.

Shell broadly oblong, anterior side slopingly rounded, pos-
terior obtusely angled, then obliquely truncated; fuscous black.
Length 70, breadth 41, height 80 mill. :

Tasmania, in the northern rivers, but not in the southern.
The name has been applied under the idea that it is found in

81

Moreton Bay, Queensland, which is not the case. It appears
that young specimens of Unio cucwmoides, which occurs there
very much resemble our species. This is probably the origin
of the erroneous habitat in Reeve. It would be rather sin-
gular to find a Tasmanian species in a river on the Australian
continent more than 1,400 miles away, and in no intermediate
locality.
PISIDIUM. PFE£IFrER.

(Systematische Anordnung und Beschreibung Deutscher Land und
Wasserschnecken, &c., Cassel et Berlin 1821—28, 3 vols. 40.)
Testa tenuis equivalvis, inequilateralis, anticé producta, epidermide

olivaceo-cornea induta, concentricé rugosa vel striata, intus albida,

umbonibus prominentibus, tumidis, ligamentum subexternwm, incon-

spicwum, latere minore insertum ; dentibus cardinalibus minimis, im

utraque valva duobus divergentibus, inuna valva binis, subdistantibus

subelongatis; in altera quatuor duobus veré exiguis ; impressionibus
muscularibus duobus, lateralibus ; impressione pallit sinw nullo.

Shell thin equivalve inequilateral, produced in front, covered
with an olive epidermis, concentrically rugose or striate, whitish
within, umbones prominent, tumid, ligament subexternal, in-
conspicuous, inserted in the shorter side, with two small hinge
teeth in each valve, one of which is double in one valve,
lateral teeth distant and somewhat elongate, muscular im-
pressions two, with no pallial sinus.

This genus was separated from Cyclas on account of the
difference of the siphonic tubes, and of the shells which in
Pisidium are smaller, with the anterior side the longer, and
the ligament on the shorter side.

They are found throughout Europe abundantly, but the
foreign species are not well known, though India and New
Zealand both possess species.

PiIsIDIUM TASMANICUM, 77.8. P. testa orbiculato-ovata, tenuis, ventri-
cosa, pellucida, albida, requlariter concentricé striata, inquilateralis,
utrinque rotundata ; latere antico subproducto, postico obtuse rotundato,
wmbonibus obtusis, ligamentum inconspicwum.

Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, pellucid, whitish, regularly con-
centrically striate, inequilateral, or rounded on both sides;
anterior side subproduced, posterior rounded obtusely, umbones
obtuse, ligament inconspicuous. Length from 2 to 4;
breadth 1E to 23; height 1 to 2 mill.

Habitat, Brown’s- River, Great Lake, Lake Dulverton,
Dunrobin, and creeks near Hobarton. A small fragile shell in
which the epidermis is not easily discovered. The specimens
vary in size, and those from the Lakes are larger, a little more
oblong, with shades of smoky horn, but I have never seen
enough divergence of character to warrant the erection of
more than one species.

82

PIsIDIUM DULVERTONENSIS, 7.8., P. ovata, tenwis, ventricosa, rufo-
fulva, nitida, regulariter concentrice striata ; inequilateralis, latere
antico producto, subangulato ; postice obtuse rotundato et subangulato ;
wmbonibus prominentibus.

Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, fulvous-red, shining, regularly
concentrically striate, inequilateral, anterior side produced,
subangulate, posterior obtusely rounded and subangulate, um-
bones prominent. Length 7; breadth 53; height, 3} mill.

This remarkable species is much larger and different in
color from the preceding. It is more angular in outline and
more oblong. Like all the species from Lake Dulverton it is
quite restricted in its habitat.

CYCLAS. Ktery. (pars). 1753.

Testa ut supra (vide descript. Pisid. generis) ligamentwm tamen
latere majore insertum.

Shell as above in Pisidium, but the ligament is inserted in
the longer side.

CycLas TASMANICA, 1.8. C. testa subquadrata, ventricosa, tenut,
nitida, carneo-lutea, intus alba; eleganter striata; sulcis 3 vel 4
transversis, subcoloratis ; wmbonibus prominentibus sub-obliquis.

Shell subquadrate, ventricose, thin, shining, fleshy yellow,
white inside, elegantly striate, with 3 or 4 silver-like bands of
colour which are lines of growth. Umbones prominent, sub-
oblique. Length 9. Breadth 7}. Height 5 mill.

Habitat, east coast, near Swansea. A very remarkable but
somewhat small Cyclas, the only one known in Tasmania.

The following Valvata was found by Mr. Augustus Simson
in a small trickling stream ia Gould’s Country, north-eastern
Tasmania. It is the first Valvata known in the island, or in
Australia.

VALVATA TASMANICA, 7.8. V.t, minuta,globosé turbinata, profunde
lateque wmbilicata, pallide cornea, epidermide atrato maculata, solidi-
uscula, semipellucida; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, tenwissime wndulosé
striatis, ad suturas subcanaliculatis; apertura semilunari, reflexa,
postice angulata ; labro medio producto, antice subeverso ; labio recto
ten; wmbilico marginato. Operculwm cornewm, ovale, spirale.

Long. 1. Lat. 1, millimeter.

V. shell minute, globosely turbinate, deeply and widely
umbilicate, pale horny, spotted with a blackish epidermis,
rather solid, semipellucid, whorls 4, rounded, faintly undu-
lately striate, subcanaliculate at the sutures; aperture semi-
lunate, subreflexed, posteriorly angulate, outer lip produced in
the middle, subeverted anteriorly, inner lip straight and thin,
umbilicus margined. Operculum horny, oval, and subspiral.

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83

SEPTEMBER, 1875.

The usual monthly meeting of the society was held on Monday, the 13th
September. M. Allport, Esq., V.P., in the chair.
The following returns were brought under notice: —
1. Visitors to Museum during August, 1,263.
2. Ditto to Botanic Gardens, 3537.
8. Plants received at gardens:—From Captain Willet, 74 packets of
imported seeds. From the Dolroyd Nursery Company, Sydney,
32 plants. From S. B. Heyne, Adelaide, 8 packets seeds. From
Messrs. Shepherd and Co., Sydney, 60 plants.
4, Plants, etc., sent from gardens:—To the Botanic Gardens, Christ-
church, New Zealand, 90 plants. To Dobroyd Nursery, Sydney,
82 plants. To Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, 100 packets seeds.
For the grounds of St. David’s Cathedral, 114 plants.
6. Time of leafiing, etc., of a few standard plants in Botanic Gardens
during August.
6. Books and periodicals received.
7. Presentations to Museum and Library.
Meteorological Returns.
. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.-—-Table for August.
. Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq.—Ditto July.
. From the Marine Board.—Mount Nelson table for August; Swan
Island ditto for June and July.
. From the Government Observer, Melbourne.—Table for March.
. From ditto, Sydney.—Tables for May and June.
The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—
1. From P. T. Smith, Esq.—A Musk Duck (Biziura lobata), shot at
Cleveland.
2. From Mr. E. P. Cotton, Swansea.—A young Tippet Grebe (Podiceps
Australis ).
8. From Mr. John Crawford.—Specimen of Flax from the Huon, grown
and prepared by the donor.
4, From C. E. Hogg, Esq.—Specimen of the paper-like bark of a species
of Melaleuca, from Lake Hindmarsh, Victoria.
5, From Mr. W. E. Baynton, Kingston.—A collection of the stone
6

Or Whore

implements of Tasmanian Aborigines from that district.

. From Mr. 8. H. Wintle.—Specimen of Bismuth from Mount Ram-
say ; tin bearing wash dirt and porphyry, cassiterite on sandstone,
etc., from George’s Bay. Skin of an echidna.

. A Japanese bronze coin, value about one penny, and a note value 10
cents.

8. From Mr. W. Parker, Lewisham.—A curious growth, known as
“arching’”’ of branch of gum tree.
9. From Mr. E. Gard, Sorell.—A_ Ferret.

10. From G. Bennett, Esq., M.D., F.L.S., F.ZS., Sydney.—A large
collection of bones of fossil mammals from Gowrie Creek, Darling
Downs, Queenslend, viz. :—Fossil Kangaroo—16 Vertebra ; 7 frag-
ments of Pelvis ; 5 ditto Tibia; 1 ditto Radius; 2 ditto Humerus ;
1 ditto Scapula; 2 bones of Foot; 1 fragment of Femur; 2 ditto
of Jaw; 1 bone of Sternum; 5 Ribs. Fossil Wombat—1 Upper
Jaw; 2 Vertebre; 1 Radius. Diprotodon—Portion of Skull;
Lower Jaw; 9 Vertebre; 4 fragments of Pelvis; 10 Ribs; 1
Humerus; 1 fragment of Tusk. Nototherium—1 Jaw.

11. From T. Stephens, Esq.—Three specimens from the prospeeting shaft,
Spring Bay. In reference to this presentation the following re-
marks by the donor were read :—

{These specimens have been kindly furnished by the Hon. O.

Meredith. The coal, which was struck at a depth of about 120 feet,

«I

84

is a slaty anthracite, containing some calcite, like the Jerusalem coal, and
a little sulphur. It is of no value, owing to the thinness of the seam—
8 or 9 inches. The specimen of shale (No. 8) was met with at about 140
feet. It contains numerous vegetable impressions, but they are so much
confused and obliterated that I can only identify a fragment of Pecopteris
Australis. So far as the evidence goes, there is nothing to discourage
the promoters of this enterprise; but if they do not strike what is known
as the dft. seam, at a depth of 180 to 200 feet, the inference will be that
they are too low down in the series, and they should look out for a
locality in which there has been less denudation of its upper members.”

Presentations to the Library—
1, From Dr. Agnew.—Journal of the Archeological Society of Ireland,
Nos. 13 to 19, and part 4 (plates).

2. From the author, Baron F. von Mueller, on the part of the Govern-
ment of Victoria—‘‘ Fragmenta phytographiw Australia, vol. 8.

38. From the Government of New Zealand.—‘‘ Transactions of the
New Zealand Institute,” vol. 7.

4, From the author, J. Wood Beilby, Melbourne.—A pamphlet on
mining for gold and coal.

5. From the Royal University of Norway.—Sundry publications on
Geology, Entomology, Egyptian inscriptions, etc.

J. R. Scorr, Esq., M L.C.. read an account of a visit made by him to
Port Davey in March last. This exceedingly interesting paper was listened
to with marked attention. It was illustrated by sketches of the local
scenery, the ‘‘ piners” huts or ‘‘ Badger Boxes,’ etc., and also by a large
and very well executed chart of Port Davey and the surrounding country,
drawn by Mr. Scott himself, partly from personal survey, and in part
from the Government map of the country.

The Rev. Jut1san Woops drew attention to some remarks made by
him at the previous meeting with reference to certain flint implements,
and the antiquity of cave remains. What he intended to convey was not
so much his own opinion as that of eminent geologists, whose conclusions
on these subjects had undergone considerable modification of late years.
He was only citing the observations of Prof. Prestwich in his inaugural
address on assuming the professorship of geology at Oxford on the 29th
of January of this year; in which, referring to the theories of other
geologists, and to the philosophy of Hutton, Playfair, and their successors,
Mr. Prestwich said it is a question whether the license which was formerly
taken with energy is not now taken with time. The points at issue
are, first, whether our experience on these questions is sufficient to enable
us to reason from analogy; and secondly, whether all changes on the
earth’s surface are to be explained by the agency of forces alike in kind
and degree with those now in action. Mr. Prestwich then states his
reasons for answering these questions in the negative. He (Mr. Woods)
merely drew attention to the fact of a race using flint implements
having become extinct within the last €0 years as a case in point.

Mr. Rute took occasion to remark with regard to the cave at Brixham,
mentioned last month, as one of the evidences of the great antiquity of
man, that the stalagmite forming the floor was only one foot thick, not
many feet, as the published report represented him to have said. He
added that the thickness of the floor was not the only indication of the
remote period when the cave-dwellers lived, for underneath was a bed of
loam fifteen feet deep, beneath that a bed of gravel deeper still, and
some of the flint implements were found at the bottom of all. Moreover,
the cave was on a hill side, a hundred feet higher than the present beds
of the neighbouring streams, which, since the water deposits in question,
appear to have worn down their beds to that extent. This process (the

~

85

formation of ravines by running water) must, under ordinary circum-
stances, occupy an enormous period of time.

After some further conversation on the subject, in which the Chairman
and Messrs. Grant and Woods took part, Mr. Barnard moved that the
cordial thanks of the meeting be given to Mr. Scott for his highly
interesting paper. He would also include a special vote of thanks to Dr.
Bennett for the large and valuable selection of Queensland fossils, with
which he had enriched the museum.

The motion was carried by acclamation, and the meeting closed with
the usual acknowledgement to the other donors of presentations,

86

OCTOBER, 1875.

The monthly evening meeting was held on the 12th October, the Lord
Bishop of Tasmania in the chair.
A. B. Crowther, Esq., who had previously been nominated by the
council, was, after a ballot, declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society.
The Secretary brought under notice the usual returns for the past
month, viz. :-—
. Number of visitors to Museum, 1,194.
. Ditto to Gardens, 3,532.
. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants in Botanic
Gardens during September.
. Plants received at Botanic Gardens.
. Books and periodicals received.
. Presentations to Museum and Library.

Meteorological Returns.

_1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., table for September.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., ditto.

3. Mount Nelson, from Marine Board, ditto.

4, Swan Island, from ditto, table for August.

5. Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq., ditto.

The presentations were as follow :—

1. From Mr. King—A large Tiger Cat (Dasywrus maculatus. )

2. From Mr. J. G. Lindsay—Specimen of Lewin’s Water Rail (Rallus
brachipus ), caught in a garden at Launceston.

3. From Mr. R. B. Dyer—A Fish washed on shore at Battery Point.

With reference to this presentation Mr. ALLPoRT said it was known as

the “Frost Fish” (Lepidotus caudatus) in New Zealand, and derived its
trivial name from the fact that numbers were frequently found on some
of the beaches after a frosty night. It is said to be the best edible fish of
New Zealand, being seldom sold at less than 2s. 6d. per lb. The specimen
is the first recorded as found in this colony. [For description of the
“Frost Fish” see “Catalogue of Fishes of New Zealand,” by F. W.
Hutton, F.G.S., pages 13 and 109, plate 3, fig. 19.]

4, From Mr. G. Peacock, Sorell—An albino variety of the common Pipit
Lark (Anthus Australis ).

5. From Justin Browne, Esq.—A sample of virgin Olive Oil from a
plantation at Adelaide.

[The great purity of this oil, and its freedom from any disagreeable taste

or odour, were noticed by several of the members. |
Donations to Library :—

1. From the Royal University of Norway—‘“ Contributions to Fauna of
Norway,” ‘“ On Giants’ Caldrons,” “On Egyptian Inscriptions,”
“ List of Norwegian Insects.”

2. From the Meteorological Department, India—Bengal Meteorological
Reports, 1867 to 1874; ditto Administration ditto, 1870 to 1875;
Report of Midnapore and Burdwan cyclone.

3. From His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore—“ Magnetic Ob-
servations taken at Trevandrum and Augustia Malley Observatory,”
Vol. L, 4to.

4. From the Hon. J. Whyte, Esq., M.L.C.—A copy of Governor Collins’s
“ History of the Colony of New South Wales, from its first settle-
ment in January, 1788, to August, 1801,” published in 1804, one
vol. 4to.

The SECRETARY observed that presentations of this nature were most

acceptable. Books of every kind bearing on the earlier history of this or
of the neighbouring colonies were much wanted, and as the Society was

DO che

87

quite unable to procure them by purchase the liberality of such members
as could present them would always be very gratefully acknowledged.

Attention having been called to the Herbarium recently arranged by the
Rey. W. W. Spicer, of New Town, the following letter to the Secretary,
from Mr. Spicer, was read :—

* Jutland, New Town,
“ Oct. 9th, 1875.

“ Drar SrrR,—Some months ago I undertook to arrange and classify the
collection of dried plants presented to the Royal Society by Dr. J.
Milligan. My task being completed I now return the collection to the
Museum. I found the specimens to be well preserved as regards freedom
from mould and the rayages of insects ; but they were ina state of thorough
disorder, the species being in many cases mingled together, and no care
having been taken to keep them under their respective natural orders.

“The collection consists of 468 species and varieties, comprised in 244

genera and 69 orders (a small proportion this of the whole of our native
Flora, which, as at present known, contains nearly 1000 species, ranged
under about 420 genera and 93 orders), but the plants included in it have
a special value, having had the advantage of passing under the inspection
of Baron von Mueller, and many of them, I believe, having served as
types to Hooker and Bentham, in working out the Flora of Tasmania and
the Flora Australiensis. I should on this account propose that this collec-
tion of our indigenous plants, though small, be kept separate from all
others ; any future additions being made supplementary to it. . I HAR
myself to add a good many before the end of the summer :
But why should not an appeal be made to all who are interested in
biological investigations to contribute to the Society what they can spare
from their private collections ? Many, no doubt, would be glad to do so,
for the sake of the scientific purposes involved, were their attention drawn
to the subject. There are two or three botanists of note in the north of
the island. A gentleman in Hobart Town has offered me a number of
dried plants which have been for a long period in his house, and are of no
service to him. I mention this circumstance as leading one to hope that
other collections now hidden away in dusty closets might be brought to
light, if it was known that the presentation of them to the Society would
be acceptable. And if it was thought expedient to extend the appeal
beyond the limits of Tasmania, I should imagine that Melbourne, Sydney,
and New Zealand would be willing to aid us in forming a Herbarium
more worthy of a Royal Society than the one we at present possess. Such
an appeal, moreover, might be made to embrace other objects generally
included in the desiderata of a Museum.

“Tn arranging Dr. Milligan’s plants I have followed the scheme employed
by Baron von Mueller in his “Census of the Plants of Tasmania, 1875 ;”
and to a great extent, though not entirely, I have adopted his nomencla-
ture. I have also placed within the upper cover of each fascicle that
portion of the Census which relates to the orders contained in it,
marking with a cross the species to be found therein, so that the student
may ascertain at aglance the presence or absence of the plant he is in search
of. I have been careful also to preserve the labels and other notes which I
found in the original sheets. It has happened occasionally that the name
I have bestowed differs from that given at first; in such cases I have
thought it better to leave the original title intact, and then future botanists
can determine which is the more correct.

“With regard to the remaining botanical specimens in the museum, Mr.
Roblin has brought them together, and I have given them a cursory
examination. Speaking roughly the different collections (of which there
are nearly thirty) amount to about 2000 species, of which some 1200 to

88

1500 are worth preserving. Many of these are valuable, while of others
it may be said, the wonder is they ever found a lodging here at all!
Not a few again, though well preserved have lost much of their value
from the fact of their localities and other ‘indicia’ not having been pre-
served. * * * * * ‘Taken as a whole I think that the following may
probably be made available, viz.: 200 Tasmanian, 300 Australian, and
900 European.

“Tf the Society cares to have them arranged I shall be very happy to
take the collections in hand, and to put them in what order I can.

“JT remain, etc. etc.,
“W. W. SPICER.”

The SrcreTARY remarked that the letter had already been read
before the Council, and the Council, fully recognising the great im-
portance of the work done, had requested him to convey to Mr. Spicer
their warmest thanks for his valuable services, and further to say that
they most gladly accepted his very kind offer to classify and arrange the
remaining plants in the museum. (General applause.)

The Rev. JuLIan Woops observed that Mr. Spicer, whose reputation as
a botanist required no comment, had laid the Society under a great
obligation. The Society was now fortunate in having such a Herbarium,
asit could be truly called a type collection—such a collection indeed as no
other colonial society with which he was acquainted, possessed. He
thought the suggestion thrown out as to an appeal for contributions of
various: kinds might be acted upon with great hopes of success. On
former occasions he had spoken of the richness of the library in scientific
works. There were some works however which might be advantageously
exchanged. He had noticed in the Public Library a work which might thus
perhaps be acquired, and which, though comparatively valueless where it
is, would be an acquisition to our library. He referred to De Candolle’s
Prodromus. '

The SECRETARY mentioned that his attention had been called to a para-
graph in a recent Edinburgh paper which he thought was of sufficient
interest to be brought before the Society as it referred to the apparently
successful growth of the Blue Gum and other Australian trees as far North
as the Isle of Arran, in the Frith of Clyde. Mr. Grant had suggested that
the circumstances of the gum flourishing in such a latitude might be
owing the local influence of the Gulf Stream. The writer says :—
“This winter has been sufficiently severe, and having visited Arran
this week I give you the result. The Blue Gum (Lucalyptus globulus )
unhurt, but the leaves a good deal browned ; two varieties of the
Weeping gum unhurt, but the points of the twigs slightly nipped; the
Beef Wood ( Casuarina equisetifolia) a good deal nipped ; Acacia dealbata,
untouched ; Acacia melanoxylon, slightly browned ; Accacia stricta,
slightly nipped; the great Australian bush fern (Dicksonia antarctica )
untouched ; the silvered Tree Fern of New Zealand untouched ; the fine
Australian Palm (Corypha Australis), which grows in its native country to
the height of fifty feet, untouched; a fine Myrtle (Myrtus communis)
ten feet in height, untouched. Almost all these plants are standards.
None of them had any protection save a few fern leaves around their
roots.”

E. C. Nowe, Esq., the Government Statistician, read an elaborate and
carefully prepared paper “On the Vital Statistics of Tasmania, with
especial reference to the Mortality of Children.”

The BisHop expressed the great gratification with which he had
listened to Mr. Nowell’s paper. Asa member of the Statistical Society
of London, and a former secretary to the statistical section at one of the
meetings of the British Association, he took great interest in statistics

89

in general; but the subject of the present paper was one which must be
of importance to the community at large. His Lordship proceeded to
comment upon several portions of the paper, especially in reference
to the comparative number of children to adults in Tasmania, and in the
other colonies, etc. The writings of Dr. Hall, and papers such as that
before the meeting, might have very important results, as the question
of making Hobart Town the naval station of the colonies may rest upon
the proofs which we can give as to the salubrity of our climate.

Mr. SrerHens doubted if, in the matter of the public health, 1875
was a desirable year for statistical purposes. He had never known so
unhealthy a year throughout the island. Epidemics of various kinds were
continually occurring in different localities. Possibly they might, to some
extent, have been influenced by local circumstances, but the state of the
weather, whether wet or dry, did not appear to have any influence, either
in promoting their occurrence or otherwise.

Mr. Nowett had no doubt that local circumstances exercised great
influence, and mentioned instances within his knowledge in which two cases
of diphtheria had occurred in a family from imperfect drainage, and the
health of the father had also suffered from the same cause.

Dr. AGNEW knew the cases referred to by Mr. Nowell, and these were
certainly not due to imperfect drainage. The father too had suffered from
a mere local affection which could not have been induced by imperfect
drainage. He had, however, been informed by Dr. Butler that the out-
break of diphtheria at Brighton was undoubtedly due to local causes. There,
a great number of the inhabitants took their drinking water from a pool of
the River Jordan (which was then not running) into which the drainage
of many of the houses found its way from the high banks in the immediate
vicinity ; with this drainage of course human excreta and various other
impurities were mixed.

Mr. Barnard had listened with great pleasure to the paper, but ex-
pressed the difficulty which he in common with every one must feel in
commenting upon papers which dealt so largely with figures. He suggested
that papers of this kind should be printed and circulated among the
members before being read. By this means only could a proper discussion
be obtained, as it was impossible when masses of figures were in question
to deal with them without previous study. As to the death rate of the
colony, it was worth noting that the very salubrity of our climate might
affect it unfavourably, because many invalids, attracted by this very
salubrity, come here in the last stage of illness, and thus the deaths were
increased, although it was evident that the climate was not in fault. He
thought that good use might be made of the paper by the Immigration
Board if they would disseminate in proper quarters the valuable informa-
tion it contained. It might assist in determining the selection of this port
as a naval station, which was a matter of considerable importance, as the
presence of ships of war would probably lead to the local expenditure of
about a hundred thousand pounds annually.

Mr. RULE would only make one remark in reference to a point which had
been casually alluded to during the discussion, viz., the establishment at
Hobart Town of the naval station. No doubt in a pecuniary point of view
this would be very beneficial, but he feared that morally speaking it would
be anything but an advantage.

The Rev. Jutian E. T. Woops read a paper by F. M. Bailey, Esq.,
Brisbane, a corresponding member of the society, “On the Queensland
rasses.””

The BisHop observed it was interesting to note that so many of- our Tas-

Manian grasses were found in Queensland. The opinion of so competent
an authority as the writer as to the great nutritive value of many of the

90

Queensland grasses might, perhaps, be acted on, and lead to the intro-
duction of some of them to our own pastures. The fact of these grasses
growing side by side in Queensland, would argue that they would do
equally well in Tasmania. Some of those with very deep roots might be
valuable as feed in summer time, when the shallow-rooted species were
burned up and destroyed by the heat.

Mr. M. Airport, in moving the usual vote of thanks for the papers and
presentations, said that after the remarks of his Lordship, he (the mover)
need not impress upon the meeting the value of the papers read, or the
desirability of publishing them. But with regard to the presentations to
the Museum, one called for special mention ; namely, the presentation of
time and skill by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, expended in the arranging our
heretofore neglected botanical specimens. The society has been most
fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Spicer in this direetion ; while the
Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods has been devoting himself to our fossils and
shells ; thus rendering these collections of real service to those who wish
to learn anything of our indigenous productions. The meeting should
also remember, while thanking Mr. Bailey for his paper on Queensland
Grasses, that the Society is in this case also indirectly indebted to Mr.
Woods, as but for him the writer would not have been numbered amongst
the corresponding members.

The vote having been passed, Mr. Nowett and the Rev. J. E. T. Woops
returned thanks, the latter suggesting that in the future published lists of
the Fellows, asterisks should be placed before the names of those who had
furnished papers to the Society.

The suggestion was adopted by the meeting, and the proceedings then
terminated,

91.

NOVEMBER, 1875.

_ The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday, the

8th

November, His Excellency the GoveRNoR in the chair.

Captain Langdon, R.N., and Mr. Richard Crosby, who had been pre-
viously nominated by the Council, were balloted for, and declared duly
elected as Fellows of the Society.

The following returns were brought under notice :—

oe oo bo

M

ba]

J) cnr for) Ou Oo bo

. Visitors to Museum during October, 1,471.

. Visitors to Botanic Gardens during October, 3,620.

. Time of leafing, ete., of a few standard plants in Botanic Gardens
during October.

. Books and periodicals received.

. Presentations to Museum and Library.

teorological Returns :

. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for October.
. Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq.—Table for September.
. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Table for October.

. Mount Nelson, from the Marine Board—Table for October.
. Goose Island, from the Marine Board—Tables for August and Sep-

tember.
. King’s Island, from the Marine Board.—Tables for July, August, and
September.

. Kent’s Group, from the Marine Board—Table for September.
. Sydney, from the Government Observer—Printed abstracts of observa-

tions made in New South Wales, July, 1875.

. Melbourne, from the Government Observer—Printed abstracts of

observation for May.

The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—
1. From the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods—A collection of Queensland

2.
3.

ferns, named.
From A. Simpson, Esq.—5 samples of-Tin Ore from Georges’ Bay.
From the Japanese Commissioners to Melbourne Exhibition—Trans-
verse and longitudinal selections of Japanese Woods, with native
and scientific names, mounted in book form—12 packets of seeds
from Japan.

. From Justin Browne, Esq.—A collection of Tasmanian copper tokens.

. From Mr. C. Anderson—A young snake, probably Hoplocephalus su-
perbus.

. From the Rev. Thos. Reibey, M.H.A.—A Bronze Medal of Captain
Cook, date 1772, left on one of the Society Islands and brought
home many years ago by Captain Thomas Reibey, sen., of the brig
“ Mercury.”

. From Mr. Furgusson, Tinder Box Bay—Two Egg cases of a Ray.

. From Mr. Banning, East Bay Neck—A very large Egg of domestic
fowl. This egg measures 84 inches at its greatest, and 74 inches
at its least circumference, and has another egg within it. The donor
also sent a duck’s egg remarkable for its unusually small size.

9. From M. Allport, Esq—A young Diamond Snake (Hoplocephalus

uf
1

1
1

superbus ).

0. From Mr. J. Brock, Campania—-Two specimens of fossil wood.

1. From the Hon. J. R. Scott, Esq., M.L.C.—Sample of coal picked
up on Pebbly Beach, Port Davey. (See Mr. Scott’s paper on Port
Davey, read at September meeting.)

2. From Mr. Stump—A silver coin, 4 dollar, Mauritius 1820.

3. From J. Swan, Esq.—Two specimens of Native Bread (Mylitta Aus-
tralis ).

Presentations to Library.—From the Magnetic and Meteorological Obser-

92 ‘

vatories, Toronto, Canada, “Reports for 1874,” “Abstracts and results of
observations 1841 to 1874.” From the Meteorological Office, London,
“Quarterly Weather Report, part 3, 1873,’ “ Instructions in use of Me-
teorological Instruments, 1875.” From Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, “ Proceedings 1874, parts 1, 2, and 3.” From the Rev. W. B.
Clarke, M.A., F.G.S., etc., “ Remarks on the Sedimentary Formations of
New South Wales,” and the “ Address to the Royal Society of New South
Wales, 1875,” by the donor. From the Exhibition Commissioners, Mel-
bourne, the “ Official Catalogue of the Intercolonial Exhibition, 1875, 3rd
edition.”

Mr. M. AuLport, in the absence of the hon. secretary, called attention to
the beautiful series of lithographs of the tertiary fossils from the north coast
of Tasmania, executed by Mrs. Meredith from her own original drawings,
and pointed out that the value of the Rey. Julian Woods’ paper on these
fossils was materially enhanced by the skilful work of the talented artist.

The Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops in introducing his paper ‘On some
new and hitherto undescribed Shells of Tasmania,” remarked that his list
though a large one for novelties, where so much had been done, might
require considerable augmentation. He had only dealt with the univalves
so far, and could hardly say even that he had thoroughly examined all
these. Some short time ago Mr. Legrand of Elizabeth-street, had invited
him to make a critical list of all the Australian Mollusca, offering for the
purpose to place at his disposal, his collection, which certainly was one of
the largest, if not the largest in the colonies. Such a list for all Australia,
though a great desideratum, was far beyond the limits of the time which he
(Mr. Tenison Woods) could give to it. He had offered, however, to make
such a list for Tasmania only, that is :—1st. To establish the nomenclature
of such species as were described, and give leading references to the works
containing them. 2nd. To give briefly the characters of all the shells.
3rd. To describe for scientific purposes such as were new. The first result
of this enquiry had been a monograph on the Freshwater Mollusca which
would appear in that year’s Transactions of the Society. After about three
months’ labour he had gone through the collections of Mr. Legrand, besides
small collections of Mr. Justin Browne, Mr. Stephens and others, and the
present list of over 70 univalves new to science was the first result of the
examination. He did not doubt that the number would yet be increased,
and therefore he would request the Council of the Society not to print the
present paper in the Transactions of the current year, not only that he
might have an opportunity of making it more complete, but in order that
it might appear side by side with the complete catalogue which he hoped
to have ready for the March meeting. He asked permission of His Excel-
lency and the members to express at the same time his many obligations
to Mr. Legrand in preparing the list, not only because that indefatigable
collector had placed his specimens at his disposal, but also because he had
spared no pains in the examination of references, besides bringing his own
valuable experience and local knowledge to bear on the matter. He
thought that Mr. Legrand should justly share with him whatever credit
there was due for their scientific inquiries. Mr. Woods then went on to
point out what had been done for Australian conchology, and passed in
review the labours of Linneus, Lamarck, Quoy, Gaimard, Deshayes, Crosse,
G. Angas, Dr. Cox, and A. Adams. He showed that though no separate
list of Tasmanian Mollusca had been published, yet Mr. G. F. Angas’s list
for South Australia, and the far more elaborate list for S.E. Australia in
the Zoological Proceedings for 1865 and 1867 respectively, had materially
lightened the labours of any naturalist for Tasmania. He then described
the boundaries and peculiarities of the so-called Australian molluscous
province, and showed how it might be diyided into sub-provinces which

95

would be nearly conterminous with the colonies of South Australia,
Victoria, New South Wales, and Tasmania. He particularised the characters
of the Tasmanian sub-province, and showed how it might be sub-divided
into the northern part of the island and the islands in Bass’ Straits, which
was of a Victorian character, and the South Tasmanian which was peculiar
with a very large admixture of East Australian, and a small influence of
New Zealand shells. Mr. Woods further described the features of the new
shells brought thus under notice, which were for the most part small, but
nevertheless yielding many new Mitre and novelties as Patella, Diala,
Alaba, Turbonilla, Purpura, Cominella, Drillia, Mangelia, Siphonalia, ete.
He expressly called attention to a new species of Crossea, the fourth known,
two others being from Japan and one from Port Jackson. Mr. Woods
explained that he had written his paper both in Latin and English. He
regretted the space thus taken up, but it had been generally established
that new investigations of a purely scientific character, should, in order to
their universal reception, be published in Latin, to be thus accessible to
scientific men of every nation. As however a Latin description might not
be so accessible to investigation in Tasmania he had given the paper in
both languages, thus hoping to make the publications of the Royal Society
as useful to their fellow colonists as to the world. He trusted that the
paper would be one of many which would tend to make the Royal Society
as valuable an institution as that of any colony; and if any credit
redounded to him for his labours he was glad to think it would be
largely shared by the members who had so willingly co-operated with
him in them.

Mr. M. Aiport moved the usual vote of thanks to the donors of the
various presentations, and especially to the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods for
his valuable paper on the Marine Shells, and for the highly interesting
remarks with which the same was accompanied. Also to Mr. Legrand,
without whose services the work would scarcely have been possible, Mr.
Woods having already explained how greatly he was indebted to Mr.
Legrand for the loan of specimens, and for copious information as to
localities, ete.—information which no other man in Tasmania could have
afforded.

The vote having been carried nem. con., the Rev. Juttan Woops moved
that the special thanks of the Society be conveyed to Dr. J. Cox, of Sydney,
for the loan of a valuable type collection of Australian Marine shells, and
alluded to the difficulty of obtaining such a favour from most scientific
collectors,

The motion was unanimously agreed to, and the meeting terminated.

94

PORT DAVEY IN 1875.
By tHe Hon. James Rerp Scort, M.L.C.

[Read 13th September, 1875. ]

At the present time Port Davey supplies Hobart Town
with the great bulk of the timber known as “ Huon Pine”
[Dacrydium Franklin], and has done so for several years
back. That port may indeed be said to be the chief seat of
the pine-getting industry in Tasmania, Macquarie Harbour
being deserted, and the Pieman, Picton, and Craycroft, worked
to a very limited extent, if at all. The pines obtained on the
Forth and Dove Rivers are, I believe, of a different species
[| Athrotaxis selaginoides| called “pencil pine,” or ‘ King
William Pine.” From the nature of the Port Davey district,
the beds of timber are necessarily of limited extent; and
although occasional supplies have been obtained for more than
50 years, anda steady industry has been continuously pro-
secuted there for the last 25 years, still circumstances (such
as a rise in prices, and consequent influx of piners) might
extinguish the trade for a time, until young trees grow up to a
size fit for market. I do not apprehend any such result, but
I hope that a few personal observations on the locality, its
pine industry and forests, etc., during a recent visit, will be
interesting, even to those who fully know and appreciate the
details and hardships of the occupation of a piner.

In March last I paid a visit to Port Davey for a second
time, having been there about four years previously with
Mr. Piguenit, who took some very characteristic sketches of
the scenery. Though my main object this time was to
have some hunting and fishing, I took the opportunity of
going to the actual workings in the pine-forests, the present
scenes of labour; and I saw much new to my personal
experience, although not altogether unknown to me by report.
I therefore make no apology for presenting to your notice the
following account of my trip.

On my former visit my party went and returned by land,
along the naturally defined series of valleys and “saddles”
or passes, mainly clear of forest, up the course of the Huon,
down that of Spring River, and across the Berry Head
Range—an unmistakable route to anyone with knowledge of
the localities, though not without its difficulties in travelling.
The road from Victoria to the Craycroft is so overgrown and
blocked up, that the journey from Hobart Town to Port
Davey by that route could not well be made now under four
days, and I would not advise a stranger to attempt it at all.
On the second occasion I went and returned by water, going

95

down with Captain Lloyd in the “Swansea Packet,” and
coming back with Captain Dominey in the “ Ripple,” both
regular traders.

The inhabitants were little changed during the four years
which had elapsed. I found the well-remembered faces, and
received the same cordial welcome and hospitality as_ before.
Similar packs of half-starved dogs lifted up their voices, and
would have stolen anything eatable left within their reach.
The children had, of course, grown up beyond recognition ;
and an old resident, Mr. Bennett, had returned, and was
busy building a good-sized barge. Doherty, the oldest
inhabitant, who has been there ever since 1849, placed a hut
at Observatory Point at my disposal, and Captain Lloyd lent
me a good whaleboat.

Besides those at Port Davey settlement, numbering about
50, there is an isolated establishment at Spring River, where
Mr. Page was at work, but he was unfortunately hampered
in his proceedings by a sad accident which befell his mate
George Baker. When upon a scaffold to fell a tree, Baker
lost his balance, and his foot caught in one of the props, which
caused him to swing and fall heavily against the butt of the
tree, dislocating his left shoulder, There was no opportunity
for nearly a month after this to get him to town for medical
assistance, the shoulder remaining “out” all the time. Dr.
Crowther was applied to, but Baker had to go to the
Hospital for the operation of setting. Since then (owing
possibly to the prior delay) the whole arm has been powerless,
and is gradually withering and decaying, extending upwards
from the fingers. The poor fellow’s days of active labour
seemed at an end—the more to be deplored because he was a
very steady industrious man, with a wife dependent upon his
exertions.

The houses at Bramble Cove were all unoccupied.

My anticipations of good sport were not fully realised in
consequence of the weather. Continual storms, with a low
barometer, entirely precluded trumpeter fishing (for which
one has to go outside the Heads), and made boating generally
attended with more risk than pleasure. I visited Kelly’s
Basin and the West Coast beyond it; went up Bathurst
Harbour and New Harbour Creek nearly to Cox’s Bight;
and up the Davey River to the plains known as Longley’s
Ground and The Rookery. Kangaroo, wallaby, wombat,
ducks, and swans were abundant; some of the latter were
then “moulters,” and we could pull them down with the
boat. The greatest treat, now as formerly, was the plentiful
supply of oysters, Kelly’s Basin containing the largest and
most easily obtained rock-oysters I have seen, and they

96

were in prime condition. Mounds of empty shells at various
parts of the beach gave proof that the aborigines had also
appreciated them in days gone by. While speaking of game,
I must mention a fact respecting the wombat which coincides
with my own experience and the opinion of many bush
travellers. In the year 1866 the Port Davey settlers were,
owing to heavy gales, for some months without supplies of
flour and provisions, so that they were compelled to live on
“wild” meat alone, and most of them took to hunting
during that time. Their unanimous verdict is that they very
soon got tired of kangaroo or swan’s flesh, but could subsist
on wombat without dislike; also that a meal of the latter
had far more nutritive power than kangaroo.

It is almost impossible to describe the country round Port
Davey to one accustomed only to the settled portions of
Tasmania, while the grand scenery such as Hell’s Gates, must
be seen to be realised. Written landscapes leave no picture
in the mind of a stranger. he greater portion of the
country is open, consisting of broken ground or large flat
plains between steep and lofty ranges, covered with button
grass and intersected by belts of timber of various shapes and
sizes ; the timber is generally along the banks of streams, or
in gullies on the mountain sides, though some of the ranges
are entirely wooded. The hills are steep and rugged, and
show their white quartzite rocks bare at the top, which gives
many the appearance of being snow-clad, and throughout the
day they are ever assuming new forms and colours as the
sunlight strikes them at a different angle. Thus the country
is most picturesquely diversified by white rocky ranges, warm-
coloured plains and sombre forests; and in fine weather
looks both wild and beautiful. The plains are made gay by many
flowering plants, conspicuous among which is the Blandfordia
with its crimson and yellow spikes of flowers, growing in
every Situation from the margins of creeks to the crevices of
rocks on mountain summits. Like all Western Tasmania,
as the open ground gives one the impression of desolation and
barrenness, so on entering a forest the opposite extreme of
rank vegetation is immediately encountered. Underneath
there is generally a tall and tangled growth of wireweed
(Bauera) and cutting-grass, with horizontal scrub (Anodo-
petalum), Laurel (Anopterus) Native plum (Cenarrhenes) and
all those shrubs most conspicuous in our western forests ;
pinkwood, hickory, and teatree attain a large size, gums and
myrtles (Hugus) being the lofty trees. These forests are
enlivened by the climbers Billardiera and Prionotes, which
often form festoons from tree to tree. Richea pandanifolra
is frequently met with.

97

The pines have a peculiar limitation in their distribution
worthy of remark; growing on the margins of small streams
or in the alluvial flats along the rivers, they seem to be
derived only from the west or south-west sides of the ranges.
The leading mountain chains run nearly parallel with the
coast, about N.N.W., and no pines are found along the streams
running from their eastern slopes. In like manner, when the
Davey is divided into two branches, about sixteen miles up,
the western branch is called the Hardwood River, because no
pines have been found along its course. The other branch
which is fed from the south-west slopes of the Frankland
Range, is well supplied, and from it the great bulk of the
timber is now being procured. Again, the range from which
the Hardwood River derives most of its tributaries, is pine-
clad on its south-western slopes, the streams from which run
into the sea near Rocky Point. In Spring River the same
feature is observed, and also in the originally named “ Spring
River” at the extreme eastern end of Bathurst Harbour;
and I have no doubt from the formation of the country and
my knowledge of the Arthur and Huon Plains, that the
Craycroft presents the same peculiarity. Of the Picton,
Gordon, Franklin, and Pieman I do not know enough to
hazard an opinion.

At the highest point I visited up the Davey River,
where Doherty is at work, are some King William Pines
(Athrotaxis selaginoides) whose wood is much more open-

rained than Huon pine, and of a red colour. I have no
doubt that towards the Frankland Range they will be found
in great numbers.

The pine is not met with near the margin of the salt
water, though one spot was pointed out to me on the bank
of the tidal portion of the Davey, about half way between
the Settlement and Hell’s Gates, which had been a thicket
of small pine trees of several acres in extent, not observed
until a large fire swept through and killed them. Some
distance up the Crossing River there is an untouched bed
of pines, but below it the steep banks of the river have
fallen in and blocked up all passage for floating the logs
down, affording complete protection to that bed of timber,
unless a short tramway is made to surmount the obstacle.

The river has been followed up and the timber along its
course gradually cleared out until the beds which produce
the present supply are reached, from fourteen to eighteen
miles up. To visit them I tookthe course usually followed
by the piners, except on special occasions; going from the
settlement by boat up the river as far as the Pen at Brooke’s
Bay, we then shouldered knapsacks and walked about four

98

anda half miles to the head of Long Fall, thereby cutting
off a large elbow of the river, and avoiding Hell’s Gates,
Long-Tom Fall, and the Broken Road, all difficult for boats.
From Long Fall we again took boat and pulled about a mile
up a beautiful still reach, the banks studded with ferns and
pinkwood in full flower, and landed on the right bank. From
this landing place isa pathway, considerably less distinct than
a wombat track, for about eight miles chiefly among button
grass, to their general rendezvous opposite the Bark Hut
Creek. Here the timbered flat is wide, and this has been
one of the most prolific beds, as the stumps testify; and
although some pioneers, Doherty, Woolley, and others have
pushed on further up the stream, there are still many trees got
from this locality, formerly overlooked or considered too
difficult of access. There are numerous young trees growing
up, which should be preserved till they have attained a
certain size. Here are generally several boats on each side of
the river for persons going or returning. Navigation extends
very little further, except for log-clearing. There is a track
to the settlement down the left or east side also, but it is
about three miles longer than the other, and the Crossing
River has to be forded.

The Crossing River, which comes from the Arthur Range,
is sometimes called locally the Davey River, being rather the
wider of the two at their confluence ; and the Davey River
proper is, in that case, called the DeWitt River, the DeWitt
going by the name of Badger Creek. This is owing, ina
great measure, to the meagre information on the official map.
The Davey rises between the junction and Wilmot Ranges,
and flows down the wide valley to the west and southwest
of the Frankland Range, in two branches, which unite about
a mile above Bark Hut Creek. The Crossing River joins the
Davey about two miles above the Long Fall, coming in
abruptly from the south-east, having burst through a high
range by a narrow ravine in the same unexpected manner as
the united streams pass through the gorge of Hell’s Gates,
instead of traversing the low valley which seems to be the
natural course. Many of the small creeks have the same
peculiarity, so that it is difficult to make a correct topo-
graphical sketch of the district on a short visit. My
opportunities of taking observations were too few to enable me
to submit with any confidence a plan to illustrate the district.

The pine trees grow in the densely timbered alluvial flat in
the valley of the river, subject to frequent inundations, and
varying in width from about 100 to 1,200 yards, intersected
by a network of creeks and channels formed by the flood
waters, and filled in the winter months. These channels

Hells Gates, Hirer Davey

Nahsrtar's

99

have to be cleared of obstructions, fallen timber, etc., so that
the pine logs may be floated down to the main river. Tracks
have also to be cut through the scrub, about 18 feet in width,
and sets of “ skids” laid down so that the logs may be rolled
into these channels or into the river. Hence the forests
are traversed by numerous skid roads winding in all direc-
tions, to suit the trees successively cut down. In some places
the floods occasionally rise high enough to enable boats to be
used and the logs floated out over the ferns and undergrowth.

After the logs are cut to their proper length and stripped
of their bark, they are branded at the ends with the initials
or mark of the owner,—letters generally an inch in height,—
punched into the wood with a smart blow of a hammer.
Doherty told me he had known cases where as much as two
inches had been sawn off the end of a log so branded, with a
view to its appropriation, and the brands made in the
above manner were detected by putting boiling water on the
new faces or ends, whereby the old marks became visible ;—the
punching process affecting the fibres to an extent that a brand
by hot irons would not.

After the logs are in the river commences the work of
“clearing down” whenever there is a flood. The logs on
their passage down get jammed at eddies, stranded on low
banks, or otherwise detained. Two men go in a dingy, one
to pull, the other with an iron-pointed prodder to release
the logs and push them into the current. The dingies are of
the shape commonly used about the Huon,—square stem
and stern, and without keel, so that they are quickly turned
round and easily guided by experienced hands. From the
narrowness of the river in many places, this is the best sort
of boat for coming down the rapids. This work is attended
with considerable danger, and requires skill and presence of
mind. Henry Longley and his mate Buxton were drowned
in the Huon when so employed about three years ago. To
the honour of the Port Davey piners, they are always willing
to devote part of their time to show the special dangers of
the river to any new comer. I came down from the Bark
Hut Creek in one of these dingies, to see the nature of the
river; and although there was only a small body of water I
enjoyed the trip. The scenery is beautiful, especially about
the Bay of Islands and the Davey Rapids. There are many
rapids in the river, all with characteristic and well known
names: in fact every eddy or remarkable spot has a local
name, as well as the creeks, plains, and hunting-grounds about
the Port, which do not always coincide with those on the
official plans.

The dwellings occupied by the piners when up the river are

100

of the style known as “ Badger-boxes,” in distinction from
huts, which have perpendicular walls, while the Badger-box
is like an inverted V in section. They are covered with bark,
with a thatch of grass along the ridge, and are on an average
about 14 x 10 feet at the ground, and 9 or 10 feet high. The
sleeping bunk, raised about three feet, occupies the whole of
one end, and can accommodate six people easily. The other
end is enclosed by the fire-place, if on high ground; but
those in the flats among the pine are left open in front, with
the floor slabbed, and provision made for mooring the boat to
the bedpost. Longley, before mentioned, kept a careful and
minute diary for several years, and makes frequent entries
illustrative of this life, such as the following :—

1863, April 3:—Went in the dingie toa stump to make a fire to
boil the kettle for breakfast.

1863, April 7 :—Log getting ; Longley and Doherty cut off a log,
up to our waistbands in water.

1863, July 4 :—Water 2 feet up the posts of the bunk this morning.
Had to boil the kettle on a stump.

1864, Oct. 12 :—Took rations to the Badger box. Water up to our
waists.

1867, Aug. 22:—Did not go to bed last night, as the water was
rising until daylight this morning.

1868, Oct. 6 :—Flood over the second step this morning.

And many others to a similar effect.

The men are generally employed in pine-getting and rolling
into the river, during February, March, April, and May, with
occasional visits home for rations, etc. After that they are on
the constant watch for floods, and go up the river to clear
down whenever there is a chance. When the logs reach the
tidal water they are caught and put into “ pens,” which are
enclosures in some eddy or still water, formed of stakes inter-
laced with brushwood, and a log chained across the entrance
asa gate. When a vessel comes for a load, from 10 to 18
logs are fastened together into a raft, and towed down below
the bar alongside the vessel at the usual anchorage. The
settlement has extended in this direction since my last visit, |
and there are now several dwellings close to the anchorage.

As regards distribution of ground, there is an understood
code of honour among them not to interfere with each other
within a certain distance, so well olserved that I heard no
complaint of any one having taken an undue advantage. A
ereek or flood-channel is usually the centre line of a property,
and is followed up on both banks. Any new comer wishing
¢9 go higher up the same creek must go ahead at least a
quarter of a mile.

Longley’s diary for the years 1863, 1864, 1865, and 1866

101

will give a fair sample of a piner’s employment. He had three
others as partners; and I find that his time was occupied on
an average of these four yearsas follows :—100 days each year
up the river felling timber and clearing down; 185 days at
work at home, catching logs, squaring or sawing them, raft-
ing and loading vessels, repairing boats, vessels, huts, pens,
ete., gardening, and building vessels ; 55 days hunting, fishing,
and getting mutton-birds; 55 days visiting Hobart Town,
including voyage and detentions; and 20 days unemployed,
being Sundays, holidays, or bad weather. They built two
vessels during these years, one of which was lost in Recherche
Bay on its way to town to be sold. In the season ending
June, 184, they got pine logs to the extent of 58,336 feet,
the quantities varying each week owing to track or creek
clearing and other causes. During the week ending 5th March
they got 4,509 feet; that ending 7th May 7,203 feet; that
ending 2lst June 2,234 feet. In another week they got as
much as 9,440 feet. The size of the trees recorded also varies
much. Logs 10 or 11 feet in girth were counted large;
this would represent trees over 4 feet in diameter at the butt.
The average seem to be 6 or 7 feet in girth. It is matter for
consideration whether the supply of timber should be
preserved, and the destruction of the beds prevented, by
prohibiting the cutting of any trees under a certain size.

Many of the smaller trees in these forests would make good
cabinet woods if there was any demand. The pinkwood
(Eueryphia Billardierti) is hard, and hasa fine colour. Like
hickory and horizontal, the green logs make better camp fires
than most of the dead timber that can be got in the dank
forests where they grow. The hickory (Phebalium Billardiern,
alias Eriostemon squamea) should also be a valuable wood. It
is the only timber except the pine which is perfectly sound
and dry inside after being submerged for years in muddy
deposits, nearly all others being more or less rotten and dis-
eoloured. Itis pale yellow in colour, and very tough. The
ordinary size of both these is about 15 inches in diameter, with
straight barrels 40 or 50 feet in height. They are common
in all the western forests, and are abundant about Mounts
Bischoff and Ramsay, and round Lake St. Clair.

Close to Observatory Point is Pebbly Beach, and on this,
ever since Doherty remembers, lumps of coal are washed up
after strong southerly weather, though no indications of coal-
seams have been discovered on shore. Sandstone was reported
to me as found up the Crossing River. Samples of both, with
full information as to the dip and direction of the latter, have
been promised me, and I will lay them before the Royal Society
when I get them. Limestone occurs in the Davey Valley, -

102

protruding in various places, bearing from each other a little
to the west of north. I found the fern Todea Africana, but
differing in habit from those in Northern Tasmania. Here it
grew on the steep rocky banks of the Davey River with
hardly any stem; there it is usually by the side of a creek,
with large stems a yard or so in diameter. An Alsophila
is met with up Pine Creek, but which variety I had not the
opportunity of ascertaining.

The great drawback to the settlement at Port Davey is the
absence of all educational advantages for the children. When
Mr. Collis was stationed at Recherche Bay, some of the
settlers managed to send children round there, but since his
removal they are entirely dependent upon what the parents
can impart, and as a rule there is too much hard work to be
done to leave any time for that purpose. It is one of those
exceptional spots which should not be tied down to the strict
rules of our educational system. The people have also been
utterly neglected by the clergy of all denominations, the
latest visit being that of Archdeacon Davies, on the occasion
of a pleasure trip in the City of Hobart 15 years ago, when
he held a service at Bramble Cove, 8 miles from the settle-
ment, so that hardly any could attend except the excursionists.
Iam certain that the visit of a regular clergyman would be
well received there, without any fear of such a reception as
described (on 15th April last) by a Mr. Cameron, with
reference to some parts of the Huon district, of which he is
reported to have said: “In many of these places a minister
of the gospel would be hooted.”

For a florid, yet not inaccurate, description of the scenery, I
would recommend any one to look up the account by David
Burn of Sir John Franklin’s visit in 1842, published in the
United Service Magazine for 1843. In an older work, Views
in Australia, published in 1824, by J. Lycett, artist to Major-
General Macquarie, the author’s fancy carries him to the future
when its shores will be dotted with villas and gentlemen’s
residences. James Backhouse also describes the place in
chapter 3rd of his book on the Australian Colonies, having
been obliged to spend 17 days there in 1832, during which
the sheep were put ashore to feed. He mentions also the
heaps of oyster shells.

But as I have endeavoured to make these remarks as short
as possible, and to limit them chiefly to my own experiences at
Port Davey, I shall not go into its previous history or
industries, or discuss its capabilities of improvement and
settlement, or the probability of its being a mineral district.
I hope to pay it another visit to further test the latter point.

I shall therefore conclude by placing on record the

103

mutilated remains of the inscriptions in the cemetery. It is
reported that a few years ago the crew of some whaling
vessel cut down most of the wooden monuments for firewood ;
and whereas there were about twenty as far back as 1849,
there are now but four, only one of which is perfect. I was
reluctant to credit such a tale, but it was confirmed by the
axe-marks on one of those still standing! Two others are
lying on the ground among the heath and flowers, the spot
where they were erected being untraceable. The inscriptions
are as follows :—
ib
SACRED
TO THE
+- MEMORY OF +
PATRICK BOURKE
HE WAS KILLED BY
A FALL FROM THE BARK
PLANTER’S MAST-
HEAD OFF MAQUARRIE
HARBOUR FEBRUARY V 1872
AGED 21 YEARS
REMMEMBER-MAN-AS-YOU-PASS-BY
AS-YOU-ARE-NOW-SO-ONCE-WAS-I
AS-I-AM-NOW-SO-YOU-WILL-BE
PREPARE-FOR-DEATH-AND-FOLLOW
+ ME
The above painted in white letters on a black ground. Erected
lately by Capt. Reynolds, and fenced in.

II.
IN MEMORY

OF
GEORGE,
NATIVE OF MANGEA DIED
ON
BOARD THE BARQUE TERROR April
4 1853 acEp 20 YEARS.
PLE
SACRED
TO THE
MEMORY

OF
MATTHEW HENDRY
KILLED ON BOARD THE
MAID OF ERIN
FELL FROM THE MASTHEAD
ON THE 29 DAY OF JANUARY 1863
AGED 32 YEARS
The above two inscriptions cut into the wood. The boards are
lying on the ground,

104

TY:
SACRED
TO
THE MEMORY ........ .
JOHNYCHAY 22...
WHO DIED.........
BOARD BRIG ‘‘RO.....
13 January 1......
AGED 39 YEA.....
This was erected to John Chard of the brig ‘‘ Roscoe,” date not
ascertained. It is much mutilated, and has been chopped with
an axe.

The following is an extract from the account referred to in
Mr. Scott’s paper :—

* Narrative of the Overland Journey of Sir John and Lady Franklin
and Party from Hobart Town to Macquarie Harbour. By
Davin Burn, Author of ‘‘ Van Diemen’s Land, Moral, Physical,
and Political.”

Tuesday, 17th May, 1842.—* * * At2 p.m. aseven-knot easterly
breeze enabled the Eliza to make a bold look up for the pyramidal
rock, marking the entrance to Port Davey, and which now bore
north. The Maatsuykers Islands were rapidly shut in as we drew
along the bare, leafless, rugged coast, whose fantastic points looked
dull and cheerless in the hard blue sky. They reminded me of the
iron-bound ramparts that girdle the neighbourhood of Arbroath, and
fancy could almost lead me to picture the celebrated, luckless, Tyrone
Power, as he once stood upon one of the craggy points of the latter,
delivering with much gesticulation (for he was a tragedian then) the
oration of Antony over the body of Cesar. At 4the heads of Port
Davey were gained, but the wind had fallen light, and, although the
anchorage was but half-a-dozen miles distant, still the flood rushing
out was so powerful that four bells of the first watch had been struck
ere the anchor rattled over the bows. The moon became overcast,
and heavy rain fell fast.

Wednesday, 18th.—A considerable quantity of rain fell during
the night, but the weather continued moderate, although the
barometer had sunk gradually from thirty to three-tenths there-
under. Morning dawned upon a clear sky, but less hard and
less dazzling than those which had gladdened the three pre-
ceding days. We were reposing within the charming circu-
lar basin that forms the romantic haven of Port Davey, our
schooner the centre of a wild but strikingly beautiful panorama,
the quartzy mountains rearing their magnificent cones in pearly
grandeur to the sky, or sawing the air with pinnacled ridges, broken ,
into every conceivable figure and form, their naked sides being
furrowed with countless gorges, ravines, or gulleys. . Right ahead,
or N.W., the river Davey wound its silent course. On the larboard
or western hand, the low woody land called Garden Point presented
its sequestered shores to be laved by another Kelly’s Basin. On
the starboard hand, or about E.S.E., the entrance to Bathurst
Harbour, and Spring River, was just discernible, Numerous craggy

CENT RAL rae
NEW york”

Fens

2,
TO
THE MEMORY

JOHN CHA
WHO DIED

BOARD aoe
13t' January {

Aged Sues

P 4 F
ort Hey. Cemetery: 22 March 1875.

WB.
B. Erected, to John Chard of the “Roscoe tae
date not ascertained.

OF
GEORGE
NATIVE OF MANGEA DIED

ON
BOARD THE BARQUE TERROR Aptil

4 1833 AGED 20 YEARS

SACRED

TO THE
MEMORY
7 OF

MATTHEW HENDRY
KILLED ON BOARD THE
MAID OF ERIN
FELL FROM THE MASTHEAD |

ON THE 29 DAY OF JANUARY 1863
AGED 32 YEARS

Port Davey Cemetery 2 22 March 1875.

N.B. Fhese two are tying on the ground Aortd Fe
the shrubs

105

islets guard the shore, one steep cliff showing a seemingly extensive
cavern in its perpendicular face.

At 7 the anchor was aweigh, and we were working down towards
Bathurst Harbour, the entrance to which lies on the south-east
shore of Port Davey, about three miles above the pyramidal rock.
It is guarded on either hand by islands of the most picturesque
beauty, their summits shaded with peculiarly ornamental and
umbrageous dwarf foliage, giving to their crown the same unspeak-
able grace that a fine head of hair imparts to the human face
divine. The starboard island was named after Mr. Ronald Gunn ;
the smaller one on the larboard or north side, was styled ‘‘ Kathleen
Isle,” a title given by Lady Franklin, in compliment to the wife of
the writer. Some pretty, sharp, pinnacled rocks jutting from this
isle, received the appropriate appellation, ‘‘ Mavourneen.” The
faces of these islands and the circumjacent shores are composed of
slabs of quartz, packed, if I may so express it, in slate-like layers.
They are perforated with numberless caves, every bight and cove
developing an infinite variety of such deep indentations. The
conical hills of quartz, with the tiny patches of verdure minutely
interspersed, give a mosaic-like character to the scene. Nevertheless,
the elegant though rugged contour of those hills—the multiform,
tortuous undulations of their sterile steeps—the dangerous acclivities
of their scathed and frowning chasms, all combine in the production
of a landscape singularly romantic; one that in a rude clime and
wintry welkin, would inevitably be classed amongst the savage, a
designation from which the genial atmosphere and Italian blue of
the sky that o’er canopies, alone preserves it. Despite its barren
character, even in the boisterous north, it might sometimes be
termed a soft scene, every outline being so gracefully rounded—
every asperity so much subdued. Light airs and floods proved
annoyingly adverse to our outward progress, many hours being
frittered away in the labour of afew minutes. We could do no
good, and were, eventually, compelled to anchor.

At 11h. 30m., the gig pushed off on atrip up Spring River. The
party it contained consisted of Sir John and Lady Franklin, Mr.
Milligan, Mr. Giffin, second officer of the Eliza, and myself. About
amile above Kathleen, opposite to a conical peak of quartz, and
close to the anchorage the schooner had been striving to gain, lies
“Turnbull Island,” named after the interim Colonial Treasurer.
It is alow, rocky, brushy lump, bare at the summit and fringed at
the edge, like a friar’s pate. Above Turnbull some beautiful
miniature bays are formed by a large projecting tongue of land,
bare, verdant, and divided into conical swells towards the centre,
but skirted with a leafy screen towards the water. Close to this
point, a low, woody, circular island occupies the centre of the
channel. In honour of Miss Franklin’s governess, it received the
appellation, ‘‘ Williamson Islaad.” Spring River here becomes
perfectly land-locked ; its waters expanding, and assuming the form
of an extensive hill-embosomed lake. The day, hitherto, though
dry, had been chilly ; Apollo hid his glories in a vapoury shroud,
peering occasionally through, not penetrating, the scene he seemed
desirous to illume. Rounding a bare promontory on the north
shore, we entered a second extensive lake. A rugged, lofty, quartz

106

mountain, now called ‘‘ Bracondale,” lay right ahead, or E. by N.
At its foot a pretty little fairy islet, covered with shrubs, received
the name of ‘‘ Louisa.” The main channel, which we ascended,
bore N.E., whilst a very lovely minor branch stretched away to
the S.E. At this point the landscape became one of great and
varied magnificence, being broken into numberless diversified bays
and dells, winding valleys, and craggy ranges. We disturbed
sundry black swans in our progress. Mr. Milligan having been put
on shore, brought some shrubs and stones from Louisa—a memorial
for the fair lady after whom the island had been named. During
the stoppage consequent upon this debarkation, the sun broke forth,
gilding with liquid glory a most conspicuous ridgy ravine that
intersected the towering grassy mountains of the north shore.
Immediately above Louisa Isle the hills separated into a broken
spreading valley, Bracondale forming the upper, and a grassy,
elevated, flat-topped mount, its advanced guards. This valley is
watered by another branch of Spring River, or, very possibly, upon
accurate investigation, these branches may be found to be but
limbs of an extensive sea-arm. A channelof some two miles brings
the tourist to a third and much larger lake, most enchantingly
studded with various low, brushy islands. This lake flings its
ramified, glittering limbs deep into the bosom of the mountain
region wherein it is embedded. The picture it presents is one of
indescribable magnificence, varying in character every thirty or
forty yards. Here a smooth, grassy hill thrusts its velvet limbs
into the wave. There an endless succession of wild, irregular cliffs,
split into figures of the most extraordinary magnitude and extra-
vagant form, pierce the sky with their uncouth points. Some are
hollowed like gigantic punch-bowls, fit for the revels of the Cyclops ;
others assume the aspect of Nature’s primitive fortifications, being
ranged in long and imposing lines, tier over tier of deeply-scarped
battlement and fosse—the naked crags presenting a variety of tints,
white, pink, and slate being the prevailing hues that glanced and
flickered in the varying sunlight. Hill soars over hill—crag sur-
mounts crag—whilst peak and mountain-cone tower to heaven
their proud pinnacles, shown in bold relief or veiled by the fleecy
canopy that, ever and anon, strives to envelop their aspiring fronts.
Nature is untarnished, primeval majesty reigns here supreme,
whilst man looks on to wonder and adore. Would that the
painter’s art were mine! Would that I could give were it but a
feeble copy of this transcendant picture ; the subject could not
fail to have inspired my pencil, it would have taught me to pourtray
the glorious landscape in all its racy characters of heaven-born
grandeur. This panoramic enchantment lies about eight or nine
miles above Bathurst Harbour, the expanse of its waters termi-
nating two or three miles further north, whilst the river, or what is
said to be the river, flows from the E.N.E. for what distance has
yet to be determined ; ten or twelve long summer days might be
most deliciously spent in the investigation of this little known
locality. It is much to be regretted that the land, seemingly, is
of such small avail, either agrestially or pastorally, because, with
a moderate share of fair soil, the favourable position and immense
navigable facilities of Port Davey must otherwise render it a

107

settlement of paramount value. A century may (is sure to) achieve
what the present age cannot well accomplish.

We debarked upon a smooth, pebbly beach, partaking of a
comfortable refection of ham, and bread and cheese, the task of
deglutition being rendered easily practicable with the aid of some
choice brown stout and superlative sherry. At 4 we plied the
homeward oar, regaining the Eliza at 6, after having encountered
a slight shower during our homeward progress. Mr. Bagot and
Captain Harburg had preceded us with five swans. Strange!
when the shooting a few of these birds would have afforded a most
acceptable food to the famished pilgrims, we could, by no possi-
bility, steal within reach ; now that they were valueless, we had
them to kick about. Having inspected everything that the advanced
season of the year and the threatening aspectof the weather rendered
conveniently practicable, the Eliza, at 7h. 42min. p.m., weighed
anchor and dropped out of Bathurst Harbour with a light air from
theN.W. At 8 we passed between Gunn and Kathleen Islands,
opened the Great Caroline (a name given by whalers) pyramidal
rock, and, with a flowing sheet, stood to sea.

108

ON THE VITAL STATISTICS OF TASMANIA, WITH
ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MORTALITY OF
CHILDREN.

By E. C. Nowrtt, Government Statistician.
[Read 12th October, 1875. ]

In most things Tasmania is at a great disadvantage as
compared with the neighbour colonies. The larger extent of
their territory, the more open nature of the country, their
greater, or reputedly greater mineral wealth, the more pro-
fitable fields for the employment of capital which they have
hitherto offered, have rendered our colony incapable of com-
peting on equal terms with them in all matters relating to
production, trade, and commerce. The one advantage which
Tasmania does enjoy is her climate; and it seemed to me
that in showing in the fullest and most convincing manner
her superiority in this respect, especially as regards the health
of children, I might be doing some practical service. The
mortality in the towns as compared with the country parts,
was also one of the questions which I proposed to myself to
investigate, and I therefore set about constructing, with the
aid of my assistant, Mr. J. J. Barnard, a series of tables,
intending to embody the results in my statistical report for
' last year. But as the subject could be treated only very
briefly in such a report, and as the tables, which contained
details that seemed to be worth preserving, could not be
embodied in it, I resolved to lay them before this Society in
the hope that, by drawing public attention to the facts thus
brought out, their full significance might be made more
widely known. Another inducement to take up the subject
was, that my work would fit in with, and supplement, the
comparative statistics published last year by the Government
of Victoria. Two objects would thus be served—first, atten-
tion would be drawn to Tasmania as a desirable place of
residence for persons seeking for themselves or their children
a healthy climate; secondly, another contribution, however
humble, would have been made to that stock of knowledge of
man’s physical and moral nature, which we have as yet only
begun to acquire from the analysis and comparison of
statistical facts.

The first set of tables (A to D) shows the mortality of
children up to the age of 10 years as between Tasmania and
the Continental Colonies. The second (H to N) shows not
only that of children at this age, but also that of persons at
“all other ages” in Tasmania alone, under the following
divisions:—1l. The whole Colony. 2. Hobart Registration
District, 3. Launceston Registration District. 4. The two

109

collectively, forming the “ Urban Districts.” 5. The remainder
of the Colony, forming the “ Rural Districts.”

Appended to the abstract tables are other tables, giving
the data upon which the former are based, so that every one
who consults them may be in a position to check the calcula-
tions for himself, and detect the errors, if any should have
crept in. ‘ .

The period embraced in the returns is the five years from
1869 to 1873. Where the figures were not to be obtained
from the pubiished statistics of the other Colonies, they were
procured by direct application to the Registrars-General,
whose courtesy in furnishing them I desire to acknowledge.

I shall consider the general tables first ; and those relating
specially to Tasmania afterwards.

* Real infant mortality,” says the Registrar-General of
England (1872), ‘‘ may be satisfactorily measured by its pro-
portion to births registered.” Thisis shown for the Australian
Colonies and Tasmania in table A. The average number of
deaths of infants under 1 year to 100 births for each colony,
ranged in descending order, was :-—

South Australia)... cecsst.ccsenss%s ot 14°24
Wi CLOLRI Saeco etncsaaonsaance one 11°86
MTOONSELEE soca Strccreet cote raace 11:07
New South Wales. oes eS 9°57
Madmantans .54 ies. BEADS 9°4.

Here the superiority of our Colony is at once seen. In
England, the proportion was, in 1869, 15°6; in 1870, 16. In
Scotland, in 1870 (an average year), it was 12°28. Even
South Australia, the Colony least favourable to infant life, was
more so than England. The average rate for 10 years (1864-
73) in Victoria is said, by the Government Statist in his
copious and careful report for the latter year, to be 12°4.

The next test which I shall employ, is a comparison (table
B) of the proportions which the deaths of children bore to 100
deaths at all ages. To go through all the ages in a reswmé
like this, would hardly leave any clear idea of the differences,
but would rather tend to confuse the mind, and I shall there-
fore confine myself to a few particulars, referring those who
wish for more information to the tables themselves. The
deaths under 1 year were :—

Per Cent.
DOUUUCATISLTANIG otsscadccesvesssncanee 39°86
BVTCLOLIA Geer ata et ie cn rer eretinae 30°29
Queensland?! 55.40 iiikedil vee 30°25
New South Wales ............cs0008s 27°79
WMasmanise .02esrke tl. ceciisci: 20°29

Here the order is exactly the same as before. Between one

110

and two years of age there is a change, and the Colonies stand
thus:—1l. Queensland; 2. Victoria ; 3. N.S. Wales; 4.8.
Australia; 5. Tasmania: the last still having the lowest rate,
which it keeps through all the ages up to 10, except in one,
5-10, in which the rate is the same as in Queensland. Between
0 and 5 years, the proportions and order were :—

Per Cent.
South Auistraliajscceccsssencesersecee 54°17
Queensland ............. . 46°33
Wario} at: qeesontocaxncade 45°50
New South Wales 42°14
Tasmania oes. Geka costcneee se ieceese 28:08

In England (1870) the proportions were—Under 1, 24°57;
1 to 2, 8°01; 2 to 3, 3°89; 3to4, 265; 4t05, 1:95; 0 to 5,
41:07; 5 to 10, 447; and between 0 and 10, 45°54. The
deaths under 1 year were therefore less in proportion than in
any of the mainland Colonies, but considerably more than in
Tasmania. In Scotland, taking the mean of males and
females (the result of which, though not strictly accurate, is
sufficiently near the truth for general comparison) the per-
centages were—0-1, 19°12; 1-2, 7°83; 2-3, 4°05; 3-4, 2°84;
4-5, 2-11; 0-5, 35°96; 5-10, 5°50 ; 0-10, 41°49. At the age
0-10, in this Colony the percentage was only 30°84,

Table C shows the proportions which the deaths of children
under 10 bore to 1,000 of the total living population. And
here it should be remarked that it has hitherto been our
practice in making such calculations, to take the population
at the end of each year, while the other Colonies take it at the
middle of the year. This, by making the divisor larger, gives
us a slight advantage, but the difference is not sufficient
materially to interfere with the result. At the age 0-1, the
Colonies stand thus :—

Per 1,000.
SoublvAuisivaliaasecccnccacescsccesscece 5°35
Queensland... .cccccessstencmcusepackos 4°52
WilGboriace ncceccesanet sccsecneucccrenbenee 4°38
New South Wales.......ccccccccssesce 3°70
QASMANIA ssteteecsceccurcaacscasseewectes 2°79

The same order is observed at the ages 0-5 and 0-10.

I now come to the series of tables constructed for this Colony
alone. But before considering them, it may be well to explain
some matters connected with the population as therein stated.
The object for which the last census was taken being chiefly
political, namely, an alteration in the franchise, the population
was enumerated according to Electoral Districts only, and not
according to Registration Districts. Since, however, the
Registration District of Hobart consists of the Electoral

pil

Districts into which the City of Hobart Town is divided,
together with those of Queenborough and Glenorchy, the
number of whose inhabitants is known, the population at the
date of the census can be computed exactly, and the present
population can be easily found by calculation, on the as-
sumption that the increase is proportionate to that of the
whole population of the Island. But the population of the
Registration District of Launceston cannot be so readily
found, the Registration District not being conterminous with
any Electoral District. It consists of the Electoral Districts
within the boundaries of the town of Launceston, together
with a portion of the Electoral District of Selby, the number
of whose residents is not known. The town of Launceston,
according to the census, contained 10,668 persons, and I have
estimated the number residing in the portion of Selby which
forms the remainder of the Registration District, at 1,500,
making the population of the whole of that district at the
date of the census, 12,168; and the increase since 1870 has
been calculated on the same assumption as before. For 1869
a slight deduction had to be made for the numbers shown by
the census of February 7, 1870: for Hobart, the population
has therefore been estimated at 24,921; for Launceston, at
12,190; and for the whole Colony, 99,000.

The first table (designated E) shows that while the average
percentage of deaths during the first year of life to births in
the year was 9°45 for the whole Colony, in the Hobart
Registration District it was 12°93 ; in the Launceston District,
13-02; in the two together, forming the Urban Districts,
12°89 ; in the remainder of the Colony, or the Rural Districts,
728. The difference in the mortality of the least healthy of
the Urban Districts, as compared with the Rural, the most
healthy—that is, between the maximum and minimum mor-
tality—was therefore 5°74 ; while the difference between the
rural rate—the minimum—and the general rate, was 2:17.

Table F shows the percentage of deaths at each age to
deaths at all ages in the Urban and Rural Districts. Here
we see the curious fact that while for infants under 1 year
the proportion in the whole colony was 20:25, in Hobart,
18-14, in Launceston, 19:07, and in the two last collectively
(“Urban” rate), 18°47, in the Rural Districts it was 22°70.
The general rule was in this case reversed, the proportion of
deaths being greater in the country. So it was for the ages
2-3, 3-4, 4-5, and 5-10; while for “all other ages” there was
a considerable difference in favour of the country districts, the
general average being 69°87, the Urban rate 72°36, and the
Rural only 64°76 per cent.

A comparison of the number of deaths at each age to 1,000

112

persons at all ages (table G) shows inevery case a consider-
able advantage on the side of the rural districts, to the extent
of 24°73 per cent.* for infants under 1 year; 86°54 per cent. for
children up to 10, and 37°25 for allages above. For all ages, the
mortality throughout the colony was 13°78 ; in Hobart district,
20°49 ; in Launceston 23°26 ; in the Urban Districts, 21°39; in
the Rural, 9:24. These figures show a considerable excess at -
Launceston; but it would be wrong to conclude upon this
ground alone that the mortality is greater in the town itself
than in Hobart Town. For the district of Hobart
included (Feby., 1870) a suburban population of 5912,
in which the rate of mortality was less than in the
city ; while, if my estimate be correct, the suburban popu-
lation in the Launceston district amounted to no more
than 1500; so that the proportion of the suburban to the
urban population was, in Hobart district, about 24 per cent. ;
in Launceston about 12. The suburban, or more healthy
population being thus smaller in the district of Launceston,
the mortality for the whole registration district might natu-
rally be expected to be somewhat greater. In Victoria in
1873 the urban rate was 19°41 per 1,000; the rural 9:14; in
N.S. Wales in 1872,—Sydney, 22°69; suburbs, 14°48; rural,
12°32. In England (1871) the general rate being 226 per
1000, the minimum of the country rates was 173. In Seot-
land, according to the Registrar-General’s reports, the rates
in 1870 were :—Principal towns, 27:03; large towns, 25°24;
small towns, 22°49; and rural districts, ‘17: 95. The excess in
the urban rate as compared with the rural would, therefore,
be—in Tasmania, 61°37 per cent.; in Victoria, 52°91; and
as between Sydney and the rural districts of New
South Wales the excess was 56°23 per cent. Assum-
ing the rate for the larger towns in Scotland to be
about 26 per 1000, the excess in the mortality over the
rural districts would be 30°96 percent. The difference in the
rate of mortality between the most and least healthy counties
in England in 1871 was 11:2 per 1000, or 30°30 per cent. ; the
highest rate being 28°5 in Durham; the lowest 17-3 in the
extra-metropolitan parts of Surrey and Kent. Between the
highest death rate of the large towns in Great Britain in that
ear (being 36°5 in Sunderland), and the lowest county rate
(17°3), the difference was 19°2 per 1000, or 52°60 per cent.
An epidemic of small-pox prevailed in Sunderland and several
other large towns, increasing the rate of mortality, which in
cities somuch more populous than our own chief towns, ought
always, according to the well-ascertained relation between
density of population and disease, to be far greater. Yet, not-
* Taking the rate for the whole Colony as the standard of comparison.

113

withstanding these disadvantages, the city mortality was not
so greatly in excess of the rural asin Tasmania. Nor is this
to be wondered at. A filthy open sewer runs through Hobart
Town, and after receiving its contributions of excrementitious
and other refuse matter from all the smaller sewers, and
numberless latrines that skirt its sides, discharges its black
and fetid gatherings into the Derwent. When the tide is in,
the accumulations at the lower end mix with the waters of the
river, and are at once carried off. But when the tide is out,
they are not immediately taken away, hut form a broad,
sluggish stream, poisoning the air with their fever-ladep ex-
halations. If the excreta and other noxious matters which
are now thrown into the creek were applied to their proper
purpose, namely, the fertilisation of the soil, the health of
the city would be improved, the supply of food would
be increased, and a number of persons might find a
living in collecting the offensive substances, and converting
them into manure. The cases of typhoid fever and diphtheria
which have from time to time occurred in Hobart Town,
especially during the present year [see table O], ought to be
a warning of the danger of further delay in setting about im-
proving the sanitary condition of the principal towns. Dr. Hall,
in the remarks which he has at various times published, has
strongly urged this point; and the figures which I have now
produced give additional weight to his warnings.

But while the deaths in the towns are so much more
numerous than they ought to be, if all available means were
used to preserve the health of the inhabitants, it will be seen
that the rural rate is very low, only 9°24 per 1,000. And this
is much above the ordinary Tasmanian rate, the general death
rate having been unusually high in 1870 and 1873. For each
of the five years the rural rate was—1869, 9:16 ; 1870, 9:98;
1871, 8°63 ; 1872, 9:17 ; 1873, 9°25. The mean of the three
normal years, 1869, 1871, and 1872, was 8:99. In Victoria,
in 1873, the rural rate is stated to have been 9°14. In refer-
ence to the higher town rate in Tasmania, it has been alleged
that it has been caused by the influx of sick people into the
towns for the sake of better medical treatment, and by the
pauperism congregating there. What proportion of the excess
is due to the first cause, I have no means of ascertaining ; but
I am willing to admit that the greater age of many of the
paupers in Hobart Town and Launceston must operate un-
favourably in the comparison. Of the deaths 18 per cent. in
Victoria took place in hospitals; in Tasmania, only 10°84 per
cent. In the insular districts of Scotland, where the mortality
is lowest, the death-rate ranges from about 13 to 18 per 1,000.

A better criterion of the relative healthiness of town and

114

country is furnished by table H, showing the deaths at each
age to 1,000 persons at the corresponding ages, the numbers
living being calculated on the supposition that the proportions
continued the same as they were at the date of the last census.
The result may be most clearly exhibited as follows :—

Urban Rural
Ages. Hobart. |Launceston.| pt iicts. | Districts.

Dell nSnsanas eS saSBee eeees 133°52 155°37 140°77 70°32
U0} soperacesdeaaagpesanaden 31°63 39°75 04°42 12°00
240) opnsnscopoponoapenobonDd 8:14 7°83 8°04 5°34
Deere res.s ac awisas 38°33 44°12 40°26 19°50
DIY sabecetagerconsnasa6o: 2°95 3°47 3°12 2°25
(UI) stpanbAeannAbbeatnaone 19°76 23°39 20°95 10°94
PAU MOLDOTS, .--200-sceere! 20°78 23°20 21°57 8°51

The difference as regards infants under 1 year, between the
mortality in Launceston and Hobart Registration Districts
was 21°85 per 1,000; between Launceston and the Rural
Districts, 85°05 ; between Hobart and the Rural Districts,
63°20 ; and between the Urban Districts taken together, and
the Rural, 70°45 per 1,000. The rate in the Launceston Dis-
trict was more than double that of the country districts. The
mortality at all ages, except 2-5, was greater in the Laun-
ceston than in the Hobart District. Between 1 and 2 the
Launceston rate was more than treble the country rate.
Between 0 and 5 it was more than double. Between 0 and
10 it was also more than double. For all other ages it was
nearly treble.

Taking the whole country, at the age 0-1, 95°66 died in
every 1,000 at the same age living; at 1-2, 19°70; at 0-5,
26°78; at 5-10, 2°57; at 0-10, 14°56; at all other ages, 13°46.
In Victoria, in 1878, the deaths (taking the mean between
males and females, with the former reservation) at 0-5 were
39°36, being 12° 58 more than in Tasmania. At 5-10 the
Victorian rate was about 5°31, against our 2°57. The mean
of males and females for 34 years (1838-71) in England
was—0-5, 67°6 ; 5-10, 86. The mean of males and
females in Scotland for 1870 was—0-1, 140°'93; 1-2, 66°96;
0-5, 58°88; 5-10, 10°13. That means that about 45 in
every thousand infants are saved in Tasmania, as com-
pared with Scotland, in the first year of life; 47 in the
second ; 82 children ‘under 5 years ; and between 7 and 8
children from 5 to 10; ; or, to put it in another way, taking
Tasmania as the standard, the excess of mortality in Scotland
was nearly as follows :—0-1, 47 per cent.; 1-2, 240 per cent.;
0-5, 120 per cent.; 5-10, 294 per cent.

115

To make the returns as complete as possible, I have con-
structed a table (L) showing the percentage of the population
at certain ages in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales,
South Australia, Queensland, England and Wales, and
Scotland. ‘This table should be read in connection with some
of the other comparative tables. From it we find that at the
age 0-1, the proportion was smallest in Tasmania (2°91),—
largest in Queensland (3°86). It was larger in Scotland than
in England, and in the four mainland colonies than in
Scotland. At 1-2, Scotland had the smallest proportion
(2°60), Tasmania next (2°64), then England (2°71), then the
continental colonies. At 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5, Scotland had more
than England, the Colonies more than the former. In
the Tasmanian census those ages were not given separately.
At 0-5 England had the fewest children ; Scotland came next ;
then Tasmania; then the other members of the group. At
5-10, England had the fewest ; then came Scotland, Queens-
land, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia.
Children of all ages up to 10 were least numerous in England,
then in ascending order came Scotland, Tasmania, Queensland,
New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia. At all other
ages, the order was—South Australia, Victoria, New South
Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Scotland, England. In these
persons of 60 and upwards are shown separately ; the propor-
tions being as follows: —Queensland, 1°63; Victoria, 2°75; South
Australia, 3°48; New South Wales, 3:97; Tasmania, 6°64;
England and Wales, 7:44; Scotland, 8:11. In the Colonies
the preponderance of old people is therefore in Tasmania ; but
still the proportion is less than in England or Scotland. The
figures relating to England and Wales in this table are taken
from the census of 1861, that for 1871 in its complete state
not having reached me. There may have been some variations
in the proportions during the ten years, but probably not to
any considerable extent.

A large number of visitors resort to this colony every
summer to recruit their health, allured partly by the coolness
of its temperature, partly by the beauty of the scenery, and
partly, also, by the reputation for salubrity which Tasmania
has justly acquired. To preserve the latter is, therefore, a
matter not merely of sentiment, in order to gratify our national
pride, but of material importance, affecting our pockets ; and
1 shall be glad if the faets which are here presented shall
contribute in any degree to the adoption of efficient means of
removing all those causes of disease which are under our
control.

I am sorry that I have not been able to include New
Zealand in these tables. Having the smallest general deati:

116

rate of all the colonies, it would have been interesting to com-
pare the mortality at different ages with that of the other colo-
nies; but the practice which prevailed there until very
lately of adding the still-births to the births and deaths,
would have vitiated any comparison. The ratio of deaths of
infants under 1 year to births in 1873 is stated to have been
10°81 per cent. The per centage of deaths for that year was:

Under; ijeardy..:..t2aecenso' 30°31
Wee ramets sie tgecenedasede sie 8:07
O=D: Hes feeteosetdaasnes: 48°42
Hol. sebacvodacauomeee se 4°69
OLLO A rc cesee eerste Bowiilt
‘All other ages: cM eases ecasc: 46°89

It will be observed that the proportions for children are very
much higher than in Tasmania. The Registrar-General
says: “ Ofthe total deaths in 1873, 48-42 per cent. were of
children under 5 years of age. This rate at first appears ex-
ceedingly high when compared with the English rate, which
was, in 1871, 41°1 per cent. of the deaths; but in making the
comparison it must not be overlooked that there is in England
a very much larger proportion of the population over 55 years
of age than there is in New Zealand, and that the deaths of
persons above that age were, in England, in 1870, 27:3 per
cent. of the total deaths; whereas in New Zealand such
deaths only comprised 11°41 per cent. of the whole number ;”’
and he goes on to show that if the deaths of persons over 55
years had been in the same proportion as in England, namely,
27°3 per cent., the deaths of children under 5 would have
been at the rate of 39°74 per cent, only, This quotation
suggests the question, whether the smaller proportion of
children’s deaths in Tasmania may not be caused by a defi-
ciency in the number of children living in proportion to
persons of other ages, as compared with other countries; and
this supposition seems to gain probability from the fact that
in Tasmania the birth-rate is lower than in any of the Colonies,
in England, or Scotland, the average rate (1869-73) being—
Queensland (1869-72), 42°5 per 1,000; New Zealand, 40°67 ;*
New South Wales, 39:45 ; South Australia, 37°65 ; Victoria,
36°93 ; Tasmania, 29°54 ; England,35°2 ; Scotland, 35°10—the
last two rates being for the 10 years, 1860-9. But the figures
already given, showing the death-rate in relation to the num-
bers living at each age, prove that such a supposition will not
account for the lower mortality among children which prevails
in this island; and table L also shows that the proportion
of children living in Tasmania does not differ materially from
that which is found to exist in the other countries with which

* Including still-births until 1873, in which year the rate was 38°99,

:

117

I have compared it. After a careful consideration of objee-
tions such as we might expect one who was arguing on the
opposite side to urge, I can come to no other conclusion than
that the advantage which our Colony possesses in regard to
the rate of mortality, especially that of infants and children,
is chiefly due to the remarkable salubrity of its climate ; and
if the large amount of labour which has been expended on
the construction of these tables has the effect of bringing this
fact into greater prominence, I shall feel that it has not been
bestowed in vain,

[A.]

TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE IN THE DIF-
FERENT AUSTRALIAN COLONIES WHICH THE DEATHS.
OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE BORE TO THE
TOTAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS DURING THE YEARS 1869-
73 ; ALSO, THE BIRTH-RATE PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

AVERAGE
Name oF CoLony. 1869. | 1870. | 1871. | 1872. | 1873. || For THE

FIvE YRS.
ci. IAG | TASOm) Ves Laks: 1 wel-32 11°86
New South Wales ...... 9°65 9°50 8:99 | 10°45 | 9:26. 9°57
South Australia ......... 13706 | 14°52 |) 13°57 | 16°12 | 13°93 14:24
Queensland ............... 11:34 | 10°72 | 9°91 | 10°98 | 12°25 11:07
BREATIYA 205, 240% «0. S00 10°11 9°76 8°51 | 1014) 8°73 9°45

Brete-Rate PER 1,000 oF Popunation.

N.S. | South |Queens-| New | Eng- | Scot-

Year. | Victoria Wales. |Austral.| land. |Zealand| land. | land.

1869...) 28°78 | 37°36 | 40°46 | 38°60 | 42°8 | 41°90 — =

1870...) 30°31 | 38°25 | 39°80 | 38°64 | 43°5 | 42°32 — =

1871...| 29°99 | 37°07 | 39°57 | 38°15 | 43:2 |; 40°64 — —
1872...) 29°27 | 35°95 | 38:37 | 36:96 | 40°7 | 39°50 _— —
1873...) 29°24 | 36°01 | 39°04 | 35°88 — | 3899*) — =
1860.9! — a _ — a 35°2 | 35°10

| |

Sum...) 147°59| 184-64| 197-24] 188-23 170°2| 203°35} — =

Mean..| 29°52) 36°93| 39°45) 37°65] 425 ° 40°67 | 35:2 | 85°10

* Previous to 1873 still-births were included.

— —— = at — —_—— —_ _

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[D.]

NUMBER OF DEATHS IN AUSTRALIAN COLONIES.
VICTORIA.

AGE aT DEATH.

YEARS. | POPULATION:
¢ ‘ All
0—1 | 1—2 |2—3/3 —4|4—5| 0O—5 |5—10 0—10 NESS
1869 | 3284 | 1032 | 340 | 239 | 166 | 5061] 558 | 5619} 10,630 696,942
1870 | 3203] 829} 285|192|149 4658] 488 | 5146 10,420 709,839
1871 | 3114] 876) 271) 173] 145 | 4579} 405 | 4984) 9,918 738,725
1872 | 3334} 959} 310 | 226 | 196 | 5025 | 499 | 5524) 10,831 760,991
1873 | 3181] 883} 346 | 278 | 216 | 4904| 604 | 5508} 11,501 780,362
NEW SOUTH WALES.
1869 |1858 | 629 | 264/119 |103 | 2973] 241 | 3214| 6691 485,356
1870 |1867 | 561 | 187/118} 70 | 2803] 232 | 38035) 6558 502,861
1871 | 1812) 513 | 202|106| 72 | 2705) 202 | 2907| 6407 519,182
1872 | 2116) 636 | 243/124! 84 | 3203| 248 | 3451| 7468 539,190
1873 |1985| 544 |191|121 | 83 | 2924| 280 | 3204) 7611 560,275
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
1869 911| 127 | 61 | 38 | 58 |1195} 80 |1275| 2211 181,146
1870 |1031| 223 | 74 | 39 | 58 |1425| 93 11518] 2544 183,797
1871 961) 165 | 62 | 31 | 59 |1278| 81 |1358| 2378 185,626
1872 | 1145] 258 |100 | 43 | 75 |1621| 121 | 1742; 2896 192,223
1873 990) 185 | 70 | 45 | 53 |1343|) 89 | 1432) 2631 198,075
QUEENSLAND.
1869 | 528 | 199 | 53 | 33 | 14 | 827) 39} 866 | 1761 109,897
1870 | 526 | 129 | 63 | 30] 18 | 766 | 41] 807 | 1645 115,567
1871 | 516 | 137 | 67 | 46 | 26 | 792 | 47 | 839 | 1785 125,146
1872 | 578 | 178 | 67 | 47 | 22 | 892 | 54 | 946] 1936 133,553
1873 | 701 | 209 | 94 | 55 | 37 |1096 | 84 |1180 | 2250 146,690

121

[E.

J

4 TASMANIA.
PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS OF INFANTS under one year to Births in thé
Registration Districts of Hobart and Launceston, as distinguished from the

Rural Districts, in the five years 1869-73.

wos

Locariry. 1869. | 1870. | 1871. | 1872. | 1873. Fes

BS

<3

The whole Colony ............csee0e00 10°11 | 9°76} 8'51| 10714] 8°73) 9°45

Hobart Registration District ...... 13°00 | 12°71 | 11°46 | 15°60 | 11°86 12°93

Launceston ditto ............cccse eee eee 14°81 | 10°99 | 11°62 | 12:75 | 14:94 | 13°02

rban Districts °)....00.6..0000b.secee 13°63 | 12°02 | 11°30 | 14°56 | 12°95 | 12°89
Extra-urban or Rural ditto ......... 7°65

8:28} 669} 7°52) 6°28) 7:28

{F.]
PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS at each age to 100 Deaths at all ages : average of five

years, 1869-73.

AGE AT DEATH. i
4
, nd isa
| ERE qo alo] a |] wo] w« SS 8 a =
| Ly AL ey al A |
So ma I|NXN i] oo] a] o Vo i) a<
: CE YN a) MR i ee |e en fe
The whole Colony .......... 20°25) 3°78] 1°81) 1°24) 1°00/28°08)2°75 |80°13 | 100°00
Hobart Registration District ....)/18°14) 3°66} 1°33] 1:03) 0°92/25°08| 2°13 |29°21/72°79 | 100°00
Launceston ditto.,........... »-.|L9°07 4°37] 1°18) 0°69) 0°97 | 26°28) 2°15 |28°43)71°57| 100-00
Urban Districts ...... as 18°47 3°91] 1°28] 0°91! 0°93)25°50)2°14 |27°64|72°36] 100°00
Extra-urban or Rural ditto ...... 22°70, 3°60] 2°55| 1°70) 1°09|31°64|3°60 |35°24| 64°76] 100°00

{G.]
PROPORTION OF DEATHS at each age to 1000 persons living at all ages : average

of five years, 1869-73.
1

Looa.ity.
rt a
sign
The whole Colony ..........-.+.| 2°79/0°52

Hobart Registration District ....

Launceston ditto..........+.++++| 4°43)/1°02
Urban Districts ........ becesece| 3°95/0'°84
Extra-urban or Rural ditto .....| 2°10/0°33

3°72|0°75 |0°27 10°21 |0°19

AGE AT DEATH.

i!

4°25) 9°53) 13°78

5°58)14'92) 20°49
6°61/16°64| 23°26

5°91/15°48] 21°39
3°25] 5°98) 9°24

0°25 |0°17 |0°14) 3:87)0°38

5'14\0°43
6°11|0°50

5°45}0°46
2°92)0°33

0°27 |0°16 |0°23

0°27 |0°19 |0°20
0°23 |0°16 |0°10

122

(H.]
PROPORTION OF DEATHS at each Age to1,000 persons at each age living
at the end of the year: average of 5 years, 1869-73.

AGE AT DEATH.

1 ~ .

Locaxiry. co) ee | aa..| “eal eee $

ra) a Ree Ree Py ge ot SCA

~ a bo So Ne) —] | |

2. <q
The whole Colony.........} 95°66/19°70 628 -—| — | 26°78) 2°57 | 14°56) 13°46] 13°78
Hobart Regis. District ....|133°52/31°63, 8°14; —| — | 88°33) 2°95 | 19°76) 20°78) 20°49
Launceston ditto........-|155'°37|39°75| 7°83} —| — | 44:12) 3:47 | 23°39] 23-20) 23°26
Urban Districts........ «+» |140°77|34°42; 8°04) —}| — | 40°26) 3°12 | 20°95| 21°57) 21°39
Extra-urban or rural ditto} 70°32 13:09) 5°34) —| — | 19°50) 2°25 | 10°94) 8°51) 9°24

[I.]

POPULATION AT EACH AGE, according to the proportions obtaining at
the last Census: average of 5 years, 1869-73.

AGE AT DEATH.

cod m
Loca.ity. a; pe Poe lhe * S S ge &
| | aerial | | |S

So al a col So ws i) a4 =

a <q
The whole Colony............ 2957 saei posh —| — |14,649 14,946 29,505)72,143/101,738
Hobart Regis. District...... 713 | 607) 2113| —| — | 3,433) 3,792) 7,225|18,385| 25,610
Launceston ditto.............] 354] 317) 1047) | —- | 1,718] 1,788) 3,506] 8,895} 12,401
Urban Districts..........-.:. 1067 | 924| 3160 —| — | 5,151| 5,580/10,731/27,280| 38,011
Extra-urban or rural ditto} 1890 PROn PSPS —|— | 9,498) 9,366/18,864) 44,863} 63,727

[K.)
PROPORTION OF PERSONS AT EACH AGE to 100 persons at all ages, as
above.
AGE aT DEATH.

Loca.Liry. Pa wn

Te ee ure? | tt lee)

° ee i ° 19 S oe |

| a
’ The whole Colony............] 2°91 | 2°63] 8°86] —] — | 14°40) 14°69] 29°09] 70°91] 100°00
Hobart Regis. District......| 2°78 | 2-37] 8:25]—| — | 13-40| 1481] 28-21| 71-79| 100-00
Launceston ditto...... soos] 2°85. | 2°56] 8°44) —] — 13°85) 14:42] 28°27) 71°73} 100°00
Urban Districts....e......| 2°81 | 1-46 834|—| — | 13°62] 14-61| 28-24] 71-76] 100°0
Fxtra-urban or rural ditto} 2°96 | 2°76] 9:18] —| — | 14:90] 14°70] 29°60] 70°40] 100°00

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124

(M.]

NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER ONE
YEAR IN TASMANIA.

BIRTHS. DEATHS.
LOCALITY.
e(2 (Bele telei ces
&|o |ao]|m|& 1a] S| & | & | &
- ——_ -—— aa sas 0 —— | ———— aa
!
The whole Colony ............ 2859 3054/3053 3013 3048) 289] 298, 260) 306 266
Hobart Regis. District ......| 769, 724| 773| 718 725| 100; 92 86 112, 86
Launceston ditto ............ 405) 482} 439 408 395| 60 53} 51 52) 59
ran DASbTICtS .s:.-.:-08-s.+- 1174 1206/1212 Le 160} 145) 137, 164| 1435
|
Extra-urban or Rural ditto 1685/1848|1841/1887 1928) 129 se 3 142) 121
\ |
[N.]
NUMBER OF DEATHS.—THE WHOLE CoLony.
AGE AT DEATH.
Population
Year. = ma | oo * 4 Ye oS ES 3 a | = 3 at all Ages.
Wiley lent) be alba 18) (2 Seen
1869...| 289 | 46 | 26 | 13 | 14 | 388] 44 | 432] 903 | 1335 99,000*
1870...) 298 | 46 | 26 | 20 | 19 | 409 | 45 | 454] 950 | 1404 100,765
1871...| 260} 45 | 21] 18} 8 | 352} 28 | 380 75 | 1355 101,785
1872...| 306 | 61 | 31 | 14 |.10 | 422) 338 | 455] 956 | 1411 102,925
1873...| 266 | 67 | 23 | 22 | 19 | 397| 43 | 440] 1064 | 1504 104,217
Sum ../1419 |265 127 87 | 70 1968. 193 2161 | 4848 | 7009 508,692
2S Se = |S vada. * Oh faa ——— ee | |
Mean . 283°8 53°0| 25°4|17°4| 14-0 393-6) 38°6|432°2 969°¢ *6|1401°8 101,738
URBAN DISTRICTS (HOBART AND LAUNCESTON).
AGE AT DEATH.
Year. S S == i
qa Te) oe, jeeeee
So a} al o Yo) —) |\<3< Bet
M869) ..... 160 Die 24k ed 4] 210 Pal 230 537 767
HSTOr.. 145 24 8| 9 10} 196 11| 207 567 774
NSTAbs...- 137 28; 10] 6 7| 188 130) 200 604 805
AST2 5.2. 164 44 9; 9 Bil Zor 13} 244 576 820
IBY GP ee 145 36}. 11] 8 12:| 212 30 | 242 658 900
ee eee ee |S |S SS —_——___ | -—___—_.
Sum..... Wal “TL | 159 159!) 52, (637 38 | 1037 87 | 1124 1124 2942 | 4066
Mean....| 1502 | 31° 104 v4 76 "207-4 17-4 | 224°8 "5884 "813-2.

* Assumed as the population on 3lst December, 1869, the number by census on 7th
February, 1870, being 99,328.

125

HoBART REGISTRATION DISTRICT.

a

AGE AT DEATH.

Years. i ae al Se Oe eee Population.
0-1 |1-2 |2-3 |3-4 | 4-5| 0-5 [5-10) 0-10| other | ie
Ages. See
D>

3 2] 128] 14| 142) 335 | 477 24,921

* 7 6 | 124] 8| 132| 372 | 504 25,365
1871...,; 86) 19) 6 t 4/119] 7} 126) 388 | 514 25,622 .
26 8 4] 157) 8) 165] 380 | 545 25,909

5 8 | 180) 19 | 149 | 435 | 584 26,234

Sum..} 476] 96] 35 | 27 | 24 | 658] 56 | 714/ 1910 (2624 128,051
Mean.} 95°2) 19:2) 7°0 | 5:4 | 4°8 |131°6/11°2/142°8

382°0 |524°8 25°610

LAUNCESTON REGISTRATION DISTRICT.

AGE AT DEATH.

0-1 | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4-5) 0-5 |5-10) 0-10

SS |

ie |i oe
Ss

1869... 60) 12] 6 2 2| 82] 6] 88 2 | 290 12,100
1870...) 53; 10| 3 2 4) 72| 3|. 75 | 195 | 270 12,275
Hott... 5 9| 4 2 3| 69| 6) 75 | 216 | 291 12,599
a87Z...) 52) 19| 1 1 (4 coll een ee Looms aka 12,538
id...) 59) 13! 3 3 4| 82) 11] 93} 223 | 316 12,695

Sum..| 275] 63] 17 | 10 | 14 | 379) 31! 410 | 1032 (1442 62,007

Mean.|55°0 | 12°6 3:4 | 3:4 | 2°81 75'8

6°2| 82 0 206°4 288° 4 “12,401

EXtTRA-URBAN OR RvURAL DISTRICTS.

AGE AT AGE.
pre sh Be oaOne
Years, All pulati

0-1 | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4-5 | 0-5 |5-10) 0-10) other

Ages. Ages

1869...| 129] 19] 12 8| 10 | 178} 24| 202} 366 | 568 61,979

1870..., 153] 22; 18| 11] 9 | 213} 34| 247] 383 | 630 63,125
1871... 123| 17| 11; 12} 1 | 164] 15| 179} 371 | 550 63,764
1872...) 142! 17| 22 5} 51191} 20) 211| 380 | 591 64,478
1873...; 121; 31; 12} 14| 7 | 185} 13| 198, 406 , 604 65,288

__ 318,684
63,727

Sum..| 668| 106} 75| 50] 32 | 931 106

Mean .|133°6| 21°2 15 10°0 64 186221 2)2

1037 1906, “2943

207°4 4) 381°2 |588°6

126

[0.]

DEATHS IN TASMANIA FROM TYPHOID AND TYPHUS
FEVER AND DIPHTHERIA.

TYPHOID AND TYPHUS FEVER. DIPHTHERIA.
1874, | 1875.* | 1874. | 1875.*

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George Lowi) .ic..cca3eersdeeesme se seasons ae ae it
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(Greengeondsiotncacseces cee anea ete eee née Ree Ae foe
Tei atl bcs SPAN apes nate ace eMOSGKCE? ESASGRESEe 9 1
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NEA UTMCES COMM se neee cee soccistecte se teenie eee teties 3 1 12 5
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IPOREINOKS lee itera. maces qegaces ogra dade eau Bee eae 1
Tis] fo) ob): BER Ase UB aac DOBBEROOEE Becta BeoacEApot Saks ane Se ns
IRI CHMAON Ge. ..2-/< slensaatia es dedeeede ce seedccade see 4 wee ids 1
RIM PLATOON 5 js dcieasaaeectcninvcdee aeig-lenaesemsdecet ‘ee ls aoe dec
SIOING NU accra es aRc antes NICSE ROUSSE eT aSe GORE 4 3 eo 6
SSPE PUD AY: «wasn cee sc astcienciiaaet don aeniemtacse's “3 ate as set
Ul Msraaeeia sya etesannals|pl ie} aoe ee yawn een =u ke hee oo
Ulverstone (forming part of Port Sorell).. ve er Rr 1
WV CLOUIBE crasicjais cdeas, pecorino cee ei ame eee gS. ee 3
NVCSE QUINT «5 ccs waio-coesetniseesnn 5 eects dele lele 1

20 28 37 51

* Hobarttodate: Launceston to30th June: other Districts to 30th September.

127

OUR GRASSES (QuEENsLAND).

By F. M. Barney, Brisbane, Corr. Member Royal Society
Tasmania.

[Read 12th October, 1875. ]

However loth some may be to allow it, the foundation of
this country’s wealth Jies in these plants. In old writings, as
well as those of the present day, many plauts are called
grasses which do not belong to the Order called Graminee by
botanists, but this order in its restricted sense is of the whole
vegetable kingdom that most useful to man, and we also find
it the most widely spread of Pheenogamous plants, covering the
face of the globe, producing food for man and beast from the
poles to the equator. The numbers of species also are very
great, and with regard to size, while many attain but the
height of a few inches, there are some which rival that of
forest trees. Much might be said of the various uses to which
this valuable family is applied, but all attempted in this paper
is to draw some little attention to our pasture grasses. As
only those known to the writer are noticed, doubtless a large
number of species are left for further observation, while
from those mentioned an idea of the richness of Queensland
pasture can be formed. I have endeavoured to arrange the
species more with regard to their general habitat than to
natural affinity, which I think will be an advantage to persons
who may wish to collect seeds of the species under notice for
the purpose of proving under cultivation their real value.

Let us notice in the first place a few of our grasses which
may be termed Aquatic species, for they are generally found
in swamps or along water-courses. Leersia Australis of Robt.
Brown, which the learned botanist of Victoria, Baron von
Mueller, who of late has given much attention to this order of
plants, finds to be identical with Swartz’s L. hexandra. It is
the species most generally met with;a quick growing productive
grass. Jt seems to be well relished by cattle. It is also
botanically interesting on account of having six stamens,
being double the number of male organs usually found in the
grasses. Poa aquatica, L.the water-meadow grass, may be
often met with on our marsh lands; this is a fine succulent
grass and crops well, but cattle are apt to pull it up, and thus
prevent it from producing seed that otherwise it would do in
abundance. Panicum atrovirens, Tri, may be met with in
several of the creeks near Doughboy. It is one of the
prettiest of our indigenous grasses, and promises a very fair
amount of fodder and seed.

In most of our swamps will be seen a wiry growing grass

128

with upright spikes of seed, to which many small birds seem
partial; this is Robt. Brown’s Panicum phleoides, but according
to Fragmenta Phytographic Australie, Vol. viii., page 197,
Baron von Mueller finds it identical with Panicum indicum of
Linneus. When introduced on to good land the wiry character
is lost, and it forms a good sward.

Of all the species found on our low lands none equal for
fodder a variety of Panicum Crus Galli Linn. Echinochloa
stagnina of Palisot de Beawvois ; in its natural state it will be
found in or around stagnant water of from 2 to 3 feet in
height, but when cultivated it attains the height of 5 or 6
feet, the fodder being equal to any of the introduced Sorghums.
Panicum virgatum Linn. is another species found along water-
courses and in swamps; it produces a fine succulent fodder, but
not equal to the last mentioned. This species is also common
on the Darling Downs, where it is known as umbrella-grass,

Pennisetum compressum of R. Brown’s Prod. This species
forms large tufts of grass of a rather coarse nature. When in
flower it will be easily recognised by its purple bottle-brush-
like spikes. With this may be classed Robt. Brown’s
Cenchrus australis, a swamp and scrub grass, readily eaten by
cattle until its burr-like seeds appear. The broad-leaved
variety of this grass, found on the banks of the Pioneer River
and other parts of Northern Queensland, is much more succu-
lent, and produces a large quantity of coarse fodder.

* Phragmites communis Tri. The common reed is abundant
along most of our rivers, and although not a fodder, still is
useful for thatching, etc. Andropogon muticus Steudel. When
fully grown this species becomes very harsh, but in the early
stage of its growth it produces a fair quantity of feed ; entirely
a swamp species. Andropogon triticeus R. Br., the tallest of
all our grasses is only found within the tropics, where the
flower stalks often stand 10 or more feet high, bearing several
spikes of flowers resembling ears of wheat. This is the spear
grass of the tropic, and is well named, for its awns are often
4 or more inches long ; it produces a large quantity of bottom
feed, and is only found on rich land. The common blady
grass* Imperata arundinacea of Cyril, one of the most frequently
met with grasses on rich land, and indeed the commonest
grass of the north, produces ina young state a large quantity
of feed. On salt marshes or brackish land will often be seen a
large quantity of the stiff harsh grass, *Hemarthria compressa
of Robt. Brown, although coarse, this kind produces a great
deal of feed. In company with this another very superior
species, Sporobolus pallidus, will often be seen keeping up a
good sward until well on into the summer month, when it is
generally overrun by Dr. Robt. Brown’s Paspalum littorale; of

129

this there are two distinct varieties, the one being found near
_ salt, the other near fresh water. This latter variety is perhaps
the most succulent and beautiful of all our summer grasses,
but neither are seen much of during the winter. According
to Baron Mueller these two varieties are identical with an
Indian grass Paspalum distichum of Linneus.

I will next notice a few species generally to be met with on
broken ground such as the borders of scrubs, banks of rivers,
or similar situations, and here we shall doubtless find many
that it would be well to introduce into the pasture lands. For
instance,the beautiful Poa chinensisof Kanig, which may beseen
plentifully on the banks of Doughboy Creek and the Brisbane
River, is a species well worth cultivating. It is easily known
by its feather-like drooping panicle.

* Stipa Dichelachne of Steudel is also a valuable species, on
account of its producing feed all the year round. It is a free
seeder, and may be easily known by its upright, light
colored panicle. The broad-leaved Panicum foliosum, R. Br.,
must not be looked over, for it is one of the best grasses on the
river bank. * Festuca Billardiert of Steudel, a grass often
found on the borders of scrubs is rather too harsh to recom-
mend for fodder, although it seems to be liked by some
persons on the Darling Downs. orster’s Agrostis ovata, Cinna
ovata of Kunth is another harsh species common to our river
banks, but which cannot be spoken of as a fodder grass. I
shall speak of the bulk of our grasses under the name of
pasture species, because if we notice a paddock cleared of its
timber and rubbish, so that the natural grasses have a chance,
they show themselves even on the very worst land—the
ironbark forests for instance. In a marvellously short time
the whole is covered with a luxuriant sward, thus proving all
useful for pastoral purposes. But as there are some few kinds
of grasses oftener met with in one situation than another, it
will be well to note these. Thus there are a few species which
we generally fall in with on the dry ridges, as the beautiful
close-growing Andropogon faleatus of Steudel, which, from its
compact dwarf growth and rich color,should recommend itself
as avaluable lawn grass. Here we also find the prolific seed
bearer, Panicum brizoides of Linneus. The stalks of this grass
are mostly prostrated by the weight of seed; in company with
these will be found,especially on forest land,the sparsely-leaved
upright growing Panicum marginatum, R. Br., and its nearly
allied species, Panicum strictum, R. Br. This latter species is
of a darker green, and not so hairy. Panicwm bicolor, R.
Brown, is another grass often met with on the dry ridges ; and
also all over the hills will be seen the fine pasture grass
Panicum parviflorum, R. Br. Of this there are also two fine

130

varieties, the one with large spreading panicles, and the other
having only one or two very long erect spikelets in its panicle. -
All three are well worth cultivating, and they will be easily
recognised from the dark color of the small seeds. Panicum
tenuiflorum, R. Br., has a running stem and broad leaf, and
forms a good bottom. This species is easily known by its
weak stalks, and two spikelets ; the seed also is of a light color.
Two grasses, also common in ironbark forests, are Aristida
vagans and A. calycina. According to Dr. Robt. Brown’s
Prodromus, these two grasses make a good bottom, although
their stalks are dry and harsh. The terminal three awns to
the seed distinguish the genus. And these two species may
be known from each other, by the latter having a drooping
panicle, and being of a lighter color than the former. In
company with these will always be found the fine pasture
grass, Sporobolus elongatus, Robt. Brown. This species is not
confined to the hills, but is met with in all directions. This
species has a very long narrow panicle. On the damp side of
the hills will be met with during the greater part of the year,
avery pretty grass; the four stamens of the flowers will
readily point the species out. Thisis Robt. Brown’s *Microlana
stipoides, also known by Labillardier’s name, * Ehrharta
stipoides. Here also will be found the handsome Andropogon
gryllus of Iinneus. Trinius named it Chryspogon gryllus,
from its golden beard. It is a useful fodder species. On the
open hillsides our old friend, the kangaroo grass, Anthistiria
australis, R. Brown, is met with in abundance, and in similar
situations at the north will be found the *Anthistiria ciliata of
Iinneus. This species makes a much greater quantity of
leaf. Brown’s Panicum decompositum, which Baron Mueller
finds identical with an American species, Panicum capillare,
Gronv., is a most productive grass, and is found pretty gener-
ally throughout the colony. Panicum coloratum, Linn; this
is very similar to the last, but its large panicle is ofa dark
color. The well-known annual summer grass, Panicum ciliare,
fetz, all will agree in pronouncing a most prolific species.
The most common grass of our flat open country is Andropogon
refractus, R. Br., a species that may be known by the spikelets
being suddenly bent backwards as if broken. This is a fine
productive summer grass, but little is seen of it during the
cold months. The same may be said of the species commonly
called blue grass, Andropogon sericeus, of Brown’s Prodromus,
and Andropogon affinis, R. Br. ; but Andropogon pertusus,
Willd., stands the cold much better, though somewhat similar
to the two last named species; this may be recognised at once
by the little pit on the glume. Panicum semialatum, R.
Brown, a very widely spread species, is an excellent pasture

131

grass. The species is easily distinguished by its tall stalks,
and two or three stout often colored spikelets; this species
“stands the winter pretty well. Another grass that will stand
through the winter well is Helopus annulatus, Nees. There
are two varieties of this fine grass, both equally good. This
species is of a much lighter green than most others. * Agrostis
solandri, F'. vy. Mueller, is an early annual grass, and produces
a large quantity of sweet herbage. This species is not very
common about Brisbane, but is plentiful on strong wet land,
as Darling Downs. Brown’s Poa parviflora isan annual grass
found springing up in all directions, producing a sweet tender
herbage at most seasons of the year. It is the light panicles
of these two, and the next species, that are often seen sticking to
fences in summer. Chloris divaricata, R. Br., the common
star grass, is an early quick growing species, which, although
its flower stalks may look dry, nevertheless produces a large
quantity of leafy feed at bottom. The couch Cynodon Dactylon,
Pers, which is found following the footsteps of both squatter
and farmer must not be overlooked, but being so well known
it is needless to do more than just mention it. Hleusine
indica Gertn is a strong growing succulent summer fodder in
the Brisbane district, but further north it is stated to form a
good permanent pasture. The species may be recognised by
its deep green color, strong stalks, with star-like panicle the
spikelets of which are flat and broad. Equal to the last with
regard to summer produce, is Brown’s Paspalum orbiculare,
and it must be reckoned a superior species, for it possesses the
advantage of growing through our winter months. This species
is mostly met with on rich alluvial flats in company with
another fine grass, Sporobolus indica, R. Br. The growth of
this is rather tufty, somewhat similar to *Poa cespitosa, a grass
often found with it, but from which it may be readily known
by its close spike-like panicle. In similar situations we may
often meet with large patches of Andropogon montanus Rozxb.,
a very coarse grass, which does not seem to be much relished
by cattle. Andropogon acicularis, and A. contortus, Linn., are
two good fodder species, but the spear-like seeds of the latter
species makes it troublesome to sheepfarmers. Two other
grasses are also an annoyance in the same way, Lappago
racemosa Schreber, by its burr-like seeds ; and also the common
speargrass, Streptachne stipoides, KR. Br., although this latter
species is one of the best fattening sorts before its seeds. are
ripe.
“* there are a few of our native grasses which stand a deep
shade, it may he well to notice them, for although they cannot
be recommended as fodder species, yet they have their value
for ornamental purposes. ‘Thus under the close shade of our

152

Casuarina trees, and in the dense scrubs the small grass,
Panicum pygmeum, R. Br., will be found, forming a soft thick ,
carpet in its natural state. It is not much relished by stock, but
if grown on open country it would doubtless prove a valuable
species for some lands. In company with the above a much
more delicate species will often be seen, perhaps a variety of
P. pygmeum. Robt. Brown’s two species of Orthopogon, O.
compositum and O. imbecillis, are great shade lovers, and may
be often met with on the sides of hills; the genus will be at
once recognised by its straight beard.

The wheat-like Danthonia, D. triticoides Lindley, and
Sclerachne cyathopoda of F. von Mueller, two grasses from the
north of Queensland, are highly spoken of as fodder species.
On the Darling Downs, generally spoken of as the richest
pasture lands of the colony, there are a few species of grasses
that seem peculiar to the locality. Therefore it will be as well
to notice them as Down grasses. The Downs Oat-grass,
Anthistiria avenacea, of Baron Mueller, is one of the most
productive grasses of Australia. Like all other kinds of
kangaroo grasses, this produces a large amount of bottom
fodder, but it also has the advautage of being a prolific
seeder.

The Black or Brown-topped grass is next in importance to
the Oat. This, Dr. Brown’s Saccharum fulvum (Erianthus
Sulvus, Kunth), is a sweet grass, of which stock are so fond, that
they actually eat it down so close as to cause it to die out.

The Bamboo grass Stipa ramosissima, Sieber, although a very
coarse hard species, is by some highly spoken of as a horse
fodder. The larger masses of fine grass, produced at the
nodes of the stems, makes this species easy of recognition.

Pennisetum glaucum, R. Br., is a fine fodder grass, and well
worthy of cultivation. The same may be said of Baron
Mueller’s Panicum ceenicolum; this species is in appearance
very like Panicum divaricatissinum, a grass found along the
Brisbane River. The White-topped grass, *Danthonia
penicillata, EF. v. M., the Umbrella grass, Aristida ramosa,
Ri. Br., and Pappophorum commune, F. v. M., are three kinds
peculiar to the districts, and by some spoken well of, but they
seem, from the specimen before me, to be of a rather dry
nature. The following grasses have become naturalised in our

astures :—

The well-known Prairie Grass, Bromus wnioloides H.B. and
Kunth, is an excellent grass,producing a fine winter fodder, and
plenty of seed. The Guinea grass, Panicum maximum, Jacq.,
a most valuable fodder, stands cutting well. The Buffalo
grass, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schrad. This is a very fine
and desirable species, and cannot be too highly spoken of ;

133

besides being a fine pasture grass, it is also valuable for
holding together loose banks of rivers and creeks. ‘'T'o these
may be added Poa annua and Poa pratensis, with also the
pretty little Briza minor. As it is in the winter months, say
June and July, that the pasture is at its worst in Queensland,
I shall next notice a few of the best species at that season.

The introduced Prairie Grass, Bromus unioloides, keeps up a
good growth until about the end of September. This grass is
only found on the rich land along rivers, &e. Poa annua will
be found pretty generally scattered over our ridges.

The Blady grass, *Jmperata arundinacea, where the old has
been burnt off during the summer, produces a large amount
of sweet feed. Paspalum orbiculare, when close fed, is a most
valuable winter grass, but if let to get old cattle refuse it.

The Old Kangaroo grass, Anthistiria australis, a fine grass
in all seasons, is one of our best winter species.

Helopus annulatus. This grass, like the above, produces
all the year round.

Though delicate looking, * Microlena stipoides produces a
large quantity of feed on our damp hill-sides during winter.
And the swamps are also covered at this season with Leersia
hexandra.

On the rich alluvial soils bordering our rivers, Sporobolus
indicus and S. diander, produce abundant feed.

Andropogon refractus, although a spec:es which does not like
cold, yet where there is good shelter, is a good species for
forest land, evenin winter. The same may be said of Pani-
cum bicolor, P. parviflorum, P. marginatum, and its variety
strictum, all good forest grasses. Andropogon falcatus, a
valuable lawn grass, is also a good winter species. Doubtless
this list might be extended much further, but enough are
noticed to show that even in our worst time the pasture of
Queensland is good.

Before closing this paper, it may be well to notice those
grasses which seem more susceptible than others to the para-
sitical fungus (Ergot). The following are the species I have
usually noticed infested :—Sporobolus elongatus, T. indicus, S.
diander, Paspalum orbiculare, and Leersia hexandra. I may
here notice that one of our common sedges, a small Fimbri-
stylis, is at times very bad with an ergoty fungus. May it not
be this, which at times poisons sheep, and not the too often
condemned flowering shrubs?

F, M. BAILEY.

Brisbane, Queensland,
September, 1875.

Note.—The foregoing paper was read by the Rev. J. E. Tenison
Woods, who marked thus * the species indigenous to Tasmania.

154

DESCRIPTION OF NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS.
By tHe Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, F.L.S., F.G.S.
[Read 8th November, 1875. }

The following marine shells have been placed at my disposal
for description by Mr. W. Legrand, of Hobart Town, and the
Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Mr. Legrand, who has one of the
finest collections of shells in the southern hemisphere, has
been a collector for years, and has become thoroughly familiar
with the marine fauna of our coast. Mr. Atkinson has occu-
pied himself with dredging for some years, and has been the
only conchologist who has sought for novelties in that way
in Tasmania. He has also been indefatigable in his efforts to
advance the success of conchology in the Island, and it is
owing to his efforts alone that some of the very interesting
species here described have been brought to light. I also
observed two new species from a small collection placed in my
hands by Mr. Justin Browne and the Curator of the Museum,
Mr. Roblin. To all these gentlemen I take this opportunity
to return my thanks.

In this list the measurements are always the greatest
length, width, or height, as the case may be. In bivalves
length means in every case from the umbones to the margin ;
width the greatest measurement in the opposite direction ;
and height the thickness of both valves united. All dimen-
sions in French millimetres.

PISANIA TASMANICA”. s. P. t. fusiformi-elongata, alba, witente,
liris transversalibus subtillissimis, plicisque minutis, rotundatis, subdis-
tantibus, creberrime cancellata; anfractibus 7, convexis, declivis, ad
suturam constrictis, varicibus eburneis, sub-obsoletis, ornatis ; apertura
ovali, labro eburneo, incrassato; labio vie calloso. Long. 20. Lat.
7. Aper long. 7.

P. shell fusiformly elongate, white, shining, very thickly
cancellate, with very fine transverse lire and small rounded,
subdistant plaits; whorls 7, convex, sloping, constricted at the
suture, ornamented with ivory white sub-obsolete varices ;
aperture ovate, outer lip ivory white, thickened; inner lip
scarcely callous.

Rare, D’Entrecasteaux Channel. It was not without diffi-
culty that I separated this species from P. reticulata, which
it resembles in every respect, except that it is very much
smaller, shining white, with two or three regular varices on
each whorl. There are no varices in P. reticulata, and none
are noticed by A. Adams (Zool. Proc. 1854, p. 188, sp. 39),
whose description is hardly sufficiently detailed. In old
specimens of that shell the cancellated structure causes the
plaits to be very granular, and it isa dull shell of a purple

135

brown color, but young specimens are more livid, and faintly
banded with chestnut.

PURPURA LITT ORINOIDES, 7.8. P. t. acuminato-ovata, viridescenti
alba; spira elata, acuminata, mamillata; anfractibus 6, angulatis et
supra bicarinatis, liris transversalibus, rotundatis (interstitiis aequan-
tibus) et squamatis, lamellis longitudinalibus, wmbricatis cancellatis ;
apertura acuté ovata, intus atro-violascente tincta ; labio swb-planato,
partim atro-violacea encausto ; labro vie crenato. Long. 15. Lat. 8.

P. shell acuminately ovate, greenish white, spire produced
acuminate, mamillate ; whorls 6,angulate and bicarinate above,
with tranverse rounded lire (equalling the interstices in
width), and cancellated with scaly imbricate lamellie ; aperture
acutely ovate, stained deep blackish purple within; inner
lip somewhat flattened and partly enamelled, blackish purple ;
outer lip slightly crenulate. Long Bay, Southport, common.

This shell approaches in habit the P. Flinderst of Adams,
and Angas, but it is much smaller and more like a Littorina,
while the other resembles a Trophon. Its deep violet black
mouth is very characteristic. P. Flindersi has a violet mouth,
but very much paler and clouded.

TROPHON UMBILICATUS, n.s. 7. t. ovata, lutea vel pallide castanea,
solida ; spira elata, anfrac 5-6, swperne angulatis et concavis, con-
spicue longitudinaliter plicatis (ult. anfr. 8) et transversim conferte
liratis, liris magnis et parvis alternantibus, magnis planatis, et supra
plicas sywamato-imbricatis ; syuamis post columellam validis, elevatis,
canaliculatisque ; ad sutwras costis lirisque obsoletis ; labro extus crenato
intus dentato ; labio columellari expanso ; wmbilico squanvis imbricatis,
rotundatis marginato. Long. 27. Lat. 15.

T. shell ovate, yellow or pale chestnut, solid, spire raised ;
whorls 5-6, angulate above and concave, conspicuously plicate
lengthwise (8 in the last), and transversely thickly lirate, liree
alternating large and small, the larger flattened, squamately
imbricated over the plaits ; squame behind the columella valid,
raised and canaliculate; at the sutures, the plaits and lire
obsolete; outer lip crenulate outside and toothed within ;
columella lip expanded, umbilicus margined with rounded im-
bricated scales.

Rather uncommon, East Coast. At one time I considered
this a Tasmanian variety of 7. Hanleyi, Ang. but a com-
parison of many specimens shows me that the present is an
entirely different shell, very much more scabrous. Tie um-
bilicus and its margin are also peculiar and distinct.

_ ‘TRoPpHON cLATHRATUS, 7.8. T. t. parva, fusiformi, turrita, fulva ;

spira acuminata; anfractibus 8, convewis, declivibus, validis, longitu-
dinaliter costatis, costis rotundatis, subdistantibus, liris distantibus,
elevatis, clathratis ; apertura lata, intense rufo fulva (fasciata ?), labro
tenwi; canali subelongata recwrvo. Long. 9. Lat. 4.

T. sheil small fusiform, turretted, brownish; spire acu-

136

minate ; whorls 8, convex, sloping, validly ribbed lengthwise,
with rounded sub-distant ribs, and latticed with e'evated
distant lire; aperture wide, of ‘deep reddish brown (doubt-
fully: banded) ; outer lip thin, canal subelongate and recurved.

Rare, Bass Straits? A small very conspicuously latticed
and turretted shell, in every way distinct from those pre-
viously described, which have no valid transverse lire. It
might be mistaken for a Clathurella, but that it has a true
Trophon mouth and canal.

TROPHON BRAZIERI, n.s. T.t. parva, ovata, fusiformi, utrinque
attenuata, sordide alba, spira subturrita, quasi acuta, mamillata,
anfractibus 7,costulato-varicosis, levigatis vel tenuissime st iatis, ultimo
anfractu var icibus Sex, rotundatis, distantibus, medio convenis ; aper-
tura ovata, encausta, fauce castanea, labio tenwi, intus indistincte
spiraliter fulvo-fasciata; columella antice subtuberculato; canali
subelongato recurvo. Long. 10. Lat. 5 mil.

T. shell small, ovately fusiform, attenuate at both ends,
sordidly white, spire sub-turretted, almost acute, mamillate ;
whorls 7, with rib-like varices, smooth or finely striate, last
whorl with six, rounded, distant varices, which are convex
in the middle, aperture ovate, enamelled; mouth chestnut ;
outer lip thin, indistinctly brown banded within; columella
subtuberculate anteriorly ; canal sub-elongate, recurved.

Long Bay, rather common, small, the enamelled chest-
nut mouth and narrow form easily distinguish it.

TROPHON GOLDSTEINI. 7'.t. abbreviato-fusiformi, lamelloso-varicosa,
sordide alba, spira subturrita ; anfractibus 8, conwvexis, swperné angu-
latis'et coronatis, liris substantibus, subelevatis (ult. anfrac. 4, duobus
basim versus inter varices obsoletis), transversim cinctis ; liris supra
varices non transeuntibus; varicibus antice squamosis, flexuosis ;
apertura ovata, intus encausta, castanea et fulvo-fasciata; labro
varicoso ; columella contorta ; canali contorto et flecuoso. Long. 16.
Lat. 8 mil.

T. shell abbreviately fusiform, lamellosely varicose, sordidly
white, spire sub-turretted; whorls 8, convex, angulate and
coronate above, girdled transversely with distant sub-raised
lire (in last whorl 4, the two towards the base between the
varices obsolete), liree not passing over the varices, avhich are
anteriorly squamose and flexuous; aperture ovate, enamelled
and chestnut brown banded within; outer lip varicose ; colu-
mella twisted; canal twisted and flexuous.

Long Bay, a very pretty lamellose Trophon which I have
dedicated to an old and most painstaking fellow labourer in
Australian Conchology, Mr. J. R. Y. Goldstein, of Warnam-
bool, Victoria.

TROPHON AUSTRALIS, 2.s., Tt. ovata, utrinque acuminata, sordida,
viridescenti : anfractibus 6, convexis superne angulatis, obsolete long.
costatis; et transversim tenuiter liratis; ultimo anfractu costis 10,

137

antice evanidis ; spira acuta; apertura ovata; labro tenwi ; colwmella
planata ; canali longiusculo paulatim recurvo. Long. 16. Lat. 9.

T. shell ovate, acuminate at each end, sordidly greenish ;
whorls 6, convex, angular above, obsoletely ribbed length-
ways, and finely tranversely lirate; ribs on last whorl 10,
vanishing anteriorly ; spire acute; aperture ovate, outer lip
thin; columella flattened ; canal somewhat long and slightly
recurved.

Long Bay, rare, Rev. H. D. Atkinson, a more globose form
than any except 7. Hanleyi, Angas, of which it is about one-
half the size, and in no way scabrous, the ribs being very in-
distinct.

Fusus sprcert, n.s., F.t. elongata, turrita, solida, rufo-castanea
vel lutea, striis levibus transversalibus (alternantibus parvis et maj.)
et costulis undulatis longitudinaliter obsolete plicata; spira (sceepé con-
torta) superné sensim attenuata; apice mamilata vel decollata ; anfr.
in medio rotundatis ; apertura ovata, canali longiusculo, recto, termi-
nato; labro simplici tenui; labio inconspicuo ad suturam tenwiter
canaliculato, columella encausta. Long. 25. Lat. 9. - Anf. 8.

F. shell elongate, turretted, solid, reddish chestnut or yellow,
cancellate, with smooth transverse stri# (large and small alter-
nating), and undulating longitudinal lines ; obsoletely plicate,
lengthwise ; spire (which is often contorted), gradually atten-
uated above ; apex mamillate or decollate, whorls rounded in
the middle ; aperture ovate, terminated by a somewhat long
straight canal ; outer lip, simple, thin ; inner lip inconspicuous,
slightly channelled at the suture; columella enamelled.

King’s Island, somewhat common. W. Legrand.

Fusus LEGRANDI, n.s. F.t. subelongata, fusiformi, fulvo-fusca,
solidiuscula ; anfractibus 7, subdeclivis,longitudinaliter plicato-costatis,
in ultimo anfr. obsoletis; spiraliter liratis; liris albis, rotwndatis,
maj. et min. aliquando (speciatim ult. anfrac.) alternantibus, superné
obsolete muricatis ; interstitiis epidermidé, subsquamosis, tenuissimeque
clathratis ; sutwra constricta ; apertura pyriformi-oblonga ; columella
plano-concava ; labro tenuwi, intus lirato. Long. 38. Lat. 15. Apert.
et can. 23.

F. shell subelongately fusiform, brownish yellow, somewhat
solid; whorls 7, a little sloping, with longitudinal plicate
ribs, which are obsolete in the last whorl; spirally lirate with
white elevated rounded lire, which sometimes, especially in
the last whorl, are large and small alternately and obsoletely
muricate above ; latticed in the interstices with a somewhat
scaly, very thin epidermis; suture constricted, aperture pyri-
formly oblong ; columella flatly concave; outer lip thin and
lirate within.

Rare, East Coast. Mr. Legrand tells me that this species
seldom exceeds the dimensions given. It is very different

138

from F. Tasmaniensis, Ad. and Ang. which is pyriform. Its
nearest representative is F. muricatus Montague (in Testacea
Britannica as Murex m.), but in that species the cost# are
much more distinct.

SIPHONALIA CLARKEL 8S. testa parva, turrita, subfusiformi,
livida ; maculis rufo-fuscis sub peripheriam ornata ; anfractibus (6), de-
clivis, superné angulatis, regione sutwrali concava ; costis radiantibus,
(in ult. anfr. 12) obtusis, rotundatis, infra obsoletis, interstitiis con-
cavis costis paulo superantibus ; lirulis spiralibus superné et swpra costas
obsoletis; canali brevi, vie curvato; apertura ovata; labro intus
dentato ; labio inconspicuo. Long. 27. Lat. 9.

S. shell small, turretted, sub fusiform, livid (or brown—it
varies in color much as Columbella semiconvexa) with reddish
brown spots under the periphery; whorls sloping, angulate
above, and concave at the suture; radiately ribbed (ribs 12 in
last whorl) ribs obtuse, rounded, obsolete below, and narrower
than the interstices, spirally lirate ; lire obsolete above and on
the ribs; canal short sloping, but scarcely curved; aperture
ovate ; labrum toothed within; lip inconspicuous.

From the very full and concise descriptions of Siphonalia
Suscozonata, by Mr. Angas “ Zool, Proc. 1865,” p. 56, our only
Australian species, I am able to pronounce this species distinct
and new. It is much larger, the ribs more numerous, the
color livid instead of white, and the lire obsolete or absent,
and lip toothed within. The brown spots are often deeply
shaded at the summit of the ribs, and form a kind of fascia on
the upper whorls. The labrum is often thickened into a kind
of varix. At Long Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel, Legrand
and Atkinson.

I have dedicated this interesting species to my dear friend
and fellow labourer, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.G.S., &, so
long and eminently connected with the history of Australian
geology.

SIPHONALIA TURRITA, 7.3. S.t. fusiformi-elongata, castanea vel
livida ; superne maculis rufo-fulvis zonata, posticé lineis subtillissimas
punctatis rufo-castaneis cincta ; spira elata, costata ; anfractibus 7, con-
vexis ; ultimo obsoleté nodoso-costato ; apertwra ovata, intus maculata
et fasciata, fasciis interuptis; labro acuto; labio concavo ; canali
obliqué elongato. Long. 16. Lat. 7.

S. shell fusiformly elongate, chestnut or livid, zoned above
with reddish brown spots, and posteriorly girdled with very
fine lines of reddish chestnut points; spire elevated, ribbed ;
whorls 7, convex, last obsoletely nodosely ribbed ; aperture
ovate, spotted and banded with interrupted color within ;
outer lip acute ; inner lip concave; canal obliquely elongated.

Long Bay, rare, Coll. Legrand. A shell very closely re-
sembling 8. clarkei, but more fusiform with a longer canal, and

139

the last whorl nearly smooth, as the ribs are almost obsolete.
The spire is also much turretted, and the outer lip thin and
not dentate. The lines of minute dots are also peculiar.
Inside the upper zone of spots appears as a series of longi-
tudinal lines of a nut brown color.

CoMINELLA TASMANICA, 7.8. C.t. ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, in apicé
acuta, alba, interdum virescenti et obscuré fasciata, spira costata et
mamillata ; anfractibus 8, convexis, swperné subcanaliculatis, lirisque
elevatis cinctis, striis longitudinalibus subtilioribus cancellatis ; aper-
tura acuté ovata ; labio simplici tenwis, exponso, obsoleté lirato ; labio
encausto, canali paullulum curvato. Long. 30. Lat. 17. Long
apert. 15. Lat. 8.

C. shell ovately acute, somewhat solid, with acute apex,
white, sometimes greenish and obscurely fasciate; spire
costate and mamillate; whorls 8, ‘convex, subcanaliculate
above, encircled with lire and cancellated with very fine
longitudinal striz; aperture acutely ovate; outer lip simple,
thin obsolete, lirate, inner lip enamelled; canal slightly
eurved, Long Bay. Not uncommon. Rev. H. D. Atkinson,
W. Legrand. This characteristic Cominella is distinguished
from C. costatum by being double the size; its distinct raised
lire, the absence of any cost on the last whorl and the color.

CERITHIOPSIS ATKINSONI, var. A very distinct variety of
Mr. Angas’s C. crocea (P.Z.S. 1871 p. 16). It is larger and
narrow, of sordid yellow color, instead of orange, and the ribs
are not equal, the lower being small. It has, however, the
fine longitudinal striz between the 1ibs. Dredged by the Rev.
H. D. Atkinson in Long Bay, 10 fathoms sand.

Conus TASMANICUS. nis. C.t. parva, subpyriformi-turbinata,
_coronata, tenwi, sub-inflata, levi, nitente, antice striis distantibus
validis cincta ; castanea, tribus lineis fulvo alboque maculatis oblique
zonata ; ad suturas conspicue albo-fulvo maculata; anfractibus 6,
transversim rugosé striatis, labro tenui.

C. shell small, subpyriformly turbinate, coronate, thin, sub-
inflated, smooth, shining, with anterior valid distant striz;
chestnut, zoned with three white and fulvous spotted lines; con-
spicuously spotted with white and fulvous at the sutures,
whorls 6, transversely rugosely striate, outer lip thin.

Very rare. Coll. W. Legrand. Quite distinct from any
other Australian form by its color and small coronate habit.

Mirra Trasmanica. n.s. M.t. ovata, utrimque attenuata, badia,
lineis luteo-albis bi-tri-fasciata ; spira subelevata, acwminata ; anfrac-
tibus 7, planulatis; longitudinaliter crebré costata, costis parvis,
subobsoletis; iris transversalibus subtillissime cinctis; apertura
angusta ; columella quadriplicata. Long. 13. Lat. 5. Long aper-
ture 6}.

M. shell ovate, attenuate at both ends, brown, with two or

140

three yellowish white transverse bands; spire subelevate,
acuminate ; whorls 7, flattened, thickly ribbed lengthwise with
small obsolete ribs, and very finely girdled with transverse
liree; aperture narrowed ; columella quadriplicate.

Rare, Coll. Legrand. The fine ribs are most prominent on
the upper whorls. There is a shell very closely allied to
this which I have marked as variety a, where the ribs are
larger and continuous, and another variety where they are
smooth, and the whorls coronate.

MirTRA SCALARIFORMIS. 1.8. M.t. parva fusiformi-turrita, pallide,
lutea, linea albida indistincte zonata; spira acuta; anfractibus 7,
rotundatis, eleganter crebré costatis, costis validis, equalibus, rotundatis
levibus, nitentibus, antice in ult. anfr. evanescentibus; apertura
latiuscula ; labro tenw acuto; columella triplicata. Long. 10. Lat.
4. Long aper. 43.

M. shell small, fusiformly turretted, pale yellow, zoned
with an indistinct white line ; spire acute; whorls 7, rounded,
elegantly thickly ribbed with valid equal smooth shining ribs,
which disappear on the last whorl. Aperture rather wide,
outer lip thin, acute, columella triplicate.

Long Bay, rather rare, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. A very pretty
shell, theribsand somewhat turretted spire give it a scalariform
aspect. It is somewhat dull in color.

Mirra LeGRANDI. x.s. M. t. minuta, spira sub-turrita, tumida,
translucente, nitente, rufo-fulva, alba et linea fulva tenw zonata ;
anfractibus 5, costatis, costis validis, rotwndatis, nitentibus, apertura
ovali, columella triplicata. Long. 5. Lat. 25. Long apert. 25.

M. shell minute, spire sub-turretted, tumid, translucent,
shining, reddish fulvous white, zoned with a slender
fulvous line; whorls 7, ribbed with valid shining rounded
ribs ; aperture oval, columella triplicate.

King’s Island, rare. A very small shell, varying somewhat
in the shades of its coloring, and not unlike J. tasmanica,
above described, except that its ribs are more permanent and
larger in proportion to its size.

Mirra TERESI“. 1.8. M.t. parva oblongo-ovata, tenuiscula, ni-
tente, subventricosa, badia, albida bifasciata; spira breviuscula, vie
acuta; anfractibus 5, levibus twmidis, conspicué nitentibus, ad
suturam tenwissimé canaliculatis; apertura ovata, intus bifasciata,
columella triplicata. Long. 7. Lat. 34. Long apert. 33.

M. shell small, oblong ovate, somewhat thin, shiny, sub-
ventricose, brown, with two whitish bands; spire somewhat
short, scarcely acute, whorls 5, smooth, tumid, shining con-
spicuously, finely canaliculate at the suture, aperture ovate,
bifasciate within, columella triplicate.

Rare, King’s Island. A shining banded shell of the series
of our IZ. pica, but much smaller. The coloring seems very

\ 141

persistent, and, therefore, the species not easily mistaken. I
confess, however, that if this species could lose the white bands,
and were to have the mouth lirate within, I should regard it
as a variety of W. scifa. I think the lire are not persistent in
the latter, and, therefore, the shell may be the same.

Mirra scira. ns. M. t. parva, ovata, nitente, wndique intense
badia, spira obtusé rotundata, apice mamillato; anfractibus 6,
levibus tumidis, sutura tenwiter impressa ; apertwra latiuscula, intus
badia, lirata; columella triplicata. Long. 8. Lat. 33. Long
apert. 4.

M. shell small, ovate, shining, entirely pure deep brown ;
spire obtusely rounded, apex mamillated, whorls 6, smooth,
tumid, suture finely impressed; aperture rather wide, brown
within, lirate, columella triplicate.

King’s Island, somewhat common. Coll. Legrand. Speci-
mens which had been mixed with JIL teresia. Very distinct
from its size, and intense uniform coloring, though belonging
to the series of which WM. badia is a large representative.

MANGELIA ATKINSON. 2.8. M. t. parva, ovata-fusiformi, twmidi-
uscula, alba, nitida, epidermidé ferruginea induta, lineis obtusé
angulatis zonata; spira mamillata; anfractibus 6, costatis, costis
validis (ult. anfr. 6) rotundatis; apertura ovata, superné acuta ;
labro acuto, labio simplici, replicato. Long. 3. Lat. % mill.

M. shell small, ovately fusiform, somewhat tumid, white,
shining, clothed with a ferruginous epidermis; zoned with
obtusely angular lines, spire mamillate, 6 whorls, ribbed, ribs
yalid, rounded (in the last whorl 6), aperture ovate, acute
above ; outer lip acute; lip simple replicate.

Rare, East Coast. Coll. Legrand. The minute angular
zone on this shell is not easily seen even under the micro-
scope, because of the ferruginous epidermis. This shell has
been dedicated to the Rev. H. D. Atkinson, whose dredging
operations have done so much to develop the knowledge of
Tasmanian conchology.

CLATHURELLA PHILOMENA. 1.8. C. ¢. elongato-fusiformi, turrita,
parva, nitente, alba, ad suturam pallidissime fulva fasciata ; apice
acuta, fulva; anfractibus 7, declivis, superné angulatis, covexiusculis,
longitwlinaliter plicatis ; plicis costiformibus, rotundatis, regularibus
ad suturas arcuatis, transversim liratis ; liris supra plic. transeuntibus,
distantibus; apertura ovali; labro incrassato, postice profunde
sinuato ; labio reflexo plus minusve fulvo tincto. Long. 11. Lat. 34

C. shell elongately fusiform, turretted, small, shining, white,
very palely white banded at the suture; apex acute, fulvous;
whorls 7, sloping, angular above, somewhat convex, plicate,
lengthwise, with rib like plaits, which are rounded regularly
and bent at the suture; transversely lirate, lire passing
over the plaits; aperture oval; outer lip thickened and deeply

142

sinuate posteriorly; inner lip thickened, more or less
tinged fulvous brown.

A small, almost cylindrically turretted form, with the apex
and base tinged brown, and banded. The well defined ribs
give it a pretty sculptured appearance. Rather common. Hast
Coast.

MANGELIA IMMACULATA. a.s. M. t. fusiformi-turrita, alba, ni-
tente, spira acuta; anfractibus 9, declivis, ad sutwras canaliculatis ad
angulum obsoleté twherculatis, transversim obsoleté liratis ; apertura
ovali ; labro ten, sinu conspicuo ; labio simplici, superné tuberculato,
Long. 17. Lat. 6.

M. shell fusiformly turretted, white, shining; spire acute,
whorls 9, sloping; canaliculate at the sutures, anculate and
obsoletely tuberculate above, transversely obsoletely lirate,
aperture oval; outer lip thin; sinus conspicuous, lip simple,
tuberculate above.

King’s Island, rare. A white, somewhat elegant species,
with a true Pleurotoma spire.

MANGELIA MEREDITHIZ. ns. M. t. turrita, fusiformi, gracili,.
spira quam apertura longiore ; nitente, diaphana, alba, fasciis pallide
castanea creberimé cincta; anfractibus 6, declivis, swperné angulatis
et concavis,longitudinalter plicatis plicis opacis, nitentibus, distantibus,
curvatis, ad sutwram angulatis ; interstitiis subtillissime striatis ; striis
cetate evanescentibus ; apertwra angusto ovali; labio simplict; labro
extus sub-varicoso, intus levi; margine acuto. Long. 13. Lat. 5.

M. shell turrettedly fusiform, graceful, spire longer than the
aperture, shining diaphanous white, very thickly girdled with
pale chestnut bands; whorls 6, sloping, angulate and concave
above, plicate lengthwise with opaque, shining, distant curved
plaits, which are angulate at the suture ; interstices very finely
striate, strie disappearing with age; aperture narrowly
oval; lip simple, outer lip subvaricose outside, smooth within,
margin acute.

Bass’s Straits, moderately common. A very pretty por-
cellaneous shining shell, with the ribs distinct, and
opaque white. It varies much in coloring, sometimes the
chestnut bands are numerous, and of various shades and
thickness, at others confined to a simple fascia at the sutures,
or the shell is quite white and shining.

DrRitiia atKinsoni. ns. D.t. accwminato-turita, fusca, spira
acuta, apice mamillato; anfrac. 9, swperné angulatis convexis, de-
clivibus, long. costatis, costis parvis, distantibus, subacutis, ult. anfrac.
16, supra angulum et ad sutwram validis et transversim tenuiter valide
liratis, liris magnis et parvis alterantibus, elevatis, swpra cost. tran-
seuntibus et ibi subnodosis; apertura alba, late ovata; labro tenw,
expanso, incwrvo incrassato, intus levi, postice profundé sinwato ; labio
planato, levi. Long. 18. Lat. 5.

D. shell acuminately turretted, dusky, spire acute, apex

143

mamillate, whorls 9, angled above, convex, sloping, ribbed
lengthwise with small distant subacute ribs (in the last whorl
16), which persist over the angle to the suture, transversely
finely validly lirate, with small raised lire, alternately large
and small, which pass over the ribs, and there become subno-
dose ; aperture white, broadly ovate; outer lip thin, ex-
panded, incurved, thickened, smooth within, deeply sinuate
behind, lip flattened, smooth.

Rare, Long Bay, dredged from a sandy bottom at 10
fathoms, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. A very pretty shell, finely
sculptured, usually very well preserved.

TURRITELLA GRANULIFERA. 7.8. T’. t. acwminato-turrita, cras-
siuscula, lutea superné et infra fulvo fasciata; anfractibus 12, con-
fertim longitudinaliter striatis, striis widulosis ; transversim unicar-
natis, carina granulosa, et obsolete, infra et swpra costatis ; apertura
subquadrata ; labro in medio sinuato. Long. 25. Lat. 8.

T. shell acuminately turretted, somewhat thick ; yellowish,
with brown bands above and below, whorls 12, thickly lougi-
tudinally striate, with undulating strie; transversely one
keeled; keel granulose and obsoletely ribbed above and below,
aperture subquadrate ; outer lip sinuate in the middle.

A very distinct species, with a granular keel, which is of
rare occurrence in the genus. Port Arthur, somewhat
common.

TURRITELLA AcuTA. JT’. t. acutissime lanceolato-turrita, alba, ad
basim acuta angulata et concava ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, liratis ;
et longit. unduloso striatis ; striis, swb-lamellosis ; apertura oblique
ovata. Long. 30. Liat. 6.

T. shell very acutely lanceolately turretted, white, acutely
angulate and concave at the base, whorls 15, flattened, 7 lirate
and longitudinally undulately striate, with lamellar and very
minutely dentate striz ; aperture oblique, ovate.

Long Bay, rare. Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

TRUNCATELLA TASMANICA. n.s. 7’. t. decollata cylindraceo-turrita,
parva, tenwi, nitente, pallida; anfractibus 5 (non decoll. 7) convexi-
usculis, plicis parvis sub-acutis,confertissime instructis (in ult. anfrac.
80-35) apertura pyriformis; superné angulata et sulcata ; labro
bimarginato sub-expanso, labio infleco. Long. 7. Lat. 3.

T. shell decollate, cylindrically turretted, small, thin,
shining, pale fulvous, whorls 5 (if not decollate 7), somewhat
convex, furnished very thickly with small subacute plaits (in
last whorl 30-35); aperture pyriform, angulate and sulcate
above; outer lip bi-marginate sub-expanded ; lip reflected ;
peristome continuous,

Bass Straits, common. The plaits or ribs on the shell are
very like those on most Scalaria. For my own part I think,
it very difficult to distinguish the species from Z. teres, Pfr.,

144

T. scalarina, T. Yorkensis, and T. Brazieri, the last three of
Dr. James Cox. These are all Australian, and, as I believe,
varieties of one species. I, however, mark the Tasmanian
variety as above for future investigators.

TENAGODUS WELDII. 17.8. T', t. volubilis laxa, tenuis, alba, dia-
phana, nitidula, levigata infime flavescente; anfractibus cire. 6,
obliqué subtillissime striatis; vima in anfractibus tribus primis clausis,
deinde apertis, marginibus subundulatis, acutis ; apertura bast emar-
ginata, marginibus irregularibus, acuwtis, apice septo henuspherico
clauso. Long. 12. Diam. aperture 2 mil.

T. shell loosely twisted, thin, white diaphanous, somewhat
shining, smooth, yellow below; whorls about 6, obliquely
finely striate ; cleft, closed in the three first whorls, then open
with subundulating acute margins, aperture emarginate at the
base, margins acute, irregular, apex closed with a hemispherical
septum,

East Coast, somewhat common. A thin very small shell,
closely rolled together at the apex, and then rapidly unfolding.
It differs from the Z Australis, not only in its very much
smaller size, but also in the slit being entirely open without
any small rounded foramina in the upper part. I have dedi-
cated this interesting species to His Excellency the Governor,
F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G. It may be a variety of Thylacodes
decussatus, Gmel., but that is much larger, and of delicate rose
color.

Evia micans. 1.8. E.t. minuta, obtusé-turrita, paulo curvata,
translucida, polita, albida, apice mamillato, anfract. 7, swperné planatis
levissimis, penultimo rotundato, ultimo subinflato; apertura pyri-
formi ; labro tenui producto, labio refleco. Long. 3. Lat. 13 mil.

E. shell minute, obtusely turretted, slightly curved, trans-
lucid, polished, whitish, apex mamillated, whorls 7, flattened
above, extremely smooth,penultimate rounded,last subinflated ;
aperture pyriform, outer lip thin,produced ; inner lip reflected.

Long Bay. A unique specimen of a very minute, very
highly polished translucid Hulima.

TURBONILLA MARIM J’, t. elongata, turrita, tereti, solidiuscula,
opaca, lactea; anfractibus 12, vie convexis vel planulatis ; costis nwme-
rosis, declivibus, crassis, rotundatis, levibus; interstitiis inconspicuis,
parvis,latitud. costis equantibus; anfractu ultimo costis ad peripheriam
vie obsoletis ; basi levi, nitenti, convexo ; apertura ovali, postice angulata
antice producto et everso. Long. 10. Lat. 2.

T. shell elongate, turretted, terete, somewhat solid, opaque,
milky white, whorls 12, scarcely convex, or flattened; with
numerous thick, sloping, rounded, smooth ribs ; interstices
small, inconspicuous, equalling the ribs in width; last whorl
with the ribs scarcely obsolete at the periphery ; base smooth,

145

shining, convex; aperture oval, angulate posteriorly, and
anteriorly produced and everted.

King’s Island, Bass Straits, common, closely resembling
some species from Japan. Large for a Turbonilla.

TURBONILLA TASMANICA, 7.8. T.t., subulato-turrita, nivea,
solidiuscula ; anfractibus normalibus 8, rotundatis, sutwris impressis ;
costis elevatis, rotundatis, nitentibus, subconfertis, interstitiis levibus ;
costis in ult. anfr. desinentibus ; apertwra ovata ; anticé incrassata, 2
anfr. apicalibus inflatis, levibus. Long. 7. Lat. 2.

T. shell subulately turretted, snowy white ; somewhat solid,
normal number of whorls 8, which are rounded, with the
suture impressed ; ribs elevated, rounded, shining, somewhat
numerous, with the interstices smooth; ribs ceasing in the
last whorl, aperture ovate, thickened in front, two apicial
whorls inflated and smooth.

King’s Island, not numerous. The peculiar inflation of the
two apicial whorls makes it doubtful whether the species does
not belong to the genus Truncatella, but no truncate specimens
were seen by me. The mouth is not entire nor rimate.

CrrHARA TASMANTIOA. 17.8. O.t., fusiformi, utrinqué attenuata,
eburnea, inter liras pallidissime rufo tincta; spira elata quam apertura
longiore ; anfractibus 7, convexis, postice angulatis et swperné exca-
vatis ; eleganter longitudinaliter costatis (in ult. anfra. 12-14), et trans-
versim, regulariter liratis ; costis angulatis levibus nitentibus ; liris
latis planatis ; apertura anguste ovata, labro tenwi. Long. 12. Lat. 5.

C. shell fusiform, attenuate at both ends, ivory white,
between the lirze tinged with very pale red; spire raised and
longer than the aperture, whorls 7, convex, angular behind and
excavate above, elegantly ribbed lengthwise (12-14 in last
whorl), transversely regularly lirate; ribs angular, smooth,
shining ; lire broad, flattened, aperture narrowly ovate, outer
lip thin.

East Coast, rare. Mr. Justin Browne. A delicate, ivory
white shell.

Syrnota BirascraTa. 7.8. S.t. parva, acuté elongata, tenwi,
nitenti, cornea, pallidé fulva bifasciata, polita, subtranslucida; an-
fractibus 10, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter tenuiter striatis, sutwra
impressa ; apice mamillata ; apertura pyriformi; labro tenui; labio
reflexo, plica inconspicua, postica. Long. 7. Lat. 2. ,

S. shell, small, acutely elongate, thin, shining, horny, with
two pale fulvous bands, polished, sub-translucid ; whorls 10,
somewhat convex, finely striate lengthwise ; suture impressed ;
apex mammillate ; aperture pyriform, outer lip thin; inner lip
reflexed, plait inconspicuous, posterior.

Long Bay, 10 fathoms. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Legrand
Only one specimen seen. Syrnola is a genus erected for
banded translucent Odostomia.

146

RIssoInA GHRTRUDIS. 1.8. R.t. minuta, turrita, subulata, sub-
pyramidalis,lactea, translucenti, tenui; anfrac. 8, convexiusculis, cre-
berrime plicatis, plicis parvis, rotuwndatis subobsoletis; ult. anfrac.
basim versus spiraliter subtillissime striato; sutwra late marginata ;
apertura semilunari ; labro medio dilatato et inerassato; labio con-
spicuo, flecwoso, antice rimato. Long. 45. Lat. 13.

P. shell minute, turrettedly subulate, sub-pyramidal, milky-
white, translucent, thin; whorls 8, somewhat convex, very
thickly plicate with small rounded subobsolete plaits; last
whorl most delicately spirally striate towards the base ; suture
broadly margined ; aperture semilunar ; outer lip dilate in the
middle and thickened; inner lip conspicuous, flexuous, rimate
anteriorly.

King’s Island, rare. I have only seen two specimens of
this very minute shell, which is near to &. nivea, A. Adams,
but smaller, and the sutures marginate.

RissoIna (SETIA) BRAZIERI. 7.8. K.t. minuta, turbinato-con-
oidea, subumbilicata, alba, laté fulvo wnifasciata ; anfractibus 4,
rotundatis, levigatis, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato; apertura rotun-
data, superné angulata ; peristoma integra. Operculum cornewm 3-
spir. Long.3, Lat. 2. Testa aliquando epidermide intense olivaceo
induta.

R. shell, minute, turbinately conoid, subumbilicate, white,
with one broad fulvous band; whorls 5, rounded, smooth,
last angulate at the periphery, aperture rounded, angular
above; peristome entire. Operculum horny, 3 spiral. This
shell is sometimes clothed with a deep olive epidermis.

Isthmus Bay, Bruni Island, where it is very plentiful, en-
tangled in confervoid growths on the rocks.

CINGULINA AUSTRALIS. 7.8. C.t. minuta, subulata, turrita, tenui,
nitente, diaphaneo-alba, anfractibus 7, carinis elevatis, rotundatis,
spiralibus instructis, interstitiis levibus ; carimis in ultim. anfrac. 5,
deinde 4, 3, etc.; sutura profunde vmpressa; apertura oblonga, in-
tegra ; labro crassiusculo ; basi convexo, liris spiralibus (2) elevatis,
rotundatis, ornatu. Long. 2. Lat. 4.

C. shell minute, subulate, turretted, thin, shining, trans-
parently white, whorls 7, furnished with elevated rounded
spiral keels, with smooth interstices ; keel in the last whorl 5,
then 4, 3 &c.; suture deeply impressed; aperture oblong, entire ;
outer lip somewhat thickened; base convex, ornamented with
two spiral rounded elevated lire.

Badger Island, rare. An extremely minute turretted white
shell, with elevated spiral keels, &c.

DunkeErRiA FASCIATA. 1.8, D.t. minuta, turrita, utrinque clathrata,
translucente,pallidé lutea fasciata ; anfractibus 6, convexis, bicarinatis,
liris paucis,elevatis, nitentibus spiralibus, transversalibus pulcherrime
cancellatis ; labio simplici columella arcwata. Long. 33-4, Lat. 2.

D. shell minute, turretted, latticed all over, translucent and

147

touched with pale yellow; whorls 6, convex, bicarinate and
beautifully cancellate, with a few elevated, shining, spiral and
transverse lire ; outer lip simple, columel!a arcuate.

Bass Straits, ratber common, but so minute that the shell
easily escapes notice. I may be wrong in assigning the species
to the genus Dunkeria. The lattice pattern is so large, and the
transverse and spiral ribs, which form it, are so far equal, that
it makes a unique form.

Rissoa (cCINGULA) MAaRLE. Rt. minuta, ovato-conica, sub-turrita,
translucente, fuwmoso-cornea, lutea obscwre fasciata, anfractibus 4;
ventricosis, declivibus, levigatis, nitentibus; apertwra integra, semi-
lunari, postice angulata. Long. 24. Lat. $.

R. shell minute, ovately conical, sub-turretted, translucent,
smoky horn, and obscurely banded with yellow; whorls 4,
ventricose, sloping, smooth, shining; aperture entire, semi-
lunar, angulate posteriorly.

King’s Island, common ; a very minute shiny species.

Dratatumipa. v.s. D.t. minuta, pyramidato-tumida; albida,
ad suturas sup. et infra luteo fasciata ; anfrac. 6, planulatis, tumidis,
obliqué plicatis ; plicis swbhobsoletis ; apertura circulari, labio reflexo.
Long. 23. Lat. 1.

D. Shell minute, pyramidally tumid, whitish, banded with
yellow above and below the sutures, whorls 6, tumid, but
somewhat flattened, obliquely plicate, plaits almost obsolete,
aperture circular; lip reflexed.

Swansea, rare. Coll. Legrand.

D1ALa TESSELLATA. 1.8. D.t. elongata, conica, sub-nitente, alba,
ad sutur. fascia fulvo maculata cincta ; anfractibus 6, basi marginatis,
planulatis; ultimo anfrac. angulato ; apertura ovali, integra, antice
sub-reflexa ; labro tenwi ; labio antice subexpanso et reflexo. Long. 64.
Lat. 4.

D. shell elongately conical, somewhat shining, white and
girdled at the sutures with a fulvous spotted band ; whorls 6,
margined at the base and flattened; last whorl angulate ;
aperture oval, entire, sub-reflexed anteriorly ; outer lip thin ;
inner lip anteriorly sub-expanded and reflexed.

Common in shallow places. A pretty white shell, with a
graceful narrow band of brown spots at the suture. The
mouth is faintly emarginate. There is a white variety of
‘this shell, as well as one marked with three or four lines of
long purplish spots.

Diata puncrata. ns. D.t., elongata, conica, sordide alba, lineis
rufo-punctatis, crebre cinctis ; anfractibus 6, twmide-planatis, spirali-
ter suleatis ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam obtusé angulato ; sutwra
impressa ; apertura ovata; labro tenwi; labio reflewo. Long. Th.

Lat. 3.
D. shell elongately conical, sordidly white, thickly girdled

148

with reddish spotted lines ; whorls 6,tumidly flattened, spirally
sulcate ; last whorl obtusely angulate at the periphery, suture
impressed, aperture ovate, outer lip thin, inner lip reflexed.

D’Entrecasteaux’s Channel, very common, but in all the
specimens, except a very few, the spiral grooves and punctuate
markings were worn away, and the shell smooth and snowy
white.

LitToRINA HISSEYIANA. 1.8. L. testa minutissima, globoso-tur-
_ binata, tenwi, ventricosa ; spira brevi, obtusa, spiraliter densé striata,
albida, strigis olivaceis angulato-undulatis, sepe confluentibus picta;
anfractibus (5) rotundatis ; apertura orbiculari, integra ; labro interno
subreflexo, acuto ; columella subperforata.

L. shell extremely minute, globosely turbinate, thin, ven-
tricose, spire short, obtuse, densely spirally striate, whitish,
with angulately undulate olive streaks, which are often
confluent; whorls 5, rounded; aperture orbiculate, entire ;
internal lip sub-reflexed, acute, columella sub-perforate.
Dimensions.—These shells are microscopic. They vary some-
what in size, but the largest do not exceed 14 millimetres in
length. About 50 specimens were found in the stomach of a
Mullet, Agenostoma diemenensis, Rich. probably caught in the
Derwent. The olive markings vary into lines and deeply
shaded spots; sometimes the shell is uniformly olive, or even
blue black.

Natica tasmanica. 1.8. NV. testa obtecté umbilicata, depresso-
orbiculari, crassa, spira brevi, parwm exserta; anfrac. convexis rotun-
datis, levibus vel oblique, densé, minutissimé striatis, apertura semi-
lunari, horizontalis, columella tenuicula, cullositate prominente spiral, |
sulcata, wmbilico angulato-excavato ; ad sutwram intus callosam ;
pallide, fulva vel albida lineis pallide fuscis vel awrantaceis fasciatis ;
basi alba, intus castanea vel fulua. Long. 13. Lat. 16. Anfr. 4.
Aper. Long. 10. Lat. 6.

N. shell, with a somewhat covered umbilicus, depressedly
orbicular, thick, with a short but slightly exsert spire; whorls
convex, rounded, smooth, or obliquely thickly and most
minutely striate, aperture semilunar, horizontal, columella
somewhat thin, with a prominent callosity, which is spirally
sulcate ; umbilicus angularly excavate; with a kind of callosity
within the suture at the mouth; pale fulvous or whitish,
banded with brownish or orange lines; base white, chestnut
or fulvous within.

This shell resembles VV. plwmbea more than any other, but
is seldom more than half its size, and very much paler in color.
Color is so persistent in the genus that it may well be con-
sidered a mark of specific value. If this not very common
species has escaped previous naturalists, which, as far as I can
learn, it has certainly done, it can only be from its having been

149

regarded as a small and pale variety of WV. plumbea, under
which name, and that of WV. strangei and WN. baconi, I have
seen it in cabinets. It is, however, entirely distinct in form
and color and seldom varies from the dimensions given. Hab.
E., S.E. and S. coasts.

NATICA NANA. ns. LV. t. parva, solidiuscula, obliqué ovata, profundé
umbilicata, sordidé alba, subnitente, tenuiter longitud. striata ; spira sub-
elevata ; anfract. 4, rotundato-convexis sublevibus ; apertura semilunari ;
labro tenui ; labio recto crassiuscula. Diam. mag. 7. Min. 5.

N. shell small, somewhat solid, obliquely ovate, deeply um-
bilicate, sordidly white, somewhat shining, slenderly striate
lengthwise, spire subelevate ; whorls 4, roundly convex,
smoothish, aperture semilunar; outer lip thin; inner lip
straight, somewhat thickened.

Long Bay, about 6 fathoms, in sand, Rev. H. D. Atkinson
and Legrand. A small shell, white, slightly shining shell,
very different in size and coloring from any other Australian
form.

Ruma Guoposa. n.s. R. t. profundé umbilicata, obliqué globoso-ovata,
alba, epidermide lutea ; spira pellucida, convexa ; anfractibus 4, declivi-
ventricosis, striis undulatis, subtillissimis, transverse cinctis ; apertura
elongato-pyriformi ; labro simplici ; labio postice refleco nitente. Diam.
maj. 27, diam. min. 19

R. shell deeply umbilicate, obliquely globosely ovate, white,
with a yellow epidermis; spire pellucid, convex; whorls 4,
slopingly ventricose, transversely girdled with very fine undu-'
lating strie ; aperture elongately pyriform, outer lip simple ;
inner lip posteriorly reflexed, shining.

East Coast, common. This large and very elegant Ruma is
of a globose habit, of dull white color, but sometimes com-
pletely covered with a shining, fibrous, thin yellow epidermis,
with much the appearance of having been deposited by the
mantle. In spite of its being common, it does not appear to
have been described. i

FosgaRINA SIMSONI, 1.8. JF. ¢. obliqué depresso-globosa, obtecté wm-
bilicata, tenuis, alba subnitenté, fulvo undulosé maculata, spira plano-
convexa, vix elevata ; anfractibus 4, tenuissime creberriméque longitudi-
naliter striatis ; ultimo anfracto valdé expanso: apertura rotundata ;
labro simplici; labio arcuato, postice-dilatato, sulco transverso. Diam. maj.’
64. min., 5.

F. shell obliquely depressedly globose, umbilicus somewhat
covered, thin, white, somewhat shining, undulately fulvous
spotted ; spire plano-convex, scarcely elevated ; whorls 4, very
finely and closely striate lengthwise; last whorl very much ex-
panded, aperture rounded ; outer lip simple ; inner lip arcuate
dilated posteriorly, with a transverse groove.

Rare, Long Bay, Bruni Island, Rev. H. D. Atkinson and
Legrand. A pretty undulately variegated shell, with the

150

inner lip produced posteriorly into a kind of channelled tri-
angular elevation. I have dedicated this species to Mr.
Augustus Simson, of Tasmania, late of Port Denison, Queens.
land, an indefatigable collector and investigator into every
department of Natural History. -

NASSATASMANICA. 7.8. LV. t. acuminato-ovata, solidiuscula, nitida cas-
tanea, luteo-castanea, vel fulva; spira sub-acuta; granoso-plicata (in
ult. anfr. plic. 17), plicis superné divisis, anfractibus 5, convexis, striatis,
striis sub-distantibus, in ult. anfr. 11 ; apertura ovata, nitida, alba ; labro
solido, superne sub-calloso, intus dentato (dente conspicua in medio); colu-
mella valde callosa, callositate alba subrecurva. Long. 12. Lat. 7.

N. shell acuminately ovate, somewhat solid, shining chestnut,
yellowish chestnut or brown, spire sub acute ; granosely plicate
(plaits 17 in last whorl), plaits divided above by a channel;
whorls 5, convex, striate ; striz sub-distant ; 11 in last
whorl ; aperture ovate, shining, white; outer lip solid, sub-
callous above; toothed within, a conspicuous tooth in the
middle, columella very callous, with a white subrecurved
callosity.

This species is smaller than WV. fasciata and N. pauperata,
which it closely resembles in every respect except size, color,
and the white callosities at the mouth. It is a pretty con-
spicuous shell, found only on the North and Hast Coast, where
itis rather common. In N. fasciata the plice are very distinctly
granulate throughout. In WV. pauperata they are sub-obsolete
except above, and in the present species they are scarcely dis-
tinct, except the one which is separated by a groove at the
suture. On the whole it is nearer to WV. pauperata than to
IV. fase. A shell very like it, oocurs in Port Jackson—W.
jacksoniana, as far as size is concerned, but it is white or
banded, and has no callosity. The normal color of our species
is uniform chestnut, but ali Nasse vary very much in color.
As all the specimens of WV. jacksoniana seen by me were poor,
and thin somewhat stunted shells, it has occurred to me that
they were dwarfed specimens of our species, growing in un-
favourable circumstances, and that Tasmania is its true home.
In that case the species would be identical, but future observa-
tions must decide this.

CANCELLERIA TASMANICA. 7.8. C. t. oblonga, alba, spiraliter tenuiter
lirata, liris parvis, validis, equalibus ; anfractibus 6, rotundatis, declivibus;
spira acuta; sutura valida; labro tenui, conspicué lirato; columella
abbreviato, triplicato. Long. 184. Lat. 10.

C. shell oblong, white, slenderly spirally lirate, with small
valid equal lire ; suture valid; outer lip thin, conspicuously
lirate, columella abbreviate, triplicate.

King’s Island, a white finely grooved shell, more elongate
than C. levigata, and nearer in form and habit to Gould’s

151

C. viridula (Sowerby’s Thesaurus, vol 11, p. 449, pl. 96, fig.
102) than any other form.

CROSSEA LABIATA. ns. C. t. parva, globoso-turbinata, anguste um-
bilicata, solidiuscula, alba, subopaca, spira elevata, sutura distincta ; an-
fract. 5, rotundatis, undique tenuissime elongaliter transversim liratis, sub-
tillisime long. striatis ; umbilico callo rotundato marginato ; apertura
ovata, antice et postice angulata et canaliculata ; labro sub-reflexo, extus
Jimbriato varicoso. Long. 4. Lat. 2.

C. shell small, globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicate,
somewhat solid, white, subopaque, spire elevated, suture dis-
tinct ; whorls 5, rounded, everywhere most slenderly, elegantly,
lirate transversely, and very minutely striate lengthwise ; um-

_bilicus margined with a rounded callus; aperture ovate, an-
teriorly and posteriorly angulate and channelled; outer lip
sub-reflexed, and with a fringe-like varix outside.

Long Bay, 10 fathoms, sand. The fourth species of a very
rare genus. The only other are two dredged from Goti’s
Tsland in Japan, by Mr. Arthur Adams, and the third from
Port Jackson, near the Sow and Pigs, at from 2 to 4 fathoms.
This species is distinguished from the others by its reflected
and fimbriate lip. The great peculiarity of this genus, says
Mr. Adams (who erected it), consists in the canaliculate
angular projection at the fore part of the aperture. In this
species it is posteriorly channelled as well. (C. miranda Ad.
is varicose. C. bellulus Ad. has the outer lip thin. C. con-
cinna Angas is pellucid and has the upper whorls punctate.

CoLUMBELLA BADTA. 2.8. C. ¢. parva, acuminata, oblonga, intus ex-
tusque saturata badia ; inconspicue albide maculata, spira, acuta, anfractibus
7, planatis, levibus nitentibus ; apertura breviuscula ; labro intus dentato;
columella obscuré corrugata. Long.9. Lat. 33.

C. shell small, acuminately oblong, saturated brown without
and within, inconspicuously white spotted, spire acute ; whorls
7, flattened, smooth, shining ; aperture somewhat short, outer
lip toothed within, columella obscurely corrugate.

Swansea, East Coast, common. A uniformly purple brown
shell, faintly variegated when worn. There is an orange red
variety from Brown’s River and Blackman’s Bay, which may
be a different species.

COLUMBELLA ROBLINI. 1.8. C. t. parva, aciculari-ovata, sub-nitente,
pallide castanca, undique crebré albo-fulvo maculata ; anfractibus 7,
planulatis, apice mamillato, intensé fusco; apertura latiuscula, labro obso-
lete dentato ; columella corrugata. Long.9. Lat. 4.

Var. a. Sanguineo-fulvo maculata.

C. shell small, acicularly ovate, somewhat shining, pale chest-
nut, everywhere thickly spotted white and fulvous; whorls 7,
flattened, apex mamillate, of a deep smoky brown; aperture
somewhat broad, obsolutely toothed. Var. a. sanguineously
brown spotted.

152

Common on the East Coast, Storm Bay, etc. It may be
only a variety of C. badia, which it resembles in shape and
size, but the markings seem only to vary within certain limits ;
becoming sometimes an interrupted band of blood red spots.

CoLUMBELLA LEGRANDI. 2.8. C. ¢. parva, subulata, tenui, nitente,
castanea, maculis niveis fulvo umbratis ad suturas cingulata; apice mamil-
lato; anfractibus, 6, elongatis, convexis, transversim subtillissime lineatis ;
apertura elongata ovata; labro tenui, simplici. Long. 73. Lat. 2.

C. shell small, subulate, thin, shiny chestnut, girdled at the
suture with a band of snowy spots, shaded with fulvous brown ;
apex mamillate ; whorls 6, elongate, convex, very finely trans-
versely lined; aperture elongately ovate; outer lip, thin,
simple.

King’s Island, very rare. ‘Two specimens only submitted to
me, but both well preserved. A small mamillated subulate
form, which cannot be mistaken for any other.

CoLUMBELLA MINUTA. 7.8. ©. t. ovata minuta, levi, nitente, pallide
castanea longitudinaliter crebré lineis castaneis ornata, e¢ maculis albis
transversim bifasciata ; anfractibus 5, planulato tumidis ; apertura ovata,
postice acuta, labro incrassato, intus dentato. Long. 3. Lat. 14.

C. shell ovate, minute, smooth, shiny, pale chestnut, very
thickly ornamented with chestnut longitudinal lines, bifasciate
transversely with white spots; whorls 5, somewhat flatly
tumid, aperture ovate, acute posteriorly, outer lip thickened,
dentate within.

Swansea, East Coast, common. One of the smallest Colu-
mbellas known, and like all its congeners variable in color, but

in the unworn specimens, the above characters seem pretty
constant,

EvucHELUS TAsMANIcuS. n.s. EH. t. parva depresso-turbinata, carneo
alba, punctis rufis aliquando in lineis obliquis maculata ; anfractibus 4,
declivi-rotundatis, liris granulosis creberrimé gemmatis, interstitiis longi-
tudinaliter plicatis, ad suturas canaliculato impressis ; apertura obliqué
ovata, subcirculari ; labro intus lirato ; labio post columellam bisulcato, et
obliqué striato. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5.

H. shell small, depressedly turbinate, fleshy white, spotted
with red points, which are sometimes disposed in oblique
lines; whorls 4, slopingly rounded, thickly gemmed with
granulous lirz, the interstices plaited lengthwise, with a chan-
nelled impression at the sutures; aperture obliquely ovate,
subcircular, outer lip lirate within, inner lip bisulcate and
obliquely sulcate behind the columella.

Long Bay, Bruni Island, and S. Coast. This somewhat
gibbous Euchelus appears to have traces of nacreous iri-
descence, internally. It is very distinct in size (being the
smallest of our species) from ZH. baccatus, Whe, though some-
what near shape and color. Rather scarce.

153

GrIBBULA AUREA. 27.8. G@.t. parva, turbinato-conoidea, vix umbili-
cata, luteo alba, maculis rufo-aureis, pulcherrime picta; anfractibus 4,
basim marginatis et planulatis, superné rotundatis, ad suturam constrictis ;
liris irregularibus, oblique subtillissime striatis cinctis ; marginé eleganter
alba et rufo-aurea tesselato ; basi convexiusculo, lineis concentricis im-
pressis tesselatis sculpta, apertura rotundata. Long. alt. 5, diam. 4.

G. shell small, turbinately conical, scarcely umbilicate, yel-
lowish white, painted very prettily with reddish gold spots;
whorls 4, margined at the base and flattened, rounded above
and constricted at the suture; girdled with irregular ob-
liquely striate, very fine strie; margin elegantly tesselated,
with white and reddish gold; base sculptured with impressed
tessellated lines. Aperture rounded.

King’s Island, rare. A very pretty shell, which is very
nacreous underneath.

CANTHARIDEA ORNATA, 7.8. OC. ¢. vix umbilicata, conoideo-turbinata
fusco et viridi variegata ; anfractibus declivi planulatis, superné conspicué
tuberculatis (in ultimo anfractu decem), obsolete oblique corrugatis et
subtillissime decussatis ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam acute angulato et
obtuse tuberculato ; basi planato, decussatim granato liris tribus fusco
maculatis ornato ; apertura subquadrata, columella arcuata et canali-
culata ; labio acuto. Long. 19. Lat. 20.

C. shell scarcely umbilicate, turbinately conoid, variegated
brown and green; whorls sloping and flattened, conspicuously
tubercled above (tubercies in the last whorl 10 in number),
faintly obliquely corrugated and very finely decussate ; last
whorl sharply angulate, and obtusely tuberculate at the peri-
phery ; base flattened ; decussately granular, ornamented with
three brown spotted lire ; aperture subquadrate, columella
arcuate and canaliculate; lip acute. Seen from above the
tubercles seem radiate, like the spokes of a wheel.

This shell, with some others, were given to me by Mr.
Ronald Gunn, the eminent botanist and naturalist, to whom
Tasmania owes so much. He found it seldom, and on the
north cost only. It is a very beautiful species with bright
emerald green markings, and shelly operculum. It is closely
called to ©. aureus, Jonas, but distinguished by its color,
larger size, and the yery conspicuous tubercles crowning the
whorls.

LioTiA TASMANICA. 12.8. JL. t. parva, discoidea ; sordide alba, spira
plano-depressa, costis spiralibus subobsoletis, et liris longitudinalibus cre- ,
berrimé ornata ; peripheria carinis duobus nodosis, nodis in 2 anfr.
elevatis et imbricatis ; apertura margine reflexo incrassata ; umbilico per-
amplo, spiraliter dentato. Diam. maj. 8, min. 6. Alt. 3.

L. shell small, discoid, sordidly white, spire plano-depressed.
ornamented thiekly with spiral sub-obsolete ribs and longi-
tudinal lire, with two nodose keels at the periphery, node in
the second whorl raised and imbricated, aperture with the

154

margin reflexed and thickened, umbilicus very wide and spi-
rally dentate.

Leng Bay, rare. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. This shell is
nacreous within, and very near in form to J. discoidea Reeve.
The node on the upper carina become little raised hollow
rounded squame on the second whorl.

MontLeEA ROoSEA. 12.8. MM. t. minuta, turbinata, late umbilicata, rosea,
maculis albis variegata ; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, striis albis magnis et
parvis alternantibus cinctis ; apertura integra, rotundata ; labro pro-
ducto ; labio simplici ; margine umbilici callo inconspicuo, albo, corrugato
instructo. Diam. 3.

M. shell minute, turbinate, widely umbilicate, rose color,
variegated with white spots, whorls 4, rounded, encircled with
white alternating large and small striz; aperture entire,
rounded; outer lip produced; inner lip simple; umbilical
margin furnished with a somewhat inconspicuous white cor-
rugated umbilicus.

This small shell is of intense carmine color in some speci-
mens. The outer lip is produced very much from the suture
so as to give the aperture a sunkenappearance. The callosity
at the umbilicus is only perceptable under the lens in very
good specimens.

GIBBULA DEPRESSA. 1.8. G. t. depresso-orbiculata, fulvo-purpurea
lugubre tincta ; umbilicata, late sulcata, sulcis transversim striatis; an-
fractibus 5, depressis ; ultimo anfracta permagno, cingulis sex subelevatis,
transversis, aliquando tessellatis insigno ; apertura oblique subquadrata,
intus lirata, rosea viridique splendidé irridescente, labro tenui ; labio sub-
reflezo. Diam. 10 mill.

G. shell depressedly orbiculate, lugubriously-painted fulvous
brown and purple, umbilicate, widely sulcate, sulci transversely
striate; whorls 5, depressed, last whorl, which is much larger,
distinguished by 6 transverse sub-elevated, and sometimes
tessellated belts ; aperture obliquely sub-quadrate, lirate
within, and splendidly iridescent with rose and dark green;
outer lip thin; inner lip sub-reflexed.

Adventure Bay, common. This shell is always more or less
encrusted with Polyzoa (Membranipora and Cellepora). It
might easily be mistaken for young shells of Yrochocochlea
striolata. Its depressed, almost angular, form and interior
iridescense, render it easily recognised.

ZIZYPHINUS LEGRANDI. 2.8. Z.t. abbreviato-conica, carneo-flave-
scenti; anfractibus 6, planulatis, spiraliter densé canaliculato-liratis; ultimo
anfractu angulato ; basi planulato, lineis impressis, alternantibus sculpta ;
apertura subquadrata ; labro acuto ; labio simplici. Alt et diam. 12.

Z. shell abbreviately conical, fleshy yellow; whorls 6, some-
what flattened; densely spirally canaliculately lirate; last
whorl angulate, base flattened, sculptured with fine alternating

155

impressed lines; aperture sub-quadrate ; outer lip acute, inner
lip simple.

Rare, Chappell Island, Bass’ Straits. A small conical form,
whose nearest congener is our reversed Z incertus Reeve.
Its peculiarity for an Australian form of the genus is the
absence of granulations on the lire.

ZIZYPHINUS ALLPORTI. n.s. Z.t. twmido-conica, solidiuscula, alba ;
anfractibus 6, convexo-declivibus ; liris transversis, granulosis cinctis ;
granulis rotundatis, interstitiis longitudinalibus oblique separatis ; sutura
canaliculata ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam rotundato ; basi convexius-
culo, lineis subgranosis impresso ; apertura obliqué quadrata ; labro intus
lirato, infra bidentato, labio simplict. Alt. 11. Diam. 9.

Z. shell tumidly conical, somewhat solid, white; whorls 7,
convexly sloping, girdled with transverse granular lire;
granules rounded, separated by oblique longitudinal striz;
suture canaliculate, last whorl rounded at the periphery, base
somewhat convex, impressed with sub-granular lines; aperture
obliquely quadrate: outer lip lirate within; bidentate below ;
inner lip simple.

Islauds in Bass’ Straits, very rare. A white, small, tumid
shell, in habit much resembling a Thalotia.

CLANcULUS ALoyst. 2s. C. ¢. turbinato-conoidea, wmbilicata,
albida, lineis et maculis intensé fuscis, vel atratis variegata ; anfractibus
5-7 planulatis, transversim sulcatis, et cingulis granosis ornatis (cingul. 5
in ult. anfr.), cingulis superioribus et inferioribus granulis majoribus
conspicuis ; sutura subcanaliculata ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam sub-
carinato, basi planiusculo cingulis granosis ornato ; columella contorta,
superné et infra dentato dentibus parvis ; labro lirato et dentato; margine
umbilici spiraliter striato. Diam. 11.

C. shell turbinately conoid, umbilicate, whitish, variegated
with lines and spots of deep dusky brown or blackish; whorls
5 to 7, flattened, transversely sulcate and ornamented with
granular belts (belts 5 in the last whorl), upper and lower
belts conspicuous by their larger granulations ; suture subcan-
aliculate ; last whorl subcarinate at the periphery, base some-
what flattened and ornamented with granular belts; columella
twisted, dentate with small teeth above and below, outer lip
lirate and dentate, umbilical margin spirally striate.

Though the Clancule vary somewhat in coloring, it is always
within certain limits. There is no other black and white
Clanculus among our Tasmanian species, which are numerous.

CLANCULUS PHILOMENE. 7.8. C. t. depresso-conica, alba; anfrac.
5, ad suturas canaliculatis, concavis, marginibus utrinque moniliferis, infra
marg. 3-4 liratis ; liris granis circular. nitentib. ornatis, interstitiis sub-
tillissime obliqué striatis ; ultimo anfract. acute angulato et marginato ; basi
plano, spiraliter granulosé lirato ; apertura oblique quadrato ; labro

intus lirato ; columella unidentato et corrugato ; margine umbilico spi-
raliter dentato. Diam. mag. 11. Alt. 10.

C. shell depressedly conical, white, whorls 5, at the suture

156

canaliculate, concave, with both margins beaded, within the
margins 3-4 lirate; lire ornamented with round shining
granules, interstices very finely obliquely striate, last whorl
acutely angulate and margined ; base flat, spirally granulosely
lirate ; aperture obliquely squared ; outer lip lirate within;
columella unidentate and corrugated; umbilical margin spirally
dentate.

One specimen. A very distinct white shell with monili-
ferous whorls rising in stages.

CYLICHNA ATKINSONI. 7.8. C. ¢. parva, cylindracea, angusta, tenut,
Serruginea, spira umbilicata, occulta, tenuissime long. et transversim
striata, sordide alba; labro tenui, acuto, medio coarctato, antice sub-
dilatato ; labio angusto, refleco. Long. 44. Lat. 2.

C. shell small, cylindrical, narrow, thin, ferruginous, spire
umbilicate, hidden, very slenderly lengthwise and transversely
striate, sordid white, outer lip thin, acute, drawn in at the
middle, and sub-dilate anteriorly; inner lip narrow, reflexed.

Long Bay, not common. A very small shell, brought up
occasionally by the dredge from 10 fathoms; sandy bottom.
Rev. H. D. Atkinson. The other Tasmanian species is C.
arachis, which is Australian also. In its young state it can
always be distinguished from the foregoing by the dense undu-
lating transverse strize with which it is covered.

APLYSIA TASMANICA. 7.8. A. t. tenui fragili, translucente, nitente,
oblique subquadrata, tenuiter concentrice striata, et transversim minute sul-
cata; intus subtestacea, leviter concava, encausta, cornea ; apice vin in-
curvo ; margine superiori subreflexo, arcuato ; margine inferiori obliquo
recto, antice producto, rotundato. Diam. mag. 38, transversim diam.
max. 28 mil.

A. shell thin, fragile, translucent, shiny, obliquely subquad-
rate, slenderly concentrically striate and transversely minutely
sulcate, subtestaceous within, slightly concave, enamelled,
horny, apex scarcely incurved, with the upper margin arcuate
aud subreflexed ; lower margin oblique and straight, anteri-
orly produced and rounded.

A large form of taleous appearance, the margin becoming
insensibly membranaceous. It is somewhat similar in form to
A. gigantea, of Sydney, but more oval, membranaceous, and
smaller.

ACMHA MARMORATA. 7.8. A. ¢. quadrato-oblonga, postice dilatata
depressa, sordide olivacea, apice eroso vel acuto, submediano ; costis 8-10,
rudis, erosis, radiantibus, distantibus ; intus nitente conspieue variegata,
radiis luteis concavis, interstitiis atrofusciss ; spathula nigerrima, margine
albo, atro-punctato conspicuo. Long. 21. Lat. 15. Alt. 6.

P. shell quadrately oblong, dilate behind, depressed, sor-
didly olive; apex corroded or acute, submedian; ribs 8-11,
wide, corroded, radiating and distant ; within shiny and con-
spicuously variegated, with white rays and very black broad

157

interstices, spathula, black, with a white conspicuous margin.

Common. The intensely black marbled appearance of the
interior of this shell will distinguish it at once. It is found, I
am told, in New South Wales, but rarely.

PATELLA TASMANICA. 2.8. LP. t. ovata, solida, sordide luteo-alba,
sepe corrosa ; apice submediano ; costis radiantibus, 21 circiter, validis,
angulatis ; interstitiis liris subtillibus subimbricatis profuse radiata ; intus
eburnea, nitente plus minusve luteo tincta, margine angusta, elegantissime
pectinata, intus ceeruleo tenuissime lineato, eatus linea fusca interrupta mar-
ginato ; spathala vix dejinita. Long. 49. Lat. 33. Alt 20.

P. shell ovate, solid, sordidly yellowish white, often corroded,
apex sub-median with about 21 valid, angular radiating ribs,
and the interstices rayed profusely with very fine subimbri-
eated lire ; within ivory white and shiny, more or less tinged
with yellow; margin narrow elegantly pectinated; mar-
gined with a very fine blue line within, and an interrupted
dusky brown line outside. Spathula scarcely defined.

Recherche Bay and south generally. Nearer to P. alti-
costata Angas than any other.

PATELLA CHAPMANI. v7.8. P. t. ovata, postice latiuscula, depressa,
rufa velustulata, et nebuloso brunea ; apice acuto, submediano ; costis
radiantibus 8., plus minusve validis, depresso rotundatis ; liris subtillibus
profuse radiata, et sulcis irregularibus cincta ; margine angulato, noduloso;
intus alba et pallide rosea nebulosa; spathula via visibilis. Long. 20.
Lat. 15. Alt. 5.

P. shell ovate, somewhat broad behind, reddish or scorched
and nebulously brown, apex acute, submedian, with 8 radiating
ribs more or less valid, and depressedly rounded, profusely
radiate with very fine lire, and girdled with irregular sulci;
margin angulate, nodulose; white within and clouded pale
rose color, spathula scarcely visible.

Very rare. Four of the ribs are posterior, and the four
anterior are smaller. Ihave dedicated this shell to Commo-
dore Chapman, of H.M.S. Dido, an industrious conchologist,
and from whom I received valuable assistance in preparing my
list of Tasmanian Mollusca.

MAcROSCHISMA TASMANICA, 7.8. MM. t. ovato-oblonga, dorso elevata, con-
vera, pallidé luteo-castanea, radiatim atrata, lineis elevatis, nodulosis,
radiata; sulcis concentricis irrégularibus, rugosa, lineis concentricis
confertissimis sculpta ; extremitatibus rotundatis ; postice elevata. Foramen
magnum, elongatum, subtriangulare, postice dilatatum, excavatum. Long,
32. Lat. 18. Alt. 9.

M. shell ovately oblong, dorsal region raised and convex,
pale yellowish chestnut, with blackish rays; radiate with no-
dulous elevated lines; rough, with irregular concentric sulci,
sculptured with very close concentric lines, ends rounded ;
posterior end raised; foramen large, elongate, sub-triangular,
dilate and excavate behind.

The common Macroschisma, of Tasmanian coasts, Until

158

now it has been confounded with JL. producta (A, Adams,
Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850 p. 202, sp. 7) which is a narrower shell,
less distinctly ribbed, and with a narrow and somewhat con-
stricted foramen.

AURICULA (RHODOSTOMA) DYERIANA. 17.8. A. t. ovata, inflata, subumbili-
cata crassa, viride albicante, fulvo bifasciata, striata, striis regularibus, dis-
tantibus ; anfract. 6, sutwris obsoletis ; spira conica, planata ; apertura in-
tegra, nitente, pallide fulva ; labro incrassato, bilabiato, intus conspicué triangu-
lari inciso et dentato ; labio bidentato ; umbilico clauso, maryinato. Long. 14.
Lat. 9.

A. shell ovate, inflated, subumbilicate, thick, greenish

white, with two fulvous bands, striate, strie regular, distant ;
whorls 6 suture obsolete; spire conical flattened, aperture
entire, shining pale fulvous, outer lip thickened, bilabiate,
with a triangular notch within, inner lip bidentate ; umbilicus
closed and margined.

North Coast, brackish waters. There is a shell somewhat
like this described by Mr. Swainson (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.
Vol. 3, p. 45), from Dr. Milligan’s collection, and probably
from Australia, but it is large, of different color, and with a
semicircular notch on the outer lip. I have named the
species after Mr. Dyer, of Hobart Town, the industrious col-
lector, who discovered it at Kelso.

PEcTEN MARIBZ. 1,8. P. t. trigonali-orbiculart, subequivalva, depressa,
valva dextra paulo convexiore, auribus inequalibus, rosca vel roseo-violascente,
nebulis purpureis et lineis maculisque albis peculiariter marmorata ; costis 8
irrequlariter long. sulcatis, et obsolete squamatis, lirisque parvioribus, inter-
mediis inequalibus radiatis, superficie tota tenuiter squamose imbricata ;
auribus radiatim costatis, costis nodosé imbricatis valvis intus violaceis, ser-
aceis. Long. et. Lat. 44. Alt. 16.

P. shell triangularly orbicular, subequivalve, depressed,
right valve a little more convex, ears unequal; rose color or
rosy violet, and peculiarly marbled with purple clouds, and
white lines and spots; ribs 8, irregularly sulcate lengthwise
and obsoletely scaly ; radiate with smaller lire ; surface wholly
finely imbricately squamose ; ears radiately ribbed, ribs no-
dosely imbricated, valves colored a kind of silky violet within.

East Coastand MariaIsland. Ratheruncommon. Nearest
to Sowerby’s Pecten serratus. The fine shagreen marking is
different from P. bifrons, inasmuch as the scales are finely
pointed. The violet hue of the inside and silky appearance
are very constant. The obsoletely squamose ribs vary, but it
is a character not seen in any other Tasmanian species.

DosInIA ImMACULATA. 17.8. D.t. suborbiculari subinflata ; umbones versus
subattenuata, nivea, subnitida et sub lente eeganter irridescenti, wmbonibus
leviter carneola maculatis, concentrice tenuiter striata ; striis subtillissime ele-
gantissimeque decussata ; area ligamenti angusté lanceolata; lunula parva,
late cordata, impressa, medio carinata, intus alba; sinu palliart profundo,
obtuse triangulato, Long. 20. Lat. 26.

159

D. shell suborbicular subinflated, subattenuate towards the
umbones, snowy white, somewhat shining, and under the lens
elegantly irridescent, umbones lightly spotted with pink,
slenderly striate, and decussate very finely and elegantly with
fine stris, ligamental area narrowly lanceolate, lunule small,
broadly cordate, impressed and carinate in the middle ; pallial
sinus deep and obtusely triangular,

East Coast, uncommon. A very beautifu' snowy white, and
neatly rounded shell. The transverse striz are very regular
and corbis like.

CALLISTA VICTORIE. 7.8. C. t. trigono-subcordata, crassa, tumida, antice
rotundata, postice obtusé angulata, inequelaterali, confertissime concentricé
striata (striis anticé lamellosis, lamellis 3, vel. 4, parvis, crassis) ; subnitida,
pallide carnea, lineis latis inequalibus, rufo-castaneis, longitudinaliter pauci-
radiata ; lunula elongata, tenuistriata, linea impressa circumscripta ; latere
postico obtusé angulato, planato, rugosé striata ; valvis intus, nitentibus, rufo-
lutea nebulosis, marginé denticulato. Long. 55. Lat. 60. Alt. 35.

C. shell triangularly subcordate, thick, tumid, rounded in
front and posteriorly obtuse!ly angu’ate, ineyuilateral, very
thickly concentrically striate (strie anteriorly Jamellose* with
3 or 4 thick small lamelle) somewhat shining, pale flesh color,
rayed lengthwise, with few broad unequal reddish chestnut
lines; lunule elongated, slenderly striate, circumscribed with
an impressed line ; posterior line obtusely angulate, flattened,
and rugosely striate ; valves shining very much within, and
clouded reddish yellow, margin denticulate.

A somewhat common she!! on all the South Australian and
Victorian costs, and is said to occur in S. HE. Australia, but the
identification is doubtfu!, as it has been confounded with C.
rutila, Sow., with none of the description or figures of which it
corresponds. The specimens from which the description is taken
came from Cloudy Bay on the South of Bruny Island. It also
is found in Frederick Henry Bay. I have never found it ex-
cept on sandy exposed coasts where there is a heavy surf.

VENERUPIS RETICULATA. 1.8. V. t. transversa, subquadrata, tenui, de-
pressa, valde inequelaterali, antice rotundata, brevi, postice depressiuscula,
latiore, subtruncata ; costis transversis obsoletis, planatis, divaricatis, undu-
losis creberrimé cincta (sublente) ; undiqué tenuissime longitudinaliter striata ;
valvis intus albis, cardine parvo inequaliter tridentato, dentibus medianis et
posticis bifidis ; sinu pallii angusto, rotundato, obtuso. Albida, postice lineis
angulatis atro reticulata, aliquando versus umbones radiatim rosea tincta.
Long. 17. Lat.17. Alt. 12.

V. shell transverse, subquadrate, thin, depressed, very in-
equilateral anteriorly rounded, short, somewhat depressed,
posteriorly and border very thickly girdled with transverse
obsolete flattened, undulating ribs # under the lens longitudi-
nally striate in every part; valves white within, hinge small,
unequally tridentate, with the median and posterior teeth

160 7

bifid, pallial sinus narrow, rounded, and obtuse. White re-
ticulated posteriorly with black angulate lines, sometimes
radiately rose tinted towards the umbones.

Not uncommon on South coast. A small shell, very dis-
tinct by its finely crenulately striate obsolete ribs, and reticu-
late markings.

Myopora tasmanicsa. 7.8. WM. testa albida, curvato-oblonga, antice leviter
flexuosa, abrupte truncata, valva sinistra ventricoso-convexa, dextera distincte
concava ; concentrice striata ; striis paucis, rotundatis latiusculis, subdistanti-
bus, regulariter, crescentibus ; sublent elegantissime, tenuissime decussata.

M. shell whitish, curvately oblong, anterior slightly
flexuous, abruptly truncate, left valve ventricosely convex ;
right valve distinctly concave, concentrically striate with a
few round, somewhat broad, sub-distant ridges, which
increase regularly towards the margin, and very finely and
beautifully decussate with undulating striz. Long. 17. Lat.
13. Alt. 4.

This very distinct species of Myadora has more affinities
with the Australian JL pandoreformis than any other, but it
has no movable testaceous appendage, and the valves are both
distinctly striately ridged. Hab. Long Bay.

Myopora ALBIDA, 1.s. WM. testa albida, translucida, subquadrata oblonga,
subconvexa, anticé latissimé truncata; concentrice striata; striis elevatis,
rotundatis, reyularibus, paucis, prope marginem anticam angulatis.

M. shell whitish, translucent, subquadrately oblong, sub-
convex, very broadly truncate anteriorly, concentrically striate,
strize rounded, raised, regular, few, angulated near the anterior
margin. Long.10. Lat.6. Alt. 2.

A very pretty species, differing from the last in its sub-
quadrate form, and its convex valves, which are both regularly
and distinctly striate. Hab. Long Bay.

ANAPA TASMANICA. ns. A.t. crassa, trigona, gibbosa, cequivalvi, antice
rotundata postice angulata et planata, sordide alba, concentrice tenué sulcata,.
versus marginem epidermidé olivacea induta; umbonibus parvis, meurvis
obliquis distantibus; area ligamentali parva, inconspicua, aperta ; pagina,
interna nivea nitente, sinu palli nullo. Long. 19. Lat.19. Alt. 16.

A. shell thick, trigonal, gibbous, equivalve, rounded anteri-
orly, angulated posteriorly and flattened, sordidly white con-
centrically finely sulcate, clothed with an olive epidermis
towards the margin; with small incurved distant umbones,
ligamental area small, inconspicuous, open, interior surface
snowy white and shining, no pallial sinus.

This shell appears to me to have been confounded with A.
smithnw and A. triquetra, which is a synomym of Gray.
That shell is not found in Tasmania. It is, however, a much
smaller and thinner shell, less tumid and more trigonal, with
very much the appearance of a Cyclas. I cannot find that it
has been described.

161

PINNA TASMANICA. ns. P. t. ovato-cuneiformi, tenui, subventricosa,
marginibus rotundatis, sordide olivacea, purpureo nebulosa, radiatim costata,
costis interdum obsoletis, subnodosis, versus marginem sparsim, irregulariter
squamosis, squamis elevatis subtubuliformis ; apice subtruncato, livide, Long.
190. Lat.85. Alt. 28.

P. shell ovately cuneiform, thin, subventricose, margins
rounded, sordidly olive, clouded with purple, radiately ribbed,
ribs sometimes obsolete subnodose, and towards the margin
sparsely irregularly scaly, scales elevated subtubuliform, apex
subtruncate, livid.

Rare. On the north coast only. W. Legrand. This
fine Pinna is one of the very few of the genus, with the
margins rounded and not angulate. In this respect, and in
the few irregularly much raised tubular scales, it is quite
distinct from P. zelania, which is not uncommon in Australia.

MYTILICARDIA TASMANICA. C-. ¢. elongato ovata, in. medio constricta vel
sinu profundo distorta, luteola vel sordide alba, epidermide fusca, maxime
inequilaterali, antico brevissima, subtruncata, postice dilatata, inferne sinuosa
et hiante, radiatim costata, wmbonibus minimis compressis approximatis
obliquis ; lunula inconspicua, profunda ; costis inequalibus, irregularibus,
Hexuosis, postice lamellosis et obsoletis, primis in latere antico angustioribus,
alteris sensim latioribus. Long. 10. Lat. 21. Alt. 14.

M. shell elongately ovate, narrowed in the middle or dis-
torted,with a profound sinus, yellowish or sordidly white; witha
dusky epidermis, very inequilateral ,extremely short anteriorly,
subtruncate, dilated posteriorly, sinuous and gaping below,
radiately ribbed, with small compressed approximate oblique
umbones; lunule inconspicuous, very deep, ribs unequal, ir-
regular, flexuous, lamellose and obsolete posteriorly, the first
on the anterior side somewhat narrower, the others becoming
gradually wider. —

Blackman’s Bay, uncommon. Distinguished from M. ex-
cavata by the epidermis, and the ribs beiug smooth instead of
having the lamellar projecting scales.

Mytinus Tasmanicus. ns. WM. t. oblongo-ovali, tumida, crassa, concen-
trice tenué irregulariter striata, epirdermide atro-purpwrea, basim versus
sparsim, irregulariter barbata capillis longis, corneis, discisque calcareis radi-
catis ; marginibus intus extusqus vivide viride peculiariter encaustis ; wm-
bonibus terminalibus, parvis, acutis, curvatis nitentibus, glabratis, parwm mar-
garataceis ; fossulaad ligamentum recipiendum satis profunda ; pagina interna
nivea, impessione pallii et musculari tantum tridescente, ligamento longo
conspicuo. Long.175. Lat. 75. Alt. 45.

M. shell oblong, oval, tumid, thick, concentrically finely
irregularly striate, epidermis black purple, towards the base
sparsely and irregularly bearded with long horny hairs, which
are rooted in caleareous discs; the margins peculiarly enam-
elled a vivid green both outside and inside; umbones small
acute, curved, shining, smoothed, slightly pearly, fossula for
the ligament somewhat deep ; internal surface snowy white,

162

the pallial and muscu'ar impressions alone being iridescent,
ligament long, conspicuous.

A truly magnificent species, which is so large that it must
always be a conspicuous object, yet the peculiar and brilliant
green enamel of the edges makes it still more so. It is only
found in deep water in Storm Bay. ‘The only shell approach-
ing to it in character is MW. latus, of New Zealand.

PyTHINA TASMANICA. ms. PP. t. parva suborbiculari, convexa, alba,
sulcis concentricis et costis bifariam radiantibus eleganter clathrata ; costis
angulatis postice curvatis parumque elevatis, umbonibus, submedianis obliquiis,
parvis. Long.7. Lat. 8. Alt. 3.

P. shell suborbicular, convex, white, elegantly latticed with
concentric sulci and ribs radiating in opposite ways; ribs
angulate and curved, and slightly raised behind, umbones
submedian, oblique and small.

This e'egant Pythina is very distinct from the common P.
deshayesi, which is larger, has the divaricating ribs somewhat
lamellose behind, and is not latticed with transverse suleations.
King’s Island, rare.

TELLINA MARIH. Tt. transversa ellipitica, subinflata, nitente, lactea, tenut
aquilaterali, inequivalvi, postice hiante, antice late rotundata, postice vix
attenuato, flexura minima, undique crebré tenuiter sulcata, ligamento pallide
castaneo prominulo. Long. 22. Lat. 28.

T. shel transverse, elliptical, subinflated; shining, milk
white, thin, equilateral, inequivalve, gaping posterior'y, widely
rounded in front, scarcely attenuated behind, flexure very
slight, thickly and finely sulcate, ligament pale chestnut,
somewhat prominent.

Rather uncommon. South Coast. W. Legrand. <A white
shell, with no determinate characters except its oval form,
absence of color, and almost perfect absence of flexure. There
are are three small hinge teeth in one valve, and two in the
other, and the pallial sinus is very large.

Luctna minmma. 1.8. JL. t. parva subventricosa, oblonga transversa, tenut,
alba, tenui-costata,costis numerosis concentrice, tenuiter, regulariter elegantissi-
meque striata, valde incquilaterali, latere antico longiore rotundato, postico
latiore, margine integro, wmbonibus productis obliquis, parvis incurvis, con-
spicue concentrice striatis ; valvis intus albis, impress. mus. conspicuis ; valv.
dext. in med. unidentato dente bifido, val. sinis. bidentato, dente antico bifido.
Long. 8. Lat. 9. Alt. 5

L. shel small, subventricose, oblong, transverse, thin,
white, slenderly ribbed, ribs numerous, finely regu'arly and
most eegant'y striate; very inequilateral, anterior side the
longer, rounder, the posterior side wide; margin entire, um-
bones produced, oblique, small, incurved, conspicuously concen-
trically striate, valves white within, muscular impression con-
spicuous, right valve unidentate with a bifid tooth; left valve
bidentate, the anterior one bifid.

Badger Island, rare.

163

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON A NEW VACCINIUM
FROM SAMOA.

By Baron Ferd. von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.

Among a number of Samoan plants placed for elucida-
tion at my disposal by the Rev. S. T. Whitmee, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.8., F.R.G.S., occurs a whortleberry-bush, the
first member of the order of Vaccinieze, as yet known
from that Group. The Royal Society of Tasmania has
favoured me on former occasions by promulgating notes on
plants not always Tasmanian, and, perhaps, this privilege
will be continued at this and future opportunities to render
known remarkable undescribed plants through the pages of
its publications, while this advantage will be all the more
appreciated, inasmuch as the praiseworthy regularity and
punctuality with which the Tasmanian Society issues its
papers, affords the most favourable vehicle in Australia for
the early record of new observations. Passingly, it
may here be observed, that some of the plants of Mr.
Whitmee’s collections, which latter were formed at great
risk, toil, and expense of the reverend gentleman, amidst
the arduous duties of his ecclesiastical position, have been
alluded to in an appendix to Mr. F. Campbell’s work on the
New Hebrides, and in a recent publication on Papuan
plants from Sir William MacArthur’s sendings.

Melbourne, December, 1875.

VACCINIUM WHITMEEI.

(Sect. Epigynium. )

Erect, evergreen ; branchlets slightly downy, all other parts
glabrous ; leaves oval, contracted into a very short petiole, blunt
at the summit, entirely without teeth ; peduncles axillary, solitary,
one flowered, recurved ; bracts very early deciduous ; tube of the
calyx depressed-hemispheric, several times broader than long ; teeth
of the calyx five, rarely six, deltoid ; tube of the corolla ovate-
cylindrical, lobes slightly spreading, rhomboid semi-ovate, several
times shorter than the tube ; anthers somewhat shorter than the
filaments, oblong, at the apex very slightly bilobed, neither con-
spicuously attenuated, nor spurred, nor at the base incurved ; style
stout, shorter than the corolla; berry much broader than long ;
embryo more than half as long as the albumen, black.

On the higher mountains of the Samoa Islands : Leaves coriaceous,
gin. lin. long, penniveined and slightly reticulated, almost flat,
not dotted ; peduncles jin. }in. long; teeth of the calyx in age

164

measuring about one line ; corolla exceeding hardly din. in length,
unbearded ; its lobes imbricate in bud ; filaments 10, -rarely 12,
fixed to the very base of the corolla, of equal length, not fringed ;
anthers lin. long, opening with two terminal pores ; styles about
2in. long; berry jin. in diameter; seeds pale brown, half a line
long, cuneate-ovate, angular, finely streaked.

The anthers distinguish this species from nearly all its numerous
congeners, and bring it near the section Notopora (J. Hook. Icon.
plant. 1159), but they are fixed below not above the middle.

There seem to be but few other species of Vaccinium known from
any part of Polynesia. Of these V. Vitiense (Paphia Vitiensis,
Seem. journ. of Bot. 1864, p. 77; Flor. Vit. p. 146, ¢. xxviii) differs
in its large flowers, reminding of certain Thibandias, of which genus
at least the species with free stamens should be included in Vac-
cinium, as indicated by the writer in the volume of the Acclima-
tisation Society of Victoria for 1872.

V. cerewm (G. Forst. florul. insul. Austr. prodr. p. 28; Andro-
meda cerea, Murr. syst. veg. 406) from Tahiti as well as V. mac-
gillivrayi (Seem, journ. of Bot. 1864, p. 67) from the New Heb-
rides, differ both by their acute and especially serrated leaves, their
cleft calcarate anthers and spherical fruits. In a similar manner,
V. reticulatum (Sm. in Rees’s Cyclop. 1824),of the Sandwich Islands,
is removed from our plant; besides it has lanceolate lobes of the
calyx, while the tube of the latter is as long as it is broad.

V. plenduliflorum (Gandich. in Freycen. Voy. Bot. 454, t. 68)
also from Hawaia differs, irrespective of the serratures of the leaves,
in longer peduncles, much elongated lobes of the calyx, anthers
with dorsal appendages, slender style, almost globular fruit and
a shorter embryo.

Dr. Asa Gray has offered on the Polynesian Vaccinia notes
referring to characteristics and synonymy in the Proceedings of the
American Academy for Arts and Science, 1862, p. 323-324.

Among Indian species, V. Rollinsoni (Hook. bot. Magaz. 4612)
from Java, is nearest, except perhaps the very imperfectly known
V. microphyllum (Reinw. in Blume’s Bijdr. 851) from Celebes. The
former has almost precisely the same foliage, and also slightly
downy branchlets, while the flowers are not always terminal and
racemose, but also axillary and solitary ; the berries, however, are
globular.*

I am not acquainted as yet with any true Vaccinium from
Australia and New Caledonia, but the genus will likely be found
well represented in the higher regions of New Guinea.

The Samoan collection received from the Rev. S. T.
Whitmee,. contains the following cotyledonar plants :—

Stephania hernandifolia, Walp.
Cardamine sarmentosa, G. Forst.
Hibiscus abelmoschus, Lin.
Trichospermum richei, Seem.

* Since writing the above I have had access to the illustrated plate of
Vaccinium Rollisoni. It differs from V, Whitmeci also in its hairy pedicels
and (especially) filaments,

165

Triumfetta angulata, Lam.
Kleinhovia hospita, Lin.
Waltheria indica, Lin.

Coriaria ruscifolia, Lin.

Eurya vitiensis, A. Gray.
Cardiospermum halicacabum, Lin.
Allophylus ternatus, Lour.
Euodia hortensis, R. and G. Forst.
Desmodium polycarpum, Cand.
Vigna lutea, A. Gray.

Erythrina indica, Lam.

Erythrina ovalifolia, Roxb.
Albizzia grandiflora, F. v. Muell.
Myrtus vitiensis, F. v. Muell. (Nelitris vitiensis, A. Gray.)
Colubrina asiatica, Brogn.
Phyllauthus ramiflorus, J. Muell.
Codiaeum variegatum, Blume.
Spirseanthemum samoense, A. Gray.
Schefflera vitiensis, Seem. (a variety with 7-merous fruit).
Loranthus insularum, A. Gray.
Piectronia barbata, J. Hook.
Mussaenda frondosa, Lin.
Blumea Milnei, Seem.

Bidens pilosa, Lin.

Scaevola koenigi, Vahl.
Tournefortia argentea, Lin. fil.
Premna integrifolia, Lin.
Clerodendron inerme, R. Br.
Cassytha filiformis, Lin.

Piper macgillivrayi, A. de Cand.
Trema camabina, Lour.

Pipturus argenteus, Wedd.
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst.
Sarcochilus graeffei, G. Reich.
Joinvillea elegans, Gaudich.
Carex graeffeana, Baeck.
Fimbristylis communis, Kunth.
Rhychospora aurea, Vahl.
Panicum compositum, Lin,
Panicum sanguinale, Lin.
Panicum crus galli. Lin.
Imperata arundinacea, Cyril.
Cenchrus anomoplexis, Lab.
Eleusine indica, Gaert.
Centothera lappacea, Desv.
Paspalum scrobiculatum, Lin.
Coix Lacryma, Lin.

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JANUARY, 1875.
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20)29°839|29°757| 92/65] 91:0 | 57°5| NE SE OG /008) a) Soa S Ba
21/29°812|29°549) 89/65]122°0 | 58:0} |W SE 0° eb, ase oS es
22/29°583|29°513 100 67/130°0 | 60-0) NW SW ‘78 phat os a ae
23/29°715|29°683) 82)63|112°0 | 560, NW W 5°72 By Of ef a. uid
24 30-002|29-968| 74/54|110°5 | 48-0 sw s 8°33 Fee = i = ee
25|30°032|29°827| 69|49| 85-0 | 43:0) WNW | 130 =n foe
26|29:810|29-741| 69/56] 94°5 | 46-5] SW SE 1°56 3 “SE OF &
27 /30°132/30°047| 69/47|104-0 | 42°0 SE 73 #, SHE 2g
28 /29°914|29°647| 84/46]123-0 | 42:0} NW SE 6:25 HS.8 £8 ®
29/29°797|29°670) 80|60/106-0 | 49°5 SE 1:30 | S20°8 82 32
30/29°821|29°759| 78|47|113-0 | 40:0} SW SE 1°56 a8 tp, SS mh
31|29°451|29°359| 74/51/1100 | 44:0) NWSW | 156 E°Es “wo
ia | |e el (ORCS PE See RRS eerie
4Monthly mean} 66°92/110°84) 470) Total force bs 70]079|RZRS* HS s
29682 a Serre

Barometer mean, 29°682in., being 062in. below the average.
Temperature mean, 62°92°, being 4°23° above the average.
Solar intensity mean, 110°84°, being 2°78° above the average.
Dew point mean, 49°C°, being 10°41° below the average.
Humidity of air mean, ‘56, being ‘11 per cent. below the average.
Elastic force of vapour mean, °367, being ‘006 per cent. below the average.
Total amount of rain, 1°79in , being 0°78in. below the average.
Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rainfall, 4°8Sin.
Mean amount of ozone, 5°75, being 1°18 of chromatic scale below the average.
Electricity active through the month, with only six nil, 42 positive and 14 negative.
fresh fall of snow on Mount Wellington on the 15th. The hottest day on the 22nd,
9° in the shade, 130° in the sun.
— FRANCIS ABBOTT

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the month.
‘th.—First Royal Apricot ripe.
th.—Jargonelle Pear ripe.
th.—Veronica Angustifolia in full flower.
Isth.—Grevillea robusta, ditto.
25th,—Black. Mulberry ripe.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for January, 1875 :—

li.

Barometer mean, of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°738in.
Temperature, mean, of three daily readings, 63°39°.

Humidity mean of ditto, °64.
Elastic force of vapour ditto, ‘362in.
“Solar, intensity mean of maximum temperature, 181°5°.

Terrestrial Radiation mean of minimum temperature, 44°4°.
Rainfall, 1°57in.

Evaporation, 6°90in. ; in excess of rainfall, 5°33.
Clouds, mean amount of there daily observations, 4°3.

Ozone mean of two ditto, 7°7.
Wind, force in lbs. of three ditto, 111°42lbs.
*Taken with Cassella’s improved vacuum self-registering thermometer with bulb
and part of stem blackened.

Bar. 37 feet

reduced.

Lowest.

| Day of Month.

Highest.

: trig
97960 29°937
0-037 |29°790
9624 29°317)
9930 29°729)
0
0
0

063 30°042)

224 30°186)

175 30°124)
9°965 29.772

9 29676 29°523
10 29°891 29°85,
11/30-045 29°922!
12 29-660 29°546)
13 | 29-836 29°827|
14 |29°873 29°852|
15|29°924 29824
16 29-945 29°879|
17|29°960 29°886
18 30°121 30:039)
19 29°913 29 "833
20|30°037 30°013,
21/29°935 29°687)
22 29°705 29°643)
23|29°937 29°924
24'30-086 30°005
25/30°188/30°115,
26 30°160 30°113)
27|30°279 30°204|
=) pee

Monthly mean’
29°934

Dew point, mean position of ditto, 48°92.°

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

—_@—_—_

FEBRUARY, 1875.

PrivaTE OBSERVATORY, Hopsart Town.

aby.sealevel Self-Registering
corrected &| Thermometers.

¢ | Lowest in shade.

Highest in sun.

° | Highestin shade

°

97 43 108°0
84 46 116-0
86 64 110°5
80 50 102°0
75 421100
80 52.111°0
7252 109°0
86 54 120°
110 66 120°5
102 55 1150
82/57|118°5
75 60 84:0
72.49 107-0
79 54 116-0
7849 110°0
69 52)/107°0
78 50,110°0
71/55) 94°5
86/53, 112°5
78/58) 75:0
90 58 122-0
88 66 115°0
75 48 110°5
80 52 110°0
82 50/115°0
7753, 91:0
79 51 1030
sehen

|

——_- | ——__-~

67 aaa 108°40

. | Lowest on grass.

Wind.

|Direction from

three daily re-
gisters.

Force in lb. per
square foot.

Total Force 43°03

(a 38
|e 8
so o 8
S a
aT Po
oe:
o —
3 oo
d 85
uo 19 2s
Si | won ae
yn a reseet
A r=] mg 8
3 528
Bayi os
| |e 2 PE
3 na =) 82
[os 1 mH
o eoqg
—|3 #33
o eno
ia Seen
O11} = Sym
=I moe
oT) S Bas
or |g 288
a] Aes
od nog
o S90
<i mS)
UTES EE, ae ag Sh
oo7|o #58
oo
eai|d 288
010] » “39
a O25
wey Lo,
gq anv
on} Ss 2H
0°02) 4 & .o
gm
a FB tno
4 «aga
4 “By
s Zong
2 nso A
cole Fax
ovo o o
2 2b
rs) ain?)
a ose
3 ais
. isis
an $22
a o~ 4
a8 Pe
.
—| 4 238
: <i z=
1 1) a Hoe
at, Qa
|

quantities of rain which fell under the different winds are registered each even-

The relations of the

ing at sundown.

The 30 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average.

iii,

Barometer mean, 29°)34in., being 0°092in. above the average.

Temperature mean, 67°80", being 5°69 above the average.

Solar intensity mean, 180°40°, being 0°80° above the ditto.

Dew point mean, 51°9°, being 1°89 above the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, ‘60, being ‘10 per cent. below the ditto.

Elastic force of vapour mean, ‘409, being ‘034 per cent. above the ditto.

Total amount of rain, 1°47in., being 0'UGin. below the ditto.

Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rainfall, 3°4¥in.

Mean amount of ozone, 5’68, being 1°49 per cent. of chromatic scale below ditto.
speed active all through the month with 27 positive, 25 negative, and 4 nil, on
the 12th.

Thunder and lightning on the 9th. The hottest day in the sun on the 2lst, 122°
On the Yth, in the shade, 110°

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Leajing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the month.

4th.—Kerry Pippin Apple commencing to ripen.
6th.—Windsor Pear ditto.

9%th.—Bon Chretien Pear ditto.

12th.—Green Gage ditto.

20th.—Ash commencing to shed seed.
24th.—Sycamore ditto.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for February, 1875 :—

Barometer mean of 3 daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°969in.
Thermometer mean of 3 daily readings, 64°33°
Solar intensity mean of maximum temperature, 131°42°
Terrestrial radiation mean of minimum temperature, 44°74.
Dew Point, mean position, 52°8°.
Elastic force of vapour mean of 3 daily readings, ‘415in.
Humidity mean of ditto, ‘69.
Clouds amount of ditto, 4°51.
Wind force in lbs. ditto, total 52°40lbs.
Rainfall, 1:97 inches.
Evaporation, 5‘72in. in excess of rainfall, 3-75in.
Ozone mean, 7°35.
W, E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

lv.
MARCH, 1875.

Private Opspervatory, Hosarr Town.

31'30°176/30°129|74)55 |104°0 | 50°0) NW SW SE 1°04

Mean monthly|65:09 103°60 48°66 Total Force 90°82 |0 52
29°929

—— (Gel PY ei
Bar. 37 feet | BS 8
aby.sea level) Self-Registering Wind | Boras cle
corrected &| Thermometers. : cs) oe 6%
reduced. 3 Se 8 :
= Ra Tran Mepeae a as Pa a he ‘2 o
2 Fra fa a 50 — ee wil) (hs Tle | att a ates ES 2
eS m\n c ze! 2 BS) 5 2 2 8 5 © =
= hae Als.| 2 | & BU x P A) | So eee
eel vette Seoiboa|h sas = oH AR ls | Nee a=]
a2 @ |2\3 | 2 | 8 Sat Qe ole 2 Ss 2 =
bl mm | BE \mlE | ‘| E he Rg | 3 fe: we & 4g
ce 4 (o} aio) “4 Oo Hr Ww on C4 One “4
Al & Hie |] & | wa A fa ioe] ao ong - °
—|-—_ —|-———- |__- a aol leis eearez ioe Bas!
im, |p dba WO IS : % isa 8 @
1)30:041)29°925|83/50 |113°0 | 43°5) NW SE 1:04 BD ote 27 Sten =
2)/29'871|29°763/72/63 |112°0 | 43°5 W SE 1:04 |0°07 | # aieitam Ms
3/29 °668|29°397|79|57 |105°5 | 49:0) NW N SW | 1°21 by gS Onan) aes
4|29°910|29°642/69/52 | 980 | 50°5) NW SW 599 | EN eae era PEE,
5)30°079)30°053)75)45 |110°0 | 39°0| = N NW 7°80 2 Ge Sse. die
6 30°179|30-124|74/52 |107-0 | 46-0| SW NWS | 52 | #82, 38
7/30-065)30°039/71/58 |108°5 | 49°5 NE SE 26 lq COS gy,
8/30-007|29°878/96|59 |112°0 | 52-0 SE “ba a2 fa q =
9|29°885 29°307/90|57 |121°5 | 520 NW 1°04 2 ws 3
10/29°764|29 -674/84/64 | 97-0 | 56-0 NW PBN || 2 ete Shel ie
11/30.074|30°024|73/53 | 76:0 | 50°0 S SW 78 |0°05 | ‘6 Rae 2
12|29-924/29'376/68)53 | 87-0 | 49°0| NW SE SW | 104 |007 | 42 #828 4
13|30°034|29'894|76|47 |1080 | 43:0, | NW SE 1°30 | = pba = hcl he |
14/29°615|29:404|92/56 |110°5 | 55‘0/] NW SW SE |10°42|003|2 822 —B =
15|29°706|29°665|66)44 | 98-0 | 40°0| NW SW 7°80 | Apilb at = pe ihre
16|29°880|29°796|70/55 | 97°0 | 50:0} NE NW 3°12 real EES ae Ma
17|29°917/29°859/77/46 |108°0 | 41°5) NW SE 3°12 rest cee
18|29°886/29°847|76/49 |108°0 | 43:5 SW W "78 | 0°22 | BR eh SE
19|29°735|29-568|71|56 | 96:0 | 50-0 NW W 3°12 os Ors om =
20|30°065/29'948/72/46 | 89°5 | 40-0 SW 13°02 a veg 2 8
21/30-077|30°030/70/46 |102-0 | 42°5 NW 3°38 es ee
22/30°079|29°967|69|50 |101°0 | 45-0 NW SE 78 iS ies
23/30°094|30°054/74/54 |102°0 | 44:0) SW NW 52 | 8 gee es
24/30°196|30151/76/51 |107-0 | 44-0 NW SE "52 n Seo a
25/30°196/30°121/74/50 102-0 | 44:0} | NW SE 52 Bes eee
26/30°076/30:001|76/52 |108°5 | 47:0} NW NE SW | _ °26 yey ceicace, a
27|29°856|29°642/89/54 |113°0 | 49°0| NW SW |10-42 a3 sBy SE ®
28/29°836|29°757/86/61 |113°0 | 55:0] NW SW 1°04 “8 gdp 2s ®
29|30°152|30°125|73|49 | 98:0 | 425) NW SE “52 Sa 8.58 68 ¢
30|30°214|30°165/71/48 | 98-0 | 42:5) | NW SE 1:04 gg SSF Bab
ag ia 3* 8
5 See o8 ¢g
BEE E BS &

mum and minimum.
according to Lind
evening at sundown.

mom

Barometer mean, 29°929in., being ‘052in. above the average.
Temperature mean, 65°09", being 517° above the ditto.

Solar intensity mean, 103°60°, being 0°10° above the ditto.

Dew point mean, 50°4°, being 118° above the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, 63, being ‘08 per cent. below the ditto.
Elastic force of vapour mean, “388, being ‘031 per cent. above the ditto.
Total amount of rain, ‘52in., being 1:08in. below the ditto.

Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rain-fall, 4°83in.

Mean amount of ozone, 5°18, being 1:93 of chromatic scale below ditto.
Mount Wellington covered with fresh snow on the 20th.

By analysing the table for March of the present year and that for April as far as it
has gone, and comparing the results with those of the corresponding periods in former
years, the increasing dryness of the seasons in Tasmania will be brought prominently
under notice. To counteract this deficiency of moisture, irrigation would of course
be the remedy, and fortunately our lakes and rivers afford every facility for carrying
this out to any extent that might be required. If this, however, were found from any
cause to be impracticable, it might be well to consider if planting trees on a large scale,
as practised elsewhere, should not be now urged upon the attention of the public.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Vv.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the Month of March, 1876.

10th.—Tips of Hornbean turning brown.

14th.—Cve’s Golden Drop Plum ripe. Seckle Pear ditto.
17th.—Tips of Elm turning yellow.

20th.—Horse Chestnut leaves turning brown.

24th.—Ash leaves commenced to fall.

25th.—Oak ditto ditto.

The following are the results of the observations made at New Norfolk
during the month :—

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 30'088in.
Thermometer mean of three daily readings, 61°57°.
Elastic force of vapour mean of ditto, ‘388.
Humidity mean of ditto, °72.
Dew point mean position, 51°3°.
Solar intensity mean of maximum temperature, 129°.
Clouds mean amount of three daily observations, 5°27.
Ozone mean of two ditto, 7°4.
Terrestrial radiation mean of minimum temperature, 43°41°.
Rainfall, ‘58in.
Spontaneous evaporation, 5°32in. ; in excess of rainfall, 4°74!
Wind force total of three ditto, 121°87 lbs.
Valleyfield. W. E. SHOOBRIDGE.

e

Bar. 37 feet
aby.sealevel| Self-Registering
corrected &| Thermometers.
reduced.
a s/s a ea
= ala | 2 | &
iS sla] 8] 8
Sh BS 6 1215 z o
P| "ep E |'eo| 2 2) E
i | =| -—
ale i 6 iia] & Ia
Theat (0 AT Ne P Ss
1/30129|30°690/65/46 |102°0 |40°0
2|29°834|29°663|82/49 |108°0 |44°0
3 29°815|29°704 75/54 | 99°0 |49°5
4|29°970 29°930/64/50 | 75°5 |45°0
5|30°037/30°001|64/50 | 70°0 |47°0
6|30°184!30°160/69'41 |100°0 |35°5
7|30°345|30°328|71/42 | 99°5 |37°0
8/30°273|30°314 80/50 104°0 |43°0
9|30°192)29°943/84/49 |109°5 |45°0
10]29°865|29°783/82|57 |109°0 |50°5
11|29°635|29°585/71/56 | 85°0 |52°0
12|29°895|29°591|72/48 | 92°0 |41°5
13|30°174/30°133}68/42 | 98°5 |36°0
14/30°265/30°164/64/38 | 88°0 |31°5
15}29°892/29°195|75|43 | 62°0 |33°0
16|29°976|29°895|72/42 | 71:0 |34°5
17|30°325/30°310/73|43 | 96°5 |38°0
18/30°380/30°336/71|}44 | 97°5 |39°0
19}30°321/30°155|70/46 | 91°0 |41°0
20|29°976|29°815/65|55 | 66°5 |52-0
21/|29°775/29°726|61|55 | 69°0 |50°0
22|30°072/29°942|58/46 | 78°0 |38°5
23/30°116)29°945!70/41 | 93°5 |35°5
24|29°834|29°807172|40 | 95:0 |34°0
25)|29°882|29°772/72146 | 96°0 |42°0
26|29°712|29°551178|53 | 95°0 |47°0
27|29°553|29°455/68/51 | 76°0 |46°0
28/29°761|29°750/61/41 | 75°0 |34°5
29)29°932|29°851|62/39 | 84°0 |32°0
30}30°237|30°162|56/43 | 88°0 |38°0

Monthly mean|60°20 | 89°0 |41°10/Tota] Force .

29°847

Barometer mean, 29°847in., being 0°065in. below the average.
Temperature, mean, 60°20°, being 4°87° above the ditto.
Solar intensity, mean, 89°0°, being 12°74° below the ditto.
Dew point mean, 48°7°, being 1°53° above the ditto.
Humidity of air mean, “68, being ‘08 per cent. below the ditto.
Elastic force of vapour mean, °356, being ‘027 per cent. above the ditto.
Total amount of rain, 1°59in., being 0°18in. below the ditto.
Increase of evaporation on rainfall 1°20in.
Mean amount of ozone 5°80, being 1°26 of chromatic scale below ditto.
Stroug southern lights on the 7th.
A fresh fall of Snow on Mount Wellington on the 15th.

vi.

APRIL, 1874.
PRIVATE OpsEeRVATORY, Hoparr Town.

Wind.

three daily re-

Direction from
gisters.

s
SW SE SW
NW SE
NW SE

Force in lb. per
square foot.

Rain in inches.

20°84 | 0716

-165°63 | 1°59

Pa

The mean in all cases is taken from the sums of the three daily registers, and not from the maxi-

mum and minimum,

y during the

correct.

The supposition, however, of a uniform velocit

The direction of the wind is registered from currents moving at a height of 192 feet and the fore
month is a very arbitrary one, and the results can be considered only approximately

according to Lind’s Wind Guage.

gistered each

The relations of the quantities of rain which fell under the different winds are re

evening at sundown.

The 30 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average,

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few standard plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the month.

10th.—Elm leaves commence falling.
18th.—Coe’s late red Plum ripe.
20th.—Chinese Chrysanthemums commenced to flower.

25th.—Mountain Ash leaves commenced to fall,
—Seeds of Hornbeam ripe.

”

30th.—Leaves of Black Mulberry falling.

Vii.
Results of Observations taken at New Norfolk for April, 1875.

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°979in.

Thermometer mean of ditto, 55°30.

Dew point mean position at ditto, 49°4.

Elastic force of vapor, mean of ditto °357in.

Humidity mean of ditto, *83.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 116°3.°
Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature, 37°3.
Rainfall, 1-88 inches.

Evaporation, 2°09in. in excess of rainfall, *21.

Clouds, mean amount of three daily registers, 5°41.

Ozone, ditto of two ditto, 6°61.

Windforce in lbs. per square foot, at three observations, total 46°93lbs.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

New Norfolk, April, 1875.

MAY, 1875.

Private Osservatory, Hopart Town.

(a. 22
| Bar. 37ft abv} bes 5S
sealevel,cor-| Self-registering Wind | Ret Step
rected and; Thermometers. ad 2 28
reduced. s 3&5
= AAS the
3) 4 : 8 Sh Geicstiss
: §gla\#| sz |Ele lf 33
S files =] a) Se ao a :o oe
5 el a) Me be eee PTS Heenan Err s ee
| Sia a | = g oe P 2 | 4 He) &
=“ — . ~ cS » ° 3S 2.2 “4 3 Fes | a me I
S| 3s 2 |$\2|] 3 B Saf sitet ies ih MONS
ey e| Ee) S| E) a” |e |a 2 25
alm | 3 Bis) a] 8 ee ee a
_- | -—-— — ——|—_|® 3.
irre Women [ro . ‘ 7 | = oa
1 30°358 30°328 64 39 | 86°0 |34:0 | WNW SE | 0 ee ee
2 30°399 30°345 68 43 | 93°0 38:0 | NW NE W | ‘52 | a Sy
3 30°371 30°348 60 47 | 81°5 |38°5 N NE 0 02/2 =a
4 30-287 30°16158 51 | 70°0 |420| NESE E /|104| 15/3 82
5 29°967|29°847'57 51 | 60°5 |44°5 SE 26/ 94/8 86
6 29°629 29°626 56 52 | 58:0 |45:0 | NW SE 52 |150,;" gg
7 29°441 29°350 65 48 | 79-0 43:0 | SWWNWw | -26 01 | 2 ae
8 29°415 29°380,62 53 | 87-0 |45-0 NW N 104 O16} £5
9 29-493 20°433'59 47 | 62°5 |425| WNWN |0- (003% #2
10 29°636 29°598 63 45 | 92:0 |41:0| W SW SE 52 |008| m2 £6
11 29°656 29°580|57 47 | 70°0 |42°5 NW 26 g B
12 29-292 29°131/56 49 | 62°5 |46°0 S SE o |O14:% 8s
13 29-077 29°041/56 42 | 78-0 |40-0 NW ‘78 | 0°01 | o
14 29°369|29°311/59|41 | 85°5 |35:0 | NW SE 52 /016|3 «oS
15|29°709 29°422 56 37 | 62°0 |31°5 sw s 625 /015/ 4 2H
16 30-040 30°006 55 36 | 66-0 |31-0 NW W 26 ee
17 30-139, 30°060 60 35 | 85-0 |32-0 WwW NW 72 |= 88
18 30°184 30°140 59 50 | 60°5 |44°0 W SE 0° Pe
19 30°245 30°186 62 47 | 84-0 |41°5 NW SE 0° | 0°02 | 2 2
20 30°195|30°121 69 47 | 90-0 |42°0 NW SE "26 re eee
21 30°056 30°000 63 42 | 86°0 36-0 NW W 1-04 = #89
22 29°733 29-558 60 43 | 87-0 (37:0 WNW 3:38 |016| 7, EE
23 29-948 29°811/61/40 | 77-0 |32°5 SW 10°41 |002; 3 e@
24 30°038 29°982/64 43 | 86-0 38-0 Ww NW 7°80 | Sg 52
25 30°285 30°264'63 45 | 89°0 |40°0 NW SE 0 ae se
26 30-340 30-330 63 39 | 82°0 34°0 NW 26 | aq on
27 30°082 30°049 60 40 | 79°0 34-0 NW 78 |O01| sa &
28 30-075 30°002'59 43 | 65°0 |32°5 S SW (| iad 58
29 29°974 29°895|54 34 | 705 280 | N SW NW | 5°47 |0°01 | Seng ieee
30 29'863 29°556 67 45 | 87°0 360 | W NNW /11:20 004! 88 35
31/29°861 29°844/63'38 | 85:0 31:0| NW W 62 | ea 38
—|——_——__j—_| |
Monthly mean|53°27 77°63 |38-0 |" Total Force... 5387 [361 ("3 “3

29°867 )

month is a very arbitrary one, and the results can be considered only approximately correct.

The relations of the quantities of rain which fell under the different winds are registered each

yeening at sundown.

The 80 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average.

eee

Vill.

Barometer mean, 29°867in., being 0-014in. below the average.

Temperature mean, 53'27°, being 2°65° above the average.

Solar intensity mean, 77°63", being 4°53° below the ditto.

Dew point mean, 45°0°, being 114° above the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, 76, being ‘04 per cent. below ditto.

Elastic force of vapour mean, °310, being ‘006 per cent. below the ditt.

Total amount of rain, 3°6lin., being 1'84in. above the ditto.

Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rainfall, 2°64in.

Mean amount of ozone, 5°10, being 1°85 of chromatic scale below ditto.

Mount Wellington covered with snow on the 14th. A fresh fall of snow on the
mountain and low hills on the 15th with much squall from 8.W. An additional fall
of snow on Mount Wellington on the 23rd, with heavy squalls from 8S. W.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society’s
Gardens, dwring the month.

26th.—Coronilla glauca commencing to flower.
27th.—Ailanthus glandulosus leaves all fallen.
28th.—Photinia serrulata commencing to flower.
30th.—Diosma alba ditto.
3lst.—Spireea prunifolia ditto.
FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk, for May, 1875:—

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°890in.
Thermometer mean of ditto, 49°95.
Dew point mean position at ditto, 46°90.
Elastic force of vapour mean of ditto, °335in.
Humidity mean of ditto, “91.
Solar intensity mean of maximum temperature, 106°6.
Terrestrial radiation mean of minimum temperature, 36°19.
Rainfall, 2°48in. in excess of Evaporation, ‘51.
Spontaneous Evaporation, 1°97in.
Clouds mean amount of three daily registers, 7°11.
Ozone, ditto of two ditto, 7°7. -
Windforce in lbs. per sq. ft., of three daily registers total 99°63lbs.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,
Valleyfield,

ix,
JUNE, 1875.
Private Osservatory, Hoparr Town,

(f° 32. 4
a -

Bar. 37 feet | =

aby.sea level Self-Registering re a= =

corrected & | Thermometers. Wind. gs 32 2

reduced. ani Lae talib

a mam ORE th

ac g 3 oi | Aa! Se ete

r ase| §|é F Rasp Spices Treen
= Ga a bo |Direction from) S2/Sj/2 “BS 8 gy
S Sls) § = | three dailyre-| ~ aie PS) PS n oo
Als | = | Sic] = | 2 | gisters Sel aioo “ae ges
s > ° on oO 2 m= = — = % 2 ol Me
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ealaix{szisl & Hi os me 18 oS a 6s

_ —_ — OO S| 3 On =
ine tin | *|*| © | =| ls aon ¢ 4g
1/29-927 29°845, 6243/7855 | 360) | NW 52 Bo (2 ead ne
2/29°950 29°904, 6745, 880 | 38:0) W NW 52 | Se Sco ao
3/30°076 30.026, 65.43 76:0 | 365, NWS 26.018) PS os a
4/30°451 30°403 58 44 63°5 | 39°0, _S SE 1°04 Ss 65a &
5|30°559 30°489) 57/45 81:0 | 39°0, NE SE 0 |0:05] 3 OFS) oes
630-469 30°383| 53.45 65°5 | 41°5) SW SE 0 joo; Fea BE a
7/30°195 30°037, 55 47, 60°0 | 42°0 S SE 0 joljs 258 & ©
8 29°842 29.776, €147, 76:0 | 40.55 NW S 52 Pe ie e a
9/29°769 29°676, 64.42 84-0 | 34-0 NW 52 = Hea 3 wo
10 29-931 29°840| 62 41 $35 | 350 NWS 78 3) S280") 4
11|29°750 29°683| 61/40 80°5 | 32-0 NW 52 a g2°5 3
12)29°601 29°505 68 50 87-0 | 37°0 NW 26 |005|8 sae a -s
13/29°538 29°424) 61/44) 67°5 | 40°0| NW W 78 & “25 "6 ‘a
14 29°713 29°632, 65 41) 83°0 | 35:0) NW_SW 2% |005/3 3°75 8 &
25 29°836 29°810) 63 38, 81°5 | 339) WNW 52 S go e245
16 29°829 29°800 56.35 75°5 | 29°0 NW 52 gf. aay fae
17|29°957 29°942 3138 72°0 | 32:0) NW 52 2 Sie So ero
18)29.949 29°812) 5939 77°0 | 305) W NW SOL 1008S 7 oe oes
19 29°506 29°500, 61/44 77-0 | 38.0) | NW 7001/8 «33 8 &
20/29°350 29°338) 60 47 79°5 | 42:0) NW W 104008) "s Gos eg oe
21/29°860 29°713) 56 46 70°0 | 40:0) NW W 18002274 jag 2° 2
22/29°768 29°630 60 46) 66°5 | 40°5 NW 52 6 Po Seo
23)29°648 29°517| 72 46| 95°0 | 42.01 WN W 26/0453 cfs » F
24) 29°516 29°280) 64 45 750 42°0| way Ay 92 | 9.08 $° 3205S as
139°562 29°500 63 88°0 | 34: 12 10°01 san a
36|29-711 39-612 5842 785 | 355) NW W | 338 _q Cebu es
27|30°103 30-074 6035) 80°0 | 29:0) NW 0 a, SHE 23 =
28|30°277 30-098 5936 79°0 | 28°5| NWSE 52) Ost) a Al ees coe es
29/30°163 30°095 55 41) 76°0 | 34-0 S SE 1:04 | 0°05 | BS oS avi eee
30|30°214 30°187 58 43, 82°0 | 370 8 1-04 2a 5p BE oS
———_———-—_ —-- —- ———_—_—_|}——_ J 4S to oO
Monthly mean 52°80, 77°55 36°40, Total Force 21:06 |1°52 | gk 2EF sas
29°338 HY HS? Hs &

—— <a

Barometer mean, 29°838in., being 0°053in. below the average.

Temperature mean, 52°80°, being 5°71 above the average.

Solar intensity mean, 77°55°, being 2°06° above the ditto.

Dew point mean, 45°0°, being 3°31° above the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, ‘76, being ‘07 per cent. below ditto.

Elastic force of vapour mean, “301, being ‘032 per cent. above the ditto.

Total amount of rain, 1°52in., being 0°28in. below the ditto.

Increase of rainfall on spontaneous evaporation, 0°30in.

Mean amount of ozone, 4°62, of chromatic scale, 1:99 below ditto.

Electric action for the month, 14 positive, 48 negative, and 17 nil.

Snow lying on Mount Wellington a great part of the month, with a few frosty
mornings, and a thick, hazy atmosphere on several days.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Leafing, Flowering, ard Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Socicty’s
Gardens during the month.
16th.—Maclaura aurantiaca leaves falling.
20th.—Privet leaves shedding.
25th.—Pyrus japonica commencing to flower.
26th.—Calycanthus preecot in full flower. °
30th.—Black Mulberry leaves shed.

x.

Results of observations made at New Norfolk during the month ;

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°855in.

Thermometer mean of three daily readings, 47°07°.

Dew point mean, position of, 42°8.

Humidity mean, ‘86.

Elastic force of vapour, °275.

Solar intensity mean of maximum temperature, 101°7.

Terrestrial radiation mean of minimum temperature, 32°5.

Rainfall, 1°47in. in excess of evaporation 44.

Evaporation, 1°13in.

Ozone mean of two daily observations, 7°4.

Clouds, mean of three ditto, 58.

Windforce in lbs. per square foot, total of three daily registers, 38°87Ibs.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, VaHley field.

JULY, 1875.
Private Osservarory, Hospart Town.
Bar. 37ft abv ;
sealevel,cor- Self-registering
rected and| Thermometers, Wind.
reduced.
«| he
3\ 2 ’ ea b> a
2 S| 4|a| go. | ez
e=| u ata 2 ©
g ez hicrpal mes o ane £2
mrs Sig} 2] 8| Soe a2
we | 2 elie | | oe Sem od
Ss 2) 8s |si3| 3 | 8 Pag 2 &
bom] EE| S| El B =
Shai s isle ls ba
me |) mn |?) ° - |
1/30°254 30°194.56 35 | 78-0 31:0 NW 1:30
2'30°219 30°184 55.37 | 77°5 133-0 NW 1:04
3'30°214 29°998 58 37 | 81:0 |28°0 NW “52
4 29°949 29°944 53 35 | 59-0 |29°5 NW NS 78
5 30-064 30°050 52 40 | 64:0 35:0 s 52
6 30°268 30°224 58 36 | 79:0 30:0 NW “52
7 30°399 30°367'55 32 | 76°5 (28-0 NW “52
$/30°372 30°341/59 35 | 81:0 |28°5 WwW NW 1:30
9 30°377 30-296 61 37 | 75-0 |28-0 NW 26
10 30°342 30°318 64 45 | 85-5 |41°0 NW SW 78
11 30°359 30°346/61 51 | 74-0 |45°0 NW 1°56
12 30°349 30°187 57 44 | 64:0 40°5 NW 1:04
13 30°180 30°134'60 45 | 69°5 |39°0 NW ‘78
14 29-956 29°845 58 41 | 60°0 35:0 NW 0°
15|29°605| 29°542'57/46 | 75:0 |43°0 NW 1°30
16 29°756 29°692'62 42 | 84-0 |40°0 NW 3°38
17 29°564|29°433 63 39 | 89:0 |36°5 WwW NW 26
18 29-566) 29°512'59 41 | 65°5 |35:°0| NW W SE | 0:
19 29°795 29°726|59 38 | 79-0 |31-0 NW Sw 1:04
20 30°187 30°097|59 42 | 78-0 |37°5 NW 156
21 30°258 30°221'62 41 | 85-0 136-0 NW W 26
22 30°272|30°228'62 38 | 81:5 |33°0 Sw NW “52
23 30°271/30°184/60 36 | 79-0 |32-0 NW 1°56
24 30°211'30°124/59 36 | 85:5 |32°0 WwW NW 78
25 30°217 30-068 56 33 | 80°5 |30°5 NW 78
26 29°816 29-742 60 40 | 81:0 |33-0 Sw NW 78
27 30°100 30°064 55 41 | 75-0 |35-0 Ss 26
28 30-264 30°215153 40 | 55°5 1345 SES 26
29 29°858 29°702'55'42 | 75° 36°0 S SE 3°38
30 29°849 29°816 65 41 | 87-5 |37-0 SES W 0°
31 29-873 29°824 62'45 | 86°5 |39°0 NW 5°46
Monthly mean |50°25 76°36 34°65, Total Force... 31°90
30°053 |

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Barometer mean, 30°053in., being above the average, 0°206in.
Temperature mean, 50°25°, being 4°18° above the average.
Solar intensity mean, 76°36", being 0°28° above the ditto.
Dew point mean, 418’, being 1°0° above the ditto.
Humidity of air mean, ‘73, being ‘09 per cent. below the ditto.
Elastic force of vapour mean, ‘266, being ‘008 per cent. above the ditto.
Total amount of rain, 1°94in., being 0°26in. below the ditto.
Increase of rainfall, on spontaneous evaporation 0°2in.
Mean amount of ozone, 4°35 being 2°75 of chromatic scale, below ditto.
Electricity more or less all through the month,—16 positive, 34 negative, 5 nil, on the

4th, 10th, and 14th.

Fresh snow on Mount Wellington on the 3rd, 20th, and 26th.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society’s

”

Gardens, during the month.
13th —Arbutus unedo commencing to flower.
16th.—Garrya elliptica ditto
28th.—Almond in full flower.
3lst.—White Mulberry commencing to start.

—Yellow Crocus in flower.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

, however, of a uniform velocity during the
be considered only approximately correct.

tered from currents moving at a height of 192 feet and the force
The supposition

, and the results can

's Wind Guage.

The direction of the wind is regis
month is a very arbitrary one.

according to Lind’

The relations of the quantities of rain which fell under the different winds are registered each

evening at sundown.

The 30 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average.

All,
Results of Observations made at New Norfolk during the mionth :
Barometer, mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 30'048in.
Thermometer, mean of 3 daily readings, 45°27°
Dew Point, mean of ditto, 41°01°.
Humidity mean of ditto, °87.
Elastic force of vapour, mean of ditto, ‘261.
Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 101°48°.
Terrestrial Radiation, mean of minimum temperature,29°29°,
Rainfall, 1°48in.
Evaporation, 1.41in.
Clouds, mean amount of three daily registers, 5°7.

Ozone, mean amount of two daily ditto, 7-4. F
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

AUGUST, 1874.
PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.

The 30 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average.

Be
Bar. 37 feet ( & Es 3
aby.,sealevel| Self-Registering Wind. a 20 yy
corrected &| Thermometers. gq 4 &
reduced. a 38 ; 2
S43
AS ae: Bo A PA y 8bS %
g Sfs| 2 E>. eal anal ae eee
p ala n et Cae 7 °
E Beha let) geet | aes eee
Bi tge| ast Hels | peo 142 Soe age) go oem
Ss} 3] 8 13/3] 2:18 BES es|a | @ whe a
bl me | E lmiz | @ |e Ht Bela | ¢ ee
el Be] a ie] Bl} A m | & 8 556 .
S| | =| a oe eal) b AH aw Pap ite me
[bat Wella |) De 2 2 m Sea w
1|30-258/30-224|58)35 | 73-0 [31:5 | W NW NE 26021] & a2
2/30°077/29°895|52|/34 | 58°5 |26-5 NW 78 be) Orr
8|29°712)/29°656|67/43 | 90°0 |36'0 NW "52 ic BS o
4)/29°853|29°729)63/44 | 74°0 |35°5 NW 0° . oes
6/29°509|29°493]59|42 | 71-0 |36°0 NW W 0, |O04| 9 Boe.
6|29°786|29°770|65|37 | 87°5 |33°0 NW SE 52 a Sogdg
7|29-760|29'680|61/32 | 86°5 |27-0 NE SE 104 eee ara
8]29°806|29°738/59/44 | 89:0 [36-0 Ws ‘52/001 | g B88 —
9|29°830|29°794|61|36 | 75°0 |28°5 W NW 52/007 | C825 3
10|30°020/30°000]58/38 | 8170 |30°0 SS) “26 034 o Ene
11/30.130|30°082/59|32 | 85°5 |28°0 Nw E 26 a 6 gag
12|29°980|29°792|58/32 | 8370 |26°5 WNW ‘78 5 ges a
13|29:739|29°704|65|36 | 88:0 |28°0 WNW 52 a 922 6
14|29°656|29°567/65/45 | 91-0 |38°5 NW 16°15 @ 208 8
15|29°425|29°338|66/53 | 89:0 |42°0 NW 10°94/0'20 | 3 BAS <a
16|29°680|29°612|60/40 | 89°5 [365 NW N P78} ORG | Sh eerie Nell oes
17|29°884|29°758|64/41 | 89:5 |37°0 S SE 52/009 | 2 F AS
18|29°688|29'644|58/44 | 77-0 |36°5 WwW SW 10°41)021 | “2 Soa an
19|29°853|29°784|61/44 | 830 |40°0 NW 1°30 § Hea 2
20|29°626|29'600|59/41 | 77°5 |34:0 sw NW 156/041 | 4 woe% ss
21|29°722|29°694|55/38 | 780 |32°0 SE SW 790) 0101/9920 paces
92/29 °742)29°624/61/38 | 85-0 |32:0 NW 1:04 A geo 6
23|29°493|29°448]58/42 | 67°5 |35°5 NW SW 312/003 | 2 BER
24|29°632|29°600|72/38 | 760 |33°0 SES 1704/0220. | aS
25|29.872|29°849|63/35 | 91:0 |30-0 NW “52 og d28 FS,
26|30°124|30°006]61/42 | 86:0 |33°5 | W NW SE 26 So s8S SE
27|30°114|30°071]71/43 | 91°5 |35°5 NW W 1:04 ERE Sebo rs 6S
28|30°203/30°110}70/40 | 94:5 |40°0 NW 52 ABO, as
29|29°956|29°669|69/42 | 95:0 |40-0 NW 625/008 | gg Ber 2h
80|29°435|29°380| 62/50 | 68°0 |40 0 NW 52/008 | S.4 Sap Se
31/29°506)29°441]59)42 | 61°5 |37°5 NW SE 0 ig a7 3 mp
ae =| ars at eer aE Sele = ll Dest ORES Oe
ateay oomthly 52°37 81°69 34°30) Total Force.... 70°05)1°69 | E ra Bs a 5
nie: S| 3 is
Leating, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's

Gardens during the Month.
12th—Sambueas niger commencing to break.
16th.—Horse Chestnut ditto.
17th. —Gooseberry ditto.
28th.—Elm commencing to flower.
29th.—Lombardy Poplar commencing to break.
30th.—Royal Apricot commencing to flower.

wee

xu.

Barometer mean, 29°782in., being 0'038in. below the average.

Temperature, mean. 52°37° being 3°90° above the ditto.

Solar intensity, mean, 81°69°, being 1:15° below the ditto

Dew point mean, 39°9°, being 00°90° below the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, ‘69, being ‘10 per cent. below the ditto.

Elastic force of vapour mean, ‘270, being ‘001 per cent. above the ditto.

Total amount of rain, 1°69in., being 0°03in. below the ditto.

Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rainfall 1'07in.

Mean amount of ozone 3°75, being 3°81 of chromatic scale below ditto.

Electricity active through the month, positive 30, negative 27, and nil 5, on the 5th,
18th, and 24th. A fall of snow on Mount Wellington on the 1lst—a fresh deposit on the
2ist—an aurora on the eve of the 28th.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Results of Observations made at New Norfolk during the month :

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°771lin.
Thermometer mean of ditto, 47°75.

Dew point mean position of 3 ditto, 38°50.

Elastic force of vapor, mean of 3 ditto °233in.

Humidity mean of 3 ditto, °73.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 105°.
Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature, 3212.
Rainfall, 1°93 inches.

Evaporation, 2°73in. in excess of rainfall, ‘80in.

Ozone, mean of two daily observations, 7°46.

Clouds, mean of 3 daily observations, 5°87.

Wind, total force, 70°80lbs. per square foot.

Wind, horizontal movement, 2454 miles.

Electricity active on Sth, 10th, 12th, 14th, 23rd, 25th, and 26th.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

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aS

XV.

SEPTEMBER, 1875.
Private Osservatory, Hopart Town.

Bar. 37 feet ( Lr

abv.sea level| Self-Registering 28 b

corrected &| Thermometers. Wind. |4 of eS

reduced. A Se 4

) Ss @ g¢ rm 3 he s

a Se| ¢ | & ae es eta 2

< aia| 2 i) ge [a rt] Bole Steen
S = a | 8 fa seis | 85; 2 s
| ee “18] a | 9° AS og ee lk loo. ape Booey
=| @ oad Ble| B ~ Se 3 oe a/4 S S28 5
eR RRESE De sual SS habe wens eat Be wre
ra = Sle! & 240 20/8 /o S203 8

e af So eesti! & ae 5% gj a ° =
a A |B) 2 18 A A Bae ‘gee

mn eo A+
ee ee le Ce a
n, i ° 2 oa S=] =
1}29°498|29°418| 55/41] 4-0 |38°0 SES s3sjoe|% «55 8 SF
2/29°538|29'446) 55|37| 850 |385| NWSW | 104/004)" wee 5 8
3}29°706|20'627| 52\30| 80-0 |320| SW W | 286 loo} fae 8 8
4/30-120|30°026| 62|37| 91:0 [305 | SWSENW | ‘78 |019}3 Bos S 8
5|29°900|20°715| G4|41| 97°5 |33:0| SW NW | 572/009) ese 2 8
6/29°821|29°687) 68|47| 94:0 |36-5 NW W 52/003} 8 25° » ©
7/30°111|29°966| 69/40| 96-0 [360 | NW W_ | 3338 SBS ard eat
8|29°654|29°317| 72/40| 86°5 |34°5 NW 1094 |018}o 235 8 %
9/29°538|29°498| 64|42| 87-0 |340| SSENW | 104 |001X48 89 & E
10}29-451|20'317| 66|43| 94-0 |350| NWSW [2084 /003|4 HES 3 |
1129°764|29:726) 60|42| 83°5 33:5| NW W | 130/00/2 8288 = 3
12|29-693|29°553| 60|45| 85°0 |33-0 SW 338 /004/g goo 8 8
13|29-998|29:969| 53/36| 91°0 |31-0 SW 1°56 |0°01| E GB a. te
14/30°176/30°162| 63/35) 95-0 |31-5 NW SE 26 of Mage iS
15/30'349/30°198) 64/35) 92°0 |31°5 NW SE 78 ae whe S g 3
16/30-061|29°821) 62/40] 94°0 |35°0 NW 1:20 q® S83 (h- 15
17|29-948|28-924| 64|44| 96-5 |36-0 NE SE 26 j00/5 BB w FF
18|30-001|29'915| 67|38|101'0 |345| NWSE | 1:04 ola 20 Ton. 1m
19|29°950|29°835| 67/39] 95°5 |32°5 NW 1:04 S$ 222 Sf @
20|29°682|29°644| 70|46|104:0 |38-0 NW SW 1:04 ag be vinyl ol toate
21/29°630|29°493| 64/40] 92-0 |34-0 NW 59 /015|= Bou a @
22/30°071/30°028) 58/38] 92°0 |32°5 NW 5°46 Fa |B Beet ets
23/30-171|30°152| 69|45|103-0 |38:0 | NW SE 3°12 | ad te tangle
24/30-200|30-157| 66|43| 81-5 [37:0 | NW SW 78 2 SPAS
25|30°291|30-252| 72/42/1030 |345 | NW SE ‘78 Ap rte I
26}|30°095|29'902) 70/43| 96°0 |38:0| NWSW | 338/012; CER S. &
27|29°733|29°604| 68|50| 77°5 |34-0 NW 104 001] a5 S55 22 ®
23]29°711)29°654| 68/47/104'0 |38-5 | NWS SW | 7:80 Te aes cia. le
29|29-562|29-430| 68/44] 88-0 |35-0 SW WwW |2605|o10/88 8©3 Su &
30)29'770)29°737| 62/40] 97-0 [330 | NW W 3°64 Ho gap Be se
eS SSS SS SS i et? o»
Monthly mean| 56°02 92°22/34-47, Total force...!121-01| 2-01 28 as 7 oof a
29°819 as es en eee
a Bom -_

Barometer mean, 29°819in., being 0-046in. above the average.

Temperature mean, 56°02”, being 4°50° above the,ditto.

Solar intensity mean, 92°22°, being 2°77° above the ditto.

Dew point mean, 42°4°, being 0°16’ above the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, ‘62, being ‘14 per cent. below the ditto.

Elastic force of vapour mean, ‘278, being ‘002 per cent. below the ditto. -

Total amount of rain, 2°0lin.

Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rain-fall, 1-25in.

Mean amount of ozone, 4'10in., being 0°19in. below the ditto.

Electricity, 45 positive, 15 negative, nil 0.

A covering of fresh snow on Mount Wellington on the 1st. Wind, snow, hail, and
rain continuous on the 3rd. A fresh fall of snow on Mount Wellington on the 30th.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society’s
Gardens, dwring the month.
20th.—Ash commencing to break into leaf.
24th.—Grape vines commencing to start.
25th.—Oak commencing to break into leaf.
26th.—Moutan Peony commencing to flower.
30th.—Horse Chestnut ditto.
», »—Robinia Pseudo Acacia commencing to start.

XVi.

Results of Observations made at New Norfolk during the month :

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°947in.
Thermometer mean of ditto, 49°25".

Dew point mean temperature of ditto, 39°10°.

Humidity mean of ditto, °69.

Elastic force of vapour mean of ditto, ‘240.

Solar intensity mean of maximum temperature, 115°30°.

Terrestrial radiation mean of minimum temperature, 32°30°.

Rainfall, 2°37in.

Evaporation, 4°64in., in excess of rainfall, 2°27in.

Ozone mean of two daily registers, 7°58.

Clouds mean of three daily registers. 5°06.

Wind total force of three ditto, 75°96 ibs. per square foot.

Wind horizontal movement, 2854 miles.
Electricity, 25 negative, 5 positive.

OCTOBER, 1875.

PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hoxpart Town.

iil ed

Bar. 37 feet 3 5+

abv. sealevel] Self-Registering Wind. | * 69

corrected &| Thermometers. o> 28

reduced. a 3 Ee
zd] italy Steers
sia A a o mn na 3° a,090
F sel aia] 22 .[Sslo le axe
S 4S a | & = satrsyel| fet pee 308
g n\n q 3 ee 14 °S nao
° aid = [=| a = =| on
B) ol ce ele Pete Son fla le S's
3! 8 | @ [8/2] 3 | 32 3a /7 138 ALS
a 2 jalo <a ) Ska a | 3 wis
me | B isis | & | LS Saal eg es
alm |] 4 ities! 814 A & .|4 12 ask
Ss A ore —|2. S58
Tn Ena calhs < ° 3 i sles
1}29°600| 29 °538}53/45 | 65°0 |40:0 | NW SE W 261030, 9 ASS
9|29°643|29°417|g4/41 | 93-0 [34:5 NW W 1:56|006| {am
3|29°430|29°345163/47 | 96-0 |40-0 NW W 625004}: 3B
4|29°667|29°608) 62/44 | 90°5 |29°5 SW NW 16°15} 0°541. wig
5/30°015|29'°945/61/43 | 93:0 |34°0 SW NW 546017} 9 fog
6|30°112|30°002|63/40 | 99°5 |36-0 NW SE 1:56) 0°02 | & EEO
7|29°718|29°563]7g/49 |107-0 |37°5 sws 10°94|0°30) 3 ag
8/30°048/29°984/62/43 | 90°5 /36°0 S SE 1:04 o ada
9/30 606 29'900|g3'39 | 92°0 |34:5| NWSE 78)0°06|3 469
10|30°046|29°990/59/45 | 88°5 |38°0 E SE “78| 0°03 ” oes
11|30°245/30-193]61/46 |101-0 |40-0 SE 1:30 S HS a
12|30°145)29°932|70|45 |101°5 |39°5 NW 1:04 g omg
13]|29°767|29°606|77/46 |109-0 |43°0 Nw s 5-20|0°09] 8 gE 2
14|29°475|29°235|77147 |108-0 |44°0 NW N 5°47| 0°04] 4 aI
15|29°383)29°352|73/46 | 99:0 |40°0 WNW 13°02}001]. 3 S08
16|29°433)29°250]66/44 | 99°0 |40°5 NW SE 1:04} 0°01 Sey
17|29°300|29°205] 64/44 | 90-0 |42°0 NW W 1o-41jo48}8 8 3
18|29°794|29°725|62/40 |100-0 |37-0 NW W 104/001}8 % so
19|29°648|29°430)58/43 | 71-0 |39-0 NW 521/0°35 | bp S'S
20|29°826|29°758/59/40 | 60°5 |36°0 SE SW 73|0-°01| Bae.
21/30°015/29°942/61/43 |100-0 |40 5 SE 73/001] ‘8 AO
22|30°140/30°078|63)39 |102-0 |35°0 NW SE 1:04 i mine SSS
23|30°042/30°015/61/45 | 90-0 |40-0 NW 8 *52| 0°02 | * sais
24|30°085/29°960|66/45 |100°5 |41°5 SE 1:30/0°02) 9 2 g
25|29°871)29°815|64/50 | 90:0 |45-0 NW SE 130/002/ 3. Sas
26)29°942/29°882|59/48 | 60-0 |43°0 NW SE 0 a8 ote
97 |29°884/29°848/65|45 | 99:0 |43°0 NW SE 1:04) 0°15 | ‘S 5 CAS
28|29°895|29'871| 60/44 |102°5 |41°5 Nw s 73)0°04) ga gob
29|29°993/29°937|60/38 | 99°0 |32°5 SSE W 3°12/0°05| T- BSP
30|29°978|29°837|68|39 |104-0 |33-0 WN 1:30 gh 30a
31|29°580/29°420| 59/48 | 74°0 |42°5 WN “52 a3 mas
—Q(|_—K— | qi m |— ot ota
Mean monthily|56°88 92°74 39°0 | Total Force.... 108°02)283|=8 S58
29°79 He 39
Fa} aS

quantities of rain which fell under the different winds are registered each

The relations of the
evening at sundown.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield-

The 80 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average.

XVii.

Barometer mean, 29°779in., being 0°00lin. above the average.

Temperature mean, 56°88", being 2°49° above the average.

Solar intensity mean, 92°74°, being,4°38° below the ditto.

Dew point mean, 45°5°, being 0°94° above the ditto.

Humidity of air mean, ‘68, being 05 per cent. below the ditto.

Elastic force of vapour mean, ‘318, being ‘005 per cent. above the ditto.

Total amount of rain, 2°83in., being 0’77in. above the ditto.

Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rainfall, 2°43in.

Mean amount of ozone, 4°26, being 3°67 of chromatic scale below the ditto.

Electricity active all through the month,—36 positive, 22 negative, and 4 nil, on the
1st and 19th.

Thunder and lightning on the 13th and 14th,

A fresh covering of snow on Mount Wellington on the 16th and 19th.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

Leating, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the Month.

12th.—Carpinus Betulus commencing to break
22nd.—Ailanthus Glandulosa ditto.
26th.—Lime Trees ditto.

80th.—Black Mulberry ditto.

3ist.—Elm seeds falling.

Results of observations made at New Norfolk during the month:

Barometer mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29-763in.
Thermometer mean of three daily readings, 54°35.

Dew point mean, position of three ditto, 44°41.

Elastic force of vapour mean of three ditto, ‘286.

Humidity mean of three ditto, *68.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature, 37°61.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 118°64.

Rainfall, 3°20in.

Evaporation, 5°25in., in excess of rainfall 2°05in,

Clouds, mean of three daily observations, 5°70.

Ozone, mean of two daily observations, 7°38.

Electricity ,—52 negative, 3 positive, 7 nil.

Windforce in lbs. per square foot, total of three daily observations, 68°4Slbs. Hori-

zontal movement, 3065 miles.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.
Rainfall at Hill station 1550 feet above sea level, 3 Olin.

NOVEMBER, 1875.

XVili.

PrivaTE OpseRVATORY, Hopart Town.

Bar. 37 feet

abv.sea level’ Self-Registering 4

corrected & | Thermometers. Wind.

reduced.
. . - H
o|o : 2 o ¢

r-| Babes ne 2 | aa mS | 3
r= Aid| @ & |Direction from) 22 | a
S dig] gd | three daily re-| q
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Slee. |G fs Hila & |e
=— «. —_——S—__——_——— | —

Ibe hal 4 a | :
1/29-428 29°306, 70.50) 110°0) 41°5 S NW "52 | 0°44
2/29°111|29°023) 68/46) 91°5| 41°0 NW 3°38 | 0°01
3)/29°144 28°967| 65/45) 97'0| 37:0 NSW 13°02 | 0-10
4) 29°332'29°202) 62/42) 103°0| 33°5 NW W 8°33 | 0°30
5|29°380 29°303 75/48 110°0) 44°0 W NW 13:02 | 0:03
6|29°166 29:050| 72.55) 100°0) 51°0 NWS 11°46 | 0°10
7|29°627|29°585 65/45) 98°5) 40°5 WwW SW 5.72 | 0°01
8) 29-615, 29.538, 65.49) 98°0) 43-0 NW SW 18°23 | 0:03
9|29°743|29°375| €1/45 78°5) 40°0 WN 26 | 0°07
10)29°512/29°435) 63.47) 105-0) 40.5 NW SW 6°25 | 0°25
11|29°846|29'829) 66/42) 100°0) 39°0 NW 26 | 0°01
12|29°721/29°537; 84,53) 110°5) 42:0 NW 5°99 | 0°01
13} 29°768/29°532) 80.59) 102°0) 47-0 NW W 10°01
14|29°776|29°730| 72\48| 107°0| 43:0) NW SW 3°64 | 0°01
15|29°697|29°625| 72/52) 117°0| 465} NW SW 3°32
16|29°593 29°517| 66.44) 100°5| 40°0 WN W 7°94 | 0:06
17) 29°677|29°641| 5945) 78°0| 40°0 ws 2°60 | 0°03
18|29.541/29°470| 66/46) 106°0) 43°0 NW SW 1°30 | 0°03
19} 29°722|29°600| 65/43) 101°0| 38.5 NWS 1°56
20/29°693|29°565| 59/42| 74:0) 38:0) NW SE "26 | 0°40
21|29°657\29°561) 57/48, 65°5| 40.0 S 8°17 | 0°04
22|29°891|29°818) 66.47, 109°0| 44:0 SE "78 | 0°02
23|29°667|29°600| 66/47, 105°0) 43°5 WwW NW 1°04 | 0°07
24|29°688 29°364| 6147) 87°5) 43°0 NW SE ‘0 | 010
25/29 °625|29°605| 69.47) 106°0| 40:0) SW NW 3°64
26|29°849)29°794| 71.51, 110°0) 40°0 SW NE 1°04
27|29°909|29°694) 79.45) 113°5) 42°5 NW SE 1°04
28|29°551|29°434) 78.57) 97°0| 47:0; NW NES “52
29|29°630|29°488) 79 45 116°5| 42°5 NESW 521
80|29°613)29°509| 74 46) 110°0| 42°0 NW 3:12 | 0716
Monthly mean LCE) 41°78} Total Force 144°99 2°28

29°548

Barometer mean,29'548in. being 0°4173in. below the average.
Temperature mean, 60°50°, being 2°83° above the average.

Solar intensity mean, 100°45°, being 1°46° below the ditto.

Dew point mean, 46°80°, being 0°31° above the ditto.
Humidity of air mean, ‘63, being ‘07 per cent. below ditto.
Elastic force of vapour mean, ‘333, being ‘007 per cent. above the ditto.
Total amount of rain, 2°28in., being 0°50in. below the ditto.
Increase of spontaneous evaporation on rainfall, 3:95in.

Mean amount of ozone, 4°17, being 3°33 of chromatic scale, below ditto.
Electricity active all through the month, mostly positive, with strong and fluctuating

winds.

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A fresh covering of snow on Mount Wellington on the 4th and 19th.

FRANCIS ABBOTT.

The 30 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the difference from the average.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the month.
21st.—First ripe Strawberry gathered.
25th.—Ditto ditto Cherry (May Duke) ditto.
28th.—Black Mulberry in blossom.
The flowering of Punica plena and Bougainvillea spectabilis, and the ripening of
raspberries fully ten days later this season than usual.

XIX.

Results of Observations made at New Norfolk during the month :

Barometer, mean of three daily observations, corrected and reduced,
29°587 inches.
Thermometer, mean of three ditto, 56°00°.
Elastic force of vapour, mean of three ditto, ‘299,
Humidity, mean of three ditto, ‘66.
Dew point, mean position of three ditto, 45'21°.
Solar intensity, mean of max. temperature, 121°60°.
Terrestrial radiation,mean of min. temp., 38°36°,
Rainfall, 3°23 inches.
Evaporation, 5°90 inches, in excess of rainfall, 2°67in.
Clouds, mean amount of three daily registers, 5°84.
Ozone, mean amount of two ditto, 7°01.
Wind, force in lbs. per square foot, amount of three ditto, 102 Ibs. total.
Wind, horizontal movement, 3410 miles.
Electricity, 52 observations : 39 negative, 3 positive, 10 nil.
W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,
Valleyfield,
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1550 feet above sea level, 4°04 inches,

XK,
DECEMBER, 1875.

PRIVATE OBSERVATORY, Hopart Town.

Bar. 37ft abv ( q ga

‘sealevel,cor-| Self-registering Wind Se eS

rected and) Thermometers. ¥ & ow we

reduced. 3 Se #

8 ts @

~~ IS) aye
D| 3 I ui > Pa S aS rt
a ge|a@| 2) & B.[¢ fs tee 2
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1 6 ort | ot ° 4 OD o Len! nm wae FS oO
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Se o |a\o | » 2 ESR Oe lie ig, Re ass
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In In z 3 a5 3 a 3

; ; g a
1 29°164 28-979 68 44 | 99°0 400 NW 104 /015| 2 SESS &
2/29°612/29°520 63.45 |101°5 40-0 SW SE |1292|040| 2 8S% 8 Gg
3.29°770 29°487|68 47 |107-0 |42°5 SWNE 1354/0009} 2 25 7 32
4|29-435|29°351/66 48 |103°0 |485| NWSW /1302|016| = 825 3
5/29°333)29:257|66 43 |104°0 |41:5 | NW SW 572 |005) 6 Beas
6 29°244 29°133 6745 |100°5 40°0| NW SE 572 (005) 2 599,84
7 29:283 29°255 62 40 | 98-0 37:0} NW SE 26))0:05. | (ares ee
8 29°71) 29°641|61/46 | 98-0 |42°5 SE 572 \082| @ #En ge 8
9 29°884 29'800 72 40 |110°0 375 | NW SE 52) (0102 | O. Wt aid ne te
10 29°929 29-924 68 52 | 82°5 |44°0 SE 73 /002| 8 oo@a
11 29'874 29°77 63 48 | 72-0 |43-0 Nws Oh. 025i") GREE Gees
12 29°738 29°624 63 48 | 68°0 |42°5 sws s2)058| 2 2 2% &
13|29°430|29°377|67,49 | 92°5 |41°5 SES 2/1530 | eae 5
14/ 29°680|29°552\61/51 | 95°5 |45°0 SW SE g12|028| ¢ B28 8 8
15 29:889|29'821/59 49 | 85:5 |44°5 N SE 52/002 | 4 5% am
16 30:029 30°016 64 50 | 97°5 |45°0 SES "78.0708 |p ees 9a ae
17 30-267 30-215 70 48 |110°0 |44°5 SE 52 3.330 8) 3
18 30°165/30°116|77 51 |114:0 |45:0 N SE 1-04 2: Ee ow as
19/30°152|30°105 84 57 |112°5 |50-5 NW 0 2 og £2 4&8
20 30°289|30°223 83.56 |111°0 |50°5 NW SE 52 54 328 3.98
21 30°240 30°166 95 60 |130.0 |51°0 W SE 52 Bs ugn we 8
22 30°111 29°909'88 58 |122°0 |50°0 NW N 78 Saar. acne
23 29°799|29'637|8957 |119°0 |51°5 WN 130/001 | 43 §_8 4E
24 29°671/29°630 77 63 |112°5 |58'0 SW SE 338 |001 | gq BSF SB s
25 29°653|29°625 73 61 |110°0 |57-0 SE 26/006 | $0 3.8 Ba be
26 29°559|29°510/71/58 | 715 |54°5 SES 26 fa gat sae
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Monthly mean|63°85 | 101 |45°52, Total Force... 75°46 9:00 | #8 "gg hs &
29737 | A ah ©

>

Barometer mean, 29°737in., being 0°01lin. below the average.

Temperature mean, 63°85°, being 2°66° above the average.

Solar intensity mean, 101°, being 3°82° below the average.

Dew Point mean, 53’8°, being 4°89° above the average.

Humidity of air mean, ‘71, being ‘04 per cent. above the average.

Elastic force of vapour mean, °426, being ‘073 above ditto.

Total amount of rain, 9in., being 719in. above ditto.

Increase of rainfall on spontaneous evaporation, 4°09.

Mean amount of Ozone, 4°08, being 2:03 of chromatic scale below ditto.

The above abstract is taken from a series of records which have extended over the
last 35 years without intermission. Results of these observations for 30 years, em-
bodying all the elements usually recorded hitherto, have been previously published
by the Royal Society of Tasmania in three separate parts. It has now, however, been
determined to commence a new series of observations more in accordance with forms
which have recently been adopted for Meteorological purposes. v

FRANCIS ABBOTT

XX.

Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard Plants in the Royal Society's
Gardens during the month.

20th.—Common Privet commencing to flower.
24th.—First bunch Red Currants ripe.
80th.—Ditto Black ditto ditto.

8ist.—Melia Azederach commencing to flower.
—Doyenne d’Ete Pear ripe.

—Juneating Apple commencing to ripen.

”
”

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk during the month :—

Barometer, mean of three daily readings, corrected and reduced, 29°713in.
Thermometer, mean of 3 daily readings, 61°30°.

Solar intensity mean of maximum temperature, 123°54.
Terrestrial Radiation, mean of minimum temperature, 44°06.
Dew point mean position of, 3 daily readings, 51°50.
Elastic force of vapour of ditto, ‘379.

Humidity of ditto, 70.

Rainfall, 5°91 inches, in excess of evaporation, ‘6lin.
Evaporation, 5°30in.

Cloud, mean amount of three daily registers, 6°08.

Ozone, two ditto, 6°88.

Wind, total force in lbs. per square foot, 84°47Ibs.

Ditto, horizontal movement, 2,883 miles.

Electricity, 47 observations, 26 negative, 11 positive, 10 nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,
: : 4 Valleyfield.
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. above sea level, 10°12in.

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OF THE

BmOYAL SOCIETY

OF

TASMANIA,

FOR THE YEAR

1875.

TASMANIA:

PRINTED AT THE *f MERCURY ” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN,

1876,

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oval Satiety af Tasmania,
SS = —
Patron.
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
{Sresident.

HIS EXCELLENCY FREDERICK ALOYSIUS WELD, ESQ., C.M.G.

Dice-Jresivents.

Ven. ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A. J. W. AGNEW, Esa., M.D.
SIR R. OFFICER, Kyr., M.H.A. M. ALLPORT, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
C.M.A.1., &c., &c., &e.

FAembers of Council.

*F. ABBOTT, Esq, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S. H. J. BUCKLAND, Ese.

*T. GIBLIN, Esq. J. BARNARD, Esa.

*JUSTIN McC. BROWNE, Ese. Vey. ARCHDEACON DAVIES,B.A.
*A. G. WEBSTER, Esq. Ricut Rev. BISHOP BROMBY,D.D.
SIR ROBERT OFFICER, Kyr. M. ALLPORT, Esq., F.LS., F.Z.S.,
T. STEPHENS, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. C.M.AL, &e., &.

J. W. AGNEW, Esq., M.D.

Greasurer. Hon Secretary.
C. J. BARCLAY, Esa. J. W. AGNEW, Eso., M.D,

Auditors of Annual Accounts.

HH. COOK, Esa. JOHN MACFARLANE, Esa.

Auditors of fMonthly Accounts.

M. ALLPORT, Esq. F. ABBOTT, Ese.

Curator of the fAuseum.
MR. T. ROBLIN.

Superintendent of Gardens.
MR. F. ABBOTT, Jun.

Members who retire next in rotation.

5

A
(t .
4 tothe + yt
vartesportling Members,
*Members who have contributed papers which have been published in the
Society’s Transactions.

W. H. ARCHER, Esq., Melbourne, Victoria.

JOHN JOSEPH BENNETT, Esq., F.R.S., British Museum,
London.

REV. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.G.S., &c,, Sydney.

JOHN GOULD, Esq., F.R.S., London.

JOHN DALTON HOOKER, Esq., M.D., R.N., F.R.S., &.,
London.
REV. R. L. KING, B.A., Sydney.
*BARON F. VON MUELLER, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., F.LS.,
&e., Government Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria.
JOHN PEET, Esq., Professor Grant’s College, Rombay.
W. WILSON SAUNDERS, Esq., F.R.S., &c., London.
ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, Esq., F.G.S.
REV. CHARLES PLEYDELL N. WILTON, M.A., Newcastle,
New South Wales.
ADAM WHITE, Esq., F.L.S., &c., British Museum, London.
C. TOMLINSON, Esq., F.R.S., F.C.S., &c.,. Highgate, near
London.
+#G. BENNETT, Esq., M.D., F.Z.S.; Sydney, New South Wales.
*G. KREFFT, Esq., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &., &c., Sydney.
PROFESSOR G. NEUMAYER, Munich.
*REV. JULIAN E. T. WOODS, F.LS., F.G.S8. F.R.G.S., &e.

DR. W. 0. SONDER, Foreign Hon. Sec. Society of Naturalists,
Hamburg.

REV, J. J. BLEASDALE, D.D., F.G.S., Melbourne.
*LIEUT. W. V. LEGGE, R.A., F.Z.S., M.R.A.8., Ceylon.
CAPTAIN O’REILLY, Brisbane, Queensland.
R. BROUGH SMYTH, Esq., Secretary for Mines, Melbourne.
PROFESSOR JOHN AGARDH, M.D., University of Lund,
Sweden.
DR. JULIUS HAAST, F.R.S., Director of Museum, Christ-
church, New Zealand.
ARCHIBALD LIVERSIDGE, Esq.,F.G.8., Professor of Geology
and Mineralogy in the Sydney University.
PROFESSOR W. HARKNESS, U.S.N., United States Naval
Observatory, Washington.
HENRY HAYLIN HAYTER, Government Statist, Melbourne.
*FREDERICK M. BAILEY, Esq., Brisbane, Queensland.
A. THOZET, Esq., Botanist, Rockhampton, Queensland.

COMTE DE CASTELNAU, Consul-General for France,
Melbourne.

6

it ot Fellows anil Members.

* Fellows who have contributed papers which have been published in the
Society’s Transactions. + Denotes Life Membership.

*Abbott, Francis, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S. ... Hobart Town
*Abbott, E., jun. soa pikeies

Adams, G. BO 660 Pio ees out a5
*Aonew, Seo, M.D., "V.P. paeetie tec rp
Allport, Joseph ee ”

*+Allport, Morton, V. ie FL. Ss); FZ. S.

Corresponding Member of the An-

thropological Institute of Great

Britain, Life Member of the Entomo-

logical and Malacological Societies,and

Foreign Member of the Royal Linnean

and Royal Botanic Societies of Bel-

ium. nee mae 1

Aikenhead, Hon. a. MiLO) eh eh Launceston
Adams, R. P. , Solicitor-General Bae ao Hobart Town
Aubin, Mrs. F, So) ec

”

Bilton cciks.. | cs5> | keel Nites. .0ecd abe, liars Glenorchy

TDAITY., SIT Sun percep itcne ees Sess” coe! Wises Melbourne

F Barnard, SAMOS... deci esse Sss4l 98%. Wier Hobart Town

Butler, Francis

Butler, J...

*Bromby, Right Rev. O. i, D.D. ‘Lord
Bishop of Tasmania ... .

Bright, R. S., M.R.C.S. , Eng....

Butler, Henry, F.R.C.S. pas

Buckland, H. J. ... ;

Browne, Justin McC. . A hatin ae Se

Baynton, WY Het sodden ig Fash ted whe OE Kingston

iBriant,G. W. Deimizvans gone. Hobart Town

iBarclay,.C; Jj. kteesykeeet se ee ee F

SOdTOr, Was. ae xaebpeseyeesce pias hak Anstey Barton

WCIBtCAD, OC, isc lore Meses restr uece. cesses Hobart Town

Browne, Ns Ise fernghavonmiide ., Se fh o%. eee eas P ae ee

enora

BSICUCODC; De” Vaca) inceh sieve. lenee mane eee Hobart Town

Butler, E. H. PR i Ae a teats A A 06

BSronchton, Jas. wtsreveg lice gion oyieceAh ers New Town

)
)

Chapman, Hon. T. D., M.L.C..... cue ose New Town
Cook, Henry... ... .. odd Pelee fice Hobart Town
Clarke, J. M. ves see's gael SEES

Creswell, C. F. 4 Sore ete seer a
Cotton, Francis... dee enaes A secenage Swanport
Crawford, Lieut. Colonel!) AEE Hamilton-on-Forth
Crosby, TS Se a RE RES Hobart Town

3)

Clarke, J. K. aER. va. aeer jeep eens
Cruttenden, Thomas ... ee ee
Coote, Audley
DRUPRCENTISH 0 cae aint pause apaoh Eisesl piece
Crowther, A. B., M.R.C.S., Eng. ... «.-
MIEN Gass cus | Seu bent peeet diene) sees
Davies, Ven. Archdeacon, V.P.

Dobson, His Honor Mr. Justice

Dobson, H. ... i =
Dowdell, C.

Davies, edi,

Elliston, C. ...
Fysh, Hon. P. O., M.H.A.

Giblin, Thomas ... ..

*Gould, C., F.G.S., late Govt. “Geologist

+Gunn, R. O., E.RBS., ETS

Graves, ee Wet, ces

t+Gellibrand, Hon. Ww. Ae Mes "M. Ts Ge
Hon. Member Leeds Institute “He

Grant, C. H.. a Gal eee, ees

Gellibrand, Miss .

*Hall, E. Swarbreck, M.R.C.S., ee

Harris, Rey. R. D. P., M.A.
Hunter, Henry anes
Huybers, we Ss

Hazell, C. ...

Howell, F. G.

Hopkins, |

Hammond, W.S...

Ee bh By MA, , cacean t.2ebs.3 was
imvnc, P. .. Ago.» 600. deo, ODE
tJeffery, Molesworth ...

Jackson, Hon. J. A. iy MELA, .
Poonnsen, R. Ma...) ... . 0.

Kennerley, Hon. Alfred, M.L.C.
Knight, W. jun. a

Kelsh, Rev. Thomas ...
Kermode, WAY:

Lewis, David, M.H.A.
Legge, R. V.... ..

Lucas, R. J. .

Latham, G. H. acs ae
Lovett, W. , Col. Auditor fade Pace
Lewis, ‘I. Kenrick, M.R.C.S. Eng. .

Hobart Town
Woodsden
Sandy Bay
Hobart Town
”
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London
Launceston
Hobart Town

River Ouse
Hobart Town

33

9
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Carlton,
Hobart Town
3)

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Melbourne
Hobart Town

Bournbank, Lachlan

Hobart Town
Launceston

Hobart Town

New Norfolk
Mona Vale

Hobart Town
Cullenswood
Hobart Town

”

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3)

Langdon, Capt. W., R.N.... ...
Maclanachan, James ... =
Macfarlane, James

Macfarlane; Jot sce)... - ane
THOT cS) | sso) oss! «ate! <tes Wes
Maxwell, C. M. ... sisis (.seietee Ee
*+Milligan, Joseph, F. 8 eee
Moore, J. A., M.R.C.S., Eng. ...
Meredith, Hon. C.,, M. HAA.
Morrison, Askin ... .

Merb at. JW... ...

Mace, Rev. J. C....

iuiace,G. ... .

Morris, W. VY.

Napier, G. R.
*Nowell, E. C.

Officer, Hon. Sir Robt., M.H.A., Speaker

Pillinger, J.

Perkins, EL. A. M.D., 3 ‘M.B.G.S. , Eng. ..
Roberts, H. L. see
Read, R. Cartwright ...

Rule, J..

Riddoch. (A. ,.MEHEAS a4 os
Roblin, T., (Guenter of Museau
Reynolds, Ww. J.J.

Salier, G., M.H.A.
Sharland, W. 8.
Seal, M.. er
Smith, His Honor Sir Francis, Chief Justice
+Solomon, Joseph.
*Stephens, Ty, MipAL, E.G.S. +, Inspector of of
Schools... ...
Story, Dr. J. F.
Storie, Rev. J. ...
*Scott, J. R., M.L. C..
Salier, F. J. “ec
*Swan, J. des
STE BM
*Shoobridge, W. E.
Shoobridge, E. ..
Spicer, Rev. W. W.
Simson, A.
Scott, Hopton se
SLID Bed bea a

*Travers,S. Smith ...

Hobart Town
Ballochmyle
Hobart Town
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England
New Norfolk
Hobart Town

39
C slenorchy
Spring Bay
Hobart Town

3?

New Norfolk

Antill Ponds
Hobart Town

39
Redlands, New
Norfolk
Hobart Town
New Norfolk
Hobart Town

oon

3)

New Norfolk
Hobart Town
3)

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99
Swanport
Hobart Town
New Town
Hobart Town
New Town
Hobart Town
New Norfolk

Hobart Town
Brighton
Hobart Town

37

New Town

emiey WemnGe EL, By ..s) ede ain) lite /jsew

Weaver, G. . ae. eee

Whyte, Hon. James, M.L. C. <calty ake

Wilson, George ...

Wilson, Hon. Sir J. M. 'M. Loh “President
of Legislative Council .. F

Wise, F. H. wee ef

Webster, A. G4 Ale

Wright, a Beue ose ace

0 ye rae oe

Wilson, J. ... qua se fuss eee: bee

Walker, Mrs. Bi del Sen ASL

Seewnr, Fussell, MH. A. we cco one

Hobart Town

2?
Mount Seymour
Hobart Town

”

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Glenorchy
Bellerive
Ashgrove, Oatlands
Hobart Town

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cf

10

MINUTES of the Annuat GeneraL Meetine of
the Royat Socrery or Tasmanta, held at the
Museum, Macquarie-street, at half-past 7 o’clock
p-m., on the 28th January, 1876, Morton
Allport, Esq., V.P.; mn the chair.

The Cuatrman having. read the advertisement
by which the meeting had been convened, called
upon the Secretary to read the Report.

The Report for 1875 was then read.

It was moved by Mr. Rute, seconded by Dr.
Lewis, and carried :—‘‘ That the Report be
adopted, and printed for circulation amongst the
Fellows.”

The Srecrerary having reported that the retiring
Members of Council were the Right Rev. Bishop
Bromby, the Ven. Archdeacon Davies, Dr. Agnew,
and Mr. M. Allport, it was resolved on the motion
of Dr. Prerxins, seconded by Mr. Napier, that
they should be re-elected.

It was proposed by Dr. Acnew and seconded
by Mr. Baryarp, that Mr. Barclay be elected
Treasurer of the Society, in the room of Mr. Dunn,
who had left the colony. Carried.

Messrs. H. Cook and John Macfarlane were
unanimously re-elected as Auditors of Annual
Accounts, and a vote of thanks was accorded to
them for their services during the past year.

Comte de Castlenau, Consul-General for France
at Melbourne, was elected a Corresponding Member
of the Society.

The following gentlemen were ballotted for and
elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs. Charles
Elliston, W. 8S. Hammond, Hopton Scott, and
Captain Audley Coote.

11

THANKS.

Mr. WexstEerR proposed that the thanks of the
Society be accorded to Dr. Agnew, Hon. Secretary,
and Mr. Roblin, Curator, for the valuable services
they had rendered to the Society.

Mr. Barnarp seconded the motion, and had
great pleasure in testifying to the efficient and
untiring manner in which those gentlemen had
discharged their duties.

The Cnarrman put the motion, which was
carried unanimously.

Dr. Acnew returned thanks on behalf of himself
and Mr. Roblin. He briefly reviewed the work
of the Society during the past year, and, in allud-
ing to the value of the contributions, remarked
that the year on which they were entering would
perhaps be equally successful. Since last General
Meeting fourteen Fellows and two Corresponding
Members had been admitted, a very large number
for our small community. (Applause.)

The Meeting then terminated.

12

RE POR

————~»”!_

The session of 1875 opened on the 9th March
with a paper by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods,
F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., ete., “ On some Tertiary
Fossils from Table Cape.

The following papers were brought forward at
the various subsequent meetings :—‘‘ On some new
species of Tasmanian Marine Shells,” by the Rev.
J. KE. Tenison Woods, F.G.S., ete.; “On the
Fossil Genus Fenestella,.” by the same; ‘ On the
Frilled Lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) of Queens-
land)” by’ Dri'G: Bennett, F.Z:8., F.8.5'% Om
the beautiful Sponge from the Philippine Islands
known as Venus’ I'lowerbasket (Huplectella asper-
gillum),” by the same. “ Further notes on the
Salmon Experiment,” by M. Allport, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S. ; “‘ On the Freshwater Shells of Tasmania,”’
by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, F.Z.S., ete. ;
‘¢ Account of a Visit to Port Davey,” by the Hon.
J. R. Scott, M.L.C. ‘On the Vital Statistics of
Tasmania,” by E. C. Nowell, Esq., Government
Statistician. ‘‘ On the Queensland Grasses,” by
F. M. Bailey, Esq., Corresponding Member of the
Society. ‘‘On some new and hitherto under-
scribed shells of Tasmania,” by the Rey. J. E.
Tenison Woods, F.G.S., etc. ‘* A census of the
plants of Tasmania,” by Baron F. von Mueller,
C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., ete.

The names of the authors of the above papers
are sufficient guarantee for their value. Most of
the papers have already been published, others
will appear immediately, and it may safely be
said that at no former period of the Society have
papers of higher value and interest ever appeared.
in our proceedings. The special thanks of the
Society are due to the Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods

13

for the vast trouble he has taken in describing and
classifying various collections of our shells; and
as this description could not have been well ac-
complished without the invaluable assistance of
Mr. Legrand, (see Mr. Woods’ remarks at the
November meeting) our cordial thanks are justly
due to that gentleman also.

Our old and highly esteemed correspondent, the
Baron Ferd. von Mueller has laid the Society
under the deepest obligation by his learned and
elaborate ‘‘ Census of the Plants of Tasmania,” a
work which will be invaluable for all time as a
standard of reference. ‘The best thanks of the
Society are also due to Dr. G. Bennett, of Sydney,
for his valuable contributions, both to our publica-
tions and Museum, and we are greatly indebted
to Mr. F. M. Bailey, of Queensland, for his paper
on the grasses of that colony, and for his presen-
tation (noticed elsewhere) to the Museum.

In addition to the papers above referred to com-
munications on the following subjects have been
read and brought under discussion during the
session, viz. ‘On the occurrence of the ‘ Reed
Warbler, (Calamoherpe Australis) in Tasmania,”
from E. D. Swan, Esq. ‘‘ On the desirability of
steps being taken to prevent the destruction of
the Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) in the Colony,”
from A. K. Chapman, Esq. ‘‘On the improve-
ment of the Domain,” from J. Sayce, Esq.; and
on the same subject, from the Superintendent of
the Botanic Gardens. ‘On the locality whence
the Tasmanian Aborigines obtained the stone from
which their cutting implements were formed,”
from J. Scott, Esq., M.H.A. ; etc., ete.

The monthly meetings have been very well at-
tended, and the chair has on several occasions been
occupied by His Excellency, the President.

14.

As will be noticed in the printed list, donations
of books to the library have been numerous.
Among other donors may be mentioned Sir
Robert Officer, the Rev. J. E. ‘Tenison Woods,the
Secretary of State for India, the Malacological and
Entomological Societies of Belgium, the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, United States; Dr. G. Ben-
nett, of Sydney; the Superintendent of the
Geological Survey of India, the Trustees of the
British Museum, the Royal Academy of Sciences,
Munich; Baron F. von Mueller, the Royal Uni-
versity of Norway ; His Highness the Maharajah of
Travancore, the Director Meteorological Office, Cal-
cutta; the Director Meteorological Office, Canada ;
Hon. J. Whyte, Esq., M.L.C.; Dr. J. Hector, of
New Zealand ; Captain F. W. Hutton, etc., etc.

Mr. F. Abbott and Mr. W. E. Shoobridge have
carried on the meteorological observations with
their usual zeal and accuracy, and the superinten-
dents of the various lighthouses have forwarded
their returns as heretofore. The Hobart Town
table for December completes a series of observa-
tions extending over five years, and when this is
added to the published abstract for 30 years we
shall have an uninterrupted record extending over
35 years. Certain changes in the meteorological
observations are now being made in order to
assimilate them more closely to those of Europe,
America, etc. Forms for these have been execu-
ted at the Government Printing Office.

As usual our thanks for the conveyance of
parcels, etc., free of cost, are due to the T'asma-
nian Steam Navigation Company, and to several
of our merchants. Of the latter Messrs. W.
Crosby and Co., Macfarlane Bros., and Belbin
and Dowdell have particularly favoured us during
the past year.

15

Thanks are also due to Messrs. Walch and Sons,
for the gratuitous distribution of the Society’s
publications to members residing in the country.

COUNCIL.

No vacancy has occurred during the year.
The list of retiring members has been posted in
the library for the last three days, in accordance
with No. 32 of the amended rules of the Society.

FINANCE.

The income from all sources was as follows :—
Government Grant-in-aid of Museum, £200 ; ditto,
of Gardens, £400; subscriptions, £105 ; from
Marine Board, £20; sale of plants, etc., at
Gardens, £111 6s.; this with £30 12s. in the
hands of the Superintendent of the Gardens for
payment of wages and £20 arrears of subscrip-
tions will give a total of £934 18s.

The expenditure as per balance sheet was £932
2s. 10d., leaving a balance to credit of £2 15s. 2d.

We greatly regret to say that although the
usual notices have been forwarded, some members
have not yet paid their subscriptions for the past
year, and several are even in arrear for former
years.

GARDENS.

In last year’s report it was stated that in all
probability the new entrance would be ready for
opening in a few months. This expectation has
not yet been realised, as up to the present time
our efforts to procure suitable gates have been
unsuccessful. This is much to be regretted as it
is generally felt that the present entrance is
exceedingly inconvenient, and at the same time
out of character with the place. Itis to be hoped
that the completion of this public entrance will
not be much longer delayed.

16

As usual many new plants and seeds have been
introduced. From Mons. J. Linden, of Ghent,
Belgium, was received a fine collection of cool-
house orchids and palms, which arrived in good
condition. Valuable donations of plants have also
been received from the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide,
Melbourne, and New Zealand, and from nursery-
men in the neighbouring colonies. From the
Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, a fine col-
lection of Conifers and other forest trees was
received. Advices have also been had from Mons.
J. Verschaffelt, of Ghent, Belgium, of the dispatch
of a very valuable case of plants, consisting of a
selection of what are known as pictorial trees, and
50 varieties of the best Rhododendrons extant.

The number of visitors to the Gardens during
1875 is estimated at 38,837.

MUSEUM.

Many objects of interest have been acquired
during the year. Deserving special mention is
the collection of gigantic Fossil Marsupials from
Darling Downs, Queensland, the gift of Dr. G.
Bennett, of Sydney. To the same donor we are
indebted for the two specimens of the Eunlectella,
which have attracted so much attention. Mr. W.
Legrand, with great liberality, presented type
specimens of the new Marine and Freshwater
Shells described by the Rev. J. E. Tenison
Woods.

Hitherto we have been unable to make any
satisfactory display of our shells, but a number of
well-arranged show cases are now being con-
structed, which will enable the entire collection to
be properly arranged and exhibited.

The Rev. W. W. Spicer has rendered most
valuable service by naming, arranging, and
mounting the various collections of dried plants

17

in the Museum. The European and Tasmanian
portions of the Herbarium have already been
completed, and Mr. Spicer purposes to proceed
with the arrangement of the remainder as oppor-
tunities offer.

It gives us great pleasure again to acknowledge
our obligations to Mrs. C. Meredith, who has not
only executed for us, in her usual artistic manner,
several original drawings, but afterwards very
kindly undertook the trouble of transferring them
to stone.

The number of visitors to the Museum during
the year was 16,010.

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ab)

BOOKS PURCHASED & PRESENTED DURING 1875.
[Presentations marked thus *]

Arts, Journal of Society of, current numbers.

Agricultural Gazette, The, ditto.

Athenzum, The, ditto.

*Acclimatisation Society of France, Extract from Bulletin of,
1872-3.

*Aborigines, Tasmanian, On the osteology and peculiarities of.
By Dr. J. Barnard Davis, F.R.S. From the author.

*Animal Kingdom, Tables of the Affinities of the. By Prof. Reay
Greene.

*Botanic Garden, Imperial of St. Petersburg, Publications of, Tome
II. From the Director.

British Association, Report of, 1873.

Conchologia Iconica, Nos. 318 to 321.

*Colonial Institute, Boyal, Proceedings of, 1873-4. List of Fellows,
and copy of Regulations. From the Institute.

*Catalogues, Book, sundry. From Quaritch, London.

*Colonies, The, current numbers. From the Editor.

*Cobden Club, Proceedings of the, 1874 (Bastiat on Political
Economy). From the Club.

*Catalogues, British Museum; Birds, Vol. 1, and Hand List of
Seals. From the Trustees.

*Census of New Zealand, 1874. From N.Z. Government.

*Diamond Field, The Bingera, pamphlet on, by Prof. Liversidge,
Sydney. From the Author.

*Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Institution of, Proceed-
ings, Vol. 18, 1874-5. From the Institution.

*Euplectella Sponge, On the. By Dr. G. Bennett, F.LS.,
C.M.Z.S8., &c., Sydney. From the Author.

*Flora Australiensis, Bentham, 6 Vols. From Sir Robert Officer.

Florist and Pomologist, The, current numbers.

*Florule des environs de Han-sui-less. By F. Crepin. From the
Author.

Feathers, Stray (Indian Ornithology) Vol. 2, part 6; Vol. 3 parts
1 to 4.

*Ferns, Queensland, Handbook of. By F. M. Bailey. From
Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods.

*Flora of British India, The, parts 1, 2, and 3. By J. D. Hooker,
C.B. From the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for India.

*—_ of Queensland, Parliamentary Paper on Herbarium of.

Fruit Manual, Hoge’s.

*Fossil Mammals of Australia, On the. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S.
From Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., Sydney.

*Fenestella, On the Fossil Genus. By Rev. J. E. T. Woods, from
the Author.

*Guide to Exhibition Rooms, British Museum. From the Trustees.

Gardeners’ Chronicle, current numbers.

*Geology of Queensland, Notes on. By R. Daintree, F.G.S.
From Rev. J. E. T. Woods.

*——_——. of Otago, New Zealand. By F. W. Hutton, F.G.S.,
C.M.Z.8., and G. H. F. Ulrich, F.G.S8. From Captain
F. W. Hutton, Provincial Geologist.

20

Geology, Principles of. By Sir Chas. Lyell. New Edition.

*Geological Survey of Victoria, Progress Report of, No. 2. From
R. Brough Smyth, Esq.

*

——— ’ Prodromus of Paleontology of
Victoria, Decades 1, 2. By Prof. McCoy. From Govern-
ment of Victoria.

—___——— of India, publications of. From the Govern-
ment of India.

———Mazgarine, Nos. 151 to 136.

*Geomys and Thomomys, the Genera of. By Dr. Elliott Coues,
United States Army. From the Author.

*Grasses, On the Queensland. By F. M Bailey. From the
Author.

*Hortus Kewensis, 2nd Edition, 1814 (Aiton). From the Rev.
J. E. Tenison Woods.

*Historical and Archzeological Association of Ireland, Royal,
Annual Vols, of, for 1872-5. Journal of, Vol. 2, Nos. 18 to
16; Vols. 3, Nos. 17 to 19. From Dr. Agnew.

*History of Colony of New South Wales. By Governor Collins.
2nd Edition, 1804. From the Hon. Jas. Whyte, Esq., M.L.C.

*Tron and Coal Deposits, Wallarawang, New South Wales, on the.
By Prof. Liversidge, Sydney University. From the Author.

Journal, Quarterly of Science. Current numbers.

————., American of Science, Sillimans, Vol. 18, Nos. 46 to 48.

*Journey, Overland from Lake George to Port Phillip, Humes.
From the Rev. J. E. T. Woods.

*Journals of Legislative Council, Tasmania. From H. M.
Government.

*Lizard, On the Frilled, of Queensland. By Dr. G. Bennett,
F.Z.S. From the Author.

Magazine, Country Gentleman’s. Current numbers.

*Minerals, On New, from New Caledonia. Nickel Minerals from
ditto. Dendritic Spots on ditto. Meteorite, the Deniliquin
or Baratta. Four Papers by Prof. Liversidge, Sydney
University. From the Author.

*Mining for Gold and Coal, On. By J. Wood Beilby. From the
Author.

*Magnetic Declination, Observations on, made at Trevandrum and
Agustia Malley Observatories. From His Highness the
Maharajah of Travancore.

*Meteorology. Quarterly Weather Report, part 4, 1871. Instruc-
tions for Meteorological Telegraphy, 1875. Report of Con-
ference on Maritime Meteorology, 1874. Data for square 3.
(Lat 0°10 N., Long. 20°30 W.) Meteorological Congress at
Vienna, 1874, Report of. Quarterly Weather Report, 1873,
part 4, 1874, part 1. Instructions for use of Meteorological
Instruments, 1875. Meteorological Committee, Royal
Society, Report of part 1, 1874, From the Meteorological
Office, Board of Trade, London.

*Meteorological Office, Calcutta, publications of ; viz., Meteoro-
logical Reports, Bengal, 1867-1874. Administration Reports,
1870-1875. Report of Midnapore and Burdwan Cyclone of
October, 1874, From the Government of India,

21

*Meteorological Observations, Canada, Report of, Supplement No,
4, 1874. Results of Observations at Toronto, 1841-1874,
From the Director.

*—_____—_—— Observations, Melbourne, Results of. From
R. J. L. Ellery, Esq. Tables for 1875, Vol. 2, 1873.
Monthly.

'—________ ———_———-, Hobart Town, Monthly Tables,
1875. From F. Abbott, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S.

» New Norfolk, Ditto. From W.

E. Shoobridge.
for Mount Nelson, 8. Bruni,
Goose Island, Swan Island, Kent’s Group and King’s Island.
From the Hobart Town Marine Board.
*—___________. ——_—__—_., Sydney. Tables for 1875, and
Results of Observations for 1873. From H. C. Russell,

B.A., F.R.A.S.

» New Zealand. From Dr. J.
Hector, F.R.S. Monthly tables from various stations,
January to July, 1875. Ditto from Wellington, February
to October, 1875.

—————., Brisbane, Queensland. Monthly
Tables, January to November, 1875. From E. McDonnell,
Esq., Government Observer.

Natural History, Annals and Magazine of. Current numbers.

Nature. Current numbers.

*Norway, Royal University of. Publications for 1872, 1873, 1874.

*Orange, The, Introduction of, into New South Wales. By Dr.
G. Bennett, F.L.S., F.Z.S. From the Author.

*Plantarum, Genera. Hookerand Bentham. Vol. 1, parts 1, 2, 3.

*—________ vascularium genera, 1836-1843. C. F. Miesner.

+ Helvetize (Icones) 1813. J. C. Wyttenbach.

*Phytographia Australie Fragmenta, Vol. 8. By Baron F. von
Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., &c. From the Author.

*Plants, Papuan, Descriptive Notes on. By the same. From the
Author.

= of Tasmania, Census of. By the same. From the Author.

*Port Davey, Account of a visit to, in 1875. By the Hon. J. R.
Scott, Esq., M.L.C. From the Author.

*Paleontologique, Fragments, pour servir a la flore du terrain
houiller de Belgique. By Frangois Crepin. From the
Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels.

*Plants, &c., used as food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queens-
lend. By A. Thozet. From the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods.

*Reports of Mining Surveyors, Victoria, 1874-5. Ditto of Chief
Inspector of Mines, 1874. From the Secretary for Mines,
Victoria.

*Reports, Annual, Department of Agriculture, United States,
1871-2-3. From the Commissioner of Agriculture.

*Report, 9th Annual of Colonial Museum and Laboratory,
Wellington, New Zealand. From Dr. J. Hector, F.R.S.

» Meteorological, New Zealand, 1873. From the same.

, of Conference of Government Statistics, held in Tasmania,
1875. From H. H, Hayter, Esq.

*
t

22

*Society, Royal, London. Proceedings Vol. 22, No. 155; Vol.
23, Nos. 156 to 163. From the Society.

s —_—, New South Wales. Proceedings, 1872-3. From
the Society.

* , Victorie, Transactions, Vol. 2. From Society.

*_______. Asiatic, Journal of, Vol. 7, part1. From Society.

ghee , Japan Branch, Vol. 3, part 1. From
the Society.

*—_________, Geographical, Journal of, Vol. 43, and Pro-
ceedings, Vol. 18, Nos. 2 to 5. From the Society.

—— , New South Wales, Address to, 1875, by Rev.
W. B. Clarke. From the Author.

* -—, Malacological of Belgium. Proceedings of, 1873-4.
From the Society.

*_. , Entomological of Belgium. Transactions of, 1874. From
the Society.

%. -, Royal Astronomical, Memoirs of, Vol. 40, 1874-5. From
the Society.

*. , Geological, Quarterly Journal of, Vol. 30, Nos. 118 120.
From the Society.

* -, Zoological and Acclimatisation of Victoria, Proceedings of
1875. From the Society. Ditto from Baron F. von Mueller.

* , of London, Proceedings of part 3, 1873,
parts 1, 2, 3, 1874.

*. —, Linnean, Journal of, Vol. 14, Nos. 75 to 77 (Botany).
Vol. 12, No. 58, Zoology. List of, 1874. Additions to
Library, 1874. Proceedings, 1874. From the Society.

*_.

, Meteorological, Quarterly Journal of, Nos. 13, 14, 15.
From the Society.

*Statistics of Victoria, 1874-5. Statistical Register, parts 1, 2, 3,
1875. From H. H. Hayter, Esq.

¥—______——. Tasmania, 1874. From E. C. Nowell, Esq.

*¥________________. on the Vital. By E. C. Nowell, Esq.
From the Author.

*Silk, On the Cultivation of, in New South Wales. By Dr. G.
Bennett, F.Z.S8. From the Author.

%. , On. By C. Brady, F.L.S. From the same.

*Sciences, Royal Academy of, Munich. Publications of, 1872.
From the Academy.

*_—__., Academy of Natural, Philadelphia. Proceedings of
parts 1, 2, 3, 1874.

*Sedimentary Formations in New South Wales, Remarks on. By
the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.G.8. From the Author.

*Salmon experiment, Further Notes on. By M. Allport, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., &c., &. From the Author.

*Shells, Freshwater of Tasmania, on. By the Rev.J. E. Tenison
Woods, F.G.8., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., &., &e. From Author.

, of Tasmania, On some undescribed Marine. By the
same. From the Author.

*Technological Museum, Melbourne—Lectures delivered at, 1872.
From the Rev. J. E. T. Woods.

*Victorian Year Book, 1874. By H. H. Hayter, Government
Statist, Victoria. From the Author.

%.

23

PRESENTATIONS TO MUSEUM DURING 1874, WITH
NAMES OF DONORS.

Allport, M., Esq.—A small Black Snake. A Diamond ditto.

Allen, Mr., Port Cygnet.—An Opossum (Phalangista fuliginosa).

Anderson, Mr, C.—A young Snake, probably Hoplocephalus superbus.

Blackman, F. A., Esq.—2 Snakes, 1 Lizard, 1 Bat, 1 large Beetle,
and a collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from Warro,
Port Curtis, Queensland.

Brown, N. J., Esq., M.H.A.—Specimens of Opalised Wood from

: Meadow Banks.

Buckland, Mrs.—A framed Portrait of the late Sir Henry Young.

Bidencope, Mr. J.—Samples of Felt in various stages of prepara-
tion for Hat-making. :

Butler, R., Esq.—Young Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus).

Bennett, Dr. G., F.L.8., Sydney. Specimen of the Didunculus
strigirostris. Ditto of Frilled Lizard of Queensland (Chlamy-
dosaurus king.) Two ditto of silicious skeletons of the Sponge
from the Philippine Islands, known as Venus’ Flower Basket
(Euplectella aspergillum). A collection of bones of fossil
Mammals from Gourie Creek, Darling Downs, Queensland,
viz. Fossil Kangaroo, 16 Vertebree, 7 fragments of Pelvis, 8
of Tibia, 1 of Radius, 2 of Humerus, 1 of Scapula, 2 of Femur,
2 of Jaw, 2 Bones of Foot, 1 of Sternum,and 5 Ribs. Fossil
Wombat ; 1 Upper Jaw, 2 Vertebree, and 1 Radius. Diproto-
don; Portion of Skull, lower jaw, 9 Vertebree, 10 Ribs, 1
Humerus, 4 Fragments of Pelvis, 1 do of Tusk. Noto-
therium ; 1 Jaw.

Bailey, Mr. J., Oatlands—Cast Skin of Snake.

Bealey, Mr.—A Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus), from George’s

Bay.

Baynton, W. E., Esq., Kingston.—Stone Implements of Tasmanian
Aborigines.

Browne, Justin McC., Esq.—A Sample of Virgin Olive Oil, made at
Adelaide, S.A. A collection of Tasmanian Copper Tokens.

Banning, Mr., East Bay Neck.—A very large Egg of Domestic
Fowl.

Brock, Mr., Campania—2 Specimens Fossil Wood.

Bailey, Mr. F. M., Brisbane.—A named Collection of Queensland
Grasses.

Crawford, Col.—Sample of Tin smelted from Mt. Bischoff Ore.

Clarke, J. K., Esq.—Specimens of Quartz, with penetrating crystals
of Rutile, from N.S. Wales.

Chapman, A. K., Esq.—Specimens of a species of Fluke taken from
a large Diamond Snake.

Calder, J. E., Esq.—A Collection of Bones of Native Animals,
taken from a Cave, Glenorchy.

Chisholm, Mr. D., Forcett.—Casts of Roots, from Five Mile Beach.

Cotton, Mr. E. P., Swansea.—A Young Tippet Grebe (Podiceps
australis).

Crawford, Mr. J.—A Sample of Flax grown at the Huon, and pre-
pared by the donor.

Davies, Mr. F. J.—Samples of Tin, Antimony, Silver and Copper
Ores, from Stanthorpe, Queensland.

a4

Dry, Lady.—A young Cuckoo.

Dyer, Mr. B. R.—A Hooded Dottrell (A%gialites monacha). Speci-
men of the Frost Fish (Lepidotus cawdatus), washed on shore
at Battery Point.

Fergusson, Mr. J., Tinder Box Bay.—A Crab. 2 Figg Cases of Ray.

Graves, J. W., Esq.—A Bivalve Shell (Crassatella castanea) from
North Coast. Fossil Wood from Risdon. <A _ Fossil
(Pacchydomus sacculus) from limestone beds, Bridgewater.
A Ring-tailed Opossum (Phalangista viverrina).

Groom, F., Esq., Harefield, St. Mary’s.—An unusually large speci~
men of the sharp-nosed Eel.

Genge, Mr. Thos.—Nine Eggs of Common Pheasant, from an
abandoned Nest at Sandy Bay.

Gard, Mr. E., Sorell.—A Ferret, killed in a bed-room of a Farm-
house, at Cherry Tree Opening, after attacking and severely
biting a sleeping boy.

Harris, Mr. R. J., Sorell.—A large Black Snake (Hoplocephalus
curtus), killed on the Cambridge Road.

Hancock, Mr. D., O’Brien’s Bridge.—A fine specimen of Spirifer
bisuleata, from slope of Mt. Wellington.

Hall, Mr. C. H., Mt. Bischoff.—Specimens of Tin Ore, Lode Tin,
Galena, Antimony, &c.

Hissey, Mr., Skin of ‘‘ White Bird ” (Chionis necrophaga) from Ker-
gulen’s Land. Minute Shells from Stomach of a Mullet. 4.
Specimens of young of Bandicoot (Perameles obesula) from
the pouch.

Hull, Master H.—Ege of ‘‘ Native Companion,” or Australian
Crane (Grus australasianis).

Hooper, Mr.—A young Cuttle Fish, taken from the Stomach of a
Fish.

Huston, Dr.—An Opossum Mouse (Dromicia gliriformis).

Hogg, Mr. C. E.—Specimen of the paper-like Bark of a species of
Tea Tree, from Lake Hindmarsh, Victoria.

Jonah (Native Teacher), Samoa.—A Model of a Samoa Canoe. A
large Sheet of Tapa Cloth.

Judd, Mr. H.—A peculiar Spider, found among Tree Ferns.
Japanese Commissioners, Melbourne Exhibition. Sections of
Japanese Woods, named, and mounted in book form.
Kermode, W. A., Esq.—Two samples of Salt from Salt-pan Plains,

Mona Vale.

King, Mr.—A Tiger Cat (Dasyarus maculatus).

Lloyd, Mr. H. G., New Norfolk.—Three pieces of Wood, and 3 of
Fossil Wood from Queensland.

Luckman, Mr. E., Sorell.—An albino Opossum (Phalangista fuli-
gimosa) ; 2 Brush Wattle Birds (Anthochera mellivora). 3
Species of Epthianura albifrons.

Lovett, W., Esq.—A Sooty Oyster-catcher (Hematopus fuliginosus).

Lindsay, Mr. J. G., Launceston.—Specimen of Lewin’s Water Rail
(Rallus brachipus) prepared and mounted.

Morton, C. E., Esq.—A Species of a large species of ‘‘ Walking-
Leaf Insect” from Grafton, N.S. Wales.

May, Mr. W., L.—Curious Marine Incrustation on Shell of Pecten,
from Frederick Henry Bay.

25

Macfarlane, J., Esq.—Two Specimens of the Stems of the ‘‘ Glass-
rope Sponge,” from Japan.

Maclanachan, Hon. J., Esq.—A Mountain Duck (Casarca tado-
moides).

Miller, Mr. J.—A young Kangaroo, from the pouch.

Mezger, Mr. J.—A Port Jackson Shark (Cestracion philippi).

Meredith, Mrs. C.--Water-color Drawings of Fossil Shells from
Table Cape.

Prescott, Mr.—Two specimens of the “‘ Gladius” or “ Pen” of a

species of squid (Loligo sp.

Peacock, Mr. G., Sorell. A Nankeen Kestrel (Tinnunculus cen-
chroides). An albino variety of the common Pipit Lark
(Authus australis).

Parsons, Mrs.—Albino variety of the Opossum. A White Hawk,
A Beaver Rat. A Bandicoot. An Antechinus. A Petrel.

Parker, Mr., Lewisham.—A specimen of ‘‘ Arching” of branch of
Gum Tree.

Quinlan, Mr.—A Pouched Lamprey (Geotria allporti).

Radcliffe, Mr.—Specimen of I[bacus peroniit from East Coast, Tas-
mania.

Reynolds, Capt.—Tail of Species of Ray.

Read, R. C., Esq.—Two species of Antechinus albipes.

Reibey, Rev. Thos.—Bronze Medal of Captain Cook, 1792, found
on one of the Society Islands.

Simpson, J., Esq.—Sample of Stream Tin from Mt. Horror.

Spong, Mr. E. N.—A Collection of Sponges, Rock Specimens, Tele-
graph Cable, relics from Wrecks, etc. , etc. , from King’s Island.

Swan, E. D., Esq.—Nest and Ege of Reed Warbler. (Calamoherpe
australis. )

Salier, F.—A large Crab from Howe’s Island.

Stanfield, Master. A Black-cheeked Falcon (Falco melanogenys).

Scott, J. R., Esq., Hon.—Sample of Coal from Pebbly Beach, Port
Davey.

Stump, Mr.—A 2 Dollar, Mauritius, 1820.

Swan, J., Esq.—Two specimens of Native Bread (Mylitta australis).

Thorne, Mr., Forcett.—A Tippet Grebe (Podiceps australis).

Weld, F. A., Esq., C.M.G., His Excellency. 24 Named Speci-
mens of West Australian Woods. A Japanese Mirror. Two
Ear-bones of Dugong. Two Lizard from W. Australia. A
Collection of Nets and other Implements made by the Abor-
igines of W. Australia.

Woods, Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., etc.—3 Specimens
of Gold from Devonian Rocks, Gympie, Queensland. A
named collection of Queensland Ferns.

Wintle, Mr. S. H.—Iron Ores, Limestone and Coal, from River
Don. Bismuth from Mt. Ramsay. Tin bearing wash dirt,
porphyry, cassiterite on sandstone, etc., from George’s Bay.
Skin of an Echidna.

Weeding, Mr. C., Eastern Marshes.—2 Native Cats. 1 Tiger Cat.

6 Stone Implements of Tasmanian Aborigines. Specimen of
Native Bread.

Walker, Dr. W.—A large and very rich Specimen of Copper Ore
from N, §, Wales, ‘ : a

26

Wilson, Miss, Hampden Road.—Specimen of ‘‘ Copper Moss ” from
Swansea, Wales. Water-color Drawing of Hobart Town in
1820.

Young, Master J. C.—Two Mats from Fiji. A Basket made by
Fijian Chief. The First Copy of the earliest Newspaper
struck off in Fiji. An Indian Hunting Knife. Shells from
Great Barrier Reef.

PLANTS RECEIVED AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY’S
GARDENS DURING 1875.

January 9th.—From A. G. Webster, Esq.—8 packets seeds.

January 14th.—From Lady Rolle, Bicton, England.—19 packets
seeds.

January 14th.—From Ch. Huber, France.—23 packets seeds.

January 22nd.—From the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.—18
packets Indian seeds.

February 12th.—From the Department Agriculture, Washington,
United States.—-41 packets seeds.

March 2nd.—From Wm. Bull, London.—12 Tuberous Begonias.

March 2nd.—Jules Cock and Sons, France.—25 packets seeds.

March 5th.—From North China Branch Royal Asiatic Society.—
Box bulbs.

March 9th.—Mr. A. Simpson.—4 Queensland Dendrobiums.

April 29th.—From Messrs. Macfarlane Bros.—10 packets seeds,
from China.

May Ist.—Rev. W. W. Spicer, Hobart Town.—40 packets seeds.

May 1st.—From Baron Ferd. von Mueller. —-2 packets seeds.

May 15th.—From Department of Agriculture, Washington.—40
packets seeds.

May 15th. —From Colonel Crawford.—4 packets seeds.

May 21st.—From Mr. E. B. Heyne, Adelaide.—200 packets seeds.

May 25th.—From Mr. C. Hollinsdale. —21 packets seeds.

May 31st.—From Mr. F. Johnston.—Seeds of 5 species Palms.

June 16th.—From His Excellency, F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G.—
15 packets Conifer seeds.

June 28th.—From Mr. G. Brunning, Melbourne.—Case containing

80 plants.
June 30th.—From Mr. A. Simpson.—Plants of Todea and Dick-
sonia.

June 30th.—From the Rev. W. W. Spicer.—Plants of Sedums.

July am the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, N.Z.—46
plants.

July 3ist.—From Mr. J. Latham, Hobart Town.—Seeds of
Anemones and Ranunculus.

Angust 4th.— From Capt. W. Willet.—74 packets seeds, imported.

August 6th.—From the Dobroyd Nursery, Sydney.—32 plants.

August 20th.—From Mr. E. B. Heyne, Adelaide.—8 packets seeds.

aeort 23rd.—From Messrs. Shepherd and Co., Sydney.—60
plants.

September 4th.—From Mr. Wm. Davis, Sandy Bay—80 packcts
seeds, from Fiji.

27

September 30th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New
Zealand. —30 plants.

October 9th.—From Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.—110
Orchids and Palms.

October 16th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. —30 plants.

October 18th.—From Ch. Huber, France.—9 packets Primula, 4
Morus Alba.

November 5th.
seeds,
November 10th.—From the Japanese Commissioners.—12 packets

seeds.
November 17th.—From Mr. C. Hollinsdale.—32 plants,
November 18th.—From Capt. A. Coote.—A prolitic species of Rye,
from Oregon.
November 19th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Melhourne, 84 plants.
November 30th.—From Mr. J. Latham, Hobart Town.—19 plants.

From Mr. C. F. Creswell, Melbourne.—49 packets

December .—From the Royal Gardens, Kew.—Seeds of
Cedrus Deodar.

December .—From — Lidbetter, Esq. , India.—Seeds of Pinus
Gerardiana.

LIST OF PLANTS SENT FROM tHe ROYAL SOCIETY’S
GARDENS DURING THE YEAR 1875.

Jannary 2nd.—To Messrs. Hugh Low and Co., Nurserymen,
Clapton, London— One Case containing 8 Tree Ferns.

February 13th.—To Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium—19 Tree
Ferns.

February 13th.—To the Royal Gardens, Kew, near London—One
Case containing sods of Abrotanella Forsteri.

March 2nd.—To the Department Agriculture, Washington, United
States—12 packets seeds, 3 Tree Ferns.

May 17th.—To Mons. J. Verschaffett, Ghent, Belgium—12 Tree
Ferns.

May 31.—To Mr. C. F. Creswell, Seedsman, Melbourne—One
packet seeds.

May 31st.—To Mr. E. B. Heyne, Seedsman, Adelaide—One packet
seeds,

May 31st.—To the Department Agriculture, Washington, United
States America—One package seeds.

May 3l1st.—To the Royal Gardens, Kew, near London—One
package seeds.

May 31st.—To Mr. Wm. Bull, New Plant Merchant, London—One
package seeds.

May 31st.—To the Acclimatisation Society, Queensland—Package
seeds,

May 3lst.—To the Dobroyd Nursery, Ashfield, near Sydney—
Package seeds.

May 3lst.—To Mr. C. Hollinsdale, Seedsman, Hobart Town—
Package seeds.

May gs, Mr. J. Latham, Seedsman, Hobart Town—Package
seeds,

28

May 31st.—To Colonel Crawford—5 packets seeds.

June 28th.—To Mr. G. Brunning, Nurseryman, Melbourne—One
case plants.

June 28th.—To the Royal Gardens, Kew—Telopea seeds.

June 28th.—To Mr. Wm. Bull, London—Telopea seeds.

July 6th.—To Jules Cock et Soeur, France—Package seeds.

July 6th.—To Messrs. Vilmorin and Andrieux, Paris—One package
seeds.

July 6th.—To Mardy et Cie, France—Package seeds.

July 13th.—To the Botanic Gardens, Queensland—Box of plants.

July 27th.—To Messrs. Shepherd and Co., Nurserymen, Sydney—
Box seeds.

July 27th.—To the North China Branch Royal Asiatic Society—
Package seeds.

August 9th.—To the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand
—Case of plants.

August 9th.—To the Dobroyd Nursery, Sydney—Case of plants.

August 27th.—To the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia
—Case of plants.

October 7th.—To Dr. Webster, for the New Zealand Government—
Package seeds

October 3lst.—Messrs. Vilmorin and Andrieux, Paris—Package
seeds.

October 31st.—To F. Sandes and Co., London—Package seeds.

November 10th.—To the Japanese Commissioners—Package seeds.

November 16th.-—To John Culyes, New York—Package Eucalyptus
seeds

November 27th.—The Botanic Gardens, Adelaide—Case of plants.

November 29th.—To Messrs. Vilmorin and Andrieux—Package
seeds.

PLANTS SUPPLIED FOR PUBLIC PLACES DURING
1875.
June Ist.—Brickfields Establishment—60 plants.
June 3rd.—Memorial Church—30 Plants.
June 30th.—Hobart Town Cemetery—198 plants.
June 30th.—Government House—20 plants.
July 27th. —Hobart Cemetery—72 plants.
August 30th.—High School—39 plants.
F. ABBOTT, Joun.,
Superintendent.

29

LIST OF PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE ROYAL
SOCIETY’S GARDENS DURING THE YEAR 1875.

Abutilon Santana
»» vVexillarium variegatum
Acer pseudo-platanus Canter-
buryana :
/Ethionema cordifolia
Allamanda Hendersoni
Albizzia odoratissima
Aloe ciliaris
Alonsoa linifolia
Amaryllis robusta
Andromeda axillaris
Androsace Coronopifolia
Anguloa Clewesii macrantha
Anthurium leuconeurum
9 magnificum
Aralia Guilfoylei
Artocarpus integrifolius
Asplenium Colensoi
es flabelliforme
a obtusatum minor
Aucuba longifolia
»» mascula
>» picta
5, Salicifolia
»» Viridis vera

Bambusa argentea stricta
Bauera sessilifolia
Berberis Leschenaulti
Boltonia asteroides

5, latigramia
Boronia crenulata
Borya nitida
Bougainvillea laterita
Brahea egregia
Bracteolaria racemosa
Brassia actinophylla
Butomus umbellatus
Buxus sempervirens argentea

Cacalia articulata

5, scandens
Caladium Newmanni
Canthium lucidam
Cattleya amethystiglossa

», bicolor

», Crispa

>» intermedia

>> maxima

»» Mossiac

Cattleya Skinneri
Cerasus Mollis
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cerexylon ferruginenm
Certodeira chontolensis
Chamoedorea amazonica

ms elegantissima
i glaucifolia

= graminifolia
- Lindeniana

Cheiranthus scoparius
Cinnamomum verum
Cissus Lindeniana
Citrus decumana
Clematis afoliata
Clesyocalon australis
Clethra alnifolia
Cocos Bonnetti

», Comosa

>, coronata

») procopeana
Cordyline albicans

Ff Hendersoni
* Hookeri

BA limbata

5 metallica

Coronostylis grandiflora
Croton ovalifolium

» Wrightii

» volutum
Cryptomeria araucaroides
Cupressus funebris aureus
Cypripedium caudatum

9 Hookeri

ms insignis Maulei
3 superbum

ne venustum

Daubentonia grandiflora
Datisca superbissima
Dendrobium aggregatum
5, formossum gigante
.; macrophyllum
ye Parishi
Deutzia crenata variegata
Dianthus alpinus
Dieffenbachia gigantea
Doodia connexa
Doryanthes Palmeri
Dyxia rariflora

30

Eranthemum sanguinolentum Leelia anceps
Erica vilmoreana brevifolia », cinnabarina ‘
ae ws grandiflora ae furfuracea
a minor - superbiens
Esculus hippocastanum Stevensii », Perrini :
Eugenia jambosa Lagerstrcemia parviflora
Euphorbia Jaquini Lambertia formosa
Euphoria Longana Leidenbergia rosea
Libonia Penrhosiensis
Ficus aspera Ligustrum ovalifolium variega-
5, Cooperi tum
Fittonia argyroneura Lobelia subnuda
Francoa decora Lychnis dioica
Funkia Sieboldtii variegata
Mackaya bella
Garcanum Lindenianum Magnolia fuscata
Gardenia Fortunii », obovata
Genetylis tulipifera Malortica gracilis
Geonoma Spixiana Mangifera indica
Gesneria exoniensis Maranta Lindeni
», vefulgens >, Porteana
Gongora alba purpurea » regalis
Grevillea alpina aurea Melaleuca nosophylla
Griffinia hyacinthina Melia japonica
Gymnogramma Muelleri Metrosideros robusta
Gymnostachya gigantea Miltonia Morelliana
»> spectabilis
Hakea eriantha Musa ensete
3» gramatophylla Muscari moschatum flavum
Hemiptera myrtifolia Myristica moschata
Hespericordium lacteum Myrsine chatamica
Hibiscus Cooperi »> variabilis
9, Coxi_ Myrtus macroyhylla fl. pl.
» grandiflorus
_ 9, liliflorus r Nauclea cordifolia
Hippeastrum Hendersoni ,» parviflora
” majestica Nephelium tomentosum
” pearl », Litchi
» startling Nephrodium hispidum
” _ Vulcan : Nothospartium Carmichceloides
Hydrangea japonica Eugenie
», Otaksa Odontoglossum Bictonensis alba
Hypericum florabundum Bs Cerventesii
Tlex aquifolium Armstrongii me a Bea
Ilex nobilis a Wheanhoror
Tris acuta s lee a
2?
md setosa. af nebulosum
xora coccinea Oncidium aurosum
Juniperus rigida aurea », altissimum 2
irgini barbatum grandiflora
Ng Virginiana aurea i Crispum peametiberna
Knightia excelsa “5 cuculatum flavidum.

«

Onicidium kramerianum

= nubigenum

a ornithorynchum
Ophiopogon jaburum

Pandanus veitchii
Paspalum elegans
Peperomia verschaffeltii
Phoenix farinifera
Phzedronassa gloriosa
Phajus grandiflorus

>» maculatus

»» Wallichi
Psycotria lomoceroides
Picea amabilis

3, aurea variegata

» firma
Pinus Fremontiana

3, flexilis

3» Hamiltoni

3, orientalis

», Pindrow
Piper Cubeba

>» javanicum

”? nigrum

Platanus occidentalis
Pleroma sarmentosa
Plumbago splendens
Polygonum silenioides
Polypodium pennigerum minor
Populus macrophylla
Prostanthera violacea
Psidium aromaticum
», littorale
», pomiferum
Pteris comans
>» hastata
»» pedata
», serrulata cristata
Ptychosperma Alexandria
Punica alba pleeno
Pyrethrum corymbosum
Pyrus aria

Quercus Lucumbiana
», | Lonomensis

Ranunculus fumarice folius
Rhamnus alaternus variegatus
Rhus radicans

>, tomentosa
Rubus fruticosa flora ploeno

Sabal dealbata

Sabal Moccini

Salvia gigantea

Sanchezia nobilis variegata
Schomburgkia tibicinus
Scolopendrium vulgare
Setaria nubica
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum
Sobralia macrantha
Solanum capsi-castrum gigantem
Spireea syringzefolia
Stanhopea Bucephalus
Stipa splendens

Syncarpia alvens

Syringa persica purpurea

Terrietia argyrodendron
Taxus baccata aurea variegata
Teucrium asiaticum

_» Botrys
Tricopilia coccinea
a suavis

oe sanguinolenta
Thrinax elegans
», mauritee formis
Triconema grandiflora
Tilia platyphylla
», pendula
Tylaphora barbata

Ulmus Montana variegata

Vanilla aromatica
Veronica Schmidti

»» | Speciosa vera
Vessicaria splendens

Wigandia chilensis
a Vigieri

Zamia cylindrica
Zygopetalum Mackayi

RHODODENDRON,

Countess Haddington
Jesminzflorum
Veitchi

CAMELLIA,

Compt de Paris
Countesse Celini
Lapace

Jenny Lind
Moli Me Tanque

BEGONIA (Tuberous).

Anacreon
Corsair

Ensign

Gem

Lothair
Mazeppa

Seraph

Sir Hercules Robinson
Sedeni magnifica
Surprise
Tarquin

COLEUS.

Beauty of Adelaide
Empress

Golden Gem
Prince Bismarck
Sedan

ROSE.

Abbe Bramerel
Alba rosea
Bessie Johnson
Baronne Louise Uxkull
»5 Moirmont
Duke of Edinburgh
Edward Morren
General Drouet
Gloire des Mosseus
Lamarque
Mrs. Veitch
Madame Eugene Appert
», Berarde
Mademoiselle M. Rady
“ Annie Wood

32

Marquiss de Ligneris
Nardy Freres
Peach Blossom
Prince Leopold
Senateur Vaisse

» Favre
Semiramis
Thorin

PELARGONIUM.

Aline Sisley
Countessa of Craven
Fair Emily
Humming Bird
Lavinia

Louisa Smith

Mrs. Rutler

Mrs. Turner

“Perilla

Queen Victoria
White Clipper

ORANGES AND LEMOi

Citron, Bengal
Lemon, Heong Leong
Shaddock, Blood
Orange, Blood
Siletta

FIGS.

Bulls, No. 1
Castle Kennedy
Fique d’Or

Large Black Genoa
White Genoa
White Marseilles

= Berthe Leveque Smyrna

Madeline Nonin F, ABBOTT, Jun.

PRINTED AT THE MERCURY STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN.

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

REPORT
meryAl> SOCIETY
= TASMANIA, ©

1876.

TASMANIA :
PRINTED AT THE ‘‘MERCURY” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN.

1877,

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

REPORT
BOVYAL SOCIETY
TASMANIA,

1876.

a

TASMANIA :

PRINTED AT THE ‘‘MERCURY” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN.

—

1877.

Grrata.

Page 90a, line 11,12, 13, 30, omit second do., generaonly are meant, not species,

Page 900, line 12, 25, to 28, 35, 52 $ zy »
Page 90c, line 8, 12,13,35t039,42,3 ,, 55 “5
Page 90d, 39, 50, 55, to 57, 60 . ip 3
Page 90¢, 19, 37, 38, 42. » %

Page 90d, line 15 from bottom, after “ ditto ” insert “ Tenisoni.”

Page 90e, between 25 and 24 insert “ Venus aphrodinoides.”

Page 90f, line 4 from top insert “c in col. 18.”

Between 6 and 7 insert “ Micraster Etheridgei,’ and 6 in col. 1»
line 12 insert “¢”’ in cols. 1 and 22, line 14, insert “c”’ in col. 22.

Page 900, line 33 from top for “octopticata” read “ octoplicata.”

2)

The responsibility of the statements and opinions given in
the following papers and discussions rests with the individual
authors, the Society as a body merely places them on record.

Contents.

Proceedings of the Society for March, =
Pacific Heron ( Ardea pacifica) shot in Tasmania
Ocean Soundings between Australia and New Zealand .

Western Mountains, ‘‘ Roaring” Sounds heard in meativeshaed e '

High Temperature in some silver mines at Nevada, U.S.
Tasmanite, or Mersey Shale ... : =e ny, ws ses
Proceedings of the Society for April ae ee Sas 200
Language of the Aborigines, On the

Botanic Gardens, Works suggested at Z
Fern-trees, etc., on Mount Wellington, Ti eneson of...
Proceedings of the Society for May se “ng
Athrotaxis from Middlesex Plains ... -
Herbarium, Mr. Ronald Gunn’s Presentation of.

Seeds of Eucalypti, The Governor’s Remarks on .

Notes on Seed of Zucalyptus globulus. By F. Abbott .
Inaugural Address, His Excellency the President’s
Codlin Moth, The. By His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson

Nudibranchiata, A New Genus of. By the Rev. J. E. Tenisane Woods.
E.G.S., &c.. $e

Phytography of Tasmania, Vcbakanusitne tae By Baron ‘F. von
Mueller, C.M.G., “

Patellide, On some Aerie By the. Rey. Th E. Tenteon: Weed,
F.G.S., &c..

itiscdings of fie Society for J une As
Geological features of North Coast of Tasmania ..
Ferns, Destruction of, on Mount Wellington
Franklin Statue, Proposed inscription on pedestal of
Couch Grass, Stem of, penetrating bulbs ...
Proceedings of Society for July

Cyathea medullaris from Circular Head
Fossiliferous beds, Table Cape, reference to
Proceedings of the Society for August
Gault formation not found in Australia
Preceedings for September

Proceedings for October

Stone Implement, Aboriginal “06
White-bellied Sea Eagle, living specimen of, presented...
Books, Presentations of, from America... Ae
Aborigines of Tasmania, Language of. fe J. E. Calder. coat Maven
Grilse, Capture of bas ses
Proceedings of the Society for November ..

PAGE.

iv. CONTENTS.

Gales on Australian Coast in September ...

Coal Shaft at Spring Bay, Notes on. By T. Giephous M. re F, G. S.

Grilse, capture of, near Wharf, Hobart Town...

Australian Geology, History of. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods,
F.G.S., F.L.S., etc., etc. v8 Lt see

Tertiary Marine Beds of Table Cee: aatiter ae on. By R. M.

Johnston. .. a ese
Notes on the Fossils referred to in the foregoing paper. By the Rev.

J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.1L.S., ete, ...

Ampullaria, On a new species of. By the Rev. J. EH. TeninoasWiecdee
¥F.G.S8., F.L.S., ete.

Volcanoes of Hawaii, Remnerences af a ae ay, fee rR Bveclsaey:
F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G. tia

Tasmanian Marine Shells, On Some New. os Ans Rev. cE E. Se
Woods, F.G.S., etc., etc. S. ae :

Helix, On a new eel Tasmanian. By the pe J. E. Tendaon-
Woods, F.G.S., ete., ete. See

Platypus, On the effects of Wounds iaciried by the arc OE “By the
Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S. a

Shells,Synonomy of, and sea: on Tecate and ee By J cha
Brazier, C.M.Z.S8., etc.

Appendix my

Annual Report... Bc a ie as ane oon ied bes

Meteorological Tables ... ae ae See a Eps ne: ee

117

118

131

160

162

168:

ROYAL SOCIETY, 1876.

—_+—

MARCH, 1876.

The first exening meeting of the session was held on Tuesday, the 14th
March, T. Stephens, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., in the chair.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the following
returns, viz. :—
Visitors to Museum during February, 1471.
Visitors to Gardens during February, 4591.
Plants and seeds received at Botanic Gardens during February.
Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in

Botanic Gardens during February.

Books and periodicals received.
Presentations to Museum.
Meteorological Returns.—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for February.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.

8. Port Arthur, from J. Cov erdale, Esq., M.D.— Ditto for January and
February,

4. Mount Nelson, from Marine Board—Ditto, ditto.

5. Sydney, from the Government Observer—Printed Tables for October
and November, 1875.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From Dr. G. Bennett, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Sydney—Specimen of Ammonite
from Western Australia. 2. Portions of Humerus, and two of -
lower jaw of Diprotodon from Darling Downs, Queensland.

2. From Dr. Coverdale; Port Arthur—A large hair ball, from the
stomach of a calf six weeks old.

3. From Mr. Piguenit—Sample of the paper-like bark of a species of

3 Scr we oe bs

tea-tree. 5

4. From Mr. Lukin Boyes—A_ bivalve shell (Spondylus), locality
unknown.

5. From Mr. J. Baker—Two samples of tin ore from New South
Wales.

6. From Mr. J. B. Mather—Popular reprints of ten early English News-
papers, viz., The English Mercurie, 23rd July, 1588; The Weekely
Newes, 31st January, 1606; The Gazette, 5th September, 1658; The
Newes, 6th July, 1665; The London Gazette, 10th September,
1666; The Times, 3rd October, 1798, 16th April, 1801, 7th Novem-
ber, 1805, 10th January, 1806, and 22nd June, 1815.

The Rey. W. W. Sricer remarked that the earliest of these, the Zaglish
Mercurie, had been proved to be a forgery; the others, however, were
ea and of great interest.

From Mr. Ludbey, Brighton—Two specimens of Fossil Wood.

8. From Mr. Tasman Morrisby—A White Hawk (Leucospiza nove
hollandie ).

9. From J. C. Barclay, Esq.—Specimens of the Copper Coinage in
circulation in Tasmania in 1875, at the period of the cessation
of the copper currency (50 pieces). Specimens of the Bronze
Coinage in circulation in Tasmania in 1875 at the time of the
withdrawal of the copper coinage (28 pieces).

B

2

10. From the Hon. J. Maclanachan, Esq.i—An Egyptian Goose
( Chenalopex eyyptiaca ).

11. From the Rev. J. Ross—A large prepared specimen of the
Monitor Lizard of Australia,

12. From Mr. Blyth, Honeywood —Two Black Snakes. (Hoplo-
cephalus curtus.) A peculiar Insect from the bark of a stringy-bark
tree.

13. From Mr. 8. Baynton—Specimen of Silicified Wood, from Brown’s
River Beach.

14. From Mr. Brunt — Fossils from ‘Travertine beds, Geilston Bay.
Fossiliferous limestone from Bridgewater.

15. From Mr. Jeffrey—Fossiliferous limestone, from near New Norfolk.

16. From Mr. T. Williams—Specimen of the Pacific Heron (Ardea
pacifica ), shot at Lake Tiberias.

The SEcRETARY observed that this specimen was of interest, as it afforded
the first known indication of the presence of the Ardea pacifica in Tas-
mania, As to its habitat, Gould in his description of the bird only states it
is “a summer visitor to the whole of the Southern Coast of Australia.”

17. From Mr, J. E. Risby—A large Crab found on beach at Pirate’s
Bay, Tasman’s Peninsula.

18. From Captain Audley Coote—Specimens of the New Zealand
Telegraph Cable, shewing shore-end, intermediate, and deep-sea
portions, neatly mounted in plate glass case.

19. From Major Dumbleton—Two casts of Fossils from the Mersey.

20. From F, A. Blackman, Esq.—Samples of two qualities of sugar,
from the plantation (Antigua) of A. H. Brown, Esq., Mary River,
Queensland.

In reference to presentation No, 18, the following extract from a letter
from Captain Nares of H.M.S. Challenger to the donor was read :—“ On
the Australian coast the incline from the 100 fathoms line, which was
17 miles from Sydney, into a depth of 2,100 fathoms at 57 miles
distance, was about 1 in 20, which is less abrupt than we had
previously found to be the case further to the southward of
Twofold Bay, where it was about 1 in 6. The bottom, which consists
of soft ooze, then slopes down to a depth of 2,600 fathoms at a
distance of 240 miles from the coast of Australia, the temperature being
33°, which conditions continue for 140 miles. From this extreme depth
the bottom slopes with a gentle incline, with soft ooze, for 400 miles,
until, at a position 780 miles from Sydney, and 335 miles from the
entrance to Cook’s Straits, we obtained soundings in 1,100 fathoms.
Between this and New Zealand only shallow soundings below 400 fathoms,
with hard bottom, were obtained. The bottom on this part was ex-
tremely hard, so much so that we obtained little or no samples in the
sounding rods, but as both the trawl and dredge dragged freely along, with-
out catching in any irregularities, it must have been of a smooth nature.”

In reply to a remark as to the very low temperature at the deep sound:
ings, mentioned by Captain Nares, the SEcRETARY observed it certainly
at first sight seemed extraordinary that about the latitude of Sydney,
the deep water of the Pacific should have a temperature only one
degree above the freezing point. This, however, was quite in accordance
with Dr. Carpenter’s theory of vertical oceanic circulation. Stated briefly
this theory was to the effect that the polar cold primarily, and the equa-
torial heat secondarily establish a vertical circulation by which the icy
polar water flows along the bottom towards the equator, whilst the
warm and lighter surface water of the tropical seas flows in the opposite
direction. This theory therefore pointed to an almost polar cold at the
greatest ocean depths irrespective of latitude.

Mr. STEPHENS drew attention toa specimen of fossil wood (presenta-

3

tion No. 13), received from Mr. Baynton, exhibiting in section a good
example of the concentrically ribboned crystal locally known as car-
nelian, and throwing some light upon its origin. Other evidence, which
was mentioned, also tended to connect these crystallised forms with silici-
fied wood so abundant in many parts of Tasmania, but the subject
required investigation. Mr. Stephens also exhibited a specimen of fossil
wood from the interior of a mass of the Penguin Creek conglomerate
breccia, which he had picked up on the road-side while travelling
on the North Coast. This was interesting as being the first and onl

evidence of organic remains in any of the conglomerates of the Nort

Coast, none of which probably were more recent than Lower Cainozoic,
and some of which were certainly as old as Lower Silurian.

The following communication— An attempted solution of the roaring
of the Western Mountains,” by the Rev. E. P. Adams—was read :—“ At
certain times there is to be heard in the nighbourhood of the Western
Mountains a roaring, loud, awful, and continuous. It is not restricted to
any particular time of year. I believe I have heard it all seasons. The area
where it is audible lies from Bishopsbourne to Deloraine and Chud-
leigh, and I daresay further on in either direction—so that I estimate the
area for the sound, as below forty miles at a moderate computation, Various
opinions are expressed as to the cause of this noise. 1. The agitated
waters of the Great Lake, distant about 20 miles. 2. The roaring of
the sea thirty or forty miles off. 3. The Meander Falls, about sixteen
miles away and about five hundred feet in height. But without trying
to demolish these theories, I shall submit that which I believe to be the
true cause of the sound. And first I shall describe the noise as last heard
on Thursday, the 10th ultimo (January). Thursday night was calm and
cold, after a gale of wind all day, which had succeeded a week of very hot
weather, ending with thunder and lightning. These would demonstrate a
disturbed state of the atmosphere. About 10 p.m. the rumbling in
the mountains was very grand and distinct. My companion when
I called her attention to it, as we walked in the moonlight, said ‘Is it
not terrible.’ It sounded as if a Lake had burst its banks, and the waters
were roaring and raging towards us, i.e. Deloraine. Taking into consi-
deration that this sound is always to be heard after a disturbance in the
atmosphere, and when the air on the plains is still, and I suppose
cooling, the sound appears to*me to be accounted for on this principle :—
When the air of a hall or passage seeks an entrance through the key-hole in
the door of a warm room, the humming noise of the cold air passing
through the key-hole is often startling. The air being disturbed, and the
mountain air suddenly cooled, it rushes through the mountain gorges to
the warmer plains—these gorges form a passage for the cold air like the
key-hole of the warm room, and the cataract of cold air keeps up the
sound until the air beneath has become cooled to the level of the
mountain air.”

Mr. P. T. SmirH stated he had frequently heard this peculiar roaring
sound at Syndal (Ross district), but had never heard of any attempt at ex-
planation.

The Rey. W. W. Spicer asked if any one had ever been on the mountains
when the noise was present ?

Mr. STEPHENS thought not. He was, however, quite familiar with the
sound, which was heard occasionally both on the eastern and western side
of the tiers, and therefore extended over a considerable tract of country.
He did not think we had sufficient data at present on which to found any
quite satisfactory explanation.

The Secretary remarked it was frequently a most difficult matter
to obtain satisfactory data for the explanation of such phenomena. Apropos
to the present case he instanced the occurrence at the Delta of the Ganges,

LB?

4,

of those peculiar sounds locally known as “The Guns of Burrisaul,” the
cause of which has not yet been determined. A short account of these
sounds, from “ All the Year Round,” for July, 1875, was then read.

An instance of the extremely high temperature experieuced in some silver
mines in the Nevada territory having been communicated to the Society by
Captain A. Coote as its last meeting, the following explanation by Professor
Rogers was read from an American paper. ‘Among the chemists an
interesting account was given by Professor Rogers of the chemical pro-
cesses going on in the depths of the silver mines, in the Nevada Comstock
lode. In the deeper drifts of the mines the heat is almost intolerable, the
temperature being frequently as high as 150 degrees. Life is supported only
by pouring ice-water on the head. The water that trickles from the rocky
roof of these drifts is so hot as to be almost scalding, and the workmen are
protected from it by sheet-iron screens. The temperature is far beyond
what would be due from the depth of the mine, and is largely owing to the
presence and decomposition of sulphides. There is atrace of saline matter,
and the contact of the sulphide of silver with chloride of sodium produces,
by chemical action, the high temperature. Professor Rogers’ explanation
of the cause of the great Californian Steam Geysers will be a great blow to
all wonder-loving tourists. ‘The geysers,’ he says, ‘exhibit no great geological
phenomenon, but result solely from the action of superficial chemistry.
The heat is caused by the action of air and water upon iron pyrites, generat-
ing oxide of iron and sulphuric acid, which readily form sulphate of iron,’
This will be a disappointment to those who imagined fiery furnaces and
boiling cauldrons sending up the startling steam jets, and scalding waters.”

Some extracts were read by the CHAIRMAN from a paper by Mr. E. T.
Newton, F.G.8., on the result of a microscopical examination of “'Tas-
manite,” the so-called “Dysodile” of the Mersey. Mr. Newton says, “The
two substances known as ‘Tasmanite’ and ‘ Australian White Coal,’ which
are the subject of the present communication, have a special interest for
the geologist on account of the light which they throw upon the micros-
copic structure and composition of many coals. My attention was first
directed to them when collecting materialsfor Professor Huxley’s examina-
tion into the microscopic structure of coal. My esteemed colleague, Mr.
Etheridge, at that time gave me a specimen of brown laminated substance,
labelled ‘ Lignite, the so-called White Coal» Australia,’ and drew my atter-
tion to the fact that it was very largely composed of small seed-like bodies,
very similar to, although smaller than, the macrospores of Flemingites,
which are seen in many kinds of British Coal. A specimen of this same
kind of White Coal is inthe Museum of Practical Geology, and is labelled
‘Bituminous Shale (locally called White Coal), New South Wales, Aus-
tralia.” I have likewise been able to examine the specimen of Tasmanite
also in this Museum, which is labelled ‘Tasmanite ; combustible ma‘ter
from the River Mersey, on the north side of Tasmania; stratum of
unknown thickness, but known to extend for some miles. Presented by
Sir William Denison.’” The author’s conclusion is, that ‘There can be
no question as to the Tasmanite sacs being vegetable organs, although at
present we do not know the plant to which they belong. Their size
and form seem to indicate that they are more nearly allied to
Lycopodiaceous macrospores than to anything else. The inconvenience
of having an object without a distinctive name induces me to propose one
for the spores (?) found in Tasmanite and Australian White Coal (the two
being, as I believe, identical in structure) ; and in order to retain existing
titles as far as possible I would suggest that Professor Church’s name
Tasmanite, which is so generally used in reference to the schist as a
whole, be retained for this substance, and that the spores (or rather the
plant to which they belong) should be called Tasmanites, with the specific
title of punctatus in allusion to the surface markings.”

~
o

None of the Fellows present were acquainted with the substance referred
to as “ Australian White Coal,” but the Rev. W. W. Spicer thought the
term was used by Strzelecki.

Mr. SterHens remarked that Mr. R. M. Johnston of Launceston had given
much time and attention to the examination of these discs, or rather sacs,
in the Mersey schist, though his description differed slightly from that of
Mr. Newton. He was clearly the first person in Tasmania who had
identified them as the spores of a Lycopodium or some allied plant. Tas-
manite belongs to the Mersey Coal formation, and is associated with Marine
fossils of Devonian type.

The Secretary informed the meeting that His Excellency had intended
opening the session by an inaugural address, Absence from town had
prevented this, but His Excellency proposed making the address at the next
monthly meeting. It was also mentioned that a paper by Mr. R. M.
Johnston on the Tertiary Marine Deposits of Tasmania had been received
in time for the present meeting. This, however, could only be read by
the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, as he was prepared to illustrate and explain
it by reference to a collection of fossils which accompanied the paper, and
with which he was familiar. As Mr. Woods was absent on duty, the
reading of this paper had to be postponed until his return to town, which
was expected to take place before the April meeting.

A vote of thanks to the donors of presentations closed the proceedings.

6

APRIL, 1876.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, 11th
April, His Excellency F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G. in the chair.

The following were among the Fellows present ; viz. :—Sir Francis Smith,
Chief Justice ; His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson, Sir J. M. Wilson, Rev.
W. W. Spicer, Messrs. H. Weld-Blundell, E. 8. Hall, J. K. Lewis, H. Bilton,
Justin McC. Browne, J. Barnard, M. Seal, H. J. Buckland, A. G. Webster,
W. V. Morris, F. Abbott, jun., H. Scott, J. M. Clarke, C. H. Grant, C.
Dowdell, F. T. Salier, H. J. Lucas, J. Swan, M. Allport, and Dr. Agnew,
hon. sec.

The Secretary brought under notice the following returns for past month :

1. Number of Visitors to Museum, 1,300.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 4,053.

3. Seeds received at Gardens.

4. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in
Botanic Gardens during the month.

5. Books and Periodicals received.

6. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Tables :-—

1. Hobart Town, from F, Abbott, Esq.—Table and Summary for March.

2. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale —Ditto.

3, Mount Nelson, from the Marine Board—Ditto.

4. Goose Island, from ditto—Ditto Feb.

5. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq. —Ditto March.

The Presentations to the Museum were asfollows :—

1. From Mr. J. 8. Scholes.—A collection of coins (84 copper and 2
silver). Specimen of “Chrome,” from New Zealand. Egg-shaped
boulder of “Blue Stone” from the Werribbee Creek, Sunbury,
Victoria.

2. From J. K. Lewis, Esq.—A fine specimen of the Caspian Tern
(Sylochelidon caspia ), shot at Frederick Henry Bay, Feb., 1876.

3. From Mr. J. Bonney.—Part of skeleton of a Turtle, from Queensland.

4, From Mr. Gillon.—A specimen of opal from Cornelian Bay Cemetery.

5. From Mr. Harrison Cades, Brown’s River.—A specimen of the Owlet
Nightjar (_digotheles nove hollandie). Sp. 38, Gould’s Handbook
of Australian Birds.

6. From Mr. G. Rice.—A Freshwater Crayfish (Astacus sp.) from
McRobie’s Gully.

7. From A. Simson, Esq.—Specimen of Antechinus swainsonii. Two
Native Rats (Mus fuscipes ? and Mus sp.)

8. From Mr. Young.—A living specimen of the so-called “Sea Hare ”
(Aplysia tasmanica. Tennison Woods).

9. From H. M. Hull, Esq.—Skull of Native Tiger (Thylacinus
cynocephalus ).

10. From Mr. W. E. Hall.—Specimen of the long-eared Bat of the Colony
( Nyctophilus wnicolor ).

Presentations to Library :—

1. From Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A.—Copy of “A Handy Book to the
Collection of Algee, Diatoms, Fungi, Mosses,” etc. Translated from
the German, and edited by the donor.

2. From Miss Fergusson, Tinderbox Bay.—A copy of the Bible, printed
in the Irish language.

3. From the Trustees of the British Museum. Catalogue of Marine
Polyzoa, part 3 ( Cyclostomata.)

4, From Zoological society, Laat on. —Proceedings of the Society, 1874,
part 4 ; 1875, parts, 1, 2,and 3. List of Vertebrate Animals in the
Society's Gardens, suppt. 1872 to 1874.

7

5. From Geological Society, London.—Quarterly Journal of Society, Vol.
30, Nos. 119 and 120; Vol. 31, Nos. 121 to 124, List of Society,
Noy. 1875.

6. From Royal Geographical Society.—Journal of Society, Vol. 14 (1874).
Bd. Proceedings of ditto, Vol. 19, Nos. 1 to 7 (1875).

7. From Royal Asiatic Society—Journal of Society, Vol. 7, part 2 ; and
report for 1875. :

8. From Linnean Soclety—Journal of Society, Vol. 14, Nos. 78 to 80,
Botany ; Vol. 12, No. 59, Zoology.

9. From the Hon. the Colonial Secretary.—A copy of the Geological
Map of Australia and Tasmania, published by the Government of
Victoria, mounted and varnished.

In the absence of the author a paper entitled “ Notes on a new Genus
of Nudibranchiata,” by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, was brought before
the meeting by the Secretary. (In reference to its name “ Allportia ” the
author remarks : “ This new genus I propose to dedicate to Mr. Morton
Allport, as a slight mark of appreciation of his great services to science
and acclimatisation in Tasmania.”)

Some introductory remarks on “ Contributions to the Phytography of
Tasmania, Part 4,” by Baron von Mueller ; also, an introduction to “ Notes
pays new species of Vaccinium from Samoa,” by the same author, were

The Secretary then read a communication from Mr. Calder on the
language of the Aborigines of Tasmania, having previously remarked that,
although Mr. Calder unfortunately was not a member, the paper was one
which he was sure would be of interest to the meeting. The paper gave a
list of ninety-six native words published in the Courier of the 3rd November,
1828, and referred to another published by Dr. Milligan in the Society’s
proceedings (Vol. 3, p. 239) containing 882 words. In addition to these,
however, a third list of 2000 native words compiled by Mr. George Augustus
Robinson (the principal captor of the native tribes) was mentioned. This
important list had disappeared, and it was suggested that inquiry should be
made concerning it. The author also thought that many other native words
might still be rescued from oblivion, and instanced several persons from
whom information on the subject might be obtained.

After reading the paper the Secretary remarked he then held in hand
a third list of 332 words, and 72 names of men and women, of the existence
of which Mr. Calder was evidently not aware. It was compiled by the late
Rev. J. Norman of Sorell, and was very carefully made out, every word
being properly accentuated, and was also interspersed with remarks on
the manners and customs of the Aborigines. It was intended to print a
compilation of all our known aboriginal words, and a copy would certainly
be forwarded to the great philologist of the day—Max Miiller.

His ExcE.iency thought this was a matter well worthy of the attention
of the Society. The Government of New Zealand considered the preserva-
tion of the native language so important that a grant of public money
had been given for the purpose when he was Premier; and again when
Governor of Western Australia, money had been granted by that Govern-
ment for a similar purpose.

_ His Exce.tency delivered an inaugural address.

Conversational discussion ensued on several points referred to in the
President's very valuable and suggestive address. In reference to the sug-
gestion as to certain works which might be advantageously carried out,
in the Public Gardens, the SrorETARY remarked that nothing but want
of funds prevented them from being undertaken. For the work of the
gardens only three men were available, together with a gang supplied by
Government, which, however, was steadily becoming so small and ineffi-
cient as to be almost worthless. The wages paid to the men were only

8

at the rate of four shillings per day, and in consequence a petition trom
them for an increase -had recently been received by the Council and for-
warded to the proper quarter for the consideration of the Governor-in-
Council. To afford a fair increase of pay, and procure a small increase of
labour, in view of the probable collapse of that supplied by Government, an
annual grant of £700 was the very lowest at which the Gardens could be
worked. Formerly the gardens had far more than the present grant when
they were only one-half the size they now are, and when only a tithe of the
present number of plants were in cultivation. A grant of £700 per annum
would only give one man to every four acres, whereas a man to an acre
was the proper proportion in Botanical Gardens. The Gardens in Mel-
bourne, certainly twice the size of ours, were worked ‘at a cost of six
thousand five hundred pounds annually, whilst ours had only a grant
of £400 annually, with the small extra supply of inefficient labour already
mentioned.

General conversation took place as to the destruction of the Fern Trees
on Mount Wellington, referred to in the Presidential Address. It was
admitted that the destruction of these beautiful ornaments of the moun-
tain gorges was carried on in the most wanton and barbarous manner.
To afford a display for a single evening, instead of only taking the
fronds, entire trunks, the growth of many years, were ruthlessly cut down,
and thus by degrees whole valleys had been robbed of their beauty, and
turned into unsightly wastes. A great public injury was in fact being done,
as the mountain was fast losing one of its greatest attractions. At the same
time so much of the ground has passed into private hands, it was difficult,
if not impossible for any legislation to check the evil, though it was perhaps
possible to abate it tosome extent by having public taste and feeling aroused
in opposition to it. It was finally resolved that a communication should
be addressed to the Corporation pointing out the mischief which was being
done, and suggesting that measures might be taken for preventing further
destruction in localities over which the City Council exercised any right.

His ExcreLtitency remarked that the Minister of Lands and Works was
most anxious for the preservation of all the natural beauties of the moun-
tain, and, he was certain, would be glad to do everything in his power to
assist in the matter.

Mr. Apporr informed the meeting that the Cork Oaks, mentioned in
the address, had arrived safely at the Gardens. A considerable number of
Himalayan Rhododendrons, from the Royal Gardens, Kew, had also been
received at the sarne time in excellent order.

Mr. Justice Dopson read an interesting paper on the “ Codlin Moth’—
Carpocapsa pomonella.

The usual vote of thanks having been accorded to the donors of presenta-
tions, and authors of contributions, Sir J. M. Wimson proposed a special
vote to the President, for his interesting and very suggestive inaugural
address.

Mr. M. Atiport seconded the vote, and referred particularly to that
portion of His Excellency’s address which related to the value of accurate
observations on the habits of our various indigenous animals, now rapidly
becoming extinct. Mr. Allport remarked that an additional reason for such
observations was to be found in the fact that our fauna in a great mea-
sure consisted of forms which have passed away in Europe, and, therefore,
the minute history of such fauna would, when compared with geological

discoveries, throw great light on the condition of European countries
during the tertiary period.

The vote having been carried by acclamation, was duly acknowledged by
His Excellency, when the proceedings terminated. .

9

MAY, 1876,

The monthly evening meeting was held on Tuesday, the 9th May, His
Excellency the Governor, President, in the chair.

The following gentlemen, who had previously been nominated by the
Council, were balloted for and declared duly elécted as Fellows of the
Society, viz. :—Right Revd. Bishop Murphy, the Rev. J. H. Brooke Bailey;
Messrs. George Gilmore, T. M. Evans, Richard W. Lord, and Dr. E. L.
Crowther.

The Secretary laid on table the following returns for the month of April :

1. Visitors to Museum, 1350.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 3907.

3. Plants and seeds received at and sent from Gardens.

4, Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in
Botanic Gardens during April.

5. Books and Periodicals received.

6. Presentations to Museum and Library.

Meteorological Returns.—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., Table for April.

2. Port Arthur, from J. Coverdale, Esq., M.D., Ditto.

3. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., Ditto.

4. From the Marine Board, Table from Mount Nelson, April ; Bruni

Island, ditto, February and March ; Goose Island, ditto, for March.

5. Sydney, from Government Observatory, printed tables for December,
1875.

6. New Zealand, from Dr. J. Hector, Printed tables, 1874.

The Presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From E. L. Crowther, Esq., M.D.—A large collection of specimens of
Tin Ore from lode, stream tin, &c., from various claims, Gould’s
Country.

2. From Mr. J.J. Martin—Spherical boulder of limestone (Septariwm )
13 inches in diameter, from Moeraki Beach, New Zealand.—A por-
tion of the stem of a Tree Fern, prepared for picture frame making.

8. From Mr. W. F. Hardy, St. Mary’s—Specimens of eggs of Leech.

4. From Mr. A. Jackson, Hamilton—An albino variety of the Wattle
Bird ( Authochara inauris ).

5. From Mr. R. Lord—Singular growth, resembling an oat, on an ear of
wheat.

6. From Dr. Valentine, Campbell Town—A specimen of the Pouched
Lamprey ( Geotria allporti), from the South Esk.

7. From Mrs. Meredith—A valuable, named and classified, collection
of Algz from Orford, Prosser’s Bay, Tasmania. Collected and
mounted by the donor.

8. From Maurice Weston, Esq.—Skeleton of Australian Crane (Girus
australasianus ).

9. From Mr. W. F. Petterd—18 specimens of Land Shells from Yule
Island, New Guinea.

{The SkcreTARY mentioned that the donor of these specimens was the
writer of those interesting letters on New Guinea which have recently
appeared in the local press. |

10. From Mr. W. L. Boyes—Two immense Earth Worms from Gould’s
Country. (These worms, although much shrunken by immersion in
spirits, measure about fourteen inches in length with a diameter of
fully three-quarters of an inch). Two freshwater Crayfish from
same locality.

11. From Mr. J. W. Graves—A Water Crake ( Porzana tabuensis ).

12. From Mr. T. Stephens—Specimens of Wood and Foliage of A throtaxis
sclayinoides and A, cupressiformis.

10

[In reference to this presentation, Mr. STEPHENS observed that there
had hitherto been some doubt as to the species of Athrotawis which
furnished the timber known on the North Coast under the name of “ pencil
cedar,” as distinguished from other “ red pine,’” but it now appeared tolerably
certain that it was obtained from A. cupressiformis, the smaller of the
two trees. The logs from which these specimens were cut were from the
neighbourhood of Middlesex Plains, and both trees are sparingly distributed
in other parts of the North at an elevation of from 1,000 to 3,000 feet.
Mr. Ronald Gunn had kindly furnished specimens of the foliage of both
species. The red pine of Port Davey had been shown by Mr. J. R. Scott
to be Athrotaxis selaginoides. |

13. From the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, F.L.S.—Specimens of Crabs from
Bruni Island.

14. From R. C. Gunn, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.—An extensive Herbarium,
principally Tasmanian.

[The meeting was informed by the Secretary that this great Herbanium,
the result of forty years collecting by Mr. R. C. Gunn, was presented
to the Museum by the owner with the sole proviso that duplicates should
be returned to him. The labour of arranging, re-papering, and classifying
such a vast collection would be enormous; but the Rev. W. W. Spicer
and Mr. J. R. Scott had kindly undertaken it, and were engaged daily on
the task. When this was finished, the presentation, in its perfect state,
would again be brought under the notice of the Fellows. Mr. Grant, in
the most liberal manner, had brought the several large cases containing
the collection, free of cost, from Launceston by the railway. (Applause.)]

His EXcELLENCY remarked that the collection of Alge (presentation No. 7)
by Mrs. Meredith was an exact illustration of a subject he had referred to in
his inaugural address, to wit the aid which may be rendered to science by
careful collectors. Mrs. Meredith had lately informed him that she had no
special knowledge of Algee, and yet the first scientist in this branch in
Europe acknowledges the great obligations he is under to her for new
specimens.

The presentations to the Library were as follows :—

1. From the Surgeon General, United States Army, “‘ Report of Cholera
Epidemic of 1873, in United States.’’--1 Vol. 4to, pp. 1025.

2. From C. M. Maxwell, Esq.—First part of a work on the Australian
Orchids, published for the Government of New South Wales.

3. From the Linnean Society of New South Wales—Proceedings of the
Society, vol. L., part 1.

4. From Dr. Agnew—Publications of the Historical and Archeological
Association of Ireland, 1874-5.

5. From Government of Victoria—“Index of Victorian Patents and
Patentees”’ vol. 8.

6. From His Excellency the Governor—A copy of a work entitled
“Natural History of Insects, Serpents, and Dragons.” By John
Johnston, M.D., Frankfort, 1652.

Also a “Brief account of Bushman Folk-lore, and other texts,” By
, W. H. J. Bleek, Ph.D. Presented to the House of Parliament, Cape
of Good Hope.

His Exceniency, the President, in reference to observations made by
him in the inaugural address he had delivered at last meeting, desired to
state that Mr. Abbott had been so good as to point out to him that he had
been mistaken in supposing that the seeds of inferior varieties of Eucalypti
were likely to be passed off on seedsmen or buyers as the seeds of the
Blue Gum, Eucalyptus globulus. Mr. Abbott had thoroughly investigated
the matter, and had convinced him he had spoken under a misapprehension.
At the same time he had not spoken either without authority or without
seemingly good grounds, It was only on that morning Sir James Wilson

11

had authorised him to say that, without imputing blame to anybody, he
had been so unfortunate as not to have obtained true blue gum seed when
he was sending seed to Italy. Therefore it was not, perhaps, to be regretted
that the attention of dealers and the public had been called to the matter.
It had, however, been made plain, as Mr. Abbott would show, that mistakes
could not easily arise in the seed of Tasmanian species ; and he hoped that’
the press would give the same publicity that they had given to his first
statement, to the avowal he made that he was now convinced that seed
obtained from respectable seedsmen might be relied upon as true to sort,
and that he was mistaken in two instances he had adduced. It would
appear that the young plants raised at Government House as an experiment
must really be blue gum, though strangely altered by culture, soil, heat,
or some other cause, not only in the colour but also in the shape of the
leaf. He was happy to be able to make this statement, and Mr. Abbott
deserved great credit for the trouble he has taken in the matter. It had
been further represented to him that he had been mistaken in believing
that the destruction of timber and ferns on the sides of Mount Wellington
was unauthorised ; but that was not the point at all that he had raised ;
he did not stop to enquire whether the waste and destruction were authorised
or not, or even whether some of it might not be on private property or
not. Of course all rights should be respected, but any difficulty that
might at present be incurred in dealing with private rights would be
increased tenfold as years went by, whilst the injury already done was
incalculable, and was going on from day to day. It was already the
eleventh hour so far as saving the ferns and vegetation of the undergrowth ;
a great proportion of the larger trees was already gone. What he desired
to do was to impress upon them the necessity of taking steps to secure for
the people of this city, and for its visitors, a noble space for amusement,
for the study of nature, and for health. He begged of those who had the
power whilst there was yet time, to consider the interest not only of
themselves but of their children and their children’s children. He would
ask them to look at the efforts which are being now made in England
in this direction, and at the enormous sums that such efforts absorb ; at the
American nation, that, with a wise foresight whilst yet there is time, sets
aside and reserves a tract of land the size of a county as a recreation
ground and field for the study of nature for the American people. That
some similar step should be taken here was the point to which he had
endeavoured to attract attention, and if the public would interest them-
selves in the matter it rested with them to benefit not only themselves, but
to confer an incalculable benefit on future generations of Tasmanians. He
would now ask Mr. Abbott to read his paper.

Before Mr, Abbott proceeded to comply with the request of the
President,

The Secretary begged to refer to a resolution passed at the previous
meeting, to the effect that a communication should be addressed to the
Corporation, pointing out the mischief that was being done by the des-
truction of the fern trees, etc., on Mount Wellington, and suggesting that
steps should be taken for preventing such destruction in future in localities
over which the City Council exercised any right. In accordance with this
resolution, a letter had been addressed by him to the Mayor (letter read).

Mr. F. Assort, jun., then read the following remarks :—

“Notes on Eucalyptus globulus (Blue Gum of Tasmania), compiled for the
purpose of showing the improbability of spurious seed being supplied
from Tasmania.

“Though I was present at the last meeting of this Society, and heard
His Excellency’s remarks in reference to the adulteration of blue gum
seed, I was not then prepared to offer any explanation in the matter, as I
did not at the moment know the circumstances that had led to the state-

12

ment ; but, believing that a mistake had arisen, I regarded it as a matter
of duty to institute such enquiries as would remove any doubt existing
on the subject.

“Tt is well known that the blue gum has of late been very extensively
planted in various parts of the world. In Algeria and California it is
planted by hundreds of thousands, and in the latter place companies have
been formed for its extended cultivation. It therefore becomes a matter
of some importance to cultivators to ascertain whether it is possible they
have been supplied with spurious seed, and are cultivating the wrong plant
or not.

“So far as seed obtained from Tasmania is concerned, I cannot believe
that any but the true Lucalyptus globulus has been supplied. In the first
place, the capsule and seed of this species is so distinct from any other
known Tasmanian kind, that seedsmen or merchants once having seen
them could not be imposed upon by the substitution of any other species ;
and, again, it is the only indigenous kind producing fertile seed sufficiently
large to enable collectors to separate it from the abortive. As a rule, all
the other Tasmanian species are sold as they shed from the capsule—that
is, the fertile and abortive seed mixed together.

“ His Excellency’s remarks appear to have originated from the circum-
stance of his attention having been called to some fallen trees of Eucalyptus
a short distance above the Springs on Mount Wellington, which were said
to have been felled for the sake of their seed, together with the fact that
the produce of some seed which he had purchased in Hobart Town as that
of the Lucalyptus globulus did not appear to him to be the true blue gum.

“With reference to the particular patch of trees referred to, I have not
the slightest doubt that they were felled for their seed, which was
collected and exported under its proper name (Hucalyptus urnigera).
There is, in fact, a limited demand for these alpine species of Eucalypti,
which are required for cultivation in places that have proved too cold for
the blue gum. I holdin my hand an order from a French house, Mons.
Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie., which enumerates no less than 64 species of
Eucalypti of which they require seeds. Included in these 64 species are a
few indigenous to Tasmania, three of which are alpine, viz., Hucalyptus
gunnii, Eucalyptus urnigera and Eucalyptus coceifera. These forms are
found on the mountains, and all are met with on Mount Wellington, from
the Springs upwards. Hucalyptus gunnii is also common to the Lake
district, where it has received the name of ‘ Cider tree.’

“Though previously aware that these three species had been collected
on Mount Wellington by the Brothers Gulliver, I thought it advisable to
write to Mr. B. Gulliver for full particulars. His answer I will give in his
own words :—

““In reply to your request it affords me much pleasure to
furnish you with what particulars I can respecting the collection of
Eucalyptus seeds. I have collected the following seeds on Mount Wel-
lington, and have purchased the same three species from Mr. Woods, who
lives there, namely, Lucalyptus gunnii, Eucalyptus urnigera, and Eucalyptus
coccifera. These species I have found only on the mountains of Tasmania.
I introduced them into Europe about four years ago, and highly recom-
mended them for cultivation in colder parts of the continent. Since then
the demand for the alpine species has increased, owing to their success in
resisting heavy frosts, which have destroyed many other Eucalypti.

“¢The following is a list of the quantities exported by me since 1874 :—

“¢10 lbs. Lucalyptus gunnit, at 30s. per lb.
“¢10 lbs. Bucalyptus coccifera, at 30s. per lb.
“¢9 lbs. Eucalyptus urnigera, at 30s. per lb.

“¢The trees of guanti and urnigera are felled for their seeds. Coccifera

can be collected without cutting down the trees.’

13

“From the foregoing it would appear that there has not been more than
25 lbs. weight exported of these alpine species up to the present time. I
believe the Messrs. Gulliver to have been the largest if not the only
exporters of these kinds. Mr. F. Lipscombe, of this town, is the only
seedsman who has these alpine species in stock, and he has not sold more
than a few ounces of them.

“Tt will also be seen that the market value of the alpine species is 30s.
per lb., while pure seed of blue gum is obtainable at from 7s. to 10s. per
Ib. Even supposing therefore that a similarity existed in the seed, it is
highly improbable that the more expensive kinds would be used to adulter-.
ate that of less commercial value.

“ As regards the plants produced from the seed supplied to His Excellency,
whatever appearance they may have put on in their infantile state, I have
not the slightest doubt that they will in time take the glaucous hue so
peculiar to the young state of the blue glum. The absence of this glaucous
appearance in these particular seedlings is only to be accounted for by the
fact that they have been raised under artificial circumstances, or, in other
words, too much coddled. I have had an opportunity of seeing a portion
of the seed in question, and do not hesitate to pronounce it to be the
genuine blue gum, or Lucalyptus globulus, and I am informed that a
portion of the same seed had been previously supplied for sowing at the
Cornelian Bay Cemetery, and that in cansequence of its having germinated
there so freely, it was selected for the Government House Grounds. I
now produce seedlings from both places, and it must be admitted that, by
an ordinary observer, not taking into consideration the different treat-
ment the plants have received, they might be taken for distinct species, but
there is nothing in their appearance which may not be accounted for by
difference of culture.

“At the Cornelian Bay Cemetery the seed was sown in patches at
intervals about the boundary fences, and left to chance. The result is,
many thousands of seedlings, in various stages of growth, but all sturdy,
and having the glaucous hue highly developed. At the Government House

Grounds, on the other hand, the seed appears to have been sown in boxes
and raised in frames, or otherwise shaded and protected. This treatment
would necessitate frequent waterings over the leaves, which, in addition to
the exclusion of the full influence of the sun would produce the difference
in the appearance of the plants.

“T have been informed by His Excellency that when in New Zealand
he had frequently heard it stated that spurious or inferior seed had been
supplied as genuine blue gum. The difference of treatment to which the
seedlings may have been subjected might perhaps be sufficient to account
for this impression, but if, in reality, such was the case, I cannot think
that the seed had been obtained from Tasmania. I have before stated that
the seed of Lucalyptus globulus is so readily distinguishable from any other
Tasmanian species, as to prevent the possibility of fraud, even supposing
any inducement existed for it.

“T am not sufficiently acquainted with the numerous Australian forms
of Eucalypti (about 140) to say whether there are any the seeds of
which could be substituted for that of Lucalyptus globulus. Certain it
is that several species ‘have locally obtained the name of ‘ blue gum,’ which
are not identical with that of Tasmania, but I cannot say that they have
ever been substituted for it.

“These notes have been made with the view of showing the improbability
of the seed of any of the eleven known species of Tasmanian Eucalypti
being substituted for that of Lucalyptus globulus, and if they have succeeded
in doing so their object will have been attained.”’

The Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, after a few prefatory remarks as to the
importance of the collections of tertiary fossils made by Mr. KR.’ M.

14

Johnston, read a paper on the anatomy and physiology of some Tasmanian
Patellide. The paper was illustrated by many microscopical specimens
and preparations.

The Bishop oF TASMANIA proposed a vote of thanks to the donors of
presentations with special reference to the great gift of Mr. R. C. Gunn.
His Lordship also moved a special vote to the Rev. Julian Woods for the
very valuable paper they had just listened to, and in alluding to the
greatly increased attendance of Fellows, attributed it in a great degree to
the attraction which the able and original papers by the same learned
author always exerted, and also to the warm and personal interest which
His Excellency, both by his presence at the meetings and by his con-
tributions, manifested in their proceedings. The vote having been cordially
passed, the President left the chair.

15
INAUGURAL ADDRESS

BY

HIS EXCELLENCY F. A. WELD, ESQ., C.M.G.,

President of the Society, at opening of Session of
1876.

GENTLEMEN,—I have willingly acceded to the request
that I should open this session of the Royal Society with
an address, because I wish to take an opportunity of
testifying the interest I feel in the Society, not only as its
President and as Governor of the colony, but also in my
individual capacity ; and although I do not pretend to any
special scientific acquirements beyond those common to
most educated men, and must confess to having forgotten
much which I formerly knew, there are, perhaps, some
topics upon which I may touch without rashness or unduly
presuming upon your patience. It is, gentlemen, a matter
of congratulation that the Australian colonies, though
hardly yet more than emerging from their infancy, have
shown a great and increasing interest in scientific research.
It might have been expected that the struggles of early
colonial life and the hurry of business would have so fully
occupied men’s minds, that a generation or two would
have passed by before scientific matters could have claimed
attention, either from the people or Governments (Govern-
ments being, as a rule, such as the people make them, and
a reflex of the people’s mind). Yet, im nothing, I think,
would an intelligent visitor from Europe be more
agreeably surprised than by secing the scientific depart-
ments and their work, the societies or institutes, and the
museums and libraries of most of the principal cities of
these colonies—for my own part, I feel pleasure in think-
ing that the establishment of the Colonial Government
Museum at Wellington, New Zealand, and the establish-
ment of a scientific department, with Dr. Hector at its
head, took place under my auspices as Premier, much
being due to the exertions and active assistance of Mr.
Mantell, son of the geologist, and himself well-known to
the world of science; that the first geological survey of
Western Australia and Mr. Forrest’s geographical dis-
coveries were made under my rule as Governor there ;
whilst as a private individual I was instrumental in forming

16

the Canterbury (New Zealand) Acclimatisation Society,
and was its President when it obtained pecuniary assistance
for your effort to acclimatise salmon and trout in these
waters. I allude to these matters to show that I do not
come to your meetings as a mere formal duty, but
because I have in some degree been a fellow worker
before I came amongst you. And, as after along career
as a colonist and politician, I look around at the growth
and prosperity of this group of colonies, and feel a
pardonable pride, as a labourer might on looking at an
edifice in which he has placed astone, that I too have con-
tributed my mite to the work; so when I assist at your
meetings or visit your museum, when I go to neighbouring
colonies and see what they have done and are doing for the
promotion of science ; or when I receive such a work as
the proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, containing
varied and valuable information and papers from such men
as Dr. Hector, Dr. Julius Von Haast, Captain Hutton,
and others, it also seems a legitimate gratification to think
that I have taken and am taking some little part, so far as
in me lies, in extending the interest which is felt in
scientific enquiries. And it is your Society, gentlemen,
that here enables me to do so. And surely the advantage
is very great to man that he should devote some part of
his time and intelligence to studies which may be either
profound and serious, if his time and capacity admit, or, if
not, then of a lighter and more recreative nature; but
which, as I propose to point out before I sit down, may even
then be productive of results not only to himself but to the
cause of scientific knowledge. The advantage is great,
because a search for truth even in the material order, and
a spirit of enquiry in those things which are given us by
God to enquire into and exercise our intellectual faculties
upon, is in itself elevating, and tends to develope our
mental powers. Some good men seem at times to entertain
a latent fear that scientific studies have in themselves a
tendency to weaken faith in absolute and divine truth,
rather than to “ Lead from Nature up to Nature’s God ;”
but truth in the abstract can be but one in essence; and
scientific truth when fully known must, therefore, be at
one with it, however speculative theories exhumed or
evolved in the search for scientific truth may for a time
seem to point to a different conclusion. Natural, science
has advanced with gigantic strides within a century, the

17

progress of some of its branches, geology for instance,
strong and rapid, has yet been not unlike, in one respect,
to those chaotic revolutions which it contemplates and
describes, where a peak rises and again sinks into seething
lava, and is succeeded by another landmark, in its turn,
too, to fall; still a guiding hand and a design unseen per-
vade all and tend to an end, and for the aftertime I look
forward confidently to triumphs of yet a higher order for
true science than even those great material ones which
have distinguished our age over all previously recorded in
history ; but to attain this end, scientific studies, like
others, must be followed in a right spirit, they must be
given their proper place, and approached as Newton is said
to have approached them, with that humble simplicity of
mind which the poet Tennyson justly attributes to our
greatest British warrior of modern times in the noble
words,—
** And as the greatest only are
In his simplicity sublime.”
True, indeed, this is a mark of the greatest minds, but it
is a quality not inherent to outward greatness or ability,
and the humblest student may, and should, possess it, and
possessing it will possess a philosopher’s stone of untold
value. It is, of course, given only to the few to climb the
heights of science, but the many who, perhaps, chiefly as a
relaxation from the toils of their every day life, recreate
themselves and bask on the sunny slopes that le at their
feet ; even they, may not only gain knowledge and amuse
their minds, but further, by careful examination of the
natural objects around them, may collect facts which may
furnish data for others of higher scientific attainments to
collate, arrange, and draw conclusions from. Jn doing
this, as I pointed out at one of our monthly meetings, care
should be taken to preserve strict accuracy of detail, and
to take heed not to be unconsciously led to square facts to
preconceived theories, but to let them speak for themselves.
There is great scope for this kind of work left im many
branches of science, and in a comparatively newly settled
country like this. I would especially refer to the provinces
of geology, natural history, aud botany. The Rev. Julian
Tenison-Woods, at one of our meetings, when reading an
interesting paper to us, made some observations on this |
point which impressed themselves on my mind, as no
doubt on those of others. At my request he has lately
C

18

furnished me with information and facts which illustrate
the view I have just laid down, and I shall now avail
myself of them somewhat largely. To begin with geology.
Though much has been done—and Australia can boast of
many scientific geologists whose contributions to science
deserve and have obtained the most honourable recognition
—still very little is accurately known of the stratigraphical
relation of our paleozoic, fossiliferous, carbonaceous, and
metalliferous rocks; very few of their fossils have been
described ; no good catalogue, I am informed, has been
made of those already described. European forms are
present ; it would be interesting to know how many, and
which? The relation in point of time of our volcanic
rocks to the strata in which they exist would be an im-
portant object of inquiry. Have we any certainly tertiary
basalts? How many different periods do they represent ?
What are their chemical characters? And do those afford
a permanent test for their identification in different
localities? In the mineral kingdom, no catalogue of
minerals has been attempted since that of Count Strezlecki,
which does not pretend to be complete. Valuable cata-
logues have been made in neighbouring colonies, but Tas-
mania is altogether behind hand in this particular, and
yet, as it is known that gems exist in Tasmania, and her
mineral riches are unquestionably very great, this should
be a peculiarly interesting object of study to Tasmanians,
as it is well known that the occurrence of basalts, green-
stones, syenites, and granites—rocks which are common
here —must give rise to sapphires, opals, rubies, and pos-
sibly even diamonds. In natural history, good observations
on the comparative osteology of all our described marsu-
pials are much wanted. Year by year observations on
their habits will become more difficult to make, and many
of the most rare of our fauna will become very scarce, if
not extinct, within the space of another generation. Some
Tasmanian birds, such as the emu, have become already
extinct in this island ; the apterix and the great owl-like
night parrot, are following, in New Zealand, the fate of the
Dinornis. What an interesting relic of the past would be
a memoir of the habits of the Dodo, had some early
visitor to the Mauritius spent a few hours in noting
and describing them. Observations on the nests, eggs,
and migrations of our birds might be made by any clever
boy with a taste for ornithology ; any observations would

19

be worthy of record, and a well-arranged series would be of
uncommon interest. In regard to fish—many Tasmanian
fishes must be new to science—I myself, as one unlearned,
was struck by the beautiful paintings of strange Tasmanian
fish, which Mrs. Meredith with a kindness equal to her
talent, painted for the Philadelphia Exhibition. Looking
on their quaint and sometimes grotesque forms, one could
not but hope that the mine of inquiry they indicated might
be worked by some of our young Tasmanians, and that
they, and other yet perhaps unnoted species, as well as our
commoner sorts, might be compared with other Australian
fish, and those of more distant regions. Indeed some of
the quaint ones to which I have alluded, reminded me
forcibly of the strange forms of life that I have wondered
at amongst the sea weed of the Sargasso sea floating out
into the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic. The anatomy of
fishes is also a field in which very much remains to be
done. In the Mollusca proper I am told that everything
has to be done amongst the Pteropods. The Gasteropods
offer a wide field for investigation in accurate determination
of species, in details of anatomy, in dependence of form and
colour of shells on sex, from absence of any facts regarding
which JT learn that many male and female of the same
species have been regarded as different ; observations are
required on the lingual ribbon, to which the Rev. Julian
Woods has already, at a meeting last year, directed our
attention, and which is a matter of great value for the
determination of species. I might here give a long list of
families of which little or nothing is known ; for instance,
our Polyzoa, several new forms of which have been
observed by the distinguished correspondent of your
Society to whom I have just made reference. We have
also many new and interesting forms of Crustacea on which
the light of science has scarcely been thrown. Of the
_ Echinodermata several orders remain untouched. Then—
to come to the science of Botany ; a science which leads to
the contemplation of such exceedingly beautiful objects,
and organisations of such wonderful interest and delicacy,
that the devotion of its votaries to their favourite pursuit
can be no matter of wonder. Much has been done in
Australia by many eminent men in regard to Botany. I
need only allude to the labours of Baron von Miieller, of
Victoria, as one instance, and Tasmania in this branch has
been distinguished by the researches of Mr. Ronald Gunn
c?

20

and the late Mr. William Archer—but it would be a mis-
take to suppose that their efforts, not to go back to those
of Robert Brown, Sir Joseph Banks, Solander, Cunning-
ham, Labillardiere, Hooker, Bidwell, and others—have
exhausted the field; on the contrary no country affords
a more favourable opening for further researches, and it
would be well if students would satisfy themselves that
such is the case, and even should the gleaners’ toil fail in
discovering many new species in Tasmania, yet our
knowledge of the habits of actually discovered plants is
but limited. Little is known about the fertilisation of
Tasmanian plants. I need not remind you of the curious
contrivances by which the fertilisation of the ovary of some:
plants is contrived, and especial interest attaches to orders
such as Orchidez, Protacez, and Filices, which exist
abundantly in this colony. Dr. Bentham, the distinguished
President of the Linnzan society, especially commends to
the attention of Australian botanists the fertilisation of the
ovary of Goodenovier. Again, how little is known of the
medicinal and economic uses of our plants. Baron von
Miieller and Dr. Schomburgk, of Adelaide, have devoted
much attention to that point in Australia. Observations
on the structure of plants in their various parts,
and the action of their juices, must also be a fascinating
pursuit. I remember, years ago, being much pleased
with a collection of wax models, showing the leaf and
stem anatomy of plants and their cellular structure,
in the museum of Fiorence in Italy. It has ever
since seemed to me to be a most interesting object of
study. The preceding remarks will, I trust, have illus-
trated the view I have proposed to you, and have shown
that it is in the power of many of us to add our mite
towards the solution of many very important scientific
problems. It would, moreover, be easy to show how the
habit of close observation of nature adds to our pleasure
and refines our minds. Not a living creature, not a leaf,
not a shell, but may be studied with profit and pleasure—
“the lilies of the field, how they grow!” There is a
charm about the mere love of simple nature that seems
like an electric fluid to pervade and purify the spirit of its
devotees, and to open itself in their writings—such is the
charm that runs through the essays of Waterton and his
Wanderings and Autobiography, that breathes in the
works of White, of Selborne, and of old Izaak Walton, a

21

name, like the motto on the fishing house he immortalised,
Piscatoribus Sacrum.” These are books which I should
like to see often in the hands of. boys in the colonies. I
am sure that they exercised a beneficial influence on my
boyhood at home and my early life in the colonies. How
often I remember, wandering as a boy, fly-rod in hand,
along some Dorsetshire or Devonshire stream, and whilst
tempting the trout from rippling fall or shady pool; with
what pleasure one watched the quaint waterhen, and
caught the rapid flash of the glancing kingfisher. How
one followed, gun in hand, the jay and magpie from
orchard to covert ; and waited by hedge-row or fern brake
for the rabbits at sundown. How interested the boy’s
mind became in every natural object around, till the heavy
winged white owl came out and the night closed in. And,
later in life, exploring up among the snow sprinkled ranges
of the Kaikoras in New Zealand, how often have I lain
awake to watch the bold, not to say insolent familiarities
of the Weka or Wood-hen, pecking round the embers of
the fire, and not unfrequently abstracting precious articles
placed by what served as your pillow for greater security,
such as soap, or comb, or pipe, dear to the bushman, “ ea
sola voluptas,’ I will not add “solamenque mali.” In-
corrigible birds! I have known them (undismayed by
stick or stone) to return at once and follow up such petty
larcenies by a combined and determined attempt to drag
a waterproof from the prostrate form of a sleeping fellow
traveller. ew e have most of us some such memories to
amuse us, and the habit clings through life. I still delight
in the parrots and flycatchers and magpies about the
Government House grounds; and take pleasure in seeing
the fat, lazy tench basking under the willows, and the stout,
pursy perch come bristling up amongst them full of a fussy
self-importance that is quite a caricature on poor humanity ;
perhaps we might draw morals even from fish had we an
Alsop amongst us, but at all events I believe that we should
generally be happier—possibly even better—did we learn
to enjoy and take lessons from the simple contem-
plation of nature as we see it in our every day life, or in
those country excursions from which, happily, few in these
colonies are debarrred. Your society, and the efforts of those
interested in acclimatisation,havedonemuch to promote this,
and you have laid the foundation for more by the Library,
the Botanical Gardens, and the Museum. I cannot but refer

22

here to the success which has now admittedly crowned the
effortsofthe commissioners of your Society intheintroduction
of salmon, of trout, and of other fish into this hemisphere.
The experiment reflects the highest credit on this colony,
on the public-spirited gentlemen who were the promoters,
and on those who assisted and supported their efforts. To
all connected with this undertaking, the gratitude of future
generations of Tasmanians, and indeed of all Australasians,
is due. Ifthe name of the man who introduced the cherry
into ancient Rome and Italy has been preserved, how much
more worthily may those be remembered who have intro-
duced into the southern hemisphere fish, not only destined
to become hereafter a product of great commercial value,
but I trust, moreover, to encourage that love of field sports
and country pursuits which has so deeply coloured English
life, and, in my opinion, produce such happy results on the
national character. To turn to another point, there is
your botanical garden, which may favourably compare,
whether for beauty of site or the trees and shrubs it contains,
with those of much larger and more wealthy communities.
What you want in connection with it is an extensive
nursery ground, not to compete with professional gardeners,
but to grow things they cannot or do not supply, and to
raise a large quantity of young trees for the Domain. I
must for a moment digress to say, that beautiful as it is
from situation, it is positively painful to go through the
Domain. Almost a year ago, at your request, I marked
some trees as a beginning to get rid of rubbish, and open
out views. From want of means these trees I think are
not all cut down yet; if so, very recently; and there are
fifty times as many dead, dying, unsightly, and obstructive
trees that ought to be removed, and, moreover, simul-
taneously a beginning of planting should be made. I must
express a hope that some effort will be made, whether in the
way of private subscription or public grant it is not for me
to suggest, but I will only repeat my promise of affording
such aid as may be desired and be in my power to give, in
whatever may be undertaken to preserve and improve the
naturally beautiful recreation ground of the people of
this city—a people who by their orderly and cheerful
demeanour, the healthy, neat, and pretty appearance of the
women and children last regatta day, when many thousands
pieniced in the Domain—fully proved themselves worthy
of anything that can be done for them in improving the

23

Queen’s Domain’and their’s. But to return to the Gardens.
Whilst I am on the subject pray permit me to record a
remonstrance against the proposal to lower or pull down the
stone wall against which so many beautiful creepers grow,
and which is such a shelter to the beds that lie below it ;
and border what is now a charming winter walk. I own
that from the entrance side it is at present unsightly but
my principle is reform where practicable, not destruction ;
aad I say with Mr. D’Israeli “ Level up!” make a broad
terrace-walk along the wall level or nearly level with its
top, on the entrance side; and put a stone balustrade or
even a few stone vases or similar ornaments along its top.
From this terrace you would command a magnificent view
over the gardens, the Government house grounds, and the
expanse of river with the surrounding mountains. It
would be a great feature if not the great feature of your
Gardens, unique in these colonies, and unsurpassed any-
where. The terrace should be broad, the side towards the
entrance should be either faced with stone or grassed with
turf—make the terrace, if you like, in a concave form to
leave an oval space for the carriages below, gravel your
terrace, but run aribbon bed along it, and place beds,
filled with masses of colour such as geraniums afford, in
the expanding angles—your sweep should be continued
round the opposite side of the second or inner entrance,
which should be just above and near the cottage. Such is
my idea, perhaps it may be found worthy of consideration
before a final decision is arrived at. I have only one
further remark to make regarding the Garden. Its weak
point is a lack of grassy plots and lawns, owing, I under-
stand, to the difficulty of getting a grass that will stand
both our drier summers and our colder’ winters,
as the Indian couch used in warmer colonies will not stand
frost. I have written to Dr. Hooker, of the Kew Royal
Gardens, about a plant which was introduced into England
some years ago as a substitute for lawn grass, and which, I
think, would answer admirably and need no mowing. Dr.
Hooker informs me that he is sending out a case of Cork
oaks, which will be of much value to this colony. I would
also suggest that duplicates of such pines, taxads, cypresses,
and other trees, as, not having room, must soon either be
cut down or spoil one another, should be planted not less
than eighty feet apart, in the new portion of the grounds.
I may be forgiven if I further observe that in Franklin

24

Square one or two beautiful and valuable trees which might
become an ornament to the city, and last for generations,
if allowed to develop themselves, will shortly be ruined for
want of room, unless others less valuable are removed.
Let me also, before I conclude, put in a plea for the pre-
servation of the ferns and forests which are fast disap-
pearing from the sides of Mount Wellington. With them
will disappear one of the attractions which make your city
such a favourite with visitors; the sides of Mount Wel-
lington ought to be preserved to future generations as a
noble public forest and park, not allowed to become a
dreary hideous wilderness. Acres of bastard gums are cut
down, and, as I am informed, for the sake of their seed,
which is sold as blue gum seed, and a shameful injury is
thus inflicted upon those purchasing and using the seed,
and upon honest seedsmen, and the credit of
the colony. Itnow only remains for me to say that the
retrospect of the year must, on the whole, be satisfactory
to our associates. The attendance at meetings of the
Society has, I understand, been above the average of former
years, and certainly papers of much interest have been
read, whilst several new associates have been enrolled, and
donations of value have been made to the Museum and
Library. One scientific botanist, Mr. William Archer,
has passed from amongst us. Owing to the shortness
of my residence in this colony, I had not the pleasure of
his personal acquaintance, but his acquirements and in-
dustry are well known, and he was highly respected as a
colonist of old and high standing. It is to be hoped
that his collection will be secured for your Society and
the colony, in accordance with the recommendation of Dr.
Hooker. Last year Tasmania was honoured by a visit
from the American scientific expedition sent out to observe
the transit of Venus; since then no event of special
scientific moment has come immediately » before us. But
we, in a colony once ruled by Sir John Franklin, who lost
his life in the service of science and of his country in the
Arctic regions, sitting, as we do, almost under the shadow
of his statue, cannot but turn in spirit to those polar seas,
where, at the further extremity of the globe, British sea-
men, keeping up the traditional spirit of our race, are
braving waves and icy wildernesses in the cause of science,
and for the honour of our flag. All our good wishes go
with them, and we may believe that even they are cheered

25

amidst perils and hardships and (more difficult for them,
and such as they, to bear) perhaps long periods of forced
inaction, by the thought that wherever the sea rolls, from
west to east, from their frozen north even unto our, from
them, remotest south—there are English-speaking men—
aye, and others too, for science binds men of different
nations together—to look upon their devotion with pride,
and to whom the news of their safety and success would be
a triumph anda subject of heartfelt thanksgiving. May
such be the result. With these remarks, gentlemen, I will
now take the chair, which, as your President, I hope to fill
on many future occasions.

26

ON THE CODLIN MOTH, (CARPOCAPSA
POMONELLA.;
By His Honor Mr. Justice Dosson.
[Read 11th April, 1876.]

For some years past the apple orchards in the northern
parts of this colony have almost ceased to be productive.
Every grower of apples there knows how liable his fruit is
to be worm-eaten ; he finds basketsful of windfalls even
in the calmest weather, and he is aware that the cause of
the loss isa small grub which has fed upon the pulp of the
fruit. The ravages of this insect are not wholly confined
to the apple, but have in some cases extended to crops of
pears. This grub has made its appearance in some of the
gardens in the vicinity of Hobart Town; it is said to have
been observed here three years ago, and up to the present
time it has not been the cause of loss to any serious extent
in the Southern orchards. The history of these grubs, and
how and when they get into the apple may not be
generally known. The grub precisely answers in description,
and in the mischief it does amongst the apple orchards, to
the Codlin grub of England and America, and although it
is impossible at this season of the year to obtain the moth
there can be little doubt that it is, if not identical with, at
least most closely allied to the Codlin Moth, and I have for
the purposes of this paper assumed it to be so. The grub
is the larva of the Codlin Moth, “ Carpocapsa pomonella”
of some entomologists, but ‘‘ Tinea pomonella,” ‘ Pyralis
pomona,”’ and “ Tortriz pomoniana”’ of others. The Moth
is about three-quarters of an inch in expanse ; its forewings
are ashy brown, the hind wings are a reddish brown, tinged
with yellow. The moth lays its eggs in the eyes of the
young apples—one egg in each apple—by inserting its long
ovipositor between the divisions of the calyx. As soon as
the egg is hatched, the little grub gnaws a hole in the
crown of the apple, and soon buries itself in the substance.
The grub itself is of a dirty-white colour, with a brown
head varied with darkish-brown marks. The body is
slightly hairy: the first segment after the head is whitish,
with minute brown spots ; the other segments are of a pale
colour, with aboat eight smalltubercles on each. Each of
the anterior segments is furnished with a pair of legs ; and
there are a pair of feet at the extremity of the body. In
its early state it is of a dirty-reddish colour. The grub
chiefly feeds upon the pulpy parts of the apple. When it

27

has nearly attained its full size it feeds on the pips of the
apple, which, thus attacked in its most vital part, soon falls
tothe ground. On the fall of the apple the grub quits the
fruit by the passage which it has previously gnawed. A
hundred fallen apples may be opened and not more than
two or three grubs found within them : the orifice by which
they have escaped being open and no longer concealed by
the little mass of brown grains, which is the case with
those apples from which the grub has not made its escape.
These little grains are the excrement of the grub. On
leaving the apple after its fall the grub or caterpillar
wanders about the ground till it finds the stem of a tree,
up which it climbs, and hides itself in some small crack in
the bark. It gnaws away the bark a little, and having
made a smooth chamber, spins a little milk-white silken
ease, in which, after a few weeks, it becomes a chrysalis
In this state it remains through the winter, and, in the
northern hemisphere, till the following June ;—In Tas-
mania, probably till the end of November, and is to be
seen early in December hovering round the apples on a
midsummer evening. The exit of the grub and its wand-
ering to a place of safety are said usually to take place in
the night. It is evident from the habits of the insects that
their destruction is attended with great difficulties. The
presence of the grub in the fruit is unknown till the little
' brown excrementitious grains appear on the exterior of the
apple, at the orifice of the tunnel which the grub bores
from the core through the pulp to the surface, and the mis-
chief is then accomplished. The small size of the moth,
its uocturnal habits, and its practice of secreting itself in
crevices of the bark render its destruction most difficult.
The only known means of preventing the spread of this
pest appear to be—1. To gather up the worm-eaten fruit as
soon as it falls, and before the grub has escaped, care being
taken to destroy the grub, as by putting the apples into
water, boiling them for pigs’ food, or burying them. 2.
To destroy the cocoons in autumn and winter. 3. To light
fires in the orchard on midsummer evenings, by which the
moths .are attracted and destroyed. In some parts of
America the cuttings are saved when pruning the trees, in
order to make fires in the June evenings to destroy these
moths. 4. To preserve all insect-destroving birds, especi-
ally night-feeding birds, which are peculiarly harmless, and
also peculiarly serviceable to man.

28
ON A NEW GENUS OF NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Fam. ELysiapZ@.

By rue Rev. J. E. Tentson Woops, F.G.8., F.L.S., Corr.
Mem. Roy. Soc. Tas., &e.

The Elysiade are shelless mollusca with no distinct mantle
or respiratory organ, all being performed by the ciliated
surface of the body. The stomach is central; the hepatic
organ branched, extending almost the whole length of the
animal; eyes sessile, and tentacles simple or obsolete.

There are five known genera of the family, viz.:—Etysta,
with tentacles; Acrmontia, leech-like and with tentacles;
Genta leech-like, linear dorsal tentacles ; Limapronti1a, head
truncated and with arched lateral ridges; RHopops, worm-
like.

To this family I have found an addition of marked and
peculiar generic character. This new genus I propose to dedi-
cate to Mr. Morton Allport, as a slight mark of appreciation
of his great services to science and acclimatization in
Tasmania. .

ALLPORTIA, Nov. Gen.

Corpus expansum, tenue, antice et postice omnino complanatum,
occulis submarginatis.

ALLPORTIA EXPANSA. 7.8. Corpus supra olivacewm, pede pallidiore ;
occulis appoximatis punctis parvis atratis numerosis, compositis ; infra
lineis ramulosis albis (hepaticis ?) conspicuis.

Animal expanded thin, leaf-life, with no distinct foot, eyes
anterior ; body without tentacles or ridges.

ALLPORTIA EXPANSA. 7.8. Animal of a deep olive above,
smooth ; eyes close together and slightly raised about one —
fourth of the whole length within the anterior edge. Under the
lens the eyes appear to be composed of many minute dots. No
other organ visible above. Foot much paler, the hepatic organs
appearing asa creamy white branching plume down the median
line. Length, 30; breadth, 20 millimetres. Common under
stones among the rocks at Southport.

This singular mollusc moves with some rapidity like a pale
gelatinous expansion of extreme tenuity. Though without
shell or apparent muscles, it has such contractile power that
it can move itself in any direction and raise itself nearly
erect. While the highly organised testaceous mollusca can
move only with difficulty, this delicate creature can recover its
position at once easily, even when placed on its back. It is of
such extreme tenuity, however, that on being placed in spirits
it becomes opaque, and the details of its structure are lost.
Type specimens are preserved for the Museum.

29

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYTOGRAPHY OF
TASMANIA.

By Baron Ferp. von Muetier, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.
(IV.)

The majority of the notes, offered now to the Royal
Society of Tasmania, were written more than a year ago,
being the result of various researches on Tasmanian plants
since I had the honour of submitting the third contribu-
tion; but this offering was delayed, because it was my
wish to follow up some field-work, which I instituted in
Midsummer of last year, while travelling, accompanied by
Mr. S. B. Emmett and his son, from Circular Head to the
Arthur River, chiefly, with a view of making some special
comparisons between the vegetation of North-west Tas-
mania and that of the opposite coast of the colony of
Victoria. This wish of revisiting the island could not yet be
realised ; and as there seems to be much uncertainty when
effect could be given by myself to such a desire for further
Tasmanian phytographic explorations, I deemed it best to
submit my ready notes, especially as they became disin-
terestedly augmented by communications of plants and
memoranda from Mr. Robt. M. Johnston who, as a com-
panion of the Hon. J. R. Scott, traversed for scientific
purposes last autumn a large tract of alpine country, also
not previously examined for plants. Furthermore the
present contribution has been greatly enriched by notes
furnished by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, who, chiefly by the
aid of friends, obtained plants from several localities of
Tasmania previously but little searched, and who is likely
thus to advance greatly our insight into the exact geo-
graphic distribution of the species over the main island
and the adjoining islets.

Some Algz have also been added from more recent
collections perseveringly formed by Mrs. Meredith, and
through my mediation rendered available to Dr. Agardh
of Lund, the great worker for a very long time on the
oceanic plants.

MELBOURNE,
March, 1876.

30

** Ranunculus muricatus, Linn. New Town, in a wet ditch
on the road to Risdon Ferry. It is very similar to the native
R. parviflorus Linn., but larger and coarser. W. W. Spicer.

Papaver aculeatum, var.: pusillum, King’s Island, Neate.
The whole plant barely three inches high. Stem capillary ;
leaves only 2 to 5 lines long; length of calyx hardly above
two lines.

* Oakile maritima, Scopol. Flor. Carniol. ii., 35. On the
coast near Circular Head, not uncommon, particularly near
high water mark. It is remarkable that this conspicuous and
singular plant should have been overlooked so long in Tas-
mania, where, from my personal enquiry among the local
coast residents, it seems to be indigenous ; but it was also not
before 1861 that the Cakile became by my own investigations
discovered‘on the coast of the Australian mainland. George’s
Bay. A. Simson.

** Senebiera coronopus, Poir. An European weed now
firmly established in the neighbourhood of Hobart Town.
though evidently of much later introduction than S. didyma
Pers.

Drosera binata, La Bill. Southport, J. E. T. Woods; Port
Davey, J. R. Scott.

Drosera Menziesii, R. Br. Gould’s Country, George’s Bay,
A. Simson.

Pittosporum bicolor, Hook. Gould’s Country. A. Simson.

* Pittosporum undulatum, Venten., hort., Cels. t. 76. Very
rare in the mountainous forests near the Arthur River. The
credit of the discovery of this beautiful tree is due to Messrs.
Emmett, who directed my attention to this plant as new for
Tasmania by sending me a coloured drawing, prepared by
Mrs. Emmett, and who subsequently conducted me to the spot,
where long since the only tree originally observed by them was
felled. Such is the equable moisture of those ranges, that the
stem, after having been severed from the root for several
years, had pushed forth some new foliage; this with the
drawing of the flowers has left hardly any doubt of the identity
of this Pittosporum with the true P. undulatum, which is
known to extend to Western Port on the Victorian coast ;
fruits from Tasmania have, however, not yet been seen by me.
I learn that a few more trees of this noble species were
noticed since in the same region.

Comesperma ericinum, Caud. Gould’s Country, A, Simson ;
Honeywood, J. E. T. Woods.

Comesperma calycomega, La Bill. George’s Bay, A. Simson ;
Southport, J. E. T. Woods.

Comesperma defoliatum. At Gibson’s Plains, and on other
heath tracts towards the River Arthur.

31 :

Australina pusilla, Gaud. In adamp gully, creeping among
moss, ete., near the Fern Tree Bower, Mount Wellington, W.
W. Spicer.

Eriostemon virgatus (the Button Rush). In thickets of
Bauera, and among Cheetospora spherocephala towards and
near the Arthur River in vast abundance.

Eriostemon squameus. King’s Island, Lieutenant Stanley,

Eriostemon montanus, F.M. Plants indigenous to the
colony of Victoria, I. 129. Summit of Mount Lomond at a
height of nearly 5,000 feet, among masses of greenstone; Dr.
Milligan. It occurs first named in my plants indigenous to
Victoria, I. 129.

Boronia rhomboidea, Hook. Sparingly at North West Bay,
near the inn, W. W. Spicer.

Frankenia pauciflora. Circular Head.

** Cerastium glomeratum, Thuill. New Town, W. W.
- Spicer; Mount Wellington, P. E. Spicer.

** Sagina apetala, Linn. Mantiss, 559; King’s Island,
Neate.

** Spergula arvensis, Linn, Cultivated ground near Hobart
Town, W. W. Spicer.

Polycarpon tetraphyllum. Circular Head.

Claytonia australasica. J. Hook, Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

Hemichroa pentandra, KR. Br. On saline meadows near
Circular Head.

Ptilotus spatulatus, Poir. Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

Rhagodia nutans, R. Br. Ona wall, Hobart Town, some
distance from the Derwent, and in a neighbouring cemetery,
W. W. Spicer.

Sota” paludosum, R. Br. Wet saline flats about Circular
ead.

Salicornia arbuscula, R. Br. Circular Head. Flinders Island,
R. M. Johnston.

Rumex bidens, R. Br. In the River Jordan, Pontville, W.
W. Spicer.

Platylobium formosum. Swanport, Dr. Story; Harefield, Mrs.
Groome; George’s Bay, Bissill; St. Patrick’s River, Hannaford;
Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Platylobium triangulare. York Town and Port Sorell, C.
Stuart.

Glycine clandestina, Wendl. George’s Bay, A. Simson;
Pontville, P.E. Spicer.

Swainsona lessertifolia. King’s Island, where it is dreade:
as a weed, poisonous to pastoral animals.

*Trifolium tomentosum, L. sp. pl. 1086. Near Circular Hes
rather frequent, and permanently established.

32

Tetracarpaea Tasmanica. River Picton and Lake Pedder,
Johnston ; Gould’s Country, A. Simson. ,

Anodopetalum biglandulosum. Adamson’s Peak, Hon. J. R.
Scott; mountains towards and along Arthur’s River, F. v. M.;
River Picton and Lake Pedder, Johnston. Leaves sometimes
trifid or trifoliate. Well known as the “ horizontal scrub ” to
form in many valleys of Tasmania dense jungles, almost im-
penetrable.

Eucryphia billardieri. Adamson’s Peak, Hon. J. R. Scott ;
towards Arthur’s River, F. v. M.

Bauera rubioides, flore pleno. Deloraine, J. E. T. Woods.

**® Alchemilla arvensis, Scopol. fl. Carniol I, 115, King’s
Island, Neate. This plant was not admitted by me into the
census, published in the Society’s volume for 1874, inasmuch
as the plant cannot be regarded with certainty as indigenous.
I traced it into New South Wales as far as the Edwards
River. Its claim to nativity in Australia may remain for
ever a disputable point. A. vulgaris is, however, truly
indigenous in the glacier-region of the Australian Alps,
and may possible yet be discovered in the snowy mountains
of Tasmania also.

Geum urbanum, Linn. Deloraine, J. E. T. Woods.

Tillea macrantha, J. Hook. Pontville, also near Hobart
Town; W. W. Spicer.

Haloragis ceratophylla, Endl. Pontville, a variety with
strictly opposite leaves, W. W. Spicer.

Ceratophyllum demersum, Linn. The river Jordan at Pont-
ville, W. W. Spicer.

Lythrum Salicaria, Linn.

Deloraine, J. E. T. Woods.

Lythrum hyssopifolium, Linn.

Deloraine, J. E. T. Woods.

Kunzea corifolia. King’s Island, R. Johnston.

Spyridium eriocephalum. Hummock Island, Dr. Milligan ;
Schouten Island, Dr. Story. On both islands the variety
vexillifera.

Spyridium serpillaceum. Spring Bay, Dr. Milligan.

Spyridium obovatum. St. Paul’s River, where it is 4 to 10
feet high. Spyridium Gunnii, Eldon’s Bluff, Th. Gulliver, is
probably a variety of S. obovatum.

Cryptandra amara. Swanport, Dr. Story. In all probability
the C. alpina must be regarded as a highland variety of C.
amara.

Pomaderris phylicifolia. St. Paul’s River, C. St.

Pomaderris racemosa. King’s Island, McGowan.

Conospermum taxifolium. George’s Bay, A. Simson.

33

Cenarrhenes nitida. Adamson’s Peak, Hon. J. R. Scott ;
River Picton, River Huon, and Lake Pedder, Johnston ;
between Circular Head and Arthur’s River, F. v. M.; Upper
Arve, J. E. T. Woods.

Agastachys odorata. On heathy hills between Circular Head
and Arthur’s River, very rare, Emmett ; Lake Pedder, River
Picton, and River Huon, Johnston; Adamson’s Peak, Hon.
J. R. Scott; Upper Arve, J. E. T. Woods.

Orites diversifolia. River Picton, Johnston.

Bellendena montana. Mount Ramsay, Emmett ; Adamson’s
Peak, Hon. J. R. Scott.

Pimelea ligustrina. Gould’s Country, A. Simson ; Deloraine,
Southport, J. E. T. Woods.

Panax Gunnii. Lake Pedder, Johnston.

** Torilis nodosa, Gaertn. de fructib. I., 82. Copiously
naturalised at Circular Head.

Hydrocotyle callicarpa, Bunge, near New Town, sparingly,
W. W. Spicer.

* Feniculum vulgare, Gaertn. Abundant at Sandy Bay, W.
W. Spicer.

Didiscus pilosus. Swanport, Dr. Milligan; Goshen Road,
A. Simson.

Asperula oligantha, F. M. in Neerland. Kruitk. Archiv. IV.,
111 et 112. Inthe 9th volume of my Fragmenta, p. 187,
_it was proposed to substitute the above name for that of
A. conferta, as incautiously adopted in the census; because
very many years ago the appellation of A. oligantha became
established in the Dutch journal above mentioned for that
variable species, which already in 1848 I recognised as the
only Australian one, and then named it A. oligantha (unaware
at the time of Dr. Hooker’s views), in contrast to the common
A. odorata of Europe. The adoption of the specific name
conferta as a collective name for the several supposed species
formerly described would be apt to lead to confusion.

Galium wmbrosum, Solander in G. Forster’s Floral. insul.
Austral. prodr., p. 89, includes as varieties both G. gaudi-
chaudi and G. ciliare. Furthermore G. Australe includes as
one of its forms G. albescens, and seems to stand in the same
relation to G. umbrosum as G. aparine to G. spurium.

Nertera depressa has been reduced to Coprosma, as C.
nertera in the Fragm. phyt. Austr. IX., 186.

Aster myrsinoides, La Bill. The variety erubescens occurs
at Goshen Road, A. Simson.

Aster lepidophyllus. Circular Head.

Cotula reptans, Beuth. Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

** Bellis perennis, Linn. New Town, W. W. Spicer.
D

34

Gnaphalium candidissinum, Lam. On the eastern shore of
Kangaroo Point, growing in the sand in considerable quan-
tities. In contributions, &c., No. III. (Proc. R.S.T. 1873, p. 61)
this plant was noted as found “in the vicinity of Hobart
Town, on roadsides and in cultivated fields; and it is added:
*‘ This is the first knowledge which we possess of this pretty
species having strayed out of its native home, South Africa.”
W. W. Spicer.

Gunaphalium Japonicum, var. sciadophora. Near Lake St.
Clair, '[h. Gulliver. In this curious!y aberrant form the capi-
tula are singly pedunculate and dispersed.

Helichrysum dealbatum. Circular Head.

Helichrysum pumilum. Lake Pedder, Arthur and aa
Plains, Johnston.

i Helichrysum Gravesii. This fragrant shrub, to which at-
tention was first directed by Mr. Graves, came probably from
the South of Tasmania. It is allied to H. cuneifolium and H.
pee cout, differing from both alreadyin the form of its

eaves.

Senecio velleyoides. Honeywood, W. C. Blyth; Gould’s
Country, A. Simson. ;

Senecis lautus, var.; capillifolius. Sandy Bay, W.W.Spicer.
Near Circular Head, T. Stephens.

** Onopordon acanthium, Linn. This very handsome thistle
appears in a few places about New Town. W. W. Spicer.

** Carduus marianus, Gaertn. Common about New Town.
W. W. Spicer.

** Centaurea melitensis. New Town, W. W. Spicer.

** Calendula arvensis and its more showy ally C. officinalis
are both thoroughly established at New Town. W.W. Spicer.

Crepis virens, Linn. Deloraine, J. EH. T. Woods.

** Xanthium spinosum, Linn. (Bathurst Burr). Near the
Railway Station, Hobart Town. This very troublesome weed
also exists near Launceston ; but it does not appear to spread
with such rapidity in Tasmania as it does on the Australian
continent. W. W. Spicer.

Microseris Forsteri. This plant is mentioned here for
several reasons; first, because its extraordinary variability
of the pappus is not yet fully recorded ; I counted from 10 to
60 sete or pales, more frequently scabrous than plumous,
which when numerous are generally most slender, but when
fewer often all broad; secondly, in alluding to this plant,
which by careful culture might yield a new esculent root for
cold countries (it prospering most on our snowy mountains),
an opportunity is afforded for pointing out that it was Solander,
who in Forster’s prodromus called this plant Scorzonera
-seapigera ; it being not generally known that in that pro-

35

dromus as far back as 1786 the first use was made of attach-
ing to the specific names of any plants the initials of their
author, from whom the appellation first arose, a custom which
became universal since the earlier part of this century. In
Forster’s prodromus occurred also for the first time the names
of Ranunculus rivularis and Mesembryanthemum australe.,
both given by Dr. Solander.

Lobelia surrepens. Swanport, Dr. Story.

*Lobelia platycalyx, F.M. fragm.phyt.Aust. IV., 183. Settle-
ment Island, Dr. Milligan (896). The staminigerous plant
only obtained.

Lobelia pratioides. Hobart Town, Hannaford ; Spring Bay,
Parson’s Pass, and Brushy Plains, Dr. Milligan (1297); a
short leaved variety, which seems identical with Pratia
puberula; but the fruit has not been available for comparison.

* Lobelia Browniana, R. and 8. syst. veg. V, 71. Mersey,
C. St. ; also under 259 in Dr. Milligan’s collection.

* Lobelia microsperma, F. M. fragm. X., 41. In various
parts of Tasmania. As explained in the work above quoted,
this plant is the L. gibbosa of R. Brown, but at least as far
as the fruit is concerned not Labillarditre’s L. gibbosa, which
latter belongs so far to the following species. The extreme
minuteness of the seeds distinguish at once lL. microsperma
and L. Browniana. The ambiguity of Labillarditre’s plant
renders it almost unavoidable to abandon the specific appel-
lation given by the French naturalist.

Lobelia simplicicaulis, R. Br. prodr., 564. Intermixed with
the foregoing species. The large seeds, well described by
Labillarditre as triquetrous under his L. gibbosa, bring this
plant nearer to the East Australian L. dentata than to L.
Browniana and L. microsperma. Most likely Labillarditre
did not recognise the differences between L. implexicaulis
and L. microsperma, and gathered both promiscuously ;
whereas R. Brown, although he well distinguished the two
species, seems not to have perceived the remarkable difference
of the seeds.

Lobelia pedunculata, R. Br. Goshen, A. Simson.

Leeuwenhekia dubia, Lond. Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

Phyllachne bellidifolia, F. v. M. River Picton, Johnston.

Dampiera stricta, R. Br. Boobyalla, J. R. Scott.

Scevola hookeri, F. v. M. Goshen, A. Simson.

Selliera radicans, Cav. Port Esperance, J. E. T. Woods.

Iyonsia straminea, R. Br. Honeywood, J. E. T.Woods, the
most southern locality, I believe, in which this plant has been
observed. W.W.S.

Convolvulus sepium, Linn, var. soldanella George’s Bay, A.

Simson.
9

Dp?

36
Styphelia pinifolia, Spr. Gould’s Country and George’s Bay,

. Simson.

Styphelia scoparia, R. Br. The first authority for this plant
is Smith’s specimen of the Botany of New Holland, p. 48.
1793.

Prionotes cerinthoides, R. Br. Adamson’s Peak, J. R. Scott;
Lake Pedder, Johnston; a variety with flesh coloured flowers
occurs.

Richea pandinifolia, J. Hook. Lake Pedder, Johnston ; also
beyond the River Arthur, Emmett.

Epacris microphylla, R. Br. Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Trochocarpa disticha, var. Cunninghami. Picton River,
Lake Pedder, and Huon River, Johnston.

Limnanthemum exaltatum, F. M. fragm. IX., 165. In the
elaboration of the census it was overlooked that the genus
Limnanthemum has 21 years’ priority over that of Villarsia.
The names of Villarsia exigua and V. Gunnii have therefore
also been changed accordingly.

Gentiana saxosa, R. and G. Forster in Svensk Wetensc.
Akad. Handing., 1777, p. 183, t. 5. This is the oldest record
of the Australian Gentiana.

Sebea ovata, R. Br. Pontville,P. E. Spicer, very dwarf;
New Town, W. W. Spicer.

Utricularia lateriflora. Near Arthur’s River.

* Westringia rosmariniformis, Sm. tracts 277, t. 3. South
Esk near Launceston, and Tamar near George Town; Hanna-
ford. Undoubtedly the typical plant in every respect,
although as a Tasmanian one it has been referred by Bentham
to W. brevifolia as a variety. No transits are as yet known
to occur, but if such should be found, then Sir James Smith’s
plant, on which the genus was actually founded, must take
precedence.

Westringia brevifolia. Mersey River, C. St.

Westringia angustifolia. River Picton, Johnston.

Teucriwm corymbosum, R. Br. Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

Solanum vescum. King’s Island, Lieutenant Stanley.

Glossostigma elatinoides. King’s Island. The recent dis-
ecvery of a remarkable Limosella in South East Australia has
led to a modification of the characteristic of the latter genus,
and by analogy this alteration affects also the allied Glosso-
stigma so far as to render its reduction to the older genus
Microcarpaea desirable..

Limosella aquatica. C. St.; Circular Head.

** Tinaria cymbalaria. Mill. Hobart Town and New Town,
W. W. Spicer.

Veronica plebeja. Macquarie Harbour; Dr. Milligan.

** Veronica hederefolia, Linn. New Town, W. W. Spicer.

37

* Plantago Lagopus, Linné, sp. pl. 114. Recently of spon-
taneous occurrence on waste places near Hobart Town, W.
W. Spicer.

3 ** Plantago major Linn. Sparingly, Hobart Town, W. W.
picer.

Fagus Gunnii, ake Pedder, Johnston.

Vallisneria spiralis, Linn. The River Jordan, at Pontville,
W. W. Spicer.

** Anacharis canadensis, Planch. Was first introduced into
the colony about the year 1862, when specimens were dis-
covered in the reservoir, supplying the basin in the Franklin
Gardens, Hobart Town, where they are still thriving. It has
now found its way to the River Jordan, at Pontville, and will
no doubt soon be heard of in other localities, W. W. Spicer.

Dipodium punctatum, R. Br. Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Pterostylis precox, Lindl. Goshen, A. Simson.

Caleana major, R. Br. George’s Bay, A. Simson.

Acianthus exsertus, R. Br. Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Lyperanthus nigricans, R. Br. Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Spiranthes Australis. South Esk, Johnston.

Thelymitra aristata. On the Derwent, W. W. Spicer; Port
Arthur, J. Coverdale.

Chiloglottis Gunnii. River Picton, Johnston.

Corysanthes pruinosa, Rich. Cunningham, in the New
South Wales magazine, No. 1; Lindl. gen. and sp. of archid., .
pl. 393. This is the Tasmanian species, so well figured by
the late hon. W. Archer. To Mr. Rob. Fitzgerald, the
Deputy Surveyor-General of New South Wales, belongs the
credit of having first clearly distinguished: C. pruinosa from
C. fimbriata in his fine work on Australian orchids. The
former species is now also known from Flinders’ Island.
Whether more than one Corysanthes occurs in Tasmanian
territory remains to be ascertained, four occurring in New
South Wales. These minute and tender plants, while early
flowering in the season, are easily overlooked in the secluded
haunt, in which they delight to conceal themselves.

Gastrodia sesamoides, between Circular Head and Arthur’s
River, F. v. M.; River Picton, Johnston.

Caladenia congesta. Omitted as a species of doubtful value
from the census; but the writer had recently an opportunity
to examine this plant from the mountains of the Murrum-
bidgee, where it was collected by Miss Chamberlin; and as
the characteristics of the labellum seem not subject to any
great alteration, it will probably be best to admit the species.

Patersonia glauca, RK. Br., Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Hamodorum distichophyllum, Huon Plains and Lake Pedder,
Johnston.

38

Blandfordia marginata. Near Arthur’s River, Emmett.

Xyris gracilis. Widely dispersed over heathy ground from
Circular Head to Arthur River. The three styles are separ-
ated to their base, and the anther-cells disjointed by a dilated
connective. In this respect the flowers contrast remarkably
with those of X. operculata; both species grow much inter-
mixed. In wet places the leaves of X. gracilis are sometimes
not developed, and otherwise they are variable in width.

Hewardia Tasmanica. Wake Pedder, Johnston.

Astelia stylosa. Huon Plains, Johnston. A very dwarf
variety, unless a distinct species, which question the want of
fruits as yet prevents to settle. Scent, that of hyacinths. A.
stylosa must be transferred perhaps to Milligania, which only
differs in capsular, not baccate fruit, from the genus astelia.

* Potamogeton praelongus. South Esk. I have assumed
that it is this species of which the late Mr. Sam. Hannaford
sent me kindly a specimen but not with ripe fruit.

Xerotes glauca, K. Br. Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

Juncus Brownii. Saline meadows at Circular Head.

Juncus maritimus. Circular Head.

Restio complanatus. Southport, J. E. 'T. Woods ; Honey-
wood, Blyth: dispersed from Arthur’s River to Circular
Head, F. v. M.

Lepyrodia paniculata. Frequent on the heaths between
Circular head and the Arthur River. In dry localities, dwarf
with few flowers in the panicle.

Calostrophus elongatus. In swamps replete with Bauera
between Circular Head and the Arthur River.

Centrolepis tenuior, R. and 8. Pontville, Mt. Tor., W. W.
Spicer.

* Heleocharis acicularis, R. Br. prodr. 224. South Esk. This
plant was already recorded by R. Brown, in his prodromus, as
an inhabitant of Tasmania, but under the name of H. pusilla.

Isolepis Gaudichaudiana, Kunth enum. II., 201. In fern tree —

guilies between Circular Head and the Arthur River.
Scirpus pungens. Macquarie Harbour, Dr. Milligan.
Lepidosperma filiforme. Swanport, Dr. Story; South Esk,
C. St.

Lepidosperma Siebert. Southport and South Esk, C, St. 5
Swanport, Dr. Story.

Cladium junceum. New Norfolk, Abbott; Southport, C. St. ;
Swanport, Dr. Story.

*Cladium Radula, R. Br. prodr., 237. Swanport, Dr. Story;
towards Mount Field, East, F. v. M.

Cladiwm schoenoides. Southport, Dr. Story.
Cladium Gunnii. Evandale and Merser, C. St.

39

Chetospora tenuissima. Port Sorrell, C. St. ; Swanport, Dr.
Story ; from Arthur’s River to Circular Head, F. v, M

Chetospora axillaris, Southport, C. St.

Chetospora nitens. Swanport, Dr. Story ; Southport, C. St. ;
Circular Head, F. v. M. ; King’s Island, Neate.
bs pe a capillaris. Bay of Fires, Bissill; Southport,

), St. ,
Schenus fluitans. In brackish stagnant pools near Southport;
. St. :

Uneinia riparia. Southport, C. St.

Uncinia tenella. Mersey: and Southport, C. St.; between
Circular Head and the Arthur River in fern tree valleys, not
rare, F. v. M.

Carex breviculmis. SouthEsk, C. St.; Swanport, Dr. Story ;
Pontville, W. W. Spicer.

* Carex tereticaulis, F.M., fragm. phyt. Aust. VIIT., 256, at
the South Esk and near Perth.

Carex chlorantha. Huon River, Th. Gulliver; on Mount
Wellington up tu an elevation of 4,000 feet.

Carex Gunniana. Mersey, C. St.

Carex longifolia. Swanport, Dr. Story.

Carex cataracte. Swauport, Dr. Story.

Spinifex hirsutus. George’s Bay, A. Simson; Sandy Bay,
W. W. Spicer.

** Zoysia pungens, Willd. in Berlin, Verhandlung IIL,
44.s., King’s Island. A small form creeping among Cheetos-
pora nitens. Probably overlooked in coast tracts elsewhere.

** Anthoxanthum odoratum. Summit of Mount Tor, New
Town, W. W. Spicer.

** Cynodon dactylon. Hobart Town, W. W. Spicer.

** Aira caryophyllea. Mount Tor, W. W. Spicer.

** Foleus lanatus. Gould’s Country, A. Simson ; New
Town and Kangaroo Bottom, W. W. Spicer.

** Briza maxima. The Domain, Hobart Town, W. W.
Spicer. B. minor has become one of the commonest grasses
round Hobart Town.

** Bromus mollis and B. unioloides. Neighbourhood of Hobart
Town, firmly established, W. W. Spicer.

**Tolium temulentum. Corn fields, New Town, W. W.
Spicer.

**Lepturus filiformis. Deloraine, J. HE. 'T. Woods; Pont-
ville, on river Derwent, W. W. Spicer.

**Lepturus filiformis, var. incurvatus. Sandy Bay, road-
side, abundant, W. W. Spicer.

** Hordeum murinum. New Town, abundant, W.W. Spicer.
Festuca distichophylla. Circular Head.
** Festuca ovina. Mt. Tor, W. W. Spicer.

40

Festuca syrtica, Saline flats at Circular Head.

Hierochloa rariflora. Bay of Fires, Bissill; St. Paul’s
River, C. St.; Swanport, Dr. Story; Gould’s Country, A.
Simson.

Stipa teretifolia, Steud. glum. I., 128. Swanport, Dr. Story ;
Tamar and Southport, C. St.

Stipa crinita, Gaudich., Bot. Voy. Freycin., 407, or an allied
species occurs on King’s Island.

Grammitis leptophylla. Cataract at Launceston, Johnston.

Lomaria vulcanica. Waterfalls on Mount Wellington, Old-
field; Mount Laperouse, C. St.; North West Bay, W. W.
Spicer.

Lomaria fluviatilis, Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Pteris comans. Along Arthur’s River and in its vicinity.

Todea Africana. Port Davey, Hon. J. R. Scott; Gould’s
Country, A. Simson.

Asplenium umbrosum. Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

Cyathea medullaris. Between Circular Head and Arthur’s
River, about eight miles inland. Mr. S. B. Emmett, the dis-
coverer of this noble tree fern in this particular locality,
measured stems fully 40 feet long, but always found them re-
markably slender. Mr. Stephens recorded this fern in the
Royal Society’s Publication, 1872, p. 25.

Alsophila Australis. Gould’s Country, A. Simson.

* Alsophila excelsa. HR. Br., prodr. 158. Var. Cooperi. Base
of Adamson’s Peak, near Port Esperance, Hon. J. R. Scott.
To this reference has been made in the volume of the Royal
Society of 1872, p. 50.

Schizea bifida. The authority given usually for this fern,
and also in my census, is not the oldest. Swartz defined the
species already in Schrader’s Journal for 1800, vol. IL., page
7. as shown by Pritzel, Icon. bot. index, 999, and Pfeiffer
Nom. bot. II., 1077. Perhaps, however, Sir James Smith
already had this species, with others in view when he es-
fabbehel the genus in 1791. Mem. Acad. Turin, V. 419,
DttO,: ft! 9:

Schizea fistulosa. Between Circular Head and the River
Arthur.

Dawsonia superba. Between Circular Head and Arthur
River.

Cyttaria Gunnii. On the beech trees between Circular Head
and Arthur River. From this locality specimens were ob-
tained for Baron von Thimen’s Mycotheca.

41

ALG
(All from Mrs. Meredith’s collection formed at Orford).

*Sargassum Sonderi, J. Ag.

Nereia australis, Harv. in J. Hook. fl. Tasm. IT., 289.

Halyseris Muelleri, Sond.

Dictyota paniculata, J. Ag. symb., p. 5.

*Dictyota nigricans, J. Ag.

Liebmannia australis, Harv. in J. Hook. fl. Tasm., 291.

*Liebmannia ramulosa, J. Ag.

*Thamnoclonium echinatum,

Lenormandia marginata, Harv. Ner. Austr., 19.
a pedicellata, Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. IIL,

Dictymenia Harveyana, Sond. in Linnaea XXV., 697.
**Chondropsis Harveyana, J. Ag.

Chondria dasyphylla, Ag. sp. alg. L., 350.

Chondria opuntioides, Harv. in J. Hook, fl., Tasm, IL, 297.
*Chondria clavata.

Rhytiphlea australis, Endl. gen. suppl. IIT., 48.
Polysiphonia Hookeri, Harv. Ner. Austr., 40.
Polysiphonia Hystrix, J. H. and Harv. Ner. Austr., 41.
Dasya Gunniana, Harv. Ner. Austr., 59.

Dasya hapalathrix, Harv. phycol. Austr., 88.

*Dasya elongata.

*Dasya ceramoides.

Delissa pulchra, Mont.

Delissa elegans, Mont.

Laurencia Tasmanica, J. H. and Harv. Ner. Austr., 84.
*Laurencia thyrsoidea.

Bees nobilis, J. H. and Harv. in Lond. Journ. IIL,

*Wrangelia ballioides, J. Ag.
Wrangelia setigera, Harv. in Hook. fl. Tasm. IT., 309.
**Rhodoglossum latissimum, J. Ag.

ad a Gunnii, Harv. in J, Hook, fi Nov. Zel. IL,

Rhodophyllis membranacea, Harv., l.c., 247.
Rhodymenia foliifera, Harv.

42

Areschongia Laurencia, Harv. in trans. Roy. Ir. Acad.
XXII, p, 554.
*Areschongia australis, Harv.
Rhabdonia nigrescens, J. H. and Harv. in Lond. Journ.,
VI., 409.
Gloiosaccion Brownii, Harv. phye. austr. t. 83.
Mychodea membranacea, J. H. and Harv. in Lond. Journ.,
VI, 408.
**Corynocladia umbellata, J. Ag.
Polycelia fastigiata, Harv. in J, Hook. fl. Tasm. IL., 324.
Callophyllis coccinea, Harv. in Lond. Journ., VI., 405.
*Callophyllis Harveyana, J. Ag.
ae meni Tasmanica, Harv. in J. Hook. fl. Tasm. IL,
*Kallymenia polycelioides, J. Ag.
Gigartina brachiata, Harv. in J. Hook. fl. Tasm. I., 325.
*Epymenia halymenoides, J. Ag.
*Chrysymenia Meredithiana, J. Ag.
Centroceras clavulatum, Mont., fl. Alg., 140.
Ceramium diaphanum, Roth.
*Thamnocarpus Harveyanus, J. Ag.
Griffithia Sonderiana, J. Ag.
**Bornetia Meredithae, J. Ag.
Caulerpa Harveyi, F. v. M. in Harv. phyce. Austr. ,95.
Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Ag. sp. Alg., 1, 437.

43

ON SOME TASMANIAN PATELLIDZ.
By rue Rev. J. BE. Tentson Woops, F.L.S., F.G.S.
[Read 9th May, 1876.]

Our knowledge of Australian mollusca is almost confined to
descriptious from the shells alone. Nearly all that we do
know of the animals inhabiting the shells has been given to
us by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in the voyage of the
Astrolabe, where the plates as far as they go, leave but little
to be desired. In the Nudibranchiate section Mr. G. F.
Angas, F.L.S., etc., has done good service. But the greater
part of the field remains untrodden. I propose in this paper to
give a more detailed account than has yet appeared of the
shells and animals of some Tasmanian PareLtiipm%. I choose
this family because it is the one in which a knowledge of the
animal is most required to arrive at correct principles of
classification. Limpets cannot be determined from the shell
alone. The genera are classed according to the respiratory
organs of the animal. These can only be told by a study of
the habits of the animal, and by dissection. ‘To both of these
methods I have given lately some attention, and a part of my
conclusions are embodied in the present paper.

Before giving a glance at the character of the genera, let me
state the principles which have guided me in the nomencla-
ture. Conchology has recently increased its synonyms with
a rapidity which is perfectly appalling. No naturalist can
deprecate too strongly the practice of lightly changing a re-
ceived name. It is embarrassing, nay, disheartening to
students, and destructive of progress in science. This is not
the place to enter into the causes of the evil, but it is in part
due to a misunderstanding of the labours of Dr. Hermannsen,
Chenu, and others, as embodied in the Manual of Conchylio-
logie. I shall adhere strictly to the British Association rules,
and notably not to admit “ priority” for pre-Linnean names,
nor for those where no definition or figure has been given ;
and, even in the cases not thus exempted, not to change the
name if it be generally received and known among naturalists. .

For those reasons I shall adhere to Eschscholtz’s genus of
Acmea instead of Tectura. First, because Messrs. Auduoin and
Milne Edwards gave no definition of their genus, and secondly,
because Acmeea is the name by which it is described in the
works of Professors Forbes, Hanley, Woodward, Chenu,
Carpenter, and the earlier writings of Mr. Angas.

Limpets, or bonnet shells (Patellide from Patella, Latin for
a little dish) are classified according to the respiratory organs
of the animals which inhabit them. This is true at least for
the only genera known in Australia.

4h

The true limpets—PatTeLta—have the gills disposed in a
circle round the mantle, in the space between it and the foot.
On detaching a limpet from the rock and placing it upon its
back in the water the mantle will be seen to spread out, dis-
closing the feathery filaments of the gills like a fringe round
the upper part and below the silvery muscular attachments.
Within this circle is the broad foot attached all round in its
upper part by the silvery muscles aforesaid, except an open
clear space for the free movement of the head, having a
rather large chamber behind in which is the excretory orifice.
The mantle is, however, continued round the shell in front of
the head, and in one of the Tasmanian true limpets so are
the gills.

But in some limpets there are no gills round the mantle.
In this case, in one genus, they are placed at the back of the
head, and can be seen as a long feathery plume, coming forth
from the head chamber. This is the second genus Acmea,
I do not know of any difference by which the shells of the
genus may be distinguished. True limpets are sometimes
nacreous, Acmea, are never so. We have only two species of
true limpets in Tasmania certainly ascertained, while we have
many of Acmea. There are, of course, other limpets described,
but the animals have not been examined, and until they are
the shells must be considered as only provisionally classed.

Besides the above arrangement of the gills we have limpets
which have no gills at all, but breath by a true lung. These
are the Siphonariz. Their anatomy is not well understood,
but what little is known removes them in their whole orga-
nisation very far in the animal rank from true limpets. AsI
have had facilities for the examination of two of the species,
I have preferred to place my observations in this paper; they
are not Patellide, however. Their shells are only in some
slight details to be distinguished from limpets, which shows
us how little a shell of such simple character can be a guide
to the knowledge of the animal it shelters.

In addition to the breathing apparatus we have in all
mollusca a very valuable organ as a means of identification, if
not of true classification. That is the lingual ribbon. It isa
long horny membrane, studded with minute points or teeth
of a very hard siliceous nature, sometimes vitreous and
transparent, but in all the limpets of a rich golden or dark
brown color. By some writers this organ is called a tongue, by
others teeth, radula, &c. For convenience I shall adopt a name
proposed by many naturalists, viz., odontophore. Its nature
and office are not thoroughly understood. I here record my ob-
servations in the case of the Tasmanian limpets. All of these
animals have strong cartilagenous jaws curved and swollen on

45

the upper side. Between these the odontophore is placed,
and has, in this part alone, a wide transparent membranaceous
expansion. From the under side and back of both jaws two
muscles proceed and meet on the under side of the ribbon,
and continue to its point, which is tongue-shaped, and with
a gradually diminishing number of teeth. These muscles I
call the retractors. There are also two extensor muscles
proceeding from the point of the jaws and meeting under the
odontophore, about half way down the membranaceous expan-
sion, and continuing to its inner end. The membranaceous
expansion itself appeared to have free movement and not to
be attached in any way. Now,on turning a limpet on its back
in the water and watching its mouth with a lens, the ribbon
is seen to be in constant. movement. First there is the outer
lip of the mouth with cirrhi and notched below. Secondly, a
mouth opening vertically. Within this the odontophore is
seen to be constantly moving, being drawn back over the
curved cartilaginous jaws like a strap, and when drawn back
the mouth would close. It seemed also as if it was pushed in
between and not over the jaws in returning to its place. The
whole operation was much like the action of a strap drawn
over a drum wheel.

The action of the odontophore, however, does not rest here.
It is not only a rasp for tearing away from sea weeds, etc., the
necessary portions, but it lines the whole of the ceso-
phagous, and is continued along a considerable portion of the
intestinal tube. Its length is consequently very much more
than the length ofthe shell. In Patella limbata the length
is enormous, being ten to eleven inches; while the longest
diameter of the shell is seldom over two. Some naturalists
have imagined that the length depends upon the age. I have
not found it so, The proportionate length is generally the
same in young as inoldanimals. The distal end of the ribbon
is soft, and with rudimentary transparent teeth. This may
have led to the idea that the odontophore was constantly being
addedto. Itseems to me,however, that the rudimentary teeth
were of a different characterand structure fromthose of the rest
of the ribbon, and serve some other purpose. All the teeth
are hooked backwards,so that by the movement of the odonto-
pee the fragments of sea-weed are torn off, and continually

y the same action forced down the cesophagous, and literally
shredded as they pass over the innumerable fine points. Pro-
perly speaking this process combines the office of mastication
and digestion, teeth, gizzard, and stomach all in one, and as
far as my examinations have gone there is really no stomach,
that is to say, a cavity where food is specially reserved for
assimilation. There is a dilatation of the intestinal tube

46

scarcely perceptible in some, as in’ Patella limbata, Phil., a
kind of plexus where the odontophore is very much twisted
and convoluted,so as scarcely to be drawn out without breaking,
but this I imagine serves some purposes of digestion, very
different from the action of what we usually call a stomach.
These, however, are matters of my own opinion only, which I
have not been able to bring to the test of any physiological
experiment.

The odontophore is easily drawn out of all gasteropods

examined by me, except the species just mentioned, In.

Patellee and Littorinide (winkles) it is always long. In our
Risellas and Littorinas it is of enormous length, but lies, in

this case, in a simple coil immediately behind the mouth as a:

silky siliceous thread. In Chitons it is a closed tube with
teeth all round it asin Haliotis nevosa.

Professor Forbes (Brit. loll.) has remarked that the
character of the teeth and their arrangement is very constant
in the various genera. I have found that it varies also for the
species in Tasmania, at least in the order I am now dealing
with, and I hold it to be avery valuable test as to specific
difference. Indeed it is a test where all others failed, because
shells are often so corroded as to obliterate marks on which
specific differences are chiefly erected. This is exclusively the
field of the microscopist, but I am convinced, not only that it
is a wide and valuable field for investigation, but that until it
ist carefully explored we shall have no solid system of
conchology resting upon a secure scientific basis. The teeth
in all the Patelle and Acmee have raised double edges or
points which curve, succeeded again by a smaller double edge
or point. Thus each set is curved back from its attach-
ment to the odontophore at its lower side. As far as my
investigations have gone there is a general correspondence
between the pattern of the odontophore and the organs of
respiration. In Patelle it. is of one type, and Acme of
another, though the resemblance is very close. In Siphonaria,
however, which is pulmoniferous, we shall see in the course
of this paper that it has a dentition quite uniform with the
land and freshwater mollusca. This can hardly be called an
anomaly, though it points out a singular fact rather aaverse
in my mind to the theory of natural selection. Here we have
a marine animal with a shell differing but slightly from the
commonest of our marine types and apparently living under
the same conditions, yet organised to breathe air and salt
water, and with a dentition exactly similar to pulmoniferous
mollusca living under totally different conditions. Of course a
double inference may be drawn from this as from similar facts,
but they point in my mind much in the stronger way to an

47

origin in an infinitely varied creative power, showing by its
strange and complex variety that evidently no conditions
organisations, nor combinations were an impossibility.
Scientific observations as they are extended seem to show
rather the absence of law than the existence of it, or rather, as
I should phrase it, an infinitely creative. power and inex-
haustible mind.*

If I were to pursue the argument further I should reason
thus: In the theory of natural selection we ought to perceive
a certain congruity between organisations and the cireum-
stances of their existence. This is no more than what was
formerly used as an argument of design. ‘Thus in the case of
limpets with conical shells of simple structure, breathing by
gills, and living sometimes in and sometimes out of salt
water, digesting sea weed by means of a certain pattern of
odontophore, we see conditions of life well ba anced, as we
interpret them, to meet their requirements. In the land and
freshwater mollusca we meet with more complex shells,
breathing by lungs, and odontophore adapted to the food and
the other conditious, and in this case also we may find very
close relations between the conditions of life and the organis-
ation. But all our inferences are set at naught, upon meeting
a limpet with every habit and condition of life that is shared
by its marine relations, but with lungs and an organisation
exactly like land and fresh water mollusca. It will be urged
that such instances are destructive equally of the argument of
design. But this I readily admit, and I must say that one
service which the theory of natural selection has rendered is in
destroying this argument by showing.that it can be read back-
wards. It is a contradiction of infinite power to suppose it to
be tied to certain means to attain anend. The truth lies the
other way, as such instances as the anomalous Siphonaria (the
pulmoniferous marine mollusca referred to) show us. What
makes the anomaly still more striking is that the genus is
confiued to the eastern hemisphere. Three species supposed
to be of that genus are found in the Miocene of Kurope,

* The following very apposite passage from Butler’s Analogy is worth
recalling :—“ The thing objected against this scheme” (he is speaking
of the Gospel) “is that it seems to suppose God was reduced to the
necessity of a long series of intricate means in order to accomplish His
ends. . . . . . . As men, for want of understanding, or power, not
being able to come at their ends, directly, are forced to go roundabout ways,
and make use of many perplexed contrivances to arrive at them. Now
everything which we see shows the folly of this. . . . . For, according
to our manner of conception, God makes use of a variety of means. ;
for the accomplishment of His ends. Indeed, it is certain, there is some-
what in this matter quite beyond our comprehension, but the mystery i3 as
great in nature as in Christianity.”—Butler’s Analogy, part 2, chap. 4, The
italics are my own.

48

through an identification from the shell alone must at best be

doubtful.

. I will now proceed to a description of the species examined
y me.

PareLLa LimpaTa. Philippi Abbild. und Besch Conch. pl.
3 fig. 1 (asfrom North Australia).

Shell large, ovate or suborbicular, somewhat depressed,
ribbed, dusky brown, with the intercostal spaces darker, apex
anterior, rounded, nearly always much corroded, and slightly
nacreous ; ribs broad, rounded, thickly, often coarsely grooved
with lines of growth ; intercostal spaces concave, often con-
taining smaller round ribs which do not reach the apex, the
number apparently increasing with age; interior broadly
margined with large pattern of alternate rich claret and
brown, the claret marks intercostal, and may be traced some
distance up the shell; within the margin interior of shell of
a peculiar silky nacre, silvery, bluish yellow or golden;
spatula well defined, bluish grey, slightly darker at the
margin, with broad concretionary line outside for the muscular
attachment, which is often coloured yellow. Held up against
the light the shell shows beautiful double claret-coloured rays,
which become smaller and interrupted by age, marking the
intercostal spaces. As the dimensions vary I give the
measurements of a few specimens, all taken from the rocks at
Southport. Long. 62, * Lat 53, alt. 24, ribs 37, (old but not
corroded); Long. 59, Lat. 47, alt. 27, ribs 37; Long. 71,
Lat. 64, alt. 32, ribs 36; Lon. 54, Lat. 47, alt. 28, ribs 29,
Long. 71, Lat. 61, alt. 28, ribs 37; Long. 67, Lat. 37, alt. 35,
ribs 33. ‘Thus the relative dimensions and number of ribs
vary. The species is always found high above low water
mark. It attains its largest dimensions in Tasmania, but is.
the commonest limpet of all the south coast of Australia.

Animal olive green, above base of foot bluish brown,
mantle very pale yellowish green, fringed with numerous short
olive or speckled tentacles, every fourth one of which is
longer, head and muzzle olive green above, flesh-coloured else-
where ; tentacles of head somewhat long and tapering, and
dark olive above ; eyes scarcely perceptible at their outer base;
gills pale, translucent, and narrow, fringing the mantle all
round except at the excretory orifice above the head, no at-
tachment to head or neck, and not apparently passing into the
head chamber; muscles of attachment silvery and conspicuous
within the gills. Odontophore very long from (8 to 10 inches),
and curled in the upper cavity of the foot in large irregular
folds, consisting of a series of pairs of long curved sharply
pointed teeth, closely set, and of dark colour, with a small trian-

* All measurements in millimetres.

49

gular golden translucent cusp on the outer base. The whole
odontophore enveloped in a fine golden yellow transparent
membrane, which is either the intestinal tube or its lining.
The odontophore never can be drawn from the animal without
this membrane, owing to the long set pointed teeth which
hold it in its place.

Parenua ustutata. Reeve Icon. pl. 31, fig. 88. If lam
right in my identification of this shell it must be the same as
my P. tasmanica, described in last year’s proceedings of this
Society. Reeve gives no habitat for his shell, which from ap-
pearance was worn and corroded. The unworn specimens
found living on the rocks are as different as possible, the ribs
and riblets being then conspicuous, and the whole shell a
dull yellowish white with no trace of the scorched colouring.
When dead, however, and thrown on the beach this feature is
conspicuous. It has many fine riblets between the coarse
somewhat nodular ribs, and the margin is very finely pec-
tinated. A peculiarity of the animal is that it seldom comes
above low water mark, and prefers situations where it is much
exposed to the waves. It is very stationary, often being sunk
into a regular pit in the rock, and appears to live upon the
fine green ulva ontherocks. Itis nearly always covered, not
only with confervoid growths, but also nullipore so as to quite
alter its shape and appearance. This often alters the height
of the shell, which is usually depressed, and changes the
position of the apex, which is usually submarginal. The
interior is white and the spatula not defined.

The animal is of uniform pale yellow at the base; white
above the foot, gills semi-pellucid and continued as a delicate
fringe all round the mantle. I, however, noticed one exception
where, like the former species, the gills were discontinued in
front of the head, mantle without tentacles; head livid, with
semi-pellucid tentacles ; eyes very small and at exterior base ;
buccal mass red and fleshy ; cartilaginous jaws long and less
tumid than most limpets; odontophore scarcely as long as shell ;
not coiled, but bending with intestine in two folds. Teeth
closely set and not high, composed of five central small curved
cusps, and two tri-lobed laterals, all narrowly tongue-shaped,
laterals more acute. The five centrals have the middle tooth
often small. Teeth brown, lighter on the summit.

There are many other Patella known to us from the shells
alone, the animals of which I have not examined, viz., P.
decora, P. aculeata, P. chapmani, P. radians. Some of these
will doubtless prove to be Acmea.

GENUS 2.—ACMJEA.

_Animal with a limpet shell, but breathing by a plume-like
gill inserted at the back of the head.

E

50

AcommA costaTa. Sowerby Zool. Voy. Beag., as Patella,
Probably also P. alticostata, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 56,
pl. 2. fig. 11. This shell has always been set down as a
Patella, but the animal shows it to belong to the above genus.
The shell is oval or elliptic, depressed and somewhat tumid,
apex submedian with from 12 to 30 coarse-rounded rough
uneven ribs, irregularly marked with lines of growth which
makes them almost nodular. Interstices concave, transversely
barred at intervals with black or brown lines, which are the
remains of successive marginal marks; they are seldom
regular, appearing at intervals and frequently corroded away ;
interior porcellanous, white or faintly bluish white, ir-
regularly stained pale brown, shining; margin undulating,
with a well-defined narrow brown edge, which is spotted deeper
brown or black at the intervals between the ribs; spatula
generally well defined, reddish brown, paler in the centre.
Size varying, but generally 30 to 40 mill., and the propor-
tions of length, breadth, and height being as 10, 8, and 4.

Animal a dull yellow below, blending into brown at the
base of the foot, tentacles fine and short, with eyes at the
external base; gill plume long, flat and lanceolate, flexuously
extended over the head ; muzzle yellow, and notched below ;
inner lip cartilaginous and transparent, with a shelly appendage
coming down from above horizontally acrossthe tongue and ap-
parently holding the food against the rasp ; Jaws cartilaginous,
crescentic, but pointed and attached; very massive red muscles;
odontophore one and a half the length of shell, with broad
membranaceous expansion at mouth ; teeth in pairs, alternat-
ing large and small, the small ones close together and some-
what narrow ; the larger with a broadly semi-circular edge
and a small lateral cusp on the outer side.

This Acmsea is equally common in South Australia and
Tasmania. It exists between the tidal marks, and is of such
a large size that it was never suspected to be other than a
Patella. Yet in Australia the Acmza genus has species quite
as large as Patella, though this I think is a new fact in
zoology. They feed on ulva, and are considered better eating
than true limpets, though these shellfish are seldom eaten in
Australia.

AcMMA SEPTIFORMIS. Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de ’ Astro-
labe, pl. 71, f. 48, 44. A. scabvilirata, Angas, Zool. Proc.
1865, p. 154, Tectura septiformis, Cox Exchange list: Sydney,
1867. Patella cantharus, Reeve (probably) pl. 4, f. 181.

This shell varies so much in colouring and the fine mark-
ings that I am afraid it has received a longer list of syno-
nyms than I can enumerate. The shape of the shell is, how-
ever, constant. It is small, broadly ovate, depressed, apex
acute, submarginal; in young well preserved specimens,

ol

ornamented with fine distinct lirm faintly decussated with
lines of growth ; edge entire, sometimes transparent ; colour
olive with greenish gray spots; deep olive approaching black ;
greenish gray with network of brown; yellowish, marked with
zigzag lines of brown, pale transparent tortoise-shell, or,
rarely, beautifully and regularly rayed with broad lines of
brown on a pale green ground. Interior with a transparent
or dark olive margin, rather evenly circumscribed by a bluish
white porcellanous enamel, which is opaque, opalescent or
translucent, showing external pattern, spatula imperfectly
defined in various shades of brown and often absent. Average
dimensions, Long. 14, Lat. 114, alt. 43.

Animal very pale yellow, base of foot sometimes a little
darker ; mantle translucent, muscular attachment silvery ; gill
plume long, coarse, and conspicuous; head somewhat large
and livid; tentacles pale purple brown, rather long and fine
pointed ; eyes conspicuous at external base, and somewhat on
upper side; buccal mass red and fleshy; jaws stout, trans-
lucent cartilaginous ; odontophore about a fourth longer than
the shell, composed of pairs of broadly lanceolate recurved
teeth, concave on the inner side and convex on the recurved
side. The pairs of teeth are alternately large and small, the
larger pairs having a broad short cusp on the outer side.

This species often so closely resembles A. testudinalis, Mill.
that I was inclined to believe it is the same, but the teeth are
slightly different. That shell is found in M.-Hast America,
in all the cireumpolar seas, and in Japan, from 4 to 48 fathoms.
Professor Forbes (Brit. Moll.) says that the eyes are always
at the infernal base of the tentacles ; this peculiarity I have
met in some specimens but rarely. Common everywhere in
pools, under stones.

Acmma Frames. Guoy and Gaim. Voy. de? Astrol. Vol.
3, p. 854, pl. 71, fig. 15-24, as Patelloida. Shell oblong,
elliptic, convex and turgidly conical, apex anterior acute and
moderately inclined, shell somewhat eolid, with obsolete radiat-
ing strie, which, however, are seldom visible ; lines of growth
numerous and conspicuous ; of varied colour, but generally
marbled olive, fuscous brown and dingy yellow, retic-
ulated or in straight or forked lines; interior margin acute
and rayed or reticulated a deeper brown than exteriorly;
spatula brownish, badly defined and interrupted, circumscribed
by a ring of faint translucent enamel marking the muscular
attachment.

Animal creamy white, base of foot dingy yellow; head
small, tentacles short and swollen, eyes at base above, bran-
chial plume very inconspicuous, odontophore scarcely length of
shell. Unfortunately I have mislaid the specimens I reserved

R

52
of this animal before submitting them to microscopical ex+
amination.

MM. Quoy and Gaimard say the animal is also found at
Guam Island.

Ihave much doubt on my own mind if this species is not
identical with A. subundulata, Angas. Zool. Proc. 1865, p. 155.
I have marked in italics the difference between this species
and the preceding. Its habits are different, as it is found
generally out of water on rocks. Not common at Southport,
where alone I found it. Mr. Angas found it at Port Lincoln,
South Australia ; and Mr. Archer found it in Hobson’s Bay,
Victoria. Mr. Angas says (Zool. Proc. 1867) that the worn
specimens of this shell are prettily marked with a cross. I
have not found it so, but I have found it the case with the
worn specimens of the young of a new and large species of
Acmza, which I shall now describe for the first time.

Acmma crucis. 2s. A.t. ovata, postice latiuscula, alta,
conica apice acuto. ante mediano, sordida, scepe corrosa,
absque liris radiantibus ; striis tamen incrementi irreqularibus
(sub lente confertissimis) ; margine acuto, integro, intus linea
Susca constricta exacté fimbriato ; aliquando rufo fusca tesselato ;
intus alba nitida, encausta, irrequlariter rugosa; spatula eleganter
lineis undulosis rufo-fuscis margine, concentrice definita et
lineis radiantibus decussata, intus cwruleo-albo nebuloso. Long.
31, Lat. 31, alt. 19 mil.

Shell ovate, broader behind, very high, conical; apex acute
antemedian, sordid white, often corroded without any radiat-
ing ribs, but irregularly and finely concentrically suleate with
lines of growth; margin acute, entire, ovate, fringed with a
well defined brown line which is often tesselated with red
brown, above this line, the interior is white and highly en-
amelled; spatula well defined by undulating concentric rich
red brown lines, and crossed with radiating lines; in the centre
the spatula is clouded with pale or opalescent blue.

When this shell is cast upon the beech it is quite of a
different appearance. The apex has radiating brown lines
generally in the form of a Maltese cross. The rest of the
shell is white and the margin worn away. There is a limpet
with a cross upon the apex figured in Wood’s Index Testa.,
p. 189, sp. 78, and named Patella cruciata, with the following
references, which I have not been able to verify. Acmea
Lin. Sys. M. U. Schr. Em. 11. 432, pl. 5, f. 6.—A. ce. Han. Ips.
Lin. 429. Loeality unknown. This limpet, however, has a
white cross on a brown ground. In the Proceedings of the
Linnean Society, 1859, Mr. S. Hanley, on the Linnean MS. in
the Museum Ulric, has this extract “ P. eruciata, P. ovalis con-
vera, integerrima, cruce picta.”” The name cruciatus (tormented)
is evidently a grammatical mistake.

53

Animal, blueish black round the base of the foot and head ;
muzzle and mantle, pale creamy white; muscles of jaw, red ;
jaws, cartilaginous, semi-lunar, pellucid, swollen; head,
purple above, livid below; tentacles, short, swollen; eyes,
small, and at outer base; mouth, with cirrhi, and open-
ing lengthwise; gill plume, fine pointed and long, white ;
odontophore transparent, divided into small squares, each
sustaining two pairs of broadly round edged minute curved
teeth, opaque, pale, and with a fine dark edge; one pair close
together in the centre of the odontophore, the other pair wide
apart and with a fine lateral cusp on the outer side.

AcmM#A MARMORATA (mihi. Vide Proceed. R.S. Tasm., 1875.,
Diagnosis auct.) Shell small, ribbed irregularly elliptic, de-
pressed, generally much corroded, dirty yellowish brown, often
stained, and mis-shapen; apex when not corroded somewhat
elevated and anterior, but more often quite obliterated ; ribs,
from eight to ten, rugged and often much distorted with lines
of growth, projecting conspicuously beyond the periphery ;
interior edge undulating, deep fuscous brown, lines of ribs
concave and white, giving the interior a rayed appearance ;
spatula black, irregularly margined, with opaque white,
more or less black spotted. Dimensions of five rather large
specimens, Long. 19, Lat. 17, alt. 5; Long. 20, Lat. 16, alt. 7 ;
Lon. 19, Lat. 12, alt. 5; Long. 18, Lat. 16, alt. 9; Long. 17,
Lat. 17, alt. 8. The variation in the relative dimensions will
show the extreme variation in shape to which the species is
subject.

The mantle of the animal is of pale transparent neutral tint,
showing veins very clearly and sufficiently translucent to show
the pattern of the shell underneath. The edge of the foot is
yellow with the upper part and base darker neutral tint; upper
part of head lemon yellow, with fine, somewhat long, and trans-
lucent tentacles, with eyes on external base on a swollen
tubercle ; outer lips with coarse cirrhi; inner lips opening
perpendicularly and displaying a lanceolate unarmed tongue,
with a raehis (odontophore) at its base; gill plume small,
translucent, and seldom exserted beyond the head. The
animal is found above low water mark in crevices, etc., at
Southport, and generally throughout Tasmania; odontophore
about one and a half length of shell; teeth in pairs, and
recurved, broad, and rounded intoa semicircular edge, first pair
largest and somewhat oblique, and with a small cusp at each
side on the outer edge; central pair, small, narrow and close
together; roots curved. The larger pairs have a curve in
both directions, and not unlike the upper part of a lady’s
tortoiseshell comb.

The species that Iam about to notice are included under
quite another family from Patellide. At present Molluscan

54

science has not arrived at sufficient accuracy to make any
system of families of much value, especially as naturalists are
so divided on the subject, and none are generally received. I
include the genus Siphonaria in my observations, only be-
cause they have limpet shells, and their habits of life being
entirely similar they are generally mistaken for true Patel-
lide. They are widely distinct in their anatomy, organs
of respiration, digestion, dentition, vision, touch, etc. But
they are found on our rocks just as limpets are, and in the
midst of them and externally cannot be distinguished from
them. They are very common. ‘Two species have been ex-
amined by me, and a third is said to occur, but I have not
been able to findit. Four or five are known in Australia, but
the number is not very clearly ascertained, nor will it be until
the animals have received more attention than they have met
with from Australian naturalists.

SIPHONARIA DENTICULATA. Q. and G., Voy. Astrol., Vol. 2,
p. 840, pl. 25, f. 19 and 20, var. Tasmanica, mihi.

Shell, irregularly oval, with protuberance on the siphonal
side, tumidly conical, high, apex median, subacute; with 40
to 50 fine, flattened and diminishing ribs; ribs interrupted by
a sinus at the siphonal side; color, bluish white, apical area
brown or olive, lines of growth olive, giving the shell a zoned
appearance, but varying in every individual shell; often
stained an uniform bluish black or much corroded ; interior
rich purple brown, highly enamelled ; edge crenulate, spatula
brownish white, extending partly down siphonal sinus.

Animal, dull brown, with numerous small light spots of
varying size; foot yellowish, shading to orange near the head ;
mantle, brown, fringed at the edge with whitish and black
spots. When the mantle is irritated the black spots seem to
be the points where it is drawn in. Head, a large and many
lobed mass, forming a cup-like expansion round the very small
mouth; no eyes visible, and though they are represented in
Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard’s figures of 8. diemenensis, I have

_ never been able to detect anything, but a single black dot of
varying position on one of the lobes of the head. Above the
foot on the left side of the animal is a lobe which forms a
kind of semicircular tube, closely pressed to the shell, and
here the mantle is not visible. This tube is the siphon, and
is lobed so as to be capable of a kind of bipartition which
probably divides the orifice into an excretory as well as res-
piratory duet. This lobe of the foot acts as a kind of
operculum, closing the orifice when necessary. My belief is
that the animal breathes both airand water. If placedin the
open air the siphon tube opens at once, and the tube is always
open when the animal is taken from the rocks which it in-
habits, and which are not long covered by the tide. On

55

placing weak carbonate of ammonia about an inch from tho
orifice the animal emitted bubbles of air and showed signs of
distress by movement and by pouring forth water from the
mantle. On immersing in water animals long exposed to the
air many bubbles of air rapidly escape, and then the siphon
became tranquil and full of water. Jn this state the animal
continued many days. Magenta dropped into the water
gradually spread out and was drawn imperceptibly into long
threads of currents towards the siphon. Magenta dropped
into the siphon was not emitted for a long time, and then
thoroughly diluted and in fine streaks. All these facts tend
to show that respiration is accomplished by no muscular
movements, but by the ciliated surface, of the simple sac of
which the lung is composed.

In the circumstance of breathing air and water the animal
has this peculiarity in common with all our fresh water
mollusca. I am not aware that this has been ascertained of
our Siphonarizw, and certainly it was not known that its
anatomy corresponds in every respect with the fresh water
pulmonifera. The lingual ribbon of this and the following
species I find to be in keeping with its pulmoriferous
character. Mr. Woodward in his Manual (p. 286, 2 edit.)
says, “ The inoperculated air-breathers, without known excep-
tion, have rows of similar teeth with broad bases resembling
tesselated pavement, whose crowns are recurved, and either
aculeate or dentated.” I may quote also on this subject the
observations of W. Thomson (Annals Nat. Hist., 1851, p.
86). He says, ‘The tongue of the Pulmonobranchiata
generally is a thin expansible membrane, two-thirds or three-
fourths of which is rolled into a tube; the posterior end of
this tube is closed, while at its anterior extremity the remain-
ing portion of the membrane is expanded into a flattened or
spoon shaped form which plays against the edge of the horny
upper jaw, thus acting more as an under jaw than a tongue.
It is enclosed in the muscular head and connected with the
esophagus at the anterior end of the tube, the extended
upper portion of the esophagus forming the roof of the
mouth, while the expanded surface of the tongue covers the
lower part of the mouth. From the junction of the ceso-
phagus and tongue the former passes backward and leaves
the head at the upper part, while the latter takes at once a
downward and backward direction, and protrudes its closed
end at the lower part of the head. The tongue when laid
open is of the same width throughout. It is covered witha
vast number of plates with tubercles which are curved back-
wards. The plates are in rows which are straight in the
antero-postero diameter, but variously curved or angular
transversely. The number of teeth is not constant in indi-

56

viduals, but is so within certain limits for the same species.
The central tooth or plate issymmetrical and the lateral diverge
from it in form as they are distant from it.” They do this
according to a certain rule, which is, “ By the suppression of
the prominences on the inner side of each lateral tubercle, and
by the increase of the corresponding parts on the outer side.”
Again, “a gradual curve in the transverse line causes a gradual
change in the form of the teeth; great angularity causes a
sudden change: and the degree of duration from a straight
line is the measure of the difference between the central and
lateral teeth.”

These valuable observations give the key to the form of the
teeth in Siphonaria, though subject to considerable modifica-
tions. In a figure after Wilton in Woodward (Joc. cit. p. 805)
the teeth of a Cape Siphonaria is given (8. venosa?) where
the teeth are not in plates but linear, hooked, the plate or
tubercle being both oblique, but the plate sloping from the
centre, and the hooked tubercle towards it, with about 40 on
each side, the transverse line curved upwards.

In 8. denticulata, the buccal mass is red and fleshy, in which
two long, thin, rather broad cartilaginous jaws are imbedded.
Amid these the broad ribbon is spread, working almost per-
pendicularly, with a very slight movement backwards, as far as
I could ascertain in the few opportunities which the shy and
sluggish animal gave me of observing. The cesophagus is a
bright orange yellow, and terminates at the distance of about
20 mil. in a sac of the same colour. The odontophore soon
becomes a tube enclosed in membrane. It does not follow
the cesophagus, but curls round and projects as a closed
hyaline tube outside the buccal mass. When the animal is
wounded it admits a viscid milky blood (?) of quite a different
character from other gasteropods.

The odontophore with careful manipulation may be easily
extracted and spread out. It is very difficult to clean it from
the attached membranes, but when spread is about 8 mil. long
by 3 broad. It is a series of curved lines of teeth diminishing
in size from the centre tothe margin. The teeth have a broad
crescentic edge, whichincreases in width downwards and is fixed
upon the membrane. The teeth gradually diminish out-
wardly to a mere faint line of curved tubercles. The appear-
ance of the whole is more like a series of combs with long
curved teeth. There appears to be, properly speaking, no
plate from which each tooth projects, and the central tooth
from which each row diverges in a curved line, is rudi-
mentary. :

SIPHONARIA DIEMENENSIS. Quoy and Gaim. Loc. cit.,
vol. 2, p. 327, pl. 25., fig. 1 to 12. Shell oval, convex some-
what high, apex acute, median, with numerous small, con-

re —

57

spicuous ash grey, rounded, radiating, slightly rugose ribs,
about 4C in number, interstices dark brown, concave, with
stwialler ribs occasionally, which reach half up the shell.
Margin acute and finely undulating Interior regularly
marked with dark brown and white lines, the latter concave
and corresponding with the ribs, the brown marks becoming
broader towards the edge and often bifurcating, spatula badly
defined and clouded reddish brown, siphon not always de-
fined

The animal is a citron yellow beneath; above dusky, speckled
with yellow. Te head is separated from the foot by a deep
transverse fissure. The base of the head is pale neutral tint.
When the mouth is closed it appears as a reddish brown spot.
The lower lip is yellowish, and when closed is like a longitu-
dinal fissure. As it opens it becomes crescentic. The upper lip
is then seen. Jt is arched; fine reddish brown above, with
yellow cirrhi below. The odontophore is protruded from this,
and moves up and down with an ordinary licking movement.
The appearance it presents is that of the finger of a glove with
the end pushed in upon itself, and the crowded edges
of the tube thus formed brought together by the drawing in of
the top until they unite in a rounded point, which is then
drawn up. The pushing out and drawing in of the top of the
“finger” from within is the manner in which it feeds. Thus
the free end of the tube is apparently brought backwards and
forwards, and the food triturated and carried into the cesopha-
gus.

No eyes are visible, though Messrs. Quoy and Gaim. say they
detected them above. They would be of no use above, as they
would touch the shell. The aperture of the siphon is the
same as in the last species. The process of the mantle which
forms a kind of operculum, is often protruded a considerable
distance from the shell. Messrs. Q. and G. say, “ A little
in front of the siphon is the female organ, and on the right
side of the head the male, where the tentacle would be if there
were one. These holes are very difficult to see. When the
animal is taken from the shell it is found attached by a horse
shoe muscle running round the posterior half of the shell
above the mantle and foot. The siphon is seen as a tube run-
ning in a sinuous form through the pulmonary sac. By its
side runs the intestine, which continues round the posterior
part of the foot, and then disappears under the liver, and the
ovary, which is often the largest organ, and of a bright salmon
colour, The intestine makes many convolutions in the liver.
The buccal mass is like the preceding species with the same
kind of esophagus, and, according to the Messrs. Q. and G.,
two large salivary glands below. The same authors say that
the oviduct is carried under the uterus, which has the shape

58

of a ‘ cornemuse’ (the wind-bag of a bagpipe?) with a neck
opening in front of the siphonal fold of the mantle. Upon
this organ, and a little folded upon itself, is applied the canal
of the vesicle, which is common to all the pulmoniferous
mollusca, and whose use is unknown.” The authors believe
it has an opening in common with the uterus. Full details
of the nervous and reproductive organs are given by the same
authors, which, however, I have been unable fully to verify,
but without further examination, I could not pronounce any
opinion as to the correctness of their careful observations.

The odontophore of this species differs from the preceding
in being much broader and not so long or so much curved,
but the place and arrangement is the same. The central tooth
is rudimentary, and the series diminishes in length and width
in a curved line outwardly until it becomes a series of
tubercles.

Mr. Reeve (Icon. Siph.) mentions another species peculiar
to Australia and Tasmania, 8. fuwniculata, but I believe it to
be no more than a variety of the preceding.

Dr. Otto, A.L., Morch, has in the Annals of Nat. History
(1865, Vol. 16, p. 73 et seg.) given some very interesting
and important details on the Buccal organs of Mollusca. He
uses the name Radula for lingual ribbon, which probably is
pe the whole more expressive and convenient than Odonto-
phore.

59
JUNE, 1876.

The usual monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday,

13th June, M. Allport, Esq., V.P., in the chair.

Ralph Tate, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History, University

of Adelaide, was elected a Corresponding Member of the Society.

The Hon. Secrerary brought forward the following returns for the past

month :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum during May, 1348,

2. Ditto to Gardens ditto, 3506.

8. Seeds, etc., received at Gardens—From His Excellency F. A. Weld,
Esq., 20 packets seeds (various). From Dr. G. Webster, New
Zealand, 3 Tree Ferns, From Dr. Carl, New Zealand, 2 packets
seeds,

4. Plants and seeds sent from Gardens—To Jules Cock et Cie, France,
1 packet seeds. To C. H. Huber et Cie, Hyeres, France, 1 ditto.
To Villmorin, Andrieux, et Cie, Paris, 1 ditto. To Mr. 5S.
Purchase, Parramatta, Sydney, 1 case seedling plants. To Messrs.
Shepherd and Co., Sydney, 1 box plants. For the Hospital grounds,
Launceston 80 Conifer. For the Church of England grounds,
Bothwell, 130 plants.

5. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants during the
month.

6. Books and periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Tables.

1. Hobart Town—From F. Abbott, Esq., table for May.

2. New Norfolk—From W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., ditto.

3. Port Arthur—From Dr. Coverdale, ditto.

4, From Marine Board—King’s Island tables for February, March, and
April ; Mount Nelson ditto for May.

5. From Government Observer, Melbourne—Printed tables for January
and February.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From F. Groom, Esq., St. Mary’s—A Brown Quail (Synoicus
australis), partially albino.

2. From A. Simson, Esq.—Skin and Skeleton of small Brown Rat
(Mus fuscipes?); Skin and Skeleton of a White-footed Rat
(Mus tasmaniensis Krefft?); Skin and Skeleton of Antechinus
swainsonii, from Gould’s Country.

3. From Mr. Stephenson—A Rail ( Rallus brachipus ), shot at Jericho.

4. From Mr. J. Young, Wellington, New Zealand—A portion of the
Submarine Telegraph across Cook’s Straits, broken nine and a
half years after submersion. In a note accompanying this
presentation, the donor states that he “was informed by Dr. Pollon
(Inspector-General of Telegraphs, N.Z.) that the breakage was not the
result of friction, but was probably caused by some corrosive agency
in the immediate locality of the fracture.”

5. From Mr. A. Wilkins—Specimens of Copper Ore, Antimony, Ruby
Tin, etc., etc., from Cudgegong, near Mudgee, N.S. Wales.

6. From Mr. L. Petersen—Tin specimens from Ringarooma.

7. From Mr. W. C. Blyth, Honeywood—Specimens of Cicada, etc., from
the crown of a stringy bark tree.

8. From Mr. Lukin Boyes—-A peculiar Caterpillar, from Gould’s
Country.

9. From Mr. Weeding, Oatlands—Two masses of a peculiar punk-like
substance from a cavity in the heart of a tree.

10. From 8. P. H. Wright, Esq., Glenorchy—A sheet of fungoid sub-
stance from a decayed tree.

60

11. From Mr. Guesdon—A slab of mudstone from Bruni Island, with

numerous casts of fossils.

The Srecretary mentioned that, owing to the extreme inclemency of
the weather, the Rev. Julian Woods had kindly consented to postpone the
reading of his paper till the next meeting, in order to afford to a probably
much larger number of Fellows the opportunity of discussing it.

Mr. M. Auiport exhibited a plan, carefully prepared by Mr. T. Stephens,
for the purpose of showing the general geological features of a portion
of the North Coast of Tasmania, and defined the position of the two dif-
ferent forms of trap rock occurring there; and in the absence of any other
business, Mr. Allport said, “I desire to record the alteration in my views
as to the geological age of the more recent basalts on the south side of the
island. The Fellows of the Society will remember that some years ago a
large number of fossil bones, in a comminuted condition, were dis-
covered in the Travertin, worked for lime at Geilston Bay, on the other
side of the Derwent, below Risdon. Upon examination, these bones all
proved to belong to existing species, viz.,P halangista fuliginosa, Hypsiprimnt,
etc., and the conclusion was then come to that the Travertin must be of
recent tertiary or post-tertiary age. For many years previous to the dis-
covery of the bones abundant vegetable remains had been observed in
this Travertin; these consisted of leaf impressions and fossil wood. A
considerable number of land shells of at least four species, Helix (two
species), Vitrina, and Bulimus, were also frequently found. Many of the
leaf impressions bore a superficial resemblance to the leaves of plants
now existing ; but well knowing the difficulty of determining species by
the examination of such slight remains, I always preferred waiting the
discovery of a larger series of specimens before coming to hasty, and
probably erroneous, conclusions. Upon the discovery of the bones, how-
ever, Mr. Gould and myself both assumed that the Travertin was very
recent ; and this was the more important, geologically, from the fact
recorded in our transactions that the bed of Travertin had been displaced
by a dyke of basalt, clearly proving that, however recent the Travertin,
the basalt was still more recent. Shortly after the discovery of the
bones, however, I came upon some fossils in solid portions of the Travertin,
that went far to shake my preconceived notions of its recent age. These
fossils consisted of three seeds, all differing from any now existing, the most
remarkable being about the size of a walnut, but divided by fine lines in
to five equal segments. These seeds I forwarded to Baron Von Miieller,
with many of the leaf impressions. As to the smaller seeds, he desired
to have more specimens before coming to any conclusion; but as to the
specimen above described, he at once founded a genus upon it, and pointed
out its affinities to extinct types in the Tertiaries of Victoria. I still felt
some hesitation in concluding from this one specimen that the age of the
Travertin must be put back to an earlier geological epoch, because some
of the excrescences caused by insects on our existing trees bear considerable
resemblance to the fossil referred to. Now, however, I am happy to say,
two other specimens, showing not only the external markings of the
first, but also the divisions of the septa in which the seeds had lain,
have been discovered, proving the learned Baron to have been quite correct
in his conclusion as to the nature of the first fossil. At the same time
as the last mentioned specimens, two other well-marked seeds were also
found, one about the size of a hazel nut, but divided longitudinally into
equal valves; and the other a very interesting form when taken in
connection with some of the impressions abounding in the vicinity. It
consists of a well-marked cast of a cone, from which the seeds have
dropped out, about an inch in diameter, of a somewhat circular form, and
quite dissimilar to any now existing in Tasmania. The discovery of
these fresh and unmistakable proofs of the earlier age of the Travertin
caused me to inquire a little more fully into the history of the bones

61

before mentioned, as it is very difficult to reconcile the presence in
the same geological matrix of an existing fauna and an extinct flora ; the
bones were quite unaltered chemically, and no bone was whole except
the teeth and minute phalanges, every long bone being ground up in
to small pieces. They were all found in one limited area beneath,
and amongst blocks of Travertin, not in solid Travertin, as the
impressions and seeds are, but in an arenaceous and slightly calcareous
matrix. Much of the fossil wood found in the Travertin is more
or less silicified, the rest being converted to carbonate of lime, and
if the bones had been subjected throughout the same period to the
same chemical conditions as this fossil wood, I cannot doubt that they
would have been silicified, or at any rate bedded in solid carbonate of
lime. Taking all the circumstances into account, it seems probable that
when the basalt dyke displaced the bed of Travertin, it caused the mass
to be broken and rent in various ways, especially near the points of contact
between the molten basalt and the Travertin, and that long after the cooling
of the mass some of the fissures thus made were occupied by some of the
carnivorous marsupials, and in the course of time these fissures, with the
layers of comminuted bones—the remains of the prey devoured by the early
inhabitants—have been choked up with the constantly accumulating dilu-
vium, consisting of washed sand and particles of the Travertin weathered
off the adjacent rocks. If this conclusion is correct, we must of course
regard the basalt referred to as an earlier formation than the diluvium
from which the bones referred to were obtained, but still as of later date
than the Travertin. Mr. R. M. Johnston, who is so indefatigably working
out the tertiary deposits on the North side, will doubtless throw much
light on the subject of these recent basalts, and I therefore look forward
with considerable interest to the reading of his paper, postponed from
to-night, under the impression that we should get no meeting.

The SrcreTary reported that, in reply to the letter addressed by the
Royal Society to the Municipal Council in reference to the destruction
of the trees and ferns on Mount Wellington, he had received, from the
Town Clerk, a copy of the correspondence which had taken place on the
subject. Several extracts from this, correspondence were then read from
which it was evident that the powers of the Town Council in the matter
were very limited. Discussion (in which Mr. P. T. Smith, Mr. Grant,
Mr. Shoobridge, Dr. E. Crowther, the Chairman and Secretary took part)
ensued, when the feeling of the meeting appeared to be that as the
various Fern-tree Valleys were of little value to their possessors, enquiries
might be made if they could be purchased back at a reasonable rate for the
purpose of being secured to the public for ever.

The SEcRETARY, in connection with a matter which he desired to intro-
duce, observed it might, perhaps, be necessary to inform some of the junior
Fellows that Sir John Franklin was the founder of this Society. To
assist it in its infancy, he very kindly placed at its disposal a room at
Government House for the monthly meetings, and in addition to this, at the
close of the proceedings, themembers generally found a liberal banquet pro-
vided for them. Perhaps, indeed, for the latter they were indebted to
the kindness of Lady Franklin, whose zeal and enthusiasm in all matters
connected with the scientific interests of the colony were known to all. Not
long ago a marble tablet bearing an inscription from the pen of the poet
Laureate, had been placed in Westminster Abbey to the memory of Sir John,
and recently he (the speaker) had observed in The Mercury a note signed
“Jack Tar,” in which it was suggested that this inscription might very
appropriately be engraved on the granite pedestal of the bronze statue to
Sir John in Franklin Square. The suggestion appeared to him to be a
very good one, and considering how much we owed to Sir John he thought
the Society would gladly entertain the motion he now begged to propose,
which was to the effect that a communication should be addressed to

62

Government with a request that the inscription should be placed as
suggested on the pedestal. He might perhaps be excused if he added,
although it was but a private matter, that he had some personal feeling in
making this proposition as in times long past he had received much kindness
from Sir John Franklin, and indeed it was the offer of appointment as his
Private Secretary which first induced bim (Dr. Agnew) to leave Victoria in
order to settle in Tasmania. The inscription, as perhaps all present would
recollect, was

** Not here ; the white North has thy bones, and thou,
Heroic sailor-soul,
Art passing on thy happier voyage now,
Toward no earthly pole.”

Mr. C. H. Grant had much pleasure in seconding the motion, which
was cordially adopted.

Mr. P. T. Smiru, referring to the severe storm with which we were
visited on the previous evening observed it was a dead calm in the city
in the early part of the day. During this calm his attention had been
directed to the loud roaring noises proceeding, without any visible cause,
from the mountain. They were very remarkable, although not so loud as
those he had formerly heard on the Western Tiers. He would be glad
to know if they had been heard by others. No one present had noticed
them, but

Mr. W. E. SHoosrince stated he had no doubt they were due entirely to
the action of high winds on the trees. He would not be surprised to learn
that astorm raged on Mount Wellington when it was calm in Hobart
Town, as he had observed that these storms were frequently very local in
their action. At New Norfolk there were two ranges of hills with but
a moderate sized valley between, yet he had himself noticed a loud storm
raging on one of the ranges whilst it was quite calm on the other. He
fancied the direction of the wind had a very considerable influence (at
least at New Norfolk) on the noises, as they appeared to be much louder
when it blew from the N.W. than from any other quarter.

The proceedings then terminated.

[The following paragraph was accidentally omitted from the report of
the May meeting. ]

Mr. Justice Dopson exhibited a curious case in which the underground
stem of couchgrass had pierced through the bulb of a hyacinth. The
growing point of the stem, on meeting the bulb, instead of being deflected
and passing around it, had pursued its direct horizontal course and forced
its way through the obstacle. Mr. Dobson had noticed many instances of
this, and occasionally the same stem was found to have even gone through
several bulbs.

63

JULY, 1876.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, the
11th July, His Excellency, F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G., President, in the chair.

E. J. Manley, Esq., who had previously been nominated by the
Council, was, after a ballot, declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society.

The Hon. SecreTary (Dr. Agnew) brought forward the usual returns for
the past month, viz. :—

1. Number of Visitors to Museum, 1377.

2. Ditto ditto to Botanic Gardens, 2871.

3. Plants and Seeds received at Botanic Gardens—From Mr. G. Farns-
worth, Matlock, England, 300 seedling Rhododendrons, all living.
From Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, America, 63 packets of
seeds, principally Conifer. From Mr. 8. Purchase, Parramatta,
Sydney, 60 plants. From Dr. Carl, Wellington, N.Z., 6 packets
seeds. From Messrs. Nardy and Co., Hyeres, France, 16 packets
of seeds.

4, Plants and Seeds sent from Gardens—To the Acclimatisation
Society, Paris, 12 packets of seeds. To Botanic Gardens, Melbourne,
one case of plants. To Mr. S. Purchase, Sydney, a box of seeds.

5. Plants supplied for decoration of public places—To the Queen’s
Asylum, a collection of flowering plants. To the Cornelian Bay
Cemetery, 180 plants.

Meteorological Returns :—

1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for June.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.

8. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale.—Ditto.

4, Mount Nelson, table for June; Goose Island, ditto for May—From
the Marine Board.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From Mr. J. J. Martin—Specimen of Limestone from Dunedin, New
Zealand, used extensively for building purposes.

[The Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods observed that the same kind of stone
occurred in South Australia. It was composed of carbonate of lime with
a little silex, and was full of Foraminiferous shells. The chalk of Dover
Cliffs was a similar formation, as was also the Globerigina ooze deposit
now going on at great ocean depths, as shown by the Challenger dredgings.
The specimen, however, though similar to, was probably of an older forma-
tion than the Australian—most likely of the Lower Cainozoic. |

Samples of Lignite and Coal from Green Island, Greymouth, Shag
Point, and Kaitangata, New Zealand.

. From Dr. E. Crowther.—A specimen of the Nankeen Night Heron
( Nycticorax caledonicus ) from George’s Bay.

. From D. M. Barnard, Esq.—Specimen of the Yellow-bellied Beaver
Rat (Hydromys chrysogaster ).

. From the Belmont Company.—A collection of Tin specimens from
the lode, Cascade River, Ringarooma.

. From Mr. J. Keen, Kingston.—A sample of a deposit consisting of
a brilliant scaly substance, resembling mica, the nature of which has
not yet been determined. A specimen of the clay from which the
deposit was obtained by washing.

6. From Mr. F. Edwards.—Tusk of a large Boar, shot in New Zealand.

7. From Mr. R. M. Williams, Sydney, per Mr. Justin Browne, crystals of
oxide of tin, and two sapphires, fron Queensland.

8. From R. M. Johnston, Esq.—A collection of Tertiary Fossils from
the Table Cape beds, named and classified by the Rev. J. E.
T. Woods, F.G.S.

In reference to a specimen of Cyathea medullaris, presented by S. B.

Emmett, Esq., Circular Head, for the Royal Society’s Gardens, Mr. STEPHENS

ao - wo bd

64

remarked that the Society was under great obligation to the donor for
having forwarded another specimen of this Tree Fern, the first having
died. It was especially interesting from the fact that its proper habitat
is New Zealand, and only one small group is known to exist in Tasmania,
deep in one of the dense forests near Circular Head.

Mr. Barwnarp exhibited a section of the stem of a cherry tree showing
the burrow, several inches in length, of a destructive caterpillar, with
the animal still in situ. Mr. Barnard had noticed a blight on the cherry
tree for the first time last year, but this was the first occasion on which
he had seen the caterpillar. It would be of great interest, he thought, to
determine the character of the moth which would eventually be produced.

Mr. J. Swan had seen the same caterpillar on more than one occasion on
the pear tree also.

The Rey. J. E. Tentson Woops, after giving a very clear and exhaustive
address on the history of Australian Geology, read a paper by Mr. R. M.
Johnston entitled, “ Notes on the Tertiary Marine Deposits of Tasmania.”
The paper, which was of a most elaborate character and illustrated by a large
series of specimens, was most favourably commented upon by the reader,
and was listened to with marked attention by the meeting.

Mr. STEPHENS said that the Table Cape fossiliferous beds had been men-
tioned by Strzelecki as a “raised beach bedded on basalt ;” but that he
had shown in a paper read before the Society in 1869, after a cursory inspec-
tion of the locality, that they were clearly older than the basalt, and that
the fossils proved them to be connected with the tertiary deposits of
Victoria. He regretted that the author of the very interesting and valuable
paper which had .just been read was unable to be present, for there were
still some points requiring consideration before the exact relationship of
the marine beds to the igneous and other rocks of the neighbourhood
could be positively determined ; and these they could not discuss satis-
factorily in his absence.

After a short discussion the cordial thanks of the meeting were (on
the motion of Mr. SrEepHENS, seconded by Mr. Aiport) accorded to
Mr. Johnston for his valuable paper, and to Mr. Woods for his admirable
address.

A vote of thanks to the donors of presentations closed the proceedings.

65

.AUGUST, 1876.

The usual monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesdays
8th August ; His Excellency the Governor, President, in the chair.

The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the following
returns for the past month, viz, :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, 2,368.

2. Ditto ditto Gardens, 3,704.

8. Plants and seeds sent from Botanic Gardens:—To the Botanic
Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand, 48 plants ; to Mr. G, Brunning,
Melbourne, one case of plants and seeds.

4, Plants supplied to public places :—To church grounds, Avoca, 50
plants; to Horton College, Ross, 100 plants; to Congregational
Church, Richmond, 36 plants.

5. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants in Botanic
Gardens during the month.

6. Books and periodicals received.

7. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns—

1. Hobart Town, from F, Abbott, Esq.—Table and abstract for July.

2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.— Ditto.

8. From the Marine Board—Tables from Bruni Island for April,
May, and June; Mount Nelson, ditto for July.

4. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale—Ditto.

5. Sydney, from H. C. Russell, Esq., B.A.—Printed tables for April.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1 From Miss Gulliver—Two prepared skins of the Pied Egret (Herodias
picata) ; two ditto of the Green Pygmy Goose (Nettapus pulchellus) ;
one of Pink-eyed Duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus); one of
Little Turtle Dove (Stictopelia cuneata).

2. From Mr. R. Savage—A Grey Flying Squirrel (Belideus sciurus)
from River Shannon, Tasmania.

3. Curious horny growth from the ear of a sheep.

4, A specimen of the Cinereous Crow-Shrike (Cracticus cinereus), shot
in the act of killing a small bird.

5. From Master E. Hood—A specimen of the Gulf-Weed (Sargassum),
procured on the voyage to England.

The Rey. J. E. Tentson-Woops then read a paper on a new species of
Ampullariafwith some observations on Swainson’s genus Thelidomus, of
which a species occurs in Tasmania, the animal being unknown. He also
laid on the table descriptions of several new species of Tasmanian
Marine Shells, mostly from the collection of Mr. Ronald Gunn, who had
kindly presented them to the Society, and most liberally placed all his
collection at his (Mr. Wood's) disposal for description. Some species had
been furnished by Mr. Augustus Simson from George’s Bay. Mr. W.
F. Petterd had also shown a considerable number of decidedly new species,
the result of his own careful collection during many years. Mr. Woods
could not, however, undertake to describe these unless type specimens were
placed in the Museum for future reference, as it was not fair to science
to describe species without giving future naturalists an opportunity of
verifying, correcting, or extending the observations.

_The reverend gentleman then made some remarks with reference to the
vwa voce introduction which he gave to Mr. R. M. Johnston’s paper at the
previous meeting, and subsequently, at the request of the Society, on the
motion of His Lordship the Bishop of Tasmania, promised to commit them
to writing for the purpose of publication in the Transactions.

Discussion followed.

The BisHor asked whether the Gault formation was found in Australia,

F

66

and if the Sauroid fishes were such as Jchthyosawrus and Plesiosawrus.
He regretted that he could not be present during the former lecture as well
as on this occasion, but should like to add another question. He remem-
bered that geologists of a few years’ back had called attention to the
persistence in Australia of secondary forms such as Trigonie and
Terebratule, and would wish to know whether these resemblances had
been increased or lessened by subsequent investigations ?

The Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woops said that he was not aware of the
Gault having been found in Australia; but both Ichthyosaurus and.
Plesiosaurus had, but of new species, showing how widely the genera
had formerly extended. He did not think that the resemblance between
Australia and the Mesozoic had increased with a more extended study of
its natural history, and, taking them altogether, they were not very strong,
it must be admitted, and confined to isolated instances subject to no
apparent rule.

Mr. STEPHENS bore testimony to the cretaceous character of the forma-
tions around the Gulf of Carpentaria. He himself had seen fossils, such
as Belemnites, Inoceramus, etc., which, he was informed, might be gathered
in great quantities from the surface. He was quite sure that the only
reason why they were not better known was the difficulty of transport, as
every fossil had to be brought down many hundred miles on horseback.

His EXceLLency said that in New Zealand extensive Mesozoic forma-
tions had been discovered, which were very similar in every respect to
contemporary formations of Europe. Many years ago, when out exploring,
he had come upon fossiliferous cliffs, which had at once attracted his atten-
tion as being so like the blue Lias clays which he had known almost from
his childhood in Lyme Regis, and other places in Dorsetshire. Since then
the beds had been examined, and determined to be true equivalents of
the Lias, and the usual Ichthyosauroids of such formations had been
found. The resemblance between the two deposits must have been
very close when it had struck his unpractised eye, for at that time he had
given scarcely any attention to the subject.

The SECRETARY proposed that on this occasion a special vote of thanks
should be accorded to the Rey. Julian Tenison-Woods, not only for the
interesting matter he had just brought under their notice, but also for
the invaluable work he had done in the cause of the Natural History of
Tasmania since they had the honour of having him as a working member.
The results of this work would appear in the Transactions, but he (the
Secretary) had had such opportunities of observing the vast amount of time
and labour it had cost, that he felt the Society was under the deepest
obligations for it. It was, therefore, with feelings of the greatest pain he
had just learned that Mr. Woods was soon about to leave Tasmania. He
was sure they would all feel that the Society could sustain no severer loss.
They would greatly miss in the future those learned, lucid, and eloquent
addresses with which Mr. Woods had illustrated so many subjects, and as
to which it might truly be said,—“ Nullwin quod tetigit non ornavit.” He
did not know if the reverend father was ever likely again to visit Tas-
mania, but if such should be the case he (the Secretary) could cer-
tainly say that from no portion of the community would he receive a
warmer welcome than from the members of the Royal Society. (Applause.)

The BisHopP cordially seconded the motion, and observed as to the
remark by Mr. Woods, that he had refused to describe some new Tas-
manian shells which had recently been shown him because the owner could
not afford to deposit them in the Museum where his descriptions could if
required be tested by future naturalists, that he felt this remark was
entirely due to that modesty which was characteristic of the true student
of science. Descriptions from the pen of Mr. Woods, however, had nothing
to fear from criticism. At the same time he hoped the specimens referred

67

to might, if possible, be purchased in order that the Society might have
the advantage of having them properly described and named, and the list
of Tasmanian shells thus rendered as complete as possible to date.

The Rey. J. E. Tentson-Woops, in returning thanks, remarked it had
given him great pleasure to do what little he had done for the Natural
History of Tasmania. It was pleasant, however, for every one to find his
work appreciated, and he must say he had always found that the Royal
Society had recognised in the kindest spirit whatever he had been able to
accomplish. The library of the Society had been of the greatest
assistance to him, and he was most happy in being able to congratulate
the Fellows on the possession of the best and most extensive collection
of scientific works in the Australian colonies. He was also glad to have
the opportunity of thanking the officers ofgthe Society for their unvarying
courtesy, and his thanks were especially due to their Curator, Mr. Roblin,
to whom he had been frequently indebted for assistance of the most
valuable character always most willingly rendered. (Applause.)

A vote of thanks to the donors of presentations closed the proceedings.

68

SEPTEMBER, 1876.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday,
12th September, upwards of forty Fellows being present. His Excellency
the Governor occupied the chair.

The following gentlemen, who had been previously nominated by the
Council were balloted for and declared duly elected as Corresponding
Members of the Society, viz., Dr. R. Schomburgk, Director of the Botanic
Gardens, Adelaide; and Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., of Sydney. Mr. R.
W. G. Shoobridge was also elected a fellow.

The SEcRETARY brought under notice the usual returns for the past
month, as follows :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, total 1,897.
2. Ditto ditto Gardens, ditto 3,683.

3. Plants and seeds received at Gardens :—From A.Thozet, Esq., Queens-
land—A_ parcel of seeds of Macrozamia perowskiana, M. migueli,
Cycas, angulata, and Bowenia spectabilis. From Mr. G. Brunning,
Melbourne.—78 plants. From Messrs. Shepherd and Co., Sydney.
—63 plants, 37 varieties of fruit scions, and 83 packets Australian
seeds.

4, Plants supplied.—To Cornelian Bay Cemetery, 150 plants.

5. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the
Botanic Gardens during August. :

6. Books and Periodicals received.
7. Presentations to Museum.
Meteorological Returns.
1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for August.
2. New Norfolk, from W. E, Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.
8. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale—ditto.

4, From the Marine Board, the following tables—Mount Nelson for
August ; King’s Island for May and June; Goose Island for June
and July ; Kent’s Group for May, June, July and August.

5. Melbourne, from the Government Observatory, printed tables for
April and May.
The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows :—

1. From Mr. G. W. Briant—32 specimens of Tasmanian Lepidoptera,
collected and mounted by donor.

. From Mr. O. Hickman, per Mr. G. Richardson—a living specimen of the
“Porcupine Ant-Eater” (Echidna setosa.)

. From Mr. Bealey.—A curiously-shaped Fungus (probably Polyporus
igniarius) from a tree. ;

. From Mr. W. Legrand.—Type specimens of new Tasmanian Shells
(Cominella tenuicosta, etc. ), in all about fifty specimens.

. From Mr. C. E. Davies.—A Chestnut-faced Owl (Strix castanops ).

. From Mrs. Meredith.—Skin of a variety of Opossum, known locally
as the “Rock Opossum.”

. From Mr. Blyth, Honeywood.—Nests of Mason Wasp, taken from
between a map and the wall on which it was suspended.

. From the Rev. Brooke Bailey.—Three silver and three copper coins,
viz., 2 Ceylon 1 cent and 5 cents; 1 quarter rupee, 1 10 cents; 1
ditto Hong Kong, 1 chellie, Dutch East India Company.

9. From Mr. Miles—A tiger shark, caught off the Passage Mouth. This

fish measured 8ft. 5in. in length, and its liver yielded three and a
half gallons of oil.

on Oo we CO LY

69

10, From Mr. Roberts, Victoria, Huon—A large mass of Fibrous Tissue,
found close to a tree which had recently been struck by lightning.
The mass presented, in some degree, the appearance of very coarse
oakum, and was composed entirely of the woody fibre of the bark—
all the cellular tissue having been removed by the shock of the
lightning or otherwise.

11. From His Excellency the Governor.—‘ On the movements and habits
of Climbing Plants,” by C. Darwin M.A., F.R.S., 2nd edition.

12. From the Hon. the Colonial Secretary.—“ Australian Orchids,” by R.
D. Fitzgerald F.L.S. part 2.

13. From the Government of New South Wales.—A Mineral Map of
New South Wales, and a pamphlet on the progress and resources of
that colony.

14. From Baron Ferd von. Mueller.—Two pamphlets containing “An
Educational lecture of the food of Plants,’ by R. W. Mclvor, Esq.,
“On select Textile Plants,” and a “ Lecture on Tea,” by Baron F.
von. Mueller.

15. From the Taylerian Museum, Haerlem.— Records of the Museum,
vols. 1, 2, 3, and 4” (twelve parts beautifully illustrated.)

A fine collection of insects from Gould’s Country was exhibited by A.

Simson Esq., and attracted much attention.

His EXcELLENCY read a long and interesting paper entitled “ Reminis-
cences of a visit to the Volcanoes of Hawaii.”

Sir Robert OFFICER proposed a vote of thanks to the donors of pre-
sentations, and especially to the President for his very interesting and
graphic narrative. He (Sir Robert Officer) had read several accounts of the
great volcanoes of Hawaii, but from none had he derived so clear and satis-
factory a conception of the subject as from that he had just had the pleasure
of listening to. As he was necessarily an infrequent visitor he begged to
that opportunity of expressing the extreme gratification he felt at seeing
such a very large attendance of Fellows—an attendance which contrasted
most favourably with many he had witnessed in former years. He had no
doubt, however this was in a great measure due to the fresh impulse given
to the Society by the warm interest which His Excellency had always
taken in its affairs, and of which hehad furnished abundant proofs by
reading papers, presiding at the meetings and otherwise. Under such
favourable auspices he felt that the Society must still continue to make
progress and achieve still greater successes than any it had already
accomplished.

The vote having been carried by acclamation, His Excellency briefly
returned thanks, and the proceeding terminated.

70

OCTOBER, 1876.

The usual monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday,
the 9th October, James Barnard, Esq., in the chair.

George Corney Westbrook, Esq., who had been previously nominated by
the Council, was balloted for and declared duly elected a Fellow of the
Society.

The following returns for the past month were laid before the meeting :—

1. Number of visitors to Museum, 2,006.

2. Ditto to Gardens, 4,181.

3. Plants and seeds received at and sent from Gardens.

4. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the
Botanic Gardens during September.

5. Books and Periodicals received.

6. Presentations to Museum and Library.

Meteorological Tables :-—

. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.—Table for September.

. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq.—Ditto.

. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale—Ditto.

. From the Marine Board—Tables from Mt. Nelson for September ;
South Bruni, ditto ; Swan Island for June, July, and August ; Goose
Island for August.

5. From Government Observer, Sydney—Results of observations made

in 1874, and tables for 1875.

6. From Government of New Zealand—Printed tables from January to
May, 1876. Comparative table of climate for 1875, New Zealand ;
Meteorological tables, January to March, 1876, Wellington, N.Z.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From Mrs. J.Bidencope—Two cases of Butterflies and Moths,from India.

2. From Master L. Forrest—A case containing 33 specimens of British
Butterflies and Moths.

. From Mr. Robert M. Browne, Wellington, New Zealand—15 New

Zealand and 3 Australian copper tokens.

From Mr. Nairn—Two black snakes (Hoplocephalus curtus) from

Kangaroo Valley.

. From Mr. Spencer—Sample of coal from Jerusalem.

. From Mr. P. Feeney—Ditto from Sandfly Rivulet.

. From Mr. T. Nichols—Ditto from Port Cygnet.

. From Mr. P. Pearsall—A Tiger Cat (Dasyurus maculatus ).

. From Mr. Turner—A Musk Duck ( Biziura lobata ).

10. From James Scott, Esq., M.H.A.—An aboriginal stone implement
from Mount Morriston.

[Mr. Scott considers this to be one of the best specimens of these
implements which he has presented. He states that the natives held the
stones with the thumb on the flat surface, the rounded side resting in the
palm of the hand. In use the stone was kept turning round so as to bring
different parts of its edge to bear on the work. As to the mound sup-
posed to cover an aboriginal grave, referred to at a former meeting (August
1875), Mr. Scott reports that on digging up the spot the traces of a fire, some
pieces of charcoal, and a quantity of a “greasy” kind of red clay or
ochre were found, but no bones of any description. |

11. From Mr. J. Fergusson, Tinderbox Bay - A collection of shells, from

Cloudy Bay, South Bruni.

12. From Miss Florence Abbott, per Rev. W. W. Spicer—-A samplé of

poets

[Pulu, or hairs taken from the base of the fronds of tree ferns, and
employed for stuffing mattresses, etc.,in the Sydney Infirmary and the
Hobart Town Hospital. About 2 lbs. of the hairs are required for a large

He CO BOD RS

DO ONTIHAM PB Oo

71

pillow, at a cost of 6d. per lb. The material lasts for many years, during
which it continues sweet and clean, but at last the hairs break up and
crumble into dust. | |

13. From Captain W. V. Legge, R.A.—A living specimen of the white-
bellied Sea Eagle, from Ceylon. ;

[Captain Legge states “ this is a very fine immature Sea Eagle ( Halietus

leucogaster ), which I beg to present to the Royal Society. It is, I consider,
a bird of some interest as regards Tasmania, as it is the same species a8 our
Fish Hawk ; and will illustrate the young plumage very well. I do not
think this plumage is well known in Tasmania. It will attain to its mature,
white dress, next year, and it will then be interesting to naturalists to
observe whether it exactly corresponds with Tasmanian adult examples
in the Museum.” He adds, “I presume a place for its reception could be
put up in the Gardens, and that done, no difficulty will be experienced
in feeding it, as it will eat offal and meat of all sorts. Might not this form
a foundation fora collection of Raptores, which the Society could surely keep
without much expense. Young Eagle Hawks might be got by making the
wish known. Harriers (Swamp Hawk, Circus assimilis) I know may be
procured, for I saw a beautiful specimen in the possession of a gentleman
at the Hospital at Campbell Town.” ]

Presentations to Library—

1. From the United States Naval Observatory, Washington—“ Astro-
nomical and Meteorological observations, 1870 and 1872,” 2 Vols,
4to. “ Catalogue of Stars, 1845 to 1871,” liVol., 4to. “Zones of Stars
observed with mural circle, 1846-1849,” 1 Vol., 4to. “Ditto
observed with transit instrument,” 1 Vol., 4to. “ Results of obser-
vations, 1853-1860,” 1 Vol., 4to. “On the Right Ascensions of
the Equatorial Fundamental Stars,” 1870, 1 Vol., 4to. “Report on
Difference of Longitude between Washington and St. Louis,” by
Professor Harkness, 1 Vol., 4to.

2. From the Chief Signal Office, Washington—“ Report of Chief Sig-
nal Officer, War Department, U.S. America, for 1872,” 1 Vol., 8vo.
“Daily Bulletin,’ December, 1872, January and February, 1873, 3
Vols., 4to.

3. From the Smithsonian Institution, Washington—* Smithsonian Miscel-
laneous Collections,” Vol. 10. “Smithsonian Reports,’ 1871 and
1873, 2 Vols., 8vo.

4, From F. V. Hayden, Esq., United States Government Geologist—
“Report of Geological Survey of the Territories,” Vol. 6. “Cretaceous
Flora,” 1 Vol., 4to, “Geological and Geographical Survey of Colerado,”
1873, by F. V. Hayden, 1 Vol., 8vo. “Birds of the North West,”
by Elliott Cones, 8vo (two copies). ‘‘ Synopsis of Flora of Colerado,”
pamphlet, pp. 180. “Bulletin of United States, Geological and
Geographical Survey of the Territories,’ No. 2, and 2 and 3, 2nd
Series, 3 pamphlets. “ Lists of Elevations of portion of U. States,
West of Mississippi River,” 1 pamphlet. ‘“ Catalogue of Publications
of U.S. Geological Survey.”

5. From the Boston Society of Natural History—Memoirs of the Society,
Vol. 2., part 2, No. 4; part 3, Nos. 1 to 5; part 4, No. 1(7 parts).
Proceedings of the Society, Vol. 15, parts 3and 4; Vol. 16, parts 1
to 4; Vol. 17, parts 1 and 2, 8 parts. The “ JeffriesWyman Memorial
Meeting of the Society,” 1 pamphlet.

6. From the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences—-Bulletin of the Society,
Vol. 1, No.4; Vol. 2, Nos. 1 to 4 (5 parts).

7. ge a Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts—Bulletin of Institute,

ols. 5, 6.
8. fe amma Philosophical Society—Proceedings, Vol. 14, Nos.
9 YO) Ue ;

72

9. From American Academy of Arts and Sciences—Proceedings, New
Series, Vol. 9. “Commemorative Notice of Louis Agassiz,” by
Theodore Lyman.

10. From the Anderson School of Natural History, Penikese Island—
Report of Trustees, 1873.

11. From Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College—Report, ’73.

12. From Board of Public Education, Pennsylvania—Report for 1874.

13. From the Howard University, Washington—Report 1875-76.

14. From the Royal Society of New South Wales—Proceedings of the
Society, Vol. 9, 1875.

15. From the Adelaide Philosophical Society—Reports and Transactions
1867, 1868, 1871 and 1872. “ Law in Nature” by R. D. Hanson, Esq.,
Chief Justice of South Australia. Papers “On the Tertiary Rocks
of South Australia,” by the Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods; “On the
Geology of the South East,” by Mr. Chief Justice Hanson ; on the
same by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods ; “‘ On the Urarie (arrow poison)
of the Indians of British Guiana, by Dr. Schomburgk ; ‘ Explorations
on West and North West Coasts of Australia,” by Mr. C. A. Wilson ;
On City Drainage’ by Mr. J. Macgeorge, etc.

Special attention was called to the valuable presentation of books, on
various scientific subjects, from the United States Government, and from
the Smithsonian Institution and other learned Societies inAmerica,

In the absence of the author, the Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S.,
F.G.S., Corresponding Member of the Royal Societies of New South Wales
and Tasmania, and of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, the
Secretary read a paper “On a new-reversed Helix (Helix weldit),” dis-
covered by Mr. W. F’. Petterd on the North-West Coast, near Circular Head.

The SEcRETARY also read a communication from J. E. Calder, Esq., on
the language of the Aborigines of Tasmania. Accompanying this wasa large
and very carefully prepared compilation by Mr. Calder of all the known
aboriginal words preserved by various collectors; and so arranged that
each collector has the credit of all words added by him to the general stock.
This great vocabulary was inspected with much interest by all present.

Mr. M. Attport observed, in order to continue the history of our salmon
to the latest date, that he had to report the capture ofa fine grilse, weighing
about three pounds, in the harbour about a fortnight ago, As it was
taken in a “ graball” net, the probability, or rather certainty, was that
great numbers of fish were in the river. He had carefully examined this
specimen, and had no doubt whatever as to its being a salmo salar. It had
been presented to His Excellency. Previous to this capture, another fish
of a similar size had been caught near the same locality, but it had not
been brought under his observation.

A few days ago, however, a third salmon was taken, and on this occasion
under very satisfactory circumstances. It was caught by Mr. M. Seal with
the fly, about two miles above New Norfolk. Great numbers of fish were
rising in all directions at the same time. In some rivers it is known
that the salmon will not rise to the fly, and doubts had been expressed as
to whether the Tasmanian fish would do so or not. This capture therefore
is an important one for anglers, as it sets the question at rest. The fish
was a fine grilse of about three pounds in weight, on its way from the salt
to the fresh water.

Mr. SEAL stated that the fish was very lively and gave excellent sport, in
this respect contrasting most favorably with the trout.

On the motion of Mr. Swan, seconded by Mr. W. E. SHoopripas, the
thanks of the meeting were given to the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, to the
donors of presentations, and specially to Mr. Calder for his valuable and
carefully compiled vocabulary.

The proceedings then terminated.

73

NOVEMBER, 1876.

The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held at the Museum
on Monday, the 13th Nov. His Excellency the Governor, in the chair.

Messrs. Edward J. Freeman and John Sharp, who had previously been
nominated by the Council, were balloted for and declared duly elected as
Fellows of the Society.

The Secretary brought under notice the usual monthly returns, viz.,

1. Number of visitors to Museum during October, total, 1709.

2. Ditto, to Gardens, 3598.

3. Seeds introduced into Gardens.

4. Time of leafing etc., of a few standard plants in Botanic Gardens

during October.

5. Books and Periodicals received.

6. Presentations to Museum.

Meteorological Returns—

1, Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., Table and Summary for October,
Results of 35 years observations (1841 to 1875 inclusive), with table
showing excess of spontaneous evaporation over rainfall for ten
years (1866 to 1875.)

. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge,- Esq., Abstract table for
October.

. Port Arthur, from Dr. Coverdale. Table for October.

. From the Hobart Town Marine Board, the following tables :—Mount
Nelson, for October ; Swan Island, for September; Goose Island,
for September ; King’s Island, for July, August, and September.

In reference to the gales which prevailed on the Australian coasts
during September, the following remarks, by Mr. E. N. Spong, Superin-
tendent of the King’s I. Lighthouse, appear in the table furnished by him
for that month :—“ These gales had all the characteristics of a cyclone,
blowing with great fury, backing 16 points, then calm, and deluge of rain ;
sudden fall of barometer from 29°16in. to 28°94in. in one hour. Then a violent
gale at N.E., 10°42lb. per square foot, shifting in a few seconds to S.W.,
with a pressure estimated at 15°60Ib. per square foot ; barometer rising to
29°12 by 9hrs. 30min. Frequent violent gusts with hail, wind backing six
to eight points. Midnight, steady violent gale ; no thunder or lightning
at any time. The greatest force is marked at 15°60lb. per square foot by
estimation. Having no anemometer, possibly it may have been much
greater. Barometer not so low since October 26th, 1863.

5. From Mr. Roblin. Abstracts and Results of Meterological Obser-
vations, taken at the lighthouses and other coast stations in Tasmania,
during five years (1870 to 1875), compiled from the monthly tables
furnished by the Hobart Town Marine Board, and the Com-
mandant, Port Arthur.

The presentations to the Museum were as follows :—

1. From Mr. Arthur R. Johnston, Telegraph Department, Townsville,
Queensland. A net bag made by the Aboriginies of Northern
Queensland.

. From Mr. W. Free, Muddy Plains. A species of Petrel (Broad-billed
Prion,—Prion vittatus) shot inland.

3. From L, R. Castray, Esq. A very large egg laid by a half-bred Brahma
Pootra fowl. This egg weighed 5} ounces, and had a smaller egg
within it.

4. From the Rev. G. Brown, Wesleyan Missionary, Sydney. Eight spears
and three clubs from New Britain and New Ireland.

. From Mr. J. S. Roberts, Victoria, Huon. Specimen of the White-

fronted Falcon (Falco lunulatus ).

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74

6. From Mr. A. Wilkins. Specimens of Dolomite, and Silver Ore from
Mitchell’s Creek, Bathurst, N.S. Wales. The donor states that this
ore yields by assay gold 8 per cent., silver 30 per cent., and copper
9 per cent ; the lode being 13ft. 6in. in thickness.

. From Mr. O’Keefe. Barnacles from bottom of steamship Mangana.

. From Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S.,Sydney. 755 specimens, comprising
227 species and varieties of shells, with list. [The Secretary requested
special attention to this very liberal donation, and read some extracts
from a letter by the donor which accompanied it. |

9. From Mr. H. Gill. Sample of Tin Ore from the Star Claim, Cascade

River, the first tin section found in the Upper Ringarooma, District.

10. From Mr. Castles. Sample of Tin Ore from Sehouten Island.

11. From Mr. H. Johnston. An Irish tenpenny piece, 1813.

12. From Capt. McDiarmid, brig Moa. Vertebra of a Whale. A Club
from Island of Tanna.

13, From the Rey. H. D. Atkinson. A collection of type specimens of
new shells, collected by the donor at Long Bay, and described by
the Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods. [In commenting on the value of
this presentation, as type specimens, the Secretary read some
remarks by the donor. |

14. From Mr. J. Bagley, Oatlands. A Tippet Grebe ( Podiceps australis )

shot on Lake Dulverton.

15. From J.Swan, Esq. Skin of Grey Flying Squirrel (Belideus sciwrus ).

{Mr. Swan remarked he had noticed this animal in localities so far apart
from each other as Muddy Plains (near Launceston), the Lake Country
and Avoca. Although by some observers it was thought to have been
unported, he thought it was indigenous. Had it been brought to the country
it would not, in so short a period, have spread so extensively from
localities where it had not become too numerous for existence, and whence
it had not been driven either by other animals, or by any deficiency of
food or shelter. |

The Rev. W. W.SpiceR read a paper on the effects of wounds on the
human subject inflicted by the spur of the Platypus ( Ornithorhynchus
anatinus).

Mr. Justice Dopson related the particulars of another case of a very
similar character, the subject of which had come under his notice about
twelve days after the wound was received. Even then the man was in a
very prostrate condition, presenting the appearance of having passed through
a very serious illness.

Dr. E. L. CRowrHeR mentioned he had seen a case some months ago in
which the patient was almost killed by a wound (he thought on the hand)
from the spur of a game cock. The pain from the injury was most acute.
The injured limb became swollen, and for the space of twenty-four hours
the amount of collapse was alarming.

The Srcretary read the following note from Mr. T. Stephens on some
specimens from the shaft lately sunk for coal at Spring Bay :—“ Messrs.
Robinson and Carter of Spring Bay have forwarded to me a case, now in
the Museum, containing a complete series of specimens from the trial shaft
at Triabunna, which, when arranged in a properly constructed ‘section box,’
will furnish a good illustration of that portion of the coal measures which
was passed through in the recent exploration. I hoped to have submitted
to the Royal Society a paper on this subject and on the general geological
formation of the district, but have not been able to find sufficient leisure
this year for such work. If, in past times, an accurate record had been
kept of each section of the coal measures that has been tested in Tasmania,
it would have saved the useless expenditure of thousands of pounds.” In
reference to some specimens from George’s Bay, Mr. Stephens adds :—
“Professor Liversidge, of Sydney, one of our Corresponding Members, has

cn

75

named for us some of the rarer minerals from theneighbourhood of George’s
Bay, which were exhibited at a former meeting of the Society, and has
kindly expressed his willingness to render a like service on any future
oceasion. To have such assistance from one of the most competent
authorities in the colonies is an advantage which will be duly appreciated
by the Royal Society.”

The Sxcrerary brought under notice a paper entitled “ Synonymy of, and
Remarks upon, Tasmanian and other Shells, with their Geographical
Distribution.” By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Corr. Member, Roy. Soe. Tas.

Mr. M. ALLrort reported that a fine grilse,no doubt a true salmon,
weighing upwards of four pounds, had been captured that morning close to
the wharves, a striking proof of the vast numbers which must exist in the
river and harbour.

The GovERNOR stated he had examined the fish, which was a very fine
one, and, he had no doubt, was a true Salmo salar. Passing to a subject
somewhat allied to fish, His Excellency brought under observation the net
which had been presented, and on comparing it with others in the Museum,
commented on the general superiority of the workmanship of those in the
northern over those in the southern regions of the Continent, including
also Tasmania. Towards the north also the natives appear to have a much
better idea of making canoes and catamarans. Before closing his remarks,
the Governor begged to take that opportunity of saying he thought the
best thanks of the Society were due to one of its Fellows—Mr. Russell
Young, to the Ministers, and to Parliament for the action which had
recently been taken in reserving a great portion, 3,700 acres, of Mount
Wellington as a people’s park. In his inaugural address he had dwelt
strongly on the pressing necessity which existed for some such legislation
as that which had just taken place. It was quite impossible to over-rate
the benefit of the Act to the city, to the colony at large, and to visitors
from the other colonies, to whom the beauties of this park will alway
form an increasing attraction. It was pleasant also to think that such a
magnificent estate was now secure for all time, not for the rich alone, but
for the poor, for whom especially it must prove an incalculable boon and a
highly civilising agent.

The SxcreTary brought forward the results of five additional years of
meteorological observations carried on gratuitously at Hobart Town with
the greatest zeal and industry by Mr. F. Abbott, compiled by Mr. Roblin,
Curator of the Museum, thus completing a record extending over thirty-
five consecutive years—a period probably unequalled by any other British
colony. Abstract Tables and Results of Meteorological Observations taken
at the Lighthouses and other Coast Stations in Tasmania during the years
1871, 2,3, 4and 5, compiled with much labour and care by Mr. Roblin
ny also submitted. The above will, as heretofore, be printed for distri-

ution.

Mr. SWAN in proposing a vote of thanks to the donors of presentations
(especially to Mr. Brazier), and to the Rev. W. W. Spicer for his interesting
paper, observed, with some reference to the remarks of the Chairman,
that a Committee has been appointed by Government for carrying out
improvements in the Domain and that the work, as far as disposable
labour would admit, would be commenced forthwith.

The SecreTary mentioned that the Committee would have the great
benefit of the advice of the Governor who had taken the greatest interest
in the work and had promised to afford every practical assistance in his
power.

The proceedings then terminated.

76

HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY GEOLOGY.

By tHe Rev. J. E. Tentson-Woopns, F.G.S., F.L.S.,
Corr. Mem. Roy. Soc. Tas., anp N. S. Watzs.

[Read 11th July, 1876. |

The first person to call attention to the tertiary formations of Aus-
tralia was Capt. Flinders, who, in his survey of the south coast in
1802, noticed the fossiliferous cliffs of the Australian Bight. He
imagined them to have been derived from some vast coral reef,
Tertiary geology as such was not thenknown. In 1829 Capt. Sturt
traced down the Murray River, and in doing so came to a portion
bounded on each side by high limestone cliffs, which were one
mass of fossils, many of which converted into selenite. He
identified some of those collected with European forms, and though
in this he was mistaken, yet he was correct in designating the
formation as tertiary. The subject then remained in abeyance,
except from some cave remains sent home by Sir Thomas Mitchell,
until 1859, when, encouraged by Sir Charles Lyell, who was in a
great measure my instructor in geology, I prepared an account of
the tertiary formation in South Australia, for the Geological Society,
which was published by them. This was accompanied by a valuable
notice of the Polyzoa and Foraminifera, by Professors Busk and
Rupert Jones respectively. These investigations were followed by
my work on the Geology of South Australia, in 1862, subsequent
to which the regular reports of the Victorian Geological Survey have
thrown a flood of light upon the whole subject. Professor McCoy
has from time to time issued notices of some of the most interesting
fossils and their affinities, while two parts of the ‘‘ Decades” of
the Museum have been dedicated to Paleontology, principally
tertiary. Within the last ten years Professor Duncan, the illustrious
President of the Geological Society, has steadily devoted himself to
the elucidation of the Australian Tertiary Corals ; while Professor
Laube, in Vienna, has given equal attention to our fossil Echinoder-
mata. The eminent paleontologist, Thomas. Davidson, has taken
our Brachiopoda in hand,—a work begun already by Robert
Etheridge, jun., who has also, with Professor Duncan, added
something to our knowledge of the Echinodermata.

It will be seen from this brief sketch that though the tertiary
formations of Australia have occupied many minds, yet our pro-
gress, so far, has been somewhat slow. This is the more remarkable,
as.it has long been believed among scientific men that the develop-
ment of Australian geology must reveal facts of the utmost im-
portance to science generally. It has been remarked by some
geologists that the present state of Australia is very similar to what
Europe was immediately after the secondary or Mesozoic period.
The position of Australia renders it less liable to an admixture
of its species with those of other continents, and therefore its
natural history is to a certain extent peculiar to itself. In the Flora
the correspondence to the Mesozoic period is well marked. There

77

the Araucarie, so common in the secondary rocks, are represented ;
and these are only found in the Pacific Islands and Australia.
There are the Lamice and Arthrozamie found only at the Cape of
Good Hope and Australia, being closely allied to species found in
secondary deposits.

With regard to the Mammalia, no indigenous animals have been
found distinct from the Marsupialia except rodents, and one or
two species about whose introduction doubts have been entertained.
The rodents belong to an order which has many affinities with
marsupials, and in one genus, Phascolomys, the characters are in-
terchanged.

The following passage from Mantell’s ‘‘ Wonders of Geology ”
will show that the views of geologists on this subject were. Speaking
of the Wealden strata, he says :—‘‘ Nor can we resist the conviction
that not only did the same terrestrial area, however modified it must
have been during the long succession of ages, supply the débris of
an almost unchanged system of animal and vegetable life to the
Jurassic seas at first, and subsequently to the Cretaceous ocean ;
but that, also, the fauna and flora of this ancient land of the
secondary epoch had many important features which now characterise
Australia. The Stonesfield marsupials and the Purbeck Plagiauwlax
are allied to genera now restricted to Australia and Tasmania, and
it is a most interesting fact, as Professor Phillips was first to
remark, that the organic remains with which these relics are
associated also correspond with existing forms of the Australian
Continent and neighbouring seas ; for it is in those distant latitudes
that the waters are inhabited by Cestracions, Trigonie and Teribra-
tule, and that the dry land is clothed with Araucarie, tree ferns,
and cycadeous plants.”

These facts, coupled with the circumstance that no true
secondary rocks had been found in Australia, lent great force to
the opinion that we had in Australia a continent which, having
been dry land during the Mesozoic epoch and only a small
portion of it since submerged, had preserved the fauna and flora
of that time. But later investigations have shown that we
possess on the continent nearly every leading representative of
the secondary strata of Europe. In Western Australia, and in
Southern Queensland, the lower and middle Mesozoic formations
are largely represented ; while in N.E. Australia and all around
Carpentaria we have immense areas exclusively occupied with
deposits which very closely represent the upper and lower
Cretaceous with the Greensand of Europe.

The more advanced state of our knowledge places us now in a posi-
tion to give a solution to many important questions which naturally
arise. The first is whether the secondary forms show any remark-
able divergence from the typical forms of that period. To this we
may answer in the negative. In accordance with the general rule
in geology that the lower we descend in time the wider the range of
species and the closer the resemblances, we find a strong resem-
blance, and, perhaps, in some cases, an identity which enables us
to say not only that the fossils are secondary, but, also, to what
particular subdivision of the secondary rocks they belong. As a
further illustration of the same rule, we find in our Paleozoic

78

(Devonian) rocks absolute specific identity with European forms,
with rare exception.

This being the case, it becomes most interesting to ask, in the
interests of the evolution theory, whether there are in our tertiary
formations any signs of a persistence of the secondary types, so that
their preservation, in the existing state of things, can be accounted
for. To this, we must again answer “‘no.” The secondary
types in the tertiary rocks of Australia are few and rare. We have
two Trigoniev, both very different from the existing forms ; but one
very similar to our Oolitic species,and a Plewrotomaria, which is a
Paleozoic type ! Some of the Brachiopoda have faint secondary
affinities, but the Echinodermata are certainly not Mesozoic in
character. In all other respects our tertiary formations have
very close affinities with the tertiary rocks of Europe, and, indeed,
with the rest of the world ; while there is the same singular and
remarkable break between the secondary and tertiary periods that
is found to prevail everywhere. Imperfect and incomplete as the
geological record must necessarily be when it is interrogated as to
evidence in favour of evolution from what it gives in Australia, it
must say decisively ‘‘in Australia I have none to give.”

In this I am not putting any interpretation on the evidence. I
am merely stating the fact. Whether another interpretation
against evolution could be given is a matter of individual opinion,
and I withhold my own. My researches in Australian tertiary
geology have now extended over twenty years, and during that
time, as I have helped somewhat to create its literature, I may say,
probably without arrogance, that I have as good an opportunity
of becoming acquainted with its paleontology as any one. It may
be, therefore, of some value to state that in all my examinations of
our fossil and living fauna I have carefully sought for any reasonable
evidence in favour of evolution or clue to its mode of operation,
and have found none—none whatever. Imust add that Australian
geology, whether reluctantly or not, must admit that she can urge
nothing in favour of that theory being true, the true explanation of
nature as we find it.

But in the supposition that in our land fauna and flora we have
a relic of secondary epoch, there is something not easy to reconcile
with the evolution hypothesis. Types remaining stationary during
such long periods of time appear, to my imperfect knowledge of
evolution, inconsistent with the necessary postulates. Possibly I
may misunderstand the question, but it must be of use to point out
that the evidence of the submergence of Australia since the Mesozoic
period is somewhat cogent. Not only are relics of the Cainozoic
strata found at considerable distances from the sea, but the northern
as well as the southern portions of the continent are covered at inter-
vals with a deposit which some regard as marine and some as
lacustrine, but all agree in referring to the most recent of our
tertiary strata. It would be, therefore, a hasty conclusion to assert
that any part of the continent has been preserved as dry land since
the Mesozoic period, and the weight of evidence is against it.

79

FURTHER NOTES ON THE TERTIARY MARINE
BEDS OF TABLE CAPE.

By R. M. Jounston.
[Read 11th July, 1876.]

In a former paper upon the above subject, I confined my
observations principally to the organisms themselves. Since
that time I have visited Table Cape, and, assisted by Mr.
T. R. Atkinson of this town, I have not only added to my col-
lection a large number of new species, but have by careful
investigation become possessed of important particulars which
may be of some value in determining the relative position of
this interesting deposit.

On approaching Wynyard from the sea, the eye is at first
arrested by a bold basaltic headland, rising from the water at
an angle of 45 degrees, to a height of about 500 feet. The
bold outline and the characteristic level summit at once sug-
gests the idea that the striking object before you must be the
well-known Table Cape. Ona nearer approach, two smaller
rounded bluffs come into view, and are rendered conspicuous
by the contrast which their white precipitous cliffs present, as
compared with the wooded and sombre slopes of Table Cape
proper. The two smaller bluffs are isolated from each other
and from Table Cape by narrow valleys formed by erosion,
while the larger valley or basin by which the river finds its
course to the sea separates them from the little township of
Wynyard. Notwithstanding the gaps between the bluffs,
an ordinary observer can perceive at a glance that the strati-
fied beds of the smaller ones were at one time continuous,
and that the protecting cap of basalt at the same time spread in
one continuous sheet over all the adjacent ridges. On closer
examination it becomes evident that we have in these two
solitary bluffs a small fragment of that raised sea bottom
which, most probably, at a recent period connected Tasmania
with the continent of Australia. At any rate it is most con-
elusive that we have in these stratified beds myriads of
organisms which were during the tertiary period inhabitants
of that vast shallow sea which then covered the greater part
of Australia and Tasmania and separated the remaining
portions into island groups.*

The bluff nearest to the township of Wynyard is about 160
feet high. The general strike is north and south, and the dip
inclines about 5 degrees in a north-westerly direction ; and at
this angle the beds disappear at sea level under the great
basaltic promontory of Table Cape. As the series of beds

* See the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods’ paper.

80

forming the deposit attains its greatest thickness in the bluff
nearest to the township, and as the same relative characters
are maintained at other places where the beds are exposed I
have chosen this point as the most suitable for illustrative
purposes. [The accompanying diagram will show the relative
extent and position of the various beds. ]

Conceive, therefore, a white, beetling sea-cliff, whose base is
obscured by enormous blocks of sandstone which, by the cease-
less undermining action of the sea, have recently been dis-
lodged from the various ledges high overhead.

Those restless sea waves by which they were originally
formed are now at once engaged in their destruction, and in
re-arranging out of the same materials a very similar set of
sandstone beds in the quiet coves of the neighbourhood.
Thus we have the work of destruction and construction car-
ried on by the same agency, and although we may find in the
new arrangement a certain parallelism with the older forma-
tion ; yet there are differences at once striking and instruc-
tive. For example—while the particles of sand forming the
original rock have only been subjected to a little more tear
and wear, the included organisms are in every case wholly dis-
solved. It is true that the existing types of life which find a
home and a grave in the new formation may have secreted in
their tests the same elements which formerly entered into the
composition of the tests of the organisms of the older forma-
tion, but the forms themselves are very different in appear-
ance. Were the present sands consolidated and elevated into
a series of cliffs corresponding to those which now exist along
the shore, the most careful observation might fail to find any
organism having its exact counterpart in the older formation.
The characteristic shells—

Trigonia semi-undulata ; Pectunculus laticostatus ; Cucullea
corioensis ; O. cainozoica ; Voluta anticingulata; V. weldi, ete.,
and the Polyzoa Cellepora gambierensis ; C. nummularia; C.
hemispherica; ©. spongiosa; Sdalicornaria sinuosa.—Corals—
Plachotrochus deltoideus; P. elongatus, etc., etc., of the older for-
mation, are not found in the new formation, whilst the
characteristic shells of the latter—TZrigonia margaratacea ;
Waldheimia australis; Venus roborata ; Phasianella australis ;
Nassa pauperata, Risella nana, etc., etc., are nowhere to be
found in the beds of the former.

I shall now give a brief description of the various rock di-
visions of the section given in the diagram, and in following a
downward order I shall offer such observations as may be
necessary to impart to the members of this Society; some
knowledge of the composit and relative extent of the various
beds and their included organisms. My work in this particular

81

is rendered comparatively easy by what is now being carried
on by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, in classifying and
describing the organisms themselves.

BASALTIC CAP (a.)

It is a singular feature connected with the older stratified
rocks that, where exposed as cliffs, they are invariably capped
with sheets of igneous rock. It would seem that where
the soft stratified beds were unprotected by a capping
of this sort they have been washed away entirely or eroded
into valleys of which Fingal Valley may be taken as a type.
This supposition would fully account for the vast districts of
elevated table lands in Tasmania, everywhere terminating in
precipitous bluffs. A corresponding feature on a smaller scale
may be seen in connection with the stratified beds of tertiary
age, of which the Table Cape beds form a striking example.
It is probable that the deposit which forms the main subject
of the paper would have been entirely wasted away long ere
this time had it not been that during a late volcanic period it
was covered with sheets of basalt and basaltic tuff. The bluff
already mentioned is covered by a cap of basalt and_basaltic
tuff about 80 feet in thickness. This cap, though shown in
diagram to be separate from corresponding caps in the neigh-
bourhood must have, prior to the erosion of the valleys, formed
with them one continuous sheet.

The basalt at the only place where a face is exposed is greatly
decomposed, and at first sight it might be inferred that the
basaltic capping might be the re-arranged detritus of a basalt
older than the rock which it now reposes upon. This infer-
ence is however extremely improbable, inasmuch as there is
not the siightest evidence to show that the cap has been the
result of the re-distribution of older material. It may be
remembered that in a former paper I described a similar cap
of basalt, overlying the beds of lignite at Breadalbane.

As they presented a superficial resemblance I determined
to subject them to analytical comparison, and for this pur-
pose I sent specimens of the rocks in question to Professor
Ulrich, of Melbourne, whose labours in connection with the
rocks of Australia have obtained for him a wide-world
reputation. After making sections of the rocks, and sub-
jecting them to microscopic examination he thus writes with
reference to the Table Cape basalt :—‘‘ The rock is somewhat
similar to some of our recent basalts here, viz., it is essen-
tially a feldspar basalt with very little augite; lots of glass
and magnetic titaniferous iron, and rendered porphyritic by
abundant grains and crystals of olivine. It differs from the
basalt of Breadalbane by that the latter contains abundance

G

82

of augite in well developed crystals.” “ These mineral
differences are however no criterion ef age; for we have here
genuine miocene basalts which can, mineralogically, not be
distinguished from recent pliocene ones. If the feldspar were
replaced by Nephelene or Leucite throughout a basalt sheet, we
might perhaps be justified to declare the geological age, within
certain limits, different from that of an adjoining feldspar
basalt flow, but even in this instance great care is required,
especially if conclusions are to be drawn as to the age of
underlying rocks.” Happily we have now a more reliable
index to the age of the underlying rocks than may be ob-
tained from the comparative analysis of the constituents of
igneous rocks; it is, however, satisfactory that the learned
professor’s analysis tends to confirm the opinion which I
formeriy entertained, viz., that the protecting cap overlying
the marine beds at Table Cape is a recent basalt, and very
slightly differs from a similar flow which overspreads the
lignites at Breadalbane.

In order to ascertain whether the intrusive rock, mentioned
by Mr. Allport in connection with the Travertin at Geilstoa
Bay, is of a similar character to the rocks at Breadalbane and
Table Cape, Professor Ulrich has, in a letter to me, kindly
volunteered to analyse any specimens from that quarter sent
to him. For this purpose, Mr. Allport, on being applied to,
at once procured and forwarded an interesting suite of speci-
mens. It willbe of great value to have an established rela-
tionship with the various basaltic rocks in Tasmania and Vic-
toria. The rock known as the “ older volcanic” in Victoria is
very similar to the rock at Table Cape, and, like it, the “ older
voleanic”’ frequently caps the marine beds considered to
belong to the miocene age.*

T regret that I could not find an accessible spot to ascertain
whether the sandstone, upper bed, was altered at point of
junction with the basalt or not. Perhaps some future ob-
server may be more fortunate in this respect.

TURRITELLA GROUP J.)

Following the descending order we come upon the group of
beds which immediately underlie the basalt as already
described. The group has been named by me in the diagram
as the “Turritella Group,’ because the small shell, Z
warburtonit (Tenison-Woods), so abounds through this
particular formation as to give it a character which would be
sufficiently distinctive when compared with the only other

* T have since been informed by Mr. Ulrich that the composition of the
intrusive rock at Geilston Bay is similar to that at Breadalbane and Table
Cape.

—————

83

division of which the tertiary marine deposit at Table Cape is
composed. The group is about 80 feet thick where fully ex-
posed, and consists of a series of beds of white or gray
calcareous sandstone, more or less firmly consolidated.

Although there are some of the beds in which scarcely any
other organism can be seen but the Turritella already referred
to; yet there are others in which organisms are extremely
varied and abundant.

There are also bands frequently occurring throughout the
group, some of them can be traced horizontally for about a
mile perhaps, in which Cellepora gambierensis (Busk) seems
to be particularly abundant.

So much does the latter organism appear to be abound in
these bands, that Iam of opinion that it is owing to the
segregation of the carbonate of lime around this coral, that
the great relative hardness cf these bands is due.

The other forms which give a character to these curious
bands appear to be Echinodermata and Brachiopoda. Of six
distinct species sent to the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods for
diagnosis,the form resembling Hemipataqus woodsii (Etheridge)
(so called after the learned gentleman just referred to) seems
to be the most abundant. Among the seven species of
Brachiopoda found, the most conspicuous is the fine shell,
Waldheimia gambierensis (Tenison-Woods), also described from
specimens supplied by the Rev. J. E. T. Woods, from Mount
Gambier, South Australia. The most abundant, however, is
a species of Terebratula, resembling a large TZ. compta (Leri-
bratella tenisoni, Tenison-Woods).

In the less indurated sandstone beds, or between the bands
already described, I have discovered 15 or 16 species of Poly-
zoa and Corals among which I have been able to recognise
many of the Mount Gambier forms, described in “ Observa-
tions on the Geology of South Australia” by the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, viz., Cellepora nummulina, C. spongiosa,
Salicornaria sinuosa, Plachotrochus deltoides, P. elongatus ?
Flabellum victoriae ? F. gambierense ? etc., ete.

As we approach the point of junction with the underlying
division we come upon forms common to both divisions, and
only distinguished by relative abundance, among which I may
mention—Typhis M*‘Coyi (Tenison- Woods) ; Voluta anti-
cingulata (M‘Coy) ; Ancillaria mucronata (Sow); Natica
Wintlei (Tenison-Woods) ; Cucullea cainoxoica . (Tenison-
Woods); ©. Corioensis (M‘Coy); Pectunculus laticostatus
(M‘Coy) (Tenison-Woods) ; Nucula twmida, a small species of
Cardita ; a small species of Myadora; and two species of
Pecten, one of them being an extremely minute species,

Altogether this group presents a facies so similar to that

G,

84:

described by the Rev. J. H. Tenison-Woods, as belonging to
the limestone beds of Mount Gambier, that the description
of the latter would almost suffice for the Turritella Group of ©
Table Cape, e.g., in page 75, Geo. So. Austral., the following
description of the Mount Gambier beds is given—‘“ It is here
seen that in addition toa distinct line of stratification, dividing
the rock into layers about fourteen feet thick, there are regular
zones where particular fossils are associated. Thus, at the
first bed (fourteen feet) little is seen but Bryozoa and
Terebratulae ; in ten feet next, less of the moss corals, and
mere Pectens; the next is almost exclusively composed of a
Pecten common to this formation with imbricated strie called
Pecten coarctatus, and a cellopore coral subsequently to be
described (C. gambierensis). This state of things is nearly
continued to the bottom, where Echini and Reteporee combine
with the general mass.” Had the learned author added that
the small shell Turritella warburtonii was found in great
abundance throughout the mass I should have supposed
that he was giving an exact description of the Turritella
Group at Table Cape.

THE CRASSATELLA BED.

We come next to the lowest division of the marine deposit.
For itself as a rock it hardly deserves to be considered as
separate from the Turritella Group, which rests immediately
upon it, were it not for the fact that it appears to have been
accumulated under different circumstances. The nature and
relative abundance of the organisms contained in it also give
a character which though most probably brought about by
local circumstances is yet most peculiar and sufficiently dis-
tinctive. In making a distinction, therefore, between the
Turritella Group (b.) and the Crassatella Bed (c.), it is not to
be understood that the forms of the lower are nowhere to be
found in the higher, and vice versa. All that is meant by the
distinction is that the characteristic shells of the lower bed or
division suddenly diminish in quantity as we enter the higher
group and as we ascend even these gradually disappear.

We also observe that certain forms, especially Corallines
and Terebratule, abundantly appear in the upper beds in
bands, which were rarely seen or altogether absent from the
lower.

The Crassatella bed is extremely variable in thickness, for in
some places it attains a thickness of three and four feet, while
at other places it is reduced to a mere band of 3 and 4 inches
thick. Everywhere throughout, however, it preserves a
uniform character.

Lhave named it in this paper the Crassatella Bed, because

85

this organism belongs almost exclusively to it, and in some
places it is so abundant that it forms distinct layers. The bed
itself may be said to be composed of an irregular agglomera-
tion of shells bound up ina matrix of ferrugineous looking
mud. :

This substance is very fine and soft, and seems to have a
wonderful preservative property, for many of the shells in-
vested by it have not only the fine enamel preserved but
in many cases the gelatinous epidermal membrane of a
species of Pecten (possibly P. courctatus ?), as perfect as
though it still contained the living animal.

In this mud I have also found grit and rounded pebbles of
a yellowish quartz very abundant. ‘The fine yellow muddy
substance is itself principally composed of the comminuted
remains of various species of foraminiferce. Perfect forms of
the latter are, however, abundant, among which I have noticed
various species of Rotalia, Marginulina, and Textularia. I
intend, at some future time, to study these microscopic forms
more carefully.

Although the exposed face of this shelly rock is extremely
hard, yet when masses of the rock are detached they are
found to be extremely friable, and with ordinary care the
most delicate shelis may be easily extracted. Unfortunately
many of the latter are already so fractured in the rock that
when separated from the matrix thoy fall to pieces. There
are numerous small caves hollowed out of this rock by the
waves of the sea at high tide—along the Sandstone Cave, and
it is from the roof of some of these caves that some of the
most interesting species of shells have been obtained. The
greater number of species have also been obtained from this
bed. As their number is so large I have prepared a complete
list in a tabular form in another place.* It is only necessary
to state here the names of those species, which from their
extraordinary size and abundance, give a distinctive character
to this small but interesting division, viz.—

*Typhis m‘coyi (Woods).

Cyprea platypyga (M‘Coy) Murex eyrei, Fusus roblini.
*Spondylus.

Cyprea platyrhynca (M‘Coy) *Cassidaria reticulospira, Pectun-
culus laticostatus (Lamarck ).

Cyprea archeri (Woods), Cassis sufflatus (Tenison-Woods),
Cucullea corioensis (M‘Coy).

Voluta anticingulata (M‘Coy), Lyonsia agnewi (Tenison-Woods).

*Trivia europea, Voluta hannafordia (M‘Coy), Crassatella
oblonga (Tenison- Woods).

* See Tabular List.

86

Voluta weldii (Tenison- Woods).

Ancillaria mucronata, Venus allporti (Tenison- Woods).

Venus cainozoica (Tenison- Woods),

*Trochita calyptreeformis, Desh.

*Crepidula.

*Fissurella.

*Emarginula transenna (‘Tenison- Woods).

Turritella sturtii (Tenison-Woods), n.s.

Turritella warburtoni, ditto, n.s.

Columbella oxleyi, ditto, n.s.

Marginella wentworthii, ditto, n.s.

Delphinula tetragonostoma, ditto, n.s.

Zizyphinus blaxlandi, ditto, n.s.

Margarita kekwickii, ditto, n.s.

Tenagodus occlusus, ditto, n.s.

Pleurotoma johnstonii, ditto, n.s.

Astralium (Calcar) flindersii, ditto, n.s.

Astralium (Calcar) ornatissimum, ditto, n.s.

Lima squamosa, ditto, n.s.

Cardita gracilicostata, ditto, n.s.

Chione propinqua, ditto, n.s.

Nucula tumida, ditto, n.s.

Leda cerebrecostata, ditto, n.s.

Cucullea cainozoica, ditto, n.s.

Terebra additoides, ditto, n.s.

It is also important to notice the occurrence of fossil wood
greatly decomposed in this deposit, and occasionally the teeth
of two species of shark which had a world-wide distribution
during the tertiary period, viz., Lamna elegans, Charcharodon
angustidens (Ag.)¥

Of the latter Professor McCoy writes :—“ The present
species, even as originally restricted by Agassiz, is one of the
most abundant and characteristic miocene tertiary fossils of
every part of Hurope and America in which strata of this age
exist, and I recognised it amongst the Australian beds to
which JI assigned miocene and oligocene with great astonish-
ment, from this evidence of its world-wide distribution in the
tertiary period.” °

CONGLOMERATE (d.), AND SLATE (e.)

The rock forming the floor upon which the marine deposit
at Table Cape has been thrown down is a highly indurated
conglomerate. It presents a very irregular outline, and forms

* New species not yet described.
+ Discovered by A. Willis, Esq., Wynyard.

87

all the numerous dangerous reefs between Table Cape and
Emu Bay.

Iam of opinion that this is the same conglomerate which
crops out on the Dial Range, and which is assigned by Mr.
Gould to Silurian age. It is composed of highly altered
water-worn pebbles derived from various ancient rocks. Some
of them are derived from a dark crystalline limestone, which
appears to be non-fossiliferous. .

One remarkable block, however, was, so far as I could learn,
picked out of this conglomerate by Mr. James Smith, of West-
wood, Forth. It is tighly fossiliferous, the prevailing form,
as shown in various sections, is undoubtedly a species of
Brachiopod. I have not sufliciently studied this rock. I
have observed, however, that it has been greatly subjected to
denudation, and that it rests, so far as I could see, uncon-
formably upon a more or less inclined slate rock.

GENERAL.

I have thus referred as briefly as possible to the vertical
distribution of the organisms contained in the tertiary marine
beds at Table Cape. It is of the utmost importance, prior to
establishing any relations with similar isolated deposits else«
where in Tasmania, Flinders Island, or the continent of Aus-
tralia* that each isolated bed or series of beds should be fully .
investigated, especially as regards the extent and distribution
of its organic contents.

While I do not deny that reasonable inference or conjecture,
so long as it is recognised as provisional, is most useful in
stimulating enquiry and helps to make interesting what would
otherwise be a chaos of isolated observations, yet as the ten-
dency to create minor subdivisions with reference to distant
European beds, is in many instances too apparent, it may be
the means of introducing much error into our classification.

Among recent geological authorities of eminence, perhaps,
no one has drawn more particular attention to this source of
error than the late respected Mr. Jukes.

In connection with chronological observation he thus writes
(p. 409, manual). ‘In order to avoid error each great dis-
trict of the earth, such as Hurope or North America should be
surveyed separately, without reference to anything out of the
district, and that the order of superposition of its strata and
their classification into groups or formations, should be settled
independently on evidence to be found in the district only.
When this has been done the two series may be compared,and
the synchronism of different parts of each may be decided ou.”

If such care be necessary in the determination of the great

* See table.

88

classes themselves, it is surely more necessary to be careful in
our classification of the isolated beds of a system into sub-
divisions, when we take into consideration the horizontal dis-
tribution of organisms as affected by migration of colonies,
physicial barriers and local influences.

As an example of classification which might ignore the
effect of migration of species, it is interesting to notice that
although the shell Pectunculus laticostatus (Lamarck)* so abun-
dant in the lower shell bed at Table Cape, is not now found
living near the shores of Australia or Tasmania, it still exists
in abundance on the coast of the distant colony of New Zea-
land. It is possible that this shell had a wider distribution
during the tertiary period; but if there be evidence to the
contrary, it is probable that change of circumstances have
caused the species to migrate from its original centre, and
that the great distance of our coast from the shores of New
Zealand, represent horizontally or in space, the long
duration of time necessary for the slow migratory progress
of such an organism.

Take again the following instance :—

In the Turritellat limestone of Flinders Island, there
occurs three species of shells also common to Table Cape
deposit; one of them being the shell so abundant at the latter
place. Cucullea cainozoica (Tenison-Woods.) Had an observer
only reported the discovery of these three forms, without
reference to their abundance or associated organisms, 1t would
be a reasonable enough inference, so far as evidence went,
that they belonged to the same sub-division. But as I have
fuller evidence which informs me that, with the exception of
the organisms already referred to, the characteristic shells of
Flinders Island, though there very numerous, had never been
detected in the beds of Table Cape. This knowledge, taken
in conjunction with the consideration that the latter beds
have vow been very fully investigated, is sufficient to postpone
the final co-relation of these deposits until the other isolated
formations, of a similar character, afford some additional clue
to their exact position.

As an example of local distribution in the same bed at
Table Cape, I noticed, especially that Cylichna arachis (Quoy)
though very common at one particular point, could be found
nowhere else in the same horizon or indeed anywhere else.
This is another important consideration when comparisons

* At Table Cape this shell has invariably 29 radial ribs, not 39 as figured
and described by Prof. McCoy in the Victorian Decades.

tA very different species to that which characterises the Turritella group
at Table Cape.

89

are sought to be made with various isolated deposits widely
separated.

Generally, horizontal extension of a particular species from
its orignal centre may represent a period of time during
which vast deposits may have accumulated, vertically, on the
original habitat, where each succeeding layer, perhaps, shewed
a gradual extinction of the older forms, and the introduction
of a new class of organisms. Thus, for example, could we
depress the present group of tertiary beds at Table Cape so
that the marine beds now in process of formation rested
conformably upon them; a vertical section would show such
a complete change in the character of the various beds as to
justify the local geologist in sub-dividing his section into
separate groups with, locally speaking, well marked characters.
At the same time could we follow the horizontal movement of
organisms as they gradually disappeared from the original
centre, we would yet find in a very far distant part of the
earth’s surface, that amid all the vicissitudes of migratory
change, a few persistent forms of the lowest stratum of the
original centre would still be found to be the true contem-
poraries of those new forms which gave a complete change of
character to the upper beds.

It follows from considerations of this nature that the exist-
ence of a few specific forms common to two or more widely
separated deposits, is, in itself, no guarantee that they belong
to the same subdivision of a great class; or even to the great
class division itself.

Such being the case we should accept with the greatest
caution the subdivisions of the various widely separated
tertiary marine deposits of Victoria into Oligocene, Miocene,
and Pliocene, until we know more fully the extent and quality
of the evidence which forms the basis of their classification.

It also follows that until we have worked up independently
and fully each deposit of the tertiary period, and also com-
pared them with a fully worked up list of existing forms in
the same neighbourhood, any attempt at classification will be
premature and misleading.

Being deeply impressed with the importance of such con-
siderations I have most carefully gone into the investigation of
our Table Cape marine deposit, and I have been rewarded
in the discovery of the remains of at least 150 distinct specific
organisms. When the great number of new species are
described and classified by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, to
whom science in Tasmania is already so deeply indebted, we
shall then be in a better position to compare with similar
deposits elsewhere and with the existing forms in our own
neighbourhood. But it is not enough to have our owu

90

deposits worked up with care. It will be useless to make com-
parisons with the deposits of Victoria or New South Wales
without the co-operation of the naturalists and geologists of
Australia generally.

This might be most effectually brought about by appeals to
the various learned societies in Australia and New Zealand to
make exchanges with us and to send catalogues of their classi-
fied fossils, with descriptions of habitat and distribution.

For this object I have arranged the marine fossils at Table
Cape into a tabular form, which not only shows at a glance
the distribution, so far as known, throughout the Australian
deposits, but also, by signs, is made to show the relative
abundance of each particular organism. Were the various
learned societies to aid in classifying their fossils in a similar
way, we would then be able to cispel all doubts with regard to
the present classification. Co-operation, therefore, is at the
present time of the utmost necessity, and I trust that the
members of the Royal Society of Tasmania will take the
initiative in a work so desirabie and of such importance.

Notr.—In the table the following signs are used :—t+ Not yet described,
or being examined for description by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods.
@, common ; 6, abundant; c, very abundant; #, not uncommon; ¥, rare ;
z, very rare ; J, still living.

The following a!so occur in abundance at Table Cape :—
CORALS.

Heliastrea cainozoica (Tenison- Woods), Table Cape.
Balanophyllia australiensis (Duncan), Table Cape, and 8.A.
Ditto nov sp., Table Cape.

Trochoseris Woodsi (Duncan), South Australia.

Conotrochus McCoyi (Duncan) Table Cape and South Australia.
Ditto nov. sp, Table Cape.

Sphenotrochus excisus (Duncan) Table Cape.

Antillia lens (Duncan), Table Cape.

Plachotrochus elongatus (Duncan), Table Cape and Mount Gambier.
Ditto deltoideus (Duncan) ditto.

Caryophyllia viola (Duncan), Table Cape.

Dendrophyllia Duncani (Tenison- Woods).Table Cape.

Flabellum Duncani (Tenison-Woods), Table Cape.

Ditto victorize, Table Cape and South Australia.

Ditto gambierensis, ditto.

POLYZOA.

Cellepora gambierensis (Busk) Table Cape and Mount Gambier.
Ditto spongiosa
Ditto nummularia
Ditto hemispherica
Pustutipora ramosa (Tenison- Woods) as
Buskia typica
Retepora sp.

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é - é ’ -
Ds == “I
‘ . .
Ld .
‘ % =
+ eS 4 <p) ' rill # one:
| : Sai ) udelh faa 4q002
=
— % : yf
= we ‘ ‘
= z ' 2
; 7 ree neiurte
i & : : ; x : - oe ¥

y
ci: ae iP . E lees tine On i

ail" Perviry t (wet

i ee vee oes tee te vee ve sn se wwe si “* 97RIs snoaovorur pampour APYStAL *9
as we eee ves vee vee ote oe aud op out os oyRIOULopsoo posoydaownzayy ‘yp
qoay og os ne me is aah ee ne ee ron fio ee ave or ote poq vppaqesseag *o
qaoy gy spodoryporaq pur ‘stuudapouryoo ‘sero Jo sure FUBpUNge SuTUrey09 ‘rvodde Ajyuonbaay osye spurq = ‘spunoqe
(spooy ‘nuopingavgy “f) Weyamny, Jo soroods Tpewus v YoryA ur ‘ouoyspues snoareojvo jo pasoduiod spaq jo dnoary *q
yooy 0g aoe Ws aes nes a aims Sot Se ane suc * ayonar pur {ip oIVJwseq JUadaA Jo deg ‘yp
‘AdVO AIAVE ‘AAOTA AAOO AANVS LV SGAM ANIGVIW AUVILAAL AO NOLLISOd ONIMOHS NOILOES

i Ligh or

pet OD

—_ aD carts Let, ~
QS CER ERER

PF eaaattey 1
Mts SKS

a

U4

90a
PARATIVE TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION or AUSTRALIAN
MARINE TERTIARY SHELLS, ETC.

Tas- | Flinders Isld.{_ eae . | W.\ Species Still
mania) Group. — | Victoria. Aus,| Aus. | Tenet
2 oO a | Eales
(Fils |. #||| LEE | |
a > . e\eic la
os ig |$218 |8|3 & | | | /eigis Se lel |g
ls |8'3 ala} | = LB] |S) e
oF |6 > |als Ay | Ke) Deo cs
gS (25S iglelSislnle wig lelgisisglemalsein| (ei! | [e| Sisewnere
specs. (8/2 227" 2/s/s/ S/S SS S(E/RIBISR|Sai ele) Elel | (aI
lGele SiISSlE/S/8/Blole Sis Ria 3/4 als eS S18 ele Lz
SSS EME S/ES\SEES(S)slalsislsle/Ss/Em\s| (eis| |
Sia |e |S BORO lajtiaaeiaini iA S| Als 5
abs is i at bars | al . flict Ba isseio lacie AG | | ed Vm] fe el | mba ef nc
1/2 [3 | 4 |5/6\7/8l9| 10 1109I/13/14'1511617) 18 | 19 [0|21|22/23/ 24/25/26 27
\STEROPODA | | | | | | |
‘ex eyrei, et |
snison-Woods | # | il c | |
1s Meredithz, | | |
tto c |
oRoblini, ditto} ~ a | (
eo ton, | | We]
{
-o Tateana, Keel ry Poet
to c | |
0, ditto & | |
10, ditto % | |
40, ditto c
+o transenna, }
on Abbotti, |
| c
20 minimum, |
i c tae]
cinum fragile, | | 4
itto c
ae ditto, ;
\ tto c |
ainella lyraecos- |
ita, ditto “ 114
to cancellata, | Vey | |
‘iti a | |
ila marginata, | Het H }
itto z | |
ssa ditto, ditto c | H
ebra additoides beatin | }
itto c hey } |
tosimplex, ditto] 1 |
sis sufflatus, |
itto | | :
to (2) ¢ | é
‘sidaria reticu- 1
ospira, M‘Coy | # a
rnola bifasciata | |
fenison Woods | z a0
tewon scrobicu- |
tus, ditto € '. | |
umbella oxleyi,
itto “ |
ito cainozoica, | |
‘itto r i
urotoma John- | }
tonii, ditto | y ¢ |
Hea paracanths, | fhe lial io i
a | | le .
tto sandleroides, hail ; | | |
\ } | H |
tto pullulascens, ; | |
tto (2) : el | |
tto (?) : | e| |
to!) cl | Wha

NAME
OF

SPECIES.

= | Table Cape

Tas-
mania

Flinders Isld.

Aldinga Beds

en miles south Cape
Grim
Hleathy Valley
rds Rock Point,
yeelong
Mordialloc
Gippsland
.. | Muddy Creek,
© Hamilton
t© | Jemmy’s Point

Arthur
o | Hummock Island

| Turritella Limestone
Mt. Eliza
Mt. Martha
‘= | Schnapper Point
Mount Gambier

| Bir

~)

= | Moorabool (Maude)
5 | Mth. Gellibrand Ry.
| Fyan’s Ford

~1 | Flemington

o | Mornington

© | Corio Bay

a | Mouth of Lakes,
@

| 7
o
_
par
=
t
a
wo

GASTEROPODA—

continued.

Pleurotoma (?)
Ditto (?)
Ditto (?)
Ditto (2)
Ditto (?)

Ancillaria mucro-|

nata, Sow.
Voluta Hanna-
fordii, M‘Coy
Ditto, ditto
Ditto anticingu-
lata, ditto
Ditto antiscalaris,
ditto
Ditto Weldii,
Tenison-Woods
Ditto macroptera,
M‘Coy
Ditto granatina,
Swainson
Ditto M‘Coyi,
Tenison-Woods
Ditto, ditto
Ditto, ditto
Ditto, ditto
Ditto, ditto
Marginella Went-
worthi, ditto
Ditto strombifor-)
mis, ditto
Ditto octopticata,
ditto
Ditto, ditto
Cyprzea (Aricia)
gigas, M‘Coy
Ditto platypyga,
ditto

Ditto platyryncha, |
a

ditto
Ditto gastroplax,
ditto
Ditto eximia
Ditto Archeri,

Tenison-Woods |

*Ditto (Trivia)
europea, Mont-
fort

Ditto arellanoides,
M ‘Coy

Ditto, ditto

Daphnella colum-
belloides, Teni-
son- Woods

Ditto tenuisculpta,
ditto

Ditto gracillima,
ditto

Mangelia gracili-

‘le | Oyster Bed, River
'|@ | Cameron’s Inlet

ee
=

Ra

y

a

tod

X

rata, ditto

Elsewhe)

27

Tas- \Flinders Isld.

90e

S. | W. | Species Still

a mania roup. Victoria. Aus.|Aus.| Evisting.
° Oo .
a |8 | 5. ais
s 5 =) om a
Sra =| & see lel || sige lf |. lel te
oF IE ce IE ie Sele sold a] lle 3
; r=] Ci ed a Fe od 28 1k
22 23. ¥/2/8/Sin/s 18] 2/5/53 (S515 5 85 3(% FIRS | Elsewhere.
ePrcmms. (53 (gs), 3 /S/E/S\ BAM Sa sle\esiSlc\oz\pers) (lel | |
| 9 /Bale $/83/ 85's) goles iAla|si& als Sis al8| (8) &
| BBO sale) sl Esl cRlEo|Sislsia/ sisi sles lam) 8 Sls 4
iA je |O IDIORISOR lelefalalsislaie fa is] laid ne
i1} 2 | 8 | 4 [516/7/8/9} 10 [11)12/13/14115]16117 18 | 19 |20l21\2923/94/25/96, 97
STEROPODA— |
continued. | |
ica Wintlei,
enison-Woods | ¢c | c
@ vixumbili- | |
ita, ditto | | fiber
40 polita, ditto | c 1 |Bruni Isld.
10, ditto x!
ue a, lyree-
stata, ditto |x
0 pagoda, ditto «
0, ditto x r |
0, ditto c } |
midella Ro- | |
urti, ditto
tium | | €
nella subu: | .
ta, Donov. Z Europe
‘thium Flem-
8 onensis, |
‘Co i c
7.) c
o c
ee is Joh ;
‘thiopsis John-
onii, Tenison-
Lena z
ritella Tasman-
a, Tenison-
_oods c
0 Sturtii, ditto} c |
-o Warburtoni,
tto c
0, ditto ¢€ |
0, ditto c |
; on ¢|
0, ditto c
0, ditto c
metus conohe-| | |
, ditto 2 |
0, ditto x | |
9, ditto x
wgodus occlu-
8, ditto c
oa Stevensiana
tto c
oina varicifera,
vnison-Woods | c
oO a
oTateana,ditto c
9 Johnstoni,
‘tto c
he c
0 c
a c
0 Etheridgii,
ec
-erato (As-
uun ) imperi- :
y ewZealan
shus Josephi,

90d

W. | Species Stil

Tas- Flinders Isld
Aus.| Existing,

mania Group.

Victoria.

Cape
louth of Lakes,

NAME

ier

OF

SPECIES.

ania
tS
fr
@o
=
=>
Q. _

|x | Hummock Island

irds Rock Point,

|
S| Geelong
Eliza

Grim
Heathy Valley
Arthur
Gippslar d
Hamilton

(| Jemmy’s Point

Ith. Gellibrand Rv.
2 | Aldinga Beds

Fyan’s Ford

Mordialloe
Mt.

| Mt. Martha

| Turritella Limestone

w
i)
|
-
|

| Oyster Bed, River

| Ten miles south

; In Tasm

|= | Moorabool (Maude)

I

na | Muddy Creek,

{Ut 12

5 | Mount Gamb

al
|

|= | Schnapper Point —

|4 | Table Gye
= | Cameron’s Inlet
-~1 | Flemington
o | Mornington
co | Corio Bay

{\e2
ws
al

_
c
=
~I
>
-
ia)
i)
les
ina
to

GASTEROPODA— | Hee
continued.

Thalotia alternata,
Tenison-Woods 7
Gibbula crassigra- |
nosa, ditto bd
Ditto Clarkei, ditto, «
Ditto equisulcata,
ditto £
Astralium (Calear) |
Flindersii, ditto c¢, |

|

Astralium (Calcar)
ornatissimum, | |
Tenison-Woods ha

Margarita Keck- }
wickii, ditto | c| |

Zizyphinus blax- |
landi, ditto y | |

Delphinula tetra- |
gonostoma, ditto, 7 |

“Liotia tasmanica,| | laa
ditto z |

“Ditto discoidea, | | 1 et | | ay
ditto 12 | | | |

Ditto lamellosa, ed | : |
ditto | 2] |

Solarium (Torinia)) |
gibbuloides, | |
ditto z | |

Fissurella concate-| | |
nata, ditto | % |

Emarginula, tran-, | ie } |
senna, ditto z|

Crepidula levis, | } |
ditto Z|

Trochita c}

Cylichna arachis | |
(Quoy) Peau (cl | | Tasman

Humpbreyia, ditto « | H

Dentalium Kicksii) |
Nyst. c c |

Ditto lacteum (?)
Deshayes a e Indian

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratulina Da-
vidsoni, A. Ethe- Nel |
ridge

Ditto, Tenison- H |
Woods

Ditto, ditto |

Waldhemia Gari- | |

baldiana, Davidson edt]

Ditto Tayleri,ditto

Ditto gambierensis b
ditto

Ditto, ditto (?)

Ditto, ditto (7)

Ditto, ditto (?)

Terebratella comp-
ta, Sow.

Rhynconellalucida 4

* M‘Coy ( “

Ro

rnreo
o

o

90¢

Tas- \Flinders Isld. t S. | W. | Spectal Still
‘mania| Group. Victoria, Aus.|Aus.| Ewisting.
& |g | Isle
2 19 |8 | ws oe bx
6 o b> z 3 2) Sle
pamE | ig (ES \gi8| | |e Big] |2 |e |e]
or 8 sig (= 4) i a (=lElgldels ats! [ele
‘ gif Se lg lg = £8 eB wlSleld sisi cla ges a3 ‘| Elsewhere,
i) SRSES SR eS SSE Ssiloa|OSl a] [es
SPECIES S283 Kez 2) 8\8 285 S| 2 O| oly Bl) b'5 | |S y
SPRESISE ESE E clesie PFS lelalsleereals) (28) | 6
B)§o\}5c 24/5) S/S)o/B EO Slslsla/siSisioc Bm/8) |o\s a
er a O SSR ASA SSRs lS |s| lal A
T2814 isle 18/9/20 fftensia'ts|1617] 18 | 19 202122281 24la5126) a7
ONCHIFERA. | | |
; c - |
Bassi, Teni-
m-Woods ¢
quamosa,
k
subauricu-
Montf. a |
a (2) x |
dylus 7] |
y |
ea corioensis
c |
0 cainozoica,
enison-Woods | ¢
a y |
tto, ditto y | c
stunculus lati-
ds i e c | (e NewZealand
1opsi cheri, k
a 2 Cape
|:o aurita, es Deep seas
ala tumida,
-enison-Woods | ¢
a crebricostata
c
ma lamellifera,
c
ius Allporti,
a o
+o (Chione) pro-
nqua, ditto ce
to cainozoica,
c
, ditto (2) z
0, ditto (?) Zz
lita gracilicos-
ita, Tenison-
c
2 (2), ditto y
(?) c
c
tella oblonga
son-Woods | ¢
0 aphrodina, enh |
y
ina cainozoica, | | | | | | |
c | ee ies | |
us Le- 1 | | |
ndi, ditto x
Agnewi,
¢c
(?) y
c
acuticos-
M‘Coy
emiundu-
ditto c

90f

Evisting.

Species Still

ernecasey, Uy

Wen

“sped eSurply |

S.
Aus.|Aus.

qaIqMiey JUNOT!

quod s farmer

UO} TT
‘qoory APPUW

purysddryy

‘soyeT Jo qINOW
piog s,aedy

(apne ) JooqRIOO TY

quod qwddeuyas |

eye “FIA

BZN “FIN

DOTTRIPION.

Suo0jaasy)

quiog Yoo sprig
keg oop

wo Surur0y, | 0

~ moySurmepy |

19] 10 Tenant 18 | 19 olen

qoquy s,uoramey) | ©

|
4 “AY pursiqen “WN
|

InyyIV
Joary ‘pag 103840,

Aatva AyQvay
sUOJSOWITT VI[OWAUINT,

wit)
advp T4NOS satu Ua,
edep aqe | 4

Group.

Flinders Isld.

| ior)

Mana

|

Tas-

pur[sy yooutmany |

|

NAME
or
SPECIES.

&

a

e2rReEees

CONCHIFERA—

continued.

Balanus

Aturia zic-zac, var.
australis, M‘Coy

EcHINODERMS.

tella
Ditto ditto, var.

Micraster brevis-
Hemipatagus

Woods

and Duncan
Ditto Woodsi, R.
cordiform, Wc.

Etheridge
Ditto (7)

Forbesi,
Ditto ditto, var.
Cidaris (?)

Ditto (?)

PoLyzoA AND
CoRALS.

Cellipora gambier-

ensis

Me Pe

: ‘sa
ee |

Ga ie ee UR ke ae

i any ae

ah) Cone Ee

net Tips ' bet) rah? eg al

P * : ? »F
Ee ee ae

SP 'g ia) Pp, ee ee pean “ Oras cn
F eh Njeire! “howe: Poe ae
ge. dtp nia dati gg
eee git ton Pin, :

"Dee Sart cae eb
ease} t~?= ery
: x es (:

i met Y We

.

Ny e)

< ‘
} 4
.
he q
. * 7
«
‘
i ’
x ; , “a
‘
; if
a 3
' ,
1
i
*
,
D
4
1 2
; =
" ‘
j
J ’ ‘ 4
:
1
‘ U :
' 5 ‘
* 4 j
i
4 ‘
4 Ae a
€ roe.)
) : x
. ‘2 . ;
s A . i rh ,
; r
ae " Dis
Ss U 4 wy

91

NOTES ON THE FOSSILS REFERRED TO IN
THE FOREGOING PAPER.

By tue Rev. J. E. Tentson-Woons, F.G.S., &e.
[Read 11th July, 1876.

Since I last described some of the Table Cape fossils
existing in the Museum of the Royal Society the collection
has been very much enlarged, owing to the indefatigable
exertions of the author of the preceding paper, Mr. R. M.
Johnston. From this collection I have been enabled to
determine upwards of eighty new species, the greater part
of which are new to science. About ten per cent. of these
are still existing, some few in the same seas, some in the
Northern Hemisphere, in subtropical regions or in Euro-
pean seas. Knowing as we do now, from deep sea dredging
the wide diffusion of species until recently regarded as local,
we must not be surprised at the resuJt, nor should we be
surprised if a still larger number of our living shells are
found common to European seas and our own. Ten per
cent. can hardly be finally regarded as the proportion of
surviving forms, because our knowledge of the existing
fauna is so imperfect. Some of the fossil shells I never
saw living until very lately, and should have described
them as extinct had not living specimens been recently dis-
covered. Such instances are, however, like the species
themselves—extremely rare. Natica polita and Fissurella
concatenata are cases in point. They had been described
there as extinct and only very recently discovered living
specimens. Trivia europea and Eulimella subulata are
European forms, which I believe occur at Table Cape as
fossils.

I have already described the nature of the formation. I
may add that it is evidently a deposit belonging to the
Laminarian zone. This I gather from the entire absence
of truly littoral shells, and the presence in abundance of
Rissoide, etc., which feed on sea weed at depths, of from
eighty to one hundred fathoms. Foraminifera are
numerous and indicative of the same depths as well as
corals among which are true reef builders, //eliastrea tas-
maniensis, Duncan ; Thamnastrea tasmaniensis, Dunc. ;
and 7. sera. Dunc., which are rather abundant. They
are the only ones hitherto found in the Australian
tertiaries. Ihave been able to determine a new Placo-

92

trochus, and a very peculiarly branched Dendrophylla.
The Brachiopoda are abundant, and tend to confirm
the evidence of the depth at which these beds were
deposited. Several new species are under the considera-
tion of Mr. Thomas Davidson—our greatest living
authority—and, doubtless, will soon be described.

The Echinodermata are numerous and present some new
forms. They are all considerably distorted by pressure.
Nothing, however, of very great novelty has hitherto been
found, and all the species bear the strongest resemblance
to those of the Malta Miocene.

Polyzoa are scarce, and in this respect the Table Cape
beds present a remarkable contrast to those of a similar
horizon in Australia. This is accounted for by the nature
of the beds which are composed of a levigated mud,
mingled with coarse pebbles of quartz and feldspar, and all
highly ferruginous. They were either derived from the
detritus of submarine craters, or the wearing down of
volcanic rocks in a sea, not tranquil, but containing strong
oceanic currents ‘These conditions are very unfavourable
to the growth of polyzoa.

Though some of the shells, as far as yet known, are
peculiar. to the Table Cape eae and many of the caralag
yet the majority of the fossils are identical with those of
the Australian so-called Miocene and undoubtedly be-
longing to the same sea. To show what differences have
arisen since the yeriod, I may mention that there isa
much closer resemblance between the fossils of Table Cape
and those of Southern Australia, than there is between the
shells found upon the same coasts now, that is to say, that
the two places had more species in common formerly than
than they have now, and, though of course the differences
even now are not very ereat, ‘yet they are more evident
than they were. It’ should be remarked, however, that
now the existing shells for comparison are littoral, but then
they were a continuous deep sea, and whereas we ‘know the
littoral species, we do not know the deeper sea ones.

Tt is certain that as we go back in geological periods we
find a greater similarity extending over wide spread areas,
until lu the eaily formations, where absolute identity 1s the
rule in the most remote parts of the earth’s surface. Thus
the Devonian fossils of Tasmania are, with few exceptions,
specifically identical with those of Europe. Professor

93

MeCoy has pointed out another curious fact in our Aus-
tralian paleontology, which is, that though in our early
tertiary formations we have little specific identity with
European fossils, yet we have shells in‘some instances so
closely resembling them as to be mimetic, and no more than
just specifically distinct. As far as my examinations go
this I find to be rather the exception than the rule, and in
most cases I looked in vain for even a general resemblance
between our fossils and those which may be presumed to
be of the same horizon in Europe.

The following are the new species brought to light by
Mr. Johnston. Note.—All dimensions in French milh-
metres.

Morex nyrtr. n.s. Shell fusiformly ovate with a rather
depressed spire, lamellose and spiny, last whorl three-fourths
the whole length of shell, sharply angulate rather above the
middle and furnished with eight thick lamellose frilled varices
which at the angle become projected into blunt hollow short
somewhat recurved spines. About the fourth from the aperture
the varices lose their lamellose character, and become lirate ribs,
still preserving the spines at the angle, above which the shell
slopes upwards to the suture at a slight inclination on which
the varices are represented by smooth lamellar raised lines;
the spiral whorls, four in number, have the angle spinous, and
but little raised above the suture; apex obtuse; aperture
ovate ; outer lip produced at the angle and terminating an-
teriorly in a long straight canal; inner lip reflected with a
conspicuously raised foliaceous rib, spirally sloping to the
siphonal aperture. Long. 48, lat. 32. Last whorl from
posterior margin of mouth, 34; length of canal, 17.

Cassis sUFFLATUS. n.s. Shell thin, shining, globosely in.
flated with simple or subplicate whorls, spire short almost acute;
whorls 6, 23 apical, naticiform, three next distinctly cancellate
with a fine subnodosé carina above; last angulate below the
suture, between which and the angle there is a shallow broad
finely bimargined groove; below this the shell is somewhat
finely and indistinctly tuberculate and ribbed, the ribs showing
a faint lower band of tubercles near the middle of the whorl,
below this the shell is smooth or very finely striate; aper-
ture auriform, outer lip reflexed, rounded, thickened and much
produced anteriorly ; inner, a mere enamelling above and pass-
ing as a thin septum over the round abruptly twisted,
short siphonal canal, causing a broad spiral groove like an
umbilicus to pass behind the labio, Long. 37, lat. 23.
Long. apert., 26, lat 12, mil.

Though very distinct there is an approach to the Australian

94.

types C. paucirugis and C. semigranosa, which are now found
on our coasts.

Fusus Tarzana. n.s. Shell ovately fusiform with the
apex curved, and a rather long, narrow, straight canal; whorls
8, roundly convex, smooth, the upper and obliquely curved ones
obscurely tubercled, and all more or less marked with flexuous,
slightly raised lines of growth; suture well defined but not deep,
rather sloping; aperture regularly elliptic, smooth, outer lip thin
and roundly curved into the anterior canal, which is narrow
and straight; base slightly concave. Length, 81; lat., 35;
aperture, 30, anterior canal, 20, but often broken and
evidently continued at least 5 mil. further where its width
would be scarcely 5 mil. Common.

The constantly curved apex, the slightly tubercled spire
while the rest of the shell is so conspicuously smooth renders
this form peculiar and distinct. Among living Australian forms
there is nothing at all likeit, while with the fossi! tertiary species
of Europe its analogies are remote. I have great pleasure in
dedicating the species to Professor Tate, of the Adelaide
University, who has done such service to molluscan science
by his numerous conchological works, but especially in the
revised edition of “ Woodward’s Manual.”

Fusus TRANSENNA. n.s. I name this shell provisionally as
the only specimen sent to me has the apex and lip broken. It
is ovately fusiform with sharp spire, and scarcely rounded
whorls, which are completely, equally, rather distinctly latticed,
with transverse and spiral lire, which are subnodose at the
intersection, there are about 24 longitudinal ones in the
body whorls, but this number is uncertain, as they become
confused to some extent with the striz of growth, and there are
10 spiral ones on the body whorl reckoned at the back of the
columella. The body whorl is also subangulate above, and
there concave to the suture, which is rendered almost mar-
ginate by small granulations at the end of the lire. The
outer lip appears to be thin, the columella slightly twisted,
the aperture oval, with a long sub-oblique posterior sub-
recurved canal. Long. 22, laf. 11, aperture with canal, 12,
lat. 4.

Fusus jounstontr. n.s. Shell very small, narrowly
fusiform, apex smooth, elongate, of two whorls, the upper being
the most swollen; whorls 7, very convex in the middle with
8-9 very prominent broad rounded ribs ; conspicuously marked,
with very numerous spiral! lire which alternate, large and
small, and pass over the ribs; longitudinally finely striated
but not so conspicuously as lirate, so that the whorls could
scarcely be called cancellate, suture deeply impressed, aperture
narrowly ovate, canal prolonged, outer lip thin, columella

95

simple, with the lip slightly enamelled, and the lire descend-
ing obliquely from behind it. Long. 8, lat. scarcely 3 mill.

’ A form slightly aproaching / Swartzii, Hornes, of the
Vienna basin, but in that species the canal is recurved, and
the lire sub-squamate.

Votuta m‘coyr. n.s. Shell narrowly ovate, thin,
smooth, shining, with a small obtuse naticiform apex;
whorls slightly convex and oblique with no other marks than
the lines of growth, aperture 1-3rd larger than the spire, acute
posteriorly and gradually widening to the anterior nvtch,
which is broad and scarcely recurved, columella with four
high oblique plaits. Long. 30, lat. 11, aperture long. 18,
lat. 5.

TEREBRA ADDITOIDES. n. s. Shell very acute—lanceo-
lately turretted, somewhat solid, closely longitudinally ribbed
and finely transversely striate, ribs rounded, ivory like and
smooth, interrupted above by a rather broad shallow groove
in which they are slightly deflected, but not entirely obliter-
ated, above becoming almost nodular; interstices broad,
slightly concave, shining, equally and closely striate, which
disappears on the ribs, suture sharply and deeply impressed ;
whorls 13, ribs nodular in 7th to 11th, two spiral whoris,
rugose only; apex decollate; mouth ovate, almost channelled
near suture; inner lip reflected over columella, which is

- twisted into four to six rugose folds, sloping down to the
siphonal notch. Long. 24, lat. 5.

In this fossil the groove on the ribs and general form brings
it near to the Tasmanian Z' addita and T. kieneri, but the
whorls are closer aud more numerous. It has a general re-
semblance to the Australian members of the genus. It is
very close to certain European miocene forms, notably 7.
pertusa Bast., and 2. basteroti Nyst (formerly called 7. dupli-
cata by Brocchi, by mistake identified with Linné’s shell of
that name), but from these it differs in being a smaller nar-
rower shell, and in the ribs being more numerous and finer.

AstRALium (CALcAR) FLINDERSII. n.s. Shell solid, tro-
chiform, not umbilicated, spire somewhat elevated, granular
and spiny; whorls six, furnished at the base with lamellar
imbricated folds in the form of short spines, above which ate
five spiral unequal lines of round granulations, the uppermost
of which are the largest ; last whorl angular ; suture a broad
and deep groove with a line of granulations within ; aperture
subcircular; columella flattened and concave ; outer lip angled
and channelled at the base ; base flat with many spiral gran-
ular or imbricated lire, Alt. 17, diameter 13 mil. The short

spines and the coursely granular lire easly distinguish this
species,

96

AsTRALIUM (cALCAR) ORNATISSIMUM. Shell very solid,
rounded obliquely, and globosely conical, whorls five, rounded
and ornamented below with a marginal rib of close granula-
tions; above this avery fine line of granules, above this a pro-
jecting conspicuous spiral line of lamellar imbricating
spinous folds, and crowned above by a spiral line of coarse
round nodules ; aperture circular, outer lip with an exterior
angle and canal; columella curved, scarcely flattened; base
concave above with four spiral granular ribs. Alt. 17,
diam. 13.

DELPHINULA TETRAGONOSTOMA. n.8. Shell small, obliquely
turbinate, latticed, whorls four, swollen, with three keels and
8-9 spiral liree, which are united to each other by small close
diagonal riblets, making complete lattice-work all over the
test; apex obtuse, depressed; aperture round, outer lip
quadrangulate, with a distinct channel at eaeh angle; inner
lip reflected over the umbilicus, on the outside of which is a
salient conspicuous marginal rib which joins the aperture at
the anterior angle; base convex and latticed. Long. 2; lat.
34 mil.

This very small Delphinula has some relation with our
latticed Tasmanian Liotias, but is very distinct in every other
way.

ZIZYPHINUS BLAXLANDII. n.s. Shell small, conical, stained
purplish in colour, spirally ribbed and transversely diagonally
finely striate ; whorls 7, flattened above and surmounted by
a broad canaliculate spiral groove, which is diagonally finely
striate ; spiral ribs, four on each whorl, and separated from
each other by equal grooves, which have 3-4 spiral lire and
diagonal striae; penultimate whorls very finely coronate
above with almost imperceptible elevation of the margin,
these become more distinct on the next whorl above, and then
are regular granulations on the two next; the two apical
whorls are smooth ; on the penultimate whorl and base the
transverse strie are raised, but faint, with a tendency to be
in pairs; on the antipenultimate they are wrinkled and dis-
tinct ; mouth sub-quadrate; outer lip thin; columella with a
faint umbilicus behind, margined by a thick spiral rib. Long.
5, lat. 4, mil. Named after one of the first explorers who
crossed the blue mountains. This fossil is not allied to any
existing species in these seas, though slightly resembling a
Philippine form.

LiorrA LAMELLOSA. n.s. Shell small, orbicular, sub-
discoid, apex flattened, and depressed, four to five longitu-
dinal keels, which are not very prominent, and equally, dis-
tinctly lamellosely costate with overlapping undulating ribs,
between which the whole shell is closely and finely striate,

97

umbilicus broad, deep, and finely crenulated by the endings
of the lamella, aperture round, with a thin varix. Diam.,
3 mill.

This form which, though decidedly similar to many Aus-
tralian forms, is distinct from any yet described. Quite recently
I have seen in the collection of Mr. W. F. Petterd, a specimen
dredged from the Tasmanian coast, so that the species is still
living.

Margarita KEKWicKIL. n.s. Shell small, thin, broadly
globosely conical, deeply umbilicate ; spirally lirate and shin-
ing; whorls seven, rapidly decreasing in size, rounded and
equally spirally lirate with alternating large and small fine
lire, the larger ones sharp, and the lowest projecting a little,
forming a groove over the suture, the smaller microscopic, and
not visible above the basal and penultimate whorl; aperture
round, peristome almost meeting on base, outer lip thin;
columella curved and thin, umbilicus acutely margined and
with curved ribs at right angles to spiral lire. Long. and
lat. 5. Named after my late friend the overseer of Stuart,

‘the great explorer, who accompanied him on all his expedi-
tions, and was one of the most courageous and indefatigable
of his followers. The fossil has no known living congener
in Tasmania.

TrocHus JosEPHI. n.s. Shell very small, broadly pyram-
idal with a small, smooth, white, rounded apex of 15 whorls ;
spire conspicuously latticed ; whorls 6-7, with three conspicu-
ously keels, the lowest projecting much over the suture ; keels
closely Jatticed regularly by somewhat broader sub-distant
sloping ribs which seem to pass under the keels, and to cause
them to become nodular as the point of intersection, in addi-
tion the whole shell is very finely striate; base flat, with
numerous spiral alternating lire; aperture subquadrate, simple,
entire. Long. 3, width of base, 2.

THALOTIA ALTERNATA. n.s. Shell turbinately conical,
spire elevated, acute ; whorls six, very slightly convex, granu-
losely ribbed; on the last whorl the spiral ribs are twelve in
number, three conspicuous and largely granulose, and the rest
with small sometimes sharp edged grains or reduced to fine
lines ; they are disposed thus—each granulose rib has fine lire
at each side of it, and the large and small ribs alternate ;
suture inconspicuous, base convex, rounded at the periphery, ©
with spiral granulose ribs and fine lire regularly alternating ;
aperture obliquely quadrate, nacreous, outer lip thin, smooth
inside ; columella slightly twisted with an obsolete tubercle
at the base. Lon. 12, lat. 10.

Not like any of our existing Thalotias.

Sozarium (Torinia) aipputorpes. n.s. Shell thick, sub-

H

98

turbinate, rugose, spire somewhat elevated; whorls 4-5
angulated tuberculately coronate above and conspicuously
keeled, keel thin, finely granular with irregular lines of rather
larger granules above it ; apex smooth, aud turbinate for 1}
whorls, base very much produced by the spiral, sharp, smooth,
edge of the umbilicus, and handsomely ornamented with
spiral granular lines, and undulating subsquamose striz, which
are also found above the carina and between the granules on
the body whorl; aperture orbicular, outer lip produced and
everted posteriorly, and narrowed into a fine short canal
anteriorly, inner lip acute, curved, umbilicus, keeled. in the
centre, very concave, and distinctly undulately striate. Diam.
Salt, 7.

This form which departs in many respects from the typical
Solarium has some affinity to S. turbinoides, Nyst, and S.
trochiforme, Desh. of the French and English Eocene deposits.

GIBBULA CRASSIGRANOSA. n.s. Shell solid, thick, rugose,
turbinately conical, apex obtuse, depressed, smooth, whorls
5-6, coronate with slightly oblique rounded ribs, extending to
a sharp granvulose carina, in the middle, below they have a
conspicuous spiral groove to the suture on which is a line of
very fine granules; base sharply angular, slightly convex with
spiral lines of fine and coarse granules; aperture, orbicular,
nacreous, columella produced into an anterior angle. Long. 14,
Lat 11. Young specimens have numerous oblique longitu-
dinal lines of growth, and are umbilicated. At the dimensions
given there are about 16 cost on the last whorl.

GIBBULA QUIsULcATA. n.s. Shell orbiculately turbi-
nate, sub-depressed, thick, apex acute ; whorls 5-6, rapidly but
regularly increasing, rounded, spirally finely regularly grooved,
and very closely lirate and regularly cancellate with extremely
fine diagonal strie; aperture orbicular, smooth, outer lip
finely crenulate, inner lip arcuate with slight anterior angle ;
deeply narrowly perspectively umbilicate ; periphery rounded,
base convex, marked like the whorls. Diam. 12, alt. 9, Lat.
of apert. 6. Rare. The carine between the grooves are
sharp and very distinct from the much finer lire with which
the whole shell is marked, on the last whorl where they are
crossed by the diagonal strie they become granular.

Except that this is a more depressed and smaller shell, it
has considerable affinity with Trochus patulus, Bron. of the
Vienna Miocene. The description, however, as given by Nyst.
Coq. Foss. p. 383, makes this a more angular shell in Belgian
formations.

TurBO ETHERIDGE! n.s. Shell turbinately conical, solid,
granular, grooved, spire rather elevated and acute, whorls
6-7, convex, conspicuously carinated with 5-7 elevated sub-

99

distant, largely granular spiral ridges, interstices closely,
finely, but very distinctly, obliquely striated with strize which
pass over the ridges and sometimes even over the raised
rounded often polished granulations; aperture orbicular,
nacreous and smooth; columella simple, not tuberculate, base
convex and spirally granular. Sometimes the interstices be-
tween the ribs have a fine sharp raised keel in the midst.
Long. 17, Lat. 123. Common, but nearly always broken.

I have dedicated this shell to Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun.,
F.G.S., a distinguished paleontologist and geologist, formerly
connected with the Victorian Geological Survey.

Syrnoua Brrascrata. Tenison Woods. This species which
is described by me in last year’s Transactions of the Society
has been forwarded by Mr. Johnston as found fossil at Table
Cape.

TURRITELLA WARBURTONII. n.s. Shell small, shining,
narrowly pyramidal, spirally ribbed and (microscopically)
transversely closely undulately striate, two smooth conspicuous
ribs at the lower part of each whorl, with others very fine and
of varying size above ; whorls 8-10, flattened, slightly swollen
above; suture narrow and deeply depressed, apex always
decollated, base flattened, almost concave, with 8-10 fine spiral
ribs which alternate large and small, outer lip thin, inner lip
not reflected, mouth quadrate, columella simple. Long. 6,
Lat. 2.

I have marked the difference between this and the preced-
ing species in ifalics. In addition it is a much smaller shell.
Table Cape. Common.

TURRITELLA stuRTIT. u.s. Shell small, acutely pyramidal,
spirally granulosely ribbed ; ribs 7-8 in each whorl, three eon-
spicuous and prominent, the others intermediate, small non-
granulose, and of varying size. Whorls ten, constricted at the
suture which is deeply impressed. Base flattened with 7-8
spiral equal sized ribs, covered with numerous very fine
transverse strie; mouth subquadrate, outer lip thin, inner
lip much reflected over the base, columella simple, and
slightly reflected at the base. The three prominent ribs on
the whorls are all granular, the larger two at the base of the
whorl, and the third above and separated by a wide interval
in which the smaller ribs occur. Granules on lowest prominent
rib separated from each other by oblique grooving, and below
this rib a deep channel above the suture; apex always
decollated. Long. 12, lat. 4 mil.

This fossil is of a type common enough in the genus, which
may be said to vary in individuals by the disposition of the
three prominent ribs. It has remote resemblance to some living
Australian species. Its small size and remarkable granula-

H2

100

tions distinguish it. Very common at Table Cape, and in the
Australian Lower Cainozoic, Muddy Creek, Corio Bay, ete. In
the Museum there is a large block of yellow calcareous sand-
stone from Table Cape, principally composed of this fossil, with
an almost complete skeleton of a small marsupial herbivore
imbedded. (Macropus or Helmaturus ?)

Trnacopus occLtusus. n.s. Shell loosely twisted, the
three apical whorls ur contact, the fourth slightly detached,and
sloping, the last largely unfolding, making a loose turn two
and ahalf times the length of the remainder; whorls solid,
wrinkled or detaching upper shelly coat in flakes, underneath
which it is still thick, cracked, smooth, and somewhat polished,
rounded below but narrowing and almost angular at the cleft,
which is a smooth slit without punctures closed for its whole
length, and evidently almost filled up by lamellar calcareous
matter down to the aperture where it is little more than a
shallow notch, pyriform and projecting below, apex disciform,
apical whorl vermiform and fine pointed. Length, 56 lat.,
aperture 8 mil.

The absence of foramina and the almost closed slit dis-
tinguish this from all known Australian forms. The cleft is
much more narrow and inconspicuous than the size of the
shell would lead one to suspect, and its being reduced to a
notch in the aperture. It is supposed that the slit is left
open for the purpose of bathing the gill which lines the left
side of the mantle, which, in this animal, is divided. It
cannot, however, be so necessary where the aperture slopes
forward from thenotch. The slit is not, in this case, entirely
closed, for the tube, when broken below it, separates at once
at the fissure, and shows a fine delicate edge at the point of
junction.

VERMETUS CONOHELIX. n. 8s. Tube adhering, corrugated,
eoiled, lower whorls, laterally depressed into a ridge and
coiled upon each other with a truncated flattened hollow
cone of two whorls, at the apex the tube becomes free,
obliquely erect, flexuous and cylindrical, aperture somewhat
thick and orbicular. Height of cone, 3; breadth, 6; length of
free end, 5; aperture, 1, mill. wide.

I am unacquainted with any form like this either in Aus-
tralian seas or elsewhere, as far as I can gather from O.
Morch’s extensive lists.

Rissoa STEVENSIANA. n.S. Shell minute, narrowly pyram-
idal, nucleus somewhat suddenly contracted of two smooth
turbinate whorls, spire slightly tumid in the middle; whorls
ten, angular or sub-carinate in the middle, coarsely costate,
from 12-16 ribs on each whorl, and finely but indistinctly lirate,
ribs rounded, not much elevated and continuous from suture

101

_to suture, the latter very deeply impressed so as to give the
whorls a rounded swollen aspect; base almost flat, aperture
pyriform entire, 1/5th length of shell; columella simple.
Long. 3, Lat. 1 mil.

RIs80INA VARICIFERA. 0.S. Shell minute, smooth shining,
tumid, apex somewhat contracted, of two whorls, smooth, and
was previously whiter than the spire ; whorls 6-7, flattened,
but rounded above, suture deeply impressed, aperture rounded,
much smaller than penultimate whorl, outer lip slightly pro-
duced, inner lip reflected over the base, generally a continuous
line of swollen conspicuous varices on the columella side of
the whole shell. Long. 8, Lat. scarcely one mill., but this is
the largest size.

A form approaching somewhat the 2. costulata, Grat. of the
European tertiaries, but smaller and with a rounded con-
tracted aperture. The varices are not always visible. I
believe this form still exists in Tasmanian seas.

Rissorna sJouNsroni. n.s. Shell minute, rather broadly
pyramidal turretted, apex smooth, white, shining, of two
smooth turbinated whorls; spire 25 length of aperture ;
whorls 9-1C, sloping, rather convex, obtusely carinated in the
middle, more or less longitudinally plicate, with 6-12 ribs
(which are in some specimens very faint, and others almost
varicose) and spirally lirate with 6-8 valid lirs, which often
alternate in size ; suture well impressed ; aperture suborbicular
outer lip somewhat produced, thin ; column slightly twisted,
and everted below ; base concave and spirally lirate. ‘Long.
315, Lat. 12.

Very common, In this species the ribs do not follow each
other in a regular series, but seem rather to alternate, those of
each succeeding whorl rising from the interstices between the
ribs of the ones below. It has no living representative in
Australia. Its Bittium-like form distinguishes it from any
other species known to me.

TuRBONILLA PAGODA. n.s Shell minute, narrowly pyra-
midal, apex a swollen elongated kind of pullus of two smooth
whorls, spire flattened turriculate, whorls 9, rising in stages or
slightly overlapping; ribs 12-16 rounded, raised, in a con-
tinuous sloping series, broader than the interstices; no visible
transverse markings, base smooth, slightly convex, aperture
oblong, squared above, rounded below, columella twisted.
Long. 45. Lat. 1 mil.

In this genus determinate characters are not easily speci-
fied. The above fossil may, perhaps, be best distinguished by
its size, sloping ribs, smooth base, twisted columella, and the
whorls rising in stages.

TURBONILLA LIR&COSTATA. n.s.- Shell elongate, narrowly,

102

pyramidal, nucleus of two smooth turns, apex blunt,
whorls (without nucleus) 8, flattened, with 20-24 straight
round ribs which continue unaltered (though some-
times slightly flexucus) from suture to suture ; interstices not
so wide as the ribs, and very closely spirally grooved, which
sometimes pass over the ribs; base roundly convex and
spirally lirate, suture submarginate, aperture broadly ovate,
outer lip thin, columella slightly arched, canal short, very
slightly recurved. Long. 55, Lat. 1}.

EULIMELLA SUBULATA. Donovan. (Nat. Hist. Brit. Shells,
vol. 5, t. 173—1799 as Turbo.) This shell, which is very fully
described and figured by Hoérnes, Nyst, Wood, and others, as
Eulima, would come under Prof. Forbes genus of Hulimella.
It has received a host of names during the last 77 years of its
scientific life. I can see no difference whatever between the
specimens found at Table Cape and those found existing in
the British seas. It is extensively known as European
Miocene and Pliocene fossil. Not common. ‘Two specimens
forwarded by R. M. Johnston, one by — Stephens, many
found by myself at Muddy Creek, Victoria, Mordialloc, etc.
It has not yet been found living in Australia, unless some
only closely allied forms of Eulima should be identified with it.

AcTMON sCROBICULATUS. n.s. Shell oblong, ovate, solid,
apex acute, smooth only at the extreme summit, whorls 7,
cancellate with very distinct spiral lire, much finer longitudinal
strie ; interstices rounded or punctate, lire on the last whorl
broad and subdivided by a fine groove, longitudinal striz sub-
distant (so that the interstices are transversely oblong) and
passing occasionally over the lire, soas to make them sub-
granular, especially at the anterior margin ; aperture
subauriform, posteriorly acutely attenuate, peristome anteriorly
everted and recurved, plait conspicuous, solid, obtuse. Long.
12, Lat. 6, apert. 6.

A form very closely allied to the A. pinguis, D’Orb., of the
European Miocene, from which it differs in the narrower
form, the character of the plait, the anteriorly produced mouth
and everted lips. It has no Tasmanian nor Southern Aus-
tralian congener.

CYLICHNA ARACHIS. Quoy. Still living in Tasmania and
Australa, and not uncommon in the Table Cape beds.

Liotta DIscoripEA. Reeve Zool. Prov., 1844. Living in
Tasmania and extending to Philippines; somewhat small in
the fossil state and rare.

FissuRELLA CONCATENATA. Crosse. Shell thin, oval,
laterally and anteriorly depressed, tumid posteriorly, irregu-
larly concentrically ridged with lines of growth, and covered
all over with fine hexagonal depressions which grow broader

103

from apex to margin; foramen oval, with a conspicuous
tubercle on each side, and widely margined beneath, interior
margin enamelled, and above which the shell is undulately
striate or subcorrugated to the foraminal margin. Long. 14,
Lat. 10, alt. 24 mil. Easily distinguished by its hexagonal
markings, in which it differs from any described. This shell
was described by H. Crosse, in the Jour. de Conchy, in 1864
but the fossil forms are generally thinner and fragile, and
more like the variety found near Sydney. 3

EMARGINULA TRANSENNA. ns. Shell thick, small, oblong,
subquadrate posteriorly, end slightly produced, conical, high,
apex submarginal, smooth, acute, recurved, parallel with the
margin, anterior surface ventricose, posterior concave,
latticed ; radiating ribs 23, high, between them smaller ones
which often in descending give rise to still smaller; transverse
ribs raised, but always more sunk than the radiate, and at all
the points of intersection, very projecting granules, interstices
very deep and square, fissure slightly longer than width,
margin denticulate, straight. Long. 11, Lat. 6, alt. 6. Fissure,
Long. 1} mill., Lat. $ mill.

There are many fossil Emarginulas, some descending as low
as the Inf. Oolite, though most of them are tertiary. The
above description, detailed though it may seem, would apply
to many species unless particular attention is paid to the re-
lative dimensions. It is very near the existing Arctic (?) E.
Jissura, Lamk., but narrower, and less high in proportion to
length. It is not unlike the H. clathrateformis, Hichw.
(Vienna Miocene) but that has a sinuous margin, and the
apex is incurved and marginal. I doubt very much if our
fossil is distinct from what Mr. Angas names #. dilecta of
South Australia and N. 8. Wales, but which is very distinct
from EF. dilecta of A. Adams (Proce. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 85),
which comes from King George’s Sound. The latter is very
depressed with deep fissure.

Prievrotoma. This genus, which is very largely repre-
sented in the tertiary deposits of Hurope, and in the existing
fauna is not numerically a large genus in Australian or New
Zealand tertiaries, and in this it accords with the existing
state of things. Out of over 400 living species (divided into
many genera and subgenera) Australia has scarcely 30, and
out of nearly 400 fossil species the tertiary beds of Australia
and New Zealand have not so far yielded a dozen well defined.
The genus is mainly characterised by the deep cut or sinus in
the outer lip. In this and in the form. of the shell there is
every variety. I draw attention to two important charac-
ters which distinguish the sinws, which seems of value in
the identification of species. Sometimes it is close to the

104

suture, either as a mere notch or narrow slit, or it is at some
distance from it. Ist. On a keel which becomes nodose,
granular or imbricately squamose. Or, 2nd. By the side of
the keel, next the suture, or outside. On this particular the
striation and ornamentation I have found depend very much.
For convenience also we may divide the genus into :—1.
Plicate, or ribbed. 2. Spirally keeled. 3. Plicate and
keeled. Each division may also be subdivided thus :—A.
Spire longer than the body whorl. B. Body whorl longer
than the spire. In New Zealand the plicate division is repre-
sented best. Eleven fossil species are known, two of which are
living, and there are four living forms in the same seas, and
one which Captain Hutton refers to Daphnella, the Drillia
(Mangelia) letourneuxiana of Crosse. It does not correspond
with the Daphnella genus referred to here. We find in the
Australian tertiaries none of those mitre like forms of Europe
such as P. ramosa, Bast., neither is the style of ornamentation
that of P. granulocincta, Mist, P. Schreibersii, Horn. The
shells are simply granular, and not often ribbed as far as they
have been examined.

PLEUROTOMA PULLULASCENS. n.s. Shell small, slender,
rather solid, fusiformly turretted, spire nearly twice exceed-
lug body whorl, apex naticiform shining, smooth of 13 turns ;
whorls (exclusive of apex) 5, angular, equally, distantly,
spirally lirate; upper ones subplicate with rounded un-
dulating ribs ; all finely long, undulately striate; suture with
a distinct margin much broader than the lire ; sinus a rather
deep broad crescentic bend, occupying all the space between
the angle of the whorls and the suture, which is slightly
sloping, lirate and very distinctly striate with the lines of
growth ; aperture sub ovate, outer lip simple ; inner lip thick-
ened distinct, enamelled ; canal short, not recurved. Long. 8,
Lat, 2+.

This is a form which closely allied to P. crispata, San. (cited
by Hornes as agreeing with Murex turricula, Brocchi, and P.
turrella, Reineri, Basteroti, Tarentini, of other authors) the
differences being that is smaller, the canal is not contorted,
and the granular apex. There is no known form like it existing
on our coasts.

PLERUROTOMA SANDLEROIDES. n.s. Shell small, somewhat
solid acutely fusiform, turretted, spire twice longer than body
whorl, apex naticiform, smooth shining; whorls 7, rounded,
accurately, closely, diagonally plicate; lr solid, smooth,
shining, 5-12 in a whorl; sinus deep and conspicous, aperture
narrow 1uch contracted anteriorly, canal short, outer lip thin,
and curved so as to appear thickened and conspicuous, colu-
mella slightly twisted, base spirally striate. Long. 73, Lat. 2.

105

A form approaching P. Sandleri, Partsch. (Vienna basin
Miocene and in habit also resembling P. costellaria, Nyst
(Rech. coq. foss. Hosselt et Kl., p. 31) but smaller and more
slender than either. Much approaching in character many of
an existing Australian Mangelias, with which it would pro-
bably be associated by many naturalists. I prefer to keep it
with the Pleurotomas because of the very conspicuous sinus
which is also margined, the margin extending remarkably on
the body whorl. The number and size of the half ribs varies
in different specimens.

PLEUROTOMA PARACANTHA. us. Shell fusiformly tur-
retted, spire pyramidal acute, and nearly twice as long as the
aperture ; spirally equidistantly lrate, with an angle and a
spiral row of tubercles about the upper third of the body
whorls, and the lower part of those of the spire; finely longi-
tudinally undulately striate with the lines of growth in which
the profound broad rounded sinus of the outer lip is very con-
spicuous upon the keel; interstices between the lire with
3-4 fine lirule, tubercles on the carina sometimes broad and
sharp-edged, sometimes white, round, enamelled and projecting
almost like spines, mouth pyriform, outer lip acute, thin, inner,
lip defined, slightly enamelled ; canal short, almost truncate,
base strongly and finely in the interstices, spirally lirate, and
almost cancellate behind the columella. Long. 33, Lat. 13.
Not common at Table Cape. A very distinct form having
some relations with P.cataphracta (Murex c. Brocchi Conch.
foss. subap. Tom. 11, p. 427) and P. turbida, Lamarck, Hist. an.
s. vert. Vol. 7, p. 97, which is the P. colon of Horn, and P.
erassata of Nyst, Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 511. That shell has the
spire short in proportion to the whole length of the shell.

DAPHNELLA COLUMBELLOIDES. n.s. Shell small, fusiform
sub-turretted, rather solid, and much the aspect of a colum-
bella, whorls seven apical ones margined at the suture, and
ribbed with rounded smooth oblique ribs, 8-12 in each whorl;
penultimate, and last whorl smooth, margined at the suture ;
aperture long and narrowly fusiform, rounded posteriorly ;
outer lip and columella simple and truncate. The lines of
the sinus only visible with a lens, rather recurved than deep.
Long. 12, Lat. 5. Not common.

PLEUROTOMA JoHNsToNII. n.s. Shell fusiformly turretted,
solid, apex acute, transversely striate, and finely, un-
dulately, longitudinally, striate (whorls 11, with 3 spiral
ribs below (the middle one most prominent), forming a tu-
midity above the suture, which is distinct but not impressed,
above which the former fissure marks form almost nodular
crescentic markings above these the lines of growth curve for-
ward to the summit, and are crossed by regular equidistant

106

fine lire; apex very acute; aperture elongately fusiform, and
prolonged below into a rather long straight canal; outer lip
thin, with a broad, deep incision (23 mil. broad, and 2 deep) ;
columella broadly enamelled. Long. 38, Lat. 12.

DAPHNELLA GRACILLIMA. n.s. Shell fusiform, thin, fragile,
shining, whorls 6, gracefully sloping, last longer than the spire,
finely striate lengthwise with irregular ridges of growth which
become fine, close, and rounded at the lip; regularly and
somewhat distantly grooved with rather broad, flat, shallow,
conspicuously striate grooves, one of which is much broader
just below the suture, which is distinctly canaliculate ; apex
obtuse, and natica like; mouth narrow, finely rounded at the
suture; outer lip thin; canal short; base of the pillar finely
and obliquely decussate behind. Long. 21, Lat. 73. Aperture,
Long. 13, Lat. 3 mil.

This shell is very closely allied to D. ornata, Hinds, of the
Philippines. It is very common in Table Cape. Fourteen
specimens were collected by Mr. Johnston.

DaPHNELLA TENUISCULPTA. n.s. Shell fusiformly ovate,
rather solid, aperture a little longer than the spire, apex
naticiform, depressed, smooth, shining, whorls 6, rounded,
slightly concave and narrow, grooved near the suture, every-
where very finely and closely cancellated, acutely undulately
ribbed; ribs broader than the lire (which pass over them),
regular oblique, close on the whorls of the spire, only slightly
interrupted by the groove, and becoming an obliquely sub-
granular on a margin round the suture. On the body whorl
irregular, fine and undulating, 24 in number; aperture pyri-
form, attenuate at each end; outer lip thin, columella smooth,
canal somewhat short and truncate. On the basal whorl the
spiral lire alternate, large and small, while the longitudinal
ones are much finer throughout. Long. 17, Lat. 8. Common.

MANGELIA GRACILILIRATA. u.s. Elegantly fusiform tur-
retted ; aperture about + length of spire, apex obtuse, smooth,
almost turbinate for 3} whorls ; the latter (apex included) 9,
convex, everywhere very finely lirate, lire alternating regularly
large and small and obliquely plicate ; plaits 18, in penultimate
whorl, 23 in last becoming obsolete anteriorly Mouth
elliptical, outer lip varicose, produced in the middle, sinus in-
conspicuous ; columella grooved slightly ; canal short, truncate.
In larger and older specimens the former mouth leaves a dis-
tinct varix on the body whorl, half a turn form the lip. Tong.
13, Lat. 5. Specimens much smaller than this are found, but
without the varix.

This most remarkable fossil with its peculiar apex and varix
is distinct from any living or fossil known to me, though if I
mistake not there are Mesozoic forms not unlike it, I call

107

attention to the fact of the smooth almost turbinate apex
which most of the Pleurotoma family had in the Australian
cainozoic period. In this respect they seem to be distinguished
at once from living forms and European tertiary fossils.

BuccinuM FRAGILE. n.s. Shell ovately fusiform, turretted,
extremely thin and fragile, spire acute, apex naticiform of two
whorls; the whole shell lirate with raised lire which are
alternately large and small, and about three on each whorl
become nodose keels. Yhese are cancellated by much finer
longitudinal lines ; whorls 6-7, rather globosely convex, and
angulate above, the upper ones with solid ribs, which disap-
pear on the body whorl which is multicarinate, suture deeply
impressed, but not canaliculate ; aperture broadly ovate, outer
lip very thin, with a smooth inner margin, within which there
rises a number of small, raised, polished liree which have a
tendency to run in pairs; columella short, and_ spirally
much twisted, but not enamelled; canal short, and scarcely
reflected. Long. 17, Lat. 10. Long. of aperture, 8, Lat. 5.

This isa very common fossil and widely distributed as I
have seen it taken from most of the Lower Tertiary beds of
Australia. It has many representatives of its peculiar type
among European tertiary fossils, but none living or fossil of
such a fragile character which gives it a marked specific
distinction. B. tenerwm, Sow., is a very fragile form of B.
undatum found inthe Eocene beds of England and Belgium,
but in that well-known and much larger species the shape is
diiferent, and the whor!s obliquely ribbed.

Triton mintmum. n.s. Shell small, somewhat solid,
ovate, with a naticiform obtuse, smooth, white shining apex of
nearly four whorls ; whorls 7-8, with numerous raised rather
broad lire, sometimes alternating large and small ; interstices
about twice as wide, and closely, elegantly, striate at right
angles with very fine lines, which do not appear to pass over
the spiral lire ; spire regularly costate near the apex, the plait
disappearing for the two last whorls, though some of the lire
are slightly nodular ; varices much raised and lirate ; mouth
broadly oval, outer lip projecting beyond the varix and undu-
late, prominently dentate ; inner lip only slightly inflexed,
and oblique, about half the length of the aperture ; second
varix on a line with the columella. Long 11, Lat. 5.

There is a small fossil of this genus in the Vienna Miocene,
T. parvulum, Michl., but it is larger than the foregoing, and is
distinctly ribbed throughout. Our existing 7. guoyi is also
small, but the size of the present fossil at once distinguishes it
from all known species, fossil or recent.

CoMINELLA CANCELLATA. n.s. Shell solid, imperforate
ovally pyramidal, costate and lirate: apex subacute, smooth ;

108

whorls 7-8, convex, subangular and somewhat concave at the
suture very distinctly and slenderly cancellate throughout
(the spiral lire being a little smaller than the longitudinal
with a tendency especially at the base to become alternately
large or small) at the angle coronate with rounded ribs which
are obsolete below (about 14 on last whorl) aperture oval ;
outer lip acute, simple, columella extavated anteriorly and
slightly twisted; canal short. Long. 24, lat. 13. Long
apert. 13.

In form a good deal like one existing C. costata, Quoy,
but the ribs are smaller and neater while the cancellation
entirely removes it. from any Australian species. In the
European Miocene Buccinum philippi, Micht., appears the
nearest form, but that is very different—more turriculate,
not ribbed on the lower whorl, lip thickened, etc. Some of
the Belgian Hocene forms come perhaps a little nearer.

CoMINELLA LYR&cosTATA. n.s. Shell rather small, fusiform
turretted, lirate and costate; apex smooth white, tur-
binate of 24 whorls, whorls 8, rounded, closely, ribbed with
round prominent ribs (16 on last whorl), and very conspicu-
ously spirally lrate, with liree which pass over the ribs; in
addition to which the whole shell except the apex is finely
cancellate, suture deep and margined ; aperture oval, outer
lip acute, finely crenulate, columella twisted, canal much
recurved with a distinct enamelled plait passing from the
centre of the notch to the back of the columella. Long. 19,
lat. 7. Long. of apert. 7.

In older larger specimens the ribs become obsolete in the
body whorl, but as the dimensions grow they are very con-
spicuous, and extend from suture to suture without alteration.
Approaching in character the Miocene Buccinum prismaticum,
Broc., of Vienna, but all the fossils of Europe differ much
in the aperture, and have the inner lip reflected over the
columella. This species differs from the last in the whorls
not being angular nor coronate; inthe larger lire, the more
prominent ribs, the contorted canal, and the general form.

THALA MARGINATA, 0.8. Shell small slenderly fusiform ;
apex obtuse smooth, shining, of three whorls; whorls 7,rounded
oblique, plicate, sub-angular, coronate and conspicuously
grooved above, finely spirally lirate, and undulately striate
with lines of growth which show the semilunar sinus very
plainly upon the groove ; plaits anteriorly absolete on the body
whorl; suture conspicuously marginate; canal straight, nar-
rowly ovate, canal prolonged, equalling the aperture in height,
outer lip thin, inner lip reflected on the columella,and with
3-4 very distinct plaits. Long. 8, Lat. 33, length of aperture
to the end of canal 5.

109

The genus Thala was erected by Messrs. H. and A. Adams
in 18538, for shells which combine the characters of Mitra,
Pleurotoma, and Fasciolaria. The type specimen. 7. nucifera
was found in the Philippines, and perhaps this makes only
the second or third specimen of a very rare genus.

MarGINELLA oOcropLicaTA. n.s. Shell solid, smooth,
shining, pyriform, spire scarcely visible, of three very small
depressed whorls, body whorl distinctly striate with lines of
growth, mouth narrow, sub-sigmoid, columella with eight
plaits, the anterior valid, scarcely oblique, the posterior four
faintly traceable, outer lip much thickened, and very regularly
dentate with 12 raised linear teeth, at the base of the colu-
mella there is a distinct varix, which proceeding round the
posterior end of the shell unites with reflected lip making that
broadly marginal.

This shell has considerable resemblances to certain forms
from the Indian Archipelago, but is unique in its multiplicate
columella, and peculiarly dentate outer lip. In this respect it
bridges over the gap between Marginella, and Erato, and
Cyprea. 1. 5-plicata, Lam., M. elegans, Gmel., and ML. turbinata,
Sew., show an approach to this form, but they are larger
shells. If the lower part of the columella were not so dis-
tinctly plicate, and the upper teeth so rudimentary I should
have no hesitation in placing this as a species of Hrato.

MARGINELLA STROMBIFORMIs, n.s. Shell small, solid smooth
shining, ovate, narrowed anteriorly, spire short obtuse, whorls
four, rounded, body whorl obscurely longitudinally plicate be-
low the suture, columella anteriorly obliquely somewhat
coarsely quadri-plicate, aperture narrow, curved posteriorly
emarginate, outer lip conspicuously thickened and produced
posteriorly, finely, tuberculately dentate within. Long. 3, lat. 7.

Very different from Australian forms, all of which, as far
as I know, have the lip smooth. [t is nearest in form to the
Indian MW. Marguerita, Kiener, but that isa somewhat larger
and more angular shell. Not unlike a minute strombus viewed
from above owing 1o the produced !ip. The genus is very
poorly represented in Huropean tertiaries, few being known
and none living in the northern seas.

MAarGInELLA WENTWORTHII. n.s. Shell small, ovately
oblong, tumid, smooth, shining; spire exsert, obtuse, whorls
five, roundly angulate, aperture narrow,oblong, outer lip much
thickened, deeply channelled above, enamelled on the edge,
with numerous small tubercular teeth within the margin;
columella with four plaits; the three anterior oblique, fourth
at right angles to the axis, anterior aperture widely chan-
nelled. Long. 6, lat. 33 mil.

Trivia EvrorpEA. Montf. Testac. Brit. (as Cyprea) 0.

110

coccinella. Lamarck (1810, Ann. Mus., vol. 16, p. 104.
P. coccinelloides, Sow. Min. Conch, vol. 4, p.107, pl. 378, fig 1.
Nyst. Cog. Foss. de Bely., p. 609.) The shell which I thus
identify I distinguish by its size, the absence of dorsal division
between the strizs and the arcuate aperture. It is found
throughout the Miocene of Italy, France, Austria, Sicily, and
exists in the Mediterranean. I can find no ground whatever
for separating our fossil from the one described as above. An
unusual number of works (81) are cited by Hornes and
Partsch, whose Foss. Moll. and the above-named authors I
have been able to consult, besides Wood on the Crag Mollusca,
Deshayes, Lamarck, while specimens of the Italian fossil are
in my possession, and except that they are a little longer I
can see no difference. Long. 7, lat. 6. The knowledge
obtained recently of this wide-spread diffusion of some species
will prevent that difficulty hitherto experienced in the identifi-
cation to European species, and will prevent their needless
multiplication on geographical grounds alone. The shell is,
however, very distinct from our Trivia australis, Lamk.

CoLUMBELLA CAINOzoIcA. Shell minute smooth, somewhat
solid, narrowly pyramidal, spire longer than the aperture,
apex elongately naticiform of two smooth shining whorls ;
whorls in all six, very slightly rounded, almost flat, smooth,
but not shining with faint strie of growth, suture distinct ;
aperture broadly sigmoid; outer lip thickened and finely
dentate ; columella smooth with five corrugated plaits behind,
passing obliquely to round the notch which is broad and
scarcely recurved. The outer lip is thickened into almost a
varix, and the last whorl has the strie of growth raised so as
to become almost like coste. Long. 4, Lat. scarcely 2.

In shells which differ so little in form as to cause the
majority of specific distinctions in existing forms to depend
upon colour alone, it is difficult to give such a description as
will not apply to many other species. This species therefore
must be distinguished first by its small size. 2. By its
thickened almost varicose lip. 38. By its-very prominent striz
of growth. 4. By its naticiform apex (which it shares with
many living Australian species, especially C. minuta, mihi,
which is much the same in size); and, lastly, the peculiar
corrugations from the back of the columella and round the
notch. No living or fossil form known to me unites all these
details, though in general form our fossil is not unlike C.
scripta, Bell., a much larger form of the Vienna Miocene. The
genus is almost unknown as fossil, but very numerous as
living species, probably over 200. All subtropical, two heing
in New Zealand, but none fossil, in any of the extensive
tertiary deposits of those islands.

lil

CoLUMBELLA OXLEYI. n.s. Shell small, fusiformly turretted,
smooth, shining; whorls 8, somewhat rounded, overlapping
slightly at the suture, apex with a distinct natica like pullus
extending for 24 whorls, smooth, pyriform, much narrower
posteriorly, and produced, with a narrow sloping channel an-
teriorly, outer lip thin; inver lip slightly inflected over the
columella, behind which are numerous sloping fine regular
lire. Body whorl slightly angulated at the suture. Long.
9, Lat. 3 mil. Named after the early explorer of N. S. Wales.

This singular fossil varies from Columbella in particulars of
almost generic importance, not only in the apex but in the
turriculated habit. It has no known living form in Australia.

Narica vixumBiiicata, n.s. Shell globose, smooth, shin-
ing, very finely cancellate, which is visible only with a lens ;
spire acute, slightly exsert as a more finely rounded coil;
whorls 6. The apical 4, small, round, and distinct, only
slightly increasing in size, the last two becoming suddenly
globose, aperture semilunar ; outer lip thin, inner lip everted
anteriorily into an acute projecting angle, umbilicus small
narrow, deep, slightly callous above, with a conspicuous groove
leading to it from the anterior angle of the lip. Long. 20,
lat. 183, long apert. 12, lat. 7, diam. of umbilicus 13.
_Cucunima carnororca. n.s._ Shell roundly trigonal, ob-
lique, globose, smooth, faintly and closely marked with radia-
ting ribs and concentric striw, the latter well defined and
somewhat rugose at the margin and sides, umbones very
acute and recurved ; ligamental area, arched, broad, with six
straight grooves on each, which are well defined and overlap
each other alternately under the umbo, hinge teeth, 6-7, bent
under the hinge and then bicuspidate, muscular impressions
lanceolate, well defined, the anterior adductor with a slightly
lamellar edge, margin finely pectinated with very distinct
erenulations which continue in young shells all round as far
as the hinge. Young shells are also more quadrate and
have the angular ears slightly developed. Altogether the
shell is intermediate between Cucullcea and Pectunculus and
partakes somewhat of the character of both genera.

Noucuna rumipa. ns. Shell small, solid, obliquely tri-
gonal, tumid truncated anteriorly, slightly produced and
rounded posteriorly, finely wrinkled with consecutive irregular
rounded ribs, increasing in thickness from umbones to mar-
gin, and irregularly grooved with deep consecutive lines of
growth, margin thickened and bilabiate, hinge teeth small
diverging progressively in an increasing series, interrupted by a
narrow deep ligamental pit, largest teeth slightly bent,
anterior row short, eight in number, the distal ones smaller,
but all high and lamellar, umbones fine and sharply incurved ;

112

lunule shallow but well defined, wrinkled and broadly lanceo-
late. Transverse long. 13, lat. 11; thickness of both valves
united, 8 mill. Not unlike the Tasmanian WV. grayi, Sow.,
but more tumid and conspicuously sulcate.

Lrpa cresrecostata, n.s. Shell minute, depressed, trans-
verse, trigonal narrowly oblong, roundly obtuse in front, much
punctured, almost angular, and slightly gaping behind, sinus
conspicuous—2—sub-depressed and conspicuously cut by an
angle from which the shell slopes to the margin, whole surface
of the valve regularly concentrically marked with equal
rounded ribs ; hinge line inconspicuous, and _ short
anterior sub-ligamental area distinct. Transverse long. 5, lat.
8, thickness of both valves joined 3.

The sinus and angle project from the margin of this fossil
like a tubercle. Smaller and less rostrate than LZ, caudata, Don
but like it, distinguished by the abrupt angulation of
the sinus. ‘There is no European fossil like it in this respect.

CarpDITA GRAcILIcosTaTA. n.s. Shell roundly oblong,
transverse, inequilateral, oblique, globose, solid, furnished with
30 to 34 fine, curved, radiating, finely nodular ribs, which
are narrower than the interstices, nodules obsolete to near the
centre, whence they become less rounded and more lamellose
to the margin, where they are almost spinous, and united to
one another by transverse raised lirze, umbones, finely ribbed,
acute, oblique, and much incurved, lunule, short cordate,
well defined and deep, hinge area much overlapping the hollow
of the umbones, hinge with one central tubercular, rounded
tooth, round which the laterals make a complete arch, much
thickened posteriorly. Margins coarsely crenulate. Long.
from umbo 27. ‘Transverse lat. 31. Alt. of both valves
14 mil.

Lima sass. un.s. Shell oblong, subquadrate, rather
solid, somewhat tumid, radiately and squamosely ribbed,
margin full, and equally rounded with a prolonged curve ;
anterior side short, and very slightly concave, almost mar-
gined through its whole extent by a small, narrow, obtusely
angled auricle, which has three small rough ribs, and is
deeply striate near the umbo, posterior side without auricle,
truncated with a straight, sloping line deeply impressed with
fossa towards the interior; ribs 22 in number, radiating regu-
larly, divided at equal intervals by long arched, raised
squame, etc., umbo acute and only slightly curved. Length
from umbo to margin 27. Lat. 22 mil.

Very distinct from any Australian congener by the absence
of the auricle and the straight posterior side, though the form
closely approximates to the sp. L. sguamsa, now living in the
Red Sea and Mediterranean.

113

Lina (Lrmaruna) supauricunata. Montf. This shell
which is also found in the British seas still existing, and has
been collected by Cumming in the Philippines, is a common fossil
at Table Cape, at least [can discover no difference in size,
shape, makings, etc. We thus have a world-wide distribution
as well as an extensive range in time.

TELLINA CAINUZOICA. n.s. I give this name to a shell
which has characters slightly different from any existing
Australian form, but the number of species is already so
great and the differences so slight that I venture to add to
them only with considerable reluctance. The form of this
fossil approaches to our Z. albinella, of which there is a white
and pink variety. It is, however, smaller, smoother, and iess
arcuate with scarcely a perceptible sinus. ‘I'he dimensions of
this specimen is transversely 24. Long. 15. Thickness 5.

CHIONE PROPINQUA. wn.s. Shell small, oval, transverse,
equivalve, sub-equilateral, posterior and slightly longer and
sub-attenuate, anterior end broadly, rounded, transversely
ribbed with many solid, raised, rounded ribs grooved behind
and lamellar at each end, ribs striate transversely and between
which the strix become larger towards the umbones and
finally indistinguishable from the ribs of which there are 18-20
in all; interior finely crenulate right round to the hinge
posteriorly, to the umbone anteriorly ; central tooth bifid,
lateral,—anterior lamellar and moved outwards; posterior
bifid, musculaz impressions scarcely perceptible. Transverse
length 26. Lat. 4.21. A shell certainly very nearly approach-
ing our existing Chione conularis, but less oblique i in its shape,
size, and almost entirely crenulated margin.

VENUS (CHIONE) CAINOZOICA, 0.8. suborbicular, inequl-
lateral, globosely convex, very finely and closely striate with
concentric lines, which here and there become lamellose,
lamelle close and more numerous at the anterior and _pos-
terior margin, scarcely raised, extremely thin and nearly
always broken and incomplete, where there are no lamella,
strie regular and equi-distant, marking lines of growth which
seem to overlap each other in regular succession ; anterior side
rounded, contracted ; posterior side broadly rounded and very
slightly produced; umbones convex, much incurved and
smooth, lunule cle arly defined, but not deep, broadly cor-
date lamellosely striate and radiating from. the um-
bones, and finely ‘crenulated on the e dge Within : ; hinge teeth,
right valve with one long lateral ridge extending to the ventral
margin with a groove between it and the edge, three smaller
teeth, the two posterior bifid, the anterior one small, lamellar
and oblique ; left valve with a lateral ridge, one thin short
curved hinge below the corselet, one broad central tooth ; and

I

\

114

two anterior, one oblique and lamellar and one more tubercle,
the whole anterior, ventral margin finely crenulated. Trans-
verse. Long. 22, Lat.18. Thickness of both valves 17.

This fossil is very completely removed from any known
existing Australian form, being more globose, more finely
striate; and the peculiar crenulation of the margin which ex-
tends under the lunule. I am not acquainted with any fossil
form near it as far as my acquaintance with the Huropean
Miocene and Eocene extends. It must be admitted, however,
that the points of distinction in shells where there is so much
general resemblance, as in this genus,can scarcely be made out
without the closest attention to details and comparison of
specimens. The descriptions by most ordinary writers on
paleontology are quite insufficient.

CHAMA LAMELLIFERA. ns. Shell somewhat small, thick-
ish, globose, angularly orbicular, very inequivalve, and ad-
herent. The whole surface of both valves covered with close
thin irregular lamelle, which, though sometimes projecting
slightly, never become much produced or spiny, in the grooves
between fine and smaller ridges can be seen; left valve very
convex, attached anteriorally where it is sharply angled and
flattened ; umbones small and very nuch incurved, making
almost a spiral whorl; hinge linear and curved with a broad
flat concave linear fossette under the dorsal curve, right valve
solid, very convex (but less so than the left valve) with an
incurved sloping prominent umbo. Largest specimens about
lat. 24 by 22 and 18 mill. thick.

In the absence of radiating str the non-spinous or pro-
duced lamelle, and the size, all this species differs from the
known fossil Chame. It is very abundant in the beds.

Besides the foregoing fossils I have provisionally named the
following not being able to publish a more extended diagnosis
because of the imperfect state of the specimens.

A small smooth Pyramidella, Pyramidella roberti, mihi,
with perfectly flattened smooth whorls, 12 in number; the
apex of 3 round smooth turns; the aperture subquadrate ;
base of columella everted. Long. 65, Lat. 2 mill.

Rissoina TATEANA. Almost turbinate, numerous oblique
solid ribs on upper whorls ; lower whorl almost smooth ; outer
lip varicose. 1 mil. Lat.; Long. (?), (decollated.)

GIBULA CLARKEI n.s. A turbinated multicarinate shell,
obliquely, regularly, and finely lirate, where they cross the
carinze, making the latter almost granular; whorls 6; flat-
tened and broadly canaliculate at the suture; base flat or
convex, grooved, deeply umbilicate, obliquely striate within,

115

shell a brilliant green nacre underneath the outer shelly coat.
Diam. and Lat. about 3 mil., dedicated to the eminent geolo-
gist, the Rev. W. B. Clarke. A fossil which varied so much
in the few specimens I examined that I hardly liked to include
it in my list.

DENDROPHYLLIA DuUNCANI. us, This is a compound
corallite, with a very imperfect epitheca. It gives off four
branches from a kind of internode, but in the specimens
examined by me (among the corals collected by R. M. Johnston,
Esq., Dr. Milligan, and Mr. Stephens), the branches and
stem were broken off short. It differs from the hitherto only
Australian tertiary species in the internodal character of the
branches and the imperfect epitheca. A complete diagnosis
will no doubt be published by Professor Duncan, to whom
the specimens will be forwarded, but I have taken very gladly
the opportunity of dedicating it to the learned Professor, to
whom the science of geology owes so much.

FLABELLUM DUNCANI.* n.s. The coral is cuneiform and
very much compressed at the base, which is pedicillate. The
ealice is elliptical and shallow. The septa are in six systems
of three cycles, delicate and well apart, the principal exsert
and rounded, having few large rounded lateral granules. The
fossa is deep and rather broad. There is no columella. There
is a stout epithera, and the cost are strongly marked, linear
tapering with faint transverse curved folds, 22-24 in number.
Height, 6, transverse diam. of calice, 43. Lat. 3, willim.
This is the fifth flabellum described from the Australian
tertiaries. It is smaller than any of them, and mainly dis-
tinguished by the distinct external costz.

Busxia. nov. gen. This genus is proposed for Escharas,
which are disposed on a cylindrical hollow axis, which is.
branched and irregular. It differs from Eschara in not having
the cells back to back, but on one side only of the cylindrical
branches, and from Hemeschara, in being erect and branched,
and not encrusting.

Busxia typica. u.s. Cells disposed sometimes quincun-
cially and sometimes irregular, surface of the branches
crumpled aud flexuous, elliptical branches irregular and
widely separated ; if bifurcating a very wide cellular interval
between the opposite divisions; cells convex and projecting
from a very clearly defined margin, within which there is a
row of pores continuing all round from 18-26 in number. From
each pore there is a deep grove to the mesial line, which is also
sometimes grooved, and then the surface has a rugose cor-
rugated appearance ; mouth orbicular, with a somewhat larger
often pyriform pore on each side. Width of some of the
branches, 10 diam. 7 mill. ;

I

116

ECHINODERMATA.

The following notes on the Echinodermata have been
made by Mr. Johnston, some of which I have examined
and compared the species, and added the specific names,
with a few verbal alterations.

MIcRASTER BREVISTELLA. Laude. Rather more rounded
than Laube’s figure. It is slightly compressed dorsally ;
central surface concave. The anal orifice is triangular in
appearance, with the apex towards the “ plastron,’ and is
situated on the posterior of the ventral surface.

The plastron is round, and is situated near the middle
of the concave ventral surface. The five ambulacra radiate
from the apical disc in a graceful though slightly irregular
manner. The pores 27 to 37 double pairs on each ambu-
lacrum, extend avout half way over the dorsal surface ;
and from the extremities of each double pair, the two
grooves are continued round to -the ventral surface, and
thence to the.plastron. The groves may be described as
irregularly parallel to each other. The whole surface is
densely covered with rather small tubercles, uniform in
size, and surrounded by scrobicula.

Micraster ETHERIDGE! n.s. Test small, oval, depressed,
and surface very much flattened ; ventral slightly con-
cave; ambulacral groves 5, well marked and continued
from apical disc on the dorsal surface to the plas-
tron on the ventral surface ; anal orifice, small, round,
situated at the posterior ventral margin; plastron,
central, round. ‘The whole test covered densely with
tubercles, small, but irregular in size and distribution.
The dorsal surface is too imperfectly preserved to make
out the apical disc or ambulacral pores clearly.

Hemipatacus woopsil (var. a) Cordiform. Differs from
H. woodsii in. the following particulars:—Apical disc
contains 5 ocular plates, and is situated nearer to anterior
end of test madreporiform body angular: odd ambulacral
groove, much shallower than in H. Woodsii.

Primary tubercles greater in number; occasionly one
primary tubercle is found situated on the posterior inter-
ambulacra. Great breadth nearer to anterior and than
upon H. woodsii. Dorsal surface much more flattened and
depressed.

Nore.— Prof. Duncan has lately shown that Hemipatagus
is a genus identical with the living Lovenia, Gray.

117

ON A NEW SPECIES OF AMPULLARIA.
By tue Rev. J. E. Tentson-Woons, F.G.S., F.L.S.,

Corr. Mem. Roy. Soc. Tas., Sypnery, &c.

I beg to bring under the notice of the Society a new
species of Ampullaria, a genus hitherto unknown in the
Australias. Some time since I described all the known
freshwater shells of the island which duly appeared in last
year’s transactions. Since then I have described a new
Valvata, V. tasmanica which was discovered by that most
industrious entomologist, Aug. Simson, who obtained it
from a creek in Gould's Country. Since then in looking
over some shells kindly placed at my disposal by Ronald
Gunn, Esq., F.L.S. , I have found the Ampullaria which I
now describe. It is ’ small in size, but very interesting from
the fact that it is the only species of that very large ¢ genus
which has yet been found in any part of Australia. For.
tunately, though the collection of individuals was small,
yet the most of them had the operculum in situ, which
enabled me to pronounce that it is shelly. The genus has
only been studied of late years, and is found best repre-
sented in South America, where it attains a large size, and
presents beautiful varieties of colouring. I was unable to
ascertain the precise habitat from Mr. Gunn, who was,
however, certain that it was obtained from some of the
rivers emptying themselves on the north coast.

AMPULLARIA TASMANICA. 4.8. A.t. parva, subglobosa, cornea,
spira brevi, obtusa, epidermide atro-olivacea, induta; anfractibus 4,
subito decrescentibus ; apertura lata, simplici, postice angulata ; labio
alba, conspicua, concava, reflexa, fauce cwetate albicante. Operculwm
subconvexum, levigatwm epidermide (7) olivacea indutwm.

Shell small, subglobose, horny, with a short obtuse spire;
epidermis blackish olive ; whorls 4, rapidly decreasing,
aperture wide, simple, angulate posteriorly, i inner lip white
conspicuous, reflexed, concave ; throat becoming whitish
with age. Operculum, sub convex, smooth, with an olive
epidermis (?)

Diam. maj. 34, min. 3 mil.

This little ampullaria has no determinate characters
except its small size, dark color, and white concave inner
hip. The penultimate whorl is rather gibbous.

118
REMINISCENCES OF A VISIT TO THE VOLCANOES
OF HAWAII.

By His Excetuency, F. A. Wet, Esq., C.M.G.,
- PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY.

(Read 12th September, 1876. ]

‘* et incedis per ignes
Suppositos cineri doloso.”
Hor., Carm. 1., lib. ii.

Some time ago your Honorary Secretary expressed a wish that I
should read you a paper upon my visit to the volcanoes of the Sand-
wich Islands, and my ascent of Mauna Loa, ‘‘ the great mountain,”
during the eruption of 1855; and, desirous of doing anything
I can to meet the wishes of the Fellows of this Society, I promised
todo so. It is now my object to fulfil that promise to the best of
my ability, but you will forgive me if I present you with a simple
personal descriptive narrative, instead of a scientific disquisition
worthy of a place in the proceedings of this Society.

It is a matter of regret to me that my journal written at the time
has been left in England, but I have used as a groundwork for the
more important part of this paper a letter to Sir Charles Lyell,
written by me at his request, and published in the proceedings of
the Royal Geological Society ; and though so many years have
elapsed since 1855, a recollection yet remains to me of my
journey up Mauna Loa, as vivid as if it were only yesterday that
I toiled over its wastes of lava and gazed into its seething craters
with eyes that could scarcely meet the glare.

The Sandwich Islands, as you know, are a group in the North
Pacific Ocean, lying a little south of the tropic of Cancer, and between
longitude 155° and 160° west, and that one of them, to which I am
now about more particularly to direct your attention, is Hawaii,
called by Cook Owyhee, and is the island where that great navigator
and discoverer lost his life. It is stated that one of these islands
was first seen in 1542, by a navigator named Gaetano, of whom
I have been unable to learn any particulars, nor do I know upon
what authority the statement rests ; however that may be, Captain
Cook may fairly be said to have been their first discoverer in 1778,
in the sense of having first visited them. It is a curious circum-
stance that, as I was informed on the spot, at the time of his
arrival a native tradition existed to the effect that ‘‘ Lomo,” the
god of fire, white skinned, and fair haired, had been driven from
their island, with his followers, on account of some escapade and
indiscretion into which the natural fervour of his disposition had
led him. The tradition went on to say that he would one day return
across the sea to revisit hisancient abode. When the sails of Cook’s
ships were seen rising like clouds above the blue waters of the

Pacific, and moving shorewards, a cry was raised that Lomo, the ~

fire god, was returning. Priests and people flocked to the beach,
and when they saw the strange appearance of the Englishmen,
their white faces, smoke issuing from their mouths—owing, no
doubt, to the use of that fragrant weed which is generally so dear

een

119

to sailors—and still more when they saw and heard the fire of the
guns ; doubt was converted into certainty ; victims were prepared,
and the great navigator was led to the sacrificial temple, or enclo-
sure of terraced stones; heathen rites were performed, and sacrifice
was offered to him. Unfortunately, disputes which arose led the
natives to believe that Lomo or his followers had not forgotten their
ancient propensities, and having failed, as they thought, to pro-
pitiate him with their sacrifices and offerings, it was resolved to
inflict a fresh term of banishment upon him, and to drive him
again across the seas. As Cook was retreating to his boat, under
the pressure of the angry and menacing crowd, one native, more
excited than the rest, pushed him violently, causing pain, which
Cook showed by an exclamation, or gesture. They then saw that
he was sensible to pain, and consequently but mortal, and a native
at once dealt him a heavy blow with a weapon ; he fell wounded,
and was quickly killed, to their astonishment at first, and subsequent
regret. You will, perhaps, pardon this digression, as I think these
incidents throw light upon the circumstances of the death of this
great sailor, when compared with the account given of it in the
narrative of his voyages.

It was nearly at the end of October, 1855, when I landed on
the Sandwich Islands. I was travelling with an old friend and
fellow New Zealand colonist, the Hon. James Frederick Stuart-
Wortley, and after visiting Tahiti, we took our passages in a
schooner sailing thence for San Francisco, hoping to touch at the
Sandwich Islands, which we were anxious to visit, as we had heard
that the voleano in Hawaii was in fulleruption. We were, after all,
only enabled to accomplish our purpose by the kindness of the captain
of an American whaler, who allowed us, when near the islands, to
transfer ourselves to his ship, and who landed us at Lahaina, on the
island of Mawé, in the central part of the group.

On Mawé is the immense extinct crater of Mauna Haleakala,
or mountain of the House of the Sun. It is variously estimated at
from 24 to 35 miles in circumference, and is not much less than
8000ft. deep. It stands about 10,000ft. above the sealevel. Within
this enormous basin, which would hold several of the largest cities
in the world, rise numerous funnel-shaped cones, which formerly
belched forth flame and molten lava, and still, though crumbling
away, rise to the height of several hundred feet. The walls of this
crater, which is, I believe, the largest known in the world, are
burst through in two places, by the force of eruptions of lava,
Our stay in Mawé was too short to enable us to visit it, an
opportunity having offered itself which enabled us to proceed to
Hawaii, the principal aim and object of our journey ; where we
visited, as I am about to describe, the similar though smaller crater

. of Kilanea, in full activity. The opportunity of reaching Hawaii was
afforded us by the departure thither of a small schooner of about
35 tons, called the Manu o ka wai, (‘‘ Bird of the Water’), and
here let me remark, as an instance of the great similarity of the
Maori or New Zealand language to the Kanaka, or Sandwich Island
dialect, that in Maori the name would have been Manu no te (or
ke) wai; in fact, the language of these two groups, the one in the
same latitude as Tasmania, and the other at the northern tropic,

120

is so nearly identical, that I soon found that what I knew of Maori
was readily adapted to intercourse with the Sandwich Islanders.

Tt was on the evening of November Srd that our little schooner
got under weigh, and glided out from among the fleet of whalers in
the roadstead, and away from the scattered cottages and houses,
and cocoanut trees of Laihaina. It was a glorious evening, and the
great volcanic mountains of Mawé, and the neighbouring islands,
loomed grandly in a golden haze, as the sun got low, and we stood
out into the open sea. Our tiny craft presented a singularly curious
and picturesque appearance ; her cargo, most closely packed, was
human ; a very fat chieftainess, with about a dozen of her ladies
in waiting, filled the little cabin, and on deck we counted between
eighty and ninety persons, almost all women and girls, going on
a visit, they told us, to their friends in Hawaii, all dressed in light
calico ‘‘ roundabouts ” of bright colours, and all wearing wreaths
and flowers in their hair. This looked well enough in the sunlight ;
but I well remember in what a dark blue-black the last island
to the westward stood out against the fading streaks of red on the
sky, when the sun went down. The wind began to whistle shrilly ;
we took in sail; our poor lightly clad fellow-passengers huddled
together, and a shiver ran fore-and-aft as the first cold spray swished
over them. They laughed at first, and throughout bore up bravely ;
but it grew worse and worse, and nearly all night long heavy seas
broke over us ; but, even had not the deck been flooded, there was
not room on it to lie down ; Wortley and I spent the night sitting
against the bulwarks, now and again helping to work the vessel,
or taking a turn at the tiller, when the native skipper—who
behaved admirably-—had to go forward to see to the head sail, or
to keep his crew up to the mark. When at length a dull leaden
morning dawned, we were hove to in a tremendous sea, our binnacle
and compass smashed, and no land anywhere in sight, though the
clouds were beginning to break. Our deck presented a marked
contrast from yesterday evening. It was hidden by superin-
cumbent strata of drenched and shivering feminine humanity,
blended in one chaos of sodden calico, wet dishevelled tresses,
draggled wreaths, and general misery, on which the native sailors
trod without the slightest compunction, for there was no stepping
room between. At noon it began to clear up, and the sea
moderated ; still we in vain looked out for the mountain tops.
The captain had run before the wind out to sea all the first part
of the night, and calculated that we were about 80 miles from land.
We steered in search of it by my pocket compass, and when
night again came the stars shone out, to thecaptain’s great delight ;
he, however, was utterly exhausted, and turned in. The native
left at the helm had also a theory of the stars and navigation, and
was bent on steering in the wrong direction, besides performing
most surprising nauticalaberrations ; remonstrance being unavailing,
Stuart-Wortley and I were obliged forcibly to depose him, and take
command. Under these circumstances of some responsibility, and
perhaps with the slightest possible shade of doubt as to our own
perfect capability as navigators, and the exact correctness of our
course ; for we did not know exactly where we were, and had.
neither charts nor ship’s compass—under these circumstances, we

121

were not sorry when we saw high above the morning mist the great
smooth gently rounded dome of Mauna Loa, with smoke rising from
two craters, the somewhat more rugged crest of Mauna Kea, and
the dark mass of Mauna Hualalei. The scene was imposing, calm,
and grand, rather from vastness than from any beauty of outline.
These three mountains of Hawaii are respectively 13,700, 13,800,
and 10,000ft. in height. They have not the sharply defined peaks
and crags common to most volcanic mountains.

About mid-day on the 5th we made the shore, and landed at the
village of Kawaihae, on the north-eastern coast of Hawaii, situated
some 30 miles north of the Bay where Captain Cook was killed.
At Kawaihae we visited the remains of a Heiau, or heathen temple,
an enclosure surrounded and paved with stones, and with stone
terraces in front, on a slope descending towards the sea. Leaving
Kawaihae and its few clumps of cocoa nut palms, my friend and
I, with a native guide, turned our backs on the sea, and walking
westward ascended a long rise, where the wild indigo plant, the
prickly pear cactus, some grass and other vegetation, grew in thin
red volcanic soil amongst stones and scorize. A few miles brought
us to an elevated tract of table land of better soil, and to a settler’s
homestead, where we obtained a horse and a little pack bull, and
secured the services of one or two more natives, a pleasant relief
from carrying our own food and baggage. Our journey then lay
along an upland valley, the Waimea, tolerably well grassed, with
here and there a grove of trees or bushes, and next entering forests
chiefly composed of Koa (Acacia falcata) which bears a remarkable
resemblance to the Eucalypti in leaf and seed vessel, we rounded
the northern shoulder of Mauna Kea, the most northerly of the
three great mountains, sometimes catching glimpses of the snow on
its summit range through the trees. It was near here that the
botanist Douglas met his death by tumbling into a pitfall, into which
a wild ox had already fallen, which gored and trampled him to
death. We met a few of these animals, with long horns like
a buffalo. We had only a shot gun and revolvers. They gazed at us
and retired ; had they charged, our little pack bull might have fared
badly. Passing through these forests, where the wild strawberry
and raspberry abound, as does the ‘‘ Cape Gooseberry ” at a slightly
lower elevation, and having attained a height as nearly as I recollect
of about 3,000 or 4,000 feet, we commenced to descend on the north
eastern side of the island, in a beautiful and very well grassed
country which, deeply cut through by ravines filled with the
candle nut tree (‘‘ Aleuwrites triloba”), bread fruit, banana, and
other vegetation, and dotted with clumps of Pandanus (Pandanus
odoratissima) and bamboo, slopes down from the upland forests to
the cliffs, which rise abruptly from the sea. Nothing can be more
beautiful than this Hamakua district, or perfect than its climate.
Turning now to the southward, and crossing a seemingly interminable
succession of very deep ravines, and wading through clear fresh
streams and rivers, that dash down their rocky beds, and often fall
in cascades over the cliffs into the sea, we reached the town of Hilo,
on Byron’s Bay, on the 9th of November. As we approached it, we
passed afew small coffee and sugar plantations ; and just before we
reached it, we were amused by seeing a great part of its native

122

population disporting themselves by jumping from a rock into the
Wailuku River, floating on their back down to its waterfall, going
over a perpendicular fall of 30 or 40 feet, feet foremost—plump into
a deep still pool below. The Sandwich Islanders are probably
the best swimmers in the world, and their feats in the surf are far
more wonderful than this.

Hilo is a pretty village or small town embowered in cocoanut,
breadfruit, and banana trees, and straggling along the shore of
Byron Bay. It is, or then was, a great resort of whalers, and
is the principal town of Hawaii. The ground rises gradually from
it to Mauna Loa, the summit of which is about 40 miles distant in
a straight line ; and when [I arrived at Hilo the lava of the great
eruption was steadily flowing down towards it and threatening it
with speedy destruction. On our arrival we hired. a vacant hut
embowered in a grove of bananas from a native, and at once sat
down to debate ‘‘ ways and means,” for we had wrongly calculated
on being able to get money from Honclulu before this, and we
found ourselves with a most dilapidated wardrobe and _ literally
penniless, without introductions, and unknown to any one. I only
wish that I could ever hope to be able to make some return for
the generous confidence with which Mr. Pittman, the principal
merchant of the place trusted us, advanced us everything we
wanted, and not only extended to us assistance, but the most
cordial hospitality.

We now began to prepare for our journey to the volcanoes.
The three great mountains of Hawaii are all recent volcanoes ;
Mauna Kea the most northerly of the three is somewhat the
highest. Its summit bears evident traces of activity at no
distant period; but for many years it has not been in erup-
tion. Mauna Hualalei, more to the southward and on the
western coast, was in eruption a few years before my visit.
By far the most active is Mauna, Loa, Kilauea, on its south eastern
acclivity, and is the largest active crater in the world. It has
been frequently visited by travellers. Above it Mauna Loa proper,
presents an immense bare area, I should say 40 miles in diameter,
smooth and gently rounded at its distant aspect ; but one mass of
rough volcanic debris, scorize, and lavas of different ages, cut
by deep lava ducts, and heaped with scoriz and ashes ; and few
years pass by without its bursting forth in one direction or another.
Often it is, asit were tapped, by an eruption of Kilauea, which as
I have said stands, like a great abscess in its side, some 8000 feet
below its summit. In 1840 a flood of molten matter burst
through underneath the rocky walls that form the basin of
_ Kilauea, lowering the level of its floor by 60 feet.

For ten miles it flowed underground, occasionally lifting the earth
and rock above, and sending forth smoke, inflamed gases, and burn-
ing lava; then tearing its way out of the hill side, it rolled
a flood of liquid fire through forest and jungle, which spread
sometimes to a width, as Mr. Coan a resident missionary says,
of four miles. In three days it had traversed 30 miles, and rolled
itself in a cataract of fire a mile wide, over a cliff 50ft. high into the
sea. For 20 miles around the sea was heated, and innumerable
quantity of fish were thrown upon the coast killed by the heated

123

water, and two islands were formed as the lava cooled after flowing
into the sea, for two weeks. In 1843 a great eruption took
place from the top of Mauna Loa itself. The melted lava ran
down the northern side of the mountain for 30 miles, dividing
itself into two streams from one to three miles broad. I owe
these details to the Rev. Mr. Coan of Hilo, who, with much danger
to himself, ascended the mountajn and traced the stream.

In 1832 an erruption again took place at the summit of Mauna
Loa, which threw up an immense fiery column of incandescent
scorisze, and inflamed gases to the height of about 500 feet, some
say 1000 feet, and again poured forth a flood of lava. Mr,
Coan this time also visited the mountain.

Many former eruptions have been recorded, and an account of
them may be found in the journals of the Geological Society,
Vol. 12.

Iam not aware if besides Mr. Coan and myself, many, or in-
deed any, other persons have ascended Mauna Loa proper
excepting Commodore Wilkes, of the American Expedition, who
went up with a large body of natives and sailors, established
a hospital on the side for those who suffered in the attempt,
made some interesting observations, and returned after an absence
of some duration to Hilo. A detailed account of his expedition
may be found in the narrative of his voyage ; he seems to have
considered the difficulties of the undertaking much greater than a
person more accustomed to bush work and mountain travelling
would have found them. The mountain was not in eruption
when he ascended.

Kilauea, 4104 feet above the sea, is easily reached ; it has been
several times described, I think first by Commodore Byron, after
whom Byron’s Bay is named.

I now come to the great eruption of 1855,which I was so fortunate
as to witness. On the 11th of August 1855, the lava burst forth
at about 12,000 feet above the sea level on the very crest of the
range, but about 1000 feet below its highest part, and on the
northern side; it was rather remarkable for the enormous and un-
precedented flow of lava than for any projection of inflamed
substances into the air, though its light illumined the horizon for
many miles, and the column of fire or its reflection was said by
some to have been at first apparently 500 feet high. The Rev.
Mr. Coan again made the ascent and visited it. At the commence-
ment the lava ran northwards with great rapidity into the upland
valley that divides the summit of Mauna Loa from that of Mauna
Kea; then taking an easterly direction, it poured down towards Hilo,
The main stream was in many places about three miles wide, but as
it reached comparatively level country, with forests, jungles, swamps,
and streams, it spread to a width of five or six miles and flowed
more slowly. At the time we left Hawaii (November 23rd, 1855),
it had been gaining about a mile a week, but during the last week
it had been making a somewhat greater progress. The whole
length of the flow of the lava, including bends in its course,
was then computed by residents at considerably more than 50 miles
from the craters ; I should myself put it at about 35 miles as the
crow flies, not allowing for sinuosities, It was then only about 8

4)

124

miles from Hilo, which it threatened, but it did not advance much
further, and ceased to flow not long after I left.

Our first good view of the eruption from Hilo was at night,
from the deck of a ship in the bay, as the trees obstructed the view
fromthe shore. The distant craters were scarcely visible, but the
burning forests above and behind the town showed the front of
the advancing lava torrent lightening up the night with a mighty
glare, with sometimes a column of red light shooting up, occasioned
probably either by an explosion of the half-cooled upper crust (from
under which little streamlets of red hot lava keep running out and
covering fresh ground like fiery serpents in the underwood) or by
dried trees falling into the fire. The inhabitants of Hilo were
justly alarmed, and many were preparing to put their effects on
Loard ship. I was particularly requested when it became known
that I was about to attempt the ascent, to endeavour to ascertain as
nearly as possible the rate at which the lava was flowing, that it
might be known whether the flow was moderating since Mr. Coan’s
expedition. Most people, however, said that I should never get to
the craters; Mr. Coan said it would take me a week or more.
He kindly pursuaded a native who had been with him to accompany
me, and with much difficulty I engaged two more, all strong and
active men. We got horses to take us as far as Kilauea, and after
completing our arrangements and spending a few pleasant days at
Hilo we started.

The ascent, though very gradual, may be said to commence at
Hilo itself. The weather was unpropitious, and where the path was
not old lava it was deep mud ; indeed these two component parts
of our track were so mixed up together that our horses were soon
tired out by plunging along from hard to soft, and it was not till the
second afternoon that we reached Kilauea, a distance not very much
over 30 miles. The country varied between woods and jungles,
chiefly of a tree of the myrtle family, bearing red and sometimes
yellow flowers, not unlike the New Zealand Rata (Metrosideros ?)
and open tracts of fern ‘‘ Ti” (Dracena terminalis), which is also
the Maori name for similar species, and grass. <A little before
reaching Kilauea we entered the region of the Koa tree, already
mentioned, which is a useful timber tree, and also remarked a
handsome yellow acacia, the raspberry, strawberry, and some tree
ferns ; the soil, of a red colour, was covered with masses of scoriz,
and in many places we crossed hardened streams of old lava.

Our journey had been about 30 or 35 miles, at first about south
by west, and latterly more westerly, when, on the afternoon of
November 14th, we stood on the brink of the great crater of
Kilauea, 4104 feet above the sea. We found a grass-built hut on
the upper rim of the crater, and here we took up our quarters.
The mountain of Kilauea may best be described as the base of
a broad low truncated cone, standing on a high level plateau ; an
excrescence, as it were, growing out of the side of the huge Mauna
Loa. It looks as if the apex had subsided, leaving in the centre
of the mountain a flat-floored sunken crater the upper rim of
which is about seven miles in circumference ; sometimes the level
of the bottom of the crater is tapped and lowered by underground
eruptions that burn out at a lower level on the side of the mountain.

125

From our hut we looked down on two partially sunken ledges
covered with grass, fern, and bushes, which, as well as the place
where our hut stood, were in many spots steaming. In one
place especially we noticed a large bank or mound composed appa-
rently of a chalky substance, probably a deposit of some chemical
salts with a great deal of sulphur, from which issued a consider-
able body of steam. Below these ledges lay the great crater hke a
flat-bottomed round basin. The depth from the top of the highest
of the containing walls or cliffs to the bottom of the crater, has
been calculated at 1,500 feet, though in many places it is con-
siderably less. These cliffs or walls are in most places perpen-
dicular, and appear to be composed partly of gravelly clay of a
yellowish colour, and partly of dark basaltic or trap rock. The
bottom or floor of the crater is constantly changing, quickly melting
or hardening. Sometimes part of it is a lake of molten lava, red
hot. Some Americans, that we met returning from it as we
ascended, assured us that such was the case the day before we
arrived. Such a lake is often a mile in length, by half-a-mile
wide. When we saw it, however, nothing of the sort was visible.
Looking down into the crater it had the appearance of a flat plain
of dull lead-coloured lava, more or less broken and rugged in places,
and containing an infinity of small mounds or cones, whence
issued clouds of smoke, especially towards evening. As _ night
came on, the action of the volcano seemed to increase, and the
light of the subterraneous fires was seen in many places. Mr.
Stuart-Wortley, who was prevented by indisposition from pro-
ceeding with me up Mauna Loa and remained at Kilauea till my
return, observed some of the small cones or craters within the
great crater occasionally ejecting hot stones and liquid lava, and on
the night of my return from Mauna Loa, I observed the sam
thing on a small scale. I may here mention that after my return
from Mauna Loa, we climbed down a part of the wall where it
is not very precipitous or difficult, and descended into the crater,
This can easily be done, and some years ago a native chieftainess,
named ‘ Kapiolani,” having become a Christian, performed a
gallant act, which should ever be remembered to her honour.
She descended into the crater, and advancing to a pit of fire
defied the Heathen divinity to whom the place was sacred, broke
the ‘‘Tapu,” that is its inviolate sanctity, and safely returned
to her trembling and awe-struck attendants, who had expected her
instant death. Pelé is the name of the goddess who, until that
day, was supposed jealously to guard her fiery dominion, and to
luxuriate in her bath of flames, as her votaries did in the cool
waves that dash over their coral reefs. The capillary lava, which
is supposed to be formed by the action of wind on liquid lava,
strongly resembles hair of reddish, brownish, or golden hue, and is
called by the natives Pelé’s hair; I brought away several speci-
mens, but regret that I have none by me. The floor of the crater
of Kilauea, on which we spent an hour or two, is simply the cooled
upper crust of fused lava ; the numerous small mounds or miniature
craters scattered over it, have orifices at their tops or in their
sides like the mouths of limekiln, often double, through which
you may look into the red hot depths below, and into caverns of

126

subterraneous fire. We also remarked in places, long ridges of
smoking masses and fragments of rock that had evidently been up-
heaved through the lava pavement, and piled confusedly upon
one another. The lava itself upon which we walked was sometimes
very hot, especially near steam vents and open abysses. The exha-
lations of sulphurous acid and other noxious gases were also in
places an impediment to our explorations. The lava is generally
of a dull glossy lead-colour when quite cool ; but of a brighter green
or blue when more recent. Symptoms of melting of the crust upon
which we walked, and increasing heat and vapour, came on
as we left the crater and regained the fresher atmosphere of
the upper world.

After a night’s rest in the grass-built hut on the verge of the rim
of the Kilaueacrater—leaving my friend, whose strength was hardly
equal to the enterprise, to keep house at Kilauea—I started on foot
with three natives at early dawn on the morning of the 15th
November to ascend the ‘‘ great mountain.” After walking a
couple of miles we entered a wood, and commenced the actual
ascent ; in about two hours we began to emerge from the wood,
and by 9 p.m. we were fairly upon the bare lava. It was an old
lava stream with various species of Epacris, a red whortle-berry,
and similar plants growing in its crevices. Before us lay for miles
and miles a wilderness of stones and scoriz ; high up, far in the
distance, rose the wreaths of smoke that marked the site of the
new craters, the goal of my ambition. Our course this morning
had diverged a little to the north, and then again to the south of
west ; but now we made right for the upper crater on the rounded
back of Mauna Loa bearing about west. Before us lay a waste of
desolation ; on either hand belts of wood, that had escaped cum-
paratively recent eruptions, struggled yet a little higher up the
mountain side. We passed several large caverns ; lava-formed
themselves, they had been once the ducts of streams of liquid
lava. Some heaps of stones marked a place where a horse, and if
I understood my natives rightly, some people had perished ;
how they got the horse so far ; how they could have hoped to get
him yet further, and for what possible purpose they brought him
there at all, is a mystery to me, which my imperfect power of con-
versation did not enable me to solve. About 50 years before, and,
so far as I could ascertain, not far from that spot, a native army,
attempting to move from the eastern to the western side of the
island, with the design of issuing forth upon their enemies from
the gap between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, were smothered
by a shower of ashes, similar to that so graphically described by
Pliny,the younger, when Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed,
and in which the elder Pliny lost his life. Proceeding onwards over
lava and loose porous stones like pumice, only harder and some-
what heavier, we arrived, at about 11 a.m., at a few bushes and
koa-trees, a little oasis of coarse grass, an old hut, and a deep
rock-pool of delicious water inacave. Here we halted to refresh
ourselves, and then, leaving the old track which turns northward
leading to the north-west side of the island, and which was,
doutbless, that which the ill-fated army intended to pursue, we
kept on our toilsome ascent over bare lava, now absolutely destitute

127

of any vestige of vegetation. So rough and loose were the scoriz
boulders, and so sharp the vitrified lava like slag and clinkers from
a factory, that I found my strong English shooting-boots cut
through in many places, and blood was flowing from my feet, knees,
and even hands; my natives were also in evil plight. I therefore
tore strips off my shirt and bound them round my boots, and
continued this operation as long as my shirt lasted. | When I left the
mountain two daysafter I was shirtless,and had utterly destroyed two
pairs of boots. At about 3 p.m. the guide, disappointed in his ex-
pectation of finding another cavern containing water, after con-
sultation with me, altered his plan, and instead of keeping his
westerly course for the upper crater, turned to the right, north-west,
hoping to find water at a spot some miles below the lower one. The
consequence was, that bad as the walking had been before, it became,
if possible, worse as we left an old lava bed and toiled mile after
mile over nothing but loose sharp rocks and scoriz of every possible
size and shape, and piled in the wildest confusion. We succeeded,
however, in finding a little water amid a few solitary stunted
bushes, the sole residue of a burnt-out forest, and then again
- tending upwards and to the west, shaped our course directly for
the lower crater of the two that were sending out dense volumes
of smoke above us. We lay down for the night on a little patch
of half-vitrified ashes. I suppose that we were then about 9000
feet above the sea, but we might have been considerably more.
The next morning we started before sunrise. Having found to my
surprise a few dry sticks, I thought so good an opportunity was not
to be lost, and endeavoured to make some tea, but owing to the
height the water boiled without attaining sufficient heat, and as
water was very precious, I did not long continue the experiment,
but returned what remained in the pannikin to our calabash. Our
way now lay, mile after mile, over scorize boulders, yeasty-looking
basins, and tortuous folds and waves of solidified lava, caverns and
small chasms whencethe hot lava had flowed away, hillocks generally
of small stones burnt to a deep orange red, and here and there little
smooth places covered with ashes,—altogether dark and dreary in
colour, without a living thing ora green blade. That morning we
passed the site of the eruption of 1852. The view thence of the
opposite mountain of Mauna Kea was glorious. The old conical
craters on its summit covered with newly fallen snow, its huge
outline, shadowy and dim ; the clouds of smoke that rose round its
base from the intervening valley down which the present eruption
was flowing ; the wild dreariness of the foreground and the tropical
sky above. Who could fitly describe or paint it !

And now a disaster uvccurred. A native fell and broke one of
our two calabashes or gourds of water. One only remained, and it
was not full. Our supply was reduced to a pint bottle of beer and
less than two pints of water. We descended into a cave, and
scraped off some damp moss and squeezed it into the pannikin,
obtaining, after half-an-hour’s labour, little more than half-a-pint
of dark yellow liquid, tasting strongly of sulphur and dirt, so un-
drinkable that we decided on mixing it with the rest, a proceeding
that had this advantage, that no one was afterwards inclined to
drink more than nature absolutely demanded. The natives, now

128

tired and worn out, lagged behind, and at noon I found myself
alone at the lava of the present eruption, at a spot about a mile
and a half below the lower crater, and about three miles below
the upper one.

As far as the eye could reach, down the valley between Mauna
Loa and Mauna Kea, I could trace the devouring flood in the
valley and forests below ; the stream of fresh lava at this point
was about two miles in breadth, of a dark greenish colour, and dull
metallic lustre where it had cooled or partially cooled on the sur-
face ; below it was liquid, and moving on under the upper crust.
The surface, as cooled by the air, had congealed into every possible
form and distortion—here wreathed about like rolls of shrivelled
parchment—there split into slabs and fragments, sometimes with a
smooth surface only broken by cracks and fissures—in other
places twisted like strands of coiled rope, or rolled out into

huge waves and serpentine convolutions. Through large cracks.

and openings one looked down into the fire below; and many of
these fissures had to be jumped across. Smoke, steam, and
gases, rose from many of these places, and often, when walking
on apparently hard surface, an upper blister broke beneath the
tread, causing a fall amidst steam and hot lava. I was fortu-
nate in receiving no injury worse than a burn or two and the loss
of a finger nail. As the day advanced I was somewhat uneasy
at the non-appearance of my natives, for though I had no doubt
of being able to find my way back, it would be difficult to find
them amidst such a chaos of rocky ground ; and I had neither
food nor water, and time under those circumstances would have been
a question of life or death. Mr. Coan, too, had said that it
would at the least take two, if not three days, to get back to
Kilauea ; however, I felt sure that I could see both craters that
day, and I had left Kilauea only the preceding morning, and
I felt that it was possible by aiming straight for it, to reach
it even without food or water by next night. Moreover, I had
said at Hilo that I would bring back word as to the speed with
which the lava was flowing, and it was of consequence that I
should do so, for from its rate of flow might be calculated the
probability of the continuation of the eruption, and the likelihood
of its reaching the town. Now, to do that, I saw that I must
walk on the surface of the cooled or partially cooled lavas till I
reached its centre, where large open gaps in the crust showed the
fiery flood beneath. They were a long way off, but I could know
them by the glare that tinged the dull mantle of smoke and steam
that rested on the lava, Besides my nerves were strung up, and,
Englishman-like, I did not wish to be beaten. I resolved to go on,
and, after I had done what I intended to do, then to go back as
nearly as I could to the place where I last saw my natives, and
I did not find them at once, not to delay, but to strike straight
back to Kilauea at daybreak. I followed up the course of the
eruption, keeping along its side. When I was within a mile or two
of the lower crater I saw by the glow a very large lake of fire in the
centre of the eruption, and determined there to make the attempt
to reach it. At that moment, the native who had been on the
mountain before, and whom I have called the guide, appeared,

129

to my great delight. I hailed him, and he rejoined me ; I pointed
out to him where I wented to go “‘ to see the fire.” He laconically
observed, ‘‘ You go there, you see plenty ‘ fire,’” and sat down. I
went on. The eruption was here about three miles broad. Scramb-
ling with great difticulty, sometimes through hot hollows, where I
could hardly breathe, and sometimes jumping or stepping over
fissures through which the fire was visible, I reached the object of
my aim, the central crag of a huge arch, overhanging a lake of fire ;
a place, in fact, where the surface crust had blown up or fallen in,
exposing the flood to view for some acres. The crag seemed solid,
and I reached it ; I was scorched and almost blinded by the glare ;
I was as it were standing on a bridge, under which a river of fire as
large as the Thames was slowly and smoothly rolling, that is, visibly
as large, for, in reality, it was fully three miles wide in its under-
ground flow as shown by the cooled surface, and I had
reached about the middle. I stood so perpendicularly above
the stream as to be able to drop a large mass of lava into
the fire, and though the glare was too great to enable me
to see distinctly, I thus satisfied myself that the flow was
moving at the rate of about three knots an hour; in fact,
that its rate of speed had sensibly diminished from the time
Mr. Coan had estimated it. I was well satisfied when I rejoined
my native, and we proceeded upwards to the lower crater together.
Leaving on our right several large abysses and pits, we arrived
there. The upper crust of the lava having cooled, the discharge
from the crater was not visible. Some dark fantastically shaped
rocks, some heaps of small stones, one of which, containing a
large proportion of sulphur, was burning most furiously with red and
blue flames, the whole surrounded by an ocean of partially cooled
lava; such was the lower crater. My native again very sensibly
sat down at a little distance ; I scrambled on as best I could, till
I reached one of the rocks forming the side of the crater, keeping
well to windward on account of the dense smoke. Lying down on
the warm stones, I attempted to Jook over, as it were, down a
gigantic chimney, to see into the boiling cauldron, which I heard
bubbling and seething. I got my head over the edge, and had
just time to see a long, broad, fissure, full of smoke, when I was
almost suffocated with smoke and sulphurous acid gas, the effects
of which I felt for some time afterwards, and thought myself
fortunate to escape in safety.

till ascending for about a mile or a mile-and-a-half over the same
chaotic confusion of loose scoriaceous rocks, torn and burst asunder,
and lava warm and steaming, some of it lying in loose, flat dabs
or flakes, as if it had been thrown hot into the air and fallen
with a splash, we reached the upper crater at a height of about
12,000 ft. from the sea, or somewhat more.

The upper crater was simply am irregular and imperfect basin,
of no great size, a hollow between two large mounds or hillocks
of small, loose stones, with an infinity of small steam and smoke
rents. Thence within it, and on the sides of the mounds, it sent up
volumes of red smoke, and partially ignited gases; in one
place, from asmall truncated cone, this was most apparent, the
exhalation rising like the panting puffs of a steam engine. No

J

130

doubt at night the inflamed gases would present the appearance of
a column of fire, but in the day-time, to one who had seen
what I had that day seen, the upper crater looked rather
curious than imposing. The great heat did not allow a nearer
approach than about forty yards’ distance.

Nothing now remained but to return to the two natives, who,
worn out and dispirited, had laid down about a mile and a half
away some 500ft. below the level of the craters, and there we slept.

Few living men, perhaps, have looked on sucha scene with such
surroundings as I did that night. The night was clear with us.
Over our heads spread the vault of heaven, starlit and moonlit ;
and all around, scarred and furrowed like an ancient world des-
troyed by fire, lay the great grey round face of Mauna Loa ; above
us its two craters sent up rolling volumes of lurid smoke. ‘To the
northward Mauna Kea reared its crest of snow into the moon-
beams, looking down nearly 14,000ft. upon the mingled gloom and
glare of the intervening valley, along which flowed the eruption,
running downwards to the forests, and burning its way through
them for miles and miles into the far distance by Hilo. To the
east and south, before us, the low dark woodlands fringing the
coast, slept in shadow with the sea beyond.

Solemnly grand and impressive it was, but it became sublime
when clouds gathered some thousand feet below us ; their upper
surface as we looked down on them, shining white in moonlight,
yet through which the lightning flashes played,and deepest thunders
reverberated—still we were in perfect calm—and over and beyond
the thunder storm I could look upon the glitter of the moon’s rays
on the placid sea—like Dante, with whose genius the scene so well
accorded—

** Di lontano
“*Conobbi il tremolar della marina.”

Such was my last night on Mauna Loa.

In the morning, rising at the first sign of dawn, very great
and sustained exertion, not without much suffering from thirst,
and with bleeding feet, brought us back long after nightfall to my
friend Stuart-Wortley, and to what seemed to us the comforts and
luxuries of the old grass hut above Kilauea.

131
ON SOME NEW TASMANIAN MARINE SHELLS.

[Seconp Srriegs. |
By THE Rey. J. E. Tentson-Woons, F.G.S., &c., Cor. Mr.
Roy. Soc. Tas., N. S. Wags, &c.

In the Proceedings of the Royal Society for last year
(1875), I published descriptions of 82 new marine shells
occurring in the Tasmanian seas. I have now to bring
under the notice of the Society an equal number which
have been derived from the following sources :—1st. From
Mr. Rovald Gunn, F.L.S., the eminent botanist, so long
connected with your Society, whose extensive collections,
extending over many years, were placed at my disposal for
description and type specimens of all presented to the
Museum. 2nd. From the collections made by Mr. W. F.
Petterd, during some years past, which were purchased by
a few gentlemen and presented to the Society, to which
also several new and rare species were added by the col-
lector. Mr. Petterd has proved himself to be an indus-
trious and most painstaking collector, who has not only
had singular advantages for observation in his extensive
travels, but has also been able to visit nearly all the Aus-
tralian museums in the course of his wanderings, and very
much enhance the value of his collections by comparison
with the types therein preserved. 3rd. From the Rev.
H. D. Atkinson, who has continued most successfully his
dredging operations and thus largely increased the know-
ledge of our fauna, as the following pages will show, .
amongst which are several genera new to the Southern
hemisphere, including the important discovery of a Scis-
surella, differing but little from the European S. crispata. .
4. From Mr. W. Legrand, who continues his zeal and
industry on behalf of conchological science, which already
owes much to him 5. From Mr. Augustus Simson, the
entomologist, whose duties unfortunately take him so far
from the coast that he cannot always render that valuable
assistance which his great industry and powers of observa-
tion would enable him to do. 6. From Mr. R. M. Johnston,
the geologist, of Launceston, who has presented two or
three interesting conchological novelties to the Museum, in
addition to his very large collection of fossils.

The shells hereafter described comprise rare and peculiar
forms, but not departing in any remarkable degree from
the molluscan character of the Australian seas as far as at

182

present known. Some of the smaller shells are not easily
distinguished from species occurring in the Eastern
Archipelago, Japanese, and EH. Australian seas, and no
doubt as dredging operations are pursued, these re-
semblances will be found still stronger. The number of
species especially of the smaller forms in Tasmania would
be surprising were it not remembered that it is almost a
warm sea, with many islands, an extensive coast line, and
an almost uninterrupted littoral connection with coral seas
within the tropics, and, we may add, almost with the
Indian Archipelago.

No. 1. Murex (preronotus) zonatus. M.t. subfusiformi trie-
lata, spira brevi, acuta, solidiuscula, alba, wna fascia badia zonata ;
anfr. 6, convexis (ult. spira valde superanti) costulis transversis rugosis
crebre cinctis ; nodo uno strenuo varicibus titerposito ; varicibus haud
latis, in 3 series contortas dispositis, continivis, compressis, infra sutwras
valde emarginatis et in spinam porrectis ; in superficie anteriore
crenato lamellosis, in cauda attenuatis ; ore late ovato ; canali postice
emarginato et antice canali longo aperto curvato instructo ; cauda lata,

apice levi, fjauce.edentata. Long. 133. Lat. 9. Long. apert canali
incluso 8. Lat. 3.

It is sufficient to say of this shell that it is a small white
species of the peculiar form of Murex common in South
Australia and formerly common in Europe, during the
earlier tertiary periods. It is distinguished by a conspicu-
ous broad brown zone on a white ground. ‘The three wing
like varices are not very much expanded. Flinders Island.
R. M. Johnston.

No. 2. Typuis arcuatus. Hinds. Voy. Sulphur. A small
specimen of this shell has been dredged from 10 fathoms
sand by Rev. H. D. Atkinson at Long Bay. It is paler than
the described species, smooth with rounded broad varices
which are bent back so as to become confluent with the tubes
which crown the whorls.

TROPHON Assisi. 1.8. Tt. ovato-fusiforme, griseo-olivacea ; anfr.
6, convexis, superne angulatis, eleganter costatis, et peculiariter longit.
crebre, tenuissime, lamelloso-striatis ; transversim spiraliter conspicue
liratis, liris alternantibus, sup. cost. transeuntibus ; sutura impressa ;
costis elevatis, angustis, in ult. anfr. 11; apertura ovata ; labro acuto,
tenui ; canali longo, obliquo, intus purpurascente. Long. i2. Lat.
5s. Long. canal. 33.

Shell ovately fusiform, greyish olive; whorls, 6, convex,
angular above, elegantly ribbed and peculiarly thickly striate
lengthwise, with very fine lamellose striz; transversely con-
spicuously lirate, lirg alternating, and passing over the ribs,
suture impressed; ribs elevated, narrow, 11 in last whorl,
aperture ovate, outer lip thin, acute, canal long oblique, purple
within.

188

In form resembling 7. paivice, Crosse, and T. hanleyi, Ang,
but easily distinguished by its long canal and peculiar lamel-
lose striations. N. Coast. W. F. Petterd.

No. 2. RaNELLA EpITREMA. 238. R.t. late ovata, albida, vel
pallidissime fulva, ad suturas conspicue profundeque canaliculata ;
anfr. 6, liratis et nodosis, liris magnis et parvis alternantibus, supra
varices transeuntibus ; nodis in spira costiformibus, in ult. anfr. 4
series transversalibus ; varicibus ad sutwras cwrvatis, mm seriem non
sequentibus sed aliquantulum a seipsis semotis ; apertura ovata; labro
conspicuo, marginato, intus dentato, labio reflexo ; canali obliquo breve
vic recurvo. Lat. 23. Lat. 16. Mil.

This very remarkable Ranella is distinguished by its deep
canaliculate suture which causes the varices to overlap in a
singular hooked manner. It does not appear to have any
living congeners in any way resembling it and none fossil.

No. 4. Mirra FRANCISCANA. 7.8. M.t. anguste ovata, swh-tur-
rita, solida, alba, late pallide castanea fasciata (ult. anfr. fasc. 2) viz
nitente—anfr. 7, declivis tenwiter convexis, spiraliter multi-liratis, liris
regularibus, subdistantibus, et costis obsoletis longitudinalibus decus-
satis—apertura spira vie equanti, anguste ovata, sutura bene impressa,
labro acuto, colwmella solida, oblique triplicata. Long. 20. Lat. 7.
Long apert. 9. Lat. 2. Mil.

Shell narrowly ovate, sub-turretted, solid, white, with a
broad pale chestnut band (two on last whorl) scarcely shining ;
whorls 7 sloping, slightly convex, spirally multi-lirate ; lire
regular, sub-distant, and decussate with obsolete longitudinal
ribs; aperture scarcely equalling the spire, narrowly ovate ;
suture well impressed, labrum acute, columella solid, obliquely
triplicate. Tamar Heads. W.F. Petterd. Obs. Agreeing
in form, size, and general habit with MW. badia and other
similar Australian forms, but differing in being strongly de-
cussate. Most of our Mitras are smooth.

No. 5. Mirra cranatina. 17.8. M.t. fusiformé-turrita, nitente,
castanea, pallide zonata; anfr. convexis, vie rotundatis, requlariter
costatis et sulcatis ; costis parvis, granosis, in ult. anfr. 18 ; interstitiis
cancellatis (i.e., transversim striatis, sulcatis, et longitudinaliter swb-
tillissimé striatis) ; apice sub-acuto ; spira ult. anfr. equanti; aper-
tura angusté pyriformi; labro arcuato, tenwi; columella triplicata,
solida. Long. 19, lat. 10. Long. apert. 12. Lat. 3} mil.

This unique specimen was in the collection of Mr. Ronald
Gunn who had obtained it from the North Coast. It was
labelled with the above name by W. Swainson and marked
with his initials, though I cannot find that he ever described
it. In shape it is not unlike our common Mitra, except that
the spire and last whorl are about of equal length. Its shin-
ing, almost enamelled appearance and close granulose fine ribs
distinguish it from all other l'asmanian forms.

No. 6. Marcine.ia sTanistas, ns. M.t. parva, elliptica, polita,

134

nitente, pellucida, alba, vel quadrizonata maculis fulvis varie in-
terruptis ; spira vie exserta, obtusa ; apertura angusta, antice latiore
et emarginata; columella antice oblique quadriplicata, labro vix in-
crassato. Long. 6, lat. 22 mil.

Shell small, elliptical, polishec, shining, pellucid white or
marked with four zones of variously interrupted brown spots,
spire scarcely exserted, obtuse, aperture narrow, wider and
emarginate anteriorly, columella obliquely quadruplicate, lip
scarcely thickened. Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd and
Legrand. The zones of color and absence of any determinate
spire and the thin lip distinguish this shell.

No. 7. Conus carmeti. ns. O.t. oblongo-rhombiformi, tenwi,
nitente, alba, wna linea pallide rufo maculata zonata; anfr.
temuter spiral. liratis, liris acutis, interstitiis long. striatis; spira
brevt ad sutwras canaliculatis et liratis; 2 ult. anfr. tuberculato
coronatis ; nucleo manmilato, apertura lineari, labro acutissimo.
Long. 22, lat. 9.

Shell oblong, rhombiform, thin, shining, white, zoned with
one pale red spotted line; whorls 8, finely spirally lirate ;
liree acute, interstices striate lengthwise ; spire short, canali-
culate and lirate at the sutures, two last whorls tuberculately
coronate ; nucleus mammilated, aperture linear, labrum very
acute. North coast. W. F. Petterd.

Conus rasmanicus. Mihi (vide Proc. 1875). This name being
preoccupied by Sowerby I propose the name C. macleayana for
my species as a slight acknowledgment of the great services
rendered to natural science in Australia by the learned Presi-
dent of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.

No. 8. CoLUMBELLA XAVIFRANA. 1.8. C.t. elongato fusiformi
turrita, spira quam apertura longiore, conica, apice acuto, levi, polita,
“strigis obliquiis, albis, et castaneis latis et wndulosis eleganter
variegata; sutura subcanaliculata; anfr. 8, planatis; apertura
ovata, labro crasso, labio inconspicuo ; columella conspicue striata.
Long. 12, lat. 4 mil.

A rather long smooth shell, conspicuously flamed with un-
dulating chestnut longitudinal broad lines of color which under
the lens are sometimes seen to be flecked with white. The
genus is, however, so variable in the matter of color that it
may be only a variety of some already described. N. coast.
W. F. Petterd.

No. 9. CoLUMBELLA MILTOSTOMA. 1.8. OC. t. parva, ovata, spira,
conica acuta, levi, nitente, alba; anfr. 6, planatis, ultimo twmido ;
sutura obsolete marginata; apertura spira equanti, ovata, eleganter
rufo marginata; labro incrassato intus conspicue dentato ; labio
reflexo, tuberculato ; columella spiraliter striata, striis 4, ad labrum
posticum pertin gentibus. Long. 6, lat. 33.

A small white smooth tumid species easily distinguished by

135

its mouth, which is delicately margined with red. The labrum
is thickened and conspicuously toothed within. N. coast. W.
F. Petterd.

No. 10, ANcrttARIA MARGINATA. Var-tasmanica. A.t. ovato-
fusiformi, solida, spira pyramidali, quam apertura breviore, obtecta,
spiraliter bicarinata, undique alba, anfr. ventricosis, balteo calloso
albo superne marginatis: ultimo anfr. antice balteis sic compositis
ornato—primo 2 striis wequidistantibus spiralibus, deinde varice
crasso, lato, rotundato, deinde balteo, lato, planato, tandem 4-5 plicis
spiralibas ; labio sub-acuto, tenwi ; labro postice calloso ; apertwra lata,
basi late emarginata. Long. 40, lat. 19. Apert. long. 24, lat. 9.

This species is a smaller white variety of 4. marginata, Lam.,
at least so it appears to me, fur the forms closely resemble
each other. In Sowerby’s Thes. Con. Ancil., pl. 3, fig. 47, the
above variety appears to be figured. King’s Island, Bass’
Strait, and Circular Head. W. F. Petterd.

No. 11. CoMINELLA TENUICOSTATA. ns. C.t. tenwi, ovata,
acuta, subturrita, longitudinaliter confertim plicato-costata, liris
minutis confertissimis equidistantibus cincta; pallide lutea, maculis
fulvis plus minusve nebulosa ; anfr. 7, converis, superné subanqulatis,
declivis ; ultimo circiter 3 totius teste wquante ; costis latis, subdeclivis,
in ult. anfr. 14-16, levibus, aut viv liratis, interstitiis cequantibus ;
apice naticiforme, (2 vel. 24 anfr.); sutura sat impressa ; cauda brevi,
truncata, labro acuto, paulatim expanso, columella concava, planata,
et retro spiraliter sulcata, apertura late ovata. Long. 21, lat. 11.

A somewhat turretted, very closely ribbed shell with fine
spiral strize very distinct in the interstices, of yellow color and
light brown cloudy spots. It has only as yet been found at
Eagle Hawk Neck, and was placed in my hands by Mr. W.
Legrand.

No. 12. Purpura Propinqua. ns. P.t. “‘P. littorinoides”
simillimi, sed major et crassior, magis depressa, late ovata, apice
semper decollata ; anfr. 4, ad angulum wnicarinatis, spiraliter, 6-cos-
tatis, costis lamellosis interstitiis paulo superantibus ; spatio inter
carinam et sutwram oblique corrugato striato; ult. anf. indistincte
plicato, fauce fulva. Long. 18, lat. 8, mil.

This shell so closely resembles my P. littorinoides, that no
better description can be given than to say that it is broader,
shorter, with fewer whorls, and the spiral lire become six
stout corrugated ribs with a corrugated one at the angle.
The aperture is fulvous. It is intermediate between the species
just mentioned, and Mr. Angas’s P. flindersii of Spencer’s
Gulf, South Australia. The differenee may be due to climate.
Iam not aware if P. littorinoides is found on the N. coast.
Future observers must solve the question of the specific dis-
tinction of these three shells which are different enough at
their various stations, many hundred miles apart, but may.

136

possibly graduate one into another as they are traced north
or south.*

North West Coast extremely abundant on the rocks at low
water. W. F. Petterd.

No. 13. PLEUROTOMA PHILIPINERI. 1 s. P.t. elongato-ovata, turrita,
solidiuscula, nitente, pallide caustanea, ad suturas fulvo punctata ;
spira conica, quam apertura paulo longiore ; anfr. 9, convexis, declivis
superne angulatis et canaliculatis, ad angulum et sutwram graniosis,
undique spiraliter liratis et long. tenuissime striatis, liris latis, rotwn-
datis; interstitiis 2-3 lirulis instructis; apice acuto nucleo levi
rotundato ; apertura late ovata, labro acuto, sinuato, profundo ; labio
refleco, albo; fauce polita ; canali brevi, vix recurvo. Granis ad angul.
latis. nwmerosis. Long. 34, lat. 15. Long. apert. 15, lat. 8 mil.

Shell elongately fusiform, ovate, turretted, rather solid,
shining, pale chestnut, at the suture dotted fulvous; spire
conical a little longer than the aperture; whorls 9, convex,
sloping, angular above and canaliculate, granular at the angle
and sutures ; spirally lirate and very finely striate lengthwise
all over the test ; liree broad, rounded; interstices furnished
with 2 or 3 lirule; apex acute, nucleus smooth rounded ;
aperture widely ovate, labrum acute, sinus broad and deep, lip
reflected, white, throat polished, canal short, scarcely recurved.
The granules at the angle wide and numerous. N. W. Coast.
W. F. Petterd. Obs. A very large species closely allied to
many of our tertiary forms.

No. 14. Dritiia 1ncrusta. ns. D.t. parva, fusiforme-twrrita, ~

angusta, solida, badia? (alba fere widique incrusta) anfr. 7, convexis,
carinatis et costatis; costis 8-9 latis, rotundatis, elevatis ; carinis 2-3,
(ult anfr. 7-8) supra cost. transeuntibus ; interstitiis spiraliter sub-
tillissime concinne striatis; apertura { long. teste, angusta; labro
extus varicoso, marginem versus acuto ; simu omnino postico, conspicno,
Long. 7, lat. 3 mil.

Shell small, fusiformly turretted, narrow, solid brown?
(almost always encrusted with white), whorls 7, convex, keeled
and ribbed; ribs 8 to 9 broad, rounded raised; keels 2-3 (in
the last whorl 8-9 passing over the ribs; interstices, spirally
very finely and neatly striate ; aperture } the length of the
shell, narrow; outer lip varicose outside but acute towards
the margin ; sinus entirely posterior and conspicuous. Black-
man’s Bay and N. Coast. W. F. Petterd.

No. 15. Drinuia minuta. as. D.t. minuta, fusiforme turrita,
elongata, tenwi, rufo-castanea saturata ; anfr. 6, (apice incluso) con-
vexis, spiraliter multi-carinatis, inter carin, tenwiter crebre longitud.
liratis; apice (2 anfr.) suwbinflato, spiraliter cequaliter striato;

* Since writing the above I have found P. littorinoides in Port Phillip,
Western Port, Apollo Bay, Loutit Bay, all in Victoria. Some specimens
had a Nassa-like mouth, that is, teeth on the outer lip. I think a new genus
should be erected for the species.

137 ‘

apertura quam spiva breviore, elongato-ovata, labo tenwi, sinuato ;
labio inconspicuo, canali brevi. Long. 3, lat. 1 mil.

Shell minute, fusiform, turretted, elongate, thin, saturated
a reddish chestnut, whorls including the apex 6, convex,
spirally many keeled, between the keels thickly and slenderly
longitudinally lirate; apex of two subinflated whorls which are
spirally and equally striate; aperture shorter than the spire,
elongately ovate, outer lip thin sinuous, inner lip incon-
spicuous. Long Bay. Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

No. 16. Driviia wWetpiana. ns. D.t. pyramidate-fusiforme,
turrita, spira quam apertura longiore, crassa, polita, late fulvo zonata
et nebulosa; anfr. 7, crebre oblique costatis et subtillissime cancellatis ;
costis superne per sinum depressis; apice acuto, apertura anguste
ovata ; postice tuberculo albo conspicuo, insignito, labro extus valde
incrassato, labio reflexo, canali breve, acuto, colwmella retro oblique
lirata. Long. 25, lat. 10 mil. North coast. W. F. Petterd.
Only one specimen found.

Shell pyramidal, fusiform, turretted, spire longer than the
aperture, thick, polished, broadly zoned and clouded with
brown, whorls 7, closely, obliquely ribbed and very finely can-
cellate, ribs depressed above by the sinus, apex acute, aper-
- ture narrowly ovate and distinguished by a conspicuous pos-
terior white tubercle, outer lip very much thickened outside;
lip reflected, canal short, acute, columella obliquely lirate
behind.

This somewhat large and peculiar Drillia is remotely allied
to Pleurotoma fucata, Reeve, the habitat of which he does not

lve.

No. 17. Mancenia st. Gatte. ns: M.t. parva, elongato-
fusiformi, turrita, pallide fulva, eleganter albo fasciata ; anfr. 9, con-
vexis, superne angulatis, regulariter long. costatis, costis elevatis,
distantibus (ult. anf. 9); in spira bicarinatis, et lineis confertissimis
sup. cost. transeunt. concinne wter carinas spiraliter striatis; apice
levi (3 anfr.) rotundato ; apertura spira vie equanti, ovata, labro
evi, sim postico, lato; columella retro oblique striata. Long. 7,
at. 24.

Var? BENEDICTI. Sine carinis, striis et fasciis albis irregulariter
eincta brevior et solidior.

Shell small, elongately fusiform, turretted, pale fulvous,
elegantly banded with white; whorls 9, convex, angular
above, regularly ribbed lengthwise, with raised distant ribs,
9 in last whorl; bicarinate in the spire, and _ spirally
striate between the keels, with very close, neat lines, which
pass over the ribs; apex smooth and rounded, of 8 whorls,
aperture scarcely equalling the spire, ovate, lip acute with a
posterior broad sinus, columella obliquely striate bebind.
Variety? 2. benedicti, without keels, but irregularly
girdled with strie and white bands. Long Bay, Rev. H. D.
Atkinson ; N,W. Coast, W. F. Petterd.

138

No. 18. MANGELIA DE SALESII. 1.8. M.t. parva, elongato-fusiformi
turrita, albida, pallide lutea et irreguiaritar, albo et fulvo zonata,
solida ; anfr. nucleo incluso 7, convexis oblique eleganter crebre costatis
et creberrime spiraliter liratis ; costis in ult. anfr. 14, rotundatis subele-
vatis; liris parvis, distantib. subelevatis, regular. swp. cost. trans. ;
apice 2 anfr. levi, elongato ; sutwra profunda ; aper twra i long. teste,
ovata, labro incrassato, intus conspicue dentato, sinu lato, conspicno,
postico ; canali longiusculo; columella inconspicua, retro fulvo in-
tensiore et crebre oblique lirata. Long. 7, lat. 3.

Shell small, elongately fusiform, turretted, whitish, pale
yellow, and irregularly zoned, with ‘white and fulvous, solid ;
whorls, including the nucletis 7, convex, elegantly thickly
obliquely ribbed, and thickly spirally lirate; ribs in last
whorl 14, rovnded, subelevate; liree small, distant, subelevate,
regular, passing over the ribs; apex of two whorls, smooth,
elongate ; suture deep; aperture + length of shell, ovate, lip
thickened, conspicuously dentate within; sinus broad, con-
spicuous, posterior; canal somewhat long; columella incon-
spicuous, a more intense fulvous behind, and thickly obliquely
lirate. Long Bay, 5 fathoms, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Obs.
Distinguished by its stouter habit, closer ribs, regular trans-
verse lirze, and toothed outer lip. Two specimens, one a dead
shell with the lire somewhat irregular. Also Islands, Bass

traits, Petterd.

No. 19. DAPHNELLA TASMANICA. 17.8. D.t. parva, twmide ovata,
albida ? tenwi, opaca; anfr. 6, convexis, subangulatis, concinne cari-
natis, cariiis parvis rotundatis, elevatis, et liris regular. distant. parvis
eleganter cancellatis ; carinis wit. anfr. alternantibus ; sutwra profunde
impressa ; apice obtuso, cancellato ; apertura late ovata : labro tenui,
postice profunde sinuato ; ; labio inconspicuo, columella longa, contorta,
canali breviore. Long. 6, lat. 3.

Shell small, tumidly ovate, whitish, thin opaque, whorls 6,
convex, subangulate, neatly keeled, keels small, rounded,
elevated; and elegantly cancellate, with regular distant small
lire; keelsinthe last whorl alternating; suturedeeply impressed,
apex obtuse, cancellate, aperture widely ovate, labrum thin,
deeply sinuated posteriorly ; lip inconspicucus, columella long,
twisted, canal somewhat short. ong Bay, Rev. H. D.
Atkinson ; and Blackman’s Bay, Petterd.

No. 20. DaPHNELLA vaRIx. 1.8. D.t. ovata, utrimque attenuata,
solida, partim translucida, alba, castanea pallidissime nebulosa , polita ;
anfr. 6, converis, in spira regular. costatis, costis nwmerosis,
obliquiis, nitentibus.; interstitiis regular. et distant. striatis, striis
latis swp. cost. non trans. ; ult. anfr. valde longiore, obsolete tantum
costato sed valide striato; spira obtusa, apice depresso; apertura
elongata, ovata, utrimque acuta; labro “incrassato, varicoso, extus
pallidissime lutea postice inconspicue simuato, columella arcuata,
antice attenuata. Long. 13, lat. 6. Long. aper. 74, lat.2. Long.
ult. anf. 10.

a ae -

139

Shell ovate, attenuate each way, solid, partly translucent,
white, clouded with very pale chesnut, polished ; whorls 6,
convex, regularly ribbed in the spire, ribs numerous, oblique,
shining ; interstices regularly and distantly striate, strize
broad, not passing over the ribs; last whorl much longer
than the others, only obsoletely ribbed, but validly striate,
spire obtuse, apex depressed, aperture elongate, ovate, acute
each way; labrum thickened, varicose, very pale yellow out-
side, sinus posterior, inconspicuous, columella arcuate, attenu-
ate, anteriorly. ‘Tamar Heads, R. M. Johnston. Obs.
A single specimen somewhat worn. Much the appearance of
a Marginella seen from behind.

No. 21. SrpHONALIA CASTANEA. 1.8. S.t. parva, elongato fusi-
formi, turrita, levi, nitente, castanea saturata et obscure badia zonata ;
anfr. 7, convexis, declivis, conspicue costatis (ult. anfr. 7) costis
altis, latis, medio convexis, levibus, in spir. continuis lineis subobliquiis ;
sutura impressa; apertura 4 long. teste; labro svmplici, canali
brevi obliquo, labio reflexco, colwmella antice canaliculata. Long. 11,
lat. 4.

Shell small, elongately fusiform, turretted, smooth, shining,
saturated with chestnut colour, and obscurely zoned with
brown; whorls 7, convex, sloping, conspicuously ribbed, ribs
7 in last whorl, high, bruad, convex in the middle, smooth,
continuous in a sub-oblique line along the spire; suture im-
pressed ; aperture } length ofshell ; labrum simple ; canal short
oblique ; lip reflected ; columella anteriorly canaliculate. N.W.
Coast, W. F. Petterd. Smaller, and more turretted than any
of the four described Australian and Tasmanian species,
Color, a uniform deep chestnut, on which the zone of brown
is not easily seen.

No. 22. SrPHONALIA PULCHRA 17.8. SS. parva, subpellucida,
albida, nitente ; fusiforme-turrita ; anfr. 8 superne obtuse angulatis,
convexis, declivis, erebre eleganter costatis (costis ult. anfr. 18) inter-
stitiis equantib. et requlariter liris clathratis ; liris parvis, validis ad
sutur. parviorib., swpra. cost. transeuntib; sutwra bene impressa et
linea castanea lata ornata; apert. quam spira breviori, ovata; labro-
tenui, simplict ; colwmella contorta; basi concava, lirata, castanea ;
canali subelongato, antice fulvo tincto, apice subinflato levi. Long. 7,
lat. 34 mil.

Shell small, subpellucid, whitish, shining, fusiformly tur-
retted; whorls 8, cbtusely angular above, convex sloping,
closely and elegantly ribbed; ribs in last whorl 18, equal-
ling the interstices, and regularly latticed with lire, liree small
valid, smaller at the sutures, passing over the ribs; suture
well impressed, ornamented with a broad chestnut line;
aperture shorter than the spire, ovate, outer lip thin, simple,
culumella twisted; base concave, lirate, chestnut; canal
subelongate, anteriorly tinted fulvous brown, subinflated and

140

smooth. <A very elegant species. Chappell Island, Bass
Strait. Legrand.

No. 23. CERITHIOPSIS ALBOSUTURA. 1.8. C.t. elongata, pyramt-
dali, carinata, badia saturata, marginibus spire planatis, suturis

impressiis, marginatis, et peculiariter albo lineatis, quasi lanugeris ; -

anfrac. 9; nucl ? (decollatis) radiatim creberrimé liratis ; liris minutis,
inter carinulis tantwm et supra non transeuntibus ; carinis tribus,
spiralibus, levibus, rotundatis, haud extantibus, supra paulo pullidi-
oribus, interstitiis equalibus, concavis; basi vie concava, radiatim et
undulatim suleata; colwmella recta, spiraliter retro plicata ; canal
brevi, aperto; labro tenui, tenwiter undulato. Long. 12, lat. 24 mil.
Islands in Bass’ Straits. W. F. Petterd.

There is a tricarinate dark brown species of this genus in
the West Indies, C. terebellum, C. B. Adams ; and one from the
Mediterranean, C. trilineatum, Phil., which resemble the above
very closely. Considering what we have learnt from deep sea
dredging as to the wide range of species, these three may
possibly be the same. C- trilineatum is a little swollen on the
spire. The special peculiarity of this species is the white
suture which is more like a white cottony incrustation than a
coloring of the substance of the shell, and this appearance
occurs at intervals in the interstices between the keels.

No. 24. 'TURRITELLATASMANICA, 7.8. Tt. parva, acuminato turrita,
alba tenui; anfr. 11, angulatis, carinatis et subtillissime valde sinuoso-

striatis ; carinis precipuis, 2, sed parvioribus instructis ; interstitiis striis
spiralibus, tenuibus equidistantibus cinctis ; basi convexa, spiraliter lirata,
apertura quadrata ; columella alba, encausta. bene definita. Long. 138.
lat. 4, mil.
Shell small, acuminate, turretted, white thin; whorls 11,
angulate and keeled, and with very fine widely sinuated
striz ; principal keels 2, but furnished with smaller ones, the
interstices girdled with fine equidistant spiral striz; base
convex, spirally lirate, aperture quadrate, columella white,
enamelled, and well-defined. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkin-
son. Obs. Differing from Z. sinuata, Reeve (Icon. pl. IL.
_ fig. 62), in the whorls and prominent keels besides being
smaller and destitute of color. I suppose that the mouth is
sinuous from the strie, but no specimen witha perfect labrum
has been seen by me.

No. 25, DENTALIUM TASMANIENSIS. 7.8. D.t. parva, solida, alba.
gracile, lente crescenti, vix curvata, cequaliter 8 costata, interstitiis
aliquando subcostatis, apice integro. Long. 103, lat. 14. Lat. apicis
4 mil. North West coast. W. F. Petterd.

This is a gracefully tapering ‘shell, curved slightly, with
valid ribs and often smaller ones in the interstices.

No. 26. DENTALIUM WELDIANA. 7.8. D.t. parva, subcylindrica,
nitente, albida, subpellucida, viv curvata, obsolete cequaliter costata, apice

integro. Long. 10 (decol/), lat. 14. Lat. apicis 1. North Coast. W.
F. Petterd.

ee
———

SS eee

141

An almost cylindrical shell, sub-pellucid and shining with
obsolete ribs.

No. 27. PHASIANELLA PULCHELLA. 2.8. P.t. minuta, tumide ovata,
apertura quam spira longiore, levi, nitente, polita, intense olivacea, Lineis
tenuibus, distantibus, regularib. maculatis cincta, et flamulis latis albis,
castanea nebulosis a suturis procedentibus ornata ; apertura late ovata,
labro tenui ; columella alba, conspicue linea olivacea, maculata, marginata ;
basi convexa, punctis lineata operculo ceruleo albo, extus levi, nitente,tumide
conveco. Long. 34, lat. 2 mil.

Shell minute, tumidly ovate, aperture longer than the spire,
smooth, shining, polished, intense olive with girdles of fine
regular distant spotted white lines, and ornamented with
broad flames of clouded chestnut proceeding from the sutures,
aperture broadly ovate, lip thin, columella white conspicuously
margined with a spotted olive line ; base convex with punctate
lines; operculum bluish white, smooth shining and tumidly
convex outside. Long Bay, 3 fathoms, sand. Rev. H. D.
Atkinson. Two specimens of this elegant species were found,
in both of which the operculum was in situ. The coloring was
constant, but in all the genus this varies almost infinitely.
There isa small species described by Angas, P. rosea, which is
rose red. Still, the above may possibly be a variety.

TuRBO (NINELLA) stRamINnA. Jartyn. A smal! variety
of this shell was found by Mr. Gunn on the N. Coast. As
the species is known to vary very much, and is thus identified
with ZT. torguatus, Gmel. and T. lamellosus, Brod , I may men-
tion that Tasmanian specimens are small, and vary from all
the above types. There is a strong rounded keel on the lower
whorls which are black spotted; the mouth is slightly
angular at the keels, the summit of the whorl tuberculate and
the suture channelled. Diam. 20 Alt. 17,mil. The oper-
culum has two spiral ridges, not unlike the convolutions of
the human ear.

No. 28. Turso (LuNELLA) Smumsonr. 7.8. Zt. parva, turbinata,
solidiuscula, anguste umbilicata, superne depressa, basi convera, olivacea,
strigis nigris rufisque numerosis radiatim variegata ; anfr. 4, ad suturas
conspicue jimbriatis, transversimn tenuissime confertissineque striatis ; anfr.
ult. medio late planato, carinato, superne fimbriato, ad peripheriam acute
angulaio ; apertura votundata, fauce argentea, margaritacea, labio acuto,
triangulato, anguste cereuleo marginato; columella alba, planata, et
subtuberculata, antice acuta ; operculo calcareo, albo interne planato et
regulariter, multispirale, extus valde convexo in medio, margine planato.
Long. 9, lat. 12 mil.

This shell is closely allied to our Z. wadulatus, Chem., but
is much smaller, and has hitherto been confounded with it.
Its smaller size, the red and black flammules, and the peculiar
raised rounded carina on the upper edge of the last whorl
which continues round the suture as a kind of hem, easily
distinguish it. IfI mistake not I have found it myself in

142

Robe., South Australia, and then imagined it to be the young
of T. undulatus. I am now of opinion it is a full grown shell
from specimens brought to me by my industrious friend and
collector, Augustus Simson, to whom I have dedicated it.
Common at George’s Bay Heads, A. Simson; and Blackman’s
Bay, W. F. Petterd.

No.29. CARINIDEA TASMANICA. 7.8. U.t. parva, orbiculata,valdedepressa,
anguste, umbilicata, tenui, sordide virente, aliquando albida nitente sed
sepius rosea incrusta ; anfr. 5, obsolete oblique costatis et striatis, ad periph.
conspicue carinatis, carina acuta, undulosa, irregulariter dentata ; apert.
circulari, fauce margaritacea, labio medio acute sinuato, labro arcuato
conspicue reflexo, umbilico partim obtegente, basi conveaa tuberculis obsolete
ornata. Operculo calearco, extus spirale albo nucleo castaneo ; ult. anfr.
convexo incrassato. Mag. diam. 8, min, 7, alt. 4.

Shell small, orbicular greatly depressed, narrowly um-
bilicate, thin, sordidly green, sometimes whitish shining, but
often encrusted with a rose coloured nullipore, whorls five
obsoletely obliquely ribbed and striate, conspicuously keeled
at the periphery, keel acute, undulose, irregularly toothed,
aperture circular, throat pearly, lip acutely sinuate in the
middle, inner lip arcuate, conspicuously reflected, partly
covering the umbilicus, base convex ornamented with obsolete
tubercles, operculum calcareous, spiral outside white, with a
chestnut nucleus, and the last whorl convex and thickened.
Common on the east and south coasts, and probably South
Australia. I have always hitherto regarded this as a young
variety of Zrochus aureus, Jonas (Labio), but the form is so
constant and so very distinct that I have decided on des-
cribing it a distinct shell. Careful observations on its
erowth can alone settle its position finally. The operculum
is nearly always in situ.

No. 30. GIBBULA MULTICARINATA. 7.8. Gt. parva, orbiculata, sub-
depressa, solida, nitente, pallide castanea, fulvo punctata et nebulosa ;
anfr. 4, carinatis et liratis, (carinis in ult. anfr. 4); interstitiis liratis ;
carina ad peripheriam majuseula ; ad suturam granosa et regulariter
Sulvo punctata ; apice albo, levi ; basi convexa, subdistanter lirata ; umbilico
spiraliter striato, albo marginato ; apertura subquadrata ; labro producto,
tenui ; columella crassiuscula, obsolete tuberculata. Maj. diam. 8, min. 6,
alt. 54 mil.

A small orbicular, depressed solid shell, shining and pale
chestnut in colour, but more or less spotted and clouded with
brown ; whorls four, keeled and lirate (four keels in the last
whorl) ; interstices lirate; keel at the periphery somewhat
larger; granular and regularly brown spotted at the suture ;
apex white, smooth; base convex, rather distantly lirate;
umbilicus spirally striate with a white margin; aperture sub-
quadrate ; outer lip produced, thin; columella rather thick

and obsoletely tuberculate. N. W. Coast. R. Gunn. Differing

143

from G. coi, in its smaller size, smooth shining habit and
colour.

No. 31. GrepuLa poLorosa. xs. Gt. parva, turbinato-conoidea,
solida, lirata, subnitente, atro-purpurea, apice margaritace, rosea; anfr.
4-5, convexiusculis, liris latis, rotundatis, wequalibus cinctis, et transversim
oblique obsolete, striis incrementi decussatis ; basi convexa, lirata, purpurea ;
umbilico angusto, perpendiculariter striato ; apertura rotundata, splendidé
iridescenti ; intus lirata ; columella marginata. Diam. maj. et alt. 7.

A somewhat tumidly conical small solid shell, umbilicate
and lirate, speeially distinguished by its blackish purple hue,
while the apex is pearly and rose colour. The mouth is
splendidly iridescent, and the columella is marginate. Bass’
Straits. W.H. Petterd. Rare.

No. 32. GrppuLA WELDIT. 27.8. Git. parva, depresso-turbinata, car-
inata, sub-late umbilicata, solida, nitente, albida, lineis obliquis tenuibus et
maculis fulvis eleganter ornata; anfr. 5, quadratis, superne et infra
carinatis, carinis rotundatis, clevatis, maculis fulvis conspicuis, undique
(carinis exceptis et ult. anf. inter carinas ) liratis ; apice obtuso basi planata,
striata, lineis roseis radiata ; apertura rotundata, peristoma continua
incrassata ; columella arcuata, conspicua, umbilico marginato, margine
alba, et intus liris spiralibus et cequalibus insignito. Long. 7, lat. 64,
alt. 6.

A small depressedly turbinate shell, white shining and
porcellanous, keeled and lirate throughout except on the
keels and on the last whorl between them. It is prettily
marked with brown spots on the keels and fine diagonal lines
of the same colour on the whorls; on the base, which is lirate,
it is radiately marked with fine rose lines. The umbilicus is
white margined and spirally lirate. Rare. Bass’ Straits.
R. C. Gunn.

This shell may turn out to be G. porcellana. A. Adams,
Zool. Proc. 1851, p. 186, sp. 28, but I had no specimens of the

latter for comparison.

No. 33. MARGARITA (MINOLIA) TASMANICA. J/.t. orbiculato turbinata
late et perspective umbilicata, pallide rufa et nebulis albis variegata, insuper
maculis roseis, minimis, angulatis indistincte cincta ; anfr. 5 rotundatis,
rapide crescentibus, creberrime tenuissimeque transversim sulcatis, et long.
oblique striatis ; apice subexserto, acuto ; peripheria obtuse angulata ; basi
converiuscula, striata; umbilico simplici, peramplo, spira ad apicem
patefaciente ; apertura rotundata ; peristoma viv continua tenui. Maj.
diam. 9, min. 8, alt. 5.

Shell orbicularly turbinate, widely and perspectively um-
bilicate, clouded with pale red and white, and indistinctly
zoned with small pale angular rose spots; whorls 5, rounded,
rapidly increasing, thickly and finely spirally grooved, and
transversely obliquely striate ; apex somewhat exserted and
acute, periphery obtusely angulate ; base rather convex, striate,
umbilicus simple, ample, showing the interior of the spire +o
the apex, aperture rounded, peristome thin and not quite con-

144

tinuous. Bass’ Straits, R. Gunn. Long Bay, Rev. H. D.
Atkinson Not common.

There is a shell somewhat like this in Dr. Cox’s collection
marked MM. pulcherrima, but without any reference. It differs
from Jf. tasmanica by the raised lire being connected by
innumerable fine close transverse riblets. It comes nearest to
the New Sonth Wales If. angulata, Adams, of which it may
possibly be only a variety, but the upper part of the whorls
are not angular. Color cannot be relied on as it is very
variable in the genus.

No. 34. CLANCULUS DOMINICANA. 7.8. C.t. parva, depressa turbinata,
late umbilicata, solidiuscula, atro-badia obscure maculata et nebulosa ;
anfr. 6, convexiusculis, 5 earinis granosis cinctis, interstitiis liratis, oblique
crebre concinne striatis, striis supra liras (non gran. ) transeuntib. ; apertura
oblique quadrata ; labro intus incrassato, fauce margaritacea, columella
obsolete unidentato, sub-reflexo ; umbilico albo, levi ; basi planata, spiral.
lirata, liris levibus. Maj. diam. 10, min. §, alt. 74 mil.

Shell small, depressed, turbinate, broadly umbilicate, rather
solid, bluish brown and obscurely spotted and clouded ;
whorls 6, rather convex, obliquely, thickly, and neatly striate,
strice passing over the lire but not over the granules, aperture
obliquely quadrate, lip thickened within, throat pearly,
columella obsoletely unidentate subreflected, umbilicus white,
smooth; base flattened spirally and smoothly lirate. South
coast. Rare. W.F. Petterd. Differs from known species in
the smoothly lirate base and the absence of tubercles round the
lip, columella or umbilicus.

No. 35. CLANCULUS RAPHAELI. 7.8. (Ct. parva, depresso conica, soli-
diuscula, atro-olivacea, ad suturas autem albo tessellata; anfr. 4-5,
planatis, liris spiralibus, irregularibus, granulosis cinctis, aliquando
alternantibus, aliquando lineis granulosis, minutissimis, intercalantibus ;
granis in margin. anfr. majoribus ; undique lineis obliquiis transversalibus
instructis ; ult. anfr. ad peripheriam sub acute angulato ; sutura canali-
culata ; basi planata, “ineis granulosis spiralibus et striis obliquiis ornata ;
umbilico albo ; apertura quadrata, argentea, margaritacea, conspicue
lirata, columella lata, antice conspicue tuberculato, labro dentato. Maj.
diam. 6, min. 53, alt. 6.

Shell small, depressedly conical, rather solid, blackish olive
but tessellated with white at the sutures; whorls 4-5 flattened,
girdled witb irregular spiral granulose lire, sometimes alter-
nating and sometimes with minute granulose lines intervening ;
granules larger at the margins; shell universally covered
with minute transverse oblique lines, last whorl sub-acutely
angular at the periphery; suture canaliculate, base flattened
ornameuted with spiral granulose lines and oblique striz.
George’s Bay, Simson; and Long Bay, W. F. Petterd.

No. 36. CLANcULUS ANGELI. 2.8. C.t. parva, turbinata, depressd,
orbiculari, solidiuscula, sordide alba et rufo nebuloso, undique irregulariter
carinata, interstitiis tenut irregulariter concinne oblique liratis et peculiariter

145

punctatis ; carinis majoribus levibus vel obsolete qranosis ; anfr. 5, con-
vexis, ult. obtuse angulato, basi plana vel leviter convexa, spiral. lirata,
liris equalibus et badia punctatis ; interstitiis transversim concinne striatis ;
apertura subquadrata, labro crebre dentato, fauce intus conspicue lirata ;
columella obtuse unidentata, margine umbilici requlariter tuberculato
tuberculis, granosis rotundatis. Maj. diam. 6 min. 54. Alt. 5 mil.

Shell small, turbinate, depressed, orbicular, rather solid,
sordid white and clouded red, irregularly keeled all over, with
the interstices finely, irregularly, neatly, obliquely lirate, and
peculiarly punctate ; larger keels smooth or obsoletely
granular ; whorls 5, convex, last obtusely angular ; base flat or
slightly convex, and spirally lirate with equal lire and spotted
brown, interstices transversely neatly striate; aperture sub-
quadrate, lip closely dentate, throat conspicuously lirate,
columella obtusely unidentate, margin of the umbilicus re-
gularly turberculate with rounded granular tubercles. Lon
Bay, 10 fathoms, sand, Rev. H. D. Atkinson ; Blackman’s
Bay, W. F. Petterd.

No. 37. Drtoma AustTRALis. 2.8. D.t. oblique turbinata, subconica,
ad peripheriam obtuse angulata, pallide lutea et lineis pallide fulvis,
numerosis, undulose obliquis variegata, subnitente, anguste umbilicata ;

_ anfr. 6, vix convexis, obsolete liratis, apertura oblique quadrata ; jauce

argentea, margaritacea ; labro intus incrassato, margine lato conspicuo,
postice producto ; columella oblique arcuata, haud tuberculata ; basi
tantillum convexa, tenuiter et requlariter spiraliter lirata ; umbilico albo,
radiatim striato. Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, alt. 13.

Shell obliquely conical and turbinate, obtusely angled at
the periphery, pale yellow and variegated with numerous pale
brown undulating and oblique lines, somewhat shining,
narrowly umbilicate ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, obsoletely
lirate; aperture obliquely quadrate ; throat silvery and
pearly ; lip thickened within with a broad conspicuous margin
posteriorly produced ; columella obliquely arcuate, not tuber-
culate; base very slightly convex, finely and regularly spirally
lirate ; umbilicus white, radiately striate. North Coast.
Rare. W. H. Petterd.

I think this shell has been confounded with WZrochocochlea
striolatus, Wood. It is only doubtfully referred to Diloma as
it has an umbilicus. But the genus itself is a very question-
able one.

No. 38. Montrea TURBINATA. 7.8. M.t. turbinato-conoidea, ad apicem
usque perspective umbilicata, carnea-albida, strigis et maculis pallide fuscis
nebulosa ; anfr. 6, rotundatis, superne obtuse angulatis et subcanaliculatis,
spiraliter sulcatis, et liris numerosis (12 circiter )maj. et min. alternantibus,
eingulatis ; sutura impressa ; apice obtuso, iridescente; ult. anfr. ad
peripheriam angulato ; basi convera, lirata et tenuiter, spiraliter trans-
versim striata ; apertura transverse ovata ; labro incrassato, margaritacea,
intus lirato ; columella brevi. declivi-concava ; margine umbilici tricostato,
4 tuberculis terminato. Long. 18, lat. 20, alt. mil.

Shell turbinately conical, perspectively umbilicate to the
K

146

apex, fleshy whitish, clouded with pale brown spots and
streaks, whorls 6, rounded, obtusely angulate and subcanali-
culate above, spirally sulcate, and girdled with numerous
(about 12) lire alternating great and small; suture impressed ;
apex obtuse and pearly; last whorl angulate at the periphery ;
base convex, lirate and transversely slenderly, spirally
striate; aperture transversely ovate; lip thickened and
nacreous, lirate within; columella short, sloping, concave;
umbilical margin 3 costate, terminated with four tubercles.

North Coast. R. C. Gunn. Closely allied to Monilea
corrugata of New South Wales, but more conical, the whorls
not granular,umbilicus wider and terminating in four tubercles.
Rare.

No. 39. ErHantia TASMANICA. 2.8. 7'.t. orbiculari, depressa, um-
bilicata conspicue radiatim costata, lirata, alba, sparsim rufo punctata ;
anf. 5, declivi-costatis, costis latis, rotundatis levibus; ultimo obtusé ad
peripheriam angulato, swperne 8-costato, interstitiis latis, concavis, trans-
versim liratis, liris 4-5 rufo punctatis ; basi valde convexa, spiraliter lirata,
liris 5, levibus ; callositate opaca, alba, polita, coarctata, circa umbilicum
parvum gyrante ; apertura rotundata, intus lirato ; labro postice supra
peripheriam expanso et subcalloso ; columella concava dente acuto terminata ;
apice rotundato, levi, polita, convexo. Maj. diam. 124, min. 10, alt. 74.

This is the only shell of this genus found in the Australian
seas. Mr. Gunn assured me that he found it on the north
coast, or I certainly should have thought a mistake had been
made. In the Mazatlan catalogue of the Brit. Mus., p. 250,
Mr. Phil. Carpenter says :—“ Hthalia is a small group of
Mazatlan shells of the general aspect of Vitrinelle, and agree-
ing with Globulus in having a callous base differing from the
typical sp. of that genus: Ist. In being frequently sculptured;
2nd. In the callus winding round generally not covering the
umbilicus ; 3. In the outside of the callus not being glossy,
but having a glossy portion scooped out near the columella.
The labium is generally not reflected over the body whorl.
Some of the small white shells described as Rotelle are pro-
bably referable to this form. Mr. Cuming states that the
species he found were deep water shells, while Globulus is
littoral.

No. 40 Aprorsis Picta. 2.s. A.t. orbiculari, subdepressa, profundé
perspective umbilicata, longitud. tenuiter striata, polita, pallidé carnea,
lineis 4, parvis, rufo et albo maculatis tenuiter zonata, et nebulis magnis
irregularibus, sanguineis variegata; anfr. 5, superne obtuso angulatis,
planatis, subcanaliculatis ; basi rotundata, subtillissime striata, rufo et
albo punctata ; apertura rotundata ; peristoma supra peripheriam ultimi
anfractus valde expansa, callositate ad columellam supra ad labrum
continuata ; columella antice bituberculata ; fauce intus lirato. Long. 8,
lat. 13, mil.

From the collection of R. C. Gunn, and stated to come from
the N.W. Coast, but so unlike a Tasmanian shell that this
unique specimen suggests a doubt as to the habitat. Its

147

red smooth shining appearance renders it extremely like a
Rotella, but it has an umbilicus.

No. 41. CycLostrEMA JosEPHt. O°t. parva, oblique turbinata, crassa,
laie umbilicata, alba, opaca, pallidissime castanea maculata ; anfr. 6,
rotundatis, creberrime concinne striatis; sutura impressa, apertura
orbiculata, labro crasso, postice producto, columella obliqua, basi rotunda,
umbilico oblique striato. Long. 3, lat. 3, mil.

Shell small, obliquely turbinate, thick, widely umbilicate,
white, opaque, spotted with very pale chestnut; whorls 5,
rounded, very closely and neatly striate, suture impressed,
aperture orbiculate, lip thick, produced‘posteriorly, columella
oblique, base round, umbilicus obliquely striate. Blackman’s
Bay. W. F. Petterd.

No. 42. CycLosTREMA MIcRA. 7.8. C.t. minuta, turbinata, alba,
polita, levi, perspective umbilicata ; anfr. 5, exacte rotundata, apertura
simplici, or biculata, acuta, haud reflexa. Diam. 14 mil., Long Bay. Rev.
H. D. Atkinson.

Shell minute, turbinate,white, polished, smooth, perspectively
umbilicate, whorls 5, exactly rounded, aperture simple, orbicu-
late, acute, not reflected.

No. 43. CycLostREMA WELDII. 7.8. C.t. depresso-turbinata, minima,
albida, subdiaphana, tenui; nitente, umbilicato ; anfrae. 6, depressis,
convexis, levibus; apertura, orbiculata, postice subeversa ; umbilico
marginato. Diam. mag. 2. alt. 2 mil.

Shell depressed turbinate, minute, whitish, somewhat
translucent, thin, shining, umbilicate; whorls 6, depressed
convex, smooth (though there are faint traces of transverse
- strie, probably lines of growth): aperture orbicular, some-
what everted posteriorly, umbilicus marginate. Long Bay,
20 fathoms. Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

No. 44. CycLostREMA sUSONIS. 17.8. C.t. minuta, orbiculari, de-
pressa, alba, polita ; anfr. 4, rotundatis ; spira parum exserta, trans-
lucente ; apertura simplici, orbiculata, umbilico amplo, haud marginato.
Diam. 14 mil.

Shell minute, orbicular, depressed, white, polished, whorls
4, rounded, spire slightly exserted, translucent, aperture
simple, orbicular, umbilicus ample, not marginate. N. Coast,
R. Gunn; and Blackman’s Bay, W. F. Petterd. Obs.
Minute, much smaller than the preceding, with fewer whorls,
and perfectly devoid of ornament.

No. 45. CycLosTREMA SPINOSA. 27.8. C.t. minuta discoidea, superne
planata vel concava, alba, undique obsolete radiatim striata ; anfr. 4,
superne acute angulatis, jimbriatis et spinis coronatis ; infra rotundatis et

conspicue unicarinatis ; spinis triangulatis, lamellosis, concavis ; umbilico
peramplo ; apertura rotundata postice conspicue sinuata. Diam. 2 to 3

A minute shell, flattened above and unicarinate beneath,
easily distinguished by its crown of hollow triangular spines,

148

one of which occurring on the lip causes a deep sinus in the
aperture. Long Bay. W. F. Pettérd.

No. 46. CycLosTREMA IMMACULATA. 2.8. OC.t. parva, discoidea,
superne planata, alba, undique confertim tenuissime undulose striata ;
anfr. 4, superne angulatis coronatis et radiatim costatis, infra rotundatis,
2 carinis obsoletis granulosis instructis ; wmbilico peramplo, margine
eleganter dentato ; apertura orbiculari, dentata. Diam. 3 mil.

Shell small, discoid, flattened above, white, thickly, very
finely undulately striate all over; whorls 4, angular above,
coronate and radiately ribbed, rounded below, and furnished
with two rounded obsolete granular keels, umbilicus very
ample, with an elegantly dentate margin ; aperture orbicular,
toothed. Long Bay and Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd.

No, 47. Lioria rycertTa. n.s. L.t. minuta discoidea depressa, spira
omnino plana, tenui, opaca, undique regulariter et tenuiter spiraliter lirata,
profunde, late, perspective umbilicata ; anfr. 4, biangulatis, regulariter et
distanter costatis ; costis elevatis, sublamellosis et cucullatis ; liris supra
cost. transeunt. ; apertura tenui, integra, haud incrassata ; basi convexa.
Diam. 5mil. N.B.—Margaritacea, costis etate divisis, et rarius spinosis,
NUMET OSS.

Shell minute, discoid, depressed, spire quite flattened, thin,
opaque, regularly and finely lirate all over, deeply, widely,
perspectively umbilicate ; whorls 4, biangulate, regularly and
distantly ribbed, ribs raised, sublamellose, and, as it were,
hooded ; lire passing over the ribs, aperture thin, entire, not
thickened, base convex. Long Bay. Rev. H. D. Atkinson.
Obs. The transverse ribs divide in this shell as it grows older,
and sometimes are even covered with numerous spines. It
is also nacreous, which makes its generic position very doubt-
ful, especially as the mouth is not thickened. I only pro-
visionally class it as a Liotia.

No. 48. Fossarvus TASMANIcUS. 7.8. F.t. parva, depressa, sub-
orbiculata, anguste wmbilicata, solidiuscula, pallide lutea, carinis spiralibus
et liris obliquiis undique conspicue clathrata ; carinis elevatis, rotundatis ;
liris, sublamellosis regularibus, subdistantibus ; anfr. 5 angulatis, inter
carin. quasi canaliculatis ; sutura canaliculata ; apertura orbiculata, intus
levi ; labio viz reflexo. Diam. 2 mil.

Shell small, depressed suborbiculate, narrowly umbilicate,
rather solid, pale yellow, latticed all over with spiral keels
and oblique lire, keels raised, rounded, lire sublammellose
regular, subdistant ; whorls 5, angular, canaliculate between
the keels, suture canaliculate, aperture orbicular, smooth
within, lip scarcely reflected. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson;
Blackman’s Bay, W. F. Petterd. This shell has characters
intermediate between the genera Euchelus and Vanikoro, but
I think belongs more completely to the genus in which I have
placed it.

No. 49. FossaArvs BULIMOIDES. 7.8. F.t. minuta, ovata, subumbilicata,
tenui, alba, subpellucida, undique tenuiter regulariter lirata, tramever.

149

oblique striata; apice obtuso; anfr. 4, rapide crescentibus, convexis,
declivibus ; apertura spira equanti, ovata, postice angusta, labro acuto,
labio incrassato, conspicuo. Long. 3, lat. 2 mil.

Shell minute, ovate, subumbilicate, thin white, subpellucid,
finely and regularly lirate all over and obliquely transversely
striate ; apex obtuse; whorls 4, rapidly enlarging, convex,
sloping ; aperture equalling the spire, ovate, narrowed pos-
teriorly, outer lip acute, inner lip thickened, conspicuous.
Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

No. 50. ScissURELLA ATKINSONI. 2.8. S.t. parva, tenui, pallide lutea
viz translucida, haud nitente, oblique suborbiculari, ad basim dilatata,
spira minus exserta sed aliquantulum complanata ; anfr 4, vix, convexis,
rapidé crescentibus, superné fasciatis, tenuiter cancellatis, basim versus
subcarinatis (liris longitud. sub fase. declivis, supra curvatis) ; sinu incon-
spicuo, fascia sinus prominente, marginibus elevatis, longitrorsum distanter
arcuatim retrorsimque liratis ; fissura elongata, antice attenuata non longe
ab ore perforante ; apertura orbiculari simplici ; labro acuto ; labio sub-
reflexo, curvato ; injfima facie cavum infundibulifor. ferente. Long. 2,
lat. 1 mil.

This most interesting shell is the first of the genus found
in Australian waters. It was dredged from a sandy bottom
at six to ten fathoms by the Rev. H. D. Atkinson, and
Blackman’s Bay, W. F. Petterd. After a careful comparison,
I must say that the species is so near the British S. crispata
that the differences are almost inappreciable. There were
only three specimens seen by me, and in all these the slit was
closed, and the sinus not perceptible on the lip. The fascia
of the sinus does not extend to the two last whorls of the
spire. Prof. Morris in his observations on this genus (Moll.
Great Oolite, Paleontograph Soc., 1854, p. 81), accounts for
the foramen by supposing the animal to keep the siphon
stationary during a considerable period of the formation of
the shell matter in advance. He says: ‘“ When the animal
was forming new shell in advance of the aperture, the fissure
was not advanced forward with it, but the anal syphon
remained in the same position until a considerable progress
had been made in the formation of new shell. At length that
organ was withdrawn to be protruded from the aper ure
and the formation of a new fissure immediately commenced.”
In this state it shows that the genus Zrochotoma would be a
Pleurotomaria. Both genera have been rather arbitrarily
separated from Scisswrella and from each other. In the three
specimens submitted to me one had the outer lip broken, and
the fissure then was like a Pleurotomaria. I separate the
Tasmanian species from the British one only to promote
further investigation. There is no difficulty in supposing
them identical, as we have other instances of British species
appearing in Australian seas, while they are utterly unknown
in intermediate seas. In the same way in our flora we have

150

many European weeds which do not occur in the intervening
countries, and they have for a certainty not been introduced.
A Pleurotomaria has been described fossil by Prof. M‘Coy as
from the tertiary beds of Geelong.

No. 51. PARTHENIA TASMANICA. 2.8. P.t. minuta tumide pyramidali
alba, subumbilicata ; vertice nucleoso parvo, verticaliter sito, sub-tumente,
anfr. 6, conspicue tricarinatis, planatis, et longitud. tenuissime striatis ;
carinis elevatis rotundatis ; suturis junctione 2 carin. peene occultis ideoque
carinis infra et supra suturas quasi ex una carina lata confectis ; basi vix
convera, lirata; apertura pyriformi, integra, labio reflexo. axi plica
distincte munita. Long. 14, lat. vix 4 mil.

A minute tricarinate shell, dredged in Long Bay by the
Rey. H. D. Atkinson. The upper and lower keels of each
whorl are so closely united as to appear like one broad one in
which the suture is concealed, the mouth is entire, the inner
lip reflexed and furnished with a very distinct tooth.

No. 52. AcLis TRISTRIATA. 7.8. A.¢. parva, elongata, pyramidali,
turritissima, alba, opaca, levi, vix nitente ; anfr. 12, conspicue tri-striatis,
striis latis ; medio tenuissime concinne long. liratis ; sutura impressa, lira
parva instructa ; nucleo, minuto, levi ; basi convexa ; apertura integra
pyriformi, postice attenuata, labro tenui, labio refleco. Long. 10, lat. 2,

mil. North West Coast. W. F. Petterd.

Shell small, elongate, pyramidal, very much _ turretted,
white, opaque, smooth, scarcely shining; whorls 12, con-
spicuously tristriate with broad strie, slenderly and neatly

longitudinally lirate in the middle of the whorls, suture im- .

pressed, furnished with a small raised line ; nucleus minute,
smooth; base convex, aperture entire, pyriform, attenuate
posteriorly, outer lip thin, inner lip reflected.

No. 53. SyRNOLA MICHAELI. 7.5. S.t. parva, aciculata, turritissima,
levi, nitente, alba, 2 fasciis castaneis varie interruptis pallidissime zonata ;
anfr. 12, planatis ; apice? (decoll.; apertura semilunata ; labro tenui,
producto ; labio reflexo, umbilico simulante, plica tuberculoso. Long. 8,
lat. 2 mil.

Shell small, acicular, highly turretted, smooth, shining,
white, zoned with two variously interrupted very pale chest-
nut bands; whorls 12, flattened; apex? decollated, aperture
semilunate, outer lip thin, produced, lip reflected into a false
umbilicus, plait tuberculose. Necrth Coast. W. F. Petterd.

No. 54. Exusa pirasctaTa. n.s. Zt. subulata, turrita, tenui, sub-
pellucida, alba, castanea late zonata, zona 2 lineis fulvis marginata,

sutura impressa, apice levi, rotundato; anfr. 12, convexis, creberrime

costatis (ult. anfr. 26), costis validis rotundatis, levibus, nitentibus, in-
terstitiis equalibus, intus in spira videtur tenuiter lirata ; apertura integra,
pyriformi, labio reflexo, obsolete plicato, labro antice tantillum producto,
intus levi, basi convexa, striata. Long. 7, lat. 14. Blackman’s Bay.
Rare. W. F. Petterd.

The genus Elusa was established by Adams for turretted
subulate shells with ribs, a plait on the columella and often
lirate within, _In this species the three last whorls are not

151

lirate within but the upper ones are conspicuously so, as the
shell is quite translucent. Itis very elegant in form. The
band of color bordered by two darker lines is only seen on the
last whorl; the suture covers the line on the spire so that
there the whorls seem half white and half chestnut with a line
of deep coloring on the boundary. It is shining, and the ribs
are numerous, 26 in last whorl.

No. 55. TURBONILLA MACLEAYANA. 7.8. Tt. elongatissima, turritis-
sima, solidiuscula, alba, nitente; anfr. 15, planatis, oblique costatis ;
costis (11-14 in ult. anfr.) levibus, elevatis, rotundatis, a sutura ad
suturam attingentibus, interstitiis equantibus, sutura sat impressa, apertura
quadrata, apice ? (decoll.) Long. 8, lat. 1 mill.

Sheil very long and turretted, rather solid, white, shining,
whorls 15, flattened, obliquely ribbed, ribs (11-14 in the last
whorl) smooth, raised, rounded, reaching from suture to
suture, equalling the intervals in size, suture well impressed,
aperture quadrate, apex? (decollated). Long Bay. W. F.
Petterd. Easily distinguished by its small size and turretted
habit. It appears to me, however, in shells of such
uniform character as Turbonilla, that we are often dealing
with varieties instead of species, and the above may be a case
in point. If we knew the conditions of growth in these shells
we might decide how far they are dependent on very local
nfluences.

CINGULINA AUSTRALIS. Nobis. (vide Pro. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1875.)
Descriptio emendata. Pro. ‘‘carinisin ult. anfr. 5, deinde 4, 3, etc.”
lege ‘‘carinis in ultimo anfrac. 5, deinde 3, usque ad apicem.” Et pro
“basi convexa liris spiralibus (2) elevatis, rotundatis, ornata ;” lege ‘* basi
convexa, liris spiralibus, elevatis, rotundatis ornata ; apice levi subinflato.”

In the description of the above shell a mistake was made.
Instead of “keels in the last whorl 5, then 4, then 3.’ It
should be, “keels 5 in the last whorl, then 3 to the apex.”
The base is also spirally keeled in continuation of the 5 of
the last whorl, and not, as stated, with two spiral rounded
lire. The apex is smooth.

TrirorisTasMANIcA. Mihi. A variety of this shell is found
at Blackman’s Bay, in which one of the three granulose ribs
is represented by a smooth narrow keel, and the last whorl
scarcely granular, but with four or five grooves. The shell is
very variable, new species should be very cautiously accepted.

No. 56. STYLOPTYGMA TASMANICA. 2.8. S.t. parva, elongato-fusiforme,
antice rotundata et latiore, lactea, translucente ; nucleo hyalino, inflato,
rotundato, _transverso ; anfr. (nucleo excluso) 7, ‘tumidiusculis, politis,
obsolete striatis ; sutura late marginata, vix obliqua, impressa ; apertura
pyriforme ; plica inconspicua, obliqua. Long. 4, lat. 1, mil. *

Shell small, elongately fusiform, rounded and broader
anteriorly, milky white, translucent, nucleus hyaline inflated,
rounded, transverse ; whorls, exclusive of the nucleus, 7

?

152

rather tumid, polished, obsoletely striate, suture widely mar-
ginate and scarcely oblique, impressed; aperture pyriform,
plait inconspicuous, oblique. Rare. Blackman’s Bay. W.
Legrand and W. F. Petterd.

No. 57. STYLIFER TASMANICA. 2.8. S.t. parva, pyramidata, lactea,
pellucida, levi, nitente ; anfr. 7, convexis, sutura impressa, vix declivi,
apertura oblique pyriforme, apice mammilato, sinistrorso, labro producto,
incurvo, antice et postice emarginato, labio inconspicuo sed reflexo. Long.
4, lat. 14.

Shell small, pyramidal, milky white pellucid smooth, shin-
ing; whorls 7, convex, suture impressed scarcely sloping,
aperture obliquely pyriform, apex mammilated, sinistral, outer
lip produced, incurved, emarginate at each side, inner lip in-
conspicuous but reflected. Blackman’s Bay. W. F. Petterd.

Dunxeria rascrati. Mihi. (vide Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1875)
should be, I think, Alvania fasciata, in which section are
deposited turretted Rissoide with tumid whorls. Even then
I think the genus needs revision. In the species in question
I should amend the diagnosis by saying that “ bicarinate ”
hardly applies to more than the upper whorls, and otherwise
the species is regularly and equally clathrated.

No. 58. Rissoa (ALVANIA?) CHEILOSTOMA. 1.8. &.t. turrita, parva,
elongata undique regulariter clathrata, lutea, solida, vix nitente ; apice
pallidiore, sed non aliter conspicuo ; anfra. 7, convexis, regulariter cres-
centibus ; sutura profunde impressa et tenuiter uno-lirata ; apertura
producta, ovali, integra, conspicué bilabiato ; basi convexa, lirata. Long.
3, lat. 1 mil.

A minute turretted yellow shell, conspicuously latticed
throughout, with a produced aperture which is bilabiate and
entire. Dredged by Rev. H. D. Atkinson at Long Bay in
20 fathoms shell sand. The entire bilabiate mouth and
turretted habit easily distinguish it from Rissoa (Alvania)
Sasciata.

No. 59. Rissoa AGNEWI. &.t. turbinato-turrita, solidiuscula, sub-
diaphana, nitente, varie lutea ac fulva nebulosa, apice turbinato, levi ;
anfr. 6, (nucleo incluso), conspicue 4-carinatis ; carinis validis, elevatis,
angustis, levibus, nitentibus ; interstitiis longitud. tenuissime striatis ;
apertura integra, ovata ; labro producto ; labio inconspicuo. Long. 3,
lat. 1, mil. Blackman’s Bay, W. Legrand, and W. F. Petterd.

Shell turbinately turretted, rather solid,translucent, shining,
irregularly clouded yellow and brown ; apex turbinate, smooth,
whorls 6, nucleus included, conspicuously four keeled; keels
valid, raised, narrow, smooth, shining; interstices very finely
striate lengthways, aperture entire, ovate, outer lip produced,
inner Jip inconspicuous. Obs. Distinguished by its four keels.

No. 60. Rissoa cyctostoma. n.s. £&.t. cylindraceo-elongata, pupe-
forme, subturrita, medio tumida, levi, opaca, olivacea ; apice obtuso,
livido ; anfr. 6, convexis, longitud. tenuiter striatis, ultim. anfr. producto ;
sutura linea alba marginata ; apertura alba, integra, producta, eversa ;
labio reflexo, adherente, basi convexa. Long. 4, lat. 14 mil.

153

Var ROsEA. AR.c. ut supra sed rosea tincta.

Shell cylindrically elongate, pupsform, sub-turretted, tumid
in the middle, smooth, opaque, olive, apex obtuse, livid;
whorls 6, convex, finely striate lengthwise, last whorl pro-
duced ; suture margined with a white line, aperture white,
entire, produced, everted; lip reflected and adhering, base
convex. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson ; Blackman’s Bay,
W. F. Petterd.

There is a rose coloured variety of this shell.

No. 61. Rissoa (SETIA) SIENNE. 2.8. Rt. turbinato-conica, subum-
bilicata, opaca, sordida, corrosa, vel epidermide induta, fumoso cornea ;
anfr. 5, convexis, striatis (2?) apertura integra, semilunari, labro acuto,
labio reflexo. Long. 4, lat. 3.

Shell turbinately conical, subumbilicate, opaque, sordid,
corroded or clothed with an epidermis, smoky horn color;
whorls 5, convex, striate (?), aperture entire, semilunar, outer
lip acute, inner lip reflected. North Coast, W. F. Petterd.

No. 62. RissoA MELANURA. 7.8. R.t. turbinata, conoidea, solida,
atra sed translucente vel cetate intus alba, levi, nitente; anfr. 5, via
convexis, sutura impressa ; apertura antice producta, rotundata, simplici,
basi convexa, obtuse angulata. Long. 2, lat. 1 mil.

Shell turbinate, conoid, solid, blackish but translucent, or
white within when old, smooth, shining; whorls 5, scarcely
convex, suture impressed, aperture anteriorly produced,
rounded, simple, base convex, obtusely angulate. Blackman’s
Bay, W. F. Petterd.

No. 63, Rissoa (CINGULA) ATKINSONI. n.s. R.t. minuta, turbinato-
conoidea, polita, translucida, pallide cornea, obscure fusco bifasciata,
columella nigra, apice minutissima, turbinata, subverticaliter sito, (scepius
decollato) ; anfr. 5, (apice excluso) rotundatis ; sutura sat impressa ;

apertura quam spira breviore, ovata, antice producta ; labro tenui, acuto ;
labio reflexo, uwmbilico simulante. Long. vix. 1, lat. 4?

Shell minute, turbinately conical, polished, translucent, pale
horn color, obscurely bifascate with dusky brown, and with a
black columella, apex most minute, turbinate and subvertical
(more often decollate), whorls 5, exclusive of the apex,
rounded; suture well impressed, aperture shorter than the spire,
ovate, produced anteriorly, outer lip thin, acute, inner lip re-
flected into a false umbilicus. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkin-
£0n.

No. 64. RissoA ANGELI. 2.8. Rt. minuta, umbilicata, turbinato-
conoidea, tenui, lutea, pellucida, undique spiraliter tenuiter et regulariter
lirata, et obsolete regulariter oblique distante costata ; costis angustis, ad
peripheriam ult. anfr. desinentibus ; liris supra costas transeuntibus ; anfr.
5, convexis, superne coronatis ; sutura sat impressa ; apertura rotundata,
labro crassiusculo ; labio erecto, antice incrassato, retro ad umbilic. canal-
tculato. Long. 14, lat. 2 mil.

Shell minute, umbilicate, turbinately conical, thin, yellow,
pellucid, regularly spirally lirate all over, and obsoletely,

154

regularly, obliquely, and distantly ribbed; ribs narrow, ceas-
ing at the periphery of the last whorl ; lire passing over the
ribs ; whorls 5, convex, coronate above, suture well impressed,
aperture rounded, outer lip thickened, inner lip erect, anter-
iorly thickened, canaliculate behind to the umbilicus. Long
Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson; Blackman’s Bay, W. Petterd.
Obs. The peculiar pointed, narrow, rounded, ribs, are, as it
were, hidden under the lire. The generic position of the
shell appears to me very doubtful. Dredged at 10 fathoms
sand.

No. 65. RissoA (CERATIA) MACcoYI. n.s. L.t. minuta, elongata,
turrita, alba, subpellucida, undique tenuiter spiraliter lirata et obsolete
longitud. striata ; sutura constricta ; anfr. 6, declivis, superne subcana-
liculatis, convexis ; apice 2? (decoll. ) apertura integra, } long. spire, ovata,
tenui, acuta, antice eversa ; labio sub-reflexo, umbilico simulante. Long.
3, lat. 14 mil.

Shell minute, elongate, turretted, white sub-pellucid,
slenderly, spirally lirate and obsoletely striate, lengthwise all
over the surface ; suture constricted; whorls 6; sloping, sub-
canaliculate above, convex ; apex ? (decollate), aperture entire,
¢ length of spire, ovate, thin, acute, anteriorly everted ; lip
subreflected into a false umbilicus. Long Bay, Rev. H. D.
Atkinson; Blackman’s Bay, W. F. Petterd.

No. 66. RissomINA FLINDERSI. 7.8. £.t. fusiforme-turrita, minutds
solida, pallidissime carnea vel alba, apice pallidiore, levi et 14 anfr.
rotundato ; anfr. 7, convexis, in medio tuberculato-costatis costis 8-12, et
superne costulis 26-28 coronatis ; apertura integra, rotundata ; labro antice
producto ; labio conspicue quasi umbilicato reflexo, basi convexa, long.
striata. Long. 3, lat. 14 mil.

A small fusiformly turretted species, mainly distinguished
by the margin of small ribs which crown the whorls. Some-
times a prolongation of the larger almost tuberculous ribs
enters into the series of the smaller ones, but on many
specimens they are entirely distinct. North West Coast, W.
F. Petterd. Not very common.

No. 67. Rissorva st. CLARE. &.t. pyramidate turrita, latiuscula, nitente,
tenut, pallide carnea, lineis tenuibus, et maculis rufis zonata ; anfr. 11, 2 ult.
levibus, convexis, reliquis, medio angulatis et convexis, tuberculato costatis ;
costis 9-10, nitentibus, basim versus prominentioribus, sutura bene impressa ;
apice 2 anfr. spiraliter striato; apertura integra, elongato-ovata ; basi
declivo-convexa, labro acuto, producto ; labio inconspicuo, reflexo. Long. 9,
lat. 34 mil.

Shell pyramidal, turretted, rather broad, shining, thin, pale
flesh color, zoned with slender lines, and red spots, whorls 11,
2 last smooth and convex, the rest angular in the middle and

tuberculately ribbed, ribs 9-10, shining, rather more prominent —

towards thebase of the whorls, suture well impressed, apex of
3-4 whorls spirally striate, aperture entire, elongately ovate,
base sloping and convex, outer lip acute, produced, inner lip
inconspicuous, reflexed. North West Coast, W. F. Petterd.

155

No. 68. Rissomva CONCATENATA. 7.8. Rt. minuta, elongata, turrita,
opaca, alba, quasi erosa ; anfr. 9, convexis, declivis, undique irregular, con-
catenatis quasi variolatis ; apice nucleoso, levi, nitente (2 anfr.); apertura
ovata, labro tenui, labio reflexo, subdisjuncto. Long. 24, lat. $ mil.

Peculiarly pitted on the surface like the top of a thimble,
which gives the shell a roughened worn appearance. North
West Coast, W. F. Petterd. I think also that it occurs as a
fossil at Table Cape.

No. 69. Drata Tessettata. Nobis. See Proc. Roy. Soc
Tas., 1875. Among the species dredged by the Rev. H. D
Atkinson there occur some shells resembling the above
species, except that they are covered with a dark horny epi-
dermis, and the inner lip not reflected, or, at least, scarcely
perceptibly so. All my typical specimens were old and some-
what worn. It is a question with me whether all ought not
to be referred to Angas’ Alaba (?) phasianella.

No. 70. TorNnaTINA MARIZ. ns. T.t. parva, ovata, tenut, alba, levi
polita, spira parum exserta ; anjr.5 ; nucleo verticaliter sito, sutura profunde
canaliculata apertura angusta, medio vix coarctata ; labro acuto ; labio antice
incrassato et contorto. Long. 5, lat. 2. Spira vix 1} mil.

Shell small, ovate, thin, white, smooth polished spire,
slightly exsert, whorls 5, nucleus placed vertically, suture
deeply canaliculate, aperture narrow, scarcely constricted in
the middle, labrum acute; lip thickened and twisted anteriorly.
North West Coast, W. F. Petterd.

No. 71. AMPULLARINA MINUTA. 2.8. A.t. minuta, globosa, alba, solida,
nitente, levi; anfr. 4, rapide crescentibus, rotundatis et tenuissime striatis ;
spira parum exserta ; sutura impressa ; apertura integra, late ovata, intus
aurantia, tenui, simplici, umbilicoangusto, Diam. 3.

A minute species of ampullarina, the generic position being
however doubtful. It differs from the Tasmanian species
(probably only one, though two are described) in its size,
absence of color (except in the throat which is orange), smooth-
ness, and the spire being less exsert, the shell more approach-
ing Natica in form. Circular Head, W. F. Petterd.

No. 72. AcM#A PETTERDI. 1.8. A.t. late ovata, tumida, depressa, apice
acuto et submarginali ; nitente, sordide albida, confertissime undulose con-
centrice striata lineis incrementi, et irregulariter late sulcis rudis, fulvis,
interruptis indistincte radiata ; margine acuta, intus eleganter castanea et
fulva fimbriata ; pagina albida, pallide castanea nebulosa ; spatula fulva,
exacte definita. Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 7.

This Acmca somewhat resembles an old and enlarged Acmea
septiformis, but its size is larger than that species is ever
known to attain. It is dull white and shining, with the lines
of growth very distinctly marked. North West Coast, W. F.
Petterd. Rare. .

No. 73. Acm#a aLBa. 7.8. A.t. late ovata, depressa, scabra, tenui, alba,
subnitente ; apice submediano, acuto: costis inequalibus, acutis, parvis
numerosis, imbricato-granosis, aliquando in fasciculis congregatis, radiata ;

156

interstitiis tenuiter, confertissime, undulose striatis ; intus nitente albida sewpe
pallide fulvo nebulosa vel radiata ; spatula nulla; margine acuta, leviter
undulata, linea pallide fulva eleganter fimbriata. Diam. maj. 26, min. 22,
alt. 7, mil.

A white silky species; porcelainous inside and delicately
margined with light brown, not unlike the Chinese umbrella
shell, but smaller. The fine scabrous ribs are gathered some-
times into a bundle, which thus forms a compound rib. It is
very different from any other southern form, and rare. North
Coast, W. F. Petterd.

No. 74. Tucatta TasSMANICA. ns. Tit. magna, crassa, ovata, postice
attenuata, antice planato, alta, tumide rotundata, convexa, sordide alba, apice
rotundato (eroso) submediano ; radiatim eleganter crebre costata costis parvis
numerosis, alternantibus et irregul. rugose crenulato clathrata, lineis incrementi
concentricis ; marginibus crassis, sinuato arcuatis, crebre tuberculis crenu-
latis ; pagina interna alba, castanea, pallide nebulosa, polita ; sinu lato, incon-
spicuo. Long. 37, lat. 25, alt. 15.

_ Avery thick large solid Tugalia with many alternating ribs,

and rugose irregular sinuous lines of growth. The inside is
white, polished and clouded with chestnut. Only one specimen
collected. North West Coast, W. F. Petterd. There is a shell
very like this in the Nat. Mus., Melbourne, and named Pugalia
elegans, Gould. It is stated to come from Victoria. I have
not been able to trace the reference.

Macroscuisma tasmanica. Mihi. Var. rosearadiata. I
have met with a variety of the above shell ornamented with
numerous rose colored rays. Sowerby has described a shell
under the name of M. tasmanica, which I believe to be no more
than a variety. If, however, my name must give way I
propose to change it to Mf. weld. Circular Head, W. F.
Petterd.

No. 75. Nucuna minuta. JV.t. minuta, ovata, postice attenuata, antice
subtruncata, nitente, tenui, translucida, argentea, creberrime costulis minutis-
simis regularibus radiata et lineis incrementi sulcata ; marginibus rotundalis
subtillissime crenulatis ; dentibus card. 12, natibus obliquiis acutis. Long.
14, lat. 2, mil.

Shell minute, ovate, posteriorly attenuate, anteriorly sub-
truncate, shining, thin, translucent silvery, radiate closely with
minute recular riblets and sulcate with the lines of growth,
margins rounded, very finely crenulate, cardinal teeth 12,
umbones oblique, acute. Blackman’s Bay. Common. W. F.
Petterd.

No. 76. Limopsis cANCELLATA. ns. L.t. parva, orbiculart, vix obliqua,
crassa, tumide convexa, radiatim costata ; costis numerosis (36 ?) rotundatis
subgranosis, parvioribus, interdum intercalantibus ; tenuiter, regulariter, crebre
concentrice lirata ; natibus parvis, rotundatis, cancellatis ; pagina interna
nivea, polita ; fossula ligam. trigona, minuta ; dentibus 22-24, marginibus

incrassatis, planatis, politis, interior, haud nitente, radiatim striata. Long.
124, lat. 13.

Shell small, orbicular, scarcely oblique, thick, tumidly, con-

157

vex, radiately ribbed with about 36 rounded subgranular ribs,
with smaller ones sometimes between; finely, regularly, and
closely concentrically lirate; umbones small, rounded, can-
cellate ; inside snowy white and polished; ligamental fossa
trigonal, minute; teeth 22-24; margins thickened, flattened,
polished, within which the shell is not shining, but is radiately
striate. North Coast, W. F. Petterd. There is much reason
to doubt if this rare shell, of which few specimens are ever
found out of very deep water, is not identical with the common
fossil of Australian tertiaries L. decussata.

No. 77. Mytizus tatus Lam, nov. var ? M.t. late rotundata et postice
obtuse angulata, valde compressa, tenui, polita, tenuiter regulariter sulcata, et
irregulariter lineis incrementi, et tenwissime radiatim striata, epidermide
intense olivacea, duobus lineis latis luteis ab umbonibus marginem versus
ornata, ad ligamentum eleganter rufo-fulvo nebulosa, umbonibus parvis, acutis,
incurvis, levis, albis, marginibus acutissimis.

There are many species of Mytilus recorded as Tasmanian,
and this does not agree with the description of any of them.
Its peculiar characters are its very compressed falcate habit,
and its brilliantly shining olive epidermis, with the yellowish
brown broad arched line proceeding from the umbones along
the margins. In Dr. Cox’s collection the shell marked J.
dunkeri has an olive epidermis, but it is a tumid solid shell.
Reeve’s figures of If. dunkeri are evidently from worn speci-
mens. MM. dunkeri is an American shell wrongly called
Australian by Reeve, IM. rostratus is a different species.
I do not regard it as more than a variety, nor are
the variations between the species greater than those to
which 1. edulis of the European seas is subject, and which
has received a dozen names. That shell has also an olive
epidermis, but is a much more dull and tumid shell.

No. 78. Mytinus crassus. 2n.s. M.t. nitente, subquadrata, medio
angustata, subgibbosa, postice rotundata et subattenuata, valde tumida, et oblique
conspicué unicostata, costis in umbonibus subspiraliter desinentibus ; epider-
mide intense badia ; paucis cappilis longis, corneis, in discis albis, convexis,
rotundatis, radicatis armata ; lineis increment. irregularibus elevatis, con-
spicuis ; marginibus epidermide fulva, nitente, indutis ; wmbonibus margara-
taceis, glabratis ; fossula producta, umbonibus parwm excedenti; pagina
interna carneo-alba, impressione pallii et musculari purpurascente, conspicua :
ligamento longo conspicuo. Long. 21, lat. 11, diam. 2 valvis conj. 13.

This dwarfed Mytilus is easily distinguished by its tumid
subgibbose form, and the inordinate thickness of the shell
when the valves are conjoined. It has a rugose, shining
lacquer-like epidermis of intense brown color, on which are a
few wart-like discs supporting long stout bristle-like hairs. It
has also a conspicuous rounded ridge or rib on each valve,
which curves almost to a spiral at the umbo.

Rare at Circular Head, and abundant at Adventure Bay,
W. F. Petterd.

158

Moprota auBicostata. Var. 1, polita. Var. 2, nebulosa. Two
varieties of this most variable shell have been forwarded to
me, one from Diana Basin, near George’s Bay (Aug. Simson),
a small deep black or olive tumid shell, very highly polished
and seldom divested of the epidermis. Hinge margin very
acute, straight and angular. Long. 1], lat. 24, which size it
preserves very constantly, and is found in great numbers.
2, var. nebulosa. A larger, more tumid, less polished shell,
paler or clouded chestnut and deep brown, often distorted ;
hinge margin less acute and less angular, ventral margin
sinuous. Long. 13, lat. 30. Isthmus Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkin-
son. Abundant at low water attached to weed.

No. 79. Dirrtoponta TASMANICA. 1.8. D.t. orbiculari, subglobosa, tenui,
alba, subpellucida, epidermide fusca plus minusve induta ; concentrice striata,

striis incrementi tantum sed 2-3 latioribus insignita, natibus levibus, acutis,
ligamento conspicuo, margine dorsali acuto. Long. 17, lat. 18.

Shell orbicular, subglobose, thin, white subpellucid, more or
Jess covered with a fuscous epidermis ; concentrically striate
with lines of growth only,but distinguished by 2-3 much broader
lines; umbones smooth, acute; ligament conspicuous, dorsal
margin acute. Storm Bay, and Blackman’s Bay, not uncom-
mon. W. F. Petterd, W. Legrand, Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

No. 80. SEMELE WARBURTONI. 1.8. S.t. orbiculari, sub-inflata, crassius-
cula,radiatim tenuiter costata, costis numerosis, depressis, irregularibus, antice
latioribus ; concentrice creberrime lamellata, lamellis, minutis, regularibus,
crassiusculis, retrorsim curvatis ; lineis incrementi 3-4, conspicuis; natibus
parum exsertis; alba, margine dorsale, eleganter rosea tincta ; intus polita
nivea. Long. 30, lat. 34, alt. 12.

Shell orbicular, sub-inflated, rather thick, radiately finely
ribbed, ribs numerous, depressed, irregular, broader anteriorly ;
concentrically thickly lamellated, lamelle minute, regular,
somewhat thick, curved backwards ; lines of growth 3-4, con-
spicuous; umbones slightly exsert, shell white, dorsal margin
elegantly rose tinted, polished and snowy white inside. West
Coast. W. F. Petterd.

No. 81. GOULDIA TASMANICA. 7.8. G.t. parva, transversa, acute trigona,
alba, compressa, concentrice lirata, liris elevatis, rotundatis, aliquando in
medio attenuatis et desinentibus ; interstitiis tenuissime reticulatis, umbonibus
acutis, marginibus rotundatis. Long. 23, lat. 3.

Shell very small, transverse, acutely trigonal, white, com-
pressed, concentrically ridged, ridges raised, rounded, some-
times becoming attenuate and ceasing in the middle,
interstices very finely reticulate; umbones acute, margins
rounded. Long Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson.

No. 82. KELLIA ATKINSONI. 7.8. K.t. parva, long. oblcwa, oblique trigonas
tumida, nitente, translucida, pallide carnea, levi, obsolete late sulcata ; mar-
ginibus, rotundatis crenulatis. Long. 3, lat. 2.

Shell very small, longitudinally oblong, obliquely trigonal,

159

tumid, shining, translucent, pale flesh-coloured, smooth, but
obsoletely widely suleate, margins rounded, crenulate. Long
Bay, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. This shell is doubtfully referred
to the genus Kellia.

CHIONE stuTcHBURYI. Gray. JDieff. N..Z, p. 250. A
specimen of this shell (Venus zeylandica, Quoy Voy. Astrol. 3,
p. 522) was given to me by Mr. Gunn as having been found
by him in Bass’ Straits. It is a native of Chatham Island, and
previously unknown in Australia.

No. 83. GASTEROCHANA TASMANICA. 17.8. Gt. in cavitate corallium
inventa (vagina?) elongata quasi lanceolata, tenui, fragili, inflata, alba,
opaca, per totam longitudinem maryinis hiantissima, antice breviore, margine
fere recto ; postice latiore, rotundato ; concentrice rugoso striata, striis dis-
tantibus, irregularibus ; valvis quasi in medio oblique unicostatis et sulcatis,
costis latis et in wmbonibus, desinentibus. Long. 12, lat. 5, mil.

Shell found in the cavities of corals and the sheath unknown,
elongate almost lanceolate, thin, fragile inflated white, opaque,
gaping very widely for the whole length of the margin;
shorter anteriorly, margin almost straight, wider and exactly
rounded posteriorly ; concentrically rugosely striate, strize
distant and irregular; valves somewhat uvicostate obliquely
in the middle with a groove by the side, ridge wide and
ceasing in the umbones, which are inconspicuous. South
Coast. Rare. W. Legrand; W. F. Petterd. Long Bay
Rey. H, D. Atkinson.

160

ON A NEW REVERSED TASMANIAN HELIX.

HELIX WELDII.
By THE Rev. J. E. Tentson-Woops, F.G.S., Cor. Mem. Roy. Soc,
SYDNEY AND TASMANIA, AND OF Lin. Soc., N.S. WALES.
[Read October 9th, 1876. ]

A very few years ago the island of Tasmania was regarded as
being poor in land shells, but thanks to the zeal and activity
of many naturalists, especially Messrs. Legrand, Atkinson and
Petterd, the number of species brought to light is now very
large. Ifthe island cannot take a leading position for the
number and peculiarity of its forms it has by no means an
insignificant one. Up to a recent period the description of
the species were scattered over an immense number of
scientific works according as they had been described by
various observers in different countries. | Within the last few
years Mr. W. Legrand has published a monograph of all the
then known land shells, accompanied with extensive notes on
the habits, and very excellent figures of the newer species.
What gave the work a greater value was that it was for the
most part privately printed by the author, the whole of the
work being done by his own hand. This work leaves but
little to be desired, though new species are of frequent occur-
rence. Itisremarkable that our land shells are entirely distinct
from the Australian fauna, except in a few doubtful cases, and
some of the forms are beautiful and peculiar in a way that is
so marked as to enable us to call it “Tasmanian.” Ihave now
to bring under the notice of the Society a new species of
Helix which has the additional singularity of being a reversed
shell. Helices with a sinistral whorl are uncommon. Out of
the vast number hitherto made known, including every variety
of form in the genus, I believe I am right in stating that
very few more than a dozen are reversed, and this sinistration,
if I may be allowed to coin a word, is not confined to any
particular section of the genus so as to elevate it to generic
importance. It is remarkable, however, that hitherto as far
as I am aware it has been only found in Helices of China, the
Indian Archipelago, and in the Indian Peninsula. It is, I
may say, a tropical peculiarity, but, at least, no such form has
as yet been hitherto found in the Southern Hemisphere. The
present species is very small, confined, as far as we know, to
one restricted locality on the north-west side of the island. It
was found by Mr. W. F. Petterd. I have done myself and
the Society the honour of dedicating it to Her Majesty’s re-
presentative in the colony, His Excellency the Governor,
F. A. Weld, Esq.,C.M.G. The following is the diagnosis :—

Hevix Wexpu. as. Ht. Minuta sinistrorsa, anguste
wmbilicata, turbinato-discoidea, tenuiuscula, nitente, strusconfertis,

161

sublente tantum bene conspicuis longitudinaliter impressa ;
pallide corneo-lutea, unicolor, translucent ; spira leviter conica,
apice prominulo, obtuso ; sutura valide impressa ; anfr. 65, con-
vexi, sensim accrescentes, embryonales 13, albidi, ultimus
rotundatus, bast subplanatus ; wpertura rotundato-lunaris basali,
concolor; peristoma simplex, acutum, corneum, marginibus
ab umbilico usque ad } ultimi anfractus disjunctis ; columella
brevi. Diam. maj. et min 1}; alt. 1; mil. Habitat in vicinio
civitatis Stanley dicte, Tasmanice. Obs. Sp. valde minuta et
sinistrosa, forma vero et colore speciebus multis Tasmanie inco-
lantibus sat proxima.
_ Shell minute, sinistral, narrowly umbilicate, turbinately
discoid, rather thin, shining, with close small longitudinal
strie, which are only visible under the lens; pale yellowish
horn and of uniform color, translucent ; spire slightly conical,
apex a little prominent, obtuse ; suture validly impressed ;
whorls 63, convex, gradually increasing, embryonal whorls
13, whitish; last whorl rounded and somewhat flattened, of
uniform color; peristome simple, acute, horny; aperture
roundly lunate, margins of the peristome separated from the
umbilicus to half the height of the last whorl, columella
short.

Mr. Petterd notes with reference to this shell. “This
small and reversed Helix I have only observed at the foot of
the high rocks about Stanley, Circular Head, where I collected
it with a few other species of Helices on the surface of blocks of
rocks that are overgrown with a thick mass of entangled vege-
tation. It is extremely abundant and generally in clusters.
I have collected some hundreds of specimens. The reversed
form is very constant.”

162

ON THE EFFECTS OF WOUNDS ON THE HUMAN
SUBJECT INFLICTED BY THE SPURS OF THE
PLATYPUS—/(Ornithorhynchus anatinus).

By THe Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.M.S.
[Read 13th November, 1876}.

I wish to lay before the Royal Society, an account of an
accident which recently occurred to a friend of mine while
handling a Platypus, as there are circumstances connected
with it, which are rather singular in their nature, and I
think worthy of your attention. The friend I allude to
is Mr. Augustus Simson, a member of this Society, who is now
residing in Gould’s Country.

About three weeks ago, he and Mr. Stephens, the School
Inspector, were walking by the side of a lagoon, when their
attention was attracted by a Platypus, which had swum across
from the other side, and was on the point of making its way
under the bank. Mr. Simson, an active, energetic man, at
once rushed down the bank, and secured the animal. Now,
I fancy, this fact alone is worthy of record; for of all the
shy wary animals in existence, Platypus is among the shiest
and most wary. Under ordinary circumstances, it is no easy
matter to catch even a passing sight of one; but here the
creature was caught in open daylight, without any prepara-
tion, as easily in fact as a rat or a mouse might be in a like
case. It made no great struggling; was deposited in a sack,
and was carried to the hotel at George’s Bay. Here, by some
mishap, he escaped, and it was in the effort to re-capture the
animal that Mr. Simson met with his accident. I will here
quote Mr. Stephens’ words, who was present :—

“ After an exciting chase, Platypus was re-captured; but
this time he revenged himself by giving my friend a severe
wound on the hand, one spur slightly tearing the palm, and
the other the back of the hand, making a deep puncture
between the knuckles of (I think) the first and second fingers.
The pain from this was intense, and almost paralysing. But
for the administration of small doses of brandy, he would have
fainted on the spot. As it was, it was half-an-hour before he
could stand without support. By that time the arm was
swollen to the shoulder, and quite useless, and the pain in
the hand very severe. No ammonia was to be had; no medical
assistance was available; and the only treatment that could
be adopted, was to keep the whole arm for a night and day in
wet bandages, which seemed to alleviate the pain a little, and
to reduce the inflammation.

“A week later, I was informed by letter, that the swelling
had subsided, the hand being still very tender, with a sensa-

163

tion as of a severe bruise. From this time there was a slow
but gradual improvement.”

As regards the improvement, I have a letter from Mr.
Simson, a portion of which I will read :—

“You have heard through Stephens of my Platypus adven-
ture, no doubt; it isa pity he got away after the mischief he
did. * * * TI did not know before that they were capable
of hurting one. Coombes says, that according to Krefft,
their spurs are tubes, and that there is a poison- ‘bag at their
base ; others also tell me they are hollow. Can you hunt it up
and see if itis true? There must be some kind of poison in
them, I fancy, as, though the wounds healed up quickly, I
still have a queer feeling i inthe hand and fore-arm, and can-
not bear any pressure on the hand; the flesh, especially i in the
morning when I wash, feels as if ie were with the skin grazed
off, quite sore, and the hand is still rather cramped, and
incapable of grasping anything, though I can use the fingers
now again. The foregoing sensations extended right up the
arm at first, which was everywhere tender to the touch, and
all the joints and bones of the fingers also. Some natives
tell me they would rather lay hold ofa snake than a Platypus.”

I may mention, that on Mr. Stephens attempting to seize
the animal, it attacked him in a similar manner; fortunately
his hand was protected by a glove, and the spurs only left a
deep indentation, without piercing the covering. He says :—
“The mode of attack is not by scratching, but (as I know
from experience) by a powerful lateral and inward movement
of the hind legs, the spurs being thus brought together like
the points of a pair of callipers.

It is worth noticing, that the animal was in a state of con-
siderable irritation when re-captured; and also that the
object of his attack was a strong man, in the prime of life, and
in perfect health.”

Now, in regard to the wound received by Mr. Simson,
to what are we to attribute the painful consequences which
ensued? Are they due to the action of poison, or to the
laceration of the nerves, or to some other cause ?

Having no practical acquaintance myself with Platypi and
their habits, I have looked up whatever works were within m
reach bearing on the subject ; and the results I will lay before
you.

There is no doubt, that the spur is not a solid, but a hollow
body, or rather it is a sharp-pointed cone of considerable sub-
stance, traversed by a very fine tube, which communicates by
a canal with a comparatively large spongy gland situated, not
immediately behind it, but some distance up the thigh.

This is plain from the dissections made by Professor Owen.

164:

Mr. Roblin, the Curator of our Museum, informs me
that he has himself expressed a yellowish fluid from this
gland through the opening in the spur. Seeing that
this is so, and coupling with it the severity of the symptoms
following on a wound, one is apt to jump to the con-
clusion that the gland is a veritable poison bag. Judging
from analogy, we might say that the case is in every respect
similar to that of the serpent tribe, only that with Ornitho-
rhynchus, the mechanism for elaborating and injecting the
poison, is situated in the heel instead of in the head.

Nevertheless, the opinion of those best able to form a
correct judgment appears to be decidedly opposed to this view
of the matter.

First, both in date and value, are the observations of the
veteran naturalist, Dr. Bennett. (See ‘‘ Gatherings of a
Naturalist,” p. 107, §c.)

Of two German authors, whose books I have, one (Pro-
fessor Leunis), writes as follows:—‘‘ The male has on the
hind leg, not far from the foot, a slightly curved movable
hollow spur, which opens into a gland, and which may,
perhaps, serve some purpose in the animal’s connection with
the female.

Formerly this gland was supposed to contain poison, which -
was injected through the spur. But later observations (espe-
cially those of M. Verreaux) seem to contradict this theory.
Certainly no one has ever seen the the animal attempt to use
its spur in self-defence.” '

Very similar to this are the remarks made by the
Zoologists of the’French Expedition in the “ Astrolabe,” as
quoted by Owen. They have reference to the male Echidna.

“We have never heard of any accident occasioned by the
spur. We ourselves touched and irritated the animal without
its once attempting to defend itself by this instrument. No,
not even when we made use of considerable pressure.”
Brehm, the other German author alluded to, contents him-
self with quoting Bennett. Owen and Waterhouse follow
the same leader.

In fact, the question is surrounded with difficulties, and
cannot be determined in our present state of knowledge.

If we admit the possibility of the venom theory, then we
have in Ornithorhynchus a perfectly unique example, that of a
mammal, or warm-blooded animal being endowed with poison-
ous properties. It is true, that in its “sternal” apparatus,
this animal comes very near to the Lizard; and knowing, as
we do, how closely allied are Saurians and Ophidians, we may,
perhaps, see no difficulty in looking upon the Platypus as a
distant relation of the latter, and therefore, as having a sort

165

of family claim to their dangerous mode of defence—the
poison bag. But in every other respect the Platypus is a true
mammal, though of a very low type; and it is very far from
probable, that (out of all that huge and important class) the
Monotremes alone should be entrusted with so terrible a
weapon. Moreover, the faculty is still further restricted ; for
you must remember that this privilege is entirely confined to
the male. In the young female indeed, a small rudimentary spur
exists (as we learn from both Owen and Waterhouse) ; but
this disappears as the animal advances in age ; and in mature
life its absence is marked by a slight depression.

Moreover, if we are to be in any degree guided by analogy,
we should look for the poison bag in the weaker rather than
in the more powerful sex. At least in the only class in which
this means of defence is confined to one of the two sexes (I
allude to the insects), it is invariably the female, not the male,
which makes its presence felt by its sting. On the other
hand I do not give much importance to Dr. Bennett’s argu-
ment, that he could not force the animal to attack him, and
that the scratch which he received from the spur, caused him
no pain. Nothing is more certain than that the poison of
snakes varies in potency at differeat seasons of the year, and
that its virulence depends largely on the circumstances under
which it is received.

Baden Powell (in his work called New Homes for the Old
Country) observes—“ That the Platypus does not attack men
with his spurs when caught, may perhaps be attributed to
the fact that he is then entirely out of his element. In the
water possibly he may be able to make good use of an arm,
which, if poisonous, would indeed be most formidable. In
cases where scratches have been received from the spur with-
out evil effect, the result may be due to the reservoir of the
poison being at the time empty, owing to previous struggles.”

Making allowance, however, for all theoretical difficulties,
how are we to account for the serious swelling and extraordi-
nary effects suffered by Mr. Simson, except on the supposition
of poison having been introduced into his system ?

Tam well aware that wounds from claws are often very dis-
agreeable and lasting in their effects—even in cases (as of
the lion) where there is no suspicion of poison. But in the
instance before us, the smallness of the wound—a clean punc-
ture, not an irregular laceration—the intensity of the accom-
panying symptoms, the celerity with which the parts affected
were attacked, seem to point to something more potent than
the mere tearing of the flesh.

Still all this is circumstantial evidence, and not of a direct
nature.

166

Nor is it perhaps much more to the purpose to ask: If the
spur and its accompanying gland are not intended as weapons,
what object are they intended to effect. They may be con-
nected with a sexual object, an opinion which Owen is
evidently inclined to adopt. The gland is situated very near
the organs of generation, and Bennett suggests that the hollow
which takes the place of the spur in the female may not
improbably serve for the reception of the spur of the other
sex.

It is further conceivable that the fluid in the gland may at;
this time of the year have some peculiarly acrid or irritant
property, and when injected into the human body may pro-
duce symptoms similar to those of a true poison.

This is emphatically the season of love among the lower
animals. Dr. Bennett notes in his dissections of male Platypi,
that during September and October the testes resembled
pigeons eggs in size, whereas later in January and February
they were not larger than small peas.

May not the season also account for the ease with which
the animal was originally captured, knowing as we do how
utterly reckless and blind to danger the lower animals often
become under this great excitement, and also for the ferocity
which it displayed after it was taken, so different to the stupid
demeanour which generally characterises it ?

One more suggestion has been made in reference to the use
of the spur, which I will give in Baden Powell’s words :—
“ The blunt nature of the spur in older individuals, together
with the fact that the Platypus is especially fond of cleaning
itself with its hind legs, has led some to suppose that the
juice ejected from the spur is of use for the toilet. But then
why should the male have so great an advantage over the
female in the province of hair dressing? Why should the
husband have the use of pomade, and possibly insect powder
combined, while the wife has to content herself with water
and vigorous brushing ?” I may add to this that that orni-
thorhynchian hair oi] must be of a singularly acrid and un-
pleasant nature to produce such effects, when applied inwardly,
as we have seen to occur in Mr. Simson’s case.

This is all I have been able to bring together anent Platypus
and his spur, and little enough it is. I dare say when Aus-
tralia is more settled, and Ornithorhynchus has been improved
off the face of the earth, biologists will have leisure and
thought to bestir themselves to enquire into the matter. Just
as now we are searching for Dodo’s bones, and writing books
about them, and doing work which ought to have been done ~
two centuries ago.

Ihave recommended Mr. Simson if he captures a second

167

male Platypus to perform an operation, which I am afraid will
not meet with the approval of the auti-vivisectionists of the
old country, viz.: to force it to puncture with its spurs, not
himself, but a rat or small bird,, and to record the effects.
This may do something to unlock what is now a decided and -
unsolvable mystery.

168

SYNONYMY OF AND REMARKS UPON TAS.
MANIAN AND OTHER SHELLS, WITH THEIR
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By Joun Brazier, 0.M.Z.S., M.L.S., M.R.S. N.S.W.,
Cor. Mem. Roy. Soc., Tas,

[Read 13th November, 1876.]
1. Hewix (Pirys) GUNNII.

Heliz (Pirys) assimilis, Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

1871, p. 697.
9 9 99 0 In Legrand’s second edi-
tion of Catalogue Tasmanian Land Shells, August, 1871,

sp. 66
Helix assimilis (Prtys). Pfr. in Monog. Hel. Viv. 1875;
vol. VIL., p. 166. Hab., near Hobart Town; Mr. Petterd.

I find that Mr. H. Adams described, in the Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1866, p. 816, a Helix assimilis from Formosa. I have
changed my specific name as above in honor of Mr. Ronald
Gunn, whose exertions in the cause of science have made us
acquainted with many new and rare specimens of natural
history from Tasmania.

2. Hewix (Pirys) LUCKMANII.

Helix (Charopa) neglecta, Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1870, p. 660.
» | (Pitys) neglecta, Brazier in Legrand’s Coll. for Mon.
Tasmanian Land Shells, sp. 47.

Helix neglecta (CHaropa). Pfr.in Monog. Hel. Viv., 1875;
Vol. VIL, p. 149. Hab., Knocklofty, and Old Mill, Hobart
Town; Mr. Petterd. Foot of Mount Nelson; Mr. Legrand.

Helix neglecta pre-occupied by Draparnaud for an European
species. Name changed as above in honor of Mr. Luckman,
who appears to have done some collecting in Tasmania for the
benefit of science. ,

3. Hetrx (Pitys) coLuisi.

Helix minima (Hyalina) Cox. Monog. Aust. Land Shells,
1868, p. 10, pl. XIL., fig. 8.

Helix (Hyalina) minima, Cox. In Legrand’s Coll. for Mon.
Tasmanian Land Shells, 1871, sp. 10.

Helix minima (Hyalina). Pr. in Monog. Hel., Viv. 1875;
vol. VIL, p. 181. Hak., Mount Wellington; Mr. Masters.

Helix minima pre-occupied by H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1867, p. 303, species from Island of Mauritius. The Tas-
manian species I have named as above.

169

4, CyPRHA UMBILICATA,
Cyprea umbilicata, Sowerby. Tank. Cat. p. 30, pl. 7.
2 4 3 Thes. Conch., vol. IV., p. 21,
Cypre, pl. VIL, fig. 42.
Cyprovula umbilicata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

1849, p. 125.

Es be Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1867, p. 205.

* = Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, p. 85.

Hab., 25 miles off the coast of New South Wales, between
Montague Island and Twofold Bay, brought up from the great
depth of 1,900 fathoms, one specimen was obtained by Pro-
fessor (now Sir) C. Wyville Thomson, in the voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger, from Melbourne to Sydney. The specimen was
smaller and paler in colour, than any I have ever seen from

Tasmania.
5. SCAPHA MAMILLA.

Voluta mamilla, Gray, Sowerby. Thes. Conch., vol. I., plate
L., fig. 57, 58.
a »» Reeve. Conch., Incon., pl. XTX., sp. 44.
Scapha mamilla, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1855,
55

Cymbium mamilla, Chenu., Manuel de Conch., 1859, tome.
1, p. 186, fig. 942.

Mamillana mamitlla, Crosse. Journal de Conch, 1871, vol.
XIX., p. 308.

Scapha mamilla, Brazier. Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1872,
p. 23.

Hab., Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, found on the
beaches after easterly gales; Brazier.

I have seen it recorded as being found at Black River Beach,
the Duck River, Port Sorell, and other localities included be-
tween Circular Head and the Tamar in Tasmania.

6. VOLUTELLA PAPILLOSA.
Voluta papillosa, Swainson, in Appendix to Bligh’s Catalogue.
43 ss Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. L, p. 207, pl.
XLVILI., fig. 30. .
» papillaris, Reeve. Conch., Icon., pl. IV., sp. 10.
Scaphella papillaris, Swainson, Malacology, part I., page

108, fig. 12a,
9 papillosa “ e part II., page
308.
Volutella i, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, pl. 68.

Voluta (Alcithoe) papillosa, Crosse. Journal de Conch., 1871,
vol. XTX., p. 297.

M

170

Hab., 25 miles off the coast of New South Wales between
Montague Island and Twofold Bay, brought up in the dredge
with Cyprea umbilicata, from 1,900 fathoms. Encounter Bay,
South Australia; Mr. G. F. Angas. Black River Beach to
the Duck River, and sometimes in the vicinity of the Tamar
Heads, North Tasmania.

7. VOLUTELLA FUSIFORMIS.
Voluta fusiformis, Swainson, in Appendix to Bligh’s Cata-
logue.
9 PS Sowerby. Thes. Conch., vol. I. p. 208,
pl. LIV., fig. 100.
Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. IIL, sp. 6.

Scaphella fusiformis, Swainson. Malacology, part I., p. 108,

318.

Scapha fusiformis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 58.
Angas. Bi », 1864.

Voluta (Alcithoe) fusifor mis, Crosse. Journal de Conch., 1871,
vol. XIX., p. 296.

Hab., Broken Bay, New South Wales, found on the beaches
after gales. The specimens.found are larger and otherwise
distinct from the specimens from the Black River Beach,
Tasmania.

8. SCAPHELLA ANGASI.
Voluta Angasi, Sowerby. Thes. Conch., vol. III., p. 271.,
and vol. EL, pl: XG: VIE, Mig. 29:
» (Amoria) Angasi, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867,
. 193

Pp :
5 L. » Crosse, Journal de Conch., 1871,
vol. XIX., p. 289.

Hab., 34 miles east of Port Jackson Heads in 45 fathoms
hard sand bottom. Middle Harbour, Port Jackson, Lake
Macquarie at Moon Islet, Port Stephens.on the North of
Sydney; Brazier. Corner Inlet, Victoria ; Mr. R. C. Rossiter.
The home of this species appears to be from Circular Head to
the mouth of the River Tamar.

I consider all these so-called species to be only local varieties
of Voluta undulata, Lam ;= var. Angasi, Sowb.;=var. Austra- -
lie, Cox ;= var. Kingi., Cox ;= var. Sclateri, Cox.

9. VoLuTA SOPHIA. GRAY.

I found at Warrior Reef on the sands, and at 30 fathoms,
Darnley Island, Torres Straits, var. of Voluta Norrist, Sowb.,
from Nichol Bay ; ; Camden Harbour and Tien Tsin Passage ; ;
North West Coast of Australia.

10. VonuTA TURNERI. GRAY.

North Australia. = Var. Ellioti, Sowb.; = var. Jamracki, Gray ;
from North West Coast of Australia.

17]

11. VotuTa PULCHRA. Sows.
= Var. Wisemani, Brazier, from North East Australia.

12. VoLuTaA PIPERITA. Sows.

Typical, Rubiana, Solomon Islands. = Var. Ruckeri, Crosse,
from Florida, Savu, Ysabel, Rubiana, Shortland and Bougain-
ville Islands, Solomon’s Archipelago. = Var. Macgillivrayi,
Cox, from Woodlark Island, east side of the fork of New
Guinea. Specimens in Australian Museum named piperita
by Mr. G. F. Angas when Secretary.

13. VoLUTA RETICULATA. REEVE.

=Var. Reevei, Sowb., from Ashburton River and Tien Tsin
Creek, North West Astralia.

14. VoLuTA RUTILA. BRODERIP.

From Darnley Island, Torres Straits. = Var. innexa, Reeve,
from Louisiade Islands, near the south fork of New Guinea.

15. VonutTa FLAVICANS. GMELIN.

From Katow, New Guinea. = Var. volvacea, Lam.; = var. lug7-
bris, Swainson ; = var. modesta, Wood ; = var. signifer, Broder, :
=var. Tissotiana, Crosse, from Port Essington and Liverpou!
River, North Australia.

16. VoLuTA HARFORDI. Cox.

= Voluta canaliculata, McCoy, one and the same species.

A fine living specimen was dredged by Commodore (now
Admiral) Loring, at Broad Sound, North East Australia, when
in command of H.M.S. Iris, it was found packed up in the
collection with other shells from the same place by Mr. Angas
in 1872. The locality given by Dr. Cox, when describing it
from specimens received from Tasmania, and said to have come
from Wreck Reefs, Bird Island, near Lady Elliott Island, is
quite a novelty for geographers ; I find Lady Elliott Island is
just inside the Great Barrier Reef in a direct line with Round-
hill Head, near Harvey’s Bay, on the North East Coast of
Australia. Wreck Reefs are 300 miles outside the barrier,
about E.N.E. of Lady Elliott Island. Professor McCoy, when
describing specimens received from the same person from whom
Dr. Cox obtained his, gives Port Denison, Queensland, as a
habitat for this shell. I doubt very much its being found so
far north.

17. CALLISTA VICTORIE.

Callista victorie, Woods. Proc. Royal Soc. Tas. 1875,
p. 27.

Hab., Lake Macquarie and Port Stephens, New South
Wales, found in a living state on the sand beaches after heavy

172

weather. The Rev. J. HE. Tenison-Woods records it from
Cloudy Bay on the south of Bruny Island, Tasmania. I have
received dead and worn valves from Cloudy Bay.

a

METEOROLOGY FOR JANUARY, 1876.

Owing to unavoidable circumstances, the Hobart
Town Meteorological Table for January is incom-
plete, no observations having been recorded until
the 22nd. The results of the observations from
that date until the end of the month (10 days) are
as follows :—

Barometer. —Mean Pressure, 29°921 inches.

Max. ry: 30°226 =,
Min. A 29°444 =,
Wind.—Mean Force, ‘34lb. per sq. foot. Prevailing
Max. ,, 2°60lb. ,, Pe direction,
Min. ., 0: tere S.E.

Thermometer, Fahrenheit.—Mean Temp. 66°05°, Max. 88°0°,
Min. 55:0°.

Relative Humidity, per cent.—Mean °74, Max. ‘94, Min. °52.

Highest Temp. in Sun.—Mean °104:95, Max. °121°0, Min.
“64°0.

Ditto in Shade.—Mean °78'85, Max. 93:0, Min. 60°5.

Terrestrial Radiation.—Mean “51°45, Max. °62°0, Min. °41°5.

Rain in Inches.—Total, °68.

Spontaneous Evaporation.—Total amount, 3°44.

Cloud.—Mean amount, 6° (scale 0—10).

Ozone.—Mean amount, 4°30 (chromatic scale).

Electricity.—Positive 5, negative 12, nil 3.

Time of Leafing, Flowering, and Fruiting of a few Standard
Plants in the Royal Socety’s Gardens during the month of
January, 1876 :—
18th.—First ripe Apricot gathered.
20th.—Veronica Angustifolia in full flower.
24th.—Jargonelle Pear ripe.
25th.—Grevillea Robusta in flower.
3lst.—Mulberries commencing to ripen.

F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk

for January, 1876 :—

Barometer (corrected and reduced), mean of three daily
readirgs, 29°804in.

Thermometer, mean of three ditto, 64'74°.

Dew-point, mean position of three ditto, 53°40°.

Elastic Force of Vapour, mean of three ditto, °402.

Humidity, mean of three ditto, ‘66.

Solar Intensity, mean of max. temp., 130°61°.

Terrestrial Radiation, mean of min. temp., 45°19”.

Rainfall, 1°66in.

Evaporation, 4°73in. ; in excess of rainfall, 3‘07in.

Clouds, mean of three daily registers, 5°62.

Ozone ditto of two ditto, 5°82.

Wind, total of three ditto, 79°27Ib. per sq. foot.

Horizontal Movement, 25°27 miles.

49 obs. of electricity, 27 negative, 18 positive, 4 nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

"3 i? , rp 1 ens oVblage

ROR pana ds sett To agg anstoxeig Rs
any L titan
OI’ Malar Dike: ae
Ri a aes ed hak Toe es ee Hea TE
' ispbay gL PY Nem Ran KnEELS as CT
soak p99 ATO ORD Sen tie ATS
glo Th ce ioe ae tookeeg ih,
heb wubitiers ff por dainur 82 Alleah De ae

HOCH Me:

METEOR(

PrIvAt
Latitude 42°
(Regist«

3 8 gq
weed |
FS Sas @ | Thermometers Thermou
o
s » 2S (Reading.) —_ (Self-Regis
* Has
le ie
| i2@ |a
oa ores a | eae we
; , |SsAls8\3d| Aa | a
Sy) eS bat sciaet ee ts
| & |23|§s| Ba) gs |Z
S| & | 8 =| G~/g~| Se | &
B/S (|S ja |& | [ei
| | |
29°924 30-005 12°0 55°0 61°0 105°0 | 72
230126 30°125 13°0 | 51°0 63°0 95°5 | 69
Bi30°174 30°089 12°5 | G50 72:0 95°5 | 7
30°143 29°985 15°0 | 60°0 75°0) 98°0 | 8&§
80°005 29°812 18°0 600 54:0 114°0 | 8§
§}29°901 29°731 18°0 | G50 | 72°0 | 100°5 | 8%
7/29°624 29°738 18°0 | 64:0 69-0 1100 | &
8/29°855 29°857, 17°0 | 63°0 66:0 93-0 | 7:
‘915 29°668 14°0 57:0 68:0 98° | 7
"287 29°377| 15°0 | 60°0 56°0 101°0 | 7;
848 29°945| 9°0 | 49°0/62°0 940 | 7!
"937 29°910 11°0 | 52:0; 62°0 82°5 | 6
"879 29°761| 12-0 | 54°0|74-0 115-0 |
965 29°811| 15°0 | 60°0 | 67°0 | 1085
045 29°722| 15-0 | 60°0 | 62°5 | 97°0
i 29°907, 9°0 | 49:0 | 63-0 | 101°0
26 29°844| 13-0 | 57:0 | G8°5 | 111°0
3 29°797| 13°0 | 61:0 66°0 , 94°5
2 | 62°5 10770

“118 29°997| 13°0 | 57-0 | 66-0 110-0
“924 29-760 : ;
*079 30°055
"982 29°852)

Boe Ee RRERSe EERE NE SEE
s
Se
IAI OHIO AID

‘997 29°997,
|

M’n. Tem. Mean !
29°811 |12°.66 60°.92 103°.88 1

Greatest do, Max.; Max. Max.
30°241 /18°°0 84°.0 115°.0 3

\Teast do. |Min.| Min. | Min.
23-045 3°) 47.0 | 82°. ||

The Meteorological form brought into ui
1876 differs in some respects from the
mn adopted with the view of assimilatin
ords more closely with those of s
erica, etc., in order to co-operate in
ional Meteorology. Readings are ad¢é
fe thermometer, that being the instru!
the continent of Europe.

he mean is in all cases taken from tl
] ober not from the maximum an
‘he tion of the wind is registered
of 92 feet above sea level, and i
ire foot.

e relative quantity of rain that fell
is registered each morning at 7°30 ¢
he thirty-five years’ standard tables a;
erence from average.

FRANCIS ABBO'

® of leafing, ree ae fruiting
lants in the Royal Society’s Gard¢

D :—

_ = .

ne Ne eS

|, ~
METEOROLOGY FOR FEBRUARY, 1876.
Private Onservatory, Hoparr Town.
Latitude 42° 52 13° S.; Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.)
ke ‘si PA A
Sees | £3 | Clouds. Wind. S| alo3
Eegce Thermometers Thermometers 23 & 3 ee)
ado 38 = eae 7
5 Go| (Reading.) | (Self-Registering) |r | | a aloe
2 2 > — > |7'30 a.m.|4°30 p,m.| 7°30a.m. | 430 p.m. | 3 | &
e Raa | Percent) u B | G
le le le] || le) a [8 |
= 3 | =| a j a
g |2 |& i | | gles! — lad
é |\ge/Se ad) ad |ed| ae NS peepee 28
; 3A) 8 £ Blalgis ptt a wo Shalt alta F
Ald | @ |es|S¢/Sajoelealoe/2/ 2/2 2/8\/¢/ 2 22 5 |2e 4/48) 8
ss) # [gelis|tel fe |e lisls|e|2|2|2|8| 2 22 2 |e alae
wt at i | & 5 | & nm); . a
AE] S |e [8 [8 [a fe [a |e |*|s)aiej4) ae | a je pele] e
|e, eae i. |
=e [ | feral tl | | |
1/29°924 30°05) 12°0 | 61:0 | 105:0 | 72'5 | 60°0 | 81 9:0 60
2/30 126 80.125) 13°0 63°0| 95°65 | 69°0 | 49°0 | 71 9-0 | £5
§/30°174 30-080) 12°5 72:0| 955 | 75°0 | 47°5 | 75 10 01 30
150 75':0| 98°0 | 88°0 | 60°0 | 72 | 73) 55
540 |114'0 | 88°5 | 53°5 | 78 | ty 30
720/100 | 85:0 | 685 | 88) 74 K | 70 55
0 60°0/110:0 | 820 | 65:5 | 88) 83 K | 70 55
7-0 66-0| 930/740 | 500] 82/73 K | 9 35
40 }68°0 98:0 ) 70:0 | 5:0 | 93 | 78 IN 10-0 50
10/20'287 29°27) 15°0 | 60°0 56:0 101-0 | 71-0 | 67°0 | 75 f 3W 35
11/20'843, 99-945 9°0 | 49:0 |62°0, 940 | 72'5 | 305 TOK | 40) N SW 50
12]20'037 20-910] 11°0 | 52:0 |62-0| 82'5 | 625 | 43:0 7-0\KS |10°0! W SE 35
13/20°879 29°761| 12'0 | 54°0 |'74-0 | 115-0 | 81:0 | 44°5 0/K | 30) NW s 35
1427-965 20°81, 15-0 | 60:0 | 67-0) 108'5 | 76-0 | 51-0 20 3:0| N SE 40
15]98'045 20°722| 15-0 | 60:0 | 625 | 97°0 | 69°0 | 51-0 So/K | 70) N 5 30
16)29890 20907) 9:0 | 49:0 63°0| 101-0 | 66-0 | 42:0 60K | 40| N sw |: £0
17/20'826 20°844| 18-0 | 57-0 |68°5 |111-0 | 75:0 | 510 45|KN|100) W w |: £6
} 797| 13°0 | 61:0 |66-0| 94°5 | 69°5 | 67°5 OO|KN) 85) NW wil: 30
140 | 58°0 | 625 | 107°0 | 720 | 50°0 73|\K | 40) W SE || © 50
18:0 | 57-0) 66:0 1100 | 72.5 | 405 T0/KN| 8:0] NW SE | -20) 35
| 12:0 | 55-0 | 616 | 1080 | 63'0 | 41-0 sulk | 7-0) SW Ss 52) 04 40
120 | 54-0 | 62:0 103'5 | 66-0 | 45-0 00/KN| 9:0) SE S| 2:60) 45
10:0 | 60:0 | 63:0 | 110°0 | 71°5 | 43°0 40/KS | 75) W | SE | 52 50
| 12:0 | 540/680 | 104-0 | 72°0 | 495 00K | 80) N SE | -26) ia
"89 1) 10°0 | 50:0 | 66°0 109°0 | 78'0 | 42:0 VON | 85) N | W j10-43) | 40
20:659 29'302] 11°5 | 63'0 | 64-0 | 113'5 | 75°5 | 470 20\K | 7:0) SE Ss 52 30
7/30°090 30.113) 8°0 | 47-0 | 58°0|1040 | 69°0 | 43°5 ‘OKN| 7-5) N | S$ | 2:00) 18 50
93/80°241 30193) 8°0 | 47-0 | 63-0 112°0 | 69°0 | 40°0 3510 | -0| N s 26) 50
%/20'907 29°907| 90 | 49°0 | 66-0 103-0 | 72/0 | 45°0 GOKN|10°0) N | s 26) | 124) 55
St |e eee 3 a8 alias es
Mean Press.|Mean|M’n. Tem. Mean |Mean|Mean| Mean. Mean for Month. Mean Force.
29811 /12".66) 60°02 103%.88/73".62/48".53| 73°0_ | O21 102
Greatest do,| Max. Max. Max. Max, Max.) Max. Prevailing Greatest Force,
30241 [180 | _84°,0_[115%.0 |88°.60 58°50, 940 | Character. Y
Least do, | Min.| atin. | Min. | Min.| Min.| Min. | Mand KN Least Force. |
23-045 |g 47°.0 _| 82°.5 162°-50'40°.50 51-0 0

‘The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has ,

n adoysted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
Ncords more closely with those of stations in Europe,
America, etc., in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
tational Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi-
fade thermometer, that being the instrament generally used
the continent of Europe. |
The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two

Results of observation taken at New Norfolk Fen

27th —Ash commencing to shed seed.
29th,—Sycamore ditto ditto.
F. ABBOTT, Jun.,

Superintendent.

1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at

7 30am. and 4:30 p.m. :—

ty ater, not from the maxim an cates aan | eae mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
pat pate feet above sea poten Aesrorsanicytin? es Dine ditt to Oder, Centigrade, nt” Seve E
ng ego cach ncn at ame Ce Mere nce of ape eof 2 ito, 12

The thirty-five years’ standard tables are used for obtaining | Bim mane ce temperature,132-58deg-

e difference from average.
FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete,

Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard

rier in the Royal Society’s Garden during February,

10th,
i

|
4

—Kerry Pippin Apple commencing to ripen,
ih =Windaor Pear ditto ditto.
th —Bon Chretien Pear ditto ditto.
.—Green Gage Plum ditto ditto.

,

ast radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
2 D3deg.

Rainfall, “53in.

Evaporation, 674in. in excess of rainfall, 6°2lin.
Ozone, mean amount of 2 daily registers, 6°15.
Clouds, mean ditto, 2ditto ditto, 434.

Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot, mean of 2, 71°411bs_
Ditto, horizontal movement, 2715 miles.

W. E. SHOOBRID:
Valleyfeld.

aA RN A

PRIVATE
Latitude 42° 5
(Registere¢

(3 Thermometers | Thermometé
3 (Reading.) | (Self-Register’
| ata
a Fo | ees
| , |S8\/84 34 sa laa :
Be | i} Ba Se He 2A, 3a, \
Mel oc, | >| So/ 8a) Bo | Bo
BH) HO) HR am | aH
‘g i 2
t 2/9 |* |= | A = }
’ | ' |
Bud 29697 12°0 49:0 64:0 111°0 | 72-0
379 29°347 110 | 52:0 65-0 1095 | 72°0
"974 29°982 12°5 | 55:0 62:0 107-0 | 69-0
N34 29°991| 12°0 | 53°0 680 111°0 | 78-5
049 30-094! 12°0 | 54-0 68°0 110°5 | 76-0
"141 29°923' 13°0 | 57-0 74-0 115°0 | 83:5
927 29°769 16°0 | 62-0 79:0 120-0 | 87-0
905 29°897' 17°0 | 62:0 64:5 113-0 | 80-0 |
76 30°005, 120 54°5 65:0 100°5 | 72-0 |
b79 29-992) 12°0 55-0 63:0 110-0 | 75:0 |
990 29°783 18-0 | 65:0 75°5 114-0 | 75°5 |
B72 29°883 18-0 | 64:5 75:0 112°5 | 77-0
019 29°959 18°0 64:0 82°0 120°0 | 90-0
902 29-762 18°0 | 64:0 80-0 122°0 | 93°5
113 30°248/ 12°5 155-0 570 68°5 625
380 30°336 10°0 | 50-0 62:0 104-0 | 690
242 30157! 80 | 48:0 62:0 1030 | 71-0
057 29°967| 9:0 | 49:0 63-0 102-0 | 72:0
909 29°S45 1175 | 52:2 GOO 104°5 665 1H]
29°399 10°0 | 50:0 67:0 109°0 77-0 \
90 29°863| 160 | G10 56°5 780 63-0
5 307168 8°0 | 47:°0|/58:0| 97°75 62:0 y
29°874| 11:0 | 51:0 69:0 107°0 | 77.5 '
0 29883) 9:0 | 49-0 685 99°5 | 73:0 |
0 29°385, 15°0 | 59-0 | 70°5 111°0 | 83-0
29°810 12°0 | 540/600 93:0 | 72°5
8 29829) 7°0 | 45-0 67°5 107°0 | 73-0
9 30°099 11-0 | 52:0 165-0 107°5 | 750
9 29°648, 10:0 | 51:0 72:0 72:0 76-0
0/29°522) 11-0 | 52:0 55:0 98°5 | 72:0
51 29433) 8-0 | 470/545 790 65°0|

3
an Press. Mean M’n Tein. Mean Mean
29-913 12°.30, 60°.34 103°.45 74°.77

|
est do, Max.. Max. . Max. Max
|

/18°°0 | 82°.0 122°.00 93°.5(

ce

: Min. Min. Min. | Min

iO 45°.0 | 72°.00 62°°5(

eteorological form brought into use af
differs in some respects from the form

pted with the view of assimilating th
‘more closely with those of static

etc., in order to co-operate in a g
Meteorology. Readings are added {
ermometer, that being the instrument
ontinent of Europe.
ean isin all cases taken ffom the sv
‘isters, not from the maximum and mi
irection of the wind is registered fror !
92 feet above sea level, and its f¢ |
ative quantity of rain that fell und)
Tegistered each morning at 7°30 a.m.
lirty-five years’ standard tables are us
rence from average.

t
{
|
FRANCIS ABBOTT,

leafing, flowering, and fruiting of
is in the Royal Society’s Gardens
|
Hornbeam leaves commencing to tuj
2’s Golden Drop Plum ripe.

e Pear commencing to ripen. || -

of Elm (Ulmus campestris) tw {

se Chestnut leaves turning broy. i

$253 5 8 5
. Clouds. > <,
g2583 Thermometers | Thermometers 2 vines ¢ gl 3
H325 : 5 8
fas (Reading.) | (Self-Registering.) ce EU Ry
yo8a8 : 730a.m./4°30p.m.| 7:30am. | 430 p.m. | 4 | &
a ae) -
] > |g |@ i 5
‘| 2 \2 2 2/8) a [8
FH salaqlaa a ; 3 g
|, (ge|gaige ed (Se/ed] | clelelel.| ¢ (ce = (22
g\ 2 |f4|e4) 2a saloa|oal a) a |S) s)2)e) 8 lee] 8 |eel ald] a
3] i 2/83 /82| 82) 5 |Salgal?|a|2/2/2/2| 2 led 2 lede| =| ¢
re |e |eelgelde ee (Saleels|s|sle]sle| 2 lee] 2 ze slele
Blea Sob ee a | | | Re |
H | =e eal el
129: 490 PH 87 63 /K | 50K | 7-0) W 26] Sw |
9 52°0/ 70 60 K | GO/K | 3:0) W | 26] SW 260) “01 re
55 69°0 |) 7 \K | 75K | Go| N | 26/5 BY 65
530 78°5 86 | 68 |K_| 95/8 | 25|NwW]| 0|SE | -3o) 65
oto 760 87 | 68 KN 10-0|K | 70) W | 0/|SE | +0 40
57-0 83°5 87 | 66 |0 | -0/KS| 80) NW! +26) NW] :26) 40
62-0 870 88 | 71 |KN|100)K | 75|N | 0| W “b2) *03 45
620 | 80-0 82/83 |K” | 75)KN| 85} N | :0/S | 2-60 £0
545 720 87 | 78 N_|100/KN| 85, § 0|SE | -o| ~40 65
550 750 93 | 53 KN 100/KS | 8:0/N | 0/8 26) OL 145) 40
1120090 650 75'5 83) 70 KN /100/K | 10:0, N o|W 0 35
128 645 770 88 | 79 KN 7:5|KN| 8'5)N | 0) N 62) '04) 25
ovo 90:0 |d0'5| 88 640 | ‘o/K | 8:0|/SE | :0| SE | °53) ‘07) £0
640 93°5 |59°5 | 88 67 KN \100\K | Go| NW| -0|SE | 59) 25
55°0 625 | 520 | 87| 76 IN /10°0/KN|10:0) 8 53] S 52) 102) 60
50:0, 90 |43:0 | 74| 72K | 40/0 | -0/SE | 52| 5 26) 02 55
43:0 710/415 | 86) 77 [0 | olK | 85) Nw! -0|8E | 59) £0
49:0 63" 720 |48°0 | 86) 72 |K | B:0\0 | ol NW) -0| SE | “59 45
52-2 60" 665 | 49:5 | 80| 71 K | 7'5|KN| 85 SW | ‘0| SW | 2:60 70
500 67 0 77:0 |45:0| 86) 64 K | 70/0 | oS | 0)8 0| ‘OL 1-41) 45
61-0 56° "0/080 |48°0 | 77 | 57 KN 100|/K | 5:0) NE | 0| SW | 621 50
47-0/58:0| 97'5 620 | 410 | 67 | G6 K | G5)KS | 4:0 SW | 52) SE "B2) 702 45
61-0/69:0 107-0 | 7.5 | 48:0 | 74 GO K |100/KS | 75, NW 0 | NW | 26) “01 50
|49:0 68° 99'S 78:0 |42°0| 86 Gd O | -O\K | 40 NW) oe) SE | 5a) £0
50:0 705 LILO | 83:0 | 51:0 | 76.) 69 KK | 45/KN|10°0/ NW) *62| NE | 0 | -08 25
540|60:0| 930/725 | 445 | 70 58K | 70K | 2:0) NW) 26) SW | 26 | 55
450) 67:5 1070 | 73:0 | 30% | 79 | 53 0 | ol | go) NW | 26) NW | 0 60
620 [650 107-6 |750 | 4615 | 86 | 68 KS | 70/KN) 775) W | 0|SE | 0 £0
510/720 720 76:0 |48'0 | 6 | Gs K | 5:5|KN|10-:0| NW | 26) N 0 35
520/550 985 72:0 |480 | 74 69 KN S0/KN) 6:0, N | 0 | NW ao
a } 470 545 790 650/390 | 01) 70 N | 90/KN 1y°0) S | 20 NW 60
} | ras = =)
\Mean Press.|Mean'M’n Tern. Mean | Mean Mean for Month. Mean Force.
|_20913 [19.80] Go™.34 103745 74.77 OL 42 Tb. is
fe Max. Prevailing Greatest Force. Mean
ee xl 82°.0 Character. 6-21 Ib. | 4°63
Teut do. Min.) Min. | By EECEEILES| .
ed . Min. Y Least Force.
2935 | 70] 45.0 | 72.00 6250 Creal

Ths Meteorologi it
logical form brought into use at the beginnin:
of ae etrera in some respects from the former one. ert Be
reeonls rie with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
rica a closely with those of stations in Europe,
tational Mf te in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
ree eorology. Readings are added from the centi-
tnibe moleter, that being the instrument generally used
The peaEnen of Europe.
mines all cases taken ftom the sums of the two
se dlrectie not from the maximum and minimum.
belgbe of D2 feer, the wind is registered from currents at a
‘gure foot, above sea level, and its force in Ibs. per

The relative

quantity of

minds tree stored each moraine aeireat a oe aaa
The i ,

the dif a oe zfendard tables

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc.

am.
are used for obtaining

‘Tine of Joa:
fing, flowerin
Plan} x ering, and fruiting of a few standard
at the Royal Society's Gai uns mueltel March,

}ih—Hombeam leaves Commencing #o|furn/brown:
iris in

MWh—g 6 Golden Dro)
ists By i

26th.—Ash leaves commencing to fall.
Oak ditto ditto, Acorns ripe.
F. ABBOLT, Jun.,
Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for Marl,
1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7-30 a.m. and 4°30 p,m. :—

Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,

29°953in.

‘Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 60°35deg.

Dew poinks mean position of 2 ditto, 51-Uddeg.

Plastic force of vapour mean, of 2 ditto, “S54.

Humidity of air, mean of 2ditto, 73.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 128'83deg-

‘Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
42/22deg.

Rainfall, “89in. *

Evaporation, 424in. in excess of rainfall, 3°35in.

Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily oherservations, 5°96.
Ozone, mean ditto, 2ditto ditto, 6 22.
we we 2 ait ditto, as

orizontal moyemen'| miles.
Electricity, 62 observations, 33 negative, 7 positive, 22 nik

Ses et Ww

PRIVATE OB
Latitude 42° 52’ 1
(Registered f

to

and
mean sea level.

for temperature.

instrumental

error,

j e
. | | §
, Sil8s\os| 8 | aa] ay
me | & FE é/Ga) ea lea! 2,
Be | 5 38 | 28) 88] 28 | 88 | 8:
mo | S Ea &|a~ + S| esd
5 hy C Ss
a | o | =
29°641/29°622) 11° 40
29°643 20-614 42

al
~
oo

_

SADATARHAOCSCHrNHHNWROOANNDOSCAaANCOO

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSMMUMMASSUASSSS
DOSH Ho SATH

ASRORARADWAS
SUusssunssssoussanssad
0
om

ASESSAUASSSSAUNSSAUSUMSSUNSSSUSAASS

bt es

SQSSAINIIESASSS7A2ao| Highest in Shade,

are
STSRSSSPSSOSOSaSCawOOS| Highest in Sun,

A SU Bn hey OU Be I Hee rH Or Fahrenheit,

RRA ONT WWOONWRTNOR Ee OORNNTOCOO
NOE AAA ADANAMTI AAAI AARAARAMNIAAANIAHNAAIan

SSSSSSSSeSSSSSOSSSONSSUMSGSSSUSGS
DRATRAWOAOCNN MAO ORTWOOONAN RTT ON
Ssesousssdouunsssssunssunsssuadcaaascs

4.

4

1 } | 4,

1 | 4)

65°0 | 4

1 95 64°5 | 4

87 61°0 | 4

87 62°0 | 3

0°04 1 92 73°0 | 4
p 92 700 | 4
94 68°5 | 4

86 65°0 | é

67 59:0 | 4

87 56°5 | §

71 550 | 4

Mean Press. Mean|/M’n. Tem.{Mean. |Mean|M
29°316 «| 8°65) 52°93 88°°66|65°'08} 4
Max. |Max. |
101°00} 72:0) é
“Min, Min. \
64°00) 53:0) é

Max.
69°00

Min.
41°00

“50

@ Meteorological form brought into use at th
§ differs in some respects from the former |
dopted with the view of assimilating the F
more closely with those of stations in Euro;
in order to co-operate iu a system of I
logy. Readings are added from the cen
er, that being the instrument generally |
lent of Europe.
mean is in all cases taken from the sum}
registers, not from the maximum and minin
direction of the wind is registered from |
it of 92 feet above sea level, and its forc

relative quantity of rain that fell under

is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

85 years’ standard tables are used for ¢
ve from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.J

Of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a
ots in gee Society’s Gardens duri:
-Coe’s finelate Red Plum commencing
-Elm leaves commencing to fall.
-Chinese Chrysanthemums commence t
-Mountain Ash leaves commence to fal

SS

42,34 28 Tf). 4
(Be 3,
| Efede Thermometers Thermometers EF Clon | ‘Wind. | E P|
ce | :
Ba pq | Beading.) (Gelf-Registering.)) *= ; perl g g
see af “ Be e |
genes Per cent|7'30 am. 4 80pm.) 730am. | 90pm 8) 2) 2
| | a 2 > | & » |
4 8 Fs | Hole] @ la.
z oll lee a eee B les £ a
g| . 8) 38/58) 88 |) S8) 58 Goleial 2 feel a (eel .|.
Sl g £2 | 32) 35) $2 /$5!e4 $ia/Sia] 8 |48| 2 |s8)s)a) a
| #8 | £2| £2) 28 |22| 28 gleleia| = lee fe lgesie| 2
2 ge wl ga) Ba | Be nS 5 S| 8 | 5a
Al R Oo |e |e | a a /4 i=) g| is] | A |e A ik 2 g 2
120041 110) 510) 57-0) 990 ) 650 40" KN 75K /10' 8 21 TO
2 99°643 90 43:0] 60:0 95:0 | 675 42 K | 80K | 8: Ww OL 55
8 29'533| 10°0 | 50'5| 57°5 | 93°5 | 69°0 | 43: K 100KN) 7 Ww “04 40
4.29°423) 9'0 | 49°0) 57°5 | 86°5 | 63:0 | 44. K | 70KN/10" N | 45
520° 75 | 45°0) 545 64:0 | 585 | 41 K | 95K | 7 SE 03 50
629 6°0 | 45°0| 62°0 | 97°5 | 68°5 | 36" KS | 75K | 7 W 07 70
720 100 | 50°0| 555 | 6 63:0 | 45: IN |100KN| 9" 02 45
829% 9'5 | 49'5| 52" 60-0 K | 80 KN| 9" 55
930° "5 | 47°5) 56°0 | 9: 58°5 K | OOK | 9 | 5:0
; 42'0| 60°0 | 9 63'0 IK | 200 134 3:0
44-0) 50'5 | 9. 65'0 () 00 65
49°5| 63:0 /10) 72" 0) 00 40
49°0| 67:0 '101 2: K | 70K 50
510) 64'5 | 985 | 71 K | 10°0/K 45
510} 69'0 | 9: 72 K_|100KN 70
.0] 69:0 | 96°0 | 63" KN| 35K 65
58:0 | 88°5 | 64" K_| 40|)KN 50
61-0} 6 63" KN 100/KN 46
610) 7! 4 N | 100/N 40
625 90°5 | 65" KN 100|N 6:0
555 | 95°5 | 64" K | 55\KN 70
5 G1" N 10:0'!KN 75
93 30°198'30°179) 550 8) 62" K | 3:0\K 60
94/30:042|20'802 690 9 73" KN 100 KN 45
53:0 9 70 K (10:0. KN 85
5 63" K | 3:0)K 70
5 6: | K_ 100KN 60
80 £ | KN| 75K 65
50 KN 10:0 KN 60
100 K | 50K 60
‘Mean Press,|Mean Mean for Month, Mean Force Diy Ly tL
20316 | 8°65 7:29" “45 Ib. 182 305, 104
Greatest do, |Max. Max. Max. Prey. Character, Greatest Force Me'n
30311 | 13°0 69:00 ‘| 10100 “88 K and KN. 521 | 547
Least do. |Min. Min. Min. |Min. |Min. | Min. Least Force. |
29°390 "50 41°00_|_ 64°00) 53°0] 35:00] “52 0)

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
te, in order to co-operate iu a system of International
Meteorology, Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

‘The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two

registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in Ibs. per
Squire foot.

The Telative quantity of rain that fell under the different
Winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

‘The 85 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
Uifference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S,, etc.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
Plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of April, 1876.
5th—Coe’s fine late Red Plum commencing to ripen.
6th.—Elm leaves commencing to fall.
i2th.—Chinese Chrysanthemums commence to flower.
%th—Mountain Ash leaves commence to fall.

28th.—Seeds of Hornbeam ripe.
29th.—Black Mulberry leaves commence falling.

F, ABBOTT, Joun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for April,
1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7°30 a.m. and 4’80 p.m. :—

Barometer, mean of two daily readings, corrected and
reduced, 29'S1Gin.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 50'06deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 ditto, 40:80deg,

Elastic force of vapour mean, of 2 ditto "255.

Humidity of air, mean of 2 ditto, 68.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 114‘66deg.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
36:10deg.

Rainfall, 1'94in.

Evaporation, 2°20in., in excess of rainfall “26in.

Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily observations, 620.

Ozone, mean ditto, 2 ditto ditto, 7:00.

Wind force in lbs. per square foot of 2 ditto ditto, 39'2Slbs.

Ditto, horizontal movement, 1,772 miles.

Electricity, 52 observations, 29 negative, 7 positive, 16 nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

Latitude 42° 52’

(Registered
s
Ea
r| . 3 Thermometers Thermomete
3
E's | (Reading.) —_ (Self-Registeri
Re /
=— :
| 3
) S
APS ee (ere Beli eal
. |} Sé)¢8 #2 sd igs
G |ge|a¢ 2a ga loa |
& |da/ Es Es 2s | 23 |
= | 8] xn) ga) Ba | bw
x |O & fs)

£ a a eS CT Ne ae a eh eS Sh Oe ea as eee cc |

o
(a)
i=]

/29°924 29'856! 3-0 37°0
B/29°734 29829 12-0 | 54-0
#30'128 30-222) 8-0 46-0

F
eo2n | Highest in Sun,

'
i
ee

“1O1o) bo

<n

SMIOADAWDWDSCAMNS

.

Oo oo oo

1
es

SCAFENOAMOWANW NODDED RMIWRAWDOMHNORAN

29°14 29°787)
97920 29°912
“586 29°422)
"667 29°950}
4/30°383 30°399)

30°383 30°289)
30°469 30°380)
7)30°324 30°378

30.310 30°223

Or Ort S09 05 09 2 9 Oe te te

Hm Be He He OO C9 He He OO He OO OT 0 He ee ee

SSSSSRESSESESESSLSSSESSSSSSSE
SHER OWOAM ANA eo

SSUSNSUSAUNSUSSSOUNSNSNSUSSAMAAAA

750 29°737
“782 29°874

nH

7/30°2.)) 30-233)
30°279 30-055

Oy bee He He OO He He OT

PSNSSSSSSMSSSSOUMSSSUNSSUNSSOSO SUMS

SSUASSSSSOMNSSSUSSNUSSSSOSSSSOSSES
DNKRADSTSCDHOOCGTWHNSRAIGDAOOSNAS

Sssosoussssdcssssoounamuaunsounassssd
SSSSSSSPCSSSSSSSSUSUMSUASSSSS
Se a YN on 0 Gy BB Gy Ve Oo Sy HS ON

SARS FW SOV St & ON Oo tS
.
IDAMMIDMDATIHOMDRAOS
SeeeIRSSSrReses

| | ]
|

j (=e | el

Mean Press. Mean'M’n. Tem. Mean Mea:
29°93 | 65 | 48°13 | 8118 60-4 |
Greatest do,|Max.| Max. “Max. | Maz }
30469 | 130 | 59°00 | 94:00 67-4
|

‘| Least do. |Min.| Min. Min. | Mi
23-924 10) 35:00 | 52°5 | 54-¢

le Meteorological form brought into use a
76 differs in some respects from the forn
dopted with the view of assimilating tl
rds more closely with those of stati
ca, etc., in order to co-operate in a |
nal Meteorology. Readings are added
ile thermometer, that being the instrumen
ie continent of Europe. ('
@ mean isin all cases taken from the s
registers, not from the maximum and m

@ direction of the wind is registered fro

it of 92 feet above sea level, and its f

re foot.

e relative quantity of rain that fell un¢

Is is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

e thirty-five years’ standard tables are u ~
ifference from average.

; FRANCIS ABBOTT,

_of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of
mtsin the Royal Society’s Gardens d 3
May, 1876 :—
%.—Owing to the absence of heavy
an months of 1876, the plants usual
in May were very backward; none
d flowers up to the beginning of June
counted for by the dryness of the su’
;

Es

oe

As
ni
ie

Longi
Royal Society

Wile
49m, 29.-25, F.
Tasmania.)

2288 | aS a
EES : £ Clouds. Wind, ‘
ease Thermometers Thermometers 33 z s 3

‘-3 2 :

5 Beq| (Reading) (Self-Resistering.)| a l e/a lag

gohaes —— 7:30am. 4:30 p.m.| 730am. | £30 p.m. | 3 2 &

a Per cent, | of [3]

. alcatel ai fe \ ak
4| | | jg li |2 lel a] ea) 2 8
FI eat era acy lee: I heaeg | es | | = /88] € | 38)
8]. | ¢ |SSlSH 58 88 |ed/es] | le). lg a (as) a [2S 2].

a) 8 |B2|ee 25 24 |sa/os/d)a\2)e/8]4] 8 jee] 8 |eelala| a
3] 4 | & |3e)es|s| £2 |23|Fa)2|8|/2/2)2)2| = |22] = |sdi«| 4] 4
2.8 | 8 |g=|ahle*|S* |B/e=|8 2) 2/8) 2)2| £ 88) & |seels| a
Ale | + |/S8 [Rk [A A TA IA JE S/S\<4/6/4) a je | a js jez/2] 2

I | ==
1/20:924 29°850 3:0 /87°0 540 S75 | 62:0 | 32°5 | 92 69.0 | ‘0K /10°0 | w 55
2)29-784 20'S20) 12-0 | 54°0 540 905 | 055.) 410 | G4 C/K | GOK | 65 52 35
3)30:128 80222) $10 | 46:0 630 915 | 65-0) 410 | 79) 69K | 55K | 40) N 0 +5
4/30°261 80°218} 5-0 | 41:0 59:0 90-5 | 675 | 2:5 | 85 | 76 |KS | 7-00 0] SW | :26 40
5|30°106 30049) 60/430 530 995 | 605) 370 | 92 86'/KS 1000 0] W_ | 0 50
6|29.986 29'39)] 40 40:0 560 S45 |590|325| 92 87 K | 5:0,KS |10:0| NW] 52 45
7/29°072 39°03] 9:0 | 49:0 53:0 565/550 | 440/93 80|K | 90/KS| 85/SW | 0 40

30163 30120) 8-0 | 470 530 920) 020) 435|86!74|K ‘100K | 9:0 8 0 50

969 29.705) 7°5 |37°5 530 850/590) 315/91 80/0 | olK | 50|W | 0 55

105/505 490 87-5 | 535 |390| 86 63 |N 100/KN| 7°0| NW| 26 “Ol; °55| 6-0

80/830 51:0 660 | 55:0 | 805 | 84) 80 K solK |100| W 26 “03 55

G5 |43°5 65:0| 885 | 630/336 | 84) 52K | 20.N |100| NW 26 48) 35
32 3°5 |83°5|450| 65°0 | 575 | 340 | 84! 85 |N 10°0/KN| 8°5| NW] -0 60
14/30°833 $0°899)7°5 | 46:0 |54°0) 915 | GLO | 845 | 86 80 KN) 5o/K | 70/ NW 52 “4 70
15)30°938 30280) 4°5 | 40:5 545) 74:0 | 69°0|35:0| 92 | 74|K j100/K | 7:58 0 01 40
16/30'460 80'380] 2-0 | 35-0 /52-0/ 90:5 | 620/320] 91 | 86K | 55/0 0) SW | 0 25
17/30'324 30°378| 1-0 | 32:0 53:0, 880 | 63:5 | 30:0 | $2| 80K | 5-0/0 osW 0 25
15|30.810 30°223| 8°0 | 47°0| 56-5, 94-0 | 67:0 |35:0 | 79) 65 K | 7-0/K | 40| NW) 26 40
19/30°19) 80166) 80 | 46°0 | 55-0 92-0 | 66-0 | 87°5 | £6 | 75 \K | 10/K_| 60) 8 26) 40
2130-203 30'192| 9:0 | 40°0|50°0| 64:5 | 59:0 |350| 92 74)K | T-O/KN| 95| SW | “0 44) 35
91/30:211 30°186] 5-0 | 41-0510) 85:0 | 59:0 | 33'5 | 92 | 80 |KN/| 9|/K | 30) W | 0 70
22/30-066 20°002| 3:0 | 38:0 555 845 | 53°5 | 920 | 96 | 75 KS | 8-0/0 0) NW | 0 45
23/20°750 20°787| 50 | 41-0 /525| 835 | 63°0 | 350 | 92 | o9 |KS | Bo/K | 3:0) NW| 0 04 50

20-782 20°374| 13:0 | 560 | 55'0 * 7070 | 60-0 | 40% | 55|/K | 5:0| 8 — 20°0 75

529979] 90 | 49°0 55:0 60:5 | 57:0 | 440 70|KN |10°0| NW) 0 01, 50
26|30°250 30-258] 5°5 | 42:0 52-0, 85:0 | 60-0 | 38:0 ‘o1K | 3:0} SW | 0 05) 5:5
97/3020) 20283) 20 | 86:0) 51:0) 77:5 | 580 | 805 70|KS | 45] NW | -0 01) 40
93|30'270 30055] 40 40:0 | 40:0, 61:0 | 540 | 83:0 8'5|KN|10°0| NW) -0 | 35
29/20:909 23'924) 5°0 | 42-0 | 58'5| 83:5 | 62:5 | 32°0 TOK | 7-0} W | °0 115 45

"65220 510| 90 ) 49:0) 56:0 74° | 50°0 | 425 O-0o|N 100) N 0 70
8]}20°$43 20/433) 10°0 | 50:0 | 500) 82/0 | 68:0 | 44°0 | GOK | 3:0) Nw | 2:30) NW 25) 75
Mean Press,|Mean!M’n Tem.) Mean Mean Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force. TL| TL | TL

29903 | 65 | 48:13 | 8118 6045/3618) “82 | 09 85 Ib, 83 1°24) 151
Greatest do,|Max. Max. Max. | Max.| Max.| Max. | Prevailing Greatest Force. | Mean

30469 | |13°0 | 59°00 | 94-00, 67-50) 44°00] 96 Character. 20°0 lb. 437

Least do. |Min.| Min. | Min. | Min.) Min.) Min. | us Least Force.

23924 | 10! 35:00 | 54°00! 31°50! “52 0

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one, It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe,
America, etc., in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
national Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi-
gride thermometer, that being the instrument generally used
on the continent of Europe.

‘The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents at a
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
Square foot,

‘The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
Winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The thirty-five years’ standard tables are used for obtaining
the difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of Jeafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few stan lard
Plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
of May, 1876 :—

Nore, —Owing to the absence of heavy rains during the

Autumn months of 1876, the plants usually commencing to
‘OWerin May were very backward; none of them hal ex-

Panded fowers up to the beginning of June; this is no doubt

be accounted for by the dryness of the subsoil.

The plants usually flowering are Coronilla glauca, Photinia
serrnlata, Diosma alba, and Spiraea prunifolia,

F. ABBOTT, Jus., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for May,
1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7°30 a.m, and 4’30 p.m. =

Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduzed,
30044in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 45°90deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 ditto, 41°50deg.

Humidity of air, mean of 2ditto, 86.

Elastic force of vapour mean, of 2 ditto, “203.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 104-25dege

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
32-74deg.

Rainfall, “82in. é

Evaporation, 1°2Gin. in excess of rainfall, “44in.

Ozone, mean ditto, 2 ditto ditto, 6°77.

Clouds, mean amount of 2 daily observations, 5:75.

Wind, force in lbs. per square foot of 2 ditto ditto, 47-3Slbs.

Ditto, horizontal movement, 2012 miles.

Electricity, 62 observations, 28 negative, 8 positive, 26 nil.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.
Rainfall at Hill Station, 1,550ft. abeve sea level, 1-47in.

Ee

Latitude 4
, (Regist
Bess
Seeks.
25 3 AG Thermometers Thermom:
2
5 oa (Reading. ) (Self-Regist
Saas ;
a
| oI
oak
is
| | 3s
: Pe a ee Lia
| .| , |S] alga d BE
gd | d |ge|/ae 2a eA | 38
S| & |28/ 88 Bs 28 | 28
Br) = | §=|3> at |
| iS =x | O [tee |
| 56"

29

29°770 29°792) 52"
29°850 29°751
29°800 29°907 1

omit | Day of Month.

30-002 30-032
10 30036 29°820,
11 29°878 29°776,
12 29°732 29°528
13 29°252 29°125)
14 29-155 29°416
15 29°495 20°496
16 297112 29°099
17 29°578 29°853
18 30°127 30-081
19 29903 30°112
20 30°011 29°916
21 307164 30°195
22 30°258 30°240

aa)

|

he OOM OCW ON OIG Oe Oa

AARSASMMANASSAUSNUSSNSSAMAASDSMUMSOS |
on
~t

ACMI IntawokrkNwrwucawnt

| 53
| 60

—
ARASH NWAMANDOWNANMTMWHOADMNMNWHONG

23 30°208 30°182 | 60
24 30°203 30-225 61
95 30°324 30°289 ' 6C
26 30°334 30°307 | 5E
97 30°025 29°898 5a
23 29°612 29°765) 54

29 29°889 29°852
30 20-931 20°746)
a

\Mean Press. Mean'M’n. Tem. Mean M
| 29°368 | 6:00) 46:89 | 71-23 5)

SASSANSSSSSSUSUSSSSUSSUUSSUSSS |
SAPSIRS LSAGASM SSA BSSASNSNSSwess | Highest in Sun,

Gov OY Pe OO OT fe oe OT OT wn moe ; :
Lore Sr ORONO OOGhROONR OTS ME eS | Fahrenheit

Sounssosusscoussoosuscaseussssccucs
SSsconssssesounsunsusssussscodcudsdss

WOrFPDMUNAWAWON RE
EADONH ROR AO OO

|

Greatest do,|Max. | Max. | ¥

30°289 || 13°50 | 86.50 6
Least do. | Min. | Min. | 3
| 29-099 | 1°00 | 55°00 5

_ The Meteorological form brought into use
if 1876 differs in some respects from the fc
deen adopted with the view of assimilating
records more closely with those of st
America, etc., in order to co-operate in ;
lational Meteorology. Readings are adde
e thermometer, that being the instrum
the continent of Europe.

-The mean is in all cases taken from the
y registers, not from the maximum and
The direction of the wind is registered 1
ight of 92 feet above sea level, and its
nare foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell u
ds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.
The thirty-five years’ standard tables are
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOT

e of leafing, flowering, and fruiting
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens *
of June, 1876 :—

-10th.— Diosma alba in flower.
—20th.—Calycanthus preecox in flower.
25th.—Pyrus japonica commencing to fi
-30th.—Snowflake commencing to flowe
ves all shed ; Osage orange leaves all shi

F. ABBOTT, Jun.

_

a

ne — er ee e+

——

——

t.
: 32 Clouds Wind 3
louds. ind. :
Thermometers Thermometers 2 3 2 x 3
i] = = 3 >
(Reading) (Self Registering)| #3 2\fls¢
| - 7°30 a.m. 4°" A o Tm. x eI Lf}
| Free 3 £30 p.m.| 7:30am. | 430 p.m, 2|2 3
{ =
| Se eae lean | } oe lg
4 | VEY WER NER al | g yea a [es
e Piel ers) ese (ae 2e pal licen holes | 2 1s € |g
=) Sa)gs Se 8 )s8]/s8) .) 3) 8) a = /23) = |28
S ge|gal2ai ga |galce|d | a} eligi sia] |g) 8 2g 8) 2) §
i £3 |fa| el $2 |3s|t3|<)@|2)2)8)2| 3 |s3] 2 |gefi2)
> er. 42.4 EP cP — — se e a | o |
2 b|4e\aa| Sa | Ba] o- | 8/8 als|e| & (52) & |88) s/s
2 Brlavia‘le levis (2 (2(8i2lé|4|a je | ae (2 (2 &
1 30 l4o0! 760 |5c0|335|8t 73 K 50\K | 3:0 4 : 45
2 60 500, 750/525 |340/78 80 K 4:0/KN| 9:0) 52 2 55
3| 75 560 SLO |620 | 400/93 70 KS 55|KN| 95) : 4 BO
4 100 B15) 755 |670 | 425 | 69 86 K | 8010 | 0 2 0) +0
6 10 520) 86°5 | 585 | 315 |L00 6) O 0/0 0 4 : 60
6 30 49:0, 650 | 580 | 390} 92 86 KS 7-0/KS | Go) NW) -0| SE) 0) 45
7 50 475 720/650 | 200/92 93 K 75/KN| 90| NW) 0 | NW) -0| 55
8 50 /485, 63°5 | 645 | 35°5 | 02 93 KN oolK | £5) NW! 25) NW | -0| 02 60
9 65 5a 5/680 | 400/93 86 K G0\K | 70)/SW | 0|SE | 0) 55
10 29°820) 9:0 50°5 |355 | 80 65 K | 55K | 65) NW 200) NW | 53) 60
11 20°878 29°776) 11°5 bs-5 595 |90°0 | 450 | 74 6l KN S0\KN| 9:0, NW) ‘52 NW | 260) 02 55) 50
12 99732 20°528) 13:0 50°0 62:0 | 59°0 | 470 | 65 | GL KN) 9-0/KN| 610) SW | 2°60) NW | 2°60) 04) 65
13 20°252 29125] 13°5 340 600/600 | 465| 0) 70 K 65|N |100 W_ 26 a1} | 40
1420-155 20416] 7-0 400 745 | 625 |420| 86/73 N | 80\KS| G0 SW | 60 75
15 29°95 20496) 20 480) 76:0 550|290/ 91 86 KS 50/K | 4:5 SW. 0 45
16 29'112 29:099| 6°0 455| 6£0 | 620/350 | 84 73 KN 9-0/KN| 70 NW 2 70
17|20'578 20°853| 20 42-:0| 68:5 | 48'5 |30°5 | 83) 78 K | 45/K | 20 8 2 50
18 30°127 30-081) 3-0 4¢5) 550/559 |200| 84 78 KS | 70/K |100 NW 26) 45
19 20'903 30-112) 10° 550) 65°5 |530 | 415 | 59/69 KS| Sok | 75] W | 50
99 30:011 20°016| 8:0 35:0, 79°5 |600|400|79 70K 5:5|\K | 70) NW 40
51 30°64 30195) 5°0 47-0 670 |550|35°5| 78 86 KN s80jK | 65 S 55
240) 6'0 490) 71:0 |585|300) 85) 80 K 30/K | 5:0) 3W 70
75 510 805 | 600 | 37-0 | 70| 86K | GSIKN| 45) W 45
24 30-203 30°25) 60. 520, $45 |610|375| 85 | 86 K GO|KS | 5:5 W 60
95/30:324 30'289| 2:0 s1'5| 845/600 /310/83/80 0 OK | 10) W 5S
26)30'834 30°807| 1:0 465) 720 |65'5|310|/ 91 | 98 [0 | -olK | 75) W 50
97/30°025 29'898| 3-5 48:0. 685 | 520 | 306 | 92 | 86 KS 100/KS | 8:0) W 60
23,20°G12 20:765) 6°5 440) 680 |540| 370/92 78 KN 100|K | 35] 8 45
29 29°88) 20'852) 40 53:5, 765 |500|315| 77 G4 K 5 0|/KS| 6:0) NW 35
30 20°931 20°746| 6:0 540 745 | 57°5 | 35:0 | 67 59 = | 25/KS | Go) NW 40
Mean Press.|Mean'M’n. Tem, Mean Mean|Mean| Mean. Mean for Month. Mean Force,
99-368 | 6:00] 40-39 | 71°23, 60°65/35°03) ‘80 | 60 110.
Greatest do. Max. Max. | Max.| Max.! Max. Prevailing Greatest Force, Mean
30° 13°50 86 50) 62°50] 47°00] 100 Character. 26°04. 5:27
pa is ee | 4 | Eee
Least do. | Min. Min, | Min.| Min. Min. | HOMES SESS Least Force,
20009 | 1:00 | 55°00 52°00! 29°00, °5 0
The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning | Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for June,
of 1870 differs in some respects from the former one. It has 1976, in accordance with new forms, and registered at

been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe,
America, ete., in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
national Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi-
grade thermometer, that being the instrument generally used
on the continent of Europe.

‘The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

‘The direction of the wind is registered from currents at a
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
Square foot.

‘The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

‘The thirty-five years’ standard tables are used for obtaining
the difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A-S., etc.

Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardens during the month
de June, 1876 :—

0 alycanthus preecox in flower.
25th.—Pyrus japonica commencing to flower.
20th.—Snowflake commencing to flower: Black

leaves all shed ; Osage orange leaves all shed.

F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent

Mulberry

7/30 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—

Barometer, menn of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
20's97in.; max., 30°40 on 25th; win., 20°11 on 16th.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 44-21deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 ditto, 39°66deg.

Elastic force of vapour mean, of 2 ditto, "245.

Humidity mean of 2ditto, “85.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 97°S8deg.

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
82'23deg.

Rainfall, 2°39in

Evaporation, 2'29in.

Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 5°65.

Ozone, mean ditto, 2ditto ditto, 7°80.

Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot total of 2 ditto ditto,
42'85lbs.

Horizontal movement, 2,350 miles ; 1,070 miles from 10th
to 14th.

Electricity, 59 observations, 13 negative, 14 positive, 27 nilez
active on 4th, 11th, 12th, 19th, and 28th,

Highest flood since 1863 in the Styx River on the 14th.

W. E, SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

in excess of evaporation, 10in.

om ATE OBSE
Latitude 42° 52 13” §
7 (Registered for th

3.| Thermometers | Thermometers

o
g (Reading. ) (Self-Registering. )

a
/ |
etches | |
cue {fe
a
Sn =.) 25:2) (eee | Oo.
SH/S8 38/88) 88/88
Z2|4¢ 35 36 |34|2¢
#2 | £8| 83] 8 | 33 | 3s
Bm} Se | ga] Ba | a) oe
S) & |= | A x 4
: $5 / 475 49°75) 700 | 550 | 42°0
$ 2°5 | 37°0|51°0| 71°5 | 55°0 | 31°5
¥ 3°5 1385 | 56°0| 69-0 | 595 4 32°0
30 50 | 41:0 | 47°5| 76:0 | 59°0 | 33°5
30° 15 | 345 48°0| 745 | 64:0 | 30°0 |
30°025} 20 | 35:0 ' 49:0; 68:0 | 55°0 | 30°5
3003S} 5°0 | 41:0 54:5} 70°5 | 57:0 | 35°5
430°037| 9°5 |49°5 51°5| 67:0 | 55-0 | 40°0
30°042) 3°9 |37°5 50:0! 70-0 | 55°5 | 31°5
7 29857} 1°0 |36°0 5175} 70°5 | 55:0 | 32°0
307012) 2:0 | 35°5 | 45-0} 52°5 | 52°0 | 31°5
2 30°203) 3°0 | 380 43:0} 62-0 | 500 | 320
30°334 *5 | 31°0-/460} 65°5 | 52°0 | 30°0
b2 30-441) 1°5 | 34:5 47°5| 74:0 | 52°5 | 305
‘ 10 | 31°5 | 42°5| 71-0 | 59-0 | 27°0
3°0 | 37°0 | 44°5) 60:0 | 50°0 | 30°0
5°0 | 41°0|-55°0} 74:5 | 54°5 | 31°0
3°0 | 38°0 | 53:0} 83°5 | 59°0 | 34:0
5°5 | 41°5 |52°0| 69°5 | 58°0 | 32°5
8:0 | 47°0 |43°5| 65°0 | 52°5 | 34°0
50 | 41°0 48°0 j 740 53°0 | 30°5
40 | 395 50°0| 76°5 | 54°5 | 34°0
65 | 435 545] 84-0 | 59°0 | 345
3°5 | 385 /53°0| 83:0 | 55°0 | 34°0
60 |430'56°0| 76:0 | 67:0 | 32°0
60 | 42°0'50°0| 70°56 | 58°0 | 33°5
14°0 | 58°0 | 57°5| 66:0 | 50-0 | 31:0
13°0 | 55°5 |57°0| 67°5 | 51°5 | 30°5
12°0 | 55°5 | 58°5| 72°0 | 55°0 | 32°5
11°0 | 540 57-0! 73:0 | 565 | 31°0
12°5 | 545/540} 65°0 58°0 | 32°5
- i oh!
|
M’n. Ter.| Mean | Mean| Mean -
46°35 | 70°GS| 55°42) 32°50
Max. | Max.| Max.
84°00) 67°00) 42°00
| Min. | Min.} Min,
52°50 50°00! 27-°0¢

leteordlogical form brought into use at the bi
fers in some respects from the former one,
bpted with the view of assimilating the Hobs
More closely with those of stations in
a, etc., in order to co-operate in a system |
al Meteorology. Readings are added from tl
ermometer, that being the instrument gener}
otinént of Europe.
mean isin all cases taken from the sums of
ters, not from the maximum and minimum
tion of the wind is registered from curri
92 feet above sea level, and its force in

co

e quantity of rain that fell under the
stered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

-five years’ standard tables are used for |
rence from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.

leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few
nts in the Botanical Gardens during the ;
r, 1876 :—

-Arbutus unedo commencing to flower.
-Garrya elliptica, ditto.

Almond, ditto ; Yellow Crocus, ditto.

F. ABBOTT, Juy., Superin

~ is i : \s aE
2 Zz \3 BO Seer ee
a Sree Q./@2 |e = 8| 2 |48
al ea|ge\ge|2e [Ealedllalelelelel aia a (lel sl a
at Ze|44 Sa|Sal2a/d]alS|e)/2)/a] 8 [sels |s2/ 8/8) 8
=| «| = |da| Ea) Bal is |Eeiie| 2) 2) 8/212/8| 2 |e 2 |e) 3/3/23
2 & = Bn | Bw S 2 8] & 2 2138 Fe}
al = & \5 a |e [8 /£/SJs/4/6)/4)] a le | a js |ele] =
1 16 $5 | 47-5 49°5| 70°0 | 55:0 | 42-0 | 79 | 79 |K 40/KN| 40) SW 52) 8. 2°60) ~ 40
2°5 | 37°0|510| 715 | 55:0 | 31°5 | 75 | 69 |O ok 85) W 0; NW] 0] °07 40
35/385 66:0) 69-0 | 595 132-0 | 84 | 75 |KS | 8-0/KS | 9:0) W *56) NW | °26) 55
50 | 410 47'5| 76-0 | 50°0 | 33°5 | 85) 86 |K 30)K 6'5| NW 8s 0} ‘01 £0
15 |845 480) 745 | 640 | 30°0 |100 | 73 jO OK 30) SW 26] N 52) 04 oS
20/350 490} 68-0 | 55:0 | 305 | 91 | 74 |KS | 45)K 75) NW| 0| NW] :26) 70
60 |41°0 545) 705 | 570 | 35°5 | 85) GO |K 6O/KS | 60) NW) 0) W 26) 45
95 |49°5 515| 67:0 | 55:0 | 40:0 | 68 | 69 |/K_ |10:0/KS | 9:0) NW | 2°60] NW 26) 50
89 | 37-5 50:0| 70°0 | 55°5 | 31°5 | S4 | 86 |KS 90|KS 10:0} NW | 52) NW 0 6S
10 | 36-0 515) 70°5 | 55-0 | 32'0 | 83 | 80 KS | 7:0)KS | 70) W 26) NW ‘0 55) 40
20 185:5/45:0| 625 | 520 | 315 | 91 [100 |KS | 75|N |100) NW| -26) 8 26) 1‘LO) 35
2 3:0 |380 430] 620 | 500 | 320 | S$) 84 |KN| 65)KN) 45) S 26 0 6S
13)30° 7 80°333| *5 | 31:0 460] 65:5 | 520 | 30° | 98 | 93 |K 20/KN| 60) W 0 | NW 0} “03 70
1430452 80-441] 1°5 | 845/475] 740 | 52'5 | 305 | 98) 93 [0 0)0 0} NW} 26) NW 0 60
35)30481 80-404] 10 | 31-5/42'5] 71-0 | 50°0 | 27:0 | 84) 70 |O 0/0 0) NW | 26) NW 0 36
16)30°332 80206] 3:0 | 37°0| 445] 60:0 | 50°0 | 30°0 | 76 | 85 |KS | 5-0/K 70) NW | °26) NW 26) “OL 40
17/30°016 20°980) 5'0 | 410 55:0) 74° | 54'S 810 | 8 | 70 |K So|\K 65) NW-| *0 | NW 26 45
13)90°119 80144) 3°0 | 83°0 58:0) 83°5 | 59'0 340 | 76 | 74 |KS | 5-0/0 oS 26) N 0 35
19|$0°222 39-187] 55 |41°5/)52°0| 69°5 | 53°0 | 32'5 | 78 K TO|KS | 65] NW| 0| N °26) ‘11; 40
90120°753 20°904] 8:0 | 47:0 43°5| 65:0 | 525 | 34:0 | 86 71 /K 8:5|N 5'5| NW} 0 | SW | 521 45
91/30°271 90°347| 5:0 | 41°0/48°0| 74-0 | 53:0 | 30° | 7! | 79 KN) 7-0/KN| 9:0) S 260) 5 *26| *50) 40
22/30:309 30°361| 4°0 |80°5|50°0| 765 | 545 | $40 | 78 | 74 |K 45/KS | 7°5| NW | 726) W 0 | *03) 70
93/30°272 30163) G5 |43°5 54°5| $40 | 59'0 | 345 | 79 | 75 |O OK 7'0| NW} +26) NW | 0 55
24/80°045 20) 35 |83°5|53:0| 83:0 | 55°0 | 34°0 | 92 | 59 [IK 45/KS | 8:0 *52) W. "26, 55
25/20 6:0 |43:0'56'0| 76°0 | 67:0 | 32°0 | 73 | 87 |K 10/KN 100 62) SW 0 40
261301 60 | 42:0/60':0| 705 | 53:0 | 33°5 | 84 | 80 |KS |10-:0)K 90) NW) 32) NW] 52) ‘01 2°5
27/20°015 20'820 aaa 680/575) 66:0 | 50:0 | 810 | 93 | 81 |N |10°0/N__| 10:0) 62) 8 5°21) *02) 55
93/20°785 20-900 30 |55°5 |57'0| 67'S | 515 | 305 | 93 | 86 |N 10:0, KN 70) 8 521) S 2°60) “81) 60
99/99:565 99-700] 12°0 | 55°5 |58°5| 72:0 | 550 | 32°5 | 93 | 87 |N |10°0.KN/10°0) SW | 2°69) W. 52) *05) 70
30/3010 29-020] 11-0 | 54-0 |67°0| 73-0 | 565 |31'0| 80/93 |K | 7-olKS | 3:0] SW | 52) NW | 26) -10) 65
31/29°845)20°110] 12°5 545 | 540 65-0 | 58:0 | 325 | 80| 86 |N j10°0\N | 7°5| SW | 6°21) SW. | 2°60) -15) °25) 35
Mean Press.|Mean|M’n Tein.| Mean |Mean|Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force, TL| TL | TL
30-002 540) 46°35 70°63} 55-42) 32°50 ‘80 620 “76. 2°93) ‘D1 /15400
Greatest do,| Max. 0 Max. | Max.| Max. Prevailing Greatest Force, ‘Mean
81172 14°00) 84°00) 67°00) 42°00 Character, 5°21, 5:00
Teast do, | Min. Min. | Min.| Min. EUS Least Force,
29°505 0-1 52°50! 60700! 27°00) 0

Heat more closely with those of stations in EOE, 7°35 a.m. and 4°35 p.m. :—
Ameri fen % i
y ional Misteuenloees aaedipa eae ‘adied ps aon PARE mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
g hi i H t,
on the conneonno ae bolas the instrament generally, usedt Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 30°S3deg ; mean of max.
‘The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two| and min. in shade, 41°53deg. a
registers, not from the maximum and minimum. Dew point, mean of 2 daily readings, a6 G0deg.
ti direction of the wind is registered from currents at o ee fore ee wap ons Tera of 2 ditto, “217.
ei f i 2 ‘umidity mean .
quare ae feetzabore en devel; cantl ba) foree) in Abe Be, Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 94°96deg.
‘The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different ‘Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
winds is registered each morning at 730 a.m. 26'90deg. -
The thirty-five years’ standard tables are used for obtaining} zone, mean of 2 daily observations, 7'S2. ;
the difference from average. Sion near et eee evaporation, ‘69in.
n .; in o ‘
FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc. Evaporation, “95in. »
. Wind, force in lbs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser—
and fruiting of a few standard | vations, 18-04Ibs.
Gardens during the month of} Horizontal movement, 1,150 mile
: y a ‘Of G2 observations, 25 were calms, 8 rainy days.
5 On 18th the terrestrial radiation was 13deg.
The aerial movement was less by 620 miles than during any

month in the last twelve eth 4 ;
| oe _ SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfeld. —

ia |s
; a | |
A ae at we . |
; |oHISE SA SA i884
& |38 | 22 £32) 22 | ee
= |§n|/ gr Aap Sw | me
= oO j = = | ioe]
0-245 30-220 12°5 550 59°5| 825 650
30°240 30°320 13-0 560 59°35 870 | 665
$0°356 30-238 13°0 | 55 | 920 | 770
130°240 30-130 13°0 | 55 | 805 580)
5 30°150 30° | 77-0 | 57°5 |
2 | 790 500
: | 540 | 52-0
7 | 87:5 500
2 | 85°5 | Gu'0
103 | 60-0 | 49°5
11 30 216 30°172 | 750 , 56°0
12 30°158 39-118 | 62
133 59

ALESHEARSSESRSBESESHERSE SES

eusuuscdsdduncuanucuc ouoscoconcyoocn |

Ssudcdcdoumnsendcedumse dsc cuvenssusanun
MNSNSSSNSSOSOSSSEUNSC SHSCSUMoOSUSGESN

~
SUSRISLASSEGaAUSangag
GSAVHSSISSIESSLSS SSA
Eagaedgusdededesgsdggeuscsedss

80/29°753 29771 1
1 29°742 29°40] 12°

osusudcucodanddmannmsessd ses oeuneudsad

WSU ARANARWUAH NWN ARETE SOAK
ROL SEVRSESSIZEEHKLLRSRSHRRELL ES

uo

aA

5
)
@
| 8
5
5
| 5 |

reatest do. Max.| - 3
30°356 | 13°00) 100°09

J

»

ia
“2
~~“
a

Meteorological form brought into use a
6 differs in some respects from the forr
m adopted with the view of assimilating t!
cords more closely with those of stati
merica, etc., in order to co-operate in a

ational Meteorology. Readings are added

sade thermometer, that being the instrumer
1 the continent of Europe.

‘The mean is in all cases taken from the s
ily registers, not from the maximum and
he direction of the wind is registered fre
ght of 92 feet above sea level, and its !
e foot.

e relative quantity of rain that fell um
is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m

e thirty-five years’ standard tables are u
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT,

le of leafing, flowering and fruiting of
= in the Royal Society’s Gardens
h. Sambneus niger commencing to bres
Horse chestnut ditto ditto.
Gooseberries commencing to start.
Common Elm commencing to flow
Lombardy Poplar commencing to

F. ABBOTT, Jvy.,

nde epee

—— : .
ee

Se aS

Bess = =
Zhe - es g s
me 7 eae Clouds | | -
E2353 Thermometers | Thermometers | Za | Ma 3/8 Be
"235 5 slals
Eg2 eg Reading.) (Selteristering ae | a) \ ag
gg —— 7°30 a.m. 4° f c 5
| Seon 430p.m. 7:30am. | 430 p.m, a 2 3
| : - i = 4
7 | | Bo |i ! | , |8 r
2 | =-\ee 5 a é F g ae E a
B) | a Se leeea se eel eel ae! tel lel | 2 jee-2 (4s
A | 8 | B4)e4 2a sa 54/52) 9/8/2)e/2)4| 8 |sel 8 fseldl a] a
3} 4] & | 83/83 §3\ 33 /8ol8e/S/4/8/2)/2/8) 3 lod] 3 Sela] a| a
yg] lee|eqa-|S= |Sa/e-|2 (2) 2/2/2)/2| 2 |2e] # |Belele| es
APE] SS [A jk [mR ja ia | Sis)4is)/4) a ie] a je"|2 |e] 2
|
1/30: 55°0 | 50°5| 825 | 650/35] s6| 87 K | 75K | 20) NW) 26) NW! <52! « ,
2/30: 56:0 50'5| 870/665 |385 | 93/03 /KS| O0IKS| G0 w | olw | 2] re
3 30° 0 | 650 5:5) 92:0 | 770 | 33°0 100 | 87 |S | 30/KS| 3-0| W | -26/ SE | -o 40
430 1130) 13°0 | 65:0 68'0| 80% | 680 | 325 | 96 | 87 |K_| 80|KN/|100 NW) -52| NW| -o 35
5140150 30°080 7'50| 45°5 540| 77°0 | 575 | 33:0 | 93| 86 KN| 9: |K | 85 W | -26| N 0 50
(27°88 2762 GY /430 5u:5| 790 Suv | 370 | 92) 86 K 100/KS |100 NW| -0|SE | 0) | 40
7 v'sud 20548) 95 149° 44°0| 540 | 52-0 | 365 [100 | 93 KN 10°0|N |10:0/8 | 2:60/S | 260| -05 75
8 20°74 20867 U0 | 45:0 52:0] 875 590] s38-0] 78) 74|\K | 45/K | 3:5|N | -0| Ww | 26) a1 70
9 80:030 20932 40/400 55:5) 855 | Gu0 | 290) 76) 65/K | 70K | 70| N | -52| NW] 2°00) 01 45
1040143 3-187 70 |4501500] 600 | 405 | 425 | 93 | 86 KN 90O\KS| 80/5 70|W | 0 | 09) 32) 6o
11 30216 30172 40 400 54°5| 750 ) 500 | 340 | v2) 86 KN 85K | 45] NW) 52) NW| -52| 31 55
7230158 30-118 65 |440|585| 865 |620/355|85|82 KS! 70K | 75|W | -32|N 0 65
19 30-116 30°054 60 | 42-0630 750! 59:0 | 340| 84/80 K | 80/KN\100\ W | -3a\8 52) -02 35
14 80:227 30162 $v | 35:0) 580] Soy 58:0 | 315 | 84/74 K | Golo 0) W | +36) NW} 26) -o1 £0
15,20 924 29680, 25 | 37°0|53:0| 85-0 | 53:0 | 31:0 | 83 | G4 K | 20/K | 30\ NW| 52) W | 521 40
16/20:460'29'448| 5:0 | 41:0|45-0| 61°5 | 53°5 | 820 | 78 | 73 |N_|10:0/KN| 60 W | ‘52| N | 52) 08) 55
17/29°924 20-956] 35 | 88°5|43:0| Goo | 52-0 | 305 | 84| 78 KN, 75\N | 60S | 260/S | 2°60) -40 65
18'30°080 30026, 25 |365/465| 510 | 49°0 | 285 100) 86 N 100/KN| 95 W 52} W | 96) “61 70
1930182 30:134) 15 | 345 525| 76:0 | 61-0 | 27°5 | 90 | 80 |K_ | 5:0\K | 5:0) S -26| SE_| 0 | -02 40
20)80174 30-172) 60 | 48-0 | 57-0) 67-0 | 58-0 | 820 | 7 | 70 |KS | B5lKS | 7-5 Nw| 52] NW| 26 79) 6:0
21/30'064'29'845, 5°5 | 420 60.0] 860 | 62°0 | 305 | 84| 54/KS| 40/K | 20 W | -26) NW) 52 £0
93)20°833 29°749| 8:0 | 47°5 | 63°5| 100-0 | 68-0 | 34°0 | 86 | 67 |K | 8'5|KS | 50| NW| 26) N 26 65
23/20°811 29682, 6'0 | 43°0 63:0] 82:0 | 70°0 | 305 | 84 | 51 0 OK | 20| NW| -59|N | 2-60 £0
24/20512 29.877, 0 | 430/485] 735 | 67-0 | 31-0 | 84/86 /KS solN |10°0| NW| -52|N_ | 260 35
25/20 517/20'503| 5:0 | 41-5 | 455] 860 | 61:0 | 320 | 85 | 67 |K | TO/KN| 7-0| W | 26/8 | 260) 08 50
26129720 29°785, 6'5 |44-0 | 50°5| 900 | 62°5 | 815 | 66) 75|K | 75|KS| by| NW| -52| SW | °52| “01 40
27 30 064 30061, 65 | 445/540) 79°0 | 58:0) 31'5| 78) 70 /K | Solk | 6-0) NW) -52\S | 2°60) -02 40
93 30'080 29°24] 4:0 |40-:0/56-0| 65°5 | 59:0 | 315 | 84 | 70K |100/KN| 90) W | 52} SW | 52 35
29/20 620 20°567| 7°5 | 455/540] 900 | 650 | 340 | $6 | 70/KN 7-0/K | 40| NW| -0| W | 59] 03 £0
80/20°753 20.771) 100 |50.0|58'°5| 72°5 | 600 | 35°5 | #8 | 66 |K j100/K | 75) SW | 5:21) W | 2:60! -06 35
3120-742 29-401 12.5 |550|65°0) 90°5 | 680 |370 | 65 45 |KS) 75)K | 70| NE | 521|W | 521) 01/131) 40
Mean Press. Mean ‘M’n Tem.) Mean | Mean’ Mean for Month. Mean Force, TL
29930 | G76) 49:46 || 78°79] 60°24 667 09 750
Greatest do, Max. Max. | Max. Prevailin; Greatest Force, Mean
30'356 || 13°00 100°09)| 77°00 Character ipsg Me 476
Least do, | Min. Min. | Min.| Min K, KN &ks Least Force,
29377 |_ 150 51°00. 49°00! 97°50 oO

The Meteorological form eonghe into use at the beginning | Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for August,

of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe,
America, ete, in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
national Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi-
grade thermometer, that being the instrument generally used
on the continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents at a
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in Ibs. per
Square foot.

‘The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

The thirty-five years’ standard tables are used for obtaining
the difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
mane in the Royal Society’s Gardens during August,
18th. Sambneus niger commencing to break into leaf.
28rd. Horse chestnut ditto ditto.
Uth. Gooseberries commencing to start.
39th. Common Elm conmencing to flower.
Sist. Lombardy Poplar commencing to break into leaf.
_ F, ABBOTT, Juy., Superintendent.

1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
730 a.m. and 4°30 p.m, ;—

Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
29°986in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto,
and min. in shade, 46-06deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 39'93deg.
Humidity mean of 2 ditto, ‘83.

Elastic force of vapour mean, of 2 ditto, *242.
Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 106'38deg.,

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
30'83deg.

Rainfall, 217in.

Evaporation, 2-45in. ; in excess of rainfall, “2Sin.

Clouds, mean of 2 ditto, 517.

Ozone, mean of 2 daily observations, 7°33.

Wind, force in lbs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-
vations, 37°25lbs,

Horizontal movement, 2,010 miles.

Electricity, 55 observations, 19 negative, 12 positive, 24 nil-

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfeld.

44°24deg; mean of max.

Priva
Latitude
- (Regis
a
>. bits
SEE |. |
aE 2&3 Thermometers | Thermo}
i Ss 233 P |
>, 5 q | (Reading.) | (Self-Regi
H2aES |
[2} |
| |
ae |
pss / | 3 | §
S lea lag sta] Sa | 3
i) ; |oA| Sal se| 88 lg
&) 8 |}. gaelsdi da] oa 3
eo é | & | Bo] 8a! So] So |
} wo | BOO! 5%! a7
a S &S | §|ahia~ sc 3
mee) [Ss je ee
| |
|
1 29°462 29°468' 5°0 | 41°0/45°0| 1%1°5 | 6
2 29°725 29°773| 4:0 | 40°0 | 45°0| 62:0 | dj
3 29°820 29°821 10°0 | 50°5 56°5| 78:0 | 6
4 29°862 29°857 11°5 | 53°0 |58°0} 72°5 | 6
5 30°078 30°074 65 | 44:0 54:0) 71°5 | 6
6 30°062 29°802) 7-0 | 45°0 66°5| 840 6
7 29°890 29°857 11°5 | 53°5 600) 915 | 6
§ 29°600 29°460 10°0 | 50°5 G00] 915 G
9 29°764 29992) 5°5 | 42°5 47:0) 64:0 | G
10 30°228 30-228) 7°5 | 48°5 161°5| 90°0 | 4
11 30°219 30°068 4:0 |39°5 55°5| 75°0 | é
12 29°861 29-702) G0 | 43:0 55°5| 82°5 | é
13 29°503 29°280 85 | 47°5 53:0} 75°0 | £
14) 29°052 28981! 9°0 | 48°5/51°5| 65°0 | 4
_ 15/28°902 29°038' 10°0 | 50°0 | 54°0| 725 | ¢
16 29°115 29°235 6°5 | 44:0 49:0! 81-0 | {
+17 29705 29°'704 85 | 47°5 55-0) 85°5 | (
18 29°818 29°754| 9°5 | 49°5 | 63-0; 82-0 | (
19 29°724 29°781 16°0 |-61-0 70-0 91:0 | |
_ 20/29°742 29-548, 11-0 | 52:0 68°0| 89:0 | |
21/29°438 29°495| 9°5 |50°0 50:0 72°5 ||
92/29°654 29°851) 8°5 |47°5 | 55-0) 75:0 |
_ 23:30°154 307105) 80 | 47:0'61:5| 80-0 |
24/30°100 29°54) 8°5 | 47°5 66:0) $8°5
25/29°995 29°957 9°0 | 45°5 59:0 88°0
--36/29°900 29°829 9°5 | 49-0 62-0| 101°0
1 27|29°737 29°664 11°5 | 530/540} $4°5
23'29°853 29°922) 8:0 | 46-5 58:0} 80-0
29 30°068 30°005 8°5 | 47-0 61°0| 85°0
30 30°000 29°960 $0 | 47°0'61°5| 88°5
i —— } - =
‘Mean Press. Mean M’n. Tem. Mean |
29°751 | 855} 52°30 | 80°60}
Greatest do, Max. | Max. |
30°228 | 16°00) * 101-00
Least do. | Min. | | Min.
28902 | 4:00 62°00

' The Meteorological form brought into wu
of 1876 differs in some respects from the
been adopted with the view of assimilatiz
records more closely with those of s
America, etc., in order to co-operate in
national Meteorology. Readings are adi
grade thermometer, that being the instru
on the continent of Europe. :
The mean is in all cases taken from ti
ily registers, not from the maximum ar
_ The direction of the wind is registered
ight of 92 feet above sea level, and |
uare foot.
_ The relative quantity of rain that fell
Winds is registered each morning at 7°30
FRANCIS ABBO!

;

me of leafing, flowering and fruiting
plants in the Royal Society’s Gardei
1876 :—

20th. Oak commencing to break into le

2ist. Moutan Peony commencing to fi

26th. Ash commencing to break into 1

27th. Grape vines ditto.

30th. Horsechestnut commencing to fli

vacia commencing to leaf.
F, ABBOTT, Ju

METEOR) —

e

—

:
r &
—N— 7°30 a.m.|4°30 p.m.) 7+ a
cent, pm, ‘Teter: 3
a Z | 5
4 2 iii ge 2 a 8,
= ef a LO, [aay || Os ¢ A eis
g ge/s6) ee |eelee)e].lelilg S28) 2 128) |
és Seecl se |etles |e Els leleia| & 128] 2 34/4 a| a
é £3/£2| 28 |Es|/88/s|2/2)/2/2/2) 8 ed] |ssie|¢] s
2 de/ge|s |SE/Er/)2/2/2)2/2| 2/28] £ 8s siele
& B\A | Je TF iS je) si16/4)/ aie | a je"|f/2/ =
12 6:0 |410/45:0| 41:5 | 08:0 | 345 | 85 | 85 KN! 10-0/KN| s-0| sw | 2:60! Ww 38 70
2 40 | 40°0 450) 62:0 | 585 | 33:0 | 92 | 92 KN) 6'5|N. 75) N 2°60) W “47 55
3 10°0 | 605 565) 78:0 | 62°0 | 37°0 | 74 | 70 [IK 7TO/KS | 8:0) W) | ‘52| W 08 50
4294 115 | 63°0,58'0| 72°5 | 640 | 37°5 | 65 | 71 1K 40K 50) NW “02 o5
5 30" 65 | 440 54:0) 71°5 | 610 | 36:0 | 79 | 74 |K 35K 70|N 30
80" 70 |45°0 66°5| 840 | 680 | 365 | 79 | 68 |K 9OKS | 65) N 40
7 29°89 115 [535 | 60:0 915 | 66°56 | 37°0 | 64 | 62 [KS | 7-5|/K 70) N 35
$ 29°600 29°460) 10°0 | 50°5 | 600 91°5 | 65'5 | 37°5 | 64 | 66 |K 75)KS | 60 N 25
9 20°764 29°992| 5°5 |42°5 470) 640 | G00 | 33°0 | 84 | 79 KN/10:0/KN} 6:5) § 15 70
1030-228 30-228 75 | 465 |51'5 90°0 | 58'°0 | 34°5 | 67 | 71 |K GOK 358 *03/1°09) 65
11:30°219 80'068) 40 | 39'5 5515) 75'0 62°0 | 82:0 | 78 | 76 0 ‘0/0 “0 70
12 29°861 29°702 G0 |43°0 55:5) 82'5 | 64°5 | 335 | 84 | OL K 85/KS |100 50
18 29/503 29°280, 8 |47'5| 63:0) 75°0 | 58°0 | 35:0 | 86 | 80 K 75|KN|100 “01 60
14 20'052 28°981! 9°0 |48°5|51°5| 65:0 | 54°0 | 35-5 | 80 | 86 {KS 70/KN | 10:0 pee 45
15|28'902 29°03! 10°0 | 50:0 | 540) 725 | 600 | 36:0 | 80 | 75 KN) S0/)KN) 5:5 ‘10 50
16 20115 29235) 6'5 |44°0 490) 81°0 | 595 | 335 | 79 | 86 K 6O0)N 100 06, 70
17,29°705 20°704) 85 |47°5 | 55':0| 855 | 62:0 | 340 | 63 | 75 K 75K 70 Bal 55
18)20'818 29°754) 9°5 | 49°5 | 630) 82°0 | 680 | 40:0 | 74 | 55 KS | 9:0/KS | 7:5) “01 40
10 20724 20-781 16°0 }61:0 | 70:0| 91-0 | 76°0 | 42:5 | 50 | 62 0 0K | 10 5:0
20/29°742 29°548 11-0 | 52:0) 6S'0| 89:0 | 70:0 | 87:0 | 74 | GO 1K B5KN) 7-0 “| 58] 35
21/20°438 29°495' 95 | 50:0 500) 72°5 | 67:0 | 42:0 | 93 | 93 N |100)N 10°! pes 60
92 20°54 20°851) 8'5 1475 55°0| 75°0 |63°0 | 400 | 73 | 65 KK 0/KN) 8:0 “43 OS
93/30'154 $0105) 8:0 |47:0'61'5| 800 | 68:0 | 395 | 73) O7 KK | 40/K 3:5) OL 4:0
24/30°100 4) $5 14775) 60'0| 886 | G85 | 37:0 | 79 | 56 KS) 90/K 35 45
25)20°995 7 90 )45°5 590) 83°0 | 660 | 375 | 68 | GLK 30)K 30 35
26)29°900 20°829 9'5 | 49:0 62:0 | 101°0 | 68'5 | 83°0 | 79 | 58 |KS |100/K 40 30
115 | 530 54:0] S4°5 | 68:0 | 39°5 | 69 | 65 |KS | 45)K 55 55
80 | 40:5 580) 80°0 | 61°5 | 36°0 | 73 | 57 |KN Be K 40 £0
85 47-0 G10 85°0 | 640 | 37°5 | 67 | 62 [K 1K 70 70
$0 |47°0}615) 88'5 | $60 | 37:0 | 67 | 68 |KS | 70|N 9:0 Tid) 45
Mean|M’n. Tem.| Mean |Mean|Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force, Tl.) TL) TT.
8°55) 52-30 80°60) 64°43) 36°05) °72 635 02 214) 2'81/14850
Greatest do, Max. | Max. | Max.| Max. Prevailing Greatest Force, 2 fean
y 16:00) 101'00| 76°00| 42°50 Character. 5721, 4:05
Teast do. | Min. Min. | Min.| Min, uSCass Least Force, v=
23'002 4:00 62°00) 54°00! 32°00) 0-
‘The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning | Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for September,
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has 1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at

h the view of assimilating the Hobart Town me 7 is

ae with those of stations in Europe, 7°30 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—
America, etc., in order to co-operate in a system of Inter- Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced
national Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi- | 99-776in, :
me thetnometer pba being the instrument generally used |“ my, ormometer, mean of 2 ditto, 49'31deg; mean of max.
omthio continental anrone. 5 and min, in shade, 50'45deg.

He Te eu taken Om tbe se Os Re Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 41'42deg.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents at a) Humidity of air, mean of 2ditto,
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in Ibs. per} astic force of vapour} mean of 2 ditto, ‘262.

Square foot. 6 A Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 113 'S6deg.
relative quanti under the different ae :: o We
; See a Rarer ame ‘Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,

$203deg.
FRANCIS ABBOTT, BRAS, (ete | te tail, 257in,

‘Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard| Evaporation, 5'10in. ; in excess of rainfall, 2°30in.
ES the Royal Society's Gardens during September, } Cjouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 5°30,
187 ‘ ~ Ozone, mean of 2 daily observations, 7/24.
ne gale com ena Lone Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-
20th. Ash commencing to break into leaf. vations, 75°78lbs.
Grape vines ditto. = mere, _ Horizontal movement, 3,926 miles. .
30th. -Horsechestnut commencing to wer, Electricity, 53 observations, 37 negative, 8 positive, 8 nil.
-Asaels commencing tole om t _ W. E, SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfleld.

PRIVATE Oxsxy
Latitude 42° 52 13” S

(Registered for th
gefi | |
EEa BS Thermometers Thermometers
£3
wee (Reading. ) (Self-Registering. )
al |
| Pret sy.
; !
| ae PCa | .| nm, | oa : |o 7
py . |SAlSAalis8| SA | Ae] aa
£ £ Saidd da! »A | 2 oF < 3
ad} & bo Ba| So] So | 24 | Bo.
Ses [Se | Se) 82) 32 | Se) Fe
eet Sa Pg | eh | ag oe en | ot
a ) Ss & | jen) 4
| |
-/80°048 30°074, 8°5 | 48°0 54°5 90°0 62°70 | 36:0
130-118 29°947' 7°5 | 46°0 67:0, 90°5 | 69°0 | 33°5
29°830 29°805 12°0 54°0 61°5| 92° | 73°0 | 36°0
1/29°790 29°588 11°0 | 52°0 70°5 | 1007 79°5 | 34°5
/29°940 29°925 9°5 | 49°5 55°5| 88°0 | 72°0 | 33:0
29-980 29°606 11°0 | 52°0 62°0; 75:0 63°0 | 38°5
}29°807 29°909 9°5 | 49°5 56°0| 70°0 | 65°0 | 36°0
80140 307193 95 |49°5 56°5) 92°5 | 61°5 | 34°0
807194 30°082 5°5 | 42°5 | 53°5| 73°0 | 58°90 | 32°5
29°970.29°970 10°5 | 51°0 56°5/' 61°5 | 59°0 | 37°0
-129°929 29°925 12°5 | 55°0 | 64°5| 90°0 | 68°5 | 38°5
29°929 29°963 12°0 | 54°0 53°0| 65°5 | 65°0 | 37°0
3130-090 30-082 10°5 |51°0 51:0) 62°0 | 60°0 | 34°5
30°194 30°132' 9°0 | 49-0 52:0| 58°5 | 58°0 | 33°0
)30°142 30°092 10°5 | 51°0 52:0) 57°0 | 55°d | 36°5
29°904 29°771 12°0 | 54°0|59°0; 72°5 63°0 | 43°5
) }29°680 29°583 12°55 55°0 64°5| 96°0 | 75°0 | 44°0
29°704 29°742 11°0 | 52°0| 6075) 90°0 | 68°0 | 41°0
29°828 29°756 7°5 | 46°0 68°5 | 104°5 | 73°0 | 33°5
29°439 29°448 12°0 | 54°0'59°0| 76°0 | 68°0 | 36:0
-/29°548 29386) 8:0 | 47°0 61°0| 78°5 | 68°0 | 34°0
29°445 29°464, 11°5 | 53°0!63°5| 79°0 | 68°0 | 38°5
5/29°383 29°336 9°5 | 49°5 63°0| 90°0 | 64°5 | 36°5
1/29°498 29°668) 8°0 | 47°0|59°0| 83°5 | 62°0 | 35°0
»/29°795 29°752| 9°0 | 49°0| 650) 9670 | 68°0 | 37°5
“007 30°198' 9°5 | 49°5/56°5|) 72°5 | 64°0 38°5
30°082 29°987 12°5 | 55°0/66°0| 930 760 | 42°0
3|29°929 29°786 13°0 | 56°0 | 72°0; 94°0 | 75°0 | 43°C
1/29°675,29°509 12°5 | 55-°0|61°5| 92°5 | 73°5 | 50°C
29°446 29°537) 7°5 | 66°0|57.5| 72°5 | 67°0 | 42:5
; p22 526) 13°0 | 56°0 |} 60°5| 78°0 | 67°0 | 43°(
| ie ae Lesa |
Mean Press. Mean M’n, Tem. Mean Mean Mee
29°829 10°60, 55°50 | 85°00) 66°74) 37"
Greatest do, Max. Max. | Max.| Ma
30°'198 =: 13°00 104°50| 79°50; 50°
Least do. Min. Min. | Min.| Mi
29°336 | 5°50 61°50 58°00} 32°

he Meteorological form brought into use at the
876 differs in some respects from the former on
1 adopted with the view of assimilating the Hol
rds more closely with those of stations ir
erica, etc., in order to co-operate in a syste
onal Meteorology. Readings are added from
le thermometer, that being the instrument gene
he continent of Europe.

e mean is in all cases taken from the sums ¢

registers, not from the maximum and minimu

¢ direction of the wind is registered from cw

it Be 92 feet above sea level, and its force i

e foot.

e relative quantity of rain that fell under th

is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

e 35 years’ standard tables are used for ob!
ence from average.
FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R..

ie of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a fe’
_ in the Royal Society’s Gardens durin

h. Carpinus betulus commencing to leaf.
3th. Ailanthus glandulosus ditto.
Tilia Europea ditto.
Black Mulberry ditto.
Elm seeds commencing to shed.
Melia azederach commencing to leaf.

F. ABBOTT, Jun., Super

a = . : 7 para AS Eo ee ee
_ ‘ Spee oma muse, Haniee rt Town. —— ad

Latitude 42° 52 13” S.; Longitude 9h. 49m. 29.-2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.) -

gah a = yy
zee EE Clouds Wind. H
§ 3 i L Ae
ze Z ac Thermometers | Thermometers 3a g a a
E £3 ci Br
3c (Reading) | (Self-Registering.)| “= |" |g
gSeae 730a.m./4'30p.m.| 730am. | 430 pm. | 3 | 8 |°§
6 Per cent, ale| 6
| Ah . (8 8
ie | | ja |3 |g | gel 2 | 8
A || alec, telethon & /28) & |38
3 SA SA) SA Sa edi g! .| a a jos me -
al S4/Salee |Saloe/5/8/8/8)/S)a) 2 |se 8 |seldla| a
S Bs|3| Es |Z2|8a/2|6|8/2|8|2| = |e4| 2 gje|s| ¢
2 gelas|Ss |S2/52/2/e|2|2/2)3| # |B] # |Belelele
A a |e |B |m Eb |e {*/S)4)/S)4/) A |e | A le [ele] e
a } -—_—'—. = S| -|-|—_ — | | — | | —
1/30.048 30°074, 8'5 | 48°0 54°5| 90:0 620/360 | 79 | 75/K | o0IKN| 7-0 40
3/30-118 29°47) _7°5 | 460 67-0] 90°5 | 69°0 | 835 | 79 52 /K | 40\KSy 5:0 65
3/29:830,20°805 120 | 640 |61'5| 925 | 73°0 | 36:0 | 64| 82/K | GOK | 7-0 3:0
rip 110 | 62°0 705) 1007 795 | 345 | 80) 41|K | 75\K | 5:5 55
5): 95 |495 | 55°5| 880 | 72°0 | 33°0 | 68 | 75 |KS 100\KS | 9:0 i 30
6 10 | 52°0 62-0) 750 63-0 | 38°5 | 80) 82|K |100\K | 85 2 60
71 6 |49°5 |66°0| 70°0 | 65:0 | 360 | 74| 84/K | 40|N |100 4 35
5 96 |49'5 565) 925 | 615 |340| 74) 70/K | 5-0/0 0 52) 65
9 5% | 42° |53°5| 73°0 | 680 | 325 | 84 80|K |100/K_ |100 26) 45
10}29:970.29°970, 10°5 | 51°0 | 66°5| 61:5 | 59°0 | 37°0 | 98 | 93 |KN/10°0/KN|10°0 ; 60
11|20-929 29°925, 12°5 | 55:0 | 64°| 90°0 | 68°5 | 38°55 | 93 | 73 |KN/10°0/K | 1:5 : 60
12|29°29 29963, 12°0 | 54°0 | 63°0| 65°5 | 65°0 | 870 | 93 | 93 |N |10:0/N_|10°0 : 90
13)30-090 30-082, 10°5 | 51-0 | 51°0| 62:0 | 60-0 | 34°5 |100 |100 |KN’ 10°0/KN|10-0 2 95
14/30'194 30132) 9°0 | 49°0 | 52°0| 58°5 | 58-0 | 33-0 | 86 | 80 |KN|10°0/KN| 10:0 0 95
15)30°142 30°092, 10° | 510/520) 57°0 | 55°5 | 36°5 | 86 | 93 |KN 10°0/KN} 10:0 0 8:0
16)20-004 29°71) 12°0 | 540 | 50°0) 72°6 | 6370 | 43°5 | 93 | 94 KN |10°0/KN| 10-0 wy 65
17/20°080 20°583 12°5 | 55:0) 64°5| 96:0 | 75-0 | 44-0 | 87! 78|K | 40) q E 0} « 65
1:0 | 52-0} 60°5| 90-0 | 68-0 | 41:0 | 74| 66 |K | 40/KN 52) W "52 60
7'5 | 460 63:5 | 1046 | 73°0 | 33°5 | 79 50|K | 45\K | 5:5] W | 260) N *52| +06 50
} 2°0 |540|59°:0| 76:0 | 68'0 | 36°0 | 81 | 66 |KS /100/K | 45) NW) 26 8 °0'| -01] °79) 6:5
80 | 47°0|61°0| 78'5 | 68'0 | 34°0 | 79 | 94 KS | 70/K | 70) NW| °26 NW) 26) -08 50
2 29464) 11°5 | 53:0 |63°5| 79°0 | 68:0 | 385 | 80 | 67 |K | 70/K | 40| NW) 26] W 52) * 60
23/20'383)20'836| 9°5 | 49°5 | 63°0| 90°0 | 645 | 365 | 80 | 47K | 30/K | 2:0|/N | 260/ W | 2:60 70
24/29'498/29'668| 8°0 | 47°0/59'0| 83:5 | 82°0 | 85:0 | 67 | 66 |K | 80/K | 45| NW) 5:21) W | 260 60
25|99°795)29°752| 9'0 |49°0|65°0| 96-0 | 68-0 | 37°5 | 74 | 65 |KS| 7-5|N | 8-0) N ‘0 | W | 260 60
26/30:007 30198) 9°5 |49°5|56°5| 72°5 | 64-0 | 385 | 93 75 KN|100|K | 9:5|SE | -26,SE | 26) 55
27/30'082)29°987/ 12°5 | 56°0|66:0| 930 | 760 |420|75 64 KS | 60\K | 10) N 52| 8 52) 50
2%5)29:929 29°786| 13°0 | 56°0|72°0| 940 | 75:0 | 43:0 70 43 |K /100/K | g-0| N +52) NW | 2°60) 55
29/29 °675)20°509| 12'5 | 55°0|61°5| 92°5 | 735 | 50°0 | 87 | S2|K | 75|KN| 9:0/ NW! 0|N *26) °25 70
30/29'446/20'537| 7°5 | 60'0|57.5| 72°5 | 670 | 42°5 | 79 | 61 |KN| 80|KN| 9:0| N_ | 521| 8 5°21| -25 50
31 20'685)20'526 18°0 | 66°0|60°5| 78:0 | 67°0 | 43:0 | 70 | 66 |K | 70|KN| 8:5) NW| ‘52| W "62| 03/185] 4°5
|Mean Press. Mean M’p. Tem., Mean Mean Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month. Mean Force, T). | Tl.) Tl.
29°52 | 10°60| 55°50 | 85°00) 66°74) 37°71) 77 731 15 3°34/307/18200
Greatest do, Max. Max. | Max.) Max. Prevailing Greatest Force, Mean
30°198 | 18:00 10460) 79°50 50°00 Character. 20°83. 590
Least. do. | Min. Min. | Min.) Min. K&KN Least Force,
20°336 | 5°50 61°50) 58°00) 82°50) 0°

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe,
America, etc., in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
national Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi-
grade thermometer, that being the instrument generally used
on the continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two

ly registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents at a
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
‘quare foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7’30 a.m.

The 85 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S,, ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
nts in the Royal Society’s Gardens during October,
7th. Carpinus betulus commencing to leaf.
16th. Ailanthus glandulosus ditto.
21st. ‘Tilia Europzea ditto.
%th. Black Mulberry ditto.
26th. Elm seeds commencing to shed.
7th. Melia azederach commencing to leaf.
F. ABBOTT, Juy., Superintendent,

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for October,

1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7/30 a.m. and 4°30 p.m. :—
Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced

20°847in.

Thermometer, mean of 2 ditto, 54°79deg; mean of max.

and min. in shade, 56'30deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 47°80deg.

Elastic force of vapour mean of 2 ditto, “341.

Humidity of air, mean of 2ditto, °73.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 120:00deg.,

Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
40°83deg.

Rainfall, 2:16in.

Evaporation, 5'4Sin. ; in excess of rainfall, 3°32in.

Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 6°03

Ozone, mean of 2 daily observations, 6°54.

Wind, force in Ibs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-
vations, 59°691bs.

Horizontal movement, 2,570 miles.

Electricity, 47 observations, 22 negative, 11 positive, 14 nil.

: W. E, SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfeld.
Rainfall at Hill Statlon 1550ft. above sea level, 3°75in.

&

—. Lh LL

PRIVA
Latitude 42
(Regist
g.,ha
SERS
ES3 ES Thermometers | Thermo
° 2
Shes St 3 (Reading. ) (Self-Reg!
Haase
Q |
! | | | |
‘ | o j an 4
= | | 2 |
BI lealfaleta|@a |a
S| . | g |o| Sai Sa] Sa |g
ea) A H | Saeldalag] oa | 4
S| a | & | Be] Bol Bal So | 4
ml o eo leo |acls8| as |3
= 2 | 8 | miler) et at ja
(=) ~ | ™ 5 — = qq =
| | |
1e9-s6 29°560 10°0 |50°5 56°0| 82°5 |G
229745 29°814 10°0 | 50°5 58°5| 85-0 | G
3)29°892 29°874 10°5 | 51-0 53°5| 81°5 | 4
4 29-790 29°581 10°5 51°0 720] 930 7
5 29-230 29200 14°0 | 58'v 600) 815 7
6|29°550 29°424 9°0 | 49°0 64°0| 94:5 | G
7/29-433 29-220 125 |54°5 58:0! 72:0 | ¢
8)29-446 29°520 8 0 | 47°0 57°0| 71°5 | ¢
9/ 29-238 29166 12°5 | 54°5 | 57°0| 78:0 | ¢
10 29-300 29°432. 80 |47°0 56°0| 68°5 | é
11 29-740 29 639 10°0 | 50°0 57°70! 76:0 ¢
12 29-230 29-246 13°0 560 56°0| 90°0 '
13 29-438 29°556 11°56 |53°0 62°5| 88:5 ||
14 29 887 29°905 10°0 | 5u°0 63-0 | 103°0 | |
15 29-851 29°880 15°5 | 60-0 72°0 | 102°5
16|29-667 29°768 14°5 |59°5 550| 75°0 |
17 30-088 30-007 10°5 |51°0' 61:5! 90-0
18/29°929 29°755 12°5 | 55:0 | 63°0| 81°0
19/29-522 29-309 14°5 | 59°0 | 62°5! 68°0
20\29°375 29°590 12°0 | 54°0|57°5| 72°5
21|29-635 29 545 11°5 | 5201550) 68-0 |
22) 29-635 29°626 11° | 520 63:5 92-0
23|29-658 29°742 10°0 | 50°0|57°0) 82°5 |
24/29-892 29°971) 95 |490/55°0| 680
25 30-092 30-084 10°0 |50°0|55°5| 66°5 |
26/30-037 29°907 11°5 | 53°5|65°0| 95-0
27|29-832 29°789 13°0 | 56°0 | 73°5| 100-0
28/99°735 29°726 16°0 | 61°0|60°0| 85°5
29/30°084 30°127 11°5 | 53°0 | 62°5| 90°0
30)30-280 30°255) 13-0 poe 94:0
Mean Press. Mean M’n. Tem. Mean
29°685 (11°32) 56°75 | 84°33
Greatest do, Max. | Max.
30°280 | 16-00 | 103-06
Least do. | Min. Min.
29166 | 8-00 66°51

The Meteorological form brought into
of 1876 differs in some respects from the
been adopted with the view of assimilat
records more closely with those of
America, etc., in order to co-operate i
national Meteorology. Readings are a(

e thermometer, that being the instr
on the continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from
daily registers, not from the maximum ¢

The direction of the wind is register¢
height of 92 feet above sea level, and
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that fe
winds is registered each morning at 7°3(

The 35 years’ standard tables are u
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABB

Time of leafing, flowering and fruitii
plants in the Royal Society’s Garc
1876 :—

16th. First ripe Strawberry gathered.
2th. First May Duke Cherry ditto.
25th. Black Mulberry in full flower.

OE

LL ll a em

(Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania.) —

Bee3 se Clouds Wind. Hille 3
A a
2g: Thermometers | Thermometers 23 Ei £ 3
3 sia |s
Seca (Reading.) | (Self-Registering.)| 9g £/\8¢
goaae 720 a.m.|4°30p.m.| 7:30am. | 4°30 p.m. f2
Per cent Rn 8
j | | |
edallts a
a es i ality Ney its
z | & |e_16 | Bas] & |z3
> flues ; (as ; = 5
2] a | g |SS/S4 sel Se |edled|/g]olel ile = |48) = |28 ’
Bl] 8 |felsel\ealoajsalea|/8/ag/8)/4/8)+)/ & sel 8 |lselald| a
ey ie = a5 a5 3 2 a) 5 | g j28) 3 jag) 8) 8) 8
S| 4 & |33|Ba/Esl gs |és|#s/o|=|#/ 2/212) & les) = less |e] ¢
Bla |e ler|ae|2o| 5 (S22 /8|e)2/2)8/8) £ 2) 2 |8ele|s
ape eS JR ee levis (eis lei</si/<|/ a je | aA je |Ele) es
(frsee7 eee pea z ey [peel el fel ; ia es
1/29°563)29°560, 10°0 | 605 |56°0) 825 | 65°0 | 410 | 74| 70 1K | 7-0/KN\100| N_ | w “02 40
2}20'745 29°814 10:0 | 60°5 | 68'5| 850 | 640 | 40°5 | 63 | 57 fk | 70K | 45] SW Ss a1 55
$}29'802 20'874 105 | 610 | 53'5) 81°5 | 63:0 | 405 | 63 | 6) |K_ | 9:0)KS | 90) S s Ol 50
4)20°790 20°581 10°5 | 510 720) 93°0 | 740 | 40°5 | 74) 48 KS | 70/K | 70) N N 50
5/20 280 29200 14°0 | 55" | 400) S15 | 780 | 44°5 | 61 | 71 \K | GO)KN| 75) N “25 35
6/2650 29 90 | 490 64:0) 945 | 67°5 | 40°5 | 74 | 67 |K_| 3:5|KN| S'0| N Ol 55
7 125 |545 58:0) 720 | 64:0 | 45°0 | 70 | 70 [KN| 7-5|KN| 7-0 45 35
8 80 | 47:0 57-0 00 | 415 | 86 | G5 KN /100|KN| G0 10 70
9 § 12°65 | 54:5! 57-0 4 $0 | 50:0 | 70 65 KN) 7-0.KN| 6:0 *23) 50
80 |47°0 56:0| 63'S 50° | 46 70 KN/100/K | 65 02) 2°03) 5:0
10° | 50:0 57°0|) 76:0 | U50 76 1K | 60/KS |100 “08 40
13°0 | 560 56°0| 90:0 700 93 /K | 35|KN] 8'0 4 45
115 | 53:0 62°5| 885 | 68.5 oT K | 70K | 80 Ol 85
10:0 | 5070 | 63:0 1030 | 695 | 67 jo 0\K |100/N | 50
15/24'851 29880, 15°5 | 60°0 | 72-0 | 102'5 | 83:0 61 |K |100/K_ | 8:0| NW 15116) 40
16)29°667 29°763| 14°5 | 59°5 550) 75°0 | 71°0 93 IN |10:0/KN|100| N | 10) 55
17/3 088 30:007 105 | 51:0 615| 90°0 | 69°5 3 82 KN/100/K | 50\S | “02 70
18/2: | 12°5 | 55°0 63:0) 81°0 | 660 | 40° 77 |KS |10°0/KN|10:0| NW 88) 50
19/29 809 14°5 | 59:0 | 62°5| 63°0 | 6570 | 43° 94K | 80/KN|10°0|N_ | "24 65
20/29°375 20°570 12°0 | 540 | 57:5| 72'5 | 64°0 | 40" 81 |KN| 7-5|K | 7:0| SW | 29) 65
21/29°635 20 645 11°5 | 52°0/65:0| 680 | 60:0 | 45° | 93 KN] 90/KN|100) N | 12) 65
22)29°635 20°626/ 11°5 | 52°0| 63°5| 92:0 690/440) 74 63 K | 50/K | 70|N | 12) 60
23)29°658 20°742 10°0 | 50°0|57°0) 82°5 | 6570 | 455 | 80 | 76 |K | 7-5/KN| 9:0| W 02) “67 50
24/29'892 20-971) 95 |490/ 55:0) 68:0 | 62° | 400 | 93 | 81 IKN/100/K | 7-0) S To
25/30 092 30-084 10°0 | 500/555) 66°5 | 20 | 406 | 74 | 75 KN] 10-:0|KN|10:0| SW 45
26/30°037 20°907/ 11°5 | 63°5 | 65°0| 95-0 | 69°0 | 43° | 74 | 68 |K | 9-0/0 0) W 3:0
27/20°882 20:789 13°0 | 56°0 | 73°5 | 100°0 | 78°0 | 43°0 | 75 | 62 KS | 30/KS | 35) NW 07 40
23/29:735 20726! 16°0 | 61°0|60:0| 85°5 | 74°0 | 465 | 77 | 88 KK | 85|KN/|10:0| N 12 3-0
29/30°084 30-127 11°5 | 53°0)62'5| 90:0 | 690 | 420 | 64 | 67 KK | 5O/K | 5:0) W u 45
30/30-280 30°255) 13°0 | 66°0) 64.0) 940 | 645 | 44:0 | 70 | 63 (KS |10°0\K | 10) W Lal) 35
Mean Press.|Mean|M’n, Tein.| Mean |Mean|Mean| Mean. | Mean for Month, Mean Force, Ti. | Tl.| TL
29685 | 11'32| 66°75 | 8433, 65.50) 42-42] 74 738 06 4°36) 5:07 153°
Greatest do, Max. Max. Max.| Max. Prevailing Greatest Force, Mean
30°280 | 16:00) 103/00) 88700) 50:00 Character. 52. 5°10
Least do. | Min. Min, | Min.| Min, K&KN Least Force,
29°16 800 66'50. 69°50! 38°50) o

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some respects from the former one. It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely: with those of stations in Europe,
America, etc., in order to co-operate in a system of Inter-
national Meteorology. Readings are added from the centi-
grade thermometer, that being the instrument generally used
on the continent of Europe.

The mean isin all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents at a
height of 92 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
Square foot.

‘The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7'30 a.m.

The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
eS in the Royal Society's Gardens during November,

16th. First pe Strawberry gathered.
20th. First May Duke Cherry ditto.
‘25th. Black Mulberry in full flower.

20th. Punica plano commencing to flower.
80th. First ripe Antwerp Raspberry gathered.
Bougainvillwa in full bloom.

F, ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

Results of observations taken at New Norfolk for November,
1876, in accordance with new forms, and registered at
7:30 a.m. and 430 p.x

Barometer, mean of 2 daily readings, corrected and reduced,
29°706in.

Thermometer, mean of-2 ditto, 56°21deg.

Dew point, mean position of 2 daily readings, 43°30deg.

Elastic force of vapour mean of 2 ditto, 342.

Humidity of air, mean of 2 ditto, 76.

Solar intensity, mean of maximum temperature, 121-46deg.,

‘Terrestrial radiation, mean of minimum temperature,
40'50deg.

Rainfall, 4°52in.

Evaporation, 5'66in. : in excess of rainfall, 114in.

Clouds, mean of 2 daily registers, 5°61

Ozone, mean of 2 daily observations, 6°60.

Wind, force in lbs. per square foot, total of 2 daily obser-
vations, 85°671bs.

Horizontal movement, 3,110 miles.

Electricity, 58 observations, 32 negative, 14 positive, 12 ni.

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE, Valleyfield.

Bora

[Sees
ets aa k
BS ee Thermometers
6 S82
SF a Reading.)
Bae as
|
“| |
=|
id algale
S| . | gs |sa| salsa
fee | 2 es basi ee
°o a = Ms oo] oo
bl oO o | ee | sc] 4s
S| 2 | ® | o | 'a™]"e~
Al x ~ 5) om Fy |
Bjs0°087 |20°S0L 11°5 ; 53°0; 71:0,
2)29°766}29°817 11°@ | 52°0 58°5) 1
3/29 890/29 762 11°0 | 52°0 63°0
4)29°794/29°802 13°90 | 560) 64°0
5/29°921/29°899 14°0 | 580 64:0) |
6|29°721\29°691 145] 585) 680) |
7|29°774|29°733 13°0 | 56°0) 69:0 1)
8)29°520/29°493 15°0 | 59°5 67-0) |
9/29 653) 29°862 11°5 | 53°0 67°5) |
19)29°907|29°855 17°5 | 64:0 77°0 1
11!29°612'29°615 16°5 | 62°5, 72°0 1)
12)29°874/29 852 14:0} 58°0 63°5) $
13/29°879 29°846 15°0 59°0, 67°5 1
14/29°945 29°944 15°5 | GOO 67°5 ¢
15/29°815'29°528 155) 60°0) 76:0 1)
16|29°752 29°886 155 | 60°0 69°0 1]
17/29°972'30°049 14°0 | 57°5 67°0 1¢
18/30°138 30°101 14°0 | 58°0) 62°5 ¢
19/29°921/29'852 13°0| 56:0 665 4¢
20/29°848 29°795 15° | 600 77:0 11
21/29°763 29°641 15°0 | 59°55 69°0 |
22|29°683 29°768 11°5 | 53°0 57 5
23/29°882 29°810 12°5 | 55:0 67°0) 1¢
24!29°860 29°742 175 | 63°5 810) 12
25\29°606 29°541 18°5 | 655 65°0 12
26/29°364 29°110 16°5 | 62° 66°0 11
27|29°263 29°357 10°0| 50°0 61°0 7
28/29°441 29°622 95] 495 590 9
29|30°042 30°115 11°0|'52°0 590 8
eee 134 30°127 11:0] 525 65°0 9
31!30°076 29°932 14:5! 590 78°0 11

Mean Press. Mean|M’n. Tem. Me
29°773 13°80} 62°26 | 10

Greatest do. Max. | Mi
30138 =: 18°50 | 12
Least do. ‘Min. M
29°110 | 9°58 78

The Meteorological form brought inj
' of 1876 differs in some respects from |
| been adopted with the view of assimil
records more closely with those of stati
ete., in order to co-operate iu a sj
Meteorology. Readings are added fri
|. mometer, that being the instrument
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken frol
daily registers, not from the maximum

The direction of the wind is registe
height of 92 feet above sea level, ar
square foot.

The relative quantity of rain that f
winds is registered each morning at 7°3

The 35 years’ standard tables are |
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABI

Time of leafing, flowering and fruit!
plants in the Royal Society’s Gar

of December, 1876.
18th. First bunch red Currants ripe.
20th. First bunch black Currants rip
2ist. Common Privet commencing ti
» Juneating Apple commencing |
2 |

[BER, 1

rt Town.
{9m. 29.-2s.
‘asmania. )

oc} Amount

JSSOAMMSSUSSNSSAUSANSSSSSUNSNUSSSONSS
a
44%

| g
°o
s
. f=}
8
= |
| z
=
ee, N
70) S @
"b| Ni
0, Wt
0 E

Z
=

IW NOR ROTH TONDO
=

444444

rel

yi
<a

Priva’
Latitude 42° 26° 13” 8. ;

a
OLOGY DECE H

Te OpsERVATORY, Hosarr Town.

Longitude 9h. 49m. 20.-2s.

R, 18/76.

| Bees | : £2] 4 d Ell
22 SEG | Thermometers | Thermometer 23 onde, With aie
£3 | A
8 .5E3 ‘Reading.) (Self- Registering.) Fan 4 a
gS =_—_—
goes Per cont {730 a.m. 730/am. | 430pm, | 3 3
< ~ |
5 = 5 s
2} Pe it ; zs
| g | | A/a] @ | 8,
Z| saleclecl@al2alee £//28| £ |g8
ol , | ga) Se) Ss] 58 | 28) ee -l8ialslal| all=el e |2%!
Ce | & | e2|e2/85) 2122) e8 £)/4/2/8/3/8) 8)|/88| 8 |58)d)4]4
5) a | = |83|8s|as| $2 |8s|8e/4/2|#\/2/2/2) elles! # ise 2/2] 2
s| 3] a |selaelae| S |25|b8 12/8/38 /28/3) 8) £)|88 £ Be sia) es
ale, = £Elé |e |m JS JEISI6/4/6)4) alie | aA le IEle|
1)80°0! 5310) 710) 98 | 785) 400/71 | 6h |K | 50KS | GO NW} 2, SW | 200 30
2)20 52°0| 5351000 72:0| 405 69/66 |/K | 80K | 60 S 521/SE | 52] 01) | 40
3)2 520) 63'0) 9:0 650/400 of | 67 JKN 75K | 95) N 52| W 45
4) 56 0| 64-0! 84°5 | 71'5| 475/75 | 59|K | 70K | 8:0 W -26| W. ‘01 50
5 53:0| 640, 980 760] 480 71) 77 |K | 75K | 70 E 0| SE 01 65
6 £86] 63°0, 98:5 790| 48:0 88 | G4 |KS | 70K |100 NW[| -26] SE +0
7 56°0| 69:0 1060 765 | 43°5| 65 | 64 |CK 50K | 55 NW | -26/8 45
3 59°5 67-0) 93°5 | 78:0| 44°5| 67 | 48 |K | 75| 0] -0 W | | 2°60] W 30
9 53°0| 67'5| 96:0 | 720] 390 64 521K | 70KS | 7°5| W | | 260) N 03) 40
19 64°0| 77-0| 1065 | 84-0 46°5| 73 | 63 |K | 45K | 1:5) W| | 2:60) 8 |165) 2°5
1 62'5| 720) 110-0 860] 440 77 |73/K | 90K | 50 W "96| SE 45
12 53°0| | 725] 415| 71 | 67 |K | GOK (10:0 N 26| SE 30
13) 59°0) 790) 0 $2 /64/K | 30K | £0 W 26| 8 25
14 600 725| 450/77 | 64|K (100K | 40 E 52| E 40
15| 600 700] 600) $2/68/K | 85K | 90 W -96| SE 30
16 60:0) 795| 500/58 |52|K | 30K | 55 N 52] W 45
7 57°5) 67" 720/485 66/52 /K | 6OK | 35 W 26) W 25
18 68°0| 62°5| 985 | 770| 480/71 |72)K | 20K | Go| NW | 26S “01 3:0
19 56:0 66'5| 99:0 | 780| 45'5| 87 | 60 |KS 100K. | 75 W 52| E 120 | 45
20 600 770 113°0 810] 460 71 49]K | 20K | GO W}) | 2°60) W 50
21 50°5 69°0| 1095 | 78:0| 450 02 49/K | 40K | 7:0) W) | 2:60) W 35
22 53:0 57.5) 95° | 9°0| 420/ 69 75 |K | 75 KN| 8'5| W| | 2:60] SW 45
23 550) 67°0| 100°0 | 70-:0| 42°5 65 50 /K | 80KS| 90 N .0| W. Ol 35
u 635 $95| 46:0 67 50|K | GOK | 5:0) NW | 2.60) SE £0
25 655) 80°0| 47°5| 60 | 78|K | 50K | 45 N 26) SE £0
26 625 77°5| 43:0 82 100/K |100N_ |100 NE 0 E 02) 35
27 50°0 680] 38:0' 69 G2|K | 55KN/ 80 N 52] W 1:31 50
23) 495 600| 365, 80 57|KN| 85K | 45 N 0| SW 07 60
20) 0 |: 52:0 655|390| 64 66/K | 50K | 65 W 52) S 08) 45
30) 0 | 525 720| 380 80 72/KS 70 0] 0 NY 08 45
31130-076 20-932 145| 590 78:0 1105 790! 405 7156) 0! 0 0! 0 N 26! S -74\_ 3:0
Mean Press. Mean|M’n. Tem. Mean. MeanjMean, Mean. | Mean for Month. | Mean Force. a ey
29773 | 13°80| 62°26 | 101°06, 75°69] 43°76] OT 607 | 1:22 Ibs. 1°56 4°93 12650
Greatest do. Max. Max. |Max. |Max. Prevailing Greatest Force. | |Mean
30138 | 18°50 128°00) 89°50) 50°00 Character, K. 5°21 Ibs, £08
Least do. |Min. Min. Min. |Min. Least Force.
2110 | 9°58 78°50 | 60:00} 36°50] 0

The Meteorological form brought into use at the beginning
of 1876 differs in some réspects from the former one, It has
been adopted with the view of assimilating the Hobart Town
records more closely with those of stations in Europe, America,
etc., in order to co-operate in a system of nternational
Meteorology. Readings are added from the centigrade ther-
mometer, that being the instrument generally used on the
continent of Europe.

The mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the two
daily registers, not from the maximum and minimum.

The direction of the wind is registered from currents ata
height of #2 feet above sea level, and its force in lbs. per
square foot.

‘The relative quantity of rain that fell under the different
winds is registered each morning at 7°30 a.m.

‘The 35 years’ standard tables are used for obtaining the
difference from average.

FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete.

Time of leafing, flowering and fruiting of a few standard
plants in the Royal Society's Gardens during the month
of December, 1876.
18th. First bunch red Currants ripe.
20th, First bunch black Currants ripe.
2ist. Common Privet commencing to flower.
» Juneating Apple commencing to ripen.

25th. Doyenne d’Ete |Pear commencing to ripen.
Melia azederacl) commencing to flower.
Jk. ABBOTT, Juy., Superintendent.

Results of observations) taken at New Norfolk for December,
1876, in accordance with new forms, at 7°30 a.m., and
4°30 p.m: :—

Barometer, mean ojf two daily readings, corrected and
reduced, 29'817 inches.

Thermometer, mean lof two ditto, 62°61 deg.

Ditto, mean of mum in shade, 64°17 deg.

Dew point, mean position of two daily readings, 50°00 deg-

Plastic force of vapour, mean of two ditto, *375.

Humidity, mean of {two ditto, “63.

‘Terrestrial radiation}, mean of minimum temperature, 43°03

eg.
Solar intensity, meaih of maximum temperature, 181°06 deg.
Rainfall, 2°05 inches). i
Evaporation, 813 injches; in excess of rainfall, 6°08 inches.
Clouds, mean amouiht of two daily registers, 4°88,
Ozone, mean of two} dittd, 6°46.

Wee force in Ibs), per square foot, total of two ditto,
102'33 lbs,
Ditto, horizontal movement, 3,625 miles.
Electricity, 52 obser|vations, 20 negative, 25

W. E. SHOOBRIDGE,

d

ositive, 7 nil.
Valleyfield,

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
P.M., simultaneously with Registration made at 7h. 35m. A.M.,
at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a proposition
of the late Vienna Congress for a system of International
Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29'2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

=o
s Ther- | .| Wind. | Cloud.
1876 se _: |mometers|> rc
Sos = 5 S
—issi——le Bl | |:
Sees) ¢ iti Ss (gs oF
sSslFlsrie Rs x | | Weather.
= = 3 is 22} +8 3 =
-i2s8el|'s = [as Liss =) =
SiESS| S| SSS RSs] Sle
Ss S32 = ~ 3 S So Ss .
SISSS/S/8 315 (S251 81/8
3 SiS MAS ISIS ]1&
vf In.
1 |99-656'56-0 |15°0 93) NW]2°60| 7:0) K Light wind
and rain
2 Jo9-910 |56'0 |15°0 86] NW] -25| 6°0/ K | -o3| Fine and
moonlight
3 199-330 | 60°0)15'5|76) NW) °25) 9:0} K Vapory K
4 {39-050 '58'0|14°0/81)SW | 0! 3:5] K Calm, with
| moonlight
5 130-050 r 0/14:0/s11|SW} +0, -o| -0 Calm & clear
6 |99-940 57°0 140/36 NW] -0 7:0) K Calm, with
moon
7 130-40 |59°0|15°0 |87, SW | -26) 9:0) K Moonclouded
8 |39-040 59°0/15°0|81) W | -26) 7-0} KS] -o3] Alternate
moon &cloud
9 139-080 60-0 |15°5|87| S 0, 3:0] K Calm

al, 14:0 |82 NW] -26\10-0/|KN Hazy and
cloudy

62°5 16°0/82) W |2°c0| 7-5) K | -o2 a.m., cloudy ;
p.m., starry

29°445 64°0/18'0|67| SW | 2:60) 9:O/KN| -04 Squally WSW

28940 |62°5|17°5|67/SW | -0/10-0) N Calm, with
rain, after a

heavy storm™
29-425 |57-0 14:0 sy N | -010°0| N |1-73) Sky cloudy

15

Lightning and

29°240|53:0 140/80 W | +52 0 0 | -02
starlight

* During this storm the max. wind force was 26°04 lbs. per
square foot, between 3h. and 5h. a.m. ; the barometer reading
28°940.

Francis Apporr, F.R.A.S., ete., Observer. «
N.B.—The time of Registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. P.M., being after dark renders it impossible
to make the Wind and Cloud records more than ap-

proximately correct. The Rainfall is measured at 7h.
30m. 4.M. local time.

r

BRAT JEDI sheet

titty, AMA

a4 ae Dad i wet Fe) Re

5 we
ee Y CENTRAL PARK.” + : tek sdb Sa

sei} {!

\e eo. 1 REW baie ah Zz : ,

SAb
ee e's 3" Ti 5 ae { e) }. 1 tae
S2tie Gants NIL ates
Nias eer a
2 - . Hee \ e Sas
% . ¢ +e
= | a f i -_
ft { ‘
: , i : : a
a! E yp *,
we Te | .
oh
ae }
‘
ij » + c 7%) cel
i
yt j : i =
ie: |
+ " { yim 4
si
a gah } ‘
: i
*
Ds | ‘once t
| {
|
‘ rv
be wh ake *
: :
als - } f “ ;
° A. y ¢ a wy i etal?
way 2 ont B y i A ere t
A F i ' vrs ate vi
rial ' .
4 + i
‘ \ i ni
: a pt
aly % y i f ie 4 hs
al yo

i ; '
olacis'! Ay i Ay Aa, fa BAee sien

/ @ A ts & ebAal @ 60 ae} ai O

} 4

ee! Fed
Bit well aia ie ah sett (ue AS

| ne “esp ine bed stl a
(-2

2
ne vile bikers 1)

a) ith Cr ae

OF ht sen

‘a , —_ *
Pa aye '*
* ,
Me ?
Tao we
? ~
e ;
“d |
,
.
76
‘
‘
‘ .
t
’
t
1
d
t
‘
‘
\
.
‘

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 16TH TO THE 30TH JUNE, 1876.
Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.

p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

iss | l
5 | Ther | Wind. | Cloud.
3 Si \moneeters: =, ;
P54 S{e2 (8. =
of Ss > > =
oS] 4: lé Iss ks Weather.
£.713|$ lel fesls ile
fes/s| 2 iS|= |s2| =| 8) §
s\8 Elsigia & |S /S14e
|
WA In. |
16 29°245 55°0 13°0 |86 N 0; 0 0| +24 Calm and star-
light
17) 80°115/52°0/11°0 74 N 0| 5:0! K | -03 Stars & clouds
| |
18 30°025'55°0 12:0 85} N 0] 7:0) K \Few stars
| (faint)
19 30°125,60°0.15°0 81) NW} °0) 75 K Alternate cld.
and stars
20' 30°020/58°0 |14°0 $l NW] ‘26)10°0) N Small rain
|
21) 30°335/57°0. 14:0 89 SW] °0) 7-0/KN/ -01,Calm, hazy, &
} } cloudy
)
ili 58-0 140/81 W 0) 7-5/KN| -02 Ditto
Pa
23) 30°221/60°0 15°0/87| N 25) 7°5| KN 03 Alternate eld.,
} star, & rain
24) 30°420/60 0 15:0 82) N 26) 3:0, K Starlight, Sou-
| thern light
25|30°500|57°0 14°0|87| W 0} 0} ‘0, -01\Sky brilliant
| with stars
26 30°310\55°0 13 0/86} W 0} GO/KN Stars faint,
| | | sky hazy
27) 29°845|57°0 13 0/98 NW} °0,/10°0|) KN Sky covered
}

28) 29°917/55°0 12°0|86] NW) °26) 50) K | -03)Moon & star-
light

29|29°940/58°0 14:0|87) W *0} 2:0) K | ‘05\Ditto

Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it im ossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
Th. 30m. a.m. local time.

30| 29°720)57°5 140 75| N | -52) 9-0| K Large vapoury
OK
Fi RI Ed AS ke

= _
uM

vooala Te 100 tp.

|

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
From THE 1st 10 THE 157TH JULY, 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congres; fora system of Inter-

national Synchronous Observations.
Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8.

|

Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.

(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. J

= | {
ss Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
= =_,'mometers = ml
s}E SN | = = Qes 8
#80]. |. (ELE [ss = | Weather.
els 2/813 Ele SS Salat (acs
eee eo LS Sr | Sete: |, lS
Sl2e88)/ 5/8 /8/8 "$s! S$] 8]
Sloeq| =| isis |2a,e)5]8
S|sSSi's | § [s/5 [87/8 )/s/ 8
gs & lo eI 1S Moo
| ae eee SS SS ee SS eS ee
y | In.
1{29:320 |55-0!13-0 80] N | -26| 551K Moon & star-
light
2}30°135 |56'0.13°0 80, W | “0 70) K | “07|Ditto
329945 |59°0 |15°0 82 NE| -26| 7-5 KN| ‘01/Sky hazy,
| light rain
4130-146 |57-0 13-0 81. SW] -26| 90 KN Hazy, light
| Traln
5/30-¢40 (56'5 |13°5 93, NW] -52| 8°5| K | -01| Wind with
| large K
6130 050 \58-0 \14:0 81 NW| *52| 3:0 K | ‘04|Fine and
| | moonlight
|
'7|30°045 |58°5 |14°5 81 NW} -26 10:0 KN Sky thick and
| | hazy
131130 580/140 87 NW] -26 80 KS Faint moon-
light
9'31:005|57-0;13:0 86 W| 0 50 K Moonlight
mottled K
10! 29°905 |57°0|13:0 80 NW] 26) 90 $ Stratus cloud
| | over and K
11/30°215 155:0/13:0/93 SW | °52 10:0) N |1°10)Rain for 12
| hours
|
12)30°335 52:0/10°5|/86 SW] ‘0 -0| -0} -03|Starlight, bril-
| liant
13)30°520 55°0/13°0/86 NW| -0 10°0|KN Cloudy, not
| | star
14 30°G10|54°5|12°5 85, SE] ‘0 ‘0! ‘0 Starlight, sky
| covered
86 N 26) ‘0| “0 Ditto

air 53°0 sad

Francis Appott, F,R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,

10h. 33m. p
to make the
proximately

.m., being after dark, renders it impossible

wind and cloud records more than ap-

correct.

7h. 30m. a.m. local time,

The rainfall is measured at

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

FROM THE 167TH TO THE 31st JuLy, 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress fora system of Inter-

national Synchronous Observations.
Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S.

(Registered for the Roya

l Society, Tusmania. )

52 |
ee Ther- Wind. | Cloud. |
‘> =_;|mometers) = | |
Bad EF S51 (| ae PL ros Weather.
ss "|S1S fle =ela/[e|%
S288) 818/88 SS) 818/45
STSt| S| Ss [Sis (57) 1s | 8
BN SS | Te fal Sn
j |
! yale | ! In.
16 30°235'55:0 12°5'86 SW| ‘0! 7:0 KN Cloudy, jotting
| | | | of stars
|
17,29°980 59°0 145 87 NW) 26 100 KN} 01|Sky covered
| | | KN
| |
1830°235 580 14°0 81, N | 0 60).K Cold & black,
| stars faint
19 30(30'600150 81 N 0100KN Cloudy, sky
| | covered
20,30 020 59-0 150/76 SW |260'100 N _| Lightning,
| | | | wind, & rain
|
21/30'430 58-0 140 81 S | 52 10:0 N | -50|Cloudy, sky
| | | | covered
22/30 310/580 |14-0,87. W sa 70 N | ‘03/Few stars,
| | faint
-23'30°125 60°0/15-0 71 W _) 0-0 Starlight
| |
24'29°815 60015 87 W | °26) 75 K Black and cold
| Hf ;
| Heatilt |
2529-915 G00 155 87 SW) 0/100 KN, Calm and
| | | | cloudy
| |
-28/30°032 60°5 15°5 87 NW ‘0/10:0/KN Sky covered
| }
27 29°830 60015093 S }7°52.10°0| N | -02\Squally
} throughout
28 29915 580 145 92 5S |0- | 5:0) K | -81!Few stars and
j moon
29 30°012 58°0 140 87, W | °52' 0 -0 | -05|Moon & star-
| light
3029326 57°5 140 87 W | 52, 6-0| KS; -10/Moon,star,and
| cloud
31 30°140 56°0 13°0 93 SW | -26| 6:0/KN) -15|Stars & moon

faint

FRANCIS Asport, F.R.A.S., Ste’ Observer,

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,

10h. 33m.
to make t

he

proximately correct.

7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

m., being after dark, renders it impossible
wind and cloud records more than ap-
The rainfall is measured at

ae ie

wet vt ORF

a
a
‘Sh ein

new YORI

, > am
Se ee

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
From THE Ist 10 THE 15TH AvuGuST, 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania.)

Ther- Wind. | Cloud.

Ra mometers =
s°s =| — g
2lESS S| e 18. S
ei es| |] . 18 & las =| Weather.
Sea Caie eats, |i paumereeesl Ue |eech bt
wseele| isi 8 sls] eis|
Qa SPS A ere ete Se
} x In. |
1,30°240 60°0 15°0 93 NW) :26) 7:0) K | -02 Sky hazy, stars
| faint
2 30°330 59°5 15'v 93) SW) -0'10°0] K \Cloudy, sky
| covered
3,/30°300 605/155 87] NW 0) 75) K Sky hazy
4/30°130 61:0/16-0 87) NW 0:10°0' K ‘Do do, moon
| | faint
5|29°925 600/155 94 N | 0] 80 K ‘Moonlight
6)29°618 61:0 16°0 82) § 0100 N sky covered,
} | light rain
7|29°620|60°5 15°5|87| S 2°60/10-0) N | -05 Day squally
| | throughout
8/30-012|57-0'14-0 186] W | 0! 4°5| K | -11:Moon & star-
| | light
9|20°915 |61°5 165 93] N 52) 4-0| K | -01 Some dark K
1030-245 |59°5 15-0 /81| W | 0.100) N | -09 Raining
|

| | |
ale 145 "| W |) 26 85 KN) 31 Cloudy and

| | dark
i
12'30-045 60°5 160 94) NW 52} -0 -0| Starlight,
| | | | brilliant
13 30°135 600 /15°5'87] N | -o| 8-0 N | -02 Stars & clouds
| | | | alternate
14!30-120 '57514-0'8e| — | -ol10-0' N | -o1 Cloudy, sky
| | | covered
|
1520545 50°5 15 0 81 0] 40 K Starlight

FRANCIS Axsgort, F.R.A.S., oe Observer:

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m, a.m. local time.

aur Ont
‘ '*

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 167TH To THE 31st AuGust, 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m, 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania.)

SS |

hae Ther- | Wind. | Cloud.

S _.|mometers| < |

sss = | = 3

Sere 3 | ie S |
2/555 2/8 /&e S
SS Seer. (cst elers = Weather.
sis-2/S/S/E/ 2 SS) le] a
wisgele /Elsis ssl e]sia
Sleeete keel soles s |e |e
sJSSSis/S (S15 (Se) 8/8/38
Q\R ee a NSO [| &

A In.
16 29°542 55° 13°0 1u0 0/10°0 N | -08\Set rain

|

17|30°045 50:0 100 93 § (26 |10°0 N | -40\Hail, rainand
| i snow
18/30°(30 |54°0 120, 86) Wr 0} 0 ‘0 | ‘61/Starlight
19)30°215 |56°0 13:0 93) — 0} 4:0 K | -02\Starlight
29/30°105 |57°0 15:0, 87) — 0/100 KN | Cloudy, sky
| covered
21)/29°745 |61°0 16:0 88! NW} :26/10:°0 KN Cloudy, sky
| covered
22/29°740 |64:0|17°5 82; NW| ‘26] 4°55 K Alternate star
| and cloud
23)/29°545 |64'0|18'0 | 88° N 0 0 Oo Starlight, sky
covered
24/29°330 |63°0/17°0 87 W | °26] 70 KN Cloudy after
| rain
25) 29°610 |55'5|12°5 | 86 NW] -26, 7°0' K | -08 Sky hazy,
| faint moon-
| light
26/29 835 |58°0|14°0 87 N | 26) 85 KN! -01/Heavy clouds
| | and hazy
27|30120 57°0)14:0 81 SW] ‘26; 80 K 02) Large Koa
few stars
28/29°720 59°0}15°0; 81] NW] 26! 7-0] K Moonlight
through
cloud
29/29°522 60°5/15°5 100!) SW |2°6 | 55) N | +03] After rain
30 29°740 62°0|17°0 76) N | °52100,.KN] -06 Cloudy, sky
| covered
3$1/29°910 64:5 185 77| NE |5.21 10°0| N | -01 Squall, wind
wel am | and rain

Francis ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., ete., Observer,

N.B.—The time of registratién at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m, a.m. local time.

‘t n.

Ur ak |

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE Ist TO THE 15TH SeEpt., 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p-m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52' 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
( Register ed for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

|

58 |
1 eg Ther- | Wind. | Cloud.
"S S_.|mometers ~
fee. -- a
2.8 Sih Ts S
Ss|isN ‘= = a s
Sis =} s |&s = -
E ae s|sis Ss sé ate Weather.
Sleeaelcs |S |e] S [s2i 8/2 12
SleSS1E/S/S/8 ss] sis
Ses ss ksh sls sists fs
i a >i 2 ix oy Ss = _
3 sas 3 Ss |S |S — = = 8s |
QR PS: i QS a |S | ee
ae eh eke ee ea
1 29-530 55°5 13°5, 86 SW | 2°60) 10-0] N | ‘38 Cloudy, with
| rain
2 29°715 |56:0 13°95 | 86 NW)2°60|10°0) N “47 Cloud & rain
at continued
3 29°3830 58°5 15°5| 81 NW/2°60} 65) K 08 Moonlight
|
4 29°845 63°0 17°0| 78! NW] °52} 5°0} K | “02 Moon and
starlight
} | H
5 30°120 61:0 16°0) 76 NW} °26] 4:5] K | _ |Ditto ditto
6 29°815 |64°0'17°5| 82) W | ‘26 7:5] K | Halo round
| the moon
7 29°720 (65:0 18°0| 88 NW| -52|10-0/ K | {pit density,
Hepa sky covered.
8 29°525 63:0 17°0) 77 SW 2°60] 3:0] K | starlight,
brilliant
930135 540 12°0/ 74 SW 2°6 | 7-0] K | 15 stars faint

10 30230 565 13°5| 30 — | -o| ‘ol -0| -03 gtantight

11,29°940 58°5 14°5| 87| § |} ‘O| 7OKN \Few stars,
| faint
12 29°540/62°0 165 87 $§ | 0/100] N | -01 Cloudy, nota
| | | star
13 29°015 63°55 17°5| 88 N § 26) -0] -0! -14 Strongscintil-
| lation in the

:
14 28°725 63°0 17°0, 94, — | 0/100] N | to.Dark, calm,

| rain
15 29000 /61°0 160) 87, W | “32 said Tally eee low

j
! {

FRANCIS Azzort, Bs R. A. S., ete. & Observer!

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make ae wind and ae records more than ap-
proximately correct. e xaiatal) is measured
7h. 30m. a.m. local time. a

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,

FrRoM THE 16TH TO THE 30TH SEPT., 1876, INCLUSIVE,

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Tat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°28, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

ES 2 ) { |
| es Ther- al Wind. | Cloud. |
= S_; |mometers) =
ese = -- ra
OY is &
= ESN : § Ee 3S
oo Ss I'S = & = |
E was ~ S iS s 3s ae Weather.
Seas tS [es Sis ts Sh Sa all S|
Sle$8/8/S/2/8 (8) S18] 2]
Als SlOmia & |S LS] es |
x | In.
16 29°410'57°0 14:0, 86. S | °26) 8-0) N | ‘06 |\Showery
| |
17|29°730 |60°5 15°5| 76) NW) °52] 7:0 KN) 10 Few stars
only
18 29°625 |64:5 17°5. 82) SW 521] 7°5)KN | ‘01 |Dark and
| | windy
| |
19 29°S15 |67°0 19°0, 82; — | °0} 0) 0 ‘Sky brilliant
| | | |
20 29°500 |67°0 19°0 82) N 26) -0| -0 ‘Starlight
| | |
| |
21 29°435 |63°0 17:0 86) — 0} 9°0) N | 14 Dark and
| | | cloudy
22 30°000/61°0 16-0 76 NW) 26] 2:5] K | -43 Starlight
| | |
2330120630170 82 S | ‘0| “Olhaze! ‘Ol Sky hazy,
| | stars faint

24 oe baat 82 N | 52] 90} K | Heavy cumela
25 29°910 |62°0 16°5 76, N | 2°60] 7:0) K ‘Large bank K
| |
} |
26)29°730|63°5.17°5| 76) W | -26| 7-5] K| Ditto ditto
27|29°715|62'0 165 76 N | 52} 701K | | Moonlight
| Hite |. | bia
28'30:015|61:0 16:0 81. W | -0] 2:0] K ‘Moon and
| he starlight
29) 30-005 615 165| 76 N | -26| 4:5] K | | Moonlight
| | |
i
320-90 61°516°5| 82, N | 0/100 K ‘Cloudy, sky
a } covered.

Francis Apzort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.
N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

-— ‘
OE ae rane
kan

wa we

pee BO DE

vrew yori

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 1st TO THE 15TH Oct., 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

se |
se Ther- | | Wind. Cloud. | |
z_. mometers) = ie |
ee Ss js S
2/559 lz] = lS. Ss
ee le|& los || Weather.
EehSig/e/e/SisS| |< ls ¥
Sess |S Sie | Ses js Sic
Sines | cS S| 2Sr ss peed ts Ss |ce
slssc|s |= ilelsisalsls is
S|SSS |S] 5 |s/S 152/28] 8 18
i) SISA Re |S 1S [x
i Im | er
1] 307125 |62°5 170 88 0.100] N |-05\p.m. and eve,
rain
2) 29°880 |63°0:17°0 94|NW) -26 10°0)KN |‘17 Cloudy and
| humid
3] 29-840 |640,17°5 821 S | -010°0/KN -10 Ditto
| j
4) 29°620 65.0 18°0 s2}SW 2083 7:0] K Wind, storm
\

5) 29020 |62-0 16°5 100] N | 26100] N | Dark, not a
star

| 29°535 645 17°5 88] N| 26 30] K | (Starlight

| | le

7) 30-025 615 165 gs] S$ | -2610-0] N 34 Rain, quite

| | dark
8} 30°210 |58°0 14:0 87 sw, 26 0] -0—s|Starlight,
| | | | brilliant
9] 30°010 |59°0 15-0 82} —| -010°0]} N ‘Cloudy, sky
| | covered.
10} 29°900 63°0 17°5 100] — °0.10°0|KN Ditto
|
11| 29840 66:0 185 94] — | -010°0/KN ‘11 Ditto
|

a
12) 30°015 610 16°0 100} S 5:21|10°0|KN |-02 Rain all day

|
13) 30135 595 15°5 93) S | -26/10°0 KN |-90 Ditto light
rain
| | |
14) 30735 59°015°0 87|/SE 0/10°0|KN -40 Cloudy, sky
| | covered

i |
15) 30-010 59°0 15:0, 93] | 0|10-0| N ‘06 Cloudy, with
l rain

Francis ABgort, E.R.AS., ee. Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
‘to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

“BATA tina TANG NO} WOM”

Wrnsisay Wal itd i eee a a
oa pet olde ple ing OA ees fae! : a
. et A a hae Be Peeastartes ely . :

rig bx onrwrri ga) a pls PG . a '
=HobaL Vor iiria Biot Lt oni TH a hee ’ a
ft N or ' . ‘ w¥oRic” a3 Ath : 5

NEW FO Se a ; “4

oad we bead “4

oa, onl he
he yah ; ‘

ECR ort) A UE At:

Leonean’? jab Yoo

o = ’
“| |
fine?) bard ay a :
»] ze ele 2 & |
p< a a a7
’ 4 if ean | 5
Lae , ; need ie { Es3 bh
rn a Ea = z P +3 E-
samacelaa ae Beis) Bl Skea le
= ‘> 4 7 ae ee | r a me ray 4
ts - -— 2k).2 - ee Se ow SUS
ie Da ai |, S Sian) as - 2s iy
ee?) abe Ee ele? eee
aia) ees Se heee a Sec
. Bre Ey pee et oe ee SP Pg Flee,
A “a j
ne ee — — Se )
wt! ' 42 ' '
APE NGA 220 GOs) POLS ae Oi SEL tes oe Ts
I { j ’ i

| ale

Sek ghnor> t tL) ANS P0 me “OVID UE een) Geses. ie
Dut: sal . : } \) ;
anid of CUP os rg & |e Wik, OES etna a

5 4 ; 2 7 “
all Si dnt tte We he as Gat ona i :
| u*

2 [
6 ied bel) Yor ot Ke oe COL eel er
bf |
=) . . . r
tine Ce be | we le OTE apa | * ill

veilee siete 2 (VOLES | Be. SOG Mh Ooo. 5

a we bis | ae ea
ai ‘ae \ Vee Gl GR wie Ne :
w _ : ara re = Was Ca i 10% ?
| : A

be

/

So il Perey tC a ee
‘at «th tae

aa ee |
ives ;

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE 167TH to THE 31st Ocrt., 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” 8. Long. 9h. 49m. 29:2s, I.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

=
Se Ther- Wind. | Cloud. |
SS; |mometers, = ; }
| ESS | Sine :
iS as xlsls S gs é = Weather.
Sse e105 (eS esis a8 oS) 18
S/R a Oe = Ne Sy
—le- -———— ~ —— —— | nt ——_- e—7"_e_— Se
i ay | In
16) 29°640 |63.5/17°5| 94| —{ +0 10°0| N |-09 Cloudy, sky
covered.
17 29°524 |67°0)19°5| 838) W 52 75) K | 05 Few stars
| | only
18 29°810 |64:017°5) 77; W} -26 0} ‘0 |-01 Starlight,
| brilliant
19 29°515 |36°5'19°0| 82) N| ‘52 4°5| K |-06 Stars and
| clouds
20 29°505 163°5'17 5] 77/NW 0 0) °0 |-01 Starlight,
| | brilliant
21 £9310 |(5 0 18°0 ou| — ‘0 10°0) N | 08 Light rain
22 29:235 |65°0,18°0} 88} N | ‘52 1:0] K |-17;\Moon and
starlight
23 29-230 |63'0|17'0} 82} N | 2°60 10°0! N |-18 Cloudy, sky
| covered
24 29°735 |61°5 160} 8& N | ‘52, 6:0] KS|-07/Moon, stars
| and clouds
25 29°830 |64:0|17°5| 82INW ‘0, 2°0} K |:02 Moon and
starlight
26 30-110 |630/17°0| 88) §{ -0/10°0/KN| ‘Calm and
cloudy
27° 29°920 }65°5|18'5| 88 S | ‘0/10°0] K Ditto
28, 29°640 |70°0|21-0] 88 W °0/10°0/KN| __|Drizaling
} rain
29 29-430 |67°0/19°0) 82 NW) 0} 85|KN|-25 Sky hazy,
| | moon and
} clouds
30, 29°525 61°0)16°0) 82; W 521) °8'0/KN -25/Squally
throughout
| 29°510 |64°5 |18°0 32| N | 62/10°0} N -03/Squally, with
| ; rain

Francis Angort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h, 30m. a.m. local time.

7 “ OTE caysaes eee,
a arial Ee RET
Sees sh Nba) TALE se on GE ie Oe Sait
(eit AOE bab. ee ue ae dew tflacdy En eee the
et! ld te penne aware: ithal *
; “ guty ling Wl a © alive
Sg, oes he! sll da mndibond

So ie
3 * CENT gst, eee ce
y ; wey 3 ee tall Od Tes ae ‘ }
oak ve aus Bias yORK Poh KE OEP al
is aS Ou, at AN ae Wye pelse |
Ces a

wa

as
“ine CL i 4 ‘
: de were. 2 Bil
id amenaes eae ~—, 7 =" a :
- rs a oe Fan
| BL peal ae) Pee
urn eh ot (Ea EE i ae
: | -- POSE eh, Ved i EY eng PN
3 , _ . om : "° Ee i a “s - :
an eee ee a a
‘ ) 9 ee * es ee Ee Sa hae j
a ar at : ; t f | “4
“ch eel) LY | APO ye be TE eo GeO ee
fe: oi? | i! | :
' : side wi ae! A wt: ae (a ce wore allie Ti |
Gao | Cee .
aifolsecs [4 om wm " TT.) Th 0 wie ee 4
Sani | ) ; oat
i |
bite, aiaia cy ies Se. ¥ eH" OGL ahal Ale Ga OF ; [
Humes | er i rf oe 4
| H ‘ i
iiimaein * oF WAR AE atl RO Om
dad he j f \ i ‘
nt ~*~ ” : I Y “pai m 1°
ising 4 ils Mi OME 0 44 OIE RE. 12

wr one *| a (wd sa 1 Be ly ak, ON) seg ye <2
nigicars | | i en

A f

aupa ; | eran 3s : :

|

@ ORE PMB! oebae D8

) | }

Sagan at) rant ar wr} u ke iui ach! ete 62

pa | ; 7
a citi

ae : seen” an

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From tHe 1st ro THE 157TH Noy., 1876, IncLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p-m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, fora system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
That. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

}
ss Ther- Wind. Cloud.
. proneters
mia
SS. =
Ses s | :
ss Ne lg
OY ar = = 9S =
S/ Se. = (Sos [=| Weatr
~ SA ~ - ~ py .
= ss : : = aS | eather,
S cs S Ss os
Saba i ea) S| eee cal ee
TEES PRES URS (ES | tat RC her
S|) ee8)] 5 |S /2] Sse 51s )2
SHS es = = SBlies
Srssi a2] e 18] Sls] f] sis
S| 38 S Ce BEC aS TSS eS) = 3
Ri RPO! Aa & | Sy ie
mes | [ery
See Meee eee
ie In

1, 29°520 |62:0 17-0] 76 S | 2°60 6.0} K |-02|Moonlight

rain

2) 29-820 160°5.15°5| SLSW)| -010°0/KN/-10 Cloudy with
3) 29°810 |61'5 16°5) 94| E 0100, N |-01\Cloudy, sky
covered
4 29°438 |68°0 20°00} 78 N "26) 5:0) KE Stars faint

5 29°410 |65°0/18°0; 88 N| ‘26 4:0} K Starlight

© 29415 |65°0 180} 82) W | 2°60 4:0) K | 25 Starlight

7, 29°230 |62°5|17°0| 82) W |L0°42 -0) -O |-01|Starlight,
} brilliant
8 29°435 |61°5 16'S | 88; N | 2°60 10-0!KN |-45'Squally
| throughout

9 29°015 |61°5/16°5| 88|NW oe 0} 0 |10/ Starlight
10 29°535 |61°0/16°0| 87; N , °52 3) K | '10| Ditto
|

| |
an 29°240 |62°0|17°0| 88, NW 0} + °2| K 02, Starlight

12 29°225 |65:0/18°0| 82INW 26) -0/ 0 "08 Starlight
| brilliant

13, 29°640 |650)|18°0| 88] N | 26) -4) K |14|Starlight

14} 29°830 |68'0|20°0| 68;NW| °26) 80} K 01 Cloudy

15| 29°610 |72°0}22°0| 73) — 0}10:0|/KN| |Calm, dark
| and clondy

Francis Appott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

QOVELTRARAL TEN oat AAR
‘atric baat AE POE Wok, Ze TOE wie bork | t
utters Aes Ted pi ‘ales amicaane cs 1 Nat east mn
ee: TD Ohiags < sac ls aoe. oN

“leet 6 te el ee, Ded 6 Be, dd
aati ba woh A) ert oe oe Va yighey
Reta PAGIG iS pe Loeb
F Pet w YORK Pt) a

’ 1g / = On Pan na a a IRS, i |
i ; a, . M Maeno g RS Pye. ] oT wey OF vis bei

h wey Cu See a 4 A oY a
== weet EEN “ye
i ' eds: eh nl 2 7
‘on 8 as tinal & — oS
i 2 rel eee. | Veeeh
. : _ ~ = 4 “® ‘ ‘
: Ase 3. Se gl 4 | 55 be
; Bis Sei (She) mee ey :
e BE) SES 4s 2 eee ;
Ms ar > fe = 1 Bice ts Z e 4 Le ;
Y ge te 2 ee he eee :
Roo LR em Slee ae eee 4
4 7 4 | ee } ‘ f. 5 ae 7 " p'. f
aie | ent) ite ee ftom eter amt eon wtf reneged ‘
i he Lea ‘ Cote CC j i. ‘
(etoOM er Noe ORE OS UT rT wey oto 7 F
, leis ad A
- a) p a ; i ] } : \ hie en
lee el HOE POOL Pe BR eae dale Oke OY a 6 a
teins ri : ‘
t P ’ i i \ : fs f
m4 Y ‘ ' i F
Rees ee armiokd GL KO Oe Bee Vi A, eR ree of ‘ ae 4s
4 FO 1 : f , | , t b 4
} t : Ful t é ; ) i
dU eect | a rh. % ae ore Gen! any dee
pub t ‘7 err | eae
irtpitedih | allows ue | ee FORT aap aa eee
Ba | gdatieie i) Alek Oe! | Wh ee hha y af & 6

‘ |
y +
. Ab Pee a
if ‘ nies | Aaya wore e eA 59K fb aes ‘-- |

vd Cate se, Ae

iditsat't0 ie ¥ at a W % “a iL Y he Ree St. : ; ‘y

bei
im

4
vue wert oes orc i

METEOR OLOGI CAL OBSERVATIONS.
From THE 1678 To THE 30rH Novy., 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 292s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

|
a8 Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
Ss |mometers
1358 | aly atte :
SES Ee] 5 |a&s
SUS Siliee lec. (eiliealees ~ | Weather.
s]h2 13/8 /2le 8S] fs ]a
“See/ S/S |e} 8s lel| ses] sie
BISSS! ESE] S/8/8 5/5/58 )4
=| S28/2/ 2/8] = [25/2] 8/2
SS] 'S ee | is % = 8
Ss g S(Sis/AKR |3{Sle
| | vA | In|
16, 29°930 65°5 185 88/ S 62. ‘7/KN |} ‘15/Rain all day
17} 29°925 |66°0 19°0) 88] N “0; 0) -O | 1°0|Starlight
brilllant
18 29620 690 205, 88 — 0 100! N | .62}Calm, rain
| | | and cloud
19} 297145 |69'°0 20°5} 94) — 0. 10°0 N | ‘12)Continued
| | rain
20| 29°545 |65°5 fon 94) — 0; 100} N | °88|Much rain

|
21) 29°510 |64°0 17°5| 94,NW] -°0) 7°5|KN]| ‘24/Sky hazy

22, 29°555 |65°0/18°0| 88) N 0} 7:0} K | *29)Few stars
faint

23 29°710 |61°0|16°0} 82) S i 10'vJKN} °12 Drizzling
Train

24) 30:030 159° 15:0] 811 W| -26 10°0/KN] -12)Dark mas-
sive clouds

25; 30°040 (61°5'16°0| 87} S 0/10°0/KN| ‘02)Sky hazy

26| 29°840 |64°5|18°0} 82); S 26] 0} 0] ‘0/Moon and
| starlight
27, 29°735 (70°5 |21°5| 88| SE °0}10.0/KN} ‘0 Day fine,
| eve. cloudy
28] 29°835 |63 0|17°0| 82, W 62] 4:0) K -0 Moon and

| starlight
185} 82 W 0] =‘0| 0 | ‘07 Ditto

|

65°0|19°0| 82 § 0} ‘0; 0) ‘0 Ditto

| |

|
|
Francis Apporr, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time,

29| 30°220 |65°0

30} 307140

wal ee ee by Ly a | v oT a wa es ‘gf Fs] oe ae iis se aay iets alg Me
are OHI Entel TAGS aE CN
ee aus We A hai ‘SPREE 46H init A
| Tefal We, he, ana eee ferries fa ah fede
Se DNA UO cee kT Sa a
ae) |) Lam VO: py oie be atid Pearcenviniion oa a. “4
ya: 49h) 04 Wrbani o t cee Seema BE 20, 2 asthatette:

ager AP oe ta sciape , a
(aa phy Pal! Pies bl Ta ee te oa

Be. LS ie ah Be tens i pte gM Was ¢ | ia
| EEN, Seat et ea ERI BALE Fey Bi he d At pe

mAs

| A. NEW york ae +
b ie
f y Ms Pai
ye oe ie ait arc
i oe r Pt 492500) ee
Bes a 7 + —_ : ae +4 + Hinge v
he | ; ‘ wey on! bes ch ety i agar ae
) . ge he te } i be a. 4 | oy Vs ae vi
i asin’ Ls ia) le oe ee ii
iy! Pile i] * ries lags | Dm l y Og) he ; ad |
4, eb Be | ~ fe EH hd oe Ls J
sieve aye eel elas
' % ar pai foe oh fa y 2) le
es be) a | Wea) ce | Beige el ee
Mt Cane ee ee de aie f
. ip eet va ; :
Ve 4 ; ;
cto — a . tbe ir. aif Vi
; pn, Ga ylel fi 4a iS aa |! 6 Pal co Ores , y

if

ees

: ' ‘ } ; ay |

ay, ddaiieaeart | a jo: 9 | i ee (rns oa) gee ay A pu tp °
i.’ ’ i ;

4 ) : i I \ os
$5) ' mi)
Mager hs 2. oie ps. 1 Var oe ee ee ae i Oe Oe ae
ae quaiebue | 4 hc ai aes Va
) pomiiadict | A wen |b nO Rete eb aeour et
=) plex i . ie : a) te ; : oe
* i vo } j 4 4 ‘ ci Cy e 4
siete donee) VE are oe) |» ee RE Sah las ae fe ee
if tae i) a Vet } =i) ¢ ke
lel ee aa! y ; ee
nhac eee") | MOD te Nf ays MEO Mea 5S f
a oat. ae - ’ eal

5 Bei ate | Noe Ries
FG 88 BPR) AE ania OP: eee a
{ | , : Pit
t

~
“sf
2%
2
at
—c
S

te neintt tt" lange ‘age “Ree Mat ik Va Paes ‘ ; a hh ee
* y oa | ; i nik \ ( ee i,
vA “a § ‘ ay we ret r és Lh), herd, pes P t i

eee a joey Oe!
. ; A | Mes

* Pa
2 | wat | Ob YE ee

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

From THE Ist TO THE 15TH DEc., 1876, INCLUSIVE.

Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 16h. 33nt.
p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations.

Private Observatory, Hobart Town.

Lat. 42° 52’ 13” S. Long. 9h. 49m. 292s. E.
(Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

| |
— Ther- Wind. | Cloud.
Zs |mometers ;
=. = |
==3 = | “
4 Se S85 el | el | S|
=| ee" =| 5 |ess | | S}
f18Ss8ia]/ sis} iss =| Weather.
Sloe |e) Ss (le S| 21a
SSA aS eS IGS eS SSS
SISsS|/ S51 5/S/S 8815/38/12
=lFeS/ 3/8/38] 8 2 | 2) ss
SBlPess|/ Seis [S| S ie?] Fl sis
8 Ss Blo;e!a 1 N}SO]&
!
| a eh [ee esas eed EN ee (a ee ee
%é In
1) 29°610 |70°5 |21°5| 78, S 0 100) K Cloudy, sky

covered

2) 29-840 |64'0/17'5| 80) W ‘0 60} K |:01)Moon and
cloud

3 29715 |66°0/18'°5! 82 NW| ‘26 9°0)KN|-01)/Sky cloudy

4 29-800 |67°5 |19°5| 83 NW] °26) 8°5) K |:01/Some dark K
5 29°810 |69°5 20°5| 88 S 0, 3:0) K |.01)Calm and

| starlight
29°710 |70°5 |21°5| 83] SE 0; 3:0] K |} .0/Starlight

7\ 29°620 |70°0|21°0| 88) S 0} + -0! 0 | ‘0\Do., brilliant

8 29°510 |68'0|20°0| 78)NW| 2°60) 3:5) K | -0/Starlight

9 29°825 |67°0 195} 82) W | 2°60) 8:0) K |:03/Dark K

10! 29-640 |74:0|23°0| 79] S ; 0] -O| 0 | -O\Stars, bril-
liant
11) 29°645 |72°5|22:5| 78] S | °52| 2-0] K | -O|Starlight
12) 29°20 |69:0/20'5| 83] —| 0|10°0|KN) .@|Clondy, _ sky
| covered
13| 29°835 |700|21°0| 83) S | 0]10°0] N | ‘O\Ditto, ditto

14] 29°820 |70°0|21°0} 83) S 0} 0} ‘0 ‘0/Calm and
| starlight

29°430 leg 84) 5S 0} 0} 0 | ‘0|Ditto ditto

15

Francis Apsort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

=n iis et Lay io ne mee TA or oa wots he 7 : ey tf ’

‘ ; r¢ be te ‘ 7 iy vy a a) a i . we Sits
age a ‘int hes bin y a5 ily: ' iv pi
; ‘ . } a7 i Sit oh \ae ‘aay wie tee
hie PAL Cn parent coe aa
aoe ; 55 >

test ip Fe

ekg aa ; atl ; ay. ;
A) A ae ei COMBE BA OG |
“Kad mpiay Vs pine ‘e carte oo one 2d Huey om
mi Pod “ ; Boast im 4A MT Sy. al latbath
uh, cli th |

) ae i r eT 11 Pr Rte a8 te 53
; Fae MC DOS aaa TR ie oY yy

L Binway'l geen ~% Vat. ae’ Mast & aa Pa vi 7 1 ; | a
. ) : :
Wis Ove eae te |. ie aM Pad pe iA , rar
Wo 5 3 : OT 2 Raed oe ae A £ bon
i~ oonkany Ts) ea DA tii ;
: p a3 ‘ ee a :
i . pe 2 : ' oe Yt
' : 3 Pes.
2 wi’ | 4 7 7 * 2 mi > ae
‘ P ra ee he ee ee =< ;
=| * E : ; <
a iy - : - bal a a oP to (|
ye % : ze bh ca.) 3 be oe oon
ya ai & - 4 a Oh ae %
| - ae a. - eG i er %'- i.
i “F ~ 1, 2 aye 5) -
| ”
’ ' be =
‘ a a - meas a ” iF 4
a : i¥ F
be oun ee ‘ f i
a ie hal! , aL 2 Eble ya ie + ¢ 7 ; a
aut | i

i=

Hae Set |) AL a ha eye ead) dade
Bri! wy etd; i , ; a

eS ghdids yap 4d ee ee one er ae we
ce . . ead ten aes i.
i ; Kah cae tly) ore. | Te es ah

'
os: . Y) : ut 7 hn Ey
Pay |? pee rial 9 A a Ee ly om rar tani
a: difgity ss ; t}

Ke
—

; 5 am ty
yan + if sta OD U0S 1S G6 a ia an aie i ee
vn ' ue? : i fi F i pit

f ' }

2 e Lad : ‘ i i ‘ AL % ‘
a pe aes nO rilvey ew Fs ie,

y “ x } t ; iy =! j ‘ | 4 » fi, . + %

22s ‘ % ; q f 5

ner 4 suse aL | era as onl ete | aS .

aA iP is ee a hie aes

7 . bbe
a tice

ais elwee ite

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
From THE 16TH TO THE 31st Dec., 1876, INCLUSIVE.
Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at 10h. 33m.

p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m.
a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro-
position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter-
national Synchronous Observations. ,
Private Observatory, Hobart Town.
Lat. 42° 52/13” S. | Long. 9h. 49m. 29°2s, E.
(Reyistered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. )

!

Ther- | Wind. Cloud. |

S
S mometers
SS—a >
= = S | 2 | | 6
(ss8] em Pes eS S
s|ES" 2| § \&y | 3
=/SS8.| .; ~ it & les = | Weather.
S|. a |e | sia) os > 2 a
Siege | siesta issleleils
Ses | 5 |S ls sree] s “
Ses =| & |S |S) eases es sal
s|ose is a & iS = S. rea
s/s 8 Sisis's Seles 8
R|s m1 OS T&S | Ae |VILS/e |
| ' In|
16, 29°810 \72°0|22°0, 73, W 26 7°0| N | ‘0 |Stars &black
| | clouds.
17 307110 |68:5'20°5) 78! W | :26 6:0] K | 01 Cloud and
stars

18 29°945 |68°0 200) 83) S 52, 01 0) 0 |Starlight

19 29°810 |67°019°5| 94 26, 4:0 K | .0 |Stars faint

20 29°720 |72-0 22°0| s3INW| ‘52, 4:0 K | .0 |Stars and
| cloud

21 29 600 |69°0 20°5| 83! W| ‘52, 35, K | °0 |Starlight

22 29820 |64°0 18°0| 88) W | ‘52) 30) K | ‘0 |Moon and

starlight
23 29°820 |68'°0 20°0| 88 NW} 2°60} 5.0 K | ‘01)/Moon, stars
and cloud
24) 29°525 760 24°5 84 5 26, ‘0 0 | ‘0 |Moon and
| | starlight
25, 29°420 |74-0 23°0| 88, N | 26] 80| K Cloudy after
thunder
26 29°015 |169°5 |20°5| 94, —] ‘52)10-0) N | .01 Heavy rain

27 29°310 |65°0 18°0} 88! N | 2°60} 8:0} K |1°31)/Dark K.
| | clouds

28 29°800 |600|15°5| 93, NW] °26) 65, KN) ‘07 Sky hazy

29° 30°135 \64°0|18°0| 94) 5S *0|10°0,

KN) ‘08|Cloudy, sky
covered

30; 30°115 |65°0)18°5| 94) S 0 2 K | ‘0 |Sky hazy

31

29°730 |72°0|22°0/} 83) S 0} 0; (0 | 0 |Moon full
and clear

Francis Apsort, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer.

N.B.—The time of registration at Hobart Town,
10h. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible
to make the wind and cloud records more than ap-
proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at
7h. 30m. a.m. local time.

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REROKS

OF THE

ROYALE SOCIE Tie

OF

TEAS NENT A;

*FOR THE YEAR

1876.

TASMANIA :

PRINTED AT THE ‘‘MERCURY” STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART TOWN.

1877.

19, ay

eit

HOu

Patroy ;

= =
: Zz <4
a Ss
: Ly mm 4,

. Dis y
wi Noe Res

he aro

Majesty

Raval Saciety af Casati,

_-— = == —

JBatron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

President :
HIS EXCELLENCY FREDERICK ALOYSIUS WELD, ESQ., C.M.G,

Vice-jaresivents :

Ven. ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A,
SIR R. OFFICER, Kyv., M.H.A.

J. W. AGNEW, Esqa., M.D.
M. ALLPORT, Esq, F.LS.,
C.M.A.1., &c:, &c:, &c.

F.Z.S.

fElembers of Council:

“SIR ROBERT OFFICER, Knv.

*T. STEPHENS, Esq., M.A., F.G.S.
"H. J. BUCKLAND, Esq.

“J. BARNARD, Esa.

Ven. ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A.
Rieut Rev. BISHOP BROMBY, D.D.

Treasurer :
C. J, BARCLAY, Esa.

M. ALLPORT, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
C.M.A.I., &c., &c.

J. W. AGNEW, Esa., M.D.

F, ABBOTT, Esq., F.It.A.S., F.R.M.S.

T. GIBLIN, Esa.

JUSTIN McC. BROWNE, Esq.

A. G. WEBSTER, Esq.

Won. Secretary :
J. W. AGNEW, Ese, M.D.

Auditors of Annual Accounts :

H. COOK, Esa.

JOHN MACFARLANE, Esa.

Auditors of {Monthly Accounts :

M, ALLPORT, Esq.

F. ABBOTT, Esa.

Curator of the Museum :

MR. T.

ROBLIN.

Superintendent of Crardens :

MR. F.

* Members who retire next in rotation,

ABBOTT, Jun.

# orresponting Hembers.

* Memters who have contributed papers which have been published in the
Society's Transactions,

W. H. AROHER, Esq., Melbourne, Victoria.
JOHN JOSEPH BENNETT, Esq., F.R.S,, British Museum,
London.
REV. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.G.S., &c., Sydney.
JOHN GOULD, Esq., F.R.S., London.
JOHN DALTON HOOKER, Esq., M.D., R.N., F.R.S., &.,
London.
REV. R. L. KING, B.A., Sydney.
*BARON F. VON MUELLER, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
&c., Government Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria.
JOHN PEET, Esq., Professor Grant’s College, Bombay.
W. WILSON SAUNDERS, Esq., F.R.S., &c., London.
ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, KEsq., F.G.S.
REV. CHARLES PLEYDELL N. WILTON, M.A., New-
castle, New South Wales.
ADAM WHITE, Esq., F.L.S., &c., British Museum, London.
C. TOMLINSON, Esq., F.R.S., F.C.S., &c., Highgate, near
London.
*G. BENNETT, Esq., M D., F.Z.S., Sydney, New South Wales.
*G. KREFFT, Esq., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S8., &., &., Sydney.
PROFESSOR G. NEUMAYER, Munich.
*REV. JULIAN. E. T. WOODS, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &e.
DR. W. O. SONDER, Foreign Hon. Sec. Society of Naturalists,
Hamburg.
REV. J. J. BLEASDALE, D.D., F.G.S., Melbourne.
*CAPTAIN W. V. LEGGE, R.A., F.Z.S., M.R.A.8., Ceylon.
CAPTAIN O’REILLY, Brisbane, Queensland.
R. BROUGH SMYTH, Esq., Secretary for Mines, Melbourne.
PROFESSOR JOHN AGARDH, M.D., University of Lund,
Sweden
DR. JULIUS HAAST, F.R.8., Director of Museum, Christ-
church, New Zealand.
ARCHIBALD LIVERSIDGE, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of
Geology and Mineralogy in the Sydney University.
PROFESSOR W. HARKNESS, U.S.N., United States Naval
Observatory, Washington.
HENRY HAYLIN HAYTER, Government Statist, Melbourne.
*FREDERICK M. BAILEY, Esq., Brisbane, Queensland.
A. THOZET, Esq., Botanist, Rockhampton, Queensland.
COMTE DE CASTELNAU, Consul-General for France,
Melbourne.
*RALPH TATE, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History,
University of Adelaide.
*JOHN BRAZIER, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Sydney.
*RICHARD SCHOMBURGK, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., &., &e.,
Director of Botanic Gardens, Adelaide,

6

List at Fellows anil Weeinbers,

* Fellows who have contributed papers which have been published in the
Society’s Transactions. + Denotes Life Membership.

*Abbott, Francis, F.R.A.S., F.R.MLS. ... Hobart Town

* Abbott, E., jun. ...

Adams, G. P. 539 'd¢

*Aonew, J. W., M.D., F. i, 8, New Sauk
Wales, V. P.

Allport, Joseph 3

*+Allport, Morton, V. P F. iT S., F. Z. S.,
HRC. L, Corresponding Member of
the Anthropological Institute of Great
Britain, Life Member of the Entomo-
logical and Malacological Societies and
Foreign Member of the Royal Linnean
and Royal Botanic Societies of Bel-
gium, F.L.8. New South Wales. ”

Avkenhesd, Hon. J). MET.C. 23.7) c.20 oh. Launceston

Adams, R.P., Solicitor-General... ... ... Hobart Town

Aubin, Mrs. F.

bi]

‘SUL Corea 2 lee aaah am Sg mee Ne Glenorchy
ATLA C Oil Es. y . cue. eetitbete geek Reso mnene Melbourne
AB OTRALG. SAMOS .0Y + Ges.) G26 ~ ase Coto loos Hobart Town

Butler, Francis
Butler, James

*Bromby, Right Rew ©. H. iD, D., wien
Bishop of Tasmania

Bright, R. 8., M.R.C.S. Eng. ...
Butler, eth F.R.C.S8., Eng....

iByekdand. THe Ss. 55, ane a
GrOwie, sushi WCU. 2.2) ies) iso 1250, home oP
Rayatoasiws, B03. 455.5 deese, ase eae (wee Kingston

rian owe ees) Lor eeess Mt oe eee Hobart Town
Baynes, James
Barclay, C. J. Wirmastuppesti tetenl ase Meee BY
Bedford aw epees ie. gall Goll Peet pote! beer eres Anstey Barton

3)

iBelstead PO ees oo ee is ons) vena Hobart Town
Meadow Banks

STOWE TING wiv dees 2 cee econ ten nest oe ; ipa rie

Bidencope, J. ee een Braet Hobart Town

Butler, E. H. s Lata Glee NRsoe «veut i
Bailey, Rev. J. H. Bronke Be Wincanton Hobart Town

Chapman, Hon, T. D., M.L.C. ..

Cook, Henry...

Clarke, J. M.

Creswell, C. F.

Cotton, Francis..
Crawford, Lieut. Galonel -
Crosby, W.

Clarke, J. K.
Cruttenden, Thomas
Coote, Audley

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Crowther, A. B., a ee

Crosby, R. ...
Crowther, E. L., M. D.

Davies, Ven. Archdeacon, V.P.
*Dobson, His Honor Mr. Justice
Dobson, H.

Dowdell, C. ..

Davies, R. L.

Elliston, C. ee ier take
Fysh, Hon. P. O., M.H.A.
Freeman, E. J.

Giblin, Thomas

*Gould, C., F.G.8., late Govt. Raa ce

Gann, B. C., ERS, F.L.S.

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Harris, Rev. R. D. P., M.A.
Hunter, Henry

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Howell, F. G.

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Knight, W., jun. ...
Kelsh, Rev. Thomas
Kermode, W. A. ...

Lewis, David, M.H.A.
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Macfarlane, James
Macfarlane, J.

Mather, J. B.

Maxwell, C. M.

*+Milligan, Joseph, F.L.S.
Moore, J. A., M.R.C.S., Eng. ...
Meredith, Hon. C., M.H.A.
Marsh, CAS Secs t..0

Mace, Rev. J. C. ...

+Mace, G.

Morriss, W. V.

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Napier, G. R.
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Roblin, T. PGaraine of Wigan.

Reynolds, W. J. J. :

Richards, Rev. George Bb., Bewatent a
Horton College

Salier, G., M.H.A.

Sharland, W. §.

Seal, M..

Smith, file Honor Sir ee. Chief J Ae

tSolomon, Joseph

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Spicer, Rev. W. W. M. re 'F. R. M. S.

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Scott, Hopton

Swan, E. D. ...

Sharp, J.

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Walch, James H. B.

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Wilson, George ve AS GB

Wilson, Hon. Sir J. M., M.L.C., President
of Legislative Council...

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10

Obituary.

!

BEDFORD, EDWARD SAMUEL PICKARD, F.R.C.S., England.
Born in London, 1808 ; died at Sydney, 24th February, 1876.
Mr. Bedford was one of the founders of the Tasmanian
Society, the parent of the present Royal Society. He con-
tributed several papers to its Proceedings, and always took
the liveliest interest in its progress. All local institutions
indeed, having for their scope moral and intellectual progress,
found in him a warm and zealous advocate. Having passed
the most active period of his life in the practice of his pro-
fession in this city, he proceeded in 1863 to Sydney where
for some years past, in addition to his private practice, he
acted as Medical Adviser to the Government of New South
Wales, and was one of the Examiners in Medicine at the
Sydney University. He was the first Tasmanian medical
student who proceeded to England for professional educa-
tion.

_BROUGHTON, JOSEPH, Solicitor. Born in London, 1824 ;
died at New Town, 26th November, 1876.

GRAVES, JOHN WOODCOCK, Barrister. Died at Hobart Town
October 30th, 1876; et. 47. Mr. Graves took much interest

in the Society. The subject of acclimatisation especially en-
gaging his attention.

IRVINE, PATRICK. Born in Edinburgh. Joined the Civil
Service in India, in 1833, from which he retired as a Judge
in 1862. Died at New Town, June 14th, 1876 ; ext. 62.

LEWIS, JOHN KENRICK, M.R.C.S., England. Born in -
Wales, 1819 ; emigrated in 1860, and after a residence of a
few years in Victoria was appointed in 1866 as a Medical
Officer at Port Arthur. Subsequently practised in Hobart
Town, where he died October 26th, 1876 ; zt. 56.

MORRISON, ASKIN. Born in Ireland. For many years a lead-
ing merchant in this city, and a Fellow of the Society for
upwards of 30 years. Died May 29th, 1876; et. 76.

11

MINUTES of the Annuat Generat Mretine of
the Roya Socrery or TasmaniA, held at the
Museum, Macquarie-street, at half-past 7 o’clock
p-m., on the 30th January, 1877, the Right Rev.
the Lord Bishop of Tasmania in the chair.

The advertisement by which the meeting had
been convened having been read, the CHarRMAN
called upon the Secretary to read the Report.

The Report for 1876 was then read.

It was moved by Mr. Atiport, and seconded
by the Rev. W. W. Spicer and carried :—‘ That
the Report be adopted and printed for circulation
amongst the Fellows.”

The Secretary having reported that the retiring
Members of Council were Messrs. F. Abbott, T.
Giblin, Justin McC. Browne, and A. G. Webster,
it was unanimously resolved, on the motion of
Mr. Sway, seconded by Mr. Bitton, that they
should be re-elected.

Messrs. H. Cook and John Macfarlane were re-
elected Auditors of Annual Accounts, on the
motion of Mr. Grant, seconded by the Rey. W.W.
SPICER.

William Baynes, Esq., of Queensland, and the
Rey. J. B. Richards, President of Horton College,
were then, by ballot, elected Fellows of the
Society.

Mr. Baryarp said that every succeeding year
only served to increase the obligations the
Society was under to their Hon. Secretary, Dr.
Agnew, whose efforts had not slackened, and who
had neglected no opportunity of advancing the
Society’s interests. They were all deeply in-
debted to Dr. Agnew for the way in which he
fulfilled his self-imposed duties, and he would
move—and he was sure all present would gladly

12

concur with it—that the best and warmest thanks
of the Meeting be given to that gentleman for his
indefatigable exertions on behalf of the Society
and in the cause of science. (Applause.)

The Rev. W. W.. Spicer, in seconding the
motion, said they ought to thank all whose labours
benefited the Society, and few were more deserv-
ing of those thanks than Dr. Agnew.

The motion was carried with acclamation.

Dr. Acnew said he was deeply sensible of the
kindness that had invariably been shown to him
at these Annual Meetings; but he would be glad
to pass on a great portion of the thanks so
cordially given, to their excellent Curator, Mr.
Roblin—(applause)—whose good, honest, faithful
work was deserving of all praise. The number of
Fellows kept up very well, and never since its
foundation had the Society been in a more healthy
and flourishing condition than at present. If the
Government could only see fit to give them a
little more assistance, a great deal more could
be done both for the Museum and the Gardens. It
must be remembered that the grant given by the
Government to the Museum and Gardens was
strictly confined to those institutions; the Royal
Society did not receive a farthing. The Society
was entirely self-supporting, and they did not
require aid for themselves.

Some conversation then ensued on the subject
of applying for an increased grant-in-aid, and
ultimately it was resolved, on the motion of Mr.
DowveEL., seconded by Mr. 8S. Scorr, that Dr.
Agnew, Mr. M. Allport, and the Rev. W. W. Spicer
be appointed a sub-committee to wait upon the
Colonial Secretary and point out the urgent claims
of the Museum and the Gardens for increased
support.

The Meeting then terminated.

13

REPORT.

‘0.

‘¢The session of 1876 was opened on the 14th of
March, but, owing to his absence from town, the
inaugural address by His Excellency, as Presi-
dent, was not delivered until the subsequent meet-
ingin April. The attendance of Fellows through-
out the session has been larger probably than in
any previous year, and papers of both local and
general interest have been brought forward.
Amongst these may be mentioned :—‘ An opening
Address,’ by His Excellency Frederick A. Weld,
Esq., C.M.G. ‘Notes on a new species of Nudi-
branchiata,’ by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods.
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., etc. ‘Contributions to the
Phytograpy of Tasmania,’ part 4, by Baron F’. von
Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., ete. ‘On the
Codlin Moth,’ (Carpocapsa pomonella) by His
Honor Mr. Justice Dobson. ‘On some Tasmanian
Patellide,’ by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods,
‘History of Australian Geology,’ by the same.
‘Notes on the Tertiary Marine Deposits of Tas-
mania,’ by Mr. R. M. Johnston. ‘Notes on the
Fossils referred to in the foregoing paper,’ by the
Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods. ‘On a new species
of Ampullaria, by the same. ‘ Reminiscences of a
Visit to the Volcanoes of Hawaii,’ by His Excel-
lency F. A. Weld, Esq. ‘On a new reversed
Helix, (Helix Weldii) from the North West Coast
of Tasmania,’ by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods.
‘On the effects of wounds inflicted on the human
subject by the spur of the Platypus,’ by the Rev.
W. W. Spicer, M. A., F.R.M.S. ‘Synonomy of,
and remarks upon, T'asmanian and other shells,
with their Geographical distribution,’ by John
Brazier, C.M.Z.S. .

14

‘‘In reference to one prominent point in His
Excellency’s address—the conservation of a por-
tion of Mount Wellington—it may be mentioned
that owing to the exertion in Parliament of one of
our Fellows, Mr. Russell Young, this great boon
has been permanently secured to the public.
Those papers which have not yet been published
are now in the printer’s hands and will appear in
the transactions of the year. We have to regret
the absence from the Colony of one of our most
valued contributors, the Rev. J. EK. Tenison-
Woods, but we hope to receive some communica-
tions from him during the ensuing year.”

‘In addition to the papers previously noticed,
communications on the following subjects have
been read and brought under discussion, viz. :—
‘Soundings taken by H.M.S. Challenger between
Australia and New Zealand,’ from Mr. Audley
Coote. ‘On the roaring heard in the neighbourhood
of the Western Mountains,’ from Rey. E. P. Adams.
‘On the high temperature experienced in some
silver mines in America,’ from Mr. A. Coote.
‘Notes on Mr. A. T. Newton’s microscopical ex-
amination of T'asmanite, the so called Dysodile
‘of the Mersey,’ from T, Stephens, Esq., F.G.S.
‘On the Language of the Aborigines of Tasmania,’
from Mr. Calder. ‘Notes on Lucalyptus globulus,
showing the improbability of spurious seed being
supplied from Tasmania,’ from F. Abbott, jun.
‘The geological age of the more recent basalts on
the south side of Tasmania,’ from M. Allport, Esq.,
F.L.S., F.Z.S. ‘The destruction of trees and
shrubs on Mount Wellington.’ ‘On the shaft
lately sunk for coal at Spring Bay,’ etc.

‘¢ We have, as usual, to thank Baron von Muel-
ler for learned and elaborate papers.

‘Many valuable additions, as will be seen by
the printed list, have been made to the library.

15

As on former occasions, our most liberal contribu-
tor has been the American Government, to whom
accordingly our warmest acknowledgments are
due.

“The usual meteorological observations have
been regularly carried on by Mr. Abbott and Mr.
W. E. Shoobridge ; and the monthly returns from
the various lighthouses have been regularly re-
ceived. In addition to these duties, Mr. Abbott
has kindly undertaken to carry out the simultane-
ous daily meteorological observations which are
now being made throughout almost all the scien-
tific world. These special observations were com-
menced some months ago at the request of the
United States Meteorological Department to
which we transmit them regularly twice in each
month. Meteorological abstracts for the quinquen-
nial period 1870 to 1875 for Hobart Town have
been carefully compiled with much labour by Mr.
Roblin, and amalgamated with the existing 30
years’ series. Mr. Roblin has aiso made abstracts,
for the same period, of the returns from the light-
house and other coast stations. All these are now
in the hands of the Government printer.

‘‘Qur thanks are due to the Tasmanian Steam
Navigation Company, Messrs. W. Crosby & Co.,
Macfarlane Bros., and Belbin & Dowdell for the
transmission of various parcels to England and the
neighbouring colonies. ‘Thanks are also due to
Messrs. Walch and Sons for the gratuitous distri-
bution of the Society’s publications to members
residing in the country.

‘“‘ During the year fifteen Fellows and four cor-
responding members have been elected ; and there
have been three resignations and six deaths.

“ Council—No vacancy has occurred during
the year. The list of retiring members has been

16

posted in the library for the last three days, in
accordance with No. 32 of the amended rules of
the Society.

“¢ Finance.—The income from all sources was as
follows :—Government Grant—in aid to-the Mu-
seum, £200 ; ditto, Gardens, £400; Subscriptions,
£188 ; from Marine Board £20; sale of plants, ete.
at Gardens, £78 2s. 1d.: this with £30 12s. 0d.,
in the hands of the Superintendent of the Gar-
dens, for the payment of wages, arrears of sub-
scriptions, £30; and £3 in the hands of the col-
lector, will give a total of £949 14s. 1d. The
expenditure and liabilities as per balance sheet
amounted to £993 14s. 1d., leaving a balance to
debit of £43 10s.

‘¢ Tt will be noticed that the outlay for Printing,
etc.,—£79 19s. 9d. has been very large, but none
of this expenditure could be omitted, as we have
been fortunate in the value of the papers contri-
buted during the year; and the publication of such
must always be regarded as a matter of necessity,
being the great means whereby we are enabled to
veep up friendly relations with learned bodies in
karious parts of the world.

“The subscriptions generally have been more
promptly forwarded than usual, we regret to say,
however, that some members are still in arrears,
although the usual notices have been duly for-
warded to them.

“ Gardens.—It is to be regretted that the new
entrance has not yet been completed. The ground
work has been for some time past in as forward a
state as desirable, and but little remains to be
done except the erection of suitable gates. For
them the public are entirely dependent on the
action of Parliament, and until provision is made

17

for the necessary cost this much needed entrance
must remain in its present unfinished and discred-
itable condition.

“The ordinary garden expenditure for the past
year has exceeded the receipts by upwards of £40.
Moreover, many pressing repairs for tools, imple-
ments, and buildings, which have involved in-
creased and necessary outlay have been postponed.
for want of funds, and for the same reason a very
fair petition from the labourers for a slight increase
their pay (four shillings per diem) could not be
complied with. Itis only by the most rigid econ-
omy, accompanied by considerable difficulty, that
the gardens have been kept in a fair state of order
for some years past. All such institutions are
necessarily progressive, but unfortunately no pro-
vision for progress has been made in the present
case, for while as far back as 1843 the annual sum
of £400 was granted to the Society for the man-
agement of the gardens, no addition to this amount
is now allowed, although the area of cultivated
ground has been very largely increased, immense
additions have been made, and are still being
made to the collection of plants, and labour and
provisions are two-thirds higher in value. This
amount, although supplemented by the unskilled
labour of a small gang of prisoners, is totally in-
adequate to the present requirements of the place, »
and ridiculously small in comparison with the sum
voted for Public Gardens in the neighbouring
colonies. For the year 1876-7 the sums voted in
Victoria were, Botanical Gardens, £7220; Domain
and Government House Grounds, £3550. New
South Wales, Botanical Gardens, £4469; Hyde Park
and Domain, £3513. South Australia, Botanical
Gardens, £6700. Queensland Botanical Gardens,
£2485. Under such adverse circumstances it must
be painfully evident that it is no longer possible,

18

unless more assistance is rendered by Government,
to keep the Gardens in a condition calculated to
reflect any credit either on their immediate man-
agement or on the colony at large.

‘The plants mtroduced during the year have
been greater in number and of more intrinsic
value than for some years past. About 500 have
been added to the collection. From the Royal
Gardens, Kew, a case containing Himalayan Rho-
dodendrons was received in good condition; and
from Messrs. A. Verschaffelt and A. Van Geart,
cases containing Himalayan and hybrid Rhodo-
dendrons, pictorial trees, deciduous Magnolias,
Lilies, and numerous other plants have been
received.

“The number of Visitors to the gardens is esti-
mated at 48,004, being an increase of nearly
10,000 over that of last year.

‘* Museum.—Six new show cases for shells, etce.,
have been constructed, and as Mr. Legrand has com-
menced the arrangement of the Tasmanian speci-
mens, we hope in a very short time to have all the
collection properly displayed. Mr. R. C. Gunn, in
the early part of the year presented, in a most
liberal spirit, the entire of his immense herbarium
to the museum. As the collection had become
much disarranged, and as many of the plants and
much of the paper were quite destroyed, it was
found necessary to re-name and re-paper the
whole. This formidable task was most kindly
undertaken by the Rev. W. W. Spicer and J. R.
Scott, Esq., whose services in this matter it 1s diffi-
cult to over-rate, and who are therefore well en-
titled to the best thanks of the Society. Their
task will still probably require several months for
completion.

“Among the donations deserving special men-
tion may be enumerated a collection of type speci-

19

mens of new shells from Long Bay, presented by
the Rev. H. D. Atkinson; a large collection of
named shells from Mr. J. Brazier, of Sydney ;
several clubs and spears from New Britain and
New Ireland, the gitt of the Rev. G. Brown, of
Sydney; a large number of type specimens of
Tasmanian shells from Mr. W. Legrand ; a collec-
tion of Table Cape tertiary fossils from Mr. R. M.
Johnston; and a valuable named and classified
collection of Algze from Orford, Prossers’ Bay, pre-
pared and presented by Mrs. Charles Meredith.

“ Although the most rigid economy has been
exerted, and much which ought to have been done
left undone, the grant-in-aid has been exceeded by
£27 17s. With a large and continually increas-
ing collection, it is clear that some addition to the
insufficient Government grant has become a ne-
cessity.

‘The number of visitors to the Museum was
18,726, being an increase of 3,711 over that
of 1875.”

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21

BOOKS, Erc., PURCHASED AND PRESENTED DURING
1876.

[Presentations marked thus* ]

Arts, Journal of Society of, current numbers.

Agricultural Gazette, The, ditto.

Athenzum, The, ditto.

*Address, at opening of Session 1876. By His Excellency F. A.
Weld, Esq., C.M.G. From the author.

—, Inaugural, at opening of Session 1876, Adelaide Univer-
sity. From the University.

Astronomical and Meteorological Observations, United States Naval
Observatory, 1870 and 1872. From Rear-Admiral F. B.
Sands, Washington.

Australia, McKinlay’s tracks across.

Ampullaria, On a new Species of. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.G.8., F.R.G.S8., ete. From the author.

Academy, American of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings vol. 9, 1874 ;
vol. 2, 1875.

ao —____-—__—, Commemorative Notice

of Louis Agassiz, by Theodore Lyman. From the Academy.

— of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Proceedings of, parts

1, 2,3; 1875. From the Academy.

*Botanical Gardens, Imperial, of St. Petersburgh, Publications of,
1875.

*Bible, The, printed in the Irish language. Presented by Miss
Fergusson, Tinderbox Bay.
*Botanical Reminiscences of British Guiana. By Dr. R. Schom-

burgk. From the author.

*Birds of the North-West (United States). By Elliott Cones.
Presented by F. V. Hayden, Hsq., United States Geological
Survey.

*Colonies, The, current numbers. From the publishers.

*Catalogue, British Museum, ‘‘ Marine Polyzoa,” Part 3, 1875.

From the Trustees.

, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College,

Cambridge, U.S. 7

Conchologia Iconica, Parts 322 to 329.

*Collectors’ Handy Book for Ferns, Mosses, etc. Presented by the
Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., F.R.MLS.

*Cholera, Epidemic of, in United States, 1873, Report on. By J.
M. Woodward, M.D. Presented by the United States
Government.

*Climbing Plants, on the habits and movements of, 1875. By
Charles Darwin, M.A., F.R.S. From His Excellency the
Governor.

*Exhibition, Melbourne, 1875, Official Record of. From the
Commissioners.

*Education, Public, Pennsylvania, U.S., Report of Buard of,
1874. From the Board.

——— —— , the scientific, of Mechanics and Artizans. By Andrew
P. Peabody. From the Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

*Earths Interior, Present condition of. By G. Kittredge. From
the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.

*

22

*Explorations of the Colerado of the West, United States. By
Professor Powell.

Florist and Pomologist, The, current numbers.

Feathers, Stray (Indian Ornithology), Vol. 3, parts 5 and #; Vol.
4, parts 1, 2, 3. .

*Flora of S. Australia, The. By Dr. R. Schomburgk. From the
Author.

Colerado, Synopsis of. By T. B. Porter and J. M.
Coulter. From F. V. Hayden, Esq., United States Geologist.

*—______. British India, Part 4. By J. D. Hooker, C.B. From
the Secretary of State for India.

*Flowers, British Wild, in relation to Insects. By Sir John Lub-
bock, M.P., F.R.S. From Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods.

Gardeners’ Chronicle, The, current numbers.

Geological Magazine, The, ditto.

*Geography, Physical, of the Atlantic. By Captain Toynbee,
F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. From Meteorological Office, London.

Geological Survey of India, Records of Vol. 8, parts 1 to 4; Vol.
9, part 1. Memoirs of Vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3, ‘‘ Jurassic
Fauna of Cutch,” ‘‘ Cephalopoda” (Paleontologia Indica),
Ditto Vol. 2, Part 2. Ditto Part 4, ser. 9. From the Govern-
ment of India.

oes

——— the Territories (United States), Re-
port Vol. 6. —Bulletin of No. 2, and 2-3, second series. —
Geological and Geographical Survey of Colerado, 1873.—
Lists of elevations of part of United States, west of the
Mississippi River.—Catalogue of publications of the depart-
ment. Report of, Vol. 2, 1865. Bulletin of Vol. 1, Nos. 5
and 6, and Vol. 2, No. 1. Catalogue of Photographs 1869-
1875. From F. V. Hayden, Esq., United States Govern-
ment Geologist.

*Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, United States, Vol.
3, ‘‘ Mining Industry,” with Atlas; Vol. 5, ‘“‘ Botany.”

*—______— and Geographical Explorations and Surveys west of
the 100th meridian (U.S.), ‘‘ Topographical Atlas,” 12 sheets
and title-page. From the American Government.

*Geology, History of Australian. From the author, the Rev. J.
E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.8., &c.

*Historical and Archeological Society of Ireland, Annual volume
of, for 1874. Journal of Nos. 20, 21, 22. From Dr. Agnew.

*History, Surgical, of the War of the Rebellion, Vol. 2. From the
United States Government.

*Hawaii, Reminiscences of a Visit to Volcanoes of. From the
Author, His Excellency F, A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G.

*Helix, on a new reversed Tasmanian. From the author, the
Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods.

*Institute, Essex (Salem, Mass., United States), Bulletin, Vols.
5 and 6, 1873-4. From the Institute.

*Journal, Quarterly of Science, current numbers.

*Journals, House of Assembly, Tasmania. From Government.

*Locusts, on the appearance of, on Lake Bieler, 1875. From the
author, Albert Miiller.

*Longitude, Report on difference of, between Washington and St.
Louis, By Prof. W. Harkness, From the author,

23

Magazine, Country Gentleman’s, The, current numbers.

*Mathematische anzieger, Nos. 21 and 28, 1874-5. From the
Royal Academy “of Sciences, Vienna.

*Musée Tayler, Haarlem, Archives, vols. 1, 2, 3, and part 1 vol. 4.
From the Directors.

*Memoir of C. P. von Martius, by Charles Rau. From the Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington.

*Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Report for
1873. From the Trustees.

*Minerals of New South Wales, The. From the author, Professor
A. Liversidge.

*Moth, Codlin, on the. By His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson. From
the author.

*Meteorology. Observations in New Zealand, 1874-5. Ditto
for Wellington, Noy., 1875 to Oct., 1876 Abstracts of
observations January to July, 1876. Comparative table of
climate, for 1875. From the Director of Observatories,
Wellington.

*——___—., Results of Observations in New South Wales, 1874,
Monthly tables from October, 1875, to April, 1876. From
the Government Observatory.

*—_—____._ Report of Kew Committee of Royal Society, 1875.
From Royal Society, London.
*_- . Report of Chief Signal Officer, Washington, U.S.,

1872-3. Daily Bulletin, Dec., 1872, to June, 1873.
Washington Observations, 1873. From Brig.-Genl. Myer,
Chief Signal Officer, Washington, U.S.A.

*Meteorological Office, London. Quarterly Weather Report, part 2,
April to June, 1874. Meteorology of Japan, 1876. From
the office.

* Observations, Hobart Town, monthly tables. From
F. Abbott, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S.
——_——_——-, Port Arthur, ditto. From Dr.
Coverdale.
*

—_——— ,» Mount Nelson, Goose Island, Swan

Island, Kent’s afceaee. ” King’ s Island, and South Bruni, ditto.

From the Hobart Town Marine Board.

—————,, Melbourne, monthly tables. From the
Government Observatory.

*Magnetic Dip, Observations on, at Kew. From the Director, Kew
Observatory.

Natural History, Annuals and Magazine of. Vol. 16, Nos. 95, 96;
vol. 17, Nos. 97 to 102; vol. 18, Nos. 103 to 106.

Nature, Current numbers.

*Natural History, Anderson School of, Penikese Island, United
States, The Origin and Progress of. From the Trustees.

*Newspapers, Old English, 10 Reprints of. From Mr. J. B.
Mather.

*Nudibranchiata, Notes on New Species of. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., etc. From the author.

*Navy Register, United States. From the American Government.

*Orchids, Australian, Vol. 1. From C. M. Maxwell, Esq.

* —, parts] and 2, From Government of New South Wales
per Colonial Secretary, Tasmania.

24

*Phytographize Australiz, Fragmenta, vols. 1, 6, 9. From the
author, Baron F. von. Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., etc.

*Phytography of Tasmania, Contributions to, part4. By the same.
From the author.

*Plants, on select texile. From the same.

*——_. on Food of. By W. E. Mclvor. From the same.

Plantarum, Genera. By G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker.

*Patents, Abstracts of Victorian, 1876. From Registrar-General,
Victoria.

*Photgraphy, Dictionary of. By Thos. Sutton. From the Rev.
J. E. Tenison- Woods.

*Patellidee, On some Tasmanian. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods,
F.G.8., etc. From the author.

*Platypus, On the effects of wounds inflicted by the spur of. By
Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A. From the author.

Report of British Association, 1875.

* , LOth Annual, of Colonial Museum, Wellington, New
Zealand. From the Director.

*. , 7th Annual, Museum of Natural History, New York.
From the Director.
ue of progress and condition of Botanic Gardens and Govern-

ment Plantations, Adelaide, 1875. From Dr. R. Schomburgk.

*. of Smithsonian Institution, 1871 and 1873. From the
Smithsonian Institution.

*. on the Chemistry of the Earth. By F. Sterry Hunt.
From the same.

*

s on Meteorological, Magnetic, and other observations in
Canada, 1875. From G. T. Kingston, Esq., Government
Observatory, Toronto. )

*Society, Philosophical and Literary of Leeds, Report 1874-5.
From the Society.

*—______.. Hntomologique de Belgique, Comte Rendu. From the
Society.

*————., Meteorological of London, Journalof. From the Society.

*—____., Royal, Proceedings of, current numbers. From the
Society.

*——_—., Zoological, of London. Proceedings, part 4, 1874;
parts 1, 2, 3, 1875, &c. From the Society.

*—______., Geological of London, Quarterly Journal of, Nos. 119
to 124, List of, 1875. From the Society.

*—_____.. Royal Geographical, Journal Vol. 14, 1874. Proceed-
ings Vol. 19, Nos. 1 to 7, 1875.

—, Royal Asiatic, Journal of, Vol. 7, part 2. Annual
Report, 1875.

*——_., Linnean, Journal of, Nos. 78 to 8 (Botany); No. 12

(Zoology).
————., Royal Asiatic of Japan, Transactions, Vol. 3, part 2.
——, Linnean of New South Wales, Proceedings of, Vol. 1,
parts 1, 3..

*————., Royal Astronomical, Monthly Notices of, Nos. 2 to 8,
1876. Memoirs of, Vol. 39, part 2, 1871-2; Vol. 42, 1873-
1875.

*——__—., Boston, of Natural History, Memoirs of, Vol. 2, part 2
No, 4; part 3, Nos. 1 to 5; part 4, No. 1. From the Society.

25

*Society, Boston, Proceedings of, Vol. 15, parts 3 and 4; Vol. 16,
parts 1, 2, 3,4; Vol. 17, parts 1, 2. Report of meeting of.
From the Society.

*—____.. Buffalo, of Natural Sciences, Bulletin of, Vol. 1, No. 4;
Vol. 2, Nos. 1, 2,3, 4; Vol. 3, Nos. 1 and2. From the
Society.

*—__. , American Philosophical, Proceedings of, Vol. 14, Nos.
92, 93, 94, 95. From the Society.

*______. Royal, of New South Wales, Proceedings of, Vol. 9, 1875.

*—___, Adelaide Philosophical, Publications of, various. From
the Society.

*__ , Geological and Polytechnic, of West Riding of York-

shire, Proceedings of, N. s. parts 1 and 2. From the Society.
*Statute Index, Tasmania. By H. M. Hull. From the Author.
*Statistics of New Zealand. From New Zealand Government.
*—________ Tasmania. From Government Statistician.
* Victoria. From Government Statist.
*Stars, Catalogue of 1845 to 1871. From the U.S. Naval Obser-
vatory, Washington.
*——, Zones of, observed with mural circle, 1846-1849.

*. — Transit instrument ditto, From ditto.
* ; Results of observations, 1853 to 1860. From ditto.
*. , Equatorial Fundamental, On Right Ascensions of, 1870.

From ditto,

*Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 10. From the Smith-
sonian Institution.

*Shells, Descriptions of eleven new species. By J. Brazier,
C.M.Z.S. From the author.

TO ten By the same. From ditto.

, Synonymy of and Remarks upon Tasmanian and other.
By the same. From ditto.

*Trade, Free, the creed of, 1875. By D. A. Wells, LL.D. From
the Cobden Club, London.

*Treaties of Commerce, On. From ditto.

*Transactions of New Zealand Institute, vol. 8, 1875. From Dr.
Hector.

*
*

* — of Society of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland,

vol. 19, 1876. From the Society.

*Tea, alecture on. By Baron von Mueller. From the author.

*Tertiary Marine Deposits of Tasmania, Notes on. By R. M.
Johnston. From the author.

*Tertiary Fossils, Tasmanian. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods,
F.G.S., ete.

*University, Howard, United States, Report of, 1875-6.

*Victoria, Natural capabilities of. By Baron F. von Mueller,
C.M.G. &c.

*Victorian Year Book. By H. Hayter, Government Statist,
Victoria (3 Copies.)

*Wales, New South, Progress and Resources of, 1876. From
Government of New South Wales.

* ,» —————,, Mineral Map and Statistics of. From ditto.

Zoology of the ‘‘ Erebus and Terror,” parts 19 to 24.

*Zapus hudsonensis, Account of. By Dr. Elliott Cones. From
United States Government. ;

26

PRESENTATIONS TO MUSEUM DURING 1876, WITH
NAMES OF DONORS.

Atkinson, Rev. H. D.—26 specimens of new shells from Long Bay.

Bennett, Dr. G., F.Z.8., Sydney.—An ammonite from Western
Australia. Two portions of Humerus, and two ditto of
Lower Jaw of Diprotodon, from Darling Downs, Queensland.

Boyes, Mr. Lukin. —A large specimen of a species of Spondylus.
Two very large Earthworms from Gould’s Country.

Baker, Mr. J., Sydney.—Two samples of Tin Ore from New South
Wales.

Barclay, C. J., Esq.—Specimens of the copper coinage withdrawn
from circulation in 1875. 25 pence, and 25 half-pence. 28
specimens of the Bronze coinage in circulation in Tasmania
at the time of the withdrawal of the copper currency.

Blyth, Mr., Honeywood.—Two Black Snakes (Hoplocephalus curtus. )
Two insects from the upper branches of a Stringy Bark tree.

Baynton, Mr.—Specimen of silicified wood from Brown’s River
Beach.

Barnard, Mr. D. M.—A yellow-bellied Beaver Rat (Hydromyss
chrysogaster) from Fingal.

Butler, A. A., Esq.—Tin specimens from lode, tin nuggets, etc.,
from Cascade River, Belmont, Ringarooma.

Briant, Mr. W. G.—32 specimens Tasmanian Lepidoptera.

Bealey, Mr.—A large fungus (probably Polyporus igniarius) from a
tree.

Bailey, Rev. J. H. Brooke.—3 Silver and 4 copper coins from
Ceylon.

Bidencope, Mrs. J.—Two cases of Indian Lepidoptera.

Browne, Mr. R. M.—15 New Zealand and 3 Australian copper
tokens.

Brown, Rev. G., Sydney.—8 spears and 3 clubs from New Britain
and New Ireland.

Brazier, Mr. John, C.M.Z.S., Sydney. 755 named specimens of
Shells, with list.

Bagley, Mr., Oatlands.—A young Tippet Grebe (Podiceps australis. )

Coverdale, Dr., Port Arthur.—A large hair ball from the stomach
of a calf six weeks old.

Coote, Mr. Audley.—6 sections of Australian and New Zealand
Telegraph Cable showing shore end, intermediate, and deep
sea portions.

Crowther, Dr. E. L.—A large collection of tin specimens from
Gould’s country. A specimen of the Nankeen Night Heron
(Nycticorax caledonicus. )

Cooper, Mr. Sorell.—Head of Sheep with curious horny growth
from ear.

pepe = R., Esq.—A very large Egg from a half-bred Brahma

owl.

Castles, Mr.—Tin Ore from Schouten Island.

Dumbleton, Major.—Two casts of Fossils from River Mersey.

Davies, Mr. C. E.—A Chestnut-faced Owl (Strix castanops.)

Edwards, Mr. F.—Tusk of large Boar, shot in New Zealand.

Edmonson, E,, Esq.—A white-breasted Oyster Catcher (Haematopus
longirostris. )

27

Forrest, Master L.—33 specimens of Lepidoptera.

Feeney, Mr.—Sample of Coal from Sandfly Rivulet.

Fergusson, Mr. J., Tinderbox Bay.-—A collection of Shells from
Cloudy Bay.

Free, Mr. W.—A Petrel (Broad-billed Prion) Prion vittatus, killed
inland at Muddy Plains.

Gillon, Mr.—Specimen of Opal from Cornelian Bay Cemetery.

Graves, Mr. J. W.—A Water Crake (Porzana tabuensis. )

Gunn, R. C., Esq., F.R.S., ete.—An extensive Herbarium of Tas-
manian Plants.

Groom, F., Esq.—A specimen of the Brown Quail (Synoicus australis)
partially albino, from St. Mary’s.

Guesdon, Mr.—<A slab of mudstone with numerous casts of fossils,
from Bruni Island.

Gulliver Miss, per M. Allport, Esq.—Six prepared skins of birds
from Gulf of Carpentaria.

Gill, Mr. H., Ringarooma.—Tin Ore from Star claim, Cascade
River.

Harrison, Mr. Cades, Brown’s River.—Specimen of the Owlet
Nightjar (Agotheles nove hollandie.)

Hull, H. M., Esq.—Skull of “Native Tiger” (Thylacinus
eynocephalus. )

Hall, Mr. W. E.—A specimen of the Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus
unicolor),

Hardy, Mr. W. F., St. Mary’s.—Eggs and young of Leech.

Hood, Master E.—Specimen of the ‘‘ Gulf Weed” (Sargassum sp.)

Hickman, Mr. O.—An Kchidna.

Jeffrey, Mr., New Norfolk.—Specimens of fossiliferous limestone.

Jackson, Mr. A.—An albino Wattle Bird (Anthochera inauris).

J peveton, Mr. R. M.—A collection of Tertiary Fossils from Table

ape.

Johnston, Mr, A. R., Telegraph Department, Townsville, Queens-
pat A net bag made by Aborigines of Northern Queens-
and.

Johnston, Mr. H.—A tenpenny piece 1813, Irish.

Keen, Mr. J.—Sample of a plumbago-like substance from Kingston.

Ludbey, Mr.—Two specimens of Fossil Wood from Brighton.

Lewis, J. K., Esq.—Specimen of the Caspian Tern (Sylochelidon
caspia) shot at Frederick Henry Bay.

Legrand, Mr. W.—About 50 specimens of new Tasmanian Shells.

Legge, Captain R.A.—A living specimen of the White-bellied Sea
Eagle (Halietus lewcogaster) from Ceylon.

Morrisby, Mr. T.—A White Hawk (Leuwcospiza nove hollandi).

Maclanachan, Hon. J., Esq.—An Egyptian Goose ( Chenalopex
egyptiaca).

Martin, Mr. J. J.—Boulder (Septarium) from Moeraki Beach, New
Zealand. Part of stem of Tree Fern prepared for picture-
frame making. Rock specimen with crystals of arragonite
from Dunedin. Specimen of Oamaru Limestone, Lignite
from Green Island, and coal from Greymouth, New Zealand.

Meredith, Mrs. Charles.—A valuable named and classified collec-
tion of Alge from Orford, Prosser’s Bay. Skin of a
“** Rock” Opossum.

Miles, Mr.—A Tiger Shark.

28

McDiarmid, Captain, Brig ‘‘ Moa.”—Vertebra of a Whale. A
Club from Island of Tanna.

Nairn, Mr.—Two Black Snakes (Hoplocephalus curtus. )

Nichols, Mr.—Sample of Coal from Port Cygnet.

O’Keefe, Mr.—Barnacles from bottom of steamship ‘‘ Mangana.”

Piguenit, Mr. W.—Specimen of the paper like bark of a species of
Tea-tree from N. 8. Wales.

Petterd, Mr. W. F.—18 Specimens of Land Shells from Yule
Island, New Guinea.

Petersen, Mr.—Tin Specimens from Ringarooma.

Pearsall, Mr.—A Tiger Cat (Dasywrus maculatus. )

Ross, Rey. J.—A large mounted specimen of the Monitor Lizard,
from Australia.

Risby, Mr. J. E.—A large Crab from Pirate’s Bay, Eagle Hawk
Neck.

Rice, Mr. G.—A Fresh-water Crayfish (Astacus sp.) from MeRobie’s
Gully.

Roberts, Mr., Huon.—A mass of fibre of bark of a tree which had
been struck by lightning. A white-fronted Falcon (Kalco
lunulatus. )

Scholes, Mr. J. 8.--Two silver, and 34 brass and copper coins.
Specimen of ‘‘ Chrome,” from Dun Mountain, New Zealand.

Simson, A., Esq.—Skins and Skeletons of Antechinus swainsonii,
and two species of Rat from Gould’s Country.

Stephens, T., Esq.—Specimens of wood and foliage of ‘‘ Red
Pine” (Athrotaxis selaginoides) and ‘‘ Pencil Cedar ”
(Athrotaxis cupressiformis) from Middlesex Plains, Tasmania.

Stephenson, Mr.—A Rail (Rallus brachipus) from Jericho.

Savage, Mr. R.—A Grey Flying Squirrel (Belidens sciwrus) from
the Shannon.

Spencer, Mr.—Sample of Coal from Jerusalem.

Scott, J., Esq., M.H.A.—An aboriginal Stone Implement.

Spicer, Rev. W. W.—A sample of ‘‘ Pulu,” or down of a species of
Tree Fern—used in the Hospital for pillows, ete.

Swan, J., Esq.—Skin of Belidens sciwrus.

Turner, Mr.—A Musk Duck (Biziwra lobata. )

Valentine, Dr., Campbell Town.—A Pouched Lamprey (Geotria
allporti.) From the South Esk.

Williams, Mr. T.—A specimen of the Pacitic Heron (Ardea pacifica)
shot on Lake Tiberias.

Weston, Maurice, Esq.—Skeleton of Australian Crane (Grus
australasianus).

Woods, Rev. J. E. Tenison.—Crabs from Bruni Island.

Wilkins, Mr. A.—Spécimens of Tin, Antimony, Copper, etc., from
Cudegong, N. 8. Wales. Silver ore from Mitchell’s Creek.

Weeding, Mr., Oatlands.—Mass of fibrous substance from a
hollow tree.

Wright, S. P. H., Esq., Glenorchy.—Ditto.

Williams, Mr. R. M.—Crystals of Oxide of Tin, and two Sapphires
from Queensland.

Young, Mr. J.—Specimen of “‘ Sea Hare ” (Aplysia) from beach in
Domain.

Young, Mr. J., Wellington, N. Zealand.—A portion of the Cook’s

Straits Telegraph Cable, broken nine years after submersion,

29

PLANTS AND SEEDS RECEIVED AT BOTANIC
GARDENS DURING THE YEAR 1876.

January 13th.—From Messrs. Vilmorin; Andrieux & Cie., Paris. —
1 packet seed, 4 ditto Achimenes.

January 13th.—From Baron Ferd. von Mueller.—6 packets seeds.

January 22nd.—From Mons. J. Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium, per
St. Osyth.—1 case Rhododendrons, Tree Peonys, and Pic-
torial Trees.

January 22nd.—From Walter Hill, Esq., Director Botanic Gardens,
Queensland.—1 case plants.

January 26th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New
Zealand.—1 case plants.

January 27th.—Mr. 8. Purchase, nurseryman, Sydney, New South
Wales.—1 case plants.

January 27th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta.—Seeds of
Pinus longifolia.

February 5th.—From Mr. Wm. Bull, New Plant Merchant,
London. —22 varieties Lily.

January 28th.—From Mr. Wm. Waterhouse. —Seeds, ‘‘ Pride of
Demerara.”

March 14th.—-From Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux & Cie, Paris.—3
packets seeds.

March 21st.—From Dr. Curl, Otago, New Zealand.—2 packets
seeds.

April 8th. — From the Royal Gardens, Kew.—Case containing Cork
Oaks and Himalayan Rhododendrons.

April 22nd.—From Jules Cock & Sceurs.—18 packets seeds.

April 22nd.—From Messrs. Hubers and Co., France.—48 varieties
seeds.

April 29th —From Lady Rolle, Picton, Chudleigh, England.—11
packets Conifers seeds.

May 17th.—From His Excellency F. A. Weld, Esq.—20 papers seeds.

May 19th.—From Dr. Webster, Dunedin.—3 New Zealand Tree
Ferns.

June 2nd.—From Mr. G, Farnsmouth, London.—1 case seedling
Rhododendrons.

June 8th.—From the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington.—63
papers seeds.

June 19th.—From Mr. Samuel Purchase, nurseryman, Sydney,
New South Wales.—Case containing 60 plants.

June 23rd.—From Dr. Curl, Wellington, New Zealand. —6 papers
seeds.

June 26th.—From Messrs. Nardy & Cie., Hyerts, France.—16
papers seeds.

August 3rd.—From Mr. G. Brunning, St. Kilda Nurseries,
near Melbourne.—Case containing 78 plants.

August 7th.—From Messrs. Shepherd & Sons, Darling Nursery,
Sydney.—Case containing 63 plants, and 33 varieties scions,

. 83 papers seeds.

September 11.—From A. Thozet, Esq., Queensland.—Seeds, 4
species Cycads.

September 18th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New
Zealand, one box scions.

30

October 13th.—From the Royal Gardens, Kew, London.—48 papers
seeds.

November 13th.—From the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New
Zealand.—Box containing 60 plants.

November 25th.—From F. Sander and Co.,St. Alban’s, near London.
—-9 varieties Orchids.

PLANTS AND SEEDS SENT FROM THE BOTANIC
GARDENS DURING 1876.

Jan. 29th.—To Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.--12 Tree Ferns.

January 29th.—Per ‘‘ Lufra,” to Mons. J. Verschaffelt, Ghent,
Belgium.—12 Tree Ferns.

March 7th.—To the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, United
States.— Package seeds.

March 7th.—To Mr. M. Tunaki, Agricultural Department, Japan.—1
package seeds.

April 19th.—Per ‘‘ Alfred Hawley,” to Mons. August Van Greet,
Ghent, Belgium.—6 Tree Ferns.

May 15th.—To Jules Cock & Sceur, France.—3 species Cordyline
seeds.

May 15.—To Ch. Huber & Cie., Hyeres, France.—3 species
Cordyline seeds.

May 15th.—To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux & Cie., France, 3
species Cordyline seeds.

May 30th.—To Mr. Samuel Purchase, nurseryman, Parramatta,
near Sydney.—1 case plants.

May 30th.—To Messrs. Shepherd Sons, Darling Nursery, Sydney,
New South Wales.—1 case plants.

June 10th.—To the Acclimatisation Society, 19 Rue de Lille, Paris.
—1 package seeds.

June 14th.—To the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.—1 case plants.

June 20th.—Mr. Samuel Purchase, Somerset Nursery, Sydriey.—1
box seeds.

June 20th.—To Messrs. Shepherd & Co., Sydney.—One box seeds.

July 24th.—To the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Case containing 48 plants.

July 25th.—To Mr. G. Brunning, nurseryman, Melbourne.—
Case plants and seeds.

September 29th.—To the Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New
Zealand.—1 box plants.

PLANTS SUPPLIED FOR PLANTING PUBLIC
PLACES DURING 1876.

May 16th.—For the Launceston Hospital.—30 Coniferee.
May 18th. —For Church of England Grounds, Bothwell. —130 plants.
June 9th.—For the Queen’s Asylum.—Collection plants.
June 23rd.—For the Hobart Town Cemetery.—180 plants.
July 10th.—For Church grounds, Avoca.—50 plants.
July 10th.—For Grounds of Horton College, Ross.— 100 plants.
July 29th.—For Congregational Church, Richmond.—36 plants.
August 8th.—For the Cornelian Bay Cemetery. —150 plants.

F. ABBOTT, Jun., Superintendent.

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE ROYAL
SOCIETY’S GARDENS, 1876.

Abutilon boula de neige

i megapotanicum varie-
gatum
ee Sellowianum marmor-
atum
Acer dissectum
os a roseus pictis

3) atropurpureum
Achillea eupatorium
Achyranthus aurea reticulata
Adiantum hirsutum

3 pubescens
Esculus Stevensi
3 laciniatum

Allsophila Cooperi
Alocasia metallica

violacea
Aloysia bergamotta
Alphistonia excelsa
Andromeda mariana
Angelonia grandiflora
Anigozanthus pulcheri
Anthericum Rossie
Anthurium cordifolium
Aquilegia olympica
Aristolochia gigantea
Aspidistra lurida variegata
Asplenium falcatum
Aucuba foemina

»> ,limbata

» longifolia

3» macrophylla

3» mascula

» picta

5, Salicifolia

viridis

Audibertia polytricha

Baccharis halamifolia
Beaumontia grandiflora
Begonia argyrites

3» canary bird

», VWeitchei
Betula laciniata

» pendula
Bignonia alba lutea
Bossiaea microphylla

_ scolopendrium
Bowenia spectabilis
Brazillian cherry
Bubthalmium salicifolium
Buxus sempervirens variegata

Callicarpa cana
Campanula glomerata
Cassia chamzecirta
Cantaurea procumbens
Cerasus folius variegatus
Ceropegia elegans
Cinnamomum dulce
Clarkia elegans alba ploeno
Clerodendron Thompsoni
Coleus grotesque
Cookie punctata
Corylus avellana pendula
Cupressus filifera
is horozontalis argentea
Turneri
SS ne variegata
», Sempervirens variegata
Cycas angulata
Cydonia Moorlosi
Cyperus alternifolius variezatus
Cystopteris Dyckiana

39 39

Dalecampia Roezliana
Dombeya Mastersi

ap natalensis
Dichorisandra thyrsiflora
Dicksonia Smithii

5 Youngiana
Dieffenbachia picta
Dillwynia acicularis

x mollissinia
Draczena amabilis

», alba marginata

3) Gay

ius Guilfoylei

5 Shepherdi

» Wrightii

Youngii

Dracocephalum Ruysciana

Kcheveria abyssinica
Edworthia grandiflora
Erica autumnalis
Eryngium Lewenworthi
pandanifolinm
Eschynanthus Lobbi
Eucalyptus hemastoma

ni hemophloia
ae lon gifolia
AR meliodora

siderophiloia
Euphoria Litchi

Eurya latifolia variegata

Ficus Bengamini

»» lucida

», lurida

», obtusata
Franciscea latifolia
Fraxinus excelsa Stewarti

os dissectum variegatum

Fuchsia microphylla

Garcinia mangostana
Gardenia magnifica
Genetylis fuchsioides
Gymnogramma Muelleri
Gymnostachya giganteum

Hebeclinum ianthinum
Heliotropium aureum

5 little negress
Hibiscus campdeni
as Lambertiana
5 hliflorus

Howenia dulcis

Inga aurea
5, pulcherrima

Jacaranda mimosicefolia

Laelia albida

» autumnalis

» mayjalis
Lactaria calicarpa
Laurus ceylonica

» nitida
Ligustrum aureus variegatus
Lobelia cardinalis

3 syphilica

Lygodium scandens

Macrolopia strigosa
Macrozamia corallipes gyrata

o Migueli

Be Perowskiana
Mangifera indica
Magnolia Campbelli
Maranta regalis

» | Sanguinea

Marshallia czespitosa
Mimulus alatus
Musa superba

Nephelium longana

32

Nerium album plzeno

Odontoglossum cordatum

Leopoldianum
Oncidium barkeri
a5 cavandishianum
- tigrinum

Owenia cerasifera
Oxycoccus macrocarpus

Panicum plicatum
Papaver pilosum
> Uumbrosum
Passiflora Bounapartea
- decaisneana
» granadilla
Pavonia coccinea
Pentstemon albiflora
Periploca grzeca
Petrophila pulcheri
Phillodendron lindenianum
Phlox Nelsoni
Pimenta vulgaris
Pinus edulis
>, Kashiana
5, ULowdoniana
», macrocarpa
»5 monophylla
Pattoniana
Polypodium g glaucum
Pteris pedata
_, scaberrula
Pyrus aucuparia pendula

Retinospora obtusa variegata
Rhaponticum nivium
Rubus rugosa

Salvia gigantea

5) sanguinea grandiflora
Scutellaria macrantha
Spireea palmata
Silene saponaria
Stephanotus Thouarsi
Stipa tenacissima
Strelitzia juncea
Syncarpia albens

Tacsonia Buchananni

insignis
Taxus baccata argentea
Tecoma fulva

» Stans

» velutina

33

Tetratheca verticillata
Thibandia macrantha
Thunbergia laurifolia
se Harrisi

Thuja occidentalis variegata
Tilia argentea variegata

» pendula
Tulipa clusiana

y, cornuta

» elegans

»» lutea major

», Markgrat de Bade

»» oculis solis

»» perfecta

»» +persica

s» parrot constantinople
gloriosa
red
rubra et lutea

+ » yellow
Tupa Bridgesi
Tydea venosa

Ulnus aurea
Vanilla aromatica

Whitsenia solanacea
Wisteria Bidwilli

Yucca oloifolia variegata
Zamia Mackenzii
ROSES.

Annie Laxton
Auguste Rigotard
Deuil de Paul Fontaine
Emile Hansburgh
Felix Genero
Francois Sacharme
», Michelen
5, Madame Eugene Verdier
5» Madame Morceau
»5 Marie Beauman
s» Maurice Bernardin
,, Monsienr Boncenne
», Perle de Lyon
,, Princess Beatrice
»» Queen of Waltham
», Reynolds Holes
55 Richard Wallace
»» Star of Waltham

RHODODENDRON,

Adele

Amazon

Alarm

Aboreum

Angust van Geert
Carbatum

Beranger

Bijou
Blandfordisflorum
Camelliseflorum
Cinnabarinum
Compt de Flandre
Dalhousie

Evelyn
Griftthianum
Tsabella

John Waters

Lady Molesworth
Lord Elgin
Macculatum nigrum
Maddenni

Marion

Nero

Ninon d’Enelos
Ophelia

Paxtoni

President Van den Heck
Prince Camille de Rohan
Prince of Wales
Princess of Wales
Princess Alice
Rebecca

Rhoda

Rosalie

Rosetta

Satanella

Sir Thomas Ackland
Souvenir de Jean Byls
Stella

Stephanie
Towardianum
Vicompt de Blois
Vivid

CAMELLIA.

Augusta superba
Beali rosea
Belle de fierense
Belle de ponteau
Bonomiana
Countesse Cellini

Carlotta Papindoff
Compt de Paris
Countesse of Orkney
Don Raleri

Henri Favre
Imbricata

Jenny Lind

La pace

Lavinia Maggi
Lavinia Maggi rosea
Noli ne tanque
Princess Frederick William
Queen Victoria
Rose la Reine
Sanchezi

Tragioni

Vandessa superba

AZALEA.

Alba delecta

Amoena

Baron de Prie
Colorans

Duc Adolph de Rossau
Duce de Brabant
Exquisite

Fielderi

Glory of Sunning Hill
Murrayanum
Obtusifolia

Obtima

Rosea superba
Splendens

Vittata punctata

MOUTAN PONY.

Cardinal Antonella
Comptesse de Flandre
Elizabeth
Evelyn
Fimbriata carnea pl.
Fragrans maxima ploeno
George Rollison
Leader
Madame d’Andrimont
5 Catelan
» dules urban
9 Leduc
Stewart Low
Mademoiselle Shenmakers
Professor Dalbeauf
by de Konninck

34

President Lambinon
Purpurea violacea

Regia

Rubra odorato plenissima

GERANIUM.

Agrippa

Brigand
Brigantine

Black Prince
Celeste

Charles Turner
Cynthia

Czar

Duke of Edinburgh
Edgar

Happy thought
Imperator

Lady of the Lake
Leotard

Mayday

Mrs. Ford

Miss in her teens
Pompey

Prime Minister
Pasha

Queen Victoria
Sultana

FUCHSIA.

Cannell’s gem
Delight

Lady Heytesbury
Little Bobby
Lizzie Hexham
Nabob

Pyrene
Symmetry
Transplendent

CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Barra
Clementine

Dr. Rogers
Ernest

Gazelle

Gustave Roy
Japanese Empire
Lustina Lewia
Mrs. Dix

Mrs. 8S. Morgan

Mrs. L. Peabody

Miss Florence Nightingale
Nelly

Pablo

Rajah

Baron des Sandwich Isles
The little gem

Thermos

Yeddo lilac

LILIUM.

Californicum
Callosum
Candidum variegatum
Chalcedonicum
Dovuricum fulgidum
oy grandiflorum
5 Johnsoni
” Sappho
Elegans atrosanguineum
»» maculatum
>, Splendida
5, staminosum
>> eximeum
» Humboldt

»» monodelphum Schooitz-

ianum
> parvum
>> purpureum
», superbum

»» | Superbum pyramidale

», tenuifolium

», tigrinum flora ploeno

<a fe jacundam

HYACINTH.
Charles Dickens

Croesus

Grand Lilas

Garrick

Grand vedette
Heroine

Homerus

King Acingarius
Latour d’ Auvergne
Lord Wellington
Lieutenant Waghorn
Mammoth

Mars

Mimosa

Prince of Waterloo
Queen of Netherlands

35

TULIPS.

Admiral Kingsbergen
Belle Lisette
Canary bird
Cornuta
Cerise gris de lin
Cousine
Claremont
Couronne Imperiale
Cramoise superb
Duce van Thol, crimson
ie gold striped
st white
Elegans
Fiance
Florentina
Germaniz
Globe de Rigot
Leon d’orange
La blason
La belle Alliance
Lac de Chine
Lutea major
Maulas
Markgraff de Bade
Meteor
Oculis solis
Peony gold
Parroquet Constantinople
* gloriosa
ap red
- rubra et lutea
a yellow
Pax alba
Persica
Pottebacker white
33 yellow
Proserpine
Queen Victoria
Red gris de lin
Reginze rubrum
Roi Pepin
Rose aplatis
>» mundi
», triomph
Standard royal
Vander Nees
Wonverman

APPLES.

Annie Elizabeth
Api

36

Betty Geeson PEACHES.
Sceptor d’or .
Buff _ Barrington ;
Buncomb Lady Palmerston f
Burchard reinette Prince of Wales 7
Carolina red June Salway
Cheoce NECTARINES. ;
Dougharty f
Early harvest . Albert Victor i
Evagil Balgowan ‘
Kentish fillbasket Elruge yl
Maidens apple Lord Napier ’
Mother Stanwick Elruge
Shockley Victoria
Small’s admirable CHERRY.
Striped beaufin 5
Stirling castle Ohia beauty ‘
Tower of Glammis Reine hortense ;
Warner’s king
Wheeler’s russet PLUM.
Winter queening
Wormsley pippin Imperatrice de Milan
Jodoigu green gage
PEARS. Prince Engelbert
Alexander Bivort GRAPE VINES.
Beurre de Amalis
Compt de Flander Allan’s black
Doyenne Defais Black Manuka
Fondant de Curne Catawba
Gansels Seckle Chaptal
Huyshe’s Prince of Wales Elsinburgh
Leopold Trentham black
Soldat d’Esperen
Triomph de Lamy F,. ABBOTT, Jun.,
Superintendent.

a a a ae

Printed at the “ Mercury” Steam Press Office, Hobart Town.