r*^>^ ^ ■^: i^- K Q93 .P36 * FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MONTHLY NOTICES "V PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS AND J REPOR^' OF THE ROYAJi'' 50521 ET^' OF * •,. • TASMANIA, FOR 1879. P^^^y TASMANIA : I'klNTEU AT THE "MERCURY " STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART. 1880. A or T' I MONTHiif ' ' NOTICES OF PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS AND REPORT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA, FOR 1879. TASMANIA : PRINTED AT THE ''MERCURY " STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART. 1880. The responsibility of the statements and opinions given in the following papers and discussions rests with the individual authors ; the Society as a body merely places them on record. ®0nt(ttt!5i: Pa^e. Proceedings for April 1 Brown, Rev. G., letter from. (Specimens from Hicks Island) 2 Wintle, S. H., Geological Specimens from West Bank of Tamar 3 Library, Presentations to, by Dr. MQligan 3 Proceedings for May 5 Gold from Kentish Plains.. 5 Proceedings for June 7 August 9 Blue Gum and other Seeds for Cyprus and Algeria 9 Mt. Bischoff, Minerals from, presented by Mr. Sprent 9 Codlin Moth, Letter from America on 10 Proceedings for September 12 CodKn Moth, letter on, from the United States Entomologist 12 Proceedings for October 14 Platypus, The, Habits of, Discussion on 15 Proceedings for November 16 Crinoid, Presentation of Specimen of 16 Society of Van Diemen's Land, Minute Book of, presented 16 Armour, Japanese, Presentation of Suit of 16 Moscrop, Mr., on the use of ice retarding the development of fish ova... 17 — -^^ Strawberry Plants, On the Beetle infesting 17 " Fossil, On the first secondary, found in Australia." By R Etheridge, jun., F.G.S 18 " Helices, Description of three new Tasmanian." By Lieut. Beddome, I.N. 23 "" Amnicola {AmpuUaria ?) Tasmanica, Note on discovery of habitat of." By P. M. Johnston, F.L.S 24 " Spondylostrobus Smythii, Note on discovery of, at Brandy Creeek." By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S 25 " Tertiary Marine Beds of Table Cape, Third contribution to Natural History of the." By R. M. .Johnston, F.L.S 29 " Flora of Tasmania, On recent additions to." By A. Simson 42 "Land Shells, Tasmanian, Notes on Distribution, &c, of." By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S 44 " Codlin Moth, The." By His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson 54 " Trochidse, On some Tasmanian." By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., &c 59 "Bythinella, &c.. Notes on." By the same 71 "Rice, The Wild or Canadian." By F. Abbott, jun 73 "Codlin Moth, Notes on the." By A. Simson 73 " Travertin of Geilston Bay, Notes on." By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S.... 81 " Law of Storms, The." By the Right Rev. Bishop Bromby, D.D 91 "Platypus, Notes on the." By A. B. Crowther, M.R.C.S., Eng 96 Meteorological Tables and Abstracts for Hobart „ „ „ New Norfolk Plants of Tasmania, Census of. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., &c. (Appendix.) Report of Society for 1879 (Bxx^U, Page 2i. — 4th line from top of page, for A. M. Johnston read R. M. Johnston. Page 88. — 14th Hne, the table referred to is attached at page 27. Page 27.— Table of "Distribution of the Fossil Flora." For Contheca read Conchotheca „ Dajphnogrua read Daphnogena „ Be Wennbeensis read Ditto Weo^ribeensis „ Liversklgra read Liversidgea „ Oleiacrom read Oleiacron „ Auracaria read Araucaria Page 81 „ //. Tasmaniens read //. Tasmaniensis Page 83 ,, liglandu losum read higlandulosum „ Acacia dralbata read Acacia dealbta Meteorology for May. Last line, for Coronilla glanca read Coronilla glauca. Abstract table for New Norfolk. Mean of Barometer, reading, 1879, for 3G0.012, read 30.014. ROYAL SOCIETY, TASMANIA. APRIL, 1879. A monthly meeting of the Society, the first of the session, was held on Tuesday, the 8th April. James Barnard, Esq., in the chair. Mr. Morton John Cecil Allport was elected a Fellow, and William Tompson Bednall, Esq., of Adelaide, South Australia, a Corresponding Member of the Society. The Hon. Secretaiy, Dr. AG^'EW^, brought under notice the following returns, viz. : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum during January — On Sundays, 1832 ; week days, 1473. Total, 2805. February— On Sundays, 1036 ; week days, 1056. Total, 2092. March— On Sundays, 1066 ; week days, 918. Total, 1984. 2. Number of visitors to Gardens — January, 4743 ; February, 4932 ; March, 5371. 3. Plants sent from Gardens — To Mons. A. Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium, six tree ferns. 4. Seeds received at Gardens — From the Botanic Gardens, Saharunpor, India, 60 packets seeds. From Eussell Young, Esq., seeds of Cedrus deodar. From the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, U.S. America, 60 packets of seeds. 5. Books and periodicals received since the beginning of the year. 6. Presentations to Museum. Bleteoroloykal Returns : — 1. Hobart Town — From F. Abbott, Esq., tables for January, February, and March. 2. Swan Island — Tables for January and February. Kent's Group — Do. for January. Goose Island — Do. for January and February. And Mount Nelson, for January, February, and March. From the Marine Board. 3. From Mr. Roblin : — " Tables of results of meteorological observations taken at Hobart Town and the various coast stations during the year 1878," compiled from the monthly tables furnished by Mr. Abbott, and the Hobart Town Marine Board. 4. Sydney, from the Government Observatory, printed table for July, August, and September, 1877. 5. From Government Obser\atory, Melbourne, ditto for September and October, 1878. The presentations to the Museum were as follows : — 1. From Mr. S. J. Bayntou : — Cases of Teredo and TereheUa from the mud flats. North AVest Bay. 2. From Mrs. Martin, Kangaroo Point : — A fossil Pecten (locality uncertain). 3. From Mr. Smith : — Specimens of silicified wood, spiriferous mudstone and pebbles coated with a deposit of copper, from Southport. 4. From J. A. Moore, Esq., New Norfolk : — A Stone Axe from New Zealand, a large Club from Fiji, Boomerang and Waddie fram Billa- bong, N. S. Wales ; two Boomerangs, a Shield, and two " Grave Stones," from Paroo, N. S. Wales ; three Stone Axes from ditto. 5. From Mr. George A. Power, Ross : — Sample of j Water and Mineral Deposit from the Ngawha Hot Springs, Ohaewai, New Zealand. B 6. From Mr. S. H. Wintle : — Fossils from the west bank of the Tamar at Rosevear ; Specimens of Auriferous Quartz from the " Little Wonder" claim, Brandy Creek (with a note). 7. From Mr. Burdon : — Three samples of a paper-like substance from the surface of the Hobart Town main reservoir. [A similar sub- stance was found in large quantities on the surface of the Cascades reservoir in 1877. [Vide proceedings of the Society for 1877, pp. 8 and 58, Conferva homhycina.] 8. From H. S. Lewes, Esq. : — A Native Spear from the Low^er Murray District, Victoria. 9. From Mr. T. W. Allen, Auckland : — A Broom cut from the solid wood, by a " King " native, New Zealand, 10. From G. Whitcombe, Esq. :— 4 Silver, 17 Copper Coins, and 6 Medals ; two Woodpeckers (Picus viridls) mounted. 11. From Mrs. Lodder, River Don :— 425 Specimens of Tasmanian Butter- flies and Moths. [Special attention was directed to this very beautiful and valuable presentation, for which the Society is indebted to the liberality of the collector, Mrs. Lodder. ] 12. From Mr. Bett : — Specimen of a Species of Sting Ray, caught off South Ai-m. 13. From Mr. W. Cole : — Silicious Cast of Fossil Shell (Spirifer), showing spiracles, from the Peppermint Tier, Oatlands. 14. From Mrs. Stokell : — Skin of a Thoroughbred Bull-dog, imported from England by the late Dr. George Stokell, prepared and mounted. 15. From Mr. M. McNamara : — Tv/o Diamond Snakes ( Hoplocephalus swperhus) from McRobie's Gully, near Hobart Town. 16. From the Rev. George Brown : — a. Geological Specimens from Hicks Island, h. Band and Coloured Flax Dress, from New Ire- land, c. Specimens of Shell Monej'- from Duke of York Island, d. 65 Specimens of Butterflies from New Ireland, &c. e. Two Skull Masks used by the natives of New Britain in their dances. /. A Chalk Figure from New Ireland. The following note to the Secretary, from Mr. Brown, accompanied this presentation : — • " Port Hunter, " Duke of York Group, "December 24, 1878. " I have just shipped, per John Wesley, a case to your address, containing a small addition to the Museum, viz. : — 1. A few geological specimens from Hicks' Island, New Britain. This island was thrown up by a submarine volcano. I landed on the island and picked up the specimens before it was a week old, so they had not much exposure to the v/eather. 2. A band and coloured flax dress from New Ireland. 3. Specimens of money from Duke of York Island. 4. Box of butterflies. 5. A chalk figure from New Island. 6. Two skull-masks, used for dancing, from New Britain. These are not very pretty, but they are interesting. Some time ago, as you have no doubt heard, the natives very much wished to get hold of a few of our heads to embellish in the same way, and I believe they actually did use the head of one of my teachers for that purpose. That fancy has, however, been taken out of their minds, and for the future they will stick to their own native material. I see that some of our very good people are very much shocked indeed that we did not allow ourselves to be killed in detail rather than defend our lives from a lot of cannibals. They must just think and say what tbey please, but time will show that our action saved the Mission, and the lives of every teacher and trader in the group, and that it was really the most kind and merciful way of dealing with the natives themselves. The captain of H.M.S. Sandfly fully justifies us, and last week the captain of the German ship of war Ariadne sent me a very flattering letter of thanks for what we had done. " Yours sincerely, " Geo. Brown." In reference to presentation No. 6, the following note from Mr. Wintle was read : — '" When in Hobart Town recently, I left with Mr. Eoblin a few fossils, etc., and promised him that I would write a letter respecting them. " The specimens in question I found on the west bank of the river Tamar, at Rostreavor, at low water mark. They had been washed out of a tertiary clay deposit by river action, and were associated with numerous fossil fresh water mussels f Vnio). The small slab of indurated clay, it will be seen, is of much palajontological interest on account of its presenting on one side an impression of the tongue-fern [Glossopterls), a cryptogamic fossil, which is typical of the Australian carboniferous period, while on the reverse side appears an external cast of a bivalve shell, which I am imable to identify, but which I cannot regard as an Unio. In all probability it is that of a marine shell. Accompanying it is an internal cast of what appears to be the same species of testacea. " The apparently fossil pods, or seed vessels, are entitled to some attention as being associated with the former. I may mention that I submitted them to my friend and colleague, Mr. R. M. Johnston, while I was in Launceston, who like myself could not determine the supposed seed vessels, nor the shells, and confessed they were new to him. I would observe that the interest attached to these fossils is due to the fact that they afford unques- tionable evidence of a very great change having taken i^lace in the geology of the northern part of the island — at least since the Mezozoic Tertiary period. About that time a very extensive freshwater lake existed, not only in the northern part of Tasmania, but also stretching far south, and even, of which there is very strong evidence, extending to Victoria. As a con- sequence, the river Tamar could not have had existence at that time, nor indeed the river Derwent, nor Bass' Straits, assuming the hypothesis to be correct, which I feel assured there are few geologists who have studied the Tasmanian Tertiaries will doubt. This great change to existing geological conditions was, doubtless, effected by the extensive eriiption of basalt during the Pliocene epoch of which such abundant evidence abounds. " I seize this opportunity of expressing my deep sympathy with the Society in the loss it has sustained by the death of its most able, esteemed, and energetic member, the late Morton Allport, Esq. It is now that his use- fulness is missed in a case like the present, to assist in determining fossil remains." The following donations to the Library may be specially noted : — 1. From Dr. Milligan, F.L.S. — Jardine's Memoirs of Hugh Strickland, 1 vol. ; Bewick's British Birds (1821), 2 vols. ; Bewick's British Quadrupeds (1811), 1 vol. ; Dr. J. Barnard Davis' "Thesaturus Craniorum " and Supplement, 2 vols. ; Reprint of the Annual Sum- maries of The Times newspaper, for a quarter of a century ; sundry books and pamphlets on Prisons and Prison Discipline, etc. 2. From the Board of Inquiry, on the Diseases of Live Stock and Plants Queensland, " A Monograph of the Grasses of Queensland," by F. M. Bailey, F.L.S. From America, per the Smithsonian Institution, "Washington : — 1. From War Department, U.S., "Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebelhon," part 2 ; Report of Reconnaisance, Montana Territory, 1 vol. 2. From the Department of Agriculture, 9 pamphlets. 3. From the Hydrographic Office, LLS., " The Coasts of Chili, Bolivia, and Peru." Catalogue of Charts. Tide tables, Pacific and Atlantic Coasts. 4 4. From U. S. Government, Bulletin of United States Ncational Museum (1875-1877). Mississippi River, Eeport on Physics and Hydraulics of, etc. 5. From the Engineer Department, United States Army, " Descriptive Geology of the 40th parallel." Vol. 2, Paleeontology of ditto, by F. B. Meek. Ornithology of ditto, by II. liidgway. Microscopical Petrography, by F. Zirkel. 6. From F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist, Report of Geological Survey of the Territories, Vols. 7 and 9. " Paloooutology," by F. B. Meek ; Vol. II, " North American Rodentia," by Cones and Allen, 1877. Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants, Illustrations of, 1 Vol. Fur Bearing Animals ; a Monograph of the North American Mustelidoe, by Elliott Cones. Annual report of Survey for 1875. Bulletin of ditto. Vol. 2 (nine parts). Indians, the Hidatsa, Ethnography, and Philology of 1877, etc., etc. [Many of these books, and those in- included in presentation No. 5, are thick 4to. vols., profusely illustrated.] 7. Geological Age of the World, by J, M. Toner, from the Author, Public Health, Questions on, by the same. Also publications from the following learned bodies, viz. : — The Smithsonian Institution ; the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; the American Philosophical Society ; the Essex Institute ; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; the Boston Society of Natural History, etc., etc. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the identification of the First Secondary Fossil found in Aus- tralia," by R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S. (of the Department of Geology, British Museum), a corresponding member of the Society, 2. Description of Three new Tasmanian Helices, by Lieut, C. E. Bed- dome, I.N. 3. Note on the discovery of the habitat of Amnicola (AmpuUaria 1) lasmanica, Tenison-Woods. With a description of a New Species of Helix. By R. M. Johnston. 4. Note on the discovery of Spondylostrohus Smithii, and other fossil fruits, in the " deep lead " drift at Brandy Creek, Tasmania. By the same. 5. Third contribution to the Natural History of the Tertiary Marine Beds at Table Cape, with a description of 30 new species of Mol- lusca. By the same. Mr, Justin McC, Browne proposed a vote of thanks to the authors of the various papers just read, and to the donors of presentations. As to the presentations particular reference was made to the books given by Dr, Milligan as evidencing the warm interest which, as its former Secretary, he still took in the affairs of the Society, Bewick's British Birds and Quad- rupeds were especially noticed. The very large and valuable donation to the Library from our most liberal contributor — America — was also specially mentioned. Being seconded by Mr. Stephens, the motion 'was carried unanimously when the proceedings terminated. MAY, 1879. A monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday, May 12. His Excellency the Governor in the chair. William Henry Burgess, Esq., Mayor of Hobart Town, who had pre- viously been nominated by the Council, was balloted for and declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. Agnew, drew attention to the following re- turns received since last meeting, viz : — No. of visitors to Museum, April. On Sundays, 794, on week-days 929 : Total 1723. 2. Ditto to Botanic Gardens, 4262. 3. Plants sent from Gardens. For grounds of Industrial School, Harrington Street, 100 Plants. 4. Seeds received at Gardens :— From Mr. H. M. Hull :^ Nine kinds_ of seeds of forest trees sent by the Exhibition Commissioners, Phila- delphia. From Mrs. C. Meredith : 10 packets of seeds from Cash- mere, including Nelumhlum speciosum. From Baron Ferd. von Mueller: 14 packets seeds (various). 5. Periodicals received. 6. Presentations to Museum and Library. Meteorological Returns : — 1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., Table for April. 2. New Norfolk, from W. E. Shoobridge, Esq., Table for April (abstract) — Monthly means of Observations taken during the year 1878. 3. South Bruni, tables for March and April, and Mt. Nelson for April. From the Marine Board. 4. New Zealand, from Dr. Hector, F.R S., etc. : Printed tables June to December, inclusive, 1878. 5. Adelaide, from C. Todd, Esq., C.M.G. : Printed tables for May, 1878. The presentations to the Museum and Library were as follows : — 1. From J. Alun Jones, Esq. : A collection of ornaments made and worn by the KafBr women, viz., necklaces, girdles, an apron, etc. Also a head ornament worn by the fighting men. 2. From — Atkinson, Esq., Latrobe, per the hon. D. Lewis : A sample of coarse gold. The following extract from a note from Mr. Lewis, in reference to this presentation was read: — "I have been re- quested by Mr. Atkinson, of Latrobe, to forward you for pre- sentation to Royal Society's Museum, Hobart Town, a small sample of gold dust, obtained from land on the Kentish Plains, near the foot of Mount Roland, and about seven miles from the Mersey and Deloraine tramway. The gold is very similar to quantities I saw at Brandy Creek, and I was told was found nearly in the grass at the surface, and without any difficulty." 2. From Mrs. Stokell. Skull of a New Zealand Native. 4. From Mr. George Wilson, Huntsworth. A Specimen of Tartarean Oat. Dr. Agnew explained that the stalks— 26 in number — of this splendid specimen were the produce cf a single grain, and the number of grains in the head was considerably above a thousand. Of this oat Mr. Wilson had frequently grown, at Mount Seymour, as much as 100 bushels to the acre. Library. 1. "Historical Records of Port Phillip." By J.J. Shilling- law. From Government of Victoria. 2. "The Aborigines of Victoria." By R. Brough Smyth. From- ditto. The original contributions submitted to the meeting were numerous and nteresting. The Secretary read a long and valuable paper, by Mr. R. M. Johnston, entitled "Observations on the Distribution and Variability of Tasmanian Land Shells." Mr. T. Stephens read a paper, "On recent additions to the Flora of Tasmania," by Mr. Augustus Simson. These additions consist of three plants new to the Colony, viz., Ilahca nodosa, R. Br., IMlchrysum Spiceri, Mueller, and Eucalyptus Siebcri, MuUer. Specimens of the plants have been added to the Museum. Mr. Justice Dobson read a paper on the Codlin Moth (Apple moth) This was a second contribution on the subject by the same observer, a former paper having been read in 1876 and subsequently published in the transactions. Mr. F. Abbott also read a paper on the moth, giving at the same time extracts from English writers on the subject. Discussion, in which His Excellency and others joined, ensued on the matter of the last two papers. Mr. Stephens thought much public benefit might be the result if a short digest were made of the information contained intheseveralpaperswhichhadbeenread before the Society on the subject of the codlin moth. Were this digest printed on a slip of paper it could easily, by means of the Post OflSce or otherwise, be brought under the notice of all apple growers, who would thus be furnished, in a very clear and concise form, with full information as to the best known methods of dealing with the pest. The suggestion met with the general approval of the meeting. Mr. Abbott intimated that a valuable report on the Moth had been made by a Commission appointed by the American Government, and that he had made application for a copy. A vote of thanks to the donors of presentations and the authors of papers, proposed by Mr. Barnard and seconded by Mr. Justin Browne, closed the proceedings. JUNE, 1879. The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday, the 9th June. His Excellency the Governor in the chair. Mr. Thomas Stone, who had previously been nominated by the Council, was, after a ballot, declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society. The Secretary, Dr. Agnew, brought under notice the usual returns for the past month, viz : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum ; on Sundays, 743 ; on week days, 1,243; total, 1,991. 2. Do. to Gardens, — total, 3,859. 3. Plants, etc., received at Gardens. From A. Verchaffelt, Ghent, Belgium, 17 ornamental trees. From Messrs. H. Low, Clapton, London, 28 nlants, etc. 4. Plants, etc., sent from Gardens. To Mr. J. Jones, Melbourne, one package of seeds. To Mr. George Brunning, Melbourne, one case of seedling plants, etc. To Mr. B. Harris, South Yarra, one ditto. To Mr. E. B. Heyne, Adelaide, one package of seeds. To Mr. S. Purchase, Sydney, one case of seedling plants and seeds. To Messrs. Shepherd and Co., Sydney, one ditto. To Mr. C. F. Creswell, Melbourne, one package seeds. 5. Books and periodicals received. 6. Presentations to Museum. Meteor olorjij. 1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., table for May. 2. From the Marine Board. Tables from Mount Nelson for May ; Swan Island for March and April. 3. Melbourne, from B. J. L. EUery, Esq., F.R.S., printed tables for January and February. 4. New South Wales, from H. C. Bussell, Esq., B.A., F.B.A.S.— *'Eesult3 of Eain Observations made in 1878." (Pamphlet.) The presentations to the Museum were as follows : — 1. From Mr. John Brazier, Sydney, seven specimens of rare Shells, named, with list. 2. From Mr. A. K. Johnston, Etheridge Eiver, North Queensland. A net bag made by Native women of the Gulf Country. 3. From A. Simson, Esq., George's Bay. Tubes of Salpa, with small Crustaceans found within them. 4. From Mr. Tonkin. A very perfect specimen of Spirifer from Mount Wellington. 5. From Mr. A. Winter. A photograph of the Museum Building. The Secretary announced the receipt of the following publications :— •* Notes on the correlation of the Coral-bearing Strata of S. Australia, with a list of Fossil Corals occurring in the Colony;" "The Recent Marginellidt© of South Australia;" and "The Anniversary Address to the Adelaide Philosophical Society, 1S7S." By Professor Ralph Tate, Assoc. Linn. Soc, F.G.S., Lond., etc., etc. From the Author. "Australian Trigonias and their Distribution." By W. T. Bednall. From the Author. " Description of Seven new Species of Terrestrial and Marme Shells from Australia." By Jno. Brazier, C.M.Z.S. From the Author. "Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria." Vol. 5. From the Society. "Report of the Philosophical Society of Adelaide, 1877-8. From the Society. The Hon. W. A. B. Gellibrand exhibited a specimen of a seedling apple, which had been named the "Cleveland Pippin." This fine apple was raised from seed by Mr. Gellibrand, at Cleveland, about fifteen years ago, and has been worked on the stock, at South Arm and Sandy 8 Bay,— at the latter place bj' Mr. Lipscombe. It is a very prolific bearer, with excellent foliage, and has always hitherto been free from blight ; where trees in the same garden have been utterly destroyed by this cause. It is admirable for dessert, and has the qualities and appearance of the Sturmer Pippin (though larger in size), and is also excellent for cooking purposes. The Secretary read a paper *' On some Tasmanian Trochidfe," by the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Cor. Mem. Roy. Socs. Tas., N.S. Wales, Victoria, and the N. Zealand Institute. His Excellency informed the meeting, as indicative of the attention now paid in other parts of the world to the Blue Gum, that he had recently received from the Consul General of Algeria a request for a supply of the seed. The request would immediately be complied with, and seed of the Silver Wattle would be forwarded at the same time. His Excellency had also recently received from Sir Garnet Wolseley a letter of thanks for a supply of Blue Gum and Silver Wattle seed for the Island of Cyprus, where Sir Garnet promises they shall have a fair trial. Mr. E. Swan had noticed in a recent paper that the introducing of the Blue Gum to the Cape of Good Hope or to America had been at- tended with the drawback that certain insects had accompanied it, which had proved destructive to many of the indigenous trees. Discussion ensued as to the comparative influence of deciduous and evergreen trees on soil and climate. It was suggested that Baron vonMlieller might afford some interesting information on this subject. The Secretary read a highly complimentary notice of the Society from the Australasian of the 7th instant, in a review of the published proceedings for 1877. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Jas. Barnard, to the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, for his learned and valuable paper, and to the donors of presentations, closed the proceedings. No meetinp: held in July, in consequence of the death of Sir Robert Officer, Vice-President. AUGUST, 1879. The monthly evening meetins: of the Society was held on Tuesday, August 12, His Excellency the Governor in the chair. Mr. Albert Wagenknecht, of George^s Bay, who had been nominated by the Council, was balloted for and declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society. The Hon. Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought forward the following returns, received since last meeting : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum on Sundays, 874 ; on week days, 788 ; total, 1,662. 2. Ditto to Gardens, total 3,998. 3. Plants, etc,, sent from Gardens. 4. Time of leafing, etc., of a few standard planto in Botanic Gardens during July. 5. Books and periodicals received. 6. Presentations to Museum and Library. Meteorology — 1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., table for July. 2. Coast stations, from the Marine Board, viz.: — Bruni Island, tables for April, May, and June ; Goose Island, ditto March, April, May, and June ; Swan Island, ditto May and June ; King's Island, ditto February to June ; and Mount Nelson, ditto for June and July. 3. Melbourne, from R. J. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S., printed tables for April, 1879. The presentations to theMuseum were as follows: — 1. From Mr. Wm. Nelson — A small collection of Fossils from the Limestone Quarries, Wauru Ponds, near Geelong, Victoria. (This collection consists chiefly of Sponges, Echinodermata and their spines. Sharks' teeth, etc., many of the specimens being in a beautiful state of preservation.) 2. From Mr. A.K. Johnston — A Girdle made of the fur of the Opossum, the only article of clothing worn by the native women of Northern Queensland. 3. From Mr. W. E. Shoobridge— A large specimen of " Native Bread " {Mylitta Australis), ploughed up at New Norfolk. 4. From Mr. A. J. Taylor — A cast of the ekuU of a criminal executed for murder. 6. From Mr. Frederick Thorne — A specimen of Tin Ore taken from 24ft. below the surface at the Montagu Tin Mining Company's claim, S.W. end of Mount Heemskirk. 7. From Mr. C. P. Sprent — About 150 specimens of minerals collected by the donor at Mount Bischoff, Mount Heemskirk, etc., etc. Presentations of Books were also announced from the Trustees of the British Museum, the Royal Geographical Society, the Zoological Society, the Royal Institution of Great Britain, the British Association, the Geological Society of London, the Linnean Society, the Geological Society of Belgium, the Malacological Society of ditto, the Entomological Society of ditto, the Royal Colonial Institute, the New Zealand Institute, the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, the Asiatic Society of Japan, Mr. W. F. Petterd, Dr. Agnew, etc., etc. Special attention was also directed to the elaborate and beautifully illustrated work on the Birds of Ceylon, lately acquired for the library. An interest external to its intrinsic worth attached to the book as it was the work of a Tasmanian, Captain W. V. Legge, R.A., son of our old and respected colonist, Mr. R. V. Legge, of Cullenswood. The Secretary read the following extract from a note received by him from Mr. Calder :— " I do not know if there be any table extant which records the first spring appearance of those birds that visit us every year ; but whether or not, I believe it may interest you to know that one of those handsome birds 10 known locally as Sumraer-birda (Graucalusparvirostris) was in my garden this day. I mean that handsome grey, slate-coloured bird, with black head, that is so numerous during the summer months in the open forest lands of Tasmania. "31st July, 1877." Mr. Edward Swan remarked that the 31st July was a very early date for the appearance of the Graucalua. He himself had seen tbo bird on the 4th iust., at Sandy Bay, The Secretary read a paper entitled, *' Notes on Bythinella " (a genus of freshwater shells), etc., by the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., etc., Corresponding Member Royal Soc, Tas., and President of the Linnean Society of N.S.W. In the absence of the author, the Secretary read a paper by Mr. F. Abbott, Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, entitled, "Notes on the Wild, or Canadian Rice." This paper was of a highly suggestive, and practical character, and the wish was expressed by several present that as much publicity as possible should be given to it. It was felt that the ac- climatisation of the Zizania would no doubt realise most, if not all, of the benefits to be expected from its introduction. By several of the Fellows, the Lakes Dulverton and Tiberias and the Great Lake were suggested as localities where the experiment should be tried, but of the three it was the general opinion that Dulverton offered the most advan- tages as that locality would be more under supervision, and its entire surface was probably not too thickly covered by existing vegetation. A few small parcels of seed have been forwarded to the Museum for dis- tribution. The Secretary read the following note*from_Mr. F. Abbott, junr., with the communication to which it refers from the Departmentof Agriculture, Washington, U.S.: — "The accompanying communication from the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, relative to the Codling Moth, I received on Saturday last (9th August). No reference is made in it to any reports having been made by Commissioners or otherwise on the Moth, although I expressly asked for them, should there bo any. The information supplied by the Department does not add much to our previous knowledge of this pest, but it confirms the fact of there being two generations in the year, and gives detailed instructions for the suppression of the Moth." " Department of Agriculture, " Washington, June lOLh, 1879. " F. Abbott, junr,, Botanic Gardens, Hobart Town, Tasmania. " Sir, — I have the pleasure of enclosing the information you desire relative to the Codling Moth, though I fear it will be too late for use this season. " I have the honour, etc., etc., " Wm. G. Le Due, *' Commissioner of Agriculture." " Department of Agriculture, •• Division of Entomology, "Washington, D.C, June 10th, 1879. '• Sir, — In the absence of the Entomologist, I take the liberty of answer- ing the request of Mr. F. Abbott, junr., of Hobart Town, Tasmania, for information regarding the Codling Moth (Carpoca2)sa pomonella). "In the apple growing regions of the United States the Codling Moths first appear while the trees are in blossom. The sexes pair, and the females lay their eggs in the flower end of the forming fruit. The worms mature in from thirty to thirty-five days, and, leaving the fruit, seek a convenient niche wherein to spin up and transform. In two weeks more the moths 11 appear and lay their eggs, this time usually in the side of the apple. The larva3 winter in tbeir cocoons, transforming to chrysalides [the following spring. The universal remedy in this country is by the use of paper or hay bands around the trunks of the trees, these affording artificial places for the worms to transform. The following rules have been laid down for the use of these bands : — *• Ist. The bands should be placed around the trees by the 1st of June, and kept on until every apple has been picked. "2nd. They should be examined and all larvae and chrysalides killed, every week, or at the latest every fortnight. *' 3rd. The trunks of the trees should be kept free from old rough bark, so as to give the worms no other place of shelter. " 4th. The ground itself should be kept clean from weeds and rubbish. Experience has shown that common straw wrapping paper, folded into a band from Sin. to 6in. wide, and tacked around the tree midway between the first fork and the ground, makes as cheap and satisfactory a band as has been found. " In addition to the bands it is advisable to feed all windfalls to the hogs. " Very respectfully, " L. 0. Howard, " Assistant in Entomological Division. " Hon. "W. G. Le Due, Commissioner Agriculture." Mr. Stephens read a paper on the same subject by Augustus Simson, Esq., of Gould's Country. Introductory to the reading Mr. Stephens re- marked it was almost unnecessary to say that anything from the pen of the author on the matter now before the meeting carried special weight, Mr. Simson's acquirements as an Entomologist being superior to those of any other individual amongst us. For this reason he (Mr. Stephens) thought that, in addition to its general interest, the practical suggestions contained in the paper would be found of much value. A special vote of thanks to the authors of the papers, and the usual vote to the donors of presentations closed the proceedings. 12 SEPTEMBEE, 1879. . The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Monday, 8th September ; His Lordship the Bishop of Tasmania in the chair. The following gentlemen, who had previously been nominated by the Council, were balloted for and duly elected as Fellows of the Society ; viz. :— TheRev. R. Eawson, M. A., of Richmond ; the Rev. A. C.Newstead, George Town ; and the Rev. Horace Graham, Hobart Town. The following returns were brought forward by the Secretary (Dr. Agnew) : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum during August, on Sundays 1,336, on week-days 1,162 ; total, 2,498. 2. Ditto to Gardens, 4,516. 3. Plants and seeds received at Gardens : — From Mr. G. Brunning, Melbourne, 36 plants. From the Victorian Horticultural Society, 100 varieties of scions of new fruits. From Mons. C. Huber, Paris, 36 packets of seeds. 4. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during August. 5. Books and periodicals received. 6. Presentations to Museum. Meteorology. — 1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq., table for August. 2. Mount Nelson and Bruni Island, from the Marine Board, ditto. 3. Melbourne, from the Government Observatory, printed tables for May, 1879, and Results of Observations for 1876. 4. From the Meteorological Department of India, report from 1877-8 ; report of the Madras Cyclone, of May, 1877 ; Indian Meteorology, 1877. The presentations to the Museum were as follows :— 1. From Mr. W. L. Boyes, a curious Crustacean from George's Bay. 2. From C. Allport, Esq., a Bittern {Botaurus r)oicilopliilus) from New Norfolk. 3. From Bernard Shaw, Esq., specimen of Cement from the gold diggings, Beaconsfield. 4. From Neil Lewis, Esq., a Half-crown of William and Mary, 1689. 5. From Mr. Lewald, a Chilian dollar, 1872. 6. From John Macfarlane, Esq., a specimen of " Pele's Hair," volcanic glass, from the Kilauea crater of Mauna Loa, in the Sandwich Islands. Mr. Stephens, after referring to the admirable description cf Mauna Loa (in eruption) given by His Excellency in a paper read at a former meeting of the Society, observed that this specimen was of interest as showing the action of strong gusts of wind on the spray of boiling silicates. "Pel6 " was the name given by the islanders to the supposed goddess of the volcano. Attention was called to a valuable work by Baron F. Von Mueller, K.C.M.G., entitled "A Descriptive Atlas of the Eucalypti of Australia and the adjoining Islands," copies of the first and second parts of which had been presented by the author on the part of the Government of Victoria. The following communication on the Codling Moth from the Depart- ment of Agriculture, America, was read by Mr. Abbott, who observed in the first instance that although little new information as to the moth was brought forward, the paper was valuable as pointing out the great benefit which was likely to accrue from united action being taken to suppress the pest in any given district. 13 Department of Agricvilture, Division of Entomology, Washington, D.C., July 8, 1879. Mr. F. Abbott, Botanical Gardens, Tasmania. Dear Sir, — Your letter to Commissioner Le Due, containing questions con- cerning the Codling Moth has been referred to me. The following is an epitome of the life history of this moth, Carpocapsa pomonella : — The adult moth appears in early summer and lays its eggs on apples and pears, laying them singly in the blossom end of the fruit. The larva, when hatched, eats its way to the core, usually causing the frviit to fall prematurely. When full grown, the larva burrows out through the side of the fruit, and undergoes its transformations within a cocoon, under the rough bark of a tree, or in some other protected place. This species is both single and double brooded. The larvce winter in their cocoons, transforming to pupae during early spring. The remedies are as follows : — Pick up and destroy the infested fruit as soon as it falls, or allow hogs to feed upon it ; but by far the most effectual remedy is to trap the larvre by pro\'iding a i^lace for them to spin their cocoons. This may be done in many ways ; the most effectual way is to in\t a band of hay or other material around the trunk of the tree. The trees should be scraped to remove the rough bark before the bands are apjilied, so that the larvce will have no other refuge than the bands. The bands should be put upon the trees as soon as the apples begin to fall, and should be ex- amined every two vv^eeks and all the pupae killed ; this process should be repeated until tlie last apples are harvested in the fall. We use heavy coarse paper for band material, and either tie or tack them around the tree trunks. To have this remedy prove a perfect success concerted action is necessary among the neighbouring pomologists, as the moths fly from one orchard to another, more or less. As an instance of what concerted action can do, I will cite the experience of the Peninsula Farmers' Club or Grand Traverse, Mich. This club i)assed resolutions that all the orchards on the peninsula should be bandaged. In case the owners would not attend to it, the club bandaged the trees for them. The result was that although before they began seventy- five per cent. (75/100) of thek fiiiit was destroyed by the Codling I.Ioth, after three years' ti-ial only five per cent. (5/100) was lost in that way. I feel quite confident that a similar experiment would succeed mth you. I should add that the orchards should be cleared of rubbish (old boards, etc.), that would afford hiding places for the pupa?. The first remedy spoken of is only partially succesful, because about half the larvce leave tlie apples before they fall, and crawl down the tree to find places to make their cocoons. Yours, etc., J. PIenry Comstock, Entomologist. In the absence of the author, the Secretarv read a paper of consider- able scieutitic interest, by Mr. E. M. Johnston, F.L.S., entitled " Notes on the relations of the Yellow Limestone (Travertin) of Geilston Bay, Hobart Town, with other flnviatile and lacustrine deposits in Tasmania and Australi;^, together with descriptions of two new fossil Helices." Regret was expressed for the writer's absence, as the Chairman noticed several of the points referred to by Mr. Johnston, which he thought were new, and would have afforded subjects for discussion. A special vote of thanks was accorded to Mr, Johnston, and thanks having been voted to the donors of presentations, the meeting closed. 14 OCTOBEE, 1879. The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, October 14. His Excellency the Governor in the chair. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. Agnew, drew attention to the following returns, received since last meeting, viz. : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum during September — On Sundays, 1,231 ; on week days, 1,278. Total, 2,509. 2. Do. to Gardens, 4,571. 3. Plants and seeds received at Gardens — From the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, 60 packets seeds. From Mons. C. Huber, Hyeres, France, 3 do. From Mr. S. Purchase, Sydney, 36 large Araucarias. From Mr. C. F. Creswell, 18 plants. From the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 6 packets palm seeds. From Mr. James Jones, 3 packets seeds. From Mr. James Dall, Nelson, New Zealand, 6 species Tree Ferns. 4. Plants, etc., sent from Gardens.— To Mr. C. F. Creswell, 36 plants. To Mr. James Jones, Melbourne, 36 do. To Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 2 bags Sphagnum moss. To Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 2 do. To Messrs, Shepherd and Co., Sydney, 2 do. To the Accli- matisation Society, Queensland, 2 do. 5. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during September. His Excellency observed that this return supported some remarks he had made at a similar period of a former year, to the effect that in this country the sycamore and oak acted in a manner reverse of what took place in England. There the leafing of the oak followed that of the sycamore, whereas here the reverse was the case. 6. Books and periodicals received. 7. Presentations to Museum. Meteorolocjij. 1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq. — Table for September. 2. Mount Nelson and Bruni Island, from the Marine Board. — Tables for September. 3. Western Australia, from the Government Observer. — Printed report of Observations for 1879. 4. New Zealand, from Dr. Hector. — Printed tables for January, Febru- ary, and March, 1879. 5. Melbourne, from the Government Observer. — Tables for June, 1879. The presentations to the Museimi were as follows : — 1. From Mr. A. McDowall, Logan.— Skin of a Crocodile (Crocodilus JohnstoniiJ, from the Upper Herbert River, Queensland. An Aus- tralian Aboriginal's letter, in the form of a notched piece of wood, with translation. 2. From Mr. E. J. Freeman. — Four specimens of Vegetable Ivory, from Fiji. 3. From Mr. T. Young, Margate.— Casts of Fossils from the mudstone in that locality. 4. From Mr, H. Featherstone, Sorell. — 15 Copper Coins and Tokens. 6. From T. Giblin, Esq.— A Prussian Thaler, Wilhelm III., 1805. 6. From Mr. Glover, Franklin. — An Opossum Mouse (Dromicia (jliri- form'is), with two young ones in the pouch. 7. From Mr. F, H. Long. — Specimen of Tin, with Gold, Iridosmine, etc., from Castray liiver. West Coast, Tasmania ; sample of Sap- phires, etc., from same locality. 8. From the Eev. R. Pawson. — Copy of an inscrij^tion on a stone on Boswcrth Field, marking the spot where Richard 3rd was killed, 9. Large Specimen of " Native Bread " [Mylitta Australis). — From Mr. Jacks, Swansea. 15 The Secretary reported that the proceedings of the Society for 1878 were now ready for distribution to the Fellows on application. The Bishop submitted specimens of the larva and chrysalis of the Cod- ling Moth, taken from the tree the same morning. Mr. Barnard exhibited eggs, larva, chrysalis, and fully developed insect of the Codling Moth, and read extracts in reference to it from Johnson's Cottage Gardeners' Dictionary, 1857. Specimens of the Colorado Beetle (Chrysomela decem-Uiieata ) were placed on the table for inspection. The Bishop read a paper on the " Law of Storms," supplemented by a report on a Cyclone, which occurred between Tasmania and New Zealand in 1876, furnished hj Captain Chandler, formerly of the United States steamer Swatara. The probable course of the Cyclone was illustrated by a chart. Mr. A. B. Crowther read a paper on '•' The Habits of the Platypus." Discussion took place, when the conflicting theories as to the generation of the animal were noticed. After referring to the admirable investigations of M. Verreaux at New Norfolk, and the writings of Professor Owen (Annals of Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, 2ud series) thirty years ago, Mr. Stephens remarked that viviparous generation was generally accepted as a certainty. Mr. E. Swan stated Professor McCoy was still of opinion that additional information was required before this point would be considered as finally settled. [In a paper on this subject, by the learned Professor, which appeared in the Australasian of the 10th August, 1878, the following passage occurs : — " The whole interest attaches to a very short interval, for the little naked young found by several observers could have only been a short time out of the e^g, it such were really laid ; and on the other hand, at a period very shortly before this, the ova have been, by ourselves and many others, found in the ovaries as large as cherries ; but whether the young are excluded from the eggs while still within the body of the mother, and brought forth alive, so as to make the animal ovo-viviparous, as so many reptiles are, or whether the creature is oviparous, and the eggs are laid, and the young afterwards break out, as in all birds, is still the point to be determined."] It was agreed that specimens of the female Platypus should, if possible be obtained during the next breeding season, commencing about the middle of November, at intervals of a fortnight. The gravid uterus, in various stages of development, could then be dissected liere, or transmitted to Professor Owen, agreeablv to his wish expressed to our late member, the Rev. W. W. Spicer, in 1877" The Bishop read a paper on " Sewage and Health." His Excellency, in confirmation of some points alluded to by the Bishop, adduced a striking instance of the value of the Earth Closet System, In a large prison at Fremantle, Western Australia, where the death-rate previous to his visit had been excessive, he (the Governor) directed Earth Closets alone to be used, and the effect was that the subse- quent diminution nf disease and death was most remarkable. Similar good results from a,ttention to the closet system had also come under his notice in New Zealand. Further discussion having taken place, Mr. Justice Dobson, after alhiding to the value and interest of the papers just read, proj^osed the usual vote of thanks, which was carried, and the proceedings then terminated. 16 NOVEMBER, 1879. The monthly evening meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, November 11. John Swan, Esq., in the chair. The Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought under notice the usual returns for the past month, viz. : — 1. Number of Visitors to Museum.— On Sundays, 798 ; on week days, 859. Total, 1657. 2. Do. to Gardens.— Total, 5356. 3. Books and periodicals received. 4. Presentations to Museum. Meteorological Returns. 1. Hobart Town, from F. Abbott, Esq.— Table for October. 2. Mount Nelson and Bruni Island, from the Marine Board — Tables for October. 3. Melbourne, from R. J. L. Ellery, Esq. — Printed report for July, 1879. The presentations to the Museum were as follows : — 1. From Mr. W. Legrand, Specimen of a Crinoid (probably Pentacriiius Caput- Medusce), from the West . Indies, [In reference to this presentation the Secretary read the following extract from Nichol- son's Manual of Zoology : — " Of the living stalked Crinoids the best known is the Pentacrinus Caput- Medusce of the Carribean Sea. More recently a stalked Crinoid has been discovered in the Atlantic and North Sea, and has been described under the name of Rhizocrinus Lofotensis. The chief interest of this form is the fact that it belongs to a group of the Crinoido3, hitherto believed to be exclusively confined to the Mesozoic rocks, viz., the Apiocrinidce, or " Pear-encrinites." In fact, Rhizocrinus is very closely allied to the Cretaceous genus Bourgueticrinus, and it may even be doubted if it is generally separable from it. The late remarkable researches into the life of the deeper parts of the ocean have brought to light several new Crinoids, which will doubtless, when fully investigated, still further fill up the interval between the living and extinct Crinoidea."] 2. From Mr. A. K, Johnson, Etheridge Paver, Queensland. — A net Head Dress, and a Bag, made by the aboriginal women of the Gilbert Piver District, North Queensland. [In reference to the " Bag," the donor states, in a note accompanying the presentation, that it is made of wool " evidently from an old traveller's scarf, pulled to pieces and twisted up again."] 3. From Mr. R. Hill.— A Sample of Coal from Port Cygnet. 4. From the Rev. T. McDowell. — Three Specimens of Auriferous Quartz, from the " New Chum " claim, Beaconsfield. 5. From H. M. Hull, Esq.— The Minute Book of " The Society of Van Diemen's Land," 1841. This was the original minute book of the old Tasmanian Society, which flourished under the auspices of Sir John Franklin, and from which the present Royal Society had its origin. 6. From E. D. Swan, BIsq.— A Complete Suit of Japanese Armour. This presentation was examined with much interest. The helmet is of iron, artistically constructed, and with its appendages weighs not less than seven pounds. The other defensive armour, which is con- fined to the chest, arms, and thighs, consists chiefly of thin plates of metal, covered with lacquer and fastened to strong woven material. 17 The Secretary laid on the table a pamphlet, by Mr. Moscrop, of London, in which the writer lays claim to the discovery of the now well-known fact that the development of fish ova can be considerably protracted by the application of cold, by means of ice. [Mr. Moscrop's claim has been strongly denied, and further information on the subject v/ill be adduced at next evening meeting.] Mr. Augustus Simson exhibited several specimens of the beetle or perfect insect ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Fab.), the grub of which has of late been so destructive to the strawberry plant. Mr. Sinison had only looked for and obtained the insect on the previous day, and hoped soon to be able to furnish further information about it. lu the meantime, as the beetle has not yet emerged from the cell in which it underwent its last transformation, the insect might to a great extent, if not altogether, be destroyed by taking up the dead plant, with the soil below it to the depth of three or four inckes and burning it. At present the insect will be found mostly in a little cell in the Pupa or Chrysalis state, in which condition it is of course inactive. A f ^.w have not yet reached this stage and are still grubs, and some have recently become beetles. As this last change will take place rapidly in all when rain falls, no time should be lost in putting the above method of destruction into vigorous operation. The insect belongs to the family of the Curculionidcn, or " Elephant Beetles." After further conversational discussion, the usual vote of thanks, pro- posed by Mr. Simson, and seconded by Dr. Crouch, was accorded to the donors of presentations, when the proceedings terminated. 18 ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE FIEST SECONDAEY FOSSIL FOUND IN AUSTEALIA. By E. Etheridge, Jun., F.O.S. (Of the Department of G-eology, Britisli Museum.) [Bead 8tJi A^pril, 1879.] In a pa]3er entitled, " On the Carboniferous and other G-eological Eelations of the Maranoa District in Queensland, etc.,"* the late Eev. W. B. Clarke, F.E.S., wrote as follows: — " On the return of the late Sir T. L. Mitchell from his survey of the head of the Victoria, and on the subsequent return of the late Mr. Kennedy, I had an opportunity of inspecting a few of the specimens collected by them, consisting chiefly of fossil wood. . . After the publication of Sir T. Mitchell's report, I found that he had placed on one of his charts the word " Belemnite,'' and as all his collections had been placed in the British Museum, I wrote to the Very Eev. Dr. Buckland to ask him to ascertain for me whether such a fossil had been sent from Australia. The silence of my friend was accounted for by his subsequent illness and death. I then renewed my request to Professor Owen, but to this hour I have not heard a syllable on the subject of the fossil in question, the geological age of which I was anxious to determine, and which I thought might have been an Orthoceratite." Had my lamented friend Mr. Clarke but lived some few months longer it would have been in my power to have afforded him the information he required. The collection made by the late Sir T. L. Mitchell during his expedition into the interior of Tropical Australia, was, as he tells us in the Preface of his work giving an account of * Trans. E. Soc. Vict. I860, vi., p 33. 19 the expedition,' deposited in the Britisli Museum. He says, "The geological specimens collected during this journey have been deposited in the British Museum, etc." ' The organic portion of this collection consisting of Molluscan remains in a ferruginous sandstone, silicilied woods, and what I take to be the identical Belemnite referred to by the Eev. W. B. Clarke. This collection is now under my charge in the above Institution, and it affords me much pleasure in being able to be the means of again bringing to light this long-forgotten treasure. Forgotten, however, the specimens have not been by ore 2:)erson, my respected colleague Mr. Thomas Davies, F.G.S., in whose care the collection remained from the year 1848 to the time it was transferred to me, and who drew my special attention to it. Mitchell's second journey was made, if I mistake not, in 1846, so that in the event of the specimen in c[uestion being that collected by him, the British Museum will have the satisfaction of possessing in its collection the first secondary fossil found in Australia. Before describing the Belemnite it will perhaj^s be best to take a glance at certain events in the early history of Australian Geology, more particularly those referring to the discovery of secondary fossils. In 1860 Mr. A. R. C. Selwyn reported the discovery of two specimens "imbedded in our Pliocene water-worn gravel near Melbourne. . . . Considered by McCoy to belong to decidedly chalk species. One is a very perfect Echinid, the other a fragment of a coral ;" ' this was of course written in 1859. The Echinoderm, which McCoy identified as Conulus alhogalerus, the latter appeared to consider spurious, so far as their Australian identity was concerned.' The Eev. W. B. Clarke informs us in his paper " On Marine Fossiliferous Secondary Formations in Australia,'" that during his own Explorations in 1851-53, he had received a portion of an Ammonite from the Clarence Eiver district in New South Wales. This is probably the earliest discovery of secondary fossils in Australia, setting aside Sir T. L. Mitchell's Belemnite, although Mr. F. T. Gregory appears to have been the first to actually publish an account of such a discovery, for we find mentioned in an appendix to his paper, " On the 1. Journal of an Exped. into the Int. of Tropical Australia, etc., by Lt.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, Loudon. 2 vols. 8vo. 1848. 2. Vol. L, p. vii. 3. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. 1860. xvi., p. 148. 4. Trans. R. Soc. Vict, vi., 50. 5. Quart, Jour. Geol. Soc, 1867, xxiii., p. 7. 20 Geology of apart of Western Australia," " Trigonice, Ammonites a Pecte7i, and a Ventriculite, as found in tlie neiglibourhood of the Moresby Eange. It was, however, only in 1862 that the Rev. Mr. Clarke's great announcement of the discovery by Mr. P. G-ordon of a large series of fossils of secondary age on the Fitzroy Downs in Queensland was made,' and this was followed up in 1865 by Prof. McCoy's additional announce- ment of the discovery of certain Cretaceous forms at Walker's Table Mountain in Northern Australia." It is unnecessary to continue this subject further, as enough has been said to show the general sequence in the progress of Secondary Palseonto- logical Discoveries in Australia. Let us now return to the collection made by Sir T. L. Mitchell during his second great journey. As before stated it consists of silicified wood, shells in ironstone, and a frag- ment of the "guard" of a Belemnite, besides rock and mineral specimens. The aspect of the Belemnite is so dif- ferent from any of the other organic remains, that it at once arrested my attention when going over the series, and its identity became a matter of interest and importance. The specimen bears the ordinary label for the registration number used in the Department of G-eology, British Museum, and bears the number 21,573. Upon turning to the old register of the department I found that the entry was made by Mr. Gr. R. Waterhouse, the present keeper of the Geological Department, and afforded the following information : — No. 21,573 Belemnite, No. 27, of Presented by Sir T, Sir T. Mitchell's Col- lection Mitchell, Jan., 1848. "From the Plains westward of Mount Abundance." The specimen is that of a portion of the " guard " of a Belemnite after the type of Belemnites Oivenii (Pratt), or Belemnites abhreviatus (Miller), and is, perhaps, indicative of an horizon in the Upper Oolites, near the Coral Eag or Oxford Clay of the English geological nomenclature. It is clearly water- worn, with the fractured edges a little rounded. The fragment measures 2in. in length ; at the broader anterior or upper end, is lin. in diameter, and at the lower posterior or smaller end is 9 lines. The specimen has been broken near the posterior termination of the alveolar cavity, and the surface is too much worn to preserve any traces of vascular or other markings. 6. Quart. Jour. GeoL Soc, 1861, xvii., pp. 475-483. 7. On the Occurrence of Mesozoic and Permian Fauna) in Eastern Australia. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1862, xviii., pp. 244-247. 8. Note on Cretaceous Deposits in Australia, Annals Nat. Hist., 1865, xvi., pp. 333-34. 21 It may not be out of place before concluding to refer to the published accounts of Australian Belemnites ; tbe litera- ture of the subject is not large. Amongst the fossils obtained by Mr. P. Gordon on the Fitzroy Downs, and forwarded to Professor McCoy through the Eev. W. B. Clarke, was a Belemnite, presumed to be un- described, and allied to B. giganteus, and which the latter desired might be called Belemnites BarMiji, in honour of Sir Henry Barkly, the then popular Governor of Victoria.^ So far as I know it has not been described, and the name remains a MS. one. The second reference we have to another individual of this group in Australian rocks is that by Professor McCoy, who described a species of the subgenus Belemnitella, under the name of B. diptycha, from the Cretaceous rocks at the head of the Flinders Eiver in Northern Queensland.'" In Mr. Charles Moore's interesting paj)er on '' Australian Mesozoic Geology and Palaeontology," the late Professor Phillips, F.E.S., described a well-marked species of Belemnite, as Belemnites australis'' The specimen, of which the guard was the only portion preserved, was from the Upper Maranoa Eiver District, and was considered by its describer to be most nearly allied to B. hastatus (Blainville), which is found in the Oxford clay of England. Another specimen appeared to be like B. sulcatus (Miller), also of the Oxford clay. In addition to these two several other fragments are either noticed or described in the same paper, one an individual with the "phragmocone " in position appears to be most nearly allied to B. jpaxillos2is (Schlotheim), and is from Wollumbilla. The second specimen was considered by Mr. Moore to be B. canaliculatus (Schlotheim). A tertiary species of Belemnite has been described from the South Australian rocks," but as this is without the scope of this communication it need not be referred to here, except to point out that Professor McCoy has suggested," that the remains so described may perhaps be those of a Pennatulid zoophyte allied to his Graphularia Bohince from the Miocene beds of the Geelong district. 9. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1862. sviii., p. 246. 10. i\nnals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867. xix., p. 356. Trans. K. Soc. Vic, 1868. viii., p. 42. 11. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1870, xsvi., p. 258. 12. Ibid, 1877, sxsiii. p. 257. 13. Prodromus Par., Victoria, dec 5, p. 33. 22 EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. Fig. i. Sir T. L. Mitchell's Belemnite, side view, nat. size. Near Mount Abundance (Mitchell Collection, British Museum.) Fig. 2. Larger or anterior end, showing termination of alveolar cavity, nat. size. Fig. 3. Smaller or posterior end, nat. size. ; a «/ 23 DESCRIPTION OF THEEE NEW TASMANIAN HELICES, By Lieutenant C. E. Beddome, I.N., Collected on a trip from Chudleigli to Mount Bisclioff, made by R. M. Johnston, Esq., T. R. Atkinson, Esq., and the describer. [Bead April 8, 1879.] Hdlx antlalha. — C. E. Beddome. Shell umbilicated, concave on both sides, thin, covered -with thread-like riblets, not shinmg, white to brown, spire deeply concave, nearly meeting the umbilicus, whorls Qh slowly increasing, convex, last rounded, higher than broad, below ribbed as above, umbilicus perspective, deep, about 3 of the diameter of shell ; aperture, semilunar ; peristome, simple ; columella margin smooth and shining. Diam. — Greatest, 2^ ; least, 2 ; heights, 1 mill. Found in, and under decayed timber. ' Habitat, Gad's Hill and Mount BischofF, K^y. Tasmania. Var., B brown, found only at Mount BischofF, N.W. Tasmania. Helix Bisclioffensis. — C. E. Beddome. Shell imperforate, flatly globose, whitish bro^vn, very finely striated, the sbria3 crossed with very fine Hues, giving the shell a granulated appearance ; spire roundly depressed, whorls 6|, slowly increasing, last rounded, descend- ing, suture deep, aperture semilunar, peristome slightly thickened and re- flected, columella smooth. Diam. — Greatest, 2| ; least, 2 ; heights, 2 mill. Found under dead timber. Habitat, Gad's Hill and Mount Bischoflf, N.W. Tasmania Helix, Gadenais. — C. E. Beddome. Shell with a large perspective umbilicus, equalling ^ of its diameter, depressed, thin, homy yellow, whorls 4|, slowly increasing, regularly, finely striated above and below, suture deep, mouth ovately lunate, margins dis- tant, joined by a very thin callus. Diam.— Greatest, 2 ; least. If ; height, mill. Found in and under decayed timber. Habitat, Gad's Hill to Mount Bischoff, N.W. Tasmania, 24 NOTE ON DISCOVERY OF THE HABITAT OF AMNI- COLA (AMPULLABIA?) TASMANICA.—ll^^. Woods. With a Description of a New Species of Helix. By Egbert M. Johnston, F.L.S. {Ueacl A^rilSth,lSn.) Helix Hookeriana. n.s. A. M. Jolmston. Shell minute, i^lanorbiform, bi-concave, somewhat oi^enly perspectivelj umbilicated ; whorls 4| obliquely, arcuately striate, comi3ressed, with alternate bands of red and brown ; preceding whorls sunk in and closely embraced by the last, the base being rather more deeply submerged, and the upper surface shallower, and more openly perspective ; aperture almost linear-lunate ; labrum thin, obliquely produced towards periphery, and slightly inflated, forming a narrow groove at the sutures ; arch of periphery faintly dilated into an obsolete keel. Dia. — Max., 1-25 mil. ; min., 1*75 mil. ; height, 0*3 mil. Habitat. — Twyforth Creek, Surrey Hills, on trunks of dead trees, under moss, and in the deep shade of luxuriant myrtle and sassafras foliage, i.e. Fagus Cunningliami and Atherosperma moscliata. Rare. Only four specimens of this unique little shell obtained. It approaches Petterd's H. JBarrenensis in size and form, and Brazier's H. neglecta in coloring and sculpture. Helix Otwayensis. Petterd, var. alpina. One specimen obtained among the collection made by T. R. Atkinson and myself, in the vicinity of Surrey Hills, nearly 2000 feet above sea level. It is nearly twice the size of its Victorian representative, and the sculpture is "pro- portionately coarser. On this account, and as it is new to Tasmania, I propose Al^jina as the name of the variety. This adds another to the number of species common to Victoria and Tasmania, and will be interesting to those who are investigating the distribution of our island fauna. Amnicola (Ampullarici) Tasmanica. Ten. Woods. I have to announce the discovery of the habitat of this shell in great abundance, associated with JBithynella jjonU villensis, Ten. Woods, in the Wye and other tributaries of the Waratah and Arthur rivers. 25 NOTE ON THE DISCOYEEY OE SPONDYLOSTBOBUS SMYTHII, MUELL., AND OTHEE FOSSIL EETJITS IN THE DEEP LEAD DEIFT AT BEANDY CEEEK GOLDFIELD. By Eobt. M. Johnston, F.L.S. Througli tlie kind interest of several friends, particularly Mr. Stockman, mining manager, and Mr. J. W. Brown, district surveyor, I have from time to time received frag- ments of Fossil Wood, principally a lignified Pine, with structure which appears under the microscope to be identical with lignified Pine remains at Breadalbane and elsewhere throughout the Launceston Tertiary Basin. These woods are obtained in sinking shafts to the "deep lead" at the Brandy Creek goldfields, about 40 or 50 feet from the surface, in a stratum of black carbonaceous clay. Eecently, having directed the attention of the miners to look out for fruits, I was fortunate in securing a few tolerably well preserved specimens, one of which is undoubtedly the well known Spondylostrobiis Smythii, Mueller, found abundantly in the " Haddon," and other deep leads in Victoria. One of the others is most probably a species of Penteune, closely allied to the species found by the late Mr. Morton Allport, in the travertin at Eisdon Quarry. I submitted the fruits to Baron Von Mueller, who is praiseworthily investigating the paleophytology of Victoria and New South Wales, and he not only confinned my opinion, but declared that in one of the drawings (No. 5), contained in my first paper to the Eoyal Society of Tas- mania (" Eegarding Comp. and Extent of Tert. Beds, Laun- ceston," read 12th August, 1873), he believed he discerned the missing foliage of S. Smythii, so long unavailingly sought for in Victoria. He stated further that if I could find out whether the whorls were quinary he would feel justified in relating the various parts. Unfortunately, the specimen from which I took the drawing has crumbled to powder, but in a fragment of the Eisdon Quarry travertin presented to me some years ago by the late Mr. Morton Allport, I believe I have discovered the same foliage, which is undoubtedly quinary. I have long ago arrived at the conclusion that the travertin beds at Eisdon are closely related to the lower beds of the Launceston Tertiary Basin, from the identity of certain vegetable impressions. I have now to draw attention 26 to the distribution of certain vegetable fossils in the adjoining table,* wherein, as well as from other evidences, we may be able to draw conclusions as to the close relation of strata associated with the Victorian gold drifts to the Launceston Tertiary Basin, the Eisdon travertin, the Brandy Creek " deep lead," and to certain jDoints in New South Wales. It will be seen, therefore, that certain genera and species of the older auriferous drifts have had a very wide range, as it includes New South Wales, Yictoria, Tasmania, and perhaps Queensland. It is to be hoped that those interested in the working of the mines at Brandy Creek will interest themselves in preserving the fruit remains, which ought to be found freely in the carbonaceous clays through which they sink. It may afterwards form a useful indication to our miners in search of the valuable metals, as well as add to our scientific knowledge of the flora of the early Tertiary period; * The names of fruits subsequently identified are also included. .-r-rmT/-\-KT- 27 m-TTT-i -m/^noTT TTiT r\T> A rMTi A TTQT'T? A T.T A s u pi 1 -----. . . ... ""'Slddoi;''"^ K . . H 1 DayWord. S - |wet..en. 2 u . - . 1 Bee..».. 1 . . X 1 0„wi*. . C.ulgoig. s . Orange. s " 1 Richmond E. 1 l^^us- 1 f 1 ! T~ : iBreadatbaoa | « 1 Co„.lyoo IS ... . H . 1 D.„nco,t„o. g H ~ ■; . H « « . 1 Bisdon. 5 ? : : . . 1 Brandy Creels. 1^ "^ w o s s 29 THIRD CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TERTIARY MARINE BEDS OF TABLE CAPE, WITH A DESCRIPTION OP 30 NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSCA. By Robert M. Johnston, F.L.S. lUead Sth Ap'il, 1879. The following record contains a list of 30 new species of fossil shells now described for the first time, from the Table Cape beds, together with a notice of the appearance of two described species still living, but hitherto unre- corded as fossils. It is with a feeling of diffidence that I submit these descriptions to the members of the Royal Society of Tasmania, for I am very conscious of the many disadvan- tages under which I am placed, arising as much from inexperience in this special branch of study, as from the want of many necessary works of reference. The classi- fication is so far provisional, that it is my intention to have it submitted to the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods on the earliest opportunity. Personally, I would much prefer that they were described by Mr. Woods himself, but his absence from the colony — the danger of transmitting to a distance fragile, unique specimens, not to speak of the rapidly increasing chaos of new material on hand — constrained me to publish my own private descriptive notes. That valuable and splendid work "A Catalogue of Australian Fossils, including Tasmania and the Island of Timor," so carefully compiled from the scattered writings of various authors, by Robt. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., has been of great service in enabling me to see what has hitherto been described elsewhere. Australian naturalists are under deep obligation to Mr. Etheridge for this most useful work, the result of years of patient labour. It adds another to the many valuable works so generously adopted by the syndics of the Cambridge University Press. 30 Tlie following table may be of interest, as it sliows at a glance how much has been done in the field of Australian Palaeontology : — SUMMAEY OF CLASSIFIED GENERA AND SPECIES, Boughly Abstracted from Cat. op Austkal. Fossils. By Eobt. Etheridge, Jun.,F.G-.S. II '^ 2 w r, W iz; 9 fH 1 s •< H % ►4 Total. d O Am Gen sp. Gen sp. Gen sp. Gen sp. Gen sp. Gen sp. Gen sp. KINGDOM. Plantse 2 2 14 19 18 41 26 35 1 1 61 98 CLASS. Khizopoda 2 3 2 2 6 9 25 45 — — — — 35 59 Hydrozoa 12 35 — — — — — — — — — — 12 35 Actinozoa 20 32 22 50 — — 17 40 — — 1 1 60 123 Echinodermata.... 4 4 9 10 1 1 26 37 — — — — 40 52 Annelida — — — — 1 1 1 1 — — — — 2 2 Crustacea 17 28 7 10 — — 4 4 — — 1 1 29 43 Polyzoa • f, 2 8 24 1 1 20 61 — — — 31 88 Brachiopoda 12 26 19 89 5 8 5 15 1 1 0 0 42 139 Pelecypoda 6 24 29 115 32 83 27 48 1 3 — — 95 273 Gasteropoda 11 18 13 52 18 12 54 112 7 7 — — 93 201 Pteropoda 2 5 2 6 — — — — — — — — 4 11 Cephalopoda 2 6 6 11 7 19 2 3 — — — — 17 89 — — 2 2 4 2 4 3 4 9 2 2 1 1 10 5 15 Eeptilia 6 Mammalia _ — — — — — 6 6 28 86 2 2 36 94 JiXQS — — — — — 182 217 416 1 40 2 — 6 1 573 2 Total 92 185 133 390 85 101 6 1280 Additional Contained in Following Paper. Pelecypoda — — — — — - 4 6 - - - - 4 6 Gasteropoda - - - - - — 10 26 — — — — 10 26 Total Desoridbd 687 1312 31 There are, accordiDg to the foregoing abstract, about 573 genera and 1280 species properly classified in Mr. Etheridge*s catalogue, of which 217 genera and 416 species belong to the Tertiary period. The following list will raise the number to 236 genera, and 448 species. The described Brachiopoda and MoUusca proper, of the Tertiary period alone, represent 100 genera and 207 species. In my own collection there are specimens or remains of at least 50 species still undescribed, making in all, say, 260 species, as far as I know. The following fossils have living representatives, viz. : — 1. Corhula sulcata, Lamarck. 2. Limatula suhauriculata, Montagu. 3. Cucullea concamerata, Reeve. 4. Limopsis Belcheri, Adams and Eeeve. 5. Do. aiirita, Brocchi. 6. JPeduncuJus laticostatus, Quoy and Gaimard. 7. Cylichna arachis, Quoy and Gaimard. 8. Eulima subulata, Donovan. 9. JVah'ca^oZiYa, Tenison Woods. 10. Crossea Idbiata, Do. 11. Trivia Europea, Montagu. Those having living representatives, according to this account, scarcely represent 2\ per cent of the fossil species included under the heading Tertiary period. In the foraminifera and lower forms of life, of course, evolutionists will expect to find a very much larger percentage, as the conditions for their existence are not liable to such marked changes as that to which the higher forms are subjected. Our raised beaches have not yet been touched in Australia, so far as the classifier is concerned. On a future occasion I will prepare a listot those forms obtained by me from Badger and Barren Islands. I have already discovered one or two new forms which appear to have no living representatives. I am indebted for the material from which many new Tertiary species were obtained to Mr. T. R. Atkinson, who has worked most enthusiastically in the investigation of the fossil remains at Table Cape. I am also under deep obligation to Mr. Petterd, who has placed at my disposal many undescribed new species recently dredged, for reference purpose. The following are the new species referred to in the above introduction : — 32 MuREX Legeandi, n.s. Shell small, fusiform, turreted, elongate, with numerous squamose spiny varices, of which there are upon penult, 9 ; on last whorl, 5 ; whorls angulate, showing 2 angulate carinse on upper whorls, and 9 more or less angulate on body whorl ; interspaces between varices and carinse regularly cancellated by longitudinal and transverse lirse, which become slightly granular at points of intersection ; the uj^permost carina in each whorl is sharply produced into a crown of squamose spines where intersected by the varices ; the spines are curved slightly upwards ; aperture entire ; anterior canal produced into a long open arched and recurved canal ; outer lip denticulate interiorly. Long. 18, lat. 8, long, apert. 8 mil. Rare, Table Cape. I have named this shell in honour of Mr. Legrand, who may be well termed the father of Tasmanian conchologists. The shell is easily known by its elongate appearance, and from the fact that the upper carina in each whorl is alone spinose. MUREX MINUTUS, U.S. Shell minute, white, shining, sub-fusiform, angulate ; whorls (including smooth nucleus of 1| turn), 6 ; lower whorls sharply angled at the crown by a row of bluntly angulate obsoletely squamose varices, which are thin and rib-like, and terminate near summit of whorl in a crown of blunt squamose tubercles, 7 on last whorl and 11 on penult ; interspaces rather widely cancellated by broad, flat, slightly raised lirse, last two rib interspaces having 2 transverse and 6 spiral ; aperture entire, terminating in a moderately long arched and slightly recurved canal ; inner lip not terminating in a foliaceous rib ; outer lip thick, slightly reflexed, dentate interiorly. Long. 8|, lat. 4|, long, apert. 5, lat. 2. Eare (2 specimens) Table Cape. This is a very distinct species, both in size and in ornamentation. FUSUS VITEEOIDES, Tl.S. Shell broadly fusiform, of six smooth whorls ; whorls sub- angulate near the middle, and ornamented with about 17 obsolete ribs, which disappear near aperture, and also in the upper part of each whorl, which latter is slightly concave spirally ; apical angle aperture ovate-acuminate, narrowed into shortly produced anterior canal ; outer lij) thin, simple. Long. 42 mil., lat. 20 mil., long, body whorl 28 mil. Eare, Table Cape. This shell is easily known by its size and the absence of lirse. Cancellaria Etheeidgei, n.s. Shell small, with produced spire and exserted nucleus ; not umbilicated; whorls 5, convex, distinctlyribbed on U2:>per whorls; 33 ribs absent on body wborl ; all of them crossed by rather coarse rounded lirse, which become obsoletely nodose at points of intersection with ribs ; aperture narrowly ovate, with a slight anterior canal ; columella abbreviate, distinctly biplicate ; inside of outer lip distinctly denticulate. Long. 7mil., lat. 3 mil., long, aperture 2Jmil. Eare, Table Cape. Adeoebis l^vis, n.s. Shell white, minute, discoid, umbilicate of 3 smooth shining rapidly increasing whorls ; aperture round ; peristome simple, not reflected ; umbilicus twisted, narrow. Dia. mag. 2mil,, min, l|mil., depth Imil. Eare, Table Cape. ElSSOA DUBIA, 71.8. Shell simple, very minute, turbinate, perforate, of 4 round lax rapidly increasing whorls ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture sub-rotund, minutely umbilicated ; peristome con- tinuous ; margin slightly reflexed. Long. Imil., lat. Jmil. Very rare. Table Cape. ElCINULA PUEPTJROIDES, n.S. Shell solid, small, subfusiform, turreted; whorls 6, angulate, ornamented and irregularly latticed by angulate ribs and carinse ; spaces between ribs and carinse finely cancel- lated by sj)iral and transverse lirse ; longitudinal lirse of two kinds, fine and coarse alternately ; transverse lirae obsolete ; carinse on upper whorls, 2 central, 6 on body whorl ; ribs regular, oblicpie, 11 on penultimate whorl, last rib varix-like ; carinse nodose at j^oints of intersection ; aperture narrowly ovate ; anterior canal narrow, slightly reflexed and 2:)roduced ; peristome continuous ; inner lip reflexed with 1 distinct linear tooth near posterior and forming two distinctly concave channels ; columella, with about 8 small irregular teeth-like callosities ; the largest of these callosities is situate upon a slightly swollen projection near to anterior canal ; inside of outer lip with 7 raised teeth ; outer margin shghtly crenu- late. Long. 13mil., lat. 6mil., long, aperture 6mil. Four specimens from Table Cape. This shell somewhat resembles Furpura exsculpta Du jar din in having a distinct tooth at posterior canal, but the j^resence of minute teeth-like cal- losities on columella brings it within the genus Bicinulaf Lamarck. Triton Tasmanicus, n s. Shell narrow, turreted, with elevated spire, and round blunt apex ; whorls 8, cancellated and ornamented with about 24 fine riblets and 2 broad round distant varices on each whorl, which become slightly granulose at points where intersected by the more faintly raised regular carinae, 6 of the latter visible on upper whorls ; interspaces, varices, 34 carinse, and riblets finely transversely striate througliout ; aperture entire, ending in short canal ; outer lip denticulate interiorly. Long, about 22mil., lat. 8. Rare, Table Cape. This shell, though smaller, approaches very close to T. tor- tuosum, Reeve. I have, unfortunately, broken the aperture after it was partly described. MiTEA ANTICORONATA, n.S. Shell small, narrowly ovate, rugose ; whorls 7, sloping, slightly convex, spirally niultihrate (12 on last whorl) ; lirae, regularly sub-distant on upper portion of whorl, but become more and more distant as they approach base ; lirse inter- sected by sharp lirae-like riblets (25 on last whorl), giving a cancellate appea^rance to the shell, and becoming slightly granulose at points of intersection ; suture faintly impressed ; aperture ovate, scarcely exceeding the spire ; anterior canal pointed, narrow ; columella quadriplicate, the two central folds being most prominent. Long. 13, lat. 5, long, apert. 7, lat. 2. Rare (one specimen), Table Gape. This unique shell approaches nearly to M, coronata, Lamarck. It is much smaller than the Mitra granatina, Woods and Swainson, which latter name must be altered, as a very similar shell has been described and so named by Lamarck, and is figured in Chenus* Manual of Con. Pyeamidella polita, n.S. Shell minute, white, turreted, shining ; whorls, 6f , smooth, flattened ; under 1-inch object glass, very fine longitudinal lines are visible, crossed with fine wavy lirse ; base of last whorl somewhat truncate, with an indistinct sub-angular keel ; nucleus exserted, sub-central ; aperture auriform, rounded and slightly expanded anteriorly ; inner lip twisted back plait-like over columella, and forming a deep regular spiral channel behind ; outer lip continuous with the plait- like inner lip, simple. Length 4mil., breadth l|mil. Rare, Table Cape. RiNGICULA LACTEA, n.S. Shell white, shining, minute, conical, sub-turreted, of about 6 rapidly-increasing whorls ; whorls convex, ornamented by regular, distant, punctate, spiral sulci, about 12 on last whorl ; under lens broad distant obsolete transverse lirse may be traced ; suture deeply impressed ; columella abbreviate, with two thick tortuous folds, the lower being the largest ; aperture roundly notched posteriorly and anteriorly ; outer margin thick and reflexed, forming a broad varix continuous with the last tortuous fold of columella. Long. 6mil., lat. 3mil. Rare, Table Cape. 35 Pyeamidella sulcata, Ol.S. Shell minute, wliite, sliining, ventricose, with short acute spire ; whorls, 6 convex ; body whorl half the length of shell ; with the exception of a rather wide space under impressed suture, the whorls are ornamented with regular equi-distant spiral sulci, 11 on last whorl ; aperture ovate, nearly equalling spire in length ; columella abbreviate, with 2 thick oblique plaits ; outer margin thin. Long. 4mil., lat. 2mil. Long aper. 2 lat. 1. Eare, Table Cape. YOLUTA StEPHENSI, U.S. Shell broadly fusiform, turreted ; ^^ullus moderately large, of about If turns ; apical angle, 50 ^ to 60 ^ ; spire conical of 5 whorls besides the pullus, each whorl ornamented with 14 to 18 angular sigmoid longitudinal ribs (14 on last whorl), extending from a point near the suture (from which they expand into a crown of more or less sharply angled tubercles) to the base, towards which the ribs tend to become obsolete ; the tubercles on the last whorl expand almost at right angles to axis, and as they approach pullus they become less and less distinct ; immediately under suture a second row of broad, almost obsolete, tubercles, surmount the larger row above the interspaces ; the space between the rows varies, being slightly concave on the upper whorl, and almost deeply angular on the last ; tubercular expansion on last whorl about 16mil. ; nodes and interspaces finely striate with lines of growth ; spiral lines indistinct or absent ; mouth, with a slight posterior channel, oblong, narrowed in front ; inner lip slightly curved, with 4 slender rather angular equidistant oblique plaits ; spaces betvreen plaits concave ; outer lip thin, simple, not expanded into a wing. Length llOmil., breadth of body whorl 55mil., relative length of body whorl -j^^g relative length of penultimate whorl y^^. This is a very distinct shell, and differs from V. IIan7iafordi, McCoy, to which it bears some resemblance, in the smaller pullus, the more angulate appearance, and the absence of spiral striae and expanded wing. Eare, only 1 perfect specimen found at Table Cape. YoLUTA AlLPORTI, 71.S. Shell large, ovately fusiform, of six regularly increasing whorls, besides a small pullus which is too imperfect in the various specimens for description ; spire acute ; apical angle 45 deg., slightly concave in outline ; whorls slightly convex, and only ornamented with fine longitudinal lines of growth ; aperture rather narrow, elliptical ; lip not expanded into a wing, simple ; columella curved, with 4 distinct slender oblique plaits ; length, when perfect, about 8 inches, or D 06 200mil., breadth 65miL, proportional length of body whorl about -{\^^ of penultimate y^^. This is the largest Volute in Table Cape Beds, and has much the general appearance of V. macroptera (McCoy) in its young state, but has a smaller pullus, and differs materially in the size, number of whorls, and in the absence of an expanded wing. Named in honour of the late Mr. Morton Allport, whose l^lace in the field of Tas. Nat. History can never again be so fitly occupied. VOLUTA PELLITA, n.S. Shell narrowly fusiform, of six gradually increasing whorls besides the pullus, which is absent in the only speci- men obtained ; apical angle 45 ^ ; spire has a slightly convex outline ; surface of whorls, of a shining leathery appearance, as if covered with raised, regularly sized micro- scopic glands ; whorls also ornamented with slightly raised blue, undulating lines ; aperture narrow, elliptical ; lip simple ; columella curved, with three distant distinct oblique plaits, the upper one being smallest and more trans- verse ; length of shell without pullus 120mil., breadth 42mil., length of aperture 72mil., proportional length of body ^''0%, of penultimate yV%- This shell approaches the living V. fusiformis in shape and ornamentation. VOLUTA STOLIDA, U.S. Shell conoidal, ventricose, solid, mammillate ; jjullus smooth, of 2f turns, forming obtuse apex to spire ; spire of 3 whorls besides pullus ; apical angle about 80 '^ ; crown of each whorl with about 12 tubercles, sharp, angulate, and terminating distinct, somewhat distant, regular, angulate, sigmoid ribs, which become obsolete as they approach the base of body whorl ; crown of tubercles projecting at right angles to axis, and slightly rounded off and forming a con- cave groove between suture and row of tubercles ; whorls finely striate, longitudinally, with lines of growth ; aperture narrow, contracted anteriorly ; lip thickened, simple, emarginate above ; columella somewhat curved, with 4 distinct oblique equi-distant plaits, and 2 irregular ones not so prominent ; one above the first regular plait, and the other between the second and third. Length 55mil., breadth 30mil., proportional length of body whorl -^^-^, penult y\f^ , length of pullus 3mil. Shell resembles V. Weldii, Tenison Woods, but is very distinct, being fully twice as large ; apical angle and jmllus greater, and having invariably 12 tubercles on each of the three last whorls. It differs from McCoy's V. stropho- do7i (largest size) in the two extra irregular plaits^ and in the constancy of the number of tubercles. F. Weldii and V. 37 stolida occur together, and the former, tliough smaller, has one whorl more in the spire. The three shells are no donbt closely allied to each other. Eare, Table Cape. YoLUTA Tateana, n.s. Shell slenderly fusiform, of 8 whorls, including the 2 turns of the smooth sharp pullus ; spire very acute ; apical angle about 30 ^ ; whorls with regular sigmoid ribs, which become somewhat obsolete downwards towards base of body whorl, and upwards towards suture, but are raised into distinctly angled tubercles, which form a spiral row near to the crown of each whorl ; space between suture and row of tubercles slightly concave, and iu distinctly marked with fine spiral lirse ; tubercles slope abruptly upwards, and, with the ribs, become obsolete near to the lip of aperture ; lip simple emarginate above ; columella slightly curved, with 4 prominent oblique plaits; length 77mil., breadth 25mil., leugth of aperture 42mil., proportional length of body whorl y'VV, 8 of penultimate whorl y^V' P^'^P- ^i'- ^^ penult whorl ^^^ ; shell finely striate longitudinally with lines of growth. This shell has the general character of the last, but is readily distinguished by its remarkably long slender appearance, its larger number of whorls, and sub-central apex. Eare, Table Cape. VOLUTA LIRATA, U.S. Shell ovately fusiform, shining, of 7 whorls, including the smooth small pullus of 1| turns ; whorls scarcely convex, and ornamented with fine slightly curved lirae, regular and distinct above, but becoming indistinct and irregular on body whorl ; the interspaces are marked with very fine longi- tudinal lines of growth ; spire, with a slightly convex outline, and forming an angle of about 50^ ; aperture somewhat elliptical, longer than spire ; lip simple, emarginate above ; columella curved, wdth 4 equi-distant distinct oblique plaits ; length of shell 48mil., breadth 21mil., length of aperture 30mil., proportional length of body whorl ^^^^^ of penult, whorl ^^n^. This shell approaches closely to V. McCoyi, but is lirate, larger and more ventricose. YOLTJTA AgNEWI, U.S. Shell very small, narrowly fusiform, of 6 regularly increasing whorls, including smooth pullus of 1| turns, with pointed sub-central nucleus ; spire very acute, with a some- what blunt apex ; apical angle 30 *^ to 35 ^ ; whorls ornamented with 9 or 10 ribs, which become raised near the centre with a row of blunt tubercles ; ribs on body whorl become obsolete towards the base ; surface of shell finely cancellated, the transverse spiral lines being most con- 38 spicuous ; ai>erture narrow, elliptical ; lip thin, simple ; columella slightly raised, with 4 regular slender ohlique plaits; length of shell 23mil., breadth 8mil., length of aperture 12mil., proportional length of body whorl ^%^q, of penultimate ^^Q. This shell is, from its minute size, easily distinguished. It is undonbtedly the smallest volute in the Table Cape beds. Eare. ZizYPHiNus Tasmanicus, n.s. Shell trochiform, conical, bluish, of 8 regularly increasing whorls ; whorls scarcely convex, and ornamented spirally with sharply angulate equi-distant moniliform carinse, about 8 ou last whorl, decreasing in number towards apex ; inter- spaces shallow, concave ; and carinse spirally covered with microscopic lirae ; the whorls are also raised transversely oblicjuely into gentle nndulatiug ridges, which are more l)ronounced as they approach the sub-angled base, where they are developed into rounded nodes ; aperture quadrate ; columella abbreviate, curved ; inner lip callous, reflected over umbilicus, which it nearly conceals ; base scarcely convex, with 4 fine scarcely-raised equi-distant lirse, which, together with interspaces, are covered Vv^ith microscopic spiral lines ; apical angle 70 ^ ; long. 30mil., lat. 24mil. Eare, Table Cape. This is by far the largest of the three fossil species described from Table Cape. There are fragments, however, of a very handsome species, too imperfect to be described, which must at least be 2J times as large. ZlZYPHINUS ATOMUS, n.S. Shell thin, very minute, bluish, trochiform, conical, not umbilicated, of about 4| flat whorls, each of which, with scarcely convex base, are ornamented with 4 to 5 fine regular equidistant spiral sulci ; aperture angular subquadrate ; columella abbreviate ; outer lip thin ; inner lip slightly reflexed ; loug. 2mil., lat. Imil. Eare, Table Cape. EUCHELUS WOODSII, 11.8. Shell small, elevated, conical ; whorls rounded apd rugosely latticed by sharply defined filiform carinas, and fine transverse raised bars, equidistant, irregularly connecting the carinse ; interspaces between carinse wider as they approach base of whorl ; points of intersection raised into obsolete granular nodes ; 8 carinse on last whorl ; suture well defined ; aperture oval ; two i)rominent teeth on columella, between which and equally prominent tooth on sinister side of the throat of anterior margin, a round well-marked channel is formed ; outer lip crenulate ; throat distinctly channelled ; long. 9mil., lat. 4mil., length of aj^erture 4mil. Eare (2 specimens), Table Cape. This shell has the usual latticed aj^j^earance of 39 the genus. It approaches in some respects the character of the sub-genus Perinnia, created by H. and A. Adams. LlOTIA EOBLINI, 71.S. Shell small, discoid, spire depressed ; nucleus somewhat sunk ai)d flattened ; whorls 4, ornamented with 6 to 7 sharply prominent regular longitudinal carinse, which are crossed by sharply angled transverse ribs at regular intervals, 14 on last whorl ; at points of intersection the longitudinal carinsQ are projected into sharply angulate squamose nodes ; interstices and nodes marked by fine sharp wavy striae ; aperture round, reflexed, with thickened margin ; umbilicus deep, narrow, nearly closed by the lamellose nodes. Dia. mag. 6|mil., min. 5mil. Eare, Table Cape. This shell may possibly be the L. discoidea which the Eev. J. E. Tenison Woods describes as occurring at Table Cape. I cannot trace a fossil L. discoidea in my type collection. As some of the specimens were imperfect when submitted by me to Mr. Woods, it is just possible that it might be mistaken for the existing L. discoidea, to which it is closely allied, but differs in size, number of carinas and ribs. Otherwise it has a marked resemblance to L. lameUosa, Ten. Woods. PiLEOPSIS NAVICELLOIDES, 71.S. Shell minute, depressed, subrotund ; nucleus scarcely laxj exserted, of about IJ smooth turns, submarginal ; disk with rough uneven sui'face, concentrically irregularly striate ; aperture ovate, closed at posterior margin by a spiral concave shelf, terminating on either side by a downward reflexed curve in the muscular impressions, which are well defined ; margin imeven, simple. Dia. mag. 3|, min. 3, alt. 1. Eare, Table Cape, 1 specimen. PORTLANDIA AtKINSONI, U.S. Shell very minute, trigonal, subdeltoid, subnacreous interiorly, inequilateral ; posterior slope truncated ; surface of valves concentrically finely ridged, which increase in size and frequently anastomose towards centre and margin ; ridges traversed by fine radial lines (visible also in the inner surface), which form a beautifully crenulated margin seen from the inner side of both valves ; umbones sharply incurved ; ligamental area inconspicuous ; teeth, 6 on posterior slope, 10 on anterior, which increase in size towards middle of slope, the larger teeth slightly bent and lamellar ; limule shallow (scarcely defined), broadly lanceolate. Trans- verse long. SJmil., lat. 3Jmil., thickness of both valves IJmil. Eare, Table Cape. CUCULLEA MINUTA, n.S. 40 Shell very minute, thin, obliquely oval ; hinge line straight, narrow, with 3 or 4 teeth oblique at extreme corners ; surface of valves ornamented with fine radial ridges, and crossed by lines of growth ; towards the margin the ridges are lamellar, and are also imbricated where inter- sected by the concentric lines of growth ; margin finely crenulate ; long, omil., lat. 2:fmil ; thickness at umbo of both valves IJmil. Eare, Table Cape. This shell is not unlike Limatula suhauriculata in general appearance, being decidedly longer than broad. It differs materially from the young state of C. Corioensis, McCoy. MyODORA AtJSTRALIS. 71.S. Shell trigonal, oblong, rounded margin ; angle between slopes 118 ^ ; posterior slope considerably produced, almost horizontal, and abruptly truncately angled at outer margin of sinus area ; sinus area distinctly angled flabellate ; left valve ventricosely convex, with about 54 fine rounded con- centric ridges ; outer shell layer arranged in more or less regular radial rows, and composed of transverse linear-oblong microscopic cells, which become larger and less linear as they approach margin ; right valve slightly convex, sharply and irregularly concentrically ridged, angled at distinctly marked sinus area ; apical angle of sinus area 28 *^ . Long. 14mil., lat. 17|mil., thickness of both valves Gmil., margin of sinus area 6mil. Common, Table Cape. Var. A. more finely ridged, and a smaller shell ; contained angle between slopes, 110 ^ . A very common shell, variable in size, but generally within the limits of the above varieties. MyODORA iEQUILATERALIS, U.S. Shell (right valve only) solid, trigonal, equilateral ; anterior slope scarcely rounded ; posterior slope almost straight, not abruptly angled at margin of sinus area ; contained angle between slopes, 90 ^ ; sinus area almost obsolete ; valve slightly concave behind imibo becoming moderately convex towards the middle ; yentral surface closely concentrically ridged or striated throughout ; surface layer composed of fine microscopic cells, which are very minute, linear oblong near umbone, and are arra^iged in undulating concentric lines only. Cells round and granular towards margin. Long. 22mil., lat. 27mil., alt. right valve 3mil. Rare, Table Cape. Only one valve of this species found. It is very distinct from any other species known to me. It is readily distinguished by its size and its equilateral almost straight sloj^es. Mytilicardia platycostata, n.s. Shell oblong, ovate, inequilateral, ornamented with 12 41 broad slightly raised squamose radiating ribs, sunnounted by a smaller ridge of distant lamellose spines ; breadth of interspaces and rays equal ; rays finer and closer together as they approach slope. Long. 50mil., lat. 35mil., alt. (both valves) 26niil. Eare, Table Cape. Crossea labiata, Ten. ^\oods. This shell has recently been discovered fossil in the Table Cape beds, by Mr. T. R. Atkinson. I have also discovered another specimen in a box of loose material which was brought from the cliffs at Table Cape by the same careful observer. The fossil species is larger than the living species. Aeca trapezia, DesJiayes. This shell was also found fossil in the Table Cape bed by myself three years ago. The specimen was given to Mr. Woods, but he has omitted to refer to it. It is probably now in the Museum. I have fortunately taken a careful drawing of the specimen. Pectunculxjs laticostatus, Qtioy and Gaimard. Professor McCoy, in the " Second Decade Yic. O.E." has figured and described this shell, in which he states that it agrees in all respects with Quoy and Gaimard' s original description of P. laticostatus. The surface of the Table Cape species differs, however, in having invariably 29 radial ribs — not 39, as in Professor McCoy's beautifully executed figure, and as stated in original descrij^tion. A specimen obtained by me from Schnapper Point also shows 29 radial ribs. If there is no error in description (in p. 26, Decade II, Geol. Surv. of Vic), and if the difference is a permanent and specific one, I would propose the name Pedunculus McCoyi, for the Table Cape variety. In all other respects it answers Quoy and Gaimard's description. Amusium Atkinsoni, n.s. Shell very minute ; equi valve suborbicular ; ears unequal ; dorsal and ventral surface slightly convex, and composed of a distinct layer densely regularly concentrically striated, frequently detached partly from inner smooth layer ; inside of both valves concave, shallow, shining, with 10 smooth raised radiating riblets, which terminate truncately near margin ; riblets not raised on dorsal or ventral surface, although they may be traced by faint dark pellucid lines. Long. 4, lat. 4. Rare, Table Cape. 42 ON EECENT ADDITIONS TO THE FLOEA OF TASMANIA. By Augustus Simson. [Bead IWi May, 1879.] At the instigation of Baron F. von Mueller I beg to lay before the Society specimens of a species of HaJcea, not hitherto recorded in the Tasmanian Flora. From the Baron's letter, which I send herewith, it seenas that this plant is found in Gippsland, Victoria. I found it at George's Bay on my first visit in May, 1875, where it is of very frequent occurrence in marshy places, growing to a height of twelve (12) to fifteen (15) feet, or even higher. These shrubs occur also on Flinders Island, Bass'^ Straits, forming occasionally scrubs in wet i)laces, and growing very closely together to a height of at least twenty (20) feet. As Baron Mueller se^ms to think that the announcement of the discovery of new plants (or at least plants as yet unknown as Tasmanian, though possibly occurring in other countries) may encourage others to search diligently for more, I send also specimens of two other plants recently added to the Tasmanian Flora, one of which is quite a new species. These are : — 1st. Eucalyptus vircjata, Sieber, or, as the Baron has re-named it, vide his letter, Eucalyphis Sieheri, Mueller, one of the species known in the colonies as " Ironbark." This fine tree grows to a height of one hundred (100) feet, with a diameter of four (4) or five (5) feet, on all the dry granite country in the north-east portion of the colony. It occurs also in that neighbourhood on the Slate Hills about the heads of the George's Eiver, Scamander, South Esk, Break-of-Day Eiver, and other streams. In the granite country it grows in the valleys also, but in the slate districts is replaced by Stringy Bark (Euc. ohliqua), Swamp Gum (Euc. viminalis), and Peppermint {Euc. amygdalina). On the dry hills and ridges along the coast, and about George's Bay, it is the prevailing species, Euc. amygdalina being the only other of frequent occurrence, except close along the shores of the Bay, where Euc. globulus is to be found. Like all of its section of the Eucalypts, it has thick rough persistent bark, deeply furrowed in the older trees ; in the saplings the bark is outwardly scaly, and can easily be scraped off. The timber is useful for posts and rails, being very hard and durable. It is also good for sawing purposes, having been the timber cut up at the saw mills on tho George's Eiver 43 before tliey stopped work. For bushinen, or those camped out in the bush, it has the great advantage of burning freely when green. The bark of all the species of this section bums fiercely ; so much so, indeed, that in Northern Queens- land the bark of the local species is used by blacksmiths for heating tires of wheels and other pieces of work too large to be placed in the forge, and I daresay this is the case in the other Australian colonies. To Mr. Thomas Stephens belongs the credit of having added this forest tree to the Tasmanian Flora, he having told me of it before I left town on my first visit to G-eorge's Bay, and stated his conviction that it was a species not hitherto known as Tasmanian, or possibly a new species altogether. 2nd. Helichrysurn Spiceri, Mueller, a new species of the "everlasting" or immortelles flowers, which I discovered first in December, 1876, on the roadside, going from Longley towards the Sandfly coal seam. There was only one plant, which was bushy and covered with flowers. The following December I passed the spot a second time, and found the same plant again in blossom. Unfortunately on neither occasion had I time to search for more specimens. I have not yet seen Baron Miieller's description of this plant, nor do I know if he has yet published it. No doubt he will communicate the particulars to the Society in due time. It is quite unlike any other Helichrysurn occurring 'a this colony, and is a very pretty shrubby plant. It is n.;tch to be desired that any one residing in the vicinity, or passing by the locality, should search for more specimens. The Society will, no doubt, be glad to hear that Baron Mueller has named this new species after the Rev. Mr. Spicer, as he says, " in acknov/ledgment of the exertions made by our reverend friend for the furtherance of Tas- manian Botany." In conclusion, I hope the recent discovery of these three conspicuous plants, after the census of the Tasmanian Flora was supposed to be complete, may, by showing that there are still discoveries of new plants to be made, stimulate others to search carefully for other new species. In the event of any plant not agreeing with the descrip- tions given in Mr. Spicer' s " Handbook of the Plants of Tasmania," or in the more elaborate works of Hooker and Bentham, it is advisable in all cases to send the specimen to Baron Mueller, who will, no doubt, with his usual courtesy, give the name, or state whether the plant is of a species new to Tasmania. Gould's Country, 29th April, 1879. 44 NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND VARIABILITY OF TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S., &c. [Bead May 12, 1879.] Having visited many parts of our island but little known to the general traveller, I have, during the past few years, accumulated materials with respect to the distribution and variability of our land and fresh-water shells, which may be helpful in removing some of the existing difficulties in regard to classification. Mr. Legrand's very excellent monograph, modestly called by him " A Collection for a Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells," contains a full description of 83 species. Of these the greater part (55) were described by the eminent Austra- lian conchologist, Dr. Cox, whose monograph of the Austra- lian land shells, a work of the greatest value, is necessary to every one who desires to become familiar with Australian con- chology. The remainder is described by well-known leading naturalists as follows, viz., Brazier, 16 ; Pfeiffer, 8 ; Reeve, 1 ; Ferussac, 1 ; and Leach, 1. The work in addition contains notes and observations relating to distribution, variability, and affinities by Mr. Legrand himself, which are not the least valuable part of the work ; and it is illustrated by two beau- tifully executed plates containing the enlarged drawings of 27 species. Much, however, has been done since the last edition was published by Mr. Legrand eight years ago. At that time the only districts examined carefully were in the immediate neighbourhood of Hobart Town. True, there are references tohabitats throughout the island, but these merely refer to such shells as from size or abundance would be picked up by casual observers. Of those who have since systematically investigated virgin districts after Mr. Legrand, Mr. Petterd deserves especial notice. His recent exhaustive contribution to the history of our land shells shows how much he deserves the thanks of all who interest themselves in the invostiiration of 45 t our island fauna. In it lie has added to the list about 30 species not embraced in Mr. Legrand's monograph, 4 of which were described by the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 17 by Mr. Petterd, 3 by Capt. Beddome, and one small but unique species by myself. Perhaps, however, the greatest credit is due to him for the effort to remove the difficulties, day by day on the increase, in connection with the existing classification. Many of the shells erected into specific distinction by Dr. Cox and others, require revision in the light of experience derived from the accumulation of large numbers of individuals, under various circumstances, and from many widely separated localities. Some of the species were described from single, or, at most, two or three individuals, and the extreme variability of certain forms has been the cause of confusion in that one or two varieties have been erected into specific distinction from im- mature specimens. As no one, however, can tell to what extent certain groups vary from one or two individuals, such mistakes are not only pardonable, but, if the descriptions are merely considered provisional, they are, historically, of the greatest advantage. It was to be anticipated, therefore (indeed the authors state as much), that when other districts and a larger series of in- dividuals were obtained, it might be necessary to reduce the number of species. Until this was done it was impossible to say wl; it were characters of specific value and what were not. It must not, therefore, be supposed that any reasons now adduced in support of the claims for a reduction of the number of species are in- tended to reflect upon the valuable work already done by those who had to do the best they could with scanty material. It is not an easy matter to tell what characters are of specific value and what are not even when the fullest information has been obtained as to the variability of the individuals of a group, and the greatest living authorities often come to different conclusions. It would be unreasonable, therefore, to expect, in the absence of the fullest knowledge respecting variation of size, colour, sculpture, distribution, that any author could determiue, with accuracy, those characters which alone should entitle certain shells to specific rank. Of course I am aware of the difference of opinion which existed, and which even now exists in a more modified form, with respect to what consti- tutes a species and what a variety ; but there is now, with few exceptions, sufficient agreement among the leading philo- sophical naturalists to leave little room for doubt in cases where the definition of a species is based upon the observation 46 of a large number of specimens from different localities. T do not use the word species as the type of a group of allied organisms which have a rigidly determinate number of immutable characteristics in common ; for the characters which, as a whole, are relatively constant in those sections which we group under a specific name are themselves variable, and are frequently to be found interlapping other groups of merely relative constant characters, but which we yet acknowledge as belonging to a distinct species. From long and close observation Oscar Schmidt* concludes that he has gradually arrived at the "conviction that no reasonable dependence can be placed on any ' characteristic ' ; that with a certain (Constancy in microscopic constituents the outward bodily form, with its coarser distinctive marks, varies far beyond the limits of the so-called species and genera ; and that with like external habits the internal particles, which we look upon as specific, are transformed into others, as it were, under our hands." There is, consequently, a firm conviction in the minds of leading naturalists " that no absolute species exists, and that species and varieties cannot be sharply sepa- rated." The old idea of the immutability of species is no longer tenable. Many still treasure up certain old test measures for the purpose of determining the affinity of a doubtful species — such, for example, as the fertility of certain crosses — fertility or non-fertility of hybrids. But such tests, in the light of modern experience, are unsatisfactory and often deceptive. Darwin, Haecke], and others have demonstrated the fallacy of trusting too much to such tests, and Schmidt writes : — " It is known that even in a state of freedom good species, such as the horse and ass, have been crossed for thousands of years. But hybrids, the produce of this intercourse, were supposed to be only exceptionally fertile, and, at any rate, not to produce fertile progeny for more than a few generations. On the other hand it was considered certain that the produce of crosses among varieties are fertile in unbroken succession. The dogma of the sterility of hybrids was formed without experimental or general observation, and by ill-luck was apparently confirmed by the most ancient and best known hybridization of the mule andhinny. To this familiar example, in which the fertility of hybrids proves abortive, we will oppose only one case of propagation successfully accom- plished in recent times through many generations — that, namely, of hares and rabbits, two good species, never yet regarded as varieties." The same writer, after quoting *" Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism. 1875," 47 striliing examples from animals familiarly known, concludes that — " The cases of persistent fertility in hybrids are certainly not frequent, but they are, nevertheless, so well certified that the contrary statement is in plain contradiction to fact." What, then, it may be asked, are we to abandon all idea of species ? Certainly not. To do so would be to abandon all attempts at classification, for in degree, the same objection will apply to all sharply defined demarcations between genera, families, orders, classes, nay kingdoms. The expression that '' no absolute species exists," merely lays stress upon the fact that the type of the group termed sjpecies is fixed upon mainly to define the maximum of relatively constant charac- teristics around which all the individual varieties may cluster, and which shall serve to distinguish the type species from a closely allied group of a similar character. Indeed we may picture species as the nodes of an irregularly moniliform series, whose extremities are in some cases sharp and distinct, and in other cases mere constrictions, where the extreme individuals of each node or group meet, and can hardly be dis- tinguished from each other. But even when we clearly under- stand, and agree with each other as regards the principles which determine classification, it is often perplexing to fix upon characters whereupon to erect the standard of a species or variety, for it is well known in practice that characters are seized upon rather from stability and association with certain other characters than from absolute difference in particular features. Gwyn Jeffreys thus defines the degrees of difference which should determine species : — " They constitute more or less extensive groups of individuals which resemble each other as well as their parents and offspring to the same extent as we observe in the case of our own kind. These groups to deserve the name of species must be distinct from others : because, if any of them are so intimately blended together by intermediate links, so as to make the line of separation too critical, the test fails, and a subordinate group, or what is called a ' variety,' is the result. For this reason it is indispensably necessary to compare as great a number of individuals as possible, and espe- cially a series of different ages and sizes, commencing ah ovo, as well as specimens collected from various localities." And again, he states in respect of what are termed varieties, that " the characters by which they usually differ from species con- sist of size, comparative proportions of different parts, colour, and degree of sculpture ;" and he remarks that such dif- ferences " originate in some peculiarity of climate, situation, composition of soil or water which they inhabit, the nature or 48 supply of food, and various other conditions." These latter, he adds, may be "permanent or local." When permanent he calls them races, but, as he himself remarks, it would " be difficult" to discriminate between a race and a species. Nov7 all this accents, with authority, the statement made by me in a former paper re variability of fresh- water shells, and the necessity for reduction of species ; and it clearly sup- ports the course which Mr. Petterd has adopted with respect to the reduction of certain species of our land shells, and which all along has had my hearty concurrence. The result of receut investigations of Tasmanian land and fresh -water shells, based upon a careful examination of large numbers of individuals, of all stages of growth, from widely separated localities, with varying local surroundings, geolo- gical and botanical ; and taken from levels varying in some cases from 1 to 4C00 feet, may be easily glanced at by passing in review certain well-known typical shells and groujDing them with certain varieties which have hitherto been regarded as distinct species, but which according to the laws determined by the consent of leading naturalists, must now, I am of opinion, be considered simply as varieties of one species. Helix Stephens! (Cox), is perhaps within given limits the most variable shell in Tasmania, in size, colour, elevation of spire, and sculpture. It is also the most widely distributed, and is found in varying degrees of abundance under different circumstances, from sea level to a height of 4000 feet. It seems to be as much at home in cold, sterile, upland regions, as in the lower and more genial districts ; and I could not find that its distribution was in any way affected by the geological formations it was found upon, nor by the differences in vege- table surroundings. An organism fitted to survive under such widely different circumstances may be expected to vary considerably. And this, in fact, is the case, for there are no less than ten species created out of minute differences in character, which are most unstable even in individuals from the same locality, and are trifling even in the most extreme members of the group. In sculpture there is a general agreement in the shell being markedly cancellate ; and the form varies only to a trifling extent ; but the sharpness and density of the striae, the absence or presence of more or less regular and distant riblets, varies with the individual at different stages of its growth ; hence it is not surprising to find all the characters of the ten species already referred to, melting insensibly into 49 each other, in the same or in different habitats. The shells thus related are, H. Stephens! (Cox) ; H. Du Cani (Cox) ; H. Kingi (Br.) ; H. plexus (Cox) ; H. Irvinse ; H. Savesi ; H. Pasccei (Br.); H. Floodi (Br.); H. spoilata (Cox); H. scrupulus (Cox) ; H. coepta (Cox). Mr. Petterd still retains the first three as distinct species ; but I question very much the propriety of retaining more than one, as they are undoubtedly all varieties of one species. It is remarkable the close resemblance which the fossil H. Tasmaniensis, from the travertin beds at G-eilston, bears to the group of which H. Stephensi is a member in certain characters, especially in pecuharities of sculpture. The latter group may be considered its living representatives, and it is of the greatest interest to find that this dominant and variable type should have such an extension in time as well as in space, for it is thus another illustration of the accuracy of Darwin's statement that " wide ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most." H. Diemenensis (Cox). — The species which rivals H. Stephensi in range, number of individuals, and variability is H. Diemenensis, and it scarcely falls short of the former in the number of species which have been created from its most unstable features. It varies in size, and is found in every stage from pure white to pale brown, and with or without more or less regular bands of colour. It varies, too, in one of its chief characteristics, viz., the more or less sharply excavated umbilicus. Between these described species which are purely varieties, there are trifling differences, and these are bridged over by individuals whose variations insensibly melt into each other as in the varieties ofH. Stephensi. It is found fossil, and gives the principal character to the Helicidse sandstone of Barren and other islands of the Straits. The allied species which Mr. Petterd justly reduces to the rank of mere varieties are H. Thomsoni, M. Daveyensis, H. Atkin- soni, H. Camillse, H. Wellingtonensis. H. Sinclairi. — This beautiful shell is also a most variable species in degrees of depression, and especially in its colour and markings ; and uo one who has examined a large suite of specimens can have failed to notice the extreme variability of the latter. It, also, has a wide range, and is found from the margin of high sea level to an altitude of 2000 feet. It is also found fossil associated with four extinct species in the yellow limestone at Geilston Bay, and may therefore be considered the oldest known living 50 species of land shell in Tasmania. Three other species have been created from some of its varieties — H. dubitans, H. bombjcina, and H. vexanda ; but as there are links whicli insensibly connect them, they must also be reduced to the rank of varieties of H. Sinclairi, as suggested by Mr. Legraud and Mr. Petterd. H. MacDonaldi (Cox), — Is a most abundant form, and has a very wide range. It is variable in size, form, density, and sharpness of striae, and varies often from the prevailing form with its beautiful, regular, alternate bands of colour, by insensible degrees into a pure colourless variety, H. Juli- formis, H. Gouldi, H. Kiiigstonensis, are merely varieties. H. Stanley ensis (Petterd). — Varies in colour and band markings, in size, and in the density of striae. It is allied to the former species, but there is a persistent characteristic difference in the sculpture of the nucleus. I am of opinion that Mr. Petterd's H. Tamarensis, which was originally dis- covered by me at the Rifle Butts, Launceston, is but an extreme variety of this variable shell. Hitherto it has been found near to the sea or some tidal river. In the Ilelicidse sandstone of the Bass Strait islands described by me in a former paper, I have discovered H. Stanleyensis in a fossil state associated with the fossil remains of H. Diemenensis, H. Pictilis,H. Furneauxensis, Vitrina, Ver- reauxi, Succinea Australis, and Bithynella nitida. The Helicidse sandstone is of post tertiary age and of the same horizon as the raised sea beaches. H. ruga (Cox). — Is a very interesting shell, and forms a link between H. Sinclairi and the fine shell H. lampra. The latter, however, though found abundantly, is not so widely distributed. It has only been found as yet in the northern por- tion of the island. H. ruga is very widely distributed. On Flinders Island it takes the place of H. lampra. It varies considerably in size, colour, and sculpture, and on this account I agree with Mr. Petterd in grouping H. questiosa (Cox), and H. Margatensis under it, as undoubtedly there are no specific characters to distinguish them from each other. H. Fordei (Br.) — This sliell is also most variable in size, colour, and sculpture, and I do not see how H. tabescens, H. .Petterdi, H. Aliporti, H. austrinus, H. medianus, and H. helice can be specifically separated from it. Their differences § ^ ^ ^ 'i ^ g '^ "■5; i? ^ ••:^ ^ -^i ^ L) S^ ^t ^ s ^ Ji ^1 ^^ ^ ^-^ -^ 5 '^'-S ^ ^' I .H-IS - [—1 .'«-: - iH-^^: r^-S S o=^ b^^ S-S<1 S S^W^.25 S-^ SH 2 'O: H 43 H -fS Eh M t> ^^ S^ ^H S S o Jl M 1 1 !! ■•n»J)mv ::::::= ; i 1 : 1 I 1 i<^ ;;::=:;:: i ;: 1^ ;; i ::»;:;;;;::.;;; ;e= i= ::;;:;;:: i 1 ! 1 ; 1 i i- 18 ; >. 8 888 ; -I'^w']. > ;::-:: ; ; ; = : ; » 1 i 8 i ; ; i » : ; ; = ; = ; = i ; ; ; 1 = 1 ; ; ; = i i 1 : = i = ; I - : ;^ ; ; « i ; = ; ; ; s : : ; ; : = » ;= 1 ;8 i : : ; ^1 V „,„'-.• ."V; :=;:;»; : ; ;» . ;« 1 I ; 18-= :« i : : 1"= ;- i ;- : ; ; ; ;8 i- : i" : ; ; : : : : 1 : : ; ;= I ; ; ; ; ; i i I ; i ; = ; I I ;;:::ii : :8 I ; ; ; :8 : 1 ; .8 ; ; I : := ;8 18^ ; 18 i ; 1 : 1 ; 1 : ; : .8 ; ; i i ;8 : ;8 i :e 1 : 1 1 : : :. : = ; ll S?^?|-?,A ;=;;:=: : 1 :8 188^. : :=.= i« ;» 1 1 1" 1.^ ; ;-= ; ; 1^^ :« i- ;.8 i ; i ; : : : ; ;= ; 18 ;- i ; I I I ; ; I I i . : i8o ; : : i ; ; •p„aHa»im;n3 ;::»:;; !88 ;8 : ; : : If S •■■'™=I ; > > : ;8 8u ; ; : 1 ; i8 18 ! : :8 8^o :. : :o i ;. 18 ;8. ;^ 188... ;8 ; I ; i. i i „ : 18 ; .8 i i : I ■J =1^ i iMi::: i .8 ; ; : : 1 i 1 ; i ; : : ; 1 18 = 8 : i i ; i i ;: i ;:;:;;;; i : i ::: m i i i m;: i :;;; m i = ; i8 ; 11 ; i i : Ij^ :::;;;» 8 18^ ; ;o : I I : 188 : 18 ;88 !8 :=.= :«8>,88.= = : ;. ;= ; : ; 18 ].. ; 18 i ;= ; ; 18 := : ; : = ; 18 ; :« ; : I ; It ^:i:::i ; 1 8 : i ; : ; ; : ; i ; I : 1 : 8 ; 8 8 ; ; ;.= ; : : ; 1 1 ; : i I : I ; I I 1 1 i 1 1 : ; 1 8 8 : 1 i i i i : ; : ; f 8 i 18 ; 1 ; ! ; 1 I -s;-'^ i i 8 i i ; ; : ; ; ; : ^- 1 ; ; I : ; 8 8 ; : ; 8 1 ; ; i ; I i- : ; ; 1 ; 1 ; 1 i ) f : : i : : - i 8 I : ; ; : ; ; ; ; 8 » 18 i 8 : ; ; ; : ■„u,o<,.,„S„,H •»!A ::::i;i i i 8 ;;;; i i :; i I 8 ;;; 8 : 8 8 8 ;;;;;;;;:>• o :; i :;;;;;; i ;:;::„ 8 ;;;;;;;;; 8 : 18 I ;= ; 1 i i ;:;- i ; i» ;;=;:;;;=: i ; i ;:: I ; 1 i i ;:;;;; 1 ;;;;::;;;; i= : i- i i : i i ; I :=:: i ;; 1 1 1 I = : t'm : ,-'T" - - ' l.s I si 51 are purely varietal, and are insensibly blended together in different individuals. H. Legrandi (Cox). — Varies considerably in size, colour, and sharpness and density of striae. I have found some varieties pure white. Mr. Petterd from these considerations has reduced H. Eicei and H. Onslowi to varietal rank under this species. The following groups are also most variable in either size, colour, or sculpture : — Group 1. — H. Jungermanniae, H. sitiens, H. Luckmani, H. Hobarti, H. Morti, H. Furneauxensis. Group 2. — H. Halli, H. Spiceri, H. parvissima. Group 3. — H. Bischoffensis, H. limula, H. Otwayensis. Group 4— H. Nelsonensis, H. Dyeri. Group 5. — H. Kershawi, H. Gadensis. In the neighbourhood of Mount Bischoff H. antialba is generally of a brownish colour ; near Gad's Hill it is pure white. Bulimus Dufresni (Leach). — This shell is noted for its extreme range of variability in shape, size, markings, and pre- vailing colour. The longitudinal bands of colour are its most persistent feature, but these vary considerably. The Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods has written a most interesting paper, with special reference to the variability of this widely-distri- buted form. I think, however, that one of the variations of form figured by him is due to comparison between an immature and a fully-grown individual. In the young state the shell is more orbicular than in the mature stage. Com- parisons in general form should be made between shells which have not less than five whorls. Five and a half whorls indicate greatest development. These are the principal forms which are apt to puzzle the classifier in the absence of the necessary particulars as regards distribution and variability ; and the expression of the views recorded in this paper, whether they meet with general con- currence or not, will, I hope, be serviceable even to those who may still try to adhere to the original classification where its divisions are most arbitrary and perplexing. In regard to distribution I may state, as a general rule, that the most variable species are the most abundant, and appear to have the widest range in time and space. The following tables refer to the distribution of all the E 52 known forms of Tasmanian land shells, whicli are still retained by Mr. Petterd and myself as of specific value. As the south-western portion of the island has not yet been systematically investigated in any place, the absence of record from thence of wide-spread species may be taken as of no particular value. On another occasion I intend drawing the attention of members to the distribution and variability of the fresh-water shells of Tasmania. Shells widely distributed, and not confined to any par- ticular district (22) :— Helix derelicta, H. Hobarti, H. Legrandi, H. Morti, H. Marchianse, H. M'Donaldi, H. Nelsonensis, H. parvissima, H. pictilis, H. ruga, H. Sinclairi, H. Stephensi, H. subrugosa, H. Spiceri, H. Stanleyensis, H. Diemenensis, H. ccesus, H. Halli ; Bulimus Dufresni, B. Tasmanicus; Yitrina Verreauxi; Succinea australis. Shells hitherto found only in the N.E. district of Tasmania. —[Note.— The districts KE., K W., K, S., E., W., S.E., S.W., are determined by a meridian line drawn through Port Sorell (146 o) and 42© parallel of latitude.]— (8) :—H. Jungermannise, H. Launcestonensis, H. Lottah, H. Mathinna, H. Officeri, H. Roblini, H. Trucanini, H. Tamarensis. Shells hitherto found only in the S.E. district of Tasmania (12) : — Helix Bassi, H. Cura9oa, H. Gunni, H. Henryana, H. positura, H. Petterdi, H. pulchella, H. rotella, H. sitiens, H. TasmanisD, H. Vitrinaformis ; Succinea Legrandi. Shells hitherto found only in the N.W. district of Tasmania (12): — Helix antialba, H. Bischoffensis, H. Du Cani, H. Gadensis, H. Hamiltoni, H. Hookeriana, H. lamproides, H. Otwayensis, H. Savesi, H. Wynyardensis, H. Weldi; Vitrina iumosa. Shells hitherto found common to the two northern districts only (10) :— Helix Barrenensis, H. Dyeri, H, Furneauxensis, H. Kingi, H. Kershawi, H. lampra, H. limula, H. mimosa, H. plexus, H. pictilis. Shells hitherto found common to the two eastern districts only (4) : — Helix cellaria, H. Collissi, H. Luckmani, H. archi- tectonica. Shells hitherto found common to the two southern districts only (2). — Helix tranquilla, H. trajectura. 53 Shells only found hitherto in two districts, S.E. and N.W. : — Helix Fordei, H. questiosa, H. dispar. Shells reported from Tasmania but whose habitats are unknown : — Helix bisulcata, H. subangulata. Shells common to other countries (10) : — Helix cellaria (E.), H. Fordei (A.), H. Morti (A.), H. pictilis (A.), H. pulchella (E.), H. Otwayensis (A.) H. ruga (A,), H. Stanley- ensis (A.) ; Vitrina Verreauxi (A.) ; Succinea Australis (A.) [Note. — A. Australia, E. Europe.] Land shells discovered in a fossil state : — Miocene — Helix Tasmaniensis (Gr. B. Sowerby) — ^Yellow limestone, Hobart Town ; Helix Huxleyana, n.s. (mihi), ditto ; Helix Geilstonen sis, n.s. fmihi), ditto ; Helix Sinclairi (Pfr.), Helix Simsoniana, (mihi), ditto ,• Bulimus Gunni, (Gr. B. Sowerby), ditto ; Post Tertiary — Helix Diemeneusis, Helicidse sandstone, Bass Strait ; Helix Furneauxensis (Petterd) ditto ; Helix pictilis (Tate), ditto ; Helix Stanleyensis (Petterd), ditto ; Succinea Australis (Fer.), ditto; Vitrina Verreauxi (Pfr.), ditto. 54 THE CODLIN MOTH. By His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson. [Bead 12th May, 1879.] Some time ago I called the attention of the Society to the devastation created by the larvae of the codlin moth in the orchards in the Northern parts of the Colony. It has appeared in the orchards in the vicinity of Hobart Town during the last year to an extent that must alarm all those con- cerned in apple growing, and this is an extensive industry representing an export trade of not less than £40,000 a year. On the former occasion I pointed out something of the history and habits of the moth and its larv£e, but the all important question now is, how it can best be destroyed 1 After the moth has deposited an egg in the eye of the young apple, and it seldom deposits more than one egg in an apple, the egg hatches and the young creature eats its way through the tender skin of the apple at its eye, into the substance. The orchardist is not aware of its presence till he sees a dark spot on his apple, and then a hole from which the creature expels small grains of excrementitious matter which cover the orifice of the hole. It feeds on the pulp and attacks the pips, the most vital part of the apple, which then falls and the creature escapes through the orifice which it has made. Its exit is rapid, and many apples may be examined in the morning, which have fallen during the night, before one is found in which a grub remains. The apples from which it has escaped, may be recognised by the orifice of the hole being cleared from the little brown grains which close it, the grub having cleared them away in coming out of the , hole. The grub having thus passed through the luxurious period of its existence has now to consider the process of reproduction. It makes usually for the stem of the tree, and ascends till it finds a crevice in the bark ; it there eats its way between the outer and inner bark, and makes a smooth and rounded resting-place for itself. There it spends its time in lining the hole with a Aveb that it spins. It then become a chrysalis, and waits for the warmth of approaching summer, when the young moth comes forth, to repeat the process. The insect cannot be assailed when in the apple. Its destruction can, therefore, only be accomplished either in its moth state, or after it has left the apple. It is a night moth, and in England and America attacks the apples in June. Here we may assume that it does so probably in November, or early in December. The only known mode by which the moth can be destroyed is by lighting fires in the orchard, and in America the cuttings of the orchard are preserved to light fires for the purpose 55 on still midsummer evenings. Possibly lanthorns or lamps might be used with effect. But, under any circumstances, the moth is less assailable than the grub or chrysalis. Several modes have been adopted for this purpose. Bands of hay are tied round the trunk of the apple tree before the apples begin to fall, and when the grubs ascend the tree they are said to find these bands a congenial shelter in which to form their cocoons and hybernate. These bands are, during winter, carefully collected and burnt, thus destroying all larvae which may have taken up their abode in them. Another mode is by folding a strip of paper six or eight inches wide round the trunk of the tree, and then tying it tightly round with string at the upper part of the paper. The grub ascends the trunk, gets under the paper, and when it reaches the upper part where the string is tied round, its ascent is arrested, but it has a hiding place formed between the paper and the bark, and there rests and spins, and on removing the paper can be destroyed. There remains one other mode which I believe to be the most efiectual. The grub does not, as a rule, ascend higher than its necessities drive it. Most trees have the roughest bark, and con- sequently the best and least laboriously attained shelter for the grub near the ground. There most of the grubs are to be found on removing the rough pieces of bark. This is best done with a piece of iron hoop ; a knife is too sharp and is apt to cut the under bark of the tree. The trunk of the apple tree is their natural abode, and there in their chrysalis state they are most easily destroyed. The chrysalis will gradually fall with bark when rubbed off, and this should be burnt or dug deeply into the ground. The grub will, especially in crowded and overgrown gardens, occasionally go up other trees or even hybernate in crevices in the wood of fences, but if all those in their natural abodes in the apple trees were destroyed, much would be done, towards keeping under this scourge of the orchard. The grub is at present (May 10) spinning its web in its home in the apple bark, and it is much more likely to escape if it is disturbed now, than it' it is left till, becoming a chrysalis, it loses its powers of locomotion, and then has its home broken into by the careful gardener. In America, it appears, that the grub is not dreaded in young orchards, presumably because the bark of the tree is smooth and affords no shelter for the grub. The grub so skilfully excavates its nest and surrounds itself with a web, that it appears to me that it would be impossible by means of any ordinary external application of lime water or other liquid to destroy it. Slacked lime or flower of sulphur applied by bellows could not reach it in its secure and cunningly devised abode. The fumes of burning sulphur, if this could be confined round the trunk of the tree by some form of petticoat, would, no doubt, be as destructive to these creatures as it is to all animal life, but I am not aware that this has ever been tried. Apples which fall should be picked up as soon as possible, as the grub rapidly escapes, and they should be put into water, or other means should be taken to destroy the grub when it makes its exit from the apple. The moth deposits its eggs in others of the pyrus family as well as in the apple. It is, however, of little use for any one person to attempt to destroy the insect, unless his neighbours are 56 also equally determined in their exertions to suppress this pest. One careless and slovenly gardener will afford a breeding ground for this creature, whence its progeny will carry devastation into the orchards of his neighbours. Mr. F. Abbott, Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, said : — With reference to this moth I would offer a few remarks, with a view to disseminating information not readily accessible to many readers. The moth has been so long known that the details of its operations may be found in any work on gardening or horticulture, and it will not be necessary for me to repeat them here, but there are some points on which a difference of opinion exists, that it would be well to call attention to, with a view to having them cleared up. The first and most important is the belief held by many that there are more than one generation of the moth during the season ; the basis of any operations conducted for the suppression of this pest wUl be materially affected by the truth or otherwise of this statement. The following extract from Mackintosh's Book of the Garden, Vol. II. , p. 345, may assist in throwing some light on the subject. After describing the moth, he goes on'to state that it 'invariably selects the finest apple in which to lay its eggs, knowing instinctively that these will be most palatable to its future progeny. (In Tasmania the Golden Harvey is most affected). In favourable weather the little grubs are hatched in a few days, so that in May apples and pears may be found infested by them. At first the grub is white, with a black head and collar, and black slanting double dots which run in four rows from the head to the abdomen, it afterwards becomes more of a flesh colour, the head and collar turning brown, the dots grey and indistinct. It is fully grown in 3 or 4 weeks as its food never fails. It now leaves the fruit, whether it is hanging on the tree or has fallen off, and selects for itself a secure place on the stem of the tree to spin its cocoon and become a pupa. It usually chooses the rents and seams of the loose bark, hollows itself out a chamber, and spins a white web over itself, intermixing some of the loose bark with it. The little grub becomes a pupa immediately in the web, and in a few days the moth comes out, which shortly afterwards pairs and deposits eggs on the fruit. In this way in July and August and partly in September, much sound fruit will again be pierced and infested with the caterpillar of this moth, which are then numerous in proportion to the number of eggs of the first generation which were laid and hatched in May. In the year 1822 which was warm and dry, more than the half, particularly of the choice fruit was grub eaten, and moths were still seen laying their eggs till the end of September. Fortunately the caterpillars which are so late in laying their eggs seldom arrive at maturity, as the fruit is taken off the tree at that time." If the above extract states the case correctly it unquestionably shows that there is more than one generation of the moth during the season. The following from Johnson's Gardener, Vol. III., p. 103, Book II. — "Apples" — in part bears out the statement as it shows that in some cases if not in all the larvse remains in the pupa state for a short time only. After 67 describing the moth, its transformation and ravages, and declaring an experiment where the larvae had gone through its various transformations while confined in a box. The author goes on to state, that, ' Our specimens did not appear in the winged state until July of the following year ; but Reaumus says that they assumed the perfect state on the 15th of August, having been only a month from the time of their quitting the apples. ' With a view of setting this point at rest it is very desirable that all having an interest in tlie matter should conduct experiments and make observation on it during the coming season, as it is only by united action that any definite conclusion can be arrived at. Althouo-h the presence of this Moth in the southern parts of the Island "is of recent date, it has been in the northern for more than 20 years. Its prevalence in Hobart Town is attributed by many to some infected plums which were received from the North a few years ago. If this is really a fact it is a curious one, for I am not aware that the codlin moth is known to attack plums in England or America ; there is, in both countries, a special moth, Tortrex or Carpocapsa nigricana which attacks plums to a serious extent, eating nearly into the stones, and causing the plums to fall prematurely. Whether it is possible that the two are present in Tasmania, and are confounded together in our orchards I am not prepared to say. It is a point that can only be satisfactorily determined by securing some of the infected plums next season, and confining the larvae till the moth appears, when it would be easy to determine to what species it belongs. Perhaps the information that would be most acceptable just now, to the majority of readers would be such as would enable them to subdue or check the spread of the moth. I am conscious of being unable to suggest anything new on this head, and can only repeat such as are well known to most cultivators. Perhaps the most effectual is that of attacking the larvae in their homes ; this may be done in the winter months, by thoroughly scraping (with some blunt instrument, such as a ship's deck scraper) all the loose bark and effete matter from the trees ; this should be thoroughly done, using actual force in some cases to tear oft' the old bark, when this has been done the loose bark should be collected and burnt to make sure of destroying the larvae. The tree should then be dressed, on such parts of it having cracks or fissures, with some mixture that will set sufticiently hard to prevent any larvae that may have escaped from obtaining an exit. There are many mixtures that may suggest themselves, but perhaps the following is as good as any: — Mix powdered dry clay with sufiicient coal tar to form a thick paint, and work this mixture well into all cracks or crevices with a painters' brush. If this operation is properly performed there will be very few larvae on the trees that will escape. A method commonly adopted in the spring or early summer months for destroying the moths is that of suspending lanterns in various parts of the garden with a view of decoying the moths. The lanterns should be smeared with some glutinous substance such as linseed oil, or have a saucer of the same suspended beneath them.. In England and Wales lanterns for this purpose are often constructed by tying a few willow or other twigs into a frame 58 resembling in shape a Chinese lantern, placing a piece of clay in the angle of the willows just above the bottom ties in which to stick a piece of candle ; the frame is then surrounded by a sheet of cartridge paper which is kept smeared with oil during the season the lanterns are in use ; the moths attracted by the glare become immersed in the oil, and are thus destroyed. A third well-known method is that of gathering up without delay the fallen apples and scalding or otherwise destroying any larvae they may contain. This method to be of any use, should be persevered in at very short intervals, as the grub, if indeed he has not already done so, quits the apple almost simultaneously with its fall, and if any delay takes place the operation will be futile. Although it is generally supposed that the larvoe select the stem of the tree on which to secrete itself and become a pupas, yet this is by no means essential, they will crawl into any crevices affording the requisite amount of shelter, and thus old fences and pools are often thickly studded with them. I have with me a portion of an old post cut recently from the fence of a garden in town, in which several larvae may be plainly seen and such places should not be lost sight of when steps are being taken to destroy and lessen the evil. In America various kinds of collar are placed round the base of the trees with the view of intercepting the caterpillar when in search of a safe resting place, sometimes a simple hay band is used, the object in every case being to encourage the larvse to locate itself within the collar where it can easily be destroyed. 59 ON SOME TASMANIAN TBOCHIDjE. By the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., Corr. Mem. Eoy. Soc. Tas., KS.W., Yict., and N. Z. Inste. [Bead 12th August, 1879.] In tlie Proceedings for 1877 this Society did me the honor to publish in its pages a Census of the Marine Shells of the Tasmanian coasts. In that list I discussed some of the claims of certain species, but a great many questions con- nected with the classification I was obliged to leave untouched. I now propose to deal with the names of some of the Trocliidce, and the validity of certain genera as regards those Tasmanian species which are included in them. It will be observed that in many cases I have remarked in the Census that I did not consider certain genera as very reliable. I do not know any family to which this is so applicable as to the TrochidcB, and for the present I shall confine my remarks to them. The family of Trochidce, as defined by Messrs. H. and A. Adams, and whose divisions I shall follow, is meant to include animals with an elongate tongue, median teeth broad, laterals five, denticulated ; uncini very numerous, slender with hooked points ; head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, somewhat ciHated ; eyes on free peduncles on their outer base, two more or less developed head-lobes between the tentacles, gill single, long, linear. Sides of the foot with a large neck-lappet near the eye peduncle, continuous with a conspicuous side membrane bearing on its free margin, from three to five tapering filaments. Operculigenous lobe often ornamented with cirrhi. Operculum horny, spiral, with a solid convex calcareous coat, which is rarely wanting. Shell pyramidal, turbinate or em-shaped. Aperture pearly within. I subjoin the remarks of Messrs. Adams, which have a special interest and value to all who observe the habits of the animal. They say that the Trochoid scutibranches embrace an extensive series of herbivorous littoral mollusca characterised by the fringe lobes and tentacular cirrhi of the head and sides, their pedunculated eyes, and by the pearly nature of their shells, which exhibit a brilliant color when the periostraca and outer coat are removed. They are invariably marine, feeding among the seaweeds which abound along the shore, and are distributed universally over 60 all parts of the globe, being most numerous, of larger growth, and more beautiful color in tropical seas. The shells of the Trochidce, though formed on one type, assume a great variety of contour and sculpture, being turbinate and provided with stony opercula in some (PJiasianella) , cancellated and discoidal with horny calcareous opercula, in Liotia conical or pyramidal with horny multispiral opercula in Trochinse, with the opercula uniting in Stomatellince, which section gradually leads to the Haliotidce, in which the branchial plumes are symmetrical, the muscle of attachment is central, and the mouth is fissured in front. Sub-family Eutropin^. — This family is erected for one genus of which our PJiasianella is the type. Messrs. Adams insist on giving the name of Eutropia, because that was the one first applied by Humphrey. In answer to this it must be noticed that Humphrey is not entitled to priority, as he published no definition of his genus. Secondly, Lamarck's name is generally received and adopted by conchologists and by geologists. It is not at all likely that the latter would ever consent to the change, and Continental naturalists have refused to receive it. Confusion, therefore, would only result from following Messrs. Adams or Mr. G. F. Angas in this matter. The second sub-family is Turhinincs, including turbinate shells with the last whorl ventricose, aperture sub-circular, inner lip smooth and simple. Operculum horny, with a solid, convex, calcareous coat. Genus Turho, Linnaeus. — This is one of the oldest genera, dating back as far or as early as Eondel (Universse aquatilium historise, pars altera II., Lyons 1554), but has undergone so many changes and revisions that even the definition of Linne in his revision of the genus he first made would no longer apply to it. It is restricted by Messrs. Adams to those turbinate shells with a smooth or granular operculum, but without spiral ridges. Senectus and Lunella are made into separate genera, together with Ninella. The first is distinguished by the variegated colors and ribbed whorls. It is a genus of Humphreys, which is adopted by Swainson, and is said to be the equivalent of Bol ten's Lunatlca (Museum Boltenianum ? 1798*) and Schumacher's Batillus. Chenu only admits it as a sub- genus, and as such only I think it should be retained in our only species (T. Senectus) circularis, Eeeve. Lunella is a genus of Bolten's. Messrs. Adams include our Turho undulatus Chemnitz in this genus, but it has a *A second edition of this work by J. Noodt was published in Hamburr 1819, with two plates. 61 smooth operculum. If the species is what Messrs. Adams consider a true Lunella it is at best only a sub- genus like Senectus, according to Chenu. Ninella is a genus proposed by Gray in 1850, for two species especially distinguished by two spiral raised ribs on the operculum. It does not seem admissible to found a genus on the shape of the operculum alone, and this one would if admitted be found very inconvenient. The other features referred to by Messrs. Adams would be included in several genera. We have amongst the two enumerated Turbo straminea, but only very rarely seen upon the north coast. Our next genus is Carinidea, which was proposed by W. Swainson as a sub-division of Canthorhis. He thus defines it : — " Imperforate, spire pyramidal, acute, basal whorl con- cave beneath, carinated round its circumference, aperture oval entire, slightly angular at the base of the pillar, which turns inwards." Chenu in his " Manual " gives quite another definition, making it a sub-genus of Polydonta. By some it has been identified with Uvanilla, a genus of G-ray's (Sys. Arr. Moll., p. 144) ; but Gray distinctly says shell top- shaped, imperforate with marginal spines. The mistake may have arisen from the fact that Gray included in his genus Lamarck's Trochus fimhriatus (Animal, s. vert., vol. IX. p. 125.) But Swainson gave his name quite independently for what he considered a new species (Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tas., vol. Ill, p. 39.) Lamarck's definition is T. testa orhiculato-conica, longitudinaliter obsolete costulata, transversim striata, albido lucescente ; anfractibus margine crenulato-fimbriatis, inferne facie planulata, imperforata. He adds that it was from the seas of New Holland. Its fringes or borders {franges) are short, and, as it were, spotted with yellow. Diameter of the base, 13 lines. This description nearly corresponds with Swainson' s shell, and who says he had never met with it before. He had doubtless seen Lamarck's types in Paris, because the copy of the work from which I have taken this description is the very one Swainson had with him in Tasmania, now in the museum library, Sydney, and which is full of his manuscript notes on Lamarck's species.* More- over, Swainson says it was destitute of color or any distinct markings. The shells must be very near each other, and it is a strange coincidence that Swainson gave the same name. His figure is not a very good one, but recognizable. He *Lamarck's private collection became, at his death, the property of Prince Massena, who sold them to Baron Delessert. They formed part of his celebrated museum, of which M. Chenu, the learned conchologist, was the curator. All the types are labelled in Lamarck's handwriting. 62 says : — Shell higher than broad, marked with narrow, uniform longitudinal ribs, crossed by delicate imbricated striae, suture dilated into a thin, prominent, undulated fringe, plaited into large and regular folds ; shell about one and a quarter inches broad, and one inch high, of a uniform fibrous white or bright fawn color, destitute, like the other species of this grouj), of any bright colors or distinct markings. The transverse strise on the upper surface are slender, very irregular, or rather undulated, imbricated by lines of growth, which are very near each other ; equally irregular are the striae on the under surface of the body whorl occupied by the fringe, but the centre ones are 5 or 6 in number, regular and concentric ; umbilicus concave, but quite closed ; the plaitings of the sutural fringe only half as many as the longitudinal ridges. With this genus must be associated Carinidce aurea^ Jonas, who places the species in Oken's genus of Labio. Messrs. Adams place the same shell in Eisso's genus Bolma. It cannot be Lahio, which has a tubercle on the columella, while the general habit is that of our TrocliococMea. Neither can it be placed with Bolma, whose type is Trochus rugosuSy Linn,* and whose whorls are rounded, and the inner lip with a thick callosity. The proper position is surely with G. fim- hriata, where Swainson placed it, and where he figured and described it anew under the name of C. granulata (loc. cit). Astele is a genus erected by Swainson as remarked in my " Census," and. for which A. Adams subsequently proposed the name of Eutrochtis. It is a conical trochus with a wide perspective umbilicus. Sub-family Liotiance. Operculum horny, with an external calcareous coat, formed of separate pearl-like shelly particles, placed in spiral lines ; shell more or less discoidal, whorls sulcate or cancellate, aperture orbicular, scarcely pearly within. LiOTiA is a genus proposed by Gray, with the characters of the sub-family, but the whorls are never spiny, and have an expanded entire border round the mouth. The division is an exceedingly good one, but I think that in the young states some which rightly belong to it have been included in Cyclostrema, and this may apply to some of the species described by me. Mr. Petterd writes to me to say that he thinks that my Liotia incerta (see Proc. 1876) is an unde- veloped form of Carinidea Tasmanica.f I have not b^en able to examine the type specimen, which, however, Mr. *See Eisso Hist. Nat dea principales produc de 1' Europe, merid. Paris* 1826, 4 vols., Chiaje's Poli, 3 pi. 52, fig. 45. t Which I now regard as the young of C. aurea. 63 Legrand has re-examined for me, and gives it as his opinion that it is a decided species of Liotia. Cyclostrema, Marryat. *Messrs. Adams restrict the genus to non-nacreous shells, with an acute entire aperture, otherwise like Liotia. The type species is cancellate, though many are smooth. Adeorbis, Searlcs Wood, 1842 (Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. IX., p. 530). The principal difference between this genus and the last, according to Messrs. Adams, is in the non-discoid trochiform shape, and the non-continuous labrum. Sub-family, Umhonihice. — Operculum horny, thin, of many whorls, gradually enlarging, outer edge finely ciliated ; shell orbicular, depressed porcellanous, the umbilical region often callous. Umbonium, Link, 1807 (Beschr. Eost. Samml. 3, p. 136.) Thus Hermanssen, who regards this genus as synonymous with Schumacher's (not Sowerby's) Globulus^ which has a host of other names, dating back as far as Klein. The shell I described as Ethalia tasmanica, should certainly be an JJmhonium. Sub-family — TrocJiince. Operculum horny, of numerous narrow whorls, nucleus central shell. Conoidal or pyramidal, last whorl more or less angular at periphery, usually fiat beneath, aperture transverse, wider than long. The genus TrocJius, as restricted by Messrs. Adams, would not include any Tasmanian form. I formerly placed two species in this division, which I shall now for reasons to be stated further on, arrange with Trocliocochlea. Clanculus. — A genus of Montfort (Conch, system, vol. II., p. 190.) synonymous with Fragella, Swainson, Clangulus, Blainville, and Otavia Risso. It is a very good genus, and as restricted by Messrs. Adams, is perfectly recognizable. The shell is solid, turbinate, granular, last whorl rounded, aperture thick and both lips have conspicuous teeth, often many. It is well represented in Tasmania. EucHELUs. — Philippi. Zeitschr. f. Malak. Feb., 1847, p. 20 (from G-r. eu well xvH a pier, whatever that may ^Messrs. Adams spell the name Marryatt, and give no reference. On referring to Dr. Hermannsen's Indicis Genera Malacoz, I find the following reference : — "Marryat teste Montague, 1817, Trans. Linn. Soc, XL, p. 194." He adds that he had not verified the reference, but took it from Fleming. He also adds : — " 1818, Trans. Linn. Soc, XII sec, Agass." I don't understand the meaning of this last, but the true reference is : — " F. Marryat, descript. of two new shells, 3Iitm zonata and Cyclostrema cancel- lata, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. XII., p. 338." I presume that Hermannsen took his second reference from Agassiz's, ISTomenclator. 64 signify). These shells are usually umbilicate (the Australian specimens almost obsoletely) the whorls round with deep spiral sulcations and granular keels. The throat is also grooved, there is a tooth on the columella. Operculum ovate, of comparatively few whorls. All the Tasmanian species are well marked. DiLOMA. — Philippi, (Abbild. u. Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekannter Conchy lien, Cassel vol. 1. Heft., 8 p. 188. Figures and descriptions of new or little known shells). This was only intended as a subgenus by its author, but Messrs. Adams have given it generic value. The distinction is, that the columellar margin does not extend to the outer edge of the labrum, but forms an elevated border or second lip within and parallel to it. But I maintain that this dis- tinction is not of any importance and is shown in many differ- ent genera, especially in TrocJwcochlea, Chloro stoma, Chry- sostoma. There is nothing in fact to separate the species from Adams' TrochococJilea, and I cannot see even a single feature on which a division would rest. It is said that the common Australian and Tasmanian species, D. odontis, Wood, is a smooth shell, but Adams' definition of TrocJwcocJilea is made to include smooth forms. Besides, in this T. odontis varies. Few can be found without distinct spiral grooves, and there is every gradation to a regular carinate form. Biloma ingerrima Chemnitz (the type of the genus ?) might easily pass as a small variety of B. odontis, and the same may be said of B. cetJiiops. Gmelin.* Both are from New Zea- land. I am of opinion that the names should stand Trocho- cochlea odontis, and T. cethiops. The ojDercula of all the Trochocochlea have a peculiar silvery margin which is very characteristic, in this and in the animal T. odontis exactly corresponds with the genus. Thalotia.— Gray, 1840 (Synopsis Brit. Mus. Ed. 1842, p. 57, 89, Etymolog. OawSs Wreath ovs ear. Ita. Her- mannsen, who had taken the quotation secondhand from Agas- siz, viz.. Gray himself refers in Guide to Sys. Dist. Moll, to Adams' Genera, showing that he adopts their definition.) The shells of this genus are elongately conoidal, with quadrangu- lar apertures. Columella, straight truncated, tubercular, whorls transversely grooved and granular. It is a well marked Australasian form. ZiziPHiNus. — Gray 1840 ( loc. cit., but Messrs Adams give Leach as the author, which is probably the case, as Gray suc- * I think that a variety of D. cethiops, has been mistaken for Trochus ni(/errmus of S. America, and this is Von Marten's opinion. 65 ceeded Leacli in tlie Britisli Museum, and publislied many of Ms predecessor's genera with, due acknowledgment.) Shell nearly always conical, last whorl angular, no umbilicus, columella simple, aperture C[uadrate. I do not see how these shells can be distinguished from Thalotia except by the more elongate form of the latter. The animals of Thalotia have not been examined. In Zizijpliinus the branchial plume is acutely pointed in front, long, tapering like a leaf, and com- posed of one or more rows of short close-set strands. The male organ is a nan-ow white, tough, gently arcuate and subulate fila- ment lining or attached from base to point to one side of the branchial leaf. The orifice of the ovary is placed below the rectum. Eadula central, laminaceous, lanceolate, three parts of the base oval, suddenly wider) tip recurved, sharp, serru- lated on both sides ; lateral teeth on each side five, imbri- cated, and shaped like the half of the central one, the last somewhat different in shape, lateral series of teeth, 60 and upwards on each side, the first by far the stoutest, the base dilated behind, the hook toothed below with tubercles, the remaining teeth slender, with a compressed hook pointed ; in the inner one, toothed below, serrulated on both, sides ; in the middle ones, pectinated on each side ; in the last, obsolete, scape slender, simple, furnished before the base with an external, spur-shaped ; lingual membrane long, linear, transparent (curled ?) Gray, loc. cit. Elenchus, Humphrey, 1797 (Museum Calonnianum, Specification of the various articles which compose the mag- nificent museum of natural histoiy collected by M. de Colonne in France. Anonymous, but known to be by Geo. Humphrey, F.L.S.), see Swainson's " Shells and Shell-fish," p. 15. We must accept Swainson as the real author of this genus, as he was the first to define it. It is called Eleuchus and Heleuchus, see Hermannsen, vol. I, p. 416. Swainson says loc. cit., p. 219. These splendid shells, although mostly of a small size, have a brilliancy in the emerald green of their apertures, which is perfectly unrivalled in this family; the basal whorl is convex ; the spire is also produced ; the base of the pillar in some forms an angle, and in others a small but very distinct tooth. The exterior is always smooth. " This beautiful group," he adds in a note, " was well known to Humphrey, whose name imposed near 40 years ago (Swainson was writing in 1835) we have of course retained instead of some others recently given by the French nomen- clators." The group is well defined geographically as well as naturally, for the species are all Australasian, and more common on the south than on the east or west coasts. 66 Bankivia, Beck, 1848 (Krauss, Sudafr. Moll.)* The retention of this shell (for there is only one very variable species) in a distinct genus from Elenchus is hardly desirable. Messrs. Adams rely on the twisted columella, and the non-nacreous shell ; but the shell is nacreous, though only faintly perceptible, and the nacre has a rosy tint. Tegchocochlea, Klein, 1753 (Tentamen methodi ostraco- logica 4 B., p. 43). I have given a notice of the genus in the Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. 2, p. 89. I do not think that Klein should have the credit of this genus, as Messrs. Adams' definition in no way agrees with his, which would include nearly all our Trocliidce. The following is Klein's definition : — TrocJio-cochlea est cochlea jper modum troclii, conice turhinata sed in ultima sjpira ventricosa, os laterale deducens nee cochlea sine magna inclinatione qneat inniti. Wheel- shell — a shell which is like a wheel, turbinately conical, but in the lower part of the spire ventricose, causing a lateral mouth, so that the shell cannot stand without being greatly inclined. This definition would apply to one-fourth the known univalves, and cannot be said to apply to one more than another of our Australian turbinated genera.f The authors of the " Genera" give a good many synonyms, but only some of them, or perhaps none of them, agree with their definition. Take, for instance, Gray's (not Oken's) Lahio. In this the axis is perforate. The fact is the name — a very awkward name — is Klein's, and the genus is that of Messrs.* Adams. They define it thus : — " Shell solid, conoidal, imperforate in the adult, whorls smooth, or transversely Urate, the last rounded at the periphery aperture nearly rhomboidal, columella thick and rounded, ending anteriorly in a slightly prominent tubercle." Limited thus, I think the genus is a good one for Australian forms. MoNiLEA, Swainson, 1840 (Shells and Shell-fish, part 2, p. 352) " umbilicus deep and wide, but the edges quite smooth, with a thickened half margin formed by the inner lip, which terminates abruptly." In this genus the umbilicus is furnished with a thick spiral callus dilated anteriorly where it joins the excavated columella, and with another striated spiral callus more external, which ends anteriorly in a pointed tooth. The Australian species seem *So Carpenter in Maz-shells. I have not Ivi'auss' work by me now to refer to for Beck's definition. tThe whole system of Klein is curiously clumsy, and often leads to two or three appellatives. I regret not being able here to give a more lengthened notice of its peculiarities. 67 to me to como very near to Astele, but the form is more turbinate. GiBBULA, Risso, 1826 (Hist. Nat., vol. iv., p. 136.) The species are numerous, and are found, says Messrs. Adams, in every part of the world. The gibbosity of the whorls, the perforated axis, and simple terminatiou of the columella characterise the genus. MiNOLiA, A. Adams, 1860 (Annals of Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 3 ser., p. 336, November, 1860.) As this genus is little known I append the definition and remarks. Shell globosely conoidal, widely and deeply umbilicate, whorls rounded latticed, suture channelled, last whorl almost detached, aperture entire, lip thin, acute. Minolia is very like Torinia in form and sculpture, but the aperture is pearly within. It also resembles in form some southern species of Margarita, but the texture marking and sculpture of the shell are different. In sculpture it also resembles the species of Euchelus, especially the sub-genus Perrinia, which was dredged from deep water in the same locality. The shell was named from the little island of Mino-sima,'^r]ear Niphon, in the Japanese Archipelago, off which it was obtained. This genus is another modification of the hollow spiral cone of the trochoid family. The whorls are somewhat loosely rolled upon themselves, which causes the sutures to be very deep, and the last whorl to be almost disunited at the peritreme. Half a dozen species are known in Australian waters, but it seems very difficult to separate them from Cyclostrema. Sub-family, Stomaiellince. Foot very thick and fleshy, developed posteriorly ; operculum wanting, or thin, homy, ovate, of few rapidly increasing whorls; shell more or less ear-shaped, of few whorls ; aperture very wide. Stomatella, Lamarck, 1809, Phil. Zool. This genus is distinguished by the possession of an operculum, with an orbicular shell spirally grooved ; spire conical ; whorls round. Gena, Gray, 1840 (Synop. Brit. Mus.) This is distin- guished from the preceding by the oblong elongate form, ear-shaped sub-spiral aperture longer than wide, spire obsolete, surface coloured, aud granular. The radula of Gena is linear, transparent, rather dilated in front. Teeth, 00.5.1.5.00, in rather an arched series ; central narrow elongate, contracted very narrow in upper j^art ; apex small, triangular, reflexed denticulate on the edge ; inner F 68 lateral teeth 5.5., linear, elongate, placed obliquely ; apex small, triangular, reflexed, denticulate on tlie edge ; outer lateral teetli very numerous, hair-like, curved at the end. G-ray, loc. cit. The sub-family of 8tomatellince is very sparingly repre- sented in Australia. Having gone through the whole of the genera of Trochidse as far as they are known to mc in Tasmania, I append a list of how the species enumerated in the census should be arranged. Family Trochid^, Sub-family Eutropin^. Phasianella irito7its, Chem. P. sanguinea^ Eeeve. P. Angasty Crosse. P. rosea, An gas. P. delicatula, nobis. Sub-family Turbinin^. Turbo imdulatiis, Chem. T. (Seiiectus) ciradaiis, Reeve. T. cucculata, nobis. T. straminea, Marty n. Carinidea fimbriafa, Lam. or Sw. C aiirea, Jonas. Astele siibcarinattis, Swaiusou. Sub-family LioTiiNit<]. Liotia iasinanica, nobis. L. annulata, nobis. L. incerta, nobis. L. discoidea, Eeeve. L. australis, Kiener. L. Angasi, Crosse. Cyclostreina Kingii, Brazier. C. Josephi, nobis. C. niicra, nobis, C. Weldii, nobis. C. Susom's, nobis. C. spinosa, nobis. C. immacidata, nobis. Adeorbis picfa, nobis. Sub-family Umboniin^\ ■ Umboniiim iasmaiiiciim, nobiszEthalia t 69 Sub-family TuocHiNiF]. Claiiciilus 7ioduIosus, A. ildaias. C. Aloysii^ nobis. C. PhiloiiwicB^ nobis. C. DominicaiicE^ nobis. ■ C. Raphaeli, nobis. C. Afigeli, nobis. C. conspers7is, A. Adams. C. rube7is, A. Adams. C. undatus, Lam. C. Maugiri, Adams. C. vartegatiis, A. Adams. C. gibbosjis, A. Adams. C. nodo-liratus, A. Adams. Eiicheliis canaliadatus, Lam. -£■. tasniamciis, nobis. JE. scabriusculus, Ad. and Angas. Thalotia conica^ Gray. T. picfa, Wood. T. MaricB, nobis. T. dolorosa, nobis. ZizipJwms gra?iulatus, Born. Z. ar mi Hat us, Wood. Z. fragurn, Philippi. Z. ificertiis, Reeve. Ele7icJms badius, Wood. E. bellulus, Dunker. E. irisodontes, Qnoy. E. nitidulus, Phil. Knst. Bankivia varians, Beck. Trochocochlea australis, Favanne. 7! coftstricia, Lam. T. tcBfttata, Quoy. Query— Yar. of above? T. odontis, Wood=Diloma odontis. T. compta, nobis, M.S. Stojnatella imbricata, Lam. Gefia sfrigosa, A. Adams. All tbe species enumerated in the " Census " and not occurring in the list, I have discarded as varieties, or identical with species already named. Note. — I beg to correct in this place some of the names of other genera and species contained in the Census. Siplionalia castanea, nobis, is probably a worn and dead 70 form of TropJion Brazieri, nobis. S{pho7ialia imlclira^ nobis, is an immature state of ClatJmrella philomence, nobis. In describing Bissoa (Setia) sieiince, it should have been added that this shell had been previously described as Asshninea tasmanica, nobis. Gibhula miilticarinato/=^Glancidus nodo-liratiis, Angas, an immature specimen. Fossarus tasmaniciis, nobis — a young state of Euchelus tasmanicus. Conus Macleayana, nobis, is probably a variety of (7. rutila, differing in color and twice as large as the S. A. specimens. I have to thank Mr. W. F. Petterd and W. Legrand, for having carefully gone over the whole of the type specimens for me to ascertain the above corrections. In the description of several hundred species there must surely be other alterations and amendments to make, but this, I fear, must be left to other hands. I should mention also that Mr. Petterd considers that Aiiricula Dyeriana, nohis= Cassidula zonata, H. and A. Adams, also that Murex zonata, nobis, is only a small and peculiar variety of Murcx triformis. In these opinions I cannot at present concur. 71 NOTES ON BYTHINELLA, Etc. By the Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. CoE. Mem. E. Soc. Tas., and President of the Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales. Last year I reviewed in the proceedings of this Society the synonomy of the genus BytJmiella as far as it is represented by the small freshwater shells of our streams. Since then I have had my attention drawn by Prof. Tate to a species described by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard, which from the figures and diagnosis I make no doubt belong to the genus, and probably a subsequently described species ; have also had an opportunity of seeing Mr. J. Brazier's type specimens of his Amnicola Petterdiana, in which I can see no differences to distinguish it from the shell already described. I was not able to examine this type specimen before, as Mr. Brazier had left Sydney, and his collection was packed away. In conse- quence of this I was obliged to omit any reference to the species in my last paper. The diagnosis of Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard is as follows: Paludina nigra. Q. and G. Voyage de I'Australe, vol. 3, p. 174, plate 58, figs. 9, 12. P. t. minima, ovato-turrita, nigra; anfractihiis quaternis obliguis, convexis, sj>ira obtusa, apertura, suhcirculari, jjrominente. (Shell minute, ovately turretted, black, whorls four, oblique, convex, spire obtuse, aperture subcircular, prominent). The last whorl equalling all the others. Umbilicus scarcely visible. Black when alive, brownish by dessicatiou. Foot oval, muzzle prominent, cordiform, extended beyond the foot, tentacles long, obtuse, eyes at the base, animal all black except the underside of the foot, which is whitish. Operculum membranaceous. Inhabits the small freshwater streams of D'Entrecasteaux Channel. They add that it cannot be the young of any species, as they found it in such numbers and all of the same size. I make no doubt that from both the habitat and description, that this is our common Bythinella, which has therefore the following synonomy : Bythinella nigra. Quoy and Gaimard, loc. cit. Paludes- trina Wisemaniana ; Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 72 698 ; Paludestrina Legrandiana, Brazier, loc. cit. p. 699 ; Amnicola Petterdiana, Braz. Proc. Linn. Soc. N". S. Wales, vol. 1, p. 19 ; Bythinia Legrandi, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1875, j^. 76 ; Bythinia imicarinula, nobis, loc. cit. p. 71 ; Bythinella Legrandiana, nob. op. cit. 1878 ; BytJdnella nigral nob. loc. cit ; Bythinia unicarinata, Johnston, op. cit. Marcb, 1878; Bythinella Legrandiana, Johnston, loc. cit; Paludestrina Legrandiana, Johnston, loc. cit. ; Bythinia Tasmania, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1865, p. 7*7 ; Bythinella Tasmania, Johnston, op. cit. March, 1878. I have also to amend the diagnosis of Tatea Huonensis, nobis. Animal with a broadly ovate foot, truncate nnder the head, with lateral sinuses ; muzzle reddish brown with color- less lip ; tentacles long subulate, colorless, encircled with brown near the tip. Operculum subcalcareous, j)auci-spiral, with a vertical submarginal claw. With regard to the genus Amnicola, I have already given my reasons for regarding this as a purely American type. Its history is this : in 1840 Messrs. A. A. Gould and Halde- man in their supplement to a monograph of the Limniadcs cited the genus in these terms : — Head j^roboscidiform, shell like Paludina, operculum corneous and subspiral. No species was taken as a type. Dr. Gould in his work on the Inverte- brata of Massachusetts subsequently defined the genus and took as a type the Paludince of few whorls. Mr. Stimpson published an essay on Hydrobinse in 1865, and at p. 13 gave a figure of the operculum of American Amnicolas, showing that they possess peculiarities of structure which are found in American freshwater shells only. Mons. P. Fischer, in the Jour, de Conchyl. for 1878, vol. 18, p. 135, considers that the genus must be entirely restricted to American species, and in this opinion he is, I believe, followed by most con- chologists. 73 THE WILD OK CANADIA:M EICE, ZIZANIA AQUATICA. By F. x\bbott, Jun. [Eead August 12, 1^79.] With reference to this plant, a liberal suppl}^ of the seeds of which was received from the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, United States of America, about a month ago, I would offer the following notes with a view of pointing out the desirability of endeavouring to acclimatise the plant in Tasmania. The plant is one that would be of great value if introduced in sufficient quantity to become acclimatised in our Lake districts, which are peculiarly suited to its requirements. It not only supplies a great amount of sustenance to water fowl of all kinds, but is a valuable food plant, and affords excellent fodder for cattle. It has also of late years come into repute as an excellent paper making material. The plant is one that has been known for many years but has not been successfully acclimatised anywhere that I am aware of, and indeed it would not appear that any great efforts have been made for its acclimatisation. It has been from time to time introduced into England, and various botanical gardens in Europe, but does not appear to have escaped from cultivation in such places, and has usually been lost sight of in a few years time. The -late Sii- Joseph Banks introduced the plant many years ago, and it reproduced itself in a lake on his estate for several years in succession, but finally was lost sight of during some extensive: alterations to the property. Last year it was reported in the Gardeners' Chronicle as being under cultivation at the Royal Gardens, Kew, in London, raised from seeds introduced in a damp state, but as yet it has not escaped from house cultures. There is great difficulty in getting the seeds to germinate when introduced in a dry state, and it is recommended to have them sent in damp clay, when germination is almost a certainty. The seed just received is to all appearance fresh, and as a considerable portion of it has been sown at the Gardens, and the remainder kept immersed for distribution to any persons having suitable opportunities to give it a fair trial, a short time will suffice to prove whether any of it has retained its germinating power. The following description of the plant is taken from the columns 74 of the Gardeners* Chronicle, more especially the volume for 1874 : — Zizania aquatica is common to the North American Continent, in the lakes, swamps, ponds, and shallow streams of which all over the country it produces an incredible amount of herbage. The pertinacity with which immense flocks of wild fowl haunt the localities where this plant grows naturally, is well known, and whenever the plant gets destroyed from any cause, the game diminishes as a consequence. The plant grows in vast beds in still waters, having a depth of from 3 to 8 feet, and a deposit of mud or sand, in which the plant luxuriates. Where there is little current, these beds cover a vast area. When the rice begins to show the tender green - blades above the water, the lakes seem to be studded with low verdant islands. The plant usually grows 7 or 8 feet high, but sometimes as much as 10 or 12 feet, the leaves attaining a length of 10 or 12 feet. It has a panicle with female flowers above and male below. In the month of September in Canada the grains are fully ripe ; they are so loosely enclosed between the bearded husks that they fall out at the slightest puff" of wind, and the harvest can only be continued for a few days after the maturity of the crop. The stalk and the branches or ears that have the seed resemble oats both in appearance and manner ot growth ; the stalk being full of joints and rising from two to four feet above the water, and oftentimes much more. The squaws collect the seed by paddling through the rice-beds with a stick in one hand and a covered paddle in the other, striking the heads down into the canoe, into which the ripe grain falls. In this manner an Indian squaw will collect from five to ten bushels per day. After gathering, it is dried in the sun or over slow fires by the Indians, and forms their principal winter support. It is considered by many to be superior in taste, being much sweeter and far more nutritious than ordinary rice. When boiled, and left to cool, it forms a consistent mass, like good wheat bread. It is very palatable boiled as ordinary rice, but the outer skin being dark coloured it is not so inviting in appearance as Carolina rice. In addition to the ordinary way of cooking it, it is also parched by being heated in pots over slow fires until it bursts and shows the white flowery part within the dark skin ; thus prepared it is used in soups and is also eaten by the Indians when on long journeys. The grain itself is an article of commerce in Canada where it is sold in the stores at about 10s. per bushel. In addition to the value of the plant as a food producer, it has comparatively recently been discovered to be a first rate material for the manu* facture of white paper, especially the kinds for newspapers, books, 75 and printing purposes generally. It is quite equal to any prepared from Esparto grass or rags, and has the merit of receiving a very clear impression from the printer. Owing to the freight upon the raw material being charged upon the space occupied and not on the weight, the expense of carriage is so high as to bu almost prohibitive. One ton of Zizania straw occupies about 6 tons of space, so that commercially regarded Zizania in a raw state is too bulky for importation with a view to profit. To get over this difiiculty a company was started in Canada (1874) for the purpose of reducing the material to '' half -stuff " in which state it can be exported to England at a profit to both the company and the manufacturer. The company has obtained the concession of the whole of the province of Ontario, the only one in which the plant grows to any great extent. One hundred thousand (100,000) tons of the material are assured annually, and it is said, as the plant is a natural production, and the cutting is to be effected by a machine that will improve rather than injure the growth, that there is little chance of there being any diminution in the quantity procurable. The density of a Zizania grove is so great that the natives frequently fly to it as a place of shelter in times of peril, but sometimes the growth is so thick that the canoes cannot penetrate it. From the foregoing description it will be seen that the plant is of more than ordinary value as a subject for acclimatisation in Tasmania. It is one that if fairly introduced would continue to perpetuate itself, as being a water plant it would not be liable to be destroyed by browsing animals. From the fact, too, of the harvest being of such short duration, a considerable portion of the seed would naturally fall into the water and escape being destroyed by water fowl, and thus its perpetuation would be assured. But during the first stages of acclimatisation care should be taken to sow the seed in situations not subject to the visitation of water fowl nor liable to the browsing of animals, as in such situations the chances of success would, of course, be greater if both seed and plants remained for some time unmolested. In a colony like Tasmania, so destitute of natural grain producing plants, the introduction of the Zizania would probably be of great future benefit, for not only would it tend to materially increase the amount of natural game, but would also produce an abundance of wholesome, nutritious food, which would be of great assistance to parties exploring in the interior of the colony ; as at certain seasons they would be able to stow the grain for future use. In missionary and other expeditions in Canada the Zizania frequently forms the principal support of the whole party, and it is spoken of by all who have partaken of it as being not only very nutritious but as being highly agreeable to the taste. The plant is regarded as being very hardy, being subject to great vicissitudes of climate in its native country, so much so that it is regarded by some as likely to become the natural bread plant of the North. I have for several years been endeavouring to obtain fertile seeds of this plant. The seed just received is no doubt sent in response to an application made to the Chamber of Agriculture at Washing- ton 2 years ago. In the event of none of the seed now on hand germinating it is my intention to endeavour to obtain a supply direct from Canada, in damp clay, next year, as I consider the plant well worth any expense or exertion that may be necessary for its introduction. 77 NOTES ON THE CODLING MOTH. By Augustus Simson. [Bead 12th August, 1879.] The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) is attracting so much attention at present that I hope I may be excused for making some remarks upon the subject. This insect belongs to that family of the Lepidoptera called Tor- tricidse (in French, " Tordeuses"), on account of the general habit of their larvee of "twisting" or rolling up the leaves of plants of their abode, usually those leaves enclosing a young shoot or bud. They then devour such leaves, shoots or buds, to the great detriment of the plant attacked. A few take up their abode in the interior or fruits, especially the apple, pear, and plum. Professor Westwood, of Oxford, gave a detailed history of the particular species under notice in one of a series of article on insects most injurious to cultivators in England, in Loudon's Gardeners^ Magazine, of May, 1838, No. 98. In the same work he gave also, in No. 94, January, 1838, the history of Ditula angustiorana, the larva of which does great damage to apricot trees, by tying the young shoots together so firmly that their growth is stopped, and by devouring the young blossom buds. Tortrix viridana in certain years strips the oak of its foliage. Tortrix vitana does great damage to vines in France. Dozens of other members of the family might be enumerated, all equally mischievous to certain trees and shrubs ; I will, however, only mention one more, Carpocapsa Woeheriana, the larvae of which live beneath the bark of plum trees, where they bore cylindrical galleries and feed upon the sap. It is highly improbable that this insect was brought to Hobart Town in soma plums sent from the North. Each species, with very few exceptions, confines itself to a particular plant, or at least to plants of the same genus or order. It would be interesting to ascertain what the species attacking the plum really is. In a catalogue of European Lepidoptera I possess, the species, Carpocapsa nigricana, mentioned by Mr. Abbott, is not given. It may be a synonym for the one above alluded to. The larvee of all this family are naked fleshy grubs with a horny head, and possess six pectoral (horny and pointed), eight ventral and two anal (fleshy) feet. Mr. Justice Dobson and Mr. F. Abbott, junr. , have so fully detailed the proceedings of the insect in all its stages in their valuable papers read at the Society's meet- 78 ing in May last, that it is unnecessary for me to make any remark on this point, except to observe that the time of appearance is likely to depend very much upon the season. The emergence of the moths from the chrysalis state, in which they had remained during the winter, will bo hastened by warm weather, and, on the contrary, retarded by a cold spring. It is most probable that there are two generations in the season. The first originates from the chrysalids which have passed the winter in that stage. These attack the earliest fruit and pass through their transformations in a few weeks, the moths produced therefrom laying their eggs on the later fruit. This second gene- ration only gets as far as the chrysalis stage towards the end of the summer, and remains in that state till the ensuing spring. As to means of destroying these pests, I would recommend in lieu of the paper suggested by Mr. Dobson, that old bagging, strips of blanket, or some such materials be used. I only recently found quite a multitute of similar larvas, which had spun their cocoons in some woollen material which was lying on some spars of timber with the bark on. To render any such plan efficient, it would be well to scrape the rough bark off the trees previously to fastening on the material to be used, so as to ensure the caterpillars spinning on or in the sub- stance applied. This should be tied tightly at the upper end, to prevent the grubs from ascending beyond it, but be left tolerably loose and in creases or folds at the lower portion. For catching the moths, a plan I use for capturing insects might be adopted with advantage. This is to have a wide-mouthed funnel of tinplate, say 12in. to 15in. across the top, with the tube at the lower end about lin. in diameter and Sin. long. Stand this in an earthen jar or other vesse], arranged so that there is no outlet except through the funnel. In the jar may be some coarse sawdust or chaff, in which the insects get entangled, or hide themselves. Hang a lantern over the centre of the funnel so that it is partly in the funnel. The moths, attracted by the light, strike the glass and fall through the funnel into the jar, whence they cannot escape. They may be destroyed in the morning by placing the jar before the fire, or in an oven for a short time. With this appa- ratus, which I occasionally use for capturing nocturnal beetles, I often take great numbers of small moths at the same time. Scattering old bags or similar things about on the ground under the trees would no doubt lead to the capture of a great many larvae, especially of those which, lowering themselves, or falling, from the trees at some distance from the trunk, might travel off in some other direction in search of suitable shelter where to spin their cocoons. The ground should previously bo cleared of all other rubbish which might afford shelter. The bags should be taken every ten days and be dipped in boiling water, or have some 79 thrown over them ; otherwise the pupre may have had times to become moths, and the trouble will have been in vain. I "will conclude with a few remarks on the report of the select committee recently appointed to enquire into the subject. 1. In reply to the query about removing the bark, I would suggest that this be done to all trees with rough bark as soon as it is known that the grubs have entered the chrysalis stage, the bark thus removed to be burnt. Then I would apply the bagging before mentioned, not later than early next spring, when the blossoms begin to appear. By the removal of the bark the grubs will be compelled to spin in or under the bagging and be all the more surely detected. 2. The grub could undoubtedly travel some distance, but is sure to remain at the first suitable shelter it meets with. 3. I do not think it necessary for the fruit to fall. Most of these larva} can lower themselves by a silken thread. 4. The grub requires a shelter of such kind as to allow of its forming a cavity therein, in which to spin its cocoon, therefore the traps ordinarily used for earwigs Arould be of no use whatever. 5. The particular insect reported on attacks only apples and pears. 6. This query is already answered above. For the following reasons it is impossible that any information resulting from the enquiry in Portugal into the natural history of Phylloxera vastatrix can be of any use in regard to the best means of destroying the Codling Moth : — The Phylloxera belongs to a different order of insects — namely, the Homoptera, family Aphidae, or Plant-lice, of which the ''green fly " on rosetrees is a familiar example. They are suctorial insects, destitute of jaws, living upon the juices of plants, which they absorb through their proboscis or sucker. Their trarsformations are quite different from those of the Lepidoptera, they being active and resembling the perfect insect in both the larval and pupa stages. Their mode of propagation is quite abnormal, and different from that of all other orders of insects. As this is highly interesting and probably not generally known, I quote a short extract on the subject from Professor Westwood's Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects : — "Each family of plant-lice in spring and summer consists of individuals always wingless, and of pupre ; all these, however, are females, which produce living young with- out a previous union with the other sex ; and Bonnet, whose researches have removed all doubts upon the subject, has clearly shown that this power is exercised at least through nine generations, which are produced within the space of three months. Whilst 80 Duvau thus obtained eleven generations in seven months, and Kyber even observed that a colony of Aphis Dianthi, brought into a constantly heated room, continued to propagate for four years, with a single impregnation of a female by a male, the young being constantly produced of the female sex. The males, of which some are winged, and others apterous in the same society, are not born until the end of the summer or autumn. They fecundate the last generation, produced by the previously born specimens, consisting of wingless females, which then deposit fecundated eggs, which remain through the winter and produce young in the spring capable of reproduction without fresh impregnation." It is fortunate for owners of orchards that the Carpocapsa has not the same powers of reproduction as the Aphidie. Westwood quotes from the Entomological iVfaf/a.rme that " troops of Aphides were found in the pips of large sound codling apples." Hop- growers are, I suspect, the chief sufferers in the colony from this tribe of insects, and they may f)robably gain some useful infor- mation from the Portugal report when published, though I believe the Aphis Humuli or hop-aphis attacks the leaves and young shoots, whereas the Phylloxera attacks the roots, and therefore the method pursued for the destruction of the latter may not be suitable for the former. I shall be much obliged by any one kindly sending me some of the pupae of the Carpocapsa, or of any other similar insects. These I will endeavour to bring to the imago state, and properly mount for the Museum. It will be best to send the small pieces of bark to which they may be attached, or at any rate to send the whole cocoon, which may be placed in a matchbox with some cotton-wool. 81 NOTES ON THE EELATIONS OF THE YELLOW LIMESTONE (TRAVERTIN), OF GEILSTON BAY, With other FLUVIATILE AND LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS IN TAS- MANIA AND AUSTRALIA, Together with DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FOSSIL HELICES. By Robt. M. Johnson, F.L.S. [Bead 8tJi Sejjtemher, 1879.] The freshwater limestone in the neighbourhood of Geilston Bay, Hobart Town, is most interesting to geologists on account of the richness of its included organic remains. It attracted the attention of the illustrious Mr. Darwin during the visit of H.M.S. Beagle to Hobart Town, and was after- wards briefly alluded to by him in his " Journal of Researches," p. 448, thus : — " A solitary and superficial patch of yellowish limestone, or travertin, which contains numerous impressions of leaves of trees, together with land shells not now existing. It is not improbable that this one small quarry includes the only remaining record of the vegetation of Yan Diemen's Land during one former epoch." Strzelecki also notices it in his " Physical Description of N. S. Wales and Y. D. Land," and refers it to Pliocene age. He also gave figures of three fossil plant remains, one of which is the prevailing leaf form in all similar lacustrine deposits. In addition he described and gave figures of two land shells — H. Tasmanicus, G. B. Sowerby, JBidimus Gunnii, G. B. Sowerby — to which I shall refer hereafter. Yarious other writers since tbat time have contributed to our knowledge of this interesting deposit, chief among whom was the late Mr. Morton Allport, whose contributions and indefatigable labors in the cause of science have made his name so widely known, and his loss so deeply deplored. To him we owe the knowledge that the fossil bones of Phalan- gista fuliginosa, IIy^sijL)rim7ii, etc., are of later date than the 82 travertin with wliicli they were closely associated. Formerly both Mr. Gould and Mr. Allport concluded from the bone remains that the " travertin must be of Kecent Tertiary or Post Tertiary age," and consequently that the intrusive basalt must be of still more recent origin. The discovery of fossil seeds of plants, which have since proved to be closely allied to fruits widely distributed throughout Australia and Tasmania, led Mr. Allport to enquire more particularly into the circumstance connected with the discovery of the fossil bones. This enquiry fully justified his supposition that the bones were obtained from a matrix derived from the originally deposited travertin, and deposited in crevices of the same rock probably formed by the intrusion of the overlying basalt ; and he concluded (notice of Eoy. Soc. Proc. of Tas., 13th June, 1876), " We must, of course, regard the basalt referred to as an earlier formation than the diluvium from which the bones referred to were obtaiued, but still as of later date than the travertin." In my second paper on the Launceston Tertiary Basin, read before this Society in the year 1876, I suggested that the travertin beds might belong to the same series as those in the neighbourhood of Launceston, and possibly of the same age as the marine beds at Table Cape and elsewhere in Aus- tralia. I made this suggestion because I observed a close resemblance between certain of the undetermined leaf remains common in the respective deposits, and from the circum- stance that all the deposits referred to are capped by a more or less decomposed basalt, which, upon analysis, proves to be the same chemically and structurally. Prof. Ulrich also informed me that the basalts at Geilston Bay, Breadalbane, and Table Cape, are essentially the same as the rock known as the " Older Volcanic " in Victoria, which, also, frequently caps certain marine beds in Victoria, that are now certainly proved to be of the same horizon as our marine beds of Table Cape. I have since gathered abundant evidence of the very wide distribution of this rich soil-maker from nearly all parts of Tasmania, particularly in the plains about Campbell Town, Fingal, Avoca, Piper's River, Myrtle Bank, Ringarooma, Deloraine, George Town, Torquay, Flinders Island, Lake St. Clair, Mt. Bischoff, Middlesex Plains, Cattley Plains, &c., &c., in all which places it forms the rich chocolate soil of the district, and in auriferous and stanniferous regions it frequently overspreads the alluvial drifts and stream tin. It is of importance that miners should take cognisance of this feature. The rock referred to is ?i feldspar basalt, and is easily distinguished from the less valuable diabase, or Augite-grecnstone, which gives such a peculiar character to the crests of our mountain chains, particularly Ben Lomond and Mount Wellington. The latter rock was formerly supposed to be a Diorite, or Hornblende G-reenstone, and Prof. Ulrich, who pointed out this fact, states that " this may explain its non-auriferous character." Through the praiseworthy labours of R. A. F. Murray, A. W. Howitt, Norman Taylor, Daintree, Brough Smythe, and other Australian geologists, abundant materials for the determination of the Tertiary beds have been gathered together, and, recently, in the hands of leading palaeontologists they have yielded important results. From the writings of the gentlemen named I learn that the extensive fluviatile and lacustrine formations in Australia, particularly at Haddon, Bacchus Marsh, Malmsbury, Daylesford, Werribee, Beech- worth, Tangil River, Gulgong, Richmond River, Orange River, and in the Darling Downs, Queensland, are the equivalents of similar deposits in Tasmania at Beaconsfield, Nine Mile Springs, Muddy Creek, Tamar, Breadalbane, Avoca, included within my definition of the Launceston Tertiary Basin, and also of the yellow limestone of Geilston Bay, Hobart Town, and the leaf beds of Macquarie Harbour. These freshwater deposits are undoubtedly of vast extent and of great thickness. The relations of the isolated though closely related groups of beds cannot be definitely ascer- tained, nor, when we take into consideration existing distribution of particular vegetable and animal forms, can we hope to draw sharp inferences in regard to their exact sequence. The preponderance of proteaceous forms in one locality, or of coniferous remains in another, give no clue to chronological sequence. It may only indicate the existence of varied forms of contemporaneous vegetable life under, perhaps, slightly altered circumstances as regards area, soil, or altitude. No better conception of the restriction of particular forms to certain areas can be had than from a glance at the distribution of existing local well known forms, e.g., in vege- tation take Fagus Cunninghami, Frenela australis, Anodopet alum higlandu losum, Arthrotaxis cupressiformis. Acacia dralbata, Eucalyptus globulus, Banksia serrata; in land mollusca, take Helix Launcestonensis, H. antialba, H. Weldii, H. Pidilis, H. Bischoffensis, H. Lampra, and Bidimus Tas- manicus. I am of opinion, with respect to land and fresh- water contemporaneous remains, that we ought to expect greater local difference in separate areas than in more widely separated contemporaneous areas of marine formations. a 84 I am also inclined to think that we have better means of detecting, from fossil remains, the influences which affect contemporaneous distribution in marine mollusca than can be discerned from among corresponding remains in regard to a terrestrial flora. In reading Ljell's description of the lacustrine formations of the Lower Miocene of France, I was much struck wiih their characteristics. If the local names be left out, we might apply his account as an excellent general description of the extensive lacustrine formations of Australia or Tasmania. He remarks : — " Lacustrine strata, belonging for the most part to the same miocene system, as Calcaire de la Beauce, are again met with further south in Auvergne, Cental, and Velay. They appear to be monuments of ancient lakes, which, like some of tliose now existing in Switzerland, once occupied the depressions in a mountainous region, and have been each fed by one or more rivers and torrents. " The country, wdiere they occur is almost entirely com- posed of granite and different varieties of granite- schist, with here and there a few patches of secondary strata much dislocated, and which suffered great denudation. There are also some vast piles of volcanic matter, the greater part of which is newer than the freshwater strata, and is sometimes seen to rest upon them, while a small part has evidently been of. contemporaneous origin. " The study of these regions possess a peculiar interest very distinct from that derived from the investigation, either of the Parisian or English tertiary areas, for vre are presented in Auvergne with the evidence of a series of events, astonish- ing magnitude and grandeur by which the original form and features of the country have been greatly changed, yet never so far obliterated but that they may still, in part at least, be restored to imagination. Great lakes have disappeared, lofty mountains have been formed by the reiterated emission of lava preceded and followed by showers of sand and scoriae, deej) valleys have been subsequently furrowed out through masses of volcanic origin ; at a still later date new lakes have been formed by the damming up of rivers, and more than one assemblage of quadrupeds, birds, plants, eocene, miocene, and pliocene, have followed in succession. Yet the region has preserved from first to last its geographical identity, and we can still recall to our thoughts its external condition and physical structure before these wonderful vicissitudes began, or while a part only of the whole had been completed." This remarkable j^icture of the lacustrine formations of the south of France would be a wonderfully faithful 85 description if taken with special reference to similar for- mations of vast extent in Victoria and Tasmania. Take, for example, tlie following description of one single local deposit (the Launceston Tertiary Basin) given by me in a former paper : — " The height of the remains of the original strata of this system indicates that the lake must have stretched over a very wide expanse of country in the direction of the existing valleys and plains, and its extent must have been not less than 600 square miles. The denudation which has taken pla.ce subsequently has been very great It is no exaggeration to say that 15 to 20 miles of strata, one-half to two miles broad, and 400 to 500 feet thick, have been swept away from the immediate vicinity of Launceston alone." Upon pal£Eontological grounds, as well as upon other imi3ortant evidences, I am of opinion that the so-called "deep leads" of Beaconsfield (Brandy Creek), referred to in a former paper, are members of the Launceston Tertiary Basin, and upon considerations of a similar character I think there is nov/ little room for doubt but that the auriferous and associated drifts at Hp.ddon, Ballarat, Bacchus Marsh, Tangil River, Daylesford, Werribee, Beechworth, Gulgong, Orange River, Richmond River, Diirling Downs, &c., &c., are of the same age. In Tasmania, for similar reasons, I would include the leaf beds of Macquarie Harbour, referred to by Mr. Gould, and the freshwater Hmestone of Geilston Bay, and vicinity of Trinity Hill, Hobart Town. The characteristic genera are common to all the beds named, viz., Laurus, Penteime, Conchotheca, Flatycoila, Sjpondijlostrohus. Remains of Spondylostrohus Smythii, F.v.M., foliage fruit, or woody tissue, are found abundant in the various drifts in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, particularly at Haddon, Orange River, Beaconsfield, and Breadalbane. Coiicliotheca turgida, F.v.M., has a still wider range, as it is also found on the Darling Downs, Queensland, and Mr. Brough Smythe adds " probably in drift underlying volcanic rocks." Flatycoila Sidlivani, F.v.M., is the most abundant fruit in the deep leads at Beaconsfield. It is also most plentiful in the Haddon leads, and I think I have traced casts of it in the travertin. Certain seeds figured by Mr. Morton Allport approach it very closely. The genus Penteime is common to the beds at Beechworth, Victoria, and the travertin, Hobart Town. Penteime Allporti, F.v.M., of the travertin, approaches yqyj close to P. Clarkei, F.v.M., of Beechworth. Araucaria Johnstoniij F.v.M. Cone nearly perfect, asso- ciaced with abundance of foliage found by me at Geilston quarry during my last visit, together with other fruits of various genera, not yet described by Baron von Mueller, to whom they have been referred. I have frequently seen impressions of A. Johnstonii in the beds of the Launceston Tertiary Basin. The table of distribution prepared by me will give a more comprehensive view of the links which relate the widely separated deposits. I think much of the uncertainty spoken of by Victorian geologists arises from association with the older classification. Prior to the determination of vegetable remains the various gold drifts were from very doubtful data assigned relative positions as Oligocene, Miocene, Lower, Middle, and Upper Pliocene, Alluvial and Post Pliocene. The newer classification merely substitutes other names for those stated, giving the impression that the separate names still represent different geological periods. I do not think that the mere sequence of eruptive rocks should divide periods. I am inclined to think upon palseontological grounds that the majority of the leaf beds are of much older date than is generally supposed. If we must decide between Pliocene and Miocene, I should certainly, with Professor McCoy, incline to the latter period. My confidence in this opinion is increased, when I think of the immense amount of valuable work performed by such men as Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, Professor Tate, Professor McCoy, Professor Duncan, Eobert Etheridge, jun., Baron von Miieller, and others. The former gentleman has up to the present time deter- mined the greater part of our tertiary marine fauna, and the latter the terrestrial flora. I agree with Mr. Woods in a statement recently made before the Eoyal Society of New South Wales, that, although " it was not easy to judge by the percentage system, as our knowledge of the existing fauna is so imperfect, yet I think, upon consideration, that the imperfection of this knowledge has been exaggerated." I also agree with him that we know a good deal of" the Corals, Foramenifera, Mollusca, and Flora, although there is hardly time yet for the knowledge to be very widely circulated. The splendid catalogue compiled by Mr. Eobert Etheridge, jun., however, will speedily dispose of the latter difficulty. Of tertiary marine testacese alone there are nearly 300 species described. Thirty new species were recently described by myself in a paper read before this Society. Of the testacea only about five per cent, are known to exist. This continual lessening of the percentage of living to extinct 87 forms as our knowledge increases is most significant. According to tlie principle which has been adopted bj Mr. Lyell, and, through him, by nearly all the English geologists, this low percentage of living representatives indicate rather more an eocene than a miocene age for our marine teds of Table Cape. This, too, is in accord with views recently expressed by Mr. Woods. There is no reason why the same principle, that of per- centage of extinct to living species, should not apply to Australia as well as to Europe. The only objection which I have raised against tracing relations with European beds referred more to identification with particular deposits than to periods based upon the degrees of difference between the life of the past and present. The objection to applying the percentage princij)les in the latter respect is insufficiency of material for purposes of comparison, but I think the force of this objection, in the light of our present knowledge, is not of great weight. To Baron von Miieller, more than to any other, we owe the knowledge we have of our relations between the present and past of our Australasian Botany. There are now nearly 100 fossil plant remains of the tertiary drifts figured and described, the greater part of which has been carefully determined by the learned Baron from fruits ; and, though, for the most part, conclusions based upon plant remains are, as compared with testaceous remains, less satisfactory, yet the acknowledged skill and scrupulous care of our leading phytologist are sufficient warrant for taking the evidence from plant remains as of equal value with the evidence from testaceous remains. With the doubtful exception of remains of two ferns, Lomaria and Tricho- manes, found by me near Launceston, all the plant remains figured or described are of extinct species. This fact, more than any other, speaks of the great antiquity of the formations in which they occur. Although the orders are principally of the same character as the existing ones, yet both the genera and species are for the most part distinct from existing genera and species. I belieye there is yet much undescribed material in local museums and in collectors* hands, but I do not expect that it will, when described and published, do more than confirm conclusions already inferred from existing data. Much may yet be done towards increasing our knowledge of our land and freshwater fauna of tertiary age. Such evidence will be of considerable importance in determining the relations of isolated leaf beds. In this respect the fossil shells of the Geilston Bay yellow limestone are of great value. Hitherto only two of them liave been discovered, viz., Helix Tasmaniensis, Gr. B. Sowerby, and Bulimus Gunnii, Gr. B. Sowerby. By tlie kindness ^ of Messrs. Legrand and Eoblin I have been permitted to examine tbeir respective collections, and have succeeded in determining two new species, viz., H. Kuxleyana, mihi, and H. Geilston- ensis, ibid. I bave also been able, from various specimens, to identify another shell as a variety of the existing well-known Tasmanian species, H. Sinclairi. This latter form appears to be the only representative of existing species, although there are characteristics of H. Tasmanensis, which relate it to that group of existing shells of which H. Stejphensi may be taken as the type. To enable other workers to know readily the features of our lacustrine deposits I have prepared a table of the distri- bution of the flora and fauna of the fluviatile and lacustrine deposits of Australia and Tasmania of tertiary age. The post tertiary deposits are not included. I also append descriptions of the following species, viz. : — Helix Tasmaniensis, G. A. Sowerby (amended.) Helix Huxleyana, n.s., mihi. Helix Geilstonensis, n.s., mihi. Helix Sinclairi, var. Cox (still existing.) A species of Unio, occurring abundantly in the Launceston Tertiary Basin, is now being described by Mr. Eobert Etheridge, jun., JP.G.S. As, out of the six shells only one is represented among the living species, the percentage of existing, as compared with extinct forms, is about 17 per cent. Of course a percentage from such a small number taken by itself, is of doubtful value, but as it supports conclusions drawn from the remarkably rich fossil flora it is of the greatest importance to those who may wish to study the matter. Helix Tasmaniensis, Gr. B. Sowerby. As the description given by Mr. Morris, p. 298, Strzelecki's N.S.W. and V.D.L., is somewhat defective, having been taken from an imperfect cast. I submit the following amended description : — Shell thin, globosely conical, umbilicated ; whorls 4^, rapidly increasing, ornamented with fine obliquely- arcuate striae, "crossed by fine spiral lines as in the H Stejpliensi group, flatly convex above, convex below, last whorl tumid, and slightly descending in front; suture somewhat impressed, spire depressly conical ; umbilicus deep, narrow, scarcely one- sixth of the diameter; aperture oblique, ovately lunate, peristome simple ; margins slightly approximating basal margin, slightly dilated and reflexed. Gi-reatest dia., 80 mil. ; least, 25 mil. ; height, 20 mil. ; dia. of umbilicus, 4 mil. 89 Fossil Yellow Limestone (travertin), Geilston Bay, Hobart Town. This, with the exception of the living species, H. Launcestonensis, is the largest known Helix in Tasmania. In certain characteristics, especipJly in sculpture, it approaches more closely to the group of shells represented by jH". Stephensi than to any other species now existing in Tasmania. Helix Huxleyana, n.s. Shell very minute, sub-discoid, widely umbilicated ; whorls 4|, regularly increasing, flatly convex above and below ; no trace of sculpture ; suture impressed ; spire slightly elevated ; umbilicus open, shallow, one-third the diameter ; aperture Innately oval, margin simple. Greatest dia., 2| mil. ; least, 2J mil. ; height, 1 mil. Fossil, Yellow Limestone (travertin), Geilston Bay, Hobart Town. This shell was described from the cast of a solitary specimen, kindly sent to me by Mr. Eoblin, from the Museum collection. Helix Geilstonensis, n.s. Shell orbicularly depressed, narrowly deeply perforate, smooth (?) ; whoris, 3| to 3|, rapidly increasing, flatly con- vex above, markedly convex below ; spire flatly convex ; suture impressed ; base sharply, suddenly excavate around the deep, narrowly-crateriform umbilicus; aperture large, sub-quadrately lunate ; columellar margin, somewhat obliquely produced and reflexed ; margins approximating, simple, slightly expanded above and below. Greatest dia., 22 mil. ; least, 18 mil. ; height, 13 mil. From Yellow Limestone, Geilston Quarry, near Hobart Town. The species is described from a well-preserved cast. No trace of sculpture could be detected on the specimen examined by me, although it is probable the whorls may have been ornamented by traasverse striae like most of the existing species in Tasmania. Helix Sinclairi, Yar. Shell depressed, discoid, umbilicate ; spire flattened ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, flatly convex above, convex below, ornamented by somewhat coarse regular obliquely- arcuate striae ;* umbilicus narrow, almost perforate, scarcely one-fourth the diameter ; aperture obliquely lunate ovate ; columellar margin, approximate, slightly reflexed below, scarcely expanded above ; lip simple, thin. Greatest dia., 13 mil. ; least, 10 mil. ; height, 7 mil. ; dia. of umbilicus, 3 mil. Fossil, Yellow Limestone (travertin), Hobart Town. The above species is without doubt identical with the living species, so far as external characters go. Of course such *The ornamentation was observed by me in a specimen sent to England. The cast only is preserved in the specimen sent to me by Mr. Legrand. 90 transient features as colour and transparency, whicli separate the existing shells H. Sinclairi and H. hombycina are not preserved, but as the existing species named are only recog- nised by me as varieties of one species, the absence of such features are unimportant. BuLiMus GuNNii, G-. B. Sowerby. Strzelecki's N.S.W. and V.L., p. 298. Shell oblong-oval, thin, whorls 4 to 5, subventricose, smooth (?) ; suture con- spicuous. A species, says Mr. Morris, which resembles Bulimus granulosis in form, differing from that species, how- ever, in being exceedingly thin. As we have only the cast of the inside we cannot further describe it. Loc. near Yellow Limestone, Hobart Town. From the fragments of the species submitted to me, I should infer that it is closely allied to the existing species, B. Tasmanicus. The whorls are striated, irregularly, transversely, as in the existing species, B. Tasmanicus. 91 LAW OF STOEMS. By the Right Revd. Bishop Bromby, D.D. [Bead Uth October, 1879.] Ill 1874 Iliad the lionour of reading a paj^er to this Society upon the Law of Weather and Storms. I then stated that my principal object, in the interests of our merchants and sailors, was to induce others on land, or on ship-board, to register observations, which, when collated with those reported in other countries in the Southern Hemisphere, might lead to some general and useful results. It is now assumed that a circular storm, to use the definition of Buchan, is simply the variation of the atmosphere attempting " to flow in upon a central area of low pressure in an in- moving spiral course." I stated that the rule for determining the ajpproach as well as direction of the storm had been in somewhat rough and familiar language laid down by Ballot, '* If you stand with your back to the wind, the barometer will be lower on your left hand than on your right." This, however, only describes storms in the other hemisphere — the W. India hurricanes, and the typhoons of China, which move from right to left, i.e., in a direction contrary to the move- ments of the hands of a watch. A man looking eastward in the British Isles, and finding that the barometric pressure at the north of Scotland is, say, i inch less than on the south of England, may look out for a westerly gale. In our Tas- manian waters I believe it will generally be found that a storm arises from a conflict between an easterly and westerly wind, the easterly being always found to flow on the polar side of the westerly. It should be borne in mind also that the direction of the force of the wind does not depend upon the height of the barometer, i.e., upon the barometric pres- sure at the station where the storm occurs, but upon the difference of barometric pressure over a given distance. I stated in my last paper that the force of a wind was regulated by the distance between the station where the storm is felt from the point where at that moment the barometric reading was the lowest, so that if that distance was small the force of the storm would be in the same pro- portion more violent. This opinion has been questioned among American authorities. The atmosphere, like the ocean, is one great fluid, and phenomena need to be noted in order to connect effects in 92 one portion of the eartli with cases which occur in another. A very little science suffices to qualify the observer, excessive heat leads to excessive evaporation, in consequence of diminished atmospheric pressure, and excessive evaporation leads to storms. We need to note observations all over the world that we may discover how far causes in one country, and even in one hemisphere, affect the climate in another. If, again, there be a periodicity in the weather, and weather storms, is that periodicity raised by the return of the maximum frequency of the sun-spots ? Let every society like this continue to register its observations in the service of science and of the mercantile marine. I have now to do with a short report of one of our own Local Storms. The paper I refer to was read during the time of the visit of the American ship *' Swatara." Captain Chandler, a scientific and intelligent observer, heard or read my paper. A few months after his departure from this port he favoured me v/ith a communication of his experience of our waters on his way to New Zealand, which has, therefore, a special interest to ourselves. I will, with this introduction, read his short description of what he believes to have been a true cyclone, confirming my previous impressions of what we might expect of the behaviour of this class of storms iu our Southern Hemisphere. The real causes which produce the cyclones of India and China are but little understood. They are, however, clearly connected with the monsoons. The ablest observers and writers upon physical geography have doubted v/hether rotatory storms arc really ever met with in the South Pacific Ocean. Such a conclusion has probably been too hastily drawn. We have, indeed, no such grand land ovens as are found in the deserts of North Africa and Asia, to interfere with the north-east trade winds, yet we have our hot Australian continent to influence our pre- vailing south-east trades winds. We have but to remember the origin of the typhoons of China, and the other storms of the Indian Ocean, which have their origin in the effect of the solar heat upon the plains of Asia, and w^e may expect to meet with results on a smaller scale in our Australian sea. It is true that the monsoons, to which the storms and typhoons of the Northern Hemisphere are related, arise from the interference with the trade Vvdnds, while the southern portion of Australia, and all Tasmania and New Zealand lie far outside the influence of S.E. trade winds ; but for all that New Zealand and Tasmania lie in the great trade current of a westerly wind, blowing from Cape of Good Hope to Cape Horn. The monsoons of India and China, together with their dependent storms, are the effect of the diversion of the N.E. trade winds on the northern side of the equator, being sucked in northwards, or even N.W.-wards, towards the heated deserts of Asia. The S.E. trade winds, no longer kept at bay bj a belt of a neutral calm, seize the opportunity of crossing the line. Those N.E. trade winds, being already drawn to the heated land, have taken a southerly direction, and the S.E. trades on the S. side of the Equator, and which have now crossed the Equator, and are at the same time losing gradually their easterly character in consequence of the diminished effect of the different diurnal motion of the earth, unchecked by any belt of calm, and meeting with less resistance, are drawn into the general conflict. It has been assumed that (I quote from memory) " there are, on the polar side of the S.E. trade winds, no great plains, except in Australia, upon which the rays of the sun in the summer can play with force enough to rarefy the air sufficiently to materially interrupt these winds in their course," i.e., to make a monsoon of them. This may be true, but the cyclones experienced at the Mauritius are, I imagine, close to the conflict between the trade wind force and the force which impels the air towards the over^heated deserts of Australia. Australia is small, compared with Asia, but if the smallest coral island interferes, as we know it does, with the course of a prevailing wind it would be absurd to doubt the powerful effect which a large continent like Australia, a portion of which lies within the tropical regions, must exercise beyond the usual currents of wind, whether they be the south or the S.E. trade winds, on the polar edges of which the Mauritius stands on (or on a smaller scale), producing a contest between our own steady western trade winds and the indraft produced by the heated continent of Australia in summer. A great Dutch authority, Jansen, says that " in the South Pacific, and in the South Atlantic, so far as I know, rotatory storms are never known — these seas have no monsoons." I think this statement is not borne out by the short account with which Capt, Chandler has favoured me. We are happily free from those hurricanes Viith. which the E. Indies and the Mauritius are familiar, and which are, in spite of their terribleness, blessings of compensation, and of which we ourselves stand in less need, but I am disposed to think that the same laws in the same economy of nature has produced rotatory storms, which, though unconnected with local monsoons blessing the land, should not be ignored by our shipowners, and the captains of our mercantile marine. As the presence of land, which is the proper home of man, is the chief ultimate cause of storms, we look for far greater calmness in the Southern Hemisphere, from the relative 94 scarcity of laud. There is less need for Nature to take violent measures for equalising the temj^erature and dis- persing her water-treasures over thirsty continents, but we look out for storms in the neighbourhood of Cape Horn, and we meet them in our South Australian seas. We may not yet, and may never fully, comprehend the nature of these great forces which restore the equilibrium that has been disturbed, but without the help of the mon- soons. I think that this description given us by Capt. Chandler seems to point to a cyclone of diminutive dimen- sions. It has been laid down as a characteristic of a cyclone that its centre bears about eight points from the direction of the \iind on the jDort side, in the Northern Hemisphere, and on the starboard side in the Southern Hemisphere. Since, however, " the spirally increasing movement of the wind " has been regarded as the true character of a cyclone, it is said that the true position should be 2 or 3 points ahead of the position assumed by the old rule. If we examine the ship's course as indicated in Captain Chandler's drawing, we shall find that the behaviour of the ship was such as to establish the true character of the storm he met with between our homes and New Zealand. It establishes, more- over, my theory that the storms between ourselves and New Zealand come from a conflict between the W. and E. winds, or rather combination, the W. trade wind being drawn in summer to Australia, and the E. or S.E. rushing after it. The subject deserves very careful observation, and it would be well for nautical science if our intelligent captains would register and forward to the Eoyal Society all the observed phenomena of cyclonic disturbance, noting the rate of movement, and the j^lace and time of their occun-ence. The more carefully and frequently such observations are made, at the present time, when the alphabet of weather prophecy is being mastered, the more trustworthy will be the prophecies and the warnings in the future, involving fewer failures, for the guidance and the preservation of our sailors and fishermen. The science of weather j^redictions is making, I hope, sure but slow progress. The greatest care should be exercised. False prophecies, trusted to, entail great loss of time and money to the fishing fleet ; true ones, despised, may entail the loss of the fleet itself. The following is the communication received from Captain Chandler : — "On the morning of Nov. 9th, 1874, from the appearance of the weather, the aotion of the barometer, and the change in the wind, I felt fully convinced that the ship was in the south-east quadrant of a light cyclone, and I at once pro- 00 <^ O (M lo ^ ^ C3 d a 00 (M ^ 00 (M 95 jected the accompanying chart, estimating the distance of the cyclone centre at seventy miles. At 12, meridian, my convictions were verified, but, to be certain, I reduced the speed of the ship from ten knots to eight, as we were increasing the force of the wind from hour to hour, up to noon, showing our approach to the centre. From noon to 4 jj.m. the wind moderated, showing that the centre was going away from us. Having the cyclone centre now thoroughly estaljlished, I determined to make as much on our course as possible, and gave all the sail the ship could safely bear, viz., close-reefed topsails and close-reefed fore sail. At 8 p.m. the storm centre had crossed our bow, and was well to the northward ; but the chart will explain itself better than any words of mine. I simply wish to show that I made 255 miles on my course in a cyclone, whereas, if I had not been convinced of the fact of its being a cyclone, I would probably have hove to. The path of the centre of the storm is not as well defined as some cyclones that occur in the Northern Hemisphere, because the p»revailing winds between New Zealand and Tasmania are from the westward ; and when this cyclone centre bore at right angles to the wind at 12 m. on the 10th, it came in contact with the prevailing westerly wind, and the battle must have been fierc*,*, but the west wind conquered and dispersed the cyclone. This is simply a theory. I was told that cyclones did not blow in this latitude, but I think they occur in almost every quarter of the globe. This one was encountered about mid- way between New Zealand and Tasmania, on the 10th and 11th of November, 1874." 96 ON SOME POINTS OF INTEREST CONNECTED WITH THE PLATYPUS. By Arthur Bingham Crowther, M.E.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P. LOND. (Read 14th October, 1880.) In bringing before your attention, tliis evening, the above- named subject, I regret I am able to introduce so little orio-inal material connected with these very interesting and anomalous animals. After reading Professor Bennett's work on their peculiarities and habits, also Professor Owen's on their anatomical structure and mode of reproduction, but little ground is left to be worked over, so completely have these two great authors gone into the subject. In relating my own individual experience this evening of these animals, it is more with the hope of leading to a discussion, than adding much fresh material to an already exhausted, but always interesting subject. After careful perusal of Owen's work, the point alone left for elucidation is the actual birth of the foetus ; but when I can tell you that the foetus has been found in utero, and in a hairless condition in the burrow, our imagination easily fills up the gap. (The former of these startling facts I hope to demonstrate • to this Society soon). That the platypus can be kept alive was proved by Professor Bennett, who had them for six weeks ; but from the nature of the food he gave tliem I should be tempted to conclude that (Hke the pig entombed by the falling of a cliff at Dover) it had lived for a considerable time from its own fat, approaching in fact a hybernating animal It is also mentioned in a G-erman encyclopaedia that these animals were taken to Europe after 1798, but we are not quite sure of its accuracy. My keeping one three months in captivity proves that could we but obtain the food they live on in a natural state, there would be no material difficulty in keeping them. The one mentioned grew rapidly, being but half grown when first procured ; when he died he was full grown. His death was due, I beheve, to an abscess connected with an accidental injury. Relative to their food, I have taken from the cheek pouches of freshly shot ones, fresh- water shrimps, water fleas, and beetles (the latter having a hard black epidermis) ; mine in captivity were given a limited quantity of worms, and salt-water fish. The former were taken in large quantity so greedily from the first that 97 this must be one of their natural foods ; the salt-water fish was skinned, cut into slender pieces, kept very fresh, and free from contact with salt. This they also took and consumed in large quantity for many hours during the day ; to a less extent at night. Being nocturnal animals this was strange, but they doubtless were not satisfied with the food provided, hence the necessity of their coming out during the clay. For the most part their food is taken under water ; they turn over the sand and small stones at the bottom with their powerful bills, and collect in this manner in their cheek pouches whatever they discover, then they rise to the surface, and triturate their food before swallowing it ; this trituration is indicated by a slight lateral movement of the jaws. I have also seen them take pieces of fish or worms off stones out of water ; after doing so they always return to the water before swallowing it. It may be mentioned these cheek pouches on either side of the jaw are excellently adapted for the primary reception of the food, for organised as the animal is to swallow fluids, it could not well triturate the food at the bottom of rivers, vi^hich is done therefore on its reaching the surface of the water. These creatures remain under water a minute or more, which depends upon the supply of food, rising rapidly to the surface if it is plentiful. When on the surface of the water, and food has been abundant, several minutes elapse before the food is triturated and in a condition to swallow. There is a popular idea that their food is always taken with sand, which is necessary for digestion, but with the exception of a little taken whilst procuring their food, this is not true. What is taken for sand is the tinely triturated epidermis of beetles, shrimps, etc., which is swallowed, and appears to exert a special and necessary action over digestion and absorption. My not j^roviding these insects doubtless led to the death of my specimens. This material may act as the stones in the gizzards of birds, to still further prepare food for absorp- tion. When swimming the forepaws are widely expanded, being convex forwards, propelling themselves by an antero lateral movement. The hind paws and tail take but little share ; the former have a slight lateral horizontal movement, the tail lazily moving with body. When diving the head is rapidly thrown beneath the body, front paws quickly moving until the bottom is arrived at, when they are seen turning rapidly over with their bills the sand, and even large stones, the tail turning from side to side as a rudder, being at an angle of 25 degrees from the river's bed. A train of small bubbles proceeding from the nose marks the exact course the animal is taking. The tail is the first part to reach the surface of the water. I do not know whether this 98 may be due to the fact that fat is more plentiful in this part of the body than elsewhere, and that the greatest buoyancy is situated here. After procuring their food, they remain for some minutes on the water's surface, or emerging from the tank, rest on the side masticating the food procured, seeming at times asleep but for the jaw movements. During this time they will turn on their side and press the water from back and chest with both front and hind paws, also scratch themselves. Their movements on land show that they are but little adapted for long journeys out of water. Their burrows may always be noticed to be just below or on a level with the surface of the river. One curious point here is that the web of front paws is doubled into the palm, the claws projecting, and leaving as they move their mark ; with these they burrow, rapidly turning over earth and stones. They soon become very tame in captivity ; in a few days the young ones appeared to recognise a call, swimming rapidly to the hand paddling the water ; and it is curious to see their attempts to procure a worm enclosed in the hand, which they greedily take when offered to them. I have noticed that they appear to be able to smell whether or not a worm is contained in the closed hand to which they swim, for they desisted from their efforts if an empty fist was offered. Although so tame, they repulse any handling, especially on touching the bill or tail ; not so, however, with the side, which they appear to like scratched, turning over, and coming back several times to have the operation repeated. The old ones, however, kept at a distance and refused ail overtures. They soon become dry on leaving the water. Their habit is almost immediately to coil up on their side, the bill being placed to inner side of the tail, or rolled up like a ball, with the bill beneath the tip of the tail, similar to the Tasmanian porcupine, or English hedgehog. The colder the weather the more inert they are, and at times I found it difficult to get them to leave their warm box, which they always made for on leaving the water. The spurs found alone in the hind legs of the males are hollow, communicat- ing at their base with the duct passing through the muscles of the thigh to a gland situated superficially in each lumbar region. The secretion ejected through this spur has some important office. We have read the virulent action of this secretion in the case of Mr. Simson (related by the Eev. Mr. Spicer to this Society), and from reliable information one at least of its important offices has been found out. It is well known that about the breeding season the male has frequently been caught with j^atches of recent ulceration, also cicatrices of old wounds about the body, rendering some of their skins valueless. This condition is brought about, I 99 yuppose, by tlie fighting of the males with one another for possession of the female, a similar action being noticed with other animals. I have seen several of these ulcerations, and have come to the conclusion that it is from the poisoned wound ; tracts of skin ulcerating from the virulent nature of the poison. The fact that human beings are so rarely Avounded by the platypus' spur, is perhaps to be explained by the comparative clumsiness of movement of the animal when out of water. The last point, seeming to me of the greatest interest, is the rapid appearance and disappearance of the large mammary glands situated on the abdomen to the front of the hind legs. In the females v/hich I have recently examined, not even the rudiment of this gland could be discovered, yet two or three months later it will have attained its full size, as rapidly disappearing after the birth of the embryo. This is, indeed, a wonderful provision of nature. It is obvious how much they would be injured by the animal trailing along the ground. The testicles of the male, situated in the abdomen, is perhaps a similar provision of nature. The Platypus is one of the most interesting creatures in the animal kingdom. I do not think any attention devoted to its observa- tion, or any discussion of its economy, can be thrown away, and this must be my excuse for bringing these few notes, the result of several weeks of great trouble and care, before your Society. CENSUS OF TAS3fAXIAN PLANTS. Errata. Page 8. — Line 5, for MesanhrianihcTiium read Mesemhryantliemvm. Page 23. — Ninth line from bottom, for Prenela read Frenela. Page 30, — Line 22, foi Ac/rostis scabra read Agrostis decipiens. CENSUS OF THE PLANTS OF TASMANIA, INSTITUTED IN 1879. By Barox Ferd. vox Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S. (Papers and Proceedings^ Royal Society of Tasmaniny 1879J In the following pages the first part of a statistic essay on Tasmanian plants is submitted to the Royal Society. This portion of the essay is limited to a list of those plants which hitherto have become known from the main island and the smaller isles under its political jurisdiction, as far as Di- and Mono-cotyledoneae and Ferns are concerned. The arrange- ment is effected chiefly in accordance with the Candollean system, w^hich in most respects represents that of Jussieu in a reversed series. But the apetalous ordei's of Jussieu or the Monochlamydeai of Candolle have been distributed, with the exception of the amentaceous orders, in the other large systematic divisions, and thus several ordinal groups of plants, ■which by adherence to the usual methods of arrangement would stand far apart, have been brought into close proximity, according to their nearest natural affinities. Since the comple- tion of Dr. Hooker's great work in 1860 about fifty cotyle- donar plants, indigenous to the Tasmanian territory, have been discovered ; but probably another half-hundred or more could yet be added by future searches, especially if such were further extended to King's Island and the interior north-western regions of the main island, where particularly among the waterplants, rushes, sedges, and minute weeds an extensive additional harvest might probably be gathered Along with the generic and specific names in the list now prepared, is also quoted the particular publication in which each plant became systematically first established. Hence further details may be traced out from these literaiy indications regarding also all the plants added since the publication of the Flora Tasmanica. Bentham's important labours for 17 years past on the vegetation of all Australia have been of material aid not only in augmenting the list to its present extent, but also in reducing many specific names to older appellations, to be maintained by the i-ight to priority. To avoid any perplexities which might 55 CENSUS OF THE arise from this needful change of names, whenever Dr. Hooker's fundamental work is to be consulted in connection with this list, it becomes necessary to quote, at the end of each line, the number or numbers under which the species are arranged at pages Ivi.-lxxxiii. in the preface to the Flora Tasmanica. Wide researches into the vegetation of the whole of Australia, to which the writer has devoted much of his time during the last 32 years, have tended to change in many instances the limits assigned originally to the Tasmanian plants, and have shown a degree of variability of many species much higher than could have been anticipated from local studies. Eliminated from the present index are several plants formerly regarded as indigenous, and it is almost certain that some others ought yet to be transferred from the list of indigenous to that of the introduced species. A clear aspect of the original vegetation becomes disturbed by mixing the naturalised with the natural plants ; the number of the latter may at last become fixed, but that of the former will increase constantly. An enumeration of such foreign plants as are settled beyond extirpation in the island will form part of the next chapter of this dissertation. A few other plants, accepted in Dr. Hooker's works, have also been excluded here, as their specific validity remained yet obscure. They must find, if necessary, a place in supplemental notes to this compilation. It is also intended to continue this essay in other directions, while statistic labours on the plants of the colony of Victoria are progressing, inasmuch as the vegetation of each of the Australian provinces can only be fully elucidated by compara- tive studies. Material which Tasmanian residents, imbued with scientific taste, will be inclined to secure for the purposes indicated, will be gratefully utilised, and will tend to advance the knowledge of the indigenous vegetation towards gi-adual completion. Finally, then, also inexpensive volumes on the native plants of the island and its dependencies, such as the meritorious publication of the late Rev. W. W. Spicer, might emanate from augmented material and extended studies for educational purposes, recreative intellectual occupations, utilitarian references, or further contributions to science. PLANTS OF TASMANIA. Dicotyledoneae. Ranunculacece. r.¥^2}'- Fl. Tas. Clematis aristata, R. Br. in Cand. Syst. I., 147 1, 2, 3 microphyila, Cand. Syst. I., 147 4 Anemone crassifolia, Hook. Icon. t. 247 ^ Ranunculus aquatilis, L. Sp. PL, 556 6 Gunnianus, Hook. Journ. I., 244, t. 133 . . 7 lappaceus, Sm. in Rees' Cyclop, n. 61 ■! '-,-.' -, .' rivularis, B. & S. in G. Forst. Prodr. 90. 12, 13, 15 parviflorus, L. Sp. PL ed. II., p. 780 16, 17 Caltha introloba, F. M. in Transact. Phil. Soc. Vict. I., 98 18 DUleniacece. Hibbertia densiflora, F.M. PL of Vict. I., 15 26 hirsuta, Benth. FL Austr. I., 26 29 stricta, R. Br. in Cand. Syst. I., 422 28 Billardieri, F.M. PL of Vict. I., 14 27 acicularis, F.M. PL of Vict. I., 17 25 serpillifolia, R. Br. in Cand. Syst. I., 430. .. . 24 angustifolia, Salisb. Parad. Lond., 73 21 fasciculata, R. Br. in Cand. Syst. I., 428 ... . 22 virgata, R. Br. in Cand. Syst. I., 428 23 3fag7ioliacece, Drimys aromatica, F.M. PL of Vict. I., 20 19 3Ionimie(e» Atherosperma moschatum, La Bill. Specim. II., 74, t. 224 20 Papaveracece. Papaver aculeatum, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 431. CrucifercB. Nasturtium terrestre, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. sec. ed. IV., 110 36 Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. IV., 109 l^ Cardamine stylosa, Cand Syst. II., 248 31 dictyosperma, Hook Journ. I., 246 32 4 CENSUS OF THE Cardamine radicata, J. Hook. Icon. PI. t. 882 30 hirsuta, L. Sp. PL, 655 33, 34 Draba muralis, L. Sp. PL, 642 41 Stenopetalum lineare, R. Br. in Cand. Syst. II., 513 . . 37 Capsella elliptica, C. A. Meyer Verz., 194 38 antipoda, P.M. PL of Vict. I., 44 39, 42 Lepidium folios um, Desv. Joiirn. III., 164 43, 45 ruderale, L. Sp. PL, 645 44 Thiaspi Tasmanicum, J. Hook. PL Tasm. I., 23 40 Cakile maritima, Scop. Flor. Cam. II., 35. Viola cecB, Viola betonicifolia, Sm. in Rees' Cyclop, n. 7 47 Caleyana, G. Don. Diclil. PL I., 329 49 Cunninghami, J. Hook. PL New Zeal. I., 16 ... . 48 hederacea, La Bill. Specim. I., 66, t. 91 46 Hymenanthera Banksii, P.M. PL of Vict. 1, 69 50 Droseracece. Drosera Arcturi, Hook. Journ. of Bot. I., 247 51 ' pygHiffia, Cand. Prod. I., 317 52 spathulata. La Bill. Specim. I., 79, t. 106 53 ' binata, La Bill. Specim. I., 78, t. 105 54 am'iculata, Backh. in Ann. Scienc. Nat. Trois. Ser. IX., 95 6^3 ' peltata, Smith in Willd. Sp. PL I., 1546. . 57. 58, 59 Menziesii, R. Br. in Cand. Prodr. I., 319 55 PittosporecB. Pittosporum bicolor, Hook. Jom-n. I., 249 72 undulatum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 393. Bursaria spinosa, Cav. Icon. IV., 30, t. 350 73 Marian thus procumbens, Benth. PL Austr. I., 117 .... 74 Billardiera scandens, Sm. Bot. New Holl. I., t. 1 70 ■ longiflora. La Bill. Specim. I., 64, t. 89 69, 71 PolygalecB. Comesperma volubile, La Bill. Specim. II., 2, t. 163. . . 60 retusum, La Bill. Specim. II., 22, t. 160. . 61 ericinum, Cand. Prodr. I., 334 62 calycomega, La Bill. Spec. II., 23, t. 162 . 63 defbliatum, P.M. PL of Vict. I., 189, PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 5 Tremandrece. Tetratbeca ciliata, Lindl. in Mitch. Three Exped. II., 206 64 pilosa, La Bill. Specim. I., 95, t. 122. . .65, 66, 67, 68 Srerculiacece. Lasiopetalum discolor, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I., 276 92 dasyphyllum, Sieb. in Hook. Joiirn. II. , 414 93 micranthiim, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 51 . . 94 TiliacecB. Aristotelia peduncularis, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 52 .... 95 Eleeocarpus cyaneus, W. T. Ait. Epit. Hort. Kew. Add. 367. Malvacece. Lavatera plebeja, Sims Bot. Mag. t. 2269 88 Plagianthus sidoides. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3396 91 pulchellus, A. Gray Bot. Wilk. Exped. I., 181 90 spicatus, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. VI., 103 89 Euplioi-hiacece. Bertya rosmarinifolia, Planch, in Hook. Lond. Joum. IV., 173 734 Ricinocarpus pinifolius, Desf. in Mem. du Mus. III., 459, t. 22 731 Beyera viscosa, Miq. in Ann. Scienc. Nat. Trois. Ser. I., 350, t. 15 732, 733 Amperea spartioides, Brogn. in Duperr. Voy. 226, t. 49 735 Micrantheum hexandrum, J. Hook in Lond. Journ. VI., 283 738 Pseudanthus ovalifolius, F. M. in Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict. II., m. Porantbera micropbylla, Brogn. in Duperr. Voy. 219, t. 15 739 Phyllanthus australis, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 284 737 Gunnii, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 284 736 Euphorbia Drummondi, Boiss. Cent. Euph., 14. Vi'ticece. Parietaria debilis, G. Forst. Prodr. 73 741 Australina pusilla, Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 505 74:^ Urtica incisa, Poir. Encycl. SujDpl. IV., 223 740 6 CENSUS OF f Hfi SaimidacefP. Dodonaea viscosa, L. Mantiss. 228 100 ericifolia, G. Doncdichlam., PL I., 674 101 HypericinecB. Hypericum Japonicum, Tliimb. Fl. Japon., 295 96, 97 Elatinece. Elatine minima, F. and M. in Linnaea X., 73 87 Linece, Lintim marginale, A. Cunn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. VII., 169 86 Geraniacem. Geranium dissectum, L. Sp. PL Ed. II., p. 956. . 102, 103, 104 Pelargonium Australe, Willd. Spec. PL III., 675 105, 106 Oxalis Magellanica, Forst. Comment. Goetting IX., 33 . 107 corniculata, L. Sp. PL 435 108 Zygophyllece. Zygophyllum apiculatum, F.M. in Linnasa XXV., 373. . 110 Billardierii, Cand. Prodr. I., 705 109 RutacecB, Correa alba, Andr. Bol. Rep. t. 18 Ill speciosa, Ait. Epit. Hort. Kew, 366 112, 114 Lawrenciana, Hook. Journ. I., 254 ..* 113 Zieria Smithii, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 606 121 cytisoides, Sm. in Rees Cycl. n. 4. Boronia pinnata, Sm. Tracts, 290, t. 4 127, 128 pilosn, La Bill. Specim. I., 97, t. 124 125 polygalifolia, Sm. Tracts, 297, t. 7 .... 124, 126, 329 rhoml)oidea. Hook. Icon. PL t. 722 122 parviHora, Sm. Tracts, 295, t. 6 123 Eriostemon virgatus, A. Cunn. in Hook. Journ. II., 417 120 obovalis, A. Cunn. in Field's N. S. Wales, 331 119 montanus, F. M. PL of Vict. I., 129 116 Daviesii, F. M. 118 HiUebrandi, F. M. in Transact. Phil. Soc. Vict. I., 10 117 OldMeldii, F. M. Fragm. I., 3. IPLANTS of TASMANIA. 7 Eriostemon squameus, La Bill. Specim. I., 116, t. 141 . . 115 Acradenia Frankliniae, Kipp. in Transact. Linn. Soc. XXI., 207, t. 22 130 FrankeniacecB. Frankenia pauciflora, Cand. Prodr. I., 350 75 Plumhaginece. Statice taxanthema, Roem. and Scliiilt. Syst. I., 959 .... 652 PhytoJaccece. Didymotlieca tliesioides, J. Hook, in Lond. Joiirn., VI., 279 669 Caryophyllece. Stellaria pungens, Brogn. Voy. Coq. t. 78 85 glaiica, With. Arrang. I., 420 84 flaccida, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I., 275 83 miiltiflora, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I., 275 ... 82 Colobanthus Billardierii, Fenzl. in Ann. Wien^ Miis. I., 49 80,81 Sclerantliiis bifloms, J. Hook. Fl. Nov. Zel. I., 74 77, 78 diander, R. Br. Prodr., 412 79 Spergularia rubra, Ardiiino in Pers. Syn* I., 504 76 Sagina apetala, L. Mantiss. 559. Portulacece. Claytonia Australasica, J. Hook. Icon. PL t. 293 289 calyptrata, F. M. Fragm. III., 89 288 Montia fontana, L. Sp. PL, 87 290 •imarayitace(B , Hemichroa pentandra, R. Br. Prodr., 409 672 Alternanthera denticulata, R. Br. Prodr., 417 671 Ptilotus spatulatus, Poir. Diet. Suppl. IV., 620 670 Salsolacew, Rhagodia nutans, R. Br. Prodr., 408 674 Billardieri, R. Br. Prodr., 408 673 Atriplex cinereum, Poir. Diet. Suppl. I., 471 677 paludosum, R. Br. Prodr., 406. crystallinum, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 279 679 Threlkeldia diffusa, R. Br. Prodr., 410 680 8 CENSUS OF THE Suagda maritima, Dumort. Fl. Belg., 22 681 Salicornia australis, Soland. in G. Forst. Prodr., 88 ... . 683 arbuscula, R. Br. Prodr., 411 682 Ficoidece Mesembriantliemum {eqiiilaterale, Haw. Misc., 77 295 australe, Soland. in G. Forst. Prodr., 91 296 Tetragonia expansa, Murr. in Comment. Goetting, 6 . . . 297 implexicoma, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 148. . . 298 Polygonece. Muelilenbeckia appressa, Meissn. Gen. PL, 227 667 axillaris, J. Hook, in Lond. Joiirn. VI., 278 668 Polygonum strigosum, R. Br. Prodr., 420 QQ6 prostratum, R. Br. Prodr., 419 . 666 minus, Hiids. Fl. Angl. 1., 148 663 subsessile, R. Br. Prodr., 419 654 lapathifolium, L. Sp. PL, 360. Rumex Brownii, Campd. Monogr. Rum., 81 661 . bidens, R. Br. Prodr., 421 662 Leguminosce. SphaDrolobium vimineum, Sm. in Ann. of Bot. I., 539. . 160 Daviesia latifolia, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. III., 20 158 ulicina, Sm. in Ann. of Bot. I., 506 157 Aotus villosa, Sm. in Ann. of Bot. I., 504 159 Phyllota diffusa, F. M. Fragm. I., 8 175 Pultenaea daphnoides, Wendl. Bot. Beo])aclit, 49 164 stricta, Sims in Bot. Mag. 1588 165 Gunnii Bentli. in Annal Wicn. Mus. .... 169, 180 pedunculata, Hook, in Bot. Mag., 2859 176 subumbellata, Hook, in Bot. Mag., 2859 176 dcntata, La Bill. Specim. I., 103 t. 121 .. . 168, 170 hibbertioides, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 89 172 . juniperina, La Bill. Specim. I., 102 t. 130. .173, 174 'immilis, Bcntb. in J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. L, 91 177 solaginoides, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. L, 87 167 ])rostrata, Benth. in J, Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 89 171 lasciculata, Bentli. in Annal. Wien. Muse. II., 182 179 tenuifolia, R. Br. in Bot. Mag., 2()>() 178 Dillwynia ericifolia, Sm. in Ann. of Bot. I., 510 161 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 9 Dillwynia floribiinda, Sm. in Ann. of Bot. I., 510 .... 162 ^- cinerascens, R. Br. in Bot. Mag., 2247 163 Gompholobium Huegelii, Bentli. in Hueg. Eniim., 29. . 156 Oxvlobium ellipticum, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. III., 10 154, 155 Platvlobium triangulare, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. lY., 266 187 obtusangulum, Hook, in Bot. Mag., 3258. . 188 fbiTnosum, Sm. in Transact. Linn. Soc. II., 350 189 Bossiaea cordigera, Benth. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 95 1. 16 185 cinerea, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. IV., 268 186 prostrata, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. IV., 268 184 riparia, A. Cunn. in Benth Fl. Aiistr. II., 166 183 Hovea heterophjlla, A. Cunn. in J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 93 t. 15 182 longifolia, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. IV., 275 181 Goodia latifolia, Salisb. Parad. Londin. t. 41 190, 191 Lotus corniculatus, L. Sp. PL, 775 192 ■ australis, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 624 193 Psoralea adscendens, F. M. in Trans. Vict. Inst. I., 40. . 194 Indigofera australis, WiUd. Spec. PL III., 1235 195 Swainsonia lessertifblia, Cand. Prodr. II., 271 196 Desmodium varians, Endl. in Ann. Wie .. Mus. I., 185 198 Glycine clandestina, Wendl. Bot. Beobacht, 54 200, 201 Caulinia monophylla, F.M. Fragm. VII., 128 197 prostrata, F.M. Fragm. VII., 128 199 Acacia siculiformis, A. Cunn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. I., 337 203 ■ juniperina, Willd. Spec. PL IV., 1049 205 ■ diffusa, Edw. Bot. Reg., 634 204 verticillata, Willd. Spec. PL IV., 1049 206, 207 Riceana, Hensl. in Maund's Bot. III., t. 135 . . 208 axillaris, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. I., 340. . 209 vomeriformis, A. Cunn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. L, 332 202 verniciflua, A. Cunn. in Field's N. S. Wales, 344 213 stricta, Willd. Spec. PL IV., 1052 214 penninervis, Sieb. in Cand. Prodr. II., 452. suaveolens, Willd. Spec. PL IV., 1050 211 crassiuscula, Wendl. Comment. Acac. 31, t. 8. . . 212 myrtifolia, Willd. Sp. PL IV., 1054 210 iO CENSUS OF THE Acacia melanoxyloii, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, sec. ed. v., 462 215 longifblia, Willd. Spec. PL IV., 1052. . . . 216,217,218 discolor, Willd. Spec. PI. IV., 1068 219 -- — decurrens, Willd. Spec. PL IV., 1072 220, 221 Bosacece. Ceiim urbnniim, L. Sp. PL, 501 227 rcnifoliiim, P.M. in Transact. Phil. Inst. Vict. II., 66 228 Potentilla anserina, L. Sp. PL 495 224 Rubus Gimnianus, Hook. Icon. PL t. 291 223 parvifolius, L. Sp. PL edit, sec, 707 222 Acsena ovina, A. Cunn. in Field's N. S. Wales, 358 226 montana, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI., 276. sangiiisorbffi, Valil. Enum. I., 294 225 Saxifragece, Tetracarpsea Tnsmanica, J. Hook, in Icon. PL 264 .... 302 Anodopetalum biglandulosum, A. Cunn. in Endl. Gen., 818 ... 299 Anopterus glandulosa, La Bill. Specim. I., 86 t. 112 . . . 303 Eucryphia Billardicrii, Spacli Suit a BufF. V., 345 ... .98,99 Bauera rubioides, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 198 300, 301 Crassulacece. TillaBa verticillaris, Cand. Prodr. III., 382 291 purpurata, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI., 472 292 macrantha, J. Hook, in Icon. PL 310 293 intricata, Nees in Lehm. PL Preiss. I., 278 294 Haloragece. Myriopbyllum ampliibium. La Bill. Specim. II., 70, t. 220 243 pedunculatum, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI., 474 244 "- integrifolium, J. Hook Fl. Tasm. I., 123 t. 23a 245 elatinoides. Gaud, in Ann. Scienc. Nat. V., 105 241 variifolium, J. Hook, in Icon. PL 289 . . 242 Meionectes Brownii, J. Hook, in Icon. PL t. 306 247 Haloragis ceratophylla, Endl. Atakta 16, t. 15 236 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 11 Haloragis micrantha, R. Br. in Flind Vov., 550 240 tetracryna, R. Br. in Flind. Voy., 550 238 teucrioides, A. Gr. Bot. Wilk.'Expcd. I., 625 237 depressa, Walp. Rejjert. IL, 99 239 Gunnera cordifolia, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 125 249 Callitriclie verna, L. Sp. PL edit sec, 6 248 Ceratopliyllum demersiim, L. Sp. PL, 992 246 Ona(jre(B. Epilobium tetragonum, L. Sp. PL, 495 229-234 (Enothera Tasmanica, J. Hook. FL Tasm. I., 119 235 Lytliracece. Lvthrum salicaria, L. Sp. PL, 446 250 — hyssopifolia, L. Sp. PL, 447 251 MyrtacecB. Calycothrix tetra^ona, La Bill. Specim. II., 8, t. 146 . . 252 Thryptomene micrantha, J. Hook, in Kew Misc. V., 299, t. 8 253 Ba^ckea diffusa, Siel). in Cand. Prodr. III., 230. . 283, 284, 285 Giinniana, Schaiier in Walp. Repert. II., 921. . 286 Leptospermum la3vigatum, F. M. Report, 1858 282 flavescens, Sm. in Transact. Linn. Soc. III., 262 278 scopanum, R. and G. Forster Char. Gen., 48 276 lanigerum, Sm. in Transact. Linn. Soc. III., 263 277, 279 myrtifolium, Sieb. in Cand. Prodr. III., 238 280, 281 Kunzea corifolia, Reichenb. Conspect., 178 259 Callistemon salignus, Cand. Prodr. III., 223 260, 261 Melaleuca gibbosa. La Bill. Specini. II., 30, t. 172 258 sfpiarrosa, Sm. in Transact. Linn Soc- VI., 300 257 squamea. La Bill. Specim. II., 28, t. 168 254 ericifblia, Sm. in Transact. Linn. Soc. III., 276 255, 256 Eucalyptus coriacea, A. Cunn. in Walj). Rep. IL, 925. . 272 coccifera, J. Flook. in Lond. Journ. VI., 477 265 amygdalina, La Bill. Specim. II., ) 263, 271, 274, 14, t. 154 . . V j 275 cordata. La Bill. Specim. II., 13, t. 152. . . . 262 obliqua, L'Her. Sert. Angl. 18, t. 20 273 12 CENSUS OF THE Eucalyptus ^^lobulus, La Bill. Voy. I., 153, t. 13 264 urnigera, J. Hook in Lond. Journ. VI., 477 206 vernicosa, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 478 270 viminalis, La Bill. Specim. II., 12 t. 151 . . 267 Stuartiana, F. M. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. IV., 131 269 Gunnii, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. III., 499 268 Sieberi, F. M. Atlas, 1879. Cucurhitacew. Sicyos angulata, L. Sp. PI. 1013 287 Laurince. Cassytha glabella, R. Br. Prodr., 404 686 pubescens, R. Br. Prodr., 404 685 melantha, R. Br. Prodr., 404 684 Stack] lousiacece. Stackhousia pulvinaris, F. M. in Transact. Phil. Soc. Vict., 101. flava, Hook. Icon. t. 269 153 linarifolia, A. Cunn. in Field's N. S. Wales, 356 150, 151 spathulata, Sieb. in Spreng. Cur. Post., 124 152 Rh lamnocece. Pomaderris elliptica. La Bill. Specim. I., 61,] -,4 a -, ,r tac t. 86 J ^^^' ^^"^^ ^^^^ ._ apetala. La Bill. Specim. I., 62, I. 87 147 racemosa. Hook. Journ. I., 256 148 phyllicifblia, Lodd. Bot. Cabin, t. 120 149 Spyridium serpiilaceum, F. M. Fragm. III., 80 132 ])arvifolium, F. M. Fragm. III., 79 138, 139 Lawrencei, Bentli. Fl. Austr. I., 430 . 134 obovatum, Benth. Fl. Austr. I., 499 140 Gunnii, Benth. Fl. Austr. I., 430 137 criocephalum, Fenzl. in Hueg. Enum., 24. .133, 135 uliciniim, Benth. Fl. Austr. I., 434 136 leucophractum, F. M. Fragm. III., 77 143 Cryptandra amara, Sm. in Transact. Limi. Soc. X., 295, t. 18, f. 2 141 alpina, J. Hook. Fl. Tasni. I., 75, t. 12 . . . . 142 Discaria australis, Hook. Bot. Miscell. 1., 137, t. 45 . . . 131 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 13 Santalacece, Leptomeria glomerata, F. M. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. II., 370 729 Billai-dierii, R. Br. Prodr., 354 728 Thesium aiistrale, R. Br. Prodr., 212 730 Exocarpiis hiimifiisa, R. Br. Prodr., 357 727 stricta, R. Br. Prodr., 357 726 ciipressiformis, La Bill. Voy. I., 155, t. 14 . . 725 Pi'oteacece. Isopogon ceratophyllus, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 72 688 Conospermum taxifolium, Sm. in Rees Cycl. IX 687 Bellendena montana, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 166 693 Agastachys odorata, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 158 689 Cenarrhenes nitida, La Bill. Specim. I. 36, t. 50 690 Persoonia Gunnii, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VL, 283. . 692 juniperina. La Bill. Specim. I., 33, t. 45 .... 691 Orites diversifolia, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 190 700 Milligani, Meissn. in Cand. Prodr. XIV., 424 . . 701 revoluta, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 190 . 702 acicularis, R. Br. Proteac. Nov., 32 703 Grevillea aiistralis, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 171 694 Hakea pugioniformis, Cav. Annal. Hist. Nat. I., 213, 1. 11 696 epiglottis. La Bill. Specim. L. 30, t. 40 695 acicularis, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., ) pr^r. pqq • nodosa, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 179. microcarpa, R. Br. in Transact Linn. Soc. X., 182 697 • ulicina, R. Br. Proteac. Nov., 29. Telopea trimcata, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 198 704 Lomatia tinctoria, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 189 706 polymorpha, R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 200 705 Banksia marginata, Cav. Annal. Hist. Nat. I. 227, t. 13 708 serrata, L. Fil. SuppL, 126 707 ThymelecB. Pimelea cinerea, R. Br. Prodr., 361 713 Milligani, Meissn. in Cand. Prodr. XIV., 509. glauca, R. Br. Prodr., 360 721 linifolia, Sm. Bot. of N. Holl. 31, t. 11 . . . . 719, 720 14- CENSUS OF THE Pimelea ligustrina, La Bill. Specim. I. 9, t. 3 717 humilis, R. Br. Prodr., 361 722 sericea, R. Br. Prodr., 361 715 nivea, La Bill. Spec. I., 10, t. 6 714 di'iipacea, La Bill. Specim. I., 10, t. 7 712 filiformis, J. Hook, in Lond. Joiirn. VL, 280. . 710 axiflora, F. M. in Linnaea, XXVI., 345. pauciflora, R. Br. Prodr., 360 723 pygnia;a, F. M. in Linnsa, XXVI., 346 724 serpillifblia, R. Br. Prodr., 360. flava, R. Br. Prodr., 361 718 curviflora, R. Br. Prodr., 362 711 stricta, Meissn. in Linnaea XXVI, , 348. Drapetes Tasmanica, J. Hook, in Kew Miscell. V., 299, t. 7 709 Umbelliferce, Hydrocotyle hirta, R. Br. in Ach. Rich. Hydrocot. 04 305, 306, 307, 308 tripartita, R. Br. in Ach. Rich. Hydrocot. 69, t. 61 311 pterocarpa, F. M. in Transact. Vict. Inst- 1855, 126 309 callicarpa, Bimge in Lehm. PL Preiss. I., 283 310 Asiatica, L. Sp. PI. 234 304 Didiscus humilis, J. Hook. Icon PL t. 304 313 ■ pilosiis, Benth. in Hueg. Enum., 54 312 Xanthosia pilosa, Rudge in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 301, t. 22, f. 1 314 pusilla, Bunge in Lehm. PL Preiss. I., 291 . . 316 - dissecta, J. Hook. Icon. PL t. 302 315 Azorella saxifraga, Benth. Fl. Aiistr. III., 365 321 dichopetala, Benth. Fl. Austr. III., 365 319 Huanaca hydrocotyle, Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL I., 874 317 cordifolia, Benth, and Hook. Gen. PL I., 874 318 Actinotus bellioides, Benth. Flor. Austr. III., 369 320 Eryngium vesiculosum, La Bill. Specim. 1, 73, t. 98 . . . 323 Apium prostratum, La Bill. Voy. I., 141 325 Oreomyrrhis andicola, Endl. Gen. PL, 787 327-331 Crantzia lineata, Nutt. Gen. PL Amer. I., 178 324 Aciphylla procumbens, F. M. in Benth. Fl. Austr. III., 375 322 Daucus brachiatus, Sieb. in Cand. Prodr. IV., 214 326 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 15 AraliacecB, Panax Gumiii, J. Hook, in Lond. Joiirn. YI., 466 .... 332 sambucifolius, Sieb. in Cand. Prodr. III., 2o5. Capi^ifoliacece. Sambiicus Gaudichaudiana, Cand. Prodr. IV., 322 .... 333 Ruhiacece. Coprosma hirtella, La Bill. Specim. I., 70, t. 95 334 microphylla, A. Cimn. in J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I., 165 335 nitida, J. Hook, in Lond. Joiirn. VI., 465 . . 336 pumila, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 465. . 337 repens, J. Hook. Fl, Antarct. I., 23, t. 16a. nertera, F. M. Fragm. IX., 186. Opercularia ovata, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 465. . 338 — varia, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 466. . 339 Asperula conferta, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., i oj^i oj^. 464 ) .:)4i-d40 Galium umbrosum, Sol. in G. Forst. Prodr., 89 347 ciliare, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 461 .... 348 australe, Cand. Prodr. IV., 608 349, 350 albescens, J. Hook, in Lond. Journ. VI., 462 . . 351 Aparine, L. Sp. PL, 108. Composite. Aster viscosus. La Bill. Specim. II., 53 353 argophyllus. La Bill. Specim. II., 52, t. 201 352 myrsinoides. La Bill. Specim. II., 53, t. | o^j^ o;;;;!; /^yjiC I persoonoides, A. Cunn. in Cand. Prodr. V., \ o-p oj^r^ 267 J ^ obcordatus, F.'M. Fragm. V., 69 358 pinifolius, F. M. Fragm. V., 71 362 . ledifolius, A. Cunn. in Cand. Prodr. V., 269 .... 363 stellulatus, La Bill. Spec. II., 50, t. 196 . . 359,360,361 axillaris, F. M. Fragm. V., 64 . .^. 364 ramulosus. La Bill. Specim. II., 51, t. 198 365 florulentus, F. M. Fragm. V., 82 367 lepidophyllus, Pers. Svn. II., 442 366 glutescens, F. M., Fragm. V., 77 369. Hookeri, F. M 370 glandulosus, La Bill. Specim. II., 50, t. 197 .... 368 16 CENSUS OF THE Aster Huegelii, F. M. Fragm. V., 79 371 Celmisia, F. M. Fragm. V., 84 372 Vittadinia australis, A. Rich. Voy. Astrol., 250 373, 374 Erigeron pappochromus, La Bill. Specim. II., ) o^vr 0/7/^ /llidec(\ Haemodormn distichophyllum, Hook. Icon., 866 83 26 CENSUS OF THE Hypoxis hyp^rometrica, La Bill. Specim. I., 82, t. 108. . 84 glabella, R. Br. Prodr., 289 85, 86 LUiacece. Bartlingia sessiflora, F. M. in Pap. R. S. Tasm. 1877, p. 116 135 Astelia alpina, R. Br. Prodr., 291 136 Milligania longifolia, J. Hook, in Kew, Misc. V., 296, t. IX 138 densiflora, J. Hook, in Kew, Misc. V., 297. . 139 stylosa, F. M. in Pap. R. S. Tasm. 1876, p. 11. • Johnstoni, F. M. Benth. Flor. Austr. YII., 27. Burchardia umbellata, R. Br. Prodr., 273 103 Wiirmbsea dioica, F. M. in Pap. R. S. Tasm. 1877, ) -,<^^ -.r.^- 21(3 j ^^% ^^^ Hewardia Tasmanica, J. Hook. Icon. PI., 858 106 Drymophila cyanocarpa, R. Br. Prodr., 202 108 Blandfordia marginata, Herb, in Bot. Reg. 1842, Misc., 93 109 ChamcDscilla corymbosa, F. M. Fragm. VIII., 68 117 CsEsia parviflora, R. Br. Prodr., 277 118 vittata, R. Br. Prodr., 277 119 Chlorophytum alpinum, Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV., 329 120 Arthropodiiim strictum, R. Br. Prodr., 276 113, 114 paniculatum, R. Br. Prodr.,276. . 110, 111, 112 Tbysanotus Patersoni, R. Br. Prodr., 284 121 Bulbine semibarbata. Haw. Revis., 33 116 ■ - bulbosa. Haw. Revis., 33 115 Tricoryne elatior, R. Br. Prodr., 278 123 Herpolirion Novos Zealandige, J. Hook. FI. Nov. Zel. I., 258 122 Stypandra csespitosa, R. Br. Prodr., 279 124, 125 Dianella longifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 280 126, 127, 128 revoluta, R. Br. Prodr., 280 129 elegans, K until and Boucbe Ind. Sem. Hort. Ber., 1848. Tasmanica, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. II., 57, 1 tqa iqi t. 133 \ ^'^^' ^^^ Xanthorrhoea minor, R. Br. Prodr., 288 134 australis, R. Br. Prodr., 288 132 Xyridcco, Xyris gracilis, R. Br. Prodr., 256 159 operculata, La Bill. Specim. I., 14, t. 10 158 Najadece. Triglochin procera, R. Br. Prodr., 343 93 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 27 Triglochin striata, Ruiz and Pav. Fl. Periiv. III., 73. . 91 centrocarpa, Hook. Icon., t. 728 92 Potamogeton obtusifblius, Mert. and Koch. Diutsclil. Fl. I., 855 96 praelongus, Wulf. in Roem. Arch. III., 331. perfbliatiis, L. Sp. PL, 12G. natnns, L. Sp. PL, 126 94, 95 marinus, L. Sp. PL, 127. Riippia maritima, L. Sp. PL, 127 97 Lepilaena Preissii, F. M. Fragm. VIII., 217 98 Posidonia australis, J. Hook. FL Tasm. II., 43 99 Cymodocea antarctica, EndL GenpL, 230 100 Zostera Miielleri, Jrmisch in Linna^a, 1867, p. 168. Tasmanica, Martens in Linncea, 1867, 168 101 Halophila ovalis, Gaud. Voy. Freycin. Bot., 470, t. 40. . 102 Lemnaccce. Lemna minor, L. Sp. PL, 970 88 trisuica, L. Sp. PL, 790 89 Tuphacece. Typha Brownii, Kunth. Enum. III., 92 90 Muelleri, Rohrb. in VerhandL Brandenb., 1869, p. 95. Xerotldcce. Xerotes longifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 262 149 glauca, R. Br. Prodr., 260 141 JimrccB. Luzula campestris, Cand. FL Franc. III., 161 156, 157 Juncus planifoiius, R. Br. Prodr., 259 142 capspititius, E. Mev. in Lehm. PL Preiss. II., 47 143 falcatus, E. Merer in Reliq. Hank. II., 144 . . 144 Holoschcenus, R. Br. Prodr.,- 259 148 maritimus. Lam. EncycL III., 264 149 pauciflorus, R. Br. Prodr., 259 153, 154 capiUareus, J. Hook. FL Tasm. II., 65 147 pallidus, R. Br. Prodr., 258 155 communis, E. Mey. June, 12 150, 151, 152 . Brownii, F. M. Report, 1853, p. 19 146 bufonius, L. Sp. PL, 328 145 Ilestiacecc-. Restio tetraphyllus, La BilL Specim. II., 77, t. 226 and 227 164 complanatus, R. Br. Prodr., 245 161 28 CENSUS OF THE Restio oligocephalus, F. M. Fragm. VIII., 68 160 australis, R. Br. Prodr., 245 162 gracilis, R. Br. Prodr., 245 163 Lepyrodia Muelleri, Benth. Fl. Aiistr. VII., 215. ^ Tasmanica, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. II., 72, 1. 135 165 Calostrophus fastigiatus, F. M. in Pap. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1878, p. 117. eloiigatus, La Bill. Specim. II., 78, t. 228. lateriflorus, F. M. Fragm. VIII., 87 :... 169 Leptocarpiis simplex, R. Br. Prodr., 250 166 . tenax, R. Br. Prodr., 250 167 Centrolepidece. Aphelia gracilis, Sond. in Linnsea, 1856, p. 227 170 Pmiiilio, F. M. in Linneea, 1856, p. 226 171 Centrolepis aristata, Roem and Schiilt. Syst. Veg. I., 44. 172 fascicularis. La Bill. Specim. I., 7, t. 1 .... 174 strigosa, R. and S. Syst. Veg. I., 43 173 monogyna, Benth. Flor. Aiistr. VII., 205. . 176 pulvinata, Rcem. and Schult. Syst. Veg. I., 43 175 muscoides, Hieron. Halle Abhand!. XII., 94. 177 polygyna, Hieron. Halle Abhandl. XII., 96. 179 glabra, F. M. in Halle Abhandl. XII., 95. . 178 Trithm-ia submersa, J. Hook Fl. Tasm. II., 78, t. 133. . 180 Cyperacece. Cyperiis lucidus, R. Br. Prodr., 218 181, 182 Heleocharis sphacelata, R. Br. Prodr., 224 192 palustris, R. Br. Prodr., 224 193 acicularis, R. Br. Prodr., 224. Isolepis fliiitans, R. Br. Prodr., 221 194, 195, 196 setacea, R. Br. Prodr., 222 200, 201 riparia, R. Br. Prodr., 222 203 Gaiidichaudiana, Kunth. Enum. II., 201. cartilaginea, R. Br. Prodr., 222 197, 202 inundatn, R. Br. Prodr., 222 198 nodosa, R. Br. Prodr., 221 199 Scirpus pmigens, Vahl. Enum. II., 255 204 lacustris, L. Sp. PL, 48 206 maritimiis, L. Sp. PI., 51 205 Cladium marisciis, R. Br. Prodr., 236 227 filum, R. Br. Prodr., 237 226, 228 trifidum, F. M. in Pap. R. Soc. Tasm., 1878, p. 117 228 tetraquetnim, J. Hook. PI. Tasm. II., 95, 1. 149 217 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 29 Cladium radula, R. Br. Prodr., 237. psittacoruni, F. M. Fragm. IX., 13 229 melanocarpum, F. M. Fragm. IX., 13 230 glomeratiim, R. Br. Prodr., 237 220 schoenoides, R. Br. Prodr., 236 224, 225 Gimnii, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. I [.,95, t. 148 . . 221,223 ■ jimceiim, R. Br. Prodr., 237 222 Lepidosperma filiforme, La Bill. Specim. I., 17, t. 15 . . 218 laterale, R. Br. Prodr., 234 211 lineare, R. Br. Prodr., 235 214 squamatum, La Bill. Specim. I., 17, 1. 16. 215 concaviim, R. Br. Prodr., 234. . . . 210,212,213 longitudinale, La Bill. Specim. I., 16, 1. 13 209 elatius, La Bill. Specim. L, 15, t. 11 208 gladiatum, La Bill. Specim. I., 15, 1. 12. . 207 Oreobolus pumilio, R. Br. Prodr., 236 219 Schoenus fluitans, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. II., 81, t. 141 . . 183 Chastospora alpina, Endl. Gen., 113 191 tenuissima, J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. II., 80, 1. 140 184 capillaris, F. M. Fr. IX., 34 185 nitens, R. Br. Prodr., 233 186 axillaris, R. Br. Prodr., 233 188 imberbis, R. Br. Prodr., 233 187 sphaerocephala, R. Br. Prodr., 233 189 Chorizandra eiiodis, Nees in Lebm. PI. Preiss. II., 73. . 190 Caiistis pentandra, R. Br. Prodr., 240 231 Carex acicularis, Boott in J. Hook. Fl. Nov. Zel. I., 280, t. 63 232 tereticaiilis, F. M. Fragm. VIII., 256. paniculata, L. Sp. PL, ed. sec, 1383 234 cblorantha, R. Br. Prodr., 242 235 inversa, R. Br. Prodr., 242 233 cffispitosa, L. Sp. PL, 978. ...... 236 Gmmiana, Boott in Transact. Linn. Soc. XX., ) 007 900 143 / -^^^'^^^ pumila, Thmib. Fl. Japon., 38 239 Bichenoviana, Boott in J. Hook. Fl. Tasm. II., 101. flava L. Sp. PL, 975 240 lono-ifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 242 241 Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Sp. PL, 978 242 breviculm'is, R. Br Prodr., 242 243 Uncinia tenella, R. Br. Prodr., 241 245 riparia, R. Br. Prodr., 241 246 • compacta, R. Br. Prodr., 241 247, 248 30 CENSUS OF THE Graminece. Ehrharta distichophylla, La Bill. Specim. I., 90, t. 117. . 249 junceae, Spreng., Syst. II., 114 250 acuminata, F. M. in Transact. Phil. Soc. Vict. L, 111 251 stipoides. La Bill. Specim. I. 91, t. 118 . . 252, 253 diarrhena, F. M. Fragm. VII., 89 254 Stipa semibarbata, R. Br. Prodr., 174 262 pubescens, R. Br. Prodr., 174 263 flavescens, La Bill. Specim. I., 24, t. 30 264 setacea, R. Br. Prodr., 174 265 teretifolia, Steud. Glum. I., 128 268 micrantha, Cav. Icon. V., 42, t. 467 267 pentapogon, F. M. Fragm. VIII., 106 280 Dichelachne, Steud. Nomenel. II., 502 266 Cinna ovata, Kunth. Gram. I., 167 279 Agrostis quadriseta, R. Br. Prodr., 171 271 scabra, Willd. Sp. PL I., 370 269 venusta, Trin. Agrost. II., 94 270 Solandri, F. M. Chath. Isl. Veg., 60 272-274 gequata, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. II., 413. . 273 scabra, R. Br. Prodr., 172 275, 277 montana, R. Br. Prodr., 172 276 frigida, F. M. First Gen. Report, 1853, p. 20. Gunniana, F. M. in Pap. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1878, p. 119. Hierochloa antarctica, R. Br. Prodr., 209 259 alpina, Rcem. and Schult. Svst. Veg. II., 510 260 rariflora, J. Hook. Fl. Antart. I., 93 261 Anthistiria ciliata, Linn. Diss, de Gram., 35 258 Aira caspitosa, L. Sp. PL, 64 282 Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv. Essai, 88 283 Danthonia nervosa, J. Hook. FL Tasm. II., 121,) ^39 290 '- -Vpeniciliata* F.*M.* Fragm*. VII L,* 135.*. . . 284-288 Distichlis maritima, Rafin. Journ. Physig. LXXXIX., 104 300 Festuca fluitans, L. Sp. FL, 75 291 syrtica, F. M. Fragm. VIIL, 130 292 litoralis, La Bill. Specim. I., 22, t. 27 302 Hookeriana, F. M. in J. Hook. FL Tasm, IE., 127, t. 165 301 duriuscula, L. Sp. PL, 74. Agropyron scabrum, Beauv. Essai, 102 303 velutinum, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. II., 417 305 . pectinatum, Beauv. Essai, 102 304 PLANTS OF TASMANIA. 31 Poa caespitosa, G. Forst. Prodr., p. 89 293, 295 — Billardierii, Steud. Glum. I. 262. saxicola, R. Br. Prodr., 180 294, 296 Zoysia pimgens, Willd. in Berl. Verhandl. III., 440. Hemarthria compressa, R. Br. Prodr., 207 257 Spinifex liirsutus, La Bill. Specim. II. 81, t. 230 256 Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill. Icon. Fasc. II., t- 11. Phragmites communis, Trin. Fund., 134 281 Acotyiedoneae. FiLICES. Lycojiodlacea. Lyeopodium Selago, L. Sp. PL, 1102. ■ densum, La Bill. Specim. II. 104, t. 251. laterale, R. Br. Prodr., 165. • — Carolinianum, L. Sp. PI., 1104. clavatum, L. Sp. PL, 1101. scariosum, G. Forst. Prodr., 48, Selaginella uliginosa, Spring, Monogr. des Lye, 60. Preissiana, S])ring. Monogr. des Lye, 62. Traesipteris Tannensis, Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. 1800, II., 131. Phylloglossum Drummondi, Kunze Bot. Zeit. 1843, p. 724. Oph'wglossew. Opbioglossum vulgatum, L. Spl. PL, 1062. Botrychium lunaria, Swartz. Syn. FiL, 171. teratum, Sw. Syn. FiL, 172. Schizacece. Schizaea bifida, Sw. in Sclirad. Journ. 1800, p. 2. fistulosa, La Bill Specim. II. 103, t. 250, Osmundacece. Todea Afrieana, Willd. in Sclirift. Acad. Erfurt, 1802, p. 14. Gleicheniacece. Gleiclienia flabellata, R. Br. Prodr., 161, circinata, Sw. Syn. FiL, 165. — dicarpa, R. Br. Prodr., 161. Hymerwphyllece, Trichomsnes venosum, R. Br, Prodr., 159. Hymenophyllum demissum, Sw. Syn. FiL, 147. 32 CENSUS OF PLANTS OF TASMANIA. Hymenophvllum Javanicum, Spr. Syst. Ve^et. IV., 131. '- Tunbridgense, Sm. Fl. Brit., 1141. Cyathece. Cyathea medullaris, Sw. Syn. Fil., 141. Dicksonia antarctica, La Bill. Specim, II. 100, t. 249. Alsophila aiistralis, R. Br. Prodr., 158. excelsa, R. Br. Prodr., 158, var. Cooperi. Pohjpodiacece. Davallia dubia, R. Br. Prodr., 157. Polypodium punctatum, Thunb. Prodr. Flor. Cap. 169. pustulamm, G. Forst. Prodr. n. 436. Grammitidis, R. Br. Prodr., 147. australe, Metten. Polyp., 36. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. II., 272. Lindsaya linearis, Svv. Syn. Fil., 118. • trichomanoides, Dryand. in Transact. Linn. Soe. III., 43, t. 11. Adiantum ^thiopicum, L. Sp. PI., edit, sec, 1560. Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Sw. Syn. Fil., 129. Grammitis rutifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 146. leptophylla, Sw. Syn. Fil., 23. Asplenium flabellifolium, Cav. Demonstr., 257. trichomanes, L. Sp. PI, 1080. marinum, L. Sp. PL, 1081. umbrosum, J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. IV., 174. Doodia caudata, R. Br. Prodr., 151. Pteris falcata, R. Br. Prodr., 154. aquilina, L. Sp. PL, 1075. arguta. Ait. Hort. Kew, III., 458. incisa, Thunb. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 17L comans, G. Forst. Prodr., 79. Lomaria Patersoni, Spreng. Syst. IV., 62. Capensis, Willd. Sp. PL V., 291. discolor, Willd. in Magaz. Naturf. Fr. 1809, p. 160. fluviatilis, Spr. Syst. Veg. IV., 65. A^ilcanica, Blume Enum. Fil. Jav., 202. lanceolata, Spr. Syst. Veg. IV., 62. ■ alpina, Spr. Syst.' Veg. IV., 62. Aspidium coriaceum, Sw. Syn. FiL, 57. decompositum, Spreng. Syst. Veg. IV., 109. ■ aculeatum, Svv. in Sclirad. Journ. 1800, 37, Latiti; n p 0_; © g_*^ ^ '^ ^ G 5 "^ Thermometers Th gS.i'^-g o £ !h a (,Eeadin ?.) (Self ,^-^ii c ^ g ^ 05 fc, y M.2.SS2 ^ a s "c M o a u 5 =■ .5 S So -►^lO ■^ yi U CO ^ CO & ^ P 5"^ ■^^ ;§■* .s?^ « I- ■ii' O fen "^ te 1 29-SO-t 2U-8-2S 14- 58- 72- 1-28- 2 29-567 29 304 17- 62- 84- 120- 3'29-S72 29-8;)S 15- 60- 72- 121- 4'29-9i3 29-()76 19- 66- 84- 1-25- 5'29-SyS 30 091 21 ■ 70- 68- 118- 6'30-159 30 111 20- 67- 72- 124- 7'29 897 29-7i2 23- 73- 87- 1 0- 8'29-8l3 29-812 15- m- 61- 81- 9 29-789 29 756 13- 56- 69- 110- 10-29-762 29-805 14- 58- 65- 105- 11-20-8-29 29-764 12- 55- 62- 110- 12 29-695 29-691 9- 49- 58- 76- 13 29-981 29 907 11- 52- 61- 92- 1130 026 29-891 12- 55- 71- 105- 15 •29-985 29-677 15- 60- 72- 117- 16 29-9(53 30-015 Il- 56- 63- 110- 17:^9-950 29-898 ls- 59. 69- 110- IS -29-918 29-942 11- 53- 68- 117- 19 30-173 30-154 12 5 57- 66- 110- 20 30 020 -29-83L 13- 55- 76- 118- 2129-817 29-722 17- 63- 79- 105- 22 29 867 29-950 14- 58- 64- 95- 23 3 J -018 29 971 14- 58- 69- 90- 21-29-786 ■29-6-8 17- 63- 75- 1-20- 25 29 717 29 -684 15- 59- 60- 90- 2 J 30-020 30-052 11- 52- 65- 110- 27 30-085 30-077 12-5 55- 69- 109- 2S 30-076,29 t87 le- 61- 73- 112- 2-) 29-689 29-741 w- 62- 70. 120- 30 -29 813 29-635 is -5 60- 73- 97- 31 -29-813 29-947 15- 60- 70 118- Mean Press. Mean M'n. Tern. Mean. 29-756 Greatest do. 7-39 64 55 109-45 Max. Max. ; 30 173 23 00 12s -00 Least do. Mill. Min. : 29 304 9-00 76-00. The Meteorological form brought into use if 1876 differs in some respects from the fo •een adopted -with the view of assimilating ecords more closely with those of stations in tc, in order to co-operate in a system deteorology. Readings are added from th tioireter, that being the instru-ment genei :ontiaei.t cf Europe. The mean is in all cases taken from the laily rci.'isters, not from the maximum and r The direction of the wind is registered fr leight of 92 feet above sea level, and its luare foot. The relative quantity cf rain that fell.un ivind.s is registered each morning at 7-30 a.m. The 35 years' standard tables are used f Ufference from average. FEAXCI.^ ALBOTT, Kmc of leafing, flowering, and fruitin;? ol plants in the Botanic Gardens during Jl 8th. First Ai)ricot (Royal' gathered. 1-ith. Jargouel Pear ripe, lith. GrevUka robada in full flower. METEOROLOGY FOE JANUARY, 1870. I'uIViTH OnsEKVATOttl', HOBAUT ToWN. r tlie Royal Society 0/ T«sni»ni..l ' m M jii :^Jji ^lii •:'. : ] n Tl Tl. -- - -_ _ „o™^Po„o lUeanf... M..i.i:i ^^\^ 70°00. fl3°0ol 3i°00 L atesl Force P,.,. Character, 'S >st Force. ,v™,.,;,.,. r.i„rti„„ 1 I'i" k'if {i'"-"?''-'""" '" '"!' """"'■ F, ABCOTT, .I...V . .s„,.eri„lenae„l ■ ■ :.:;:;;= "" '""' .it,-.i...,uy „...,l,.i, ,;, ^' ■■■ ■ 1 ••■■•■■. ■ ^ • .1.1 ..i.iUSOp.m. ..!'■.:• . ■ meted a ' '^':::ri:: ,,: -Ss- "»• 0( le.„„ , l..r obLoImuB the '.Kum.?^ laJf-"' ZnVn: 1 .'. r, ao acg. I § rt eS METEO, PRIVi Latitude < (Kegi Thermometers Tliern (Reading. ) (Self-Re g 02 . ■sa .5 a 1.* ^a ,;:?3 r 020 29 975 060 30-025 979 29-829 •864 29-781 662 ■29-569 974 29 900 915 29-891 871 29-802 ■129 30-172 •979 29-654 •762 29-883 •968 29 894 •9-25 29-821 •868! 29 -817 •026 1 30 -063 •223 30-151 -178 30 155 -947 29 955 -7951-29-646 -472 29-183 931 29-128 •375 29120 •758 29-870 089 30 042 •939 29 -791 •683 29-422 -495 29 573 698 29-601 11-5 10 •s 12- 18^ 17- 12^ 15- 13- 13- 125 13-5 13- 14- 12- 12- 12-5 11-5 13 • 12- 14- IT 12- 10- 10- 10- 12-5 11-5 7-5 65- 76^ no 61- 72- 110 54- 66- 95 64- 74- 116 62 • 79- 122 56- 65- 115 60- 71 • 130 56- 68- 88 56 • 70 120 55- 86- 138 57- 75- 135 56- 70. 126 58- 75- 130 54- 65- 120 56- 62 • 120 55- 65 • 130 53- 65- 130 58- 64- 110 54- 70- 130 58- 75^ 135 52- 62 • 108 54- 59- 96 50- 54- 1-20 50- 65 • 116 50 • 69- 130 55- 81- 136 53- 62- 125 46- 67- 125 ean Press. 29-737 Mean M'n. Tem. 12-37 6232 Mean. W 1-20-0 7 reatest do. 30-223 Max. i 18-00 Max. M 138-0 9 Least do. 28-931 Min. 7-50 Min. lW 88-0 ; e Meteorological form brought into use '' differs in some respects from the for :lopted -with the view of assimilating 3 more closely with those of stations in '. n order to co-operate in a system rology. Readings are added from th« ;er, that being the instrument generi er;t of Europe. mean is in all cases taken from the egister.s, not from the maximum and n direction of the wind is registered fr of 92 feet above sea level, and its foot. relative quantity of rain that fell un^ is registered each morning at 7 30 a.m. if 1 I "IS a ii\B IS I S I 0 IMi III I i. .?s.^ SK SW «w r-00, Mean Force Li 2J 2 c 2 "^ Thermometers " S 2 " 2 M to t. oj P5.S53 3 I (Reading. -M CO O •ss 129 805 29 2 30112 30- 3,30 142 30- 29- 4l30'0Gi 5 20-037 (i 29-7(51 7 29-877 S 29-979 9 29-!?G4 19 29-983 11 30-073 12 30 122 13 29-972 14 2.) -(371 15 -29-527 10 2!) 932 17 20-928 18 29-942 19130 093 2030-237 21,30-158 .. 2230210|30 23'30 121 30 24 30 -132; 29 25 29-587 29 2G 29-937 30 27 30-355 30 28 •29-934 29 29 -29 -554 '20 14 20 75 2:1 30!2!.-0 31-20-0 9G7 10- 50- 1 -110, 8- 47- i -101 9- 49- 1 -972 11-5 53- -848 13- 56- 528 ]5- 60- -8971 10- 50- -915 12- 54- 831' 12- 56- , -883 10-5 51- 098 13- 56- -028 11- 54- -845 13- 66- 1 -87G 13- 56- I 658 ir 55- 1 -723 11- 54- ! •945 9- 49- -938 10- 50- -065 G- 43- •187 10- 50- -1-28 15- GO- : •191 14- 58- I -1-25 13- 56- , -974 12- 54- 1 -896 12- 55- -167 10- 50- -247 G^ 42- -8G4 13- 55- 514 10- 50- -!'79 7- 45- 018 5 5 48- 63- 60- 65- 65- 68- 74- 62- 66- I 75- , 1 75- 1 03- ; 61- I 62^ 1 58 • 54 • 62- Mean Press. Mean M'n. Tem.iiVJ 29 933 10-00 57-42 I 1 (treatest do. Max. 30-355 il5-00 Least do. Min. 29 005 J 5-50 The Meteorological form brought ii of 1876 differs in some re.spects from been adopted with the view of assim records more closely with those of stat etc., in order to co-operate in a 1 JMcteorology. Readings are added f mometer, that being the instrumen continent of Europe. The mean is in all cases taken frc daily registers, not from the raaximur The direction of the wind is regist height of 92 feet above sea level, a square foot. The relative quautity of rain that METEUliOWCY Ful; MARCH. IST: Private Odserv.itory, Hobaut Tow> Lalitude 42- 62' 13' S. : Longitude Oli, 4»iii. 29.2s. IRegistered tot llic Roy«l Society of T«.m»ni«. i E. 1111:!— — "||^-- 1 (Heading.) (SeK-Kegisteting. liiiii pT^ ..... 1 I a 1 1 1 'i 7-30a.„.;.»p.„. 1.30 a.„,. 430 p.n. i nif P 1 s Iljjj iMp 1 III MBM nil 1 73- ijl ;: I ' 'I ,! i I I I I :'^_ . ■ " ■_ ■ ■ ..:^ .■e.„,o,Mcn„. -:i.S- jS'Sl^i __p.,-,^_^ _ Prev. Cl.arauier, Greater l\,r™ | IMoan e Meteorological f( 1 Europe, America, winds ia registered cacli morning at 7'30 a.ni. The 35 years' standard bibles *re used for obt difference from average. FRANCIS A3E0TT. F.R.A "« 2 5— ■ 2 tj oj ;- " c »- fl Thermometers (Eeading.) Th( (Self- u*^ ^ O cS p^jyi ,c a 7i "S _ m . o 4 a •S 2 ■SE .S3. o s a .11 1^ « o .2 m Km ^.cp ^ M § ^ s g^ -§- ** "^ .£f^ fi I- , -* O f^ fe n 1,29 966 23-802 4- , 40- 51- — 2 30 0-28 30-078 13- 55- i 50- 95- 3 30 053 30-237 5- 41- 1 52- 78- 4 30-348 30-286 8- 47- 1 49- ft 30 210 30-242 5-5 42- ' 50- 86- 6 30-169 30 092 4- 39- : 51- 100- 7 3'V020 29-932 G- 43- i 54- 78- 8 30-139 30-141 4- 39- 51- 102- 9 30-142 30 168 9- a9- 60- 110- 10 30-192 29-926 4- 40- 55- 105- 11 29-982 29-918 G- 43- ' 50- 105- 12 ■29-948 29-926 7-5 46- 57 95- 13 30 039 30 028 10- 50- 1 59- 97. 14 30-142 30 156 10- 50- 50- 98. 15 30-277 30-268 8- 47- 1 54- — 16 30-292 30 245 8- 47- 50- — 17 30178 30-132 11- 52- 50- 100- 18 29-848 29-740 12- 54 55- -_ 19 29-645 29-675 10- 53- 58- 82- 20 2r643 29-655 10- 50- 57- 100- 21 29-490 29-175 13- 54- 50- 95- 22 29-373 29-371 9. 49- 69- 96- 23 •29 541 29-456 ID- 50- 52- 95- 24 29-594 29-675 S' 46- i 54- 100- 25 29-503 29-595 6-5 44- i 49- 75- 26 23-677 29-443 1- ^34- 50- 95- 27 29-616 29-743 4- 59- 50- 91- 28 29.914 29-945 4- 39- 51- 85- 29 29-9-23 29-9S2 11- 52- 52- 30 30-056 30 085 10- 50- 50- — 31 30-( 92 30 034 8- 47- 52- — Mean Press. Mean M'n. Tern. Mean. - 29-924 j 7-70 50-00 69-80 Greatest do. Max. Max. - 30-348 1300J 110-00 Least do.. Min. ! Min. 29-175 1-00 75-00 1 The Meteorological form broi:ght into u if 1876 differs in some respects from the i •een adopted with the -vdew of assimilatin ecords more closely with those of stations i tc. in order to co-operate in a systei deteorology. Readings are added from t aometer, that being the instrument gen lontineni of Europe. The mean is in all cases taken from tl laily registers, not from the maximum and The direction of the wind is registered leight of 92 feet above sea level, and i i^uare foot. The relative quantity of rain that fell i vinds is registered each morning at 7-30 a. METEOROLOGY FOR MAY, 1870. Private Observatoky, Hobaex Town. (Registered for the Royal Society of Tasmania. 1 ' 1L°I Ifri iUesn ITC!!. 770° M'n. Tern. Mean. Mean'Mean Mean^Foroe M an,.. Month. "r ^'k Si Create.! do, 30 3(8 la'ob nroo?S iroo Greatest Foroa •■ ey. Character, Mean ,^-5'„t- ■- !^r 3100 Least Force, 1 a Meteorological form bronght 7G differs In some re '" '- orology. Readings are added nenl of Europe. F. ABBOTT, JcN., ME'A Priv, Latitude (Eeg correc emperat rumenta r, and n sea Ic Thermometers (Reading.) Therm (Self-Eei u; ■♦^ -5 c ■A ^ i^ Ui u o (I5.S53S 1 e" 1 S s m . a •s s ii 2 2 .S a s 2=8 -«* tt ^^ 1 ci a .S'o §o So < ^co H CO K CO ^ ^ A « S '=l^- -^b- •%^ •B"* -1 t- ;* O Ph ^ W 5 30 OU 30-014 5- 41- 60- 70- I 30-478 30-102 6- 48- 50- 97- t 30 125 30-078 1-5 34- 51- £ 30-112 30-021 2. 38- 50- 95- 30 175 30 092 30-128 30-128 2- 86- 49- 89- { 4- 39- 47- 88- 30 071 30-093 1- 34 46- 68- t 29-934 29-912 1-5 31- 45- 75- 4 29-762 29-702 2- 36- 47. 85- 2'^-825 29-843 5- 40- 52- 79- 29-850 29-755 5- 41- 55- 93- ; 29-750 29-786 5- 41- 47- 28-875 29-691 8- 47- 51- ( 29-765 29-438 6- 43- 50- — t 29-348 29-4-20 7- 45- 44- 72- ; 29-665 29-643 7- 45- 54- 85- { 29-653 29-645 9. 49- 45- — I 30 076 30-144 5- 41- 50- 95- i 30-233 30-291 1- 33- 44- 92- t 30-393 30 373 6-5 44- 52- 75- £ 30-262 30-276 5- 41- 52- 107- t 30-372 30-281 0- 28- 47- 88- t 30-275 30-295 2- 36- 48- 54- f 30-267 30-265 2- 36- 43- 65- t 30 -067 29-965 5- 52- 51- 93- f 29-655 29-355 7- 45- 54- f 29-339 29-443 8- 47- 50- 94- £ 29-985 29-939 7- 45- 50- 75- t 30-274 30-273 4- 39- 47- 85- £ 30-231 30-295 2- 37- 46- 95- 4 Mean Press. Mean'&I'n. Tem.liVIean. M 29-958 4-38 44-65 68-50 52 Greatest do. Max. Max. M 30 478 9-00 107-00 6' Least do., Min. 1 Min. M j 29-348 1-00 54-00 47 1 i Che Meteorological form brought into usi 1876 differs in some respects from the fo m adopted ^vith the view of assimilating ;ords more closely -with those of stations in !., in order to co-operate in a system jteorology. Readings are added from tl )meter, that being the instrument gene tttinent of Europe. rhe mean is in all cases taken from th< ily registers, not from the maximum and rhe direction of the wind is registered f ight of 92 feet above sea level, and it; iiare foot. I'he relatwe quantity of rain that fell ui nds is registered each morning at 7-30 a.n METEOROLOGY FOR JUNE 1879, Private Obseevatory, Hobart Town. Latitude 42° 62' 13" S. ; Longitudo 9h. 49m. 29.2a. E 3 Royal Society of Tasmania.] ;i Tier «o„. t.„ Thepmometew w.a. c... 1 1 1 1 «1 •• 7-30a,„!4»p,„. 7 30 am. ISO p.m. 1 i ! g 1 ■is |l i P Is li !» hi PI P i !J 1 1 3 g a t i i 1 1 30 lis 30 123 Si ill 1' I 1 1 is: «■ 43- 19- 1 i: 1 1 i: 1 ^?: 1: 1 1 107; 1 1 i: i: 1 1: 1 1 1 i: i: 1: 1 1 1 23- 1 § 1 r i r r 2 S 1 '1 1 1 1 1 f r r i i I 1 1 1 1 I 1 i 1 1 i 1 w T !: I 10- l: i li 1 P f St i 1 i i i i i 100 i i i 1 ■2i .. "-.£'«- «r M-es" T£ S° ^1" M.„F„,c, lM..n,o,M„„.,.. "r S Tl. JtI 0--/0 Too S?'oo""5o"»oo "'s'll lb.°"* P„v.O^„«.„ I^To ''"'m°- ™ SSi^?oo 1 i Le.,tForce. I taken from the sums of the two , inth - ktijht of T.2 FRANCIS A3B0TT, P.R.A.S.. etc. iwcring, rruitinK etc., of a few standarc Botanic Gardeas. Hobart Town, darinf F. ABBOTT, Jus., Superintendont. ^ I S ^ .-8 Thermome ters (Eeading.) ■is &4 Ct- -^t- "3 "* ^ Eh ^ 30-222 30-220 30-210 3)028 29-694 29-259 29 372 29-493 29-562 29-763 30 074 30-376 30 379 30-119 •29-673 30 06 30 055 30191 30-416 30-210 30 066 30-064 29 9 2 24 1 29 -873 25!30-032 26 30-052 27 30 -Hi 28 30 132 29 30-174 S0;30101 3l'2^-910 30-285 2- 30-283 1-5 446, 10- 29 -961 1 5- 29-602 29-322, •29-293 1 29-443 29-556 •29-943 30 111 30-293 1 30 293 1 •29 948 i 29-670, 5- 30 019 6- 30 0371 8- 30-236 7- 30-44) 6- 30-243 4- 30 009 7- 30-037 8- 29-898 10- 29-4-28 4- 30 001! 3- 30-042' 4- 30 0S2 4- 30 141 5- 30-107 4- 30 042 5- 29-941 5- 3-5 2- G- 6- 6- 5- 4- 4- 2- 36- 35- 50- 41- 38- 35- 44- 43- i 43- 41- 40- 39- 86- I 43- 45- 43- 47- 45- 43- 39 • 35- 38 • 50- 40- 41 39 41- I 50 42^ I 53 Mean Press. 29-983 Mean 510 M'n. Tern. B 44-87 1 i Greatest do. 30-446 Max. 10 00 i' Least do., 29 259 Min. 1-50 The Meteorological form brought ij if lb76 differs in some respects from een adopted with the view of assim ecords more closely with those of stat tc, in order to co-operate in a ! leteorology. Readings are added f IOmeter, that being the instrument ontineut of Europe. The mean is in all cases taken frc aily registers, not from the raaximun The direction of the wind is regist eight of 92 feet above sea level, a luare foot. Tne reiafc've quantity of rain that inds IS registered each morning at 7" FHANCIiJ A3 METEonOLOG Y FOR JULY, 1S79. Private Observatory, Hobajet Town. & g I (Self-Registering.) Is 1 i^il !|li :-s^- ?" %r-:^z:s's Mean Force ror^Mont.. "r ^.^J^. Gtejlest do ^OO 1 aam mm 3?oo G,ea.e^iF.r» Prev. Character, h- Lent .10.. .9 2.. 1 r' " Least Force. m F. ABBOTT, Jo METEOROLOGY FOR AUQUST, ISTO Peivate Obseevatory, HoBiBT Town. ,E.gi.«,edfo the Roysl Soclet otT^miD M t. :ii (Se.dl«g.) Thermometen, (S«ll.K.sUt«ri»8,l, Wind. a«ai,. 1 ll' II 11^ 1 1 ^! '■»•»■ |"»P- r30.,„.|«op.„ -^'i p-;^.,! 1 j Ah i 1 ill 1 s 1 :'i I i|:| 1 s i; i i 1 I E r E 1 Pi 1 F ■i :g ■52 i F L 1 I •IS 1 1 1 KN r 1:1 it ii III'' If it 1 ! si: ! 1: i i i i 1 1 se i 03 ?l 80 i i ii ?1 i i i i ■i i :i3 ... ^r'v,-;ii^ Mui Fores MtintorMoDth. Mean S74' S u"» \ nS %, M«. Grcato.t Forca 200 lb. -"■T—\ 1 i?2" Leut system ot Iiiteni»lloo«l FRANCIS A3B0TT, Ml I Bar. corrected for temperature instrumental error, ar.d to mean sea level. Thermometers (Reading.) a ■in 1^^ •s S II •S a go i-CO ^ ,29-975 29-978 29-905 30-004 30-097 30-092 30-092 30-012 '29'943 29-8-22 29-572 29-570 29-757,29-892 30-058 30-065 29-911129 822 29-492 29-492 29-545129-654 30-01329-978 ,30-124 30-127 30145 30-139 035 29-964 29-9-29 29-843 29 -667 i 29 -045 29-823 29-821 29-785"29-626 29-535 29-517 29-645 29-737 29-396 29-345 29 -274 '29 -365 29 -931 1 29 -965 30-058 30-171 30-173 30 052 •29-786 29-698 29-429 29-358 29-539 29-465 29-3-25 29 518 l'29-613 29-742 9- II- 12 5 12- 13- 15- 10-5 8- 11- 14- 9- 9- 12-5 11- 13- 16- 15- 15- 11- 125 15- 20- 18- 13- 12- 13- 13- 14- 10- 13- 12- Mean Press. 'Mean 29-791 12-68 M'n. Tem.'Mei 58-00 1 lOS Greatest do. Max. 30171 1 20 00 1 13S ; Least do., Min. 29-3-25 8-00 1 Mi 1 Of the 31 observations on atmosi: jre 19 positive and 6 negative ir e total force being 1,01'2. The mean is in all ca.ses taken fro lily registers, not from the maximun The direction of the wind is registt METEOROLOGY FOR OCTOBER, 1S70. Peitatb Observatory, Hob art Town. Latitude 42° 62' 13" S. ; Longitude Oil. 4()ni. 20-2s, ¥ [Ilegisteyed for the Royal Society of Tasmania.) lllli $ I s lilii »»l ""arm"' ^S '"■^^r,'S"o Mean Men 1 ML,,n_rorM acan or Month. "r i^i, ;sJ "• Cmtot do. ^o"5o iS^o Mai. IHa,, Create.t Force PreT. T"'"' Mean '"S'sffi" Mln. la. Min. jMln. Least Fores. llie total force being 1.012. ' 'Iho relativo quantity of rain that fell under the different Tlie mean is in all cases taken from the sums of the twc iviuds is registered each morning at 730 a.m. The dircction'of thlTwind^^Sered iKimT^rKDta at el FRANCIS ABBOTT, F.R.A.S., etc. MB i La e8 j-i s-i c ^3 S ?^ » S e3 j4-»^^ O e8 Thermometers (Reading.) •is |S •43 c^ «H^ -^S^ -i?.^ O fe N 1 z9-872 2y 2,29767 29' 3 29745 29 4129728 29' 5 29743 29' 6 29-934 29' 7129-670 29 8,29-538 29 9|29-511 29' 10 '29 -744 29 11129-345 29 12f29-343 29 is; 29 -625 29 14 29-795 29 15 1 29 -942 29 16'29-963 29 17 29 -442 29 18 29-743 29- 19 '?9 -681 29 20 23 633 29 2l|29 69129 22-29-472 29 23 '29 -702 29 24 29-785 29' 25 29-488 29 26 29-427 29 27; 29 -343 29 28.29-838 29 29 29-842 29 30 29-681 29 -747 16- 58- -765 15- 60- 718 55- 59- •736 10^ 50- •748 11 • 52- •967 12^ 54- -621 16^ 61- -551 17 • 63- -621 13^ 56^ -744 15^ 59 • -117 14- 58 • -393 10 • 60- -710 13^ 56 • -835 13^ 56^ -954 12- 54^ -782 13^ 56^ -641 9- 48 • -528 12- 64^ •602 13- 56 • •634 12- 54- -572 10- 50^ -542 13 • 56- -774 11- 52- •785 12^ 54- -478 12^ 54- •228 14^ 58^ •427 9- 43- -875 13- 56^ -681 10 • 50- -678 15- 60- 69- i; 67- r. 66- i IS 63- 1 56- 61- 68 • 70 • 62 • 71- 59- 61- 5i- 51 • 57^ 67 • 59 • 63- 56- 59 • 59- 55 • 60- 54- 55- 55 • 55- 57- Of the BO observations on atmos; were 18 positive and 7 negative ii the total force being 770. The mean is in all cases taken fn daily registers, not from the maximui The direction of the wind is regist METEOROLOGY FOR NOVEMBER, 1S79. Private Observatoet, Hobart Towm. iKeffistered for the Royal Society ofTasmanin.)' n4t mi .,„.l4-30p.„., I I if 11 I «; 8 I 0^ 35- SW Is s" 0 KN 10- ssv J 29-(i(i8 la- so- 04- no- ■i!) •,::.; 20-89.> 14- fts- 02- no- .':,:i :;:-!0-041 14- 58- 02- no- ::■"'■ 29-9r7 13- 57- 04- no- ■J i •; -J'J-a^ IH- 50- 69- 115- ;^■ , 'i -^9-875 17- 03- C'J- US' ;m ,i :i9-9U 15- 59- OS- 12.3- :j.>'Ji;, 29-7.i8 20- 08- 77- 125- 29 717 29-549 21- 70- 60- no- ?!rr<-.'5 29-GoO 12- 54- 02- . 120- 29 4-Jo 29-408 14- 58- 01- 121- M) 02'. 29-424 13- 50- 57- no- 2i) MJl 29-072 11- 52- 53-. no- 2'.) 9:;r, 29-948 13- 50- 61- 1-25' 29-9i:»4 -^9-97.5 12- 54- GI- no- 2'J 91-2 29-S:'.l 17- 03- GS - 123' 29r;;7 29(j2l 17- c-j- 73- i 1-25' 29-:i'.)l 29-!3;i 10- Gr 73- 1 89' 29-^4=-, 29-441 12- 54- 00- : 1-22' 29-,'S77 2;r9:{2 l/i-5 00- 70- 10' 29-94 L 29-94S' iT 02- 71- 130' soO'ir, :V) 07S 18 5 05- 07- 130| ilean Press. Mean M'n. Tera. Mea •2'.J712 1471 01 50 114' Greatest do. Max. M^ ^0 078 21-00 130 Least 2a-950 59- 15- M s 52 •10 N In. Cloud, sky covered 17 29 820 62- 17- 88 SE .26 10 KN Cloud, sky covered 18 30-120 56- 13- 83 NW 2-60 •0 -0 Starlight 1» 30 120 55- is- 88 N\V -0 4 K Starlight 20 29-825 61- 16. 76 E •52 0 -0 Starlight 21 29-640 69- 20- 89 N •26 10 KN Sky cloudy, Lightning 22 29 950 61- 16- 88 SE -52 7 K Stars in Zenith 23 29-826 68- 20- 79 3E -26 10 KN Cloud, sky covered 24 29-610 64- 18- 79 S -26 10 Ky •02 Sky cloudy 25 29.820 57- 13- 83 NW -ji 10 K -55 Sky Cloudy •26 30 025 56- 135 88 s -26 0 -0 ■02 Starlight 27 29-985 61- 16- 88 s •52 10 K Cloud, sky covered 2i 29-756 68- ^20- 88 SE •26 •0 -0 Stars in the Zenith 29 29-820 62- 17- 78 S -52 10 K Cloud, sky covered 30 29-700 66- 19- 89 SE 1 -2C 0 0 1 Starlight 31 29-^2 62- 17- 63 1 : SE 5: .0 1 •0 Moon and Starlight Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of re,a.stration at Hobart Tow.-i, lOh. 33]n. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to milce the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainraii is measurea at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. if ^ CEHTRAl tmf. METJUUB OLOGICAL OBSEE VA TIONS. From 1st to 15th February, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOli. 33nj. p.m., simaltaneously witii registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at W^ashington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Ob.3ervatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-23. E. (Registetxd for the Royal Societt/, Tasmania. ) 4IJ 5 H OQ til Ther- Wind. mometers. Sj ?- so ■» g o ^« 1 i I' ! < •Si ^ 1 1 *^ (^^ 1 Wind. ' Cloud. "^ - I ill 1 '^ .^ Wealher. 29.925 50-0 llQ-Q 82 29-725 57 0 30 -013 48-0 30-310 52-0 I 30 -060 62 0 Il7-0 29-945 68-0 29 925 60-0 29-920 610 29 -914 '550 1 30-020 57-0 29-525 55-0 30025 430 I 30.225 45-0 30.210 54-0 I 30.265,57 0 SE E S s NW SE •0 -0 w SE s s •0 sw 140 83:N\V 14-0 90 SS 12 0 i I 20-0 15-5 i 88 10-0 88 15-0 77 ] 14-5 130 6-0 87 i 7-0' 83 I I 12-5: 82 •26 K -26' K i 10 I .52 0 ' -0 -52| K 10 K 10 K ! 6 I K ' 10 K ' 10 K In. -26 Moon and Stars Moon and Stars -20 Clear Moon- I light ■10 Cloud Sky I Covered Moon Full and Cloudy Moonlight Calm and hazy 02 KN 10 K j 10 K I 10 I KN 10 j K 10 Calm and Cloudy Moon, Star and Cloud Sky Cloudy Sky Cloudv Squally Cloud very dark Cloud Sky Covered Starlight Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer lOh. o3m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impo.ssible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap! in.. 60m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 16th to the 30th April, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with re^stration made at 7h. 55m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congreas, for a system of Inter- national S3'nchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52^ 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-28. B. (RegisUred for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) Ther- mometers. s. Wind. Cloud. . i ~ -2 ! 1 1 1 1 1 •si i i 1 s (^ ^.^ ^ "■ " «5 ^ 1 Wealhtr. 30-225 63- 17-5 ^73 SE •26 KS 30 '082 72- 22- 84 NW •0 K 29-902 66- 18- 65 sw •52 K 30-339 54- 12- 81 s -68 K 80-363 61- 16- 72 s •26 KS 80-222 69- 20- «J N -26 K 80-231 73- 22-6 54 NW -26 0 30 191 71- 21- 54 N •0 K 80 038 eo. 15- 88 NW ■0 K 30-C55 63- 17-6 72 SE •0 K 20-918 58- 14-5 81 SW 5. K 30022 55- 13- 80 N -0 K 29-584 69- 20- 56 N 2-60 K 29 545 53- 11-6 82 SE •52 KN 29-945 49- 9-5 93 SW •26 KN In. I -01 Fine, cloudy Fine and clear Fine Calm and cloudy -02 Fine and I clear Ditto Clear sky, sultry Clear Kain •03 Cloud and I haze 01, Thick and cloudy, light I rain 03 I Cloudy Ditto, strong wind 40 Eain Ditto Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is meapui-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. 7^ '^ CtflTnAl. Tz-'H^ METJiOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, From Ist to the 16th May, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 '23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) k-^ Ther- Wind. Cloud. ^Q^ mometers. Hi ^^ 1 ill. 1 ! 1 1 irection fr orce in lbs. square foo i ft 1 ^^ C^ 1*1 o ^ fs; Weallier. 29-946 50-0 29-945 4C0 30-148 4 3C-22 43-0 48-0 42-0 40-0 30-125 30-020 29-985:47 -5 30-168 53-0 I 9j 3012.V48 0 10' 30-025 48 0 11' 29-875 I 12 29-948 30.065 50-0 52 0 53-0 30 143 50 0 30-228 50 0 30-268 60 0 10-0 1 IhC.f 87: S 1 ■25 KN 10 !8-0 81' S i •26 K 10 6-5 j 81 S •26 K 8 9 0 93 S ■u KN 10 5-5 87 NW •26 K 7 inO 75 N •26 K 2 8-5 81NVV -26 KN 10 12-0 83N\V •26 K 7 9-0 86 NW •26 K 3 9 0 76 E •0 K 4 10 0 83 N •26 K 5 110 88 S •26 KN 10 11-5 94 S •26 K 9 10-0 93 S •26 N 10 100 94 S .26 KN 1) 10-0 94 S •0 KN 10 In. \i Cloud Sky Covered 07 Cloud Sky ^ Covered 01 Faint Moon •08 Thick and I hazy 05 Moonlight •01 Moon and Starlight Eain Moon and Star Moonlight Moonlight Few stars only Sky Cloudy •02 Sky Cloudy •04 Cloud Sky j Covered 09 Small Rain •12 Cloud Sky I Covered Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the -wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local tiii-e. (l ^ GEHTRAl i^^r. METH.OBOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 17th to the 31st May, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33ni. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 71i. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Ob-servatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -25. E. (Blistered for the Royal Society^ Tasmania. ) ^"S TJier- Wind. Clo id. ^S„, mometers. -^^.S =?i ^i:^ 'S *. ?; (1^ ^ 1 t 1 1 S 1 •si 1" i 1 1 1^ Weather. 30-020 51-0 I 29 745 55 0 29-625 56-0 29-675 55-0 I 29-456 54-0 29-452 56-0 i 29 •7-20 62-0 29-545 48-0 29-720 43 0 29-450 43-0 i 29-825 41-0 29-920 52-0 ! 30-025 52-0 I 30 048 50-0 30 026 44 0 10-5 J)C. 77 s •26 KN 10-0 88 S •0 KN 13 0 94 E •0 KN 130 83 SE •0 KN 120 83 NW •26 K 13-0 88 NW -52 K 11-0 88 S •26 KN 9-0 88 NW ■52 -0 6-0 94 S -26 KN 9 0 93 0 •0 KN 5-0 87 sw •0 KS 11-0 87 s ■" N 11-0 76 sw ■52 K 10-0 82 s •26 KN 7-0 76 s ■26 •0 Continuous Small Eain Cloud Sky Covered Calm and Cloudy Cloudy Few faint stars only Cloud Sky Covered Sky Clouded Starlight Sky Cloudy Sky Cloudy -04 Sky Covered -01 •27 Light rain all night Sky Cloudy Cloud Sky Covered Star and Moonlight Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33ra. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measured afc 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. — ^ Fbom IsT TO THE 15th June, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with resistration mida at 7h. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Lon,'. 9b. 49ai. 29-2d. E. (Registered for the Royal Siciety, Tasmania.) J!i Th 3r- mometers. ;i ^ 1 s '^ § ^ ^ •e s 2 III .a 1 •1 1 c^ ^.^ ~^ Wind. Cloud. •0 ^ >< 1 i- (>J ' ^ s ■^ i s . 1 g ■§ ! "" ^ fis ]Veaihcr. 80-065 48-0 I 80148 44-0 I 30-043 450 p c. 9-01 81 7-0 7 0 4-6 4-0 5 0 4-5 50 823 440 1 70 30-125 40 0 I 30 021 39 0 i 30-018 41-0 7! 30-093 41-0 j 29-845 40-0 29-850 46-0 i 29 660 47-0 1 12l 29-942 44-0 29-641 42 0 29-230 45 0 i 29-542 41 0 NW| S NE 87 NW 8o!NWi 93NW 87 NW 8GNW 86 NW 85 SE 87| N i 93 SW I I 86, SW 100 SW K K -0 KN 5-0 86 W I I K K •0 K K K K -52 KN •52KN 2 60, N -52' N •82 In. 80 -01 Cloud Sky Covered Moonlight Cloud and Hazy Mottled K, Sky Covered Frosty 02 Clear Moon & Starlight Clear Moon & Starlight Moon and Stars -02 Clouds and Stars -02 •01 10 ' -04 Stars in the Zenith Light rain Drizzling rain Squally wind and rain Steady rain Wind & rain abated. Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Obaerver. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33ni. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the mnd and cloud records more than ap- proximate'y correct. The rainfall is measixi-ud at 7h. 30m. a.m. local ti'ii«. % f^EWTOHF. METJU^OEOLOGICAL J)BSERVATIONS. From 16th to the 30th June, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. d&m S m at Washington, United States, in pursuancB of a pro- position of the late Vienna Oongress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous ObservatioQS. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Lon,-. 9h. 49m. 29-2s. E. (Registered for the Royal S)ciety, Tasmania. ) Wind. ^-^ 1 Ther- i ^^^ mometers. 1 . 1 ■« h^ -^ m t 4 1 s f f^i ^^ " •5 -S § ^ :s; Cloud. ' 1 ■* r. ■§ .§ g 1 s ?3 s « 6 ^ r Weather. 16! 29-625:50-0 17 18 19 20 ^s 42-0 5-5 74 S I 42-0 i 5-5' 77 NW 29-920 30-210 30-384 30-362 45-0 30-295'46 0 ' 80 1 S7:NW 30-275 36-0 2-0 75 W | 30-32535-0 I'o Si NW •0 JKN •7'kN 44-0 ' 7-0, S"NW; '0 I ! I 7 -Si SONWj -0 K K K KN 10 In •25'kN •25 K )-128'39-0 4-0' SONW' -26 29-820 41-0 7 0 861 N 26 29-320 44-0 7 0 S7 N 27 1 29-548 15-0 7 5, It NW i I ! 23 30-148 47 0 SO, tO W 30-248 41-0 5- iNW -0 iKN •25 K I -0 ,KN •52 K ■26' •O 03 ' Unsettled Stars in Zenith •16 30-248 390 40 ' 80 KW •O K Frosty Star- light Cloud Sky Covered Cloud Sky Covered Steady rain •07 Cloud and I Frost •02 Stars bright I in Zenith 02 ' Cloud Sky Covered Cloud Sky Covered Moon and Starlight Gentle rain 1 •C2 Cloud and I rain 01 Moon and I Starlight 01 Moon, Frosty, hazy FeanciITabbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N B —The time of registration at Hubart Town lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the ^vind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm-ea at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. 1^^ NEWYOB^ M^JTHiOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 1st to the 15th July, 1S79. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. S5m a.m., at NV'ashington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, fo. a system of Inter- oational Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. liftt. 42 52^ 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) "^i III Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. 1 1 1 1 1 irection from orce in lbs. per square foot. i S s 1 s s «i; ^t ^ ^ "^ Wtalhtr. 1 30-124 38- 3- p.c. 85 NW •52 0 0 •01 Clear, moon- light 2 30-283 41- 5- 78 N •0 K 10 -02 Cloud, sky covered 3 30-025 44- 7- 72 NW 0 K 10 Ditto 4 29-879 44- 6-5 j 74 NW -J6 K 10 Moonlight & doud 5 29-545 41- 5- 79 NW •0 K 10 -01 Moon and cloud 6 29-678 39- 9- 85 NW •0 K 9 1 Pale moon- light 7 29-428 44- 6-6 86 NW -0 K 5 -04 1 Moon, star, and rain « 29-425 45- 7- 93 0 -0 KN 10 -02 j Calm and cloudy 9 29-545 44- 7- 79 SW -26 KN 7 -05 Cloud, stars in Zenith 10 29-948 41- 5- 78 s -26 K 7 -02 Stars to the Zenith 11 30-248 41- 5- 73 w -26 K 5 -01 Stars from Zenith 12 30-378 40- 4- 86 NW •26 K 4 .01 Frosty, Zen- ith stars 13 30-289 40- 4 6 79 NW 26- KN 7 Few stars in Zenith 14 29-720 32- -0 74 NW -52 N 10 -12 Jet dark, not a star 15 29-925 43- 6-0 80 NW -52 N 7 -03 Few watery stars in Zenith Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, render.s it impossible to make the "wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. ^ ^miuk ii^^ %^ I^SEWYOBt^ ^ i-r^ METJ^OROLOGIGAL OBSERVATIONS. From 16th to the 31st July, 1879. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Sjmchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Lon- 9h. 49ai. 29 -2.^. E. (Rejistered for the Bij/ccl Society, Tasmiaia. ) %^ Ther- mometers. Wind. Cloud. ^t-^ '^ _ 5- ?; Ml 1 .1 (3 s 1 .1 1 irection fron orce in lbs. pe square foot. i t s •s» 1 <§^ t^ i ^ ftn Weather. 29-9S7 49- 9-5 30-078 48- 9- 30-385 43- 6- 30-345 41- 5- 30-075 41- 5- 1 30 058 46- 1 8- ! 29 975 43- 6' I I 29-825 46- 8' I 29-920, 40- 4-5 3V025 39- 4- t t 30-025 36- 2- 30-:25 30-125 30-045 29-979 29-848 38- 3-5 ! 41- '5- 45- 7-5 I 50- 10- 47- '8- I p.c. 80 NW •52 N 10 93 NW -0 KN 10 70 SE -25 ^ 7 92 NE •26 K 6 85 N -25 K 7 86 SW -26 KN 10 80 NW -26 0 0 ,68 W ■52 K 6 ! 79 s •26 K 7 73 SE -26 0 0 85 SW -26 K 5 1 84 NW -26 K 4 86 NW -26 K 10 86 NW -0 K 0 87 0 -0 K 10 80 NW •0 K 8 In. ■03 Small rain -01 Cloud, Sky \ Covered i 04 Stars in the Zenith -07 Stars in the Zenith -01 Stars in the Zenith -01 Cloud, Sky Covered -05 Starlight .01 Stars in the I Zenith Stars in the Zenith -03 Starlight -01 Moon, Stars and Frost 01 Moon, Stars and Frost Moon, cloudy Cloud, Sky covered Moon and Stars, cloudy M'n clouded Francis Abbott, F.KA.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart To-tvn, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impo.ssiblQ to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measui-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. mewyor: METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 1st to the 16th August, 1879. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- Dational Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. littt. 42 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) fell o sr.2 ' Ther- Wind. mometers. s. ■c ^ ^ . ? § s,« ! 1 3^ ^ ^ ■s .h ^^' t^ ■^ 1 Cloud. Weather. 1 29-925 42-5 5- p.c. 92 SE •26 7 K 2 30-028 41- 5- 85 NW •52 10 N 3 29-945 39- 4- 86 S •25 10 N 4 29-945 39- 4- 86 s -25 10 N 5 30-245 40- 5- 86 sw •26 6 K 6 30-525 39- 4- 79 NW •26 6 K 7 30-450 45- 7- 86 N •10 10 KN S 30-178 47- 5- 80 S -26 10 N 9 29-942 42- 7-5 86 N •26 10 N 10 29-729 .8- 9- 93 N •0 10 N 11 29-545 46- 8- 86 NW •26 10 N 12 29-678 47- 8- 93 NW -52 10 N 13 29-828 47- 8- 80 S •26 10 KN 14 29-748 46- 8- 86 E -0 10 N 15 29-544 46- 8- 86 N -0 5 N 16 29-210 49- 9- 100 N •10 10 N In. •01 Moon, Star and Cloud I •01 Eain and j Cloud •63 Showery •28 Rain and I Snow ■02 Hazy, moon- I light •0 Moon and j Starlight •0 Cloud, Sky I Covered •06 Do., Rain, I dark •01 ! Cloud, Sky I covered •O: Cloud, Sky j covered •45 Cloud and Rain Rain and Cloud •01 j Cloud, Sky I covered I -02 1 Cloudy, Sky j covered •Oj Horizon I cl'dy, zenith I brilliant •20 1 Rain Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobai-t Town, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the -wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measvu'ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. J> METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 17th to the 31st August, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33ni. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) % Ther- ' mometers. >• 13 *-->) 1^ Kt^ g «• 8 H ^ •S ts 1 s § II fei Wind. Cloud. . -. 1 ^ s o |?5<« tionf ein lb arefo i 5= S ^ a S ^ i'^ ^ ^ 6 ^ JVeailier. 29-210 49- 30 139 52- 30164 50- 10- 30 075 47- 30-218 52- 30-245 52- 30-027 51- 29-978 52- 3004S 50- I 30245 53- 1 30-242 49- i 29-945 53- 29-8 7s! 54- I 30-145 49- 30-213 52- 9- p.c. 86 NE -0 10 KN In. •20 11- 86 N •52 K 7 •10 1 10- 80 NW ■0 10 KN - 8- 86 NW -26 5 K - 11- 70 NW -26 9 ^ - 11- 80 S -0 10 KN - 11-5 75 N -26 4 K - 11-5 65 NW -26 4 K - 10- 80 NW •26 4 ^ - 12- 76 SE -0 10 K - 9 5 80 E •26 5 K 10- 12- 80 SW •52 7 K - !.. 88 S •26 10 KN - 9-5 80 SE ■25 10 K -07| 11- 81 SE ... 10 K 1 •01 Cloud and Eain Stars bril- iant at the zenith. Cloud at horizon Cloud, Sky covered Stars brill'nt in the zenith Cloud, Sky Covered Cloud, Sky covered Stars faint Moon and Starlight Moon, Cloud and Star Small Raia Moon, Star, and Cloud Moon and Cloud Light Eain iMoon, Cloud •01 Sky thick and hazy Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc.. Observer. N.B. — The tims of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the -wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measvu'ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. a ntwVORr METJi^OROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 1st to the 16th September, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 3Sn3. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- naiional Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 '23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) Pi Ther- mometers. 1 s 1 Wind. Clo%id. 1 1 1 1 1 S •i g J CO j "^ Weather. S 1 1- 29-925 54-0 12-5 ■p.c. 76 NW -0 10 k! In. •01 Sky cloudy 2 29-546 55-0 13-0 82 NW -1. 10 K — Sky cloudy 3 30-148 48-0 9-0 80 sw •52 6 K •02 Moonlight 4 30148 48-0 90 80 sw •52 6 K •01 Moonlight 1 6 30 '047 49-0 9-6 73 sw •26 7 K 1 — Pale Moon- light 6 29-978 50 0 10 0 75 SE •26 10 KN — Cloudy, very dark 7 29-978 50 0 10 0 84 E •20 0 0 — Starlight, I brilliant 8 30-078 55 0 130 88 SE •26 10 KN — Very dark 1 9 30-275 52-0 11-0 81 SE -:6 0 0 — Starlight 10 30-078 48-0 9 0 81 NW •52 7 K — Stars, Cloud 1 antl Moon 11 29-786 60-0 16-0 77 NW •52 10 KN •12 Wind and 1 Cloud 12 29-748 50 0 10 0 70 NW -26 5 K •20 Stars round 1 Zenith 13 29-747 52-0 110 81 NW -26 4 K •06 Zenith, stars 1 brilliant 14 30 078 50-0 10-0 86 W •26 10 KN •01 Dark and ! cloudyi — Stars brill'nt 15 30-286 48-0 9-0 80 S •0 0 0 16 30-145 45-0 7-5 68 s •62 0 o — Frosty, Stars brilliant, followed by snow storm Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc, Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33ra. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap. proximately correct. The rainfall is measm-cd at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. a ^ CERTRAt %:■ '^ isewygr;'; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 16th to the 30th Septeiiber, 1£79. Recorded daily at Ilobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33in. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35iu a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- naiional Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42 52' 13' S. Lon^. 9h. 49m. 29 "23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society^ Tasmania. ) ^L. Ther- mometers. wind. Cloud. >! -?■ ■»- «j 1 ? g ||^ 1 1 1^1 1 ! ction fr- ee in lb. care foo i i i ! S g o « i 30 -025 1 52-0: 25-0 69 NW 29-9251 55 0 13 0 87 NW Wind. Cloud. t> s 9 ^^ rfS s o ^ 1 ^2 « e ^ S |l s 1 Weather. 30125 29-958 29-725 29-648 55 0, 130 86, SE i ' ' 50 0 10 0 74^ S 590|l5-0 77 NW I ; 59-0' 15 0 67 NW 29-975| 50-Oi lO'O 75 SE 29-825' 52-0 110 74 S 29-645 54-0 12-0 7(! S 29-500 50-0 10 0 81 W 29-926 430, 6-0 79 S 30 038 52 0' 11-0 82 SE i i 30-176| 560 14-5 76^ SE 30045i 52-o|llO 70 SE 29-9641 55-0 15 0 81 NW 29-746' 71-0,21-5; 78 SE In., •52 10 K -oaCumula ' I covering the Moon 1 I 26 7 i K I -Oil Moon cloud- I I ed I I 26 7 j K ; — jDo. do. 49 5 i K ' — I Stars and i Moon 26 4 : K I — Dark Clouds j ] and Stars 26 4 ; K I — .Stars in I Zenith 52 10 N j -02. Squally 26 7 K -25 Few faint Stars •26 7 K 01 Dark and I 1 Cloudy •62 10 I N : — Rain i I I •52 4 ! K I -25 Rain, Stars i in Zenith •52 4 K ' •SB Starlight -26 4 K 10 Frosty •26 0 0 •52 10 KN •0 Starlight, Frosry ,Sky cloudy 10 KN - [Cloudy and ' sultry Francis AsBorr, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobait Towt!, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the \vind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measui'ed at 7n. 30m. a.m. local tiine. ^X HEW YOB?. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. . ^ • From 17th to the 31st October, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. A.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatorj^ Hobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -2^. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) *1. Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. ■ j 1 1^ ■T^ . ^ -S 51 :! Ii5 1 1 ii 1 11 P s !^ 1 c^ .^^ i "^ "" ws 1 Wealher. 1 i 1 1 p.c. 1 m. 17 29-028 59-0 1 15-0 1 72 s -26 10 Nm •14 Cloudy for rain IS 29-525 59-0 15-0 88 SE •26 .0 KN •01 Cloud, Sky covered 19 29-456 57-0 14-0 76 1 NW -26 5 K . Few Stars and Clouds 20 29-524 59 0 15-0 72 NW •52 9 K •10 Sky Cloudy 21 29-325 61-0 16-0 e7 NW -65 0 0 •02 Moon and Starlight 22 29-549 55-0 13-0 77 NW •26 10 KN Sky Cloudy 23 29-965 54-0 12-0 75 SE •26 10 K Do. do. 24 30-178 59-0 15-0 82 SE •26 10 K - Do. do. 25 29-945 59 0 15-0 s •20 0 0 07 Moon and Starlight 26 29-525 56-0 13 0 77 NE •26 0 0 Do. do. 27 29-320 ' 59-0 I 150 77 NE •52 9 K _ Moon cloud- ed 2S 29-325 i 58-0 14 0 71 NW •5 10 K •02 Sky cloudy 29 29-675 55-0 13-0 76 SW •52 7 K •02 Do. do. 30 29-745 61-0 160 72 NW •52 , 10 K •04 Do. do. 31 29-767 60-0 15 0 77 - •0 10 KN •03 1 Eain Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart Town, iun. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the vdnd and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at 7'n. 30m. a.m. local tiixie. ^ "^ NEW YOftt^:. ^^ -*>^- METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, . m From 1st to the 15th November, 1879. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33ni. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35ui. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart To^vn. Lat. 42^ 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-2?. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) k'^ TJier- Wind. Cloud. ^S^ mometers. % k^ Ir 1 1 1 Direction f) Force in lb. square foe S s 1 Weather. i M ' 20-S72; 5S-0.160 83 W I ■ I. 29-325 56-0 13 0 6G NW ! I ■ i 2<)-7C5! 52-0, 11-0 C5 SW i i ' 29736! 55-0 1 13 '0 62 VV 29-9i5! 560: 13-0 TT' N I I ■ t 29 747 1 57 0 13-0 34 NW i 29-538 590; 15-0 67 0 29-445 59 -01 15-0 77 W 29-725 55-0| 13-0 67 NE 15! 29-945' 57 -0 14-0 72 i II 29-525 65-0 29075' 57 0 29-475, 54-0 29-825 56-0 lS-5 73 O 140 77! E 12 0 7SINW I ■ 13 0 52 10 K '' -01 Sky cloudy I 01 Starlight 2 0 I 0 2-60 0 O •52 7 KN •10 10 N •0 4 I K •0 10 KN, 01 Starlight, Brilliant 01 Cloudy 0 Calm and I Cloudy 07 Stars, cloudy 04 Calm and \ Cloudy K 07 Stars and Clouds 5 K •O Starlight •0 4 K 1^20 Clouds and i , Starlight •26 10 KN ^02 Rain all day j i -26 00 •IS Starlight •0 10 N ^12 Clouds and , rain ■25 00 -01 Starlight •0 5 K -01 Stars by ! Phases Francis Abbott, F.E-.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart Town, ion. .33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the ^vind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm'ed at in. 30m. a.m. local tiix-.e. %:= ^ MEW YOR! 1-^ 1 2 -A ^:^ (-:; Wind. s -is Cloud. ' < 1 1 ■5 S § '§ ^ " fei "^ IVixiUier. p.c. 29-645 54-0 12 0 76 NW 29-G2S 52-0 11-0 86 SW 29 725 59-0 15 0 82 s 29-925 52-0 11-0 93 0 29-7i5 530 12-0 71 s 29 452 57-0 14-0 77 s 29-G'25 50 0 10-0 81 NW 29S10 540 12-5 81 X 20-521 59 0 150 82 s 29-435 53-0 12-0 03 s 29-245 520 110 76 s 29-458 500 10 0 SI SW 29-S95 54-0 120 87 S 29-678 57-0 14-0 88 NE 29-625 Gl-0 16-0 go " -0 10 ' N III., -12 Steady rain j2 ' 4 i K I -01 Stars hazy I i I -0 3 1 K 1-25 Calm and j ! Cloudy •0 10 ; KN -02 Clouds and I rain 4 ! K -02 Starlight i K I -02 Stars and I Clouds K I •4o'skyliazy i I K ' '0 .Moon, stars, \ \ and clouds K -5 Cloudy, sky covered KN -40 Rain, t showery KlSr -0 Steadvrain 9 K -04 Heavy clouds andJIoon -0 10 KX -40 Large clouds and Moon ! •0 8 I K -0 I Moon and I heavy cloud -0 10 KX -04 Rain and 1 Lightning •0 4 25 17 -5 4 ■0 10 •0 10 -0 26 10 9 Francis ABUorr, F.H.A.S., etc., Observer. X.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Tcatj, lOn. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measiD-(-d at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. v>)> ?' ^ GEt^tBAl f Al^ec ^l^ ^' meW yokk* METBOEOLOGICAL OBSERVA TIOJS'S. From 1st to the 15th December, 1879. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lUh. 33m. p.m., jiraultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -2^. E. (Rcglsteaxd for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) ^1 i Ther- '*~»S^- monieters. •a s^ S I 'J h ^ ; '^ 'i=: -a Wind. Cloud. «o 'S ^ ^ s § ^^ ^ 1 si 1" o 1 i g S 1 1 IVealher. 1 P.C. 1 29-648 59-0 150 82 NW •26 7 K 29-648 59-0 15-0 82 NW •25 8 KN 29-475 50-0 15-0 77 NW •52 7 KN 29-745 59-0 14-0 88 NE •0 10 N 29-715 57-0 14-0 82 . •0 10 NN 29-679 59-0 15-0 88 SW •0 7 K 29-045 59-0 15-0 94 sw -26 10 KN 29-545 59-0 15-0 94 s -.2 5 K 29-817 59-0 15-0 82 s -0 10 kn' 29-725 57-0 14 0 82 sw -52 10 K 29-925 57-0 "■» 81 sw -26 7 K 29-974 59-0 15-0 88 s •52 6 K 29-925 62-0 17-0 72 s -0 10 K 29-778 64-0 18-0 78 s -25 6 1 n C5-0 ISO £3 s •26 10 1 K 1 In. •15 Heavy cloud, and moon •03 Dark con- glomerated clouds Stars in the Zenith •lOj V^ery dark •14 Dark and I Cloudy •05 Stars in the I Zenith •0 j Cloud, sky covered 22 Cloud and I squall •06 Cloud, sky j covered •02 Cloudy and hazy •04 Faint stars ; in Zenith •01 Stars at Zenith I •02 Cloud, sky . covered Stars at Zenith .Cloud and j hazy, stars Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. ^_N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart To-wn, iOh. S3m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measuj-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVA Tl ONS. From 16th to the 31st December, 1879. Recorded daily at ELobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29'2s. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) ^L Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. >3 PI 1 .1 1 1 f 1 i S 1 1 3S <^ d ^ "" CK WeatJier. p.C: In. 16 29-958 63-0 17-0 77 S •0 10 KN Cloud, sky covered 17 29-825 75-0 24-0 66 s •26 10 KN Do. do. 18 29-525 54-0 12-0 76 sw •52 10 N -01 Cloud and rain 19 29-478 59-0 15-0 82 w -65 7 K ■26 Moon, stars, and clouds 20 29-500 55-0 13-0 71 sw 2-60 10 K •04 Do. do. 21 29-545 55 0 13-0 76 w -26 9 KN •01 Cloudy 22 29-758 49-0 9-5 86 w -52 8 K -07 Squally 23 29-976 53-0 12-0 86 w -52 10 K •10 Conglomer- ate cumula 24 29-928 56-0 13-5 81 sw -26 10 K -01 Cloud, sky covered 25 29-748 60-0 15-5 76 s -0 10 K Sky cloudy 2S 29-495 69-0 20-0 78 s -0 10 K Moon cloud- ed 27 29-078 61-0 16-0 82 NW •52 10 K •07 Large black cumula 28 29-565 570 14-0 70 sw -52 10 K -03 Do. do. 29 29-785 67-0 19-0 73 s •0 7 K •01 MoonHght 30 29-975 59-0 15-0 88 w -26 9 K aouds and Moon 31 30-045 61-0 16-0 82 s •26 10 KN •13 Cld. sky cvd. Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobai-t To-wn, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the -wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm'ed at Til. 30m. a.m. local time. WEW YORt<. : o -^ ^ ^ J^ >; CC c3 c^ > ^ ^ « :s c^ '/? -^ VO ^ T— 1 ■.-l.-l •a.7.(o/ laniaixwm , P t" ?> =? ^ ?".'- 'P ?' P ?' '^^ ^ (M O (M !M Cl 1--5 C] u-: (M u'^ iC ■\imojsF .10/ dO.Wf UV9I\[ 'uor } \]4^f4)4^';4)4'',4Ui':^)4'^ •iliuoiw xo/pinovj.v uvsj^ •suoi}vaMsqo fijivp onj. /O l(,VdJ\[ ■poo Mflilppiw.nti dx^vp-g; •SSV.lf) uo isd.aoi fo uvdjii opooppa)7HOM-;f«p?0 OCOOOMOOO •925B1/S' HI i S C« O rl, ^ C5 O CO n^ t- O CO Is p^^Opi fo U7)0J\[ i.~o-Hooooa)t--ooco C2 o 4-1 y) -^i o i"^ 00 I- c; o -f o';JO=>C5X5coa3=50o-i sBuipvdJ, Cipvp 0.11} w -M -<, o o w t- r-. t- o o tD /O "p T' T** ? f* p T' 7^ '?' P 'p "P ■sBuipvdJ, fiimp oaip oit-ooc Jy ■ I CO JO O .-HI un9j\[ 9pv.irnjudj ' O — lOOO O — I 'sDutpOci.i, lllivp 0.11} fo v.))9j\r --or~rtit^-^ccrooo^02(N o o CO CO o c-i 1.-^ CO o ;::5 C2 o — i o 1^ 1^ C> p C5 p 95 O p 1-- p t~ p C-J M C<1 CO (>] C-J (N ^5 1^1 34 (N (M , '-0 s 2 o =J ~ "^ -i -« a a (u ^ S3 -jf •S .2 s 5 § ^ •| o i I a 3 S" 3 2 S «i 3 I g 5 3 J -C ^ I SI I 0 S -g =■ S ^ o PJ c -3 n c^ 1 i 1 1 -^ Oi D O *= x: ^ ^ <; H H H ^ I •^unouiv Al'^GE OBai^ -od'BAa; snoauB'juodg qoiqM uo sS.v(i }0 'o^ •saqoni ui uiB'a: •0001 J9d lOdBA JO 8010^ OI'JS'Bia ■QOI J^d xty JO X^ipicanfj ■aopis -od a-BSK '^uTOj k'ad •aoji'Gtp •if^JTSUa^UI JtJIOS Ut30I\[ 82u'Ba; x'eninici ub3h ap^qs nt -nun ^ •x'bui JO aiiUBiaduiax a'B9i\[ sja^siga)! Xn'RO^ oa\? I JO ain^^aaduiax u^ajvi c3 a> pq a „2g aiTi'i'Biadraax X8A9X B8S ^v w ly cc m >- ^ ^ !^l!>-| l-"! t> I CO I cc I 1 H • Q 7* K ?^ O o ^ W cc :^ ITS O lb in o I 00 ?5 «^ ^ (^5 h^ ! rH >0 M h- t- r-l (N O CO CO C C t^ b- O r-l "P p ip 1 iOC: or: t-< 0-*f-i»-lr-ie0*5.-l>fti0'2! .l>.OOC000 1>.Jt~C£lt-00 CO CO CO •+! C-l O O CO — ' CO 1^ UO iOTii uo-^fiJO'Vicooobci-^o^ COCOC-J'MOCSCSi-H'-iC'l'MCO -! |o ? IP oooa)'^1cOlO«0'Meoc>^^,?l Itioor-i-^tcococ^copp. pcol'- oocri-tft-iioh-oo-obc^i-o eOIM4 5-1 IM (M . _ : oj 53 1^ CO I CO -* 55 !S o 1 p I 'M -rH I f~ CO I 05 |C0 , 00 CO CO CO >-; rr, 3 < S 1-5 ►-, -^ CC O 12; P TJ 3 S Time of leafing, floweriug, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the RoyaJ Society's Gardens, 1879. September. 14th. Horse chestnut commencing to flower. 15th. Ash commencing to break into leaf. 17th. Grape vines commencing to break. 20th. Mountan poeny commencing to fiower. 25th. Sycamore commencing to leaf. •.27th. Eobina jfseudo-acacia commencing to leaf. November. 10th. First ripe strawberry gathered (Trollop's). 12th. First cherry gathered ripe (May Duke). 20th. Black mulberry {Morus niger) in blossom. 21st. Poinciana giUiesii commencing to flower. 22nd. First red Antwerp raspberry gathered. 30th. Bouf/ainvilloe spectahilis in full flower. December. 15th. First ripe bunch red Dutch currants gathered. 1 6th. Common privet commencing to flower. 17th. First bunch black Naples currants gathered. 24th. 3Mia Azederach commencing to flower. 27th. Doyenne d'Ete pear ripe. 40th. Juneeating apple ripe. ■''^'^^^ ll ^ ( . liiRAL PARK, "^' OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA FOR THE YEAR 1879 JAMES BARNARD, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, HOBART TOWN. 1880. ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. ^rrBitrent: HIS EXCELLENCY FREDERICK ALOYSIUS WELD, ESQ., C.M.G. VENERABLE ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A. HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D., M.L.C. THE RIGHT REV. BISHOP BROMBY, D.D. JAMES BARNARD, ESQ. ifHemters of Counril : •C. T. BELSTEAD, ESQ. •T. STEPHENS, ESQ., M.A., F.G.S. •H. J. BUCKLAND, ESQ. *J. BARNARD, ESQ. VENERABLE ARCHDEACON DAVIES, B.A. RIGHT REV. BISHOP BROMBY, D.D. RUSSELL YOUNG, ESQ. HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D. F. ABBOTT, ESQ., F.R.A.S., &c. JOHN SWAN, ESQ. JUSTIN M'C. BROWNE, ESQ. A. G. WEBSTER, ESQ. Crtasurer : C. J. BARCLAY, ESQ. f^on. Secretatg : HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D. autritors of ainnual 2lrcounts: F. BUTLER, ESQ. JOHN MACFARLANE, ESQ. autritors of JHonti^lB accounts : H. J. BUCKLAND, ESQ. F. ABBOTT, ESQ. CTurator of tf}t IHuscum : MR. T. ROBLIN. gbtipcritttenttent of (Sartrens: MR. F. ABBOTT, JUN. * Members who retire next in rotation* * Members who have contributed Papers which have been published in the Society's Transactions. W. H. Archer, Esq. , Sydney, New South Wales. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., London. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, C.B., K.C.S.I., &c., &c., London. *BaronF. Von MUeller, K.C.M.G , M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.. Government Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria. C. TomHnson, Esq., F.R.S., F.C.S., &c., Highgate, near London. *G. Bennett, Esq., M.D., F.Z.S., Sydney, New South Wales. *G. Kreft, Esq., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &c., &c., Sydney. Professor G. Neumayer, Munich. *Rev. Julian E. T. Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &c. Dr. W. O. Sonder, Foreign Hon. Sec. Society of Naturalists, Hamburg. Rev. J. J. Bleasdale, D.D., F.G.S., Melbourne * Captain W. V. Legge, R.A., F.Z.S., M.R.A.S., England. Professor John Agardh, M.D., University of Lund, Sweden. Dr. Julius Haast, F.R.S., Director of Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Archibald Liversidge, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the Sydney University. Professor W. Harkness, U.S.N., United States Naval Observatory, Washington. Henry Haylin Hayter, Esq., Government Statist, Melbourne. * Frederick M. Bailey, Esq., Brisbane, Queensland. * Ralph Tate, Esq., Assoc. Lin. Soc, F.G.S., Professor of Natural History, University of Adelaide. * John Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Sydney. * Richard Schomburgh, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., &c., &c., Director of Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. Professor G. F. H. Ulrich, F.G.S., Melbourne. Alexander Wallace, Esq., Secretary Board of Agriculture, Victoria. *F. W. Hutton, Esq., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand. Rev. George Brown, C.M.Z.S., Sydney. Professor F. M'Coy, F.G.S., Universitv, Melbourne. R. J. L. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c., Government Astronomer, Melbourne. 6 Mons. J. N. VerschafFelt, Ghent, Belgium. Robert Etheridge, jun., F.G,S., Geological Survey of Scot- land. James Hector, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Director Geolo- gical Survey of New Zealand, Wellington. Rev. Charles Rogers, LL.D., &c., &c.. Secretary Royal Historical Society, London. E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c.. Curator of Australian Museum, Sydney. Hon. W. M'Leay, F.L.S., Sydney. William Tompson Bednall, Adelaide, South Australia. * Fellows who have contributed Papers which have been published in tht Society's Transactions, t Denotes Life Membership. *Abbott, Francis, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., Hobart Town. * Abbott, F., jun., ditto. Adams, G. P., ditto. *Agnew, Hon. J. W., M.D., M.L.C., Fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, ditto. Aikenhead, Hon. J., M.L.C., Launceston. Adams, R. P., Solicitor-General, Hobart Town. Aubin, Mrs. F., ditto. Allport, Morton John Cecil, ditto. Bilton, H., Glenorchy. Barry, Sir Redmond, Melbourne. * Barnard, James, Hobart Town. Butler, Francis, ditto. *Bromby, Right Rev. C. H., D.D., Lord Bishop of T^- mania, Hobart Town. Bright, R. S., M.R.C.S., Eng., ditto. Butler, Henry, F.R.C.S., Eng., ditto. Buckland, H. J., ditto. Browne, Justin M'C, ditto. Baynton, W. E., Kingston. Bryant, G. W., Hobart Town. Barclay, C. J., ditto. Bedford, W., Anstev Barton. Belstead, C. T., Hobart Town. Belbin, W., M.H.A., ditto. Benjafield, H., M.B., ditto. Browne, Hon. N. J., M.H.A., Meadow Banks, GUnora. Bidencope, J., Hobart Town. Butler, E. H., ditto. Bailey, Rev. J. H. Brooke, ditto. Barnard, C. E., M.D., &c., ditto. Brock, H. J., Campania. Beddome, C. E., Hillgrove, Brown's River Koad» Burgess, W. H., Mayor of Hobart Town. Barnes, William, Launceston, Chapman, Hon. T. D., M.L.C., Netw Town. Cook, Henry, Hobart Town. Clark, J. M., ditto. Creswell, C. F., ditto. * Cotton, Francis, Swanport. 8 Crawford, Lieut.-Colonel, Hamilton-on-Forth. Crosby, W., Hobart Town. Clarke, J. K., ditto. Cruttenden, Thomas, Woodsden, Buckland. Coote, Audley, Sandy Bay. Cowle, Miss, Hobart Town. Crowther, A. B., M.R.C.S. Eng., ditto. Crosby, R., ditto. Crowther, E. L., M.D., ditto. Crouch, E. J., M.R.C.S. Eng., ditto. Davies, Ven. Archdeacon, V.P., ditto. *Dobson, His Honor Mr. Justice, ditto. Dobson, H., ditto. Dowdell, C, ditto, Davies, R. L., ditto. Dear, Rev. R. E., ditto. Dodds, the Hon. J. S., ditto. Dobsony Hon. Alfred, ditto. Elliston, C. H., ditto. Evans, T. M., ditto. Fysh, Hon. P. O., ditto. Freeman, E. J., ditto. Giblin, Thomas, ditto. * Gould, C, F.G.S., late Government Geologist, London. tGunn, R. C, F.R.S., F.L.S., Launceston. tGellibrand, Hon. W. A. B., M.L.C., Hon. Member Leeds Institute, River Ouse. Grant, C. H:; Hobart Town. Gray, Rev. John, Glenorchy. Graham, Rev. Horace, ditto. *Hall, E. Swarbreck, M.R.C.S. Eng., Hobart Town. Harris, Rev. R. D. P., M.A., ditto. Hunter, *Henry, ditto. Hu}'bers, A., ditto. Howell, F. G., ditto. Hammond, W. S., ditto. Holden, L. A.^, M.R.C.S. Eng., ditto. Irving, M. H., M.A., &c., Melbourne, t JefFery, Molesworth, Bournbank, Lachlan. Jackson, Hon. J. A., Hobart Town. sr * Johnson, R. M., Launceston. Kennerley, Hon. Alfred, Hobart Town. Kelsh, Rev. Thomas, Fingal. Kermode, W. A., Mona Vale. Lewis, the Hon. David, M.H.A., Hobart Town. Legge, R. V., C aliens wood. Lucas, R. J., Hobart Town. Latham, G. II., ditto. Lovett, W., Colonial Auditor, ditto. Lord, R. W., Launceston. Maclanachan, the Hon. James, Ballochmyle. Macfarlane, James, Hobart Town. Macfarlane, John, ditto. Mather, J. B., ditto. Maxwell, C. M., ditto. 'tMilligan, Joseph, F.L.S., England. Marsh, H. J., ditto. tMace, G., Spring Bay. Morriss, W. V., Hobart Town. Murphy, Most Rev. D., Bishop of Hobart Town, ditto. Macmichael, Jno. C, ditto. Napier, G. R., ditto. *Nowell, E. C., ditto. Newstead, Rev. A. C, George Town. Pillinger, J., An till Ponds. Perkins, H. A., M.D., M R.C.S. Eng., Hobart Town. Roberts, H. L., ditto. Read, R. Cartwright, Redlands, New Norfolk. Riddoch, A., M.H.A., New Norfolk. Roblin, T., Curator of Museum, Hobart Town. Revnolds, W. J. J., ditto. Richards, Rev. George B., President of Horton College, Ross, Rex, R. R., Hobart Town. Rawson, Rev. R., M.A., Richmond. Seal, M., Hobart Town. Smith, His Honor Sir Francis, Chief Justice, ditto, t Solomon, Joseph, Hobart Town. ♦Stephens, T., M.A,, F.G.S., Inspector of Schools, ditto. 10 Story, Dr. G. F., Swanport. Salier, F. J., Hobart Town. Swan, J., New Town. Smith, P. T., England. 'Shoobridge, W. E., New Norfolk. Shoobridge, E., ditto. Simson, A., Launceston. Scott, Hopton, H obart Town. Swan, E. D., ditto. Sharp, J., ditto. Shoobridge, R. W. G., New Norfolk. Smith, C. H., Launceston. Stone, T., Hobart Town. Stanley, Captain, R.N., ditto. 'Travers, S. Smith, New Town. Walch, James H. B., Hobart Town. Weaver, W. G., ditto. Whyte, Hon. James, ditto. Wilson, George, Mount Seymour. Wise, F. H., Hobart Town. Webster, A. G., ditto. Wright, Stephen P. H., Glenorchy. Westbrook, G. C, Hobart Town. Woodgate, E. W., Launceston. Walker, James Backhouse, Hobart Town. Wagenknicht, Albert, George's Bay. Young, Russell, Hobart Town. II <©5ituatp. Spicer, Rev. William Webb, M.A., F.R.M.S.— Died at Netting Hill, London, on the 28th April, 1879. Prior to his return to England in March, 1878, Mr. Spicer had resided for some years in Tasmania. During this period he contributed some valuable papers to the Society, which appeared in the Transactions. He also published the " Handbook of Tas- manian Plants." A Fellow of the Society from 1875, he was elected a Member of the Council in 1877, and was made a Corresponding Member on his departure from the Colony. At home Mr. Spicer was a frequent contributor to publications on Natural History, and in 1869 translated and edited a work on "The Collection and Preservation of Algae/' &c. by Johann Nave. Langdon, William, J.P., Commander R.N., formerly Member of the Legislative Council.— Died 23rd May, 1879, aged 90. A Fellow of the Society since 1853. A long and interesting obituary notice of Captain Langdon was published in the Mercury of May 26th, 1879. Officer, Sir Robert, Knt. — Died at New Norfolk, 8th July, 1879, aged 79. Sir Robert arrived in the Colony in 1822, and for many years afterwards pursued a highly prosperous and successful career in the practice of medicine. During his long life he held many public appointments, and was Speaker of the House of Assembly for sixteen years before he resigned that office in 1877. As one of the founders of this Society he invariably took a peculiar interest in its welfare, and always gave it a most willing and zealous support. He was appointed a Vice-President in 1863. Manley, E. J.— Died at Hobart Town, 22nd December, 1879, aged 68. A Fellow of the Society from 1876. Wai also a member in 1856-7. 12 MINUTES of the Annual General Meeting of the Royal Society of Tasmania, held at the Museum, Macquarie-street, at half-past Seven p.m., on Monday, 2Qth January, 1880: James Barnard, £'55'., V.P., in the Chair. The advertisement by which the meeting had been convened having been read, tlie Chairman called uj3on the Secretary to read the Annual Report. The Report for 1879 was then read. On the motion of Mr. F. Butler, seconded by Mr. Hopton Scott, the Report was adopted, and ordered to be printed for circulation amongst the Fellows. The accounts for the year were laid on the table for the inspection of the Members. Dr. Agnew reported that the retiring Members of Council were Messrs. F. Abbott, John Swan, Justin Browne, and A. G. Webster; and that no other nominations had been received. It was agreed, on the motion of Mr. C. T. Belstead, seconded by Mr. F. Butler, that the four retiring Members of Council be re-elected. Messrs. F. Butler and John Macfarlane were elected Auditors of Annual Accounts. Captain Stanley, R.N., and Mr. Wm. Barnes, of Launceston, were elected Fellows of the Society. A vote of thanks to Dr. Agnew (Honorary Secretary), proposed by Mr. Stephens, and seconded by Mr. Scott, was carried unanimously. Dr. Agnew having returned thanks, the meeting terminated. 13 REPORT. The session of 1879 opened on the 8th April with a paper by R. Ethridge, jun., F.G.S. (of the Department of Geology, British Museum), " On the identification of the First Secondary Fossil found in Australia ; " and the following papers were read at subsequent meetings : — "Description of three new Tasmanian Helices," by Lieut. C. E. Beddome, I.N. — " Notes on the discovery of Amnicola Tasmauica, Tenison Woods ; with description of a new species of Helex," by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S, — " Notes on the discovery of Spondylostrohus Smithli, and other Fossil Fruits in the ' deep lead ' drift at Brandy Creek, Tasmania," by the same. — "Third contribution to the Natural History of the Tertiary Marine Beds at Table Cape, with a description of 30 new species of Mollusca," by the same. — "Observations on the distribution and variability of Tasmanian Land Shells," by the same. "On recent addition to the Flora of Tasmania," by Augustus Simson, F.L.S. — "On the Codling Moth C Carpocapsa pomoneUa) ,'' by His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson — "The Codling Moth," by F. Abbott, jun., Superintendent, Botanic Gardens. — " On some Tasmanian Trochidse," by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.— " Notes on the Wild or Canadian Rice," by F. Abbott, jun. — "Notes on Bi/thinella" by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.— " The Codling Moth," by Augustus Simson, F.L.S.— "Notes on the relations of the Yellow Limestone (Travertin), of Geilston Bay, Hobart Town, with other fluviatile and lacustrine deposits in Tasmania and Australia," by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. — " The Law of Storms," by the Right Rev. the Bishop of Tasmania. — " On the habits of the Platypus," by A. B. Crowther, M.R.C.S. Eng.— "On Sewage and Health," by the Right Rev. the Bishop of Tasmania. In addition to the above-named papers, communications on the following subjects were brought forward during the Session : — " Specimens from Hicks Island, New Britain ; 14 and from New Ireland and Duke of York Island," from the Rev. George Brown. — " Geological Specimens from Rosevere, River Tamar," from Mr. S. H. Wintle.— "The Codling Moth," from Department of Agriculture, United States. — "The destruction of Strawberry Plants by the larva of a Beetle," from Mr. Augustus Simson, F.L.S. Meteorological Observations have been carried on, and monthly tables furnished, as usual, by Mr. F. Abbott, Mr. W. E. Shoobridge, and the Superintendents of the various Lighthouses ; and the yearly abstracts are in course of compilation. The "Simultaneous Observations" are still registered by Mr. Abbott, and are forwarded by the Society, not only to America, but also to the various Government Observatories in the Australian Colonies and New Zealand. Nine Fellows and one Corresponding Member were admitted. One Corresponding Member and three Fellows have been lost by death. A vacancy having occurred in the list of Vice-Presidents by the death of the Hon. Sir Robert Officer, His Excellency was pleased to appoint Mr. Barnard to the office. Council. A vacancy in the Council, also caused by the death of Sir Robert Officer, has been filled up by the election of Mr. Charles T. Belstead. The list of retiring Members has been posted in the library for the last three days, in accordance with No. 33 of the amended rules of the Society. Finance. The income from all sources was as follows : — Govern- ment grant in aid to Museum, £200 ; ditto to Gardens, £600; subscriptions, £132; from Marine Board, £20; sale of plants, &;c. at Gardens, £66 I6s. 9d. ; sale of cases to Launceston Mechanics' Institute, £30. This, with £30 12^. in the hands of the Superintendent of the Botanic 16 Gardens for weekly payment of men*s wages, and arrears of subscriptions £50, will give a total of £1128 85. 9d, The expenditure, with liabilities, as per balance sheet, amounted to £1244 3s. lie?., leaving a balance to debit of £114 155.2^. Gardens. The principal new work performed at the Gardens has been the laying out, forming, and planting of the Arboretum. The work in connection with this is now almost complete, and the plants are, with few exceptions, in position. Some of the finest views from the Gardens are visible from this part, and there is no doubt it will soon become a favourite resort, especially when the trees have made sufficient growth to afford shade. About 500 new plants, many of considerable merit, have been introduced. From seeds received from the Royal Gardens, Kew, plants of Pithocolobium Saman have been raised. This is a lofty shade tree, producing an abundance of sweet pods, which are eagerly devoured by cattle ; the leaves fold up at night, allowing the rain and dew to fall to the ground, which favours the growth of grass beneath the trees. It is a native of South America, and probably better suited for cultivation in warm climates, but hitherto the plants have done well with us. Special thanks are due to the donors of plants and seeds, especially to Baron Ferd. Von Miieller, Government Botanist, Victoria ; Sir J. Hooker, Royal Gardens, Kew ; C. Moore, Director, Botanic Gardens, Sydney ; W. R. Guilfoyle, Director, Botanic Gardens, Melbourne ; and the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, United States, for their valuable donations. The gang of prison labour supplied during the year has been of material assistance in performing the rougher work, and especially in the formation of the Arboretum, which could not have been carried out if this labour had not been supplied. The estimated number of visitors for the year is 55,956. 16 Museum. Mr. Legrand has completed the naming and arrange- ment of all the Tasmanian shells in our possession, and has also presented several specimens to the Museum from his private collection. Mr. C. E. Beddome has contributed several new species of land shells. Many specimens are, however, still wanting in this department, and will be added as opportunities offer. The ornithological collection has received much attention from Mr. E. D. Swan, who has rendered most valuable service in naming the European, Indian, and many other birds, which will now, for the first time, be properly labelled. Mr. Swan has also devoted much time and trouble to relaxing and mounting a collection of dried specimens of Lepidoptera from New Britain and New Ireland, presented by the Rev. George Brown. The cases in the Library having become inconveniently crowded, additional shelving, capable of holding about 500 volumes, has been provided. Further accommodation in this respect is, however, still required. We are much indebted to Mr. Legrand for the able and zealous assistance he has rendered in re-arranging the books generally. A really good catalogue is still an urgent desideratum, as the old one is now very imperfect in many respects. The Museum has again been opened to the public from 2'30 to 5 o'clock on Sunday afternoons, the attendance during the year being,- — on Sundays, 12,369 ; on week days, 12,620,— total, 24,989. 18 ^ 5« • ,0 »-" : . o . CO a : ' a a> ' ; s « • * o .,_, ' «J CO . Pi . ^ "^ . . «j •w • ! "B •^ *. , OJ . c r- 1 . * r! t^"V . o ^^ O O O O CO o o rH »0 CO (N »0 O >0 00 S go ■g fcc oT o © ;-, M ?3 o ^ 3 '^ ooocoo-^ocoooo OOOO'OCO'^QOUSO i-H 1— I rH rH OtMCO-^rHOO'^'O'^ C^ O rH ^ s -M ~: CQ a; HI h-l 9- P. a S 5 bo ho 9 oi ^ ^ (i^ 2« £^ .S rt 2 © ^ S 3 2 CC piH CQ HH Vi .pH^* o CO p-i I-H ^ t^ o ^ 2 gs fl vo © iS ^ "S fe © « 'S «^ © " rt « ^ g o O o «J f2i HW oo « o «e 00 • o o . fl * • -§£ * §^ : .sg : 02 Oi . °3 : fl OQ O "^ a -iS ^ oi a, ^ -§ PQ 02 «H BOOKS, S^c, Purchased and Presented during 1879. [Presentations marked thus *.] Agricultural Gazette, The, current numbers. Athenaeum, The, ditto. Arts, Journal of Society of, ditto. * Astronomical Society, Royal, ditto. ♦Astronomical and Meteorological Observations, 1874 and 5. From the United States Naval Observatory, Washington. ' ' . ■ \ * Aborigines of Victoria, The, by R. Brough Smyth. From Government of Victoria. * Association, Historical and Archaeological of '. Ireland, Proceedings., Journal, &c. 1871 and 1878. From Hon. J. W. Agnew, M.D., M.L.C. * Animals, On the Extinct of the Colonies of Great Britain, by Professor Owen, C.B., F.R.S., &c. From the Government of Tasmania. •Bewick's British Birds, 2 vols., 1821. From Joseph Milligan, Esq., F.L.S. * Bewick's British Quadrupeds, 1 vol., 1811. From the same. * Bench, a Voice from the, on the abuse of intoxicating liquors. From the same. Birds of Ceylon, parts 1 and 2. By Capt. R. V. Legge, R.A., F.Z.S. * Brandy, Regulations for Distillation of. From United States Government. * Craniorum, Thesaurus and Supplt., by Dr. J. Barnard Davis, vols. 1 and 2. From Joseph Milligan, Esq., F.L.S. * Charges, Two, by the Recorder, to Grand Juries at Birmingham, 1850-1. From the same. * Cyprus, its value and importance to England. From the same. * Conchology, Quarterly Journal of, current numbers. From the publisher. * Catalogues, British Museum, " Cheiroptera " and " Gigantic Land Tor- toises." From the trustees. Catalogue of Australian Fossils, by R. Etheridge, jun. * Confederation, &c., by J. G. Orpen, Cape Town. From the author. Chemistry, Wilson's Inorganic. * England and Her Colonies at the Paris Exhibition, 1878, by F. Young, Hon. Sec, Royal Colonial Institute. * Edrth, the true Theory" of. From the (anonymous) author. * Eucalyptographia, a. descriptive Atlas of the Eucalypts of Australia; Decades 1, 2, and 3, by Baron Ferd. Von Miieller, K.C.M.G., &c. "From Govei-nment of Victoria. * Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Proceedings of Institution of 1877-8. From the Institution. * Entomological Commission, United States, Bulletins of. From U.S. Government. Florist and Pomologist, current numbers. * Fungacious Organisms, in relation to infectious disease, by Prof. Carl Von Naegeli. Translated by Baron Von Mueller, K.C.M.G., &c. * Free Trade, Sophisms of. From Josh. Milligan, Esq., F.L.S. * Forests, Suggestions for Creation and Maintenance of, by Baron Von Mueller, K.C.M.G., &c. From the author. * Flora of British India, The, part 6, by Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., K.C.S.I. From the India Office. * Fig, Cultivation of the. From United States Governmeat. Gardener's Chronicle, current numbers. Geological Magazine, ditto. * Grasses of Queensland, by F. M. Bailey, F.L.S. From the author. Grampian Club Publications : — Registers of Cupar Abbey, vol. 1 ; Genea- logical Memoirs (f John Knox; and Chartulary of the Cistercian Priory, Col.isti-eam, by the Rev. Charles Rogers, LL.D. From the Hon. J. W. Agnew, M.D., M.L.C. Geologists, International Congress of at Paris, 1878, * Hydrographic Office, United States, Pubhcations of, 1876-7. From the U.S. Government. * Health, Questions on Public, by J. M. Tonor, M.D. From the author. * Historical Records of Port Philip, by J. J. Shillingham. From Govern- ment of Victoria. * Horti Petropolitani, Acta, Tome 1, fasc. 1. From the Director, Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg. * Institute, Essex, U.S. America, Bulletin, vol.9; Nos. 1 to 12, 1877. From the Institute. , New Zealand, Proceedings, vol. II., 1878. Indians, North American, Catalogue of Photographs of. Journal of Science, Quarterly and Monthly, current numbers. * Jupiter, Tables of Satelhtes of, by D. P.' Todd, B.A. From the author. * Journal, Canadian, vol. 15, No. 6. July, 1877. * Lincei, Accademia R. dei, Transunti, December, 1878, to July, 1879. From the Academy. Magazine, Country Gentleman's, current numbers. * Medical Practitioners, Queensland, 1879. * Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebelhon, part 2. From Surgeon Generd, U. States Army. * Education and Institutions in America. * Museum, United States National, Bulletin, 1875 to 1877. • , Colonial, WelUngton, N.Z., Report, 1878-9. * , Teyler, (Harlem), publications of, vol. 4, parts 2, 3, 4 j vol.5, pai't 1. * Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Victoria, Reports, 1878. * Mines, Victoria, Report of Chief Inspector, 1878. * Microscopical Society, Royal, Journal, current numbers. * ilicroscopical Petrography, by Ferd. Zirkell. Presented by the Govern- ment, United States. * Molluscan Fauna of Tasmania, by the Rev. J. E. Tenison \yoods, F.G.S., &c. From the author. * Montana Territory, United States, Report of Reconnaisance. From U.S. Government. * Mississippi River, Report on Physics and Hydraulics of. From ditto. * Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft Jarbucher der Deutschen, Hefl 4, 1. 10. 78. * Meteorological Office, London, publications of; viz: — Meteorology of N. Atlantic, with Charts ; Quarterly Weather Reports ; Report of Per- manent Committee on Vienna Congress ; Meteorology of Arctic Regions, Sec. * Society, Quarterly Journal of, current numbers. * Meteorologia, Annales de la Officina Ai-gentina, (Clima de Buenos Ayres), Tomo 1. 22 * Meteorology of the Bombay Presidency, with Maps. From C. Chambers, Esq., F.R.S., Supt. of Colaba Observatory, Bombay. * Meteorological and J\Tagnetic Observations, Government Observatory, Batavia, vols. 2 and 3, 1878. From the Director of the Observatory. • Observations, Melbourne, 1876. From R. J. L. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S. , Adelaide, 1878. From C.Todd, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., &c. Department, Calcutta, Report for 1877-8; the Madras Cyclone of May, 1877. From tlie Government of India , United States Daily Weather Reports, April, 1873, to April, 1874. * Meteorology of jN ew Zealand, 1877. From Dr. Hector, F.R.S. * Meteorological Tables fur Hobart Town, monthly. From F. Abbott, F.R.A.S., &c. . Mt Nelson, South Bruni, Goose Island, Swan Island, Kent's Group, and King's Island; monthly. From the Marine Board. Natural History, Annals of, current numbers. Nature, ditto. * Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein von Hamburg, Altona, Verhandlungen des, 1875-1878; Abhandlungen, 1872-6. * Proceedings of Davenport (United States) Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 2, part 1, 1876-7. From the academy. » American Association for the advancement of Science. From the association. * American Philosophical Society, vol. 17, No. 100. From the society. Boston Society of Natural History, vol, 19, parts 1 and 2 ; and Memoirs, vol. 2, part 4, No. 6. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 5, part 1, From the academy. Royal Institution of Great Britain, vol. 7, parts 3 and 4 ; vol. 8, parts 5 and 6. * Royal Colonial Institute, vol. 9. * Prisons, ''The Crofton System," (United States). From Dr. Milligan. The Prussian System." From the same. — 'international Congress "On the prevention and repression of .4»^.« /'^X7^«o^,,•v1,^f/^Tl^ " <» Hn tvoQlmonf of P.iiTninnla in frflrmnnv." ** Thft Crime, (Washington)." " On treatment of Criminals in Germany." " The Prison Mission." From the same. Poisons, Taylor on. * Report, Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society, 1877-8. * , Launceston Mechanics' Institute, 1878. * , Smithsonian Institution, 1876. * Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Publications of, current numbers. * Society, Royal, New South Wales, Transactions, 1875, and Rules, 1878. Loudon, Proceedings of, Nos. 190-193. ., Linnean of N. S. Wales; Five papers read before, by Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. From the author. — ^ vol. 4, part 2. From the society. , Royal Geographical, Journal of, vol. 47, 1878 ; Proceeding, vol. 22, Nos. 2 to 6, 1878; vol. I, (N.S.), Nos. 1 and 2, 1879. From the society. _ , Zoological, of London, Proceedings of, parts 3 and 4, 1877 ', parts 1, 2, 3, 1878. From the society. Society, Linnean, Journal of, vol. Nos. 95-97; vol. 17, (Botany); vol. 13, Nos. 72, 73; vol. 14, Nos. 74, 75, 76. List for 1878. From the society. , Asiatic of Japan, Transactions, vol. 7, part 3. From the society. , Geological, Quarterly Journal of, vol. 24, parts 1, 2, 3, 4; vol. 25, -parti. List for 1878. From the society. * Societe Geologique de Belgique, Annales de, Tome 2, 3, (1874-5, 1875-6). From the society. * Malacologique de Belgique, Annales de la. Tome 10; Proceedings of, 1876-7. From the society. * Society, Leeds Literary and Philosophical, Report 1878-9. * Sugar Cane Industry, United States. From Smithsonian Institution. * Shells, Tasmanian Land, Monograph of, by W. F. Petterd. From the author. * Times, The, Reprint of Annual Summaries for a quarter of a century. From Dr. Milligan, F.L.S. * Tobacco, The cultivation and curing of. From the Smithsonian Institution. * Transactions of the Plymouth Institute, vol. 7, pai't 1, 1878-9. * University, Adelaide, Calendar, 1879. * Victorian Year Book, 1878. From the Government Statist, Victoria. * Weeds, Naturalised, in South Australia, by R. Schomburgh, Ph. D., CM Z.S., &c. From the author. * VVoorali, or Urari Poison, On the. By the same. * Wissenschaften, K. B., Akademie der Munich, publications of, 1875 to 1878. From the academy. * Yellowstone Park, Report, 1878. From the Smithsonian Institution. * Zoology, Bulletin of, Museum of Comparative, Harvard College, vol. 6, Nos. 11 to 14. From the Museum. 81 LIST of Donors to the 3Iuseum during 1879. (For particulars of Donations see Lists in Monthly Proceedings.) Allen, Mr., Auckland, New Zealand. Atkinson, — , Esq , Latrobe. Allport, C, Esq., Ilobart Town. Bayuton, Mr. S. J., Kingston. Burdon, Mr-, Hobart Town. Bett, Mr., ditto. Brown, Rev. George, Now Britain. Brazier, Mv. John, Sydney. Boves, W. L., George's Bay. Cole, Mr. W., Oatlauds. Ereeman, E. J., Esq., Ilobart Town Featliersf.one, Mr. II., Sorell. Gibliu, T., Esq. Geeves, Mr., Franklin. Hill, Mr. R., ditto. Hull, Mr. II. M., Hobart Town. Jones, J. Alun, Esq., ditto. Johnston, A. K., Esq., North Queensland. Jacks, Mr,, Swansea. Lewis, H. S-, Bsq., Geelong. Lodder, l^rs., River Don. Lewis, N., Esq., Hobart Town. Lewald, Mr. D., ditto. Long, F. H., Hobart Town. Martin, Mrs., Bellerive. M(U)re, J. A., Esq., New Norfolk. IM'Naniara, Mr. M., Ilobart Town. M'Farlane, John, Esq., ditto. M'iDowell, A., Esq., Bothwell. M'Dowell, Rev. T., Glenorchy. Nelson, Mr. W., Orford, Power, G. A., lhepherd & Co., Darling Nursery, Sydney — Case containing 55 plants. From Mr. G. Brunning, Nurseryman, St. Kilda, near Melbourne— Case containing 39 plants. From Mr. E. B. Heyne, Seedsman, Adelaide- G plants. From liaron Von Mueller — 9 packets seeds. From the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington— Seeds, Zizania Aquatice. July. From Baron Von Miieller — 3G packets seeds. At(f/U8t, From Mr. G. Brunning, St. Kilda, Vjcloria— Case containing 36 plants. From the Victojian Horticultural Society — 100 varieties fruit scions. From Ch. Huber, Seedsman, Paris— 3G packets seeds. September. From the Royal Gardens, Kew, near London— GO packets seeds. From Ch. Huber, Seedsman, Paiis— 3 packets Primula seeds. From Mr. S. Purchase, Paramatta, near Sydney — Case containing 36 plants. From Mr. C. F. Creswell, Melbourne— Case containing 18 plants. From Mr. James Jones, Melboui-ne- 2 packets seeds. From the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne — 6 packets Palm seeds. From Mr. Joseph Dall, Nelson, New Zealand — 6 species Ferns. December. From Mr. C. H. Callet, Burwood, near Sydney — Case con- taining 3G plants. From Messi s. Shepherd &c Co., Darling Nursery, Sydney — Case Arancaria excelsa. From the Melbourne Botanic Gardens — Case containing 63 plants. From Mr. J. Sangvvell, Mrs. Henty's, St. Kilda Road, Melbourne— Case containing 3G plants. From Mr. Joseph Harris, South Yarra Nurseries, near Melbourne— Case containing 4o plants. From the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington — 30 packetn seeds. 20 DONATIONS OF PLANTS AND SEEDS SENT FROM THE ROYAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS, 1879. January. To Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium — 1 case plants. To the Royal Gardens, Kew, near London — 1 packet Eucal^'ptus seeds. To the Chamber of Ag-ricultiire, Washing-ton — 1 packet seeds. To Mons. J. Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium — 1 packet seeds. To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andreiu, & Co., Paris — 1 packet seeds. To Jules de Cock, Seedsman, Paris — 1 packet seeds. February. To Mr. Wm Bull, New Plant Merchant, London — 6 Tree Ferns. To Mons. J. N. Verschaifelt, Ghent, Belgium — 4 large Tree Ferns. To Mons. J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium — 2 large Tree Ferns. To August Van Geert, Ghent, Bel^-ium — 2 large Tree Ferns. To Hugh Low, Clapton Nursery, London — 6 Tree Ferns. March. To Mons. J. N. Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium— 6 Tree Ferns. May. To Baron Von Mueller, Government Botanist, Melbourne — 160 packets seeds. To Mr. E. B. Heyne, Seedsman, Adelaide — 150 packets seeds. To Mr. James Jones, Seedsman, Melbourne — 1 package seeds To Mr. George Brunning, St. Kilda Nurseries, Melbourne — 1 case seedling plants. To Mr. Joseph Harris, South Yarra Nurseries, near Melbourne — Case of seedling plants. To Mr. S. Purchase, Nurseryman, Paramatta, near Sydney — Case plants and seeds. To Messrs. Shepherd, Darling Nursery, Sydney— Case plants and seeds. To Mr. C. F. Creswell, Seedsman, &c., Melbourne — Collection seeds. To His Excellency F. A. "V^'cld — Seeds for transmission to Cyprus. September. To Mr. C F. Creswell, Seedsman, Melbourne— 36 Dahlias. To Mr. James Jones, Seedsman, Melbourne— 36 Dahlias. To the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne — 2 bags Sphognum Moss. To the Botanic Gardens, Sydney — 2 bags Sphognum Moss. To the Acclimatisation Society, Queensland— 2 bags Sphognum Moss. December. To Mons. Ch. Huber, Paris — 1 packet seeds. To Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux, & Co., Paris — 1 packet seeds. PLANTS GIVEN FROM THE GARDENS FOR THE PLANTING OF PUBLIC PLACES, 1879. The Industrial School, Harrington-street — 100 plants. The Municipal Council, Richmond — 42 plants. . St. Mary's Convent — 18 plants. The Memorial Chapel, Brisbane-street— 36 plants, 15 tiees. St. George's Church, Hobart Town — 18 shrubs. The Municipal Council, Launceston— 600 small seedling plants for public reserves. A. Coote, Esq., for George Town and Low Heads — 100 plants. The Government House Grounds — 48 plants. F. ABBOTT, JuN., Superintendent. 27 PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE ROYAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS DURING THE YEAR 1879. Abutilon August Paswold Abutilon Darwinii tassellatum Abutilon rosseflora Acacia spectabilis Acer dasycarpum Acrostichum repandum Adiantum cardiochloenum Adiantum concinnum Isetum Adiantum Farley ense Adiantum gracillimum Adiantum macrophyllum Adiantum Peruvianum Adiantum Sancha CatherinsB Adiantum trapteziforme Agave atrovii'ens Agave jaquiniana Agave microcarpa Agave picta Agave striata Agave striata vittata Albizzia Saman Alpinia nutans Alisma plantago Allantodia Australis Ampellopsis Veitchii Anthurium Scherzerianum Aponogeton distachyon Arctium edule Areca monastachya Aspidium aristatum Aspidium hispidulum Asplenium attenuatum Asplenium cicutarium Asplenium paleaceum Asplenium repens Asplenium Veitchii Asplenium viviparum Astartia fascicularis Athyrium filix foemina Azara microphylla Bambusa argentea striata Bauera sessilifolia Beaumontia grandiflora Bceckia plicata Begonia metallica Berberis Lycium Bignonia argyrea violacea Boronia elatior Boronia denticulata Boronia heterophylla Brahia filamentosa Bj-achicheton rupestro Buxus arborea variegata Caladium argyrites Caladium Belleymei Caladium Festunii Caladium Dr. Lindley Caladium Lipley Caltha palustris Catalpa bignonioides speciosa Choisya ternata Cistus formo*;us Clerodendron J3alfourianum Combretum purpureum Conostylis albifrons Crassula vaginata Croton Mortii Croton paradoxa Croton Schomburgkii Croton undulatum Cupressus Lawsoniana aurea Cupressus Lawsoniana variegata Cupressus torulosa variegata Cyanophyllum Bowmannii Cyathea Cunninghami Cycas media Cymbidium albiflorum Cyrtomium falcatum Daphne hyemalis Davallea Mooreana Davallea plattyphilla Davallea pixidata Davallea Ronaldsii Dennistadtia davalliades Youngii Deparia Moorei Dictyosperma alba var. rubra Dicty ogramma japonica Dictyogramma japonica variegata Dietes ixioides Dieffenbachia Bausei Dioscorea versicolor Dipladenia Breardsleyana Dombeya Dregiana Doodia aspera Doodia media Dracaena amabilis Dracaena Chelsonii Dracaena fragrans Dracaena magnifica Echeveria Abyssinica Ecbeveria atropurpurea Elymus condensatus Eranthemum macrophyllum Erica ampullacea oblata Ei"ica Everiana superba Erica Lowesworthi 28 Erica profusa Erica Eegerminans Erica urceolaris Erica vernix coccinea Erica vestita rosea Erica vestita coccinea Euonymus ai-genteus elegans Euonymus elegantissimus Euonymus ovatus variegatus Euonymus latitblia variegata Eugenia dealbata Eugenia parviilora Ficus vesca Ficus columnaris Ficus Muelleri Fraxinus expansa Furcroya loiigiva Gazania splendens Gleditschia Sinensis Gleichenia uiicropliylla Goniopteris lineatuui Goniopteris pennigera Goniostoma ligustrifolia Grangea Sutheilandi Grewia didyma Grewia oppositifolia Grevillea longiflora Grislea tonientosa Halcea dactyloides Hedera arborescens albo-lutescens Hedera rhombea Hedera rubra argentea Hedera tricolor variegata Hedycliium Gardneri Henna myrtifolia Hydrangea Thomas Hogg Ilex Hodgiusi Ilex nobilis Ilex Perry's weeping variegated Ilex weeping golden queen Iris Sinensis Iris Eobinsoniana Ixia secunda patens Jarabosa vulgaris Jochroma grandiflora Juniperus japonica aurca Kentia niocrocarpa Lagerstraemia rosea Latania glaucophylla Lawsonia inermis Leidenbergia rosea Ligustrum ovalifolium Ligustrum tricolor variegata Lomaria Fraseri Macrozamia corallipes Macrozamia tenuifolia Magnolia Campljelli Maranta Leitzii Marica cserulea Menischium serratum Meryta macrophylla Mesembryantliemum aureum Mesenibryanthemum album Mesembryantliemum bicolor Mesembryantliemum florabundum Mesembryanthemum mutabilis Mesembryanthemum spectabile Metrosideros scandens Microlepia hirta cristata Neplielium leiocarpum Nephrodium extensum INeplirodium melanocaulon Nephrodium palmatum Neplirolepis davallioides Nephrolepis DufFei Nephi'olepis furcans Nymphoea ccernlea Nyniplitea fimbriata Olearea Armstrongii Onychium japonica Oreodaphne Californica Ormosia emarginata Pandanus Sam an Pandanus utilis Paulinia tlialictrifolia Pellea falcata Pellea paradoxica Pentzia virgata Phytolocca dioica Pimelia clavata Pimelia spectabilis Pittosporum eugenoides aurea Pittosporum eugenoides variegata Planera japonica Plectocomu elongata Polisticlium triangulare Polypodium paradasica Prostanthera Sieberi Pteris longifolia Pteris serrulata cristata Pteris umbrosa Quercus glabra Raphiolepis intermedia Retinospora filicoidcs Retinospora filifera Retinospora pisifera alba variegata Rhodochiton volubile Rochea falcata Rochea splendens Rogiera macrophylla Rondeletia versicolor Selaginella Schottil Selaginella umbrosa Selaginella Wallichi Selaginella Wildenpvi 3edum carueum variegatum 2& Sedum japonicum variegatum Tupidanthus calyptratus Solanum capsicastrum variegatum Viburnum punctatum . . , Solanum haematocarpum Vitis chantonensis Solanum jasminoides variegatum Vitis labrusca Sparaxis pulcherrima Weigela hortensis Sterculea lurida Weigela Lowii Tacsonia tomentosa speciosa Xanthozylon hastile Thuja occidentalis variegata Xerotis Ordii Todea Fraseri Yucca quadi'icolor Rose, Countesse le Berthe Marie Guillot Duke of Connaught Marie Van Houtte Pelargonium. Aristocrat Lady of the Lake Celeste Leamington Lassie Claribel M. Buchler Duke of Cambridge Mrs. Mardel Ethel Bead Prince of Wales Fairy Queen Princess Teck Fannj Gair Sii-en Pelar gonium. Zonal Princess of Wales Lady Suffield The Shah Madame le Marechal M'Mahon Unique Prince Leopold W. E. Gumbleton Prince Silver Wings Fu cTisia. Gracilis variegata Splendens Regalia Co leu9. Agnes Bayne Miss Essie Anna Boleyn Picturata Antagonist Quadricolor Croyden Rainbow Diadem Sabel Duchesse of Edinburgh Sentinel G ardneri The Queen Ketleri White Lady Mrs. Broomfield Zinzibar Ai iples. Barcelona Pearmain Peasgood's Non-such Boauty of Hants Roundway Magnum Bonum Brabant Bellefleur Waltham Abbey Pearmain Early Almond Worcester Pearmain Esopus Spitzbergen William's Favourite Fox Whelps Wyken Pippin Greeve's Pippin Yellow Ne\» Town Pippin Grey Leadington Beurre d*Anjou Beurre Hardy Douchess d'Angouleme Madame Treyne Imperatrice de Milan Pourparts Agen Col di Signora Nero Northumberland Fillbasket October Red Edith Eleanor Premier Princess Alice Maud 30 Teats* Millet d'Nancy Rousselet Infant Prodigue Suffolk Thorn Tluvfis, Transparent Gage Tigs. Early Violet Raspberries. River's Monthly Strawberries. Princess Frederick "William Princess Royal Warner's Chilian F. ABBOTT, JuN., Superintendent JAMES BARNARD, GOTERNMBNT PRINTER, TASMANIA. PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS, -^^ ^4 lUi.Jiiity -'^' REPORT, OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA. FOR 1880. TASMANIA : PRINTED AT THE "MERCURY " STEAM PRESS OFFICE, HOBART. 1881. The responsibility of the statements and opinions given in the following papers and discussions rests with the individual authors ; the Society as a body merely places them on record. (Hl^ntcuts : Page, Proceedings for April 1 Wilson, Edmund P., elected as Fellow 1 Proceedings for May 3 Ditto June 4 Ditto August 6 Maddox, Dr., elected as a Fellow 6 Mason, Dr., ditto 6 Glossopteris Broioniancc, specimen of, from the Mersey Coal Measures... 6 Dennis, Dr., Singapore, letter from 7 Proceedings for September 8 Hookey, V. W., elected as a Fellow 8 Proceedings for October 10 Henry, R., jun., elected as a Fellow 10 Gould, C, F.G.S,, on the existence of Seals in inland Lakes 10 McCoy, Professor, on ditto 10 Algse of the New Hebrides, On the. By Dr. Souder, Hambm-g 13 Slugs, On some Australian. By Prof essor Ralph Tate, Assoc. Lin. Soc, F.G.S., &c 15 Uuiouidce of the Lauucestou Tertiary Basin, On the. By R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., &c., &c 18 Helix, Fossil, Description of a New Species, from Kent's Group. By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S 24 Plants, Notes on some Tasmanian. By Baron F, von Mueller, K.C.M.G., &c., &c 25 Lichens of Queensland, The. By F. M. Bailey, F.L. S 26 Fossil Leaves and Fruit from Gulgong, Notes on. By C. E. Barnard, M.D.,F.L.S 40 Plants of Australia, On some introduced. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S 44 Fishes, Description of two new Species of, from the Estuary of the Derweut. By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S 54 Oyster and other Fisheries. By Captain Stanley, R.N 59 Meteorology (Appendix) Report, 1881 (Bxuh, Page 19. — Sixth line from top, for " AucMandica" read " AucJclandicus." Fourteenth line, for ^'ivhicli was slowly," read ^^ which were" &c. Tenth line from bottom, for " Plesio capparis" read ' ' Plesio capparis. ' ' Page 20. — Twelfth line from bottom, for " Ritzlus," read " Eetzius." Next line, for "«S'p. 7ion.," read " Sp. nov." Eighth line from bottom, for '' accuminate," read " acuminate." Page 21.— Eighteenth line from top, for " Unio trimidus" read " U. tumidus," and for " Ritzlus" read " Retzius.''' Twenty-third line, for accuminates, read acuminates. Twenty-sixth line, for " Oibbosus/' read " gibbos^is." Seventh line from bottom, after Tasmania insert ; instead of , Page 22.— Second line, for U. Pachodon, read U. pachodon. Eighth line, for " our U. Johnstoni," read " U. Johnstoni." Tenth line, for Aucklandica re&d AucUandicus. Eleventh line, for inflata read inflatus. Thirteenth line, omit m.s. before species. Fifteenth line, for Saoidberger, read the Messrs. Sandberger. Twenty-second line, for Genus Anodonta Cuvier, read Genus anodonta, Cuvier. Second line from bottom of note, for ii.s. read U.S. Page 23.— Description of the Figures :— The fifth line below tliis heading should end at nat. size. Anodonta Tamarensis, Etheridge, jun., is the heading for description of figures 3 and 4, as Unio Johnstoni is for figs. 1 and 2. Fifth line from bottom, insert comma after valve. ROYAL SOCIETY, TASMANIA, APEIL, 1880. The first monthly evening meeting for the present session was held at the Museum on Tuesday, 13th ApriJ, Mr. H, J. Buckland in the chair. Mr. Edmund P. Wilson, who had previously been nominated by the Council, was balloted for, and declared duly elected a Fellow of the Society. The Hon, Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought forward the usual monthly returns, viz. : — 1. Number of Visitors to Museum, March— On Sundays 921, on week days 883, total 1,804. 2. Ditto to Gardens 5, 190. 3. Plants and Seeds received at Gardens : — From Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, U.S.A., 36 packets seeds. From Mr. W. R. Guilfoyle, Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 10 packets Palm Seeds. From the Ptoyal Gardens, Kew, two packets seeds. From Mr. C. E. Bethune, Sandy Bay, Queensland Orchids. From the Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur, N.W. India, 9 packets seeds. From Mr. Wm. Bull, London, 59 varieties Bulbs and Tubers, and 24 packets seeds. 4. Plants sent from Gardens : — To Messrs. Veitch and Co., London, 20 tree ferns. To He v. Pt. H, Codrington, Norfolk Island, 36 plants. To Mr. J. Harris, South Yarra, one case plants. 5. Presentations to Museum. 6. Books and Periodicals received. 7. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during January, February, and March, viz. : — January 6 Veronica anrjust!/oUa, in full flower. ,, 7 Apricots, commencing to ripen. ,, 10 Grevillea rohusta, in full flower. ,, 12 Jargonelle Pear, commencing to ripen. ,, 14 Catalj^a syrinfjfpfolia, in flower. ,, 18 Black Mulberries, commencing to ripen. February 10 Peaches, commencing to ripen ,, 15 Kerry Pippin Apple, ditto ,, 15 Windsor Pear, ditto ,, 16 Bon Chretien Pear, ditto ,, 18 Greengage Plum, ditto ,, 25 Common Ash, commencing to shed seed ,, 28 Sycamore, ditto. March 12 Seckle Pear, commencing to ripen ,, 14 Tips of Hornbeam, commencing to turn yellow „ 16 Coe's Golden Drop Plum ripe ,, 20 Tips of Elm, turning yellow ,, 22 Horsechestnut, leaves turning brown ,, 25 Ash, leaves commencing to fall ,, 31 Oak, leaves ditto. Meteorology. — 1 Hobart Town, from Mr. F. Abbott, table for January. B 2 2. Bruni Island, tables for January and February ; Mount Nelson for January, February, and March; from the Marine Board. 3. From Mr. Boblin. Abstract Tables and Results of Meteorological Observations taken at Hobart Town and the various Coast Stations during 1879, compiled from the monthly records. The presentations to the Museum were as follows : — 1. From Mr. J. W. Rosier, Melbourne. A double-barrelled fowling-piece, formerly the property of Sir John Franklin. 2. From Mr. A. J. Taylor. A sample of Graphite from Port Sorell, with analysis. [Although a specimen of true Graphite, the analysis shows that the specimen is practically valueless, as it contains only about 14 per cent, of carbon, whereas 60 per cent, at least should be pre- sent.] 3. From Mr. H. M. Hull. A deed signed by Governor Macquarie, dated January, 1817 (Grant of 80 Acres of Land at Glenorchy to Edward Barnes). The following donations to the Library were brought under notice :— "Zoologica et Pal?eontologica Miscellanea." By Professor R. Tate, Assoc. Lin. Soc, F.G.S. From the author. '•Lectures on the Vegetable Kingdom." By the Rev. William Woolls, Ph., F.L.S. From the author. "On the Fertilisation of Orchids by Insects." By Charles Darwin, M.A., F.R.S., etc., etc. From Mr. E. D. Swan. "Zoological Exercises for Students in New Zealand." By Professor F. W. Hutton, Canterbury College, Christchurch, N.Z. From the author. *' Manual of the Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand." By John Buchanan, F.L.S. From Dr. James Hector, C.M.G., F.R.S., etc. "Prodromus of the Paleontology of Victoria." By Prof. McCoy, parts 3 to 6 ; and " Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria," by the same author, parts 1 to 4. From the Government of Victoria. A presentation, consisting of upwards of twenty volumes and pamphlets, from Sir Redmond Barry, on behalf of the Trustees of the Melbourne Public Library, was also laid on the table. Papers. — 1. The Secretary read " A Description of 22 Species of Algse, from the New Hebrides," by Dr. W. 0. Sonder, of Hamburg, a Corresponding Member of the Society. This paper was com- municated by Baron von Mueller. 2. A paper "On some Australian Slugs, chiefly Tasmanian," by Professor Ralph Tate, F.G.S., Corresponding Member of the Society, etc., was read. 3. "A Contribution to our knowledge of the XJnionidjB of the Launceston Tertiary Basin," by R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., a Corresponding Member of the Society, etc., was also read. These contributions from "Corresponding Members," all of whom are well known in the scientific world, were received with much interest, and their immediate publication in the Proceedings of the Society was agreed upon. Conversational discussion on subjects referred to in the above com- munications having taken place, a vote of thanks was accorded to the authors of the papers, and to the donors of presentations ; when the proceedings terminated. MAY, 1880. The monthly evening meeting of the Society wa8 held on Tuesday, May 11. Mr. T. Stephens, M.A., F.G.S., in the chair. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. Agxew, brought forward the usual returns for the past month, viz : — 1. Xumber of visitors to Museum— On Sundayp, 891 — On weekdays* 708. Total, 1,599. 2. Number of visitors to Gardens. Total, 4,229. 3. Plants sent from Gardens — To Mr. T. Smith, Kiddel's Creek, Victoria, 60 plants— To Mr. T. Sangwell, at Mr. Henty's, St. Kilda Road, Victoria, 40 plants — To the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 80 plants — To the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 78 plants. 4. Books and periodicals received. 5. Presentations to Museum. Meteorology : — From the Marine Board, tables from Mount Nelson for April, Swan Island and South Bruni for March. Time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during April : — 12th. Chinese chrysanthemums, commencing to flower. 19ih. Elm leaves, commencing to fall. 10th. Coe's late plum, ripe. 20th. Pyrus aucuparla, leaves falling. 29tb. Seeds of hornbeam, ripe. The presentations to the Museum were as follows: — 1. From Mr. W. Aldred : — Sternum of a species of " JMoa," from the Spear Grass gold diggings, Otago, New Zealand. [This bone was brought by Mr. Aldred from the locality in which it was found, and is of interest, from being so rarely found as compared with other portions of the skeletons of these gigantic birds.] 2. From the same :— A small Jade Axe, from Mr. Chappel's farm, Ophir, Olago, N.Z. 3. From Mr. G. Fowling: — A "White Hawk {Leucosplza Novcr Holland ice). 4. From Mr. F. Abbott, jun.:— A Rose-breasted Cockatoo {Cacatua roselcapilla). The Secretary read a paper entitled "Description of a New Species of Helix found in a Calcareous Sandstone Deposit at Kent's Group," by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. A communication from the Rev. E. P. Adams, on the composition of the Nucleus of Comets, was also read. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the authors of the papers read, and the donors of presentations. B* JUNE, 1880. The monthly eveAing meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, Sth June. Mr. C. H. G^rant in the chair. The Secretary (Dr. Agnew) brought forward the usual returns for the past month, viz. : — 1. No. of Visitors to Museum— On Sundays, 794; on week days, 682; total, 1,476. 2. Ditto to Gardens, 3,067. 3. Books and Periodicals received. 4. Presentations to Museum. Meteorological JRetnrns. — From the Marine Board. Tables from Mount Nelson for May, and South Bruni Lighthouse for April. Keturn showing time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during May : — 12th. First Medlar (Nottingham), ripe. 18th. Photinia serrulata, commencing to flower. 20th. Diosma alba, ditto. 28th. Spircea pruni/oUa, ditto. 29th. Aila.nthus glandulosa, leaves all shed. F. Abbott, Jun., Supt. The presentations to the Museum were as follows : — 1. From Mr. James Mackey. — Two specimens of the so-called " Vegetable Caterpillar " (Cordkeps Rohertsii), from New Zealand. 2. From Mr. McShane, Jerusalem. — The cast skin of a large Black Snake ( Hoplocephalus curtus). 5. From Hon. James Maclanachan, Tunbridge. — An Egyptian Goose (Chenalopex Egyptiaca). 4. From Mr. J. C. Bethune, Dunrobin. — Specimen of Native Tiger ( Thyladnus cynocephalus). 5. From Miss Wickes, Cherry Tree Opening. — A piece of the outer bark of the White Gum with curious markings resembling lace- work patterns. 6. From Mr. G. F. Lovett. — Two fossils (Pecten latkostatus and Ostrea lidarki), from Shakespeare's Clifi", coast road to Napier, New Zealand. The usual periodicals having been laid on the table, special attention was directed to the very numerous presentations to the library from various learned bodies, embracing the Zoological Society of London, the Geological Society, the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, the Koyal Geographical Society, the British Association, the Linnean Society, the Eoyal Astronomical Society, the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, the Royal Institution of Great Britain, the Academy of Sciences, Munich, and the Entomological Society of Belgium. Valaable contributioDS of books from the British Museum, the Army Medical Department, United States j and the National Observatory, Cordoba, were also brought under notice. The Secretary read a paper by Baron von Mueller on some Tasmanian plants. In reference to one of these, Verbena officinalis, the writer says : — "The discovery of the medicinal Vervain in Tasmania, though no unexpected, is of double interest, inasmuch as this plant adds a Natura Order to the Flora of the island. This Verbena is rather widely, but no copiously, distributed through South-eastern Australia, but not yet foun^j in New Zealand, where, however, it may have been overlooked, as it ha« been for so long a time in Tasmania." After some conversational discussion the proceedings were closed by a vote of thanks to Baron von Mueller, and to the donors of presentations. No Meeting held in July. 6 AUGUST, 1880. The monthly evening noeeting of the Society was held on Monday, the- 9th August, Mr. James Barnard, V.P., in the chair. Mr. William Gordon Maddox, M.R.C.S., Eng., and Mr. William Mason, M.R.C.S., Eng., who had previously been nominated by the Council, were balloted for, and declared duly elected as Fellows of the Society. The Ihon. secretary, Dr. Agnew, brought forward the usual returns, viz. : — 1. No. of visitors to Gardens during June, 3,400 ; July, 3,880. 2. Plants and seeds sent from Gardens. 3. No. of visitors to Museum, June, on Sundays, 938; on week days, 993; total, 1,931. July, on Sundays, 789 ; on week days, 1,046 ; total, 1,835. 4. Books and periodicals received. 5. Presentations to Museum. Meteorological tables, from the Marine Board, Bruni Island, for May; Mt. Nelson, for June and July. Times of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens, during June and July, 1880 : — June 10. Iris alata in flower. 20. Madaura aurantlaca shedding seed. 22. Privet shedding leaves. 24. Lachanalla rosea in flower. 28. Cahjcanthus ^jrcecox do. 30. Pyrus japonka commencing to flower. ,, Crocus vernus in full flower. July 8. Arhutus unedo commencing to flower. 10. Garrya elliptica do. 18. White mulberry commencing to break. 20. Almond commencing to break. 21. Cytisus leucanthus commencing to flower. 30. Yellow crocus do. The presentations to the Museum were as follows: — 1. From C. E. Barnard, Esq., M.D.— A collection of Fossils and Minerals, from Gulgong, New South Wales. 2. From Mr. E. P. Ramsay, Australian Museum, Sydney. — A photo- graph of a Sword Fish, caught near Sydney. (The fish from which this was taken measured 14ft. in length.) 3. From Mr. W. R. Bell.— Specimens of Argentiferous Galena, with Carbonate of Iron, from the '* Silver-Lead lead," Mount Bischoflf. 4. From Mr. T. Young.— Specimens of Upper Palseozoic Fossils from North-West Bay. 5. From Mr. C. Parsons. — Ditto from Lauriston, near Bothwell. 6. From Mr. T. Hainsworth.— Specimens of Plant impressions from the Mersey Coal Measures. [In reference to one of the Fern impressions in this presentation, Mr. Stephens remarked that in a paper, read before the Society in 1873, he had mentioned his discovery of a solitary specimen of Glossopteris Browiimia at the Mersey several years previously, adding that " it was strange that the discovery of this fern should have been made only by a passing traveller, with a few minutes at his disposal." He (Mr. Stephens), believed that most of the Fellows were aware of the interest attaching to the presence of this fern in coal measures below Marine PaltGozoic strata ; and it was evident that there would* in future be no difiBculty in demonstrating its existence even to- the most incredulous.] The following presentations to the Library were specially brought under notice, viz.: — 1. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. 4, part 4 ; from Mr. E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., etc. 2. " Synonymy of, and Remarks upon Port Jackson, New Caledonian, and other Shells." By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., from the Author. 3. " The eleventh Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History," New York. From the Trustees. [Attention was directed to the photographs by which this report is illustrated, which convey a grand idea of the large and liberal scale on which the Museum has been founded ; and also indicate the lines on which its future great extension will be carried out.J The following extract from a letter from Dr. Dennys, Curator of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, was read : — " I take^ however, great interest in the science of conchology, and am most anxious to complete my collection by all available means. I can exchange local species for Australian or Tasmanian, having not a single shell from either locality (except Plios sentkosus from N. Australia). At present I have about 500 species, almost exclusively Malayan and Philippine. I have promises, however, from Mauritius, Zanzibar, China, etc , and maybe able to offer you a fair quid pro quo. Being Curator of our local Museum, I have many opportunities of obtaining articles which might be welcome in your part of the world ; kindly state what you most want. Our mammals are not very numerous, and are expensive, a dead tiger commanding oOdol., or roughly £10. Of reptiles I could send a good collection, as also of local birds. I should like four specimens at least of every shell [i.e. two for the Museum, and two for myself) you can obtain. If you could send me a list of the Malayan shells you have, I should know what you would require." A letter from Mr. Charles Gould, dated Singapore, recommending Dr. Dennys' application, and suggesting that specimens of the following minerals, etc., might b© presented to the Raffles Museum, was also read: — 1. Quartz with gold ; 2. Tin ore, from Mount Bischoff, in masses and in sand ; 3. Bismuth, from Mount Ramsay ; 4. Topazes, from Flinders Island; o. Red hsomatite ; 6. Brown do., from Ilfracombe ; 7. Manganese ores, from West Coast ; 8. Rutile, from do. The following papers were then read : — 1. "On Queensland Lichens." By. F. M. B*iiley, F.L.S , and Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S. 2. "Notes on a collection of Fossil Fruits from the 'Black Lead,' Gulgong, New South Wales." By C. E. Barnard, M.D. The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the authors of the papers read, and to the donors of the various presentations. 8 SEPTEMBEE, 1880. The monthly evening meeting of the Society, which was very numerously attended, was held at the Museum on Monday, the 13th September ; His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson, V.P., in the chair. Mr. V. W. Hookey, who had previously been nominated by the council, was balloted for, and declared duly elected as a Fellow of the Society. The hon. Secretary, Dr. Agnew, brought forward the following returns, etc., received since last meeting : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum during August — on Sundays, 1,206; on week days, 514 ; total, 1,720. 2. Do., to Gardens ; total, 4,516. 3. Plants, etc., received at Gardens : — From Mr. J. Brown, six Plants of Alsophila excelsa. From the Acclimatisation Society of Queensland, one case of seedling ConiferaB. From the Victorian Horticultural Society, a collection of Fruit Scions. From Mr. Jno. Smith, Riddel's Creek, Victoria, one bundle of Plants and Scions. 4. Plants, etc., sent from Gardens : — To Botanic Gardens, Sydney, two bags of Sphagnum Moss. To the Launcescon Corporation, 250 Plants for public places. For Main Line Railway reserve, Hobart, 12 Plants, For planting ground at Macquarie-street, entrance to Domain, 60 Plants. 5. Books and Periodicals received. 6. Presentations to Museum. Meteorology. — 1. New Norfolk, from Mr. W. E. Shoobridge.— Abstract tables, from April to August inclusive. 2. From the Hobart Marine Board. — Tables from Mount Nelson for August ; Kent's Group, February to June ; Bruni Island for July ; Swan Island, April to June ; and Cape Wickham, King's Island, February to June. Time of leafing and flowering of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during August :— 20th. Samhucus niger commencing to break. 24th. Gooseberries do. 26th. Horsechestnut do. 30th. Apricot commencing to flower. „ Poplar do. 3l8t. Elm do. The presentations to the Museum were as follows : — 1. From Mr. James Patterson. — Specimens of Ore from the Silver-Lead Mining Company's section, Mount Bischoff. 2. From Mr. Q. H. Rayner.— Specimens of Crystallised Iron Ore, and a small specimen of Galena, from the New Norfolk district. 3. From Mr. T. Hainsworth, Latrobe. — A large collection of Specimens from plant beds of the Mersey Coal Measures, comprising Glossopteris and other fern impressions, with seeds, etc., in a good state of preservation. 4. From Mr. C. E. Beddome.— Cast of Pachydomus gigas (?) from near North-west Bay. 5. From Mr. W. L. Boyes.— Specimen of the Rednecked Arocet {Eecurvirostra rubricollis), from George's Bay. The Secretary read the following extract from a letter from Mr. C. M. Officer, of Melbourne, written in reply to a request for information on the subject, by Mr. C. Gould:— "With reference to the ♦ Mindi,' or 9 Mallee Snake, it has often been described to me as a formidable creature, of at least 30ft. in length, which confined itself to the mallee scrub. No one, however, has ever seen one, for the simple reason that to see it is to die, so fierce it is, and so great its powers of destruction. Like the •*Bunyip,' I believe th^ *Mindi' to be a myth — a mere tradition." The Secretary informed the meeting that a fragment of a paper, by the late Mr. T. G. Gregson, on the habits and manners of the Tasmanian Aborigines, had been placed in his hands for perusal. The first portion of the paper referred particularly to the general treatment of the natives by the white population, but as that subject was fully treated of in " West's History of Tasmania," it could be of little interest to the meeting ; the remaining portion, however, giving Mr. Gregson's impres- sions from personal observation of the Aborigines, was, he thought, of sufficient interest to warrant its being read. The paper was then read. A paper by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L S , etc., " On some introduced Plants of Australia and Tasmania," was also read by the Secretary. The paper gave a long and most interesting account of the introduction and acclimatisation of about 35 plants, including the Bathurst Burr, common Nettle, several varieties of Thistle, Fumitory, Verbena, etc., etc. Captain Stanley, R.N., read a valuable paper on "Oyster and other Fisheries." Discussion took place on various matters connected with oyster fisheries, and a general expression of feeling was given to the eS'ect that, seeing our native oyster beds were being rapidly destroyed, some prompt and decided action should be taken for the purpose of preserving them, and of turning their produce to a profitable account, in the interest both of the State and of the community. A cordial vote of thanks to the authors of papers, and to the donors of .presentations, closed the proceedings. 10 OCTOBEE, 1880. The monthly evening meeting of the society was held on Monday,, the 11th October; His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson, vice-president, in the chair. Robert Henry, jun., Esq., Superintendent of Telegraphs, who had been previously nominated by the Council, was balloted for, and declared duly elected a Fellow of the Society. The hon. Secretary, Dr. Agxew, drew attention to the following returns, received since last meeting, viz. : — 1. Number of visitors to Museum during September : On Sundays, 1,057 ; on week days, 907 ; total, 1,964. 2. Ditto to Gar-dens, 3,996. 3. Books and periodicals received. Meteorological Returns — 1. From the Marine Board : Tables from Swan Island, for July and August ; Mount Nelson, for September. 2. From R. L. J. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S.: Monthly records of obser- vations made at the Melbourne Observatory during March and April. Time of leafing, flowering, etc., of a few standard plants in the Botanic Gardens during September : — 18th. Moutan Peony commencing to flower. 20th. Horsechestnut ditto. 21st. Querais iiechinculata commencing to break. 27th. Ash commencing to break leaf. 28th. Sycamore ditto. 30th. liohlnia i^seudo-acacia commencing to leaf. 30th. Platcmus occidentalis ditto. F. Abbott, Jun., Superintendent. The Secretary reminded the meeting that Mr. Charles Gould, then a resident member, read a paper about eight years ago, before the society, "On the existence of large animals (probably seals) in the upland lakes of Tasmania," and connected the possible existence of such animals on the neighbouring continent with the traditions of the "bunyip," Mr. Gould having recently written to enquire if any further information on the subject had been obtained, he (the Secretary) had now to report that a mutual friend had brought the matter under the notice of Professor McCoy, probably the most competent authority to give an opinion ; and he would read an extract from the learned Professor's reply, dated 22nd September, which would appear to confirm Mr. Gould's suggestion that the so-called bunyip had probably a real existence, and if so, that it was in fact a seal. "I also think the 'Bunyip' is a seal of the group having external ears, which differ from the others in having the legs so developed and directed that they can walk well and far on the land, and from their gait are often called 'Sea Bears.' One of this group on our coast, Euotaria cmerea, frequently ascends the rivers for great distances; and as it is a_ matter of indifference to them whether the water be salt or fresh as long as it contains plenty of fish for food, I think this must be the creature, as all the accounts of appearance and voice agree. (There are no special freshwater seals.) "The il/oreZi(X ran^ra^a, or 'Carpet Snake,' is, as you mention, the only snake in this colony approaching 10ft. in length. " Fredekick McCoy." Mr. John Sw^an exhibited a strange fish, obtained by him at George's Bay. In Mr. Johnston's opinion it was closely allied to Datnia ambigna, Richardson, the latter being classified by Dr. Gunther within 11 the Perch family as Dides amhiguiis.* It is doubtful whether the fish now under notice may not have to be placed under a new genus. Its general characters are as follows : — B.6, D. 9^,0, A.3/8, P.13 ; L. tran. 7/16, L. lat. 52; V.1/5; and therefore, according to Dr. Gunther, it cannot be included within the genus Dules, because he has based his genera principally upon the number of spines in the dorsal fin. It may more properly belong to the genus Gerres, of the family PrisiipomatidcE. It is possible, however, that the spines of the dorsal, as in Latrls, are not constant. It would therefore be necessary to examine more specimens before it could be properly classified. Mr. E. M. JoHXSTOX, F.L.S., read the two following papers : — The first, by himself, entitled "A description of two new species of fish" fTrachkltfhys Maclemji, and Mendosoma Allporti), caught in the estuary of the Derwent. The second, by the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., entitled "Introductory Notes to the Natural History of Tasmania." The latter paper gave a most valuable synopsis of the leading features of the Tasmanian flora and fauna. Comparisons were made with corresponding features in the neighbouring colonies and elsewhere, which led to much interesting speculation. It was explained that this was the forerunner of a series of similar short papers or catalogues relating to the various specific branches of the natural history of Tasmania, to be undertaken by Mr. Woods in conjunction with several local naturalists, who are making the particular branches their special study. Interesting discussion followed the reading of Mr. Wood's paper, in which His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson, Mr. C. H. Grant, Mr. Barnard, Mr. Johnston, and others took part. It was suggested that great care should be taken in drawing conclusions between two different provinces whose particular branches of natural history were unequally investigated. Unqualified comparisons between two districts, whose particular branches of natural history were imperfectly investigated, would be misleading. It would also lead to confusion if either of these districts was compared wi'.h one where any of those branches had been fully worked out. The meeting closed with the usual vote of thanks to the authors of the papers read. *Dr. Gunther describes L. lat. 85. This is an error, as Dr. Eichardson in the original description states it as L. lat. 52. ALGJE OF THE NEW HEBEIDES, Cliristmas, 1879. Herewith, dear Dr. Agnew, I send you a list of 23 Algser which -were examined from a small collection, made by Mr- F. Campbell, on my request, during bis stay in the New Hebrides. The elaboration of these oceanic plants, the first recorded from that group, is by Dr. W. O. Bonder, who since fully 40 years has been an eminent author on this tribe of vegetation, who still makes phycology a favourite study, and who can bring an almost unrivalled experience to bear on the elucidation of seaweeds. As Dr. Sonder is an honorary member of the Tasmanian Eoyal Society, I have thought it but right to offer these notes of his preferentially to your journal. Eegardfully yours, Feed. Von Muellee. ALGJE OF THE NEW HEBEIDES, Collected by F. Campbell, Esq., and Examined by De. W. 0. SONDEE, OF HaMBUEG, Hon. Memb. Eov. Soc. Tasm. [Bead ISth Aj^ril, 1880. 1. TurhiJiaria ornata, J. Agardh. Spec. Algarum i., p. 267. 2. Turhinaria vulgaris, J. Ag. I.e. 3. Sargassum gracile, J. Ag. I.e., p. 310. 4. Sargassum 2^olycy stum, S. onushim, J. Ag. I.e., p. 311. 5. As^erococcus sinuosus, Bory. J. Ag. I.e., p. 75. 6. Latirencia 2Ki;pillosa, Grev. Syn. Alg., p. 52, forma minor, papillis brevissimus. 7. Laureiicia nidifica, J. Ag. I.e. ii. 3, p. 749. 8. Mastojpliara foliacea, Klitz, Tab. phyc, vol. viii. t. 100. 9. Sarcodia ciliata, Zanardini, Phyc. Austr. nov. n. 19. 10. Sarcodia ])olyclada, Sond. spec. nova. S. fronde crassiuscula, carnoso-membranacea, a stipite brevissimo piano oblonga, margine prolifera, prolificationibus e bassi cuneata dichotomis vel irregulariter ramosis, segmentis ultimis teretiusculis simplicibus vel furcatis. Specimen circ. 3 pollicare, discus 1 poll, longus et 3 poll, latus, segmenta ultima circ. 3-4 linearia. Fructus ignoti. Structura interna generis. Color obscure purpureus. A. S. palmata ramificatione facile distinguitur. 11. Gracilaria lichenoides, J. Ag. I.e., p. 588. 12. Gelidiiim rigidum, G-rev., J. Ag. I.e., p. 468. 13. Hypnea ;pa7inosa, J. Ag. I.e., p. 453. 14 14. Galaxaura rugosa^ Lamx., Kiitz, tab. phyc, vol. viii. t, 33. 15. Plocamium Tiamatum, J. Ag. Epicrisis syst. Florid., p. 338. Frons superne densius ramosa, j)i^iiis alterne ternis. Pinnarum infima subulato-acuminata, erecto-patula, ssejmis recurvato-uncinata, dorso incrassato subdenticulata. Sporopbylla in axilla fasciculata subsessilia vel secus interiorem j)iiiiiul8e marginem seriata, in pedicellis solitaria, ssepius aggregata, ovalia vel oblonga et magis min-asve arcuata. Spliserosj^orse. duplice serie cUspositae. 16. Centroceras clavalatum, Montague. Flor. Alg. 140 var. cryptacantlium, C. cfyptacantlium, Kiitz, tab. pliycal. vol. iii. t. 17. 17. Caulerpa Novo-Ebudanmi, Sond. et Muell. C. frondibus e snrculo rej^ente teretiusculo glabro erectis filiformibus dicliotomis basi compressis et margine den- ticulatis, mox spirse modo intortis 3-4-fariam denticnlatis, denticnlis conicis mucronulatis. Species C. serrulatse et Freycineti affinis, tenuitate ab omnibus distincta. Frondes 3-4 pollicares, uti surculus § lin. latae. Rami erecti. 18. Caulerpa Freycinetii, Ag. Spec, Alg., p. 446, Kiitz, tab. phyc. vol. viii. t. 4 c. 19. Caulerpa Campbelliana, Sond., spec, nova, C. frondibus a surculo tenui repente glabro erectis, supra stipitem tere- tiusculum sensim cuneato-dilatatis planis lineari-lanceolatis pinnatifidis simplicibus rarius parce dicbotomis vel ex apice proliferis, lobis alternis in basi frondis remotis versus apicem approximatis erectis vel subadpressis e basi latiore longe acuminatis mucronulatis. Frons 3 pollices alta, in parte superiore et latiore 1| lin. lata. Rachis \ lin., lobi 1 lin. longi. Caulerp93 remotifoli^ Sond. affinis, differt fronde multo minore, tenuioro, apicem versus dilatata et lobis erectis non patentibus. 20. Halimeda Opim^m, Lamouroux, Kiitz. tab. plivc.,vol. vii., p. 21, f. 1. 21. Valonia confervoides, Harvey, List of Friendly Island Alg£e, Bryopsis pachynema Martens. Ost. Asiat. Expedit., p. 24, tab. 4, f. 2. 22. Cladopliara aiiastomosans, Harv., Phyc. Austral., tab. 101. Frons pulvinatim expensa, csespites 2-3 pollicares. 23. Ch(stomorpha Novo-Ehudica, Sond., si^ec. novo. C. pal- lidevirens, subcornea, longissima, crispula, tortuosa, J lin. lata, apice non dilatata, articulis diametro sequalibus vel parum longioribus. Simillima C. princeps, Kiitz., differt fills apice dilatatis, C. torulosa, Kiitz., articulis diametro duplo longioribus. 15 ON SOME AUSTRALIAN SLUaS, CHIEFLY TASMANIAN. By Professor Ealph Tate, Assoc. Lin. Soc, F.G.S., etc.. President Phil. Soc. Adelaide, Honorary Member Royal Society of Tasmania. [Bead IStJi Apil, 1880.] Slugs have long been known to inhabit various parts of the Australian colonies, and their existence is, year by year, becoming more and more unpleasantly familiar to the gar- dener and floriculturist. The naturalist has, however, paid little attention to them. The scientifically-hnown Australasian Slugs belong to two different families. 1st. The Limacidce, which includes Limax olivacetis, Gould, described in 1852 (see " Otia," p. 223), from specimens obtained at Parramatta, New South Wales ; and the New Zealand Milax antipodarum, Pfeiffer, and Limax fuli- ginosus, Grould (1. cit., p. 223). ■ The last has been overlooked by Hutton, Cat. Land Moll, of New Zealand, 1873, and by Von. Marten's Critical List of Moll, of N. Z., 1873, but it is congeneric with Milax antipodarum, and may probably prove to be specifically identical. 2nd. The Janellidce, which com- prises the bitentaculated Slugs, is restricted to the Austral- asian province, and includes the following tjipes:—Ja)ieUa hite7itac2tlata, Quo J and Gaimard (Limax), oi. New Zealand; Aneita MacDonaldi, Gray, of New Hebrides ; and Trihonio- jfJiorus Grceffi, Humbert (Memories de la Soc. de Physique, etc., de Geneve, vol. xvii.,lst part, 1863), from Woollongong, New South Wales. Similar forms occur in New Caledonia. (Fischer, Journ. de Conchyliologie xvi., p. 228-232, 1868), but it is doubtful if more than one generic form is repre- sented. TriboniopJiorus differs from the other genera of the family by the absence of a dorsal groove. The common Tasmanian and South Australian Slugs belong to the first-named family, and to the Old World genera, Limax and Milax ; but a new genus, Cystopelta, I have erected for the reception of a rarer Tasmanian form, which may be relegated to the family Arionid [\ To Messrs. Petterd and Legrand I am indebted for the material forming the basis of this communication, and from whose observations it would appear that Limax Legrandi and Milax Tasmanicus are widely spread in Tasmania; but the chief interest attached to Cystopelta Petterdi, which has been forwarded to me by the gentleman whose name it bears. Both gentlemen have also submitted to me the large Slug inhabiting cellars m and gardens about Hobart and Launceston, — this is the- European Limax cinereus, and wbicli is also well established about Adelaide. The question arises, may not Milax Tas- manicus and M. nigricolus be conspecific with If. gagates of the South of Europe ? but fhey both present the peculiarity of a smooth shield ; and as regards M. nigricola, its distri- bution favours the opinion that it is indigenous. Limax Legeandi, nov. sp. Body elongated, slender, about one inch ; shield long and narrow, reddish-brown to pale yellowish- gray, marbled with darker colour (reddish-brown to dark-brown) ; hinder part of body with dark reticulations on a yellowish-white spotted ground. Back of neck similarly coloured to shield ; under side of foot gray, inconspicuously longitudinally three-banded ; respiratory orifice post median. Shell small, elongate-ovate, concave within, mandible yellow to dark-horn, rostrated, and finely transversely striated. Lingual ribbon and teeth as in Milax Tasmanicus. Locality,- Hobart (W. Legrand) and Launceston (F. Petterd). Milax Tasmanicus, nov. sp. An elongated Slug of a blackish colour, keeled from the end of the small mantle ; body smooth, slender, hind part carinated, colour grey-brown, with black stripes diverging from the shield ; sides lighter in colour, of a general steel- blue, minutely spotted with white. Shield small, black smudged on a greyish-brown coloured ground, free to the respiratory orifice, which is post median,, marked with a rhomboidal dark band conformable with the edge of Ihe internal shell. Under side of foot of a grey colour, divided into three longitudinal bands, the central one the broadest, which is transversely wrinkled ; the lateral bands are also wrinkled ^ and are separated from the body by a longitudinal groove. Shell, an imperfectly calcified membranous plate, very small, oblong, pointed behind, concave. Penis, a little behind the front edge of the mantle on the middle of the right side, strap-shaped, spirally-coiled. Jaw yellowish-brown, with a black edge, or entirely black ; lingual ribbon, consisting of 90 rows of 50 teeth each ; mucus coloiu'less. Dimensions: — Of a large specimen, when extended, length, 2\ inches ; width across hind part of shield, \ inch ; height, i inch. Of a medium-sized example, when contracted, length, about 1\ inches ; greatest breadth, \ inch ; height^ \ inch. 17 Localities :— Launceston (W. F. Petterd) and Hobart (W. Xe grand. MiLAx NiGRicoLus, nov. sp. Eesembles M. Tasmanicus, but is less robust, and the surface is not so much wrinkled. General colour black, with bluish-black sides ; head bluish-black ; under side of foot grey ; upper tentacles bluish-black, short ; neck black, with two median longi- tudinal grooves. Shield elongate-oval, deep black, shagreened, with a rhomboidal commissure on hinder part ; body carinated from the shield ; back with diverging grooves from the shield, granulated between ; respiratory orifice, post median ; ^^enis, strap- shaped, a little behind front edge of the shield, spirally coiled. Length, IJ inches. Locality : — Inhabits the gullies of the Adelaide hills, and is widely dispersed over the Adelaide Plain. Cystopelta, nov. gen. Derivation, in allusion to the inflated or bladder- like shield ; animal slug-like ; body attached for half its length to the back of the foot; mantle very large, enveloping the whole animal in repose, but from beneath which the head and the tip of the tail alone are visible from above, when the animal is crawling ; tentacles, four ; tail with a mucous pore at the tip ; mandible like that of Avion ; lingual teeth resembling those of TestaceUa. ■Cystopelta Petterdi, nov. sp. Animal elongated, somewhat slender ; mantle rather of a leathery consistency, very large, dilated behind, and pro- jecting laterally, so as to cover the whole animal excejjting the end of the foot, and the head as far as the tentacles ; surface smooth, or minutely wrinkled all over ; brown, or blackish-brown, sprinkled with whitish and blackish minute spots, darker towards the posterior margin ; free as far as the pulmonai'y orifice, which is situated at about one-third the length of the shield from the front margin. JSTo shell. Foot narrow, strap-shaped, tapering posteriorly, perpen- dicularly sulcated on the sides, and margined by a groove above. It is of a similar colour to that of the shield, but "the part exserted beyond the mantle is marked with black lines en chevrons on a white spotted ground. Mucus colour- less. Tentacles, four, the upper five millimetres long, minutely granular at the base, and becoming smooth towards the apex, which is black ; lower pair, two millimetres long, pale in colour. Penis cylindrical, stout, long, and slightly dilated at the C 18 end, situated in a line with the upper tentacle oq the right side. Mandible crescent-shaped, not rostrated, vertically grooved and interstriated, denticulated on the margin. Lingual ribbon of 96 rows of an infinite number of similar lanceolate teeth. Dimensions: — Total length when crawling (without ten- tacles), 30 millimetres; total width when crawling, 9 milli- metres. (Measures made by Mr. Petterd.) Locality : — Near Launceston (W. F. Petterd) ; Southport (B. R. Dyer). A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNIONID^ OF THE LAUNCESTON TERTIARY BASIN. By R. Etheridge, Jun., F.G.S. (Of the British Museum), Corr. Member R. Socs. Tasmania, Victoria, and of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. [Bead 13i/i A]jril, 1880.] Several interesting papers having recently apj^eared on the Tertiary beds of the Launceston Basin, by Mr. R. M. John- ston, it struck me that the description of two forms of Unio, occurring in these beds, might be accej^table to the Royal Society, especially as the subject appears to be, comparatively sj^eaMng, a new one. So far as I am aware, the literature relating to the occur- rence of this genus in the Tertiary and Post Tertiary formations of Australasia is very limited. Omitting, as not coming within the scope of this present 19 enquiry, the shell named, but not described by Prof. McCoy as Unio Dacomhii,* from the Wannon Secondary beds of Victoria, the first detailed notice we appear to have of Unio in Tertiary or Post Tertiary formations, is the descrip- tion by Capt. F. W. Huttonf of two New Zealand species, U. AucMandica, G-ray, from the coal formation of Dunstan, Otago, and 17. inflata, Hutton, from the Ototara group of Morley Creek, Southland. In a very instructive and able paper on " The comj^osition and extent of certain Tertiary beds in and around Launceston," Mr. R. M. Johnston;]: has given many facts which have a direct bearing on the subject under discussion. He has shown that previous to the later volcanic jDeriod the valley of the Tamar was occupied, to a great extent, by a large lalce, in which was slowly deposited beds of lignite., with laminated clays and sands, denominated by him the Launceston Series, and containing the remains of an extensive flora. The Launceston Series is divided by Mr. Johnston into three zones, from the lower of which specimens of a TJnio have been obtained at Muddy Creek, on the W. Tamar. The size of this lake is computed to have occupied " not less than 600 miles of what now is the most fertile and cultivated portion of the Island of Tasmania." || The next mention we have of the occurrence of the genus Unio in Australasian Tertiary beds is that by my friend and former colleague, Mr. C. S. Wilkinson, P.Q-.S., Grovernment Geologist for N. S. Wales. In his " Report of Progress for the year 1876," Mr. Wilkinson places on record that " In the Home Rule Lead (G-ulgong), at a depth of 126 feet, a fossil Unio was found associated with the vegetable fossils. The discovery is interesting, inasmuch as this is the first fossil shell of the kind yet found in the Pliocene Tertiary gold drifts." § The plants referred to by Mr. Wilkinson are Spondylostrohiis, Flesio capparis, and others characteristic of the Victorian and N. S. Wales gold leads, described by Sir Ferdinand von Mueller. The Unio, although a unique specimen, was forwarded to me by Mr. Wilkinson for description. After comparing it with the fine collection of recent Unionidce m the British Museum, I came to the con- clusion that, taking into consideration the state of preservation of the fossil, it agreed sufiiciently well with the New Zealand U. AucMandictis, Gray, to be regarded only as a variety of that species. A description, under the name of U. AucJc- * In Smyth's Progi-ess Rep. Geol. Survey Vict., 1874, pp. 24 and 35. i Cat. Tert. Moll, and Echinodermata of N. Zealand, 1873, p. 25. X Papers and Proc, R. Soc. Tas. for 1873, pp. 39-47. |i Loo. cit. for 1874, p. 58. § Annual Rep. Department of Mines, N. S. Wales, for 1876, p. 172. 20 landicus, var WilJcinsoni, has been accordingly forwarded to Sydney for publication. So far as I am aware, the above extracts give an outline of all that has been written on the subject of fossil Unionidce in Australasia, although I should imagine, from the widespread nature of certain Post-Tertiary deposits over the continent of Eastern Australia, containing the remains of Di2)rotodon, gigantic kangaroos, and other extinct mammals, associated with fluviatile and brackish water mollusca, that shells of the Unionidce will likewise be met with. To return to the JJnios from the Tamar Eiver. Specimens first came under my notice in a collection of Tasmanian fossils, presented to the British Museum by Dr. Milligan, and being, so far as I could ascertain, not directly i^oticed, I wrote on the subject to my friend Mr. E. M. Johnston, who has kindly supplied me with the following facts: — % " Specimens of the TJnio sp. of the ' Launceston Tertiary Basin,' which has not yet been described are now for the most part in a state of ' brown hematii.e,' matrix a ferruginous clay, associated with leaves described by me in my first paper on the Launceston Tertiary Basin I could never get a glimpse of the hinge teeth. It, perhaps, may be identical with your V. WilJcinsoni, which I have never seen." Dr. Milligan's specimens quite bear out Mr. Johnston's •description of their conversion into brown hematite, and so far has this alteration proceeded, that it is with difficulty the more detailed characters of the species can be distinguished. Amongst Dr. Milligan's specimens there are undoubtedly two distinct forms, one having the outward aspect of a JJnio proper, the other that of an A^iodon, the latter being repre- sented by the least number of examples, but all possessing the same ferruginous appearance, The following is a description of the species : — Genus Unio, Kitzius, 1788. Unio Johnstoni, Sjp. non. (Fig. 1 and 2), Sp. char. Shell transversely elongated, accuminated towards the posterior ; anterior end convex and very gibbous ; posterior end bluntly pointed, and gradually accuminated from the anterior •end ; anterior margin obliquely rounded downwards; posterior margin narrow and rounded ; hinge line straight, gradually descending from the umbones towards the posterior end ; ventral margin gently rounded or convex, entire, no sinu- ation ; flanks of the shell most convex at a point on the anterior end midway between the beaks and the ventral margin, whence the sides rapidly decline to the latter, X In a letter dated "Launceston, 9th June, 1879." 21 gradually flattening towards the pointed posterior end ; diagonal ridge inconspicuous, rounded ; posterior slojoe, small ; umbones large, broad, becoming somewliat flattened by decortication ; shell suljstance moderately thick ; surface coarse and rough on the anterior end, with strong, 2:»rominent, concentric lines of growth, which gradually flatten out into laminsc on the posterior end ; bent upwards at the rounded diagonal ridge ; no sign of radiatory lines ; dental and mus- cular characters unknown. Length, 3 in. 10 lines ; breadth, 2 in.; depth of the united valves, 1 in. 10 lines. Ohs. — The condition of the specimens, both in this and the succeeding sj^ecies, renders it very difficult to give some of the characters with accuracy. This is especially the case with the surface ornament, wliich becomes much obliterated. I have carefully compared these shells with the fino collection of recent TInionidce in the British Museum, and cannot suggest any species with which they may be com- pared, unless it is tfnio trimidus, E-itzius. There are many produced species of Unio, such as U. Buddianus, Lea ; tl. She^ardicuiMS, Lea ; or U. rectus. Lamk.^ but with neither of these are there characters in common. In the massive convex form our species apj^roaches UniO' Anodontoides, Lea, from Alabama, but accuminates posteriorly too rapidly, and has not the ventral sinuation of that species. Similarly, it is too convex on the anterior side of the shell for TJ. Gihhosus, Burns, a ISTorth American form, and does not possess the well-marked diagonal ridge of the latter. U. Johnstoni does not resemble any of the living Australian species with which I am acquainted, but approaches nearest to JJ. mutabilis, Lea, which is found around Brisbane, although the resemblance here is of a slight character. Ac- cording to the most recent investigations amongst the land and freshwater shells of Tasmania, by the Eev. J. E. T. Woods* and Mr. R. M. Johnston, f only one species of Unio is still known to exist there. Both these authors quote Z7. Moretonicus, Sow., as occurring in the northern rivers of Tasmania, and a comparison of this with TJnio Johnstoni is unnecessary, the dissimilarity between the two shells is so great ; but here arises the interesting fact that Tasmania, at the present day, should possess only one sj^ecies of TJniOy whilst in Tertiary times it is possible that several existed. I have not been able to meet with any described fossil Unio with which the present species need be compared. * Ou the Freshwater Shells of Tasmania (Papers and Proc. II. Hoc. Tas.), 1875, 8vo., p. 17. t Further Notes on tlie Freshwater Shells of Tasmania (Papers and Proc. li. Hoc. Tas.), 1877, 8vo., p. 11. 22 There is a certain resemblance between Z7. Johnstooii and Z7. Fachyodon, Ludwig* (from tlie Tertiary strata of Oj^pen- lieim, on the Ehine), when viewed from the side, but the compressed form of the valves at once separates our shell from this species. Several species of TJnio have been desciibed from the Wahsatch group of the Wyoming Ter- tiary strata, by Dr. C. A. White,t but none of them appear to correspond with our TJ. Johnstoni. Of the two species described from New Zealand strata, neither will correspond with our form. One, U. AucMandica, is oblong and compressed ; the other, TJ. inflata, Hutton, is oval and ventricose ; lastly, U. Johnstoni, is quite distinct from my m.s. species, U. Wilkinsoni, of the Gulgoug deep leads. Sandberger figure a number of fossil Unios in their ^' Susswasser Conchylien," none of which need be compared with the Tasmanian specimens. Loc. and horizon — In a ferruginous clay, Tertiary beds of the Tamar River, between Whirlpool reach and George Town, Tasmania (British Museum, Milligan Collection, Reg. No. 9628) ; Muddy Creek, West Tamar {U. M. Johnston). Genus Anodonta Cuviee. Anodonta (?) Tamarensis. 8].). nov. Fig. 3 and 4. Sp. chars. — Shell transversely -obliquely-oval, generally com- l^ressed, iu marginal outline obliquely hatchet-shaped ; anterior and posterior ends compressed, sharj:* at the margins; anterior outline (margin) rounded ; posterior outline obliquely truncated in the upj^er portion, rounded in the lower ; hinge line horizontal, straight ; ventral margin rounded obliquely from the anterior end ; beaks near the centre of the hinge, but, as regards the whole shell, more anterior, not inflated, but much decorticated : diagonal ridge and posterior slope to all aj^pearances not defined ; convexity of the shell not great, the most convex point being below the beaks, at about the middle of each valve; angle formed by the hinge line and trun- cated posterior margin = 143 ^ . Shell substance much eaten ; surface decorticated, but, apjjarently covered with numerous concentric superimposed layers of epidermal matter, fol- lowing the marginal outline of the shell. Length, 3 in. 7 lines ; breadth, 2 in. 3 lines ; thickness of the united valves, 1 in. 3 lines. Ohs. — This shell is manifestly so different from the pre- ceding, both in marginal outline and general form, that, * Danker's Palreoutographica, 1863, xi. lief 3, p. 170 to 22, f. 1-5. t Bull, n.s., Geol. and Geogi-aph. Survey of the Territories, 1877, iii. pp. 603-606. ^v 23 although only a single specimen exists in the collection, I think it should not be passed over in silence. With the hinge characters I am quite unacquainted, the reference to Anoclonta being made purely on external resem- blance. It is, of course, possible that it may^ after all, be an Uiiio, as some species of this genus assume a more or less Anodon-like aspect. The 251'esent shell is too wide anteriorly, and the hinge is too horizontal for Z/nio Meyiziesi, G-ray, from New Zealand. It has more the aspect of Zfnio radiatus, Gmelin, but it is too long a shell for this species, and the posterior end too much produced. Our fossil approaches some of the flat forms of Anodonta, and it is with these that it must be compared. The more or less compressed valves, strong posterior angulation of the dorsal margin, obliquely truncated posterior margin, and obliquely rounded anterior margin, pending a knowledge of the dental characters of the hinge, all point in this direction. Loc. and Jiorizon. — Similar to the first locality of the preceding species (British Museum, Milligan Collection, Reg. No., 96,929). DESCEIPTION OF THE FIGUEES. Unio Johxstoni, Ethebidge, jnr. Fig. 1. Side view of the right valve of an almost complete specimen, nat. size ; Tamar Eiver ; Coll. Brit. Mus. Fig. 2. The same specimen seen from the back, showing the hinge, and convexity of the valve ; nat. size. Auodonta Tamarensis, Etheridge, jn. Fig. 3. Side view of the right valve somewhat deficient about the posterio-ventral region ; nat. size ; Tamar Eiver ; Coll. Brit. Mus. Fig. 4 The same shell showiug the hinge line, and con- vexity of the valves ; nat. size. 24 DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HELIX, FOUND FOSSIL IN A CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE DEPOSIT AT KENT'S GROUP, By Robt. M. Johnston, F.L.S. \nead nth May, 1880.] Helix Simsoniana, n.s. Shell solid, umbilicated, convexly depressed ; whorls, 3|y rapidly increasing, ornamented above by somewhat coarse wrinkled transverse striae, which become more regular as they approach the nucleus ; base convex, and obsoletely irregu- larly cancellated ; periphery sharply keeled ; umbilicus deep, and narrowly perspective ; aperture oblique, lunately-ovate, with a broad, shallow sinus at periphery, which latter is less sharply keeled as it approaches aperture ; margins simj)le, slightly converging, columellar margin curved, moderately thickened, and slightly reflexed. Dia. max., 32 mil.; min., 25 mil.; height, 13 mil. Habitat :. Fossil in calcareous sandstone (tertiary), Kent's Group. This interesting fossil is more closely allied to the existing H. Launcestonensis than to any other Tasmanian form, and it is nearly its equal in size. The fragments of rock, in which several specimens of this interesting shell were found imbedded, were presented to me- by Mr. A. Simson, who obtained them through Admiral Harnard, from Kent's Group. The rock — a calcareous sand- stone— is similar to the Helicidce sandstone of the Furneaux Group. It would be a desirable thing if the lighthouse authorities could be induced to interest themselves in obtaining a box or two of the richly fossiliferous rock, in order that its position may be more satisfactorily determined. I am as. yet in doubt whether to class the rock with the tertiary grouj^, of which the Geilston travertin is a member, or with the Helicidce sandstone of the Flinders grou]). I made a similar appeal en a former occasion, but, I regret to say, without any satisfactory result. <;i^ ^ Vk rs. ^ X r-"' ^^ r~ •« i K X ^ ^ Oi ^ n> ?^ fi o ^ s 2 f r 1" 1 <5" > -^^ > & r 2: t a > 1 ^ s ?i £;" :a; "S. •5 S ^ \x- c_ N - 0 rr — ( 6 <:^ 25 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN PLANTS, By Baron Feed, von Muellee, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.^. JVofe. — Helix Simsoniana. It is of great interest to find that the nearest allies of this Helix are now existing in the neighbourhood of JSelson and Auckland, New Zealand. It forms a connecting link between H. Greenwoodi, Gray, and H. dunnice, ibid. That its nearest allies should now be found living in New Zealand is a matter of great importance to those who take an interest in the laws of distribution. 25 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN PLANTS, By Baeon Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., M.D., E.E.S. [Uead 8th June, 1&80.; Verlena afficinalis, L. sp. \A. 20, near Launceston ; Aug. Simson. The discovery of the medicinal Vervain in Tas- mania, though not unexpected, is of double interest, inasmuch as this plant adds a natural order to the flora of the Island. This Verbena is rather widely, although not copiously, distriljuted through South-Eastern Australia, but not yet found in New Zealand, where however it may have been overlooked, as it has been for so long a time in Tasmania. Acradenia Franldinice, Kipp., Pieman's Eiver ; Aug. Simson. StaclcJiousia flava, Hook., Pieman's Eiver ; Aug. Simson. Fagus Gunnii, J. Hook., Mount Eoland, 3,500ft.; Emmett. Sclicemts fluitans, J. Hook., St. Patrick's Eiver; Aug. Simson. The genus Biselma is now reduced to Fitzroya, by Bentham, in B. and H. gen. plant., iii., 426 (1880), while Frenela is suppressed, to restore the genus CalUtris again to its full right. Zieria veronicea, F. v. M. in the transact, of the Philos. Soc. of Vict., i. 11 (1854), a narrow-leaved variety, Scamander Bridge, near the North-East Coast ; A. Simson. Eucalyptus hoemastoma, gum-topped stringy bark, Smith in the transact, of the Linn. Soc, iii., 285, Lake Sorell and elsewhere ; Stephens. 82)hacelaria Muelleri, Sonder, and Folysii)'honia dendriticay Agardh, occurred in collections of Algce from Tasmania recently, for the first time ; both came from Emu Bay. 26 THE LICHENS OF QUEENSLAND. Ey F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., witli an Litroduction by the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S. [_Bead 9th August, 1880.] INTRODUCTION. The Lichens of Australia, have not received much attention from "botanists, either in Europe or here. New Zealand has had its Lichen flora examined by many of the most experienced specialists. Tasmania also has had nearly the same advan- tages. Li Australia no special essay has ever been devoted to the subject. A complete Lichen flora for the whole continent is what we would not expect. It would be unreasonable even to look for this for one of the colonies ; but it is a matter of surprise that no one as yet has tried to determine and catalogue the ordinary species. What Robert Brown did was to catalogue those he found on the coast, and those obtained in the few hurried journeys into the interior, which were made by himself and others in his time. What he obtained caused him to conclude that two-thirds of the Lichens of Australia were identical with European s^^ecies. No other essay aj^pears to have been written on the subject imtil it was apj^roached by Dr. Woolls, who, in 1867, pub- lished a little work on the Flora of Australia. This contained a series of essays on the botany of our continent, written in a popular style, and with a view to convey only popular information on the subject. Amongst the essays there is one on Lichens. In this there is the determination of a few species belonging to 13 genera, all growing in the neighbourhood of Parramatta. In the Annual Report of the Botanical Garden of Melbourne for 1868, there is a list of species collected by Baron von Mueller up to that period. I learn also from Dr. Woolls' essay that in the Journal of Botany, published at Halle in 1856, as a part of the Plantce Muelleriance, or plants collected in Victoria by Baron v. Mueller, that eleven more species had been added to the Australian flora, principally belonging to the genera Claclonia, Parmelia, and Sticta. From these small materials it would be impossible to con- clude anything with regard to the specialities of our flora. It is true that any very special features we might not expect. Lichens are too cosmopolitan, or widespread, to admit of any country having features in this department peculiarly its own. We cannot anticipate that the marked insular characters of our Australian i^licenocjams will be continued amongst the Lichens ; yet some Australian characteristics we might look for. What has resulted from the examination 27 of the New Zealand Lichens would lead us to this opinion. Those islands have proved to be peculiar in their Lichens in a remarkable degree. It is the province of Stictas. This is a very large temperate and troj^ical genus, which is not found in arctic or alpine regions, but is most abundant in New Zealand, either on the ground or on trees. The same genus is well represented in Austraha, but, as far as we know, not to the same extent as in New Zealand. We do not know as yet what is our commonest form of Lichen, or if we nave any which predominates, but the results so far are of great interest, and stimulate enquiry. The study of Lichens, however replete with interest, is still a very difficult one — so difficult that the most eminent lichenologists are far from being in accord with one another. I do not allude now to the discussion which is taking place as to the nature of the plants, but as to the classification. Then there are many arrangements of the various families, but botanists seeia a little divided between the merits of two systems, namely, that of Fee and that of Nylander. The latter has been followed by Hooker in his New Zealand and Tasmanian Flora, and I believe is the system most generally approved of. It has also this advantage, that Dr. Nylander has himself arranged many Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand species ; but, whatever system be adopted, deter- mination can only be made with the greatest caution. Dr. Hooker says, in the handbook to the New Zealand Flora (p. 553), " For myself, I frankly confess that I find it impos- sible to determine even the foliaceous Lichens satisfactorily, except by comparison of specimens, whilst the s^^ecies of the crustaceous and corticolous genera are so difficult to examine, and impossible to describe in definite language, that I doubt any two independent workers coming to a tolerably close agreement regarding their limits and nomenclature, even if they worked upon the same specimens." I will take the liberty of inserting in this place a few remarks on the organs of Lichens, taken from Dr. J. Hooker. I do this for the sake of those students into whose hands this essay may come, and who may not have any easy access to the authorities, or manuals which treat of the subject. It is very desirable to excite an interest on lichenology in Tasmania, where so much has still to be learned, and so much that may be of importance to the colony may be dis- covered in this department of botany. Lichens contain dye principles of great value, as I shall show presently. Their study, in the most important fields, will be in portions of the Island now well known, but which were not accessible to Dr. Hooker when he made his census. These are exactly the 28 places where books are not accessible, and yet where this little essay may easily find its way. No other apology, there- fore, will be needed for reprinting Dr. Hooker's remarks. Lichens are a very large natural order, found in all climates and latitudes. "Upwards of 1,300 species are de- scribed, very many of which have most extensive ranges of distribution, from the Arctic Circle to the Equator, in both hemispheres. Like most of the Cryptogamic orders, they chiefly affect damp temperate climates. They are com- posed of a thallus, which usually spreads horizontally over dead wood, bark of trees, or rocks. In many genera the thallus is erect or pendulous, and sometimes it grows from the earth like moss. The thallus may be (1) effuse, that is without determinate shaj^e ; or (2) effigurate, determinate in shape ; (3) scaly, formed of small coriaceous scales ; (4) crustaceous, of a thick crusty substance ; (5) poivdery, or lej)- rous, when formed of minute membranous scales ; (6) granu- lar, composed of minute granules ; (7) foliaceoiis, forming leaves like branches. The attachment of the thallus may be by the whole under surface, or by fibrils or bundles of short filaments, and may be by one point or many. Wiien the thallus is erect it is often called a podetium, a name given to the erect cylindrical portion of a horizontal thallus. Four kinds of reproductive organs have been noticed in Lichens, viz. : — 1. Aj^othecia, circular or variously shaped shields, cups, or prominently formed of closely packed jointed filaments and closed tubes (asci), which contain simple or septate spores. 2. S^ermagoyies, minute open cavities in the thallus, containing filaments (sterigmataj, upon which are extremely minute colorless bodies called siiermatla. 3. Fyc- nidia, or superficial sijermagones. 4. Goniclia, or granules, often scattered like powder over the thallus ; they are analogous to buds, and reproduce the species. The internal substance of the thallus consists usually of three layers : — 1- The corticle, which is tough and leather- like, formed of densely packed minute cells, with thick walls. 2. A green gonidia layer, formed of loose bright green or yellow globular cells, which either have a proper cellular coat, and are called gonidia, or have none, and are called gonina. These cells are almost peculiar to Lichens. They often burst through the upper layer in masses called soredia, or are scattered like i:>owder over the cortical layer, or fringe the lobes of the thallus. In the genus Sticta they burst through the under surface of the thallus, and occupy small circular depressions or cups called cyphellse. Many Lichens are extensively propagated by gonidia, which may be seen forming green or yellow powdery strata on bark, stones, etc. 29 These strata were formerly supposed to be independent Lichens, and constituted the genus Lepraria. Sometimes the gonidia invade the apothecinm of Lichens, which gave rise to another false genus, Variolaria. 3. A medullary, spongy, filamentous, or cottony layer, composed of a network of jointed delicate threads ; these are sometimes developed downwards, forming rootlets or fibrils on the under surface of many horizontal thalli. The hypothallus is a rudimentary horizontal stratum, from which the thallus grows, and is only clistiuguishable in the youngest state of the more highly organised Lichens, and lies beneath the crustaceous or granular thallus of the more lowly. The aj^othecia are usually discoid, dark-colored bodies, occupying various portions of the thallus, rarely, however, the under surface. In Nejjliroma they occupy the lower recurved margin. They may be orbicular, linear (lirellate), sessile or stalked, superficial or sunk in the thallus, convex, concave, or sub-globose, and of all colors. The apothecia consists oC the exciple or receptacle and thalamium. The receptacle is the enveloping portion of the apothecium, and is formed of the substance of the thallus. When the apothecium is adnate to the thallus, the receptacle only borders it, and when the apothecium is peltate or stalked, the receptacle forms its under surface also. When the bordering portion is of the same color as the thallus, it is ■called a thalline, or thallodal border ; when of a different color, or that of the thalamium, it is called a proper border. The receptacle may be altogether absent, or almost enclose the thalamium, or form a globular capsule called a peri- thecium. The thalamium is usually solitary in each recep- tacle, but sometimes there are several, which are separate or confluent. It consists of a series of vertical, elongate, microscopic bodies, rising from a layer of minute cells, called the hypothecium, and they are usually held together by a transparent gelatine. The vertical bodies are two in number, paraphyses and thecse or asci. The paraphyses are the most numerous ; they are linear, subclavate, transparent jointed bodies, whose terminal cells are thick walled, are often -crustaceous, warted, colored, and adhering together from the hard substance of the thalamium. The asci are shorter vertical bodies, linear, clavate or ellipsoid, tapering down- wards, and consist of simple, thick-walled transparent sacs containing one or more, usually eight very minute spores. At maturity the ascus breaks at the top, discharges the spores and shrivels up, when fresh asci are developed from the hypothecium, and this process goes on as long as the apothecium, which is perennial, exists. The spores are 30 usually ellipsoid, but may be of any shape, and are simple, or divided into sporidia by one or more transverse partitions • tbey are then called septate. Tbe spermagones are microscopic, simple, or compound cavities in the thallus, opening by pores, whose orifice is usually dark. They are full of gelatine, and contain sterig- mata, which are simple or branched, articulate or inarticu- late filaments, short, straight : articulate sterigmata are called arthrosterigmata. Upon the sides or tips of the sterigmata are the spermatia, which are most minute, ovoid, ellipsoid, linear or acicular, straight or curved colorless bodies. The sp)ermatia accumulate in the cavities of the spermagone, and escape by its j^ore. They apj^ear to be analogous to the antherozoids of Algce, etc., but have no cilia, and are not developed into antheridia. They are found in maturity usually in spring or summer, long before the spores of the apothecium are mature, and the relations between these two kinds of organs are still disputed. Pycnidea are longer, thicker walled, sometimes superficial spermagones, of which the sterigmata are simple, inarticulate, tubular, tapering pedicels, called stylospores, that bear at their tops bodies analogous to spermatia, but longer, curved, oblong, and full of granular contents. In germination, the sporidia of a Lichen give off one or more branching filaments, whose branches interlace, and form a network, upon the hyjjothallus, which again developes into the medullary stratum. A layer of colorless cells next spreads over the liypothallus, and amongst these the gonidia appear. In many Lichens, including most of those growing on bark, there is no further development of thallus, the apothecia growing from this, and in some few the hypo- thallus is alone formed. In the higher forms, however, a cortical layer is added. The liypothallus though often evanescent, is present as the fibrils of Stida, the black fringe of Lecidea geographica,. and in other forms or colors in many other corticolous and rupicolous s]3ecies. The food of Lichens is not confined to the gaseous elements, for they take uj) mineral matter in abundance, especially carbonate and oxalate of lime, besides compounds of alumina, silica, iron, potash, soda, magnesia, and even of metals as manganese and iron. Some species attain a great age, and some aj^pear to burrow into the rock they inhabit. This burrowing has been attributed to the corroding power in the vegetable, but Dr. Hooker thinks it more probably due to the moisture they retain around them. With reference to the age, the Eev. Mr. Berkeley thinks that the growth is very rapid at first. 31 and subsequently the increase in the size of the thallus does not alter much for years. The interest attaching to these humble organisms would be much greater if it were known what an important place they occupy in human economy. Thus the Laplander entirely depends upon the crop of Lichens to feed his rein- deer, and to supply many other wants. Claclo7iia rarigiferina forms the only food of the reindeer during the winter months. The surface of the soil is carpeted with it in Lap- land, just as in the table lands of many parts of South. Tasmania. I have seen the ground covered with a thick growth of Cladonia retiporci several inches in height. Another beard-like Lichen, TJsnea florid a, is gathered largely in N. America, to be stored as winter fodder for the cattle. The well-known Iceland moss, Cetraria Islandica, is a Lichen. It is still extensively used as a restorative in exhaustive diseases. Without it the Icelanders could not live. It is to them what wheat and oats are to the European. Several other sj^ecies of Lichen are esculent, and there are few which might not be used to stave off starvation in the bush. In medicine. Lichens have been most extensively employed, though not so much in repute now as formerly. The bitter principle made them esteemed as febrifuges, and their astrin- gent qualities recommended them as styptics and tonics. It is, however, to be borne in mind that most of their medicinal qualities are more to be attributed to the tree on which they grow than to themselves, because the Lichen, which has certain qualities when growing on a tree, does not possess them when growing on a rock or other different surface. There are many other medicinal and domestic uses for Lichens, but I pass on to that which constitutes their greatest value, and that is the possession of colors which make them of use to the dyer. It is not generally known that the original colors of the Highland tartan were derived from dyes produced by the Lichen. The colors were prepared by boil- ing the thallus in water along with other ingredients, such as heather, twigs, birch-leaves, the roots of the nettle, and other common plants. The twist was soaked in the liquor, and by this means dyes of brilliant and lasting tints of red, yellow, green, blue, or black, in varying shades, were obtained. By a combination of the threads in weaving, the well-known tartan was produced. The best and most useful of the native dye Lichens is the cudbear, so called after Mr. Cuthbert, who first brought it into use. The species is known as Lecanora tartarea. 1 am not aware that the species is found in Australia, though we have a few of the genus. The dye is quite equal to any orchin, and is capable of being 32 modified into any tint of purple or crimson. A beautiful and valuable crimson pigment is obtained from a dark- brown shrubby British Lichen named Cornicularia aculeata. 'The common stone Lichen of Scotland, which forms grey rosettes on every rock, is much used by the Scotch peasantry to dye woollen stuffs a dirty purple or reddish-brown color. For much valuable inform?-tion on this subject, the matter is referred to Dr. MacMillan's " First Forms of Vegetation," or Lindsay's "British Lichens." Dr. MacMillam states that in the low rocks on the summits of all the loftiest Highland hills there is a curious leafy Lichen, Pannelia fahhinensis, found abundantly, and with the ajDpearance as if it had been scorched by the sun into a black cinder. Of all Lichens he says this species, judging from its outward color and appearance, would seem to be the last capable of yielding coloring matter ; and yet, when treated in the ordinary way, it yields a brilliant pink-cherry or claret color, which in Franco has been applied to so many useful purposes that the Lichen is laiown as " Herpette de Tenturiers,^' or dyers' Lichen. But the most valuable of all Lichens is the Eoccella fiowtoria, or Orchil, which is so extensely used in dyeing, and is still largely imported from the tropics. It is found as far north as the Channel Islands, but is not in any quan- tity. It used to form a valuable article of export from the Canary Islands. At present the kinds of orchil most sought after are imported from the coast of Africa. The coloring matter of all these species separates itself quite easily when rubbed under water The water becomes milky from erythric acid, which settles in the water as a fine powder. The addition of hypochlorite of lime instantly brings out its red color. The same effect will be produced by touching the lichen with the same salt moistened. In fact, hypochlorite of lime becomes a test for any coloring matter in Lichens. In some Lichens, such as Orchil, the coloring matter lies on the surface, in others it is necessary to cut into the th alius to discover it ; but a most certain test for all will be to bruise or boil the Lichen in water, and then add hypochlorite of lime to the infusion. This form of investigation into the habits of Lichens ought to be of the greatest interest and value, especially if we refer to Queens- land. It has been long ago ascertained that Lichens from tropical or subtropical regions possess medicinal and coloring qualities to a much larger extent than those from other regions. Those which grow near the sea are also more valuable than those growing inland. Australia would not be looked upon as a likely field for new Lichens, when we reflect upon the large proportion of 33 dry and desert country it possesses ; but, just as our coast line is very rich in sj^ecies of ferns and fungi, so it is in Lichens. Our Cryptogamic flora generally may be regarded as best represented on the coast from Tasmania northwards, becoming richer in proportion as the climate becomes warmer. Amongst the Queensland Lichens, as in New Zealand and Tasmania, we find a good many species which are found all over the world, but not so many as E. Brown supposes. It must not surj)rise us to see them so widely diffused when we remember how excessively fine the spores are, and how easily borne along by the very lightest breath of air. As far as it has been examined, the Queensland Lichen flora possesses many novelties, but it is not sufficiently known to make any general conclusions. The species here described belong to 34 genera, distributed in the following way ; — Ohrijziim, 1 ; Collema, 1 ; Leptocjium, 3 ; Myriangmmj 1 ; JBceomyces, 1 ; Cladonia, 8 ; Usnea, 5 ; Eamalina, 4 ; Platysma, 1 ; NepTirommm, 1 ; Sticta, 4 ; Siictina, 6 ; Parmo- stida, 1 ; Parmelia, 24 ; Pyxine, 3 ; Pannaria, 2 ; Coccocarp^ia, 1 ; Lecanora, 8, with 4 varieties ; Perhisaria, 3 ; Thelotrema, 2 ; Ascidium, 2 ; CcEnogonium, 3 ; Lecidea, 20 ; Grapliis, 9 ; Opegraplia, 1 ; Glyphis, 3 ; Arthonia, 1 ; Cliiodedon, 2 ; Try- pethelium, 3 ; Endoccupon, 1 ; Plagiothelium, 1 ; Verriicaria, 12 ; Strigula, 3 ; Physcia, 1. This makes in all 145 species, and four varieties. The Lichen flora of Queensland must be, of course, much larger than this. In New Zealand, which is the best known of the Australasian islands in this respect, there are 44 genera, and about 250 species, that is including Dr. Lindsay's enume- rations. A good many of the New Zealand species are found in Australia, but probably not all. In general there is a strong resemblance between those of New Zealand and all the Pacific Islands. Some relations also exist with South America. Both these features aj^pear in Australian Lichens, but not in so marked a manner. In New Zealand the High- land dye Lichen, Lecanora tartavea, occurs, but not Boccella iindoria. Parmelia saxatilis is another dye Lichen which is common in New Zealand, and is most probably in Australia as well, because it is of world-wide distribution. As a guide to those who may be in search of these organisms, it must be remarked that collections from various places are what are most needed. It must not be imagined that because many species have a wide distribution that some are not very local. Again, external resemblances are no guide in establishing the identity of species — a minute examination and comparison will be necessary. So that beginners need not fear, in collecting everything, that they are not making useful D 34 additions to tlio knowledge of our flora. Collema and Lep- to(jinm, are ujenerally seen as a Lrownisli-green sort of skin on the bark of many scrul) trees ; on these Ohryznm has been found as a parasite at Ipswich, in Queensland ; on tlie c^round will be found Boiuniyces, and sometimes Oladonia, though tho latter will be more common on logs and rocks ; C. Fhvrldana, and C. marcelenta are easily recognised by their numerous r(;d caps, and 0. 7-etipora by its net-like ap])earance ; all the beard mosses, or Vsnea, will need no description ; they hang from the branches of trees, or on dead wood, fences, etc., in a conspicuous manner. Mr, Bailey states that Usuea longissima is extensively used in Queensland, entwined round the hat as a protection against the sun. The common Vsnea on our fences is generally TJ. harhafa, var. cornuta, very common on the Blue Mountains, New South Wales. With this is found llamalina. €omplauata around Brisbane, but it is most abundant on the main ravage. The Siictinas are all of large foliaceous habit, but the close damp gullies of the ranges are the places for them on rocks, logs, and trunks of trees. With these also will be found the genus Sticta. The Pyxine of the accom- panying list, I am informed by Mr. Bailey, was taken from a tree on the coast, near Cairns, Trinity Bay. The Physcian are abundant on the fences, scrubs, trees, and rocks, with the exception of P. cJirysopfhahna, which prefers slender twigs. *' To sec a dead branch covered with this delicate and beautiful species is worth a trip to the scrub at any time." — Bailey. I am indebted to the same gentleman for most of the following facts: — ParDtelia is pretty common every- where. P. tinctornni covers the rails of fences ; P. ptcrforata, loves to grow on charcoal, and thus the l^iu-nt stumps of trees are frecpiently covered with it. Pannaria pannosa is a pretty dark-l)ordered Lichen, found on the bark of trees. On rocks everywhere will be noticed several species of Lecanora, the most attractive of which is L. cinnabevina ; it is a handsome red Lichen, adhering closely to the porphyry rocks ; the thallus is bright green, and the apothecia orange-colored. Pertusaria j^apillafa is found on the bark of trees with Leeidea Domingensis. All the Lichens belonging to the genus Leeidea are more or less attractive, because of the contrast between the thallus and the aj^otliecia. This is particularly the case in L. triplmigma. Graphls is a genus which owes its name to the resemblance between its apothecia and written or angular characters and letters. It occurs in Queensland sometimes in very large patches on the bark of trees. It may be necessary to state that all the specimens here 35 detemiined have been submitted to Dr. Stirton, of Glasgow, wlio has described the new species, and that a good many have also been named by the Rev. Mr. Leighton, of Shrews- bury, England. In conclusion, it will be observed that I have not made any direct reference to the Tasmanian Lichens in comparinf- them, with those described here. The reason of this is that the Tasmanian Lichen Flora is so very imperfectly known. Forty-four genera and about 100 species are described in Dr. Hooker's Flora. This is even less than the present contri- bution to the Lichenology of Queensland. Amongst those described we find about one third of them in the present list. Sticta is also abundant in Tasmania as in New Zealand, and there is generally a close resemblance in the genera and species occurring in both. Dr. Hooker says that all the European species are represented in Tasmania, but this I think must be received with hesitation until a better census of the island is made. It is certain that a complete list of Tasmanian Lichens is one of the most interesting botanical desiderata. A FEW QUEENSLAND LICHENS. Dr. Nylander's Arrangement. Family I. — Collemacei. Thallns black-brown or olive-green, often su1)-gelatinous ; gonidia without a cellular membrane, usually traversing the thallns in moniliform lines ; apothecia often red, white, or pale inside. Tribe Lichinei. — Thallns shrubby. Ohryzimi scahrosiim, Stirton ; parasitic on Collema ; on trees, l2:)swich. Tribe CoUemei. — Thallns usually horizontal, foliaceoiis, lobed. Collema hijrsinum, Ach.; on trees in damp scrubs. Lejptocjium diaj^hantim, Mont. L. jpliyllocarpum, var. isidiosum. L. tremelloides, Fr. var. cceruleum, all abundant on trees and rocks in damp scrubs. Myriangium Durcdi, Mont., a dark spot-like sj^ecies on twigs of trees, found in dense scrubs. Family IL — Lichenacei. Thallns variously coloured, not soft or gelatinous ; gonidia with a cellular membrane. Series Cladodiei. — Thallus usually erect ; apothecia ter- minal on erect podetia, usually without a border; spores, often 8 in an ascus, oblong, rarely elongate and septate. 36 Tribe Bceomycei. — Thalkis horizontal, crustaceous ; apo- thecia pale-red or brown ; spores simple, or 1-3-septate. Bceomyces rosens, Persoon. On clamp hill-sides. Thallus white ; apothecia rosy. Tribe Cladoniei. — Thallus f oliaceous or scaly, or of branched shrubby podetia ; apothecia convex, without a border ; spores simple. Cladonia FlcerTciana, Er. ; on wood. G. schizopora, Nyl. ; amongst moss. C. gracilis, Hoffm., var. asjjera ; on wood. C. retijjoraj Flaerk. ; amongst moss. C. marcilenta, Hoffm., var. sechidrix, Del. ; on wood. C. aggref/ata, Esclin. ; amongst moss. C. cervicornis, Ach. ; on wood. C. lyyridata, Fries. ; on wood, Stradbrook Island. Series Ramalodei. — Thallus shrubby, or filamentous, erect, or pendulous ; terete compressed or angular, without any "basal crust or scales, tubular or solid ; apothecia usually with a thaliine border. Tribe Z^sneei. — Thallus white or yellowish, branched, with a firm filiform axis ; apothecia peltate, with a thaliine border, which is often ciliate. Tlsnea cornuata ; on trees, Brisbane E-iver. Z7. longissima, Ach., pendulous ; from trees, Brisbane River. ?7. articidata ; on trees, Main Range. Z7. ruhiginea, Ach.; on fences, Brisbane. iT". elegans, Stirton ; on shrubs. Main Range. Tribe Ramalinei. — Thallus tirete or compressed, erect or pendulous, with lax pith or hollow internally ; apothecia with a thaliine border. Ramalina coinjylanata, Ach.; on trees. JR. Scojmlorum, Ach., var. cus]}idata ; found on shrubs near the coast. JR. perimsilla, Stirton ; on shrubs. jB. exiguella, Stirton ; on shrubs. Tribe Cetrariei. — Thallus compressed, shrubby, or foli- aceous, lobed, shining, with a central pith. Apothecia mar- ginal, with a thaliine border ; spores small, simj^le. Platysma glaucum ; on trees, etc. Series JPhyllodei. — Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed, or laciniate, with a fibrous pith ; apothecia peltate or discoid, with or without a thaliine border. Tribe FeUigerei. — Thallus dilated, under-surface naked ;. apothecia usually marginal. Nephromium Icevigatum, Nyl.; on fences, etc. Tribe Farmeliei. — Thallus dilated, rarely subterete or 37 shrubby ; apothecia witli a thalline border ; Spermagonia* with arthrosterigmata. Sticta aurata, Ach.; Cyphelloe imnctiform, orange-yellow. >S^. jpidmonacea, Ach.; on trees. Ranges. S. retigera, Stirton ; on trees. Eanges. S. Felix ; on trees. Ranges. Stictina cjilva, Thun. ; on rocks and trees. S. quercizans, Ach. ; on rocks and trees. S. lutescens, Tayl. ; on rocks and trees. S. inarginifera, Tayl. ; on rocks and trees. 8. tomentella ; on rocks and trees. 8.fragilUina,Alf. Cyphellae minute, white ; on rocks and trees. Parmostictct rttbrina, Stirton ; on trees. JParmelia conspersa, Ach. ; on rocks and trees. P. sinuosa, Sin. ; on rocks and trees. P. Brisbanensis, Stirton ; on trees, Brisbane. P. perlata, Ach.; on trees, margin of lobes often with Tblack hairs. P. reparata, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. cajjeratula, JSTyl. ; on trees, etc. P. moUiuscula, Ach. ; on rocks, Glasshouse Mount. P. revoluta, Flk. ; on trees, etc. P. limhata, Sonr. ; on trees, etc. P. perforata, Ach. ; on trees, etc. P. tinctorum ; on fences, etc. P. umplerula, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. olivetoruni, Ach. ; on trees, etc. P. anstra-africana, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. permutata, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. platycarpa, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. cyathina, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. euplecta, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. nitescens, Stirton ; on trees, etc. P. erubescens, Stirton ; on trees, etc. Physcia confluens, Mont. ; on trees, etc. P. hypoglauca, var. clirysoplitliahna ; on trees, etc. P. picta, JSTyl. ; on fences, etc. P. speciosa, Fr.; on fences, etc. P. barhifera, Nyl.; amongst moss, Brisbane River. P. obsessa coecio-crocata ; on trees, Main Range. P. sublurida, Stirton ; on trees, Rosewood. JPyxine Meissnerii, Tuck.; on trees. P. cocoes var. sorediata ; on trees. P. obscurior, Stirton ; on trees. Series Placodiei. — Thallus crustaceous, scaly, granular, jpowdery, or evanescent ; apothecia with or without a thalline ^border, sometimes linear. 38 Tribe Lecanorei. — Thallus various ; apothecia with a thai- line border, rarely without. Pmmaria pamiosa, Sw. ; on trees. F. iriptopJiylla, Nyl. ; on trees. Coccocarpia plumhea, Leighton ; thallus lead colored,, "bordered by the black hairs showing from beneath. Lecanora cinnaharina, Ach. ; on rocks. L. suhfnsca, var. chlarona, Ach. ; on trees. Jj. j^cirella, var. fallesceiis ; on trees. i. 2)-j ^^^i'- ])lia'olenca ; on trees. L. Bomingensis, Ach. ; on trees. L. D., var. gyrosa; on trees. i. sjprucei, Bab. ; on foliage. L. ])unicea, Ach. ; on trees. i. innguis, Tuck.; on trees. L. tartarea, Linn. ; on trees. Pertusaria poriiiella, Nyl. ; on trees. P. leioplaca, Ach. ; on trees. P. leiojplacella, Nyl. ; on trees. XJielotrema ])li(TOS])orum, Nyl. ; on trees. T. terehratuhtm, Nyl. ; on trees. Ascidium depressum, Nyl. ; on trees. A. profundum, Stirton ; on trees. Tribe Lecidiei. — Thallus various ; apothecia without a thalline border. Camogonium Linkii, Ehrenb. ; on tree trunks, Maroochie.. C- interpositum, Nyl. ; on tree trunks, Brisbane scrubs. C confervoides, Nyl. ; on trees, Maroochie. Jjecidea parvifolia, Pers.; on bark. Jj. cJilorites ; on bark. i. taitensis, Mont.; on bark. X. myriocarpa, BL; on bark. L. Eaffii, Stirton ; on bark. i. triphragmia ; on bark. li. foliata, Stirton ; on bark. L. russula ; on rock. Jj. subnuhila, Stirton ; on rock. Jj. coniocMora ; on bark. X. saxatilis ; on rocks. X. vulpina, Tuck. ; on bark. X. suhdisciformis ; on bark. L. pliyllocharis, Mont. ; on foliage. X. ohovata, Stirton ; on bark. X. contigua, Irics.; on rock, X. superula, Nyl. ; on bark. X. inalbescens, Stirton ; on bark. 39 X. deniutans ; on bark, Taylor's Eange. L. aherrata, Stirton ; on boughs of ironbark trees. Tribe GrajpMclei.—ThsilluB very tliin, often invisible or beneath the bark ; apotbecia like cracks, flat or plicate, with or without a border. Grapliis eludens, Stirton ; on rocks, Moggil. G. malacodes, Nyl. ; on bark. G. circumfusa, Stirton ; on bark. G. Afzelii ; on bark. G. mucronata, Stirton ; on bark. G. fisso-furcata, Leighton ; on bark. G. persidcata, Stirton ; on bark. G. {Medusida) perte7iella, Stirton ; on bark. G. o-epleta, Stirton ; on bark. Opegrajjha intrusa, Stirton ; on bark. Glypliis IdbijrintMca, Ach. ; on bark. G. confluens, Mout. ; on bark. G. medusulma, Nyl. ; on bark. Artlionia cinnabrina ; on bark. Chiodecton farenaceum, Fee ; on bark. C. splioerale, Ach. ; on bark. Series Fyrenodei. — Thallus various, peltate, scaly, areolate, continuous, or none ; apothecia opening by a punctiform pore. Tribe Pyrenocarpei. Trypetlielimn sjjreyigelii, Ach. ; on bark. T. jjapUlosum, Ach.; on bark. T. cruenhim ; on bark. Endocarpon Bailey i, Stirton ; a very curious thick species found on trees, rosewood scrub. Plagiothelium Austrcdiense, Stirton ; this is a new genus, founded by Dr. Stirton on a Queensland Lichen. Verrucaria catervaria, Fee ; on bark. V. circicmriihens, ISTyl. ; on bark. V. ohovata, Stirton ; on bark. F. mcEstroides, Ach. ; on bark. V. ceratina, Fee ; on bark. V. lihricola, Fee ; on bark. V. aurantiaca, Fee ; on bark. V. nana, Fee ; on bark. V. nitidmscula, Nyl. ; on bark. V. sina^pisperma, Nyl. ; on bark. V. tropica, Ach. ; on bark. v. jiaventior, Stirton ; on bark. Strigida. complanata, Fee ; on foliage. S. nematliora, Mont. ; on foliage. 8. elatior, Stirton ; on foliage. 40 NOTES RELATING TO CERTArN" FOSSIL LEAVES AND FRUITS FOUND IN THE AURIFEROUS DRIFTS OF OULGONO, NEW SOUTH WALES. By C. E. Barnard, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Eng., etc. [Bead 9th August, 1880.] The few specimens of Palaeontological Botany I am sending' to the Museum of the Royal Society, Tasmania (kindly forwarded by my father), are complementary to the fossil seed-vessels or fruits presented by me to the Museum some eighteen months back. They all were obtained from the same " lead," or auriferous drift, in the immediate neighbour- hood of Gulgong, at a depth of about 146 feet. This ancient watercourse, called the " Black Lead," from containing dark ligneous clay amongst its strata, has been worked for fully a, mile in length, and was found very rich in gold. The overlying strata consist of alluvial soil of a rich volcanic €haracter — clay, gravel, and basalt. Of the latter, two varieties are met with ; one, the hard, close-grained, bluish- black stone ; the other, called by miners " soft basalt," from its friable, earthy nature, and derived from the hard variety by decomposition. Specimens of each are also sent with the fossils. Immediately beneath the basalt is a layer of dark bluish clay, containing leaves and fruits arranged in distinct layers. This clay overlies the " drift," or " washdirt," which contains the gold, and varies in thickness from one to several feet, and beneath the latter is another layer of clay, all containing trunks of fossilised trees, branches and roots of these, together with fruits, ferns, sedges, and the remains of animal life. Such is a brief sketch of the locale whence these specimens were obtained, and which had lain there for ages, only to be unearthed by the ever active miner in his search for the golden treasures buried therein. Though the S23ecimens sent are but fragmentary, yet they will in a measure help to illustrate the character of the vegetable world of this country, during a j^eriod generally considered by geologists to belong to the Ui)per Pliocene era. And, to show how extensive an area was covered by these Pliocene forests, similar fossils to these are found in several localities in this Colony, in Queensland, in Victoria, and also Tasmania. Since the volcanic activity which closed that period in this j^ortion of the continent but comparatively little material alteration in this configuration has taken 41 place, but great have been the changes as regards vegetation and animal life. Whole orders and genera have become extinct, their place being taken by totally new forms ; and the huge animals of the past are rej^laced by a lesser-sized race of descendants. From the absence of marine deposits being associated with the strata of this period, it is inferred that the land had not suffered an immersion by the sea since that time. Everything j^oints to the sedimentary deposits having a freshwater origin. The fruits that have been discovered are of the most value, as they serve to indicate the natural order to which they severally belong. And so, with this knowledge before us, we can form some idea of the kind of forest that once flourished on this continent in those early times. Already can be shown that there once grew specimens of the natural order Conifer, by the finding of the seed-vessel Spo7idylostrobus Smythii ; of the order Magnoliacece, by the finding of Illicites astrocarpa ; Sajjindacece, by Wilkinsonia, hilaminata ; and other orders, as Menispermece, as well as ferns, etc. And to show that they have as well a more practical value, it has been observed that auriferous strata are associated with the Spondylostrohus Smythii, and also with another fossil fruit, Pentenne Clarlcei. The finding, then, of either of these fossils ought to encourage the gold- seeking miner to further efforts, as most probably success would not be far off. It is singular, and of much interest, that a fossil fruit, something similar to the Pentenne Clarlcei, was found by the late lamented Morton Allport at Geilston Bay, Tasmania, in tertiary travertin. A further search in the neighbourhood might lead to the discovery of the source whence this one came, as probably it was washed there from some distance during the Pliocene period, when this bed was being formed ; for should, upon sinking a shaft, a drift or bed be found containing these fossils, I should not at all be surprised to hear of it being discovered to be auriferous. As yet no flowers have been found, probably from their having perished before leaving indehble impressions of their forms. Even the more resisting leaves are not perfectly pre- served, as can be seen in these specimens ; and soon after exposure to the air, when brought up from below, unless artificially preserved, they soon begin to crumble into dust. The leaves, or what is left of them, are generally found •embedded in the clay in successive layers, as if they had been gently strewn while being covered uj) by the argillaceous ■deposit. They all present the same soft thin delicate 43 structure, whicli is evidently a mere remnant of the original tissue of the leaf. Just sufficient is left to barely indicate- its general outline and feature. This will be seen in the specimens sent, one of which presents a more perfect form of the original leaf than is usually met with. By measurement,, this one is 4 inches long, by IJ inches broad. It is evidently membranous as regards its texture, with margin entire ; its. Tenation is reticulate, with the mid-rib giving off on each side alternate lesser veins. In shape it is oblong-ovate, with apex acute. No j^etiole is seen in specimen. The mass of the leaves found much resembles this one, some being larger, as I have measured one which was 3 inches broad, and over 7 inches long, but generally they are seen to be of a much smaller size than either of these two. These leaves evidently belong to the Botanical Division Angiospermia, and as yet no foliage belonging to the coniferous trees has been discovered in this continent. It was reserved for Mr. R. M. Johnston, of Launceston, to be the first to discover the foliage of a conifer (most probably of the S]Jondyhstrobus SmytJiii) at Beaconsfield. This has been delineated by Baron von Mueller in the Victorian Mining Reports, and commented thereon by him. The Baron there too acknowledges the value of Mr. Johnston's exertions on behalf of the geology of Tasmania, and the assistance he has obtained from him in studying the Palseontological Flora of these lands. Embedded in the same clay with these leaves and fruits are found the branches, trunks, and roots of the trees that bore them. Frequently it has been noticed by the miner that the leaves and fruits lay thickest around the trunks of the fossilised trees, as if they had quietly fallen there during the peaceful and flourishing condition of the forest, before the taking place of the eruption that overwhelmed them. The fossil wood, specimens of which I also send, will also help to show the kind of tree that had grown in this ancient forest. One specimen shows as well the bark, and another a portion of a root embedded in the earth, in which the tree evidently grew. The wood has become heavy and black: from lying so long in wet clay, and in some specimens can be seen encrustations, with carbonate of lime in small crystals. From its appearance, the wood of these trees must have been of a tough, fibrous character, and evidently well suited to withstand the fury of the elements. The following is a list of fossil fruits as yet found andl named : — Spondylostrohus Smythii Fhymatocaryon Mackayii 43 Eisothecaryon semise])tatum Wilhinsonia hilaminata OctJiodocaryon Wilhinsonii Odontocaryon Magregorii Wiyndotheca Lyncliii FlesiocaiDparis leptocelypMs Illicites ast7'ocarpa ConcTiocaryon Smythii Trematocaryon McLellani Celyphina McCoyi Plesiocapparis prisca et myosperma ConchotJieca rotundata et tiirgida Fentenne ClarJcei Fentenne hricJiy — et tracJiy — clinis: Dienne jjluriovulata Platycoila 8idlivani Bk7jndocaryo7i Wilhinsonii BJiymalocaryon hivalve Fentacoila Gulgonensis Acrocoila cmodonta Tricoilocaryon Barnardi. 44 ►ON SOME INTEODUCED PLANTS OF AUSTEALIA AND TASMANIA. By the Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. Mem. Eoy. Soc. Tasmania, and President of the Linnean Society of N. S. Wales. [Bead ISth Sei^temher, 1880.] A good deal of attention lias been devoted to the introduced plants of Australia and Tasmania, and various lists of those introductions have been given in different colonial publi- cations. Dr. Hooker has added a rather extensive catalogue in his introduction to the Flora of Tasmania, and since then the subject has been dealt with by Baron von Mueller, Dr. Woolls, and Mr. F. M. Bailey. But while these essays have given complete lists, and thus serve as records for distinguish- ing hereafter what is indigenous to the country, and what is not, none have especially dealt with the peculiar and abundant spread of some plants in certain localities, and not in others. This is what I propose to consider in the paper which I offer to the Society. Any one who travels much in Australia will be struck by the prevalence of plants, which are called weeds, in some districts. Some of these have a very wide range, and wherever they are found are most abundant. They seem to grow and flourish under the most adverse and different con- ditions. Others, though equally abundant where they grow, are limited in their range. Now this varies in a remarkable manner for different parts of Australia and Tasmania. What is a weed in one place is not known, or hardly known, ■elsewhere. In Adelaide it is one plant, and in Queensland another. No particular order is especially singled out, though, perhaps, the Compositce are the best represented, and no particular soil seems to be excluded. There are weeds for the sandy, poor, and dry soils, as well as the rich and humid ones. I intend entirely to confine this paper to those plants which have become noxious weeds, that is to say, plants which grow so very abundantly they injure the land by •excluding every other kind of vegetation. Other introduced plants will not demand any attention in this paper, and I do not propose to give even a list of them. The first and most remarkable instance is Cryptostem'ma calendulaceum, Schl. This may be said to be the bane of South Australian pastures. In the neighbourhood of Adelaide it is found everywhere. In the early part of spring its flowers 45 cover the whole hill-sides and every vacant spot, with a pale- yellow hue that can be seen for miles. It has long succulent leaves, and the climate or the soil of this part of Australia seem so suitable to it that it revels in luxuriant growth in every place. No sort of soil seems too poor, and no kind of hard usage will destroy it. It grows in knee-deep masses by the wayside, it spreads on the paths that are constantly trodden over, and even it is found in ruts and on ridges in the middle of the country roads. On the whole, its appearance is rather in its favor. The ligulate floral rays are of pale yellow color. They are long, and make the flower look at a distance like a conspicuous star. The centre is apparently quite black, but under the microscope the disk florets are seen to be a very dark purple. The stem of the flower is solid, and the leaves rather ornamental. But, however abundant and luxuriant, its life is but short. It is one of the first flowers to feel the effect of the burning heat. After the first few hot days of the summer, the weed has left no traces behind it, except its withered and dead leaves. The dense mass of woolly pappus, which covers the ground, defiles everything, besides being most injurious to wool, etc. This rapid disappearance of the weed is one of the great objections to it. When it is fresh and green, cattle will feed upon it readily, but it lasts such a short time ; and when it is gone it has so completely occupied the ground that there is nothing to occupy its place. Its spread over the whole of the districts round Adelaide has something alarming about it, especially as it is known to have been introduced from the Cape of Good Hope within the last 40 years. I am not aware how far it has gone north of Adelaide, though I have seen it abundant at least 60 miles away. To the south it has spread rapidly and extensively. There are some who look with apprehension at its progress. It is already very abun- dant round Melbourne, and has made its appearance in Tasmania. I don't remember ever having remarked it about Sydney, or the flats on the sea side of the Blue Mountains. On the Bathurst Plains it is not known, nor in any of the Western Districts, as far as I have been able to enquire. All these places have other pests to deal with, as I shall relate in due course. I may observe here that the apprehen- sions about the spread of this weed are probably exaggerated. There seems a limit to the spread of these weeds, the cause of which we are not acquainted with, but which would very easily be discovered were we to pay attention to their habits. These may not operate in other places, or they may be counteracted by circumstances of a difl^erent kind. Thus I have thought, though I do not say it is the correct explanation,. 46 that why the seed spreads so well in South Australia., is the long period of dry weather, accompanied by the strong hot winds. This may free the seed from its woolly pappus, and secure its transport spread and desiccation until it is ready for germination. This may be exactly the time when the autumn rains come in South Australia. None of these conditions would be favourably found in New South Wales or Queensland. December and January are wet months, indeed all the summer is more or less rainy. The seed would neither be scattered nor dried. The woolly covering would, when wet, fix it on the soil. I only offer these suggestions, not as giving the right explanation, but as sho^/ing how the facts are capable of interpretation by a careful attention to the habits of the plant. Another curious instance of the rapid but partial spread of a weed is found in the same order of Comjjositce. This is the well known Carcluus marianus, Linn. It is equally common in the southern parts of South Australia, in Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, and some parts of Queensland. It chooses open ground for its spread, though very often poor and sandy soils. It produces immense tufts of its peculiar large juicy leaves. Sometimes it covers the ground closely — as closely as it can possibly grow — and this to the extent of several acres. It thus spreads into a thicket four or five feet high, with the large flowerheads on their long stalks con- siderably higher. In this way I have seen it keep to the same open space for two or three years, not spreading much beyond, and then I have known it as suddenly to disappear. It seems to be a more troublesome and persistent weed in Tasmania than in Australia. In New South Wales it is regarded with a more friendly eye. In some portions of the Batlmrst District, during the severe drought of 1876-77, horses used to feed upon the seeds contained in the dry flower-heads. In its green state both horses and cattle will readily take to the young leaves and stumps when other feed is scarce or dry. The way in which it suddenly appears and spreads in remote portions of the bush is very singular. Thus, on the Elderslie sheep station, just on the boundary between the colonies of South Australia and Victoria, there was an old sheep camp near Lake W^allace. I remember in 1857 noticing that this was covered with Cardicns marianus, though there was none anywhere else in the neighbourhood. It is a very local weed, and not troublesome, bat the singular thing about it is the spreading so much in certain places and no further. I have observed that it is very common all along • the rich flats of the Lachlan River. Cardtms (cnicus) laoiceolatus, the so-called Scotch thistle, is so 47 wellknown, and the history and manner of its spread hasbeen so much written about, that I need not particularise it here. I will just observe, however, that it has not spread very much into New South Wales, and is not a troublesome weed. It is in Vic- toria and Tasmania its advance has been chiefly felt, and as we hear less about it than formerly, we may suppose that the measures taken for its extirpation have been in some degree successful. Carduus (cniciis) arveiiis. Californian, Canada, or Creeping Thistle, so pernicious in Tasmania as a weed, is not known in New South Wales or Queensland, and probably South Australia. In Victoria I have had no recent means of ascertaining. In many parts of South Australia, and notably in the rich volcanic soils around Gambler, one of the most terrible pests to the farmer is the common wood sorrel, JRumex. acetosella. It is not so conspicuous as other weeds, but it is almost impossible to eradicate, because of the way in which the small wire-like fragments of roots germinate when every other part of the plant has been removed. I believe that the same species is the farmer's plague in Victoria and Tasmania, but complaints about it are not common in New South Wales or the colony of Queensland. It is needless to refer to the common sweet briar. Bosa riibiginosa, as an instance of how a plant will become a dangerous weed when, from its peculiar character, it would not be supposed very likely to spread. In Tasmania, unfortunately, its baneful propensity is well known. It has spread widely over the pastoral districts, and forms bushes and thickets which not only exclude more useful plants, but its thorns are very injurious to the wool, and remove con- siderable portions of the fleece from the sheep which browse near it. It is remarkable that this weed is only known to spread on the high table lands of New South Wales. Its most common habitat is the Bathurst district, where it is every bit as troublesome as in Tasmania. But I have not observed it anywhere else, nor do I think it would flourish except in places where it was not liable to great heat. The severe frosts and occasional snow of the Bathurst and other table lands seem to agree with its habits. I may mention, with regard to the weed which is so formidable from its shrubby habit, that no effort appears to have been made tow^ards its extirpation in New South Wales. In fact, it is master •of the situation, and covers the ground so thickly and deeply that it is next to impossible to meddle with it. In some places it is used for hedgerows, but that is not common. For the most part it merely encumbers the ground. In the same district exists a weed which has obtained for 48 the place an unenviable notoriety. I refer to the Bathurst burr, a member of the Composite order, named Xanthium spinosum. If this noxious weed had no other quaUtj than the destructive seed case, or " burr," which it produces so abundantly, that qualtity alone would make it one of our most formidable weeds. But this is only one of its properties. Its abundance in some portions of the Bathurst District is perfectly amazing. In the Wellington valley and along the valley of the Macquarie, many hundred acres are wholly taken up with this weed. It forms a dense thicket about three feet high, which is of dark brown color, and anything but picturesque. If any other plant struggles against it, the Duly one appears to be the almost equally-dreaded sweet briar. Xantlimm sp'mosum has now got such a hold on the district that its eradication is hopeless. So far as we know, it serves- no useful purpose. Cattle will not eat it because of the thorns, and it is believed to have poisonous qualities. Another species, Xanthmm stnimarium, Dilw., which has a burr but no thorns, is proved, beyond all doubt, to be a sheep and cattle poison. It is not a common weed, but its poisonous effects have been experienced in some parts of Queensland, so that the moat vigorous measures are being taken for its extirpation. I have never seen it in the Bathurst district. The other species, X. spinosum, is all over the western district. I saw specimens of it about sheep-yards in South Australia twenty years ago, but it does not appear to have spread much in that district, neither have I observed it anywhere covering the ground so thickly as along the valley of the Macquarie River. While on the subject of " Burrs " I may mention that Medicago denticulata, Linn., has spread, as a fodder plant, through all the pasture lands of Victoria, South Australia, and most of 'New South Wales. It is a useful j^laut but for the seed pod, which is injurious to wool. Everyone is familiar with the way the legume is curled into close spiral, from which short hooked spikes project in a radiate manner. These are abundantly scattered over the ground, and cling to almost everything which touches them. Thus the seed is spread. An enormous quantity of wool is damaged in this manner, and, as it is more widely spread tha,n the Bathurst Burr, it probably does more harm. Another curious example of the spread of one particular plant, is seen along the valley of the Hunter Eiver, and the most of its tributaries. This is Argemone mexicana, one of the poppy tribe. It is rather a showy plant with leaves, which at a distance, appear pale, bluish white, of rough, harsh con- sistency, and covered with prickles. It has powerful narcotic properties from which it has received the name, from the 49 Spaniards, of Firjo del Inferno, Devil's or Hell Figs. The palo yellow flower with a dark centre is decidedly ornamental, and when any part of the plant is bruised it yields a thick yellow juice. It is a native of Mexico, but has spread over all the world. On the roadsides in England it is a common weed, and, therefore, it would be no wonder to see it in Australia. But I don't know any place where it is common, or has become a weed to the extent it has done on the Hunter Eiver. About Murrundi it occupies every spot of waste ground, but especially in the black soil liable to inundation. There is a peculiarity in this plant which I have not seen noticed, and which may not occur elsewhere. The calyx is often modified so as to form a cup, out of which the ovary, etc., spring as a straight stalk, transformed at its termination into a second calyx, filled with green filaments which may represent the other portions of the flower. The monstrosity is a very common one, and is subject to various modifications. It illustrates in a striking manner how the flower and all its j^arts are but modifications of leaves. The seeds of this plant possess various medicinal properties, and they have been used as an emetic instead of ipecacuanha. They contain a stimulative oil which is very acrid, and is a narcotic and purgative together. The yellow juice of the plant is used to allay inflammation of the eyes, and a poultice of the bruised leaves, wrapped in muslin and bound over the eyes, is said to give great relief in what is called the sandy blight. It can be kept on for an hour, or as long as it does not cause giddiness or smarting of the eyes. One of the most troublesome weeds that has ever perplexed the colonists is the renowned Sida rhomhifolmm, Benth. This is better known by its former apellation of Sida retusa. It is one of the Malvaceoe, and the tradition about it is that the plant was introduced bv the Acclimatisation Society for the sake of its valuable fibre, but that it soon spread beyond all restraint and became a pest to the colony. This is entirelv incorrect ; the plant is indigenous and belongs to the northern part of the continent. It is very difficult to account for its sudden and rapid spread over the uncultivated lands of the south of Queensland. No conception can be formed of the pernicious character of this weed by those who have not seen it. It forms dense thickets of low, twiggy shrubs, covering the ground as closely as possible. It seldom grows higher than a few feet, but the branches are very tough and strong ; in fact cannot be broken, and only wrenched away with the greatest difficulty. From these characters it becomes almost impossible to deal with land that has been overrun with it. Then again the extent of the evil is enormous. One meets the mischievous shrub everywhere. By the roadsides 50 and on the river banks, but especially on neglected ground it sj^reads with alarming rapidity. About Brisbane it is simply excluding every other vegetation in some places, and each year witnesses its wider extension, and makes it probable that some measures will have to be taken for its destruction. Ifc has found its way into New South Wales, and is not uncom- monly met with around Port Jackson. I have never seen it on the western side of the dividing range. It loves rich soils and those that have been recently under cultivation. Why it should never have spread before now is a difficult problem. I am not aware whether its cultivation was ever attempted, or that any artificial means were adopted to bring it from its natural home in North Australia. There can be no doubt that it possesses a most useful fibre. I have seen specimens prepared from it as fine and glossy almost as silk, and of extraordinary toughness. There is no great difficulty in its preparation, so that in time we may hope to see it utilised. Lantaria camera is a showy garden plant which has spread very remarkably in certain places. Around Port Jackson, it has become a complete nuisance, forming dense thickets which render the shores almost unapproachable. As it is always covered with handsome flowers, and its bushes form dark masses of evergreen leaves, it is a very pleasing addition to the rocks and precipices of some of the bays. The effect of its immense overhanging masses of green on some of the shores is very beautiful. On the banks of the Brisbane Eivcr it has spread with equal luxuriance, and has become trouble- some. Two things, however, seem to be conditions for its growth ; these are, very rich soil and plenty of moisture, so it is probable we may not witness any very extensive devcloinnent of the shrub in Australia. From Port Jackson to Port Den- ison it is very well spread along the brackish or saltwater streams. On the Brisbane Eiver also, and in many places further north, Ageratum mexicanum or conizoides is widely spread much in the way that thistles are, the flowers of which it resembles. This is a curious instance of an indigenous plant becoming spread through a garden variety. There can be no doubt that the species is indigenous to North Australia, and it is equally certain that it has been introduced to the colony as a garden flower from European descendants, probably of an American stock. It is the introduced variety which has spread and become a weed. Though near Brisbane, whole paddocks may be seen covered with it, yet it cannot as yet be said to have become troublesome. Struggling with it and with Lantaria camera we find a weed which is getting an unenviable notoriety all along the west side 51 of the dividing range, from Brisbane to Port Jackson, and even further. This is Verbena honariensis, often mot with cultivated in gardens, though there is nothing very attractive about it. Ifc produces spikes of flowers something like lavender, but with no perfume. On the Cow- pasture Plains and the Nepean River it grows thickly on rich soils, often producing shrubs of over eight feet in height. It bids fair to become a mischievous weed. Already patches of many acres may be seen on the rich alluvial plains of any of the coast rivers. No animal eats it, so unless some unlooked-for check meet it the species is likely to spread. One of the most attractive features of the northern ports of tropical Australia, is the profusion of large pink and white flowers, which line the shores and surround the town. In Townsville or Cleveland Bay the beach looks really beautiful from this cause. The flowers are pink and white varieties of Vinca rosea, a tropical relative of the well-known Vinca major, or common perry winkle. The flower of the Queensland weed is very like the perrywinkle iu size and shape, but the plant, instead of being a creeper, is a strong succulent under shrub, with stout, dark green leaves. It is the only very common weed or flower one meets all about the settled districts from Queensland northwards. It is not confined to the coast. It is just as common round the town of Charters Towers as at Townsville, and I found it abundant at Thornborough and Kingston, as the two townships of the Hodgkinson Diggings are called. It grows abundantly about Brisbane, but not to the extent that it is found round the settlements within the tropics. It is not at all difficult to account for its spread. Belonging to the order of Ajwcynacoea or dogbanes, its leaves are acrid and poisonous, so that no animal, not even the almost omniv- orous goat, will touch it. It seeds abundantly; and, 'as it is always in flower, there is practically no limit to its spread, as the seeds are very easily carried about by the wind. But it is strange to me how it follows the haunts of man, and it is not found at intervening places. I do not think it was transplanted to the Hodgkinson Diggings, yet there it is abundantly on the hills. That settlement is not yet four years old at the time I am writing. It is like the house nettle, it clings to the dwel- ling and is never far away from the houses. Another peculi- arity in this species is its liability to vary. There is a white and a beautiful rose pink variety. The white flower has often a red centre, and the pink a white centre. But flowers uni- formly white or pink are the most common. Now, one would imagine that this arises from cross-breeding, but it is not so. The flower of Virica rosea is so constructed that it must fer- tilise itself. Like nearly all the members of the order, the style 52 is enclosed in the tube of the corolla. Above this there is a circle of filaments which completely close the tube, and pre- vent anything entering to the surface of the stigma until it has been impregnated with its own pollen. I examined a very large number of flowers, and in all I could see no provision except for self- fertilisation. It seemed to me scarcely possible that any insect would force a passage down to the stigma, but, as a matter of fact, insects scarcely ever visit these plants. I once observed a butterfly (Danais ervpims) fluttering over the flowers of a large bush of white and red Vhica, so I caught it and examined the proboscis and head carefully with the microscope, but could not see any trace of pollen upon either. So we must regard the many varieties of this plant as dependent upon some other cause tlian cross-breeding. The butterfly I have just mentioned is a recent introduction to Australia from America. It is now very widely known throughout the continent, and I have seen it from Adelaide to Capo York. Quite recently immense flocks were met with by a vessel in the Pacific, at a distance of some 300 miles from the Australian coast. It is said to have been introduced by means of a plant which is very common as a weed in all Southern Queensland, and in the northern coast districts of New South "Wales. This is AsclejJias curassavica, or cotton weed, as it is called frequently. It has rather showy red and yellow flowers, and was a favourite in gardens until it became troublesome. So far it cannot be said to have spread mischievously, though it is very abundant in all waste places throughout the district specified. In the West Indies the dry and powdered root is used as a substitute for ipecacuanha. In Australia it is very much infested by a dark coloured aphis, which, no doubt, it serves to spread throughout the country. Many garden plants have found the soil of Australia so suited to their wants, and the climate so suitable also, that they have gone out and " done for themselves," and have become very overbearing in their prosperity. It is generally found that these " settlers " are the species which readily get naturalised in other countries. (Enothera hicmiis is an instance. It is exceedingly abundant about the Bathurst plains, and is rather annoying to farmers, as it takes up much good ground, and no cattle will eat it. Verhascnm t]mi)sus, or mullein, is a very constant companion, but not nearly so abundant. A very large quantity of useful land is almost destroyed in matiy parts of New South Wales by the spread of the " Coch- ineal cactus" (Opuntia vitlgaris'), and another, or, perhaps, two more species. It is not a plant that one wouhl consider likely to spread, and yet it has done so most disastrously along the open lands of the Hunter Eiver. It renders the ground quite 53 inaccessible where it grows, and this it does in large patches of an acre or so in extent. At present the evil is not so great as it threatens to be, hut it has rapidly assumed alarming pro- portions. It is hard to say, also, how it can be dealt with. Cutting it down does not meet the difficulty, as a small frag- ment grows readily. The depth to which it sends its roots is also very considerable. I noticed the same weed upon the Brisbane River, and at Port Denison it forms a thicket which is impassable on the beach in a few spots. Of all the weeds I have mentioned it would probably be the worst. Not only does it exclusively occupy the ground, but nothing can even approach or tread on the places where it grows. It will be observed that, in the most of these instances of the spread of plants, they follow the course of rivers. This is not alone because the soil is so rich and moist for their develop- ment, but also because the seeds are more easily transported by the streams. A question will often arise as to how many plants were introduced at all, and I can give an answer in the case of one ; this is the common Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis. The late Mr. George Crouch, of Portland, assured me that he had never seen the plant in Australia until 1853. In that year he was surprised to find it growing abundantly in his own garden, with some other new weeds. He had bought some hay from a merchant vessel discharging at Portland, Victoria. It was English hay, the surplus of a supply for some valuable stock brought out in the vessel. Mr. Crouch assured me that wherever the hay had been stored, the Fumitory began to grow, and it is now widely spread over the colony. It is a common weed in the gardens near the Parramatta River, near Sydney, and in various other places. In the preceding remarks I have not mentioned any of the more common weeds which are wide-spread, and about whose introduction, in some cases, the evidence is unsatisfactory. Polygonum aviculare is one of these. It is seen everywhere near settled districts, and takes the place of much valuable feed, by its abundant growth. In Tasmania and Victoria Hypochare cjlabra is the common weed of the pastures. It is not much seen on the east coast. Erigeron conizoidei^ is very much spread everywhere, but especially in New South Wales and Queensland. As a rule the Victorian and Tasmanian pasture weeds are the common British ones, while on the cast coast there is an approach to the tropi(jal forms with the unusual spread of certain species according to what has been related in the preceding pages. I may mention that I have never been in any part of Australia — even the tropics — where, near the dwellings of man, I have not found the common house nettle, Urticaurens, Solanum nigrum, and, probiib\y,AnagaUisarversis, 54 though I am not so sure of the last being in the tropics. It is curious to remark also that species of certain plants which have become abundant weeds in Great Britain are spreading to an equal extent in some parts of this continent. Thus Galensofja parviflora is a South American Composite weed which has of late years become a very wide-spreading nuisance in the gardens around London. It is likewise very abundant in all gardens about Port Jackson and Brisbane. This weed is a species of Amaranthus, one of the most common and disagreeably abundant garden weeds of New South Wales 1 have not alluded to UIcx cnropeus or common furze, which has spread so rapidly and so disagreeably in Tasmania. It is not known as a weed in Australia. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF FISHES (TBACHICHTHYS MACLEAYI, AND MENDOSOMA ALLPORTI), CAUGHT IN THE ESTUARY OF THE DERWENT. By R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [Read Uth October, 1880. Mendosoma, Gay. One dorsal fin deeply notched, with twenty-two spines (23) ; the anal fin of moderate length, the caudal forked ; the simple pectoral rays feeble, not exceeding the margin of the fin. Small teeth in the up2:)er jaw only ; none in the lower, or on the palate. Scales of moderate size ; cheeks scaly. Six branchiostcgals. Mendosoma, Allporti. New sp. B (), D 23^V. A yV P 16. V i L. lat. 76, L. tr. y^. Body elliptical, compressed. Head small, pointed. Cheeks scaly. Height of body is 3} in the total length, the length of the 55 head 5 times. Dorsal fin uotclied ; the sixth, seventh, and eighth are the longest, higher than the longest, of soft dorsal, and about one-fourth the depth of body. The first soft dorsal is situated in a line vertically drawn through the anus ; the third anal spine longer than the thickish second, and about half the length of the longest dorsal spines. Pectoral rays more or less covered with linear oblong scales ; simple rays of pectoral 5 feeble, all shorter than the immediately superior branched rays. Body scales moderately large anteriorly, decreasing in size towards taiL Caudal forked. Uniformly blackish grey, with a deeper shade along the back. Named in honour of the memory of the late Morton Allport, Esq. This interesting fish was obtained by Mr. Webb from one of the Derwent fishermen. Mr. Webb states that he has occasionally caught the fish while " trumpeter " fishing, at certain seasons of the year, towards the mouth of the estuary of the Derwent. It is known to fishermen as " The Keal Bastard Trumpeter," and vies with the latter in delicacy of flavour. The only fish allied to this species seems to be 31. Ihieatum, Gay, from the coast of Chili. It is interesting to know that the only other species of the genus is to be found on the coast of Tasmania. I have included the Tas- manian species within the genus Mendosoma, of Gray, not- withstanding that the spinous dorsal has one more sj^ine than the first described species. It is true that Dr. Gunther considers the number of dorsal spines to be of generic value, and within certain limits no doubt this is correct, but the allied genera, Latris Chilodactylits and Nemadactijlus, show within a certain limit a wonderful variability in the number of dorsal spines in individuals of undoubtedly the same species. In snch cases it would be absurd to base the generic standard too rigidly upon a character so variable. The total length Length of head Length of snout Diameter of eye (horizontal) Greatest depth of body Least depth at tail peduncle Largest cycloid scale near shoulder ... Longest pectoral ray ... Length first dorsal spine „ of sixth, seventh, and eighth do. „ of twenty- third do 151 inches H i| 0 s 4f H ix^ 2-1- jj ^ 3> H )J 56 Length of first soft ray dorsal ... 1^ inches „ of hist do. ... ... ... y „ „ of first anal S2:)iiio ... ... j „ „ of second do. ... ... ... -J „ „ of third do. ... ... ... f „ „ of first soft ray (anal)... ... If „ „ of last do. ... ... ... i „ Longest ventral ray ... ... ... If „ Distance between occi])iit and first ray of dorsal ... ... ... ... 26 mil. Distance between last ray of dorsal and caudal ... ... ... 21 mil. Genus TiiAciiiCHTHYS, Shaw. Muzzle very short, rounded, not protruding ; cleft of the mouth oblique ; chin prominent ; eye large. Exceedingly fine villiform teeth in both jaws, on the vomer, aiid on the palatine bones ; eight branchiostegals. A strong spine on the scapular bone, and at the angle of the prasoperculum, a small one on the o^^erculum ; suborbital arch with radiating ridges. Scales ctenoid rather small ; abdomen serrated. One dorsal fin ; ventral Avitli six rays ; caudal forked. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Trachichthys Macleayi. New sp. D y'V, a yV' ^ 8- Scales minutely irregularly spiniferous ; a series forming the pierced scales of lateral line (about fifty), larger, and armed with one or two visibly prominent trans- parent spines. Height of body is 2j in. the total length ; the length of the head nearly three times Cleft of mouth wide almost vertical. The serrated ventral heel composed of VS prominent spiniferous scutes. Ui)per and lower margins of caudal })eduncle armed respectively with 8 and 7 strong adpressed translucent spines. Colour of a uniform bright golden yellow when fresh. Mouth of the estuary of the Derwent. Rare. Named in honour of W. Macleay, Esq., F.L.S., Sydney, to whom Australian naturalists are indebted for much of their knowledge of the Australian fishes. The total length ... ... ... 9 w inches Length of body ... ... ... 7 J „ „ of head ... ... ... ... ok „ Greatest depth of body ... ... 4^7 „ Least depth at caudal peduncle ... | „ 57 Length of first dorsal spine ... 5 mil. „ fifth „ 17 5) „ first dorsal soft ray 30 J) „ last do. 15 J> „ first anal spine 2 5) „ second do 6 >) „ third do. ... 19 J> „ first anal soft ray ... 15 ?J „ last do 22 ?> Breadth eye 21 5> Length snout ... 11 5> Length of series of abdominal scutes 30 3) Breadth of largest abdominal scute ... 7 )) Depth of do 7 )J Longest of marginal caudal spines ... 11 if 59 OYSTER CULTURE AND FISHERIES. By Captain Stanley, R.N. [Bead IStJi Septe^Jiber, 1880.] The object, of this paper is to attract attention to the im- portant subject of oyster farming, as well as to induce thought- fulness in the minds of the public on the subject of fisheries in general. The excellent natural position of Tasmania as regards climate, its numerous small ports and rivers, the fact of its being an island and a large proportion of its in- habitants likely to become maritime ; all these circumstances tend to the conclusion that Tasmania will in the future largely not only consume fish itself, tut supply the Australian markets with that most wholesome of food. At the present time we see very little indication of this ; not only do we not fish ourselves to any extent worth speaking of, but we permit our neighbours, the Victorians, to do as they like with our fisheries, apparently ignorant of the fact that a precedent is being established, and that there may be difficulties hereafter concerning boundaries such as have confronted the people of Canada and the United States, or of France and England. At present it would certainly remind us of that well-known fable, " The dog in the manger," if we prohibited other colonists from fishing in our water, but the law requires to be explicit, and the imposition of a small tax would preserve existing rights. I am informed that a very fine fish bank exists at a distance of about 30 miles in a south-easterly direction from Cape Pillar, and I am willing to believe that this is only one of many. I feel confident that there are many oyster beds undiscovered ; but who would care to waste time in finding a bed, when all the time, trouble, and energy would avail the toiler nothing. If there is one sentiment more grafted in human nature than another, it is the deter- mination not to waste our labour for the benefit of other people ; when we do, it is either by accident or we have mis- calculated results. Before proceeding, I beg it to be understood that I claim no originality or special knowledge in being bold enough to discuss the subject of fisheries, and more particularly the oyster fisheries. Others have been before me, and I am only contributing my iota, but I consider it an important one, which should be dealt with by the Legislature. It was my intention, in company with several other gentlemen, to en- deavour to revivify one of the now despoiled oyster beds, but as a preliminary made myself acquainted with the pro- tection the law afforded. To my astonishment I discovered that no tenure of an existing " scalp" could be obtained, 60 though the Government would afford every facility to those who were desirous of making hazardous experiments in un- congenial places. This paper will therefore endeavour to place the Society, and through it the general public, in pos- session of a few lacts in connection with fisheries, but more particularly the oyster fisheries. Most of my information has been taken from Chamhers^ Information for the People, the author of which has done more to cheapen, popularise, and disseminate knowledge than any other man in the world. 1st. On the Destruction of Oyster Beds. Exactly as the constant demand for oysters in England has had the eftect of impoverishing many of the natural " scalps " (beds), so the demand in Australia (principally Melbourne) has had the effect of impoverishing many of the natural scalps in Tasmania. Any one who has latel}'' visited England will know from experience that the price of oysters in the retail shops is 3s. or 3s. 6d. per dozen, to which amount the price has risen in consequence of the scarcity of the article : the breeding stock on many of the beds having been parted with to satisfy the natural greed of the individual, supplies fell short, and x^rices rose. In England, Ireland, and France the natural scalps have nearly all been destroyed ; the exceptions are those owned by private individuals. In Tasmania, whenever an oyster bed lies within a muni- cipality, it is under the control of the Municipal Council instead of the Central Government ; though why this anomaly should exist it is hard to say. "Municipal Councils may make bye-laws not repugnant to law." Sic. But though an oyster bed may belong to a municipality, the law is strict as to the terms on which a scalp may be destroyed. If a man is sufiiciently energetic, or is fearful of others depriving him of what he considers his property, he may perform the office for 10s. : under other conditions, the exterminating process may be prolonged for a year or two, and the local or central Government may profit by another 10s. or 20s. One section of the Oyster Fisheries Act says — " Oyster brood, spat, cultch, and small oysters to be returned to place whence taken within six hours, under a penalty not exceeding =£10." Can anybody believe that such a law is obeyed ? No doubt the oysters are thrown somewhere — but where ? And what interest can people possibly have under the existing law in preserving oysters for the public ? For 10s. they may remove every oyster from a bed, but if one man does not another will, therefore qualms of conscience will certainly not be allowed to interfere. The following beds were once good natural " scalps," yielding an abundant supply to the local markets, as well as large quantities for export : — Spring Bay, Southport, Oyster 61 Cove, Port Esperance, Eeclierche Bay, Cloudy Bav, Little Swanport, Ralph's Bay, Carlton, New Town Bay, Risclon Bay, Prince of Wales Bay, Barnes' Bay. Spring Bay is said by some to Lave been ruined by a tidal wave which covered the oysters to a depth of 4in. with mud, but if so the oyster exter- minators were only forestalled by a few months. Had the bay been in the hands of a company it would have been saved from destruction. 2nd. On Oyster Culture. After the destruction of the oyster beds or " scalps " in France, the government, with the desirable object of once again establishing a lucrative industry, constructed large artificial beds in various places, for the p>urpose of teaching oyster-farming on the most approved principles. There are now many of these beds, but the most important are those of Arcachon, Marennes, and the He de 116. The artificial method of gathering the spat was accidentally discovered by M. Boeuf, of the Be de Ee, who observed young oysters attached to stones on the foreshore of the island. The breeding season being known, fascines are suspended in the channel through which the water washing the " scalp " must pass, and the infant oyster appears delighted to remain near its parents, ond clings to anything that comes in its way. The particular plan of catching the spat would, I imagine, depend to a great extent upon the natural peculiarities of the spot ; sometimes rough stones are thrown up in the form of walls, and the en- closures are then termed oyster parks. Tiles may be sus- pended in the same manner as fascines, and drain-pipes, I should think, would answer very well. The bottoms of vessels anchored near oyster beds are sometimes found covered with infant oysters. Oysters, according to age, are named thus : — Infant oysters are those which have not long been spatted ; the second year the oyster is known as " brood ;" the third year as " ware ; " and in the fourth year they are supposed to be full grown ; they will, therefore (to re-enumerate them), be the spat or spawn, the infant oyster, the brood, and the ware. After the infant oysters are planted out, they require to be carefully watched and preserved from their enemies, of which the most notable is the star fish ; their inanimate enemies are sand, mud, and weed, and in artificial beds a cleansing process is constantly going on by means of rakes or dredges. A.n important fact to remember in oyster culture is, that it is essential that young oysters should begin life on a shelly or rocky bottom. In England they are careful to keep the young oysters below low water-mark on account of the frost, but here they would succeed nearly up to high water-mark. Wherever I have seen them on the shores of Australia, they 62 seemed to me to thrive better between high and low water- marks. Of all the artificial oyster beds in England, the most noted, and the only one of which it is my intention to write, is the Whitstable. To quote from Chambers : — " The Whit- stable Oyster Company is a well-organised industry of the co-operative kind, the proprietors of the farm being also the labourers who work it, and it is most systematically ' worked,' both during the season and in close time. The company is possessed of a very large stock of oysters, which they purchase as " brood " from wherever it can be obtained. These young oysters are laid down to grow and fatten, and are most care- fully tended and watched till they are large enough to be sent to market, it being a rule of the company to wait till they can obtain the highest possible price for their goods. Only a certain quantity is dredged each day, the sales being regulated by the state of the market. Great care is required in breeding oysters ; the artificial layings at Whitstable are therefore under constant inspection, the different beds being turned over from time to time in order to the removal of dead or diseased ' natives,' — likewise for the capture and re- moval of some of the numerous enemies of the mollusc which are always to be found haunting the different beds. About Whitstable and Faversham the oyster grounds occupy a space of nearly twenty-seven square miles; and it has been computed that ^160,000 per annum has been paid away as wages to the men connected with the various companies. The Whit- stable oyster layings are managed by a jury of twelve men, who are elected by their fellows ; and it is an article in the constitution of the company that no member can be elected into it — he must be born in it — so that sons succeed their fathers as workers and shareholders." The company not only utilises its own spat, but purchases brood as well ; perhaps their ground is not naturally adapted for securing the spat, but, whether or not, if the mere fattening of oysters is lucrative, they are wise to avail themselves of it. It would appear, as with sheep-farming so with oyster-farm- ing, one run or bed may be favourable for breeding and another for fattening. 3rd. Desiderata for the Renovation of Existing Oyster Beds. There seem to be many places admirably adapted for the propagation of the oyster, and there are persons ready to risk capital if they can obtain a long lease of one or more oyster beds. The substance of the report of a committee of the House of Assembly is as follows : — " The propagation and preservation of the oyster in the natural beds would receive a stimulus if the oyster beds were sub-divided into convenient lots, and let by public auction for a term of not less than 14 63 years, and the present system of granting licences abolished; also, that in the event of the discovery of beds hitherto un- known, the discoverer shall have a pre-emptive right of leasing at an average price." The advice contained in this report is clear. The natural beds (if it is desirable that the oyster should not be exterminated) should be leased by auction for a period of 21 years, residence by the lessee, or his agent, being made a guarantee of good faith. A denuded oyster bed thus leased would give no return whatever for four years, therefore I argue that 21 years is not too long a lease. A liberal law is required if it is considered desirable to attract capital ; the idea of sub-dividing beds, as recommended by the select com- mittee, is, I think, a mistake. The Whitstable and Faver- sham oyster grounds occupy a space of 27 square miles, and I think it necessary for the growth of Tasmania that there should be larger undertakings by greater combination of effort. As regards the destruction, now almost compelled, nothing but an alteration in the law will avail, and no proclamation of oyster beds being closed for one or more years will do more than produce a temporary benefit, since the same destroying influence will still be at work. Once the beds are in the hands of private companies or individuals, self-interest will protect them, — at present self-interest is employed in running a race of destruction. In England deep sea oysters are not allowed to be sold between May 14th and August 4th, but the shoal water oysters are protected between May 1st and March 1st. The Tasmanian law makes the close season one month longer, or from October 1st ; but no amount of close season will compensate for the absurd practice of letting anybody dredge oysters for 10s. a year. On the other hand a system- atic working of the beds would give employment to a far greater number of men than at present earn a livlihood by the trade, and they, like the Whitstable men, might become shareholders, or take shares as part wages. It is likely that there are many deep sea oyster banks ; but who would, in the present state of the law, care to find one ? 4th. Gteneral Eemarks* Although the foregoing remarks apply entirely to oysters, it may not be amiss to make a few observations about fisheries in general. In England fish of all kinds are yearly becoming dearer. Although it may be considered a matter of impossi- bihty to exhaust the fish supplies of the boundless ocean (by those who have never given the matter thought), there is ample evidence that it is not only possible, but probable, that the fish supplies of Great Britain will fall short, though that very fact may save them from complete exhaustion. As with oyster scalps, so with the haddock shore fishery, 64 so also with the herring fishery. A commission was appointed to make enquiries as to the possible exhaustion of the fisheries of Great Britain, and their report stated that our " total fish supplies have not diminished, and that the fish supply of the United Kingdom admits of further augmentation, the limits of which are not indicated by any evidence we have been able to obtain ; " but Chamhers remarks : — " The Commissioners unfortunately omitted to take into account the enormous aug- mentation of the machinery of capture. In former times a line containing 800 hooks would, as a rule, catch 800 haddocks, but now a line of 800 hooks does not (as a rule) capture an eighth of that number. The public have been deceived by false reports of the inexhaustibility of our fish supplies, and are at length beginning to find that the increased machinery which has been brought into play for the capture of fish during late years is telling with deadly effect on the shoals. Here in Tasmania are fisheries none of which except the oyster fishery has been quite ruined. Why should we not learn from experience ? No doubt there is some difficulty attached to legislation on the subject, but that is the more reason why we should earnestly consider the matter. It seems to me that any other law than the present one relating to oysters would have had a more beneficial effect ; it certainly was next to impossible to have framed one having more disas- trous effects. If there had been a larger amount to pay for a licence, men would either not have engaged in the business, or if they had, it would have drawn attention to the profitable- ness of the trade. Had no licence been required, the outside public would have entered into competition with those whose path in life was more connected with the sea, and a sufficient consensus of opinion would soon have forced a sensible law to be framed. But a short residence in Tasmania has given me knowledge of a fact which I was unprepared for, viz., that though laws may be framed, there is not that determination to abide by them which is the grand characteristic of the English nation. People instead of arguing that the laws are unjust, and therefore ought not to be obeyed, should use their influence in getting them altered. A glaring instance of disregard for the law connected with fisheries I feel justified in mentioning. Constantly during the close season for salmon and trout, one or other, or both, may be seen for sale in Hobart. It is quite possible that fish may be caught by accident, and there may have been no intentional disobedience of the law ; but who is to know ? The law should in such a case confiscate the fish and impose a fine. The magistrates should have no option. METBOBOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. — -^ — From 1st to the 15th Januakt, 1880. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously -with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) ^'^ TJier- Wind. Cloud. :^. mometers. "8 Si-^ 1-^ k ^ 1 1 1 Direction from Force in lb. pe square foot. 1 1 i 53 ^s "" ^ ^ f^ Weather. 29-945 64-0 29 -643 29-879 29-717 29-75S 29-745 29-145 29-321 29-575 29-925 29-978 29-452 29-245 29-675 29-765 29-578 66-0 63-0 64 0 66 0 56-0 68-0 54-0 50-0 57-0 61-0 68 0 59-0 560 62 0 61-0 p.c. 18-0, 72 19-0| 78 S 1 17-5 59 SE 18-0 19 0 13-0 72 1 SW 68NW 82 S 20 o; 73 w I 1 12-0, 77 SE 10 -Oj 74 NW 77! N 16-0 77 KN 20-0; 78 N 15-01 82' Vy 13-0 17 0 58 NW 77|NW ,16-0 82 O -26 10 •26 ! 8 •2G ' 5 ! -0 ' 10 i 2-60 I 7 -26 0 •50 8 -52 I 7 -52 5 -52 6 •0 ; 9 ■10 10 260 ; 10 -52 7 -26 j 10 -0 10 KN KN K KN K 0 KN K K K K K N K KN KN Cloud, sky covered Sky cloudy Stars in Zenith Cloud, sky covered 0 Few faint stars -0 Starlight •0 I Few faint Zenith stars -0 .Stars at Zenith -25 Stars round I Zenith I •08 Ditto stars i faint •02 Calm and I cloudy •01 Cloud, sky I covered -0 ; Heavy rain -30 Few stars at I Zenith •OljCloud, sky covered •0 [Calm and ' cloudy Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. ^_N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, iOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 16th to the 31st January, 1880. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 91i. 49m. 29 -23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) 41.,. Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. *« ^ § :jj fell ir 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "^ «•-<; Weather. 17 29-925 65-0 18-5 73 SE -0 10 18 29-945 61-0 16 0 77 S "26 3 19 29-948 cs-0 20-0 68 SE •0 10 20 29-415 &60 co-0 78 NE -0 10 21 30-025 CS-0 20 0 73 SE •25 10 22 29-945 66-0 19-0 78 SE •52 10 23 29-558 67-0 190 53 S •52 10 24 29-782 60 0 15 0 54 N\V •22 9 25 30-101 57-0 14-0 71 S •0 0 2C 30-268 67-0 19-5 78 SE 0 0 27 80 175 65-0 19 0 73 S -0 0 28 30-147 C7-0 .19-0 88 SE •52 6 29 30-365 61-0 100 77 S •26 10 SO 30-264 6G-0 19-0 78 s -52 8 31 £0-225 1 61-0 16-0 73 s ■26 5 1 In. KN K KN' -0 K ; •O K I -0 t I O I -0 K |-0 o'-o K -0 K -0 K -0 K -0 Cloud, sky covered stars at the Zenith Cloud, sky covered Ditto, ditto. Cloud, sky covered Cloudy, sky covered Cloud, sky covered Moon and cloud Moonlight, brilliant Sky cloudy Moonlight Partial moonlight Cloud, sky covered Cloud by phases Moonlight Fkaxcls Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. _ N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart Tow-., iOn. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to Eiake the -wind and cloud records more than ar- proximateiy correct. The rainfall is measured at /n. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. . — m From 1st to the 15th February, 1880. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOli. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35ui. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart To^vn. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9b. 49m. 29 -23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) "> if Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. =i 'S . h 1 1 '^ J-' ^ ^ 1 ,o 1 1*. o (^ f$ ^^ S 1 e Weather. 30-128, 71-0 22-0| 76 S 30-065i 79-9 30-056 CO-0 29-921 71-0 30-l'26 31-025 29-976 64-0 72-0 710 29 954 74-0 68 0 ! 30-028| 68-0 30-134 i 70-0 I SO-124! 70-0 23-Oi 74 NE 190 60 22 0 18 0 22-0 82 22-0' 60 23-0, 74 S 20-0 73 22-0 7S 863 69 0 29-821 66-0 30-068 67-0 Zio' 78 SW 30-0 73; 260' 78 16 0 82 SW 19-61 60' ! I ■52 0 25 5 •52 10 •26 10 26 10 •0 10 •26 0 •0 0 •26 10 •26 3 •52 10 •52 5 2-60 10 K i -0 kIo o i i "I i N ' K K K Starlight Starlight Cloud, sky covered Cloud, sky covered Cloud, sky covered Cloud, sky covered 0 Starlight 0 Starlight, brilliant 0 i Cloud, sky I covered Stars round Zenith Cloud, sky covered Cloudy 02 Change in I weather, 1 wind &: rain 2-21 calm I T.' 5 I K 02' Few stars in I ! the Zenith 5 } K -0 'Calm, and I ] with few stars Francis ABBorr, F.E.A.S., etc., Observer. ISr.B.— The time of registration at Hobart To-wn, lun. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the -wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measure(i at vh. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From 16th to the 29th February, 1880. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 33m. a.m., at AVashington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42' 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. •ttf-^ ?>i gt^ ^^s s fe a,"^ i 1 1 1 1 i 1 II 1 s 1 i S <^^ i< ^ ^ ci 1 Weather. «^ ^ 16 30-325 17 30-325 18 30-076 19 29-969 20 29-925 21 30 025 22 30-075 23 30-325 24 30-525 25 29-927 26 29-925 27 29-725 28 80-210 29 30-172 61-0 160 ^f. SE 61-0 16-0 77 SE 64-0 18-0 81 S 71-0 22 0 65 SE 68-0 20 0 68 SE 67 0 19 0 45 0 66 0 19 0 73 s 63-0 17-6 68 s 69 0 20 0 83 NE 740 23-0 74 SE 69-0 200 83 SE 65-0 18-0 100 S 56 0 130 71 SE 57-0 14 0 1 75 S •52 10 •52 9 •26 3 •52 7 •0 5 0 10 Cloud, sky covered Starlight Stars faint 0 Moon 61 0 160 88 W -26 10 KN -0 Cloud, sky covered 14 30-125 59 0 15 0 SB s •0 0 K -0 Stars round zenith 15 29 925 C2 0 17-0 82 s •0 * K \ Stars round zenith 16 29 021 73 0 22 0 84 NE •26 10 KN •6 Icioud, sky covered Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart To-wn, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. Erom 16th to the 31st Makch, 1880. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOli. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at "Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Privat3 Observatory, Kobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-23. E. ( Rejistcred for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) ^l. Ther- Wind. Cloud. mometers. •« 5> § >- "S t'^ ■r^ k S Barometer corn Temp. Index E to Mean Sea 1 1 S 1 1 Direction from Force in lb. pe square foot. ■g s ^ 6 1 Weather. 17 SO -220 65-0 18-0 p.c. S3 0 -0 ;kn NK In. 1^0 Calm and cloudy 18 30-125 64-0 18-0 73 SE -25 KN 10 •0 Cloud, sky covered 19 29-925 65-0 18-0 83 N •26 KN 10 •0 Dark and Cloudy 20 28-632 6G-0 10 0 73 SE •10 KN 10 •70 Rain through the night 21 27 •712 62-0 17 0 88 SE •25 0 0 -17 Star and moonlight 22 28-C78 64 0 18 0 88 N •10 KN 10 ■30 Steady rain 23 29-041 55-0 15-0 87 S •45 K 10 •0 Cold wind and cloud 24 29-921 £5-0 150 70 s •45 K 10 •03 Sky cloudy 25 80-000 59-0 15-0 88 SE •26 10 K •0 Moon, and sky clouded 26 30 058 56-0 130 76 s •26 0 0 •0 Clear, moon- light, fuU 27 30-025 03-0 17-0 88 S .25 10 K •0 Cloudy, moonlight 28 29-248 78-0 25 0 79 SW -25 0 0 •0 Moon and starUght 29 29-624 71-0 21-0 86 N -45 10 KN -41 Rain through the night SO 29-728 58-0 lG-5 71 SW •41 10 KN •15 Squally 31 SI -145 55 0 14-0 71 s •45 6 K •02 Cloud, few stars in zenith Francis Abbott, F.E.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart Town, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the -wind and cloud records more than ar^- proximately correct. The rainfall is measui-ed at Tn. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, m ■ From the 1st April to the 15th April, 1880. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33nQ. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a m. , at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) 111 Ir Ther- mometers. 1 s 1 1^ Wind. Cloud. i 1 1 1 1 1. si. 1 1 6 Weather. 1 30147 59-0 150 p.c. 82 S -06 ! 6 K In. -0 Sky cloudy 2 29-341 64 0 18-0 94 SE •26 10 KS -0 Cloudy all day 3 29-725 66-0 19 0 83 E -26 10 K •01 Cloudy and sultry 4 29-341 640 18-0 77 SE •26 10 KN -32 Rain and cloud 6 30124 49-0 9-0 80 SE •06 5 K -0 Faint stars and cloud 6 30-025 61-0 15-0 72 N •20 10 K •0 Stars bril- liant in zenith 7 30-025 62-0 17-0 72 W •42 7 KN 02 Stars about zenith 8 30-225 50-0 10-0 80 sw -40 5 K •0 Stars about zenith 9 30-416 50-0 10 0 78 s -35 5 K •0 Stars at the zenith 10 30-415 50-0 10-0 80 s •26 4 K -0 Stars at the zenith 11 30-520 49 0 9-0 80 s •26 4 K -0 Stars at the zenith 12 30-447 52-0 11-0 81 s •30 4 K •0 Stars strong at zenith 13 30-235 52-0 11-0 87 s •05 4 K -0 StarUght at zenith 14 80-125 62-0 12-0 77 s •07 ' KN -10 Cloud, sky covered 15 29-925 62-0 17 -C 83 s •06 4 K •0 Stars at the zenith Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B.— The time of registration at Hobart To-wn, lOh. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap* proximately correct. The rainfall is measui-ed at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. o From the IGth Apeil to the 30th April, 1S80. Eecorclecl daily at Hobart Tovra, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Privcate Observatoiy, Hobart To'.vn, Lat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-2.s. E. (Registered for the Royal Societij, Tasmania. ) ^1,, Ther- mometers. 'S ^ § .^ tJh>^ •^ e^e s ■=> U^J ^ «l -5 .Sj f^ O Kl&H 1 Wind. Clo ad. S ; S s "^ :^t2 |:|| ^ 1 6 ll Weather. 30 •225 58-0 26 6i-0 67-0 30-127 30 000 29-718 30 125 30128 30-254 30 145 ' 29-734 I 29-74ci 54 0 2).c. 140, 88 S I I 16 -O; ss' S 19-0; 79 SE 710! 29-i S3: W 0 0'-20-l 69 W 54-0 52-0 53-0 30 29-941 30-023 29-921 29-521 29-615' 52-0 50-0 55-0 56 0 54-0 12-0| 76 S I i 11 -o! 67j S 120! 56 S i i 13-0: 88 NW 12-0: 8SX\V I I i ll-O; 75 SE 10-o| SOj S 13 -o' 88 X 13 -o' 94 X 12 0 82J N i I •05 I 0 O I •06 j 0 i O •00 ! 10 i K •25 10 ' K Moon and starlight Moon and starlight •0 (Sultry and i cloudy •0 'Cloudy, sky covered •00 i 10 ; K I -0 Cloud, sky ! [ covered I ' •26 10 |kN-15 Rain and I I squall 10 : K I -16 Squally I ! 10 I KX 1-75 Rain aU i I night 10 ; K 03 I Moon and cloud 8 : K -0 Cloudy, i moon 0 0 01 ;Moon, and ! jstars clear 0 O 01 jMoon, and (Stars clear -10 I 10 KX 0 Very dark •05 I 10 , KX -06 !Rain and I cloud -26 I 0 O -05 'starlight i I brilliant Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. ,,?^-5;— Tte time of registration at Hobart Town xm. o3m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the mnd and cloud records more than an- pro^amately correct. The rainfall is measured at > s s il i 1 i t s 1 Weather. 1 30-027 50-0 10-0 p.c 87 s •10 K 4 In -01 Starlight 2 30 025 57-0 14-0 84 w •00 jKN 10 1 -0 Very dark 3 30-221 co-0 15-i 88 w •00 KN 1 10 •0 Cloudy, sky covered 4 29-945 61-0 11-0 63 w •00 W 6 •0 Stxrs at the Zenith ^ 29-418 60-0 16 0 77 sw •45 ^ var- ious -03 Wind, sleet, cloud G 29-936 60-0 15-0 70 w •36 K 7 •70 Squally snow and rain 7 29-621 40 0 5-0 71 w •48 KN 7 60 Squally wiud and rain s 29-932 430 6 0 74 s •35 KN 10 •50 Do., do., do. £ 30 015 50-0 10-0 SO s •20 K 7 •06 Stars at the Zenith 10 30121 45-0 7-0 81 s •25 K 7 02 White frost "l 30 148 47 -C 8-0 74 s •24 K 4 -0 Starlight brilliant 12 30-125 48-0 9 0 87 « •15 K 6 35 Stars at the Zenith is: 30 048 47-0 8-0 £0 s •46 K 6 02 Stars on the Zenith 1 29-921 500, 1 10-0 81 NW •25 KN 10 -0 Cloudy and wind 15 1 26-625 50-0 10 0 81 NW 1 •25 KN ID •0 Cloud, sky covered 5 29 521 56 0 13 0 73 W \0 K 8 •07 Calm and cloudy Francis Abbott, F.R.A.8., etc., Observer. • ■••^•^•~'^^® ^^"^® ^^ registration at Hobart Town, ii)n. 33m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is mea.siu-i-.M. METEOBOLOGIGAL OBSERVATIONS. From May the 17th to the 31st, 1880. llecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33m. p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h. 35m. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance of a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Towb. liat. 42° 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -23. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) S~ Ther- 1 "^s,.. movieters. 'e V ?s ■S j-^ -« ■^ S-^S ■*s . s §H^^ ■^ s ^ i^-ii g 1 ta ^ 2^^ -^ s: >. S £<^ ^ O « f>5-1 (^ Wind. Cloud. o; S b § 2 1?^^ ^ ^ '«§ s S'2. ^ 2 2S 29 30 140 30-021 29-921 30-025 3ll 30-015 I 1 I 56 0 130 73,' W 48-0' 9-0 74 i I 4801 9-0 80|NW ■I 500 iO-o: so ! I 56-0' 130i 82 46-0, 8-o! 81 I 53 0 130 57-0:14-0 I I 57-o:i4 0 70 54-0. 12-0 520 11-0 54-0' 12-0 52-0 11-0 I 57 -O' 14-0 48 o! 90 Jn. 8 I -07 •10 K -10 K 10 •25 i K 13 W N NW NV/ 82 NW NE ! S -35 KN| 10 i S -15 KN 10 I i •15 ' K •15 j K •10 ■ K -10 i K S ; -25 IKN ; i S I -25 KN ! I SE ! -21 j K 10 0 -04 •25 05 ■18 ■10 ■01 NWi -7 ! K I 5 •01 Calm and Cloudy Faint moon- Hght Moon cloud- ed Cloud, sky covered' Cloud, sky covered Moonlight Cloudy, moonlight Moon and cloud Cloud, sky covered Cloud, with rain Nimbus cloud Showery Frequent showers Starlight Stars at the I Zenith Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. N.B. — The time of registration at Hobart Town, iOh. 33m. p.m., being aftfer dark, renders it impossible to make the mnd and cloud records more than ap- proximately correct. The rainfall is measm-ed at 7n. 30m. a.m. local tiii'.e. !dETEOBOLOQICAL OBSERVATIONS. ^ From June the 1st to the 16th, 1£80. Eecorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. 33in p.m., simultaneously with registration made at 7h Som a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance ot a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system of Inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Hobart Town. l.Ht. 42" 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29-2s. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasnuinia. ) Wind. Cloud. -^1 Ther- ;:i mometers. ??c^ -« h^ e s«-^ ^ -§ fll -S 5S tc 5 ^ 1 1 ;^Ei; 1 ^'M ;^ ■ Weather. S j 5 ^ ft; I p.c V, 29-9i5i 50-0 10-0 81 I ' •2 SI 148 50-0 10-0 72 3. 3-2 020 1 53 0 3 2-0; 76 I I 50 0 lOOJ 81 I 52-0 110 87 500 TOoi 81 I I ; 60-oilOO^ 75 57 -o' 14-0 76 I 59 0 15 0 ; 88 50-0 10-01 72 4| 30-452 I 5i 30-324 61 29-516 29-943 29-745 29-615 30 036 30 021 12i 29-672 131 29-526 29-425 29-700 29-521 55-0:i30' 82 I I 57-o|l4-0,' 81 I 56 o' 13-0 i I 47-0^ 90 47 -O' 9-o| J ! 43 01 6 0 t \ , In NWj -4 K 4 -0 NW' -10 7 1 7 i -0 N I -8 KN' 7 NW -25 K : 8 ^ -8 KN 7 N I -15 KX 10 ^' ! -17 KN 10 Starlight brilliant Stars round Zenith Stars faint at Zenith Do., do., do Do., do., do. W -7 KN 10 '-02 -56 K I 7 j-02 I -0 70 •40 K W j -0 K I 5 j -0 W I -0 KN 10 I -0 SW| -25 KN IJ -30 SW -26 KN 10 SW -IG K 8 -02 W -25 KN 10 -45 -07 Cloud and rain Cloud, sky covered Cloud, sky covered Cloud, then stars Starlight round Zenith Stars at the Zenith Cloud, sky covered Cloud and rain Cold and qually Cloudy, squally Squally Francis Abbott, F.R.A.S., etc., Observer. ' ^•^•— Tbe time of registration at Hobart Toav^^ lun. o3m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wmd and cloud records more than iu-- proximately correct. The rainfall is measured at (D.. 30m. a.m. local time. METEOROLOGICAL OBSEB VA Tl ONiS. Feom June the 17th to the 30th, 1S80. Recorded daily at Hobart Town, Tasmania, at lOh. oAin. {j.ni., simultaneously with registration made at 7ti. 35in. a.m., at Washington, United States, in pursuance vi a pro- position of the late Vienna Congress, for a system or inter- national Synchronous Observations. Private Observatory, Ho'oart Town. Lat. 42"^ 52' 13" S. Long. 9h. 49m. 29 -28. E. (Registered for the Royal Society, Tasmania. ) .S-2 Ther- ~^S^- movLders. -^^g ^ "S r-'-^ IS i:i % ^ ~ t .1 1 1.2 f^ Wind. Clo ud. 1 "^ '=^§ irection quare f 1 1 1 ■5 1 •S .,,- ^ i;5 cq : WeaLhcr. ■p.c. la. 1 7_ 29 521 . 430 00 8C AV ; -25 10 JKX -45 Squally IS 30-125 42-0; C 0^ 80 S ' 25 ; 10 1 KX -50 Squally wine i i ' ; rain 10 30 •125 ' 430; GO 74 S : -25 10 KX -30 Showery 20 30145 ! 47-0' 8-C ' 80 s •25 10 KX -72 Much rain. squally 21 :i0147 48C 90 , 86 s •25 IJ K -09 Sky hazy 22 30 -320 49-C 9-0 '\ 81 NW -0 0 K -02 Moon eclipse 2S 30 025 47-0 8-0 80 NW •15 10 K 0 Sky cloudy '24 29-048 45-0 70 74 NW ■07 10 ! K -07 Raiu 25^ 29-521 .51-0 100 87 NAV •10 10 K -02 Dark and cloudy 26; 29-647 51-0 100 80 ]s- -0 10 K -08 Cloudy, rain 27. 30021 44 0 7-0 74 s •45 ; 10 K -02 Stars at the Zenith 2S' 30-021 51-0 13-0 81 SWj -0 10 KN -06 Cloud, sky covered 29.! 30-024 47-0 80 87 s 1 •0 10 1 KXrlO Kain and cloud 30' 29-927 40-0 8 0 74 sw •0 10 KN -85 Rain all 1 ' ■ 1 i i I 1 night Francis Abbott, F.K.A.S., etc.. Observer. N,B.— The time of registration at Hobaife Tov/m, lun. o3m. p.m., being after dark, renders it impossible to make the wind and cloud records more than ap - proximateiy correct. The rainfall is measm-ftci at 7h. 30m. a.m. local time. 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CO zi . t2 CO I- 1^ -^iS 2i« lo Ir^ |b I b I c, I ., . .0 .05 S S >- t- >. H ,S" i^O-" is > O S rt =* if ^ '■: -"^M!. PARK, "^ *' OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA FOR THE YEAR 1880. Tasmania: WILLIAM THOMAS STRUTT, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, HOBART. 1881, ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA, ^ HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. ^i-esitrent : HIS EXCELLENCY LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR JOHN HENRY LEFROY, K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S. HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D., M.L.C. JAMES BARNARD, ESQ. HIS HONOR MR. JUSTICE DOBSON. THOMAS STEPHENS, ESQ., M.A., F.Q.S. Council : •HIS HONOR MR. JUSTICE DOBSON. •C. H. GRANT, ESQ. •RUSSELL YOUNG, ESQ. •HON. J. W. AGNEW, M.D. F. ABBOTT, ESQ, F.R.A.S. JOHN SWAN, ESQ. JUSTIN M'C. BROWNE, ESQ. A. G. WEBSTER, ESQ. C. T, BELSTEAD, ESQ. T. STEPHENS, ESQ., M.A., F.G.S. H. J. BUCKLAND, ESQ. J. BARNARD, ESQ. Creasurer : C. J. BARCLAY, ESQ. j^on. ^crtftarg: JAMES BARNARD, ESQ. aulritors of Annual accounts: F. BUTLER, ESQ. JOHN MACFARLANE, ESQ. aulJitore of iMont^lg accounts: H. J. BUCKLAND, ESQ. C, T. BELSTEAD, ESQ. Curator of tfic iBuuum : MR. T. ROBLIiN. Supcrinteniicnt of (Baxtitni: MR. F. ABBOTT, JUN. •Members who retire next in rotation. aiorreepontring Mtvxbtx^* •Members who have contributed Papers which have been published in tho Society's Transactions. W. H. Archer, Esq., Sydney, New South Wales. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., London. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, C B., K.C.S.I., &c., &c., London. *BaronF. Von Miieller, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Government Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria. C. Tomlinson, Esq., F.R.S., F.C.S., &:c., Highgate, near London. *G. Bennett, Esq., M.D., F.Z.S., Sydney, New South Wales. Professor G. Neumayer, Munich. *Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Dr. W. O. Sonder, Foreign Hon. Sec. Society of Naturalists, Hamburg. Rev. J. J. Bleasdale, D D., F.G.S. *Captain W. V. Legge, R.A., F.Z.S., M.R.A.S., England. Professor John Agardh, M.D., University of Lund, Sweden. Dr. Julius Haast, F.R.S., Director of Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Archibald Liversidge, Esq., F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the Sydney University. Professor W. Harkness, U.S.N., United States Naval Observatory, Washington. Henry Haylin Hayter, Esq., Government Statist, Melbourne. *Frederick M. Bailey, Esq., Brisbane, Queensland. *Ralph Tate, Esq., Assoc Lin. Soc, F.G.S., Professor of N atural History, University of Adelaide. *John Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Svdney. •Richard Schomburg, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., Director of Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. Professor G. F. H. Ulrich, F.G.S., Melbourne. Alexander Wallace, Esq.. Secretary Board of Agriculture, Victoria. *F. W. Hutton, Esq., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand. Rev. George Brown, C.M.Z.S., Sydney, Professor F. M^Coy, F.G.S., University, Melbourne. R. J. L. EUery, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer, Melbourne. 6 Mons. J. N. VerschafFelt, Ghent, Belgium. Robert Ethericlge, jun., F.G.S., British Museum. James Hector, M.D., C.M.G., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director Geological Survey of New Zealand, Wellington. Rev. Charles Rogers, LL.D., Secretary Royal Historical Society, London. E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., Curator of Australian Museum, Sydney. Hon. W. M'Leay, F.L.S., Sydney. William Tompson Bednall, Adelaide, South Australia. tlist of dFellotos mts Mtmltt^. * Fellows wao have contributed Papers which have been published in the Society's Transactions, t Denotes Life Membership. ♦Abbott, Francis, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., Hobart. ♦Abbott, F., jun., ditto. Adams, G. P., ditto. *Ag:new, Hon. J. W., M.D., M.L.C., Fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, ditto. Aikenhead, Hon. J., M.L.C., Launceston. Adams, R. P., Solicitor-General, Hobart. Aubin, Mrs. F., ditto. Allport, Morton John Cecil, ditto. Bilton, H., Glenorchy. *Barnard, James, Hobart. Butler, Francis, ditto. *Bromby, Right Rev. C. H., D.D., Lord Bishop of Tas- mania, Hobart. Bright, R. S., M.R.C.S., Eng., ditto. Butler, Henry, F.R.C.S., Eng., ditto. Buckland, H. J., ditto. Browne, Justin M^C, ditto. Barclay, C. J., ditto. Bedford, W., Anstey Barton. Belstead, C. T., Hobart. Belbin, W., M.H.A., ditto. Benjafield, H., M.B., ditto. Browne, Hon. N. J., M.H.A., Meadow Banks, Glenora. Bidencope, J., Hobart. Butler, E. H., ditto. Bailey, Rev. J. H. Brooke, ditto. Barnard, C. E., M.D., New South Wales, ditto. Brock, H. J., Campania. Beddome, C. E., Hillgrove, Brown's River Road, Burgess, W. H., M.H.A., Mayor of Hobart. Barnes, William, Launceston. Bethune, John C., Dunrobin. Barnes, W^illiam, Trevallyn, Launceston. Chapman, Hon. T. D., M.L.C., New Town. Cook, Henry, Hobart. Clark, J. M., ditto. Creswell, C. F., ditto. *Cotton, Francis, Swanport. Crawford, Lieut.- Colonel, Hamilton-on-Forth. 8 Clarke, J. K., New South Wales. Cruttenden, Thomas, Woodsden, Buckland. Coote, Audley, Sandy Bay. Cowle, Miss, Hobart. Crovvther, A. B., M.R.C.S. Eiig., ditto. Crosby, R., ditto. Crowther, E. L., M.D., ditto. Crouch, E. J., M.R.C.S. Eng., ditto. *Dobson, His Honor Mr. Justice, ditto. Dobson, H., ditto. Dowdell, C, ditto. Davies, R. L., ditto. Dodds, the Hon. J. S., M.H.A., ditto. Dobson^ Hon. Alfred, M.H.A., ditto. Elliston, C. H., ditto. Evans, T. M., ditto. Fysh, Hon. P. O., ditto. Freeman, E. J., ditto. tGunn, R. C, F.R.S., F.L.S., Launceston. tGellibrand, Hon. W. A. B., M.L.C., Hon. Member Leeds Institute, River Ouse. Grant, C. H., Hobart. Gray, Rev. John, Glenorchy. Graham e, VV. H., Hobart. Giblin, Edward O., M.D., ditto. Grant, James, ditto. *Hall, E. Swarbreck, M.R.C.S. Eng. ditto. Harris, Rev. R. D. P., M.A., ditto. Hunter, Henry, ditto. Huybers, A., ditto. Howell, F. G., ditto. Holden, L. A., M.R.C.S. Eng., ditto. Hookey, Vernon W., ditto. Henry, Robert, junr., ditto. ♦Johnston, R. M., Hobart. Kennerley, Hon. Alfred, Hobart. Kelsh, Rev. Thomas, Fingal. Kermode, W. A., Mona Vale. Lewis, Hon. David, M.H.A., Hobart. 9 Legge, R, V., Cullenswood. Lucas, R. J., Hobart. Latham, G. H., ditto. Lovett, W., Colonial Auditor, ditto. Lord, R. W., Launceston. Maclanachan, Hon. James, Ballochmyle. Macfarlane, James, Hobart. Macfarlane, John, ditto. Mather, J. B., ditto. Maxwell, C. M., ditto. *tMilligan, Joseph, F.L.S., England. Marsh, H. J., ditto. tMace, G., Spring Bay. Morris, W. V., Hobart. Murphy, Most Rev. D., Bishop of Hobart. Macmichael, Jno. C, ditto. Maddox, Wm. Gordon, M.R.C.S. Eng., Launceston. Mason, Wm., M.R.C.S. Eng., ditto. Napier, G. R., Hobart. * Nowell, E. C, ditto. Newstead, Rev. A. C, George Town. Pillinger, J., Antill Ponds. Perkins, H. A., M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng., Hobart. Roberts, H. L., ditto. Read, R. Cartwright, Redlands, New Norfolk. Riddoch, A., M.H.A., New Norfolk. Roblin, T., Curator of Museum, Hobart. Reynolds, W. J. J., ditto. Richards, Rev. George B., President of Horton College, Ross. Seal, M., Hobart. Smith, His Honor Sir Francis, Chief Justice, ditto, t Solomon, Joseph, Hobart. * Stephens, T., M.A., F.G.S., Inspector of Schools, ditto. Story, Dr. G. F., Swanport. Salier, F. J., Hobart. *Swan, John, ditto. *Shoobridge, W. E., New Norfolk. Shoobridge, E., ditto. SimsoD^ A.^ Launceston. 10 Scott, Hopton, Hobart. Swan, E. D., ditto. Sharp, J., ditto. Shoobridge, R. W. G., New Norfolk, Smith, C. H., Launceston. Stone, T., Hobart. Stanley, Captain, R.N., ditto. •Travers, S. Smith, New Town. Walch, James H. B., Hobart. Weaver, W. G., ditto. Whyte, Hon. James, ditto. Wilson, George, Mount Seymour. Wise, F. H., Hobart. Webster, A. G., ditto. Wright, Stephen P. H., Glenorchy. Westbrook, G. C, Hobart. Woodgate, E. W., Launceston. Walker, James Backhouse, Hobart. Wagenknecht, Albert, George's Bay. Young, Russell, Hobart. Wilson, the Hon. Sir James Milne, K.C.M.G.— President of the Legislative Council ; a Fellow of the Society from 1855. Died 29th February. Mebebith, the Hon. Charles, M.E.C— A Fellow from 1856. Died 2nd March. Smith, Philip Thomas. — A Fellow from 1852. To Mr. Smith's liberality the Society is indebted for its splendid and perfectly appointed microscope. Died 14th March. GiBLiN, Thomas.— A Fellow from 1848. Elected a Member of the Council in 1855. Died 21st August. Davies, the Venerable Archdeacon, B.A. — One of the founders of the Society. Appointed Vice-President in 1858, Died 13th November. Jl MINUTES of the Annual General Meeting of the Royal Society of Tasmania, held at the Museum^ Macquarie-street, at half -past Seven p.m. on Monday^ '25th January, 1881 ; James Barnard, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The advertisement by which the meeting had been convened having been read, the Chairman called upon the Secretary to read the Annual Report. The Report for 1880 was then read. On the motion of Mr. Solomon, seconded by Dr. Crouch, the Report was adopted, and ordered to be printed for circula- tion amongst the Fellows. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. Agnew, reported that the retiring Members of Council were Messrs. C. T. Belstead, T. Stephens, H. J. Buckland, and J. Barnard ; that these names had been posted in the Library, agreeably to Rule 32 ; and that no other nominations had been received. It was resolved that the retiring Members of Council be re-elected. Messrs. F. Butler and John Macfarlane were again elected Auditors of Annual Accounts. Dr. E. O. Giblin, Messrs. W. H. Grahame, J. C. Bethune, and James Grant were elected Fellows of the Society. Dr. Agnew notified that, owing to his intended departure for Europe, he had resigned the Secretaryship of the Society ; and that Mr. James Barnard had been duly appointed to the vacant office, in accordance with the provisions of *^ The Royal Society Act," 18 Vict. No. 4. It was resolved, on the motion of Mr. Stephens, seconded by Mr. C. H, Grant, "That the best thanks of the Society were due to Dr. Agnew for his exertions on its behalf during the long term for which he had fulfilled the duties of Honorary Secretary." Dr. Agnew returned thanks for the very warm and cordial manner in which the motion had been proposed and seconded. is REPORT, Thu session of 1880 opened on the 13th April, on which occasion the following papers were read : — " A description of twenty-two species of Algae from the New Hebrides," by Dr. W. O. Sonder, of Hamburg ; " On some Australian Slugs," by Prof R. Tate, F.G.S., of Adelaide : " A con- tribution to our knowledge of the Unionidse of the Launceston Tertiary Basin," by R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S.; and the under-mentioned communications were- brought forward at the various subsequent meetings : — " Description of a new species of Helix, found in a calca- reous sandstone deposit at Kent's Group," by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S.; "On some Tasmanian Plants," by Baron Ferdinand VonMiieller, K.C.M.G., ; " On Queens- land Lichens," by F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., and the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., &:c. ; " On a collection of Fossil Fruits from the Black Lead, Gulgong, N. S. Wales," by C. E. Barnard, M.D. ; " On some introduced Plants of Austraha," by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S.; "Oyster and other Fisheries," by Captain Stanley, R.N. ; " A description of two new species offish caught in an estuary of the Derwent," by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. ; " Introductory Notes to the Natural History of Tasmania," by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S. It must be mentioned with extreme regret that the obituary for the year embraces the names of some of the oldest members. Archdeacon Davies was one of the founders of the Society, and always took the liveliest interest in its affairs ; whilst the names of Su' J. M. Wilson, Mr. Charles Meredith, Mr. P. T. Smith, and Mr. Thomas Giblin indicate the loss the Society has sustained by their death. The Council also regret to report that, owing to failing health, Mr. Abbott has been obliged to discontinue those meteorological observations which during the long period of thirty years he has conducted with so much credit to himself and advantage to the Society. It is expected, 13 however, that arrangements will be made by which these observations will be resumed at no distant date, on a basis similar to that in the neighbouring colonies. The Society is indebted to Mr. W. E. Shoobridge for the results of his observations during the year ; and the contributions from the light-houses and Mount Nelson have been received as usual. Two vacancies have occurred in the list of Vice- Presidents ; the one by the absence from the colony of the Right Rev. Bishop Broraby, the other by the death of the Ven. Archdeacon Davies. His Excellency has been pleased to appoint His Honor Mr. Justice Dobson, and T. Stephens, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., to the offices. Council. Two vacancies in the Council, also caused by the absence of the Bishop and the death of Archdeacon Davies, have been filled up by the election of Mr. Justice Dobson and Mr. C. H. Grant. The list of retiring Members has been posted in the library for the last three days, agreeably to Rule No. 33. Finance. The income from all sources was as follows :— Govern- ment grant in aid to Museum, £200 ; to Gardens, £450 ; annual subscriptions, £145 lOs. ; special donations, £165 5.?. ; from Marine Board, £20; sale of plants, &c. at Gardens, £75 Is. \0d, ; from Morton Allport Memorial Fund £10 195. This, with £30 125. in the hands of the Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens for weekly pay- ment of men's wages, and arrears of subscriptions £40, will give a total of £1 137 75. 10c?. The expenditure with liabilities, as per balance sheet, amounted to £11 45 25. 5rf., leaving a balance to debit of £7 145. 7d It shou d be stated that, owing to the reduced amount for 1880 of the grant in aid to the Gardens, a deficiency of £25 on account of their working expenses was supplied by the Society. This advance, however, will be repaid during the year 1«81, the grant having been restored to its former amount. It will be remembered that a fund collected to provide a memorial of the late Mr. Morton Allport was in accordance with a resolution of the subscribers, invested for H the purpose of procuring scientific works for the library. The first year's interest on this sum, amounting to £10 19s., has been received, and placed in the Savings* Bank for the purpose indicated. Gardens. The past year has been one of great financial difficulty. The grant in aid, which for some years previously had been £600, was reduced to £450 for 1880. This loss of income, taking place after various increases had been made in wages and salaries, completely upset existing arrangements. It became necessary in consequence to discharge the only skilled assistant, and to make other reductions, the effects of which have been detrimental in the highest degree; and, notwithstanding all possible reductions, it has not been found practicable to keep the expenditure within the income, the result being that the gardens, as shown by the balance-sheet, are indebted to the Society to the amount of £25 175. The Arboretum has been completed, with the exception of laying down the ground in grass. This will be proceeded with in the proper season, and the effect at no distant date will be that this locality will be one of the most attractive in the gardens. The old garden seats have been repaired and repainted, twelve new ones have been erected, and in order still further to consult the comfort and convenience of the public it is intended to supplement this number during the incoming year. About 300 plants, many of which are of a very orna- mental character, have been introduced. From the Royal Gardens, Kew, was received a box containing upwards of 100 varieties of willow cuttings ; but, unfortunately, arriving in the heat of summer all efforts to retain vitahty in them proved futile, and, with the exception of two varieties, all perished. From Messrs. H. Low &; Co., London, was received a case of plants in excellent condition, consisting principally of ornamental variegated Coniferee and a few choice herbaceous plants. u Thanks are due to the donors of plants and seeds, and specially to Sir J. D. Hooker, Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew ; Baron Ferd. Von. Miieller, Government Botanist, Melbourne ; Messrs. H. Low & Co., London; W. R. Guilfoyle, Director Botanic Gardens, Melbourne ; the Chamber of Agriculture, Washington, United States, &c. Thanks are also due to those captains of vessels who have furthered the interests of the gardens by the carriage of plant cases free of charge. The ^ang of prison labour has been continued during the year, and has rendered material assistance in the rougher operations. The estimated number of visitors for the year was 53,773. Museum. Mr. E. D. Swan has again given much time and attention to the ornithological collection, and has completed naming a large number of specimens. He has also bestowed a considerable amount of labour on cleaning and remounting tlie entomological specimens which had previously been distributed about the Museum in various small cases. The insects have been placed in glazed drawers, by which means they are rendered more readily accessible for inspection, and much less liable to injury. The whole of the Tasmanian fossils have been removed to the table cases in the large upper room for convenience of re-arrangement and classification ; but it has not yet been found possible to make much progress with this important work. A few new species of land and freshwater shells have been added to the collection. As on former occasions, Mr. Legrand has given his assistance in arranging the conchological specimens, and by his voluntary attendance has afforded material aid in keeping order in the upper rooms during the hours the Museum has been open to the public on Sundays. The number of visitors during the year was, — on Sundays, 10,201 ; on week days, 9730; total, 19,931. 16 OOOOOOJ-^CDCOOO ©00>OOJCOOC>.«CO t1 a- ^^"3 s o 5? .5 s .2 r""^ GO 00 O O OTtiOOQ0O-^C0O0STl5 s © cS Oi K to r2 5 25 it . « * .s • "s ■ ^ ^ c O ^ ^ c^ O o c o o ^1 S S 03 •rl S > H O fe HO 18 00 "« g o ►J o O I ^- CO O 1 CO «i c o o 1 ,. O r-f 1 r-l ^ f-H 1 ^ \ ^ 1 T a P^ «*-! o "O u fe> o ti -^ ^ ^ p >=» a pq »k > w ^ 3) 0 V ^ a c m c •S cr £> !/ C w c p. OS > -. s a: p= d ^ c: 2 e 1 -« = cc o ^- C" ^ o «o ^ c c 1— 1 ^ - ^ c ■" cr pJi t. Q. t; ^ a ^ « ^ JH c ec ?^ ^ "of •t: b 3 a > _e 1 « a XT. J- _j2 -s 'o' a eii ;- o i O s= Eh '"' d 2 « CO ^ S « 3 ^ i l-» < o PQ O « t c5 19 BOOKS and Periodicals purchased and presented during 1880. [Presentations marked thus *.] Agricultural Gazette, The, current numbers. Athenaeum, The, ditto. Arts, Journal of Society of, ditto, * Astronomical Ob.servations, Results of, taken at the Melbourne Observa- tory, 1871-75. From R. L. J. EUery, Esq. Society, Royal, Monthly Notices, current parts. * Abbey, Cupar, Registers of, vol. 2. From the Hon. J. W. Agnew, M.D. * Ami-hiboda, on Australian, by \V. A. Haswell, M.A. From the Author. (Pamphlet.) * Association, British, Report, 1879. * , Royal Historical and Archaeological of Ireland, vol. 4, parts 36, 37, 38. From the Hon. J. W. Agnew, M.D. Birds of Ceylon, Legge's, part 2. * — , on the Anatomy of, by W. A. Haswell, M.A., (Pamphlet). From the Author. * Coast Survey, United States. Report, 1874, 1876. From United States Government. * Crustacea, on the Australian Species Penseus in the Macleay Museum, Sydney, by Wm. A. Haswell, M.A., &c. From the Author. * Coleoptera, Manual of the New Zealand, by Captain Thomas Brown. From Dr. Hector. * Calendar, Adelaide University, 1880. From the University. * Coal Field, Bowen River, Queensland, Report on, by R. L. Jack, F.G.S., &c., Geol. Surveyor, North Queensland. * Catalogues, British Museum ; Birds, vol. 4, New Species of Hymenoptera; New Species Lepidoptera. From the Trustees British Museum. * Conchology, Journal ol, current numbers. From the Publisher. * Education, Report of Council of, New South Wales, 1878. From Royal Society, N. S. W. * Eucalyptographia, by Baron Ferd. Von Mueller, K. C. M. G., &c., current parts. From the Author, on behalf of the Government of Victoria. * Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Institution of, Transactions of, vol. 22. Florist and Pomologist, current numbers. * Free Trade and English Commerce, by Aug. Mongredien. From the Cobden Club. * Flora of British India, part 7. From Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., K. C.S.I. Geological Magazine, current numbers. •Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, United States, Bulletin, vol. 5, Nos. 2, 3. •Geological Survey of India, Memou's, vol. 16, part 1. — , (Palaeontologia Indica), Series 13, parts 1 and 2, vol. 4. Government of India. ., Records of, vol. 12, parts 2 and 3. From 20 Geological Survey of India, Papers, by Robert Etheridge, jun., F.G.S. ; viz. — " On an adherent Productus and a small Spiniferina." " On the Remains of a larg-e Crustacean from Lower Carboniferous Series, Berwickshire." "On our present knowledge of the Invertebrate Fauna of the Lower Carboniferous or Calciferous Sandstone series of the Edinburgh neigh- bourhood." " On the Genus Dithyrocaris," &c. " Further remarks on adherent Carboniferous Productidse." "Notes on Carboniferous Mol- lusca." " On the occurrence of a small and new Phyllopod Crustacean," Sec. "Description of Palaeozoic Corals from Northern Queensland." • "New Carboniferous MoHusca." "Carboniferous and Post-tertiary Polyzoa." " Contributions to British Palseontology," " Notes on the Bivalves in the Gilbertson collection. "On Ramipora in the Caradoc.'' " On the Genus Cladochonus." " Additional species of Fossils fiom the Upper Silurian Series, Pentland Hills." " Notes on Silurian Fossils from Ayrshire." "On the swollen condition of Crinoid Stems." " Synopsis of known species of Austr.dian Tertiary Polyzoa." Descrip- tion of a section of the Burdiehouse Limestone, ""^ &c. List of titles of Scientific Reports and Papers. From the Author. Grasses, Indigenous, of New Zealand, Manual of the, by John Buchanan. From Dr. Hector. •Gold-fields, Charters Towers, Report on the. By R. L.Jack, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Institute, Royal Colonial, Proceedings, vol. 10. From the Institute. * J South Australian, Addresses delivered at laying of Foundation Stone, 1879. From the Secretary. ♦Japan, Transactions of Asiatic Society of, 1879. From the Society. Lincei, Real Accademia dei (Milan), publications of. From the Academy. * Meteorological Memoirs, Indian, vol. 1, part 3. Department, Indian, Report, 1878-9. Observations, Indian, 1879. From H. F. Blandford, Esq., Meteorological Office, Calcutta. * Meteorological Observatory, New York, Report of, 1879. From E. Draper, Esq., Director. ♦Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal of, current parts. From the Society. * Observations, 1878, Adelaide. From C Todd, E^q., C.M.G. Congress at Rome, Report of, 1879, and •Meteorology of the Pacific. From Meteorological Off.ce, London. * of Keiguelen Island. From ditto. * of Canada, January, 1880. From ditto. * , Rep' It, 1878. From G. T. Kingston, M.A. ♦Meteorological Observations, New South Wales, 1875. From H, C. Russell, Esq. * , New Zealand, January to June, 1879. From Dr. Hector. ♦Mines, Department of, New South Wales, Report, 1878. From Govern- ment of New South Wales. Magazine, Countiy Gentleman's, current numbers. *M(>llu. G0VER%MBN5r PRINTER,, y^JSM AKIA. AMNH LIBRARY