FORTHE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

/b.

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

TASMANIA

PAPERS & PROCEEDINGS

OF THE '^,0^[^^[^^)^

ROYAL SOCIETY
OF TASMANIA

FOR THE YEAR

1916

With 5 Plates and 28 Text-Figures.

ISSUED FEBRUARY 19th, 1917.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

The Tasmanian Museum, Argy'e Street, Hobart.

1917.

Pr-iee: Twelve Shillings and Sixpence.

The responsibility of the statements and opinions in
the following papers and discussions rests with the
individual authors and speakers ; the Society merely
places them on record.

Printed at " The Mercury "' Office, Macquarie Street. Hobart

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA

The Royal Society of Tusiiiauia was founded on the 14tli Oct©
ber, 1843, by His Kxcelleiiey Sir Jolin Eardle\' Eaidk\y AVilinot,
Lieutenant Governor of Van Dienien's Land, as "The Botani-
cal and Horticultural Society of Van Dienien's Land." The
Botanical Gardens in the Queen's Domain, near Hobart, were
shortly afterA\ards placed under its management, and a grant
of £400 a year towards their maintenance was made by the
Government. In 1844, His Excellency announcvd to the
Society that Her Majesty the Queen had signified her con-
sent to become its patron ; and that its designation should
thenceforward be "The Royal Society of Van Diemen's l^and
for Horticulture, Botany, and the Advancement of Science."

In 1848 the Society established the Tasmanian Museum ; and
in 1849 it commenced the publication of its "Papers and Pro-
ceedings."

In 1854 the Legislative Council of Tasmania by "The Royal
Society Act" made provision for vesting tlie property of the
Society in trustees, and for other matters connected with the
management of its affairs.

In 18oo the name of ihc Colony was changed to Tasmania,
and the Society then became "The Royal Society of Tasmania
for Horticulture, Botany and the Advancement of Science."

In 1860 a piece of ground at the corner of Anzvle and Mac-
quarie streets, Hobart, was given by the CroAvn to the »Society
as a site for a Museum, and a grant of £3,000 was made for the
erection of a buikling. The Society contrilnited £1.800 to\\ards
the cost, and the new Museum was finished in 18G2.

In 1885 the Society gave back to the Crown the Botanical
f hardens and the Museum, which, with the collections of the
^Sfuseum, were vested in a body of trustees, of whom six are
chosen from the Society. In considei-ation of the services
it had rendered in the proinotion of science, and in the for-
mation and management of the Museum and Gardens, the right
was reserved to the Society- to hare exclusive possession of
sufficient and convenient rooms in the Museum, for the safe
custody of its Library, and for its meetings, and for all other
purposes connected with it. •

In 1911 the Parliament of Tasmania, by "The Royal Society
Act, 1911," created the Society a bodv corporate bv the name
of "Tlie Royal Society of Tasmania," with perpetual succes-
sion. .

The object of the Society is declared by its Rules to be
"the advancement of knowledge."

His Majesty the King is Patron of the Society ; and His
Excellency the Governor of Tasmania is Pre^^ident.

CONTENTS.

Page
The Early Tasmanian Press, and Its Struggle for

Freedom. By Herl)ert Heaton, M.A., M.Comin. 1

Notes on the Geology of the Cradle Mountain Dis-
trict. By W. N. Benson, D.Sc. B.A.. F.Cx.S. ... 29

Additions to the Ih-iioiili i/tc Fhtra. By L. Rodway 44

Discovery of an Aboriginal Chipped Flake in deep

ground near Gladstone. Bv W. ?I. Twelvetrees 48

Tasmanian liri/o jili iifa . By L. Rcdway 51

Contributions to the Flora of Tasmania. By

Raleigh A. Black ... 144

A New Tasmanian Butterfly, and a List of Known

Tasmanian Species. By G. H. Hardy ... 146

])i ['ferd-JirdcTn/rcrd of Tasmania. Part III. By

Arthur White ... 148

Notes on Tasmanian Dipfcra and Descriptions of

New Species 267

Abstract of Proceedings 273

Annual Report

List of the Society 276

Report ., 282

Accounts 284

Obituary Notice 286

Index 288

Plates, I to V.

PAPERS

OF TIIK

ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA

1916.

THE EARLY TASMANIAN PRESS, AND ITS
STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM.

By Llerbeii: Heaton, M.A., M. Comm. ; Lecturer in History
and Economics in the Universitv of Tasmania.

(Read 11th July, 1915. Issued separately 17th March, 1916.)

The figures in brackets refer to the notes at the end o^
this paper.

It \vould be quite impossible to deal at all adequately
with the early history of our press in anything less than a
substantial volume. During the first fifty years of the
colony, at least forty newspapers made their humble bow
to the Tasmanian public. There were weeklies, fortnight-
lies, monthlies, and quarterlies ; there were sporting papers,
teetotal advocates (1). church newses, and Irish exiles'
leaflets (2). One marvels at the sublime faith in human
intelligence exhibited by the foundei^ of this multitude
of publications, and one smiles at the unmercenary idealism
of their introductory editorials. Each new editor, who
was often an old one renovated, appeals to the sound com-
mon-sense and progressive sympathies of every right-think-
ing man in the colony. The motto of the paper is to be
principles rather than personalities, criticism without cant,
praise without adulation, truth and justice wherever they
may be found. And in nine cases out of ten, the subse-
quent history is tragically similar. A non-reading or an
apathetic public, a few subscribers who received copies and
never paid for them, an occasional advertisement obtained
onh^ by offering a specially low rate; a few issues, perhaps
a dozen or a score at most, and then, without anv warning,
a silence. Journalistic failures bestrewed the path of

2 THE EARLY TASMANIAN PKESS, P:TC.

Van Diemens Lands progress, and their starved young
coq^ses la}^ on the roadside, or were gathered up, and de-
cently interred in the vault where the Chief Secretary's re-
cords are now stored.

Of these transient newspaper entei^irises I intend to
say no more in this paper. Our chief consideration will be
with the more pennanent successes, and we shall attempt to
trace the line of journalistic succession, thanks to which
Tasmania has been well supplied with news from 1816 to
the present day.

The colony had not been long in existence before the
first news-sheet made its appearance. In the early part
of 1810, six years after the foundation of Hob art, the Der-
went Star and Van Diemeiifi Land Intelliriencer was issued.
Governor Collins had brought out with him the type and
a ver}' pn'mitive press, in order to be able to print Govern-
ment "notices, etc. He handed this stock-in-trade over to
Messrs. Barnes and Clark ; the Deputy Surveyor-General
was appointed editor, and the paper was kept carefully
under the Governor's supervision. The journal, the si^e
of half a sheet of foolscap, printed on both sides, was issued
fo]'tnightl3\ and cost two shillings a copy. Its contents
were chiefly Government announcements, but advertise-
ments, shipping news, and other odds and ends, were in-
serted if space permitted.

This first effort was doomed to failure. The popula-
tion of the island cannot have been more than a thousand
v/hite folks, and of these not more than a sixth could be
regarded as constituting the reading public. Hence there
was a. very small possible circulation, and even at two shil-
lings a copy it would be difficult to meet expenses. Still,
the paper struggled on for a few months, but it was a
hopeless task, and before the end of the year the venture
expired.

A similar failure was experienced in 1814, when the
Van Diemens Land Ga-ette collapsed after nine fortnightly
appearances (3). Two years more were to elapse before a
paper appeared which surmounted all initial difficulties,
and established itself permanently. This was the Liohart
Toirn Gazette and Southern Reporter, the first issue of which
was made on Saturday, June 1, 1816. It was printed by
Andrew Bent, a man to whom great honour is due as the
father of the Tasmanian press. Bent was apparently an
illiterate man, to whom reading was no easy task. But
he possessed just those qualities of keen business insight,
dogged perseverance, and ingenuity, which were essential
in press enteq^rise of that time. He seems to have come
to an an-augement with Lieutenant-Governor Davey, by

BY HERBERT H EATON, M.A., M. COMM. ^

which the Gazette was to be the official organ for the publi-
cation of Government notices. In return, he was to re-
ceive a small annual subsidy from the authorities, and the
paper was to be entirely his o\vn property. Any space
available w'hen the Governor's demands had been met
could be filled up wuth general news, advertisements, etc. ;
but the Governor was to have a final voice in the choice of
editor, thus exercising a kind of censorship. On this un-
derstanding Bent set to work, obtained a small supply of
type and a press, and the first number appeared in due
course, to be followed regularly by an issue every Satur-
day. Bent's trepidation does not appeal' on the surface,
but eight and a half years later, in the fii'st number foi'
1S25, he tells of the fears and doubts entertained at the
outset. "Our type was so limited that we could not com-
pose at once more than is contained in one of our present-
sized columns. There was no printing ink in the colony,
but what we were necessitated to manufacture in the best
possible manner for ourselves, and common Chinese paper,
no more than half the size of foolscap, and of which two
sheets were consequently obliged to be pasted together for
each Gazette, cost two guineas sterling per ream ! Exclu-
sive of all these things, where w^as the public, whose cash,
correspondence, and countenance are necessary to support
a weekly press? Where could readers be found, except in
some thirty or forty dwellings? Was it likely that a paper
could flourish, where the only intelligence bore reference
to crime, and the usual records were of infamy? It was
not !" Whether possible or not. Bent decided to take the
risk (4).

The first number (5) is of some interest. A single
sheet, llins. by Tins., printed in two columns, on one side
of the paper only. It is 'Tublished by Authority, ' and
bears the royal arms, with the lion and the unicorn fight-
ing for the crown. Underneath comes an official intima-
tion of Government support: — ''His Honor the Lieu-
tenant-Governor has thought proper to direct that all pub-
lic communications which may appear in the Hohart Town
Gazette and Southern JReporter, signed with an}^ official sig-
natiu'e, are to be considered as official communications
made to those persons to whom they may relate. By com-
mand of His Honor,

"THOMAS ALLEN LASCELLES, Secretary."

Tlien follows a notice of a festive character. Tuesday.
4th June, is the anniversary of the King's Birthdav, and
is, therefore, to be regarded as holiday throughout the
settlement. The troops will parade in front of Govern-
ment House at noon, and fire a "Feiu de Joie" (sic), followed

4 THE EAKLY TASMANIA^ PllP^SS, ETC.

by a salute of twenty-one guns from the artillery. '"The
Deputy Assistant Commissary-General will cause to be is-
sued to each of the Non-commissioned Officers and private
Soldiei-s one Pound of Fresh Meat and Half a Pint of
Spirits, to drink His Majesty's Health. The Deputy
Assistant Commissary-General will also cause to be issued
to the several Superintendents, Overseers, Constables, and
other Persons in the actual Employ of the Government one
Pound of Fresh Meat and Half a Pint of Spirits each on
the above occasion. The Government Mechanics and La-
boui'ers will be exem-pted from work on Tuesday next."
Evidently life in the early days was not a quite unbroken
round of joyless toil.

Immediately underneath follows the welcome announce-
ment that there is on sale at W. Presnel's store, in Col-
lins Street, a quantity of the best Brazil tobacco at 7s. ster-
ling per pound. An account of court proceedings comes
next, and this, along with two items of shipping news, ex-
hausts the local information. Two-thirds of the second
column are still to be filled, and the editor takes refuge
in publishing "Anecdotes of Frederic the II., the late King
of Piiissia," anecdotes which redound greatly to the heart
and head of that monarch, but have no direct bearing on
the affairs of Hobart Town.

Such are the tidings presented to the eager public by
Bent's iirst issue. No. 2 is more attractive ; the King's
Birthday has come and gone, so there is plenty to record.
A spirited account of the jubilations is given, ending as
follows : — ''At Six o'clock in the Evening a sumptuou.s and
splendid Dinner was given at Government House, at which
were pre&ent the Officers, Civil and Military, the Com-
manders of the different Ships in the Harbour, and the
Gentlemen of Hobart Town and its neighbourhood.
Hilarity and loyalty pervaded every Breast, and the hours
passed with the utmost conviviality." At least twelve of
the gentlemen present were in the proper frame of mind
and body to do justice to such a banquet, for immediately
underneath the above paragraph, we read that on the
morning of the same day, ''a FOOT RACE between Twelve
Gentlemen took place on the Road to New Town, . . .
a distance of two miles; the first Six Gentlemen that
gained the goal were to be the winner of a Dinner, to be
given by the unsuccessful competitors" (6).

Aioart from such trivialities, there is little local news
in the early issues. Presumably, as was the custom in
the newspaper world at that time, local events were sup-
posed to be either too well known to be chronicled, or not
worth recording. Hence the only Tasmanian news tells of

BY HEEBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 5

sensational events, such as the depredations of the bush-
rano-ers, the movements of the aborigines, murders, thefts,
elopements, or the drowning of messengers while fording
flooded streams. The weather occupies much space each
week. We hear of settlers selling their wives in order to
obtain stock for their farms (7); we watch the rapid pro-
gress of horse-racmg towards universal popularity; we
learn that very big rats are swarming over parts, of the
island, biting children in their sleep (8), and this informa-
tion is followed by an infallible recipe for rat poison. Per-
sons over seventy years of age marry (9). A tradesman
away up country receives a draft for £20, and adds a cipher
to make it £200. When charged with forgery, he admits
the act, but justifies it by saying that when he was at
school he was told that a cipher stood for naught, and so he
considers it extremely hard that for notliing he should be
charged with a capital offence (10). As the paper ex-
panded from two to four columns, voluminous quotations
from English and Sydney papers were inserted, the Eng-
lish news being four to six months old. The aftermath
of Waterloo was recorded at great length ; Napoleon and
St. Helena formed favourite subjects; the fate of Murat
and Ney was depicted with gruesome details, and en-
comiums on Wellington, in prose and poetiy, were always
welcomed. The people of Hobart were given dazzling
pictures of the introduction of gas lights into London (11),
and on the death of any member of the Royal Family, the
paper appeared with a deep black border. Columns of
"Tlansard" were reproduced when the House of Commons
had been discussing colonial matters, and in the issue of
April 5, 1817, appeal^ a very interesting extract from the
Report on the Condition rf the Distressed Poor in Eng-
land. At that time the feai'^ concerning French designs
on Australia had abated for a time ; but England, with
her innate love of "scares," decided that Russia intended to
take up the ambitions of France. The possibility of a
Russian descent on India and Australia was seriously dis-
cussed by English politicians and writers. Hence, when
the Parliamentary Committee suggested remedies for Eng-
land's poverty and distress, it urged the importance of en-
couraging emigration to New South Wales and Van Die-
men's Land, for the purpose of populating the southern
lands, and also to provide a "point (Vappui against the
encroachments of Russian aggrandisement." This section
of the report was quoted at length in the Gazette as soon as
the document reached Hobart.

Apropos of this Russian scare, it is interesting, to note
that in 1823 the (^asf^^e recorded the visit of two Russian

6 THE EARLY T ASM AN IAN PRESS, KTC.

discovery ships to Hobart. In the issue of 31st May we
read: "Yesterday morning His Imperial Russian Majesty's
Discovery Ships, the Creuzer and the LaJoga, put into our
port to refresh, having been three months from Rio de
Janiero.'" The visitors stayed three weeks, during which
time they were banquettexi by the military officers and
merchants, and, eventually, on the 21st June, they "pro-
ceeded in prosecution of their voyage of discovery." Where
the discoveries were to be we are not told, nor does the
subsequent histoiy of Australia give any record of a Rus-
sian attempt to annex any part of the continent. But it
is quite possible that this Russian roving commission was
allied to the fear of French schemes on West Australia,
which brought about the English settlements at Albany
and the SNvan River in 1825-1831.

One of the chief interests of the Gazeiie lay in chronicl-
ing the progress of the island, and the discovery of its
latent resources. Bent and his editor were ardent be-
lievers in a "Big Tasmania." They were convinced that
Van Diemen's Land possessed all the necessaries required
to make it a second England, and their columns were al-
ways open to any corresj3ondent who had news or sugges-
tions likely to assist in the development of the colony.
Tlius, in the second issue, we are told of the discovery
of a fine coal seam on the Gordon Rivei ; the seam is six
feet thick, providing "an inexhaustible mine of coal," the
mouth of which could be within ten yards of the water's
edge. Having published this account, the editor goes on
to survey the known mineral resources of the colony. Coal
has been found in many pails, slate and limestone are at
our very doors, whilst marie a.nd lime, invaluable for
farmei^, are here in abundance. On the strength of these
discoveries, the writer compares Tasmania's resources with
those of New South Wales: — "These are natural advan-
tages the country of Port Jackson doth not possess, and
which will enable the Agriculturalists of Van Diemen's
Land to carry on their Agriculture to much greater suc-
cess than the Inhabitants of Port Jackson will ever be able
to do, as neither marie nor limestone have hitherto been
found on the eastern side of the Blue Mountainsi" (12).
This strong sense of the superiority of our island over New
South Wales was to a great extent justified at the time.
Tasmania had been eminently successful in the production
of wheat, and in nomial years produced far more than was
necessary for its own requirements. It seemed very pro-
bable that the colony was destined to be the granary of
vVustralia, and possibly the workshop as well. Witness
Ihe editor's comments on Juno 29, 1816 :— "25,000

BY HERBEllT HEAT ON, M.A., M. COMM. 7

bufchels of wheat liave already been exported to Port Jack-
son out of the late harvest, and still there is enough and to
spare for our own needs. From this earnest of industry
and fertility in so young a colony, and with so small a
population, the mind is led to contemplate on its prosper-
ity and happiness at a remote period, when agriculture
shall be brought to a state of perfection ; when a popula-
tion more than is requisite for the purposes of agriculture
will support the Arts and Commerce, extended through
their means ; M'hen fair Science and the Liberal Arts will
rear their heads, and all the benefits of political society be
universally felt." Look at the greatness of Rome; her
strengrli was based on agriculture : every successful empire
has been built up on the foundations of prosperous hus-
bandry. "So proud an example ought to stimulate us to
persevere in agriculture. All is in our favour, Climate,
Soil, Manures', etc. Our wheat has already found one
Market for its superabundance, and more is likely to be
soon opened to us. Our Barley can be made into beer,
to the great benefit of the country, and it is to be hoped
that every other article of Produce will find a vent. 'Ye
generous Britons, venerate the Plough,' is the exhortation
of the Melodious Bard."' A fine editorial, and read with
approbation by many a free settler in the island. But such
sentiments were distinctly unpalatable to Sydney, and
when the editor of the Sydney Gazette took up the cudgels
against his Hobait rival, a wordy warfare ensued. There
were few journalistic niceties in those days, and the blows
struck were hard and merciless. The Hobart editor suc-
<'eeded in keeping his temper, though with difficulty, and
eventually on December 24, 1824, he complained of the
"ill-bred and Avaspish personalities" of the Svdnev writer,
and the "little jealousies arisins: from the HOURLY DE-
VELOPING SUPERIORITY OF TASMANIA."

There was little real cause for jealousy, for both
colonies were making steady progress. To this progress
the Hohart Toini Gazette contributed very materially. In
an age when scientific literature on agriculture was scarce
in Tasmania, the Gazette rendered great sei^vice by publish-
ing articles of prime importance to settlers on the land. In
the fifth issue (13) appeared the first instalment of an
article on the possibilities of growing hops in the island.
This article began on the note of temperance, a note which
always found a welcome hearing in the Gazette. The con-
sumption of spirits was very sfreat (14), a fact responsible
for many of the problems which confronted the authori-
ties. The Gazette fought against the liquor trade ye^J"
after year, and many quaint articles and diagrams on

8 THtr EARLY TASMANIAX PRESS, ETC.

temperance can be found scattered about its pages. The
article on hopgrowing begins: ''How much more delicious
to the parched and thirsty Labourer in the field in Harvest
Season would be the cheering and sparkling cup of Ale to
the draught of grog ! What sums of money would be left,
in the Colony, or applied to other uses, was Ale and Beer
the general Beverage ! What excesses would be avoided,
and crimes less likely to be committed ! It would be to
the interest of every Settler to endeavour to have a Barrel
of good Ale in his House, instead of Gallons of Rum."
For these reasons, the writer, "Pro Bono Publico," de-
tails at length (through six issues of the Gazette) the best
methods of cultivating the hop. The article had great
effects, and within six or seven years hop gardens and
breweries were numerous in the southern part of the island.
Similar contributions dealt with the growth of corn, the
destruction of pests, the rearing of sheep, etc., and great
attention was devoted by the Gazette to fostering the export
trade in wool. In short, the Gazette^ though small in size
and circulation, strove to exert a powerful influence for
material and moral proeress.

With the growth of the paper came an increase in the
number of advertisements, and from the advertisement
columns one gets, perhaps, the best picture of the social
and economic conditions existing in the settlement. Over
all there loomed the shadow of the system ; one can never
for a moment forget that the island was, as Henry Mel-
ville called it, "a gaol on a large scale" (15). The Go-
vernment notices and the court proceedings, the lists of
tickets-of-leave and of escaped prisoners, all keep the grim
sternness of the life before our eyes. And yet, partlv be-
cause of, and partly in spite of. the system, a flourishing
little commercial society was arising. The prisoners, the
officials, and the troops, had to be fed. clothed, and housed,
and the increasing number of free settlers made the de-
mand for a variety of commodities comparatively great.
Scarcely a month passed without the arrival of some sail-
ing shin from the Old Country, brins^ing passengers, mails,
and genera] carsfo. One watches the size of the vessels
creep up from 200 to 500 tons, and the length of the jour-
Tiey diminish from six months to four. American and
Dutch boats were frequent visitors, and the Hobart-Sydney
trade was growing rapidly, especially in wheat. It is in-
teresting to note in passing that one of the best-known ves-
sels here was the Liixitania. She was a boat of 250 tons,
which did the outward journey from London in four and
a half months. She Avas advertised as offering ''superior
accommodation for Passengei-s,'' and an advertisement in

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 9

the Gazette for August 16, 1823, reads like an announce-
raent of the attractions of her ill-fated descendant: — "For
London direct. . . the regular trader Lusitania. . .
Her accommodations for passengers are vei^y superior, and
to those who may be sending their children to Europe to be
educated, a desirable opportunity is offered, the passage of
several being already engaged ; female attendance will be
provided, and. every attendance paid them."

The advertisements of houses and land have a familiar
modern ring about them. There are ''highly eligible plots
of land," "farms with never-failing creeks," and "very com-
modious weatherboarded houses" or "substantial brick-
built houses pleasantly situated." But the tradesmen's
notices are the most interesting. The specialised store,
keeping only one sort of commodities, did not emerge until
the late thirties. Up to that time the general store or
warehouse held the field. The storekeeper received mixed
consignments from England or elsewhere, and then insertec\
a half-column announcement in the Gazette, drawing at-
tention to his wares. For instance, to take an advertise-
ment from the Gazette of May 17, 1823, Mr. Deane informs
the public at large that "the following valuable articles are
just landed from the late arrivals, and will be offered for
sale at the usual low prices." Then follows a list of over
one hundred commodities, including calicoes, muslins, blan-
kets, a fresh assortment of ladies' false curls, fine split-straw
bonnets, a large assortment of books, consisting of Shake-
peare's Plays, Humphrey Clinker, Tom Jones, The Self-
interpreting Bible, Peregrine Pickle, Watts' Divine Songs,
etc., ironmongery, Jews' harps, tea by the chest, rice and
pepper by the bag, Jamaica rum by the cask.

In trading the currency problem wa,s very acute, all
manner of coinage being in use. English money was in
circulation, but along with it were Spanish dollars, and
rupees, and all seem to have been accepted with equa.l
readiness in payment of bills. Thus, the Australian
Almanack was published at "Three Rupees" (16); the Va7i
Diemens, Land Ahiianacl\ issued in 1824 by Bent, was
priced at one dollar (17), and advertisements for lost pro-
perty generally offered a reward in dollars. But even with
this mongrel coinage the currency was inadequate, a.nd sim-
ple barter had to be adopted. Mr. Deane, whose list of
goods has been quoted, was willing to take wheat at 8s. per
bushel, wool, skins, seal-skins, and all colonial produce as
payment (18). Another trader announced (August 10,
1816), that he had seven casks of Virginia leaf tobacco for
sale ; that he would allow three years' credit, and that pay-
ment could then be made in wheat or meat at storehouse

10 THK EARLY TASMANIAX PKES3, ETC.

price. Farmers away inland generally made purchases in
large quantities, receiving credit on the security of the nexfc
harvest, with the result that some of them smoked and
drank away their whole crop before it was harvested. Even
passage money was occasionally paid in produce, and one
often'encounters notices like the following: — '"'It being the
intention of Captain Dixon to touch at Rio dc Janiero,
wheat will be taken for payment of passage money either to
Rio or to England" (19).

To the housewife many interesting statements as to
the prices of commodities are scattered up and down the
f3arly numbers of the Gazette. The prices of imported
articles, especially those on which duties were imposed,
were high. Tea ranged from 8s. to 15s. a pound, sugar Is.
per lb. Tobacco was obtainable at 6s. to 12s. per lb., whilst
rum stood at 20s. a gallon, and one gallon of rum passed
for currency in many parts as equivalent to £1 sterling.
Fresh butter cost 5s. per lb. The housewife's chief trouble
lay in the price of bread. The price was fixed by assize;
this assize was supposed to be revised weekly (20), in ac-
cordance with the prevailing price of wheat or floui*, but
such revision was not done at all effectively. Hence, even
in times when wheat was cheap, the price of the loaf re-
mained high. This discrepancy drew forth the following
editorial protest in the Gazette of June 11, 1824: — "The
glaring disproportion between what our bakers pay for
their wheat and what we have to pay for our bread at
length compels even us to mumiur. Surely our worthy
magistrates will deign to interfere, and in their equity to
modify the assize, that those who lean on the staff of life
as well as those who prepare it may find support."

The above picturs is that presented to us by the
Gazette during the first eight years of its life. Those yeai-s
had comprised a momentous period in the history of the
journal. Week after week it had been issued regularly,
slowly extending its circulation. There had been many
difficulties to overcome. The first was that of type. The
supply available when Bent began was very small, and if
by anv chance a special demand was made for a large sup-
ply of one particular letter, difficulties arose. Bent w^as
short of small "as." Therefore, he had to use italics,
capitals, and ordinary letters indifferently, producing a
very strange effect on the printed page, as for instance, in
the third issue, where the words "pAyment" and "severAl"
occur. Again, his supply of capitals was small ; hence
when he had to set up a number of short Government
notices, the capitals were exhausted long before the head-
ing of the last notice was reached, and "government house.

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 11

iiobart town, Saturday" was printed devoid of a solitary
capital letter (21). It was many months before a larger
supply could be obtained from England. With the ar-
rival of Governor Sorell, in 1817, the amount of Govern-
ment matter increased, and soon the single sheet had to be
supplemented by a second one. At times four sides w^ere
covered with print, and when a death occurred in the
Royal House, five or six sides were required in all to make
room for the obituary notices. By 1818, all type difficul-
ties had been overcome. Small pictures of ships and
houses began to grace the advertisement columns. The
size of the paper was increased to large foolscap, and three
columns per page became the rule. Even then it was
often necessary to add a second sheet, and this four-page
production was a really creditable piece of work. In April,
1821, Governor Macquarie visited the island, and Bent
celebrated the event by publishing an '"Extraordinary" in
mid-week, the first "Special" published in the island (22).
By this time Bent was ready to do copper-plate printing ;
he published a sohool primer and spelling book, and ac-
quired a stock of copybooks from England, with which ho
supplied the schools that were now being formed. The
newspaper improved every month, and at the beginning of
1824 it became a four-page paper, with four columns per
page, excellently arranged and printed. In 1823 the
press had been moved into larger premises in Elizabeth-
street ; bookbinders' tools had been obtained, and Bent
was now a publisher, stationery dealer, and bookbinder.
He therefore conceived the idea of issuing the Van
Diemen's Lund Ahiianarl\ which made its appearance in
1824 ; it was a creditable little volume, sold at 5s., and was
the ancestor of WnJrlis Red Bool- of present fame.

When the difficulty of inadequate type had been re-
moved, Bent found another problem before him, one not
nearly so' easy to solve. The settlers, especially those in
the Midlands and North, had welcomed the Gazette, and
Bent, with his usual diligence, spared no pains to see that
the copies reached their destination. But when the first
quarter's accounts were sent out, many of the settlers disr
regarded them. Just as the doctor's bill is the last to be
paid to-day, so was the printer's bill the last to receive at-
tention then. The settler obtained his rum and tobacco
on three vears' credit ; whv not his paper on the same
terms? For a time Bent did not press his claims, but
eventually, in 1819, it became necessary to state ''that un-
less his demands (were) regularly adjusted quarterly he
must unavoidablv relinquish his endeavours to supply the
Gazette'' (23). Two years later (1821), the same trouble

12 THE EARLY TASMA>"IAN PRESS, ETC.

arose, and Beut inserted the following in his columns: —
"The Printer of this Paper takes occasion to request a set-
tlement of accounts from those indebted to him. Some of
the accounts alluded to, he begs to remind, are for papers
since the commencement, and having escaped recollection
year after year, really ought to be paid without the trouble
that accomi^anies the necessity of a legal application. He,
therefore, trusts that this timely request will give such
subscribers an opportunity to prevent him from resorting
to so unpleasant a measure, and that they will speedily
come and pay for their papers" (24). Not they ! The
appeal had very little effect, and Bent put matters into
the hands of his lawyer; the cases were brought into court,
and the defaulters ordered to pay. Even then many
ignored the verdict, and after waiting a month, Bent stated
that he would be willing to accept payment in wheat (25).
This had some effect, but year after year the same trouble
arose. Bent cut off the supply of papers, and began to de-
mand payment in advance. In 1824 some farmers pro-
mised to pay after the harvest, and then failed to keep their
promise (26). Bent threatened and cajoled; if they re-
fused to pay, the court would compel them ; if they did
pay, the printer would not only feel thankful, but would
make them each a present of an Ahnanacl- (26).

Amidst such difficulties. Bent plodded on, and built
up an excellent business. In the iirst issue of 1824, he
surveved with satisfaction his past struggles, and indicated
his ideas for expansion. The paper now had sixteen
columns, of which Government notices and advertisements
took ur) more than one half. The rest was filled with local
news, Sydney notes, and English extracts. Bent felt the
time had come to admit the public to his columns, and he
therefore announced as follows: — ''We have often had oc-
casion to remark that the small scale of our paper hitherto
would not admit of our inserting Correspondent's letters.
. As our columns will now allow of the insertio'n of
more matter, and as the well-infoiTned part of the com-
munity might be disposed to fill up a leisure hour in com-
municating through the Press the result of their know-
ledge, observation, or practice, on subjects important to
the interests and pursuits of the Colony, we now feel a
pleasure in having it in our power to state that our en-
larged paper will henceforth enable us to give publicity to
all communications which may appear useful or interesting
to our readei-s" (27).

Bent little realised that in issuing this invitation he
was opening the gate to the floods of misfortune which
assailed him very soon. He had not long to wait for the

BY HERBERT HEATON, M A., M. COMM. 13

correspondents. They were of two kinds, vei-sifiers on the
one. hand, political and agricultural authorities on the
other. Of the would-be poets, a few sent lines which well
deserved the publicity afforded them, and original poetry
became quite a feature of the GcrMte. But of the great
majoritv, the editor mercifully committed their efforts to
oblivion. In every issue appeared a short section in which
the editor replied "To Correspondents." The editorial pen
was often dipped in gall to write this section, and the ver-
dicts on the poets were severe : —

" "W." had better attend to the ducks and geese and
swine he speaks of than attempt poetry."

"Our enlightened correspondent. 'E.H.T.,' need not be
offended at our rejection of his 'Alphabetical Keminiscences,
as thev were considered uninteresting merely because they
were too classical for ordinaiy readers."

'Lines on Beauty' are so utterly devoid of it that in
pitv to 'Lothario' we shall burn them.'"

"We are soriy to tell X Philosopher" he is ignorant of
mankind.'"

" 'Vurses on Kangeini Huntin" by a Stockkeeper, are
no doubt veiy fine, but they are above our comprehen-
sion."

"We have no wish to blight the hopes of our Corre-
spondent who signs himself 'A Bud," yet in the Muses'
bower we seriously think he will never prove a Blossom."

Whilst the poets were turned away, the letter-writers
were accorded a more favourable reception. At fii-st the
letters were perfectly harmless. Political criticism was
scarcelv ever attempted, for Lieut. -Governor Sorell was a
universal favourite, and it is doubtful if there were a dozen
settlers in the island sufficiently dissatisfied with his rule to
pen a letter. Hence the correspondence was chiefly com-
mercial and agricultural. The growth of tobacco, frauds
in weights and measures, faults in the currency, the need for
a central market, or for a museum of natural histoi-A^ these
were the staple topics, discussed by writers with such peren-
nial pseudonyms as Agricola, Rusticus, An Old Settler,
Patriot, Constant Reader, Another Constant Reader. Bri-
tannia. Colonist, Veritas, etc. The Gazette welcomed such
contributions as good "copy," and a number of the letters
contained valuable agricultural advice.

Then the change began, and soon Bent's skv was full
of dark clouds. On 15th March, 1824, J. L. Redder ar-
rived from England to become the fii^t Chief Justice of the
newlv-established Supreme Court, and Mr. J. T. Gelli-
brand came to become Attorney-General. Two months
later, Col. Arthur reached Hobart, to take the place of

14 THE EARLY TASMANIAN PRESS, ETC.

Sorell. The colonists did not welcome the new-comer,
Sorell had been easy-going and affable. His rule had laid
lightly on the free settlers, and he was no fastidious wor-
shipper of elaborate organisation or regulation. On the
other hajid, Arthur's reputation was that of a stern soldier,
with a high hand and an iron heel; a man keen on order,
efficiency, and discipline ; a man who, placed at the head
of a colony which was a penal settlement as well as a home
for free settlers, would rule it as a. penal settlement, pure
and simple. Such a man was bound to clash with the
spirit which was manifesting itself among the free settlers.
They were formulating demands for liberation from the
control of Sydney, for trial by jury, and for representative
government, demands which were not all compatible with
the fnnda.mental character of the settlement.

The trouble soon commenced. Immediately on his
entry to office, Arthur appointed his nephew, John Mon-
tagu, Colonial Secretary, and drew round himself a circle
of advisers and officials appointed almost entirely from
amongst the new arrivals. He reorganised the prison sys-
tem, tightened the discipline, and by a series of orders'
placed the whole penal and political life of the colony on
a different footing. He seems to have paid little regard
to those who had been the friends and advisers of his pre-
decessor, and even less to the manner in which things had
been done formerly.

Such an attitude promptly aroused opposition from
those who thought themselves slighted, and this was re-
flected in the correspondence to the Gazeffe. When the
new Governor arrived, Bent determined to shake himself
free from such Government supervision as had formerly
been attached to his paper. Up to this time, the editor
had been appointed by the Governor, but Bent now dis-
missed the old editor, and appointed Evan Henrv Thomas,
a well-educated and fluent writer, in his place (28).
Thomas soon began to venture an occasional mild protest
against official sins of omission and commission, and passed
for publication one or two letters in which the protests
were more strongly worded. Chief amongst the critics of
the Government was Robert Lathrop Murray, who wrote
under the nom-de-plume of ''A Colonist." Murray's let-
ters usually filled three or four columns of the paper, and
contained a few grains of wheat in the midst of a stack of
chaff. There was plenty of vague generalising, largely
much ado about nothing; but having read throush the
mass of words, one perceived dimly that ''Colonist" had
been criticising the new Governor. The editor, in pub-
lishing such lettei^, pleaded for greater brevity, and stated

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 15

quite clearly that personalities, invective, political or re-
ligious controversy would not be allowed to pass his cen-
sorsnip (29). To those who sent details of scandals, he
replied : "If what you say is true, the Supreme Court is the
iit place to reveal the facts, not a newspaper"' (30). Such
protests and disclaimers, however, did not placate the Go-
vernor. Veiled criticisms were being made in the press;
they must be stopped. In June or July, 1824, therefore,
Arthur endeavoured to assert his authority over the
Gazette, by claiming it as Government property. Bent
strenuously defended himself, declared that the paper be-
longed entirely to him, and sent Thomas, his editor, td lay
the case before Arthur's superior in Sydney, Sir Thomas
Brisbane. The verdict was entirely in Bent's favour (31),
and in the Gazette of October 8, 1824, a. mysterious and
triumphant editorial revealed sufficient of the facts to al-
low the public to guess the remainder. Thi& editorial was
assumed by many to be a veiled attack on Arthur, but
Thomas vigorously denied any such intention, in the fol-
lowing issue. "We bow down with all merited homage to
the (representative) of our glorious Monarch," concluded
the article, and in his refusal to publish anonymous attacks
on officials, Thomas showed that he had no intention of
being a bigoted partisan.

These protests were of little avail, for the new Gover-
nor had quickly decided that action must be taken against
the Gazette. That determination grew as the editorials
and ''Colonist's" letters became bolder in their tone. First,
the police force was criticised. Then complaints made in
letters were enlarged upon. Editorials nearly all began
now with such sentences as "Much general inconvenience is
being felt," or "Repeated complaints have been made."
Real or imaginary scandals in the employment of convict
labour were dragged out, and the new harbour regulations
were said to be ruining the port. "Colonist" laboured at
great length to prove that Arthur had allowed himself to
be misled by a host of evil and interested subordinates;
that he had created a small araiy of sinecures for his
friends, with big salaries and little work ; that the colonial
revenue was therebv being squandered, and that meanwhile
farmers and merchants were trembling on the brink of
ruin (^32). The editor, possiblv intoxicated by the vigour
of this attack, wrote article after article in similar vein.
He pleaded with the Governor (33) to do something "to re-
nerve the drooping energies of Van Diemen's Land, and to
eventuallv realise those sanguine expectations" which had
brought the free settlers here. "If ever destiny decreed a
crisis at which a smiling colonv might either bv Minis-

16 THE EARLY TASMANIAN VRE8S, ETC

terial neglect be suffered to perish irremediably, or by
Ministerial succours be restored to its 72c /thus ultra of
elevation and prosperity, that crisis is at hand." The
harvest had been deficient, but "Why should distress stalk
through the furrowed vales of Van Diemen's Land" be-
cause the settlers had no seed, when the Government could
easily obtain some and supply the farmers on easy terms?
Still stronger words were to follow. On May 'JO. 1825, the
editor made a fierce attack on Arthurs administration,
concluding with the following sarcastic paragraph: — "It
is much better that a few supine, ignorant, and extrava-
gantlv-hired Public Officers should be galled for their mis-
conduct than that a whole community should be crushec,
enslaved, and subjugated. Had the former administration
of this Colony been anti-commercial, anti-agricultural, and
anti-local in every sense, perhaps by this time our necks
would have been seasoned to the yoke. . . The truth

is that Col. Sorell governed this Island with a fixed and
amiable view to its elevation — that he reasoned before he
jiresumcd to act — that he acted in compliance with reason —
and consequently that wealth in combination with improve-
ment, respectability, and happiness, sprang up beneath
the fructifying smile of his administration. But
note well, has a transition, at once mis-
chievous and melancholy, occurred since his depar-
ture? Have the merchants been insulted? And are the
sons of husbandry abandoned? Has the public money,
which ought to be always used in public improvements,
been lavished on the worse than superfluous dependants
of at most but a fleeting authority? Has public judgment
been set at naught, and public feeling violated? Has pro-
per intercourse between the governed and the Government
been rudely curtailed and unwisely interfered with ? These
and numerous other truly caustic questions might now be
advanced. Nevertheless, as our Monarch's delegate may
yet become popular, if he will condescend to learn wisdom
from experience, and hencefoi-th legitimately exercise his
power for the welfare of all who are committed to his care,
we shall at present refrain from saying much which, though
deserved, might give offence. . . . What we have said
is well meant ; what we have said is felt by the Public ; and
what we have said, if properly attended to, will render the
heart of every honest Colonist a shrine of respect for
Lieut.-Govemor Arthur."

Flesh and blood could bear no more, and within a
week Arthur's plans for retaliation were complete. Since
Bent was not amenable to official pressure, tlie position of
Government Printer must pass into the hands of some

BY HEKBERT MEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 17

more pliable person. Arthur discovered the desired
character in George Terry Howe, son of the George Howe
\vho in 1803 had established the Sydney Gazette (34).
Howe had begun to publish Tlie Taswanian in Launceston
early in 1825, but he v/as now approached by Arthur, and
ofTered the post of Government Printer in Hobart. He was
piomised a subsidy of £300 a year, in place of the £30
which had been paid annually to Bent (35). Attracted
bv these terms, Howe came to Hobart, and after arranging
a partnership with James Ross, LL.D., a brilliant Scots-
man living in Hobart, he produced his first copy of the
Tlohart Town Gazette on June 25, 1825.

The name of the paper was frankly pirated from Bent,
bat the protests of the latter were met with the retort that
the title was one which belonged only to the official organ
of the Government, and that as Bents i>aper had sacrificed
its claim to official recognition, it had ij^^'^ facto lost its
title. Bent eventually was compelled to accept the new
situation, and in August his paper appeared under the
name of the Colonial Times. Meanwhile the new Gazette,
though printed at first in very inferior style, showed no
penitence for its usurpation, and the two journals filled
many columns flinging gibes and journalistic mud at each
other. The Gazette took up an attitude of appreciation
towards the Government, and sang the praises of Arthur's
administration (36). A letter by "Colonist" which had
formerly appeared in the old Gazette was reprinted, but
with every "ISro"' turned to "Yes," with "unsatisf actor}-"
changed to "satisfactory," and with every criticism trans-
formed into a commendation (37). Arthur could rely on
the loval support of his new printers, in spite of the edi-
torial assertion that the opinions expressed in the new
journal were "free and uncontrolled."

Having succeeded in this first attack on Bent and his
supporters, Arthur now pressed on to the second. Tlie
rebel printer must be sued for libel. Out of the mass of
anti-governmental utterances, two were selected. The first
was the editorial which referred to the appeal to Sydney
against Arthur's claim to the paper (38) ; the second re-
lated to statements made concerning Arthur's alleged mis-
deeds whilst Governor of Honduras (39). In commenting
on the former incident, the editor had made a scarcely
veiled reference to the Governor as a "Gibeonite of
tyranny." The allusion, the exact meaning of which no
one seemed to understand, was regarded as imputing some
esDecialh^ bad form of tyranny ; and the second charge, to
which a third was added subsequently (40), was based on
the assertion that Bent had made imputations of tyranny.

IS THE EAULy TASMANIAN TRESS, ETC.

corruption, and improper t;ondiu't against the Governor.
Bent appeared before the Supreme Court several times,
and, after jDrolonged trials and re-trials (41), was sentenced,
on the verdict ol a military jui^, to six months" imi^rison-
ment, and to fines which, along with counsels fees,
amounted to £518 (42).

In the eyes of many free settlers this heavy punish-
ment appeared to be flagrant persecution of a man who for
ten years had struggled hard to keep the island provided
with a newsiDaper. In July, 1826, a meeting was called
of all ''Friends of the Liberty of the Press, " at which a
subscription list w^as openecl for Bents benefit, and
eventually Bent was recouped for his losses to the extent
of about £250 (43). When liberated, the indomitable
printer coiitinued his former policy, with Murray
("Colonist") as editor of the Colonial Times. The paper
became more than ever the organ of the malcontents, and
the medium for scurrilous attacks on Arthur. No story
was too bad to be true, and, according to the columns of
the Colonial Times, the Governor and his minions were
greedy, corrupt, tyrants, who were fast driving the colony
into bankruptcy and revolt. Arthur meditated further
reprisals, and eai'ly in January, 1827, ordered another
prosecution for libel against Bent, who had reprinted from
the AuHtralian, a mainland paper, an extract which Arthur
deemed to be personally offensive and libellous. Even
the Gazette protested against this action (44), and the
prosecution was withdrawn, in favour of measures for im-
posing legislative restraint on the whole press.

Arthur's attit-udo, though the cause of much vitupera--
tion at the time, calls for a certain amount of symjDathy.
He was in a difficult situation as the head of a colony
which was at the same time a home of convicts and of free
settlers. The free men, whose voices were heard in Bent's
cclnmns, were clamouring for the libei-ties they had en-
joyed at Home, freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
trial by jurv, and representative responsible government.
But the convict system made the granting of some, if not
all, of these demands well-nigh impossible. Arthur's
character and military training made him indifferent to
such co'n^^titutional trifles. His business was to keep the
convicts in order, and, as a secondary consideration, to de-
velop the resources of the colony. But anything which
militated against order amongst the convicts must be sup-
pressed, even if it entailed the denial of citizenship to the
free settlers. Hence, a perfectly free press, with the
right to criticise as it pleased, was impossible. Discipline
and quiet amongst the prisoners w\as the prime necessity;

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 19

a free i3ress was a mere luxury, and Tasmania had not yet
reached the stage for luxuries. Arthur made his position
clear to a deputation of fifty Hobart residents who waited
on him in December. 1825, with a request for the suppres-
sion of disorder in the gaol and bushranging throughout
the country (45). In his repl3^ Arthur pointed out that
the cause of the' outlawry and violence was to be found in
the "factious principles disseminated in the colony through
the medium of a licentious Press," the utterances of which
had a disquieting effect on the convict population, "who,
being for the most part men predisposed to evil, are un-
able to draw the necessary line betw^een the libertv of writ-
ing and the liberty of acting, and who, seeing the Govern-
ment insulted with impunity, and its measures character-
ised as the effort of weakness and imbecility, have been led
to the delusive expectation that resistance to the con-
stituted authonties might prove successful." The Hobart
23ress, he declared, was "striving to alienate, as fa.r as it
was able, the community from the Government,' and
'tending to destroy the only rallying point on which the
countrv could rest or from Avhich it might reasonably ex-
pect to have its affairs retrieved" (46). In similar vein,
Arthur declared about a year later that "so long as the
colony was a place for the reception of convicts, the press
could not be free : that it was dangerous to authority, and
calculated to destroy the security of domestic life"' (47).
Arthur evidently presumed that the convicts could afford
to procure copies of the paper (at one shilling each), and
were able to read the printed word — both doubtful sup-
positions.

Holding the above opinions. Arthur now determined
to gain more effective control over the press, through the
agency of the newly-established Legislative Council. In
New South Wales the freedom of the press, srranted by
Governor Binsbane in 1824, had caused much friction be-
tween the papers and the authorities, and Governor Dar-
ling was now attempting to regain control of the journal-
ists. Arthur resolved to imitate Darling, and in Septem-
ber, 1827. the Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land
passed "An Act to regulate the Printinsf and Publishing
of Newspapers, and for the Prevention of blasphemous and
seditions Libels" (8 Geo. IV., No. 2) (48). The preamble
stated the case for the Governor. The number of con-
victs was far greater than that of free settlers, and the
colonv was primarily a prison settlement. Newspapers
had thrown off the official censorship, and had abused their
freedom by publishins: matter "calculated to diminish the
due authority of the Government over transported

20 THE EARLY TASMANIAN PRESS, ETC.

offenders. . . . and tending to bring the Government
and the Administration into Public Hatred and Con-
tempt. ' Tliercfore, in order to stop the issue of the
blasphemous and seditious libels, the Act decreed

(1.) That no person should print or publish a news-
paper without having hrst obtained a license ; this license
was to be issued by the Governor, and must be renewed
annually.

(2.) That if the licensee published any matter tending
to bring into contempt or hatred the Royal Family, the
Government or Constitution of the United Kingdom or
of Tasmania, the license could be cancelled at once.

(3.) That each licensee should enter into a recognis-
ance before the Chief Justice, along with two or three
guarantors, the printer giving security to the extent of
£400, and the others for a further £400, that no libel
should be printed.

An accompanying Act (8 Geo. IV., No. 3) imposed a
stamp duty of threepence per copy on all newspapers
printed in the island, but allowed the Governor to reduce
the duty at any time. Heavy penalties were to be im-
posed for printing on unstamped paper (49).

Armed with these Acts, Arthur felt secure, and at
once refused to give Bent a license to print. The veteran
printer tried various devices, including the publication of
a sheet containing advertisements only ; but at every turn
the law pounced upon him, and he suffered heavily. At
the same time, the Gazette ceased to print anything but
Government notices, thus becoming an official notice-sheet
and nothing more. Dr. Ross turned the non-official part
of the old Gazette into a new paper, the Hohart Toim.
Courier, in which he continued to pour out his wrath
against the Radicals, and his mild flatteries of Ai'thur.

The passage of the newspaper Acts had been bitterly
resented by the advocates of liberty, and a forcible protest,
signed by fifty leading citizens, informed Arthur that the
restrictions on the press were "needless, unconstitutional,
and debasing — an insult to the colony, and contrary to the
iinplied engagements of the Crown when emigration was
invited" (50). Arthur gave an unsatisfactory reply, and
the protest was therefore despatched to the Home au-
thorities, with a request that the obiectionable Acts might
be disallowed. In December, 1828, the reply was re-
ceived, supporting the colonists in their ]->rotest, and an-
nullins: both Acts (51).

Here ended the first phase in the struggle for liberty
of the press. The result had been a partial rebuff for the
Governor, who now for six years refrained from any

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 21

further libel suits. But in the struggle Bent had suc-
cumbed. He appears to have become bankrupt about
1827-8, and to have lost control of the Colonial Times. He
made several spasmodic attempts at a later date, going to
Sydnev in 1835, where he published Bent's Neivs in 1836,
at the low price of threepence per copy (52). After four
years this effort also failed ; Bent lost his printing plant,
and SDcnt four years in destitution. In 1844 he issued
a begaing letter, asking for £50 to enable him to purchase
a small press and set of type. The Australian papers took
up his appeal, referring to him as the "scarred veteran of
the Press,"' "the Father of the Tasmanian Press," and de-
scribing him as the

"Village champion, who, with dauntless breath,

The little tyrants of the place withstood.''

Subscriptions flowed in. Governor Gipps sent £5 ; Chief
Justice Stephen, who had been one of Bent's most bitter
enemies in the "twenties, forgot old feuds, and gave £4.
But Bent was now evidently worn out, and, in spite of a
long subscription list, he did nothing more for Australian
journalism. His story is a pathetic episode in our early
historv. and his dauntless fights, often for men who, like
R. L. Murray, were not worth fighting for, entitle him to
a niche in Tasmanian history as a practical friend of pro-
gress and a political martyr. His epitaph can best be
written in the v^^ords of an Australian editor who sup-
ported his begging appeal: — "One who has suffered so
much persecution — the loss of personal liberty and pro-
perty— in his praiseworthy efforts to expose the prevailing
errors of the day, and to raise the tone of society" (53).

The struggle between Arthur and the press began its
second phase in 1835. By this time many new figures had
appeared, and the Radical party in Hobart had become
strong, being organised in the "Political Association."'
The absence of trial by jury and of representative govern-
ment srave the malcontents a splendid peg on which to
hang their attacks on Arthur. The undoubted material
progress of the ct^lony was ignored by this opposition
party ; on the other hand, every action of the Governor
was seized upon, twisted out of its real shape, and made
the subject of long, scurrilous articles in the Colonial
Times and True Colonist . The former paper was now in
the hands of Henry Melville, a clever, but strongly par-
^san, writer. Melville was an ardent Radical, and, inci-
dentally, a keen advocat-e of the "single tax," and of
heavier taxation of unimproved land (54). The True

22 THE EARLY TASMANIAN PRESS, ETC.

Colonic, which was published daily for a time, had as its
editor a wild, headstrong journalist, Gilbert Robertson.
Eobertson had no appreciation of the need for verifying
one's facts, and was always ready to print any story if it
reflected adversely on the authorities. This unfortunate
faculty eventually brought Robertson into conflict with
Arthur, and in 1835 he was sued for four distinct libels.

The nature of these libels illustrates the general na-
ture of the scores of accusations which the two papers
were constantly bringing against the Government. The
first was that Arthur had, after the enrolment of a grant
of land, made a correction of a clerical error, with the im-
putation that if he could correct clerical mistakes, he
might also commit more serious alterations in deeds,
amounting to forgery. For this insinuation Robertson,
who Vy-as unable to prove his assertion, was sentenced to
four months' imprisonment and a fine of £60. The second
libel was an accusation that the Governor had appropriated
hay from the Government farm at New Town for his own
private use, a charge amounting to larceny. Tliis brought
on Robertson's head a fine of £120, and eight months' im-
prisonment. Tlie third libel was against Mr. T. W. Row-
lands, attorney of the Supreme Court, and for this offence
the unlucky eclitor received a sentence of £20 fine and one
month's imprisonment. Whilst he was serving his ac-
cumulated period of thirteen months in gaol, a^ fourth
charge was brought against him, that he had libellously
attemnted to defame the Governor and his nephew, Cap-
tain Montagu. Robertson had charged Montagu with
having: used a large quantity of Government materials and
labour in building himself a ''mansion" in Hampdcn-row,
and afterwards, to cover his offence, had obtained an ante-
dated letter of license from Arthur, sanctioning the use of
sucn materials. Tliis last case was tried before Judge
Montagu, a relative of the plaintiff, and Robertson, who
was unable to substantiate his charges, received a severe
handling from both judge and counsel for the prosecution.
The latter declared that the charge made by Robertson
''was as false as if the Father of Lies himself had come up
from the bottomless abyss, and communicated it to the
True ColoniH" (55). The judge, in sentencing him to
twelve months' imprisonment and a fine of £50, used the
most vigorous language. The libel was "false as hell,"
the editor was "the tool of a miserable party of agitated
disturbers" ; he was prostrating his intellect "in so de-
based, detestable, and abominable a service," and was pub-
lishing articles which were "a pest even to Botanv Bay"
(56).

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMM. 23

Robertson, in his coufmemeiit in gaol, was soon joined
by Melville, who was sentenced in November, 1855, to
twelve months' imprisonment, £200 fine, and ordered to
iind securities to the extent of £500 for his future good be-
haviour. Melville's offence was contempt of court, he
having commented on the judge, jury, witnesses, and sen-
tence, in a very discreditable trial for cattle-stealing (57).
Melville spent his time in prison writing a most unfiatter-
ing history of Arthur "s regime, in which he j^leaded for
land reform, the stoppage of transportation, representative
government, etc. When Christmas, 1835, came round,
the Governor graciously liberated Robertson, and on the
29th December set Melville free (58). Arthur accom-
panied his liberation of Melville with the expressed hope
that the release "will lead you in future, by the influence
of a better motive than fear of punishment, to abstain
from a system of detraction which is not more injurious to
the interests of your own famil}^ than it is subversive of all
peace and order, and ruinous to the welfare of society.''
This hope of journalistic reform was doomed to disappoint-
ment, for both editors at once recommenced their bitter
attacks, Robertson especially distinguishing himself by
his wild and usually unfounded assertions.

After twelve years of service Arthur was recalled in
1836. On May 27 and 28 of that year, the papers were
full of the news. The Radical press went into hysterics
of jov and called upon every resource of type to announce
the w^elcome fact. The True Colonist burst out in the fol-
lowing strain: — "Never has it fallen to our lot to com-
municate such welcome intelligence. . . He (Arthur)
will be wafted from these shores by the curses of many a
broken-hearted parent, and many a destitute child, which
owe their miseiy to the foolish and wicked system of mis-
government by which the colony has been ruined, and the
vindictive system of persecution by which the prospects
and characters of individuals were ruined. . . . He
was the father of usur}^ — the patron of falsehood, hypocrisy,
and deceit — the protector of perjury, and the rewarder of
perjurers." Robertson also in June (59) urged the pub-
lic to refuse to support a fund which was being organised
for the purpose of presenting Arthur with a piece of plate.
"Yes, colonists,'' he concluded, "present Col. Arthur with
a piece of plate, but let it be symbolical of (the colony's)
present state — let it be a shivered fragment of crockery,
and tell Col. Arthur that as the fragments can never be
united, so has he dissevered society, and caused the colon-
ists to be without union, save in one important point, and
that is in thanking His Majesty for the mercy he has

24 THE EARLY TASMANIAN PRESS, ETC.

manifested m the recall of Col. Avtliui." When Arthur
sailed, Robertson and a few of his fellow lladicals illumin-
ated their houses in honour of the event, and persuaded a
number of men and boys to let off fireworks in the street.
The police intervened, and in the Police Court proceed-
ings of the following day it was announced that Robertson
had been arrested with his pockets full of crackers (60).

From such expressions of party hatred it is a relief to
turn to the Hohart Town Coiirier (of which Ross was still
editor), and the other papers which had supported Arthur's
rule. Here we find nothing but praise of the administra-
tion, and sincere regret when Arthur was recalled. "Go-
vernor Arthur has made the colony," says Ross (61), and
the long list of actual achievements shows that, in spite of
many blunders, and a haiighty manner, Arthur had been
responsible for much real progress in the colony. If this
was so, how then is one to explain the tirades of Melville
and the Radicals? The explanation is that the press was
conducted on strict party lines, perhaps even more so tha»
to-dav. The Radicals were the Opposition, an Opposition
which had no power to voice its opinions in a Legislature
composed entirely of the Governors nominees. The only
available channel for criticism or suggestions was, there-
fore, the press. But Arthur was an autocrat, who took
no regard of the advice showered upon him, a fact which
exasperated the Radicals to a great degree. Further, the
settlement was isolated ; news from the outside world fil-
tered in only about once a month. The newspapers were,
therefore, driven to fill their columns with local matter,
and as this was difficult to accomplish, they sought refuge
in virulent attacks on the Governor, who so completely
disregarded their few just grievances. The journalistic
conscience was practically non-existent; the laws of evi-
dence were apparently unknown ; the colonists must have
value for their money. Therefore, the line of least re-
sistance was to attack the administration, with a violence
such as we have seen on several occasions above. Having
gained a certain measure of liberty in 1828, the journalists
drew no line between liberty and license, and their tactics
were frequently nauseating. Arthur, after his initial at-
tack of hyper-sensitiveness in 1824-5, learnt to ignore the
constant jibes at himself and his subordinates, knowing
full well that the Radicals would defeat their own ends by
their unwise methods. Only when some accusation be-
came too offensive did he seek the aid of the law, and on
such occasions he was always sure that a. militarv iury, or a
specially chosen civil jury, could be relied upon to give a
satisfactory verdict. It is an unpleasant story, and

BY HERBERT HEATON, M.A., M. COMJM. 25

Arthur cannot be excused at times of a certain vindictive-
ness in his actions, and of a wilful deafness to the demands
of the more democratic free settlers. But the blame was
not all on one side, and until Robertson and the rest had
learnt the value of truth and moderation, such conflicts
as have been described in this paper were inevitable.

With the arrival of Sir John Franklin, a more reason-
able atmosphere was created, and the Radical press lost
some of its venom. Melville occasionally figured in libel
cases, the plaintiffs being private citizens, but the rancour
of 1834-6 was gone forever. Meanwhile the Hohart
Town Courier had passed in 1837 into the hands of Mr.
Elliston, Master of the Longford Academy (62), who com-
bined a gentle flattery of the Governor with eloquent edu-
cational articles, some of v/hich urged the need for a Uni-
versitv in the island. The idea of a University had been
conceived some ten years earlier, but nothing had been
done. Elliston now took up his pen to revive the demand,
and in several splendid articles he pleaded for a Univer-
sity, no matter how small. Such an institution, he urged,
would attract those who otherwise would go from Aus-
tralia and India to England ; it would produce good doc-
tors and teachers; and "finally, by providing instruction
in the higher departments of literature, independently of
a professional kind, that character would be given to the
wealthier classes of the colonists without which rank is
intolerable, and the influence of wealth pernicious" (63).
PerhaDS also the University might have had a beneficial
effect on journalists, and hastened the day when the oft-
used ^hrase, "the licentiousness of the press," would be
meaningless. Tliat day came slowly, as the pre.ss began
to realise a deeper sense of moral responsibility, and, as
journalists, assured of liberty of speech, laid down as their
ideal. "The truth, the whole truth (unless it hurts our
case), and as little as possible beside the ti^ith."

NOTES AND REFERENCES.

1. Teetotal Advocate, 1842.

2. The Irish Exile, 1850-1.

3. See Fenton, "History of Tasmania"" (1884), p. 41.

4. Hohart Town Gazette, Januan? 7, 1825.

26 THE EARLY TASMANIAN PRESS, ETC.

5. Tlie copies consulted for this paper are those in the

keeping of the Hon. the Chief Secretary, to whom^
and to whose staff, the writer wishes to express
his thanks for the facilities rendered him in pre-
paring this paper.

6. H.T.G., June 8, 1816.

7. H.T.G., October 19, 1816.

8. H.T.G., November 30 and December 14, 1816.

9. H.T.G., April 26, 1817.
10. H.T.G., October 19, 1816.
IJ. H.T.G., December 7, 1816.

12. H.T.G., June 15, 1816.

13. H.T.G., June 29, 1816.

14. It was estimated that in 1826, 1,000 gals, of rum were

consumed weekly by a population of a little over
12,000. See Hohart Town G(mrier, November
18, 1836.

15. "A History of the Island of Van Dicmens Land from

the year 1824 to 1836 inclusive; to which is
added A Few Words on Prison Discipline";
printed at the office of Henry Melville, Hobart
Town, Van Diemen's Land, 1835, p. 131.

16. H.T.G., Januaiy 30, 1824.

17. H.T.G., January 2, 1824.

18. H.T.G.. May 17, 1823.

19. U.T.G., June 28, 1823.

20. H.T.G., passim. See especially August 10. 1816. and

ordinance regulating bread trade, July 6. 1816.

21. H.T.G., June 15,^1816, and April 12, 1817.

22. H.T.G., April 25, 1821.

23. H.T.G., July 12, 1819.

24. H.T.G., January 27, 1821.

25. H.T.G., April 1*4, 1821.

26. H.T.G., February 27, 1824.

27. H.T.G., January 2, 1824.

28. See evidence in trial, King v. Bent., H.T.G.. July 30,

1825; also Coloiiial Times, April 15, 1826.

29. Tf.T.G., June 4. 1824, and subsequent issues.

30. TI.T.G., Januaiy 14, 1825. See also comment in

Gazette, January 21, 1825:— "The Angler would
fish in troubled waters, but wo will not let him."

31. See evidence in trials, July, 1825, and April, 1826.

32. See letters, July 30, September 3, 1824 ; Januarv 28,

February 25, April 22, 1825.

BY BKRBERT HE AXON, iM.A., M. COMM. 2?

33. H.T.G., April 22, 1825.

34. H.T.G., May 27, 1825.

35. See annual statements of accounts before and after

1825.

36. Ross acted as editor, and for the rest of Arthur's

regime was his most stalwart supporter.

37. H.T.G., June 27, 1825.

38. H.T.G., editorial of October 8, 1824.

39. H.T.G., February 11, 1825.

40. H.T.G., April 8, 1826.

41. H.T.G., July 1, July 30, 1825; April 1, April 22, May

20, May 27, 1826. Also Colonial Times,
especially April 15, 1826.

42. Colonial Times, August 4, 1826.

43. Colonial Times, July 28, 1826.

44. H.T.G., February 17, 1827.

45. H.T.G., November 28, 1825.

46. H.T.G., December 19, 1825.

47. Fenton, op. cit., pp. 77-8.

48. Both Acts are printed in full in the Gazette^ Septem-

ber 22, 1827.

49. The duty wa.s soon reduced to twopence.

50. Melville, op. cit., p. 70.

51. Melville, op. cit., p. 70.

52. Hohart Town Courier, January' 22, 1836.

53. These facts are obtained from a collection of cuttings

from various Australian papers, which are pasted
in the front of the Chief Secretarv's copy of the
first volume of the H.T.G.

54. In his History, referred to above, Melville deals w^ith

the whole question of land tenure. Here he
urges that the whole revenue of the colony should
be raised by a land tax or quit-rent; customs,
stamp duties, and other existing fonns of taxation
could then be abolished. Further, he suggests
that in a land tax unimproved land "should be
more severely taxed than the soil on which
labour and capital have been expended ; the
former has been almost useless to society, whilst
the latter has assisted in the maintenance of the
inhabitants," pp. 151 et seq.

55. H.T. Courier, July 7, 1835.

56. For the facts of these four cases, see Melville, op. cit,,

pp. 199-203. Also H.T. Courier, March 9, April
7. Mav 5, July 7 and 8, 1835.

28 THK KAKLY TASMANMAN PEiKSH, KTC.

67. Melville, op. cit., p. 230. Also H.T. Courier, Novem-
ber 6, 1835.

58. H.T. Courier, December 25, 1835. Also January 1,

1836.

59. Quoted by H.T. Courier, June 10, 1836.

60. H.T. Courier, October 31, 1836.

61. H.T. Courier, May 27, 1836.

62. H.T. Courier, December 9, 1836.

63. H.T. Courier, March 24, 1837; also June 23, 1837.

29

INOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE CRADLE
MOUNTAIN DISTRICT,

With a Bibliography of the Pleistocene Glaciation of

Tasmania.

By W. N. Benson, D.Sc, B.A., F.G.S.

Plates I.-IV.

(Communicated by W. F. D. Butler, M.Sc, LL.B., B.A.)

.(Read Brd April, 1916. Issued st-parately 28tli July, 1916.)

Owing to the kind invitation of Mr. Rodway and
Professor Flynn, the writer had the good fortune to be
a member of a party spending the last week of 1915 in
Mr. Weindorfer's Accommodation Hut near Cradle Moun-
tain in the north-west of the Tasmanian highlands.
'Though there was little opportunity for detailed geolo-
gical work, many interesting features were observed,
which, at the request of the leaders of the- party, are
bere recorded, and correlated with the scattered references
to this region in the writings of the few geologists that
have previously been in the neighbourhood. A sketch
map of the geological features, and a topographical sketch
maiD are also given, based on a manuscript map by Franz
Malscher, supplied by Mr. Weindorfer, and amended in
accordance with surveys made by the present party. The
following account must be considered rather tentative,
since lack of time prevented complete verification.

Cradle Mountain may be reached most easily by the
road from Sheffield through Wilmot and the Middlesex
Plains, a distance of forty miles. The track crosses the
Isis' River and Pencil Pine Creek, and then follows the
X)ove River to the foot of the mountain. The forma^
tions traversed by this route, or adjacent thereto, are
the Pre-cambrian schists, the Cambrian sandstones, quartz-
ites and conglomerates, Silurian limestones, Devonian
-granite, and Tertiary basaltic rocks (which are of several
types, varying from dolerite to tachylite), and alluvial
deposits. (1).

The four main formations in the vicinity of Cradle
Mountain and Barn Bluff are the Pre-cambrian schists
and quartzites, the Permo-carboniferous conglomerates,
•F8iiidstones and mudstones, the Cretaceous dolerite, and

(1) W. H. Twelvetrees. Bibliography No. 42,

30 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CKADLE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT,

the Pleistocene glacial deposits. A little recent alluvium
IS also present. The general disposition of the first three
series is roughly indicated in Mr. Johnston's official
Geological Map of Tasmania of 1884, the earliest chart to
which the writer has had access. A more accurate repre^
sentation is found in the map given by Jeffrey Smith,
"based on information supplied by the Geological Survey
of Tasmania." (2).

The Pre-cambriaix rocks of the region have been
briefly described by Messrs. Waller (5) and Ward. (4) The
latter remarks that at Barn Bluff they strike a few de-
grees north of west. Between here and the Forth River
the strike, according to Waller, is nearly east and west.
In the immediate vicinity of Cradle Mountain the writer
found the strike to be between E.N.E.-W.S.W. and
N.N.E.-S.S.W., the former direction predominating to the
north-east of the mountain ; while to the north-west, along
the Dove River, rocks have been observed striking west of
north. Evidently there is a great bend in the Pre-cam-
brian fold-axes in this region. The rocks are intensely
folded ; numerous sharp anticlines and synclines are
visible. The dips are nearly vertical, and easterly dips
are usually steeper than those directed towards the west,
while the latter are more common. These facts suggest
that overfolding has occurred under the influence of a
thrust directed from the west.

The rocks present are all of sedimentary origin. They
include dark grey phyllite, coarsely crystalline mica-schist,
micaceous quartz-schist, felspathic quartz-schist, and
schistose quartzite, showing abundant evidence of recrystal-
lisation, and, indeed, passing locally into vein-like masses
of quartz. True veins of quartz traverse the other rocks,
occurring lenticularly in the bedding-planes or running
obliquely thereto. Four samples have been examined
microscopically; the following are brief descriptions of the
same, using the terminology adopted by Grubenmann (^) :

1461. Puckered Phyllite (helicitic texture). This
consists of a granoblastic ground, mass of
quartz-grains, with wavy bands of finely-di-
vided carbonaceous matter, sericite, and'
bleached biotite, the whole more or less stained
with limonite.

(2) A Naturalist In Tasmania. London, 1309.

(3) See Bibliography No. 21.

(4) L. K. Ward. Contributions to the Geology of Tasmania. Syste-
matic Geology. The Pre-cambrian. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1909.

(5) Die krystallinen Schiefer. Second edition, 1910.

BY DR. W. N. BENSON. 31

14C4. Mica-schist with a lenticular schistose tex-
ture consisting of granoblastic quartz, with
large irregular poi'phyrcblasts of orthoclase,
generally blackened by inclusions of carbona-
ceous matter. These have resisted the shear-
ing much better than the quartz, and are a^
frequent cause of the irregularity of the lenti-
cular texture. A pale green mica is abun-
dantly developed in the numerous shearing
planes, and extends out from them. Sericite
is also present, and a very little andalusite and
rutile.

1465. Mica-schist with lenticular texture, consist*
ing of long irregular lenticles of close-packed
pale green weakly pleochroic mica, partially
chloritised, separated by layei^ of granoblastic
but more or less elongated quartz grains. Large
porphyroblasts of felspar, generally orthoclase,
but also albite, interrupt the continuity of the
lenticles of mica and quartz. Inclusions in
these often continue the planes of schistosity.
Small grains of magnetite are scattered
throughout the rock, and a few grains of an-
dalusite have been noted.

1466. A much crushed schistose quartzite, exhi-
biting joerfectly the klasto-porphyritic struc-
ture. It consists of large quartz-grains with very
undulatory extinction and shattered margins, a,
few irregular uncrushed grains of albite, and a
ground mass of finely comminuted quartz, with
a few shreds of sericite.

All these rocks are characteristic of the uppermost
zone of Griibenmann's classification of the crystalline
schists. This bears out Mr. Wards view concerning their
nature.

'lae Permo-carboniferous rocks lie on a very uneven
surface of the crystalline schists. The irregularity is par-
ticularly clear under Mount Brown, on the southern side
of Rodway Gorge. The basal portion of the series con-
sists of conglomerate containing pebbles derived chiefly
from the Pre-cambrian series, but also from the Devonian
granites and other formations. They pass up into' pebbly
sandstones and mudstones. A thickness of about seventy
feet of conglomerate occurs beneath the north end of
Cradle Mountain, but this increases considerably to' the
wsouth and east. There is apparently not less than five
hundred feet of the sediments beneath Mt. Brown, while

32 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CRADLE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT,

Mr. Montgomery records the presence of a thousand feet
of sediment beneath Barn Bluff. The basal beds at the
last locality comprise a hundred feet of conglomerate, fol-
lowed by two feet of cannel coal, enclosed in black micar
ceous shale containing GIoH^iopterh {omta /) and Xoeygera-
thiopsis sp. Above this lie nine hundred feet of marine
mudston©, shale, sandstone and conglomerate similar to
those occurring at Mt. Pelion, nine miles to the south-
east, which contain such typical Permo-carboniferous fos-
sils as FenesteHa, Spirifera, Productiis, AvicuJopecten and
Stenopora. (^) Mr. Waller has estimated the series at Mt.
Pelion to hQ> from a thousand to fifteen hundred feet
Ihick. C^) Thus the Permo-carboniferous basin becomes
deeper towards the south-east, and many of the outcrops
show a slight tilt in that direction.

At the surface in contact with the overlying dolerite,
the mudstones are more or less altered, silicified and in-
durated. Small veinlets of opal traverse the bands of
black carbonaceous shale. The alteration does not extend
more than about a foot from the dolerite. It is well
exposed on the northern face of Barn Bluff.

The Cretaceous dolerite caps Mt. Brown, Barn Bluff,
and Cradle Mountain. It has the same general characters
as the Mesozoic dolerite in other parts of the island, and
may be considered to be portions of sills once continuous
with the dolerites of the Pelion Range. Waller affirmed
this former continuity, but doubted the intrusive charac-
ter of the dolerite. (^) An examination of the base
of the dolerite on the northern face of Bam
Bluff, however, shows that it transgresses to a small
extent across the bedding planes of the miid
stones; and in the case of Cradle Mountain the doler-
ite rests on sandstones in the southern end, but on the
underlying basal conglomerate on the northern. No feed-
ing dykes were observed, but attention might well be
directed to the north-eastern foot of Cradle Mountain,
where, as seen from a distance, the dolerite appears to
pass down through the Permo-carboniferous rocks, to com©
into contact with the Pre-cambrian sch^!st. (See Plate 3.)
The dolerite on Barn Bluff is about 650ft. thick, that on
Cradle Mt. 700ft., but that on Mt. Brown is per-
haps not more than 300ft. Columnar structure is very
pronounced in the two former masses; but in places
the predominance of one direction of vertical jointing
cause® instead a platey structure.

(6) See Bibliography No. 13.

(7) See Bibliography No. 21.
t'8) Op. cit. supra.

BY DR. W. N. BENSON. 33

The petrological character of the dolerites is of in-
terest. Tliey are of medium grainsize, and consist pre-
dominantly of plagioclase and pyroxene. The plagioclase
rorms small, more or less, idiomorphic tabulse, somewhat
zoned, the central portion having the composition of
bytownite. The pyroxenes are more varied, a rhombic
and two types of monoclinic pyroxene are present. In a
rock from the lower portion of the dolerite on Cradle Mt.
(1458) there is a normal, more or less, ophitic augite (som.e
times subidiomorphic), with the usual large optic axial
angle, associated with, and frequently including prisma-
tic crystals of enstatite. In a rock from the summit of
the mountain, however, the monoclinic pyroxene, which
IS partly subophitic, partly subidiomorphic, has two dis-
tinct types, namely, those grains which have the normal
optic axial angle (which are in the minority), and those
which are approximately uniaxial, indicating that they
contain a large excess of magnesian silicate, i.e., are mag-
nesium-diopside, or the augite-enstatite of Wahl. This
mineral has been previousl}^ recorded in the dolerite of
Cataract Gorge by Osann (^). and is known to be fairly
common in other occurrences of dolerite in Tasmania. (^^)
In both these rocks, there is a small amount of magnetite
and of very finely crystalline intersertal granophyre, dotted
with crystallites of magnetite. The former of these
rocks contains grey felspathic veins at first thought
to be granophyre. They prove to have a

highly ophitic to poikilitic texture. The pyroxenes are
sometimes roughly prismatic, ophitic or broken up into
isolated patches, which are in optical continuitv over
quite large areas. The pyroxene is quite fresh, usually
uniaxial, but sometimes of the normal character. There
are, in addition, small prisms of enstatite. The felspar is
slightly zoned, has the general composition Ab^Ano, and
forms a few small phenocrysts. Between the tabulse is a
small amount of minutely cr\^stalline granophyre. A few
large grains of magnetite are also present.

Two inches from the chilled margin of the dolerite of
Barn Bluff the rock is very fine-grained, with an interser-
tal structure. It contains small phenociystic laths of
plagioclase and larger prisms of augite, more or less con-
verted into chlorite and carbonates. At the margin itself,
the gi'ainsize is extremeh^ minute, and the texture appears
to be subvariolitic. Both these rocks contain vesicles

(3) Ueber einen Enstatitaugit-fiihirenden Diabas von Tasmanien.
Centbl. fur Min.. 1907. pp. "(05-11. Translation by W. H. Twelvetrees Ann.
Eep. Dept. Mines, Tas., 1907.

(lO) J. A. Thomson. Joum. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 1911, p. 30b.

34 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CRADLE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT,

filled with quartz, carbonates, and haematite. There is
a remarkable absence of magnetite and of glass.

The Pleistocene and Kecent deposits will be best con-
sidered with the general physiography, which we now pro-
ceed to discuss.

The writer is indebted to Mr. Twelvetrees's report on
the adjacent Middlesex district for an account of the
general relation of the physiographic features to the re^
gional topography of Tasmania. He states, "The entire
area isi an elevated plain or tableland, dissected by stupen-
dous gorges, and diversified by residual mountain ranges."
He indicates that the tableland is separated by faults
near Mt. Roland and Bell Mt. from the lower plateau
near Sheffield and Wilmot, and lies at an elevation
of 2, 200-2, 600ft. in the neighbourhood of Middlesex. (H)
It rises gradually to the south-west, and around Cradle
Mt. it lies about 4,000ft. above sea level. The plateau
lias here cut across the uneven surface of contact of the
Pre-cambrian and Permo-carboniferous rocks, so that the
surface of the plateau consists of irregular areas of the
two formations. The more siliceous Pre-cambrian rocks
rise in small residuals, but the three dolerite mountains
form the greatest monadnocks. The plateau is trenched
by the great gorges of the Forth River and its tributaries,
to the east of Cradle Mountain, and by the gorge of the
Fury on the west. The effects of the Pleistocene glacia-
tion arei everywhere visible, and to these we will devote
special attention.

Six periods may be recognised in the development of
the present topography. In the first, possibly early Ter-
tiary period, the dolerite-sills were laid bare by erosion,
and a roughly horizontal surface of erosion or peneplain
was produced in the dolerite. An uplift followed of more
than ?- thousand feet, and the present peneplain-surface
was cut out of the older level, fragments of which remain
as residuals, such as Cradle Mt. and Barn Bluff. A
mature system of valleys was originated between these,
and, in particular, the course of the Forth River was out-
lined. The third period was one of oscillatory uplift, accom-
panied by gentle tilting. The numerous immense gorges of
the Forth and Pieman River systems were produced by
revival of the ancient matvired valleys. Tributary gorges
such as Hanson's, Rodway's, and the Fury cut themselves
right back to the foot of the residual mountains, while
others, such as Smith's Creek and the Dove River, and
Pencil Pine Creek, were considerably deepened in their

(11) Bibliography No. 42.

BY DR. W. N. BENSON. 35

lower portions, but the gorges had not cut back to the
heads of the streams. During this period of alternating
uplift and aggradation, flows of basalt occurred on several
occasions outside the special area here considered. The
oldest basalts, with their intercalated gravels, cover Mid-
-cijesex Plains, and were probably connected with those
above Lorinna on the other side of the Forth Gorge (as
shown by Mr. Twelvetrees). The upper portion of the
gorge is a wide, open valley, in which there is a thick mass
of gi'avel covered with basalt. Below this there are
newer gravel terraces, and the present stream has cut down
below these, thus giving a perfect example of a valley-in-
valley topography. (See Bibliography 42, Plate IV.)
According to Mr. Andrews's view, the gravels were pro-
bably deposited during periods of subsidence between the
successive uplifts, (i^).

The remaining periods are those of maximum glaciar
tion, retreat of the glaciei^, and finally the period of
f.ost-glacial erosion. Possibly further research will show
that the period of maximtim glaciation comprised two or
more maxima with intervening periods of retreat, as has
been determined for the glaciation on the mainland, (^^)
but there is not sufficient evidence to permit of this con-
clusion at present. The period must here be considered as
■a, whole.

Glacial features have been noted in this region by
Sprent (3), Montgomery (9, 13), Waller (21), Twelvetrees
(31), and Nostling (38), but no detailed description has
been given. At the time of maximum glaciation an ice-
sheet extended over the whole region, the three main pro-
iTiinences being probably the only points emerging above
the snow. The main directions of ice-flow were deter-
mined by the pre-glacial valleys that were roughly radial
about Cradle Mt., but important over^^ow-glaciers were
developed as the level of the ice rose, and adjacent streams
became confluent. In describing the manner in which
these influenced the topography, we commence at Barn
Bluff. The ice moved radially from this peak. To the
west it fell over the gorge of the Fury, and was
there broken up and melted. It does not seem likely
tnat any mass of ice moved down this valley, since it ap-
pears to be a typical water-worn valley with overlapping
spurs. To the south-east the ice moved out on to the
plateau, scooping out the broad and probably shallow

(12) E. C. Andrews. G^eograpliical Unity of Eastern Australia.
Joum. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., pp. 420-480, especially p. 455.

(13) David, Helms, and Pittman. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W,, 1901, pp.
26-74. David. Ibid., 1S09, pp. 657-668.

36 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CRADLE MOUNTAIN DISTKICT,

basin of Lake Will, at the foot of the Bluff. North-east
of the Bluff the ice-sheet moved across the plateau and
fall into the gorge of the Forth River. Numerous smaJl
lakes were developed, such as Windermere and Agneiw,,
their position probably depending on differential erosion,
the mica-schists, and the soft Permo-carboniferous sedi-
ments being easily picked out. The ridge running to
the south-east from the Bluff separated the northerly from
the southerly flow, and is heavily cumbered with morainic
material. Plucking of blocks of rock out of their original
position must have gone on to a great extent, for one finda
large blocks (up to 16 by 11 feet in area.) of comparatively-
fragile coal measures, Iving among the debris (Montgomery
13).

The eastern side of the ridge joining Barn Bluff and
Cradle Mt. is broken into a great cirque with minor embay-
ments, which surround the heads of tributaries of the
Forth Kiver. The ridge consists of horizontal sediments
lying on the ancient rocks, which form the floor of the
broad and relatively shallow cirque. Its eastern side
has been sapped back into a continuous cliff. The floor i^
heavily glaciated and littered with morainic material. To
the east the glacier from this cirque joined the ice-sheet on
the plateau and fell over into the Forth River Gorge.
W^est of the connecting ridge there is little sign of glacia-
tion, the surface sloping regularly down into the Fury
Gorge. Possibly the dominant west wind prevented the
accumulation of much snow on this slope. (^^)

East of Cradle Mt. is the grandest example of a
cirque m the district. On its floor is the lake for

which the name Lake Rodway has been suggested. It
lies in a broad and deep trough, around the head of which
rises the crescentic ridge of Ci-adle Mountain. It is
probable that the name of the mountain was derived from
the resemblance this trough and rim-ridge bear to a miner's
cradle. The crescentic form of the ridge is due to the
cirque eating deeply into the eastern side of the original
monadnock, while the western side has been scarcely
affected ; a further instance of asymmetry. The cirque is
T,ot simple, but is broken into four steps, by transverse
bars of quartzite. (See Plate 3.) The ''treads" of the two
upper steps are narrow, the third is broader, and bears
a small shallow lake, the outlet of which falls over a
stronglv glaciated bar into the main basin of Lake Rod-
way, the depth of which has not been ascertained. A

(14) Compare G. K. Gilbort. Sv=tpmAtic A symmetry In the High Sierras
of CaliforBia. Journal of Geol., 1904, pp. 570-586.

BY DR. W. N. BENSON. 37

Lroad glaciated bar follows, beyond which the stream
falls diiectly into Rodway Gorge, which is a water-cut can-
yon. The boundary between the glaciated and water-cut
surfaces is sharply rnarked. To the south, the main basin
was extended by a cirque, cutting back into the soft
Permo-carboniferous rocks of the ridge joining Cradle
Iaz. and Mt. Brown. This cirque, however, does not
contain a lake, and is separated from Lake Rodway by a
long moraine.

In the period of maxim^um giaciation, this great
trough must have been filled to overflowing with ice, which
was more than a thousand feet deep. Overflow-glaciers
made their way over the northern rim cf the trough, bear-
ing boulders of dolerite, nov scattered erratically. Once
over the ridge, they broke up, fell down into a small
gorge, were more or less recemented there, and, joined by
the overflow-glacier from near the outlet of Rodway
Lake, they scooped out a little rock basin before finally
failing into the canyon proper. This little basin may be
aptly named the Hidden Lake. The passage of the over-
flow-glaciers has cut the northern ridge, bounding the great
trough, into a succession of cross-ridges of quartzite and
hollows cut in mica-schist.

North of Ctadle Mt. lies Dove Lake, a deep rock
basin formed by the enlargement by glacial erosion of the
upper part of the Dove River. The ice from the plateau
cind the north-western face of Cradle Mt., a total area
af about 1,000 acres, collected in the head of the stream,
passed down a steep fall on to a "tread" 400ft. below the
I'lateau, where Lake Wilks was cut out. A second tread
was formed near the lake-level, after a further fall of
about 300ft. The further effect of the ice is shown by
the soundings. (These were measured from a raft in a
strong breeze, and must be considered as rough approxima-
tions only, both in depth and position.) The upper end of
• lie lake is a basin at least 108ft. deep, separated from a
basin pJmost 200ft. deep by a quartzite ridge (at one
point only 72ft. deep, but rising into islands). The shal-
low point (48ft.) beyond the second basin probably marks
a. ridge connecting the quartzites of the great promontory
with those of Mt. Campbell, on the opposite side of
the lake. Beyond it is another deep (144ft.), separated
by a quartzite ridge and islet, from the westernmost basin
(-^Gft.), in which the Dove River ice was joined by the
cverflo'W from Crater Lake. The outlet stream passes
over a drift-covered plain, probably concealing a rock-bar.
Further soundings of this lake are very desirable.

38 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CRADLK MOUNTAIN DISTKICT,

In addition to this moulding of the floor of Dove
Lake, the smooth curve of the eastern wall was rounded
O'Ut by the middle portion of the glacial stream, while
above, overflows made their way to the north-east. A

large flow went past the northern end of Cradle Mt. to
join tlie ice in the E-odway Valley, a second passed
ever the ridge south of Hanson's Lake, scooping out
the little group of tarns there. A third passed over

the gap into Hanson's Valley, converting the head of the
valley into a lake basin. The contrast between this beau-
tiful cirque-lake and the rugged water-cut gorge below it
is very striking. These three overflow-glaciers were 400ft.
above the present level of Dove Lake. At the northern
end of Dove Lake overflows of ice passed across the
watershed and dolerite boulders may be found high up on
the slopes which lead down into Smith's Ci:"eek.

Lake Lilla owes its origin to the flow of ice that
came down from the Crater Lake. It is a shallow pan,
the greatest depth found being 45ft. The ice escaped
from here over a rock bar into' Dove Lake. An interest-
ing feature is the almost co^mplete removal of the old
divide between Lake Lilla and Dove Lake, the ridge be-
tween the two lakes rising only thirty feet above the level
of Dove Lake. (See Plate 4.) The outlets of the two
lakes are separated by a beautiful roche moutonnee hill.
The various strata cross this diagonally, and the surface
of the hill, otherwise quite smooth, is pitted with jagged
hollows, containing lakelets, and marking spots where
vast masses of rocks have been plucked out by the mov-
ing glacier. No better examples of this process could be
desired than are to be seen here.

Crater Lake is another most interesting feature,
clearly exhibiting diff'erential glacial erosion. Its southern
end is a great cirque-wall rising more than five hundred
feet above the lake, and cut into a mass of rather soft
felspathic schist between quartzite bands. The lake
is here 203 feet deep. The centre of the lake is
crossed by a bar of quartzite only 30ft. below the
surface. This bar continues to the north-east of the lake,
forms the small knoll near the outlet, and extends down
to cross the outlet of Lake Lilla. The side of the knoll
is polished and grooved by the ice-stream from Crater
Lake, which passed down into Lake Lilla. The
gap by which this stream escaped from the Crater Lake
basin has been filled by a ridge of morainic material which
now rises about a hundred feet above the lake. The northern
portion of Crater Lake contains two basins, as shown

BY Dll. W. X. BENSON. 39

'by the soundings, and the outlet passes over a rock-bar,
and enters Cradle Valley as a stream hanging nearly 600ft.
above the base of the main valley.

Another well-marked cirque appears on the northern
side of Cradle Valley, about a mile above the accommo-
dation house. It is cut down out of Hounslow Heath
to a depth of about 700ft., and enters the main valley
■almost at grade. There is a little morainic matter in the
floor of this cirque, but no lake. No well-marked cirque
•occurs at the head of the Cradle Valley, which has, never-
theless, been greatly modified by glacial action. It is a
broad, deep, steep-sided valley. The glacier which filled
it received tributaries from the Crater, Lilla and Dove
valleys, and escaped in part by the present Dove Valley,
but also a large overflow passed over the col and down
Smith"? Creek. Doleriteerratics have been traced down
the Dove River about half a mile below Cradle Valley,
and about a mile down Smiths Creek, and probably ex-
tend to the commencement of Smith's Gorge a mile or two
further dov/n.

No detailed study has been made of these terminal
regions, in which the complex record of retreat and ad-
vance may ultimately be deciphered. There seem to
have been small gorges cut in the older glaciated valleys,
and some sign that these have been subsequently occupied
by ice, but it is not clear whether this is the work of inter-
glacial river action or merely of subgiacial streams. The
well-timbered character of these valleys prevents the
observer from obtaining a generaJ view of the whole.

The last stages of the period of glacial retreat were
responsible for the moraines in Cl'adlc Valley. Typically
hummocky moraine fills the lower part of the valley and
extends across into Smith's Creek. A lateral moraine ex-
tends along the southern side of the Cradle Valley, rising
250ft. above the floor. An arcuate terminal moraine
closes the outlet of Lilla Creek, and a thin ridge of
moraine extends down towards the outlet of Crater Lake,
possibly a remnant of a small terminal moraine. It is
interesting as showing the mark of an overflow-channel
fifty feet above the present outlet. Small masses of
morainic material occur in most of the cirques mentioned.

The final period of post-glacial erosion has had very
small results. Some morainic material has been removed,
and small outlet valleys notched in the terminal moraine,
aud patches of allu.vium have been formed.

Summarisinsf, we may say. that though the glaciers
here were large enough to overfloN. their valleys, there is

40 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CRADLE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT,

no evidence that they extended far to the north, but
occupied only the comparatively mature upper portions of
a rejuvenated river system, and did not extend beyond
the heads of the canyons which then reached to within a
few miles of their source. In the gorge of the Fury,
which had been cut back almost to its source, no sign of
glaciation was observed.

The writer is indebted to all the members ox the party
for ?,ssistance in various ways, especially in raft-building
and sounding. Mr. Butler's and Mr. Maxwell's photo-
graphs have been most useful in the preparation of the
paper. Mr. Butler has provided the amended copy of
Malscher's majj, which is the basis for the geological map
herewith, and Mr. Twelvctrees has kindly discussed with
the writer some of the questions here raised and added items
to the Bibliography. To his father, Mr. W. Benson, the
writer is indebted for Plate 3 herewith, based on photo-
graphs, sketches and descriptions. Plate 4. is from a
photograph by Mr. Spurling, of Launceston.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLEISTOCENE GLACIATTON
IN TASMANIA.

(References to Textbooks omitted.)

1. 1855-65. Chas. Gould. Observations of glaciation
on the Central PlateaiU, verballv communicated,
and cited by R. M. Johnston in 1893. Also,
Report on the Exploration of the Western
Country. Tasmanian Pari. Papers, 1860. No. 6.

2. 1883. T. B. Moore. Exploration — Report on the
country }>etween Lake St. Clair and Port Mac-
quarie. Tasmanian House of Assembly JournaL
Paper No. 56.

3. 1885. C. Sprent Recent Exploration on the
West Coast of Tasmania. Trans, and Proc.
Geogr. Soc. Australia, Vict. Branch. Vol. III.
p. 58.

4. 1836. F. W. Hutton. On the supposed Glacial

Epoch in Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.
Vol. 1885 (1886), pp. 334-41.

5. 1887. K. M. Johnston. Observations with respect
to the Nature and Classification of the Tertiary
Rocks of Australasia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. pp.
135-207.

BY DR. W. N. BENSON. 41

6. 1888. R. M. Johnston. Tlie Geology of Tasmania.

7. 1893. E. J. Dunn. Remarks on the Glaciation of
Tasmania in a Victorian newspaper; also, Glacia-
tion of the North-Wesiern Highlands of Tas-
mania. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic, Vol. VI., pp. 133-
38.

8. 1893. T. B. Moore. Discovery of Glaciation in
the vicinitv of Mt. Tyndall in Tasmania. Proc.
Roy. Soc. tas., 1893 (1894), pp. 147-9.

9. 1893. A. Montgomery. Glacial Action in Tas-
mania. Ibid., pp. 159-169.

10. 1893. R. M. Johnston. The Glacial Epoch of
Australasia. Ibid., pp. 96-103.

11. 1893. G. Officer. The Geology of Lake St. Clair
District. Ibid., pp. 150-158.

12. 1893. R. M. Johnston. Notes on the Geology of
Lake St. Clair and its immediate neighbourhood,
together with observations regarding the probable
origin of our numerous Tasmanian Lakes and
Tarns. Ibid., pp. 135-146.

13. 1893. A. Montgomery. Report on the Country be-
tween Mole Creek and the Mt. Dundas Silver
Field. Ann. Report Dept. Mines, Tas. passim.

14. 1893. T. W. E. David. Report of the Glacial
Research Committee. Proc. Aust. Assoc. Advt.
Science, Vol. V. p. 231.

15. 1893. A. R. Wallace. Nature Vol. 47. No. 1219, p.

437.

16. 1894. G. Officer and L. Balfour. Geological
Notes on the Country between Strahan and Lake
St. Clair, Tasmania. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic. pp.
123-4.

17. 1894. T. B. Moore. Further Discoveries oi Gla-
ciation in Tasmania. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. pp.
56-65.

18. 1895. T. B. Moore. Notes on Further Proof of
Glaciation at Low Levels. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.
pp. 73-77.

19. 1898. J. Harcourt Smith. Report on the Mine-
ral Fields in the Neighbourhood of Mt. Black,
Ringville, Mt. Read; and Lake Dora. Ann.
Rept. Dept. Mines p. xxii. passim.

42 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF CRADLE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT,

20. 1900. W. H. Twelvetrees. Report on the Mineral
Districts of Mts. Huxley, Jukes and Darwin.
Ann. Report Dept. Mines, pp. 109-110.

21. 1901. G. A. Waller. Report on the Mineral Dis-
tricts of Bell Mt., Dove River, Five-mil© Rise^
Mt. Pelion, and Bara Bluff. Ann. Rep. Dept.
Mines.

22. 1902. W. H. Twelvetrees. Outlines of the Geo-
logy of Tasmania. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. p. 72.

23. 1902. W. H. Twelvetrees. Report of the Glacial
Research Committee, Aust. Proc. Aust. Assoc.
Adv. Science, pp. 191-2.

24. 1903. J. W. Gregory. Some Features in the Geo-
graphy of Tasmania. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. p..
181.

25. 1904. J. W. Gregory. A Contribution to the
Glacial Geology of Tasmania. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. pp. 37-52 (with bibliography).

26. 1904. G. A. Waller and T. W. E. David. Report
of the Glacial Research Committee. Aust. Assoc.
Adv. Science, pp. 613-7.

27. 1904. T. V. Legge. A Physiographical Account,
of the Great Lake of Tasmania. Aust. Assoc.
Adv. Science, pp. 354 and 357.

28. 1905. J.W.Gregory. The Mt. Lyell Mining Field.

Trans. Aust. Inst. Mining Engineers, p. 104.

29. 1907. T. W. E. David. Conditions of Climate at
different Geological Periods, with special refer-
ence to Glacial Epochs. Comptes Rendus du Xme-
Congr^s Geologique International, p. 33.

30. 1907. W. H. Twelvetrees. Geology of Tasmania.
Ann. Report. Dept. Mines, p. 105.

31. 1907-8. W. 11. Twelvetrees. Report upon the Geo-
logical Exploration of the country from T'yenna
to the Cell River. Report of the Department
of Lands and Surveys, Tasmania, p. 30.

32. 1908. W. H. Twelvetrees. Geology of Tasmania-
Ann. Report Dept. Mines, p. 164 (detailed).

33. 1908. L. K. Ward. The Mount Farrell Mining-
Field. Gcol. Survey of Tas. Bull. No. 3. pp..
5-6.

BY DR. W. N. BENSON. 43

34. 1908-9. W. II. Twelvetreeb. Western Exploracion :
Report on a Journey to the Gordon River. Re-
port of the Department of Lands and Surveys.
p. 2.

35. 1909. L. K. Ward. The Tinfields of North Duu-
das. Geol. Survey of Tas. Bull. No. 6. pp 8-9.

36. 1909. T. Stephens. Geological Notes on the
Country traversed by the Derwent Valley Line
Extension. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. pp. 170-4.

37. 1909. F. Noetling. Notes on the Glacial Beds of
Freestone Bluff (Sandy Cove), near Wynyard.
ibid. pp. 157-169.

38. 1909. F. Noetling. Die Glazialschichten der
Wynyard in Nord-west Tasmanien. Neues Jahr-
buch fiir Mineralogie 1909. ii. pp. 163-177.

39. 1909. F. Noetling. Entwurf einer Gliedrung der
jungtertiaren und diluvialen Schichten Tasman-
iens. Centbl. fiir Mineralogie. pp. 4-11.

40. 1909. H. Basedow. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der
Geologic Australiens. Zeits. der deutsch. geol.
Ges. p. 352.

41. 1912. W. Howchin. Australian Glaciations.
Journal of Geologv. pp. 193-223, especiallv 220-
223.

42. 1913. W. H. Twelvetrees. The Middlesex and
Mt. Claude Mining Field. Geol. Survey of Tas-
mania Bull. No. 14. pp. 9, 31.

43. 1914. L. Hills. The Jukes-Danvin Mining Field.
Geol. Survey Tasmania Bull. No. 16. pp. 14-18,

57-8.

44. 1915. L. Hills. The Zinc-Lead Sulphide Deposits

of the Reacl-Rosebery District. Part I. Geol.
Survey of Tasmania Bull. No. 19. pp. 28-9.

45. 1916. L. L. Waterhouse. The South Heemskirk
Tinfield. Geol. Survey of Tasmania Bull. No.
21. pp. 8-9.

44

ADDITIONS TO THE BRYOPHYTE FLORA.

By L. Kodway.

(Read 15th May, 1916. Issued separcteiv 11th July, 1910'.)

The mosses of Tasmania have had a very fair amount
of attention paid to them, so that it is improbable any
large number of new species will in future be added. The
Hepatics have not been neglected, but their variability and
the exceptional richness of form found in Tasmania have
made their study more obscure. No doubt in the future
many new species will yet be discovered, also some which
we now recognise will be suppressed. Still, we can safely
say that the hepatic flora of Tasmania approaches three
hundred, which means it is almost the richest in species
of any locality in the world.

Of the following mosses the Andreaeas would by some
collectors be clubbed with A. petropliila, but then they
would have to be treated as varieties. A. petrophila is
most variable, and it is certainly desirable that prominence
should be given tO' the principal forms. Blindid acuta
was recorded as Tasmanian by J. D. Hooker. It is a
European species, and as no specimen was present in any
available collection it was left out of the previous work.
The Tasmanian form differs from the type, its leaf mar-
gin being quite entire, and the absence of quadrate cells
at the basal angles. It may yet be described as a dis-
tinct suecies.

Andreaea asperula, Mitt. — Stems slender often to 5
cm., with few erect branches, forming dense red-brown
mats. Leaves narrow lanceolate, very acute, slightly in-
curved, 1 m.m. long, insertion narrow, not at all stem-
clasping nor geniculate, surface asperate, papilhe often
very large, margin incurved.

A member of the petrophila group, it differs from
A. petrojjliila and A. tenera in the asperate cuticle and the
narrower leaf bases.

Western Tiers, Eastern Australia.

Andreaea taHmanica, n.s. — Stems slender, about 1 cm.,
-crowded in dense mats, dark brown, upper leaves linear
from a slightly broadened base, strongly falcate and secund,
0.8 m.m. long, margin involute, apex acute, surface nearly
smooth, nerveless. Lower leaves and those of young
ishoots minute, closely appressed, very broadly oblong, with

p. & p. R. S. Tas., 1916.

Plate I.

GEOLOGICAL SKETCH MAP OF CRADLE MT. DISTRICT.

p. & p. R. S. Tas , 1916.

Plate II.

TOPOGRAPHIC SKETCH MAP OF CRADLE MT. AND LAKES.

The arrows indicate direction of Ice movement during Glacial Period. Scale, 1 inch = 640 yards.

Contour Interval about 100 feet. Soundings in feet. (Figures approximate only.)

& P R. S. Tas., I91S.

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Plate IV.

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BY L. RODWAY. 45

a short acute reflexed apex margin with prominent papillae.
Sterile. The leaves are narrower and less sheathing than
in A. i^etrophila, and the peculiar juvenile foliage is very
distinct.

Cradle Mountain.

Blindia acuta, Br. et Sch. — Suberect, slender, 2-4 cm.,
black except the young tips. Leaves crowded erect or
little falcate, base rather broad, sheathing occupying less
than a third of leaf, rest filiform, wholly composed of
nerve: margin entire; nerve broad, flat; length about 4
m.m. ; cells linear with no quadrate alars or any auriculai
expansion. Seta about 1 cm. thick; capsule hemispheric
1 m.m. broad and long; peristome teeth nearly as long as
the capsule, irregularly cleft half-way, or deeper.

Readily distinguished by the hemispheric peristomate
capsule, or when sterile from the gymnostomous species by
the less falcate leaves and from B. arcuata, Mitt., by the
absence of quadrate cells at the basal angle.

In "Braithwaites Moss Flora," the angular cells are
given as "large, orange-brown." This does not appear so
in Tasmanian specimens referred to this species.

Western Tiers, Cradle Mt.

This moss has been previously recorded for Tasmania,
but was not included in this work, because no specimen
was present on any available collection.

The following hepatics are new to science. It was
with reluctance that they were so recorded, but no place
could be found for them amongst forms already described.

Aplozia lacerata, n.s. — Stems short in cushions, but
often hidden amongst moss, or partially buried in debris,
and bearing only a few leaves in the upper portion, tender
and pale sage green. Leaves almost transverse oblong to
nearly rotund, concave, 0.7 m.m., cells 27 ju., walls thin.
Bracts much longer than the leaves, narrow oblong apex
slightly fimbriate, bracteole nearly as long as the bracts,
ovate obtuse, all adnate to the base of the perianth.
Perianth cylindric, with three shallow plaits, little longer
than the bracts, mouth narrow to little constricted, deeply
3-lobed, lobes narrow laciniate.

Mt. Wellington Plateau.

Alicularia tenella, n.s. — Decumbent or ascending, dis-
persed amongst other small plants, rarely forming mats.
Leaves ascending, flat or slightly concave, oblong to rotund,
rather delicate and flaccid, 1 m.m. base subdecurrent ; cells
32 ix. Trigones small or none, cuticle smooth. Marsupium
short and broad, bracts very large.

E

46 ADDITIONS TO THE BRYOPHYTE FLORA,

Mt. Hartz, Adamson Peak, St. Patrick's Head, Cradle
Mt., etc.

Sijhenolubus nigras, n.s. — Small densely clustered in
blackish cushions, the shoots simple or with few branches
about 1 cm. long. Leaves obcuneate from a narrow base,
spreading, bifid to the middle, lobes broad, apex rather
acute, 1 m.m. long; cells 14 m., with very thick walls,
cuticle smooth. Bracts similar to the leaves, only larger,
connate with an oblong bracteole. Perianth broadly cylin-
dric, deeply 5-grooved, 2 m.m. long, mouth closely con-
tracted, with a few short fimbrise.

On rocks in rivulet, Cradle Mt.

Anastrophyllum tasmanicum, n.s. — Robust pale olive
green, branching 3-4 cm. Leaves not strongly secund,
almost squarrose, nearly symmetric, to | bilobed, lobes
nearly equal, broad usually with a very acute apex margin
just above the ventral base, armed with a few acute teeth,
1.4 m.m. long; cells 20 ju., cuticle coarsely verrucose.
Perianth narrow, ovate, 3 m.m., with about 8 deep plaits.

Very like Chandonanthus squarrosus, but the complete
absence of under leaves and paraphylls distinguishes it.

Adamson Peak, Mt. Hartz.

LophocoJea paKcistijmla, n.s — Robust. Simple or with
few vague branches 2-4 cm. Leaves crowded, imbricate
rotund, 1.3 m.m., margin entire, dorsal base subdecurrent,
ventral ampliate ; marginal cells 20 ^ , trigones small,
intermediate cells 35 /u., basals 60 x 25/"., trigones none;
under-leaves absent, except in the reproduction region,
sometimes only a narrow dentate bracteole present; at
others 2-3 large oblong under-leaves, with recurved mar-
gins, very like those of L. austrigena, and below these 2-3
reduced to vanishing spines. Bracts oblong, twice as long
as the leaves, often with a filiform process near the ventral
base, bracteole narrow oblong, shortly bidentate, margin
often dentate; perianth narrow campanulate ^ exserted,
trigonous, median keel dorsal, mouth broad, with 3 broad
unarmed lobes.

Bank of creek near Cradle Mt.

Lemhidiinn anomalum, n.s. — Stems pinnately branched,
ascending from a creeping stoloniferous base, dark livid
green. Leaves imbricate to distant incubous to sub-
transverse rotund, very concave, erect, 0.9 m.m., apex and
margin entire; cells unequal, mostly 18/*., sometimes a
band of larger colourless cells on the margin, walls rather
thick, trigones small, cuticle smooth; under-leaves similar
in size and shape to the leaves. Bracts oblong, not much

BY L. RODWAY. 47

enlarged; perianth terminal on short lateral branch, nar-
row cylindric, 8 m.ni. long, mouth tapering fimbriate ;
capsule oblong.

The species is an aberrant member of the genus, but
appears to have no nearer relationship elsewhere.

Cradle Mt.

Isotachis riparia, n.s. — Robust, almost black, stems
5-8 cm. Leaves erect, closely imbricate, broadly ovate to
almost rotund, 3 m.m. long, apex shortly bifid, lobes
short, broad, subacute margin entire ot with one or two
very short teeth ; upper cells 27 /u., walls thick, lower
cells 40 X 18 /i., walls thinner, cuticle smooth ; under-
leaves to 3 m.m. long, 2 m.m. broad, oblong apex shortly
bifid, margin entire or armed with 3 small teeth.

Near /. gigantea, St., only leaves much smaller.

Cradle Mt.

Isotachis attemiatus, n.s. — Stems long and very slender,
growling amongst moss in wet situations. Leaves rather
remote, erecto-patent narrow oblong from a narrow base,
dark brown h bifid, 0.5 m.m.; outer cells 18 ix., inner
18 X 24 IX., walls thick; under-leaves similar. Bracts, many
similar to the leaves, but larger; perianth terminal, 1 m.m.
long, ovate strongly triquetrous, keels obtuse, mouth ob-
tuse, shortly fimbriate.

Mt. Wellington Plateau.

Schistochila i^arvistipula, n.s. — Stems mostly about

3 cm., decumbent copiously radiculose, thick, fleshy.
Leaves squarrose, loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse,

4 m.m. long, lobes nearly equal, and united to the apex,
dorsal lobe attached by the margin, wing simple, rela-
tively broad, margins entire, but often an obscure tooth
near the apex of the dorsal lobe; cells rotund, 35-50 m.,
walls rather thin, trigones small, concave ; under-leaves
oblong, rather narrower than the stem, 1.3 m.m. long, bifid
below the middle, lobes lanceolate, acute margin, with few
ill-defined teeth.

Cradle Mt.

48

DISCOVERY OF AN ABORIGINAL CHIPPED

FLAKE IN DEEP GROUND NEAR

GLADSTONE.

By W. H. Twelvetrees.

Plate V.
(Read 10th July, 1916. Issued separately 8th August, 1916.)

Up to the present, aboriginal worked flakes have
been recorded only from the surface of the ground, or in
shifting superficial sands such as the sand dunes of the
coasts. It has been recognised by every investigator who
has dealt with the question that the Tasmanian aboriginal
migrated to this island on dry land, and therefore prior
to its separation from Australia; the absence of the dingo
also has been appealed to as proof that at the time of
the migration the animal had not then entered Victoi4a.

At the time of the separation the sea invaded the
north-eastern part of the island for many miles inland
from the present coast-line. The marine waters laved
the northern base of Mt. Cameron, and worked their way
round the eastern end of the mount, covering the ground
between the present Ringarooma and Mussel Roe rivers.
Residual hills and other deposits of marine grits attest
the former presence of the sea in this area.

Subsequently the land rose and brought the old
marine drifts above sea level. The aboriginals, therefore,
must have witnessed both the invasion by the sea and its
retreat. It would consequently seem natural for the pre-
invasion deposits, such as the beds of fresh-water streams,
lagoons, and sea beaches, to contain aboriginal implements.
Beds of this nature could probably not be expected to
contain them in quantity ; nevertheless, the discovery in
them of stray examples may be anticipated. Possibly
some have already been found, but have not been recog-
nised by the discoverers.

I happened to be at Gladstone last March when a
worked stone of chalcedony was brought to me as a strange
specimen found by Mr. Richards in working Richards's
and Murray's alluvial tin claim at the old Doone mine,
north of the Rinsjarooma River, and two miles from Glad-

p. & p. R. S. Tas., 1916.

Plate V.

Z

o

H

O
<

o
o

Uu

H
Z

<
Z

a
o

CQ
<

HY W. 11. TWELVETRKKS. 49

stone. I recognised it as an aboriginal Flake, Ijut, to make
sure, I submitted it to Mr. R. M. Johiislon, wiiose know-
]edgc of these implenieiits is unrivalled, and lie at once
pronounced it to be of human workmanship.

The following day I proceeded to the claim in order to
examine the conditions of occurrence. The actual block
of gravel from which the stone had been picked had dis-
appeared 111 sluicing, but I stood on the actual site of the
discovery, and Mr. Richards, who enjoys a high reputation
for reliability and integrity, explained to me all the
attendant circumstances.

The mine owners are sluicing tin ore fi'om a bed of
gravel 2h to 4 feet thick, which underlies 10 to 20 feet
of a drift which has been deposited all over this plain
by the sea in former times. This overburden of drift
has to be removed before the wash gravel is exposed. In
the course of working, an excavation lias been made below
the surface of the ground about half a chain wide and
10 feet long with a maximum depth of 'JT) feet.

After bringing down the overburden at the west end
of the excavation by ?iieaiis of a stream of watei', a block
of wash or gravel, here 2\ feet thick, was detached from
the cliff face at a de]:)Hi of 10 feet fioni the surface, and
from the top of this block Mr. Richards picked out the
flake in question, noticing that it was a different kind of
stone from any he had previously seen in the wash. It
was slightly adherent to the gravel, and broke in two pieces
as he handled it. Not attaching any particular importance
to it, he did not preserve the piece which was broken off.
On examining the plane of fracture, a deposit of silica is
noticeable on the surface of it. I examined the working
face closeiv, with a view of seeing whether it was at all
possible for the stone to have been derived from the
surface, but the possibilitv seemed to be quite excluded.
The two facts that it. was adherent to the wash, and that
silica had crystallised on the fracture plane, add additional
weight to the conclusion that the stone belonged to the
wash.

We are shut up to the conclusion that it is the handi-
work of aboriginals who lived at the time of the deposition
of the wash (probably a beach deposit) and prior to the
accumulation of the overlying marine sands. It is not
waterw^orn. INTost of the stones in the wash are well
worn by the action of water, but there are some among
them which are absolutely angular, though they have to
be looked for.

The question arises what amount of denudation have
the overlying drifts undergone since deposition? Is there

F

50 DISCOVERY OF AN ABORiaiNAL CIIlPrED FLAKE.

any way of making even a roughly approximate estimate
of this? Two and a half miles to the north-west, near the
MacGregor and Aberfoyle claims, two hills of made ground,
Brown's Hill (sometimes called the Aberfoyle Hill) and
the Little Hill, rise from the plain to a height of about
60 feet. These arc residual hills of cemented marine
drift which once covered the area of this great plain.
A mile and a quarter to the north-west of the Doone the
Government line of bores shows bedrock at upwards of
100 feet below the surface of the drift, but in that direc-
tion there does not appear to be any available indication
to serve as guide in an estimate of denudation. To keep
strictly wdthin the limits of the evidence, we must confine
our estimate of minimum denudation to about 70 feet,
which is the difference of level between the Doone wash
and the summit of the Aberfoyle Hill.

The Doone is about 7 miles from the coast line at
Boobyalla ; its height above sea level has not been deter-
mined, but probably does not exceed 60 or 70 feet, and
i.^ perhaps less than that, as I am informed that the tide
backs up the fresh w^ater in the Ringarooma west of the
Aberfoyle Hill.

Further confirniat ion of the antiquity of the wash
is derived from the fact that the general body of drift
extends southwards across the Ringarooma River, which
has subsequent!}' intersected it. Thus the wash and the
overlying drift existed before the Rinoarooma flowed in
its present channel. But can tlie age be thrust as far
hsick as the tirjie when the ancient Ringarooma flowed
cut to sea at the west end of Mt. Cameron? Such a
conclusion would involve an age too great to accord with
accepted views of the antiquity of man in Tasmania, but
the deposition of these sediments was plainly prior to llio
f^nal establishment of the existing channel in this part
'•[ the rc.ursp of the river.

51

TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA.

By L. Bodway,

(Read lOtli July, 1916. Issued separately SOtli Aug., 1916.)

HEPATICS.

The second class into which the Bryophyta are divided
i:, a purely natural one. There are no intermediate forms
through which the two groups are connected, though their
close relationship is very apparent. There is always a
natural distinction, requiring no arbitrary line to separate
them.

The gametophyte is varied in structure ; many have
the form of a fiat, green plate, while the greater number
develop leaves; yet when leaves are present these have a
distinction of insertion and structure quite different from
those of Mosses. Leaves are always placed in two or three
rows, two lateral and one ventral, the latter row occasion-
ally being absent. They are usually of delicate consist-
ence, never have a midrib, and are often divided. Most
Hepatics live only under permanently moist conditions,
but some few can survive even the drying conditions of bare
rock at a high elevation.

The characteristic feature of Hepatics is that while
they have the typical antheridia, archegonia and perman-
ently attached sporophyte of the class, the sporophyte has
attained a much further reduction than amongst Mosses.
It is no longer a hard-tissued, persistent being, but is re-
duced to a comparatively evanescent organ. In most it is
a simple globular or oblong dark capsule, which splits into
four valves at maturity, borne on a long or short pellucid
stalk. In Marchantia and its allies the stalk is almost
absent. In Riccia. reduction has reached its limit, and the
sporophyte is reduced to a spherical spore sack, buried in
the substance of its parent. One order of Hepatics, of
which Anthoceros is the type, has a sporophyte of less re-
duced character than the rest, but still of a form not to
b(' confused with that of a true moss; the shape is long
and slender, and it splits from top to base into two valves.
It is green, and still bears efficient stomata on its surface.
Hepatics may be sorted into three perfectly natural
Orders : —

Mahchantiales,

jungermanniales,

Anthocerotales.

52 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Marchantiales. — The gametophyte is always a pro-
cumbent green thallus. This has in many genera attained a
complex structure. In most species an efficient system of
air-chambers is formed, communicating with the atmo-
sphere through more or less developed pores. The under
surface bears scales and copious rhizoids. The organs of
reproduction may occur simply on the surface of the frond
or may be borne on specially constructed, erect branches.
In Riccia, at the one extreme the archegonia are buried
in the upper tissue, with their necks just exposed ; in Mar-
chantia they grow on a special convex cushion. After
fecundation in Riccia the archegonium, with its enclosed
sporophyte, sinks into the substance of the frond, and as-
sumes the form of a simple spore case. In Marchantia the
branch grows erect, the top expanding into an umbrella-
like body displacing the fertilised archegonia to the under
surface. The sporophytes develop under the protection of
this cap, and do not require and do not develop a long
stalk. In all except Riccia spiral hygroscopic elators are
mixed with the spores.

JuNGERMANNiALES. — To this Order belong the greater
number of Hepatics. The structure of the gametophyte is
Yevj varied. In some forms it is a flat green frond of sim-
ple outline, bearing the reproductive organs upon the dor-
sal or ventral surface or upon short special branches.
Others develop marginal expansions, which are considered
primitive leaves or lobes of the frond, according to the view
taken by the observer, while the greater number of species
have true leaves. When this is so these organs are in-
serted in three rows, two being lateral and one ventral.
The ventral leaves are generally smaller than the others,
and are in some species absent. They are generally re-
ferred to as underleaves, amphigastria, or stipules. In the
region of the archegonia the leaves in most species are
much enlarged ; the last ones are often united in a sheath,
called the perianth, round the fructification. Sometimes
instead of the upper leaves uniting to form the perianth
a special development grows up from the stem to form a
perianth-like sheath, and is known as a pseucloperianth.
The enlarged leaves outside the perianth are called the
involucre, or in leafless forms, involucral scales may be
formed at the base of the peri an th. The lateral leaves of
the involucre are oftrn named bracts, and the correspond-
ing underleaf the bracteole. After fertilisation the arche-
gonium enlarges round the sporophyte, and forms the
calyptra. Some species do not develop a perianth. When
this is so the calyptra generally becomes thick and fleshy.

BY L. RODWAY. 5^^

In this latter case the calyjitra, instead of being formed en-
tirely by the enlarged archegonium, may be a growth of
a sack-like character from the stem. When this is so the
barren archegonia are carried up on its apex. The sporo-
phyte consists of a typical capsule of dark colour, which
splits on maturity into four valves. It is borne on a long
or short pellucid stalk ; the base consists of a foot, which
bores into the stem of the parent plant. In some in-
stances the parent forms a descending fleshy sack, the mar-
supium, into the base of which the sporophyte is attached.
The spores are intermixed with very hygroscopic, spiral ela-
tors. Jungemianniales is divided into two sub-orders, or
families, the Metzgeriareae or Anacrogynae, in which the
sporophyte develops otherwise than at the apex of a shoot,
and the gametophyte is seldom leafy, and the Junger-
manniaceae or Acrogynae, where the sporophyte ter-
minates, a shoot or branch, and the gametophyte is usually
leafy.

ANTHOCEROTA.LES. — This is an Order of plants that de-
parts in structure very materially from what may be con-
sidered the typical hepatic form, yet sufficiently close to
warrant it being included in the Class. The gametophyte
is a more or less flat, green thallus of simple structure. It
has more the simple tissue of the Anacrogynefie than of the
Marrlianfiaceae, l3ut differs in its cell construction. In-
stead of numerous discoid chloroplasts, otherwise universal
among Bryophytes, there is but one large flat or ringed
chromatophore in each, cells recalling the condition present
in many Algae. The reproductive organs are of the Biyo-
phyte type, but sunk in the tissue on the dorsal surface.
The sporophyte is peculiar. There is a well-developed foot
and a short sterile portion, representing a stalk. The
spore-bearing portion is very long, green, filiform, and con-
tinues to grow at the base long after the apex is mature.
The spore producing tissue is a cylinder between the epider-
mis and a central sterile column. The epidermis
usually possesses true stomata, and intermixed with the
spores are degenerate elators, usually small and function-
less. The sporophyte at maturity splits at the apex into
two valves, away from the erect columella. These valves
slowly curl away from the axis as the tissues below ma-
ture.

MAROHANTIALES.

This Order includes two families: —

RicciACEAE. — The sporophyte has reached the limit of
reduction, and appears as a spore-bearing sphere sunk in
the tissue of the frond.

54 TASMANIAN BRYOrUYTA,

Marchantiaceae. — The sporopliytes are free and borne
upon specially constructed branches. In the most ad-
vanced type these aje erect, umbrella-shaped, and carry
the sporopliytes on the under sui-face of the head.

RICCTACEAE.

The fronds usually form small dichotomously divided
rosettes on damp earth, or more or less cordate bodies
floating on water. The substance is thick in the middle,
tapering to the margins with a median groove on the up-
per surface. The ventral surface bears one row of scales
and numerous rhizoids. The upper surface is formed of
closely packed columnar cells. There are usually no pores,
but air cells are formed below the surface, which may re-
main small or may enlarge, become confluent, and eventual-
ly burst through the dorsal surface. The antheridia and
archegonia are immersed. The sporophyte matures within
the enlarged archegonium still sunk in the tissue of the
frond. All the contained tissue of the sporophyte develops
into spores ; no elators are formed. The spore tetrads re-
main attached till mature ; the exposed surface is vari-
ously sculptured; the rest is smooth. There are two
genera :

RicciA. — Epidermis without pores; antheridia scat-
tered.

KicciocARrus.— -Epidermis with distinct pores ; anthe-
ridia confined to the median furrow.

KlCCIA-MlCH.

The character of the family.

In section as deep as broad tasmanica

In section much broader than deep.

Air spaces very narrow cras^a

Air spaces broad wcynioutliiand

Rircia faxmanira, St. — Fronds about 1 cm. long, 2 mm.
wide, simple or forked, apex retuse to nearly acute, upper
surface concave, with slightly broad median furrow ; sur-
face crystalline, pale green, margin joellucid, rather acute,
(entire or nearly so; chlorophyllous stratum dense, the
cells about 30 im- diameter, their exposed ends mamillate,
Init soon lost. Spores dark brown, 80 fi. diameter; mar-
gin narrow, the convex face with about 9 areolae, flat
faces with shallower areolae. A^cutral surface veiy con-
vex; in section as deep as broad.

Mt. Nelson, Domain, Hobart. Probablv common

BY L. RODWAY. 05

on grr.ssy lulls, but easily overlooked. Apparent onlv in
Avinter and spring.

Riccia cra.-<m, St. — Fronds 1-2 cm. long, 3 mm. wide,
simple or forked, apex obcordate, upper surface concave,
with a shallow acute median groove, wings becoming con-
vex with age; margin acute undulate, often tinged with
purple; chlorophyllous stratum rather dense, with narrow
air spaces, cells about 40 ^ diameter. Spores light brown,
70 /A. diameter, convex surface with shallow reticulations,
.about 10 areolae, flat faces nodulose. Ventral surface con-
vex. Three times as broad as deep.
Lindisfame, Central Australia.

Riccia weymfjuthiana, St. — In general appearance and
structure not differing from the last, only spores rather
larger, 80-90 fx., and the air spaces large and bursting
through the upper surface. Doubtfully distinct.

Lindisfame, Mt. Abrupt.

ElCCIOCAEPL'S CORDA.

Obcordate seldom forming rosettes, upper surface with
a median furrow, and furnished with pores; chlorophyll-
layer not well defined, nearly the entire thickness occupied
by air chambers; ventral surface, with numerous long,
dentate, violet-coloured scales. Antheridia collected in the
median furrow.

Ricciocarpus natans (L.), Corrln. — Obcordate about 1
cm. long, flat, scales about 5 mm. long.

Floating on a lagoon, George Town; Cosmopolitan.

^^vl ARCHANTI A C E AE .

Fronds flat, procumbent, dichotomcusly dividing, dor-
sal surface with well developed pores, opening into simple
or compound air spaces; ventral surface with two or more
lines of scales ; reproductive organs grouped, usually on
special branches. The branches bearing fertilised ova, as-
suming a specialised character, usually in the fomi of an
erect umbrella-shaped body (carpocephalum). Well de-
veloped elat.ors always present.

Pores simple.

Targtonia. — Sporophyte enclosed in a pair of large
bracts, partly concealed beneath the edge of the frond.

Reboulia. — Sporophytes on a persistent carpocepha-
lum. Not bearing gemmae.

LuNUEARiA — Sporophytes on a perishing cari30cepha-
lum. Gemmae always present in a crescent-shaped recep-
tacle.

,56 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

FiMBRiARiA. — Sporophytes on a persistent carpoce-
phalum ; each contained in a white, conspicuous fim-
briated perianth.

Pores formed of a barrel-shaped arrangement of cells.

Marchantia. — Sporophytes on a persistent carpoce-
phalum, aliernating 'with the rays. Gemmae in fringed.
cups.

Targionia, L.
Thallus touo-h, vath small air chambers on th© upper
surface ; pores simple, surrounded by several concentric
rings of cells; ventral surface with two rows of large ob-
liquely triangular scales, each with a broadly awl-shaped
appendage. Antheridia on special branches arising from
the under surface, cylindric, with an expanded terminal
receptacle just emerging from the side of the frond. Arche-
gonia in two rows on the ventral surface, just behind
the growing point, enclosed in two large bracts. Sporo-
phyte spherical, with a short stalk, enclosed in the en-
larged pui-ple bracts, slightly protruding at maturity.

Targionia hypopliylUK L. — Fronds cuneate, 1-2 cm.
long, apex bifid, sometimes dichotomous, but more often
the branches arise from tlie ventral surface, which is
purple to black. Mature involucre nearly black, about 4
mm. diameter, just protruding from beneath the ap<c;x.

McKobie's Gully, Colebrook, Launceston, etc. Ma-
ture about October.

Cosmopolitan.

Reboulia Raddi.

Thallus dichotomously branched, flat ; air chamber's
small on the dorsal surface, with simple pores, sur-
rounded by several rings of concentric cells, ventral
s.urface pui-ple, with two rows of large oblique obovate
scales, each with two linear appendages. Antheridia on a
flat sessile receptacle placed on the dorsal surface close be-
hind the apex. Carpocephalum persistent, hemispheric,
with a more or less lobed margin, on a long stalk. Cap-
sule globose on a short stalk, no perianth, contained each
within an involucre placed on the ventral aspect of a lobe.
The pores of the carpocephalum are barrel-shaped in longi-
tudinal section ; the stalk has a single furrow, with numer-
ous rhizoids. No gemmae cups.

JRchoiiHa liemisjiherira (L.), Ba(]<]i. — Fronds robust,
fleshy. Much resembling a Marchantia, but readily dis-
tinguished by the absence of areolae, the pores in section
being simple, not barrel-shaped, and the capsules being

BY L. RODWAY. O/

borne en the lobes of the carpocephalum, and not alter-
nating with them.

Very widely distributed, but not common. Cosmo-
23olitan.

LUNULAEIA AdANS.

Robust, flat, fleshy, bright green, dorsal surface areo-
late, each with a simple pore, surrounded by concentric
rings of cells. Ventral surface green, with two rows of very
lender, colourless, broadly lunate scales, each with a
rotund appendage. Antheridia on flat, sessile, dorsal
plates. Carpocephalum colourless, or pale green, tender,
and scon wilting. Stalk without a groove, hairy, mostly
2-4 cm. long ; head of four cruciate, horizontal, tubular
involucres, each about 2 mm. long ; perianth absent.
Gemmae always present in lunate cups.

LunuJaria cruriata (Z.), Bum. — Very common in
greenhouses and gardens. Introduced.

FlMBRIARiA, NeES.

Fronds tough, flat or concave, linear rarely forked,
with a thick midrib. Dorsal surface areolate, with small
air chambers ; pores conspicuous, simple, surrounded with
concentric rings of cells. Ventral surface convex, w^ith two
rows of large purple scales, each with an appendage. An-
theridia immersed in the frond. Carpocephalum per-
sistent, purple, conic or hemispheric, on a long, slender
stalk, four lobecl, each containing a single capsule; in-
volucre slender; perianth ovate, white, split into^ many
linear sections. Capsule globose, with a very short stalk.
The small size and conspicuous white fimbriated perianth
makes the genus easily recognised.

Carpocephalum hemispheric, coarselv
warted. Spores 150 ^. diar-
meter drummondi

Carpocephalum hemispheric, nearly

smooth. Spores 60 ^. diameter tenera

Carpocephalum conic conocephala

Fiwhriaria dm mwondi, Tayl. — Fronds flat, about
1 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, dull green, pui-ple beneath and
on the margin, midrib thick, but not much produced on
the ventral surface, wings broad, thin, margin acute, irre-
gularly crenote, new shoots ventral from the midrib, pores
large and prominent, ventral scales obliquelv ovate, pur-
ple; appendage colourless, not constricted at the base,
ligulate. with a shortly acuminate apex. Peduncle to
2 cm. ; carpocephala hemispheric, coarsely warted, lobes

58 TASMANIAN BKYOPHYTA,

well developed ; perianth partially exserted. Spores about
150 IX. diameter, yellowish-brown, broadly winged.
Near Launccston, New Zealand, Australia.

Fhnhriaria tencra, Mitt. — Fronds about 1 cm. long,
4 mm. wide, flat, green, with little or no purple beneath,
midrib broad, ventrally convex; wings thin, with an ob-
tuse margin, new shoots apical, rarely ventral ; pores large,
but not very prominent; ventral scales obliquely ovate,
colourless, appendage narrow, shortly acuminate, some-
times tinged with purple. Peduncle 1.5 cm.; carpoce>-
phala hemispheric, nearly smooth; lobes well developed;
perianth short. Spores 60 /x- diameter, brown, reticulately
winged.

New Zealand.

Fimhriaria conoccpliala, St. — Frond 1-2 cm. long,
3mm. wide, concave, and often dark purple throughout,
sometimes green on the dorsal surface; midrib strongly
convex on ventral aspect; wings as broad as the rib, strong,
with an acute crenate margin ; new shoots ventral or
apical; pores large, prominent; ventral scales ovate, with
a short, ligulato appendage. Peduncle 0.5-2 cm. ; carpo-
cephala conic, obtusely warted ; lobes larger than the
umbo; perianth very exserted; spores 100 /x., with a very
broad reticulate wing, yellow, wing entire.

F . tasjuan/ca, St., differs in the appendage, being long,
with a slender bifid apex, but the character appears in-
constant.

Knocklofty, Hobart ; very common ; Eastern Aus-
tralia.

Marchantia, L.

Large, fleshy, repeatedly forked, closely decumbent.
Dorsal surface marked into lozenge-shaped areolae, each
with a central pore opening into an air chamber; pores in
perpendicular section barrel-shaped, formed of about four
series, of cells ; external orifice surrounded by 4-6 concen-
tric rings of narrow cells ; internal orifice cruciate, or
nearly quadrate in Tasmanian species. Carpocephalum
with a long stalk, with twO' rhizoid-bearing grooves ; head
convex ; margin lobcd or entire, involucres alternating
with the lobes, 2-valved fimbriate enclosing several sporo-
phytes; perianth present, plain, capsule stalked. An-
theridia on a pedunculate discoid, erect branch. Gemmae
large, in cups, with a fimbriate margin.

Margin of carpocephalum deeply lobed 2

BY L. KODAVAY. 59

Margin of carpocephalum entire or with shal-
low lobes 3

2. Lobes terete. Scales broad,

Dale cephaloscypha

Lobes flat. Scales narrow, pur-
ple foliacea

3. Carpocephalum margin shortly lobecl... pileata
Carpocephalum margin entire fusca

Morchanfia cephaloscypha, St. — Midrib not defined.
Scales pale, short, but very broad, extending nearly to tli©
margin. Peduncle 5-10 cm., head nearly 1 cm. ; lobes long,
terete, 9, often recurring at maturity. Very close to
M. fabularis, Xees.

Abundant, especially after fire. Australia, Xew Zea^-
land. South America.

Marchantia foliacea. Mitt. — Midrib broad and usually
well defined. Scales dark purple, as long as broad, not
extending over the wings. Peduncle 5-10 cm., head nearly
1 cm. diameter, divided half-way into 9 broad flat lobes,
one division much deeper than the others.

Common on banks of streams; New Zealand.

Marchantia pileata. Mitt. — Midrib narrow, ill-defined,
under surfa.ce red. Scales obliquely ovate, not extending
on the wings, d-ark purple. Peduncle about 1.5 cm.; head
hemispheric, 4-5 mm. diameter, asymmetric, 5-6 short,
broad lobes, insertion of peduncle almost lateral.

Mt. Wellington, Bruny Island, Meander River, Xew
Zealand.

Marchantia fu'^ca, St. — Midrib thick, insensibly at-
tenuating into the wings. Peduncle about 7 mm. long ;
head hemispheric, 4-5mm. diameter, symmetric, margin
quite entire. Other details as in 31. ijileata.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington. Rare. New Zealand.

JUNGERMANNIALES.

This Order contains two families : —

Metzgeriaceae.

jungermanniaceae.

The marked feature of the first is that the archegonia
are developed ujoon special branches, which are never at
the apex of a shoot. These branches are sometimes so
much reduced that the organs appear to grow on the sur-
face or side of a frond. The members of this family ai'e*
mostly thalloid, but a few genera are leafy. In the second

60 TASMANIAX BRYOPHYTA,

family the sporopliyte terminates the main axis, or a
lateral branch, though in some genera this is obscure. In
all cases the plant is leafy, only in one genus, Zoopsis, re-
duction has obscured this. The two families are quite dis^
tinct, though the dividing line is not easily defined.

Metzgeriaceae.

Generally thalloid, rarely leafy. Tissue of the frond
never with air-chambers or ventral scales; a midrib i3
generally well defined. Sporopliyte solitai'y, on the side or
surface of the frond, never borne on a special apparatus,
having an involucre and often also a pseudo-perianth.

Plant thalloid, expanded.

Aneura.— Fleshy, thick, at least in the middle; no
defined midrib. No perianth. Calyptra large,
fleshy, papillate.

Metzgeria. — Membranous, wings thin, midrib very
narrow, well marked. Frond forked, equal
breadth throughout. No perianth. Calyptra
hairy.

Hymenophytum. — Cylindric below, winged above.
Fruit from the under surface. Perianth pre-
sent.

Pallavicinius. — Cylindric below, winged above.
Fruit on the upper surface. Perianth present.

Symphyogyna. — Cylindric below, winged above. Fruit

from the upper surface. Perianth absent.
Plant leafy.

Treubia. — Leaves reduced to lateral lobes. Seta very
long.

FossoMBRONiA. — Leaves erect closely overlapping.
Seta short.

Aneura, Dum.

Leafless, decumbent, but often with ascending
branches, vaguely branched, thick or membranous; no
distinct midrib, but thick in the middle and thinner to-
wards the margins; surface, or cortical layer of cells,
usually much smaller than the inner cells, and chloro-
phyll ous. Reproductive organs on short lateral branches
on the lower part of the frond. Perianth absent. Caly^Dtra
large, clavate, fleshy. Capsule on a long seta, 4-valved,
elators attached to the apex of the valves. Gemmae
formed in the cortical cells, oblong, 2-celled.

BY L. RODWAY. 61

The plants are very variable in general form, and it
is necessary to study their structure. A transverse sec-
tion is always desirable.

Branches, broad 2

At least ultimate branches less than 1 mm.

wide 11

2. Marginal cells larger than those of the

cortex, generally colourless 3

Marginal cells not distinct 7

3. Concavci, thick, surface waxy ^^f^r/i^/.s

Flat, marginal cells striate stolonifera

Condition otherwise 4

4. Branches pinnate 5

Branches erect, simple 6

5. Margin entire altcrniloha

Margin dentate dentata

6. Margin of rectangular colourless

cells, but often indistinct erecta

Margin with a conspicuous border of
large quadrate cells cochhata

7. Surface conic-papillate tasmanica

Surface armed with small rough

papillae colensoi

Surface smooth 8

8. Margin acute 9

Margin obtuse 10

9. Robust, about 12 cells thick longiflora

Broad, thin, about 5 cells thick... poJymorijha

10. Concave to slightly convex pinnatifida

Strongly biconvex crassa

11. Main trunk and branches fiat, pinnules

linear biconvex palmata

All parts linear 12

12. Strongly biconvex, margin obtuse ... cdcicome
Margin acute 13

13. Margin not bordered 14

Margin bordered 15

14. Both surfaces slightly convex gracdis

^ Ventral surface flat ijerpiisdla

15. Small, stem and branches similar ... minima
Robust, decumbent, hirsute, branches

erect, bi-tripinnate eriocmda

62 TASMANIAN BIIYOPHYTA,

Aneura pinyuis (Z.), Dum. — Decumbent, very concave^
thick and of a greasy or waxy appearance, margins wavy,
acute edged, with 1-2 series of larger colourless or purple
ceils, relatively thick in the middle, and very convex on
the ventral side, branches few and irregular, often 2-3 cm.
long, 5 mm. wide to much smaller. Calyptra often 7 mm.
long, thick and coarsely papillate. Very variable in size,
but the character always distinct.

Mt. Wellington, New Zealand. Cosmopolitan.

Aneura alterniloha, Hf. ct T. — Robust, often 3-5 cm.
long, and 5-10 mm. wide, procumbent, broad and tough,
with short, broad, lateral branches or lobes, flat or slightly
convex, 8-10 ceils thick in the middle, margins acute of one
series of large cells.

Common in wet gullies. New Zealand.

/. rohu.^ta. — Froncls 6-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, with
few or no lateral branches, margins alternately lobed, lobes
obtuse or retuse, 2 mm. long, 4 mm. broad at the base.

Russell Falls.

Aneurd rrassa, Xeea. — Robust, rigid, tough, 3-6 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. wide, bipinnate, branches very irregular,
sometimes all short, biconvex, 12 cells thick in the middle,
margin very obtuse, apex immarginate.

Mt. Wellington. New Zealand.

Distinguished from A. ■pinmatifidd and A. loiu/iflora
by the obtuse margin, and from A. alter nil oha by the ab-
sence of the enlarged marginal cells.

Aneura plnnatifida, Sec^. — Dark green to black,
densely pulvinate, generally 1-2 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
with few or many lateral branches, typically very concave
dorsally, but varying tO' flat or slightly convex, 7-10 cells,
thick in the middle, margin obtuse of small cells.

Cosmopolitan.

Aneura h))i<i'ifli)ra ^ St. — Very variable. Procumbent,
but generally with numerous erect branches, irregularly
bipinnate, flaccid, brownish, often 3-4 cm. long, branches
with expanded crenulate apices, mostly 3 mm. wide, flat,
about 12 cells thick in the middle, tapering to the acute
margins. Calyptra 8 mm. long, cylindric.

Lottah. Slopes of Mt. Wellington.

Distinguished by its short, flat branches, with simple
acute marsins.

BY L, ROD WAY. 63

f. suhmersa. — Dark, 4-5 cm. long, linear, with numer-
ous short lateral branches, most of which are divided into
many short, deciirved, subterete pinnules.

Adamson Peak, in pools.

Aneura polymorpha, Col. — Very variable in shape.
Procumbent, flaccid, broadj thin, and dark green. Branch-
ing very varied in shape and breadth, procumbent or erect,
often 5 cm. long, flat and thin, seldom more than 5 cells
thick in the middle ; margins thin, but not winged.
Calyptra small.

About Hobart. Possibly introduced. New Zealand.

Keadily distinguished by its flat, thin structure.

Aneura dentata, St. — Dark. Procumbent, flat or con-
cave dorsally, robust, with many broad, short lobed
branches, mostly 3-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, apices obtuse,
witJi broad obtuse marginal lobes, 7-10 cells thick in the
middle, margins acute, with one to many series of enlarged
round or elongated, transparent cells. In the typical form
the "margin everywhere, especially at apex, coarsely den-
tate, teeth remote, piano-conic, acuminate, 2-4 cells long.'"

Mt. Wellington. Blue Tier. New Zealand.

Very close to A. colensoi, but with a smooth surface
and distinct margin.

Aneura colensoi, St. — Procumbent, robust, mostly 2-3
cm. long, tough, fleshy, with numerous short, broad
branches, branches 2 mm. wide, bearing many rotund, rarely
lengthened pinnules; margins obtuse, about 6 cells thick
in the middle ; surface thickened, covered with short, acute
papillae.

Mt. Wellington. New Zealand.

Tlie non-bordered obtuse margin and armed cuticle
distinguishes the species.

Aneura. stolonifera, St. — Very variable, robust, 6-8
€m. long to small, den&ely caespitose and under 1 cm. Base
btoloniferous and terete, branches long or short, ascending
or erect, flat, thick, and expanding to a broad, crenate
apex, middle 10 cells thick, margin acute, marginal cells
large, minutely lamellate, and often also minutely papil-
late. Calyptra narrow, clavate, 6 mm. long, inserted on
the terete base.

Very common. Also throughout the Southern Hemi-
spliepe.

Distinguished by the enlarged striate marginal cells.

64 TASMANIAN BRYOrHYTA,

Anevra fasmanica, St. — Rather small, decumbent, sel-
dom exceeding 1 cm., fiat, much divided into short
branches, 1-2 mm. wide, rarely suberect, and with ex-
panded tips, very narrow, almost terete at the base, apex
obtuse in section plano-convex, 8 cells thick in the middle,
margin acute, but not winged, surface coarsely papillate.
Calyptra large, broadly cylindric, coarsely papillose. Cor-
licular cells 20 fx., medullaries 60 ^.

Slopes of Mount Wellington.

Aneura crecta, St. — Procumbent, widely spreading,
vaguely branched, yellowish-green or more or less brown,
1-2 cm. long, numerous branches, ascending or erect, about
5-10 mm. long, flat or concave, simple or seldom branched.
1-2 mm. wide, with obtuse apices, about 5 cells thick in
the middle ; dorsal cortical cells hexagonal and brown
walled, ventrals longer, marginal cells often colourless,
rectangular, but variable. Cortical cells 40 ^., medullaries
very large.

Very common.

Aneura coclileata, Hf. et T. — Medium size, densely
pulvinate, the branches erect, and usually stronglv con-
cave at the tips. Branches simple, or with few lobes, erect, •
2-3 mm. wide, broader and concave at the apex, 4-5 cells
thick in the middle, margin acute, with one or two series
of large quadrate hyaline cells, cortical cells rather large,
those of the ventral surface of very irregular shape.
Calyptra ohlong, 2 mm., coarsely papillate.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington. New Zealand.

f. Iirhcno/J<^s. — Branches more lobed, flatter, and less
erect.

Mt. Wellington.

Aneura alcicorne. Mitt. — Small, slender in dense, pul-
vinate masses or singly amongst moss, pale green or when
exposed very dark, with green tips. Ascending, linear, or
almost terete, to 1 cm long, 0.3-0.6 mm. diameter,
branches few, short or lono-, similar, biconvex, with obtuse
margins, cortical cells, little smaller than the medullaries.
Calyptra half-way up the branch, clavate 3 mm. long.

Small forms are very similar to A. r/racil/.'i, but the
margins are obtuse, and the apex of the calyptra without
the ring of pilose hairs of that species.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Styx. Adamson Peak. Com-
mon in many localities. S. America.

BY L. RODWAY. 65

Aneura pahnata {Heche), Bum. — Bright green, trans-
parent, in pulvinate masses. Primary shoot decumbent,
Hat, 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, alternately pinnate,
pinnae very short, obtusely lobed, branches erect, simple,
linear, 5-10 mm. long; ultimate pinnules 0.3 mm. wide and
generally numerous and equal, margin obtuse, about 8
cells thick in the middle; cortical cells 50 x 33 ^., medul-
laries 80-120 ^x. Organs of reproduction on the sides of
the expanded branches. Antheridial ovate-cylinclric, ped-
unculate. Calyptra stout, papillate, 3 mm. long.

Common. Cosmopolitan.

Aneura minima {Carr et Pear), St. — Very small, in
dense cushions. Trunk stoloniferous, much branched,
branches ascending pinnate, about 5-10 mm. long, 0.3 mm.
wide, linear, biconvex, 4 cells thick in the middle, margin
acute of 2-3 series of colourless cells, more or less crenate.
Calyptra clavate, 1.3 mm. long, apex with a ring of long
pilose hairs. Cortical cells not smaller than the medul-
laries.

Mt. Wellington. East Australia.

Aneura gracilis, St. — Verv small, in dense cushions,
under 1 cm., the branches mostl}^ about 5 mm. long and
0.4 mm. wide, trunk and branches linear, nearly flat, all
similar, 3-5 cells thick in the middle, margins subacute,
not winged, cells all equal. Calyptra 2 mm. long, with a
ring of pilose hairs at the apex.

Very common.

Aneura yerim^iUa, Col. — Minute, appearing like a
layer of green plush. Shoots 2-5 mm. long, 0.4 mm. wide,
convex on the dorsal, flat on the ventral surface, 3-5 cells
thick in the middle, margins acute, but not winged, cells
all similar. Calyptra cylindric, 1-2 mm. apex with a ring
of pilose hairs.

Probably Stephani's A. gracilis is but a rather larger
form of this.

Mt. Wellington. New Zealand.

Metzgerta, Raddt.
Membranous, linear, dichotomously dividing ; midrib
slender, very distinct, of narrow elongated cells, w^ithin a
large celled sheath ; wings broad, one cell thick ; margins,
under surface and midrib, more or less bearing single or
geminate bold hairs. Reproductive organs on small, spe-
cial branches, arising from the ventral surface of the mid-
rib. Perianth absent; calyptra thick, clavate or pyriform.

66 TASMANIAN BRYOPIIYTA,

clothed with straight bristles. Gemma© on the ventral sur-
face of the midrib, discoid, large, many-celled, smooth.

Marginal hairs always single 2

Marginal hairs mostly in pairs 3

2. Frond nearly flat, simple furcata

Wings split into involute lobes saccata

3. Midrib hairless atrichuneurd

Midrib with hairs 4

4. Nerve sheath 2-celled on both sides ... nltida
Nerve sheath 2-celled dorsal ly, 4-celled

ventrally conjugata

Metzgeria furcata (L.), Dum. — Variable in size, mostly
1-3 cm. long, repeatedly forked, from under 1 to nearly
2 mm. diameter, flat, procumbent. Midrib prominent on
the ventral surface and 4 cells broad, flat and 2-celled
dorsally. Cells of the wings hexagonal, about 32 ^. dia-
meter. Under surface more or less clothed with simple,
straight hairsi, usually numerous on the midrib, often ab-
sent from the wings, except a few just within the margin.
Qalyptra broadly clavate, covered with stiff hairs. Spores
light brown, granular, about 25 /i., diameter.

Very common. Mostly on bark. Cosmopolitan.

Metzgeria saccata, Mitt. — Seldom exceeding 1 cm. in
length and 1 mm. in breadth, wings regularly segmented
into reflexed saccate lobes, each about 2 mm. long; midrib
flat and 2 cells wide on the dorsal surface, prominent, and
4-celled on the ventral, a few bold hairs on the margin
between the lobes, none on the midrib, cells of the wing
32 )"•? Calyptra pyriform, 2.5 mm., coarsely strigose.

Mt. Wellington, Mt. Hartz, Adamson Peak, Freycinet
Peninsula, etc. New Zealand.

Metzgeria nitida, Mitt. — Slender, ascending, often 3
cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, margins recurved, midrib nearly
liat, and 2-celled on both sides, hairs bold, few or copious
on midrib and margin, those of the latter mostly in pairs;
cells 45 fi.

Mt. Wellington, Hussell Falls, West Coast, etc. New
Zealand. S. America.

Metzgeria atrlclioneura. Spruce. — Small and repeatedly
branched, margin revolute, midrib flat and 2-celled dor-
sally, prominent, 2-3-celled ventrally; hairs in pairs, short,
and confined to the margin ; cells 45 n.

Tasraan Peninsula. New Zealand.

BY L. RODWAY. 67

Aletzgeria conjiigata, Lindh. — Slender, often 3 cm.
long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, margin recurved, midrib flat, 2-celled
on the; dorsal surface, produced, and 4-celled on the ven-
tral ; wings nude, but margin and midrib bearing many
straight hairs, mostly in pairs ; cells 45-60 /z. long ; cuticle
smooth.

East Coast. Cosmopolitan.

Hymenophytum, Dum.

Frond from a cylindric base, broadly membranous, de-
cumbent or erect, simple to several times forked and fan-
shaped above, midrib narrow. Archegonia on very short
branches, arising from the ventral surface just below tlie
membranous expansion, or at the lower fork; involucre
bilobed ; perianth clavate, with a fimbriate mouth ;
calyptra membranous. Antheridia on short, special
branches on the ventral aspect of the midrib, or reduced
to rotund cushions on the surface.

Frond fan-shaped flaheUatum

Frond simple or once forked ijlvyUantliusi

Hymenophytum flaheUatum {Hool-), St. — Fronds from
a creeping cylindrnc stolon, erect, a long stalk and a 2-3
forked membranous fan-shaped head ; midrib thin.
Perianth arising on the ventral surface of primary or
secondary forks, about 1 cm. long, surrounded at the base
by a short bilobed involucre; lobes reniform to- oblong;
margin entire, obscurely toothed or irregularly spinous.
Antheridia on discoid cushions on the ventral surface.

Stephani makes the typical fonii with more than two
jjrimary divisions to the fan, stalk not ^± all winged, mid-
rib lost below the apex, and the involucre spinous.

He adopts Taylor's //. leptopociuin as a good species.
This is generally less robust, with the primary division
simply dichotomous, stipes winged above, midrib per-
current, and involucre entire.

Tasmanian forms, whether small or very robust, sel-
dom have more than two divisions in the first fork ; the
stipes is winged, but the midrib vanishes at a distance
from the apex, and the involucre is seldom entire.

Abundant. Australia. New Zealand.

HymenopliytKin phyllantlius (Hook), St. — Fronds
ascending, 2 cm., simple or once furcate, shortly stipitate,
v/ith broad wings above; midrib rather slender; wings
thin, undulate ; margin entire. Perianth on ventral aspect
-close below the expanded portion of the frond, cylindric,

H

68 TASMANIAN BRYOrHYTA,

6 mm., mouth fimbriate, calyptra delicate, shorter; in-
volucre cupshaped, fimbriate. Antheridia on short ventral
branches.

Common in shaded places. Australia. New Zealand.

Pallavicinius, Gray.
Fvond cvlindric below, expanding above into a decum-
bent or erect, simple or forked expansion; midrib bold,
with a central strand of small cells. Archegonia in groups
on the upper surface, surrounded by a short, cup-shaped
fimbriate involucre; perianth cvlindric, with a fimbriate
mouth ; calyptra about as long, membranous. Antheridia
solitary, globose, biseriate on dorsal aspect of the midrib,
each covered by a dentate scale.

Pallavicinius lyeUii (HuoJi), Gray. — Decumbent, sim-
ple, or with branchips arising from the midrib, sometimes
forked, 3-4 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide; wings undulate,
ascending; margin entire; midrib slender. Fruit about
the middle of the frond; involucre short, fimbriate above;
l^erianth 6 mm. long, cylindric, mouth fimbriate,
calyptra often protruding beyond the perianth. Spores
brown 26 fj.., finely reticulated.

Cosmopolitan.

PaUavicinius connivens {Col.), St. — Erect from a cylin-
dric rhizome, 1-2 cm., lower portion slender, cylindric,
above 2-3 times forked; broadly winged, flabellate. edges
involute, margin strongly dentate. Fruit towards the base
of the primary fork, or on the dorsal surface of the mid-
rib ; involucre short, cup-shaped, with a fimbriate mouth ;
perianth broadly cylindric, 3-4 mm., mouth fimbriate;
calyptra shorter than the perianth. Spores yellow, marked
v.'ith short, sinuous, shallow ridges or irregular papillae,
30 „.

Mt. Wellington Plateau. New Zealand.

Symphyogyna, Mont, et Nees.

Fronds cylindric below, expanded and membranous
above, simple or forked; midrib narrow, wings broad,
membranous. Archegonia in small groups on the dorsal
aspect of the midrib, involucre consisting of a single braet ;
perianth absent; calyptra. bold, cylindric, membranous.
Antheridia single, but many in rows on each side of the
midrib, each contained in a small bract.

Margin entire interrupia

Margin dentate 2

BY L. ROD WAY. 69

2. Closely decumbent, midrib very pro-

minent on ventral surface rliodina

Midrib rather flat 3

3. Midrib slender, wings decurrent,

usually twice forked hymenophyUa

Midrib bold, base of wings bluff, sim-
ple or once forked ohovata

Sy)nijhy(j(jyna inierrupta, C. et P. — Delicate, procum-
bent or ascending, fronds to 2 cm., stipitate below abruptly
expanded, with broad wings above, simple, or with few
bra.nches ; midrib slender ; wings in some instances inter-
rupted; margin entire. Calyptra 5-7 mm. long; bract
narrow, oblong, laciniate above ; capsule cylindric. Spores
20 IX. ^ asperate.

Closely resembling Podomitrium phyllanthus. Mitt.

Slopes of Mt. AVellingtou. Eastern Australia.

Symphyoyyna rhodnia, Tayl. — Rosy, closely decum-
bent, about 1 cm. long, 2-3 mm. diameter, forked ; dorsal
surface concave, ventral with a deeply produced bold mid-
rib ; wings ascending, more or less dentate. Calyptra
about 6 mm. long, bract deeply lobed ; spores 20 /z.,
asperate.

On clay bank, Iluon-road. New Zealand.

Sym phyogyna hymenopliylla (Hoolc), Sf. — Frond sub-
erect, forked into a broadly obconic fan, membranous
wings, broad, coalescing and decurrent below, margin
coarsely dentate, midrib slender, vanishing in or below the
obtuse apex. Calyptra slender, often exceeding 1 cm.,
apex fimbriate, and carrying sterile archegonia ; bract
oblong or quadrate, margin strongly dentate or fimbriate.
Spores 18 /j.., papillate.

Apex occasionally with a flagellate rooting tip.

Very common. Australia. New Zealand.

Sympliyogyna ohovata, Tayl. — Fronds decumbent or
ascending, about 2-3 cm. long, abruptly expanding, with
broad, crisped membranous wings, simple or with few
branches, midrib strong, attenuated towards the apex,
margin rather regularly dentate. Calyptra about 1 cm.
long, usually rosy, cylindric ; bract deeply divided once
or twice, fimbriate. Spores 22 ^, , yellow, with fine brown
reticulations.

Yerv common. Australia. New Zealand.

to tasmanian brvophyta,

Treubia, Goebel.

Frond procumbent, simple, or rarely with few lateral
branches ; midrib broad, passing imperceptibly into the
wings. Wings sectioned off into lobular leaves, nearly
horizontal, slightly succubous, large and with a short lobe
towards the anterior base. Archegonia in a small group
on the dorsal surface of the midrib, near the apex, sur-
rounded by an involucre of numerous small scales.
Perianth, none. Calyptra thick, clavate, about 1 cm.
long.

Treubia hh^ngnis, frochel. — About 3-6 cm. long, 1.5 cm.
broad, fleshy, midrib prominent on the ventral surface,
copiously covered with mucous.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington. Rare. New Zealand,
Java, Samoa. Tahiti.

FOS.SOMBRONIA, RaDDI.

Stem slender, closely creeping on ground, simple or
forked. Leaves in two rows, succubous, imbricate, erect.
Archegonia on the dorsal surface of the midrib near the
apex. Perianth large, more or less plicate, with a widely
open mouth. Calyptra tender, pyriform.

Leaves entire 2

Leaves dentate dcnfata

2. Leaves green, closely imbricate ... perjiusilla
Leaves reddish, loosely imbricate ... infesfinal/s

Fo.'<sonthron2a j^crpusiUa {Col.), Si. — Small, about 5
mm. closely procumbent. Leaves ascending, closely im-
bricate, quadrate, truncate to 3-4 lobed, undulate, cells
50-70 iJ.. Perianth erect, close to the apex, 2 mm. long,
plicate, mouth wide, crisped. Spores 40 //., brown, sur-
face armed with short, sinuous, bold lamellae, appearing
in section as crowded blunt spines.

Very common on ground. New Zealand.

Fofisomhronia hitestinalis, Tayl. — Small, but often
1-2 cm long, closely procumbent. Leaves imbricate, ascend-
ing, quadrate,- undulate, broader than long, about 2 mm.
long, cells mostly 50-70 ^. Perianth turbinate, about
2 mm. long, plicate, mouth broad, lobed. Spores blaek,
4 6-50 yu, surface reticulate, with bold, truncate papillae
at the junction of the lamellae.

Distinguished by longer growth, looser foliage, and
dark, rough spores.

Common in grassy places. East Australia. New Zea-
land.

BY L. HOD WAY. 71

Fofiftoinhrnnia dentata, St. — Closely creeping, mostly
1-2 cm., often reddish. Leaves closely imbricate, ascend-
ing, broadly ovate to retuse, 1.5-3 mm. long, margin
usually armed with about 12 bold spines, sometimes fewer
or much reduced, cells 40 x 50 ^. to 50 x 100 ^,. Rest
not seen.

Common on heaths.

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

Archegonia terminating the main stem or lateral
branch ; sometimes the lateral branch basal, and so re-
duced as to break down the technical distinction from
Metzgeriaccae. Leaves always jjresent (reduced to small
lateral lobes in Zoopsis), flat and expanded, entire or
variously armed, or divided, always arranged in two lateral
rows, generally a third ventral row of smaller leaves is
present. Sporopliyte surrounded at the base by a mem-
branous perianth, and an enlarged calyptra ; perianth
rarely absent. The base of the sporopliyte, with its ac-
companying envelopes, often more or less sunk in the
substance of the gametophyte shoot. When this tendency
is great this part of the stem develops a ventral, descend-
ing, fleshy bag, the marsupium.

The family is very large. A few natural sub-
families may be separated out, but the bulk of the genera
do not present workable distinctions. Efforts have been
made to group them in accordance with differences in
structure of the perianth, but without a satisfying result.
The following treatment is almost upon these lines, but
depends more on leaf-shape. It is advanced not as being
more natural, but as a more workable key to help the
student.

Sub-family Jungermannioideae. — Leaves succubous
rarely, almost transverse,, under-leaves absent, except
sometimes in the vicinity of the archegonia.

1. Leaves entire, rarely retuse 2

Leaves bifid 12

2. Sporophyte with a simple perianth or

calyptra 3

Sporophyte inserted in a descending mar-
supium 9

3. Perianth absent Gyiunowitriiim

Perianth present 4

4. Perianth 2-lipped, flat, terminal... Pldtjiocliihi
Perianth tubul ar 5

72 TASMA^'IAN BUYOPHYTA,

5. Perianth towards the base Adehinthus

Perianth terminal 6

6. Leaves with an acute apex Cu^pidatula

Leaf apex obtuse 7

7. Leaves strongly succubous Jame>iunielUi

Leaves nearly transverse 8

8. Leaves entire Aylozia

Leaves retuse Splienolohus

9. Plant procumbent 10

Plant ascending or erect 11

10. Marsupium cylindric Syrajtliyoinitrd

MarsLipium, short, broad Alicularia

11. Marsupium apical Tylimanthufi

Marsupium basal Marsui^idium

12. Small, green 13

Robust, rigid, reddish Aiuo'trojdiylluni

13. Cuticle smooth SpJi(/i(}Ioh'Uf<

Cuticle joapillose Acroholhux

Sub-family Lophocoleoidae. — Leaves succubous, rela-
tively large, entire or dentate or sometimes 2-lobed ; under-
leaves always present, nearly always miich smaller than
and very dissimilar to the leaves.

1. Sporophyte inserted in a perianth 2

Sporojohyte in a marsupium Sdccoyyna

2. Perianth at a distance from the

apex CIn'IosrypIiu.'<

Perianth apical 3

3. Perianth triquetrous or cylindric,

mouth 3-lobed Lopiiorolcd

Perianth flattened and bilobcd at the

mouth Lej}f(tsryj/Iii(s

Perianth trigonous, mouth dentate,

leaves with a thick margin ... Odonfoffrln's/na

Sub-family Ptilidioideae. — Leaves usually small, in-
cubous to transverse, rarely slightly succubous, bilobed to
many lobed, lobes acute often spinous ; underleaves j^re-
sent (except in some Cephalozia,), similar to the leaves and
often nearly as large. One species of Leinhld'nini has entire
leaves.

1. Leaves reduced to small lateral lobes ;

underleaves rudimentary Zoojysis

Leaves not so reduced 2

2. Leaves bilobed 3

Leaves with more than 2 lobes rarely

bilobed in Lepidozia 6

BY L. RornvAV. 73

3. Leaves divided below the middle 4

Leaves divided to above the middle 5

4. Leaves robust strongly secund... CJtandfjjKnitJni.s
Leaves very small, erect Hcrljtrta

5. Underleaves small or absent; leaves

minute C'ephalozia

Underleaves nearly as large as the
leaves Isotaclii^

6. Perianth smooth 7

Perianth hairy or scaly 8

7. Leaves incubous Leindozia

Leaves transverse. Stem erect and

dendroid Lcnihidiuni

Leaves succubous or transverse. Stem
procumbent Psiloclada

8. Leaves with many spiney divisions;

perianth with spiney hairs at the

mouth Bhpharostoma

Leaves with numerous hair-like divi-
sions; perianth scaley Trichocolea

Leaves twice bifid, long acute, middle
cells elongated Lepicoha

Sub-family Bazz.intoideae. — Leaves incubous, entire
or with 2-3 small terminal lobes, or margin ciliated ;
underleaves always present, not similar to the leaves.

Leaves 2-3 dentate or lobed Baizania

Leaves entire or a few bilobed Calypogeia

Plant with numerous water-sacks' on

ventral aspect Lepidolaena

Sub-family Scapanioideae. — Leaves deeply divided
into two lobes, the dorsal smaller than and closely pressed
against the ventral lobe, in DipJopliyllum densifoUum the
lobes are linear and equal.

Underleaves absent ; leaf margin entire ;

perianth present Biploplnjllum

Underleaves usually present ; fruit
terminal sunk in the hollowed apex

of the stem Srliiaiocliila

Underleaves bifid ; fruit in a descending

fleshy bag Bahinfiop.'n's

Sub-family Raduloideae. — Leaves incubous, very
nnequally 2-lobed, ventral lobe very small, and closely
pressed against the large dorsal lobe; underleaves absent.
Perianth long, tubular below, with a broad, flattened
mouth.

Contains but one genus Eadiila

<4 TASMAXIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Sub-family Jubuloideae. — Leaves incubous, very un-
equally iJ-lobed, ventral lobe small, and more or less
jDressed against the larger dorsal lobe, rarely both lobes
nearly equal; underleaves usually present. Perianth
saccate with a very small often tubular mouth. Capsule
not splitting to the base ; many elators attached to the
apex of each valve.

1. Ventral lobe convoluted to form a

water sack ., Frulhinia

Ventral lobe an involution on the
ventral margin Lejeunia group

Gymnomitrium Corda.

Small, growing in dense masses. Leaves imbricate,
concave, entire or bifid, apex usually colourless. Under-
leaves none. Perianth none; calyptra terminal; capsule
globose on a short seta,; upper leaves enlarged, braets
smaller and colourless.

(ji/ivuoinitriuni cnncinnatum {Lightf) Corda. — Stems
small, slender, about 5 mm. long, pale green tinged with
red or yellow. Leaves closely imbricate in two opposite
rows closely appreased to the stem, oblong, 1 mm. mostly
\ bilobed, sometimes notched or entire, margin hyaline;
cells about 20 /x., cuticle minutely verruculose. Bracts
many deeply lobed ; inner ones laciniate.

Our plant has been referred to Acolia sty g la, but that
has entire less crawded leaves.

Mt. Wellington Plateau.

Cosmopolitan.

In exposed situations on mountains the leaves are
more closely appressed and entire; marginal cells elongated
and irregular, forming an erose colourless border. — Cesia
erosa C. ct F.

Plagiochila, Dum.

Large to medium, never very small, green or more or
less tinged with brown, shoots ascending from a leafless
rhizome, simple or more often with lateral branches.
Leaves succubous, base narrow, oblique with the dorsal
margin reflexed ; underleaves absent. Perianth terminal,
with a broad, laterally flattened, bilobed or truncate
mouth ; floral leaves large. Antheridia in terminal spikes.

Plants of the deltoid group vary in habit and stric-
ture. It is very difficult to define specific limits, and
numerous species have been described from limited her-
barium material. In all the species the dentition of the
margins and size of trigones vary great.l^^

BY L. RODWAY. 75

1. Leaves deltoid; dorsal margin nearly

straight, ventral strongly curved 2

Leaves subovate to rotund 6

Leaves obcuneate to narrowly obovate 13

2. Leaves broader than long 3

Leaves longer than broad 4

3. Leaves 3-4 mm. strongly dentate ... ddtoidea
Leaves 2 mm. margin undulate,

seldom with a few teeth microdictyum

4. Leaves obliquely ovate, apex narrow 5

Leaves obliquely oblong, apex broad fasciculata

5. Dorsal margin nearly straight and

plain stromhifolia

Dorsal margin curved, usually with a

few bold teeth lyallii

6. Margin many dentate 7

Margin plain or few dentate 10

7. Teeth minute 8

Teeth bold 9

S. Dorsal base abruptly inserted fusreVa

Dorsal base decurrent taylori

9. Both margins armed retros2:)ectan%

Dorsal margin nude hiseriaUs

10. Leaves rotund circinali^

Ventral margin much expanded 11

11. Leaves rigid, strongly decurved... decurvi folia
Leaves erect appressed 12

12. Leaves brownish pusilla

Leaves pale green flaccid radiculosa

13. Leaves 1.5 mm., surface obtusely papil-

late plevraia

Leaves much smaller, surface
smooth inriirvicoUa

PJagiodiila deUoidea, Lindh. — Robust, short and
simple to 10 cm., and branched. Leaves crowded, imbri-
cate, deltoid, 3-4 mm. long, very oblique and a similar
breadth, dorsal margin strongly reflexed, lightly curved
and mostly nude, base shortly decurrent, ventral margin
very expanded from apex to base, often conniving with
the opposite leaves to form a crest, apex and ventral
margin variously armed with few to many bold teeth ;
cells averasang 24 ^., walls thick, trigones large. Perianth
immersed in large floral leaves, mouth broadly truncate,
spinulose, dorsal margin with a narrow dentate wing
above.

Very common.

East Australia. New Zealand.

TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Flagiochila microdictyum, Mitt. — Small, simple, rarely
exceeding 5 cm. Leaves crowded, shaped as in F,
deltoidea, about 2.5 mm. long and rather broader, apex
and ventral margin undulate, nude or rarely a few irre-
gular or many very small teeth; cells 20 fx , trigones as
large as the cells, walls sinuous.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak. New Zealand.

PhifjiochiJa fa^ciculata, Lindh. — Usuall}^ tall, slender,
and freely branched. Leaves imbricate, obliquely ovate;
trigonous or rather oblong, 2-3 mm. long, dorsal margin
nearly straight and nude below, ventral margin boldly
curved from apex to base, and armed with few or many
spinous teeth; cells averaging 20 ;x,. trigones rather small.
Perianth hardly exserted, mouth truncate, coarsely spin-
ous.

Distinguished from F. deltoidea by the smaller, nar-
rower leaves.

Very common.

New Zealand. Auckland Island. East Australia.

Flagiochila s<tromhi folia. {Taylor), Lehm. — Usually
robust and branched. Leaves obliquely ovate, with an
obtuse apex, about 2.5 mm. long, dorsal margin nearly
straight, lightly reflexed, nude, ventral margin expanded,
but not extremely so, armed with short, broad acute teeth ;
cells 27 IX.. walls rather thick, trigones medium. Perianth
shortly exserted, mouth rotund, armed with spinous teeth.

The straight dorsal margin distinguishes it from the
last; the smaller more ovate leaves from F. deltoidea.

Very common.

Flagiochila lyallii. Mitt. — Usually tall and branched.
Leaves not crowded, obliquely ovate, 1.5-2 mm., dorsal
margin lightly curved, usually with a few bold teeth, ven-
tral margin more strongly curved, but not ampliate, armed
with strong, broad spinous teeth ; cells about 16 /x. ;
trigones small or none. Perianth shortly exserted, mouth
very broad and armed with spinous teeth.

Less crowded leaves, narrower apex and fewer teeth
mark its distinction from F. fasciculata.

Very common.

New Zealand.

Flagiochila fuf^cella, TTf. rt r.— Rather small for the
genus, seldom exceeding 3 cm., usually many branched.
Leaves with a nearly transverse very narrow insertion,
subrotund, 3 mm. long, dorsal margin curved, slightly
deflexed, nude, apex and ventral margin very broadly

BY L. EODWAY. 77

curved, ampliate below, armed with numerous minutt
teeth; cells 12-16 ^., walls thick, trigones none, marginal
cells strongly incrassate.

Near Emu Bay.

Auckland Islands.

Plagiochila taylori, St. — Slender, many branched, to
7 cm. long. Leaves not crowded, obliquely ovate to nearly
rotund, 2-3 mm., base narrow, apex obtuse, dorsal margin
lightly reflexed, nude, base rather decurrent, ventral
margin strongly curved from apex to base, armed with
numerous or few minute teeth; cells 18 fj.., trigones small,
Avails straight or slightly sinuous. Perianth long exserted,
oblong, mouth truncate spinulose.

Very close to P. fiisceUa, with a more ovate leaf and
decurrent dorsal base.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast.

Plafjiochila rcfro-^pcctans, Xee-i. — About 5-7 cm., many
branched. Leaves erect, appressed, broadly ovate, 3 mm.,
everywhere armed with numerous teeth of mixed sizes,
rarely all small, and usually an apical tooth larger than
the rest, ventral more curved than the dorsal margin; cells
very irregular, 10-20 ^, trigones large, rotund, w^alls more
ov less sinuous, several series of cells at the margin with
strongly thickened walls. Perianth half exserted, mouth
with long fimbriae.

Very common.

Eastern Australia.

Plag'ochUa hiiieriaUa, L. rf L. — Usually about 4 cm.
and unbranched. Leaves crowded, erect, closely appressed,'
nearly rotund, 1-1.5 mm. long, dorsal margin strongly
curved, nude below and slightlv deflexed, terminating in
a bold apical tooth, ventral margin more curved, armed
with about 10 unequal, bold teeth, getting smaller from
above downwards ; cells 25 ^ . trigones very large, walls
sinuous. Perianth exserted, very flat, mouth rotund
armed with few teeth.

West Coast, Adamson Peak, Mt. Hartz, Cradle Mt.,
etc.

Plagiocliila cirri Jial is, L. et L. — Rigid, simple or few
branched, about 3 cm. Leaves erect, obliquely ovate-
rotund, 2 mm., dorsal margin curved with a rather decur-
rent base, ventral marsjin rotund, margins nude, undulate
or with a few irregular teeth ; cells 18 /x., trigones very

/8 T.ASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

large. Perianth long, narrow, not much flattened, mouth
I'otund, armed with rshort spines.

Mt. Wellington, Cradle Mt., etc.

New Zealand, Campbell Islands.

FlagiochiUi dccurrifoJ in, St. — Seldom branched, up to
6 cm. long. Leaves crowded, erect, and closel}^ imbricate,
broadly obliquely ovate, ver}' obtuse, about 2 mm. long,
dorsal margin nearly straight, strongly reflexed, base sub-
decurrent, ventral margin deeply rotund undulate occa^
sionally with a few irregular teeth towards the apex; cells
about 20 /<., trigones as large as the cells. Perianth
oblong freely exserted. Very close to P. magellanicaj
L'lndh.

West Coast. Hartz Mts.

New Zealand.

Plagioclula pu-^Hhi, JInuf. — Usuallv 1-2 cm., sometimes
longer, dull green, generally with descending stolons.
Lower leaves small, entire, obliquely reniform ; upper
leaves about 2 mm. long, nearly rotund but the ventral
side ampliate, margin more or less, dentate, dorsal margin
slightly reflexed, insertion abrupt ; cells 30 jj,.^ walls
thick, trigones large confluent.

Mt. Faulkner. West Coast.

Auckland Islands.

riagiorliila rnf]iruh)s(i. Miff. — Flaccid, manv branched.
Leaves pale green, crowded erect, appressed broadly ovate-
trigonous up to 4 mm. long, much smaller below, doreal
margin nearly straight, entire, ventral margin broadly
expanded entire, apex rotund or narrow truncate with
two small teeth; cells mostly 30-35 ^., trigones medium
acute to convex, sometimes larger and rotund.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak.

Plaginchila phurafa, Hf. et T. — Usuallv under 2
cm., simple or with few branches, rather rigid. Leaves
narrow obovate from a narrow base, slightly asymmetric,
1.5 mm. long, dorsal margin slightly curved, nude, apex
truncate with 2-3 bold teeth, ventral margin more curved
with few short broad obtuse teeth; cells 18 /« ; surface
with many very short rotund papillae.

It has a resemblance to small forms of P. hjnllii.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast.

PJagiorliila innirriroJ/tr, TIf. cf T. — Small, seldom ex-
ceeding 2 cm. rigid, usually simple. Leaves small, seldom

BY L. RomVAY. 70

exceeding 0.6 mm., narrow obovate from a narrow base,
dorsal margin lightly curved, nude, ventral margin more
strongly curved, apex and ventral margin armed with
about 7 bold broad teeth; cells 18 ,«., v/alis thick, trigones
none, cuticle smooth.

Very close to P. jjleurata, but smaller with a smooth
cuticle.

Mt. Wellington.

New Zealand.

Adelanthus, Mitt.

Stems erect from a creeping rhizome, simple or with
few long branches, apex usually circinate. Leaves succu-
bous, rotund, margins incurved, entire or minutely
dentate; cells rotund, walls thick; underleaves none or
iTidimentary. Perianth fusiform on a short branch to-
wards the base of the stem, mouth contracted. Calyptra
fleshy.

Distinguished from rotund leaved Fhirjiochilae by the
margin being inflexed not reflexed. From Jamesoniella by
the different habit and dentate upper leaves.

Adelanthus faJcattis, Mitt. — Usually 2-4 cm. Leaves
erect appressed rotund, 0.8-1.2 mm. diameter, dorsal base
decurrent, ventral rotund, lower leaves entire, upper ones
often dentate ; cells quadrate with thick walls, lower cells
longer with thinner walls. Perianth 2-3 mm. long.

Very common.

New Zealand.

CUSPIDATULA, St.

Small, decumbent simple or with few branches. Leaves
crowded, secund on the dorsal aspect, ovate with a broad
base and acute apex, succubous ; cells rotund, walls thick,
trigones large confluent; underleaves none. Perianth
terminal large, ovate-cylindric, plicate, mouth narrow
lobed also with numerous filiform fimbriae; bracts and
bracteolei larger than the lea.ves, deeply bifid and dentate.

Very close to AnastrophyJIum.

Cuspidatula monndon (Hf. et T.), St. — Leaves 1.3 mm.
broadly ovate, imbricate, apex spinous, ventral margin
often with a rudimentary lobe.

On most mountains.

Australia. New^ Zealand.

80 tasmanian bryophyta,

Jamesoniella, Schiffn.

Decumbent or erect, generally rigid few branches.
Leaves succubous, entire rotund to oblong, imbricate, mar-
gins inflexed or flat ; cells rotund with thick walls seldom
with, apparent trigones ; underleaves absent except in the
ilo-ral region. Perianth terminal, cylindric, plicate, mouth
rather contracted; bracts as short as or shorter than the
leaves more or less divided into linear lobes.

1 . Cuticle verrucose colorata

Cuticle smooth 2

2. Leaves under 1 mm. appressed tei^'-'i

Leaves larger 3

3. Leaf base constricted 4

Leaf base broad fas?nanica

4. Leaves erect or nearly so c/randi flora

Lower leaves squarrose soiidei^i

Jamesoniella colorata (Lehm.), Spruce. — Decumbent,
matted, wiry, tinged with yellowish-red. Leaves closely
imbricate, rotund, margins slightly inflexed, base narrow,
dorsal base straight but not decurrent, ventral rather more
rounded, 1 mm.; cells 27 /x., walls thick continuous with
the trigones, cuticle coarsely verrucose. Perianth narrow
cylindric irregularly grooved, mouth narrowed with short,
broad irregular fimbriae ; bracts about as long as the
leaves, quadrate, shortly fimbriate, bracteole broadly
lanceolate.

Very common.

Southern Hemisphere, widely distributed.

JamcmnieUa grandiflora (L. et G.), SiDruce. — Decum-
bent, wiry, matted, nearly black. Leaves imbricate but
often more or less recurved, broadly oblong, 1-1.7 mm.
margin slightly inflexed, both bases rather acute ; cells
subquadrate mostly about 14 /*., becoming very much
larger towards the centre and base, walls rather thick,
trigones none, cuticle smooth. Perianth narrow-cylindric
grooved, about 4 mm., mouth irregularly lobed ; bracts
rather longer than the leaves, very variable in armature,
sometimes with only a few fimbriae towards the dorsal
apex, at others variously laciniate ; bracteole long, and
very slender, with few slender laciniae.

Mountain plateaux.

South America.

.Inmc^onieVa icrca, C. et P. — Small, wiry, green tinged
with red. Leaves imbricate, clos:ely appressed oblong 0.5
mm., base broad, apex obtuse soon weathering; cells 18
^., walls rather thin, trigones not apparent. Perianth

BY L. RODWAY. 81

terminal but iisually thrown to the side by a ventral inno-
vation, oblong, grooved, mouth not much constricted, with
man}^ short irregular lobes.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field. Mt. Hartz. Etc.

J a meson i el la tasmanica (Taijl.). — Decumbent, not wdry,
green or tinged with red. Leaves imbricate, erect on the
young, spreading and decurved on the older shoots, ovate-
rotund, base not at all constricted, flat, up to 2 mm. long;
ceils 24 IX., trigones small, concave. Much confusion has
occurred by some authorities having confused ./. culorata
with this.

Mt. Hartz. St. Mary's.

Jainc^oniella sonderi (G.), St. — Stems rigid generally
simple and erect in dense mats. Upper leaves erect, iin-
bricate, obovate 2 mm. long, lower ones squan'ose almost
transverse; cells quadrat© 18 ^., walls thick, trigones
none. Perianth oblong, 6-12 deep plaits, mouth contracted
irregularly dentate ; inner bracts shorter than the leaves
with many laciniae; bracteoles oblong, laciniate.

West" Coast. Western Tiers.

Aplozia, Dum.
Small, ascending or slightly branched. Leaves oblong
to rotund, succubous, obliquely inserted entire. Under-
leaves generally absent. Floral leaves similar to the stem
leaves but larger. Perianth free or slightly combined with
the bracts pyriform to fusiform, plicate, mouth contracted.
Cells mostly about 30-35 fx. with thin walls.

1. Perianth suddenly contracted to form

a small tubular mouth rotate

Perianth gradually contracted 2

2. Perianth with a deep broad ventral

groove, mouth shortly lobed alpina

Perianth 3 plicate, mouth deeply
lobed, usually torn lacerafa

Aplozia rotata, (Mitt.). — Stems mostly 5-10 cm., simple.
Leaves rotund to broadly oblong, nearly transversely in-
serted, not closely overlapping, 0.5-0.7 mm., bracts rather
larger. Perianth about 2 mm., pyriform deeply 4 plicate
above, apex abrupt with a small tubular mouth. All
parts more or less red.

In shade the bracts are little larger than the leaves.
In exposed places at a high altitude they are often as long
as the perianth.

Mt. Wellington. Longley.

New Zealand.

82 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Aplozia alj)iiia^ Rod. — Stem weak slender, often 2-3
cm., green. Leaves mostly distant rotund, concave, nearly-
transverse, mostly 0.7 mm.; cells 17 ^,. ; bracts similar
tt> and about the size of the other leaves, free from the
perianth. Perianth fusiform tapering to a shortly 3-lobed
or nearly entire mouth, dorsal surface with an obtuse keel,
ventral surface with a broad deep groove, 2 mm. long.
Stunted forms have a shorter perianth with a wider 3-lobed
mouth and often a shortly bifid bracteole.

Mt. Wellington Plateau. Cradle Mt.

Forma stiiiulata. — In dense cushions, more robust,
branches often stoloniferous. Underleaves present, oblong,
rudimentary to half as long as the leaves.

Cradle Mt.

Aplozia lacerata, Rod. — Stems short in cushions, but
often hidden amongst moss or buried in humus bearing
only a few leaves in the upper portion, tender and pale,
sage-green. Leaves almost transverse oblong to nearly
rotund, concave 0.7 mm. ; cells 27 fj,.^ walls thin. Bracts
much longer than the leaves, narrow oblong, apex slightly
fimbriate, bracteole nearly as long as the bracts, ovate
obtuse, all adnate to the base of the perianth. Perianth
cylindric with three shallow plaits little longer than the
bracts, mouth nanrow to little constricted, deeply 3-lobed,
Icbes narrow laciniate.

Mt. Wellington Plateau.

Sphenolobus (Lindb.), St.

Plants usually small, decumbent to erect; branches
few from the ventral angles of the leaves. Leaves small,
transversely inserted, 2-lobed or nearly entire, base de-
eiirrent or sheathing; cells rotund; underleaves absent or
rudimentary. Perianth terminal, ovate to cylindric, more
or less contracted at the apex.

Very close to Loj)1iozia, but the leaves more concave
and transversely inserted.

Sphenolobus perigonialis (TayL), St. — Very slender,
usually about 1 cm. long, dark livid green. Leaves oblong,
not crowded, decurving above, base broad stem-clasping,
apex to J bifid, lobes broad obtuse, 0.6 mm. long; cells
14 /i., cuticle irregularly nodulose. Bracts usually broad,
shortly 3-lobed 1.3 mm.; perianth broadly oblong", 2 mm.,
3-5 plicate, mouth contracted with 3-5 short irregular lobes,
but perianth varies much in length, and is often quite
cylindric, with a very small contracted mouth.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field. Western Tiers,

New Zealand. Auckland Islands.

BY L. EODWAY. 83

Forma suhmersus. — Leaflobes shorter, cuticle smooth.
Bracts not enlarged; periarith wholly exserted oblong, not
plicate, 3 mm., mouth suddenly contracted, shortly fim-
briate.

Lake Leila, Cradle Mt.

Sjyhenolohm iiirjrus, Rod. — Small densely clustered m
blackish cushions, the shoots simple or with few branches,
about 1 cm. long. Leaves obcuneate from a narrow base,
spreading, to i bifid, lobes broad, apex rather acute 1 mm.
long; cells 14 ^., with very thick walls, cuticle smooth.
Bracts similar to the leaves only larger, connate with an
oblong bracteole. Perianth broadly cylindric, deeply 5-
grooved, 2 mm. long, mouth closely contracted with a few
shorti fimbriae.

On rocks in rivulet, Cradle Mt.

Alicularia, Corda.
Small, ascending or procumbent, little branched with
numerous ventral rhizoids. Leaves succubous obliquely
inserted, rotund to oblong, entire ; underleaves rudiment-
ary, lanceolate or none. Bracts enlarged round the thick-
ened apex, which fonns a short broad marsupium ; peri-
anth tender, more or less connate with the bracts and wall
of the marsupium.

Alicularia tenelJa, Rod. — Decumbent or ascending,
dispersed amongst other small plants rarely forming mats.
Leaves ascending, flat or slightly concave, oblong to
rotund, rather delicate and flaccid, 1 mm. base sub-
decurrent; cells 32 m., trigones small or none, cuticle
smooth. Marsupium short and broad, bracts very large.

Mt. Hartz. Adamson Peak. St. Patrick's Head.
Cradle Mt., Etc.

ACROBOLBUS, NeES.

Stems prostrate with bunches of rhizoids from the
under surface. Leaves succubous, bilobed with unequal
lobes, erecto-connivent near the inflorescences. Underleaves
absent or i-udimentaiy. Sporophyte inserted in the base
of a terminal marsupium ; perianth absent; calyptra adnate
with the inner wall of the marsupium.

Acroholhus cinera^cens (L. et L.), Schffn. — Small,
iisuallv matted, pale green. Leaves piano-distichous, ob-
long about l-3rd bifid, lobes unequal, 1-1.3 mm., margin
plain; ceils 35 ^.^ trigones rather large, convex, cuticle
coarsely papillose.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast.

Australia. New Caledonia. New Zealand.

I

84 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Forma ((ttenudta. — Elongated to 6 cm. amongst moss;
leaves 0.5 mm., cells 15-20 /x., trigones very small concave;
ciiticle intensely papillose.

Mt. Wellington.

Arrohoi'hifs ii iif/u iriih/fic^ {Tayl.), Mift. — Closely creep-
ing on ground, pallid green, often to 4 cm. Leaves re-
niforni, symmetric, ventral base rotund, dorsal nearly
derurrent, to l-3rd emarginate-bilobed, deeply spinulose
with 8-10 large teeth; underleaves present very small;
cells 26 [X., lower ones much larger, trigones large sub-
nodulose. Marsupium cylindric.

Huon Kiver.

Australia. New Caledonia. New Zealand.

Symphyomitra, Spruce.

Decumbent, simple or with innovations from the
upper leaf axils. Leaves succubous, alternate entire-;
underleaves none. Sporophyte terminal in a descending
cylindric marsupium.

Syiupliyomitra drummondi (Mitt.), St. — Closely decum-
bent on til© ground, stems simple, mostly under 1 cm.,
flagella arising from the ventral surface. Leaves distichous),
convex, broadly ovate-triangular from a very broad base
0.7-2 mm. long; cells 32 ^., cuticle smooth. Marsupium
very long.

Very common on ground.

Australia. New Zealand.

ForiiKi j)(i pillosa . — Cuticle covered with very short
obtuse dome-like papillae. Every condition between this
and the smooth cuticle of the type occurs on damp heaths.

Syni idiyoiiiifra concinna (Mitt.), St. — Yellow^ rigid,
prostrate, bearing radicles on the ventral surface. Leaves
reniform concave imbricate rigid and brittle, margin
hyaline, 1.5 mm., both bases abruptly inserted rotund;
cells 18-24 ^., trigones large convex to huge and confluent,
cuticle asperate or sometimes smooth.

Recherche. Mt. Hartz.

Campbell Islands.

Tyi.imanthus, Mitten.

Stems simple or with few^ branches, erect or decum-
bent from a creeping rhizome. Leaves succubous, obliquely
inserted, distichous, remote, apex tinincate to shortly and
unequally bilobed, otherwise entire or irregularly dentate;
cells rather large, thickened at the angles, cuticle generally

BY L. EODWAY. 8;>

rough, in few species smooth. Unclerleaves none. Arche-
gonia ill a terminal group. Sporoph^^te-base sunk in an
oblong fleshy marsupium. Capsule oblong on a long seta.

When sterile readily distinguished by the pale bright
green colour as well as the structure.

Robust. Cuticle smooth saccatus

Medium. Cuticle asperate 2

Small. Cuticle papillose viridis

2. Leaves oboA^ate flacciduK

Leaves rectangular 3

3. Basal cells asperate teneJlus

Basal cells striate augustifolius

T y] iuuintltiis saccatus {HooJi.), Mitt. — Stems mostly
erect, 5 cm., forming mats. Leaves from broadly rectangu-
lar and little truncate to reniform or oblong and unequally
bilobed, margin from closely dentate to entire, to 4 mm.
long ; cuticle smooth or some cells minutely asperate.
Marsupium nearly 1 cm. long clothed with coarse hairs.

Very common.

Australia. New Zealand.

TijJ iuuintlius tenellus: (TayJ.), Mitt. — Slender decum-
bent. Leaves rectangular, 1.5 mm., sometimes much
smaller, dorsal base decurrent, ventral abrupt or with an
upward curving, apex unequally bilobed, variable, entiie
or with few teeth ; cuticle with minute obtuse asperities.
Marsupium covered with villous hairs.

Very common.

Australia. New Zealand.

Tylimantlius flacciclus, Berg. — Slender, deciunbent.
Leaves narrow obovate, decurved 1.5-3 mm., base hardly
decurrent, dorsal straight, ventral constricted, apex un-
equally bilobed, more or less dentate ; cuticle covered with
minute obtuse asperities. Marsupium 4 mm., coarsely
setose.

Very close to 2\ tenellus.

Hartz Mts. Mt. Field. West Coast, Etc.

Australia. New Zealand.

Tylimantlius ancjustifoJiuy., St. — Stem-S about 5 cm.,
long, decumbent. Leaves oblong-rectangular, base not con-
stricted, up to 4 mm. hardly decurrent, sides parallel,
nude, apex unequally bilobed, with few teeth. Cuticle of
upper cells very slightly asperate, lower ones striate verru-
cose.

86 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Tasmanian specimens referred to this by Stephani are
not typical, and are probably strong plants of T. fenellus.
Kecherclie.
Blue Mountains.

7\i/h'///(/nf/n/s r/ rid is, Miff. — Very slender, decumbent
amongst, other small plants. Leaves nearly quadrate, l-3rd
unequally bifid, 1 mm., cuticle coarsely papillate.

Adamson Peak. Hartz Mts. West Coast. Trowutta.
etc.

South America.

Marsupidium, Mitten.

Stems short erect from a, creeping rhizome. Leaves
succubous, relatively large, crowded, obliquelv inserted,
very concave, dorsal bases connivent, margin entire or
variously armed ; cells large, angles thickened, cuticle
smooth to coarsely verrucose. Underleaves none. Arche-
gonia in a terminal group on a short basal branch. Sporo-
jDhyte inserted in a fleshy marsupium. Marsupium pen-
dulous on a short lateral stalk placed at the base. Capsule
oblong on a long thick seta.

Margin entire or nearly so 2

Margin armed 3

2. Plant flaccid, dark green ahhreviaUfm

Plant rigid, light green surcu/osuiih

3. Margin lobed : cuticle papillose ... ^etnlofsum
Apex bispinous ; cuticle smooth ... piliferum

Marsiipidium ahhrcvidtiiin (Taj/I.). — Flaccid, dark
green, simple, 1-2 cm. Leaves rotund or reniform from
a narrow subdecurrent base 2-3 mm., margin entire or
with a sligiit apical truncation; cuticle smooth.

Adamsion Peak; West Coast; Trowutta. Etc.

Auckland Islands.

31ar.snpirliin)i siirrulosu/n (^Xees)^ Schiff. — Stem about
2 cm. rigid. Leaves concave, imbricate, rotund to reni-
form 1.5 X 2.5 mm., margin armed with a few short teetli
or entire; cuticle smooth. Marsupium 4 mm., seta nearly
as lonp- as the stem, thick.

West Coast. Mt. Hartz.

Eastern Australia.

Mar.nipidiuni sefulosuni, .31 iff. — Flaccid, denselv caes-
pitose 2-3 cm., stem thick covered with papillose hairs.
Leave® concave, broadly ovate 2.5 mm., margin irregu-
larly lobed and dentate ; cuticle coarsel}^ papillose.

Mt. Faulkner.

New Zealand.

BY L. IIODWAY. »♦

Marsupidium piUferum, St. — Small, rigid, erect.
Leaves crowded, closely imbricate, concave, 1-1.5 mm.,
rotund to oblong with 2 filiform spines towards the apex
otherwise entire; cuticle smooth.

Adamson Peak. Trowutta. Cradle Mt.

Eastern Australia. Chile.

Anastrophyllum (Spruce). St.
Robust and rigid, simple or with few branches arising*
from the ventral angles of the leaves. Leaves succubous
or nearlv transversely inserted, strongly secund, base stem-
clasping, apex unequally bifid ; cells with sinuous walls
and large trigones. Underleaves none. Bracts rather
larger, usually armed; perianth terminal cylindric, plicate
above, mouth constricted laciniate.

AnasfropliyUum scJn'.^nioides (Mont.), St. — Dark red.
usuallv 3-6 cm. Leaves crowded, imbricate, concluplicate,
asymmetric, ventral margin longer and more strongly
cui*ved than the dorsal, l-3rd bifid, lobes broad not very
acute, sinus broad, 1.3 mm. ; cells 16 ^, trigones as large
as the cells, cuticle smooth, bracts similar to and not much
larger than the leaves; perianth 3 mm.

Adamson Peak. Hartz Mts. Blue Tier, Etc.

New Zealand. South America.

Ana.-itroj)hyllum tasmanicum. Hod . — Robust, pale olive
green, branching 3-4 cm. Leaves not strongly secund, al-
most squarrose nearly symmetric, to l-3rd bilobed, lobes
nearly equal, broad, usually with a very acute apex, margin
just above the ventral base armed with a few acute teeth,
1.4 mm.; cells 20 ^., cuticle coarsely verrucose. Perianth
narrow ovate, 3 mm., with about 8 deep plaits.

Adamson Peak. Mt. Hartz.

Very like Cliandonantlni.'i .^quarro.sux, but the complete
absence of underleaves and paraphylls distinguishes it.

Saccogyna, Dum.

Robust, decumbent, with few branches from the ven-
tral surface. Leaves succubous, nearly opposite, entire or
with two unequal and irregular teeth, dorsal base decur-
rent; underleaves large, bifid. Sporophyte inserted in a
fleshy marsupium remote from the apex.

General appearance strongly resembles Chilosryplius
of the Cli. coalifus type.

Saccogyna au^traUii, Mitt. — Long slender, yellowish
green. Leaves plane, squarrose, ovate-triangular, slightly

S8 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

decurved, base very broad, dorsaliy strongly decurrent,
ventrally abrupt, 2.5 mm., apex narrow-rotund to shortly
bidentate; cells 27-32 ^., trigones small, cuticle covered
with small short subacute papillae. Underleaves large,
erect, concave, l-3rd bidentate. broadly oblong, usually
free.

Described by Mitten as Lophoro/cr/ derur-rn.

Longley.

New Zealand.

Saccof/yna asperrima, St. — Decumbent branching 1-2
<;m., reddish-green. Leaves crowded erecto-homomallous
imbricate ovate asymmetric, 1.5 mm., dorsal margin sub-
strict, ventral ampliate, apex subacute entire or biden-
tate ; cells 27-36 ^i., trigones medium convex, cuticle
covered with large acute asperities; underleaves half as
large as the leaves, rotund imbricate free, apex with a
shallow sinus to J bidentate.

The leaves are smaller tha.n in *S'. c//^s■^/Y/ //.<?, the apex
niore often entire, and the underleaves not so closely
aj^pressed.

Cradle Mt. West Coast.

LOPHOCOLEA, DUM.

Generally large to medium, rarely small, procumbent;
branches few, ventral. Leaves tender, succubous, entire,
letuse or bidentate, rarelv with marginal teeth. Under-
leaves always present, small, generally bifid, margins jalain
to more or less dentate, the marginal teeth sometimes as
long as tile terminal lobes, rarely reniform with 4-6 spinous
teeth ; free or connate with the leaves on one or both sides.
Cells rotund, mostly 20-30 ^. diameter, walls generally
thin with small or no trigones, rarely the trigones are
rather large and rotund. Bracts similar to the leaves,
only larger and often more dentate. Perianth usually ter-
minating main shoots, rarely on lateral branches, generally
long and triquetrous with a 3-lobed mouth, angles rarely
winged, occasionally cylindric. Calyptra delicate. Capsule
.spherical on a long stalk. Anthe-ridia in a fold at the
dorsal insertion of the stem leaves.

A very large genus. The species vary consider-
ably, and are correspondingly difficult to determine.
It is seldom that any character can be received as
constant. Most of Stephani's new species are here
described from specimens determined by him, but
some of these appear more as extreme forms than good
species.

BY L. RODWAY. 89

Group A. Leaves small, rigid, erect, entire
or emarginate, not derurved trlien frcdi nor rriniip/ed
irhen dry.

1. Trigones large 2

Trigones minute 4

2. Underleaves relatively large free 3

Undei'leaves verv small connate ... c ic'i [luhita

3. Very small green, underleaves bifid

(DK/Ul ixfi pidd

Leaves 2 mm., underleaves subcucul-

late, regularlv denticulate fit mi da

4. Underleaves nearly as large as the

leaves, l-3rd bifid novde-zchindUte

Underleaves very small 5

5. Underleaves free ddrf/onia

Underleaves connate with leaves ... e id puhiffi

Group B. Leaves medium to large, cr('ct ir/th a
more or less derurnd ape'\ rotund to triangular, entire
or rarely retuse, or some leaves slightly bidentate, or
in some species the margin slightly armed.

1. Leaf margin always plain strongly

clecurved 2

Leaf margin often armed, apex not
strongly decurved 6

2. Leaf at least as long as its base 3

Base of leaf exceeding its length 4

3. Underleaves narrow, deeply bifid ranaliciilatfi
Underleaves mostly 4 -fid. ... htterop]nfUo{de'<
Underleaves oblong-rotund, shortly

bifid cord if oil us

4. Leaf ovate-rotund (junniana

Leaf more or less retuse 5

5. Trigones none for.sijtltiana

Trigones medium acute (/eheehii

6. Leaves mostly under 1 mm. long... hiuterhachii
Leaves exceeding 2 mm 7

7. Leaves reniform erect crowded rupiada

Leaves ovate-triangular subplano-

distichous fissisfipu h/

Group C. Leaves mostly ovate-triangular, apex
more or less retuse, sometimes rotund or a few leaves
bifid, medium to large, erect or decurved, but flaccid
and cm m pled wl^en dry.
1. Underleaves relatively large, seldom
deeply bifid, margin with small teeth
or entire 2

90 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

L'nclerleaves seldom twice as hroad
as stem 2-3rd bifid, margin iisuall}^
armed with 1-2 acute teeth 6

2. Leaves 1-1.5 mm 3

Leaves mostly exceeding 2 mm 4

3. Dorsal base decurrent hridelii

Dorsal base abrupt uJdf'iddiana

4. Leaves ovate niacrostipula

Leaves rotund 5

5. Underleaves entire auxtrigena

Underleaves rotund to oblong, shortly

bihd with broad lobes cordifolia

Uiiderleaves l-3rd bifid, lobes

acute ... planiusciila

Underleaves absent paucixiipula

6. Leaves 1-1.5 mm., broadly ovate 7

Leaves exceeding 2 mm 8

7. Underleaves oblong, ventral base of

leaf not much expanded >'uhew(irf/in(ifa

Underleaf nearly reniform, lobes
dentate, ventral margin of leaf
ampliate at base variah/Jis

8. Leaves broader than long, often with

marginal teeth, cells 15-18 ^. spoiifj/osa

Leaves not broader than long, margin
entire, cells 36-45 ^. 9

9. Leaves plane brownish j)aJlide-vircns

Leaves suberect. pale to dark

green longi^ti puln

Group D. Apex of all or most leaves with two
teeth or lobes, otherwise plain.

1. Leaves mostly 1 mm. or under 2

Leaves 1.5 mm. or longer 5

2. Underleaves 4-fid, lower leaf-margin

straight rrcdifidia

Underleaves 2-fid, leaf-margins curved
below '6

3. Leaf rigid, 0.6 mm (iiii plerfcu!^

Leaf mostly 1 mm., flaccid 4

4. Leaf symmetric, lobes acute Icntd

Loaf asymmetric, lobes of some

leaves obtuse nuirroloha

5. Both margins nearly straight 6

At least ventral margin curved 8

6. Lobes minute, underleaves bifid (iHtidojitd

Lobes larger, underleaves 4-6-fid 7

BY L. RODWAY. 91

7. Cells 27-43 ^., perianth angled ... hiciliata
Cells 18 fj.., perianth winged trialata

8. Underleaf bifid, with small or no

marginal lobes 9

Underleaf with acut© marginal lobes 12

9. Underleaves much broader than the

stem 10

Underleaves about as broad as the
stem 11

10. Underleaves l-3rd bifid niacrost/'pula

Underleaves deeply bifid avfjentea

11. Margins equally curved au.<tro-al pina

Ventral more curved than dorsal

margin decolorata

12. Margins nearly equally curved hidentata

Ventral broader than dorsal margin 13

13. Underleaves about as broad as the

stem hispinosa

Underleaves twice as broad mooreana

Group E. Margins of leaves armed with many
spines, surface papillate.

1. Leaves^ triangular broadly connate

with underleaves. hucophijUa

Leaves ovate or bifid ; underleaves
nearly free 2

2. Leaves mostly ovate-triangular, 2 mm.

long fi.ssistipula

Leaves l-3rd bilobed under 1 mm. ... muricaia

Loplwrolea anguli^tipula, St. — Small, rigid. Leaves
erect, rotund, entire, about 0.6 mm. ; trigones very large,
walls subnodulose. Undei*lea.ves rectangular to rotund,
apex broadly truncate with a short lobe at each angle
Lipped with a single large cell, sinus broad, nearly straight,
margin generally with a single small tooth. Perianth long
exserted pyriform, triquetrous above, mouth narrow o-lobed.

Mt. Wellington.

Lophocolea eicipulata, St. — Rigid, brown. Leaves at
first erect then spreading, rotund entire, base broad but
not decurrent, mostly opposite, 1.5-2 mm., trigones rather
large. Underleaves very small, broadly connate on both
sides, bifid to the middle, lobes acute, with a similar tooth
on each margin. Perianth broadly cylindric, mouth
armed with short broad irregular teeth, terminal but often
appearing dorsal through the extension of a single ventral
innovation.

92 TASMAMAN BKYOPHYTA,

Form, minor. — Leaves under 1 mm., rigid alternate,
trigones small.

Form, liinnilior. — Flaccid green, leaves alternate, the
dorsal base decurrent, apex generally rettise, trigones none.
Very common on mountains.

Lopliocolea daryonia (G.), St. — Small, green. Leaves
alternate, rotund, often retuse, erect, 0.7-1 mm., entire,
base broad, trigones small, acute. Underleaves small, free,
little broader than th^ stem to f bifid, lobes acute, shortly
unidentate on each margin or plain. Perianth rather
large, cylindric below, triquetrous above.

Mt. Wellington. King River. Launceston.

Eastern Australia.

Lopliorolca novap-zelandiae, yeex. — Small, much
branched, yellow, rather rigid. Leaves rotund to retuse
from a narrow base, erect, mostly under 1 mm., dorsal
base abruptly inserted, ventral rotund, cell-w^alls thin,
trigones small, concave. Underleaves free, oblong, nearly
as long as the leaf, base narrow, apex l-3rcl bifid, lobes
acute, incurved, sinus lunate. Perianth short cylindric,
strongly triquetrous above.

Adamson Peak.

New Zealand.

Lophocolea fumida, St. — Kobust, flaccid, brown.
Leaves crowded, erect, rotund from a broad base, 2 mm.,
margins incurved, dorsal base slightly decurrent, ventral
rotund, trigones large cohfluent. Underleaves large, sub-
cucullate, free, margin regularly remotely toothed.

The above is fro'm Stephani's Spec. Hep.

See ('liHoscyphuii cordifoliux. Bod.

Mt. La Perouse.

Lo]dioroIea hete^opliylloidef^, Nee^. — Long, slender,
closely procumbent. Leaves with a suberect base, but
regularly decurved above, broadly ovate-rotund, entire or
5,ome retuse or even bidentate, 1.5 mm. long, base not
broader than middle of leaf, trigones very small acute.
Underleaves twice as broad as the stem, broader than long,
deeply bifid, margins uni-bidentate, teeth short or long;
connate on one or both sides with the leaf.

Very common.

Australia. New Zealand.

Lojdiorolea cnndHnilfita {Tay}.), St. — Very close to
and probably a form of Z. lietrrop]\ylloidc^. Smaller and
lea,ves less crowded. Leaves ovate-oblong from a rather

BY L. PtODWAY. 93

narrow base, about 1 mm., entire or sometimes with 1-2
small teeth. Underleaves narrow, divided nearly to the
base into two slender lobes, margin armed with one or
two slender teeth.

Very common on ground.

New Zealand.

LoijlwcoJea gunniana, Nees. — Medium size pale, rigid.
X<eaves crowded, erect w4th the apex slightly decurved,
broadly ovate-rotund from a broad base, 1.7-2 mm., apex
xei-y obtuse, entire or with a few minute teeth, trigones
small, generally convex. Underleaves hardly broader than
the stem, | bifid, lobes diverging slender, toothed on each
side, margin 1-2 dentate. Perianth long triquetrous,
angles narrowly winged.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington. Gordon River.

LopliucuU-a for^iiitliiana, St. — Robust, many branched,
branches about 1 cm. long. Leaves not crowded, suberect
base and regnlarly decurved above, broadly triangular-
rotund from a very broad base, apex obliquely emarginate
to entire, 1.7 mm., dorsal base subdecurrent. Cells 18-24
jj.., trigones none. Underleaves broader than the stem,
deeplv bifid, lobes slender, margin uni-bidentate. Perianth
short and broad, angles acute not winged.

Very common.

Eastern Australia.

LuplxtCiiha (/clieehn, St. — Robust, closely decumbent,
elongating, simple or with few^ branches. Leaves strongly
decurved, broadly obliquely triangular-rotund from a very
broad base, 1 mm. long. 2 mm. wide, entire or undulate.
Cells 27 ^(., trigones acute. Underleaves rather broader
than the stem, generally deeply bifid, margin unidentate,
sometimes nearly 4-fid. Perianth oblong.

Doubtfully distinct from the last.

Launceston.

Eastern Australia.

Loph.ocoica rupirnhi, St.- — Robust but short, shoots
seldom exceeding 3 cm. Leaves rigid, very crowded erect,
with deflexed tips, obliquely ovate-rotund to reniform,
2 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, often w^ith a slightly truncate
bidentate apex, and often one or two small teeth along
the margin ; underleaves rather large, 2-3rd bifid, lobes
acute dentate, marginal teeth long acute ; bracts and
bracteole large, dentate. Perianth long, mouth truncate,
armed, angles with narrow dentate wings.

Mt. Wellington. Dromedary. Bischoff.

94 TASMANIAN BRYOniYTA,

L>i)h(Kolcci lauterhacliii, Si. — Pale, short, and
'oranched, but sometimes on bark with very long simple
shoots;. Leaves obliquely rotund from a very bread base,
mostly 1 mm. long, 1.7 mmx. broad, crowded erect to almost
fiat, more or less deBcxed, margin undulate with few
very short teeth or sometimes with more spinous teeth,
lower leaves truncate to obtusely bidentate. Unclerleaves
broader than the stem free, deeply bifid lobes long slender,
sinus broad, margin dentate.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field.

Lophocolea sponyiom, St. — Robust but flaccid and
tender, pale. Leaves ovate to reniform, oblique, 2 mm.
long, 3 mm broad at the base, crowded, slightly deflexed,
much crumpled when dry, margin nude or with a few short
broad tooth. Underleaves twice as broad as the stem,
deeply bifid, lobes long slender, sinus not broad, margin
dentate, when large lobes and lateral lobes armed with
acute teeth ; floral leaves very large. Perianth cylindric
or obtusely triquetrous, angles not winged. Leaves are
much more flaccid than those of /.. rupirola, much larger
than L. IdJiterhdclii i . Underleaf very different to Z.
niacrosti pula.

Mt. Wellington.

Lopliocolca fix.^i.Kfipida, St. — Robust to very small,
ffoselv creeping on bark, many branched. Leaves nearly
23lano-disticlious, strongly decurved, obliquely ovate-
triangular from a broad base, apex entire or truncate,
upper ones even bidentate, 2 mm. long, but branch leaves
^sometimes under 1 mm., margin usually irregularly den-
tate, sometimes in shade somewhat papillate on the sur-
face, resembling Z,. inuricata. Underleaves rather large,
deeply bifid, lobes slender, marginal lobes slender, all
armed with spinous teeth.

Mt. Wellington. Near Launceston.

Loithorolca raridhilis, St. — Rather small, fragile and
very pale. Leaves piano-distichous, variable, mostly
obliquely quadrate to broadly ovate-truncate or obtusely
bidentate, or one lobe very reduced, dorsal margin nearly
straight with a slightly decurrent base, ventral deeply
curved, about 1 mm. Underleaves as broad as the stem,
deeplv bifid, lobes slender diverging, margin dentate.

Very close to Z. hi!<pino'<r/, differs in smaller size and
variable foliage.

Mt. Wellington.

New Zealand.

BY L. KODWAY. 95

Lophocolea hridelii, Xees. — Rather small, pale, delicate.
Leaves nearly piano-distichous, obliquely quadrate from a
broad base, 1-1.3 mm. long, apex truncato-rotund to re-
luse, dorsal base decurrent, ventral margin slightly ex-
23anded. Underleaves free, rectangular, apex broadly trun-
cate or shortly bilobed, sinus very broad and shallow,
margin plain or with a minute tooth.

Mt. Wellington.

Eastern Australia.

Lophocolea suheiiKirginata, 7V/?//.-— Short with many
short branches. Leaves crowded, upper ones erect, lower
ones plane, ovate, L3 mm., apex rotund, retuse or shortly
bidentatei. Underleaves little broader than the stem, bifid,
lobes acute, margin unidentate or plain. Floral leaves
dentate. Perianth strongh^ 3 angled, not winged.

Leaves more symmetric than in L. hridchi and a
different underleaf.

Mt. Wellington.

Lophocolea ohlfieldiana , St. — Medium size, pale dull
green. Leaves when moist regularly decurved, when dry
crumpled, ovate to nearly rotund from a very broad base,
L5 mm., apex rotund or slightly emarginate, insertion of
both margins abrupt, underleaves twice as broad as the
stem, broadly connate on one side, h bilobed. lobes broad
with acute apex, usually one margin unidentate.

Mt. Wellington.

L'jpJiocolea inacrostipula, St. — Robust, pale yeilow
freely branched, forming dense mats. Leaves erect ob-
liquely ovate-rotund from a very broad base, apex biden-
tate or retuse, or on some shoots quite entire, L2-2 mm.
long. Underleaves broader than the stem, oblong-rectan-
gular, upper ones very large, sinus obtuse, l-3rd bifid, lobes
lanceolate, margin entire or with one small tooth.

Mt. Wellington.

Lophocolea aii^trigena, Tayl. — Shoots mostly 3 cm.
long. Leaves closely imbricate, rotund or rather broader
than long, 1.8 mm. diameter, undulate-concave, insertion
narrow, cells 27 ^.., trigones small, concave ; underleaves
similar to the leaves, | as large, entire, sinuately inserted
free, in the upper portion of the shoot more oblong, and
apex emarginate. Perianth broadly cylindric, strongly
triquetrous, angles not winged or very minutely so, mouth
broad.

Length of shoot and size of leaf variable.

Adamson Peak.

Fuegia. Falkland Is.

96 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Form, bifida. — Leaves with a very narrow subdecur-
rent insertion as in the type, but the underleaves an
shortly bifid with an obtuse sinus.

Cradle Mt:.

Lophorolefi (•drdifoUd , St. — Shoots 3-6 cm. Leaves
closely imbricate, ovate to rotund, 2-3 mm long, entire,
insertion broad, one or both sides generally cordate, cells
27 IX., trigones small, concave ; underleaves | size of
leaves, upper ones oblong, lower ones subrotund, apex
shortly bifid, sinus very broad, margin entire or anned
with few small teeth, base sinuate free. Perianth as in
L. austrigena.

Forms connect with L. austrigena.

Mt. Hartz. Adamson Peak. Cradle Mt., Etc.

Form. (listirlia. — Leaves more piano-distichous than
erect, apex decurved.

Approaching L. inacro.sti iiula.
Cradle Mt.

Lopliocolea 2^<^'^^cistipida, Rod. — Robust, simple or
with few vague branches, 2-4 cm. Leaves crowded, imbri-
cate, rotund L3 mm., margin entire, dorsal base subde^-
current, ventral ampliatei; marginal cells 20 ^., trigones
small, intermediate cells 35 fx., trigones small, basals 60 x
25 ^., trigones none; underleaves absent except in the
region of reproduction, sometimes only a narrow dentate
bracteole present, at others 2-3 large oblong stipules with
recurved margins very like those of L. aifstrigena, and
below these 2-3 reduced to vanishing spines. Bracts O'blong,
twice as long as leaves, often with a filiform process near
the ventral base, bracteole narrow oblong, shortly biden-
tate, margin often dentate ; perianth narrow campanulate
I exserted, trigonous, median keel dorsal, mouth broad
with 3 broad unarmed lobes.

Allied to' L. am^trigena and L. cdrdiffdia.

Bank of Cteek near Cradle Mt.

Lophorolea planiu^rula, Tagl. — Medium sized, tender,
flaccid, livid-green. Leaves alternate, rotund from a
slightly constricted base, middle ones about 2 mm., smaller
below, larger above, erect, entire, no trigones. Under-
leaves rather large, free, l-3rd bifid, lobes acute, margin
unidentate.

St. Mary's.

Auckland Islands.

BY L. RODWAY. 97

LophocoJed loiKji^fiimla, St. — Robust, pale often
brownish. Leaves rather rigid to flaccid, erect in the
younger plane in older parts, quadrate rotund to ovate-
ligulate, 2-2.5 mm. long, apex retuse to obtusely bidentate,
dorsal margin substrict shortly decurrent, ventral more
strongly arcuate; cells 36-50 ^., hexagonal, trigones in
some specimens rather large, in others small, walls thin.
Underleaves free, narrower than the stem, longer than
broad, 2-3rd bifid, margin dentate.

For)}}, (itro-r'iruhi. Very flaccid; dark green.
Mt. Wellington.

LopJiocolea palliJe-virens (TayL), St. — Robust, rather
rigid, pale gi'een to brownish. Leaves piano-distichous,
ovate, 3 mm. long, apex rotund, retuse, or bidentate with
short, acute unequal lobes; cells 36 ^., trigones small
acute. Underleaves little broader than the stem, connate
on one side, deeply bifid, sinus broad, lobes lanceolate
diverging. Perianth terminating a short lateral branch,
oblong-tric^uetrous, mouth 3-lobed, lobes rotund armed
with long laciniae.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast.

South America.

Lophocolea amplectens, Mitt. — Very small, generally
under 1 cm. long. Leaves ascending, concave, broadly
ovate, base broad apex, l-3rd bifid, seldom exceeding 0.6
mm., lobes broadly lanceolate, subacute, sinus broad, cells
rotund 15-20 ^., trigones rather small, acute. Under-
leaves narrow, connate on both sides 2-3rd bifid, lobes
slendei acute, erect or spreading, margin with one small
tooth. Perianth short, cylindric, very slightly angled,
mouth with 3 short dentate lobes.

Mt. Wellington.

Lojiliocdlea a1J()(hmta, Tayl. — Medium size, pale. Leaves
piano-distichous, flat, alternate and not crowded, obliquely
quadrate to ligulate, 2 mm. long, apex with two very small
acute lobes at the angles but sometimes one or both lobes
absent ; cells 30-36 ^., trigones minute. Underleaves very
small, not broader than the stem, deeply bifid, lobes
slender, erect, margin with one basal spine.

Mt. Wellington.

Auckland Islands.

LopliocoJea erectifuUa, St. — Medium size, pale. Leaves
opposite, crowded, erect then somewhat decurved, broadly
ovate-triangular hardly longer than broad, margins nearly
straight, apex to l-3rd emarginato-bilobed, sinus nearly

98 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

straight, lobes triangular acute, unequal, anterior com-
monly the larger ; cells 27 ^., trigones nodulose. Under-
leaves twice as broad as the stem, reniform, broadly con-
nate on each side, armed with 4 spinous teeth. Bracts
large, perianth partially immersed, oblong, strongly tri-
quetrous, angles with dentate wings.

Very close to L. trialata, G.

Mt. Wellington.

New Zealand.

LophocoJea hiciUata, Tayl. — Robust, pale. Leaves
opposite, crowded, erect towards the apex, plane when
mature ; broadly triangular-truncate with slightly curved
margins, 2 mm. long or shorter in starved j^lants, apex
with 2 short acute diverging lobes, generally 4-5 cells
broad at the base 8-9 cells long, sinus broad straight; cells
27-43 ^., trigones none. Underleaves rotund, broader
than the stem, base deeply sinuate, broadly connate on
both sides, margin usually with 6 acute spines and no
apical fissure.

Near L. 'trialata, but lobes smaller and margins more
curved.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast.

New Zealand.

Loiihocolea trialata, G. — Medium size, pale. Leaves
rather rigid, opposite, crowded, piano-distichous with a
tendency to decurve, broadly triangular- truncate, 1.5 mm.,
apex with two short or long acute diverging lobes, sinus
straight, margins straight; cells 18 ^., walls thick, trigones
minute acute. Underleaves rotund with a sinuous base,
broadly connate on both sides, 4-8 spined sometimes with
an apical fissure. Perianth narrow-oblong, 5 mm., strongly
triquetrous, angles extended into narrow dentate wings.

Vei^y common.

Australia. New Zealand.

Lophocolea macroloha, St. — Rather small, seldom ex-
ceeding 1 cm., pale. Leaves erect then plane, nearly sym-
metric, subrectangular-truncate, 1 mm., bidentate lobes
bold, broad obtuse, sometimes acute, erect, sinus narrow
and deep, margins equally curved, insertion abrupt; cells
27 fx., walls thin, trigones minute. Underleaves as broad
or rather broader than the stem, deeply bifid, lobes erect
acute, margin with one small tooth. Perianth campanu-
late triquetrous, mouth broad.

Close to Tj. lenta.

Mt. Wellington.

BY L. EODWAY. 99

Lnpliocoha argentea, St. — Small, pale yellow, branches
short. Lower leaves small, middle ones about 1 mm.
ITpper ones 2 mm., crowded, erect, ovate from a rather
narrow base, apex truncate strongly bidentate, lobes erect,
sinus narrow deep, margins curved, insertion abrupt.
. Underleaves broader than stem, deeply bifid, margins
vuiidentate.

Very near L. hispinosa, but with a different habit and
narrower leaf-base.

Mt. Wellington.

Lophocolra lenta, Tayl. — Slender, pale. Leaves alter-
nate, spreading, broadly ovate nearl)^ symmetric, 1-L5
mm., but sometimes very small, margins curved, apex
bidentate, sinus narrow; cells 27-36 /a., trigones none.
Underleaves twice as broad as the stem, shortly connate,
bifid neai'ly to the base, lobes slender, margins unidentate,
sometimes more armed. Perianth long cylindric, strongly
triquetrous.

Very common.

New Zealand. Australia. South America.

Lopliocolea hidentcita (L.), Dum. — Robust, pale, flaccid.
Leaves spreading ovate, l-3rd bilobed, nearly symmetric,
1.5-2 mm., dorsal margin slightly decurrent, ventral abrupt,
1-obes long, very slender; cells 38-40 ^., walls slender, tri-
gones minute. Underleaves l-3rd as large as leaves free,
12-3rd bifid, lobes slender, margin 1-2 dentate. Perianth
narrow-oblong strongly triquetrous.

Common.

Cosmopolitan.

Lopliocolea hispinosa, Tayl. — Slender, closely creeping.
Leaves plane when mature, narrowly to broadly ovate-
truncate, 2 mm., shortly bilobed, sinus broad, lunate, lobes
from a broad base acute, ventral lobe or both sometimes
wanting, dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral strongly
curved below; cells 27 yu., walls thin, trigones none. Under-'
leaves little broader than the stem, free or shortly con-
nate, deeply bifid, margin unidentate, sometimes more
armed.

Mt. Wellington.

Campbell Islands.

Lophocolea austro-alijina, St. — Medium pale. Leaves
more erect than plane, obliquely triangular, 1.4-2 mm.,
apex truncate, bidentate, base 2 mm., broad lobes short,
slender diverging, both margins curved; cells 20 ^.,
trigones none. Underleaves hardly broader than the stem,

J

100 TASMANIAN BllYOPHYTA,

h bifid, lobes slender, margins imidentate. Perianth
cylindric, strongly triquetrous.

Mt. Wellington.

Lophocolca iJccolorata, St. — llather robust, pale-
Leaves crowded, erect then more plane in older parts,
obliquely ovate from a very broad base, truncate with a
narrow bidentate apex, 1-2 mm., dorsal margin curved,
ventral strongly curved below, lobes broad or narrow erect
or spreading, sinus deep. Cell-walls rather thick. Under-
leaves hardly broader than the stem, very deeply bifid,
lobes slender, margin unidentate. Inner floral leaves little
larger, ovate, apex deeply bifid, lobes narrow long at-
tenuated.

Very close to Jj. h/sjj/jiosa and L. <iiixfrn-al pina.

Mt. Bischoff.

Lophocohd nioorcdua, St. — Robust, pale. Leaves ovate
from a broad base, 2-5 long and wide, apex truncate boldly
biypinous, lobes broad at the base, acute, sinus deep, dorsal
margin nearly straight, shortly decurrent, ventral strongly
curved below ; cell walls thin. Underl eaves twice as broad
as the stem, deeply bifid, lobes acute, margin with one bold
spine. Inner floral leaves 4 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, apex
bifid, lobes triangular, attenuated.

Doubtfully distinct.

St. Patrick's Head.

Lophocolea leucophyUa, Tayl. — Pale green or yellow,
much branched and rather rigid. Leaves crowded, con-
cave, distichous, triangular from a broad base, 1-2 mm.
long, dorsal base decurrent, apex narrow boldly bispinous,
margin armed with few or many bold unequal spines.
Cells 18-27 /,'.., trigones small rotund, each cell with one
convex papilla, but sometimes reduced to a mere convexity.
Underleaves rather large and broadly connate on both
sides, rcniform, margin armed with about 6 bold spines.
Perianth long exserted, large, usually acutely triquetrous,
but in some specimens even in the same mass narrowly
fusiform.

L. verrucoiid, St., appears not distinct.

Common, chiefly on mountains.

Lopliorolea luurirnta, Nees. — Very small. Leaves
plane, about 1 mm., ovate-triangular to l-3rd bifid, lobes
broad, sinus narrow, margin armed with a few spines. Cells
18 IX., surface armed with prominent papillae. Under-
leaves deeply bifid, each margin with a spinous lobe, all
lobes acutely dentate. Perianth oblong, triquetrous, mouth
copiously armed, surface setulose.

Common throughout the Southern Hemisphere.

BY L. RODWAY. 101

Chiloscyphus, Corda.

Plants from very robust to very small. Stems simple
or with few irregular lateral branches. Leaves succubous,
opposite or alternate entire or with a dentate margin
seldom bilobed. Cells medium sized ; trigones from very
large to none. Underleaves well developed, bifid with
acute lobes to reniform. Sporophyte teraiinating a very
short branch placed low down on the stem. Calyptra well
developed. Perianth oblong to campanulate cylindric,
mouth generally lobed, not constricted.

The genus is indistinguishable from LopJiocolca except
in the position of the sporophyte.

1. Underleaves reniform 2

Underleaves not broader than long 8

2. Leaves entire or with few very small teeth 3
Margins of leaves and underleaves dentate... 4

3. Dorsal bases connate, cuticle

smooth Cfjnjugafus

Dorsal bases free, cuticle papillate ... lirl-ii

Leaves undulate .-iinuoms

Leaves and underleaves with saccate

appendages rymhaJiferus

4. Underleaves with short simple teeth 5

Underleaves with 4 bifid lobes and spinous

teeth 7

5. Trigones large confluent hillardieri

Trigones small 6

6. Underleaf concave; cells 30 ^. ... gunnlanui^
Underleaf flat; cells 40-50 ^. ... tcnmanicus

7. Leaf apex bi-tridentate fis^iatrpus

Leaf pluridentate multifidus

8. Dorsal base of leaf abrupt 9

Dorsal base decurrent 13

9. Underleaf rotund, entire or shortly bifld ... 10
Underleaf oblong, deeply bifid 12

10. Underleaf broadly connate with the

leaves lerierl

Underleaves free or nearly so 11

11. Trigones small acute weyinouthianus

Trigones large confluent cordifoUus

12. Leaves smooth, cells large larus

Leaves spinous and papillose echineUua

13. Leaves with a truncate bifid apex 14

Leaves entire or irregularly bi-tridentate ... 15

14. Underleaf rotund 3-4 times as broad

as the stem coal if us

Underleaf oblong, not broader than
the stem filicicolus

102 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

15. Leaf entire rarely a few bifid limosus

Leaf with 3 short oblique lobes ... tridentatus

Chi'!oscy2')hui^ conjugatu^, Mitt. — Very robust and often
10 cm. long'. Leaves opposite crowded imbricate erect,
broadly ovate-triangular from a broad base, 3 mm. long,
dorsal bases united across the stem, margin entire dorsally
substrict, reflexed, ventral margin more curved, shortly
united to the underleaf ; cells 36-44 ^.; trigones large and
very convex. Underleaves reniforai concave, 1.5 mm. long,
twice asi broad, margin entire or armed with few very
small teeth.

Mt. Wellingtou. Adamson Peak. Zeehan. Cradle
Mt., Etc.

Form, dentatus (Ch. mnorei, St.). — Leaf margin usiially
bearing a few small teeth. Margin of underleaf more dis-
tinctly armed. Not consistently distinct from type.

Common in forests.

Cliiloscyphus Jiirlii, St. — Pale green to yellow, mostly
3-4 cm. long. Leaves plane in damp' localities, more erect
in dry ones, crowded, closely imbricate ovate obtuse, 1.5-2
mm. long, alternate, dorsal base expanded into a dentate
appendage, margin otherwise entire or with a few small
serrations; cells 28-32 fx., trigones huge and confluent,
cuticle papillose. Underleaf reniform nearly as broad as
the leaf, very short closely imbricate, margin entire or
armed with minute teeth, slightly united with the leaves.

Adamson Peak. Mt. Field.

New Zealand.

C'hilo^cyjjhus hiUardieri (Schw.), JVees. — Robust, rather
rigid, brownish. Leaves opposite crowded, erect, asym-
metric, broadly ovate-triangular from a broad base, 2 mm.,
dorsal margin substrict and combining at the base with
the opposite leaf, margin variously armed with spinous
teeth usually two conspicuous ones at apex; cells 20-30 m. ;
trigones very large confluent. Underleaves broadly reni-
form, not very concave, more or less armed with short
spinous teeth.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak. West Coast.

Form, intef/rifolia. — Leaf and underleaf margin entire
or with very small teeth. Resembling C7^ conjiic/afus,
Mitt., only of much smaller size.

Mt. Hartz. Adamson Peak.

BY L. ROD WAY. 103

Fonp. riUatiis (Ch. ciliafiis, St.). — Armature of leaves
and underleaves of longer spines.
West Coast.
New Zealand.

ChiIo-<ci/phus giinninnu>i, Mitt. — Flaccid, livid green to
brownish. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate from a broad
base, 2-2.5 mm. long, dorsal bases uniting, margin armed
with few or many spinous teeth ; cells 30 fx , walls thin ;
trigones from none to small. Underleaves broadly reni-
lorm, armed on the margin with few small spinous teeth.

Differs from Ch. hiJlardieri only in the more tender
substance of the leaf. The development of trigones very
variable. Probably onh^ a shade form of the last.

Recherche. West Coast. Trowutta.

Chil().-<ryplivs ta-'onan irus, St. — Medium size, seldom
exceeding 2 cm., pale green and of delicate consistence.
Leaves opposite ovate-rectangular to ovate from a broad
base, plane in damp situations, otherwise erect, 2 mm.
long, dorsal bases shortly joined, margin armed all round
with slender spines; cells 35-50 ^.; trigones small con-
cave. Underleaf reniform fiat, 2 mm. wide, armed with,
about 12 spines.

Arinature more pronounced than in CIi. (junnianus.
Underleaf relatively larger, cells larger.

West Coast.

CliUoscy pints fi.ssistipu.^;, 'J-'f'lJ^- — Robust, 2-3 cm. long.
Leaves asymmetric, opposite, plane, oblong, 2.5 mm.,
dorsal margin substrict, the base decurrent, free or slightly
connate with opposite leaf, apex bi or more often triden-
tate, rarely pluridentate. ventral margin strongly curved;
cells mostly 25-35 ,a., walls rather strong, trigones small
concave. Underleaf reniform, 2 mm. broad, apex usually
with a deep median sinus, margin armed with many long
spinous teeth.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Dromedary. Ctadle Mt., Etc.

East Australia. Auckland Islands.

For}}). integrifoJius. — Leaves broadly ovate entire or
with one or two apical teeth. Underleaf broadly reniform
armed with long and short spines, often more or less
lobed as in Cli. vmltifidus.

Mt. Wellington.

Chiloscyphus miu t i fidu >< , St. — Vei^- similar to and
possibly a robust form of the last. Leaves broadly ovate-
triangular subsymmetric, 3 mm., dorsal base free decur-

104 TASMANIA N BRYOPHYTA,

rent, ventral margin more curved armed with few bold
teeth, apex truncate rotund armed with 2-4 bold spines;
cells 36 /i., trigones small or none. Underleaf large reni-
form very broad, with 6-8 shallow lobes armed with bold
spines, lower underleaves small and simpler.
Blue Tier. Mt. Field.

ChilosrypJrus cordifoUus, Rod. — Robust, 4-6 cm. long,
densely pulvinate, rigid, yellow. Leaves erecto-homomal-
lous, closely imbricate, alternate, rotund, 1 mm. lo-ng,
rather broader than long, both bases cordate and free,
margin entire, cells towards the margin 16 jx , lower ones
33 yit., trigones as large as the cells confluent, surface
smooth. Underleaves rotund, concave, imbricate, free, 0.7
mm. long, margin entire or with about 6 obtuse angles.
No perianths present, but a group of archegonia termina.fc-
ing the shoot, thus bearing the character of LopJiocoIea, but
habit and leaf structuree is typically of Cliiloscyijhus.
Possibly it is this plant that Stephani describes as Lopho-
colea tumid a,

Adam son Peak.

Chi/o^ei/ pints sinu(n<i('^ (llool,-.), Necs. — Robust, often 5
cm. long. Leaves opposite crowded, plane to erect, broadly
triangular, 3 mm. long, dorsal base free, very decurrent or
slightly connate with opposite leaf, margin substrict un-
dulate, apex rather acute, ventral margin broadly curved
undulate entire ; cells 27 ^,, trigones large convex. Under-
leaves very broadly connate with the leaves, short, broadly
leniform armed with many irregular spines.

jVlt. Wellington. Mt. Hartz.

New Zealand. Auckland Islands.

Chih)ficyphns cymhaVi ferns i^lfool-.)^ Necs. — Medium
size generally about 4 cm. long. Leaves opposite densely
crowded erect imbricate, giving the shoot a terete appear-
ance, subrotund, asymmetric, about 1 mm. long, dorsal base
rotund shortly joined to the opposite leaf, apex obtuse
often with a few short obtuse teeth, ventral margin bear-
ing a saccate appendage; cells about 30 ^., trigones large
C'ften confuont. Underleaves short very broad, apex
shortly dentate, each margin bearing a large saccate
appendage.

Common on mouTi tains.

New Zealand. Auckland Islands.

Form. f<iihmersa. — Leaves larger, less erect, ovate-
rotund, appendage very reduced. Underleaves rotund en-
tire with reduced appendages.

In wet grooind. Adamson Peak.

BY L UODWAY. 105

t lii'Iosri/pJius lei'ieri, Sf. — Closely creeping on bark,
about 3 cm. long. Leaves opposite crowded, suberect
broadly ovate-triangular about 2.5 mm., dorsal base abrupt
meeting or joining with the opposite leaf, margin nude or
with a few teeth above, apex and ventral margin armed
with slender spines; cells 30-36 fi., trigones large rotund.
Underleaves orbicular about 2 mm. diameter, broadly
joined to the leaves, armed with about 8 slender spines.

West Coast.

Ckiloscyphus cnah'fus (Hook.), Dum. — Robust, often
10 cm. long, closely decumbent dark green. Leaves not
crowded opposite or alternate, plane ovate-triangular,
truncate with two acute apical teeth or the upper leaves
more or less entire, 3 mm. long, dorsal margin strict base
decuiTent free or joining with the opposite leaf, ventral
margin strict base connate with the underleaf; cells irre-
gular in size, mostly 30 /x., walls rather thick, trigones
minute or none. Underleaves small, 2-3 times as broad
as the stem, subrotuncl tiTincate, sinus broad margin anned
with 1-4 slender teeth.

Vei-y common.

East Australia. New Zealand. Auckland Islands.

Chflo.^ri/phus fridenfafiis, Miff. — Small and slender
generally 1-3 cm., dark green. Leaves alternate with a
nearly vertical insertion plane, ovate-rectangular 1 mm.,
apex with three short unecjual lobes, dorsal base free very
shortly decurrent, ventral base very shortly connate with
the underleaf; cells mostly 20 x 27 jn., trigones none.
L-nderleaves small, a,s broad as the stem bifid to below the
middle, lobes slender, each margin w^ith one bold slender
tooth. ';

Common in shade on banks.

CJiiJo.<ry pints fiUc.icolu.^, Sf. — Stems decumbent, 1-2
cm. long. Leaves alternate plane ovate-rectangular 2 mm.,
dorsal margin strict base decurrent free, apex abruptly
truncate, a filiform tooth arising from each angle, ventral
margin strict, very shortly connate with the underleaf;
cells 30-40 fj... walls thick, trigones none ; underleaf oblong
not broader than the stem, deeply bifid, lobes acute, margin
unidentate, sometimes unarmed or bidentate.

Very close to Ch. roalifus, differing mainly in size and
smaller underleaf. Doubtful species.

On feni-stem. East Coast.

New Zealand.

Chiloscyphus w€ymoufhi(inui<, Sf. — Medium size, but
seldom exceeding 2 cm., freely branched. Leaves opposite
plane to suberect, broadly ovate from a broad base 1.5-2.5

lOG TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

inm., dorsal base rounded and shortly connate with the
opposite leaf to free and decurrent, margin entire or with
1-2 small apical teeth to armed with 10-12 shorts teeth;
cells 18-30 IX., trigones very small concave; underleaf
broadly oblong to subrotund little broader than the stem,
apex with 2 slender lobes, margin usually 1-2 dentate.
West Coast.

Chilo-iryphux 1 iuit)su.<, ('. ef i-*.— Very variable in siz©
and some details, often up to 10 cm., but sometimes small,
dark green. Leaves alternate plane, broadly ovate obtuse
or rarely with 1-2 apical teeth 2-3 mm., dorsal base free
shortly decurrent, ventral base shortly connate with the
underleaf ; cells 25-35 ^.., trigones small, concave rarely
convex; underleaf rolundo-quadrate 2-3 times as broad as
the stem, equally quadrifid or rather bifid with 1-2 mar-
ginal teeth rarely ven' small and shortly bifid.

Very common on banks of streams.

Australia.

Chiloscyphus larns;. Mitt. — Small and delicate, usually
about 2 cm. long. Leaves alternate plane with a nearly
vertical insertion ovate-triansjular 1-1.5 mm., very thin
texture, usually iiTegularly trilobed, sometimes quadri-
lobed, lobes short broad acute, dorsal base free not decur-
rent, ventral base shortly connate with the underleaf ;
cells irregular mostly 40-50 /z., walls equally thickened,
cuticle thin, trigones none. Underleaf rather broader
than the stem, deeply bifid, lobes slender, margins often
unispinous.

In shade the ultimate branches often very attenuated,
and the leaves reduced to subulate processes, 5 cells long
and 1 cell diameter. Also described in Stephani's Sp. Hep.
as Lo[)h<)C<)ha n'cymoufhiana.

Common in damp shade.

New Zealand.

CJiiIo:>ri/pJni!i rcJiiiu-lJu.s (L. et G.), Mitt. — Small and
slender, under 2 cm., stem covered with prominent papillae.
Leaves alternate plane broadly ovate, 0.7-1 mm., marg;in
armed with unequal spines, dorsal base free, ventral
shortly connate with the underleaf, surface covered with
acute papillae; cells 16 ^.. walls thick, trigones none;
underleaves oblong twice as broad as the stem, lobes slender
armed with spines, margin similarh^ armed.

Veiy like Lophorolcn luurirata, only leaves not bifid.
Perianth on a short basal branch, and cylindric not
trigonous as in that plant.

Common in damp forests.

New Zealand.

by l. rod way. 107

Leptoscyphus, Mitt.

Simpie or sparingly branched; decumbent with
numerous rhizoids on the ventral surface. Leaves succub-
ous, entire, rotund, rarely bilobed or ovate. XJnderleaves
present, entire or bihld, margins sometimes armed. Peri-
anth terminal, often appearing lateral from the growth of
subfloral branches, inflated below, laterally compressed
above the mouth truncate and bilabiate, entire or denticu-
late.

Mitten subsequently changed the name to Leioscij pints.
This is still maintained by Stephani.

Leptoscyphu.s chilosci/phoides [Lindh.). — Stems usually
2-3 cm. long. Leaves rotund or quadrate-rotund, erect,
opposite, 2 mm., base not constricted; cells about 36 ^.,
walls medium, trigones small concave or none; underleaves
small, connate on both sides, deeply bifid lobes acute, mar-
gins unidentate. Bracts similar to the leaves but larger;
perianth 3-4 mm., immersed in the leaves, very flat above
with two broad entire lips.

Very like Lopkocolea norae-''-chnidiae, but the larger
cells and very different perianth distinguish it.

Mt. Wellington. Western Tiers.

Odontoschisma, Dum.

Robust, simple or with few branches, deciunbent to
suberect. Leaves succubous, erect, crowded, rotund, entire.
Underleaves oblong and well developed to obsolete. Peri-
anth terminal, short and broad, obscurely 3-angled ; bracts
bi-trifid.

Very near J amemnidla, but the bracts not fimbriate,
the mouth not as contracted nor plicate, and underleaves
present.

Odinifosfdiisnia marg'inata (Mift.), St. — Stems slender,
elongating often to 10 cm., dark green. Leaves rotund
erect crowded, 1-2 lum., margin with a narrow thick edge;
cells m.ostly 36 ^., walls slightly thickened ; underleaves
often nearly as long as the leaves, ovate, free with a
shortly bifid apex. Bracts little enlarged, entire ; perianth
broadly campanulate, shorter to longer than the leaves,
one dorsal and two ventral shallow keels, mouth broad,
erose,

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field. Cradle Mt., Etc.

Cephalozia, Dum.
Small, simple or with few branches, the branches
usually arising from the ventral surface. Leaves succubous

108 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

tx) nearly transverse, bilobed. Underleaves none or nidi-
mentary except in the region of reproductive organs.
Finiit terminal or on short lateral branches, bracts large,
bracteole free or united to the bracts ; perianth tapering
to a constricted dentate mouth, trigonous, the third angle
ventral.

Leaf margin entire or nearlv so.
Underleaves absent.

Pale green leaves appressed hastovii

Livid green leaves spreading Icvieri

Black, long wiry (lie^-r'nna

Underleaves present small.

Leaves red remote spreading erili flora

Leaves brown erect imbricate prcix.^iana

Maroin dentate.

Marginal teeth few simple rerrurosn

Marginal teeth many acute squdrro^iihi

Marginal teeth compound 7/ irfa

Cephalozia hastovii, C. et P. — Pale gla.ucous green,
usually with many lateral as weill as ventral branches,
sometimes simple, about 1 cm. long, rather bare below,
copiously leaved above. Leaves appressed rather imbri-
cate, ovate stem clasping below, apex l-3rd bifid, lobes
broad below, acute, sinus acute, 0.4 mm. long; cells vari-
able in size, mostly 12-15 /^., walls thick. Underleaves
none.

Mt. Wellington Plateau.

Ceiilialozia eriliflora (Tai/I.), Spr. — Dark red-brown
in dense mats, usually on burnt wood, stems about 5 mm.,
simple or branched. Leaves remote, patent, transverse,
broadly oblong 0.3 mm., 2-3rd bifid, sinus ver}^ broad,
lobes acute; cells 12 fx., walls thick. Underleaves minute
entire or bifid. Perianth terminal oblong, 3-5 plicate, 1
mm. long, dark red below, hyaline above, mouth crenulate.

Very common.

Australia. New Zealand.

('e]thoJ()zia preissiana (Lehiii.), St. — Very small, brown,
amongst small plants on logs. Leaves suberect, imbricate,
0.1-0.2 mm. long, broadly oblong bifid to the middle, sinus
rather acute, lobes very broad, apex acute; cells 10 yu.;
underleaves similar to the leaves onlv smaller.

On wood. West Coast. Trowutta.

C'cpltalozia Icvieri, St. — Small, the shoots seldom ex
ceeding 5 mm., usually simple pale livid green. Leaves
spreading obcuneate conduplicate transverse, 0.2 mm.,

BY L. TvODWAY. 109

!2-3rd bifid, sinus acute, lobes broad, apex acute ; cells
irregular mostly 10 x 15 ju-, walls thick; underleaves
absent. Perianth long nan-ow linear, triplicate above,
mouth narrow.
West Coast.

Ceplialozia verrucosa, St. — Small, the shoots usually
simple and under 5 mm. long, more or less red-brown.
Leaves spreading broadly oblong transverse conduplicate
0.1 mm., to I bifid, lobes ovate obtuse or acute, margin
often with a few prominent teeth; cells 12-15 ^u., walls
thick, dorsal cuticle vernicose ; underleaves small bifid.
Perianth large oblong to fusiform, acute trigonous, dark
below, hyaline above.

West Coast. Trowutta.

Fue^ia.

Cephalozia aterriina, Sf. — Black in tangled masses on
rocks in pools and streams, stems very slender and long
wiry devoid of leaves except towards the ends. Leaves
transverse closely appressed cordate, 0.2 mm. long, shortly
bifid, lobes broad obtuse; cells 12-18 f^., walls dark rather
thin; underleaves absent. Perianth terminal narrow ob-
long strongly triplicate, 1.2 mm., mouth contracted.

Ml. Wellington. Western Tiers. Cradle Mt., Etc.

At a considerable altitude.

Crphalozia squarro.siihi (Tai/I.), >Sf. {Juncj. divari-
ratd, Mitt.). — Very small, pale green stems under 5 mm.
Leaves patent, nearly rotund, conduplicate, transverse 0.1
mm. long, h bilobed, lobes broadly triangular acute, margin
regularly denticulate; cells 15 fj.., walls thick; underleaves
.similar to leaves and but slightly smaller. Perianth oblong
0.7 mm., pluriplicate delicate, mouth lacerate, bracts half
as long, strongly dentate.

On heath near Kingston.

W. Australia. New South Wales.

Cephalozia Jiirfa. St. (C. dentafa, Mitt.). — Small pallid
f^reen. Leaves remote, spreading broadly obcuneate, con-
duplicate, 0.1 mm., deeply bifid, lobes ovate acute, margin
armed with numerous compound spinous teeth, a large
spine conspicuous near the base of each margin ; under-
leaves similar, little smaller. Perianth terminal oblong,
pluriplicate delicate.

Numerous localities. On bark and fern stems.

East Australia.

110 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

Zoopsis, Hook. f. et Tayl.
Stems slender decximbent with few iiTegular ventral
branches, a narrow central strand of elongated narrow cells
surrounded by a cortex of large inflated cells. Leaves more
or less rudimentary^ reduced to the base or deeply bifid.
Underleaves rudimentary. Fertile branch short arising
from the ventral surface ; perianth terminal oblong to
fusiform, smooth or plicate, mouth tapering lobed.

Colour always pale watery green. The genus is most
closely allied to Lepidozia. Z. leitgch'unia might readily
be refeiTed tO' that genus.

Leaves reduced to 2 celled lobes argentea

Leaves rudimicntary with 2 spinous lobes... setulom,
Leaves with 2 unequal lobes Jeifgehiana

Zoopsis argentea^ Hf. et Tayl. — Shoot a flat linear
frond. Leaves reduced to alternate lobes each of two in-
flated cells; underleaves rudimentary formed of two oblong
cells and two much smaller apical ones. Bracts and bracte-
ole small bifid : perianth narrow pyriform-cylindric,
divided above to a third of its length into six lanceolate
acute lobes.

Common on dead wood.

Australia. New Zealand. Indian Archipelago.

Zoopsis setulosa, Leiig. — Shoot a flat linear frond.
Leaves reduced to alternate lobes of two large inflated cells,
each cell tipped with a linear two-celled lobe; underleaves
rudimentary of two short basal and two linear upper cells.
Bracts bifid, apex setulose, bracteole similar, perianth ovate
plicate, mouth deeply six lobed, lobes setulosie.

Mt. Wellington. Cradle Mt. West Coast.

Zoopsis leitgehiana, C. et P. — Shoots slender. Leaves
remote, unequally bifid, base 1 cell deep, 4 cells wide,
dorsal lobe 3 cells in one seiies, ventral lobe 5 cells long, 2
cells wide at base; underleaves of 2 oblong cells, tipped
each with a small cell. Bracts and bracteole l-3rd bifid,
lobes acute; perianth linear triplicate, apex shortly 6 lobed.

Kingston. West Co^ast.

East Australia. New Zealand.

IsoTACHis, Mitten.

Decumbent, stem elongating with few irregular
branches. Leaves incubous to transverse, squarrose to
decurvo-homomallous, conduplicate concave, asymmetric,
apex usually truncato-bilobed, lobes broad short unequal,
dorsal margin more expanded than the ventral, insertion

BY L. EODAVAY. Ill

contracted. Underleaves similar to the leaves, rarely much
smaller. Perianth terminal, fleshy, oblong-fusifoiTn ; foot
of the sporophyte deeply sunk in the expanded shoot.

1. Leaves squarrose ? 2

Leaves erect or decurvecl 5

2. , Leaves crowded base stem clasping 3

Leaves free base narrow 4

3. Leaves 1-1.5 mm. long inflexa

Leaves 2.5-3 mm. long grandis

4. Leaves 2 mm. Underleaves similar... fju7iniana
Leaves 0.6 mm. Underleaves minute ... jnisilla

5. Underleaves armed with acute

teeth inforti folia

Underleaves bifid or tiifid unarmed 6

6. Leaves minute remote aftenuatus

Leaves crowded decurved ^uhfrifida

Leaves large black erect crowded riparia

IsotacJiis f/ linn /ana, Miff. — Stems often 4 cm. long,
reddish-brown or green. Leaves squarrose. ovate-rotund, 2
mm. long, apex shortly to l-3rd bilobed, sinus obtuse, lobes
broadly triangular, acute or obtuse, margins entire or
sometimes the ventral with one or two small teeth ; upper
cells rectangular 21 /v.., lower ones 21 x 60 ^., cuticle
asperate. Underleaves nearly as long as leaves, oblong;
sometimes only half as large and h bifid.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field. Adamson Peak, Etc.

Ixotdchi-^ infleia, Gaff. — Stems about 4 cm. long,
yellowish green often the apex reddish. Leaves imbricate
tc recurved from an appressed base, subrotund to broadly
rectangular, 1-1.8 mm., apex shortly to l-3rd bilobed, lobes
equal, broadly triangular acute, margin usually acutely
bidentate, sometimes entire; upper cells 21 //.., lower 21 x
60 /^., cuticle asperate to papillate above, striolate below.
Underleaves similar to the leaves.

Very close to /. (/unniana. distinct chiefly by smaller
crowded leaves.

Longley.

Australia.

Imfachix grandis, C. ct P. — Robust, usually
7-10 cm. long, green or reddish. Leaves closely imbricate
recurved, broadly ovate-rotund, 2.4 mm., l-3rd bifid, lobes
acute, sinus acute, margins armed with spinous teeth to
entire; upper cells 21-35 h--, asperate, lower 21-54 ^.
striolate. Underleaves similar to the leaves, sometimes
rather smaller, usuallv less armed. Perianth cvlindric, 6

112 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

mm. long, mouth shortly 3 lobcd, lobes narrow acute fim-
briate. Close to /. gunniana only more robust, leaves
imbricate and generally acutely armed.

Mt. Wellington. Western Tiers.

Victoria.

Isofar/n's iiiforfi folia {Tayl.), (.rott. — Robust, stenis to 10
cm., yellow. Leaves closely imbricate decurved towards
the ventral aspect, asymmetric, the dorsal margin broader
than the ventral, broadly ovate 2.5-3 mm. long, apex
shortly bi-trilobed, lobes broadly triangular acute, margin
with few small teeth or entire ; upper cells asperate or
papillate rotund 20 jx., lower striate very long. Under-
leaves nearly as long as the leaves, broadly oblong \
bilobed, lobes acute, margin armed with few acute teeth.
Perianth narrow ovate 4 mm., tapering to a slender mouth.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Hartz. Blue Tier, Etc.

Australia. Campbell Islands.

Isoforliis .siihtrifidd (TayL), Mitt. — Small, 2-4 cm.,
livid green. Leaves remote below, more imbricate above,
decurved towards the ventral aspect, oblong slightly
asymmetric, 1.4 mm., l-3rd-i- bilobed, rarely trilobed,
lobes triangular acute, sinus acute, margin entire seldom
v^ith few rudimentary teeth ; upper and marginal cells 25
yM., minutely asperate, central basal ones longer striolate.
Underleaves oblong, 2-3rd as long as leaves. In some
robust forms the leaves are longer and looser, more often
trifid, and the underleaves as long as the leaves. Perianth
broadly oblong, 4 mm., but little exceeding the bracts,
mouth deeply fimbriate.

Mt. Wellington.

IsofarJii.s jjNsilla, St. — Very small, under 1 cm. long,
pale green. Leaves squarrose, subrotund 0.6 mm. long,
l-3rd-^, bifid, lobe? oblong, obtuse or acute, margin plain
to armed with many obtuse or acute teeth ; cells mostly 20
fji., cuticle smooth. Underleaves small, hardly broaaer
than the stem, margin many dentate, ]-3rd bifid, lobes
acute.

Long ley.

I.sotarJiis affemiat^is;. Pod. — Stems 1-2 cm. long, very
slender, growing amongst moss in wet situations. Leaves
rather remote erecto patent narrow oblong from a narrow
base, dark brown, I bifid, lobes lanceolate acute, 0.5 mm. ;
outer cells 18 ^., inner ones 18 x 24 ^., walls thick ; under-
leaves similar. Bract? manv, similar to the leaves but

BY L. nODWAY. 113

larger. Perianth terminal, 1 mm. long, ovate strongly
triquetrous, keels obtuse, mouth obtuse, shortly fimbriate.
Mt. Wellington Plateau.

Isotachis rijJario, Rod. — Robust, almost black, stems
5-8 cm. Leaves erect closely imbricate broadly ovate to
almost rotund, 3 mm. long, apex shortly bifid, lobes short
broad subacute, margin entire or with 1-2 small teeth;
upper cells 27 ,x., walls thick, lower cells 40 x 18 /a., walls
thin, cuticle smooth ; underleaves to 3 mm. long, 2 mm.
broad oblong, apex shortly bifid, margin entire or araied
with about 3 small teeth.

Quite dissimilar to any other Tasmanian species. It
if: near /. gifjanted of New Zealand.

Cradle Mt.

Lepidozia, Dum.

Plants from small to medium size, pinnate or bipin-
nate, the branches lateral frequently with flagellate tips.
Leaves incubous obliquely to subtransversely inserted,
small, mostly quadrifid, rarely with fewer or more divi-
sions, which extend usually to the middle, sometimes less
deep, rarely to the base ; underleaves similar to the leaves
but often much smaller. Perianth terminating a short
branch low down the stem, cylindric or fusiform, mouth
entire or more or less fimbriate.

Section ^ymmetricae. — Leaves symmetric.

1. Leaves 2-lobed ta^manica

Leaves 3-lobed 2

Leaves 4-lobed 4

Leaves many lobed mooreana

2. Leaves divided to middle • vastiloha

Leaves divided to base 3

3. Leaflobes setaceous longiscyijha

Leaflobes moniliform chaetophyUa

4. Leaflobes lanceolate generally in-

curved 4 to many celled at the base 5

Leaflobes setaceous divergent generally

2-celled at base 8

5. Leaves subvertical. lobes widely

divergent praenitem^

Leaves subtransverse, lobes incurved 6

6. Ceils of lobes not larger than those

of disk cuculli folia

Cells of lobes lonwr than those of disk ... 7

114 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

7. Green or yellow appres.sifolla

Brown to black sachllen-^is

Each margin with a short supple-
mentary lobe s(^ifid(t

8. Plant glaucous, small rent I pes

Green, lobes acute spreading rapiUn/era

Dark brownish, lobes setaceous diverg-
ent sffiformis

Green robust lobes erect r/ros.^isef(i.

Section asymmetricae. — Leaves asymmetric, the dorsal
margin much longer and more curved than the ventral.

9. Margin nude or 1-2 teeth 10

Margin armed 1^

10. Plant green or yellow H

Plant glaucous (jkiucopliyUa

11. Leaves patent concave, lobes incurved ... 12
Leaves of main stem at least closely

appressed 14

12. Margin with 1-2 short- acute teeth chord uJifera
Margin nude 13

13. Leaves 0.3 mm. with short lobes ... h-vi folia
Leaves 0.9 mm. divided to the

middle asymmetricn

14. Branch leaves close patent procera

All leaves closely appressed remote... parvitexta

15. Leaf-margin ai-med with cellular teeth

or cilia cdhnla

Leaf -margin armed with simple or
forked unicellular spines ajipendicuJata

Lepidozia tasmanica, St. — Small, yellow-green, with
many capillary branches. Leaves remote patent incurved,
nearly transversely inserted oblong, 2 -3rd bifid, rarely the
lower ones 3-4 lobed, 0.4 mm., base 2 cells high, lobes
lanceolate erect or incurved, cells rectangular, mostly 60 x
22 IX. ; underleaves similar but only l-3rd as large. Perianth
naiTow cylindric 2-3 mm., mouth fimbriate.

Longley. West Coast.

^I.epidozia rastiJoha, St. — Very small, densely caespitose,
irregularly branched. Leaves obcuneate nearly trans-
versely inserted very concave, symmetric trilobed to the
middle, 0.5 mm. long, lobes incurved oblong-triangular ob-
tuse 4 cells wide at the base ; cells 27 ij.. ; underleaves
small appressed, 2-3rd trilobed.

West Coast.

East Australia.

BY L. RODAVAY. 11 5

Lepiclozia Ioii[/i-'<c>/j)h(-f, TaijJ. — Small and slender,
iiTegularly branched. Leaves nearly transverse remote,
spreading trifid to the base, 0.35 mm. long, base 1 cell high
^ind 6 broad, lobes diverging setaceous, 2 colls broad at the
base, 7 cells long; underleaves similar bnt smaller; cells
of lobes 45 X 15 ;u

West CoavSt. East Australia.

Levidozia rhaetojJii/Jhi, Spruce. — Small and very pale.
Leaves remote transverse, bifid or trifid to the base, lobes
setaceous, 0.3 mm. long, 1 cell wide, 4 cells long, rarely
more; cells rather inflated 60-100 x 30 ^. ; underleaves
smaller, generally 3 cells long.

Mt. Wellington Plateau. Tasman Peninsula.

South Africa. South America.

Lepidozia praenitens, X. et L. — Small, branches mostly
with flagellate tips. Leaves remote on stems, crowded on
branches, symmetric very obliquely inserted, quadrifid to
the middle, 0.4 mm. long and broad, lobes lanceolate 4-6
•ceils broad at the base; underleaves smaller, more deeply
divided, appressed.

Variable but distingiiished by the veiy oblique spread-
ing symmetric leaves.

Very common.

New Zealand.

Lepidozia appressifolin, St. — Small and slender, pale
g]-een. Leaves obcuneate 0.4 mm. long, vei^^ concave, the
icbes shai-piv incurved, transversely inserted, quadrifid
below the middle, base rather narrow usually unidentate
on the margin, lobes slender 4-5 cells broad at the base,
cuticle verrucose ; underleaves about the same size but
more deeply divided, trifid rarely C|uadrifid.

Very common.

Form, arniaia. — Leaves crowded, 2-3rd quadrifid, lobes
lanceolate acute, 4-6 cells broad at the base, bavse 8 cells
high 16 cells broad, margin 1-2 dentate.

Intermediate between this and L. se.xfida.

Lepidozia saddJensis, B. et il/o-s-s.— Small and densely
massed, very dark. Leaves remote below, crowded above,
closely overlapping, and usually leaving a well-marked
dorsal groO'Ve, concave, transverse symmetric obcuneate, 0.4
mm. long, 2-3rd quadrilobed, lobes lanceolate sometimes
armed with a lateral tooth, 4 cells broad at base ; cell wall
thick, cuticle verrucose; underleaves similar and little

K

IIG T.ASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

smaller. Differs irom L. appressifolia only in colour and
more compact habit.

Cradle Mt. West Coast.

Fuegia.

Lepidozid .^erfidd^ St. — Ver)^ small, not usually flagel-
late. Leaves symmetric transverse subrotund, 0.3 mm.,
suberect concave, 2-3rd sexfid, the four middle lobes lanceo-
late, 4 cells broad at base, lateral lobes shorter and nar-
rower ; cuticle minutely asperate ; underleaves smaller with
a shorter base, lobes 4 or 5. Very near L. appressifolia.

Common on wet, sandy heaths.

Eastern Australia.

Lcpidoiid nicullifolia, St.- — Small, intricately branched
with flagellate tips, very dark olive green. Leaves sym-
metric remote suberect very concave, subrotund 0.6 mm.
broad and long, quadrilobed to or below the middle, lobes
lanceolate, 6-10 celled at the base subacute; cells 17 ^.^
only the basal ones larger ; underleaves quadrate smaller
deeply quadrifid. Variable in colour and often with smaller
lobes.

Adamson Peak.

Lepid()zia centipes, Taijl. — Small glaucous. Leaves
symmetric, very obliquely inserted, remote on stem,
crowded on the branches, broadly obcuneate, divided to
the middle into 3-4 diverging acute lobes 0.3-0.6 mm., base
about 6 cells high, lobes 4-6 cells long, 2 cells wide at the
base ; cells 36-50 ^x., underleaves very much smaller with
a very short base and slender lobes.

Distinguished by the glaucous symmetric leaves and
large- cells.

Mt. Wellington. Castra. Freycinet Peninsula.

Austral

la.

Lepidozid capiUi(icTO, Z/?i//6.— Small and slender with
few irregular branches, generally ending with flagellate
tips, greeri. Leaves obliquely inserted remote, quadrifid to
the middle, obcuneate, symmetric mostly 0.4 mm. long,
those of the branches often trifid and more crowded, cells
17-27 ^., lobes lanceolate acute widely diverging, cells
larger, 2 cells broad at the base ; underleaves similar but
smialler.

Variable. A small condition refeiTed by Stephani to
a separate species as lepidozid oldficldiana.

Very common.

Australia. New Zealand.

BY L. ROD WAY. 117

Lepiduzia setiformis, De Xo^ — Dark brown, slender
lower branches often long and flagellate. Leaves sym-
metric remote squaiTose broadly obcuneate from a narrow
subtransverse insertion, mostly 0.5 mm. long, quadrifid to
or below the middle, lobes widely diverging often a short
spinous tooth on the margin, base of the lobes 2-4 cells wide
rapidly narrow^ing to a 1-celled spinous apex 4-5 cells
long; cells of base 18 fj.., verrucosa, those of the lobes
mostly 60 x 20 ju., minutely striate. Underleaves similar.

Mt. Welling

S. America.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast.

Lepidozia f/ro.'^si-^rfa, Sf. — Robust, bright green, in
dense mats. Leaves imbricate piano-distichous rather
decurved, quadrifid to the middle, subvertically inserted
L4 mm. long, basal disk nearly quadrate, lobes erect setace-
ous and uniseriate above, the inner ones 4-celled at base,
the outer ones often 2-celled, sometimes all 2 or all 4-
celled; cells of the disk 75 x 40 ju,., those of the lobes up
to 120 fj..; underleaves smaller, lobes very slender, usually
uniseriate to the base.

West Coast. Trowutta.

Lepidozia niooreana, St. — Pale green or almost colour-
less, closely resembling a Tricliocolea, stems often 4-6 cm.
long, regiilarly pinnate. Stem leaves symmetric rather
crowded transverse, disk broadly obcuneate, 0.6 mm. broad,
0.3 mm. high, cells 70 x 30 /x.-, lobes usually 9-10 setaceous,
0.8 mm. long, uniseriate from a 2-celled base, cells 120 x 30
ytt.; underleaves smaller, usually 5-6 lobed, otherwise simi-
lar. Perianth 6 mm. cylindric, mouth fimbriate.

West Coast. Hartz Mt. Cradle Mt.

Lepidozia hrifolia, Tayl. — Seldom exceeding 5 mm.^
irregularly branched. Leaves nearly transversely inserted,
asymmetric imbricate spreading strongly incurved, 0.3 long
and broad, l-3rd-| quadrifid, dorsal margin three times as
long as the ventral, dorsal lobe small, middle ones 0.1 mm.
long, broad, but acute, 7-8 cells broad at the base, 10-12
cells long; cells 16-20 ^. ; underleaves shorter, twice as
broad as the stem, quadrifid to the middle. Variable but
distinguishable from the other asymmetricae by the smaller
concave leaves.

Very common.

Lepidozia procera, Miff. — Stems 1-3 cm., branches de-
curved with long slender tips. Leaves remote and closely
appressed on the main stem, closer and patent on the

118 TASMANIAN BRYOrHYTA,

branches, asymmetric 0.6 mm. shortly quadrifid, lobes
nearly equal triangular mostly 6 cells broad at the base;
€ells 17 ij..; underleaves small quadrate not broader than
the stem, deeply quadrifid.

Common.

New Zealand.

Lepiilozia yarvitexta, St. — Slender elongated often to
<:■ cm., branches long flagellate. Leaves asymmetanc, ob-
liquely obciincate. all remote and closely appressed, 0.5
mm., dorsal border curved more than twice as broad as the
ventral quadrifid to the middle, lobes broadly lanceolate
4-8 cells broad at the base; cells 18-27 ^. long; under-
leaves as broad as the stem, very short quadrifid to the
middle.

Verv close to L. procera, and probablv onlv a form
of it.

Very common.

New Zealand.

Lepidozui cliordiOlfera, Tayl. — Small slender generalh
densely massed. Leaves subtransverse asymmetric 0.6 mm.
long, quadrifid to the middle, disk oblique, dorsal margin
twice as long as the ventral 1-2 dentate, lobes diverging
lanceolate very acute 8-9 cells broad at the base, usually
one or more armed with a lateral tooth; cells 17 ^.;
underleaves nearly as large as the leaves, broader than
long, deeply quadrifid.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field. West Coast.

South America.

Lepidozui asymmetrica, St. — E-ather robust, many
branched and densely massed, lower branches sometimes
with flagellate tips, upper ones terminating abruptly.
Leaves imbricate asymmetric, concave, the lobes incurved
0.9 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, quadrifid to the middle, doreal
margin broadly expanded, lobes broad 4-12 celled at base
acute; cells 27 ^.; underleaves less than half as large,
2-3rd quadrifid, lobes very acute.

Very common.

Form, parva. — Habit and appearance of the type only
smaller in all details. Leaves 0.5 mm., l-3rd quadrifid,
lobes about 12 celled at the base. Approaching Z.
rhordulifera, but lobes not spreading and without the
lateral teeth.

The species has a distinct habit, but no clearly defined
characters marking it from its relatives.

BY L. ROD WAY. 11J>

Lepidozia cilaucophyJIa, Tai/I. — Robust and glaucous,,
freely branclied, the lower ones flagellate. Leaves oblique
asymmetric ovate-truncate, l-3rd quadrifid, but some tri
or bifid, 0.9 mm. long, those on branches smaller often
minute; lobes lanceolate, inner ones usually 7-9 cells at
base, outer ones 2-3 celled but variable; cells 15-20 //.;.
underleases half as large as leaves, rather broader thaix
the stem, quadrifid to the middle. Cuticle minutely
asperate.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak.

Australia. New Zealand.

Lepidozia allniln (Tat/I.), L. uloflirix (Lindb.). — Very
variable in habit, often forming yellow^ mats, branches
often with flagellate tips. Leaves crowded imbricate asym-
metric quadrifid below the middle, L4 mm., dorsal margin
strongly curved amied with generall}^ 5-6 unequal spines,
lobes acute simple or armed ; cells unequal thick walled
20-30 /J..; underleaves broader than long, half as large a.^
leaves, deeply cleft into 4 slender deeply bifid lobes, but
varying from 2-6 lobed, armed or not.

Veiy variable in habit, size, shape of lobes, and arma-
tui'e, but always distinguishable by the deeply bifid lobes
of underleaves.

Very common.

Auckland Islands.

Lepidozia appendiculato , /b7.— Medium size, the
branches sometimes 3 cm. long. Leaves closely overlapping
asymmetric deeply 6-lobed, 1 mm. long, L4 mm. broad,
lobes narrow-lanceolate diverging, margin armed with many
long simple or compound 1-cell spines, and surface at least
w^hen young covered with small-celled proliferation. Under-
leaves similar but smaller. "Perianth large to 1 cm. long,
base fleshy, mouth spinulose. '

A very distinct and rare species. Only found hitherto
in swampy land near Kingston. The above description is
partly adapted from Stephani, as only one or two scraps
are present in the author's collection.

Lembidium, Mitten.

Branches erect from a stoloniferous base; stems thick
with numerous slender more or less circinate pinnate or
bipinnate branches. Leaves transverse, stem-clasping ap-
pressed to patulous, deeply divided into linear incui'ved
lobes to entire concave, branch leaves smaller; underleaves
similar nearly as large to rudimentary; cells medium size

120 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

with thick walls. Archegonia on short ventral branches;
perianth long, narrow trigonous, month constricted.

The commoner Tasmanian plant differs from Lepiclozia
in little but habit.

Lemhidiani tenax (Grev.), St. — Branches 1-2 cm. Stem
leaves closely appressed, reniform divided to the middle
into 6-8 slender lobes, margin of disk dentate, leaves of
branches more spreading quadrificl, ultimate leaves very
i,mall tritid.

Placed by Lindberg in Lepidozia, to which it appears
to have at least equal affinity.

Common.

East Australia. New Zealand. Auckland Islands.

Lembidium anofnalmn, Rod. — Stems pinnately
branched ascending froin a creeping stoloniferous base, dark
livid green. Leaves imbricate to distant incubous or sub-
transverse, rotund very concave erect, 0.9 mm., margin
entire; cells unequal mostly 18 ^., sometimes a band of
pale cells on the margin, walls rather thick, trigones large
to small, cuticle smooth; underleaves similar in size and
shape to the leaves. Bracts oblong 2 mm. adherent to the
perianth ; perianth terminating a short lateral brauch,
narrow cylindric, 8 mm. long, mouth tapering fimbriate,
capsule oblong.

Cradle Mt. West Coast.

PSILOCLADA, MiTTEM.

Plants small, dark, usually creeping amongst more
robust mosses. Stems small, slender, branched. Leaves
succubous remote, patulous 4-6 lobed, lobes slender, cells
rather small with thick walls; underleaves transverse,
little smaller than the leaves, deeply 4 or 3-lobed. Perianth
on short lateral branch cylindric curved apex split into
numerous slender laciniae, bracts numerous deeply 3-4
lobed, lobes many dentate.

Very like J^epidozia, only leaves succubous and peri-
r.nth and bracts different.

PsilorJcda chindeMina, M/ff.--Yery small, bipinnate.
Leaves 0.3 mm., base patent, lobes erect, lobes 4-6 slender,
cells 17 ^.; underleaves as broad as the stem, sinuately
inserted, 2- 3rd quadrilobed.

West Coast.

New Zealand. New Guinea. South Africa.

by l. rodway. 121

Blephahostoma, Dum.

Small and slender with few lateral branches. Leaves
succubous to nearly transverse more or less remote, patent,
4-8 lobed, lobes with setaceous apices and armed with
spinous teeth; cells rather large with equally thickened
walls ; underleaves similar. Perianth terminal cylindric,
mouth lobed and armed with spinous processes.

Blepharofiiontd j^n^c^iena (IIoo/,.), >S7. — Stems from very
short to 2 cm. Leaves reniforni concave mostly divided
lialf-way into 4 broad lobes, lower leaves often 8-upper 12-
lobed, tip of each lobe elongated into a spine about 6 cells
long 1 cell wide, 0.5 mm. long without the spinous apex,
■each lobe armed with about 4 spines; cells of base mostly
50 X 22 fjt,., those of the spines mostly 60-90 x 17 /x,
cuticle of upper cells asperate, lower ones striate. Perianth
1.2 mm.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Hartz. West Coast, Etc.

New Zealand.

Trichocolea, Dum.

Robust pale flaccid densely caespitose ; stems usually
bearing numerous paraphylls, copiously bipinnate. Leaves
succubous crowded patent concave, deeply 3-5 lobed, inci-
sions acute and lobes rapidly tapering to a long spine,
lobes armed with numerous simple or compound spines ;
all cells large; underleaves smaller but similar. Perianth
absent; calyptra terminal oblong densely covered with
coarsely spinous paraphylls.

Trichocolea aitslral i.<, >S7.- -Robust, often 10 cm. long,
pale, copiously branched. Leaves crowded the disk rather
narrow gradually separating into the lobes ; cells of disk
50 X 21 IX.. those of tlie spines longer and narrower, cuticle
striate. Calyptra obovate, 3 mm. long. Spores ferruginous
spherical coarsely asperate 15 ^. diameter.

Differing from^ T. tonienieiJa {Eltrli.), Bum., in the leaf,
being less deeply divided as well as in the asperate spores.

Very comm.on.

New Zealand.

Chaxdonanthus, Mitten.

Stems rie'id, robust, simple or w^ith few lateral
branches. Leaves transverse or slightly oblique, imbricate,
deeply 2-4 lobed, base usually armed with few spinous
teeth, lobes broad acute entire or lobed ; underleaves
smaller, deenlv 2-lobed, lobes slender. Perianth teiTninal

]22 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

often thrown to one side by a robust innovation, cam-
panulate, deeply plicate, mouth slightly contracted
coarsely dentate.

Chanrlonanfhiis stqiiarrosus (Hook.), Mitt. — E-obust^
reddish-yellow often 5 cm. long, more or less covered with
paraphylls. Leaves broad undulate, squarrose, bilobed to-
tiie middle, lobes very broad, apex acute, 2.5 mm. long,
margin generally entire; cells 21 ^., walls sinuous, tri-
gones as large as the cells. Perianth 5 mm., mouth strongly
ciliate-dentatei.

Slender cri^eping forms often have leaves only 1 mm.
long and underleaves xery reduced.

Mt. Wellington. Ifartz Mt. Adamson Peak. Cradle
Mt. Blue Tier, Etc.

New Zealand.

Herberta, S. F. Gray.

Stems long slender simple' or with sub-floral innova-
tions generally depressed amongst undergrowth. Leaves-
transverse divided below the middle into two equal acute
lobes, secund ; cells rotund about 21 /x., walls sinuoiis,
trigones about as largei as cells; cells of the middle base
and lobes much larger; underleaves as large as and similai'
to the leaves. Perianth teiininal usually in the fork of
branches, immersed in the bracts, slender, 3-keeled, mouth
plicate and deeply laciniate.

E-eferred by Stephani to Scliisma. By Nees ta
Sendtncra.

Herherfa oldf iehJinna (St.). — Stems long slender, wiry
rigid. Leaves narrow oblong, 1.5 mm. long, divided below
the middle into two lanceolate acute lobes, margins mostly
entire, sometimes a few irregular dentitions present.

Also known as Scliiwia juniperina, etc.

Mt. Wellington. Mt. Field, Etc.

Lepicolea, Dum.
Robust erect to pendulous, yellowish, pinnate, the
branches with flagellate tips. Leaves closely imbricate
bisbifid, lobes narrow with long slender tips; underleaves
as large as and similar to the leaves: cells oblong 15 x 27
fx., basal centre cells much larger, apical cells very long
single series, trigones huge confluent. Perianth generally
terminating lateral branches oblong densely covered with
paraphylls.

Leaves divided below middle scolnpendrn

Leaves l-3rd divided ocliroleura

BY L. RODWAY. 123

Lepicolea scolopendra (Hook.), Dum. — Leaves erect im-
bricate tips decurved primary division 2-3rd, division of
the lobes nearly as deep, ventral margin with few subu-
late teeth, 2 mm. long.

Very common.

Asia to New Zealand.

Lepicolea ochrolenca (Sprcnr/.), Spruce. — Leaves with a
rather broad stem-clasping base, divisions not extending
below th'3 middle, otherwise as in L. scolopendra.

A doubtful species with many connecting forms.

Common in woods.

South Africa. South America. New Zealand.

Bazzania, S. F. Gray.

Plants mostly robust, stems repeatedly forked and
producing long small leaved flagella from the ventral sur-
face. Leaves incubous, piano-distichous, crowded and
imbricate commonly ovate with a three toothed apex, rarely
bifid with unequal lobes ; cells usually rather small with
thick walls ; underleaves always present, roundish quad-
rate 4-lobed or with an erose apex. Perianth on a short
basal branch, linear to fusiform, mouth usually fimbriate.

Stephani in his Species Hepaticarum has adopted the
name Masfigohri/iim, but Bazzania is a prior name, and is
now the one more commonly used.

1. Leaver 3 dentate 2

Leaves 2 lobed 5

2. Leaves linear-ovate accrefa

Leaves ovate , 3

Leaves with a middle series of long

cells mon ilinerve

3. Leaf margin entire or with few serra-

tions involuin

Margin and lobes with many serrations ... 4

4. Underleaves much broader than long ... adnexa
Underleaves nearly rotund haileyana

5. Lobes rather obtuse nearly equal colensoi

Lobes acute very unequal anisostoma

Bazzania accrcta (L. et L). — liCaves closely imbricate
slightly decurved, strongly so when dry, linear ovate, fal-
cate, 1.7 mm. long, apex narrow with 3 short unequal
broad diverging teeth, margin othei"wise plain or with one
or two minute serrations on each side below the apex,
cells 20-30 X 15 ^.., walls thick, trigones convex; under-
leaves rather bvoader than the stem, shortlv connate on

124 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

both sides with the leaves reflexed oblong-quadrate, rather
longer than broad apex irregularly dentate.

Very common.

East Australia.

Bazzania involnta (Mont.). — Leaves broadly ovate
falcate decurved, 1.5-2 mm. long, apex narrow with 3 short
acute diverging teeth, sometimes with a few serrations
intermixed, upper cells 15-18 ju., walls thick, lower 30-45
fx., trigones rotund ; underleaves nearly reniform 2-3 times
as broad as long, apex erose-dentate, reflexed, shortly con-
nate on both sides, upper cells often larger and hyaline.

Very common in forests.

New Zealand. Fuegia.

Form, elegans, B. elegans, Col. — Regularly forked ;
leaves very close and regularly spreading.
Hartz Mt.

Bazzania adneora (L. et L.). — Leaves not as strongly
deflexod as in allied species, broadly ovate, falcate 2 mm.
long, dorsal base broadly overlapping the stem, apex trun-
cate ti'identate, teeth acute, they and the upper portions
of the margins a,rmed with few small acute serrations,
when growing in deep shade the leaves are shorter and
serrations less marked ; when growing on firm bark the
flagella creeping and bearing leaves similar to those of the
stem only smaller and nearly entire; cells 18 //., with
thick walls, trigones large acute ; underleaves quadrate
broader than long, apex erose- dent ate, upper cells large
hyaline, base shortly connate with the leaves, slightly
reflexed.

Some forais approximate to B. invoJuta.

Very common.

New Zealand. South Africa.

Bazzania haileyana, St. — Very similar in habit to B.
adnexa, but leaves still less decurved, less rigid and nar-
rower, dorsal base lesr- expanded, 1.5-1.7 mm. long, apex
truncate with three sharp diverging teeth more or less
armed with short sharp serrations ; underleaves nearly free
reflexed, more rotund than quadrate, twice as broad as the
stem.

Very close to B. adnexa and probably not always
separable.

Adamson Peak.

East Australia.

BY L. ROD WAY. 125

Bazzania monilinerve, Nees. — Small with few forks
1-3 cm. long. Leaves slightly deflexed imbricate, but not
very crowded, nearly rectangular but with an expanded
dorsal base, 1.2 mm. long, apex truncate with three acute
diverging teeth, a broad band of long cells between the
dorsal margin and the centre ; cells of the wing very
irregular, 10.15 fj.., walls thick trigones none, cells of the
vitta 35-45 ^., trigones large convex ; underleaves rotund,
nearly half as long as the leaves, erect, free.

Common in forests.

Eastern Australia.

Bazzania coJen^oi {Mitt.) — Small. Leaves imbricate,
slightly deflexed 0.7 mm. long, almost rectangular, the
dorsal margin convex near the base, ventral margin
straight, apex |-l-3rd bifid, lobes iigulate slightly acute,
dorsal lobe about 9 cells wide at base, ventral lobe about
same length but only 3-5 cells wide; cells 18-25 ^., walls
thick trigones none, cuticle granular; underleaves free
as narrow as the stem, about as long as broad, 3 lobed,
lobes obtuse. Perianth fusifoiin, apex tapering, 3.5 mm.
long.

Tasman Peninsula. Trowutta.

East Australia. New Zealand.

Bazzania anisostoma (L. et L.) — Stems slender erect
in dense mass, or when few develop procumbent. Leaves
imbricate linear-ovate, sharply deflexed, 0.7 mm. long to
l-3rd bifid, dorsal lobe broad, acute, ventral much longer,
narrow and very acute; cells of the dorsal wing 10 ^.,
others 35 ^ , walls thick trigones none ; underleaves free
quadrate rotund, not broader than the stem trilobed,
lobes very obtuse.

B. Diooreana, St., is the robust form of the plant.

West Coast. Hartz Mt. Cradle Mt., etc.

East Australia. New Zealand. Fuegia.

Calypogeia, Raudi.
Slender branches, few arising from the ventral sur-
iace. Leaves incubous alternate, generally ovate with an
obtuse apex, rarely bidentate ; underleaves present much
smaller than the leaves, usually bifid. Calyptra sunk in
a relatively large descending fleshy marsupium situated on
a short ventral branch remote from the apex.

Calypogeia tasiiuinica, Rod. — Slender in loose mats,
often 3-5 cm. long. Leaves not crowded but little over-
lapping, rotundo-ovate, apex entire or rarely shortly
l:)ilobed 1 mm. long; cells hexagonal, walls rather thin,

126 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

trigones none, 30-45 ^u., ; underleaves free, bifid ot trifid
divided to the middle, lobes obtuse, half as long as the
leaves. Sterile.

Adamson Peak.

Lepidolaena, Dum.

Decumbent with many lateral pinnate branches, more
o^' less pui'ple. " Leaves incubous imbricate concave bi-
lobed, dorsal lobe large rotund, ventral lobe a small cla-
vate water-sack, closely attached to the ventral base of
the larger lobe; underleaf broad sub-rotund, bifid or quad-
rifid ; leaf and underleaf often bearing water-sacks similar
tO' the lesser lobe. Perianth terminal or thi-ust aside,
large oblong covered with numerous broad ciliated scales.

Underleaf bifid inageUanica

Underleaf quadrifid hrachyclada

Lepidolaena mageJlanica {Lam.) — Schifn. Robust
v;ith wide spreading pinnate branches to linear with short
branches. Leaves broadly ovate to rotund, margin amiecl
with spines, about 1 mm. long; cells rotund 22. ^. ; tri-
gones large convex; underleaves nearly as large as the
leaves reniform to rotund with a shortly bifid apex,
margin with few or many cilia. Perianth up to 1 cm.
long membranous, calyptra adnate to the perianth with a
free apex bearing sterile archegonia above, capsule narrow
oblong on a short stalk quadrivalved to the base.

Very common.

Australia. New Zealand. Fuegia.

Lepidolaena hrachyclada (Leh?ii.), St. — Stems veiy
long; lateral branches very short distant, yellowish-
green to more or less purple. Leaves broadly ovate up to
1 mm. long, margin anned with filiform spines, ventral
lobe nearly half as long as the leaf, lanceolate, very acute,
with about four spines on the ventral and a dark clavate^
sack on the dorsal margin ; cells 22 ^., walls irregularly
thickened, tris^ones medium convex; underleaves' broad
quadrifid to the middle more or less armed, with slender
spines.

Mt. Wellington. West Coast. Not common.

Form, alpina. — Short with numerous bold lateral
branches, dark purple. Leaves entire or with few small
spines; ventral lobe rudimentary on the main stem, on:
the branches well developed, but the ventral section entire ;
cells with equally thickened walls ; underleaves deeph'
divided, lobes armed.

Mt. Wellington. Hartz Mt. Adamson Peak.

BY L. EODWAY. 127

DiPLOPHYLLUM, DuM.

Stems suberect to decumbent from a creeping rhizome.
X.eaves bilobed, complicate, keeled, dorsal lobe smaller than
the ventral and flattened upon it, rarely both equal j
iniderleaves none. Perianth terminal oblong, iri'egularly
IDlicate, mouth rather contracted fimbriate.

Lobes unequal, nude domcsticiiin

Lobes equal, ciliate densi folium

Di piopliyUuni domesticum (G.), St. — Stems thick fleshy
Vvith rhizoids on the ventral surface. Leaves piano-dis-
tichous slightly ascending, oblong falcate obtuse, 0.8-1
mm. long, margin serrulate, doi^sal lobe half as large closely
aiopressed, the junction curved not winged, cells 12 ^u.,
walls thick, basals much larger, cuticle loosely veiTucose.
Bracts similar to the leaves only larger ; perianth 3 mm.
long, apex colourless.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak. Western Tiers,
etc.

East Australia.

DipIophyJIum dcnsifuliiun (Hool\), St., D. vertihralis
(Tai/L), St. — Decumbent simple, oft-en 5-6 cm. long, red-
dish green. Leaves piano-distichous, closely imbricate,
sheathing base, bilobed very low down, lobes ec[ual oblong,
apex bifid, 2.5 mm. long, margin ciliate; cells 22 ^., tri-
gones small convex, cuticle papillate.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak. Cradle Mt., etc.

Auckland Is. Fuegia.

Form, decurvuiit. — Leaves decurved ; apex of each
lobe very shortly or not at all bifid; cells 27 x 9 ^.,
Avails very thick continuous.

West Coast.

Balaxtiopsis, Mitten.

Closely decumbent. Leaves succubous, piano-dis-
tichous, deeply bilobed, dorsal lobe the smaller and
closely appressed to the ventral, lobes rotund and always
armed on the margin; underleaves closely appressed with
a deeply sinuate insertion and a bi- or quadrifid apex,
always armed. Sporophyte in a large descending apical
marsupium.

Balantiopsis diplophyUa (Taj/L), Miff. — Green or
reddish, usually in dense decumbent masses. Leaves
crowded, imbricate, ventral lobe ovate rotund asymme-
tric, 1.5 mm., nearly vertically inserted, armed with few

128 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

or many cilia chiefly along the ventral margin, dorsal lobe
similar two-thirds as large; cells rectangular 24 x 45 ytt.,
walls equal thin, trigones none, lower cells much larger;
underleaves half as large as the ventral lobe, reniform,
deeply quadrifid, armed with long cilia.

Very common on clay banks.

Australia. New Zealand.

F(>r>n. yduculvntcid. — Leaves entire or with few broad
irregular teeth, dorsal lobe \ ventral ; underleaf oblong
one-fifth bifid with few lateral broad teeth.

Balantiopsix (t(^(i}i ilohn , Berg. — Very close to the last
in all details. Dorsal lobe as broad as the ventral but
shorter; underleaves oblong, l-3rd bilobed armed with
numerous cilia to deeply 4-lobed. Both species as found
in Tasmania vary and run into one another. This descrip-
tion applies to a plant determined by Stephaiii. It is
doubtful if we possess the typical form.

Common.

New Zealand.

SCHISTOCHILA, DuM.

Plants robust, stems simple or with few irregular-
branches, thick fleshy, often bearing paraphylls between
the leaves. Leaves two lobed, the dorsal smaller than,
or often nearly equal to, the ventral, attached by nearly
the whole of its length to and within the margin of the
ventral lobe, the dorsal margin of the ventral lobe then
forming a single wing, or joined by a commissure from the
adjacent surfaces, and then both margins free, forming a
double wing. Sporophyte terminal deeply sunk in the axis,
the calyptra immersed in large bracts, some of which are
attached to it. No perianth.

1 . Underleaves absent 2

Underleaves present 4

2. Margin ciliate ciliif/era

Margin entire or nearly to 3

3. Lobes subacute frar/ili.^

Lobes obtuse ■'<j)e(/(tzzin ia nn

4 . Margin ciliate 6

Margin dentate 5

Margin entire parviatipiila

5. Underleaf 4-lobed Ichnianniaiia

Underleaf subrotund bifid jxirln/Ja

6. Cilia 1 celled faswa)>/ra

Cilia 2-3 celled ci/infa

BY L. ROmVAY. 129

Srhistocliila ciUigcra (Taijl.), St. — Robust, often 6 can.
long, yellow. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, crowded, 4 mm.
Icng, squarrose, the two lobes almost equal ujiited for five-
sixth of length, margin bearing numerous slender cilia ; wing
at junction of the lobes narrow also ciliate ; underleaves
absent. Bracts enlarged, calyptra cylindric, 2 mm.,
inouth fimbriate completely immersed, upper bracts adnata
to the calyptra.

West Coast. Hartz Mountains. Cradle Mountain,
etc.

Stewart Island.

Schistnchila fasuuniira, St. — Robust, often 4 cm. long.
Leaves broadly ovate cordate, apex obtuse, crowded
squarrose, 5 mm long ; lobes almost equal united beyond
the middle, wing narrow^ double, margin and wing armed
with numerous single-celled cilia; underleaves 2-3 mm.
long, deeply divided into two spathulate lobes, copiously
ciliate. Bracts not much larger than leaves, calyptra
deeply immersed. Trigones small concave. Very close
to S. ciJiata. differing principally in the cilia being one-
celled.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak. West Coast, etc.

Schistocliila ciJiata (Mitt.), St. — Robust. Leaves
closely imbricate, oblong, obtuse, 4-5 mm. long, lobes
equal, 2-3rd combined, margin armed with long cilia
each 2-3 celled, wing double narrow usually entire; under-
leaves half as large as leaves divided to the middle into
two spathulate lobes armed with many cilia. Calyptra
very small, deeply immersed. Trigones medium convex.

Mt. Hartz. West Coast.

New Zealand.

Schistocliila hlimanniana (Lindb.), Nees. — Very ro-
Imsfc often 10 cm. long, pale greenish or yellow, stem
thick with paraphylls amongst the leaves. Leaves ovate
acute, the dorsal lobe rather shorter than the ventral,
6 mm. long, crowded squarrose, margin armed with nu-
merous short, shai-p teeth, lobes | adherent with a double
wing, wings narrow entire or nearly so, the ventral wing
the broader and also a small supplementary wing towards
the apex of the ventral lobe ; underleaf 2 mm. long, 4 mm.
wide, 4-lobed to middle, lobes and basal margin armed with
a few cilia.

Veiy common in forests.

Stewart Island.

130 TASMANIAN BKYOPf^YTA,

Schistocliila frar/ilis, St. — Robust but short, closely
procumbent. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 3-4 mm. long, im-
bricate squarrose entire or with a few small t-eeth at the
apex, dorsal lobe smaller, adnate to the ventral about one-
Ihird within the margin, shortly free at the apex, margin
entire. Underleaves none.

Mt. Hartz. Cradle Mt. West Coast. Trowutta.

Schistocliila jjochyla {TayL), St. — Robust, often elon-
gating to 10 cm. Leaves crowded ovate-cordate, 5 mm.j
margin armed with few short broad teeth, doi-sal lobe same
size entire, wing double narrow linear, entire. Under-
leaves large rotund, apex bilobed, margin entire or lobed,
often armed with a few cilia. Distinguished from S.

lehmanniana by the entire wings and different underleaf
and usual absence of paraphylls, but some forms appear
intermediate.

West Coast. Adamson Peak.

Fuegia.

Schistocliila parvistipula, Rod. — Stems mostly about

3 cm., decumbent, copiously radiculose, thick, fleshy.
Leaves squarrose, loosely imbricate, broadly ovate obtuse,

4 mm. long, lobes nearly equal and united to the apex,
dorsal lobe attached by the margin, wing single relatively
broad, margins entire but often an obscnre tooth near the
apex of the dorsal lobe; cells rotund 35-50 fx., walls
rather thin, trigones small concave ; underleaves oblong,
rather narrower than the stem, 1.3 mm. long, bifid below
the middle, lobes lanceolate acute, margin with few ill-
defined teeth.

Cradle Mt.

Schistochila spegazziniana (Massal), St. — Robust, rigid,
decumbent, reddish brown, often 10 cm. long. Leaves
crowded, squarrose, ovate, 5 mm. long, obtuse, entire;
dorsal lobe the same size or little shorter, apex rotund,
entire ; underleaves none.

A few scraps on Button Grass Plains, West Coast.
Stephani marks its determination as uncertain.

Fuegia.

Radula, Dum.

Prostrate, pinnate or bipinnate branches, pale green.
Leaves incubous, piano-distichous, patent, obliquely
oblong entire ; ventral lobe very small appressed, base
broadly attached to the stem, inner margin free, outer
margin attached by at least most of its length to the
leaf, apex usually short, straight, with usually an obtuse

BY L. ROmVAY. 131

or more or less acute inner angle, often much inflated
^A^thin the outer margin. Antheridia in some species,
single within the ventral Icbes, which are then much
enlarged, in other species within the small leaves of short
^•.lavate axillary amenta. Perianth temiinal terete, usually
flattened above with a wide mouth, f^4 mm. long.

A large genus of closely graded forms. Some of the
latter arc doubtful as species.

1. Lobule closely appressed 2

Lobule not closely appressed 7

2. Lobule under one-fifth size of leaf 3

Lobule one-third or more size of leaf 5

3. Leaves remote, lobule hardly in-

flated hurcinifera

Leaves contiguous, lobule inflated 4

4. Trigones well developed viittenii

Trigones obsolete iraffsiano

5. Lobule nearly rotund, little infl.atecl .. nviferd
Lobule rhomboid 6

6. Leaves nearly flat yhysoloba

Leaves strongly decurved ia>>manica

7. Lobule erect 8

Plant minute, lobule nearly as large

as leaf aneurysmal is

8. Reddish, leaves strongly decurved ... p^icata
Green, leaves nearly flat irey mouth iana

Eaduia Jmccinifcra, Tat/I. — Leaves rather remote,
<-)bliquely oblong, very obtuse, 0.8 mm. long, 0.5 mm.
^ide, slightly concave ; ventral lobe very small quadrate
^vith a very decurrent base, closely appressed, hardly in-
liated, apex with a very obtuse angle; cells 9-18 fi.,
cuticle minutely asperate. Perianth 2-3 mm. long, mouth
not much compressed, crenulate.

Very common.

Australia. Kew Zealand.

Eaduia physolola, Mont. — Leaves imbricate, concave,
overlapping the stem, obliquely ovate, very obtuse, L2
ram. long, 0.8 mm. wide ; ventral lobe large inflated
oblong; stem insertion very short, apex very short, angle
obtuse; cells 10 ^., convex to papillate, walls rather
thick, trigones small, concave. Perianth 3 mm. long, nar-
\;tow, mouth entire.

Common.

Auckland Is.

L

132 TASMANIAX BUYOPHYTA,

Radula pUcata, Mitt. — Reddish. Leaves obliquely
oblong, very obtuse, imbricate, decurved, 0.8 mm. long, 0.4
mm. wide, dorsal margin overlapping the stem ; ventral
Ir-be quadrate half as large as the leaf to smaller, little in-
llated below, not closely appresssd, apex broadly concave-
truncate, angles obtuse; cells 10 ^., walls thick, trigones,
not apparent, middle and lower cells much larger, margins'
with small irregular serrulaticns, cuticle coarsely verru-
cose. Perianth 1.7 mm., little flattened, 8-10 plicate^
rnouth more or less fimbriate.

Mt. Field.

New Zealand.

]?a(Ji(Ia uvifera, Tayl. — Leaves closely imbricate, over-
lapping the stem broadly ovate, oblique, apex obtuse, de-
cui'ved, 1.2 mm. long, 0.8 mm. broad; ventral lobe l-3rd
as large, closely appressed, bas3 very short, inner margin
broadly expanded, outer margin little curved connate
throughout, inflation slight, apex short straight, angle
small obtuse. Antheridia on amenta. Cells 10-12 ^f^._
trigones large, cuticle convex to papillate.

Mt. llartz. West Coast.

New Zealand. Auckland Is.

Radula ia>^)nanlca, St. — Leaves broadly ovate, obtuse,,
imbricate, strongly decurved, 1.2 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide,
ventral lobe l-3rd as large, ovate truncate to rhomboid
longer than wide, strongly inflated, apex short, angle
obtuse, base rather broad ; cells 18 ^., trigones small,,
acute. Antheridia on amenta. Perianth 4 mm., clavate.
mouth broad, entire.

Though much the appearance of R. pin/so/oha, it is
readily distinguished by the strongly decurved leaves.
This is not a distinct species, it is the form assumed by
Ii. aneurysmalis under favourable conditions. I have
specimens in wdiich the ends of the shoots of typical R.
aneuryxuialis have grown into the typical form of R.
ffisinanica. As the student will seldom find this condi-
tion, the descriptions are here still maintained separate.

Mt. Hartz. Adamson Peak. Cradle Mt., etc.

Radula, niittenii, St. — Leaves contiguous but not im-
bricate, broadly oblong, obtuse, slightly falcate and con-
cave; 1.5 mm. long, ] mm. wide, slightly overlapping the
stem; ventral lobe small quadrate, dightly inflated below,
appressed above, angle obtuse; cells 18 ^., trigones hardly
apparent, walls convex. Perianth slender clavate 3 mm-
lono-, mouth crenate.

BY L. RODWAY. 133

Doubtfully distinct from R. hu^cinifcra. Probablv
only a robust form.

Mt. Wellington. Tasman Peninsula.

New Zealand. Norfolk I

s.

Mad Ilia wey mouth iaiui , St. — Very pale. Leaves

nearly rotundo-reniform to ovate, verv obtuse, patent,
overlapping the stem, imbricate, 0.8 mm. long, 0.7-1.0
mm. wide, ventral angle very decurrent ; ventral lobe
half as large as the leaf, taller than bread, quadrate
rotund, little inflated below, angle ottiise but often elon-
gated and recurved, more or less undulate; cells 10-18 ^.^
trigones none, cuticle smooth. Perianth about 2 mm.
long, flat above mouth, broad entire.

Vei*y distinct from other Tasmanian species in the
shape of the lobule.

Tasman Peninsula.

Radula irattsiaita, St. — Leaves ovate-elliptic with a
very obtuse apex, little imbricate, the dorsal margin only
slightly overlapping the stem, 1.2 mm. long, 0.8 mm.
wide, ventral angle decurrent; ventral lobe small quad-
rate inflated and convex, below angle very obtuse; cells
18 fi., surface convex, trigones none. Perianth linear
below, very flat and broad above, 3 mm., mouth crenate.

Veiy like R. hiircinifero, but the leaves larger and
closer and the lobule more inflated and convex ; strongly
approaching R. pln/aoloha.

Slopes of Mt. Field.

East Australia.

Radiihi aiievrysinat is, Tayl. — Verv small, amongst
other bi^^ophytes on bark. Leaves nearly rotund, 0.3-0.5
mm. long, very concave; ventral lobe rhomboid, inflated
nearly as large as the leaf, not appressed, angle acute;
cells 18 fx.. walls thin, trigones none, surface convex.

Common.

Frullania, Raddi.

Closely creeping on bark or rock, pinnately branched,
often dark, sometimes green. Leaves closely imbricate, in-
cubous, rotund to reniform, entire, bearing near the ven-
tral base an appressed lobule in the forai of a water-
sack with the mouth pointing downwards, strongly curved
with a very oblique mouth to saccate with a straight
mouth. Underleaves rotund to obcuneate, apex more or
less deeply bifid. Bracts enlarged. Perianth oblong,
dorsally flattened to nearly cylindric, often with a strong

134 TASMANIAN BRYOPHYTA,

\entral keel, apex obtuse with a very small tubular
mouth. Capsule spherical, not split to the base, ela.tors
attached to the apex of the lobes.

Sub-genus (laleUoha falcaia. Lobule strongly curved
"vvith a- very oblique mouth, base swollen, apex acute.

1. Perianth smooth with a ventral keel 2

Perianth smooth without a keel ... dcphinata
Perianth hair}'' when young 4

2. Trigones concave, walls straight 3

Trigones convex, walls sinuous KCduden-i

3. Most underleaves dentatei' prohoacifera

Underleaves entire fdlciloha

4. Lobule with a sjDiiious apex... .;. ... monocera
Lobule obtuse roxfeUata

Sub-genus Galeilo^iCi cucuUatd. Lobule straight, hel-
met shaped to nearly hemispheric, placed close to and
parallel to the stem, often a minute style intervening.

Perianth smooth cranial is

Perianth ribbed peniaplnira

Periantii hairy jiyniantlia

Sub-genus Biaataloha. Lobule pitcher-shaped, remote
from the stem and placed obliquely, a short broad style
intervening.

Plant small, red or yellow diplota

FruUania falciloha, Taijl. — Hather robust, livid
brown to dull green. Leaves 0.8 mm. long, 1.2 mm.
broad; cells 18 ^x., trigones rather large, walls ne-arly
straight; lobule large, strongly curved, mouth elongated
beyond the leaf-mai-gin ; underleaves rotimd, three times
as broad as the stem, l-3rd bifid, margin entire or pro-
tuberant in the middle ; bracts large, oblong, obtuse ; mar-
gin generally with 1-2 short teeth, otherwise plain, lobule
lanceolate laciniate ; bracteole bifid with 2 lat-eral lobes all
acute and laciniate. Perianth smooth, dorsally convex,
ventrally concave with a narrow keel.

Distinguished from Fi-. prohoscif era by smaller size
and larger trigones.

Occasionally in forests.

Eastern Australia.

FruUania deplanafa, ^fitt. — Medium size, dull green.
Leaves nearly flat, obliquely ovate with an expanded dor-
sal base, 0.8 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad; cells 18-24 ^.,
trigones medium, walls nearly straight; lobide curved
short and broad; underleaves ovate-rotund, twice as broad

BY L. ROD WAY. 1 BS-

as the stem, l-3rd.-| bifid, margins entire; bracts large,
ovate, subacute, entire ; lobule lanceolate, acute, bearing,
1-2 laciniae; bracteole deeply bifid, often laciniate.
Perianth, nearly flat, smooth without a ventral keeL

Very common.

New Zealand.

FruUania 'proho^cifera, ^a?//.- -Robust, pale green,,
often tinged with light brown. Leaves concave, 1.3 mm.
long, 1.5-2 mm. broad; cells 16-20 ^., trigones small, con-
cave, walls straight; lobule large, strongly curved, base
swollen, apex acute ; underleaves three times as broad as
stem, rotund, apex shortly bifid, margin with a few
small serrations or entire. Bracts large, ovate or sub-
acute; margin entire; lobule large, lanceolate, acute, the
ventral margin araied with dentate laciniae; bracteole as
long as and joined to the bracts, deeply bifid, lobes very
acute, margins laciniate-dentate. Perianth immersed,
smooth, convex dorsally, concave ventrally, with a shai-p
keel, margins acute. Taylor's description is rather vague,
and in a note he alludes to the perianth being longitu-
dinally plaited. His type was gathered in Tasmania, and
the form here described, which is very common, is the
only Tasmanian sjDecies which can be referred to it. Fr.
cinnainomea, C. ct P., is a form, of this with tinted leaves
and entire underleaves. Fr. kirkii, St., is a form with
green leaves and slightly larger lobule and underleaf.

Very common.

Eastern Australia.

F ruUania monocera, Tayl. — Medium, pale green,
rarely rufescent. Leaves flat or slightly concave, the
margin usually slightly reflex ed obliquely ovate, obtuse,
dorsal base expanded, 1 mm. long ; lobule curved, base
swollen, apex prolonged into a slender recurved spine,
cells 16-18 ^., trigones concave, ' walls straight; under-
leaves rotund, three times as broad as stem, l-3rd bifid,
margin with 2-3 bold teeth ; bracts large, ovate, acute ;
margin dentate, lobule large, from a broad base, tapering
to a slender apex, margin dentate ; bracteole free bifid tO'
middle, acute, dentate. Perianth at first immersed and
covered with broad hairs, with a doi^al sulcus and broad
obtuse ventral keel, becoming smooth and more exserted
when old. In deep shade the lobule is very small and is
often reduced to an erect lanceolate form, as figured by
Mitten under Fr. sinnifera.

Mt. Wellington. Meander, etc.

Australia. New Zealand.

136 TASMANIAN BRVOPHYTA,

Fruilania roKte^loia, Mitt. — Medium, light reddish-
brown. Leaves obliquely ovate-rotund, 1 mm., dorsal base
Jittle expanded, cells 18 fx., trigones simall concave, walls
slightlv sinuous ; lobule close to the stem, curved, short,
inflated ; underleaves about four times as broad as stem,
lower ones obcuneato, upper ones rotund, shortly bifid,
margin entire or subdentate. "Perianth obovate^oblong
with a ventral keel, hispid rostrum large utriculate." —
(Stephani.)

Specimen sterile, but determined by Franz Stephani.

West Coast.

New Zealand.

Fru/Iauia ^cdinlens, Mont. — Medium but forming
large dark pui-plc-brown to green patches on bark or rock.
Leaves concave, obliquely rotund, from a narrow more or
less deeply cordate insertion, 1.2 mm. long, cells 16-20 ix.,
trigones small rotund, walls sinuous; lobule rather large,
curved ; mouth slender, extending beyond the leaf margin ;
underleaves rather large, rotund to reniform, shortly bifid,
margins entire, deeply keeled and often recurved; bracts
short, broad, ovate, obtuse; margin entire, lobuls narrow-
oblong, ventral margin armed with about 4 lesser lobes ;
bracteole nearly as long as the bracts, deeply bifid, lobes
slender, margin armed. Perianth clavate smooth with a
strong ventral keel.

J" r. moorenna , St., is a deep red form with ver^- cor-
date leaf bases.
Common.
Auckland Is.

Frulhinia cranialis, Tayl. — Red and closely creeping
on wood. Leaves obovate, lower ones often subacute with
ar. incurved apex, upper ones more rotund, mostly 0.9
mm. long, dorsal base shortly expanded, cells about 18 ^t ,
trigones small, walls strongly sinuous ; lobule nearly half
as large as the leaf, helmet-shaped, as broad as long with a
straight mouth placed close to and parallel to the stem ;
underleaves obcruneate, little broader than the stem, with
a shortly bifid apex. Perianth obovate, smooth, witli a
very broad ventral keel.

Mt. Wellington. Adamson Peak. Ilartz Mt, etc.

Eastern Australia.

FruUania piiciiantha, Tayl. — Dark olive-green or
purplish. Leaves not closely imbricate, generally diverg-
ing from the stem when moist, obliquely ovate-rotund, 0.5-

BY L. RODWAY. 137

€.8 mm. long, dorsal base with a large ligulate expansion
overlapping the stem; cells 15 ^., l;rigones small, walls
straight: lobule broadly helmet-shaped, close to the stem,
less than l-3rd as large as leaf, as broad as long with a
^traight mouth ; underleaves obcuneate, little broader than
the stem to l-3rd bifid, upper margin with an obtuse
^ngle or t.ooth, a minute style interposed between the
lobule and the stem. "Perianth large obovate with a
broad ventral keel, coarsely strigose."" — (Stephani.)

Specimen sterile determined by Franz Stephani.

Near Launceston.

New Zealand.

Frullania peiitaphura, Tayl. — Small, nearly black on
Tocks, dark green in shade. Leaves rotund not closely im-
bricate, diverging when moist, about 0.5 mm. long, apex
incurved, dorsal base rotund, cells 15 ix., trigones small,
wails straight; lobule helmet-shaped, as broad as long,
nearly half as large as leaf, mouth broad, straight, a
n'inute style inter]30&ed ; underleaves obcuneate. little
broader than the stem, ^ bifid; margin unidentate ; bracts
ovate with an entire margin, lobule lanceolate ; bracteole
naiTow and deeply bifid. Perianth clavate convex and

3-5 ribbed on both surfaces.

Fr. reptan.<, Mitt., is leather more robust, growing on
damp bark. Fr. falsa, St., a depauperated fonn growing
on dry rock.

Very common.

Eastern Australia. New Zealand.

Frullania diplota, Tayl. — Small in mats on bark or
rocks. Leaves concave ovate-rotund, apex mostly sub-
acute incurved, 0.5 mm. long; cells 18 ^.. but variable,
trigones large confluent or in marginal cells small, lobule
pitcher-shaped, longer than broad, remote from the stem
and not parallel to it, a short broad style intervening;
imderleaves little broader than the stem, obcuneate angled
above l-3rd bind. Perianth oblong smooth, with a broad
ventral keel.

Fr. con</esta, H. et T ., is a small dark red fcTm, grow-
ing amongst moss. Fr. weijimmtliiana, St., is a small
elongating form growing on bark.

Very common.

Eastern Australia. New Zealand.

138 tasmanian bryophyta,

Lejeunta Group.

Medium to minute, pinnate or irregularly branched,,
decumbent or ascending. Leaves incubous, erecto-patent,
bilobed, dorsal lobe the largest and assuming the character
of the leaf, ventral lobe or lobule inflated from small and
closely appressed to the leaf to nearly as large; under-
leaves nearly always present, rotund to bifid to the bas.e
with erect or widely diverging lobes, rarely absent or witb
double the normal, namely, being one to each leaf. Bracts-
similar to leaves and little larger ; perianth terminal but
thrust aside by one or two innovations, pyriform slightly
flattened, 5 plicate, rarely quite smooth, moiitli minute-,
tubular. Capsule oblong on a short seta, valves separating
to the middle, elators attached to the apex of the valve.

An enormous group now divided into many genera
upon inessential distinctions.

1. Underleaves rotund or obovate 2

Unclerleaves bifid with diverging lobes ... 4

2. Underleaves rotund 3'

Underleaves broadly obovate ... Clieilolejeunia

3. Lobule small Eulejeunia

Lobule nearly as large as leaf ... M icrolejeunia

4. Underleaf to every other leaf . DrevanoJejeunia
Underleaf tO' every leaf Diplai^iolcjeunia

Stephani has determined a Tasmanian specimen as
Strepsilejeunia austrina, Spr. An error appears to have
crept in as the portion of the gathering retained does not
agree at all with that plant as described.

Eulejeunia, Spruce.

Medium size ; leaves imbricate, ovate to obovate with
a rotund apex, symmetric, lobule small ; underleaves ro-
tund, shortly bifid, 2-3 times as broad as the stem. Per-
ianth in Tasmanian specimens with 5 bold keels above,
smooth below.

Variable, and the species are established on unstable
forms. Many are very doubtful.

1. Lobule less than J size of leaf fumida

Lobule about l-3rd size of leaf 2

2. Underleaf l-3rd size of leaf 3

Underleaf nearly size of leaf dnini/iinndi

3. Lobes of underleaf obtuse fas/imiit'ca

Lobes of underleaf very acute . cu-^p/(/isf/pi(ht

BY L. RODWAY. 139

Eulejeunia tumid a. Mitt. — Leaves dull olive, obovate,
imbricate, slightly concave, 0.6 mm., obtuse; cells 27 /a.;
lobule nearl}^ triangular, usually about l-5tli size of leaf,
carina arcuate, apex very short truncate, angle obsolete or
shortly apiculate.

Mitten's original description is of a forai with a very
small lobule. Stephani describes as this species a plant
with a large lobule, which must be erroneous.

Common in woods.

Xew Zealand.

Form, jxirvilolmla. — Lobule very small, formed of
about 8-10 cells, angle with a prominent cusp.
Mt. Field.

Eulejeunia feismanica, Gott. — Leaves ovate, slightly
concave, little imbricate, 0.6 mm., apex obtuse; cells 18
IJL. ; lobule l-3rd size of leaf, ovate, apex obliquely trun-
cate, angle apiculate, carina deeply arcuate, outer surface
of cells of leaf convex; underleaves 2-3 times as broad as
stem, bilobed to the middle, lobes narrow, triangular,
obtuse.

Common in woods.

Eulejtuniei cuspidi.^tiiDula, St. — Leaves pallid green,
contiguous', ovate, nearly flat, 0.5 mm., obtuse; cells 18 fi. ;
lobule l-3rd as large as leaf, broadly ovate^triangular,
carina strongly arcuate, apex emarginate, angle very
acute ; underleaves half as large as the leaf, deeply bifid,
sinus obtuse, lobes narrow lanceolate, acute.

West Coast.

East Australia.

Eulejeunia druinmenidl, Tayl. — Leaves crowded,
brownish, ovate, concave, obtuse, 0.9 mm.; cells 27 /x. ;
trigones rather large ; lobule l-3rd as large as the leaf,
ovate-oblong, apex obliquely truncate, angle acute, free>,
margin irregular with protruding cells. Underleaves very
large, 0.7 mm. diameter, nearly orbicular, bilobed to the
middle, lobes broadly triangular, obtuse.

Near Latrobe.

West Australia.

Cheilolejeunia, Spruce.

Medium size. Leaves imbricate, plane oi recurved,

obtuse or rotund, often asymmetric; lobule ovate or oblong,

truncate, angle acute; underleaves rather large obovate to

rotund, deeply bilid. Perianth obovate compressed, 5

140 TA8MAMAN BUYOrHYTA,

plicate, ventral plait narrow, long, decurrcnt, dorsal plait
commonly obsolete.

Not differing from Eulejeunia in any positive cnarac-
IGV. The two Tasmanian species may be distinguished by
the decurrent base of the lobule, the asymmetric leave®,
and the obovate underleaves.

Cheilolejeunia f/unniana (Goff.), /S7.— Dull dark to
light livid green. Leaves little imbricate divaricate, 0.4
mm., broadly ovate, asymmetric, obtuse to subacute, the
apex incurved; lobule l-3rd as large as the leaf, inflated,
carina slightly arcuate, base decurrent, angle obtuse;
underleaves broadly obovate, hardly twice as broad as the
stem, shortly bifid, lobes very obtuse, oblong.

Close to L. patens, TAinlh.

Florentine Valley. West Coast.

Cheilolejeunia weynujufhiaua, Sf. — ^Pallid green.
Leaves imbricate, very concave, broadly ovate, obtuse,
asymmetric, 1 mm., lobule l-3rd as large as the leaf, nar-
row ovate, carina little arcuate, base decurrent; under-
leaves broadly obovate, three times as broad as the stem,
l-3rd bifid.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington.

MiCROLEJEUNIA (SpRUCe) JaCK. ET St.

Smal], slender, vaguely branched, forming dense mats.
Leaves small remote, lobule half to nearly as large as the
leaf inflated ; underleaves small rotund, deeply bifid. Per-
ianth pyriform, 5 keeled.

The genus is very close to Eulejeunia, and often in-
cluded.

Microlcjeunia, primore/ialis (Tai/L), Sf. — Leaves ovate
obtuse distant patent, 0.2-0.4 ram. ; lobule half as large as
the larger leaves, nearly as large as the smaller ones
strongly inflated ; underleaves little broader than the stem
deeply bifid.

Slopes of Mt. Wellington. Ida Bay.

New Zealand. S. America.

"Drepanolejeunia (Spr.), Schtffn.
Plants usually minute. Leaves distant erecto-patent,
lanceolate with an incurved acute apex, margin often den-
tate; lobule half as long as the leaf or more, ovate in-
flated ; underleaves bifid nearly to the base, lobes acute
widely spreading. Perianth pyrifonm, 5 keeled above,
keels broad, usually armed.

BY L. RODWAY. 141

Drejxniolejeunia latitans (Tayl.), St. — Yellow-brown,
growing amongst, moss and other hepatics on bark. Leaves
lanceolate acute, 0.4 mm., margin crenulate, cells 18 ^. ;
lobule ovate, obtuse, inflated \-\ as long as the leaf;
underleaves small, J bifid, one to each alternate leaf.

Common in forests.

New Zealand.

DiPLASIOLEJEUNIA, SpEUCE.

Minute. Leaves small rotund, vei-y obtuse, distant ;
lobule nearly as large, very obtuse inflated; underleaves
•double the normal number, that is one to each leaf,
bifid to the base, lobes widely spreading, slender. Per-
ianth pyriform, smooth, 5 keeled above.

Diplasiolejeunia lyratifolia {II. et. T.), St. — Very
slender, creeping amongst other hepatics, yellow. Leaves
remote, orbicular, concave, 0.3 mm. ; lobule broadly
oblong, inflated; upper margin bifid.

Mt. Field. Mt. Hartz. Cradle Mt., etc.

ORDER ANTHOCEROTALES.

Gametophyte a decumbent branching dark green,
membranous or fleshy thallus, with irregular pores on
the under surface, sometimes also on the upper; cuticu-
lar cells mostly small, those of the medulla much larger,
each cell with a single large simple chloroplast. Sporophyte
enclosed in a cylindric involucre, filiform, forming spores
continuously in basipital succession, opening in two
valves from above downwards, a persistent columnella is
yjresent; the wall often possesses well-formed stomata.
Spores globose, variously sculptured on the free surface ;
rudimentary elators of 1-3 geniculate cells present or in
ieAv instances perfect spiral elators.

Anthoceros, L.
Character sufficiently described above.

1. Elators long spiral 2

Elators rudimentary 3

2. Plant membranous Tongi^piriis

Plant fleshy carnosus

3. Spores black echinulate hrotheri

Spores yellowish papillate laevis

142 TASMANIAN BRVOPIIYTA.

Anflioceros loufjispiriis, Carr. et Pears. — Large, fleshy,
dark green, forming a flat, irregular plate, often 5-10 cm.
diameter, irregularly lobed, lobes mostly flabelliform with
thin irregular margins; in the middle 8-12 cells thick,
margin 1-2 cells; surface sometimes with few prominent
glands, otherwise smooth. Involucre 8-15 mm. long,
1 mm. diam., fleshy, mouth irregularly lobed. Capsule
2.5-4 cm. long, Spoi-es 30 ^.., green, verruculose; elators
flat, spirally coiled, 300 fx., not septate. Wall of capsule-
without stomata-

Slopes of Mt. AVellington.

Anthoceros carnosus, >S7.— Large, fleshy, livid to dark
green. Lobes flabelliform, numerous,, imbricate on sur-
face and margin, 2-6 mm. diam., margin obtuse, very
irregular, younger portions covered with prominent irre-
gular glands; 8-10 cells thick. Involucre about 3 mm.
long, very thick and glandular below, tapering to an
irregularly oblique apex. Capsule 1-2 cm. Spores and
elators as in J. lonyi.spiru.<i.

On rotten wood in forests.

Anthoceros hrotheriy St. — Large, often extending tO'
5 cm., thin, margin divided into numerous small rotund
lobes, upper surface with numerous erect plates, surface
smooth ; middle about 5 cells thick, lobes 2-3 cells, cells
large, surface smooth. Involucre about 3 mm. long, mem-
branous; mouth truncate; cajasule 1-3 cm., bearing sto-
inata ; spores black, coarsely echinulate, 48 /x. ; elators
1-3 celled, 50-150^., geniculate, but not spiral.

Kingston. Colebrook. Patrick's Head.

Mt. Field, etc.

Anthoceros laevis, L. — Dark green, 5-15 mm. diam..
smooth, divided into broad obovate lobes, margin crenu-
late; about 8 cells thick in the middle; margin acute.
Involucre about 3 mm. long, tapering from a rather broad
base; capsule 1-3 cm., bearing stomata ; spores greenish-
yellow, 48 PL., surface papillate; elators 1-3 cellecl, 50-150'
^., geniculate not spiral.

Stephani considers our form to be distinct and names
it A. crassux.

Kingston. Iluon-road.

Cosmopolitan.

143

Index to Genera.

Acolea, 74
AcTobclbiis, 83
Adelantlius, 79
Alicularia, 83
Anastropliyllum. 87
Aneura, GO
Anthocercs. 141
Aplozia, 81
Balajitiopsis, 127
Bazzania, 123
Blepharo stoma, 121
Calypogeia, 125
■Ceplialozia, 107
Chandonantlius, 121
Chilolejeunia, 139
Chiloscyphus, 101
Ouspidatula, 79
DipJasolejeunia, 141
Diplophyllum, 127
Drepanolejeunia, 140
Eulejeunia, 138
Fimbriaria, 57
Fo^sombrcnia, 70
Fi-ullania, 133
Gymnomitrium, 74
Herberta, 122
Hymenopliytum, 67
Isotachis, 110
Jamesoniella, 80
Leioscyphus, 107
Lejeiinia, 138
Lembidmin, 119

Lepicolea, 122
Lepidolaena, 126
Lepidozia, 113
Leptoscyphus, 107
Lcpliocolca, 88
Lnnularia, 57
Marcliantia, 58
Marsupidiiim, 86
Mastigobryum, 123
Microlejeunia, 140
Metzgeria, 65
Odontoschisma, 107
Pallavicinius, 68
Plagiocliila, 74
Psiloclada, 120
Radula, 130
Reboulia, 56
Eiccia, 54
Ricciocarpus, 55
Saccogyna, 87
Scliisma, 122
>Schistochila, 128
Sphenolobus, 82
Streplolejeunia, 138
Sympliyogyna, 68
Symphyomitra, 84
Targionia, 56
Treubia, 70
Tricliocolea, 121
Tylimanthus, 84
Zoopsis, 110

144

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA,

By Raleigh A. Black.
(Received 27tli July, 1916. Read 21st August, 1916.
Issued separately 31st August, 1916.)

Chenopodium carinatum, R. Br.
(Keeled Goose-foot.)

A mucli-branclied strong-smelling glandular-pubescent
herb ; stems usually decumbent at the base, erect or ascend-
ing above, 6-18 in. long. Leaves on slender petioles; blade
variable in size, J-| in. long or more, oblong-lanceolate to
oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, cuneate at the base, sinuate-
iobed or pinnatifid, rather thick, both surfaces rough, with
glandular pubescence.

Flowers small, very copiously produced, in dense
glomerules, occupying almost all the axils, sometimes elon-
gated into short, leafy spikes.

Perianth-segments 5, erect, incurved over the fruit,
more or less glandular-pubescent. Stamen usually 1.
Utricle small, compressed, erect, the pericarp adherent to
the seed.''

This plant was first discovered by the writer at Buck-
land, on the East Coiast, in the autumn of 1912, and later
on in that year at Rokeby. It is recorded as indigenous
to all the States of the Commonwealth, including New
Zealand and New Caledonia, and, no doubt, it is growing
elsewhere in Tasmania, but overlooked on account of its
resemblance to other members of Chenopodiaceae already
recorded in "Rodway's Tasmanian Flora." The ])lant on
both occasions was found growing in arable land of a light,
loamy character, which circumstance would at first incline
one to the belief that its seed had been .introduced origin-
ally with agricultural seed from one of the other States or
New Zealand. If this were so, one would naturally ask
the question : Why is it not extant in our general farm
lands, seeing that it produces such an abundance of fertile
seed, exceeding that of C. album, L., and C. murale, L.,
which are closely related to it, and which are plentiful in
our cultivated areas, and waste places? As a rule, for a

*"Marnial of the New Zea'end Flora," by T. F. Cheeseman. F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.

BY RALEIGH A. BLACK. 145

variety of reasons, we do not find many of our native
jDlants becoming weeds on arable land, but from this
plant's vigorous, and copious seed-producing propensity,
and being able to withstand, unlike many other native
plants, the drastic treatment meted out to the soil by
farm implements, it bids fair to become a healthy rival
to weeds of Continental origin, that farmers have to con-
tend with, but, behig an annual, it calls for no alarm,
because rotation of crops and thorough and systematic cul-
tivation should effectually dislodge it.

Carex bichenoviana, Boott.

This sedge was found by the writer in a damp situar
tion, near the pinnacle of Mt. Direction, in the proximity
01 Risdon, during the earl}- summer of 1911. Mr. Rodway
included the description thereof in his "Tasmanian Flora,"
but added the footnote "Inserted from record only. Doubt-
ful." The finding of this specimen will now remove the
doubt.

140

A NEW TASMANIAN BUTTERFLY AND A LIST

OF THE KNOWN TASMANIAN SPECIES.

By G. H. Hardy.

(Received Utli August, 1916. Read 21st August, 1916.
Issued separately 3 1st August, 1916.)

Oreixenica flynni, sp. nov.

Female. Black-brown. Forewing with three basal
spots (consisling of two large spots in the cell, the second
beins: confluent with the third, situated at the base of
area la.), and a band of irregular discal spots uniformly
distant from the basal spots, gold-brown. A band of ir-
regular subapical spots reaching to vein 3, containing two
unequal black ocelli, red-brown, and a series of small sub-
terminal spots, gold-brown. Hindwing with a series of
basal and subtenuiiial spots, <?old-l>rowii ; discnl spols goli-
brown, and some suffused with red brown, and a subtornal
ocellus black.

Underside; forewing as in 0. orichora, but a smaller
second ocellus is present, and the whitish subtenninal spot*
are smaller. Hindwing differs from 0. orichora only by the
smaller whitish spots, and the slightly smaller subapical
and subtornal ocelli.

The species is undoubtedly a Tasmanian race of 0.
orichora from Victoria, and New South Wales, from which
the female differs chiefly in the forewing, having tho space
between the basal spots and dincal spots uniformly wide.
Width across Mangs 29 mm.

Hab. Cradle Mountain, Tasmania., 3,00Gft. 1 speci-
men taken by Prof. T. T. Flynn. Christmas, 1915.

In the same locality Prof. Flynn also took Neo.renica
teprea {Heiuit^) and Arrjynnina toHmanica (Lycll), the
first being previously only known from Mt. Wellington,
and the latter from the West Coast.

The following list contains all the Butterflies known
to occur in Tasmania. Anaphaeis teutonia is a casual
visitor to the island, and has been taken by Mr. F. M.
Littler. There are also specimens, evidently caught in

BY G. H. HAEDY.

147

Tasmania, inferior in condition, in the Musei\m collec-
tion.

Neolucia rnathewi (Misk.) occurs in Flinders Island,
and has not been met with in Tasmania proper.

^ymphalidae

Danainae
Danaida

petilia Stoll.

Satyrinae
Nesoxenica

leprea Hewit.

elia W. and L.
Heteronympha

snlazar Fruli.

philerope Bois.

cordace Hub.

Argynnina

hobartia Westw.

tasmanica Lyell.
Oreixenica

lathoniella Westw.

laranda W. and L.

flynni sp. no v.
Xenica

klugi Guer.

!Nymph-\xinae
Precis

villida Fab.
Pyrameis

kersliawi McCoy.

itea Fab.

Lycaenidae

Lycaenina-E
Candalides
acasta Cox.

Zizina

labradus Godt.

Neolucia

agricola Westw.
insulana W. and L
hobartensis Misk.
rnathewi Misk.

LUCIINAE

Paralucia

aurifer Blanch.
Pseudalmenus

chlorinda Blanch.

Pieridae

Anaphaeis

teutonia Fab.

Papilionidae

Papilio

macleayanus Leach.

Hesperidae

Trapezitinae
Trapezites

glaucus W. and L.
Anisynta

tasmanica Misk.
Hesperilla

idothea Misk.

cha.ostola Mevr.

donnysa Hewit.

cyclospila M. & L.
Motasingha

dominula Ploetz.
Erynninae
Taractrocera

papyria Bios.
Padraona

lascivia .Rosen.

flavovittata Latr.

M

148

THE DIPTEBA-BRACHTCERA OF TASMANIA.
Part III. Families Asilid^, Bombylidje, Empidas,

DOLICHOPODID^, & PHORIDJK.

By Arthur White.
(Read 14tli Aug, 1916. Issued separately 30tli Nov., 1916.)

Family VII. ASILIDiE.

This family comprises the well-known and universally
distributed "JRobber Flies," so called on account of their
predaceous habits. The species are of medium or large
size, tb e head attached to the thorax by a slender neck ;
front excavated between the eyes, which are separated
in both sexes; thorax with well-developed bristles; wings
with the normal venatioii of the Brachyctra, posterior cells
five in num.ber, the three basal cells always long.

The A><ilidce- are strongly-built predaceous flies, attack-
ing insects of widely differing orders. I have seen a
specimen of Asiliis alcetvji having as its prey a dragonfly
very much larger than itself. In Tasmania the sjDecies
are only of moderate size, but on the mainland of Australia
some very large species occur, one of these — Phellus glaucus
— being one of the largest known diptera.

The Asilif/ce are divided into four subfamilies, which
are distinguished as follows : —

1. "Marginal ceil ojoen, or if just closed then the

radial vein sharply curved up at its end so as
to form a blunt end to the marginal cell." (Ver-
rall) 2'

"Marginal cell closed, and with a short petiole,
the subcostal and radial veins meeting at an
almost equal curve." (Verrall) 3

2. Alula and hind-angle of wing missing; tarsal

claws very long ; abdomen extremely narrow and
greatly elongated Leptog-astpinse

Alula and hind-angle of wing usually present;
tarsal claws short; abdomen not extremely nar-
row, and only moderately elongated. Dasypogoninse

3. Third antennal joint with an arista. Asilinse

Third antennal joint without either style or arista

Laphrinse

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 140

Subfamily Leptogastrinse.

This subfamily, which is nearly allied to the Doi^ypo-
rjoiiince, is represented in the Australian Region by the
single genus Leptuyaster.

27. Leptogaster, Meig.
(fTonypes, Latr.)

Extremely slender elongated flies, with long hind legs,
and greatly elongated tarsal claws.

Head wider than the thorax. Antennae placed high,
making the front short, the first and second joints very
short, and of about equal length, the third longer than
the first two together, and terminated by an arista-like
style. Moustache scanty, face long, and broader than
the front. Thorax somewhat arched and nearly bare;
two presutural and two supraalar bristles present. Abdo-
men very long and thin. Legs long and thin, the hind
pair much elongated; tarsal claws greatly enlarged.
Wing small, and always shorter than the abdomen, the
hind-angle quite sloped away, and the alula wanting.

The species belonging to this genus are, with the pos-
sible exception of the genus Xeoitainus, the most diffi-
cult to identify of any of the Australian Asilidae. The
different species resemble one another very closely, and
furtheir difficulty is caused by the different appearance of
the two sexes, the female being usually very much the
larger. After examining a considerable number of species
from different parts of Australia, I have come to the con-
clusion that some of the characters usually relied upon for
distinguishing the different species are really of little
value. This applies particularly to the colouring of the
thorax and the position of the cross-vein closing the second
basal cell, characters that vary very much in the same
species. The only characters that seem to me of general
use are the colouring of the legs, the relative length of
the wings, and the shape of the second submarginal cell
(the space enclosed within the cubital fork), which may
be either slightly contracted towards the wing margin
or else wide open without any sign of contraction. In a
former paper, "New Australian Asilidae" (Pap. and Proc.
Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1913\ I gave a table of the various
known Australian species. Since then I have had the
opportunity of examining Walker's type of L. pedaniu>>
in the British Museum collection, which Miss Ricardo
states is the same species as Macquart's L. geniculata, and
I find that this species is apparently identical with L.
antipoda, Birjot. The species, therefore, given in my list

150 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

as L. antipocla should be L. (jtniculata (which name has
priority), whilst that given as L. geniculata is a nem species,
which I now describe under the name L. autumnali^.

This makes the Tasmanian species at present distin-
guished hve in number.

Table of the Tas/nanian Species of Lepfog aster.
1. Hind femora banded; second submarginal cell
slightly contracted at wing margin.

Geniculata, Macq.
Hind femora not banded; second submarginal
cell not in the slio'htest contracted at wing mar-

9

gin. ^

12. Face, front, back of head, thorax and abdomen

entirely black Autumnalis, Sp. nov.

Colouration not entirely black. 3

3. Hind femora bright orange ; wings short.

Estiva, White.
Hind femora brown. 4.

4. Very small species; length of wing 9 5.5-6 mm.

Always clear. Vernalis, White.

Large species; length of wing $9-10 mm., usually
smoky. * Fumipennis, White.

Leptogaster geniculata, Macq.

Syn. Leptogaster 7:(f^/c/7?/«s, Walk.
L. antipoda, Bigot.

Face and front white; thorax brown; abdomen brown
or grey; legs fawn-coloured, the posterior femora with a
dark brown band ; wings with the second submarginal
cell slightly contracted towards the wing margin.

Length. Male, 8 mm. ; female, 10 mm.

Length of wing. Male, 5 mm. ; female, 7 mm.

Hab. South Bridgewater. (Also in Victoria and New
South Wales).

Female. Face and front w^hite; moustache wdiite,
scanty. Eyes closely approximated. Back of head grey.
Antennae with tho first two joints dark reddish, third
black. Thorax bro'wn, indistinctly striped. Abdomen
brown, with pale segmentations, practically bare. Legs
fawn-coloured, with knees very narrowly black ; posterior
femora indistinctly banded with brown, and posterior
tibiae with apex dark brown; tarsi dark brown, with first
joint white at the base. Wings shining, tinged with
brown, the second submarginal cell slightly contracted
towards the wing margin.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 151

Male. Xo specimen of the male is at present known
from Tasmania, so I take the following particulars from
a New South Wales specimen, kindly sent m© by Dr.
Ferguson. It differs from the female in its smaller size-
and darker hind femora, the brown band occupying al-
most the whole surface, leaving merely a fawn-coloured
ring towards the apex; the thorax is duller and darker,
the abdomen grey instead of brown, and the wings com-
pletely hyaline ; genitalia large, with thin white apical
hairs, and longer black hairs on either side.

This species may be recognised without much difficulty
by the banded posterior femora, and by the second sul>-
iiiarginal cell being slightly contracted towards the wing
margin, instead of being absolutely wide open, without
the slightest sign of any contraction, as in the other
species.

Of this species I took a single example in the hills at
South Bridgewater on January 19, 1912. It seems to
occur much more commonly in Victoria and New South
Wales.

Leptog ASTER j.STiVA, White.

Thorax and abdomen olive, the former indistinctly
striped, all femora bright orange with black knees.

Length. Male, 10.5 mm. ; female, 13.5 mm.

Length of wing. Male, 6 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. , Face white, moustache white, scanty. Antennc&
black. Front pale yellowish. Thorax olive, faintly stiiped,
the sides pale grey. Abdomen olive ; first segment with
a. few white bristles on each side. Legs with all femora
orange, the posterior pair whitish at the base; knees
black ; anterior and middle tibiae orange, posterior
tibiae brown, pale at base, and becoming gradually darker
towards the apex, and bearing a few white bristles; tarsi
black, the first joint with basal three-fourths white. Wings
very short, clear, with black veins.

Female resembles the male, but is larger; the abdo-
men has sides and segmentations grey, the grey colour
encroaching on the second and third segments, in which
the olive colour is reduced to a dorsal stripe, narrow
above and broader below.

L. cestiva is distinguished from all the other Tasmanian
species by its bright orange instead of fawn-coloured
femora, also from all the species excBpt L. vernalk by its
very small, short wings.

152 THE D1PTERA-BRACHY(;ERA OF TASMANIA,

This species occurs somewhat sparingly amongst long
grass on greenstone hills. My dates range from January
12 to February 1.

LePTOG ASTER VERNALIS, White.

A very small, delicate spt^cies, with short wings. Thorax
brown or grey, striped or unstriped ; abdomen black or
brown; legs brown, with base of posterior femora and
tibiae whitish.

Length. Male, 7.5 - 8 mm. ; female, 9 - 10.5 mm.

Leng-th of wing. Female, 5.5 - 6 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. Face and moustache white. Antennae black.
Front pale yellowish. Thorax brownish, with one median
and two lateral broad brown stripes, which occupy the
greater part of the dorsal surface ; sides and scutellum
pale grey. Abdomen black, with segmentations indistinctly
paler ; the first segment with a few Avhite bristles on
each side. Legs brown, with knees darkened ; posterior
femora and tibiae whitish at the base, the latter with
white bristles' ; tarsi with basal half of first joint white^
remainder brown. Wings very short, clear, veins black.

Feinalft much larger than the male. Thorax brown,
indistinctly striped. Abdomen dark olive-brown.

This species agrees with L. cestiva in having very small
short wings, but is distinguished from that species by
the brown instead of bright orange femora, and by its
smaller size. From the other Tasmanian species* it is dis-
tinguished by its very small short wings and small size.
It most closely resembles clear-winged specimens of
L. famipenn/s, but in case of doubt the small short wings
distinguish it.

L. vervaJis occurs somewhat sparingly amongst long
grass or settled on low vegetation. My dates range from
November 9 to Januai^ 12.

Leptogaster fumipennis. White.

A large robust species. Thorax brown with, usually,
three broad brown longitudinal stripes ; abdomen black,
with sides and segmentations grey; femora very dark
brown; wings large, veins very conspicuous, and usually
suffused with brown round the small cross-vein.

Length. Male, 12 mm.; female, 13-15 mm.

Length of wing. Female, 9-10 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in Victoria and
New South Wales).

BY ARTHUR WHITE. U3

Female. Face yellow or yellowish white ; moustache
white; back of head with a row of stiff black bristles.
Antennae black. Thorax brown, with, usually, three
veiy broad, shining, dark brow^n stripes ; sides grey ;
scutelluni covered with grey tomentum. Abdomen un-
usually robust, olive-black, with sides, shoulders of seg-
ments, and segmentations grey ; first segment with, usually,
foiu' black bristles on each side, and a few white hairs.
Legs dark brown, with knees black ; posterior tibiae
whitish at base, with black and white bristles, which vary
considerably in different individuals; tarsi black, the first
joint with basal three-fourths yellowish. Wings large,
veins very conspicuous, the region surrounding the small
cross-vein usually suffused with brown.

Male is much rarer than the female. The few specimens
that I have seen are considerably smaller in size, and have
the wings smaller and more smoky in appearance.

Variation. Although this species has typically smoky
wings, yet specimens may be me^o with in which the wings
are perfectly clear; these may represent a distinct species,
but I am unable to find any satisfactory distinction.
Some specimens have the thorax unstriped. In Victoria
I have taken a specimen, probably belongiing to this
species, which is) only 11 mm. in length, has the thorax
olive-brown, and the wings clear. From New South
Wales, however. Dr. Ferguson has kindly sent me three
specimens for examination, which are quite typical.

This species in typical specimens may be easily identi-
fied by the smokv wings and large robust size; in smaller
specimens with clear wings, however, identification is not
so easy, and it is necessary to rely on negative characters.
From L. geniculata it may be distinguished by the un-
handed hind femora ; from L. cestiva by the dark brown
instead of orange femora; from L. vernalis by the longer
wings and larger size; and from L. aufumnalis by the
darker femora, lighter thorax and abdomen, and larger,
size.

L. fumipennis occurs commonly in the bush, and seems
to- be generally distributed. The female is the sex usually
met with. My dates range from November 18 to Janu-
ary 18.

Leptogaster autumnalis. Sp. nov.

Face, front, back of head, thorax and abdomen black,
■without any sign of lighter colouration; femora and tibiae
fawn-colour, with knees black, the jDOsterior femora with a

154 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

black longitudinal stripe, extending from the base to the
aipex, on each side ; wings of medium length and always
clear.

Length. Female, 10 mm.

Length of wing. Female, 7 mm.

Female. Face, front, and antennae black. Moustache
white, scanty. Back of head, thorax, and abdomen black,
without any sign of lighter colouration. Legs with femora
and tibice fawn-coloured, the posterior femora with a
black longitudinal stripe on each side, extending from the
base to the apex, that on the outer side being the broader.
(In L. genicidata the dark marking on the hind femora
consists of a circular band or ring.) Posterior tibiae not
conspicuously paler at the base; tarsi with first joint
white, remaining joints brown, with apices of all joints
black. Wings of medium length, always perfectly clear ;
halteres dull brown.

This species may be recognised without much difficulty
by its uniform black colouration. It is an insect of the
late summer and autumn, and probably does not appear
on the wing until the other species of LeiAog cutter are
over. I have only met with it in the bush at Bagdad,
where it frequents low vegetation. My dates range from
February 13 to March 2.''

Subfamily Dasypogoninae.

This subfamily is numerously represented on the main-
land of Australia, but in Tasmania only five genera are
known to occur. In all these genera the marginal cell
of the wings is completely open.

Tahle of fhe Ta><m(inian Genera of Da^ypogonina;.

1 Abdomen constricted at the base; antennae with

no very distinct terminal style. 2

Abdomen not constricted at the base ; antennae
with a distinct terminal style. 4

2. Small humpbacked species with bright red thorax.

C A B A s A, Macq.
Larger species, not humpbacked, and thorax not red 3

3. Antennae about the same length as head, the third

joint hardly broadened.

B R A C H Y R E H O P A L A, Macq.

Antennae four timesi the length of head, the third
joint conspicuously broadened.

E R Y T H R O P O G O N, WllitO^

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 155

4. Fourth posterior cell closed at some distance above
the wing margin; wings very short.

Bathypogox, Loew.
Fouilh posterior cell open ; wings long.

S T E N o p o G o N, Loew.

28. Cab AS A, Walk.

Small, humpbacked species, with red thorax, and wingg
partly or altogether black.

Antennse a little longer than the head, the first joint
rather longer than the second, the third strap-shaped,
about twice the length of the first two joints together, and
terminating bluntly without any style or arista. Thorax
extremely gibbous. Abdomen a little constricted at the
base. Legs rather slender, with a few thin bristles. Wings
large, the four posterior cells all wide open.

Tab/e of the Tasinaniaii Species of Caha-sa.

1. Thorax red; abdomen violet-black or greenish-

black. 2

2. Wings entirely black. Pulchella, Macq.
Wings with basal half black, apical half hyaline.

RUBRITHORAX, Macq.

Cabasa pulchella, Macq.
Syn. Cabasa rufithorax, Walk.

Thorax red: abdomen violet-black or greenish-black;
wings eniirely brownish-black.

Length. Male and female, 6-9 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in Victoria and
Queensland.)

Male and Female. Face black, with white tomentum at
sides. Moustache, antennae and front black. Thorax red,
with a black anterior dorsal stripe, and small black spots
on shoulders and at base of wings; scutellum black.
Abdomen violet-black or greenish-black, with segmentations
marked at the sides with white. Legs black. Wings en-
tirely brov/nish-black.

This species may be easily recognised by its hump-
backed shape, red thorax, and wholly black wings. It
is not common, but seems to b3 widely distributed in the
Tasmanian bush. My dates range from January 11 to
February 15.

Cabasa rubrithorax, Macq.
Syn. Dasyidogon venno, Walk.

Thorax red ; abdomen violet-black or greenish-black ;
wings with basal half black, ap;"cal half hyaline.

Length. Male, 6 mm.

Hab. Bagdad.

156 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Male. Face and front black, with grey tomentum ;
moustache yellowish. Thorax red, with a black anterior
dorsal stripe, and small black spots on shoulders and at
base of wingsi; scutelhim black. Abdomen violet-black
or greenish-black, with a little white pubescence at sides.
Legs black. Wings with tho basal half brownish-black,
the apical half hyaline.

This species is at once distinguished from ('. jniJcliella
by the wings having only the basal half black, instead
of being entirely black.

C. ruhritJiorax appears to be generally rare. I have
personally only come across a single specimen, which oc-
curred in the bush at Bagdad on February 13, 1913.

29. Brachyrrhopala, Macq.

Antennae about the same length or a little longer than
the head ; abdomen club-shaped ; wings either hyaline
or partly brown or black; anterior tibiae with a terminal
curved spine.

Antennae with the first joint rather longer than the
second, the third slightly longer than the first two joints
together, and provided with a. veiy small style. Thorax
not gibbaus (which disitinguishes the genus from Cahasa)
and without a stout spine on each side (which distin-
guishes it from Cliryso'pogon). Abdomen club-shaped, but
differing much in shape in the different species. Legs
with scattered bristles, the anterior tibiae with a terminal
curved spine, which is sometimes obscure. Wings with
the four posterior cells and anal cell open, either hyaline,
or more generally with brown or black markings.

Of this genus seven or eight species are known to occur
in the Australian region, four of which are found in Tas-
mania.

Tohle of fhe Tasmanian Species of Braclnirrhopdla.
J. Wings clear; abdomen and leg,^', red. Nitidus, Macq.
Wings partly brown. 1

2. Wings brown on fore border, remainder hyaline.

LiMBiPENNis, Macq.
Wing3 brownish, hyaline in centre.

Fenestrata, Macq.
Wings with basal half brown, apical half hyaline.

RuFicoRNis, Macq.

Brachyrrhopala nitidus, Macq.
Wings clear ; thorax black ; abdomen and legs red.
Length. Male and female, 14-18 mm.
Hab. Bagdad Valley; Mount Arthur.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 157

Male and female. Face covered with bright yellow
loinentum; moustache consisting of a few long, yellow,
hristle-like hairs. Antennae red. Thorax black, the
sides yellow, with yellow bristles. Abdomen dark reddish,
unusually slender, and hardly club-shaped. Legs entirely
red, with pale red bristles. Wings large, hyaline, with a
yellow tinge towards the costal margin.

This species may be met with in March, flying in the
bright sunshine with great rapidity, but seems to be
generally uncommon.

Brachyrrhopala limbipennis, Macq.
Svn. Brachyrrhopala maculinervis, Macq.
Dioctria tasmanice, Walk.

Wings with fore border dark brown, remainder hyaline ;
thorax black; abdomen reddish-black; legs red or black,
the base of tibiae usually yellow. A variable species, both
as regards size and colouration.

Length. Male and female, 12-20 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in Victoria and
Queensland.)

Male and female. Face covered with yellow tomentum,
and bearing two black stripes, which are joined above.
Moustache rather bushy, yellow. Antennae reddish-black,
the third joint usually the darkest. Front and thorax
black. Abdomen reddish-black, the third and fourth seg-
ments with narrow pale yellow hind margins. Legs mth
femora and tibiae reddish-black, the tibiae usually with the
base yellow ; tarsi red or black ; bristles of legs black.
Wings lai-ge, the fore border deep brown, carried down
centrally (at the base of the discal cell) in the form of a
black spot ; remainder of wing hyaline.

Variation. An unusually small male taken at Manga-
lore on October 18, 1914, has a rounded black spot on the
face, instead of two black stripes, third joint of antennae
light red, and legs light red with femora black below.

This species is easily recognised by the dark fore border
o^ the wings. It may be met with commonly frequenting
flowers in the bush, and seems to be generally distributed.
My dates range from October 18 to December 26.

Brachyrrhopala fenestrata, Macq.
Syn. Codula fenestrata, Macq.

Brachyrrhopala victories, Roder.
W'ings brown, with a hyaline spot in centre, thorax
black ; scut^llum red ; abdomen a rounded club-shape,

158 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

black, with yellow bands on the second, third, sixth, and
seventh segments.

Length. Male and female, 10 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in Victoria.)

Male and fetnale. Face black, with yellowish-grey
tomentum at sides; moustache yellow. Antennae red.
Front black. Thorax considerably arched, brownish-
black, with long white hairs; scutellum red. Abdomen
short, a rounded club-sha,pe (instead of a lengthened club-
shape as in B. nitidus and B. Jinibipennis), black, with
yellow bands on posterior margins of the second, third,
sixth, and seventh segments. Legs with femora black on
basal half, red on apical half ; tibiae red, with apex black ;
tarsi black ; femora and tibiae with a few small black and
red bristles. Wings short, brown, darkest along the costal
margin, the discal cell and basal half of first posterior cell
hyaline.

This species may be easily recognised by the brownish
wings, with a hyaline spot in centre, and the short abdo-
men of a rounded club-shape. It seems to be generally
distributed in the Tasmanian bush, but is not common.
My dates range from January 4 to March 3.

B. fenestrata differs so much from B. vifidu.^ and B.
Jinibipennis in the shape of the abdomen and much shorter
wings that it might well be made the type of a new genus.
It seems to' be nearly allied to the genus Codula, but differs
in having a curved terminal spine on the anterior tibiae ;
this character, however, in some specimens is difficult to
make O'ut, and I am somewhat doubtful of its value as
a generic character.

Brachyrrhopala ruficornis, Macq.

This species is unknown to me, and I take thei following
particulars from Miss Kicardo's description.

Wings with the basal half brown, apical half hyaline;
thorax and abdomen black, the latter with yellow bands ;
antennae and legs red.

Length, 6mm.

Hab'. Tasmania and Queensland.

Face black, with white tomentum; moustache white.
Front black. Antennae red, a little brown at the apex.
Thorax black, with scanty yellow tomentum ; scutellum
testaceous. Abdomen black, with yellow bands. Legs red,
the anterior half of posterioT femora and base of inter-
mediate pair black; anterior tarsi black. Wings with
basal half reddish-brown, apical half hyaline.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 159

30. E R Y T H R o p o G 0 N, White. (Fig. 26.)
Antennae about four times the length of the head, the
third joint conspicuously broadened; abdomen long and
ciub-shaped, much constricted towards the base; wings
large, with all the posterior cells and the anal cell open.

Face long and flat, descending in a straight line from
the antennae to the moustache, the latter very small, and
confined to the oral margin. Antennae placed extremely
high, projecting horizontally forwards in a line with the
vertex, about four times the length of the head, the first
joint twice the length of the second, the third three times
the length of the first and second together, much broader
than either of them, and terminated by a rounded tip,
which seems somewhat separated from the rest of the
joint, although it does not form a distinct style. Thorax
with shoidders produced into prominent tubercles. Abdo-
men long and club-shaped, much constricted towards the
base. Legs with femora practically bare; tibiae with a
few bristles, the anterior pair with a small and incon-
spicuous apical curved spine. Wings large, with all the
posterior cells and anal cell open.

This genus is nearly allied to Brachyrrho'pala, but is dis-
tinguished by the very much longer antennae. Only one
species is at present known. '

Erythropogon ichneumoniformis, White. (Fig. 26.)

Thorax black ; abdomen with basal half red, apical half
reddish-black, fourth segment with a white foment ose
spot on either side; legs yellowish-red; antennae with the
first two joints red, third black.

Length. Male, 15 mm.; female, 13-17 mm.

Hab. Southern and northern Tasmania, also in Victoria.

Fig. 26. Head of Erythropogon ichneumoniformis.

Male. Face red-brown, with a few scattered white
hairs; moustache composed of a few pale golden bristles.
Front black. Antennae with the first two joints red,
third black. Thorax black, without bristles, but with a

160 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

little white pubescence at sides, especially posteriorly ;
scutellum red-brown without either bristles or pubescence.
Abdomen with the three first segments red, remaining seg-
ments reddish-black. Legs yellowish-red, the posterior
pair slightly the darkest; posterior tibiae with white
bristles. Wings yellow-brown, with all the posterior cells
and anal cell open, though the fourth posterior is
slightly, and the anal considerably, contracted on the
wing margin.

Female resembles the ma^e very closely, but the thorax
is slightly browner, and the fourth abdominal segment
bears a white tonientose spot on each side.

Variation. A male bred by Mr. Spry from material
obtained at Fern Tree Gully, Victoria, is only 11 mm. in
length, and ha.s the wings with basal two- thirds bright
golden yellow, apical third hyaline.

E. iclineumonif ormis is widely distributed in the Tas-
manian bush, where it may be found resting on low vege-
tation, but it is by no means a common species. My dates
range from February 9 to March 3.

31. Bathypogon, Loew. (Fig. 27.)

Abdomen longer than the wings, not constricted at the
base ; wings very short, the fourth posterior cell closed at
some distance above the wing margin, the vein closing it
almost in a line with that closing the discal cell.

Face with a large centre tubercle, which is covered with
a large bushy moustache, reaching almost to the antennae.
Antennae a little longer than the head, the first joint about
twice the length of the second, the third about twice the
length of the first and second together, and terminated by a
distinct pointed style. Thorax rather long, very bristly
posteriorly ; scutellum with marginal bristles. Abdomen
long and fairly stout, not in the least club-shaped or in.
any way constricted at the base, the sides either bare or
with short bristly hairs; genitalia of male large and pro-
minent. Legs stout and bearing long bristles. Wings
remarkabl}^ short ; the fourth posterior cell closed at some
distance above the wing margin, the vein closing it almost
in a line with that closing the discal cell ; the other pos-
terior cells open ; anal cell closed.

The species belonging to this genus occur settled on the
ground in dry situations. I have noticed a specimen of
li. hracJiy pterins having as its prey a moth as long as itself.
In Tasmania two species are known to occur.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 161

Table of the Taamanian Species of Bathypogon.

1. Moustache yellow; antennae entirely black;

bristles of thorax, scutellum, and tibiae yellow.

Brachypterus, Macq.

2. Moustache white ; first joint of antennae red ;

bristles of thorax, scutellum, and tibiae black. (A
blacker and more slender species.)

NiGRiNUS, Ricardo..

Bathypogon brachypterus, Macq.

Moustache yellow ; antennae entirely black ; thorax
deep brown, whitish at sides ; abdomen deep brown, with
bright golden-yellow pubescence ; femora black above, red
beneath ; tibiae black or red ; bristles of thorax, scutellum,.
and tibia3. yellow.

Length. Male and female, 18-20 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)

Fig 27. Wing of Bathypogon brachypterus.

Male and female. Face and front yellowish-grey;
moustache either wholly yellow or black above and yellow
below. Antennae black. Thorax deep brown, with one
broad or two narrow anterior dark brown stripes; sides
and two short posterior stripes yellowish-white ; posterior
bristles long, yellow ; bristles of scutellum yellow. Abdo-
men deep brown, with golden-yellow pubescence, which is
longest on the posterior outer margins of each segment.
Legs with femora black above, red beneath, covered with
dense, long, yellowish-white ha.'rs; tibiae red or black,
covered with yellowish pubescence, and bearing long yel-
low bristles. Wings varying in tint from light grey to-
yellow-brown.

This species somewhat resembles B. nigriniis, but is a
more i-obust and more brightly coloured species; the
moustache is bright yellow instead of white, and the bristles
on the thorax, scutellum, and tibiae are yellow instead of
black.

B, brachypterus occurs commonly at Mangalore, and
though apparently local, is probably widely distributed in
Tasmania. It also occurs in Victoria, New South Wales,

162 IHE DIPTERA-BKACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

/ind Queensland. My dates range from January 4 to
i'ebruary 15.

Bathypogon nigrinus, Eicardo.

Moustaciie white, with a few black bristles above ; an-
tennae with first joint red, second and third black ; thorax
deep brown, white at sides; etbdomeu brownish-black;
femora black above, red beneath ; tibice reddish ; bristles
■01 thorax, scutellum, and tibiae black.

Length. Male and female, 13-18 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Male and female. Face reddish, covered with wdiite
tomentum ; front brown. ^Xntennie with first joint red,
second and third black. Thorax deep brown, indistinctly
striped, the sides white ; bristles and bristles of scutellum
black. Abdomen brownish-black, almost bare, but with
0 little depressed yellowish-white pubescence. Legs w^ith
femora black above, red beneath, bearing sparse white
pubescence; anterior tibias red, posterior black, bristles
black, but with a few white bristles at extreme apex; tarsi
black. Wings hyaline or tinged with brown, particularly
at apex.

Variation. Tasmanian specimens show little variation,
"but a female from Victoria, has the tibia) yellow-brown.

This is a more slender and generally blacker species than
B. })rarhypUrn>^. It may be recognised at once by the
bristles of the thorax, scutellum, and tibice being black
instead of yellow, and by the first antennal joint being
red instead of black.

B. nigrinus may be met with settled on the ground in
sandy places. It occurs sparingly during the month of
January.

32. S T E N o p o G o N, Loew.

{Gnnioscelis, Schin.)

Face very narrow; abdomen much elongated, but not
■constricted at the base; wings large, the fourth posterior
cell open.

Face very narrow, the narrowest part being at the
base of the antenna) ; moustache long and bushy. Antennre
a little longer than the ihead, the first joint about twice
the length of the second, the third about equal in length
to the first two together, and provided with a short
blunt style. Thorax long and hairy, with lateral and
posterior bristles ; scutellum with weak marginal bristles.
Abdomen greatly elongated, and, in dried specimens, much
compressed laterally, but not constricted at the base. Legs

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 163

powerful; femora and tibiae with numerous strong bristles.
Wings large and broad, either hyaline or tinted with brown
or yellow, but without any definite markings; first pos-
terior cell (in Australian species) wide open ; fourth
posterior cell open, but constricted on the wing margin ;
anal cell closed on the wing margin or very slightly open.

The species belonging to this genus, like those of
Bathypogon, are strong, predaceous insects; their habits,
however, are somewhat different, as, instead of settling on
the ground, they frequent low vegetation. I have noticed
a, specimen of >S'. ehmcjatxn-: having as its prey a specimen
of the March Fly, Tahanm^ microdonta.

Stenopognn is represented in Tasmania by the single
species *S'. elonaatus, which also occurs commonly on the
Australian mainland.

Stenopogon eloxgatus, Macq.
Syn. Dasypogon flavifacies, Macq.
D. digentia, Walk.
D. lanatus, "Walk.
D. thai pills, Walk.
J), agave, Walk.
Stemopogon fraierniis, Bigot.
The above synonymy is given on the authority of Miss
Hicardo, who has examined both Walker's and Macquart's
types.

Moustache bright yellow ; thora.x black, with yellow
tomentum at sides ; abdomen black, with yellow side
stripes ; femora red and black or yellow and black ; tibiae
red or yellow; tarsi black; :tristles of femora, tibiae, and
tarsi black; wings hyalins or tinged with brown.
Length. Male, 17-23 mm.; female, 20-25 mm.
Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in A^ictoria, New
South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia.)

Male and female. Face yellow ; moustache bright yel-
low; beard pale yellow. Antennae black, the first two
joints with long black hairs. Front black ; back of head
with long black hairs. Thorax black, with yellow tomen-
tum on shoulders and at sides; dorsum bearing dense
black hairs; bristles at sides 3^el]ow; scutellum with a num-
ber of weak black marginal bristles. Abdomen black,
shining, with yellow side stripes and pale yelloTz pube-
scence. Legs with femora red and black, or yellow
and black, the anterior pair wH.h basal two-thirds black,
middle pair with basal third black, posterior pair with
basal half black, remaining portions of all femora red or

N

164 IHH i)ii'ri:iiA-i'.i;A(iiYCKi:A of Tasmania,

yeJlow ; knees black; tibicc vai-ying in colour from light
yellow to red ; tarsi black ; bristles of femora, tibiee, and
tarsi black, although a feM' yellow bristles may sometimes
be present. Wings hyaline or tinged with brown; fourth
posterior cell open, but contracted at the wing margin
ti. about half its breadth ; anal cell almost, but not quite,
dosed.

Vari'ifion. A female taken at Bellerive differs consid-
erably from the type ; the femora are entirely black, the
bristles of the femora yellow, of the tibiae and tai^i red,
moustache pale yellow, and tomentum on thorax, and abdo-
minal side-stripes, white. This specimen may possibly
represent a. distinct species, but I think that it is probably
only a variety of ^S'. eUmgafus.

S. elonaattis is a common insect, and seems to be distri-
buted over almost the whole of Australia. It may usually
be met with settled on low vegetation. My dates range
from January 1 to February 13.

Beside,s the foregoing, the two following species, Dasypo-
(fon (iV)(,n(,taiu^, Marq., and Dasypogon iiiyrinus^
Macq., originally described from Tasmania, are stated by
Miss Ricardo to be of doubtful position. D. alho7iotatus is
described as having a long, slender, black abdomen, with
Avhite spots at sides of second to filth segments ; legs red ,
wings hyaline, a little yellowish at base and on fore border.
Length, Id mm. D. nigri/ius is described as black, the
fifth and sixth abdominal segments with testaceous seg-
mentations ; legs red and black ; wings dark brown, with
base hyaline. Length, 10 mm.

Subfamily Laphrinse.

Of this subfamily eight genera have been recorded from
the Australian region, but of theso only one, Lapliria, is
known to occur in Tasmania.

33. L A p H R I A, Meig.

Large robust flies, usually shining blue-black or violet in
colour. Moustache large and bushy, and not confined to
the oral opening ; legs strong and hairy ; anterior tibise
without a curved spine at apex ; wings with first posterior
cell open, fourth posterior cell closed at some distance
above the wing margin, anal cell closed close to the wing
margin.

Face with a distinct facial knob; moustache large and
bushy. Antenna; rather longer than the head, fii^t joint
about three times the length of the second, third joint
a little longer than the first and second together, and, in

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 1G5

Australian species, somewhat expanded, but differing- in
shape in each species. Thorax with dense pubescence,
scutellum with long marginal hairs. Abdomen either long,
narrow, and almost parallel-sided, or else broad, and
ovate, with dense lateral pubescence, but with nO' distinct
side bristles except in one mainland species {L. clavata,
White.) Legs strong and very hairy ; femora frequently
thickened, and hind tibiae conspicuously bowed. Wings
either hyaline, brown, or grey, but without any distinct
markings ; first posterior cell open, fourth closed at some
distance above wing margin, anal cell closed close to the
wing margin.

The species belonging to this genus occur in the bush,
where they may be found settled on logs or on the leaves
of shrubs. Three species have been described from Tas-
mania, but of one of these (Z. niveifacies) no specimen
seems to be known.

Table of tilt Ta>!mania'i Spexies of Laphria.
1. Colouring of abdomen and tibiae blue-black or

violet according to the angle of light. 2

2 Femora entirely violet. Niveifacies, Macq.

Anterior and middle femora violet, posterior
femora with basal half orange, apical half violet.

Telecles, Walk.
All femora with basal two-thirds orange, apical
third violet. Rufifemorata, Macq.

Lafhria telecles, Walk.

Abdomen narrow and almost parallel-sided ; colouring
of thorax, abdomen, and tibiae shinino- blue-black or violet ;
anterior and middle femora, and apical half of posterior
femora, blue-black or violet, basal talf of posterior femora
bright orange.

Lengtii. (Tasmanian specimens.) Male, 14-18 mm.;
female 12 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)
Also in Victoria, New Sou h Wales, and Western Aus-
tralia.

Male. Face covered with white hairs, except at the
facial tubercle, which bears a dense, bushy moustache of
long black hairs ; beard white. Front black, with long
black hairs bordering the eyes on either side. Antennae
black, the first two joints bearing long black hairs. Thorax
shining blue-black or violet, with white or pale yellow
shoulder-spots. Abdomen almost parallel-sided, blue-
black or violet, with soft white or yellow side-pubescence,

166 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

and white side-spots on the posterior angles of the second
to fifth segments ; genitalia large, black, and bearing long
black hairs. Legs stout, with dense, long, black pube-
scence, the posterior fi^^mora swollen, and posterior
tibiae curved; anterior and middle femora, and apical
half of posterior femora, blue-black or violet, basal half
of posterior femora orange; all tibiae blue-black or violet;
tarsi black. Wings brown, but with the base more or less
clear.

Female resembles the male veiy closely, but the wings
are hyaline.

This species may be easily distinguished from L. ruiife-
inorata by ha,ving only the posterior, instead of all the.
femora, partly orange, and by ih© narrower alxlomen.

L. teleclex occurs not uncommonly in the bush, usually
settled on dead wood near the ground, but sometimes on
tree-trunks. My dates range from December 17 to
March 1.

LaphPvIa RuriFEMORATA, Macq.

Abdomen broad, flattened, and somewhat ovate; thorax
dull black; abdomen, tibiae, and apical third of all femora,
shining blue-black or violet, basal two-thirds of all femora
orange.

Length. (Ta&manian specimens.) Female, 14-18 mm.

Hah'. Bagdad Valley. (Probably generally distributed.)
Also in New South Wales and Western Australia.

Female. Face black, covered at sides with white or yel-
low pubescence; facial tubercle black, bearing a bushy
black moustache ; beard white. Front black, with long
black hairs bordering the eyes on either side. Antenna?
black, the third joint expanded. Back of head with long
black hairs jutting out on each side beyond the eyes.
Thora,x didl black, with two faint grey median stripes and
yellowish-white shoulder-spots ; scutellum with a fringe ot
remarkably long yellow hairs. Abdomen broad, flattened,
and somewhat ovate, shining blue-black or violet, with
pale yellow side-pubescence , and yellowish-white side-spots
on posterior angles of second to fifth segments, that on the
fifth segment being ver}^ small and inconspicuous. Legs
stout and bearing very long pubescence, which is black
on the black portions, orange on the orange portions,
tibiae curved, and without any distinct bristles; all femora
with basal two-thirds bright orange, apical third blue-black
or violet; tibiae blue-black or violet; tarsi black. Wings
with veins suffused broadly with brown.

All the specimens of L. rufifeinorata that I have met

BY AETHUR WHITE. 167

with are females, so I am unable tx) give a description of
tlie male. The females occur not uncommonly in the bush
on high ground ; they may be found settled on logs or on
the leaves of shrubs. My dates range from January 18 to
February 13.

Laphria niveifacies, Macq.

Thorax o.nd abdomen violet- black, with blue, violet, and
l^reen reflections, legs violet, wings half brown.

Length. Female, 8 mm.

Hab. "Tasmania."

This species is quite unknown to me, and Miss Eicardo
states that the type appears to be lost. Should any .speci-
Miens come to hand they should be easily distinguished by
the wholly violet legs.

Subfamily Asilinse.
Of this subfamily five genera have been recorded from
Tasmania, whilst another — Dysmachus — is now added.

Table of the Tasmanian Genera of Asilinm

1. Style of antennse feathered. Ommatius, Wied.
Style of antennae not feathered. 2

2. Wings with, three submarginal cells.

P R o M A c H u s, Loew.
Wings with only two subm^arginal cells. 3

3. Lower branch of cubital fork ending in or above

the wing-tip ; ovipositor with a conspicuous cir-
clet of spines. Proctacanthus, Macq .
Lower branch of cubital fork ending well below
the wing-tip. 4

4. Thorax with long bristles from front to back.

Dysmachus, Loew.
Thorax with short bristles anteriorly, long pos-
teriorly. 5

5. Ovipositor very long and laterally compressed.

N E o I T A M u s, Ost-Sack.
Ovipositor short and conical. A s i l u s, L.

34. O M M A T I u s, Wied.

Antennas feathered ; face with a tubercle ; costal margin
of wings frequently inflated in the male; ovipositor small
and inconspicuous and not laterally compressed.

Head distinctly broader than the thorax ; face with a
tubercle; moustache either scanty or bushy, frequently
covering the greater part of the face. Antennse with all

168 THE DlPTKItA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

three joints short, the third bearing a feathered aristiform
style, which is quite twice the length of the three anfcennal
joints together. Thorax almost bare anteriorly, but with
long hairlike bristles posteriorly. Abdomen narrow and
almost parallel-sided, the sides either bare or with short
bristles; genitalia of male large and prominent; ovipcsito^
small and not laterally compressed. Legs either long or
of medium length, furnished with weak bristles. Wings
with a normal venation ; costal margin in the male either
simple or inflated, and wings in both sexes sometimes rilled
anteriorly ; cubital fork long and embracing the wing-tip.

Soane of the smaller species belonging to this genus are
difficult to identify. In cases of doubt some assistance will
bo alTorded by noticing the bristleo of the scutellum, which
in some species are only tv^^^o in number, whilst in others
they form a complete fringe.

TahJe of tlie Tasmanian S/jeciss of Om matins.

1. Wings from the middle to the tip hrown, the base

and posterior margin hyaline. Levis, Sp. nov.

Wings entirely hyaline. 2

2. Legs largely reddish-yellcw ; wing;s without any

inflation in either sex ; bare species.

DiMiDiATus, Macq.
Legs black ; wings^ slightly inflated in male; hairy
species. Pilosus, Sp. nov.

Ommatius DIMIDIATUS, Macq.

Some doubt attaches to the identification of this species.
Miss Ricardo states that the type appears to be lost, so our
only means of identification is Macquart's desicription. The
type, a female, wasi from Tasmania. In Tasmania I have
not met with any specimen agreeing with Macquart's: de-
scription, but from New South Wales, Dr. Ferguson has
kindly sent me four specimens for examination which agree
with the description fairly well. I therefore propose to
describe these specimens here, under Macquart's na.me of
fliinidiatu'i.

Abdomen and thorax black, with gre}^ or brown tomen-
tum, and whitish shoulder-spots; femora and tibije red-
dish-yellow, thei former with black stripes or spots above,
which vary greatly in extent in different specimens; wings
entirely hyaline, and without any sign of inflation in either
sex.

Length. Male, 9 mm. ; female, 7 mm.

Hab. Described from Tasmania, but at present only
known toi occur in New South Wales.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 169

Male. Face pale brown. Moustache scanty, consisting
■of snow-white hairs, with about six isolated black hairs
above; beard white. Antennae black. Front brown.
Thorax black, with brown tomentum and whitish shoidder-
spots ; anterior half bare, posterior half with a few black
bristles; scutellum almost bare, but with two very weak
maririnal black bristles. Abdomen black, with orev tomeai-
tum, almost bare, but with short white side-bristle® on
posterior margins of each segment; genitalia, orange or
black. Legs with femora reddish-yellow, with a black
stripe above, th.at on the posterior pair sometimes reduced
to an elongated spot, but the shape and extent of these
black markings subject to great variation; tibiae reddish-
yellow, with apex black ; tarsi with first joint yellow, re-
maining joints black ; the femora are almost bare, but
have weak M'hite bristles below, and one or two bla.ck ones
near the apex above ; tibiae with a few scattered black, and
one or two white, bristles. AVings entirely hyaline, rilled,
but without any sign of inflation.

FeiHdle resembles the male very closely, but is rather
more robust in shape, and the legs may be a little darker.

This siDecies is readily recognised by the colouring of the
legs, which, even in dark specimens, have at least the lower
half of the femora, and a large part of the tibiae, reddish
yellow; by its small size, and hyaline wings without any
sign of inflation in either sex. As stated above, its occur-
j'ence in Tasmania is still open to some doubt.

Ommatius piLOSus, Sp. nov.

A very hairy species. Thorax and abdomen black, the lat-
ter with grey segmentations ; legs black wdth reddish knees ;
anterior and middle tibiae with long white hairs, the middle
tibiae also bearing extremeh^ long black hairs, and hair-
like bristles, on the inner side ; wings hyaline, slightly in-
flated in the male.

Length. Male, 11 mm.; female, 10.5 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Also in South Australia.)

Male. Face black, covered with grey tomentmn;
moustache bushy, black above, yellow below. Front black,
with yellowish tomentum. Antennae black. Thorax black,
indistinctly striped, with grey tomentum on shoulders and
at sides, the whole bearing stiff black hairs, which are
short anteriorly, long posteriorly ; scutellum black, fringed
with numerous very long, weak, white, upturned bristles.
Abdomen black, with grey segmentations, the sides with
dense Avhite pubescence. Legs black, with the knees red-
dish, both femora and tibiae sometimes appearing a little

170 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

reddish beneath ; anterior coxae with a pencil of stiff black
bristles ; all femora with abundant long w4iite pubescence,
the posterior pair wath a few black bristles below; anterior
and middle tibije with long white pubescence, the middle
tibiae also bearing extremely long black hairs, and hair-
like bristlesi, on the inner side ; posterior tibiae with black
bristles; tarsi black, with black bristles, which are particu-
larly long on the anterior and middle pairs; the front tarsi
also bear abundant white pubescence. Wings entirely
hyaline, rilled, and with the costal margin slightly inflated.
Female resembles the male, but differs in having the
moustache black and w^hite, instead of black and j^ellow,
the reddish colour of the knees slightly extended on the
hind tibia), and wings with costal margin not inflated.

This species may be distinguished from 0. dimidiafuii
by its black, instead of reddish-yellow, legs, and by its
more hairy body and legs; from 0. hvis by its hyaline
wings. Of the various described mainland species, the
only one with which it could be confused is 0. qneenslanrli,
Ricardo, from which it is distinguished by the slightly
inflated wings in the male, and by the wholly black tibiae.
The other mainland species are all very much larger in-
sects.

0. pilosiis occurs sparingly in the bush, where it may be
found settled on the dead twigs of small trees. Time of
occurrence, January. I have also taken a. specimen at Aid-
gate, South Australia.

Ommatius LEVIS, Sp. nov.

Thorax, abdomen, and legs black ; wings with basal half
hyaline, apical half brown with hyaline hind-margin, and
not inflated in either sex.

Length. Male, 11 mm.

Hab. Launceston.

Male. Face black ; moustache of long white hairs, with
a few black ones above, two of these being extremely long.
Front black. Antennae brownish-black. Thorax black,
with a little grey tomentum on shoulders and at sides, the
whole covered sparingly with black bristles, which are very
short anteriorly, long posteriorly ; scutellum black, fringed
with numerous vv^eak white bristles. Abdomen black, with
white hairs at sides. Legs black, the tibiae tinged with
rusty brown ; femora with white puliescence ; tibia3 with
white and black bristles; tarsi with black bristles. Wings
with basal half hyaline, apical half brown with hyaline
hind-margin ; the wings are rilled but not inflated.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 171

Tliis species is distinguished from all the other Austra-
lian species of Ommatius by having the wings partly brown
and partly hyaline. Only a single specimen is at present
known ; it was taken by Mr. Hardy at Launceston on
January 25, 1914.

35. Promachus, Loew.
{Bactria, Meig. Telejoneura, Rond. Truijanea, Maicq,.)

Abdomen conical, somewhat hairy, and longer than
the wings; legs rather strong but not stout; claws of tarsi
2"»ointed; uvipositor without a circlet of spines; wings with
three submarginal cells, the veinlet dividing the second
and third submarginai cells situated directly above the
second posterior cell; first posterior cell closed or open;
fourth posterior and anal cells closed.

Tlie only other Australian genus having three submar-
ginal cells is Pliilodicus, Walk., in which the veinlet divid-
ing the second submarginal (or cubital fork) cell and the
third submarginal cell is situated directly above the discal
cell, so that whereas in Promachus the second submarginal
cell is much shorter than the third, in Philodicio^ the re-
verse of this is the case.

One species of Promachus was described by Macquart
from Tasmania, but no specimen seems now to be known.

Promachus tasmanensis, Macq.

This species waa described as ashy-gi'ey; abdomen with
doi-sal black spots; moustache yellow; antennas and legs
black ; tibise testaceous.

Length. Male, 20 mm.

Hab. '"Tasmania."

.36. P R o c T A c A N T H u s, Macq.
(Acaufhodelphia , Bigot.)

Wings with the lower branch of the cubital fork curving
upwards and ending in or above the wing-tip ; upper
branch often with a recurrent bend or rudimentary vein-
let; first posterior cell wide open; fourth posterior and
anal cells closed. Abdomen conical and much longer than
the wings; ovipositor with a conspicuous circlet of spines.

Of this genus two species have been described from the
Australian region; one of these, P. durvilhi, Macq., is
given by Macc|uart as from New South Wales, but Miss
Ricardo states that the type is from Tasmania.

172 THE DIPTERA-BEACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Proctacanthus DURViLLti, Macq.

This species is described as having the thorax blackish,
with yellow pubescence and three black stripes ; abdomen
shining black with blue reflections; femora black, tibiae
reddish, with reddish bristles.

Length. Female, 18 mm.

37. Dysmachus, Lw.

Thorax bearing long bristles from front to back ; mou-
stache large and bushy; abdomen with lateral bristles.

Face somewhat projecting; moustache large and bushy.
Antennae with the third joint usually elliptical, but in the
Australian species elongated and almost linear. Thorax
bearing long dense bristles from front to back ; abdomen
with lateral bristles; genitalia of male large; ovipositor
of the female with the end lamellae w^edged-in. Legs stout,
liairy and bristly, the bristles on the tibiae unusually long.
Wings with the normal venation of Asilus.

DyfimarJnis is represented in the Australian region by
a single species, D. riidis, Wall, which does not seem quite
typical of the genus.

Dysmachus rudis, Walk.

Thorax grey-brown, with two darker centre stripes;
abdomen grey-brown, with hind-margins of segments
white ; legs black, with base of tibiae and base of first tarsal
joint reddish ; wings brownish or hyaline.

Length. Male and female, 12 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)

Male. Face grey; moustache large and bushy, reach-
ing nearly to the antennae, black, with a few white hair*
below. Antennae black, the first joint twice the length of
the second, the third longer than the first twO' joints to-
gether, and bearing a thin style. Thorax grey-brown, with
two darker centre-stripes, and suffused interrupted side-
stripes, the whole bearing long black bristles, which de-
scend mane-like to the front margin ; scutellum with two
long black terminal bristles. Abdomen grey-brown, with
hind-margins of segments white, and black lateral bristles ;
genitalia black, large and prominent. Legs black, the
base of tibiae and of first tarsal joint reddish ; all joints
bearing black bristles, those on the tibiae being; especially
long. Wings usually brownish, but. sometimes hyaline.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the abdomen
is produced into a laterally-flattened ovipositor, resembling
that of NeoitamiAs, though shorter than in most species of
that genus.

BY ARTHUK WHITi:. IT-i

D. rudh^ is a common species in the early springtime.
It occurs settled on stones and in similar situations. My
dates range from September 13 to November 9. It also
occurs in Victoria and New South Wales.

38. N E 0 I T A M u s, Ost-Sack.
(Itamus, Loeiv.)

Ovipositor very long and laterally compressed; bristly
hail's of thorax short anteriorly, long posteriorly.

Head somewhat projecting; moustache bushy, but not
nearly reaching to the antennae. Antennae slender, a little
longer than the head, the first joint two or three times
the length of the second, the third about equal to, or a
little longer than, the first two together, cylindrical, and
provided with a thin style. Thorax with short bristles
anteriorly, long posteriorly ; scutellum with two or four
marginal bristles. Abdomen long and narrow, with or
without weak side-bristles ; genitalia, of male large, and
differing in shape in almost every species; ovipositor of
female very long and laterally compressed, and apparently
including the sixth and seventh abdominal segments. Legs
of medium length, all joints bearing bristles. (In the
Palcearctic species of this genus the tibiee are extensively
bright orange, but this is rarely the case with the Aus-
tralian species.) Wings with the normal venation of
Asilus, frequently rilled, but never inflated.

Neoitaimi.s is one of the most difficult of the Australian
genera. It contains a large number of closely-allied
species, w4iich can only be distinguished with difficulty,
the difficulty being increased hy the fact that the same
species is liable to vary considerably according to the part
of Australia in which it occurs. Of the seven known Tas-
manian species two apjDear to be peculiar to the island,
whilst the other live occur also on the Australian main-
land.

Table of the Tasmanian Sj^ecies of Keoitamu^i.

1. Femora entirely black, 2

Femora black above, red, brown, or yellow be-
neath. (Small brownish species.) 6

2. Tibiae entirely black ; abdominal segmentations

yellow. Flavicinctus, White.

Tibiae always partly red, brown, or yellow. 3

3. Scutellum with four marginal bristles, which are

usual!}'' yellow, but sometimes black; thorax
with one broad median stripe; large species.

Hyalipennis, Kicardo.

174 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Scutellum with only two marginal bristles. 4

4. AVings suffused with brown at apex of second

basal cell, at anterior cross-vein, and at base of
cubital fork; bristles of abdomen black; mou-
stache of female almost entirely white.

Caliginosus, White.

Wings hyaline or evenly shaded; moustache of
female largely black. 5

5. Second posterior cell of wings broad and not con-

tracted; front tibiae largely red; bristles of ab-
domein white; ovipositor very long; summer
species. V ulgatus, White.

Second posterior cell of wings conspicuously con-
tracted at a short distance from the wing-m^ar-
gin ; front tibiae blackish ; abdomen practically
bare; ovipositor unusually short; late autumn
species. Abditus, Sp. nov.

6. Thorax with one broad median stripe; posterior

thoracic bristles white. Graminis, White.

Thorax with tv/o median stripes ; all thoracic
bristles black. Brunneus, White.

Besides the above species, xY. fraternus, Macq. has been
described from Tasmania ; this species T am unable to' dis-
tinguish unless it is the same as N . liyalivennls, Ricardo,
which in Tasmauian specimens frequently has the wings
shaded with brown, and like X. fraternus has four scutel-
lar bristles.

Neoitamus flavicinctus, White.

Thorax black with yellow stripes; abdomen black, wdth
segmentations yellow, more distinct in female than in the
male ; legs jet-black ; posterior tibiae and first joint of
posterior tarsi with short, thick, ruddy pubescence on their
inner sides ; wings tinged with brown, darkest towards tlie
tips.

Length. Male, 13.5 mm. ; female (including oviposi-
tor), 15 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. Face covered with golden tomentum. Front
black. Moustache large and bushy, black. Antennae
black, the first and second joints with black bristles, the
third joint scarcely longer than the first two togethei.
Thorax with two black median stripes, divided by a thin
yellow line, and bordered outwardly with yellow ; sides
of dorsum broadly black, bordered with yellow below;
scutellum yellowish, with numerous long marginal blade

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 175

snd yellow hairs. Abdomen black, with segmentations
3^ellow, and bearing yellow pubescence ; genitalia large and
prominent with black pubescence. Legs jet-black, with
abundant black bristles and pubescence ; posterior tibise
and first joint of posterior tarsi with, in addition, short
ruddy pubescence, which is especially conspicuous on the
inner sides of the tibise. Wings brownish, clarkest towards
the tips.

Female resembles the male, but the abdomen is broader,
and the yellow segmentations usually more distinct; ovi-
positor long and narrow.

N. flai'icinctvs is very distinct from any of the other
Australian species; it can be recognised at once by its
black and yellow colouring, and black legs. It is a scarce
mountain species, occurring during the month of January.

Neoitamus hyaliplnnis, Ricardo.

Thorax black and grey, with a broad black centre stripe,
which is bordered with yellow-brown on each side; scutel-
lum with four marginal bristles, which are usually yellow
but sometimes black ; abdomen black with hind-margins
of segments pale grey ; femora black ; tibias orange-brown
with apex black ; wings hyaline or brownish.

Length. Male, 17 mm.; female, 23 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Vallev. (Probably generallv distribut-
ed).

Male. .Face grey, with brown tomentum in middle ;
moustache bushy, black above, white below. Antennae
black, the first joint twice the length of the second, the
third about equal in length to the first and second to-
gether. Thorax grey, with a broad black centrc'-stripe,
bordered by yellow-brown, and broad black side-stripes;
scutellum grey, with four marginal bristles, which are
usually yellow, but sometimes black. Abdomen robust,
black, with hind-margins of segments pale grey ; sides of
abdomen with abundant white pubetscence and short white
bristles. Legs with femora black; tibiae orange-brown,
with apex black ; tarsi black, the first joint brown at the
base; bristles of legs entirely black. Wings either hyaline
or -brov/n.

Female resembles the male, but the abdomen is produc-
ed into a long ovipositor, and is generally less hairy; the
abdominal bristles are shorter, mostly white, but with also
a few black ones.

iY. liyalipennis is the largest known Australian species
of the genus. It may be recognised readily by its large

176 THE DIPTERA-BRACIIYCEKA OF TASMANIA,

Size, four scutellar bristles, and single broad, black,
median, thoracic stripe. It is a comman species, and may
be met with settled on the ground, on fences, and on tree-
liunks. My dates range from November 9 tc February
13. It occurs also in Victoria.

Nkoitamus caliginosus, White.

Thorax black and brown; scutellum with two long term-
inal bristles, either both black or one black and one white;
abdomen black, with hind-margins of segments white ;
femora black ; tibiae red with apex black ; wings hyaline,
suffused with brown at apex of second basal cell, at an-
terior cross-vein, and at base of cubital fork.

Length. Male, 9 mm.; female, 10-14 mm.

liab. Bagdad Valley ; Bellerive.

Fcniale. Face covered with grey tomentum ; moustache
white, with a few black hairs intermixed. Front black.
Antennae black, the first two joints with long black hairs.
Thorax with two median, narrowly-divided, brownish-
black stripes, and two broad lateral stripes ; sides of thorax
light brown ; scutellum brownish-grey, with two long
terminal bristles, of which one is usually white and one
black, but sometimes both are black. Abdomen black,
with hind margins of segments white ; sides of abdomen
with black bristles. Legs with femora black; tibiae red
with apex black, the hind pair darker than the others;
first joint of tarsi and base of other joints red, remainder
black ; bristles of legs mostly black, but with usually a few
white ones. Wings hyaline, with the apex of second basal
cell, the anterior cross-vein, and base of the cubital fork
(also sometimes the base of second posterior cell) suffused
with brown. (To' the naked eye this merely gives tlie im-
pression of the veins being darkened in the areas specified,
but examination with a low-power lens shows the presence
of suffused portions of the wings). Second posterior cell
short and broad, and not contracted.

The female shows the specific characters most clearly.
The male is usually much smaller, the beard yellowish-
white, with a few black hairs below, and the scutellar
bristles are both black.

Tasmanian specimens of this species may be identified
without much difficulty by the irregularly-suffused wings,
the black abdominal bristles, and the almost wholly white
moustache of the female. On the mainland of Australia,
however, besides typical specimens, others occur having
the wings quite hyaline, which renders identification more
difficult.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 1 < 7

X. caUylnosus is a fairly common species; it may be met
with settled on the ground or on tree-td'unks. My dates
range from October 20 to February 13. It also occurs
feommonlv in New South Wales.

"N'eoitamus vulgatus, AVhite (Fig. 28).

Thorax black and grey or black and yellowish ; scut^l-
luni with two long, black, terminal bristles; abdomen
black with hind-margins of segments indistinctly grey ;
femora black; tibiae with basal half, or two-thirds, dark
red ; wings with the second posterior cell broad and not
contracted.

Length. Male, 14 mm. ; female (including ovipositor),
15.5 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley. (Probabh^ generally distribut-
ed.)

Fig. 28. Wing of Neoifanius vulgatus.

Male. Face covered with yellowish-grey tomenttim.
Moustache black above, white beneath. Front black, with
a little light tomentum. Thorax with two black median
stripes, divided by a yellowish line, bordered outwardly
with yellowish-grey, and with two broad lateral black
stripes, which are broken up by light cross-lines into four
distinct patches, in this respect differing from X. hyali-
I'fnnls, which has the side-stripes almost entire; bristles
black; scutellum grey, with two long, black, terminal
bristles. Abdomen black, with hind-margins of segments
indistinctly grey. Legs with femora black ; anterior and
middle tibite with basal two-thirds dark red, apical third
black ; posterior tibise with basal half dark red, apical
half black ; anterior and middle tarsi with first joint two-
thirds red, posterior tarsi with first joint only red at base;
remaining tarsal joints black, with base of each reddish ;
bristles of legs mostly black, but with also a few white
ones. Wings tinged with brown, the cubital fork naiTOw
and contracted in the middle, the second posterior cell
broad and not contracted.

178 THE DIPTERA-BllACHYCERA OF TASMANIA

Female, except for the broader abdomen, and long,
laterally compressed ovipositor, resembles the male in all
respects.

Variation. The above description refers to Tasmanian
specimens, but from New South Wales I have received
specimens in which the thorax bears one broad, instead of
two narrow, median stripes. Such specimens can be dis-
tinguished from N. hyalipennis by the two scutellar
bristles.

N. vuJgatus resembles N. hyalipennis, IV. caliginosus,
and N. abditus. From N . hyalipennis it is distinguished
by the scutellar bristles being o^nly two instead of four in
number', its smaller size, and by the coloured portions of
the tibiae being dark red instead of pale yellowish-red;
from N. cah'r/inosus by the evenly suffused wings, and the
v/hite instead of black abdominal bristles ; from N. abditus
by the different venation, the second posterior cell being
broad and not contracted, and the cubital fork distinctly
contracted in the middle and spread out as it reaches the
wing-margin, also by the lighter colouring of the anterior
tibiae.

JV. vulgatus occurs commonly in the bush, settled on logs
or on fallen branches. My dates range from November 1
to January 18.

Neoitamus abditus, Sp. nov. (Fig. 29).

Thorax grey or brown, with two dark brown centre-
stripes; abdomen black, with hind-margins of segments
grey; femora black; anterior tibiae blackish, posterior
tibias light yellow-brown ; wings with the second posterior
cell conspicuously contracted at a short distance from the
wing-margin; cubital fork narrow and barely contracted
in middle.

Length. Female, 11-12 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Fig. 29. Wing of Neoitamus abditus.

Female. Face grey-brown ; moustache black, with a
few white hairs below. Antennae black. Thorax grey or

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 179

grey-brown, with two very closely approximated dark
brown median stripes, and indistinct side-stripes; bristles
black ; scutellum with two or four black marginal bristles.
Abdomen black, with hind-margins of segments white,
almost bare, but with a little white pubescence ; ovipositor
rather short. Legs with femora black ; anterior tibiae
blackish ; middle tibiae yellow-brown with apex black ;
posterior tibiae yellow-brown ; tarsi yellow-brown, with tips
of joints black ; bristles on femora, tibiae, and tarsi entirely
black. Wings hyaline, the cubital fork long and narrow,
and barely contracted in the middle ; second posterior cell
■conspicuously contracted at a short, distance from the wing-
rnargin.

This species bears a close resemblance to both jV. cali-
ginosus and.3\ vulgatus, but can be distinguished by the
venation, the second posterior cell being long and conspicu-
ously contracted at a short distance from the wing-margin,
instead of being short and broad and not contracted, and,
on the other hand, by the cubital fork being longer and
narrower and less contracted, also by the darker colouring
of the anterior tibiae.

N . ahditus is a late autumn species. It may be met
with not uncommonly settled on the ground or on fencing
posts. My dates range from March 1 to April 26.

Neoitamus geaminis. White.

Thorax yellow-brown, with one broad dorsal and two
lateral brownish-black stripes ; abdomen brownish-black,
v/ith conspicuous light yellow-brown segmentations;
femora black above, red beneath ; tibiae light yellow-brown,
with apex black ; moustache entirely yellow ; posterior
thoracic bristles white.

Length. Male, 11.5 mm.; female, 12.5 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. Face and front covered with pale yellow tomen-
tum ; moustache pale yellow, scanty, without any black
bristles. Thorax yellow-brown, with a broad median and
two lateral brownish-black stripes; sides bright yellow-
brown ; posterior bristles white ; scutellum with two weak
yellow terminal bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, with
hind-margins of segments light yellow-brown, and bearing
yellow lateral bristles,. Legs with the femora broadly
black above, red beneath; anterior and middle tibiae red,
with black bristles, posterior tibiae yellow-brown with
white bristles ; apex of tibiae and tarsi black. Wings ting-
ed with brown.

180 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Female resembles the male, but the legs are lighter, the
tibiae being all pale 3"ellow-brown, with apex black, and
the wina;s are hyaline.

Yariation. Specimens from New South Wales, which
Dr. Ferguson has kindly sent me, have the femora entire-
ly black, except the extreme base, which is light reddish-
brown, and the tibiae are a light yellow-brown in botk
sexes ; the thoracic bristles may be almost entirely white,
or with only a few white o^nes posteriorly ; and the ab-
domen is blacker than in Tasmanian specimens.

This species can be easily distinguished from N . hrunneus,
the only Tasmanian species that it resembles, by the white
thoracic bristles, and by the thora^s having one broad in-
stead of two narrow median stripes.

N, graminh occurs sparingly on high ground, where it
may be found resting on the stems of long grass, during
the months of January and February.

Neoitamus brunneus. White.

A small brown species. Thorax light brown, with two
dark median stripes, and black bristles ; abdomen brown,
with hind-margins of segments indistinctly paler ; femora
black above, light brown beneath ; tibiae light brown ;
moustache pale yellow, with a few black hairs above.

Length. Male, 12 mm.; female, 11 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)

Male. Face covered with yellowish-white tomentum ;
moustache pale yellow, with a few black hairs above. An-
tennae v/ith the first joint red, remainder black. Thorax
light brown, with two dark brown media,n stripes, and
three brown suffused spots on either side ; bristles entirely
black ; scutellum grey-brown, with two long, marginal,
black bristles. Abdomen brown, with hind-margins of
segments indistinctly paler ; dorsum of abdomen with
black, and sides with white, short stiff pubescence. Legs
light brown, with upper surface of femora black, and apex
of tibiae, and last four tarsal joints, darkened; posterior
femora with one long and about three short black bristlesi;
ail tibitc with white and black bristles. Wings very slight-
ly tinged with brown; anterior veins brown, posterior
veins black.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the thorax
is somewhat lighter, and less distinctly marked.

This species bears some resemblance to N. graminis,
but may be easily distinguished by the thoracic bristles
being entirely black, by its lighter colouring, moustache

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 181

with black hairs above, instead of being entirely yellow,
and thorax with two instead of one median stripe.

N. hrunnens occurs commonly settled on roads and on
open hillsides. My dates range from December 19 to
January 25. It also occurs in New South Wales.

39. A s I L u s, L.

Large, brightly-coloured flies; abdomen long and slen-
der; ovipositor conical, and not laterally compressed.

Face somewhat projecting ; moustache fairly large, but
not nearly reaching to the antennae. Antennse rather
longer than the head, the first joint two or three times the
length of the second, the third about equal tc, or some-
times distinctly shorter than, the first two joints together,.
and provided with a long slender style, which is about
equal in length to the third joint. Thorax with short
pubescence anteriorly, long bristles posteriorly. Abdomen
long and slender, as a rule nearly bare, but occasionally
hairy ; weak lateral bristles sometimes present ; genitalia
of male large and globose, and broader than the preceding
abdominal segment; ovipositor of female conical and not
laterally compressed. Legs rather long, all joints bearing
bristles. Wings large, the costal portion frequently rilled ;
cubital fork large and embracing the wing-tip, second pos^
terior cell usually encroaching on the first posterior cell,
fourth posterior and anal cells closed; wings usually tint-
ed with brown or black, but never banded.

Of this genus three species — A. alcetus, A. Sydney ensisy
and A. discufiens — have been recorded from Tasmania, but
the occurrence of the two last, which are New South Wales
species, requires confirmation.

Table of the Tasmanian Species of Asilus (including
the doubtful species).
1. Abdomen black, clothed with long yellow pubes-
cence. DiscuTiENs, Walk.
Abdomen bare. 2"
'1. Abdomen bright fulvous ; slender species.

Sydneyensis, Macq.
Abdomen grey ; robust species. Alcetus, Walk.

Asilus alcetus, Walk.

Thorax black, with two median stripes, and sides bright
yellow; abdomen 3^ellowish-grey, robust, with white and
black side-bristles; femora and tibiae red; knees and
tarsi black.

Length. Male, 17 mm.; female, 19 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

182 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Male. Face yellow ; moustache yellow, with a few short
black hairs above; back of head with tufts of very stiff,
black, post-ocular bristles. Antennse black, the third
joint hardly longer than the first. Thorax dee^p black,
with two bright yellow median stripes, and sides also
bright yellow; thoracic bristles very long, black. Abdomen
unusually robust, yellowish-grey, the sides of segments
with tufts of yellow bristles ; genitalia black, large and
globular. Legs with femora and tibiae red, knees and tarsi
black, all joints bearing black bristles. Wings tinged
with brown.

Female resembles the male; the side-bristles of the ab-
domen are yellow on the first to fifth segments, black on
the sixth to eighth segments); ovipositor very small, and
almost concealed beneath the last abdominal segment.

The above descriptions are those of the ordinary Tas-
manian forms, but do not quite agree with Walker's t3rpe
ii: the British Museum, which has the sides of abdomen
with strong black bristles ; I consider, however, that the
type specimen is merely an unusual variety of the same
species.

A. alcetus is easily recognised by its short robust shape,
bright yellow thoracic strijDes, dull grey abdomen, and
yellow abdominal bristles. It may be found settled on
roads, or on the ground in open grassy country, but can-
not be described as common. My dates range from De-
cember 2G to January 25.

AsiLus DiscuTiENS, Walk.

Moustache yellow, with some black hairs above and be-
low ; thorax and abdomen black, the latter clothed with
long yellow pubescence, which is not confined to the three
basal segments (thus differing from A. inglorius, Marlay) ;
femora and tibipe red, with knees, tarsi, and bristles black.

Length. Female, 32 mm.

Hab. New South Wales.

The occurrence of this species in Tasmania requires con-
firmation.

AsiLUS SYDNEYENSis, Macq.

Moustache white ; antenn?e black ; thorax black, witli
two rather obscure median stripes and sides yellow ; ab-
domen bright fulvous, wnth base and apex black ; femora
and tibice bright orange-red, with knees, tarsi, and bristles
black.

Length. Male, 21-26 mm.; female, 22-24 mm.

Hab. New South Wales.

The occurrence of this species in Tasmania requires con-
firmation.

BY ARTHUR WHITi:. 183

Family VIII. BOMBYLID.E

Moderate-sized or rather large sun-loving flies ; thoracic
bristles usually present, but these are often concealed under
dense furry pubescence; proboscis frequently much elon-
gated; legs thin and slender and almost without bristles;
wings with only three or four posterior cells.

Proboscis usually very long, though sometimes short-
Vertex not at all sunk between the eyes, which are bare,
usually touching or closely approximated in the male, and
widely separated in the female, but occasionally touching
in botii sexes. Antennae porrect, the third joint never
.•innulated, but usually provided with a short style or a
circlet of bristly hairs. Thorax often without any con-
spicuous bristles, but presutural, supraalar, and postalar
bristles may be present; both thorax and abdomen often
clothed with dense furry pubescence, or, rarely, with dis-
tinct scales. Legs thin and slender, either bare or with
small weak bristles. Wings with only three or four pos-
terior ceils ; submarginal cells varying from one to five in
number ; discal cell occasionally wanting ; anal cell long,
either closed or open ; the radial and upper branch of the
cubital vein frequently curved upwards, but in a few
genera the cubital vein is unforked.

This family contains the well known bee-flies [Bomhylius
and Sysfoechus), which may often be seen hovering over
flowers in the spring time. Species of Geron occur settled
on flowers w^ithout hovering, those of Argi/ramceba fre-
quent charred logs in the bush, those of Anthrax and
Compfoiiia occur settled on the ground in hot sunny places.
Some difference of opinion exists as to the division of the
BomhylidcB into subfamilies. Personally, so far as the Aus-
tralian species are concerned, I recognise four sub-
families, the BomhyUncc, Lomati7ioe, Systropince, and
Anthracinas, the limits of all or which are well marked,
but if it is desired to subdivide the family further, then
the genus Cyrtomorpha would be placed in the PlatyjjygincB,
and the genus Marmaxoma in the ToxophorincE. Three of
rlie four Australian subfamilies are represented in Tas-
mania.

Table of the Tasmanian >Svh families of Bomhylidce.

1. The bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins
takes place at a right angle, almost opposite the
median cross-vein. Anthraeinae.

The bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins
takes place at an acute angle, at a considerable
distance from the anterior cross-vein, 2"

184 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

*2 Abdomen rounded or conical, usually with dense
furry pubescence ; proboscis long (except in
those species with a simple cubital vein) ; radial
vein never with a strong loop before its end.

Bombylinse.
Abdomen flattened, bare, and usually parallel-
sided; radial vein with a strong loop before its
end Lomatinse.

Subfamily Bombylinse.

This subfamily is the largest and most typical of the
Bomhylidce. It contains the well-known "Bee-Flies,''
which may often be seen hovering over flowers in the
spring and early summer. Typically the abdomen is very
broad, and covered with long furry pubescence, but in a
few genera it is narrow and conical, and almost bare; it
is, however, never flattened as in the LojnathicE and
Anflirarince. The cubital vein is normally forked, but
there is a peculiar group, which should perhaps form a
separate subfamily, in which the vein is unforked, the
head situated low down beneath a very gibbous thorax, as
ill the Cyrtidce,, and both body and legs are devoid of
pubescence. This curious group is represented in the Aus-
tralian region by a single Tasimanian genus, Cyrtomorijha,
now recorded for the first time. The correct position of
the new genus Marmasoma is also open to doubt, owing
to the scaly vestiture, and the long bristles of the body
and legs. If the subfamily Toraphorince is recognised, it
should be placed there, but until the Australian Boiuhylidce
are properly worked out, and the affinities of the different
genera ascertained, I have preferred to place it in the
Bomhylince

liable of the T'asnianian Genera of Bomhylince.

1. Discal cell wanting; cubital vein unforked,

extremely humpbacked, small bare flies.

Cyrtomorpha, Gen. nov.
Discal cell present ; cubital vein forked. 1^

2. Abdomen narrow, conical and not with dense

furry pubescence. 3

Abdomen broad, rounded, and bearing dense
furry pubescence. 4

3. Wings with only three posterior cells. G e r o n, Meig.

Wings with four posterior cells ; thorax and legs
bristly. Marmasoma, Gen. nov.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 185

4. Wings with iirst posterior cell open; first and

second basal cells of equal length.

SiSYROMYiA, Gen. nov.
First posterior cell closed. 5

5. Wings with first basal cell much longer than the

second. Bombylius, L.

First and second basal cells of equal length.

Systcechus, Lw.

40. C Y R T o M 0 R p H A, Gcu. nov. (Fig. 30).

Small, bare, extremely humpbacked flies, resembling
Cyrtidce. Proboscis short ; wings with the discal cell want-
ing, and the cubital vein unforked.

Fig. 30. Wing of Cyrtomorplia paganica.

Head sm.all, situated low down below the greatly arched
thorax. Proboscis short, about half 'the length of the
liead, projecting forwards. Antennae a little shorter than
the head, the first and second joints apparently anastomos-
ed, and about half the length of the third, which is a slen-
der bulb-shape, tapering towards the apex, and provided
with a bare, thin style, which is but little shorter than
the third joint ; the antennae thus appear to consist of only
two joints and a long style. Thorax extremely gibbous,
bearing short, dense, upright jDubescence, but without any
sign of bristles. Abdomen broad, short, and rounded,
bearing short depressed pubescence. Legs slender, bare,
and without any sign of bristles. Wrings with the discal
cell wanting, and the cubital vein unforked; radial vein
unusually short ; discal vein forked ; first basal cell con-
siderably longer than the second basal cell ; anal cell rather
b)road, open.

This genus seems to be most nearly allied to the Mediter-
ranean and Western Asiatic genus Cyrtosia, but is distin-
guished by the shoi^t instead of long proboscis, the shorter
radial vein, and differently placed discal vein. From all
the other known Australian genera of the BomhyJidce it
may be distinguished by the unforked cubital vein and by
the absence of the discal cell. This genus is proposed for
a scarce species, which is only known to occur in Tasmania.

186 THE DIPTERA-BRACUYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Cyrtomorpha paganica, Sp. nov. (Fig. 30).

Antennse, frcnt, and thorax black, the thorax bearing
dense, pale yellow pubescence ; abdomen black, with hind-
margins of all !»egnientsj dark yellow; legs bright yellow,
the tarsi brownish at the tips; w:ngs hyaline.

Length, 4.5 mm,

Hab. Mangalore.

'■ Male. Face orange-brown ; proboscis black. Front
brownish-black, with a long median furrow. Eyes bare,
separated, but not very widely. Antennae black, of the
form described under the generic characters. Thorax black,
covered with dense, upright, pale yellow pubescence, but
without any sign of bristles. Abdomen black, with hind-
margins of all segments dark yellow, the yellow margins
being broadest on the apical segments, the whole bearing
short depressed yellowish-white pubescence on dorsum, and
fairly long, similarly-coloured pubescence on sides. Legs
with femora yellow, brownish at the base, tibiae clear yel-
low, tarsi yellow with the tips brownish, all the joints being
absolutely without bristles. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.
Halteres pale yellow.

This specie?^ bears more resemblance to the (JyrfidcB than
to the Bomhylida', but may be distinguished by the vena-
tion, and by the absence of the large squamae that are char-
acteristic of the former family.

C. paganica is at present known from only a single speci-
men, which was taken in flight by myself on January 31.
1913.

41. Geron, Meig. (Fig. 31).

Humpbacked flies, with a narrow, conical abdomen, both
thorax and abdomen bearing dense pubescence; wings
with three posterior cells only.

Head set low down in front of the greatly arched thorax.
Proboscis long, about three times the length of head. Palpi
very short. Eyes joined in male, separated in female.
Antennae a little longer than the head, the first joint thin,
more than twice the length of the second, the third about
the length of the first and second together, evenly pointed.
Thorax much arched, and bearing long pubescence. Abdo-
men nan'ow and conical, bearing long pubescence. Legs
long and slender, the tibiae with a few very short bristles.
Wings with three posterior cells, which are all open; anal
cell closed ; cubital vein with a large fork, which embrace®
the wing-tip.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 187

This genus may be easily distinguished by the small
number of posterior cells. In Tasmania two species are
known to occur.

Table of the Tasmanian Sj)ecies of Geron.

\ . Pubescence yellow ; wings partly tinged with
brown ; vein closing the discal cell waved.

DisPAR, Macq.

2. Pubescence white; wings absolutely clear; vein

closing the discal cell straight. Hilaris, Sp. nov.

Geron dispar, Macq.

Syn. Geron cothurnatus. Bigot.

Thorax and abdomen velvet-black, with long yellow
pubescence; legs entirely black (r^) or black with posterior
femora pale brownish-yellow (j); wings strongly tinged
with brown along the costa ; the vein closing outwardly
the discal cell waved.

Length. Male, 6 - 6.5 mm ; female, 4 - 6.5 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley, Hobart, South Bridgewat«r.
(Probably generally distributed.) Also in New South
Wales and Victoria.

Male. Eyes joined from the vertex to the antennse,
flattened in front, and somewhat sunk at the line
of junction. Proboscis and antennae black, the first
antennal joint more than three times the length
of the second, and» bearing extremely long, dense,
black hairs ; second joint extremely short, the third about
equal in length to the first two together. Thorax much
arched, velvet-black, with long, dense, yellow, upstanding
pubescence, and very short, golden, depressed pubescence.
Abdomen similarly coloured, and with similar pubescence
to that of the thorax. Legs entirely black. Wings tinged
with brown along the costal ma.rgin, the amount of brown
varying in different specimens; remainder of wing hya-
line ; the veinlet closing outwardly the discal cell is con-
spicuously waved ; halteres with stem whitish, kno;b black.

Female resembles the male, but the eyes are well separ-
ated, and the posterior femora are pale brownish-yellow,
with only the apex black ; the middle femora may be either
yellow or black, the anterior femora always black. The
front is velvet-black, and the base of antennae surrounded
with silver}^ pubescence.

This species varies very greatly in size, but may be easily
distinguished by the yellow and golden pubescence, the
brown-tinged wings, and the waved veinlet closing the dis-
cal cell.

188 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA

G. cothurnatus. Bigot, would appear from Bigot's descrip-
tion to be merely a pale variety of this species.

G. dispar is common and generally distributed ; it fre-
quents flowers in the bush. My dates lange from Novem-
ber 20 to March 24.

Geron hilaris, Sp. nov. (Fig. 31).

Thorax and abdomen velvet-black, with white pubes-
cence ; legs black ; wings absolutely clear, with the vein
closing the discal cell quite straight.

Length. Male, 4 mm.

Hab. Bellerive.

Fig. 31. Wing of Geron hilaris.

Male. Eyes joined from the vertex to the antennae, the
line of junction being much depressed. Proboscis black,
long and slender. Antennae black, about the same length
as the head, the iirst joint about twice the length of the
second, the third longer than the first two together. Thorax
velvet-black, with long, dense, upstanding, white pubes-
cence, and a little short, white, depressed pubescence. Ab-
domen similarly coloured, and with similar pubescence to
that of the thorax. Legs entirely black. Wings absolute-
ly hyaline, the vein closing outwardly the discal cell quite
straight ; halteres pale brown.

This species may be distinguished from G. (lisjjar by the
straight veinlet closing the discal cell, by the shorter first
antennal joint, by the white pubescence, and the clear
wings.

G. hilaris I have only met with frequenting flowers on
the sand dunes at Bellerive ; time of occurrence February.

42. M A R M a s o M A, Gen. nov. (Fig, 32).

Humpbacked, bristly flies, with the vestiture consisting
largely of scales. Abdomen long, narrow and conical, de-
cumbent with the apex upraised ; proboscis about one-and-
a-half times the length of head ; ar.tennae slender, slightly
longer than the head the first joint fully three times the
length of the second, the third a little longer than the first,
and provided with a pointed, two-jointed style ; femora

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 189

spinose beneath ; tibiae with numerous long bristles ; wings
with four posterior cells, which are all open ; anal cell also
open; discal cell sharply angulated below; number of sub-
marofinal cells two.

Fig. 32. Wing of Marmasoma .surn]ptiiosa.

Head about equal in breadth to the thorax ; eyes in male
joined. Proboscis about one-and-a-half times the length
of head. Palpi very slender, nearly one-third the length
of the proboscis. Antennae slender, slightly longer than
the head, the first joint bearing short hairs above and very
long hairs below, fully three times the length of the second
joint, the third very slightly expanded, a little longer than
the first, and provided with a thin, two-jointed style, which
i? about one-third its length. Thorax very convex, bear-
ing numerous bristles and long bristly hairs; scutellum
much depressed, bearing marginal bristles. Abdomen of
an elongated, conical shape, with the apex upraised, near-
ly bare. I^egs slender, the posterior femora with numer-
ous stout bristles beneath, anterior and middle femora with
one or two bristles close to the apex ; tibiae with numerous
long bristles; tarsi long, about equal in length to the
tibiae, the joints marked by spurs. Wings with two sub-
marginal and four posterior cells, the latter as well as the
anal cell, open ; discal cell sharply angulated below, the
angle being frequently marked b'y a recurrent veinlet.

This genus agrees with the North and South American
genus Lep'doiihora and the Palaearctic and African genua
Toorophora in having the vestiture consisting largely of
scales. From the former genus it may be distinguished by
the shorter and differently proportioned antennye, with a
two-jointed style, from the latter by the four instead of
three posterior cells, and by the open anal cell, and from
both these genera by the hind-angle of the wings being
undeveloped. The shape of the wings more resembles that
of the Mediterranean and Western Asiatic genus Amictus,
and the European and Asiatic genus Cyllenia; from the
former of these Marmasoma is distinguished by the first
joint of antennae being densely hairy, and the third joint
bare and provided with a long two-jointed style, also by
the sharply-angulated discal cell, and the wide open first
posterior cell ; from the latter by the two instead of three

190 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

submarginal cells, by the long proboscis, and the longer
and differently formed antennae ; and from both these
genera by the scaly vestiture.

Marmamma therefore appears to form a connecting link
between Lepidophora and Toxuphora on the one hand, and
Amictus and Cyllenia on the other. The exact position of
this group of genera seems to l^e open to some doubt. Th.©y
have been placed, together with a few other genera, in a
subfamily, the Torophorinoe. The limitsi of this subfamily,
however, seem to be ill-defined, and until the Australian
Bomhylidcp. are properly worked out, and their correct
aifinities ascertained, I have preferred to place Marinasoma
in the Bo7)ibyIi7ice, with which it seems to show certain rela-
tionships.

Marma^onia may be easily distinguished from the other
Tasmanian genera of Bomhi/Jidce by the humpbacked
shape, bristly thorax and legs, and long, bare abdomen.
Only one species is at present known.

Marmasoma sumptuosa, Sp. nov. (Fig. 32).

Thorax dark brown, with twO' median whitish stripes,
bordered inwardly with fulvous, anterior part of dorsum
and sides with dense fulvous pubescence ; abdomen cloth-
ed with fulvous scales, leaving bare a row of large, con-
lluent, dark brown, centre spots ; femora black, covered
more or less thickly with fulvous scales ; tibiae fulvous, tarsi
brown ; wings spotted.

Length. Male, 8.5-11 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley, Hobart. (Also in Victoria.)

Malt. Face barely projecting; eyes joined for a long
distance, reducing the front to an ocellar tubercle and a
lengthened frontal triangle, the former being black, the
latter usually yellow. Antennae black, of the form de-
scribed in the generic characters, the first joint bearing
dense yellow hairs, which are short above, long below, also
with a feiw black haira above ; the third joint and style
completely bare. Palpi black, short and slender; probos-
cis black. Back of head covered with dense fulvoius pubes-
cence. Thorax greatl}'' humped, dark brown, with two
whitish median stripes, which are bordered inwardly with
fulvous ; anterior part and sides of thorax with dense
fulvous pubescence, and numerous long black bristles;
scutellum dark brown, powdered with fulvous scales, and
bearing six stout, black, marginal bristles, besides a few
weak ones. Abdomen of a dark brown ground-colour, but
powdered so extensively with fulvous scales as to appear
fulvous, with a row of large, dark brown, centre spots, the

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 191

Avhole bare except for a few black hairs on the sides of the
lirst three segments. Legs with femora black, covered be-
low with fulvous scales; tibiae fulvous; tarsi black; an-
terior and middle femora with a few black bristles towards
the apex, the posterior femora with a complete row of
black bristles below ; tibiae with numerous very long black
bristles ; tarsi with the joints marked by spurs. Wings
hyaline, with dark brown costal margin, and suffused dark
brown sipots on middle of first basal cell, apex of second
basal cell, anterior cross-vein, base of cubital fork, the two
branches of cubital fork, outer veinlet of discal cell, and
middle of veinlet closing discal cell below; the angulation
•of the discal cell below is frequently marked by a small
veinlet entering the cell.

Variation. A male taken at Mangalore on November
8, 1913, differs considerablv from the type, the colour
being pale grey instead of fulvous, and the long hairs on
the first antenual joint white instead of yellow, also in the
wings the upper iDranch of the cubital fork has a small
veinlet on its lower side.

This species may be readily recognised by its humped
appearance, bristly thorax and legs, narrow bare abdomen,
and spotted Avings. I had not noticed an}^ specimens prior
to 1913, but during the November of that and the follow-
ing year, it occurred not uncommonly, either settled in the
sunshine on bare ground, or frequenting flowers. My
dates range from November 8 to November 29, but it pro-
bably remains on the wing for some time longer.

BoMBVLius (Sensu Jato).

A large number of Australian species have been describ-
ed under the name Bovihyliiis, bub most of these do' not
belong to the genus m its restricted sense. I have examin-
ed the specimens in the collection of the British Museum,
which contains all Walker's t) pes, and find that the sjDecies
seem to fall into four natural groups, distinguished by the
closed or open first posterior cell, and the relative length
of the first and second basal cells. Another character
that shows great variation is the form of the radial vein,
which is almost straight in some species and boldly curved
up in others. At first I considered that this character
might provide generic distinctions, but a careful examina-
tion of the different species has led me to the conclusion
that it is of specific value only. Confiraiation of this view
is supplied by the gen:is Ccm/ptosia, in which a similar
'diversity in the form of the radial vein occurs. The Aus-
tralian species described under BombyUus I place in four

192 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

genera, one of which is new. They are distinguished as
follows :

1. First posterior cell closed. 2

First posterior cell open. 3

2 First basal cell longer than the second.

BOMBYLIUS, L.

First and second basal cells of about equal length.

Systcechus, Lw.
3. First basal cell much longer than the second.

DiSCHISTUS, Lw.

First and second basal cells of almost equal length.

SiSYROMYiA, Gen. nov.
Of these genera Bomhyhus, Syst(vchus, and Sisyromyia
occur in Tasmania.

43. B o M B Y L I u s, L. (Sensu strirto) (Fig. 33).

Thorax and abdomen broad, covered with dense, furry
pubescence; proboscis long ard slender; wings with th©
first posterior cell closed, anal cell open ; first basal cell
miich longer than the second basal cell.

Head small, narrower than the thorax. Eyes joined in
male, separated in female. Proboscis long and slendetr.
Antennse approximated at the base, the first joint much
longer than the second, and bearing long hairs, the third
differing much in shape and longer than the first two joints
together. Thorax considerably arched. Abdomen broad
and rounded ; both thorax and abdomen clothed with
dense furry pubescence. Legs long and slender, with small
bristles. Wings usually hyaline, with a brown fore-
margin, but sometimes spotted ; the first posterior cell al-
ways closed far above the wing-margin ; anal cell open ;
the first basal cell considerably longer than the second
basal cell.

This genus comprises the well known "Bee flies," which
may often be seen hovering over flower?;, whilst they suck
the nectar with, their long proboscis, or at other times
settled on the ground in warm sunny places.

Bomhylius is a genus of very wide distribution, well
represented in the Australian region, but not known to
occur in New Zealand. From Tasmania six species have
been described, but these do not all belong to the genus in
its restricted sense. Of these B. fusranus, Macq, is a true
Bomhylius, B. auratus, Walk, and B. hrevirostris, Macq, and
probably also B. alhicinctus, Macq, belong to Si.^yromyia,
whilst the position of B. fenuicornis, Macq, and B. con-
mhrinuH, Macq, is doubtful. Two other true species of
Bomhylius are now added. Of other Tasmanian species

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 193

belonging to tliis group, Bomhylius rrassus, WalJi^ previ-
ously described only from the Australian mainland, is a
Sysiccchus, and Sysfcchus eulahiatus, Bigot, is a Sisyromyia.

Table of the Tasmanian Species of Bomhylius.

\. Golden-haired, very small species; abdomen with-
out any black hairs. Chrysendetus, Sp. nov.
Fuscous-haired species ; abdomen with intermixed
long black hairs. 2
2. Face in male narrow, about the width of one eye;

legs pale red. Fuscanus, Macq.

Face in male broad, about the width of two eyes;
legs dark reddish black. Palliolatus, Sp. nov. '

In addition to the above two species described by Mac-
quart under the names Bomhylius teniiicornis and Bomhy-
lius consnhrinus, which are unknown to me, may belong
here. The former is described as a red-haired species, with
legs red, and wings hyaline, with base and foremargin
fuscous. Length, female 8 mm., of proboscis 4 mm. B.
ronsohririus is described as a yellovz-haired species, with
legs red, and wings grey, with the base and foremargin
darkened. Length, male and female, 5.5 mm.

BoMBYLius FUSCANUS, Macq.

Syn. ? Bomhylius matutinus, Walk.

Fuscous haired species, the abdomen with int-ermixed,
scattered, long black hairs; femora and tibiae pale red;
wings hyaline, with base and basal part of foremargin dark
brown ; face in male narrow, about the width of one eye.

Length. Male, 5-9 mm. ; female, 6 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in Victoria.)

Male. Face narrow, and nearly parallel-sided, hardly
the width of one eye, fuscous, and bearing dense, long,
black hairs. Proboscis slender, about equal in length to
the thorax. Antennae black, the first joint three times
the length of the second, and bearing long black hairs,
the third strap-shaped, about equal in length to the first
two joints together, and terminated by a pointed styla.
Thorax drab, arched, covered with dense, fiuTy, fuscous
pubescence, which is intermixed sparse black pubescence;
scutellum similarly coloured. Abdomen drab, bearing
sparse fuscous pubescence and scattered, long, black hairs.
Femora, tibiae, and tarsi light red, the tarsi with the tips
darkened. Wings hyaline, with base and basal part of
foremargin dark brown.

194

THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCEKA OF TASMANIA,

Female resemlDles the male very closely, but the eyes are
widely separated, and the ground-colour of the abdomen
beneath the pubescence is black.

Variation. This species varies extremely in size:
some specimens being twice the size of others.

Tlie type of B. matiitiniis. Walk, in the British Museum
very probably belongs to this species, but it is in too bad
condition for absolute identification.

B. fuscanus is a common species in the spring and early
summer. Mv dates range from October 26 to December
24.

BOMBYI.TUS PALLIOLATUS, Sp. UOV. (Fig. 33).

Fuscous-haired species ; abdomen with intermixed long,
dense, black hairs ; legs dark red or reddish-black ; wings
hyaline, with base and basal part of foremargin dark
brown; face in the male broad, nearly the width of the
two eyes together.

Length. Male, 6.5 - 10 mm. ; length of proboscis 3 - 5
mm.

Hab. Mane'alore.

Fig. 33.

Wing of Bomhylius 'paUiolatus.

Male. Face fuscous, broad, nearly the width of the two
eyes together, and bearing long black hairs. Eyes sho^rt
and narrow Front deep brown, very short, but fairly
broad ; vertex with long black hairs. Proboscis black,
slender. Antennae black, the first joint three times the
length of the second, and bearing long black hairs, the
third strap-shaped, distinctly longer than the first two
joints together, and terminated by a minute pointed style.
Thorax drab, covered with very dense fuscous and black
furry pubescence, the black hairs being the longest; scutel-
lum similarly coloured, and bearing very long black hairs.
Abdomen very broad, clothed with very dense, long, furry,
fuscous and black pubescence. Legs dark red or reddish-
black; posterior femora with a row of long black bristles;
ail tibiae with strong, short bristles; first joint of posterior
tarsi distinctly fringed with bristles on the inner side.
Wings hyaline or tinged with brown, the base and basal
part of foremargin dark brown.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 195-

This species bears a very close resemblance to B. fus-
canus, but is a much more hairy insect, for whilst B. fus-
canus, even in fresh specimens, has a bare and denuded
look, B. palliolatus is completely covered with a very
thick and long furry pubescence; the legs too are distinct-
ly darker. The chief distinction^ however, is found in the
face, that of B. palliolatus being almost twice the widthi
of B. fuscanus, and the eyes being very much shorter.

There isi a specimen of this species in the British Museum
collection, labelled Bomhylius matutinus, Walk. It is,,
however, as shown by the broad face, quite distinct from:
the type of B. watufijins, which is also in the Museum col-
lection. The latter specimen is badly denuded, but it may
very probably be identical with B. fuscanus, Macq.

B. palliolatus is a much scarcer species than B. fuscanus.
It seems tO' be an early spring species, my dates ranging
from September 27 to October 22.

BOMBYLIUS CHRYSENDETUS, Sp. nOV.

A very small, golden-b aired species. Abdomen without
any black hairs ; thorax velvet-black ; legs light or dark
red ; wings hyaline, with base and basal part of foremargin
brown.

Length. Male, 5 mm. ; female, 5.5 mm.

Length of proboscis, 2 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Male. Face rather narrow, grey, with long black hairs.
Front extremely small, owing to the joined eyes reaching
almost to the antennae ; vertex with a tuft of black hairs..
Proboscis black, slender, rather short. Antennae black,
about the same length as the head, the first joint about,
twice the length of the second, and bearing long black
hairs, the third strap-shaped, a little longer than the first
two joints together, and terminated by a pointed style.
Thorax velvet-black, with upright dull yellow pubescence
and depressed golden pubescence. Abdomen dull brown-
ish-black, with pubescence similar to that of the thorax.
Legs with femora and tibiae rather dark, dull red; tarsi
and apex of tibiae black ; posterior femora with long black
bristles beneath. AVings hyaline, with the base and basal
part of foremargin brown.

Female resembles the male, but the eyes are widely-
separated; the hairs of the face yellow instead of black;
the front broad, bearing short, depressed, golden pubes-
cence; the pubescence of the body generally brighter; and.
the legs a paler red.

P

196 THE DlPTEllA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

This species; may usually be recognised by its small size,
but may occasionally be confused with unusually small
specimens of B. fuscdnui^- ; from such specimens, however,
it may be distinguished by the complete absence of any
Vilack abdominal hairs, by the grcund-colour of the thorax
being velvet-black instea^ of drab, and by the depressed
golden pubescence of the thorax and abdomen.

This species bears a considerable resemblance to B.
nanui<, Walk, from Western Australia. It is probably
distinct, but the type being in bad condition, the question
cannot be satisfactorily settled until more specimens from
Western Australia are available for com.parison.

B. c/trij.sendefus is not a common species. It frequents
teatree blossom durino- the month of December.

44. S Y s T (E c H u s, Lw. (Fig. 34).

Thorax and abdomen very broad, and bearing long
furry pubescence; proboscis long, moderately slender;
wings with the first posterior cell closed ; anal cell open ;
first and second basal cells of almost equal length.

Head small, set rather low in front of the broader and
considerably arched thorax. Proboscis long, moderately
slender. Antennae about the same length as, or rather
longer than, the head, the first joint considerably longer
than the second, the third usually longer than the first two
together, and terminated by a small style. Thorax and
abdomen broad, the latter clothed with very dense, furry
pubescence, which, in Australian species, is usually banded
and produced into tufts on either side of the apex. Legs
long, moderately slender; posterior femora with bristles
beneath ; all tibiae with short bristles. Wings frequently
spotted ; first posterior cell closed at a considerable dis-
tance above the wing-margin ; anal cell open ; first a,nd
second basal cells of almost eoual length.

-1. o

This genus has so far only been recorded from the Aus-
tialian region by Bigot, who placed in it a species, S. eula-
hiatus, which I have removed to Sisyromyia ; several of the
species described under Bomhylius, however, should be
placed liere. One of these occurs in Tasmania.

SYSTOiCHUs CRASSus, Walk. (Fig. 34).

Syn. Bomhylius crassus, Walk.

Bon'hyl'ni^ plafyurus, Walk.
Thorax fuscous ; abdomen clothed in dense, very pale
brown pubescence, banded across the middle with rich,

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 197

-dark brown, and with two similarly coloured anal tufts ;
legs pale red ; wings spotted.

Length. Male, 12-13 mm.

Length of proboscis, 5 - 5.5 mm.

Hab. Southern and Northern Tasmania.

Wing of Systorehus crassiis.

Male. Face covered with pale golden pubescence, front
with darker golden pubescence. Proboscis black,

moderately slender. Antennie black, the first joint
twice the length of the second, and bearing long
black hairs, the third about one-and-a-half times
the length of the first two together, cylindrical,
tapering towards the apex, which is clearly truncated, and
terminated by a short, very thin, pointed style. Thorax
deep drab, covered with similarly coloured dense pubes-
cence, which, however, if viewed from the front, appears
a very pale golden-brown. Abdomen covered with dense,
very pale brov^^n pubescence, with a dark brown band
across the centre, and two dark brown sub-apical tufts.
Legs light red, the bristles of the tibiae similarly coloured ;
tarsi apically darkened. Wings hyaline, the foremargin
brown, and brown spots situated near apex of first basal
cell, at apex of second basal cell, at each lower corner of
the discal cell, and at base of the cubital fork.

This splendid insect, the finest of the Tasmanian Bomhy-
liclce, may be easily recognised by its banded abdomen and
spotted wings. It occurs hovering over low flowers in the
spring time, and moves with extreme rapidity, appearing
in front of a flower one moment, and vanishing the next.
It probably occurs not uncommonly in suitable localities.
My dates range from October 21 to November 9.

45. SiSYROMYiA, Gen. nov. (Figs. 35 and 36)

Thorax and abdoimen broad, bearing long furry pubes-
cence ; proboscis long and frequently thickened ; wings
with the first posterior cell open, and the first and second
basal cells of almost equal length.

Head about equal in breacCth to the thorax. Proboscis
long, frequently thickened, and with the tip sometimes ex-

198 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

panded. Eyes bare, joined in male, separated in female.
Antenn?e apj^roximated at the base^, the first joint slender
and much longer than the second, the third as long as, or
considerably longer than, the first two together, varying-
ill form in the different species. Thorax slightl}^ arched.
Abdomeai short, about equal in breadth to, or a little
broader than, the thorax ; both thorax and abdomen cloth-
ed with dense, furry pubescence. Legs of medium length ;
posterior femora spinose beneath; tibice with conspicuous
bristles. Wings with both the first posterior and the anal
cell open ; the first and second basal cells of almost equal
length , radial vein varying much in the different species,
sometimes nearly straight, at others boldly curved up to-
wards the costal margin.

This genus may be easily recognised by the open first
posterior ceil in conjunction with the fi.rst and second
basal cells of almost equal length. It is one of the most
characteristic Australian genera,, and contains a consider-
able number of species, which, though resembling those of
Bomhylius, have yet a cnaracteristic appearance of their
own. Two species have been recorded from Tasmania,
whilst a third species, Bomhylius alhicinctus, Macq, pro-
bably belongs here. The last named species is described
as being red-haired ; abdomen with a white stripe ; femora
black; tibiae red; wings hyaline with foremargin fuscous:;
length, female, 6mm.

Table of the Tasmanian Species of Sisyromyia.

1. Abdomen with a bright yellow centre stripe;

wings dark grey with the base ferruginous ; large
species. Aurata, Walk.

2. Abdomen unstriped, clothed in uniform long yel-

low pubescencei; wings hyaline with foremargin
brownish ; small species. Brevirostris, Macq.

Sisyromyia aurata, Walk (Fig. 35).
Syn. Bomhylius auratus, Walk.

Bomhylius crassirostris, Macq.

Thorax and abdomen black, covered with dense, but
rather short, golden pubescence ; abdomen with a broad,
bright yellow, median stripe ; femora and tibiae pale red ;
wings dark grey with the base ferruginous.

Length. Female, 12 mm.

Hab. "Tasmania and Western Australia" (Walker);
also in South Australia.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 199

Fig. 35. Wing of Sisyrofui/ia auratn.

Female. Face and front covered with golden pubes-
cence; vertex with a tuit of long black hairs. Antennae
black, the first joint about three times the length of the
second, and bearing long black hairs, the third consider-
ably longer than the first two together, strap-shaped, term-
inated by a small bristle-like style, and with one or two
long black hairs a little below the apex. Thorax black,
covered with short golden pubescence, and with long yel-
low and black hairs at sides and bordering the scutellum.
Abdomen black, with a broad median stripe of bright yel-
low pubescence, scattered golden pubescence, and abund-
ant long black hairs. Femora, tibiae, and first joint of
anterior and middle tarsi pale red ; remaining tarsal joints
and the whole of the posterior tarsi black ; posterior femora
beneath with a complete row of spine-like bristles; all
tibiae with bristles, but these are longest and stoutest on
the posterior pair; first joint of posterior tarsi fringed
with short bristles. Wings dark grey, with the base ferru-
ginous; discal cell large; radial vein boldly curved up to
the costal margin, which it meets at almost a right-angle.

This fine insect is easily recognised by its golden ap-
pearance, bright yellow abdominal centre-stripe, and large
size. It was described by Walker from Western Australia
and Tasmania, but confirmation of its occurrence in Tas-
mania seems desirable. It also occurs not uncommonly
in South Australia.

SlSYROMYIA BREVIROSTRIS, Macq. (Fig. 36).

Syn. Bombylius hrevirostris, Macq.
Systc£chus eulahiatus, Bigot.

Thorax and abdomen clothed in long yellow pubescence ;
femora black ; tibiae red ; wings hyaline with foremargin
brownish.

Length. Male, 6-7 mm.; female, 6.5 mm.

Hab. Bagdad.

200 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Fig. 36. Wing of Sisyromyia hrevirosfris.

Male. Face covered with pale yellow pubescence, front
with pale golden pubescence. Proboscis black, nearly
three times the length of the head, with the tip slightly
inflated. Antennae black, the first joint about three times
the length of the second, and bearing long yellow hairs,
the third about equal in length to the first two together, of
a slender strap-shape, with a rounded style-like apex. Eyes
joined. Thorax and abdomem of a dull black ground
colour, which in fresh specimens is entirely covered with
very long, furry, yellow pubescence, but this becomes very
easily detached. Legs very slender, femora black, Vv-ith
pale yellow pubescence, anterior and middle tibise red, pos-
terior tibiae brown, the whole bearing minute bristles ;
tarsi black. Wings hyaline, with the foremargin brownish.

Female resembles the male, but the eyes are very widely
separated, and the pubescence of the face and front paler.

This species seems to b© very local, but is probably com-
mon where it occurs. The males hover in the air in the
bright sunshine at a height of some five feet from the
ground, but should a cold wind arise they disappear com-
pletely. It occurs during February.

Subfamily Lomatinse.
This subfamily may be recognised by the radial vein of
the wings being strongly looped before it reaches the costal
margin, in conjunction with the short proboscis. The
species may be either bare or covered with short pubes-
cence, but never with the long, furry pubescence of the
Bomhylimr ; thorax comparatively flat ; abdomen long and
frequently flattened; posterior cells always four in num-
ber.

Tfihle of tlie Taxmani(ni Genera of Tjiniatinc^.

1. Abdomen rather broad and greatly flattened, bear-

ing abundant short pubescence ; tibiae with
bristles ; antennae with a long style.

C () M p T 0 s I A, Macq.

2. Abdomen very narrow, almost cylindrical, practi-

cally bare; tibiae absolutely without bristles;
antennae without a style. D o c i d o m y i a. Gen. no v.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 201

46. C o M p T o s I A, Macq.

Antennae composed of three very short joints and a long-
aristiforni style ; abdomen rather broad, and distinctly flat-
tened ; both thorax and abdomen moderately pubescent;
wings with the radial vein strongly looped before its end ;
number of submarginal cells two or three.

Head about equal in breadth to the thorax. Eyes very
narrowly separated in male. More widely in female. Pro-
boscis either porrect, and about half the lengtli of head, or
completely concealed within the oral aperture. Antennae
w^ith the three joints very short, and almost concealed by
stiff pubescence, the third terminated by a long aristiform
st^dei, which is about equal in length to the three antennal
joints together. Thorax somewhat arched, and moderately
pubescent. Abdomen rather broad and distinctly flat-
tened, with fairly long lateral pubescence. Legs moderately
slender ; tibiae with short bristles. Wings with either two
or three submarginal cells, and four posterior cells, the
latter being all open, as is also the anal cell ; radial vein
much looped before its end, and frequently strongly re-
current ; the median cross-vein situated close to' the apical
end of the discal cell.

This genus contains a large number of Australian species.
These fall into two divisions, according to the number of
the srubmarginal cells, which may be either two or three.
Macquart originally described the genus as possessing
three submarginal cells, but afterwards placed in it species
in which only two were present ; this, I think, is cjuite cor-
rect, as the numbeT of submarginal cells seems to me to be
a specific character only. The considerable variation in the
curvature of the radial vein also seems tC' be only of specific
value. Many cf the Australian species were described by
Wplker under the genus Anthra r.

From Tasmania three species have been described.

Table of the Taswanian Siierieft of Com pto^ia.

1. Wino-s brown, with hvaline spots, and a white

hvaline band across- the tips ; number of submar-
g-inal cells two. Maculipennis, Macq.

Wings hyaline, with foremarain broadly brown,

and four small brown spots below. 2

2. Two submarginal cells. Geometkica, Macq.
Three submarginal cells. Corculum, Walk.

COIMPTOSIA MACULIPENNIS, Macq

Syn. Anthrax ocellata, Walk.
Anthrax inchi.m, Walk.
Anthrax rogiiata. Walk.

202 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Wings brown, with hyaline spots, and a white hyaline
.band across the tips.

Length. Male and female, 12 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. Face black, bearing dense golden pubescence.
Proboscis short and stout, less than half the length of head.
Antennae black, about the length of head, the base con-
cealed by black and golden hairs. Front black, with long
black hairs above, and golden hairs below. Thorax black,
bearing short golden pubescence, and a few long black
hairs posteriorly. Abdomen black, the hind-margins of seg-
ments with short, golden, depressed j^ubescence, and sides
of abdomen with long hairs, which are yellow on the first
two, and black on the remaining segments. Leg;9, brown-
ish-black. Wings large, brown, with a white hyaline band
across tne tips, and hyaline spots situated on the discal
cellj and on the base of the first posterior cell; the radial
vein is very slightly recurrent, and meets the costal margin
at almost a right angle.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the eyes are
more widely separated, and the white band across the
wing-tips rather less conspicuous.

C. maculipennii^ is less frequently met with than
■C . geometrica, but at the same time can hardly be dee
scribed a® scarce. It occurs during February.

COMPTOSIA GEOMETRICA, Macq.

Syn. Anthrax oh.wura, Walk.

Wings hyaline, with the foremargin bx'oadly brown, the
brown colour being curved up in a half-circle above the
base of the cubital fork, in the middle of which hyalin©
half-circle is a brown spot, and there are also three small
brown spots below.

Length. Male and female, 10-11 mm.

Hab. G-enerally distributed.

Male. Face covered with rather long, pale golden
pubescence. Proboscis stout, less than half the length of
head. Antennae black, about half the length of head, the
base concealed by yellow hairs. Eyes very narrowly
-separated. Front black, bearing rather long black hairs.
Thorax black, with very short, depressed, golden dorsal
pubescence and long, black, lateral pubescence, and
dense white pubescence below. Abdomen deep brown, the
dorsum with scattered, short, golden, depressed pubescence
centrally, and similar white pubescence towards the sides ;
sides of abdomen with long black hairs. Legs brown.
Wings large, hyaline, with the foremargin broadly brown,

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 203

the brown colour being curved up in a half circle above
the base of the cubital fork, in the middle of which hyaline
half-circle is a brown spot, and there are also brown spots
at each lower corner of the discal cell, and at the apex of
the second basal cell ; number of submarginal cells two ;
the four posterior and anal cells all open ; the radial vein
strongly recurrent before reaching the costa.

Female resemblesi the male very closely, but has the eyes
more widely separated.

Variation. This species varies greatly in size, extremely
small specimens being sometimes met with.

C. geometrica is a commo^n species. It first appears to-
wards the end of September, and may be found settled on
the ground in warm sunny places throughout the early
summer.

COMPTOSIA CORCULUM, Walk.
Syn. Anthrax corculiun, Walk.
Comj^tosia tricellata, Macq.
Judging from Macquart's description, I think that there
is little doubt that his C. tricellata, described from Tas-
mania, is the same as C. corculum, a^ well-known mainland
species. This species resembles C. geometrica very closely,
but is distinguished by possessing three instead of two sub-
marginal cells. I have not met with it in Tasmania per-
sonally.

47. D 0 c I D 0 M Y I A, Gen. nov. (Fig. 37.)

Antennje much shorter than the head, the first and
second ioints rounded, the third bulb-shaped, without a
style ; abdomen very narrow and cylindrical, both thorax
and abdomen practically bare ; legs short, without bristles ;
wings with the radial vein strongly looped and slightly re-
current ; first posterior and anal cells wide open ; number
of submarginal cells two.

Fig. 37. Wing of Docidomyia puellaris.

Head large, broader than the thorax. Proboscis con-
cealed within the oral aperture. Eyes in male narrowly

204 THE DIPTEUA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

separated. Antenna? short, about one quarter the length
cf head ; the first and second joints rounded and of about
equal length, the third bulb-shaped, about as long as the
two first joints toigether, and without a style. Thorax
narrow, not at all arched, with a little short pubescence,
but without any evident bristles. Abdomen bare, long,
narrow, and cylindrical. Legs short, slender, and quite
bare, even the tibiae being without bristles. AVing,s of
medium length, but narrow, the alula wanting, and the
hind-angle quite sloped away ; median cross-vein upright,
situated a little beyond the middle of the discal cell ;
radial vein strongly looped and slightly recurrent; the four
posterior cells and the anal cell all wide open ; number of
submarginal cells two ; halteres long-stalked.

This genus is proposed for two undescribed species, one
of which occurs both in Victoria and Tasmania, whilst the
other seems to be confined to Victoria. The Tasmanian
species is a slender, delicate fly, and bears more resemblance
to a Syrphid than to one of the Bowhylidce.

DociDO?,iYiA PUELLARis, Sp. nov. (Fig. 37).

Face, front, and thorax black ; abdomen black, the in-
cisions of segments usually white; legs black, with the
knees light brown ; wings hyaline.

Length. 7 mm.

Hab. Bagdad. (Also in Victoria.)

Face, front, and antennae black. Thorax black, with soft
white lateral pubescence; both thorax and scutellum with-
out bristles. Abdomen black, the hindmargins of segments
usually narrowl^' white; first segment with white pube-
scence at sides. Legs black, v.ith the knees light brown.
Wings hyaline.

This species may be easily recognised by its slight,
slender shape, absence of bristles, black colouration, and
clear wings. The undescribed Victorian species, referred
to previously, which may possibly be found to occur also in
Tasmania, has the wings light brown, and the cubital fork
possesses a long recurrent veinlet.

D. piiellarin seems to be generally scarce ; the only two
specimens that I have met with occurred on November 7
and January 19 respectively.

Subfamily Anthracinse.

This subfamily may be recognised by the venation, the
bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins taking place at
a right-angle, almost opposite the median cross-vein. The

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 205

species are rather flattened in shape, never humpbacked or
conspicuously bristly, usually moderately pubescent, but
never with the dense funy pubescence of the Bomhylince.
In Tasmania three genera are known to occur.

Table of the TasiiKinian Genera of Antlirncince.

1. Wings with three submarginal cells. 2
Wings with only two submarginal cells. 3

2. Antsnn?e with a distinct style.

ExoPRosopA, Macq.

3. Antennae without a distinct style. Anthrax, Scop.
Antennae with a style bearing an apical pencil of

hairs. (Velvet-black species, with wings mostly
black). A R G Y R A M CE B A, Schin.

It should be noted that although the species of Anthrax
have u'jually only two submarginal cells, yet varieties occur
in which three are present, or occasionally there may be
two on one wing and three on the other. In any case,
however, the species may be distinguished from those of
EToproiiopd by the want of any differentiated antennal
style.

48. E X o p R o s o p A, Macq.

{Trinaria, Muls. Argyro^piJa, Rond. Utteralonia, Rond.

Defili ppia, Lioy. Eroptata, Coquill.)

Third joint of antennae elongate-conical, with a fairly
long, clearly-differentiated, terminal style, ending in a
microscopic bristle, but withorft any apical pencil of hairs.
Proboscis short. Claws, of posterior tarsi with a basal
tooth. Wings with three submarginal cells; the four pos-
terior cells and the anal cell all open.

Two species of Erojjrosopa have been described by Mac-
quart from Tasmania, neither of which is known to me,
and I am unable to say whether or not they are correctly
placed. The position of the second species (E . hicellata) is
particularly doubtful, owing to its possessing only two sub-
marginal cells. The following are Macquart's descrip-
tions.

ExOPROSOPA OBLIQUEFASCIATA, Macq.

Black ; head with white pubescence ; abdomen banded
with white, the sides spotted with brown ; wings hyaline,
with the base, ccsta, and two obli pie stripes brown.

Length. 12 mm.

Hab. 'Tasmania."

206 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

ExoPROSOPA BiCELL\TA, Macq.
Black, with red tomentum. Wings> brown with hyaline
spots; number of submarginal cells two.
Length. Male, 11 mm.
Hab. "Tasmania."

49. Anthrax, Scop. (Fig. 38.)

Antennae without any clearly-differentiated style ; wings
with two submarginal cells ; the bifurcation of the radial
and cubital veins takes place at a right angle, almost in a
line with the median cross-vein.

Fig. 38. Wing of Anthrax minor.

Head large, globular, as wide as the thorax. Proboscis
short, not in the least projecting. Antennae very small
and short, widely separated at the base, the first joint
cylindrical, the second cup-shaped, the third an elongated
bulb-shape, without any differentiated style, the apex ter-
minated by a micro'scopic bristle. Eyes separated in both
sexes, but more widely in the female than in the male.
Thorax rather large, flattened, and pubescent; scutellum
with or without marginal bristles. Abdomen longer than
the thorax, sometimes conspicuously flattened. Legs slen-
der, the tibiae with small, weak bristles. Wings with nor-
mally two submarginal cells, but varieties occur in which
three are present, or there may be three on one wing and
only two on the other; radial vein curved upwards, but
never strongly looped as in the Tjomatincd; upper branch
of cubital fork much curved upwards ; posterior cells four
in number, which are all open, as is also the anal cell.
The wings in Australian species are usually'- hyaline, with
the costal margin brown, but they may be quite hyaline,
or entirely suffused with brown.

A large number of Australian species have been described
under the genus Antlirur, but many of these do' not really
belong here, but should be placed in the genera Hypera-
lon'ia, ExoproRojia, Argyramaclia, and Comptima. Of the
true species of Anthrax, eight of the sixteen Australian
species at present known occur in Tasmania.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 207

The species belonging to this genus may usually be found
settled on the ground in hot, sunny places, in which situa-
tions several of the species are abundant.

Table of the Tasmanian Species of Anthrax.

1. WingSi with at least one half brown. 2
Wings hyaline, or at most with the foremargin

brown. 3

2. Wings cut sharply in a nearly straighl line into a

deep brown basal hall and a hyaline apical half.

Incisa, Macq.
Wings with the base and costal half suffused with
brown, which melts gradually into the hyaline
portion without any distinct lina of demarca-
tion ; abdomen with twO' white bands.

Alter NANS, Macq.

3. Wings completely hyaline ; pubescence at sides of

thorax yellowish-white ; small species. Minor, Macq.

Wings practically hyaline, but a little darkened
along the course of the clcsely adjacent media-
stinal and subcostal veins; pubescence at sides
of thorax fulvous ; small to middle-sized species.

NiGRTcosTA, Macq.

Wings hyaline, with the base and foremargin dis-
tinctly brown. 4

4. Large species (usually about 12 mm ). 5
Small species (5 to 8 mm.). 6

5. The 1irown colouration of the foremargin never de-

scends so far as the bifurcation of the radial
and cubital veins, which is always clear; the
black pubescence on sides of abdomen is confined
to the third and subsequent segments, that on
the second segment being pale yellow.

Marginata, Walk.
The brown colouration of the foremargin covers the
bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins; the
black pubescence on sides of abdomen com-
mences on the second segment. Velox, Sp. nov.

6. Pubescence at base of abdomen yellowish-white;

wings rather dull. Simplex, Macq.

Pubescence at base of abdomen silvery-white ;
wings brightlv glistening. Argentipennis, Sp. nov.

Anthrax incisa, Macq.

This species was originally described by Macquart from
Tasmania. T have not met with it personally, but there

208 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

is a specimen in the collection of the British Museum.
It may be recognised by having the wings cut sharply
into a deep brown basal half and a hyaline apical half, the
dividing line running obliquely from a point on the costa
about two-tbirds the distance from the base of wing, to the
posterior margin about ore third che distance from the
ba&e. Macquart describes the abdomen as black with
apex silvery, and length as 7 mm.

Anthrax alternans, Macq.

Front brown; thorax and abdomen brov^ nish-black, the
latter with two white bands; wings with the base and
costal half suffused with dark brown, tips and posterior
margin clear.

Lenofth. Male and female, 11-12 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed.

Male. Head much produced in front. Face black,
with a little yellow pubescence. Front dark brown, with
short, stiff, black hairs bordering the base of antennae out-
wardly. Antennse black. Thorax brownish-black, with a
collar of stiff brown hairs; scutellum testaceous, with black
marginal bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, the second
and fourth segments with a white band, the third with a
very narrow yellow band, apex with whits scaly pube-
scence ; sides of abdomen with soft white a,nd black
pubescence. Logs black. Wings strongly suffused with
dark brown, but tips and posterior margin hyaline.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the' eyes
are rather more widely separated.

This species may be readily recognised by its brownish
wings and abdomen with two white bands. It seems tO' be
generally common in Tasmania, and in the collection of
the British Museum are specimens, apparently identical,
from Western Australia, so the species is probably of very
wide distribution.

A. aUernan!^ may commonly be met with settled on the
ground in warm sunny places, during the spring and early
summer.

Anthrax minor, Macq. (Fig. 38.)
Syn. Arithrax vifrea, Walk.

A small species with perfectly clear wings; thorax and
abdomen brownish-black; pubescence at sides of thorax
yellowish-white, at base of abdomen clear white.
Length. Male and female, 5-8 mm.
Hab. Bagdad Valley. (Probably generally distributed.)

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 200

Male and female. Thorax brownish-black, with dull
white or yellowish-white pubescence at sides ; scutellum
similarly coloured, without any marginal bristles. Abdo-
men brownish-black, with short, depressed, white and yel-
low pubescence disposed in bands, which becomes very
quickly denuded ; base oi abdomen fringed with clear white
hairs on each side. Leg^ with femora black or brownish-
black, tibiae black or light brown, tarsi black. Wings ab-
solutely clear, bright an».l glistening.

This species may be easily recognised by its small size
and perfectly clear wings ; the only species with which it
can be confused is A. nigricof^ta, but the latter species has
the long pubescence at the ^idi^s of thorax tawny instead of
white.

A. minor is a fairly common species, and is probably
generally distributed. My dates range from January 11
to March 1.

Anthrax nigricosta, Macq,

Wings practically hyaline, but a little darkened along
the course of the closely adjacent mediastinal and subcostal
veins; pubescence at sides of thorax fulvous; abdomen
with a w^iite band on the seco.id segment ; a species that
varies very greatly in size.

Length. Male and female, 5-8 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed in Tasmania, Victoria,
South Australia, and New South Wales.

Male. Eyes most closely approximated in front of the
ocellar tubercle. Face narrow, black. Front black, with
brown and white pubescence around the base of the an-
tennae. Antennae black. Thorax brownish-black, with
long fulvous pubescence in front and at sides; scutellum
similarly coloured, with black marginal bristles. Abdo-
men black, with a white pubescent band on the second
segment, which is usually visible even in denuded speci-
mens); remainder of dorsum with short white and brown
pubescence, which falls off very readily ; the first segment
has long tawny pubescence at sides, the second with long
white pubescence at sides ; remaining segments and apex
with long scattered black hairs. Legs black, the femora
frequently yellowish beneath. Wings hyaline, but fre-
quently a little darkened along the course of the closely
adjacent mediastinal and subcostal veins; base of wings
yellow.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the eyes
are more widely separated.

210 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Variation. A specimen taken by myself at Mangalore
on December 31, 1911, has three submarginal cells instead
of the usual two; in other respects, however, it agrees per-
fectly with A. nigricosta, and I consider that it is merely a
variety of that speicies. Other specimens show great
variation in respect to size, some specimens being quite
twice the size of others.

A. 71 igri casta may be recognised without much difficulty
by the fulvous hairs on each side of the thorax, in con-
junction with the white band on the second abdominal
segment, and the practically hyaline wings. It seems to be
common and generally distributed. My dates range from
December 31 to February 13.

Anthrax marginata, Walk.
Syn. Anthrax fuscicostata, Macq.

A large species. Wings hyaline with foremargin brown,
but the brown colouration never descends so far as the
bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins, which is al-
ways clear; abdomen broad and flattened, the black
pubescence on sides confined to the third and subsequent
segments, that on the second segment being pale yellow.

Length. Male and female, 11.5-14 mm.

Hab. Tasmania (generally distributed), Victoria, and
New South Wales.

Male. Face and front black, the former covered with
short white or yellow pubescence. Antennae black. Thorax
and scutellum dull brown or brownish-black, the thorax
with pale fulvous anterior and lateral pubescence, and a
tuft of white pubescence above the base of the wings, the
scutellum with black marginal bristles. Abdomen broad
and conspicuously flattened, black, with v/hite pubescent
bands on the second, fourth, and sixth segments, and nar-
row yellow pubescent bands on the third and fifth segments,
but all these bands are very easily rubbed off, and are fre-
quently wanting in dried specimens ; the long pubescence
along the sides of the abdomen, however, is j^resent even
in denuded specimens, and is of more value for identifi-
cation ; that on the first and second segments is dull yel-
low or yellowish-white, on the third yellow or white an-
teriorly, black posteriorly, on the fourth principally white,
on the fifth and sixth prinripally black, on the apex white.
Legs black. Wings hyaline, with the foremargin
brown, but the brown colour never descends so far as the
bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins, which is al-
ways clear.

BY ARTHUR WHITK. 211

l'\iiiaJe resembles the male very closely, but the eyes
are more widely separated.

This species may be easily recognised by its large size
and flattened shape, in conjunction with the diagnosis
given above. It is common, and generally distributed in
Tasmania, and seems to be distributed over the whole of
Eastern Australia. My only records are for February, but
no doubt the species remains on the wing throughout the
summer season.

Anthrax velox, Sp. no v.

A large species. Wings hyaline with foremargin brown,
the brown colour completely covering the bifurcation of the
radial and cubital veins; abdomen not flattened, the black
pubescence at sides cominencing on the second segment.

Length. Female. 13 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Femah. Face and lower fourth of front completely
covered v/ith short yellow pubescence, upper three-fourths
of front black, with short black, and a little short dark yel-
low, pubescence. Antennae black, with stiff black hairs at
base. Thorax dull brown, with long yellow-brown pube-
scence anteriorly, and laterally;, scutellum a little darker
than the thorax, with marginal yellow hairs. Abdomen
brownish-black, the dorsum bearing white and yellow
pubescence disposed in bands, that on the second, fourth,
and sixth segments being white, on the other segments
yellow, but all these pubescent bands become quickly de-
nuded ; sides of abdomen with long hairs, those on the
first segment pale yellow, on the second and third
yellow anieriorly, black posteriorly, on the fourth white
anteriorly, black posteriorly, on the fifth and sixth black;
apex with short yellow and long black pubescence. Legs
black, with short depressed ^^ellow 2>ubescence; pos-
terior femora and all tibire with short black bristles.
Wings hyaline, with the base and foremargin brown, the
brown colour completely covering the bifurcation of the
radial and cubital veins.

Male. The only specimen of the male that I have seen
resembled the female described above ver}^ closely, but was
considerably smaller in size.

The only other Tasmanian species with which A. velox can
be confused is A. marginata. From the latter species it
may be distinguished by the brown colouration of the
foremargin being broader, and completely covering the
bifurcation of the radial and cubital veins, also by the black
tuft-like lateral hairs on abdomen commencing on the sec-

Q

212 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

ond instead of on the third segment; the abdomen alsj
is rounder, and less flattened in appearance. Of the main-
land species the only one that ^4. velox resembles is A.
alhirufa, Walk, but in the latter species the brown colour-
ation of the wings is diffused from the base, instead of from
til© middle of the costal margin.

A. velox occurs settled on the ground in sunny places,
and may also be found on box bloom; it flies w^itli great
rapidity. I have only met with it during Januaiy.

Anthrax simplex, Macq.

A small species. Wingsi hyaline with foremargin brown ;
pubescence at base of abdomen yellowish-white.

Length. Male and femxale, 5-6 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley. (Also in New South Wales.)

Male and female. Face and front black, bearing short
golden pubescence. Thorax dark brown, with yellowish-
white or pale brownish-white^ anterior and lateral pube-
scence; scutellurn dark brown. Abdomen dark brown,
with long yellowish-white or very pale brown hairs on
each side of the basal segmen.t: dorsum with short, de-
pressiod, white and yellow pubescence, forming white bands
on the anterior margins of the second and fourth seg-
ments, and yellow bands on the remaining segments. Legs
black. Wings hyaline, rather dull, with base and foremar-
gin brown.

Variation. A female taken by myself at MangaloTe on
December 24, 1911, has three submarginal cells on the
right wing, and only two on the left.

A. simijlex can be easily recognised by its small size,
and wings with the foremargin broadly brown. The only
other known small species having the wrings similarly col-
oured is A. argenfiiiennis, which is distinguished by having
the pubescence at base of abdomen bright silvery-white.

A. siniyplex occurs commonl}'- in the Bagdad Valley during
December, and is probably generally distributed.

Anthrax argentipennis, Sp. nov.

AVings bright hyaline, with base and. foremargin deep
blackish-brown; abdomen with long silvery- white pube-
scence on sides of the first and second segments.

Length. Mai© and female, 7-10 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Male. Head distinctly produced in front; face and
front black, with a little short golden pubescence. An-
tennae black. Thorax brownish-black, with light brown

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 213

pubescence in front, and a little silvery-white pubescence
at sides; scutelium similarly coloured. Abdomen brown-
ish-black, with dense, long, silvery-white pubescence on
sides of the first and second segments ; sides of remaining
segments and apex with long black hairs; dorsum with
short wdiite and yellow pubescence, the former forming a
white band on the second segment. Legs black, compara-
tively stout. Wings hyaline, brightly glistening, the
base and foremargin a deep blackish-brown.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the eyes
are more widely separated.

This species resembles A. simplex somewhat closely, but
may be distinguished by the long pubescence on sides of
the first and second abdominal segments being bright sil-
very-white, instead of yellowish-white, by the larger size,
and by the more glistening wings with darker foremargin.

A. arge.ntipennis occurs not uncommonly in elevated bush
at Mangalore, during the months of December and Janu-
ary. It frequents clr}^ watercourses and similar situations.

50. Aegyramceba, Schin.
{Spogostijlum, Willist. Cnguilletia, Willist.)

Antennse with a clearly differentiated style, which is
terminated by a pencil of hairs.

Head broader than the thorax. Proboscis short, not in
the least projecting. Eyes narrowly separated in male,
more widely in female. AntenuEe very small, the third
joint jnore or less onion-shape, with a style-like prolonga-
tion, ending in a differentiated style with an apical pencil
of hairs. Thorax bearing dense pubesceence; scutelium
vrithout any marginal bristles. Abdomen flattened,
broadening posteriorly, with a pointed apex, the whole
bearing dense pubescenece, which is longest at the sides.
Legs of medium length, slender, tibiae with rather long,
weak bristles. Wings with the typical venation of the
Anthracince ; number of submarginal cells two ; first pos-
terior cell wide open ; anal cell either narrowly open, or
closed on the wing-margin.

Tliis genus is represented in Tasmania by a single
species, which is easily recognised by its velvet-black abdo-
men, with silvery-white apex, and almost black wings.

Argyramceba maculata, Macq.
Syn. Anthrax maculata, Macq.
Anthrax australis. Walk.
Thorax and abdomen velvet-black, the apex of abdomen
silvery-white; wings with basal half, foremargin, and spots

214 IHE DIPTERA-BKACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

black, the black colour occupying the great part of the
wings, remainder hyaline.

Length. Male and female, 7-11 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed. (Also in Victoria and
New South Wales.)

Male and female. Face and front black, Avith rJiort,
dense, black hairs. Antenna" black. Thorax black, with
a collar of white or yellow hairs, and black hairs at sides.
Abdomen black, with apex entirely silvery-white, or with
silvery-white on either side, leaving the actual tip bla.ck ;
sides of abdomen with long dense hairs, which are w^hite on
the first segment, black on subsequent segments. Legs en-
tirely black. Wings with the base and foremargin very
broadly black, the black colour reaching to the hindmar-
gin irregularly beneath the end of the discal cell, and along
the hindmargin are four to six isolated, or partly isolated,
black spots, but all these black markings differ in size and
extent in different specimens, and may be partly confluent.

Variation. Besides the variation in the markings of the
wings, referred to above, this species varies very greatly in
size, the expanse of wings ranging from 20 mm. to 32 mm.

A. maculata is fairly common in Tasmania, and seems to
be very widely distributed on the Australian mainland. It
has a fondness for settling on charred stumps and logs in
the bush. My dates range from November 7 to January 12.

Family IX. EMPID^E.

Head small, usually much narrower than the thorax.
Proboscis frequently elongated, but sometimes short. Eyes
m the male either joined or separated, in the female sep-
arated, except in the Hyhofin(r. Antennae composed of
three joints. Either with or without a terminal style or
arista., but the first joint is sometimes difficult to distin-
guish. Thorax usually gibbous, with, as a rule, well-
developed dorsocentral, acrostichal, humeral, posthumeral.
notopleural, supraalar, and poistalar bristles. Abdomen
narrow, either bare or with lateral bristles ; the male geni-
talia large and complex. Legs slender, either nearly bare,
or bearing stiff bristles, or tufts of hairs; the first joint
of anterior tarsi sometimes inflated in the male. Wings
with the anal cell usually shorter than the second basal
cell, but in the Hyhotince and Bracliyxtoinatince, equal in
length or longer, whilst in the Tachydroiniince it is alto-
gether wanting ; the discal cell is also sometimes wanting ;
the shape of the wings may be normal, or the hind-angle
may be altogether slojDed away.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 215

Tlie Em'piche fomi a veiy large family of small flies of
inconspicuous appearance, which sometimes occur in
great abundance. They are predaceous in their
habits, preying on other diptera. Their habits are some-
what diverse. Species of HiJara occur flying in numbers
over the surface of pools and streams, or, more rarely, over
the bare ground ; species of Em pis may be found frequent-
ing flowers or dancing in the air ; those of Leptopeza fre-
quenting low vegetation. The greater number of Tas-
manian species occur in the spring time, whilst two species
are found in midwinter; during the height of summer but
few species are to' be met with.

It will be noticed that in the j^i'esent Paper I have
adopted the spelling E nip idee and Leptidce, rather than
tliat of EmpididcE and Leptididce, as now used by some
entomologists. The former spelling has been in use for
over a century, and is formed in the usual way from
typical genera. The latter spelling is derived from the
supposed plural forms of Euipix and Leptis; a generic
name, however, can only exist in the singular, as there
cannot be more than one genus of the name of Euipis, or
one of that of Lepti-f. Therefore the spelling Empididxe
and Leptididce is derived from words, which, notwithstand-
ing their Greek origin, have no existence in scientific
nomenclature. Under these circumstances I consider that
the words E inpididce and Leptididce are not only pedantic,
but also incorrect.

For our present knowledge of the Australian Empidce.
we are largely indebted to Dr. M. Bezzi's ''Empididi
Indo-Atistrcd iani Raccoiti dal Signor L. Bir6,'' * in which
twenty Australian species are listed. Very little atten-
tion, however, " has so far been paid to the Tasmanian
species, and I am now able to record twenty-three species
from Tasmania alone, whilst there is no doubt that when
the wetter parts of the island are properly investigated
this number will be largely increased.

Five subfamilies have been recorded from the Australian
mainland, of which only three are at jDresent known from
Tasmania, but as the other two are almost certain to
occur, I give the distinctions betw^een all the five sub-
families.

Tcdjle of the Ausfraliau SuhfamilieH C)f Empidce.

1. Anal cell wanting; discal cell united with the second
basal cell. TaehydPomiinsB

Anal cell present. 2

*Annal€s Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1904.

216 THE DirTEPtA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

2. Hind-angle of wing sloped away. Hemerodpomiinse
Hind-angle of wing well developed. o

3. Anal cell longer than the second basal cell. (In

the aberrant genera Bicellaria and Sciadocera, in
which it is shorter, the discal cell is wanting.)

Hybotinse
Anal cell shorter than the second basal cell. 4

4. Proboscis long; the anal cross-vein (i.e., the veinlet

closing the anal cell) strongly recurrent, and be-
coming confluent with the anal vein. Empinse
Proboscis short; the anal cross-vein meets the anal

vein at a right aiigle, or almost so. Oeydromiinre

Of the above subfamilies only the three last are at

present known to occur in Tasmania, but when the damper

parts of the island are properly examined the others are

almost certain to be found.

Subfamily Hybotinse.

Two undescribed aberrant genera occur in Tasmania,
which probably belong to this subfamily. In one of these,
Irononiyia, three veinlets arise from the discal cell, instead
of two, as in all the other genera in which the discal
cell is present; in this character it agrees with the sub-
family Bracliystomatince, but its other characteristics seem
to show more affinity with the Hyhotiucp. The other genus,
Sciadocera, is very aberrant, and differs from all other
genera of the Hybofince in having the eyes in the female
widely separated, and in the form of the antennae.

Tahle of the Tasmanian Genera of Hyhotince.

1. Anal cell longer than the second basal cell. 2
Anal cell shorter than the second basal cell. 3

2. Discal cell emitting three veins; radial vein closely

approximated to the cubital, and extending almost
to the wing-tip. Ironomyia, Gen. nov.

3 Discal cell wanting; first and second basal cells of
equal length ; eyes in female widely separated.

Sciadocera, Gen. nov,

51. I R o N o M Y I A, Gen. nov. (Fig. 39.)

Wings with the anal cell longer than the second basal
cell; discal cell with three issuing veinlets; radial and
cubital veins closely approximated and of almost equal
length.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 21'

Fig. 39. Wing of I ronoinyia ni^jromacuUita.

Head broader than the thorax. Eyes ( ,^ ) joined from
the verteix to the antennae. Proboscis short, hardly pro-
jecting beyond the oral aperture. Palpi rounded, shorter
than the proboscis. Antennse very short, abcut one-fourth
the length of head, the first joint hardly distinguishable,
the second a little longer than broad, the third rounded,
and provided with a long, thread-like arista, which is ap-
jDarently jointed almost at its base, the arista, being about
twice the length of the three antennal joints together.
Thorax only slightly arched, with a few weak posterior
bristles; scatellum with weak marginal bristles. Abdomen
short, conical; male genitalia small and inconspicuous.
Legs short, the tibiie and tarsi of about equal
length, the tibiae thin at the base, but thickening grad-
ually to the apex; all joints practically bare; tarsal claws
unusually large, two well-developed pulvilli present, be-
tween which are three bristles of equal length. Wings
broad, the costa convex and serrated ; mediastinal vein
fused with the subcostal, which is lono- reachino- to the
sharply-defined stigma; radial vein unusually long, at first
well separated from the cubital, after which the two veins
converge, almost meeting below the stigma, and then
slightly diverge, reaching the margin close together a
little above the wing-tip ; cubital vein iinforked ; discal
cell long, emitting three velnlets; number of posterior
cells four ; the three basal cells short, the first a fraction
longer than the second, the third a little longer than
the first ; hind-angle of wing strongly developed.

This remarkable sfenus may be disbino-uished at once
by its very unusual venation. Only one sjiecies is at pre-
sent known.

Iroxomyia nigromaculata, Sp. nov. (Fig. 39.)
Thorax and scutellum black ; abdomen grey in centre,

with a dorsal row of black spots, sides of abdomen black;

femora black, with knees yellow ; tibiae yellow, with apex

black, and a black ring near the base ; wings hyaline, with

a clearly-defined yellow-brown stigma.
Length. Male, 4.5 mm.
Hab. Hobart.

218 THE DIPTKRA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Male. Head chiefly occupied by the very large, joined
eyes ; face small, grey. Antenn?e with second joint light
brown, third black. Thorax black, with posterior margin
grey, the whole bearing scattered, erect, black pubescence,
and a few weak, posterior bristles ; scutellum brownish-
black, w^ith weak black marginal bristles. Abdomen grey
dorsally, with a row of black spots extending from the
second to the seventh segment; base aTid sides black ; dor-
sum bare, sides with long, soft, pale pubescence. Legs with
femora black, knees yellow; tibiae yellow, with apex black,
and a black ring near the base ; tarsi with first three joints
yello'wish, fourth and fifth black ; pulvilli yellow, ciaws
black. Wings hyaline, with a clearly-defined yellow-brown
stigma.

Of this species I have only met with a single specimen,
which occurred settled on a tree trunk at Hobart, on Oc-
tober 5, 1912.

52. S c I A D o c E R A, Gen. nov. (Fig. 40.)

Wings with the basal cells short, the first and second
of equal length, the anal a little shorter; discal cell want-
ing ; cubital vein unf orked ; discal vein incomplete at the
base, and an incomplete veinlet reaching the margin be-
tween the cubital and discal veins. Antennje verv short,
the terminal joint large, almost c|uadrangular, and com-
pletely concealing the preceding joints; eyes in female
widely separated; tJiorax greatly arched; abdomen short;
legs simple.

Fig. 40. Wing of Sciailorcia rnfoinaruldfa.

Head placed low down below the greatly-arched thorax.
Proboscis concealed within the oral aperturei. Eyes in
female very widely separated. Antenn?e so short that
the terminal joint seems to lie directly against the face ;
it is very large, flattened, almost quadrangular, and pro-
vided with a thread-like arista ; the terminal joints of
the two antennae touch one another on their inner mar-
gins, and reach to the eyes on their outer margins, cover-
ing the face, and completely concealing the preceding

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 219

joints. Front with six stiff bristles — a divergent pair at
the centre of the vertex, a single one on each side close to
the eyes, and one lower down above each antenna. Thorax
greatly arched, with three complete rows of small dorsal
bristles, and well-marked humeral, posthumeral, noto-
pleiiral, supraalar, and pcstalar bristles, scutcllum with
four long marginal bristles. Abdomen about equal in
breadth to, but a little longer than, the thorax, altogether
without bristles. Legs of medium length, bearing a few
bristles, the coxpe considerably lengthened. Wings large,
unusually broad, the costa strongly convex ; mediastinal
and subcostal veins anastomosed, cubital vein unforked ;
discal vein incomplete at the base, and with an incomplete
veinlet above; discal cell wanting; the basal cells short,
the first and second of equal length, the anal a little
shorter.

The correct position of this curious genus is somewhat
doubtful. Notwithstanding the very different venation, I
am of opinion that it is allied to the genus Ironoinyla
previously described. The venation resembles that of the
genera Micromnki and Bicellaria, particular!}^ the latter,
but differs from that genus in having the second basal
cell only equal in length to, instead of much longer than,
the first basal cell. It differs so much, however, from
Bicellaria in the form of the antennae, the widely-separated
eyes of the female, and the shape of the wings, that I
am doubtful whether the resemblance in venation may
not be a misleading one. The genera Microsania anct
Bicellaria are placed by Lundbeck in the Hyhotince^ by
Melander in the Ocydromiincz; without wishing to ex-
press an opinion as to the correct position of these two
genera, I might mention that the new genus now de-
scribed seems to m© to show no relationship whatever with
the Ocydromiince, and that if it is referable to any of
the existing subfamilies, it can only be placed in the
HyhotincE.

Only one species is at present known.

SCIADOCERA RUFOMACULATA, Sp. UOV. (Fig. 40.)

Antenna? orange ; face, front, thorax, and scutellum or-
ange^brown ; abdomen black, the second to fifth segments
bearing each two dull orange-red spots ; legs yellow ; wings
hyaline.

Length. Female, 4 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Female. Head situated low down below the greatly
arched thorax. Face and front orange-brown; frontal

220 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

bristles black. Antennae orange. Thorax and scutcllum
orange-brown, with black bristles, as described under the
generic characters, but quite bare of pubescence. Abdo-
men with first segment dull orange-red; remaining seg-
ments dull black," the second to fifth bearing each two
dull orange-red spots; apex with short, black bristles.
Legs yellow, with a few scattered black bristles. Wings
hyaline, without any trace of a stigma.

"^This species is easily recognised by the orange-brown
thorax, and black abdomen, with ten dull orange-red spots.
Only one specimen is known, which was taken by myself
on September 25, 1912, in the bush at Mangalore; I
searched the same locality for other specimens in succeed-
ing years, but without success.

Subfamily Empinse.
This subfamily, so far as is known at present, is re-
presented in the Australian region by six genera, all of
which, w^ith the exception of Anthejjiscojnis, occur in Tas-
mania. These genera may be recognised by the long, or
fairly long, proboscis, and by the anal cross-vein (i.e., the
vein let closing the anal cell) being strongly recurrent, and
becoming confluent wdth the anal vein.

Table of the Tasmanian Genera of Einpince.

1. Cubital vein forked. 2
Cubital vein not forked. 4

2. Mediastinal vein curved up at its end, and meet-

ing the costa ; anterior tarsi in male, with the
iirst joint conspicuously dilated. H i l a r a, Meig.

Mediastinal vein straight, or nearly so, and not
meeting the costa. 3

3. Anterior tarsi in male w^th the first joint conspicu-

ously dilated ; metapleural bristles wanting.

HiLAROPUS, Gen. no v.
Anterior tarsi in male not at all, or very slightly,
dilated; metapleural bristles present. Em pis, L.

4. Cubital vein connected with the radial vein by a

cross- vein. Tenontomyia, Gen. nov.

Cubital vein not connected with the radial vein.

R H A M P H O M Y I A, Mcig.

53. HiLARA, Meig. (Fig. 41.)
Anterior tarsi in the male with the first joint conspicu-
ously dilated ; mediastinal vein short, curved up at its
end, and meeting the costa; length of proboscis about the
height of head.

BY ARTHUR WHITE.

221

Head about the same breadth or a little narrower than
the thorax. Eyes separated in both sexes, very rarely
joined in the male. Proboscis in length abont the height
of head. Antennae equal in length to or a little longer
than the head, the first and second joints short, the third
conical, tapering, and terminated by a two-jointed style.
Thorax with acrostichal, dorsocentral, and notopleural
bristles, and also, usually, a himieral, posiliumeral, sup-
raalar, and postalar bristle on each side; metapleura
without bristles. Abdomen slender, nearly bare, trun-
cate in male, pointed in female. Legs of medium length,
the anterior tarsi in male with the first joint conspicu-
ously dilated, the shape differing in each species. Wings
with the mediastinal vein short, curved up at its end,
and meeting the costa ; cubital vein with a long, narrow
fcrk ; discal cell with three issuing veinlets ; anal vein
weak and generally abbreviated.

The species of HiJara occur commonly skimming over
the surface of ponds and streams, or, more rarely, over
the bare ground. Most of the Tasmanian species are found
in the spring time, but one occurs in the late autumn.

-Fig. 41,

Right front leg of (a) HiJara efficient, (b) H. hal-
(c) H. nimia, (cl) H. nuhila, (e) H. mollicella.

Tahh of the Tasmanian Si^ecies of Hilar a.

Halteres black or dark brown. 2

Hal teres yellow or very pale brown. 3

Wings brown ; thorax brown, striped ; anterior tibiae
in male with uniform short hairs; large, robust
species. (Length, 6 mm.) Efficiens, Sp. nov.

Wings almost hyaline ; thorax black, unstriped ; an-
terior tibiae in male with very long hairs ; small,
delicate species. (Length, 3 mm.)

Balneaeia, Sp. nov.

222 THE DIPTEKA-BRACHYCERA OF TA8MAXIA,

3. Anterior tarsi in male witli first joint enormously

dilated ; thorax deep black ; wings hyaline.

NiMiA, Sp. nov.
Anterior tarsi in male with first joint not enor-
monsly dilated ; thorax brown, 4

4. Thorax with two conspicuous black stripes;

femora and tibife blackish, with yellow knees;

wings brownish ; spring species. Nubila, Sp. nov.

Thorax with four faint stripes; femora and tibise

uniform pale brown; wings practically hyaline;

late autumn species. Mollicella, Sp. nov.

Besides the above species, two species were described
by Walker under the names of Hlldra cert a and Hilara
confirmata, but asi I have, unfortunately, been unable to
examine Walker's types, I am unable to say to what genn=3
they really belong.

Hilara efficiens, Sp. nov. (Fig. 41a.)

Thorax brown, with two anterior dark brown stripes,
and a broader dark brown stripe on each side ; scutellum
grey, with a fringe of black marginal bristes ; abdomen
deep brown ; anterior and posterior tibias in male densely
pubescent ; wings brown.

Length. Male, 7-8 mm. ; female, 6 mm.

Hab. Ma>ngalore, Red Gate.

Male. Face and front black. Eyes rather widelv sep-
arated. Proboscis about equal in length to height of head.
Antennae blackish, a little longer than the head, the first
and second joints short, the third about twice the length
of the first two together, and terminated bv a. long, slen-
der style, which is rather more than half its length.
Thorax brown, with two anterior, narrow median, and
two broad lateral, dark brown stripes; bristles black,
dense, but not particularly long ; scutellum grey, with a
fringe of eight or more black bristles. Abdomen dark
brown, with abundant white lateral pubescence. Legs
stout, black ; anterior and posterior tibife. with very dense
brown pubescence; anterior tar&i with the first joint con-
siderably inflated, oval, and about equal in length to
the other four jointsi together. Wings brown, with a dark
brown stigma; the mediastinal vein curved up, and meet-
ing the costa; cubital fork long, but not very narrow; anal
vein fairly long, but not reaching the wing margin.

Female has the abdomen broader and shorter than in
the male, the legs nearly bare, and without any sign of
inflation.

BY ARTHUR WHITK. 223

This species does not seem so confined to the neigh-
bourhood of water as the other Tasmanian species of
Hilara, but may be found skimming low o\'er the bare
ground. It is generally a common species. My dates
range from October 1 to December 31.

Hilara balnearia, Sp. nov. {Pig. 41b.)

Thorax and abdomen black; anterior tibi?e with long,
scattered, black, hair-like bristles; wings almost hyaline;
halteres dark brown.

Length. Male, 3 mm.

Hab. Hob art, Mangaloro.

Male. Face and front black ; vertex with ^ong, black
bristles. Eyes separated. Proboscis stout, hardly as long
as the height of head. Antennae black, the first and sec-
ond joints short, the third rather more than twice tfie
length of the first two together, and terminated by a long,
slender style, which is a little mere than half its length.
Thorax black, unstripecl, with very long, scattered black
bristles ; scutellum with four marginal black bristles. Ab-
domen brownish-black, bare of pubescence, but with short
black terminal bristles. Legs dark brown, anterior tibiae
with long, scattered, black, hair-like bristles ; anterior
tarsi with the first joint considerably inflated, and bearing
a single, very long black hair on its inner side. Wings
faintly tinged with brown, and bearing a brown stigma ;
the mediastinal vein short, curved up at its end, and meet-
ing the ccsta; cubital fork long and narrow, the upper
branch nearly as long as the lower; anal vein fairly
long, and nearly reaching the wing-margin ; halteres dark
brown.

This species frecjuents the neighbourhood of water ; it
is probably widely distributed, though hardly so common
as some of the other species. My dates range from Sep-
tember 24 to November 16.

Hilara nimia, Sp. nov. (Fig. 41c.)

Front tarsi in male with the first joint enormouslv dilat-
ed; thorax velvet-black, abdomen brownish-black; wings
hyaline ; halteres yellow.

Length. Male, 4.5-5 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)

Male. Face and front black ; vertex with short, black
bristles. Eyes separated. Proboscis about the same
length as the height of head. Antennae black, the first
and second joints very short, the third a little more than

224 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

twice- the length of the first two together, and teiTninatecl
by a slender style, which is rather more than half its
leng-th. Thorax with anterior two-thirds velvet-black, pos-
terior third brown ; dorsal bristles very short, lateral
bristles of medium length ; scutellum brown, with four
black marginal bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, with
posterior margins of segments light brown ; sides w4th
both short and long weak, black bristles. Legs black, with
the posterior knees narrowly yellow ; anterior tibise with
long, black hairs at apex ; posterior tibise with short, wide-
ly-separated black bristles ; anterior tarsi with the first
joint enormously dilated. Wings hyaline, with a brown
stigma ; the mediastinal vein curved gently up t-o the
costa, which it joins; cubital fork long and narrow; anal
vein becoming evanescent at some distance from the wing-
margin; hal teres yellow.

This species may be easily recognised by the enormously
dilated front tarsi of the male, and the velvet-black
thorax. It occurs abundantly skimming over the surface
of pools of water in the early spring time. My dates
range from September 1 to October 10.

HlLAEA NUBILA, Sp. UOV. (Fig. 41d.)

Thorax light brown, with two narrow, black longitud-
inal stripes ; legs brownish-black, with posterior knees con-
spicuously yellow ; wings tinged with brown, and with a
very conspicuous dark brown stigma; halteres pale whit-
ish-yellow.

Lengih. Male, 3.5 mm.; female, 3 mm.

Hab. Hob art.

Male. Face and front brown ; vertex with black hairs.
Eyes separated. Proboscis stout, shorter than the height
of head. Antenna with the first and second joints very
short, the third slender, about twice as long as the first
two together, and terminated by a long style, which is
about equal to it in length. Thorax pale greyish-brown,
with two narrow black stripes, bounded outwardly by a
black spot on either side ; dorsal bristles of medium
length, lateral bristles long; scutellum pale grey, with four
black marginal bristles, the two terminal ones being, mucA
the longest. Abdomen deep brown, wath weak, black mar-
ginal bristles. Legs brownish-black, with posterior knees
conspicuously yellow; anterior tibise with a few long, very
widely-separated, black bristlesi on the inner side ; pos-
t-erior tibiae with a few short, black bristles ; anterior tarsi
with the first joint long and dilated, and bearing short,
black bristles on both sides. Winos brownish, with a ver\^

BY ARTHUR -SVHLTK. 225

distinct dark brown stigma ; mediastinal vein short, curved
up at it^ end, and meeting the costa; cubital fork long
and narrow, the upper branch almost ar> long as the lower ;
anal vein long, and almost reaching th© wing-margin;
halteres pale whitish-yellow.

Female resembles the male, the thorax beirg similarly
striped; abdomen a lighter brown, and produced into a
long ovipositor; anterior tarsi not dilated, but thei first
joint long and slender, in length rather more than that
"of the remaining four joints together; wings paler than
in the m.ale.

This species may be recognised without difficulty by
the conspicuously striped thorax. I found it frequenting
the rocks in the bed of a mountain stream at Hobart on
November 18, 1913; probably it occurs not uncommonly
in similar situations.

xTlLARA MOLLICELLA, Sp. UOV. (Fig. 41e.)

Thorax brown, with four faint brown stripes; legs a
uniform pale brown; wings practically hyaline, with a
faint stigma; halteres light brown; late autumn species.

Length. Male, 3 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Male. Face and front black; vertex with black hairs.
Proboscis stout, about as long as the height of head. An-
tennae short, the third joint twice as long as the first and
second together, and terminated by a slightly thickened
style, which is nearly equal to it in length. Thorax brown,
with four faint, narrow, brown stripes ; dorsal bristles
of medium length, lateral bristles long; scutellum grey,
with four marginal black bristles. Abdomen brown, dark-
est towards the apex, and bearing a few short, black
bristles. Legs a uniform pale brown; anterior tibiae with
a few widely separated black bristles ; posterior tibiae
almost bare, but with a few short, black bristles; anterior
tarsi with the first considerably dilated, in shape a length-
ened oval, about equal in length to the remaining four
jointsi together. Wings practically hyaline, but with a.
faint brown tinge; the mediastinal vein short, curved up
gently at its end, and meeting the costa; cubital fork
long and narrow, the upper branch nearly as long as the
lower; discal cell more produced above than in H. niibila',
anal vein nearly reaching the wing margin.

This species differs from all the other known Tasmanian
species of Hilara by occurring in the late autumn, in-
stead of in the spring time. I have only met with a single
specimen, which occurred at the side of a pond at Man-
galore, on April 26, 1914.

126

THE DIPTEKA BEACHYCERA Ot^ TASMANIA,

54. Hilar OP us. Gen. nov. (Figs. 42 and 43.)
Small or medium sized flies resembling H/'Iara, but dis-
tinguished by the mediastinal vein being straight, incom-
plete, and not reaching the costa ; anterior tarsi in the
male with the first joint dilated as in Hi/ara.

Head small, narrower than the thorax. Eyes separated
in both sexes. Proboscis varying in length from about
the height of head to twice the height of head. Antenna?
about the same length, or a little longer than the head,
the first joint either short or fairly long, the second always
short, the third about as long as the first two joints to-
gether, either broad or slender, and terminated by a style
which is from a quarter to half its length. Thorax rather
arched, with bristles as in Hilar a, and, in the male, some-
times bearing dense pubescence; metapleural bristles
wanting. Abdomen slender in the male, broader in the
female, in the former sex sometimes bearing lateral tufts
of stiff bristles. Legs either moderately short or elongated,
the first joint of anterior tarsi in the male always con-
spicuously dilated, and the femora and tibire in the same
Fex may be densely hairy. Wings with the mediastinal
vein nearly straight, and not reaching the costa ; cubital
fork either short or fairly long ; discal cell with three
issuing veinlets, which are all complete ; anal vein w^eak,
and not reaching the wing-margin.

The species belonging to this genus resemble those of
Hilara, both in appearance and in habits, but are distin-
guished by the straight, incomplete mediastinal jrein,
which does not reach the costa. From Erniiis the genus is
distinguished by the greatly dilated front tarsi of the
male, and by the absence of metapleural bristles. From the
Tasmania n species of Empi.^ it may be further distinguish-
ed by the shorter proboscis. Four species are at present
known, which seem to fall into two natural groups, as
given below.

Fig. 42. Right front leg of (a) H ihiropua pall idif urea,
(b) //. ii'xjrinianux. (c) //. pcreyrinii^, (d) II. cclnnatus.

BY AltTIIUPv WHITE, 227

Tahh of the Tasmdniaii Spf.cie>< of Hilaropu^.

1. Small, delicate species ; abdomen in the male with-

out lateral tufts of stiff bristles. 2

Large, robust species; abdomen in male with

lateral tufts of stiff bristles. 3

2. Legs brown; anterior tarsi in male with first joint

moderately dilated ; anterior tibi?e with apex
bare; abdomen bare. Pallidifurca, Sp. nov.

Legs black ; anterior tarsi in male with first joint
considerably- dilated, and anterior tibiae with
apex bearing long hairs ; abdomen hairy.

NrGRiMANus, Sp. nov.

3. Male with thorax velvet-black, abdomen covered

with blue tomentum ; female with thorax joale
grey, flushed above with red, and bearing four
black stripes; halteres yellow. Peregrinus, Sp. nov.
Male with thorax velvet-black ; abdomen dull
black with white tomentose side-spots; halteres
black. EcHiNATuSj Sp. nov.

lIlLAROPUS PALLIDIFURCA, Sp. UOV. (Fig. 42a.)

Thorax and abdomen dark brown; legs light brown;
anterior tibije with apex bare; wings with the veins faint,
particularly the upper branch of the cubital fork; hal-
teres pale brown.

Length. Male, 4 mm. ; female, 4.5 - 5.5 mm,

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. Face and front brown. Eyes separated. Pro-
boscis in length nearly twice the height of head. Antennae
dark brown, slightly longer than the head, the first joint
twice the length of the second, the third about as long as
the first two together, and terminated by a style which
is about half its length. Thorax brown, unstriped, with
short anterior and long posterior bla.ck bristles ; scutellum
with four long marginal bristles; metapleura wdthout
bristles. Legs entirely light brown ; all femora and tibice
practically bare ; anterior tarsi with the first joint length-
ened and moderately thickened, and bearing on its outer
margin a fringe of long hairs ; middle and posterior tarsi
simple. Wings long, pale brown ; mediastinal vein
straight, and ending abruptly at a short distance below tlie
costa; cubital fork long, the upper branch ver}^ faint, as
are also the veinlets closing the discal cell outwardly; anal
vein curved, and not reaching the wing-margin ; halteres
pale brown.

Female resembles the male closely, but the wing-veins
are rather more distinct; all the tarsi are simj)le, and the
abdomen is produced into a long oviiDOsitor.

R

228 THE DIPTERA-BRACriYCERA OF TASMANIA,

This species frequents pools of water like the species
of Hilaru ; it seems to be rather uncommon. My dates
range from November 17 to November 30.

HiLAROPUs NiGRiMANus, Sp. nov. (Fig. 42b.)

Thorax and abdomen dark brown, the abdomen hairy ;
front tibice with long hairs at apex ; anterior tarsi in the
male with first joint much dilated; wings with veins dark
and distinct.

Length. Male, 3 - 3.5 mm.

Hab. ]\Iangalore.

Male. Face and front black: vertex with long, black
bristles. Eyes separated. Proboscis in length about the
height of head. Antennae rather longer than the head,
the first and second joints very small, the third slender,
about twice as long as the first two together, and termin-
ated by a slender style, which is about half its length.
Thorax brown, unstriped, thoracic bristles of medium
length; scutellum w^th six marginal bristles, the two
middle ones the longest, the two outer short ; metapleura
without bristles. Abdomen brown, with long, black, lat-
eral pubescence. Legs entirely brownish-black, anterior
tarsi with the first joint great dilated; anterioi- tibiae with
a tuft of long, black hairs on the outer side close to the
apex ; middle and posterior tibiae with a thin fringe of
black hairs; posterior femora with scattered black hairs.
Wings brownish, the mediastinal vein straight, becoming
evanescent at its tip, and not reaching the costa ; cubital
fork fairly long, but not narrow; veins of wing dark
brown and distinct; halteres dark brown.

This species may be met with commonly in the early
spring, skimming the surface of pools of water in com-
pany with Hilara niinia. My dates range from August
17 to September 1, but it j^robably remains on the wing
until 0 later date.

HiLAROPUs PEREGRiNUS, Sp. uov. (Fig. 42c and 43.)

Male with thorax velvet-black ; abdomen with first seg-
ment black, remaining segments covered with pale blue
tomentum. Female with thorax pale grey, flushed above
with red, and bearing four very distinct black stripes, the
two median ones narrow, the two lateral ones broad, and
interrtipted in the middle ; abdomen black, with only a
faint trace of the blue tomentum of the male. Halteres
yellow.

Length. Male, 6-7 mm.; female, 7 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley. (Probably generally distributed.)

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 229

Fig. 43. Wing of Hilaropus peregrinus

Male. Face grey. Front with lower third grey, upper
two-thirds black. Proboscis a little longer than the height
of head. Palpi a little less than half the length of the
proboscis, light brown, with long, pale yellow hairs. An-
tenna brownish black, about as long as the head, the first
joint twice the length of the second; the third thickened,
about twice as long as the first two together, and termin-
ated by a short style, which is about one-quarter its length.
Thorax velvet-black, bearing dense black pubescence; onl}'
the posterior lateral bristles well-defined ; scutellum vel-
vet-black, with a fringe of numerous long, weak, black
marginal bristles. Metapleural bristles wanting. Ab-
domen somewhat conical; first segment black, remaining
segments covered with pale blue tomentum, all segments
bearing lateral tufts of black bristlesi; genitalia black,
large, and rising Avell above the level of the abdomen.
Legs black, with the knees narrowly orange; front tarsi
with the first joint much dilated, and bearing a fringe
of hairs outwardly ; the first joints of the middle and
posterior tarsi are alsoi somewhat swollen ; anterior and
middle tibiae clothed with long, black hairs ; posterior
tibiae with very long yellow and black hairs; posterior
femora with ver}'- long yeilow hairs below, and black hairs
above. Wings rather short, tinged with brown, and with
a brown stigma; mediastinal vein nearly straight, and
not reaching the costa; cubital fork broad, the upper
branch much shorter than the lower; discal cell with
three issuing veinlets, whigh are all complete; wing- veins
dark brown and strongly marked ; halteres light brownish-
yellow.

Female differs so much from the male that it might
v/ell be mistaken for a distinct species. The front is en-
tirely grey. Thorax pale gre}^, the centre of the dorsum
flushed with red, and with four very distinct black stripes,
the two median ones narrow and entire, but not reaching
to the posterior margin, the two lateral ones broad, and
interi'upted in the middle ; scutellum pale grey, with mar-
ginal bristles as in the male. Abdomen black, with faint
traces laterally and posteriorly of the pale blue tomen-

230 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA. OF TASMANIA,

turn of Lhe male. Legs with all joints simple, and prac-
tically bare. Wings as in the male.

Tlie present species, so far as the male is concerned, is
easily recognised by the velvet-black thorax and pale blue
abdomen; the female, however, closely resembles those of
both Empis hellatorius and Hilara efficiens, and as the
females of these three species are very liable to be con-
fused, it may be as well to point out the distinguishing
characters. JJ iUira efficieiu is distinguished from the other
two species by the short, upturned mediastinal vein which
meets the costa, whilst Empis hell atari us is distinguished
bv the long proboscis, light brown legs, and thorax with
two faint grey stripes, Hilar opus pereyrinus by the short-
er proboscis, black legs, and thorax with four very distinct
black stripes.

Hilar opus per egr inns is a common spring species. Both
sexes may be seen skimming over the surface of ponds
and streams, and sometimes over the bare ground, and
may also be met with resting on bracken. My dates range
from October 16 to November 7.

HiLAROPUS ECHINATUS, Sp. uov. (Fig. 42d.)

Thorax black; abdomen black, with white, tomentose,
lateral, hindmarginal spots on each segment, and tufts of
very long lateral bristles ; legs entirely black ; halteres
black.

Length. Male, 9 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

J/rt/e. Face and front black. Proboscis about one-and-
a-half times the height of head. Palpi short, about one-
quarter the length of the proboscis, grey, bearing long
yellow hairs. Antennae black, about the length of the
head, the iirst and second joints short, the third expand-
ed, about twice as long as the first two together, and ter-
minated by a short style, which is a,bout one-third its
length. Thorax velvetrblack, with two very indistinct
pale stripes, the whole bearing dense black pubescence ;
scutellum velvet black, with a fringe of numerous very
long, weak, black bristles; metapleural bristles wanting.
Abdomen black, with white tomentose lateral spots on the
posterior margins of each segment, the sides with tufts of
long, black bristles; genitalia black, hardly rising above
the level of the abdomen. Legs black, the first joint of
anterior tarsi long and modorately thickened ; all femora
and tibice w^ith dense pubescence, but this is not nearly
so long as in H. pereririnus. Wings brownish, the medias-
tinal vein straio'ht, and jiot reaching the costa; cubital

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 231

fork very small ; all veins dark brown, and strongly mark-
ed ; halteres black.

This is the largest and finest known species of the Tas-
manian Empidce. It bears some resemblance to H. yere-
(jrinus, but may be easily distinguished by its black and
more bristly abdomen, its less dilated front tarsi, and
black halteres.

H. ediinatus s&ems to be a scarce species; the only
specimens that I have met with were skimming over the
surface of a rock-pool in the bush, on November 29, 1914.

55. E M p I s, L. (Fig. 44.)

Proboscis long; mediastinal vein incomplete, and not
reaching the costa ; metapleura with bristles ; anterior
tarsi in male not dilated.

Head small, globular, narrower than the thorax. Pro-
boscis always elongated. Eyes either touching or sep-
arated in the male, always separated in the female. An-
tennae with the first two joints short-, the third elongated
and somewhat conical, with a short teraiinal style. Thorax
i-ather arched, with, usually, dorsocentral, acrostichal,
humeral, posthumeral, notopleural, supraalar, and posta-
lar bristles, but some of these may be wanting; meta-
pleura with bristles. Abdomen long and slender, trun-
cate in the male, pointed in the female. Legs slender, the
posterior pair sometimes elongated ; posterior tarsi in the
male sometimes slightly inflated, tibiae and tarsi in the
female sometimes feathered with scaly hairs. Wings occa-
sionally broader in the female than in the male; media-
stinal vein incomplete, and not reaching the costa; cubital
vein forked, the ujoper branch usually short and nearly
upright, seldom so- sloping as in Hilara ; the discal cell
with three issuing veinlets, of which the upper one is
occasionally abbreviated ; anal vein either complete or
shortened ; anal cell much shorter than the second basal
cell.

The species of Einpis may be met with frecjuenting*
flowers, or settled on vegetation, whilst a few are found
hovering in the air. None of the species skim over the
surface of water, like those of Hilara and Hilaropu^.

The genus Empi^ contains a large number of species
from all parts of the world. It has been divided into a
number of subgenera by Bezzi, but with our present small
knowledge of the Australian species, it is impossible to
say how far these apply to the Australian region. Up
to the present time, six species have been described from
Australia, but, according to Bezzi, it is doubtful whether
some of these may not belong to Hilara. From Tasmania

232 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

only one species has been described ; this species, E.
hrevirostriii, was described by Macquart from a single
female; it is not typical of the genus, and in the absence
of a specimen of the male^ it io impossible to be certain
as to its exact position. Excluding this species, four
typical species are now known to occur in Tasmania; all
these have the proboscis lengthened, the length varying
from two to three timesi the height of head.

Table of ilie Tasnuaiian Specits of Em pis.

1. Posterior lesjs elonoated ; tibiae of the male

apical] y inflated ; e3^es joined in male. 2

Posterior legs not elongated ; tibiae not inflated ;

eyes separated in both sexes. 3

2. Thorax dark grey, with two pale grey stripes;

femora black, with the base yellow ; wings brown.

Bellatorius, Sp. nov.

3. Thorax orange ; abdomen brown ; femora reddish-

yellow; wings tinted with brown.

Sericatus, Sp. nov.
Thorax black or blackish. 4

4. Abdomen black, with hindmargins of segments

yellow ; femora black ; tibia? light brown ; wings
clear, without a stigma; cubital fork long;
medium-sized species (lengih 6 mm.)

Aquilus, Sp. nov.
Abdomen black; femora, and tibiae a uniform
olive-brown; wings with a stigma; cubital fork
short; very small species (length, 3 mm.)

Flabilis, Sp. nov.

Empis bei.latorius, Sp. nov.

Thorax dark grey, with two median pale grey stripes ;
abdomen black ; femora black, the posterior jDair with
basal third yellow, anterior and middle pairs with only
extreme base yellow ; anterior and middle tibiae yellow ;
posterior tibiae black in male, yellow, with apex black, in
female ; wings brown, with a dark brown stigTna.

Length. Male, 6 mm. ; female, 7 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley. (Probably generally distributed.)

Male. Face black ; proboscis in length about twice the
height of head. Eyes joined, occupying the whole front.
Antennae black, the third joint elongated, nearly three
times as long as the first and second joints together, and
terminated by a long, pointed style, which is about half
its length. Thorax dark grey, with two very distinct, jDale

BY ARTHUK WHITE. 233

grey median stripes, whicli extlend from the anterior
margin to the middle of the dorsum, and with long, black
lateral and posterior bristles ; scutellum with six black
marginal bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, with white
lateral pubescence; genitalia very large, almost orbicular.
Legs with the jDOsterior pair lengthened ; all femora slen-
der; posterior tibiae thickened gradually from base to
apex ; anterior tarsi with first joint slightly thickened ;
femora black, the posterior pair with basal third yellow,
anterior and middle pairs with only extreme base yellow ;
anterior and middle tibiae yellow, posterior tibiae black,
with knees yellow; tarsi black, the first joint of anterior
and middle pairs with basal two-thirds yellow, of posterior
pair with only extreme base yellow ; the anterior tibiae
bear outwardly short, black pubescence of uniform length,
the middle tibiae a comb of extremely long black hairs,
the posterior tibiae both short, and a few very long, black
bristle-like hairs, which are densest at the apex. Wings
brown, with a dark brown stigma ; the mediastinal vein
rather long, and nearly reaching the costa; cubital vein
curved downwards, the upper branch of fork curved
outwards towards the tip ; discal cell truncate, the three
issuing veinlets complete ; anal vein not quite reaching
the wing margin.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the eyes
are separated, the thorax a paler grey, which makes the
two pale grey anterior stripes less distinct, and the abdo-
men long and pointed. The pubescence on the legs is more
uniform, that on the anterior and middle tibiae being of
almost equal length, that on the posterior tibiae very short,
with a row of widely-separated long black bristles.

E. hellatiyriui< is a common species in the bush in the
early spring time. It hovers in small flocks in the air,
and seems toi be of inquisitive habits, as it will approach
and hover round the head of anyone who stops to watch
it. My dates range from September 3 to September 25,
but probably it remains on the wing until a somewhat
later date.

Empis sericatus, Sp. nov. (Fig. 44.)

Thorax and scutellum orange; abdomen orange-brown
or dark brown ; femora, tibiae, and tarsi yellow, with apices
of all joints darkened ; wings tinged faintly with brown,
stigma faint, yellow-brown.

Length. Female, 6 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

234

THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Fig. 44. Wing of E iii pis scricatus.

Female. Face and front brown. Proboscis a little more
than three times the height of head. Antennae black, the
first joint about twice the lengtli of tlie second, the third
three times as long as the first two together, and termin-
ated by a thin pointed style, which is about one-third
its length. Thorax orange, almost bare of pubescence, but
with very long, black, lateral, and posterior bristles;
scutellum with two long, black, marginal bristles ; meta-
pleural bristles black, fan-like. Abdomen dark brown,
wath ovipositor j^ellow-brown, almost bare, but basal seg-
ments with a few black lateral bristles. Legs simple, fem-
ora, tibia), and tarsi yellow, with apices: of all joints black-
ish, the whole almost bare of pubescence, but with num-
erous short black bristles. Wings tinged faintly with
brow^n, and with a very faint, yellow-brown stigma ; med-
iastinal vein short and inco-mplete ; cubital fork long, the
upper branch more than half the length of the lower;
discal cell short, truncate; anal vein indistinct, and not
quit© reaching the wing-margin ; halteres vellow.

This species may be easily recognised by its orange
thorax. It occurred fairly commonly on low vegetation
in the garden of my house at Mangalore. My dates rang©
from October 11 to November 6.

Empis aouilus, Sp. nov.

Thorax black, with two brown median stripes, bordered
outwardly wath brown tomentum ; scutellum black, with
outer margin brown; abdoaiien black, with hindmargins
of segments brownish yellow ; femora brownish black ;
tibice and tarsi light brown ; wings absolutely hyaline,
without any sign of a stigma.

Length. Male, 6 mm.

ITab. Mangalore.

Male. Face and front brown. Eyes widely separated.
Proboscis in length almo;3t three times the height of head.
Antennae black, the first joint about twice the length of
the second, the third about three times as long as the
first two together, and provided with a slender style.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 235

which is about one-third its length. Thorax black, with
brown tomentum on sides, and two narrow brown median
stripes, and bearing long, black, lateral and posterior
bristles ; scutellum black, with onter margin brown, and
two long, black marginal bristles ; metapleural bristles)
black. Abdomen black, with hindmargins of all segments
brownish-yellow, and lateral bindmarginal black bristles.
Legs short, without any sign of inflation ; femora, brown-
ish-black, with sparse black pubescence ; tibise light
brown, the anterior pair with rather short black pubes-
ence, middle pair with both short black pub-es-
cence and a few very long bristle-like hairs, posterior pair
with stiff black bristles; tarsi brown, with tips blackish.
Wings absolutely hyaline, venation as in E. sericatus (see
fig. 44) ; mediastinal vein short and incomplete ; cubital
fork long, the upper branch more than half the length
of the lower; discal cell short, truncate, the three issuing
veinlets complete : anal vein short, and not nearly reach-
ing the wing-margin ; hal teres pale brown.

This species is closely allied to E. sericaHis, but is easily
distinguished by its different colouration. It occurred
sparingly in the garden of my house at Mangalore during
the month of November.

Empis flabilis, Sp. nov.

Thorax and abdomen black ; legs a uniform brownish-
black ; wings hyaline, with a b] own stigma ; lower branch
of the cubital fork in a line with the stem, and not curved
downwards, upper branch short ; a very small species, with
palpi unusually conspicuous.

Length. Male and female, 3 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

M(ih\ Face and front black; e3'es separated. Pro-
boscis in length nearly three times the height of head.
Palpi unusually conspicuous, a little less than the length
of head, the two joints of almost equal length, the second
slightly knobbed at apex, and terminated by a long hair.
Antennae black, rather broad, the first and second joints
short, the third about twice as long as the first two to-
gether, and provided with a short, slender style, which is
about one-third its length. Thorax black, with short an-
terior and long posterior bristles ; scutellum with four
marginal black bristles. Abdomen black, the segmenta-
tions indistinc:ly marked with white, nearly bare, but
with a little short, black lateral pubescence. Legs with
femora, tibiae, and tarsi a uniform brownish-black, with
black pubescence. Wings hyaline, with a brown stigma ;

236 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF I'ASMANIA,

mediastinal vein short and incomplete; cubital vein with
a short fork, the lower branch in a line with the stem,
and not curved downwards, upper branch short ; discal
cell truncate, the three issuing veinlets complete ; anal
vein incomplete, hardly extending beyond the anal cell.

Female lias the posterior tibi<e broader, and first joint
of posterior tarsi narrower, than in the male, and the
abdomen is produced into a long ovipositor ; otherwise
it resembles the male very closely.

This species is easily dintinguishe 1 Prcm all the other
known Tasmarian species of Em pis by its very small size,
whilst the very long proboscis will at once distinguish it
from similar species of Hilar a.

E. flahili.s frequents flowering heaths in the bush in the
©a.rly spring time. It is apparently local, but probably
common where it occurs. I have only met with it during
the month of September.

56. T E N o N T o M Y I A, Gen. nov. (Fig. 45.)

Wings with the cubital vein simple, but connected with
thei radial vein by a cross-vein ; antennae with a very long
aristiform style; proboscis less in length than the height
of head, and bearing long hairs ; legs very slender and
quite simple.

Fig. 45. Wing of Tenonfo/nijia graeilipes.

Head a little narrower than the thorax. Proboscis
thick, a little shorter than the height of head, and bearing
long hairs. Eyes separated in both sexes. Antennae with
the first and second joints extremely sma'l, the third ex-
panded, nearly oval in shape, and drawn out at the apex
into a narrow point, from which springs a long aristiform
style, which is about twice as long as the three antennal
joints together. Palpi not distinguishable. Thorax con-
siderably arched, dorsum almost bare, but with a few
long lateral and posterior bristles; scutellum with mar-
ginal bristles. Abdomen with short, lateral bristles ; geni-
talia of the male narrow, but lengthened. Legs long, par-
ticularly the posterior pair, and very slender, all joints
simple, and practically bare of either bristles or pubes-
cence. Wings of medium size; mediastinal vein straight,

BY AKTHUR WHITE. 237

and appaiently becoming coalescent with the subcostal;
radial and cubital veins simple, but connected by a per-
pendicular cross-vein ; discal cell nearly triangular, with
three issuing veinlets, which are all complete ; anal vein
indistinct, but reaching the wing-margin ; first basal cell
slightly longer than the second, the second slightly longer
than the third.

This genus may be recognised by the very distinct vena-
tion, also by the unusually long antennal style. Only one
species is at present known,

Texontomyia gracilipes, vSp. nov. (Fig. 45.)

Thorax light brown ; abdomen dark brown, with black
lateral bristles ; femora, tibiae, and tarsi light brown, the
tarsi apically darkened ; wings tinged with brown, and
with a light brown stigma.

Length. Male, 5.5 mm.

Hab. Mangalore and Northern Tasmania.

Male. Face and front brown. Proboscis orange-brown,
thickened, and a little shorter than the height of head.
Eyes separated. Antennce black, of the form described
under the generic characters. Thorax light brown, un-
striped, devoid of pubescence, but with two rows of fairly
long black dorsocentral bristles, and long black lateral
bristles; scutellum with four black marginal bristles.
Abdomen dark brown, with a few black lateral hindmar-
ginal bristles. Legs very slender, bare, light brown, with
the tarsi apically darkened. AVings with the venation
described under the generic characters, tinged with brown,
and with a pale brown stigiiia.

Of this species I have personally only come across a
single specimen, which occurred in the bush at Mangalore
on September 25, 1912, but Mr. Littler has kindly sent
me for examination several specimens from Northern Tas-
mania, so the species is probably more common in that
part of the island.

57. R II A M p H o M Y I A, Meig. (Fig. 46.)

Proboscis long ; wings with the cubital vein unforked,
and not connected with the radial by any cross- vein.

Head small and almost globular. Eyes either joined or
narrowly separated in the male, always separated in the
female. Antennae with the first two joints short, the third
conical and provided with a short style. Thorax rather
arched, with or without bristles. Abdomen slender, con-
sisting of eight segments; genitalia of male varying con-

238 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

siderably in the different species; ovipositor of femalcf
Icng ajid produced. Legs slender. Wings with the media-
stinal vein not reaching the cost a ; cubital vein unf orked ;
discal cell varying much in shape and length, but with
always three issuing veinlets; stigma usuailly present.

This genus is represented in Tasmania, by two small,
delicate species, which are liable to be overlooked. It has.
not previously been recorded from the Australian region.

Table of the Tasnianian Species of Bhamphomyia.

1. Wings with a distinct stigma; the three veins

issuing from the discal cell do so almost in a
line, at a nearly equal distance from the base
of wing, the, end of the discal cell being almost
rectangular; autumn species. Aprilis, Sp. nov.

2. Wings with a faint stigma ; the lowest veinlet

issuing from the discal cell does so much nearer
the base of wing than the two above, the discal
cell being dra,wn out above into a long point ;
spring species. Septembeis, Sp. nov.

Ehamphomyia apeilis, Sp. nov. (Fig. 46.)

Thorax and abdomen grey; legs black; wings with a
distinct stigma; the three veins issuing from the discal
cell do so almost in a line, at a nearly equal distance
from the base of wing, the end of the discal cell being
almost rectangular ; autumn species.

Length. Male, 3 mm.

Hab. Manoalore.

Fig. 46. Wing of lilara pliumijia (tprU'ix.

Male. Face and front black. Proboscis about equal in
length to height of head. Palpi pale yellow, about two-
fifths the length of the proboscis. Antennae about the
same length as the head, the first and second joints very
short, the third thickened at the base, and tapering grad-
ually to the apex, twice a,s lo^ng as the two first ioints to-
gether, and terminated by a long style, which is fully half
its length. Thorax gre^^, with short, stiff, median, and

BY ARTHUR WHITS. 239

a few longer lateral, bristles; scutellum with four black
marginal bristles. Abdomen grey, with white lateral pub-
escence ; genitalia rising considerably above the level of
the abdomen. Legs black, femora and tibiae with short
bristles. Wings hyaline, with pale yellow-brown veins,
and a distinct stigma ; cubital vein simple ; discal cell
with three complete issuing veinlets, which leave it almost
m a line, at a nearly ec^ual distance from the base of wing,
thei end of the discal cell being almost rectangular; anal
vein very short, hardly extending beyond the anal cell.

Of this species I came across several specimens dancing
in the air, near a small stream at Mangalore, on April
19, 1914, but have not met with it on any other occasion;
it is evidently a late autumn species, and from its small
size is liable to be overlooked.

Khamphomyia septembris, Sp. nov.

Thorax and abdomen grey ; legs brown ; wings with a
faint stigma ; the lowest veinlet issuing from the discal
cell does so much nearer the base of wing than the two
upper ones, the discal cell being drawn out above into a
long pointy spring species.

Length. Female, 3 mm.
Hab. Mangalore.

Fenntlr. Face and front brown. Proboscis long, in
length nearly twice the height of head. Pali^i not dis-
tinguishable. Antennae black, abo'ut the length of head,
the first and second joints short, the third rather more
than twice as long as the first two together, and ter-
minated by a style which is nearly half its length. Thorax
grey, dorsum nearly bare, but with long lateral bristles ;
scutellum with four long black, almost upright, bristles.
Abdomen grey, nearly bare, but with a little whitish
lateral pubescence. Legs dark brown, with the knees very
narrowly yellow, all joints bearing very small bristles.
Wings hyaline, with dark brown veins, and a faint brown
stigma; discal cell drawn O'ut into a long point above,
so that the lowest issuing veinlet does so much nearer
the base of wing than the two upper ones; anal vein con-
tinued well beyond the anal cell, but becoming obsolet«i
half-way to the wing-margin.

This species bears a close resemblance to B. apriJis, but
is distinguished bv the different form of the discal cell,
by the longer proboscis, and by the darker veins of the
wings.; it is also a spring instead of aii autumn species,

R. septembris seems to be rare, but may merely have
been overlooked. I have personally only come across a

240 THE DIPTEKA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

single specimen, which occuiTecl settled on vegetation at
Mangalore, on September 13, 1914.

Subfamily Oeydromiinse.

This subfamily is very nearly allied to the Enijiince, and
ia some cases it is difl&cult to draw a line of distinction
between them. The Orydromiina-, however, can usually
be recognised by the anal cross-vein meeting the anal vein
at more or less a right-angle, and not becoming confluent
with it. Two genera, both of very wide distribution, are
known to occur in Tasmania.

Table of Tasmanian (xenera of Orych'oui'iince.

1. Antennse with a long arista. 2

2. Discal cell with three issuing veinlets.

M I c R o p H o K u s, Macq.

Discal cell with onl)^ two issuing veinlets.

L E p T o p E z A, Macq.

58. M I c R o p H o R u s, Macq. (Fig. 47.)

Proboscis not longer than the height of head. Antennae
with the third joint attenuated beyond a broad base, and
terminated by a long arista. Wings with the cubital vein
unforked ; discal cell with three issuing veinlets, which
are all complete ; anal cross-vein rounded and slightly re-
current; anal vein continued only a short distance beyond
the anal cell.

To thisi genus I ascribe provision ally a Tasmanian
species, which seems to come nearer to it than to any
other genus, although it is not quite typical. It differs
principally in the much longer antennal style, but agrees
in the form of the anal cell, and the incomplete anal vein,
although the latter extends well beyond the anal cell.

The genus Micropliorus is placed by Lundbeck in the
Ocydroiniince, by Melander in the Empince. Personally,
it seems to me to be intermediate between these two sub-
families, though I think that its affinities are nearest to
the Ocydronnince.

MicROPHORUs HiEMALis, Sp. nov. (Fig- 47.)

Antennae black, front psle grey; thorax pale brown,
with two narrow dark brown stripes; abdomen brown;
legs entirely light brown; wings hyaline, with veins yel-
low-brown.

Length. Female, 3 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 241

Fig. 47. Wing of Microphorus hiemalis.

Fniuih'. Face and front pale gi^ey. Proboscis a littlei
shorter than the height of head. Palpi ver}'- short, lessi
than one-foui"th the length of the proboscis. Antennae — ■
without the style — about half the length of head, the first
two joints very small, the third with a. broad base and
pointed apex, terminated by a long aristiform style, which
is a little longer than the three joints together. Front
with ocellar and vertical bristles. Thorax pale brown,
with two narrow, dark brown stripes, bearing long dorsal
and lateral bristles ; scutellum with two black, erect, mar-
ginal bristles. Abdomen brown ; ovipositor brownish-yel-
low. Legs entirely light brown, without any distinct
bristles. Wings hyaline, with a brownish tinge, without
any trace of a stigma; halteres j^ellowish-white.

This species bears some resemblance to the species of
Rhampliomina already described, but may be distinguished
by the long aristiform style. It is a winter species, frer
quenting low vegetation during the month of July.

59. L E p T 0 p E z A, Macq. (Fig. 48.)

Antenuce with a long arista ; discal cell with only two
complete issuing veinlets, though a third short, incom-
plete one is also sometimes present.

Head a little narrower than the thorax. Proboscis
short, hardh^ extending beyond the oral aperature. Eyes
joined in both sexes, though sometimes only touching
below the antennae. Antennze a little longer than th©
head, the first and second joints of almost equal length,
the third about twice the length of the first two together,
and terminated by a long arista, which varies in length
from that of the third joint to one-and-a-half times the
length of the three joints together. Thorax much arched,
usually bearing acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles, also
a notopleural, a postalar, and, more rarely, a supraalar
bristle; scutellum with two or more marginal bristles.
Abdomen slender. Legs either nearly bare, or distinctly
hairy or bristly. Wings with the mediastinal vein incom-
plete, cubital vein unforked, anal vein sometimes very

242 THE DirXERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

faint; discal cell with normally two issuing veinlets, but
more rarely there is in addition a short, incomplete one,
leaving the cell above the other two.

The flies comprised in this genus are small, delicate
insects, which may usually be found resting on vegeta-
tion. In Tasmania five species are known to occur, two
of which are identical with species described by Bezzi from
New South Wales.

TaT)le of fJie 'fasnwnian Species of Leptopeza.

1. Discal cell with a third short issuing veinlet ;

thorax orange, with two black posterior spots;
abdomen black. Bimaculata, Bezzi.

Discal ceil with only two issuing veinlets. 2

2. Thorax orange, unspotted; a,bdomen black.

RUBRITHORAX, Sp. nOV.

Thorax black or grey. 3

3. Legs yellow ; posterior femora banded with dark

brown before the apex ; legs very bristly.

PULCHERRTMA, BeZzi.

Posterior femora not banded. 4

4. Femora and tibiae entirely light yellovv-, without

any sign of darkening; posterior femora with
only a few short apical bristles; costa of wings
not bristly; anal cross-vein distinct.

Levicosta, Sp. nov.

Legs yellow, but with the femora darkened above ;
posterior femora with numerous long bristles ;
costa of wings bristly ; anal cross^vein indistinct.

Serraticosta, Sp. nov.

Leptopeza_ bimaculata, Bezzi.

Thorax orange, w^th two black, rounded posterior
spots ; abdomen brownish^black ; legs yellow, with the
knees narrowly black ; wings hyaline, with a brown
stigma; the discal cell with aii incomplete issuing vein-
let above the other two.

Length. Male, 3 mm.

Hab. Hobart.

Male. Face black. Proboscis brown. Antennae black,
distinctly longer than the head, the; first and second joints
very short, the third narrow and lengthened, about four
times as long as the first two together, and terminated
by an arista which is about two-thirds its length. Thorax
orange, with two black, rounded, posterior spots ; scutel-

BY AETilUIl WHITE. 243

men bare, dark brown, or brownish-black, the basal and
apical segments being the darkest. Legs with femora and
tibice pale yellow, with knees black, the femora with
also a faint blackish banding before the apeix; femora
shortly spinose beneath ; all tibiae with two black bristles ;
tarsi brownish. Wings hyaline, with a brown stigma ; the
discal cell with a short, incomplete veinlet above the two
usual complete ones.

This species was described by Bezzi from a male taken
at Mount Victoria, New South Wales. In Tasmania I
have only met with it at the Cascades, Hobart, where it
is probably not uncommon ; time of occurrence, October.

Leptopeza rubrithorax, Sp. nov.

Thorax dark orange, unspotted; abdomen black, indis-
tinctly reddish at the base; femora and tibiae very hairy,
yellow, the tibiaB brown at apex; wings hyaline.

Length. Female, 4.5 mm.

Hab. Hobart.

Female. Face and proboscis black. Eyes joined. An-
tennae black, the first and second joints short, the third
about three times as long as the first two together, and
terminated by an arista which is about equal to it in
length. Thorax dark orange, unspotted, bare, with a
long and a short notopleural l3ristle, and a long postalar
bristle; scutellum similarly coloiu"ed to the thorax, with
six black marginal bristles, the two middle ones being
the longest. Abdomen black, indistinctly reddish at the
base; ovipositor long, j^ellow, with apex black. Legs yel-
low, the tibiae and tarsi apically darkened; both femora,
and tibiae are very hairy, the former being also spinose
beneath. Wings hyaline, without any distinct stigma;
cubital vein strongly waved ; discal cell with two issuing
veinlets : halteres pale whitish yellow.

This species may be distinguished without clifiiculty by
the uniform dark orange thorax. I have only come across
a single specimen, which occurred at the Cascades, Ho^bart,
on October 4, 1912.

Leptopeza pulcherrima, Bezzi.

Thorax shining black ; abdomen brownish-black, the
three basal segments with sides and segmentations yeliow;
legs bristly, yellow, the posterior femora with a dark
brown band shortly before the aj^ex; wings hyaline.

Length. Male, 4.5 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

244 THE DIPTERA-ERACUYrEllA Ol: TASMANIA,

Male. Eyes joined. Anteimse distinctlv longer thairi
the head, the lirst and second joints short, tiie third rather
more than twice as long as the first two together, and
terminated by an arista which is longer than the three
antenna! jcints together. Thorax shining black, wlth.
long lateral bristles; scutellum grey, with two long, black,
terminal bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, the three-
basal segments with sides and segmentations yehovy, the
whole bearing long white pubescence. Legs yellow, the
posterior femora with a dark brown band shortly before
the apex ; posterior tibije with middle and apex brown ;
tarsi with apices of segments brown ; front leg;s almost
bare; middle and posterior femora and tibiae with long
black bristles. Wings hyaline, with a brown stigma;
disca.l cell large, w^ith two issuing veinlets ; anal vein^
curved, distinct and continued far beyond the anal cell ;
anal cross-vein short, and not quite reaching the anal
vein, thus leaving the anal cell slighth^ open.

This species was described by Bezvi from a female taken;
at Mount Victoria, New South Wales. In Tasmania I
have only taken it h'gh up in the hills that bound the
Bagdad Valley on its eastern side, so the species is pro-
bably a mountain on^. My dates range from November o^
to March 16.

LfPTOPEZA LEVICOSTA, Sp. uov. (Fig 48.)

Thorax grey ; abdomen shining black ; legs yellow, with-
out any sign of darkening; posterior femora with only ai
few short apical bristles; wings with the costa not bristly.,
and the anal cross-vein distinct.

Length. Male, 3 mui. ; female, 3.5-4 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Fig. 48. \\'ing of L( itfoixza hi'icosfa

Male. I'roboscis black, stout, short, but protruding
well beyond the oral aperature ; palpi pale yellow, very
short. Antenna^ black, longer than the head, the first and
second joints shoi-t, the third about three times as long as
the first two together, and teiminated by an arista, whiclii

BY ARTHUFw WHITE, 245

1^ about equal to it in length. Thorax grey, almost bare,
but with two notopleural and one postalar bristles on
each side; scutellum. with two long, black, upright, ter-
minal bristles. Abdomen shining black, bare. Legs en-
tirely yellow, without any sign of darkening ; posterior
femora with a few small black apical bristles; anterior
tibiae with one, middle tibiae with about two, and pos-
terior tibiae with several, long black bristles; tarsi apically
darkened. Wings with the costa not bristly; discal cell
with two issuing veinlets ; anal cross-vein distinct, but.
anal vein faint; halteres pale yellow.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the abdo-
men is produced into a long, narrcw ovipositor.

This species seems to be fairly common. The male I
have taken on wattle blossom, the females frequenting
low vegetation and on a window. M]c dates range from
September 22 to November 1.

Leptopeza sef,raticosta, Sp. nov.

Thorax grey; abdomen shining black; legs yellow, with
the femora darkened above ; posterior femora, with num-
erous long bristles ; costa of wings bristly ; anal cross-vein
indistinct.

Length. Male, 2.75 mm.

Hab. Man gal ore.

Male. Proboscis extending slightly beyond the oral
aperture ; palpi very short, whitish. Antennae a little,
longer than the head, the first and second joints very
short, the third about three times as long as the first
two together, a little expanded at the base, and taper-
ing gradually to the apex, and terminated by a sligntly
shorter arista. Thorax grey, with one humeral, two noto-
pleural, one supraalar, and two postalar bristles on each
side ; scutellum with black marginal bristles. Abdomen
shining black, bare, genitalia very large. Legs yellow,
the femora darkened above, all joints more or less bristlv ;
posterior femora with numerous long, black bristles; an-
t^^rior tibiae with about two, middle and j^osterior tibice
vv'ith numerous, long black bristles. Wings hyaline, with
the costa bristly; discal cell with two issuing veinlets;
both the anal cross-vein and ^nal vein very faint.

This species is remarkable for the fact that it occurs
during the winter; it frequents low vegetation in the bush
during the first half of July, and though probably not
uncommon is apt to be overlooked.

24C) THE DIPTEPvA-BRACHYCEKA OF TASMANIA,

Family X. DOLICHOPODIDiE.

Head alDout the same width as the thorax ; the vertex
more or less excavated. Eyes usually separated in both
sexes, but sometimes joined below the antennae in the male ;
only joined above the antennae in the genus Diajjhoriis.
Proboscis short and fleshy ; palpi very short, usually rest-
ing on the proboscis. Antennae consisting of three joints
and an arista, the first two joints always short, the third
either short or long, the arista usually much longer than
the three antennal joints together, but sometimes short,
and occasionally differing in length in the two sexes, and its
position may be either apical, subapical, dorsal, or basal.
Thorax bristl}^, with short, but well defined, acrostichal
bristles, which may be either uniserial or biserial, doTso^
central, humeral, posthumeral, presutural, postalar and
supraalar bristles also usually present; scutellum with from
two to six marginal bristles. Abdomen conical or long and
cylindrical, frequently bearing lateral bristles. Legs usually
of moderate length, but sometimes elongated, and, in the
male, frequently exhibiting some ornamental structure.
Wings with the second basal cell and the discal cell united ;
anal cell very short; mediastinal vein short, and usually
united with the subcostal, which is also' short; discal vein
usually simple, but occasionally forked ; wings either hya-
line or banded, but never with any trace of a stigma.

Most of the flies belonging to this family are partly or
altogether metallic green in colour, but this may be varied
with metallic blue, grey, or violet ; even the most soberly-
coloured species usually exhibit at least a metallic tinge.
Frequently a great difference exists between the two sexes,
and owing to this fact, and also because the chief generic
and specific disitinctions are shown by the male, I have,
with the exception of the unmistakeable genus i^riapiifi,
only described those species in which the male is known
to me. This gives a total of twelve Tasmanian species, but
this number is likely in the future to be greatly increased.

Tnl'le of the Tasmanian (Jenera of DoUchopodidcv

1. Discal vein forked S c i a p u s, Zell.
Discal vein not forked. 2

2. Legs extremely long and slender ; eyes in male

joined for a short distance below the antennae.

A R A c H N 0 M Y I A, Gen. nov.
Legs comparatively short. 3

BY ARTHUR WHITE.

247"

Eyes in the male joined above the antennae ; third
antennal joint short, usually broader than long,
with arista dorsal or subapical.

D I A p H 0 R u s, Meig.

Eyes separated in both sexes. 4

Last part of pastical vein (i.e., the part from the
discal cell to the wing-margin) much longer than
tne posterior cross-vein ; antennae in male with
the third joint elongated, with the arista arising
almost from its base. L i p a r o m y i a , Gen. nov.

Last part of postical vein not longer than the pos-
terior cross-vein; antennae with the third joint
rounded and the arista dorsal.

H Y D R o P H o R u s. Fall.

60. SciAPus, Zell. (Fig. 49.)

{Psilopus, Meig.)

Slender metallic flies, having the discal vein forked, the
upper branch distinct, and often bent or a.ngulated in the
middle, the lower straight and indistinct ; posterior cross-
vein (i.e., the veinlet closing the discil cell) straight, waved.,
or anofulated.

Fig. 49. AVing of Seiapus cludceu^.

Head as broad or broader than the thorax ; vertex rather'
deeply excavated. Eyes large, separated in both sexes.
Antennae situated a little above the middle of the head in
profile, all joints short, but the third a. little the longest,
and bearing a very long dorsal arista. Thorax usually bare
of pubescence, but with acrostichal bristles, which are
biserial, six dorsocentral, a humeral, a posthumeral, two
notopleural, a presutural, two or three supraalar, and a
postalar bristle; scutellum with two marginal bristles, and
on either side a small hair. Abdomen long and slender,
with or without lateral bristles. Legs long and slender,
with a few small bristles. Wings with the discal vein
forked, the upper branch of which, as well as the posterior'
cross-veiu, is either straiglit, waved, or Rngulated ; anal veinj
weak, and not reaching the wing-margin.

248 THE DIPTERA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

The Australian species placed in this genus are not quite
homogeneous, and will probably require further sub-
divisioi^ ; until, however, further material from different
parts of Australia^ is available for comparison, it seems best
to leave all the species as they were originally described.

Tdblt of the T(tsn)fini(ni Sprclcx of S('tapu>i.

1. Posterior cross-vein angulated in the middle. 2
Posterior cross-vein straight or almost so. 4

2. AVings with three brown bands, that nearest the

base short, the others long. Trifasciatus, Macq.

Wings hyaline; legs black. Grandis, Macq.

Wings hyaline, except that the posterior cros,-
vein and the upper branch of the discal vein are
suffused with brown ; legs yellow. 3

o. Antennae orange; scutellum violet; angulation of
the posterior cross-vein marked outwardlv bv a
distinct veinlet. Brevicornis, Macc|.

Antennse black ; scutellum green ; angulation of
the posterior cross-vein without any outward
veinlet. Chalceus, Sp. noiv.

4. Wings with two brown bands. Discretifasciata, Macq.

Wings hyaline; legs yellow, with femora green in
the maie. Dispar, Macq.

Wings hyaline; legs black; abdomen densely hairy
in the male. NiGTipPiLOSus, Macq.

SciAPus TRIFASCIATUS, Macq.

Thorax metallic gicen ; scutellum metallic blue ; abdo-
men metallic green, banded with black ; legs yellow ; wings
with three brown bands, that nearest the base very short,
the others long.

Length. Male, 5.5-6 mm.; female, 5.5 mm.

Plao. Generallv distributed.

iMale. Face usually silvery-grey, but the upper part
occasionally metallic green. Front metallic green or grey.
AntenucC dark red, with apex of third joint black. Thorax
metallic green; scutellum metallic blue. Abdomen metal-
lic green, with anterior half or third of each segment
})lack, and bearing very long, stiff, and shorter hair-like,
black lateral bristles. Legs with femora and tibiae dull
vellow, tarsi, and also sometimes apex of tibiae, black ; the
tibiae bear a few short black bristles. Wings with the pos-
terior cross-vein angulated in the middle, the angulation
being marked outwardly by a small veinlet, and bearing

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 249

three cross-bands, the basal one very broadly inteiTupted
m the centre, with the upper part sometimes indistinct,
the othei^ entire, but not reaching the hind-margin.

Female resembles the male very closely, and differs chiefly
in the broader and more pointed abdomen.

,S'. frifosciafus is the commonest species of the genus, and
seems to- occur abundantly everywhere in the bush, during
the months of December and Januarv.

SciAPUS GRANDis. Macq.

This species is described by Macquart as golden-green,
with the scutellum blue; antennae black; femora black;
iiibise red ; wings hyaline ; the posterior cross-vein sinuated.

Length. Male, 8 mm.

Hab. 'Tasmania. '

,S'. f/randis is unknown to me ; it should be readily re-
<'ognised by the black femora in conjunction with the
iiyaline wings and large size.

SciAPUS EREVicoRxis, Macq.

Thorax brown, with metallic green and violet reflections ;
scutellum violet; abdomen metallic green, with violet re-
flections ; legs entirely light yellow ; wings Avith the upper
iDranch of the discal vein and the posterior cross-vein suf-
-fused with brown.

Length. Male, 8 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Male. Face and front grey or black. Antennae orange.
Thorax light brown, with green and violet reflections;
scutellum violet. Abdomen metallic green, with violet re-
flections, the anterior margins of third and fourth segments
light yellow-brown ; all segments with long black lateral
iDristles ; and second and third segments with also black
posterior dorsal bristles. Legs light yellow, the tarsi api-
cally darkened; tibiae with a few black bristles. Wings
with the upper branch of the discal vein and the posterior
cross-vein suffused with dark brown ; posterior cross-vein
angulated in the middle, the angulation being marked out-
wardly by a conspicuous veinlet ; halteres yellow.

This species occurs amongst tussocks of long grass; it
jippears to be local, but is j^robably common where it oc-
•c'urs. My dates range from December 2 to December 24.

250 THE DIPTEKA-BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

SciAPus CHALCEUS, Sp. nov. (Fig. 49.)

Thorax metallic green, with bronze reflections ; scutelluni
metallic green ; abdomen metallic green or bronze ; legs
yellow ; upper branch of the discal vein and the posterior
cross-vein suffused with light brown, the posterior cross-
vein angulated in the middle, but the angulation not
marked by any veinlet.

Length. Female, 6 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Female. Face and front grey. Proboscis large and
fleshy, in length about one-third of the height of head.
Antennae black. Thorax metallic green, with bronze re-
flections, but the whole rather dull in appearance, and not
with the vivid colouring of ,V. trifasciatus ; acrostichal
bristles short but distinct, the clorsocentral and lateral
bristles long ; scutellum dull metallic green, with two long
black marginal bristles.. Abdomen dull metallic green or
bronze ; the first segment and posterior halves of the second
to fourth segments with a. whitish tomentose appearance.
Legs light yellowy with the tarsi apically darkened; tibiae
with a few small black bristles. Wings with the upper
branch of the discal vein and the posterior crossi-vein suf-
fused with light brown ; the posterior cross- vein angulated
in the middle, but the angulation not marked by any
veinlet.

This species, which is the same size as the common
S. trifasciatus, may be distinguished from that species by
the absence of any cross-bands on the wings; from
S. brevicornis it is distinguished by the angulation of the
posterior cross-vein being unmarked by an outer veinlet,
by the smaller size, darker antennae, and duller coloura-
tion.

S. chalceus frequents tree-trunks in the bush, in which
localities it may be not uncommon. My dates range from
January 18 to March 21.

SCIAPUS DISCRETIFASCIATUS, Macq.

This species is described by Macquart as green ; abdomen
wfth incisions black ; posterior tibije in the male with a
black ring ; wings with two separated brown bands.

Length. Male and female, 4 mm.

Hab. "Tasmania."'

According to Ma€Cj[uaTt's figure this species resembles
S. trifasciatus, but the wing-tip is clear, and the posterior
cross-vein is straight. It is unknown to me.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 251

SciAPUS DisPAR, Macq.

This sjDecies is described by Macqiiart as green; legs
yellow, femora green in the male ; wings hyaline.

Length, 4.5 mm.

Ilab. "Tasmania."'

In Macquart's figure the posterior cross-vein is given as
straight. The species is unknown to me.

SciAPus NiGROPiLOSus, Macq.

Thorax {^) blue-green, ( 9 ) bronze- green ; abdomen {^)
blue-green or bronze-green, ( 9 ) bright cupreous ; legs
black ; thorax and abdomen in the male bearing dense black
pubescence.

Length. Male, 4.5 - 5 mm. ; female, 4.5 mm.

Hab. Generally distributed.

Male. Face and front metallic blue-green or bronze-
green. Eyes widely separated. Antennae black. Back of
head with a fringe of long white hairs. Thorax and
scutellum blue-green; abdomen blue-green or bronze-green;
both thorax and abdomen bearing long, stiff, black
pubescence. Legs entirely black, the femora with extremely
long black hairs. Wings tinged with grey, the subcostal
vein long ; radial and cubital veins of nearly equal length,
and almost parallel; posterior cross-vein straight.

Female differs considerably in appearance from the male;
thorax bronze-green instead of blue-green ; abdomen
shorter, more conical, and brightly cupreous ; and the
thorax, abdomen, and legs devoid of the long pubescence
of the male. In the wings the subcostal vein is shorter,
and the radial and cubital veins apically curved.

>S'. nigropi'lo^^us differs considerably from the other speeies
of Sciapus, and will probably have to be placed in a dis-
tinct genus. It is a fairly common sjiecies, and may be
found settled on the leaves of shiiibs, or more rarely on
the gi'ouna in sunnv places. My dates range from October
1 to October 27. "

Besides the foregoing species, a species was described by
Macquart under the name of Psilo'pii.i sidneyensis from
"Sidney Island and Tasmania." The former island, as
has been pointed out by Miss Ricardo (.Aiin. Mag. Hat.
Hist., May, 1914), belongs to the Phoenix Group, in Poly-
nesia. These islands are situated close to the equator, and
it seems unlikely that a delicate insect like the present
should be common to two such widely differing localities.
Under these circumstances, I think that some mistake has

252

THE DIPTERA-DRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

probably arisen as to its place of origin. The species is
described as green ; scutelliun violet ; wings hyaline.
Length, male, 8 mm. In Macqnarfs figure the posterior
cross- vein is given as gently waved.

61. A E A c H N o M Y I A. Gen. nov. (Fig. 50).

Acrostichal bristles biserial ; antennae situated very high,
with the arista dorsal ; palpi large and conspicuous ; eyes
in the male joined at a short distance below the antennse;
abdomen long and slender; hypopygium largo, but not
recurved beneath the venter^ legs very long, extremely
slender, and practically bare ; wings with the discal vein
simple, but with a slight upward curve before reaching the
margin.

Wino- of Avar lino //it/ in arbcnnn.

Head a little broader than the thorax ; the lower part of
occiput bearing dense hairs. Proboscis thick and fleshy.
Palpi large and conspicuous, rounded, with a short terminal
bristle. Eyes in male joined for a very short distnnce at
a point one-third the length of the face below the antennse.
Antenuce situated very high, the length, without the arista,
about half that of the head, the first and second joints
short and broad, the third narrowed apically, with the
arista springing almost from its base. Thorax with two
median rows of acrostichal bristles, and, on each side, one
row of longer dorsocentral and humeral, post humeral,
notopleural, supraalar, and postalar bristles ; scutellum
with two long marginal bristles. Abdomen long, slender,
and bare; hypopygium large, but not recurved beneath the
venter. Legs very long and spidery, the middle pair the
longest, the tarsi longer than the tibire, the whole bare
both of pubescence and of bristles, except for one bristle
situated about the middle of the posterior tibiae. Wings
with the normal venation of the family, the discal vein
with a short u^oward curve before rearhing the wing-
margin.

This genus is easily distinguished from all the other Tas-
manian genera of Dolicliopodiclcc by the veiy long spidery
legs. Only one species is at present known.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 253

Arachnomyia arborum, Sp. nov. (Fig. 50).

Thorax bronze, with a bright green median stripe; ab-
'domen dark bronze ; legs entirely yellow ; wings hyaline.

Length. Male, 6 mm.

Hab. Bagdad Valley.

Male. Face snow-white; proboscis dark brown; palpi
light orange ; there is a fringe of short white postocular
iDristles, and the lower part of occiput bears dense white
hairs; vertex with long black bristles. Thorax bronze,
with a median stripe of bright green, which does not reach
as far as the scutellum ; thoracic bristles black ; scutellum
bronze, with two very long, black, nearly-upright, marginal
bristles. Abdomen bare, dark bronze, with ruddy reflec-
tions; genitalia very large, nearly globular, and raised far
above the dorsum. Legs remarkably long and slender,
light yellow, c^uite bare of pubescence or bristles, except for
one black bristle about the middle of the posterior tibiae ;
the middle legs the longest, the tarsi longer than the
tibiae ; the anterior tarsi have the fii^t joint the longest,
the middle tarsi the second joint the longest; in the pos-
terior tarsi I am unable to make out any articulation be-
tween what should normally represent the fii'st and second
joints, consequently the basal joint is of immense length.
Wings hyaline.

This species frequents tree-trunks in the bush. The long
legs seem an adaptation to its mode of life, and is a similai"
development to that found in certain species of the families
Dexidce and Micro pezidce which have similar habits. It
occurs during January, but seems to be generally scarce.

62. DiAPHORUs, Meig.

Eyes of the male touching on the front ; antenna with
arista dorsal ; wings broad, with the cubital and discal
veins almost parallel.

Head as broad as, or a little broader than, the thorax;
the vertejj: not excavated. Eyes joined above the antennas
in the male, separated in the female. Antennae with the
three joints all short, the third rounded, and bearing a
long dorsal arista, which is microscopically haired. Thorax
metallic, but of rather dull appearance ; acrostichal
bristles biserial, and there are also five dorsocentral, one
humeral, one posthumeral, two notopleural, three
supraalar, and one postalar bristle. Abdomen short, with
iiindmarginal bristles; apex in male with four blunt

254 IHE DIPTERA-BKACHYCEEA OF TASMANIA,

bristles; hypopygium small, and almost concealed beneath
the apex. Legs of medium length, usually with only a
few small bristles, but sometimes distinctly bristly ; anterior
tarsi in the male with the pulvilli enlarged. Wings rather
broad, the cubital and cliscal veins almost parallel, though
both may be gently curved down towards the margin.

The species belonging to this genus are small, dull
metallic flies, which may often be seen resting on tree-
trunks. They can be recognised without difiiculty by the
eyes of the male being joined above the antennae. In Tas-
m.ania twO' species are known to occur.

Table of the Taamanian Species of Diapliorus.

1. Abdomen with the second segment whitish, re-

mainder dark brown ; legs in male very bristly,
the bristles on inner side of posterior tibiae ex-
tremely long. Setosus, Sp. nov..

2. Abdomen entirely dark brown ; legs with only a

few short scattered bristles. Communis, Sp. nov,

DiAPHORUS SETOSUS, Sp. UOV.

Thorax dull metallic green ; abdomen dark brown, with
the second segment whitish ; femora, black ; tibiae light
brown ; legs in the male very bristly ; the bristles on the
inner side of the posterior tibiae extremely long.

Length. Male, 4 - 4.5 mm.

Hab. Hobart.

Male. Eyes red, large, joined on the front, and only
slightly separated on the face, which is consequently very
narrow. Antennae black. Thorax dull metallic bluish-
green; thoracic bristles very long; scutellum similarly
coloured to the thorax, with t^^o very long and two short
marginal bris.tles. Abdomen dark brown, with the second
segment whitish, the whole shining, but not metallic, and
bearing black, lateral, hindmarginal bristles and shortei'
black hairs ; apex with four black bristles. Legs with
femora black ; tibiae and first joint of tarsi light brown, re-
maining tarsal joints black ; all femora with numerous
black bristles, which are longest on the posterior pair;
anterior and middle tibiae wich a few black bristles, the
middle tibiae with long spurs ; posterior tibiae with long,
stiff, black bristles outwardly, and very long, thin bristles
inwardly; first joint of posterior tarsi with short bristles;
all joints, in addition to the bristles mentioned, bear a tme
black ciliation. Wings hyaline, the cubital and discal
veins almost equidistant throughout, and curved down

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 255

slightly at their ends towards the wing-tip ; anal vein
short and sinuated; halteres whitish-yellow.

This species frequents logs in the bush during the month
-of November; it seems to be somewhat uncommon.

DiAPHORUS COMMUNIS, Sp. UOV.

Thorax dull green, frequently a little brownish ; abdo-
men dark brown, unicoloro'us ; legs entirely black (^) or
with tibiae dull brown ( 9 ), with only a few short bristles;
2>osterior tibise without any long bristles on the inner side.

Length. Male, 4 mm. ; female, 3.5 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)

Male. Eyes joined on two-thirds of the front, leaving
a small frontal triangle between the eyes and the antennae;
face rather narrow. Antennse black. Thorax dull green,
frequently rather brownish, and sometimes with two green
median strijDes ; thoracic bristles rather long ; scutellum
similarly coloured to the thorax, with two long and two
very short black marginal bristles. Abdomen shining dark
brown, with fairly dense black lateral pubescence, and
four black apical bristles. Legs black ; femora fringed
with black pubescence ; anterior and middle tibiae almost
without bristles ; posterior tibiae with a few scattered black
bristles. Wings with the cubital and discal veins almost
equidistant throughout, and curved down gently at their
ends towards the wing-tip ; anal vein long and nearly
reaching the margin ; halteres yellov^^

Female resembles the male very closely, but the eyes are
well separated, the abdomen shorter and broader, and the
legs generall}^ lighter.

This species may be distinguished from D. xctosus by
the unicolorous abdomen, and, in the male, by the much
less bristly and darker legs. It may be met with commonly
settled on tree-trunks and on stones, and is probably
generally distributed. My dates range from Xovtmber 2
to January 26.

63. L I p A R o M Y I A. Gen. nov. (Fig. TjI).

Arista situated right at the base of the third antenna!
joint, which in the male is very long, narrow, and pointed,
in the female short and roiuided ; the first joint of arista
short ; thorax with acrostichal bristles uniserial ; wings
with the radial, cubital, and discal veins parallel and
equidistant.

256 THE DIPTEKA BRACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Fig. 51. AVing of Liparoniyia scdata.

Eyes well seiparated on the front in both sexes, but, irr
the male; onl)^ narrowly divided on the face. Antennre,
without the arista, a little shorter than the head, the first
and second joints very short, the third, in the male, as long
as the first two together, humped at the base, then slender
and pointed, and bearing a, long arista which springs from
its base ; the arista, is two-jointed, the first joint being
short, and less than half the length of the third antenna!
joint; in the female the third joint iR short and rounded.
Thorax with one row of acrostichal bristles, which are very
short, two rows of dorsocentral bristles, and humeral,
posthumeral, notopleural, supraalar, and postalar bristles;
scutellum with two very long, widely separated, marginal
bristles. Abdomen longer and narrower in the male than
in the female, nearly bare in both sexes, but bearing a
few small bristles ; in the male the hypopygium is curved
forward beneath thei venter, but only for a short distance.
Legs simple in both sexes; posterior femora with short
bristles. Wings short and rather broad, the radial,
cubital, and di&cal veins straight and almost equidistant;
anal vein apparently wanting.

This genus, in the form of the antennae, resembles
Anepsiomyia, Bezzi., but is distinguished from that genus
by the very much shorter first joint of the arista. Onlv
one species is at present known.

LlPAROMYIA SEDATA, Sp. noV. (Fig. 51).

Thorax brown ; scutellum dull metallic blue-green ;
abdomen brown ; legs yellow-brown, with the femora dark
brown above; wings hyaline.

Length. Male and female, 2 mm.

Hab. Mangalore.

Male. Antennae brownish-blaek, of the form described
under the generic characters. Thorax dark brown, im-
striped; thoracic bristles black; scutellum dull metallic-

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 257

"blue-green, with two very long, widely-separated, marginal
black bristles. Abdomen brown, with small hindmarginal
black bristles ; hypopygium similarly coloured and fringed
with black pubescence. Legs with femora dark brown
above, yellow-brown below; tibiae and tarsi yellow-brown,
the tarsi apically darkened ; anterior and middle femora
almost bare, posterior femora, with a iTiw of rather long,
weak, black bristles; posterior tibias with shorter, but
staffer, black bristles; anterior tibiae, bare; middle
tibire with a few black bristles. Wings hyaline, with
dark veins.

Female resembles the male very closely, but the third
antennal joint is. short and rounded, and the hgs ai^e
lighter.

Of this species I have come across two specimens, a male-
taken on October 26, 1912, and a female, settled by the»
side of a pond, on April 26, 1914; from its small size it
is apt to be overlooked, and the species may not b©
uncommon.

64. H Y D R 0 p H o R u s, Fall.

Wings having the last part of the poetical vein not.
longer than the posterior cross-vein; antennae xvith the
third joint rounded, and the arista doi'sal.

Head as broad as, or a little broader than, the thorax;
vertex more or less excavated. Eyes well separated in
both sexes. Antennae situated rather high, all joints
short, but the third a little the longest, rounded apically,
and bearing a long, two-jointecl arista. Thorax with one
row of small acrostichal bristles, two rows of dorsocentral
bristles, and, on each side, a humeral, a, posthumeral, two
notopleural, and a postalar bristle, scutellum wHh four
marginal bristles. Abdomen short, the hypopygium ol
the male almost concealed, and not recurved beneath the
venter. Legs of medium length, and frequently showing
sexual characters; femora and tibiae with bristles. Wings
rather long and narrow, sometimes spotted, the last part
of the postical vein (i.e., the part from the discal cell to>
the wing-margin) very short, and not longer than the
posterior cross-vein, so* that the discal cell is very long, and
approaches close to the wing-margin.

The species belonging to this genus are confined to the
neighbourhood of water, on the surface of which most of
them are able to run. A Tasmanian species, which is;
unknown to me, was described by Maequart.

258 THE DIPTKRA-UKACHYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Hydropkorus cupreus, Macq.

Copper-coloured, with green reflections; abdomtn with
segmentations white ; legs yellow ; wings clear, with a
yellowish tinge.

Length. Female, 4 mm.

Hab. "Tasmania."

In Macquart's figure of the wing the discal vein is given
as converging apically towarc's the cubital vein. 'The
species is iinknown to me.

Family XI. PHORID.E.

Very small flies, with a peculiar venation, the wings
having two strong anterior veins, reaching only half-way
to the tip, and three or four faint veins running diagonally
across the wing.

Head rather small, about, the same breadth as the
thorax, the vertex usually bristly. Eyes separated in
both sexes. Antennse short, the third joint concealing
the other two, and bearing an apical or dorsal arista.
Thorax large, and greatly arched, with, usually, posterior
bristles. Abdomen rather short, the genitalia of the male
often large, of the female small and projecting. Legs
rather stout, femora large ; tibiae frequently with a few
bristles, and spurred ; posterior tarsi lengthened. Wings
usually large and broad, but sometimes wanting ; three
longitudinal veins present, the first very v^eak. and partly
coalesced with the second ; the second strong and always
simple ; the third very strong, either simple or foiked, or
with the apeix thickened, and extending to about the
middle of the costa; three or four light veins also present,
extending diagonally from the third vein to the hinder
margin; costa with the basal half usually bristly.

This family seems to be very poorly represented in
Australia, only five species having so far been described.
One of these is a curious, wingless form, discovered by Lea
in an ants' nest in Victoria, and described by him under
the name of Euierimorplin ahclominalis. In Tasmania only
one s|>ecies is at present known to occur.

65. A p IT I o c H JE T A (Fig. 52).

Ant.erior frontal setae proiclinate; middle tibiae devoid
of any setae near the l^ase ; wings with the basal part of
costa bristly, and the third lono-itudinal vein forked.

BY ARTHUR WHITE. 259

Head situated low down in front of the greatly arched
thorax, and about equal to it in breadth. Antennae
with the third joint rounded, and bearing a dorsal arista.
Palpi prominent and bristly. Front vvrith numerous strong
setce, the anterior ones much shorter than the others and
proclinate. Thorax much arched, dorsally bare, but with
a few^ strong posterior bristles. Abdomen short, rather
robust, and altogether without bristles. Legs simple,
tibiae spurred, but without bristles. Wings w^th the basal
part of costa bristly, and the third longitudinal vein
forked.

APHIOCH.ETA NEBULOSA, Walk. (Fig. 52).

Syn. Pliora nehulo.^a, Walk.

Thorax and abdomen brownish-black; legs yellow
wings hyaline.

Length. Male and female, 2.5-3 mm.

Hab. Mangalore. (Probably generally distributed.)

Fig. 52. Wing of AphiochcBta nelmlosu.

Male and female. Front and antennae brownish-black.
Palpi yellow, with black bristles. Thorax brownish-black,
almost bare, but with long posterior black bristles. Abdo-
men brownish-black, bare. Legs yellow or brownish-
yellow, the posterior tibiae and tarsi frequently darkened;
femora somewhat swollen; tibiae spurred, but without
bristles. Wings hyaline, wath veins light brov/n ; the
second longitudinal reaches the costa about half-way be-
tween the base of wang and apex of third longitudinal
vein; third longitudinal forked; halteres yellow.

This sjaecies occurs commonly on windows at Mangalore,
and is probably generally distributed. My dates range
from April 7 to May 13.

260 THE DlPTERA-BRACflYCERA OF TASMANIA,

Addenda et Corrigenda. Part I.

LEPTIDiE.

Me T o p o N I A, Macq. This genus should probably be
placed in the St rat io/nyid'^ , suhia,mi\y Berino:; no speci-
men has yet come to hand, so its position is still open to
doubt, but there is reason to believe that the Xylophagince,
in which Macquart placed it, do not occur in the Austra-
lian region.

STRATIOMYIDiE.

L E c o G A s T E R. Prof . Bezzi has been good enough
to point out to me that this name is preoccupied. I, there-
fore, propose in its place the name Lecomyia.

Odontomia marginella, Macq. The specimen referred
to as being in the collection of the Department of Agri-
culture, Hobart, proves to be merely a small variety of
0. amyrix, Walk. ; no recent specimen of 0. marqineUa is,
therefore, known. The distinguishmg character of the
species is found in the black femora.

Odontomyia carinata, Macq. This species should be
sunk as synonymous with 0. amyris.

Odontomyia subdentata, Macq. (Syn. 0. annulijyes,
Macq.) A female, apparently belonging to this species,
was taken by Mr. Hardy at Geeveston on December 25,
1914. It resembles 0. amyris, but differs Prom that
species in having the fulvous lower third of front divided
from the fulvous face by a black band, which slopes down
on either side towards the eyes. The male of 0. s^uhdentata
has the face entirely black. This species should, there-
fore, be added to the Tasmanian list.

NEMESTRINIDiE.

Trichopsidea ^stracea, Westw. In the BritisJi
Museum Collection are four specimens of this species,
three of which are from Tasmania, the fourth being from
Queensland. The species may be recognised by the
extremely faint wing-veins, only the two diagonal veins
being distinct.

BY ARTHUR WHITK. 261

Systematic List of tlie Species described in

this Peeper.

ASILID.^.

Leptogastrinse.

PAG-E

L E P T O G A S T E R, J/e/(/.

... 149

GENICULATA, MciCQ.

... 150

pedanius, Walk.

avtipoda, Bigot.

.5]STIVA, White

... 151

VERNALis, White

152

FUMIPENNIS, White

... 152

AUTUMNALIS, Sp. UOV.

... 153

Dasypogoninse.

0 A B A S A, Wcdk.

... 155

PULCHELLA, Mcicq. ... ... .^.

155

rnji thorax^ Walk.

RUBRITHORAX, Mctcq.

... 155

venno, Walk,

Brachyrrhop ALA, Mcicq.

... 156

NITIDUS, Macq.

156

LIMBlPENNis, Macq.

... 157

maculinervis, Macq.

tasmanice, Walk.

FENESTRATA, Macq.

.. 157

victotice, JRoder

RUFICORNIS, Macq. ...

... 158

E R Y T H R 0 P O G 0 X, Whit^

159

ICHNEUMONIFORMIS, White

... 159

B A T H Y P O G () N, ioeU-.

... 160

BRACHYPTER.US, Mcicq .

... 161

KiGRiNUS, JRicardo

... 162

S T E N o P o GO N, l/oe?r

... 162

ELONGATUS, Mctcq. ...

... 163

flavi fades, Macq.

digentia, Walk.

lanatus, Walk.

thalpiu^, Walk.

agave, Walk.

frcdernus, Bigot.

262 IHE DIPTEKA-BKACHYCEKA OF TASMA^^IA,

Laphrinse.

Jj AT B ui A, Meif/. ... ... ... ... ... 164

TELECLES, Walk. ... ... ... ... ... 165

E,UFIFEMORATA, Mcicq. ... ... ... ... 1 60

NIVETFACTES, Mcicq. ... ... .. .. 167

Asilinse.

O M M A T I U S, Wied. ... ... ... ... ... 167

DIMIDIATUS, Macq. ... ... ... .. 168

piLosus, Sp. 'iwv. ... .. ... ... ... 169

LEVIS, S]). nov. ... ... ... ... ... 170

P R OM A C H u s, Zo^'?r. ... ... ... .. ... 171

TASMANIENSIS, Mcicq. ... ... ... ... 171

V B. OCT AC Ai^ T uv s, Macq. ... ... ... 171

DURVILLEI, Macq. ... ... ... ... ... 172

D Y s M A c Hu s, Ivoe?(;. ... .. ... ... ... 172

RUDIS, Walk. ... ... ... ... 172

N E o I T A M u s, Ost-Saclz. ... ... ... ... 1 73

FLAViciNCTUs, White ... ... ... ... 174

HYALiPENNis, Ricardo ... ... .. ... 175

CALiGiNosus, White ... ... ... ... 176

VULGATUS, white ... ... ... ... ... 177

ABDiTUS, S})- nov. ... ... ... ... ... 178

GRAMINIS, White ... ... ... ... ... 179

BRUNNEUS, White ... ... ... ... ... 180

AsiLus, X. ... ... ... ... .,, ... 181

ALCETUS, WaUt. ... ... ... ... ... 181

DiscvTJENS, WaJk 182

Sydsj-jyexsis, Mocq. ... 182

BOMBYLIDy^.

Bombylinse.

C Y iiT o m owPB. A, Geu. nor. .. ... ... ... 185

PAGANicA, !^]). nov. ... ... ... ... ... 186

Geron, Jfe<V/ 1H6

DISPAR, Macq ... ... ... ... ... 1B7

coihnrnatus, IMyof.

HiLARis, t^p. nov. ... ... ... ... .M 188

M A R M A S O M A, (?t7i. y-tO'?'. ... ... ... ... 188

8UMPTU0SA, 8p. nov. ... ... ... ... 1 ^^0

BY ARTllUli WHITE

Bo M B Y L I U S, jL.

FUSCANUS, Macq.

viaiutinus, Walk.

PALLIOLATUS, Sp- tlOf.
CHRYSENDETUS, Sp. HOC.
S Y S T CE C HU S, ioeic. ...

CRASSUS, Walk.

jjlatyurus. Walk.
S I s Y E, o M Y I A, Gen. nor.
AURATA, Walk.

rrassiros/ris, Mac<j.

BREVIROSTRIS, M<;Cq.

eulabiatus, Bigot.

Lomatinse.

0 o M P T o s I A, Macq. ...

MACULIPENNIS, Macq.

ocellata, Walk,
inclusa, Walk.
CO (J7 tat a, Walk.

GEOMETRICA, MttCq. .

obscura. Walk.
CORCULUM, Walk. ...
tr ic( llata , Macq.
D o c I D o M Y I A, i. en. nov.
ruELLAKis, sp. nov.

203

191-2

193

194
195
196
196

197

198

199

•201
201

202

203

203
204

Anthraeinse.
E X o p R o s o p A, Macq. .

O CLIQUE KASCIATA, Macq. ...

BiCELLATA, Macq

A N T H R A X, .S'coy;.

INCISA, Macq.

ALTEHNANS, Macq. ...

MINOR, Macq.

ritrea, Walk.

NIGRICOSTA, Macq. ...
MARGINATA, Walk. ...

fasclcosiata., Macq.
VELox, S]^- nov.

205
205
206
206

207
208
208

209
210

211

264

THE iJllTEUA-BUACIIYChlllA OF TASMANIA,

SIMPLEX, Mitcq.
ARGENTIPENNIS, .S*;'. HOV. ...

Argyramceba, Schin.
MACULATA, Macq. ...
austrcdls. Walk.

212

212
213
213

EMPID.^.
Hybotinre.

I K O N O M Y I A, Gen. UOr.

NIGROMACULATA, >j^J> nov. ..
SCIADOCERA, Ge7l. UOV.

RUFOMACULATA, S]:)- ttOV.

Empinse.

H I I, A R A, Mti (/....

EFFIGIESS, Sp. nov....
BALNEARIA, Sj). UOV.

NIMIA, Sj). nov.

NUBILA, Si', ■nov.
MOLLICKLLA, 8 p. 710V.

HiLAROPUS, Gen. nov.

PALLIDIFURCA, Sp. WW.
NIGRIMANUS, Sp. UOV.
PEREGRINUS, Sp. noV.

E(;hinatus, Sp. nov.
E M p I s, L.

BKLLATORIUS, Sp. UOV.
SERICATUS, Sp. nov.

AQUILUS, Sp. nov. ...

FLABILIS, 'S'^>. nov. ...
T E N O NT O M Y I A, (7e?^. VCOy. ...

GRACIEIPES, SfJ nov.
li- H A M P H O M Y I A, Mcip .

APRiEis, Sp. nov.

SEPTEMBRIS, Sp. noV.

M IC R O P n OR U S, .,^>
HIEMALIS, Sp. nov.

Leptopeza, yfac(j.

Oeydromiinge.

Mav<i.

21 (J
217

218
219

220
222

223
223
224
225
226
227
228
228
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
137
238
239

240
240
211

BY ARTHUR WHITE.

265

BIMACULATA, BeZZU ..
RUBRITHORAX, Sp. UOV.
PULCHERRIMA, Bezzi.
LEVICOSTA, Sp. 710V....
SERRATICOSTa, Sp UOV.

242
2J3
243
244
245

DOLICHOPODIDiE.

S CI APU8, Zell. ..

247

TRIFBSCIATUS, Macq.

... 248

GRANDis, Macq.

249

BREVICORNIS, Mcicq.

249

C-H.A.-LQF.JJS, Sp nov....

... 250

DISCRETIFASCIATUS, Mucq....

... 250

DISPAR, Macq.

251

'NIG'ROFJIjOstjs, Macq.

... 251

An AC WN o MY I A, Gi 71. nov. ...

... 252

ARBORUM, Sp. 710V. ...

. 253

D I AP H 0 R US, i¥ei(/. ...

... 253

SETOSUS, S}?. 710V.

254

COMMUNIS, Sp. 710V....

255

\ji-p AnoMXiA, Gen. 710V.

255

SEDATA, Sp. 710V.

256

H Y D R O P H O R U S, i^a/?.

... 257

CUPREUS, Macq.

258

PHORID^.

A P H I O C H ^T A

... 258

NEBULOSA, Walk. ...

... 259

Species Li cert w Sedis.

ASILID^.

D A S Y P O G O N, 3/^/"^. ...
ALBONOTATUS, MctCq.

NIGR.INUS, Mctcq.

BOMBYLID^.

BOMBYLIUS, L.

TENUICORNIS, Macq.

coNSOBRiNus, Macq.
ALBiciNCTUS, Macq.

164
164

193
"i93
193

2GG

THE DIPTERA-BIIACIIYL'KRA OF TASMANIA

E X O P E, O S O P A, Macq. . . ,
BK.^ELLATA, Macq.

205-206

EMPID^.

H I L A R A, J\fei(/.

CERTA, Wal/^-.

CONFIRMATA, WaJ/^'.
E M P I S, I/.

BREVIROSTRIS, Mcicq.

222
232

267

NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTERA AND
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, ETC.

By G. H. Hardy.

(Read 12rli June, 1916. Issued separately 23rd Dec, 1916.)

CYRTIDvE.

Oncodes flavescens, White.

O. flavesceii.^, White. P. and P. Roy.* Soc. Tas., 1914,

pg. 70.
O. nigriiiervis, White, id. pg. 71.

0. (iter, White, id. pg. 72.

The three specimens of Oncodes, described b}^ Mr. White,
are undoubtedly variations of the same species. I have
a long aeries of Oncodes showing several variations and
sizes graduating between the three descriptions, and from
observations made at Launceston, where they were abun-
dant, I have no hesitation in stating that flavescens is the
male, and the other two are females.

Mr. White informs me that specimens of nigrinervis have
been taken in Victoria and New South Wales, whilst ater
is only known from Tasmania. I revised my series giving
this consideration, but can find no real distinction on
examining my series as a whole. The following table gives
the localities of Oncodes in my collection, and 'he number
of specimens taken : —

X.W. C apt. Launceston. East Coast. Others. Total

Flavescetns 2 ... 6

Nigrinervis 3 ... 12

Ater 6 ... —

Pygmaeus 2

Totals 13 ... 18

The two N.W. Coast (Wynyard)
the male of var. ater (the apical ye

obsolete), to which form, the three nigrinervis from the
same district closely approximate.

All the Launceston specimens are typical, both male
and female, but the East Coast specimens (Triabunna and
Maria Island) show marked variation, so much so, that I
have difiiculty in isolating the tme ater from nigrinervis.

11 ... 1 20

.. 23 ... 1 39

O ... «^

2

.. 37 ... 2 70
flavescens could well be
low margins are partly

268 NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTERA, ETC.,

I leave the identification of 0. pygma.us until further
specimens are to hand, but J suspect the species will ultim-
ately fall to a variety of 0. flavesce7is. The abdomen of
pyc/mceus seems to be identical with the colour of the abdo-
men in dead specimens found clinging to twigs, and indeed
some live specimens show signs of the abdomen becoming
similarly discoloured.

A pair from Launceston (in cop. ?), not included in the
above table, has the female with the abdomen damaged,
and this has a decided "re^J-brown" colour.

The following descriptions cover my series of 0. fdvescens,
both male and female.

Male. Black ; the abdomen often extensively marked
v^especially in large specimens) with yellow and yellow-
brown ; legs yellow-brown, and often stained with black.
Wings hyaline, veins varying from yellowish to very faintly
marked.

Female. Black; the apex of the abdominal segments
generally conspicuously bordered narrowly white ; legs
varying as in male. Wings sometimes suffused with brown
or smoky (hyaline in small specimens), the veins h:. large
specimens often strongly marked.

Female, var. aier (White). Under this name I propose
to include specimens with black abdomens, and without
trace of apical white margins.

The chief sexual character is to be found in the shape of
the abdomen, where, in the male, the abdomen is distinctly
longer than wide. In the female the abdomen \^ scarcely
longer than wide, and viewed from above, the outline
forms almost a circle. If the apical borders of the
abdominal segments are present, they are light yellow in
the male, and white in the female.

Length. Male, 8 mm. to 5 mm. ; female, 7 mm. to 4 mm.

Hab. Hobart, 1 9 (type); Triabunna, 5 ^, ]8 9;
Maria Island, 5 ^,9 9; Wynvard, '2 <J , 9 9 ; Mole Creek,
1 9; Launceston, 7 ^, 13 9; Bngdnd, 1 $.

My dates range from November 10 to February 6, and
without doubt this period will be considerably extended.*

Specimens can be taken at all hours of the day, occasion-
ally in quantities, sitting on the underside of dead twigs of
trees where their inflated bodies form conspicuous objects
against the sky.

*Since the nbovo was- written, I took a male specimen in Hobart
dated 1st October, 1916.

BY G. H. HARDY. 269

TABANIDiE.

Tabanus wynyardensis, sp. nov.

Male. Hairy, black and brown; easily identified by the
broad black stripe down the brown abdomen, and the
absence of recurrent vein. Eyes densely hairy.

Face greyish, with black hairs, beard yellow. Palpi
brown with long yellow, brown and black hairs; rounded
apically. Antennae brown, second joint light, the third
joint apically very dark. Thorax olive, with three black
stripes, scuteilum black, the whole covered with upright
black and brown hair.

Abdomen brown, with a broad median black stripe
covering more than half the area, with black and brown
hair, which is upright on the basal segments and more or
less depressed apically; the apical margins of the segments
fringed with yellow hair. Underside of abdomen uniform
lighter brown, covered with shorter light hair. Legs
brown. Wings hyaline, stigma brown, appendix absent.

Length. 13 mm.

Hab. Wynyard, 3rd February, 1916. 2 males.

A specimen in the collection of the Agricultural De-
partment is labelled "Swansea, Tas., Lea."

The eyes of Tahanus similis, Macq., according to Miss
Ricardo, are bare, therefore it is unlikely this species is
the male of T. similis, which according to Mr. White's
key it would naturally run to.

&

Pelecorhynchus eristaloides, Walk.

I took a second male specimen of this species at Geeves-
lon on the 19tli January, 1916.

P. eristaloides, suhsjo. montanus., suhsiJ. nov.

Differs from the typical eristaloides by having more
slender shape, smaller white spots on the thorax (about
half the size), narrower black stripes on the thorax (about
two-thirds the width), the entire absence of red hair, and
the spots on the wings being almost entirely obsolete.

Type (male) taken in cop. with a female on the 6th
January, 191G. Another pair in cop., and a further two
:nales and two females were taken on the 10th January,
1916. Another suecinien, in the the collecfioii of ihe Agri-
cultural Department, was taken by Mr. A. M. Lea.

Length. Male 15 mm., female 18 mm.

Hab. Summit of Mt. Wellington, where it is fairly
abundant on the low flowering shrubs, but almost impos-

270 NOTES ON TASMANIAN DIPTEEA, ETC.,

sible to catch when active on the wing. The specimens
secured were taken between 10 and 11 a.m., when begin-
ning to fly.

PelecopvHynchus fusconiger, Walk.

Two' specimens in the Museum collection, in ba-l condi-
tion, and a further two specimens in the Agricultural De-
partment's collection bear a label "Ulverstone, Tas. ; Lea."

THEREVID^.

Anabarrhynchus, Macq.

Under this genus, Mr. White described eiglit species
from Tasmania, adding the name of another as doubtfully
Tasmanian.

There are three coastal species occurring on sana-dunes,
namely, pallidus, the doubtful Tasmanian species rufipes,
and a new species described below.

The three can be readily distinguished from al other
species, except perhaps niontanus, by the wings, which are
tinged yellow or brown along the veins. This characteris-
tic is sometimes faint in pallidum,. My specimens of mon-
tanus (from Mt. Wellington") are all slightly tinged dark
along veins except one, but montanus will not be confused
in any way with the coastal species.

Anabarrhynchus rufipes, Macq.

Readily distinguished by the yellow-brown fern era and
tibise, the grey thorax with three brown stripes, and the
wings tinged yellow along the veins.

Male. Head grey, front darker centrally, with black
hair, pro'boscis preeminent. Antenna^, first joint shorter
than the other two joints combined (in pallidus the first
joint is longer), the first two joints brownish, the third
joint black, basally brownish. Thorax grey, with three
parallel brown stripes, darkest down the centre ; the central
stripe is black down the centre, and is continued on the
scutellum. Abdomen black-brown, with the apical and
side margins of segments grey, except the three apical seg-
ments which are generally more or less uniformly light
yellowish-brown tinged. Legs yellowish-brown, coxae and
trochanters grey, the femora and tibiaj apically stained
black, the tarsi with the apical half of first, and whole of
the following segments black. Wings similar to pallnlu.^,
but veins black.

Female differs from the male in having the front brown.

Length. Male 9 mm., fern. 10.5 mm.

BY G. H. HAllDY. 271

Hab. Sand-dunes on the Coast. Maria Island, 1 male
and 1 female. 1st January, 1916. Also collected by Mr.
Clive Cole at Bellerive duiing January and Februsi} .

It is readily distinguished from jmUidus, with which it
occurs, by the three distinct stripes on the thorax, the face
not being produced so prominently, the absence of two
spots on the front, the different proportions of the
antennae, the knees of the legs being black, and its larger
size.

Anabarrhynchus maritimus, sp. nov.

In Mr. White's key this would run to latifrons. but is
t^asily distinguished by its two conspicuous brown stripes on
the thorax and the wings tinged along veins.

Male. Black, face white, the front shining black with
black pubescence. Antennae with the first joint as long as
the third (in latifrons it is shorter). Thorax shining with
two distinct light brown stripes, not reaching the apex,
and a pair of whitish shoulder stripes. Abdomen with
only three of the segments bordered white apically. Legs
as in Jatifrc/iis. Veins of wings bordered with a dark tinge.

Female similar to the male.

Hab. Sand-dunes on Coast. Maria Island, 1st January,
1916, one pair in cop., and one female. St. Helens, six.
specimens collected on the same date by Mr. F. M. Littler.

ASILIDiE.

Beachyeehopala nitidus, Macq.

Ap]3arently the male only is described under this name.
I have females from Wynyaxd and Eaglehawk Neck that
agree with the description of the male, and also a female
from Mr. Wellington so verv distinctive that it might be
an entirely new species, but I am unable to find a reliable
distinction other than size and colour. The males are not
uncommon on Mt. Wellington, I have not seen i female
other than this unique specimen from the locality. I pro-
pose to call the variety :— -

B. nitidus, var. dissimilis, var. nov.

Female. A large yellow s-pecies with hyaline wings and
black veins. Its yellow colour will at once distinguish it
from the typical nitidus, and also its clear wings give it a
very distinctive appearance.

Dull yellow. Face dull reddish, and not bright yellow as
in typical nitidus, antennae re^. Thorax, as in typical
nitidus, has black markings, but differs in having r>o yellow

272 NOTES ON TA8MANIAN DIPTEUA, ETC.

or whitish markings mixed with the black. Abdomen with
black markings on basal segments as in typical nitidus.
Legs uniform yellow; the black claws, and yellow spurs on
the anterior tibiee, ixiuch smaller in proportion to 'he typi-
cal nitidiis.

A comparison of dimensions between the female typical
species and the variety is of interest.

Fem. typical nitidus. Fern. var. di-^siiniUs.
Length 18-22 mm. 22 mm.

Maximum width

across thorax . 3 mm. 4 mm^.

Maximum width
across abdo-
laen

2 - 2.5 mm. 4 mm.

Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2,000ft. 10th January, 1916.

27.3

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

1916.

20th March, 1916.
A nn uaJ Meeting .

The Annual General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m. Dr. A. H. Clarke occupied the chair.

The Secretary (Dr. J. L. Glasson) read the Annual
E-eport, and the Treasurer (Mr. L. Rodway) preisented the
Balance-sheet. These were adopted, on the motion of the
Chairman, seconded by Mr. J. A. Johnson.

The following having been nominated as members of the
Council for 1916, were declared elected:- — Dr. A. H.
Clarke, Professor T. T. Flynn, Messrs. L. Dechaineux, L.
F. Giblin, H. Heaton, J. A. Johnson, L. H. Lindon, L.
Kodvfay, and Dr. J. L. Glasson.

The election of an auditor was left to the Council.

Mr. L. Rodway moved that a special meeting be held
to consider an alteration of the rules, to enable non-mem-
bers of the Council to be eligible for appointment as vice-
presidents. Carried.

Mr. C. W. Hemery gave a lecture on "Places I have seen
and people I have met."

10th April, 1916.
SpeeioJ Generxil Meefinr/.

A Special General Meeting of the Soiciety was held at
8 p.m., at the Museum. Dr. Clarke occupied the chair.

Mr. Rodway mo'ved that in Rule 3 the word "Council '
be struck out, and "Society" substituted therefor. Mr. J.
A. Johnson seconded. Carried.

Mr. Heaton moved that a new section F be formed in
Australasian History, Geography, and Economics. Mr.
R. M. Johnston seconded. Canned.

Ordinary Monthly Meetinp.

At the close of the General Meeting, the ordinary
monthly meeting was held.

Mr. R. M. Johnston read a preliminary note by Mr. W.
H. Twelvetrees, on an aboriginal flake discovered at the
Doone alluvial mine.

274 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Paper

The following papers were read : —

1. "A determination of the height of Barn Bluff."

By H. K. Hutchison, L. F. Giblin, and W. F. D.
Butler.

2. "Notes on the geology of the Cradle Mountain dis-

trict." By W. N. Benson.

8th May, 1916.

The Monthly General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m.

Paper.

"Additions to the Bryophyte Flora." By L. Rodway.

Di-Hcussion.

A discussion on Industry and Education was opened by
Mr. H. Heaton and Mr. L. Dechaineux. Messrs. M. M.
Ansell, R. M. Johnston, and J. A. Johnson also spoke.

Mr. J. A. Johnson moved that the Council be requested
to consider what further steps should be taken to put into
effect the views expressed at the meeting. CaiTied.

12th June, 1916.

The Monthly General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m. His Excellency'- the President occupied the
chair.

The President announced that, in accordance with Rule
3, h© had appointed Mr. R. M. Johnston and Major E. L.
Piesse to be Vice- presidents of the Society.

Pa per .

"Notes on Tasmariian Diptera, and descriptions of new
species." By G. H. Hardy.

Lecture.

His Excellency Sir Wm. Ellison-Macartney, President of
the Society, delivered a lecture on "Some Broken Reeds."

10th July, 1916.

The Monthly General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m. His Excellency the President occupied the
chair.

Pa per .

"Discovery of an aboriginal chippc'd flake in deep ground
near Gladstone. By W. H. Twelvetrees.

ABSTRACT OF I'KOCilEDINt^.S. 2 < 5-

Lecture.

Mr. L. Rodway delivered an illustrated lecture on
"Botany at Cradle Mountain. "

2 1st August. 1916.

The Monthly General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m. His Excellency th© President in the chair.

Tapers.

1. "Contributions to the Flora of Tasmania." By R. A.

Black.

2. "A New Tasmanian Butterfly.' By G. H. Hardy.

3. "The Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania. Part III."

By A. White.

Lecture.

Dr. L. S. Miller delivered an illustrated lecture on
"Egypt.'

18th September, 1916.

The Monthly General Meeting of the Society was held at
the Museum at 8 p.m. His Excellency the President in the
chair,

LjCcI i(re.

Professor T. Thomson Flynn delivered an illustrated lec-
ture o>n "The Great Barrier Reef. Part I. Coral and Coral
Reefs."

30th October. 1916.

The Monthly General Meeting was held at the Museum
at 8 p.m. His Excellency the President in the chair.

Ijccture.

Professor T. Thomson Flynn delivered a lecture on "The
Great Bariier Reef. Part II."

Mr. J. N. Raamsdoiik, B.A., B.C.L., Lecturer in Modern
Langua^^es in tlie University of Tasmania, delivered an
address commemoratino: the first lauding of Diik Hartog in
Australia, October 25th, 16 IG.

Mr. L. Rodway spoke of the loss science had sustained
through the death of G. W. Smith, and it was resolved that
an obituary notice shou'cl appear in the Society's annual
volume.

[The note written by Mr. Rodway and containing the substance of his
remarks appears on page 286 of this volume.

u

276

ANNUAL REPORT

fjje ilojial Societi) of Casiuciiuii

1916

Patron :

HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

President:

HIS EXCELLENCY SIR WILLIAM GREY ELLISON-MACARTNEY, P.C,
K.C.M.G., GOVERNOR OF TASMANIA.

Vice-Presidents:

R. M. JOHNSTON, LS.O.
MAJOR E. L. PIESSE.

Council :

Elected 20111 March, 1916.

A. H. CLARKE, M.R.C.S., L.K.C.P. J. L. GLASSON, M.A., D.Sc.

(('hairman)

HERBERT HEATON, M. A., M. Coram.
L. DECHAINEUX.

J. A. JOHNSON, M.A.

PROF. T. THOMSON FLYNN, B.Sc. ^ ^ lINDON, M.A.
L. F. GIBLIN, B.A. LEONARD RODWAY.

Honorary Secretary :

J. L. GJ>ASSON.

Honorary Treasurer :

LKOXAIM) KOI) WAY.

Honorary Librarian:

I.. DKCIIAINEUX.

Editor:

J. L. (;lasson.

Honorary Auditor:
R. A. BLACK.

LIST OF MEMBERS. '2//

Honorary Members :

David, T. W. Edgeworth, C.M.G,, B.A,, F.R.S., F.G.S.
Professor of Geology aud Physical Geography in the
University of Sydney. The University, Sydney.

Ma.wson, Sir Douglas, B.E., D.Sc. Adelaide.

Shackleton, Sir Ernest H., Kt., C.V.O., F.R.G.S.. F.R.xY.S.
9 Regent-street, London, S.W., England.

Spencer, W. Baldwin, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S. Professor of
Biology in the University of Melbourne. The Uni-
versity, Melbourne.

Ordinary, Life, and Corresponding Members :

"C," Corresponding Member.

" L," Member who has compounded subscriptions for life.
", Member who has contributed a Paper read before the Society.

Year of
Election.

1916 Ansell, M. M., B.A. The Registrar the Univer-

sity, Hobart.

1908 L Baker, Henry D. C/o American Consulate,

Hobart.
1887 Barclay, David. 143 Hampden Road, Hobart.

1890 "Beattie, J. W. 1 Mount Stuart Road, Hobart.

1901 C Benhani, W. B., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Professor of Biology, University of

Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand.
1903 Bennett, W. H. "Ashby," Ross.

1900 Bennison, Thomas. 29 Cromwell Street,

Hobart.

1912 -Black, R. A. Chief Clerk, Department of

Agriculture. 50 High Street, Queen-
borough.

1909 ^Blackman, A. E. Franklin.

1913 Bottrill, W. E., LL.D. 7 Elphinstone Road,

Hobart.
1892 C Bragg, W. PL, M.A., F.R.S. Professor of

Physics in University College, London.
1900 -^^'Brettingham-Moore, G. E. " 294 Davey Street,

Hobart.
1911 Brooks, G. V. Master of Method, Elizabeth

Street Practising School, Hobart. Main

Road, New Town.
1907 Brownell, F. L. "Leura," Main Road, Moonah.

1879 Burgess, The Plon. AV. H. "Milliara," Mona

Street, Hobart.
1909 Butler, W. F. D., B.A., M.Sc, LL.B. Bishop

Street, New Town.

278 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Year of
Election.

1912 Chapman, J. R. Holebrook Place, Hobart.

1901 C Chapman. R. VV.. M.A., B.C.E. Elder Profes-

sor of Mathematics and Mechanics in the
University of Adelaide. The Univer-
sity, Adelaide.

1913 Chepmell, C. H. D. Clerk of the Legislative

Council. 23 Swan Street, Hobart.
1896 *Clarke, A. H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Mac-

quarie Street, Hobart.
1887 Clemes, Samuel. Principal of Leslie House

School. Clare Street, New Town.

1910 Clemes, W. H., B.Sc. Leslie House School,

Argyle Street, New Town.
1884 Davics, The Hon. C. E., M.L.C. -'Lyndhurst,"

New Town Road, New Town.

1908 ' Dechaineux, Lucien. Principal of Technical

School, Hobart.
1903 Delany, Most Rev. Patrick. Archbishop of

Hobart. 99 Barrack Street, Hobart.
1892 C Dendy, A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S. Professor of

Zoology in the University of London

(King's College). "Vale Lodge," Hamp-

stead, London, N.W.
1861 Dobson, The Hon. Henry. Elboden Street,

Hobart.
1916 Downie. W. A. Headmaster, Central School..

Plobart.

1911 Dunbabin, Thomas, M.A. 22 Lansdowne Cres-

cent, Hobart.
1916 Buncombe, E. W. Headmaster, Albuerg-

Street School, Hobart.

1909 Fereday, Mrs. R. W. Holebrook Place, Ho-

bart.

1902 Finlay, W. A. 11 Secheron Road, Hobart.
1909 ^Flynn, T. Thomson, B.Sc. Ralston Professor

of Biology in the University of Tas-
mania. D'Arcy Street, Hobart.

1890 L Foster, H. D. 137 Hampden Road, Hobait.

1905 L Foster, J. D. "Fairfield," Epping.

1913 Fowler, T. W., M.C.E. Engineer-in-Chief of

Tasmania. Clare Street, New Town.

1908 -^Giblin, L. F., B.A., M.H.A. 326 Macquarie

Street. Hobart, and "Cobbler's End."
Cambridge.

1913 *Glasson, J. L., M.A., D.Sc. Lecturer in Physics

in the University of Tasmania. The
University, Hobart.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 279

Year of
Election.

1914 Goetze, A.E. Bellerive.

1907 Gould, Robert. Longford.

1905 L Grant, C. W. "tligli Peak, " Huon Road.

1913 *Hardy, G. H. Hurlstone. Assistant-Curator of

the Ta,smanian Museum. The Museum,
Argyle Street, Hobart.

1898 Harrison, M. W. Glenorchy.

1893 Harvey, W. A., M.B. 154 Macquarie Street,

Hobart.

1902 C Haswell, William, M.A., D.Sc.. F.R.S., F.L.S.
Challis Professor of u^oiogy m the Uni-
versity of Sydney. The University,
Sydney.

1913 liawson, Edward. "Remine,' 174 Argyle

Street, Hobart.

1915 *Heaton. Herbert, M.A., M. Comm. Lecturer

in History and Economics in the Uni-
versity of Tasmania. The University,
Hobart.
1915 Hickman, V. V., B.Sc. Lecturer in Chemistry,

School of Mines, Zeehan.

1914 Hitchcock. W. E. Moma.

1908 Hogg, G. H., M.D., CM. 37 Brisbane Street,

Launceston.

1909 "Hutchison, PI. R. 1 Barrack Street, Hobart.

1913 Ifc, G. W. R., LL.B. Summerhill Road, Ho-

bart.

1912 Inglis, C. J. Holebrook Place, Hobart.

1898 -Heland, E. W. J., M.B., CM. 160 Elizabeth

Street, Hobart.

1906 "Johnson, J. A., M.A. Principal of the Philip

Smith Training College, Hobart.
"Wharepuke," Argyle Street, New Town.
1873 ^Johnston, R.M., I.S.O., F.S.S. Government

Statistician. Tasmanian Club, Mac-
quarie Street, Hobart.

1910 Kermode, R. C "Mona Vale," Ross.

1905 Kerr, George. 165 Campbell Street, Hobart.

1913 Knight, J. C E. "Windermere, " Claremont.

1873 "^Legge, Col. W. V., R.A. (R.). "Cullenswood

House,"' Cullenswood.

1887 Lewis, Sir Neil Elliott, K.CM.G., M.A.,

B.C.L., LL.B., M.H.A. "Werndee,"
Auousta Road, New Town.

280 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Year of
Election.

1912 Liiidon, L. 11., M.A. Warden of Christ's

College, Hobart. "The Lodge," Park
Street, Hobart.

1900 Lines. D. H. E., M.B., Ch.B. Archer Street.

Nev/ Town.

1875 C Liversidge, Professor Archibald. M.A., LL.D.,
A.R.S.M., F.Pv.S., F.I.C., F.C.S., F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S. 'Tieldhead," Coombe Warren,
Kingston, Surrey, England.

1912 McAlister, Miss M. K. Kosetta.

1893 -^^McAnlay, Alexander, M.A. Professor of

Mathematics in the University of Tas-
mania. The University, Hobart.

1908 McElroY, J. A.. Principal of Franklin House

School. 179 Davey Street, Hobart.
1902 C *Maiden, J. H., F.R.S. Director of Botanic
Grardems, Sydney, and Government
Botanist, New South Wales. Botanic
Gardens, Svdney

1913 Mather, J. F. 1 Mouiit Stuart Road, Hobart.
1895 -May. W. L. 'Torest Hill," Sandford.

1909 Milieu, J. D. Mount Bischoff Mine, W^aratah.

1907 Miller, Lindsay S., M.B., Ch.B. 156 Mac-

quarie Street, Hobart.

1894 L Mitchell, J. G. "Ellesmere," Jericho.

1913 Mitchell, P. H., B.A. Headmaster of the

State High School, Hobart. 2 Ashfield
Street, Queenborough.

1911 IMonlgomery, R. B. Park Street, New Town.

1882 Nicholas, G. C. "Cawood," Ouse.

1910 Nicholls, H. Minchin. Government Micro-

biologist, Department of Agriculture.
Macquarie Street, Hobart.

1908 Parsons, Miss S. R. 190 Davey Street, Hobart.
1902 *Piesse, Major E. L., B.Sc, LL.B. "Neika,"

Bay Road, New Town.

1910 Pillinger, James. 4 Fitzroy Crescent, Plobart.

1908 Pratt, A. W. Courtney. 11 Swan Street,

Hobart.

1904 "Ritz, H. B., M.A. Lecturer in Modern Lan-

guages in the University of Tasmania.
40 Lochner Street, Hobart.

1864 Roberts, H. L. "Beaumaris," Montpelier

Road, Hobart.

1884 *Rodway, Leonard. High Street, Queenbor-

ough.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 281

Year of
Election.

1913 Ross, Hector. Sheriff of Tasmania. Elphin-

stone Road, Hobart.
Ros3, J. Head Teaclier, New Town School,

New Town.
Scott, R. G., M.B., Ch.M. 172 Macqiiarie
Street, Hobart.
*Shirley. John, D.Sc. Insj^ector of Schools,
Queensland. "Colarmie,"' Brnnswick
Street, New Farm, Brisbane.
Shoobridge, Canon G. W. 3 Molle Street,

Hobart.
Simmons, M. W. A.IvI.P. Buildings, Eliza-
beth Street, Hobart.
^Simson, Augustus. 49 High Street, Lauuces-

ton
Smith, R. Greig-, D.Sc. Linnean Hall, Eli-
zabeth Bay, Sydney.
Smith, S. C, B.A. Hutchins School, Hobart.
Smithies, John. Lindisfarne.

"Sprott, GregoYj, M.D., CM. 134 Macquarie

Street, Hobart.

Sticht, Robert, B.Sc, E.M. Mount Lyell

Mining and Railway Co. Ltd., Queen

Street, Melbourne.

Susman, Maurice. 88 Murray Street, Hobart.

Tarleton, J. W. 108 High Street, Queen-
borough.

1887 "^Taylor, A. J. Librarian of the Tasmanian

Public Library. 28 D'Arcy Street, Ho-
bart.

1892 C -Thomson, G. M., F.L.S. Dunedin, New Zea.
land.

1896 "Twelyetrees, W. H., F.G.S. Government

Geologist. Geological Survey, Launces-
ton.

1901 C Wall, Arnold, M.A. Professor of English Lan-

guage and Literature in Canterbury

College. Christchurch, New Zealand.
1913 Wardman, John. Superintendent of the

Botanical Gardens. Botanical Gardens,

Hobart.
1913 Watenvorth, Newham. Lindisfarne.

1902 Watson, Horace. 55 High Street, Queen-

borough.

1913 AVayn, Miss Lucy. "Faii^eld," 246 Camp-

bell Street,"' Hobart.

1896

1892

C

1901

1909

1875

1901

C

1915

1913

1896

L

1896

L

1913

1907

■282 LI8T OF MEMBERS.

Year of
Election.

1912 '^White, Arthur. St. Cross, Harleston, Norfolk,

England.
1915 Williams, Evan, B.Sc. Friends' High School,

Plobart.
1901 Wise, H. J. 4 Colville Street, Hobart.

1903 Wolfhagen. Waldemar. Angusta Road, New

Town.

1897 C Woodward, B. H., F.G.S. Director of the
Western Australian Miisenm and Art
Galler}^ Perth. Western Australia.

Merabers are a.sked to inform the Secretary of any cliaiige of address or
other necessary correction.

ANNUAL REPORT.

In accordance with Rule 39, the Council present a
Report on the proceedings of the Society during the yeax
1916.

Tlie Council and Officers.

At the Annual General Meeting, held on 20th March,
the following were elected members of the Council for the
year: — Dr. A. H. Clarke, Messrs. L. Dechaineux, L. F.
Giblin, H. Heaton, J. A. Johnson, L. H. Lindon, L. Rod-
way, Professor T. T. Flynn, aiid Dr. J. L. Glasson.

The Council, at itsi first meeting, elected the following
■ofTicers : — Dr. Clairke (Chairman), Dr. Glasson (Honorary
iSecretary), Mr. Rodway (Honorary Treasurer), Mr. De-
chaineux (Honorary Librarian), Mr. R. A. Black (Honor-
ary Auditor).

The Council elected Dr. Clarke, Professor Flynn,
Messrs. Lindon, Johnson, Dechaineux, and Rodway, to be
trustees of the Tasmanian Museum and Botanical Gardens
during the current year.

Ten ordinary meetings of the Council were called dur-
ing the year 1916. The attendances of members were as
follow:— Dr. Clarke, 9; Professor Flynn, 6; Mr. De-
chaineux, 10; Mr. Giblin (on leave), 0; Mr. Heaton, 4;
Mr. Johnson, 8 ; Mr. Lindon, 7 ; Mr. Rodway, 9 ; Dr.
Glasson, 10.

Meetings of the Sociefy.

Six Monthly General Meetings and one Special Gene-
ral Meetings were held, in addition to the Annual Meeting.
Eight papers were read during the session, and several
lectures were delivered by members and visitors.

ANNUAL REPORT. 283

Meml)er.s.
Durino- the year 5 new memibei^! were elected into the
Society. We lost 23 membei^ through death, resignation,
or change of residence. The number of ordinary members
at the end of the year was 88, life members 8, correspond-
ing members 13, and honorary members 4.

Pfipcr^i and Proceedings.
The Council has ordered 650 copies of the 'Tapers
and Proceedings " for 1916. The Parliament of Tasmania
has again approved of a grant of £100 in aid of the print-
ing of the Society's Journal.

Library.

During the year 500 books and pamphlets were re-
ceived, making a total of 12,500 in the Library on 31st
December, 1916. The Council wi&hes to specially mention
a donation ci about 200 medical works from Dr. Wolf-
hagen.

Education Section.

President of Section, J. A. Johnson, Escj.. M.A.

Secretai'y of Section, L. Dechaineux.

Membership, 15.

Six meetings of the Section were held, and the fol-
lowing papers read and discussed: — Messrs. Heaton and
Dechaineux. "Education and Industry"; read again at
May meeting of the Royal Society. Mr. H. Heaton,
"Commercial Education."' Mr. S. Clemes, Discussion on
Professor Perry's paper, read at the British Association in
Sydney. Mr. Gr. V. Brooks, "The Teaching of Literature
in the*^ Schools of South Australia."" Mr. S. C. Smith
"Education at the Boyal Australian Naval College."' Dr.
Bottrill, "The Teachiiigs of History."'

Australian History and Economics Section.

Formed in May last, this Section has been unable to
get really tO' work yet owing to the difficulty of finding a
satisfactory date for meetiugs.

Membership, 11. Hon. Sec, H. Heaton.

TwO' meetings were held ; the first for business pur-
poses. At the second Mr. Heaton submitted a report as
to the nature and extent of the Tasmanian MSS. housed
in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. It was generally felt
that the Section might take steps to persuade the Govern-
ment to compile some form of catalogue of old MSS. now
in the keeping of the various Government Departments.

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28(i ANNUAL REl'ORT.

©bituarij.

Geoffrey Watkins Smith,

In the Spring of 1907 Geoffrey Smith arrived in Tas-
mania for the purpose of working up our ver}^ interesting
freshwater Crustacea. He came with a brilliant record.
Though only twenty-four years of age, his work on the
BJiizocephala had already established his claim to world-
wide recognition in th© section of natural history to whick
he devoted his energy. He had already been elected Fel-
low and tutor of New Cbllege, Oxford.

From the very outset Smith, by his unassuming
getniality and the rapidity with which he dropped into the
ways of Australian students, gained the good wishes of
those with whom h© was brought into contact. Within a
few days of arrival he joined us in a rough camp-out at
Adventure Bay, where he made his first accjuaintance with
, billy-tea and black snakes. H© handled and bcttled up
a fine specimen of the latter without any of the reserve-
customary with those making their first acquaintance with
these reptiles.

The crustacean which he had most desire to study
was our interesting mountain shrimp, Anai<j)i(lef< tasinanict,
originally described by Geo. M. Thompson, of Duiiedin.
Smith spent several weeks^ on Mt. Wellington studying the
shrimp in its native home, and the work he did is incor-
porated in his excellent memoir on "Anaspidacea living
and fossil"" published in 1909.

Smith worked hard during the few months he wa»
with us. The Jordan, Lake St. Clair, and the Great Lake
were, perhapsi, his most successful hunting grounds. His
most interesting find was a small shrimp allied to Anas-
pides, Avhich he took in quantity in one bed of weed in the
Great Lake. This animal, q^uite new to science, has never
been taken anywhere else but in that one bed of weed. A
little more than two years ago, when members of the
British Association were here, we made a visit to the pla<?e,
and captured a few hundred specimens in this spot. Smith
described his find under the name PardnaKpidex larustrifi.

On his return to England, Smith pulilished papers on

ANNUAL REPORT. 287'

the freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania and the freshwater
Crayfishes of Australia, besides a fascinating little work,
''A Naturalist in Tasmania.' Then his field of research
was greatly expanded and developed in the line of an ex-
perimental analysis of sex. We are told in "Nature, Aug.
17" of this year, that he had already published eleven
memoirs on this subject, and also of the far-reaching r©-
search he was bringing to bear upon it, when to him, as
to many other fine fellows, the end came suddenly, and
robbed the world of the work of a master mind. The war
broke out, and Geoff. Smith was amongst the first to offer
his life to his country. His worth soon gained him a cap-
taincy in the Kifle Brigade, and we who knew^ him here
can well ilnagine the whole-souled manner in which he
would do his duty. On July 10 of this year, in the fight-
ing at the Somme, after his men had successfully taken
a trench from the enemy, he was killed by a shell. Thus
a life of brilliant promise was extinguished in the early
portion of its career.

L. RODWAY.

INDEX.

Titles of Papers, and Xew Genera anil
.Synonyms in Italic.

Atoorigjnal chipped flake, Dis-
covery of (W. H. Twelve-
trees), 48-50.
Acanthodelphia, 171.
Acrobolbus, 83.

attenuata, 84.

cinerasoens, 83.

ungtiiculatiis, 84.
Adelanthus, 79.

falcatus, 79.
Aiicularia, 83.

tenella, 45, 83.
Amictus, 189, 190.
Anabarrhynclius

maritimus, 271.

montanus, 270.

latifrons, 271.

pallidus, 270, 271.

inifipes, 270.
Anastrophyllum, 87.

.schismoides, 87.

tasmanicum, 46, 87.
Andreaen

asi)erula, 44.

tasmanica, 44.
Anepsiomyia, 256.
Aneura, 60.

alcicoa-ue, 64.

alterniloba, 62.

cochleata, 64.

cole n so i, 63.

crassa, 62.

dentata, 63.

erecta, 64.

gracilis, 65.

lichenoides, 64.

longiflora, 62.

minima, 65.

palmata, 65.

perpu.'iilla, 65.

pinguis, 62.

pinnatifida, 62.

polymorplia, 63.

robusta, 62.

.stolonit'ei'a, 63.

Kubmersa, 63.

tasmanica, 64.
Anthepiscopiis, 220.
Anthoceros, 141.

brotheri, 141, 142.

carnosus, 141, 142.

crassus, 142.

laevis, 141, 142.

longi^pirus, 141, 142.

Species in Heavy Type.

Anthocerotales, 53, 141.
Anthracinae, 183, 184, 204,

205, 213.
Anthrax, 183, 205, 206.

albifiira, 212.

alternans, 207, 208.

argentipennis, 207, 212, 213.

austral is, 213.

coanata, 201.

corcul'um, 203.

fns-Hcos'fn^a, 210.

incisa, 207.

inchi^a, 201.

macuhifa, 213.

marginata, 207, 210, 211.

minor, 207, 208, 209.

nigricosta, 207, 209, 210.

ohxcnra, 202.

orellafa, 201.

simplex, 207, 212, 213.

velox, 207, 211.

q^ifren, 208.
Aphiochaeta, 258.

nebnlosa, 259.
Aplozia, 81.

alpina, 82.

lacerata. 45, 82.

rotata, 81.

stipulnta, 82.
Arachnomyia, 246, 252.

arborum, 253.
Arcrvramoeba, 183, 205, 206,

213.

maciilata, 213.
Argyro'spila. 205.
Asilidae, 118, 271.
Asilinae, 148, 167.
Asilus, 167, 173, 181.

alcetus, 148, 181, 182.

disciiticns, 181, 182.

ino^lorius, 182.

sydneyensis, 181, 182.

Bactria, 171.
Balantiopsis, 127.

aequiloba, 128.

diplophylla, 127.

paiicidentata, 128.
Bathypo-on, 155, 160, 163.

braolivptenis, 161, 162.

nigrinus, 161, 162.
Bazzania, 123.

accreta, 123.

adnexa, 124.

INDEX.

289

Bazzania

anisostoma, 125.

baileyana, 124.

colensoi, 125.

elegans, 124.

involuta, 124.

monilinerve, 125.

mooreana, 125.
Bazzanioideae, 73.
Benson (W.N.), Notes on th.e

geclcgy of the Cradla Moun-
tain District, 20.
Bioellaria, 216, 219.
Black (R.A.), Contributions

to the ficra cf Tasmania,

144.
Blepharostoma pulcliella, 121.
Blinclia acnta, 45.
Bonibvlidae, 183, 186, 204.
Bombylinae, 183, 184, 200,

205!^
Bombvlius, 183, 185, 191, 192.

albioinctns, 192, 198.

nuratii>^^ ]92. 198.

],rrr;rnsfri^. 192. 199.

chrysendetus, 193, 195, 196.

consobrinns, 192. 193.

cranfiirostria, 198.

crassns, 193. 196.

msoanns, 193. 194, 195, 196.

wafufioivs, 193, 194, 195.

nanns, 196.

palllolatus, 193, 194. 195.

platvurns, 196.

tennicornis. 192. 193.
BrvoRhyta, Tasmanian (L.

Rodwav), 51-143.
Bryoohyte Flora, Additions

to (Ij. Rod'.vay), 44-7.
Braehyrrhopala, 154, 156, 159.

ffnestrata, 1.56. 157. 158.

limbipennis, 1.56, 157, 158.

nitidus, 156, 158, 271.

rnficornis. 156, ]58.
Brachystomatinae, 214.
Butterfly, New Tasmanian,

and list of known Tasman-
ian species <G. H. Hardy),

]46-7.

Cabasa, 154, 155.

pnlchella, 155.

rnbrithorax, 155.
Calypoo;eia tasmanica. 125.
Carex bichenoviana, 145.
Cepbalozia, 107.

ateri'ima, 109.

bastoyii, 108.

exiliflora, 108.

hirta, 109.

levieri, 108.

l^reissiana, 108.

squarrosula, 109.

yerrncosa, 109.
Chandonanthus, 121.

sqnarrosns, 87, 122.
Cheilolejeunia

gnnniana, 140.

weymouthiana, 140.
Chenopodium carinatum, 144.
Chiloscvphns, 101.

billardieri, 102.

ciliatus, 103.

coalitns, 87, 105.

oon.ingatus, 102.

cordifolius, 92, 104.

cymbaliferus, 104.

dentatus, 102.

ecbinellus, 106.

filicicolns, 105.

fissistipiis, 103.

gunnianus, 103.

integrifolia, 102.

inteerifolius, 103.

kirkii, 102.

laxus, 106.

leyieri, 105.

limosn.s, 106.

mnltifidns, 103.

sinuosas, 104.

snbmersa, 104.

tasmaniciis, 103.

tridentatns, 105.

wevmontbianus, 105.
Codula, 158.
Comptosia, 183, 191, 200, 201,

206.

corcnluan, 201. 203.

geometrica. 201. 202, 203.

maculipennis, 201, 202.

frirellafa, 203.
Contributions to ths f?ora of
Tasmania (Raleigb A.

Black). 144-5.
Coqnilletia, 213.
Cradle iVSountain, Notes on
the geology of (W. N. Ben-
son). 29.
Cnspidatnla monodon, 79.
Cyllenia, 189, 190.
CVrtidae, 184, 186, 267.
Cyrtomorpha, 183, 184, 185.
paganica, 186.

Da^vnocion
a nave, 163.
olhonntntvs;, 164.
diaentia, 163.

290

INDEX

Vasypogoii

fIavifacies,lG^-

lanafu.'i, 163.

niarimis, 164.

fhalrnui^^ 163.
Dasypop;oninae, 148, lo4.
Defilippia, 205.
Doxidae. 253.
Diaphonis, 246, 247, 253.

ccmmunis, 254, 255.

setosus, 254, 255.
Dischistiis, 192.
Discovery pf an aboriginal

chipped Rake in deep ground

naar Gladstone (W. H.

Twelvetroes), 48-50.
Diplasioleieunia lyratifolia,

141.
Diplophyllum. 127.

decuivnm, 127.

densifolium, 127.

flomesticum, 127.
Diptera-Brachycera of Tas-
mania. Part lif. (Artlnir

Wliite), 148.
Diptera, Notes on Tasmanian

(C. H. Hardv), 267.
DGcidomyia, 200, 203.

oueilaris, 204, 205.
Dolichopodidae, 246, 252.
])iepanolejeunia latitans, 140,

141.
Dvsmaclius, 167, 172.

rndis, 172, 173.

Empidae, 214.
Einpididae, 215.
Enipinae, 216, 220, 240.
Ell) pis, 215, 226. 231.

aquilus. 232, 234.

beliatorius, 230, 232, 233.

hrevirostris, 232.

flabilis, 232. 235, 236.

sericatus, 232, 233, 234, 235.
Ervthropogon, 154, 159.

iohneinnoniformis, 159.
Erdejeunia, 138, 140.

riispidistipula, 139.

drnmmondi, 139.

parvilobula, 139.

tnsmanica, 139.

tiuTiida, 139.
Enteriinorpha abdoniinali.s,

258.
Exoprosopa, 205, 206.

bicellata, 205, 206.

obliquofasoiata, 205.
Exoptata, 205.

Fimbriaria, 56.

conocephala, 58.

drummondi, 57.

tasinainca, 58.

teiiora, 58.
Fos&ombronia, 60, 70,

dentata, 71.

intestinalis, 70.

perpiisilla, 70.
Fnillania, 133.

cinnamonea, 135.

congesta, 137.

cranialis, 136.

doplaiiata, 134.

di]>lota, 137.

falciloba, 134.

falsa. 137.

kirkii, 135.

monocora, 135.

mooreaiia, 136.

pentapleura, 137.

proboscifera, 134, 135.

pyonantha, 136.

reptans, 137.

rostollata, 136.

scandens, 136.

spinifera. 135.

woymmitliiana, 137.

C a lei lob a

cucullata, 134.

faleata. 134.
Geron, 183, 184. 186, 187.

cotlmrnatns, 188.

dispar, 187, 188.

hilaris, 187, 188.
G vniiioinitfium concinnatimir

74.

Hardv ((Mf.), A nsw Tas-
manian butterfly and a list
of the known Tasmanian
species, 146.

Hardy (G.H.), Notes on Tas-
manian Diptera and descrip-
tions of new species, 2<>7.

KLoatf)!! (Herbert), The early
Tasmanian Press, and its
struggle for freedom, 1.

Hpmorodiomiinae, 216.

Hepatios, 51 .

H<?rb(>Tta oldfioldiana, 122.

Hetcialonia, 205.

Hiia.-a, 215, 220, 221, 226, 228,
231, 236.

balnearia, 221, 223.
certa. 222.
oonfirmata, 222.
efficiens, 221, 222, 230.
mollicella, 222, 225.
nimia, 222, 223, 228.
nubila, 222, 224, 225.

INDEX.

291

Hilaropus, '2'2(), 226, 281.

echinatus, 226, 227. 280.
281 .

nigrimanus, 226, 227, 22^.

pallidifurca, 226, 227.

peregrinus, 226, 22*, 22H,
221). 280, 231.
Hybotinae, 214, 216, 219.
Hydro phorns, 247, 2o7.

cuprous, 258.
Hyiueiiophytum, 60, 67.

fla hello turn, 67.

leptopodum, 67.

pliyllauthus, 67.
Hyperalonia, 206.

Ironcmyia, 216, 219.

nigromaculata, 217.
Isotacln-, 110.

attenuatus, 47, 112.

■^iu,aut('a, 113.

grandis, 111.

guuuiana, 111.

inflexa, 111.

intortitolia, 112.

pus;illa. ]12.

riparia, 47, 113.

suhtritida, 112.
Itauius, 173.

Jamosoniolla. 80, 107.

colorata, 80.

^iraiidiflora, 80.

sondoii. 81.

tasuianica, 81.

teres, 80.
Jubuloideae, 74.
Jungeruianniaceae, 59.
Junizermauiiiales, 52, 59.
Jungermannioideae, 71.

Laphria, 164.

olavata, 165.

uivoifacies, 165, 167.

lufiff'uiorata, 165, 166.

telocles, 165.
La])liriuai', 148, 164.
I.ecoiiaster, 260.
Leconiyia, 260.
l^ejeunia, 138.

patens, 140.
Lenibidiuiii. ]19.

anomalum, 46, 120.

tenax, 120.
Lej)icolea, 122.

ocliroleuca, 123.

seo]o])endra, 123.
Lepidopliora, 189, 190.

l.e])idolaena, 126.

alpina, 126.

bra^liyclada , 126 .

magellanica, 126.
Lepidozia. 110, 113, 120.

alhula,^119.

ai)])t'ndiculata, 119.

appressifolia, 115, 116.

aiinata. 115.

asymiuetrica, 118.

capilligera, 116.

oeuti})es, 116.

rhaetopliylla, 115.

<>hordu]if'eia, 118.

oucullifolia, 116.

glaucopliylla, 119.

,u;r(j;-sjseta. 117.

levifolia, 117.

longiscyplia, 115.

luooreaua, 117.

oldfieldiaua. 116.

parva, 118.

])arvitoxta, 118.

l)raeiijtens, 115.

])roeera, 117.

saddlensis, 115.

setiforniis, 117.

sexfida, 115, 116.

TasiiTirica^ 1 14.

vastiloba. Il4.
r.optidae, 260.
Leptididae, 215.
Leptis, 215.
Leptogastcr, 149.

a estiva, 150, 151. 152. 153.

Otth'n^.uJ,,, 149.

autumnalis, 150, 158.

funiijjeunis, 150, l.")2. 153

geniculata. 149, 150, 153,
154.

neflauins, 149.

vernalis, 150, 151, l.-)2. 153.
l^eptoiiastriuae, 148, 149.
Leptopeza, 215, 240.

biniaeulata, 242.

leviccsta, 242, 244.

l)»i]cliei'ritna, 242, 243.

rubrithorax, 242, 243.

serraticosta, 242, 24^.
Lepto scy ph us, 1 07 .

chiloscyphoides. 107.
Liparomyia, 247. 255.

sedata, 256.
Loniatina.s 183, 184, 200.
J^ophocolea, 88.

allodonta, 97.

amplectens, 97.

aiigulistipula, 91.

arLj-eutea, 99.

292

INDEX.

Lopliocolea

aiistrigena, 95, 96.

austro-alpina, 99, 100.

biciliata, 98.

bidcntata, 99.

bispinosa, 94, 99, 100.

bridelii, 95.

canaliciilata, 92.

dordifolia, 96.

dargoiiia, 92.

deoolorata, 100.

dec-urva, 88.

(•rectifolia, 97.

excipulata, 91.

fissistipula, 94.

forsytliiana, 93.

j:^eheebii, 93.

^umnana, 93.

Iteterophylloides, 92.

lauterbachii, 94.

lenta, 98, 99.

leucopbylla, 100.

longistipula, 97.

macroloba, 98.

macrostipiila, 94, 95, 96.

Miooreana, 100.

imu'icata, 100, 106.

navae-z^landiae, 92, 107.

oldfieldiana, 95.

pjillide-virens, 97.

paucistipula, 46, 96.

planiiL^cula, 96.

rupicola, 93, 94.

spongiosa, 94.

subemarginata, 95.

trialata, 98.

tumida, 92.

variabilis, 94.

verrucosa, 100.

weymouthiana, 106.
liophocoleoidae, 72.
Lunularia, 65.

adans, 57.

cruciata, 57.

Marchantia, 56, 58.

cephaloscypba, 59.

foliacea, 59.

fiisca, 59.

pileata, 59.
Mai-chantiaoeae, .53, 54, 55.
Marchaiitiales, 52, 5M
Marmasoma, 183, 184, 188,

190.

sumptuosa, 190.
Marsupidiuni, 86.

a1)breviatum, 86.

piliferum, 87.

sotulosum, 86.

surculo.5um, 86.

Mctzgeria, 60, 65.

atrichonoura, 66.

conjugata, 67.

turcata, 66.

nitida, 66.

saccata, 66.
Motzgeriaceae, 59, 60.
Microlejeiinia primordialis,

140.
Micropezidae, 253.
Microphorus hiemalis, 240.
Microsania, 219.

Nemestrinidae, 260.
Neoitamus, 167, 172, 173.

abditus,- 174, 178, 179.^

brunneus, 174, 180, 181.

caliginoisus, 174, 176, 177,
178.

flavicinctiis, 173, 174, 175.

graminis, 174, 179, 180.

hyalipennis, 173. 175, 177,
178.

vulgatus, 174, 177, 178, 179.
New Tasmanian butterfly and

a list of known Tasmanian

species (G. H. Hardy), 146-

7.
Notes on Tasmanian Diptera

and descrintions of new

species (fl. H. Hardy), 267.

Ocydromiinae, 210, 219, 240.
Odontomyia

amyris, 260.

annul ives, 260.

carinata-, 260.

marginella, 260.

siibdontata, 260.
Odontoscbisma marginata,

107.
Ommatius, 167.

dimidiatiis, 168, 170.

levis, 170.

pilosus, 169.

Queensland!, 170.
Oncodes

ater, 267.

flavescens, 267.

nigrinervis, 267.

pygmaens, 267.
Oreixenica flynni, 146.

Pallavicinius, 60, 68.

connivena, 68.

lyelbi, 68.
Pelecorhyncbu.?

oristaloidos, siibsp. monta-
nus, 269.

fusconiger, 270.

INDEX.

293

Phellus glaiicus, 148.
Philodicus, 171.
Phora nrhidosa, 259.
Phoridae, 258.
Plagiocliila, 74.

biserialis, 77.

circinalis, /7.

decurvifolia, 78.

dedtoidea, 75.

fasciciilata, 7G.

loscella, 76.

incurvicolla, 78.

lyaiiii, 76-

inicrodictyum, 70.

pleural a, 78.

pusilla, 78.

radiculosa, 78.

i-etrospectaus, 77,

strombifolia, 76.

taylori, 77.
Platypygina«, 183.
Pleistocene Glaciation of Tas-
mania. Bibliogranliv of (W.

N. lien son), -10.

Press, Early tasmanian (Her

bert Heat-on), 1-28.
Proctacantbns, 167. 171.

durvillei. 171, 172.
Proniachus, 167^ 171.

tasinanensis, 171.
Psiloclada, 120.

clandestina , 120.
Psilopus, 247.

Sidney ensis, 251.
I'tilidioideae, 72.

Radula, 130.

aneurysmalis, 132, 133.

buccinifera, 131, 133,

mittenii. 132.

physoloba, 131, 132. 133.

plicata, 132.

tasraanica, 132.

itvifera, 132.

wattsiana, 133.

weymouthiana, 133.
Radnloideae, 73.
Reboulia, 55.

hemispherica, 56.
Rhamphomyia, 220, 237.

aprilis, 23S, 239.

septembris, 238, 239.
Riccia, 54.

crassa, 55.

tasmanica, 54.

weymouthiana , 55.
Bicciaceae, 53, 51.
Ricciocarpus, 54.

corda, 55.

Eodway (L.), Additions to

Bryophyte Flora. 14.
Rodway (L.), Tasmanian

BryoJDhyta, 51-143.

Saccogyna, 87.

asperrima, 88.

australis, 87.
Scapanioideae, 73.
Schisma iimiperina. 122.
Sohistocliila, 128.

ciliata, 129.

ciliisera, 129.

fragilis, 130.

lehraanniana, 129.

paohyla. 130.

parvistipula, 47, 130.

spegazziniana. 130.

tasmanica, 129.
Sciadocera, 216.

rufomaculata, 218, 219.
Sciapus, 246, 247.

brevicornis, 248. 249, 250.

chalceus, 248, 250.

discretifasciata, 248, 250.

dispar, 248, 251.

grandis. 248, 249.

nigTopilosns, 248. 251.

trifaseiatns, 248. 249. 250.
Sisyromyia, 185, 192, 193,

197.

aurata, 198.

brevirostris, 198. 199.
Sphenolobus, 82.

nigrus, 46, 83.

perigonialis, 82.

submersiis, 83.
Spogostylum, 213.
Stenopogon, 155, 162.

elongatus, 163.

fraternus, 163.
Stratiomyidae, 260.
Strep silejeiinia austrina, 138.
Symphyocivna. 60, 68.

liyinen ophylla , 69 ,

interrupta, 69.

obovata, 69.

rhodina. 69.
S^^nphyomitra, 84.
* concinua, 84-.

drummondi, 84.

X^apillosa, 84.
Systoechus. 183, 185, 192.

crassus, 196.

eulabtatus, 193, 196, 199.
Systropinae, 183.

Tabanidae, 269.

294

INDEX.

'r;il)anus

siinili.s, 269.

wynyardensis, 209.
'r;i<-liycli-()iiiiiiia<>, 21 t. 21.5.
Tai'iiioiiia. r);"), .56.

Iiypoiiliylia. .56.
Tasmanian Bryophyta (\,.

Kodway). .51-1^:5.
Tasmanian Flora, Contribu-
tions to 'H. A. Bla.k).

144-5.
Toleionoiira, 171.
Tenontomyia, 220, 236.

gracilipes, 287.
11icic>vi<la(", 270.
Toxoi^lun-a, 1S9.
Toxophoi-iiKHs 1S.S, IS4, 1S9,

190.
Treuhia, 60. 70.

insio;iiis, 70.
Tiichoc^oloa, 121.

aiistralis, 121.

tdUK'iitella, 121.
Tricliopsick'a aestracea, 260.
'Iriiiai-ia, 205.
Tiupanea, 171.

'l\\civotiO(>s (_\\. H.), Discov-
ery of an aboriginal chipped

flake in deep ground near

Gladstone, 4s.
'ryliniaiilhus, S4.

Hii;4ii,stit'oliu8, 85.

aiiLCUstifoliiis, 85.

Maccidiis, So.

saccatus, 85.

tciiellu8, So.

\iri(lis, SO.

Zoopsis, 110.
ai<^ontea, 110.
leitiiobiana, 110.
jsetiilosa, 110.

PAPERS & PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY
OF TASMANIA

FOR THE YEAR

1916

With 5 Plates and 28 Text-Figures.

ISSUED FEBRUARY 19th, 1917.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

The Tasmanian Museum, Argyle Street, Hobart.

1917.

Price: Twelve Shillings and Sixpence.

Papers and Proceedings

of the

Royal Society of Tasmania

Prices net.
Postage free within Australia and New Zealand.

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*Out of

print.

/

A detailed list of the ''Papers and Proceedings," and of miscellan-
eous publications of the Society, was issued with the "Papers and
Prooeedings" for 1913. Copies can be had on application to the Secre
tary.

CONTENTS.

Page
The Early Tasmanian Press, and Its Struggle for
Freedom. By Herbert Heaton, M.A., M.Comm. 1

Notes on the Geology of the Cradle Mountain Dis-
trict. By W. N. Benson, D.Sc, B.A., F.G.S. ... 29

Additions to the Bryophyte Flora. By L. Rodway 44

•Discovery of an Aboriginal Chipped Flake in deep

ground near Gladstone. By W. H. Twelvetrees 48

Tasmanian Bryophyta. By L. Rodway 51

Contributions to the Flora of Tasmania. By

Raleigh A. Black .".. 144

A New Tasmanian Butterfly, and a List of Known

Tasmanian Species. By G. H. Hardy 146

Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmaniai, Part III. By

Arthur White f. 148

Notes on Tasmanian Diptera and Descriptions oi

New Species 267

Abstract of Proceedings 27*3

Annual Report

List of the Society 276

Report 282

Accounts 284

Obituary Notice 286

Index ... 288

Plates, I to V.

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