PAPILIO.

DEYOTED EICLUSIYELT TO LEPIDOPTEEA.

VOL. III.

EDITED BY

HENRY EDWARDS,

NEW YORK.
1883.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e ]^ew Jork pntomological piub.

Vol. III.] January, 1883. [No. 1 .

[The following paper was written for the November number, but owing to a delay in
transmission of the proofs to Mr. Edwards, it was thrown over to January.] — Editor Papilio.

NOTES ON THE COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES
MADE BY MR. H. K. MORRISON, IN ARIZONA,

1882.

By W. H, Edwards.

This collection embraces about 100 species, all taken in the
vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise Co., and on Graham Mountain. It
is remarkable for the many species of certain families and for the
absence of others. In the Hesperidai it is especially rich, embrac-
ing no less than 38 species, or one-third the collection. Of these
9 are Thanaos, and 8 are Eudamus. In Lyca^na there are but 7
species, in Thecla 8, in Chrysophanus none. In the Lemonidge, 6.
The Satyridse number but 2, and these are Neonymphse, viz.,
Rtibricata^ Edw., and Hcnshazvi, Edw. I should have expected
one or more species of Chionobas, Satyrus, Hipparchia and
Coenonympha, but none appear.

In Papilio 4 species, one of .which, PJiilenor, Linn, is common
at the East, and one which I regard as a variety of Riitulus, Bd.
In Parnassius nothing. In Pieris only 2, Protodice, Bd., and
Sisymbri, Bd., the latter of which was very rare. In Colias but
2, Qcsonia and EurytJicntc. In Terias 2, Nicippe and Mexicana.
In Anthocharis but 2, Stella, Edw., and Hyantis, Edw. In
Callidryas I, Eubulc. In Argynnis but i, Nausicaa, Edw. In
Melitrea 3, none of them belonging to group i of my Catalogue,
1877, i-^-> ^^"i^ CJialcedon group ; I to group 11, or P^rr/Zcz; group, the
others, southern forms, belonging to group in. In Phyciodes
but 3, of which Pratensis, Behr, and Mylitta, Edw., fly from the
Rocky Mountains to Pacific. The third, Picta, Edw., is southern,
very common in New Mexico. In Eresia i, Texana, Edw. In
Synchloe i, Crocale, Edw. In Grapta but i, Satyrus, Edw, In

Limenitisand Heterochroa4, Apatura i,Paphia, i. In Libythea
I, Carijicnta, Cram.

A few observations on some of these species will be proper
here.

I. Papilio Daunus. Bd.

Three examples were sent me, all immense, expanding, ?
nearly 6 inches ; the male 5.75. On the ? , the breadth of the black
border between the outer tails is nearly one inch. The Northern
examples of Dminus, or those which fly in Nevada, have scarcely
more than half the superficial area of these Arizonians.

Mr. Neumoegen received through his agent, Doll., in 1881,
two blown skins of the mature larva of Daunus, and three living
chrysalids. One of the latter was given me, and Mrs. Peart made
drawings of it, after which I put it in alcohol. The other two
Mr. Neumoegen retained. One of them, on 7th Sept., 1882, gave
imago, the other is still alive, and will pass the second
winter. So protracted a chrysalis term I never have known
for any Diurnal, though not very unusual in certain Sphingidae.*
I cannot discover any tangible difference between the
chrysalis of Daunus and that of Turnus. The caterpillar
is similar to that of Turnus, and has the same black and
yellow stripes across dorsum, at junction of segments 5 and 6,
and has also an ocellated spot on side of 4. But in these ex-
amples, this spot is round, with a round pupil, and higher on
dorsum are two quadrangular solid yellow spots with black eyes,
one of these being attached to the ocellar spot, the other
separated. In Turnus there is an obovoid black ring, with two
elongated inside spots, or there is an eye-shaped spot, outlined
black, with an elongated black pupil. Turnus varies, therefore,
as to these spots on 4, and a series of Daunus might do the same,
but at present the only difference I discover is in the shape and
number of these spots.

Mr. E. M. Dodge, while at Boulder, Colorado, last summer,
found both Daunus and Indra plenty (the latter on the summits
of the mountains, just as it has been found by Mr. Henry Ed-
wards, in Nevada), and observed Daunus ? ? ovipositing. By
confining one of them in a bag over a wild plum branch, he
obtained about 50 eggs, and mailed them to me. Unfortunately
they never reached me, and so a good opportunity was lost for
getting at the whole series of preparatory stages.

Papilio Rutulus. Bd.; Var.

Of this I received 6 ^ (J , and have inspected i 9 , belong-
ing to Mr. Neumoegen, taken in Arizona. For several years I
have endeavored toobtain eggs or larva or drawings oi Rutulus, but
have utterly failed to get any one of the preparatory stages. Mr.
Mead, while in California, in 1878, induced a ? to lay eggs for

* In Can. Ent. 9, 13s, Jacob Boll notes a like occurrence with occasional chrysalids of P. CrtiT
phontei.

him, on cherry, and the larvae hatched. But i" subsequent
journeyings they starved. In Papilio, for September, 1882, Mr.
M. Edwards relates that he had the larva: of California RuUdns
past third moult, but then lost them. The stages, as described
by him, do not agree with the figures of same stages of Timms
as given in Vol. II., But. N. A.

The distinctive marks of Rutidus of the Pacific Coast, as
compared with Turnus of the Atlantic, are many.

1. The fore wings of Rutidus are more falcated.

2. The tails are straight, of nearly or quite even width, and
not spatulate.

3. The common black band, which crosses middle of cell of
secondaries, is more decided. It is heavy and black, as in
Eurymedo7i. In Turmis it is faint.

4. On the under side there is an absence of fulvous or orange
on hind wings, both in the marginal lunules and in the median
interspaces of the disk. Turnus has much orange.

5. In the ? Rutulus, the blue scales on secondaries, upper
side, form a stripe, broken at the nervules. In ? Turnus they
form conspicuous lunate patches, materially unlike the other.

6. The color of Rutu/us S is sometimes very dark throughout,
what is called Indian-yellow.

7. In ¥ Turnus there is a large sub-rotund fulvous spot at
outer angle of hind wings, upper side. In ? Ridulus^ either no spot
there, or a narrow line, as in Eurymedon, almost always yellow.

8. No black females of Ridulus have been seen ; but black
females predominate vastly as we go southward, in Turnus. In
fact, in the trans-Mississippi region, and through Texas, a yellow
female Turnus is an extreme rarity. Now many Texan butter-
flies fly also in Colorado and Arizona. Even the black $ of Lye.
Violacea is taken in South Colorado. So that the absence of
black females of this Papilio is remarkable, and unaccountable, on
the theory that Rutulus is a var. of Turnus.

In many of these points Ridulus agrees with Eurymedon. If
the latter were colored like Turnus it would' pass for Rutidus. In
fact, Rutidus is nearer Eur}jncdonih.din to Turnus.

Rutidus, as it manifests itself on the Pacific Coast, should
unquestionably be regarded as distinct from the Eastern Turnus,
even without knowledge of the caterpillar.

The form taken in Arizona and South Colorado differs in
some respects from both the Turnus and Rutidus types. But it
most resemble? Rutulus.

1. In the shape of the tails, inasmuch as they are not
spatulate, but bent inward like Eurymedon. The outer edge of
the tail makes an arc of a circle.

2. In the absence of orange. There is none at all in either of
the examples. In two $ $ from South Colorado, one is free from

orange, the other has a trifle both on the lunules and in the
interspaces, thereby approaching Tnrmis.

3. The common black band before spoken of is heavy, as in
Rutubis.

In the shape of the wings, all these males resemble Tnrnics,
not being falcated. But the female, and one from South Col-
orado (the only ? ? I have seen) have the shape of Rittiilus. I
call this form RitUdiis, var. Arizoncnsis.

There cannot be a doubt that Turnus, Rutulus, Eurymedoji,
Daiinus and Pilumnus come from a common parent, but
there is not the least evidence produced to show that they
are not of co-ordinate value amongst themselves, or that
one is derived from any o'lhci' o^ the group. Quite the
contrary. We know all about Tii7-mts, at any rate. It flies from
Alaska to Newfoundland, and southward to the Gulf and Texas.
At the North, it has but a single generation ; in the United States
it has acquired a second, and in the female, dimorphism manifests
itself. Now, except in difference of size, of the shade of yellow
(the northern examples being pale colored), and in the definition
of the black stripes and bands (the northern having these some-
what diffused, ragged-edged), Turiiiis is everywhere essentially
the same. No one has thought of specifying even a variety of
it. It has spatulate tails everywhere ; a large orange spot at
outer angle of hind wings everywhere, ? , and considerable orange
on under side. It is wonderfully true to one type for so wide-
spread and flourishing a species. (Of course, every marking of
any species will vary somewhere, and no marks are absolutely
constant. Among the myriads of Tiirnus flying over a continent,
individuals ought here and there to appear without a fulvous spot
at outer angle, or a spatulate tail, or orange. But these would at
once be set down as aberrations, as unusual and uncharacteristic.)
Now, if eggs of Tiirnus produced individuals with the special
characters of RuUilus, there would be some ground for saying
that Tamils had come from Rutulus, and these exceptional exam-
ples were due to reversion. And the reverse is true. We have
not yet bred Rutulus, but the species has been taken since the
days of the Argonauts, and I have yet to hear of the first exam-
ple which discovers the characters of Ttirnus. Therefore, there
is no evidence that Rutulus has sprung from Tiirnus, and to assert
that the two are, or ever were, one species is to assert what no
one can possibly know.

Dr. Hagen informs me that in a series of examples, taken by
him in Oregon, he can show the gradations between Papilio Ore-
gonia, Zolicaon and MachaoUy and he pronounces all three, besides
quite a number of allied Asiatic forms of this group, to be one
species only; that is, the species is Machaon, and all the rest are
varieties thereof, and should, together with the parent (as he es-
teems it), be called one species. So far as concerns the American

members of this group, I will venture to say that the case really
stands on all fours with that of the Turnus group, and that these
members are co-ordinate, one as near the parent stock, the pro-
genitor of the whole of them, as another. But, suppose it should
really be a case of derivation, a thing which I have seen no evi-
dence of, and which could best be ascertained by breeding the
several forms from the ^gg; and that ]\TacJiaon, in course of ages,
has cast off Hippocrates, and Hippocrates Zolicaon, and Zolicaon
Oregoiiia. The question for us is, not what they were, nor where
they came from, but what they are to-day. Are these derived
forms prominent ; are they permanent ; do they show any signs
of reversion? There is not the least evidence that they are not
permanent forms, breeding true to type. Any apparent
intergrades may be accounted for on the ground that they
are aberrations or hybrids. Every group comprehended
under a genus name has sprung from a common parent
form ; every sub-group, in same way, one degree further on ; and
when a derived form has attained the features mentioned, prom-
inence and permanence, it is as much entitled to rank as a species
as was the form from which it sprung. To claim that these inde-
pendent varieties can never cast loose from the parent, and must
always fly under its wing, is as if all animals bred were to be called
varieties of ascidians.

Of course, this does not suit the views of the ancient school,
who looked upon a species as the result of a creative act, and
held it to be teres atqiie rotundiis at the outset, neither to be en-
larged nor diminished. And so every species was to be herded in
a separate corral, the parents and all their progeny to be carefully
kept together. If one of the latter, no matter whether of the
half-blood or the sixteenth, jumped the fence, there was as great
a hue and cry as used to be made for a runaway slave. 1863
settled the status of this last individual, and 1861 that of the
other. The corral is open henceforth, and any capable variety
may lawfully aspire to be a species. " The race is to the strong,"
literally. Let us hear Prof. Owen : " I apprehend that few natur-
alists now-a-days, in describing and proposing a name for what
they call a new species, use that term to signify what was meant
by it 20 or 30 years ago. . . . The proposer of the new
species now intends to state no more than he actually knows ; as,
for example, that the differences on which he founds his specific
character are constant in individuals of both sexes, so far as obser-
vation has reached," etc. That is all we can know of such things
as dried butterflies, and to assume that a new form, because it
has a certain resemblance to some other named one, must neces-
sarily be a variety of that one, is unwarranted. If the amount of
difference is important, the new form has its rights as a species,
at least till the contrary is actually proved ; and that can only be
done by breeding from the egg.

Callidryas Eubule. Linn.

Mr. Morrison had written that he found a species of Cal-
hdryas on Mount Graham, at an elevation of more than io,000
feet, which seemed to him extraordinary for so tropical a genus
as this — as indeed it was. One <5, one ?, are received. The 5 is
undistinguishable in size, color and marks from many Etibule of
the Southern States ; viz, those with no marks whatever on the
under side save the very small discal spots. But the female is
white. Now, I find nothing in the books of a white female of
Eubule. Mr. Butler, in his monograph of Callidryas, says nothing
of such a form. Mr. Morrison writes that he took but four ex-
amples of both sexes, by reason of their wild flight. This female
is size of the S , color white with a sliglit green tint ; the costa of
primaries edged pale black; the hind margins of same wings also
edged pale black, but more decidedly than costa, and the inner
side of it crenated. Secondaries have a narrow macular blackish
border; primaries have a rounded discal spot or patch, blackish,
with a buff streak through it on the arc of cell. On the under
side there is almost a complete absence of streaks or patches,
but still there can be made out enough scales to show that there
is a likeness to ? Eubule of the normal type. The arrangement is
similar. So are the discal spots of both wings like those of ?
Eubule. I have several examples of the nearly allied species C.
Senna;, and on the under side, every one of the females has very
large discal spots, and distinct streaks and patches of pink-brown
scales. So that this Arizona female does not resemble the
Sennce under view on the under side. But on the upper side, it
more closely resembles Sennce ? than Eubule ? , in the marginal
and costal edgings especially. Th^ discal spot of primaries is
rather Eubule than Sennce, the spot on this last species being
much larger than in Eiibule.

Argynnis Nausicaa. Edw.

This fine species — size of Aphrodite, and belonging to same
sub-group — was described in Trans. A. E. Soc, Vol. V., 104, 1875,
from one $ two ?, taken by Mr. Henshaw, at Rocky Canon,
Arizona, 1874. Up to the present time, no other examples have
been brought in, so far as I am aware. I have from Mr. Morrison
three $ four ?, and have seen one $ one ? , sent to Mr. Neu-
moegen from same collection. I have been asked wherein this
species differs, from Halcyone, Edw. This latter, in the 6, is
figured in Vol. I But. N. A., but the ? was unknown at the
time that plate was drawn. Later, Mr. Morrison brought back
both sexes from South Colorado. It belongs to another sub-
group, standing near Coronis, Behr. A conspicuous difference
will be seen in the discal row of silver spots— in Halcyone, Callippe
Coronis, Edwardsii, these being large and egg-shaped. They are
very noticeable. Liliana, H. Edw., is another of ^this sub-group,
with still larger silvered spots. But in Nausicaa, these spots are

small, narrow and elongated, entirely different from the great
egg-shaped spots of the other. In color of upper side, Halcyonc
in both sexes is yellow-fulvous, Nausicaa deep red. Mr. Doll, in

1 88 1, took no Argynnis in South Arizona, and the present species
is the only one of the genus taken by Mr. Morrison, so that
probably it is the most southern of all American Argynnids in
its habitat. North-east Arizona, in the White Mountains, con-
tains other species, as Nokomis and Nitocris, we know, but Colo-
rado is the metropolis of the Argynnids.

LiMENITIS URSULA, var. Arizonensis. Edw.

Attention was called to this peculiar form in " Papilio " 2, 22,

1882, and all the examples of Ursula taken by Mr. Morrison were
of this type.

Apatura Antonia Edw. var. Montis.

Of this form I received 3^3?. Antonia was described, 1877,
Field and Forest III., 103, from Texan examples of the low
country. They were yellowish-brown, (5, the ? more decidedly
yellow ; under side pale gray, and gray-brown. The Arizona
examples (Colorado also) are fulvous above; bluish-gray beneath,
but in other points they agree with Antonia. This species has
usually three ocelli on fore wings above; beneath three, four, and
even five. The upper two ocelli have the black pupils nearly
occupied by large white patches. Both Celtis and Alicia have
one large black and blind ocellus, in the second median interspace.
But Antonia has another, just as large, in the upper median
interspace, and both are pupilled, sometimes both with white,
sometimes the upper one white the other blue, sometimes both
blue. Under side, in var. Montis, bluish-gray over costal and hind
margins and apical area, of primaries and the whole of secondaries
^ , except that the lines of the latter are brown and a nebulous
brownish band crosses the wing anterior to and partly enveloping
the ocelli; no white on this wing; the inner margin of primaries
is fawn-color, and so is all the cell except for a gray edging to
sub-costal ; the spots in middle of cell are just as in Celtis, a small
one lying against sub-costal, a larger one next median below the
other, and the two are separated by a space equal to the length
of the upper spot. The female has the area of secondaries out-
side the ocelli blue-gray with a pink tint, and the rest of the
wing, from base to ocelli, is pale fuscous with a wash of gray ; so
that there is a striking contrast between the disk and the marginal
area in color ; no white whatever on this wing. Mr. Edgar A.
Dodge sent me a male of this var. Montis, taken last summer at
Boulder, Colorado, and says it was not uncommon in ravines.
No doubt this form has been confounded with Celtis of the
Eastern States, but the number of ocelli on forewings is a suffi-
cient distinguishing character, apart from coloration.

A. Leilia, Edw., inhabits So. Arizona, and Mr. Doll brought
home many specimens in 1881, also a few Antonia, of which I

8

have 2 ? before me. They are like the Texan examples, lighter
colored than those from Mt. Graham. One has 4 ocelli in each
of forewings ; the other has 4 above, 5 below.

On the other hand, all of Mr. Morrison's are Antonia, var.
Montis. Leilia is represented in But. N. A., vol. II, in as perfect
a figure as can be made, and as Celtis is on same plate the dis-
tinction between the two is patent. But as all collectors are not
familiar with that plate, I will say that Leilia $ has a greatly pro-
duced anal angle and two rows of clear white spots on forewings;
three ocelli in same as in Antonia. On the under side of prim-
aries, the inner margin and cell are chestnut-red. The two spots
in cell of Celtis and Antonia are represented in Leilia by a band
across whole cell, and between this and the band on arc is a pure
white space. All this is very different from either of the species
named, and is enough to distinguish Leilia at a glance.

Paphia. — Six examples were received of a species distinct
from the one found in the Mississippi Valley, Glycerium, Edw.,
not Doubleday. (Mr. Scudder, by-the-way, afterwards named
this Andria ; but I am satisfied it is Troglodyta, Fab. In this
Mr. Butler coincides with me). I sent an example of the Arizona
form to Mr. Butler, and he writes me that no such insect is in the
Br. Mus. collection, nor has been described to his knowledge. I
call it Paphia Morrisonii, and will describe it in a subsequent
number of Papilio.

Thecla L^ta, Edw., But. N. A., vol. I. p. 141, pi. 47.

I was much surprised at finding Loeta in the collection, and
I learn that about 30 examples were taken. Hitherto single
individuals of this beautiful species have been found in Pr.
Quebec, in Ontario, Maine, Catskills of N. Y. ; at White Sul-
phur, W. Va., and at Coalburgh, W. Va. It has remained till
now the rarest of our Theclas. In 18 years, I remember to have
seen only 3 examples at Coalburgh. But in Arizona, we seem to
have found its true home. And it is wonderful, when we come to
think of it, that a delicate butterfly, expanding scarcely more
than one inch, should have found its way through the whole
series of States, even into Canada. It has not changed its color
or markings at all, that I can discover, with its wandering.

Lycaena Pseudargiolus. Bd.

This is a delicate and small species also, and it is found from
the Boreal regions to Mexico, in one phase or other, being poly-
morphic. But it is not a stranger like T. Laeta, seen here and
there occasionally. It possesses the whole country, and where
found is abundant. Mr. Morrison sends examples of both sexes
of the form Pseudargiolus, and also of the winter form Violacea,
Edw. But these last differ from any I have seen, in having the
under side dark gray. I call it var. Cincrea.

No Lycaenae of Groups i, 2, 3, Edw. Cat. were taken, but 2
of Gr. 4, and the remainder, 4 in all, belong to Gr. 5.

TllECLA IrOIDES. Bd.

This species is near Augustus, Kirby, and is found on all the
Pacific slope, from British Columbia to Arizona. Augustus flies
over the Boreal regions and Eastern States. The size of these
Arizona examples, the female having nearly twice the superficial
area of the eastern relative, led me to think it a new species on
first examination. But Mr. Morrison tells me he found fully as
large examples in California.

Thecla Alcestis. Edw.

Described from Texas specimens sent by the late Jacob Boll.
One of our largest species of the Favonius group. A single ex-
ample was taken in Arizona. As others were brought by Mr.
Morrison from So. Colorado, the species probably has its habitat
more to the southward, Texas to Mexico.

Coalburgh, W. Va., November i, 1882.

LIST OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED
IN ARIZONA BY Mr. H. K. MORRISON, IN 1882

Papilio Daunus, Bd.
Rutulus, Ed.
" " var, Arizonensis, Edw;

" Bairdii, Edw.
" Philenor, Linn.
Pieris Protodice, Bd.

" " form Vernalis, Edw. •■

" Sisymbri, Bd.
Nathalislole, Bd.
Anthocharis Stella, Edw.

" Hyantis, Edw.

Callidryas Eubule. Linn.
Colias Cssonia, Stoll.
" Eurytheme, Bd.
" form Keewaydin, Edw.
Terias Nicippe, Cram.

" Mexicana, Bd.
Danais Archippus, Fab.

Strigosa, Bates.
Argynnis Nausicaa, Edw.
Euptoieta Claudia, Cram.
Melita^a Gabbii, Edw.

" Leanira, Bd. *

Thekla, Edw. •

Minuta, Edw.
Perse, Edw.
Phyciodes Pratensis, Behr. ,

Mylitta, Edw.
" Picta, Edw.
Eresia Texana, Edw.
Synchloe Crocale,. Edw.
Grapta Satyrus, Edw.
Vanessa Antiopa, Linn.
" Milbertii, Grote.

Pyrameis Cardui, Linn.
" Carye, Hiibn.

Limenitis Ursula, var. Arizonensis, Edw. -
" Eros. var. Obsoleta, Edw.

" Weidemeyerii, Edw.

Heterochroa Californica, But!.
Apatura Antoina, Edw., var. Montis.
Paphia Morrisonii, Edw.
Neonympha Rubricata, Edw.
Henshawi, Edw.
Libythea Carinenta, Cram.
Lemonias Cythera, Edw.
" Xais, Edw.

Palmerii, Edw.
" Ares, Edw.
" Cleis, Edw.
Charis Nemesis, Edw.
Thecla Halesus, Cram.
Thecla Alcestis. Edw. ''

" Melinus, Hiibn.
" Apama, Edw.
•' Leda, Edw.
Iroides, Bd.
" La^ta, Edw.
Lycjena Acmon West. -Hew.
Pseudargiolus, Bd.
" " Vioiacea-Cinerea, Edw.

" Amyntula, Bd.
" Alee, Edw.
Exilis, Bd.
'• Marina, Reak.
Copaeodes Procris, Edw.
" Myrtis, Edw.
Thymelicus Hylax, Edw.

lO

Pamphila Taxilis, Edw.

" Comma v. Colorado, Scud.
" " V. Nevada Scud.

" Snowi, Edw.
" Phylaeus, Dru.
" Deva, Edw.
" Python, Edw.
" Pittacus, Edw.
" Nereus, Edw.
Amblyscirtes ^nus, Edw.
" Nanno, Edw.

Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud.

" Scriptura, Bd.
Thanaos Brizo., Bd.
" Icelus, Lintn.
" Ausonius, Lintn.
" Propertius, Lintn.
" Pacuvius, Lintn.

Thanaos Afranius, Lintn
" Tatius, Edw.
" Clitus, Edw.
" Funeralis, Lintn.
Pholisora Catullus, Cram.
" Pirus, Edw.

" Alpheus, Edw.

" Ceos, Edw.

Eudamus Pylades, Scud.
" Nevada, Scud.
" Moschu?, Edw,
" Epigena, Butl.
" Hippalus, Edw.

Cellus, Bd.
" 'Tityrus, Fab.
" Dorus, Edw.
Pyrrhopyga Araxes, Hew.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NOCTUID LARV^ FOUND ON
CUTTS" ISLAND, MAINE.

By Roland Thaxter;

PSEUDOTHYATIRA CYMATOPHOROIDES. Gucu.

Rich yellow-brown, varying in shade, mottled by fine dark-
lines. A contrasting white spot just above the stigmata of seg.
4, roundish and varying in size, sometimes altogether wanting.
A fine, continuous black dorsal line. Head protruded and darker
brown than the body. Stigmata black-brown, slender. L. 42
m. m. Three specimens found in cases between leaves, such as arc
made by CJiaradra. When at rest the body is bent, the head ap-
proaching the posterior segments. Spun a slight cocoon in moss
September 20-25. Imago June 9 P. M.

Three specimens on red oak.

Habrosyne Scripta. Gosse.

Eggs somewhat pear-shaped, white, changing to bright pink
after a day or so of exposure to the air, deposited transversely,
singly or superposed in chains of five or six, on the margins or
ribs only of raspberry leaves, July 21. A number of hair-like scales
are also deposited with the eggs.

Mature larva. — Rich yellow-brown, often almost black. A
distinct dorsal black line. Lateral portions more yellow, with
blackish mottlings, and broken by blackish dashes which extend
from the dorsal portions anteriorly and inferiorly, becoming-
pointed about the stigmata, where they end. Dorsal surface gen-
erally much darker than the rest of the body, though subject to
considerable variation. In a few specimens one, two or even three
white spots were present above and somewhat anterior to the stig-
mata on the fourth, fifth or sixth segments respectively; each
spot having a central black dot. In some specimens a white spot

II

was present just below the stigmata of seg. 3, also a smaller lateral
spot on seg. i. Segments 2 and 3 are somewhat larger, and seg. i
somewhat smaller than the rest. Head yellow-mottled with dark
brown, the mottling contrasting. Beneath, dirty yellow, smooth,
cylindrical, tapering posteriorly. Head prominent, moderate.
Cocoon in moss, very slight, August 27, Pupa legs, i. When at
rest the larva rests either like a Notodontian, the anterior and
posterior portions of the body being elevated, or bent so that the
head rests upon the posterior segments. When not feeding the
larva conceals itself in a case formed by curling down the edge of
a leaf, as in the preceding species. Length 30 m. m.

I was unable to observe the early stages and only noted that
the first was pinkish, without marks, and that in the stage before
the last moult the larva closely resembled JSlotodonta stragida in
its early moults.

PLATYCERURA FURCILLA. Pack.

Mr. Lintner has described the more common brown form of
this larva in his Entomological Contributions, and the following
is a description of a second form, which differs so markedly from
that described by Mr. Lintner that I have, until very recently,
considered it to belong to another species. Imagos, however,
reared last summer from both forms show no constant variation.

The normal form is light chestnut-brown, with tufts of hair
of the same color, the larger pencils on segs. I, 2, 4, ii, deep
chestnut, tipped with black. In the present dimorphic form the
color is glossy black, growing dull and tinged with green, as the
larva matures. Sparsely clothed with tufts of white hairs of
about twelve tufts on each segment, except the first and last.
These tufts are small and the hairs are of irregular length. On
segs. I, 2, 4, II are set pairs of sub-dorsal tufts, as in the normal
form, but clear white or tinged with olive. There is a lateral row
of whitish spots extending superiorly and anteriorly just below
the stigmata, which are greenish-white. Otherwise the larva is
without marks. Head shining black, clothed with a few hairs
and with two indistinct whitish frontal streaks. Legs and pro-
legs light brown, moderately short, tapering posteriorly. Rests
extended on a twig, with the head drawn down so that its frontal
surface is parallel to the twig. Spins a double cocoon much like
CJiaradra, in September (9th to 25th), the imago appearing in
June and July. Feeds on white pine.

A similar larva was found on Linden, September 15, indicat-
ing a great variety in the food plant. The larva, when young,
fed only upon the margins of the leaves.

Charadra deridens. Giien.

Eggs on red oak July 4, flattened, ribbed, whitish, deposited
singly or in rows on under side of leaf. Hatched July 11.

Young larva. Light green. On segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, re-
spectively, a large, roundish, red sub-dorsal spot. Head large,

tit

tinged with brown. Body tapering considerably posteriorly and
sparingly clothed with long colorless hairs. L. 2.5 m. m.

After 1st moult, July 14. Color light green, white exter-
nally. The red spots much darker, smaller anteriorly. A white
dorsal line, with indications of sub-dorsal ones. Hairs on segs. 1,
10, II longer than the rest. L. 5 m. m.

After 2d moult, July 19. Color as before. Dorsal, sub-
dorsal and two lateral white lines. The red spots, dark wine-
colored, and replaced on segs. 2 and 3 by tufts of short blackish
hairs somewhat below the sub-dorsal line. Several long black
hairs on segment i, which protrudes laterally beyond the head.
L. 8 m. m.

After 3d moult, July 23. Bluish green. Lines more dis-
tinct. The spots on 4, 5 and 6 smaller and blackish. Hairs com-
posing the dorsal tufts, except those on seg. i, 10 and 11 short;
lateral tufts long (this applies to all stages). A lateral tuft of
long black hairs on seg. i. Head straw colored, edged externally
with black, having a broad posterior black band from which two
fine black lines diverge to the jaws. Legs and prolegs bluish-
green. L. II m. m.

After 4th moult, July 26th. Ver}- light bluish-green. Sub-
dorsal spots minute. Head variously marked with black, light-
green or straw color. Else as in the two preceding stages.

L. 18 m. m.

After 5th moult, July 30. Much as before ; the sub-dorsal
spots hardly visible. In some specimens large suffused dorsal,
dirty blackish patches.

After 6th and last moult, August 6. Ever)- variety of color
from clear blue-green to black or dirty brown. Sub-dorsal spots
absent. Longitudinal streaks indistinct. Tufting as before ;
hairs slender, not stiff, white. A few lateral black hairs on seg. i.
Head variously marked from shining black with a few straw
colored frontal spots to light straw color. L. 4060 m. m. Cocoon
August 15.

Concealed in a case between two leaves. Rests with the
body unbent. The same larva was found on birch and elm. The
mature larva has been described by Mr. Sanders in Can. Ent.,
Vol. I.

The larva of C. propinquilhiea, which feeds on birch, v»-alnut,
maple and oak. is subject to a somewhat similar variation. One
specimen found on maple at Mt. Desert, Me., was black, with
a dorsal white band, and a lateral white band edged below with
black. Beneath white. The long tufts on seg. 2 were clear black
instead of red as normally. Other specimens on walnut were
mottled with black.

C. derideyis spins a close outer cocoon of fine pinkish silk
and a coarse inner cocoon of brown silk. Imacro in Tune and
July.

13

Raphia FRATER. Grote.

Color generally dark, somewhat bluish-green, though subject
to considerable variation of tint. Body covered with scattered
bright yellow points, about twenty on each segment. A dorsal
hump on seg. 2 surmounted by two short, blunt red prominences.
On the dorsal surface of segs. 4, 8, 11 is a transverse mottled red-
purple transverse band, interrupted centrally and somewhat cres-
cent-shaped, which is bordered posteriorly and externally with
more or less clear yellow. A lateral red point on segs. i and 2.
Legs and prolegs light green, anal pair tipped with red. Head
rather large, bluish-green, with minute lateral black point. L. 40
m. m.

Form very stout, tapering somewhat posteriorly and ending
abruptly. Rests on the midrib on the underside of poplar leaves.
Varies considerably in size, the males being much smaller and
more slender than the females.

Spun a stout blackish cocoon on bark September 10. Imago
June 10.

It is this larva or its ally, R. abrxipta, that is figured in Harris'
Correspondence, pi. i, fig. 6. as '^ Notodonta sp., found under
maple."

Apatela morula. G. & R.

Eggs on elm, July 6. Very '^mall, much flattened, whitish.
Hatched July 12.

Young larva. — Dirty greenish- white, without marks. A few
white hairs, a sub-dorsal row black. Head tinged with brown.

After 1st moult, July 15. Light green. Legs and setiferous
tubercles white. A sub-dorsal white band. A few anterior and
posterior hairs very long. Head light green, with a few longi-
tudinal dark streaks. L. 2.5 m. m.

After 2d moult, July 19. Brighter green. Sub-dorsal band
more distinct, interrupted oa segs. i and 10. A transverse me-
dian dorsal red band on segs. 4, 7, 11. Form more tapering ab-
ruptly anteriorly and gradually posteriorly from segs. 3 and 4.
L. 6 m. m.

After 3d moult, July 22. Clear, light pea-green. A sub-
dorsal yellow band growing faint on segs. 9 and 10. A conspic-
uous mottled dark red-brown dorsal patch on segs. 4, 7, 11, edged
posteriorly and externally with yellow. A fine lateral white
line. Two small dorsal reddish patches on seg. i. Setiferous
tubercles yellowish, bearing a few long whitish hairs. Head green
anteriorly, mottled reddish posteriorly. Legs and prolegs green.
L, 10 m. m.

After 4th moult, July 26. Dark yellow-green above, blue-
green below. Colors brighter than in the preceding stage. Lat-
eral line broken and inconspicuous, otherwise as in the preceding
stage. L. 18 m. m.

After 5th moult, July 29. Colors more intense, the yellow
and red of the dorsal spots contrasting strongly. In a few speci-
mens seg. 8 has in all the above stages a dorsal spot less con
spicuous than the rest, otherwise as in 5th stage. L. 30 m. ni.

After 6th and last moult, August 2 (Mature larva). General
color mottled-brown and greenish like bark. A dorsal black band
contracted between each segment, containing a central dorsal
white line. On segs. 4, 7, 8 this band forms a transverse dorsal
hump edged with deep black and set with a few short white hairs.
Above and below the stigmata are whiie, setiferous tubercles
bearing whitish hairs. Segs. 1, 2 and 3 are set with tubercles
bearing longer hairs than the others, which are directed anteri-
orly. A diagonal black mark suffused on segs. r,2, 3 runs superi-
orly and posteriorly just above the stigmata. Stigmata black,
ringed with white. Head black anteriorly, dull carmine or orange
posteriorly, with a central, arrow-shaped light brownish mark,
and with several lateral whitish streaks. Legs greenish. Prolegs
black. Beneath dirty greenish. L. 50 m. m.

This last moult is somewhat interesting, as with its change
of color a corresponding change of habit supervenes and the
larva, instead of resting on the upper surface of the leaves on
which it spins a slight web, as in the preceding stages, betakes
itself to the crevices of the bark, when it becomes almost invis-
ible.

The black and brown tints do not appear immediately after
the last moult and the larva differs little from the preceding stage
till it has been exposed to the air for some time, the dark tints
gradually appearing after several days. The same is the case in
A. furcifera and lobelicE and also in Thyreiis abbotii, the early
stages of all these being adapted to leaves, the last t® bark.

In their early stages the larvae of A. morula, furcifera, Rad-
cliffii, and clarescens can hardly be distinguished at a glance, and
all, except the last species, produce striking changes of color after
the last moult.

The cocoon of morula is spun under loose bark or in the
crevices, and can often be found on the trunks of old elms, though
I have found the moth somewhat rare. The present brood
began to spin August 9, producing a single imago September 7.
The remaining cocoons will hybernate. The moth appears in
June and July. The same larva was found on linden September
15.

Apatela vulpina. Grote.

Before last moult. Body greenish-white, darker hiferiorly,
thickly clothed with long white hairs, slightly tinged with yellow.
A jet black, rather short, thick black tuft on the median dorsal
portion of segs. 4, 6, 7, 8 and 11. Head light greenish with a
black dot on the frontal portion, each side of the median line,

15

also two inferior black spots. Legs light green, prolegs banded
with black. L. 30 m. m.

Mature larva. — Body light bluish-green, whitish above, im-
maculate and without any black dorsal tufts. Thickly covered
with tufts of long, curved yellowish-white hairs. A few short
black hairs on ii and 12. Head large, dirty-whitish, with a few
darker mottlings, and two inferior black spots on either side.
Stigmata yellow. L. 45.

Entered the earth September 9, where it spun a slight co-
coon, changing to a somewhat slender olive-tinted pupa. Imago
June 26, 11.30 A. M.

The long curved hairs give this larva a very curious appear-
ance when at rest on the under side of a leaf, with its body curved
about so as to form what appears to be an oval mass of down that is
readily mistaken for a nest of spiders' eggs. The curved hairs seem
to come to a sort of focus in the region of segment 9, which is
very characteristic. Before entering the ground the body be-
comes dirty brownish-green, the hairs become dirty yellow, the
head entirely black, without marks. Found on poplar and birch.
This is the only species of Apatela, as far as I know, the larva of
which enters the earth to spin its cocoon. A second specimen,
to which no earth was given after it had changed its color pre-
liminary to transforming, refused to spin a cocoon with bits of
bark and other substances furnished for the purpose, and finally
died, as it seems, for lack of earth to enter. This larva resem-
bles very closely, in both the stages above described, the corre-
sponding stages of the European Apatcla Icporiiia, buc the mature
larva of vulpina differs by the absence of any dorsal marks and,
probably, in some other points. The pure white color of the
imago is, doubtless, protective, and connected with the white color
of the bark of its second food plant.

Apatela noctivaga. Grote.

Eggs on poplar, July 14. Hatched July 9. Young larva.
Color greenish-white. Dorsal portions of segs. J, 4, 7, 8 and 11
red; the rest more or less tinged with red. Sparsely clothed
with long blackish hairs. Beneath greenish-white. Head brown,
rather stout, not tapering. L. 3 m. m.

After 1st moult, July 12. Color dirty greenish. Segmenta-
tion very distinctly marked. Dorsal patches dull reddish on
superior portion, the other segments (except 9 and 10) suffused
with red. Head dirty red, greenish anteriorly. Somewhat
thickly covered with tufts of stout black hairs. L. 5.5 m. m.

After 2d moult, July 12. Much darker than before, the red
colors having become dark wine-color, somevv'hat mottled, and
being suffused over the dorsal portion of all the segments, except
9 and 10. Sub-lateral and ventral portions light green, except
on segs. I. 2 and 3, which are tinged with red. A whitish lateral
line. Body covered with black setiferous warts, on which are set

i6

thick tufts of short stout black hairs, those on seg. lO much
shorter than the rest. Legs green, edged with red, Prolegs
banded, green and red. Head dark blackish, mottled, tapering
gradually posteriorly and suddenly anteriorly from seg. ii. L.
8 m. m.

After 3d moult, July 20. Dull black above, yellowish be-
neath. A yellowish lateral line. Two yellowish dorsal patches
on seg. 10, on which the hairs are short. Head blackish, with an
anterior yellowish V-shaped mark. Legs greenish-yellow. Pro-
legs blackish. Seg. 11 much hunched. Form stout, much
hunched in the region of segs. 2-4. L. 10 m. m.

After 4th moult, July 24. Black- above, deeper anteriorly.
A distinct yellow lateral band beginning on seg. 4 and running
just below the stigmata, which are white, contrasting. Feet
yellow. Prolegs black. Dorsal patches on 10 brighter, other-
wise as in preceding stage. In some specimens the tufts on the
segs. posterior to 3 and anterior to 1 1 are light smoky-brown,
this peculiarity continuing through the last stage. (A similar
variety occurs in the case of y^. hiteicoma, Grote,) L. 13 m. m.

After 5th moult, July 28. Lateral band orange colored.
A broken yellowish stripe at base of legs. Two dorsal orange
spots on 10, and in some specimens two smaller spots on 9. L.
19 m. m.

After 5th and last moult, August i. Much as before, the
setiferous tubercles large and rough, jet black, bearing thick tufts
of short, stiff black hairs. Lateral band and dorsal spots dark
red. Head and prolegs shining black. (Form as in ^. brtunosa,
Gueji.) L. 30 m. m. Cocoon between leaves August 9. Imago
in May and June.

Although the moth is by no means rare, I have never before
seen this larva during ten years collecting, although from its
habits and color it is very conspicuous when feeding.

Apatela luteicoma. G. &- R.

Mature larva. — Blackish, with a reddish lateral band, as in
the preceding species, though less distinct. Head shining black,
with a few whitish hairs. Prolegs black. The tufting is some-
what peculiar. From the dorsal portion of 4 and placed trans-
versely, project four very thick, smoky-black tufts of fine hair, and
externally to these is a small, clear white tuft of similar hair. From
the dorsal portion of seg 11, which is much hunched, project two
long tufts of similar black hairs and externally to these are placed
two white tufts, one on each side, as on seg. 4. On seg. 5 are
six tufts, placed transversely on the dorsal surface, of similar fine
white hairs. On seg. 3 are four similar tufts and also one each
(sub-dorsal) on segs. 8 and 9. The four dorsal tufts of 2 also have
a few of the fine white hairs at their bases. All the tufts above
mentioned have a few longer, coarse black hairs mingled with the
finer ones. On segs. 6-10, inclusive, four reddish tubercles placed

17

transversely on the dorsal surface from the edges of which pro-
ject a few short whitish hairs, and from the central portions a few
stout, short black hairs. There are two similar tufts on the anal
segment. The remaining tufts are composed of long whitish
hairs, very thickly set on the anterior segments and projecting
forwards over head on seg. i. Form stout, shape much as in the
preceding species. L.4om. m. Cocoon between leaves or in rotten
bark. Found in September on apple, cherry, walnut, oak, linden
and ash. Easily recognized by the peculiar tufts. Rests by day
on the trunk of its food plant.
Apatela afflicta. Grote.

Mature larva. Light yellow-brown, tinged with green, darker
superiorly. A few lateral whitish hairs. Stigmata white, ringed
with black. A whitish stigmatal line ; a distinct, continuous
black dorsal line. A sub-dorsal row of stiff club-shaped hairs,
such as are found in the larva of A. funeralis, but much smaller
and not noticeable. These are easily broken and in the speci-
men before me are present only on segs. 4, 5, 6 and 11, though in
more perfect specimens they may occur on all the segments.
One specimen found was rich yellow-green, and all vary consider-
ably in shade. Head yellow-brown, lighter externally, sparsely
clotlied with whitish hairs. Form stout, flattened posteriorly.
Rests with head touching the posterior segments, selecting a
withered or discolored leaf on which it is well concealed. Co-
coon stout, elongated, spun among bark. Several specimens on
red oak. Cocoon also under walnut. Spun September 17-25.
Imago, June and July.

Of the species of Apatela, I am familiar with the larva of the
following : y ^

Vhpmla, occidcntalis and morula on elm ; lobelia on oak ;
fiircifera on wild cherry ; Radcfiffei on wild cherry and apple ;
fiiner'alis on hickory ; vulpina o\\ poplar and birch; Americana,
maple, oak, walnut, linden, ash, sycamore ; dactyliiia, alder and
willow ; luteicoma, linden, ash, maple, cherry, apple, walnut, oak ;
brumosa, birch, willow, poplar ; ttoctivaga, poplar ; afflicta, oak,
hickory (?); clarescens,2^'^^\Q, cherry; /lamamelis, oak, chestnut;
xyliniformis birch, blackberry ; oblinita, button bush and various
meadow plants ; laiiceolaria, a green larva, probably eating w^eeds,
such as plantain, etc., found under a board at Cp. Neddock.
Mamestra grandis. Led.

Mature larva. — Dull purplish, with obscure black and white
mottling. Dull greenish ventrally. A broad, ill-defined light
lateral band; an obscure dorsal streak and sub-dorsal lines. Four
dorsal black spots on each segment, except 1-3 the anterior pair
being more closely approximated than the posterior. A dark
anterior shield on seg. r as in Hadena. Head light shining brown,
somewhat mottled. Legs and prolegs dull greenish, the latter
tipped with brown. A few short yellowish hairs on head and

body. L. 40 m. m. From eggs laid on burdock in July. En-
tered earth August 19.

Plusia contexta. Grote.

Eggs on grass, July 10. Somewhat flattened, much larger
than those oi precationis, ampla and similar species, somewhat flat-
tened, greenish-yellow. Hatched July 16.

Young larva — Light grass-green, on each segment are two
transverse rows of large black warts, those of one row alternating
with those of' the other. From each of these warts projects a
stout, curved black hair. Head light brown, mottled with black,
and with a few black setiferous warts. Prolegs blackish, very
slender. L. 4.5 m. m.

Before preparing for the first moult a row of dull scarlet
spots appear, anterior to and including the sub-dorsal row of
setiferous tubercles on all the segments, except i and i[.

After 1st moult, July 20. Color as before. A white lat-
eral and faint sub-lateral streak. Setiferous warts less distinct.
Head with a few black setiferous tubercles. The red spots ap-
peared as before, though less distinct. L. 9 m. m.

After 2d moult, July 20. Darker green. Two dorsal and
one sub-dorsal white streak. A clear lateral white band. Setifer-
ous tubercles less distinct, neither they nor the hairs they bear
seem to increase after the first stage. Red spots before moult-
ing scarcely visible. L. 14 m. m.

After 3d moult, July 25. Lateral band distinct cream-
colored. Two dorsal and and two sub-dorsal whitish streaks. The
setiferous tubercles very small, only those on the head, the first
three segments, together with a row situated just above the lat-
eral line, are black. A semi-circular lateral row of black spots on
head. L. 26 m. m.

After 4th moult, July 28. Lateral band more yellow.
Dorsal ones more distinct. Indications of suffused dorsal yellow
patches. Else as before. L. 30 m. m.

After 5th moult, July 31. Mature larva. Color light
grass-green, darker inferiorly. A contrasting, creamy-yellow lat-
eral band. Two dorsal and two sub-dorsal cream-colored lines,
the former more distinct. A dull yellow, suffused dorsal patch,
more or less distinct in different specimens, sometimes wanting
on posterior 7 and anterior 8, extending nearly to the lateral line.
A similar suffused spot is sometimes found on seg. 9, 10. Head
green, with a few minute points and hairs. Slender, somewhat
flattened. L. 45 m. m. Spun a slender, elongated white cocoon,
pointed at both ends, August 4, changing to a pupa August 6,
and producing the imago August 17, a period of thirty-eight
days and a few hours, the eggs having been laid during the even-
ing of July 10.

A brood of Plusia Putnanii, ampla and Epigcea were brought
through the third moult, but all died before completing the fourth

19

moult, except a few Piitnatni, which, at this stage could not be
distinguished from contexta, unless, perhaps, by a slight, blackish
dorsal shade. Their death seemed to be the result of two causes —
bleeding through the rupture of the integument while shedding
the skin, probably the result of too much moisture, and blacken-
ing, probably caused by some fungus. I have been somewhat
troubled by entomophthrous fungi in rearing moths, especially
by a species of EntoniopJitJiura allied to radicans, which attacks
hairy caterpillars with great rapidity while feeding. Another
mold has recently almost wholly destroyed a brood of IcJithyiira,
portions of the body blacking and producing a white mycelium,
Avhile the larva; were still living, though unable to eat. I have
not met with the species of Torrubia, except in the supposed coni-
dial form. In addition to these I have found several species of
Miicor and Penicilliiim very destructive among winter pupae.

Of the Plusia above described, about ten imagos were ob-
tained from a brood of several hundred. There are probably
three or four,broods of this species in a season, though there is little
or no regularity in the appearance of the imago, as both this species
and Putnavii may be met with at any time from June to the
middle of September. It is probable that a portion at least
of the July broods of Plusia hibernate with the August and Sep-
tember broods, as the only survivor of my brood of ainpla
became torpid after the fourth moult and continued in this con-
dition till the first of October, when it died. The following is a
list of the species of Plusia that I have taken in this locality. P.
purpurigcra, cercoides, cerea, balluca, con/cxta, Putnavii, formosa,
mappa (Isles of Shoals) biloba, verruca, Dyaus, precationis, latic/avia,
n. a7tx£iiiyf. (f), S-scripta, viridisignata, oxygramina, viortuoruvi,
epigaea, ampla, simplex.

NOTES ON THE GENUS CLISIOCAMPA.

By R. H. Stretch.

When at Astoria, Oregon, on the 17th of June last, T found
the larvae of two species of Clisiocainpa infesting the orchards at
that place, one of them excessively abundant the other in much
smaller numbers. As we were traveling very rapidly and I had
no opportunity for a week to examine and feed the larvae I only
succeeded in raising one of the species, and of that but few per-
fect specimens. I here give such notes as I have of their trans-
formations.

Larva No. i. — Similar to that of C. Californica in size and
general appearance, but strikingly brighter colored. Length \y^
to I ^ inches. Dark brownish-black. Prolegs black ; abdominal

2d

legs pale tawny at tips. Sides mottled with yellow, gathered
into a broken lateral line along the upper edge of the yellow
markings. Median dorsal line black, sometimes with a narrow,
broken bluish line centrally, and a few spots of the same color
just above the lateral yellow line on each segment. On each side
of the blue dorsal line there is a mottled broken band of bright
tawny yellow, the color most concentrated on the posterior part
of each segment, thinly clad with pale tawny hairs. Beneath
black, mottled with pale bluish-grey.

Varies by the expansion of the dorsal yellow markings so as
to be strikingly yellow, or by their contraction so as to appear
nearly blackish-brown. In this last c^se the blue markings be-
come strikingly visible.

This species was only met with at Astoria, though diligent
search was made for it at Portland and elsewhere. It was found
feeding on the cherry, apple, currant, bramble and rose. A few
on plum trees and on a tree allied to the hawthorn, none on the
pear. It was most abundant in a badly-tended orchard ; much
less common in the one adjacent, where the plastering of the tree
trunks with lime showed greater care and attention. The ab-
sence of larvae in the same locality on July 31, shows the species
to be probably single brooded.

The nests were long and narrow, very compactly and closely
woven outside, so as almost to resemble a thin silken bag.
Length about 12 inches, with a diameter of about 1.5 to 3 inches.

Larva No. 2. — Associated with the preceding on the apple
trees, and found on the pear at Astoria, and cherry at Portland,
a single larva being also found in the sweeping net at Yakima
City, was a second very distinct form of which the following is
a description.

A broad velvety-black dorsal line, narrowly edged with tawny,
enclosing a few parallel tawny broken lines, and a dirty white
ovate spot on the anterior part of each segment, those nearest
the head being narrower than the others. Sides bluish-slate,
palest above the feet, divided by a tawny lateral line, very faintly
edged above and below with black. Prolegs black; abdominal
legs slaty. Beneath slaty, with a large sooty-black spot on each
segment on the dorsal line, those on the central segments being
most conspicuous. A few short tawny hairs.

This species I unfortunately failed to rear, of No. i I raised
two perfect (5, and many cripples. Not having the types of
erosa before me I cannot say if No 1 may be the larva of that
species or not, but have forwarded the male to Mr. H. Edwards,
who possesses the types of erosa, for comparison.*

San Francisco, August 9, 1882.

* The male alluded to by Mr. Stretch was certainly not his Erosn, but appears to me to be a new
ipecies. In this genus it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the imagos.— Hr. Edwards.

21

LIST OF NOCTUID/E TAKEN IN ORONO, MAINE,
AND VICINITY.

By Mrs. C. H. Fernald.
Leptina Doubledayi, Guen. rare. Agrotis fennica, Tausch.

Pseudothyatira cymataphoroides, Guen.

" var. expultrix, Gr.

Habrosyne scripta. Gosse. rare.
Audela acronyctoides, Walk, (i ex.)
Charadra propinquilinea, G. I ex.

deridens, Guen. rare.
Kaphia frater, Gr.

" very rare,

rare.

rare.

rare,

rare.

Feralia jocosa, Guen.
Diphthera fallax, H-S.
Apatela vinnula, Gr.

grisea, Walk. rare.
" occidentalis, G. & K.

lobeliae, Guen,
" morula, G. & R. !

Radcliffei, Harv. rare,
" mnotata, Guen.
Americana, Harr,
dactylina, Gr.
" luteicoma, G. & R.
" brumosa, Guen.
" noctivaga, Gr.
" superans, Guen.
" clarescens, Guen.
" hamamelis, Guen.

haesitata, Gr. very rare.
" dissecta, G. & R.

sperata, Gr,
" oblinita. A. & S.
" lithospila, Gr. rare.
Arsilonche henrici, Gr.

" var, evanidum, Gr. (i ex.)

Harrisimemna trisignata, Walk.
Microcoelia fragilis, Guen.
" obliterata, Gr.

Bryophila lepidula, Gr. rare.
Chytonix palliatricula, Guen. rare.
Agrotis chardinyi, Boisd.
badicollis, Gr.
janualis, Gr. rare,
opacifrons, Gr. very rare.
" sigmoides, Guen.
perattenta, Gr.
attenta, Gr. rare,
phyllophora, Gr.
" rubifera, Gr.
conflua ? Gr.

perconflua, Gr. very rare.
Fishii, Gr. 2 ex.
" baja, S. V.
" Normaoiana, Gr.

c-nigrum, Linn.
" bicarnea, Guen.

haruspica, Gr.
" gularis, Gr.
" turris, Gr.

c

rare,
subgothica, Haw.
tricosa, Lintn.
herilis, Gr.
plecta, Linn,
cupida, Gr.
brunneipennis, Gr.
alternata, Gr,
clandestina, Harr.
messoria, Harris?
scandens, Riley, rare,
atrifera, Gr. (2 ex.)
pitychrous, Gr.
versipellis. Gr. rare,
campestjis, Gr. rare,
var. decolor, Morr.
redimicula, Morr.
geniculata, G. & R.
collaris, G. & R.
perpolita, Morr. very rare,
fumalis, Gr. rare,
mimallonis, Gr. rare,
tristicula, Morr. (only the type).
Fernaldi, Morr, very rare,
venerabilis. Walk.
" volubili?, Harv.

annexa, Tr.
" ypsilon, Rott.
saucia, Hiibn.
" lubricans, Guen.

rufipectus, Morr. rare.
" trabalis, Gr.
" pressa, Gr.
" prasina, Fabr.
occulta, Hlibn.
astricta, Morr. rare.
Anytus sculptus, Gr.
Pachnobia salicarum, Barnst. rare.
Fishia enthea, Gr. (2 ex.).
Mamestra purpurissata, Gr. (lex.)
. " nimbosa, Guen. (I ex.)

" imbrifera, Guen.

*' latex, Guen.

" adjuncta, Boisd.
" lubens, Gr.

" legitima, Gr.
j " lilacina, Harr.

var. illabefacta, Morr.
Goodfllii, Gr. rare.
" assimilis, Morr.

" rosea, Harv, rare.
" congermana, Morr, rare,

vindimialis, Guen. 2 ex,
" picta, Harr.

" grandis, Boisd.'
" subjuncta, G. & R.

22

Mamestra Atlantica, Gr.

" Dimmockii, Gr. rare.

irifolii, Rott.
" vicina, Gr. rare.
" detracta, Walk.

" olivacea, Morr,

lustralis, Gr. rare.
" meditata, Gr. rare. '

" renigera, Staph.

" lorea, Guen,

" rugosa, Morr. very rare.
Luceria passer, Guen. rare.

" var. conspicua, Morr. (i ex.)
JIadena ducta, Gr. very rare.
" devastatrix, Brace,
" arctica, Boisd.

Bridghamii, G. & R, rare.
" dubitans, Walk.

sputatrix, Gr.
" suffusa, Morr.
" apamiformis, Guen.
" vultuosa, Gr. rare.
" lignicolor, Guen.
" verbascoides, Guen.
" cariosa, Guen.
" vulgaris. G. & R.
" remissa, Hiibn.
" finitima, Guen.
" impulsa, Guen. •
" leucoselis, Gr. very rare.

algeus, Gr. very rare.
" vigilans, Gr. (2 ex.)
" diversicolor, Morr.
" mactata, Guen.
" modica, Guen.

vulgivaga, JVforr,
" fractilinea,' Gr.
Oligia versicolor, Gr. (i ex.)

arna, Guen.
Dipterygia scabriuscula, Linn,
riyppa xylinoides, Guen.
Valeria Grotei, Morr. i ex.
H'^mohadena atrifasciata, Morr. rare.
Drynbota stigmata, Gr. rare.
Actinotia ramosula, Guen.
Conservula anodonta, Guen. (2 ex.)
Trigonophora periculosa, Guen.

" var. V-brunneum, Gr.

Euplexia lucipara, Linn.
Brotolomia iris, Gveu.
Nephelodes minians, Guen.

" var. violans, Guen.

Tricholita semifiperta, Morr,
Helotropha reniformis, Gr.
" var. atra, Gr.

sera, G. & R.
Apamea nictitans, Behr.

var- erythrostigma, Haw.
Gortyna immanis, Gr. (i ex.)
" iuquaesita, G. & R.

Gortyna impecuniosa, Gr. very rare,
purpurifascia, G. & R.
rutila, Guen. rare.
" nitela, Guen. very rare.
" var. nebris, Guen. (i ex.)
Achatodes zeae, Harr. (2 ex.)
Sphida obliquata, G. & R. rare.
Arzama diffusa, Gr. (2 ex.)
Macronoctua onusta, Gr, very rare.
Amolita fessa, Gr. rare.
Platysenta atriciliata, Gr,
Heliophiia pallens, Linn.

albilinea, Hiibn.
''' amygdalina, Harv. (only type)
" phragmitidicola, Guen.

" adonea, Gr.

" commoides, Guen.

" unipuncta, Haw.

" psedargyria, Guen.

Caradrina miranda, Gr.

" multifera, Walk.

Pyrophila tragopoginis, Linn.

pyramidoides, Guen,
Orthodes infirma, Guen.
" cynica, Guen.

enervis, Guen. (2 ex.)
Taeniocainpa thecata, Morr. rare.
oviduca, Guen.
" incerta, Hiibn.

Crocigrapha Normani. rare.
Morrisonia evicta, Gr. (i ex.)
Anchocelis digitalis, Gr. (2 ex.)
Parastichtis perbellis, Gr.

" minuscula, Morr. rare.

Orthosia ferruginoides, Guen.

" euroa, G. & R.
Cosmia infumata, Gr. (i ex.)
Homoglaea hircina, Morr. (2 ex.)

'• carnosa, Gr. (2 ex.)

Glaea inulta, Gr.
Epiglaea sericea, Morr.

apiata, Gr. (2 ex.)
Eucirroedia pampina, Guen,
Scoliopteryx libatrix, Linn.
Xantliia togata, Esper.
Scopelosoma Graefiana, Gr. (i ex.)
" devia, Gr. r^re.

" Morrisoni, Gr. rare.

" Walked, Gr. rare.

Litholomia napaea, Morr. rare.
Lithophane disposita, Morr.
" pelulca, Gr. rare,

ferrealis, Gr. rare.
" Signosa, Walk. rare.

" Bethunei, G. & R.

" fagina, Morr. rare.

Georgia, Gr. rare.
*' laticinerea, Gr.

" cinerosa, Gr. very rare.

" unimoda, Lintn. very rare.

23

Lithophane tepida, Gr. rare.

" lepida, Lintn. (i ex.)

" pexata, Gr.

" Thaxteri, Gr. rare.

Lithomia germana, Morr.* rare.
Calocampa nupera, Lintn.

•' cineritia, Gr. rare.

" curvimacula, Morr. rare.

Cucallia convexipennis, G. & R.
asterioides, Guen.
intermedia, Speyer.
" Speyeri, Lintn, rare.
Crambodes talidiformis, Guen. (2 ex.)
Xolaphana nialana, Fitah.

Zelleri, <ir.
Alexia argillacea, Hiibn.
Marasmalus histrio, Gr. (i ex.)
Telesilla cinereola, Guen.
Abrostola urentis. Guen. rare.
Devapurpurigera. Walk.
Plusia aereoides, Gr.
" balluca. Gey.
" Putnami, Gr. rare.

striatella, Gr. very rare.
" thyatiroides, Guen. (2 ex.)

mappa. G. & R. (i ex.)
" bimacula, Steph.

precationis, Guen.
" u-aureum, Boisd. ? rare.
" morUiorum, (iuen.
8-scripta, Sanborn.
" viridisignata, Gr. rare.
" ampla, Walk. rare.
" simplex, Guen.

Hockenwartbi, Hoch. (2 ex.)
Anarta cordigera, Thunb. rare.
Rhodophora florida, Guen.
Lvgranthoecia rivulosa, Guen,
Pyrrhia exprimens. Walk. rare.

" angulata, Gr. (i ex.)
Tarache erastrioides, Guen.

" canrlefacta, Hiibn.

Lithacodia bellicula, Hiibn.
Chamyris cerintha, Tr.
Kustrotia albidula, Guen.

" concinnimacula, Guen.
" synochitis, G. & R.
" muscosula, Guen.
" carneola, Guen.
apicosa, Haw.
Kuherrichia mollissima, Guen. (2 ex.)

" monetifera, Guen.

Ikephos infans, Moeschl. rare.
Drasteria erechtea. Cram.
Kuclidia cuspidea, Hiibn.
Syneda Alien i, Gr. very rare.
Melipoiis limbolaris. Gey. (i ex.)
Catocala relicta. Walk.

var. Bianca, Hy. Edw. rare.
" amatrix, Hiibn. ?
" concumbens, Walk.

Catocala var. Diana, Hy. Edw.
unijuga, Walk.
" briseis, Edw. rare.
" parta, Guen.
•' coccinata, Gr, (i ex.)
" ultronia, Hiibn.
" ilia. Cram.

cerogama, Guen.
,, ) communis, Gr.

\ neogama,, Ab.& Sm. .'' rare,
" antinympha, Hiibn.
" coelebs, Gr.
" crataegi, Saund.
" gracilis, var. sordida, Gr.
Pseudolimacodes littera, Guen. (i ex.)
Parallelia bistriaris, Hiibn.
Panopoda rufimargo, Hiibn. (i ex.)
Erebus odora, Linn, (i ex.).
Zale horrida, Hiibn.
Homoptera edusa, Drury.
" minerea, Guen.

" Woodii, Gr. rare.

" duplicata, Beth. rare.

Ypsia undularis, Drury. rare.
Pseudanthroecia coracias, Guen.
Homopyralis tactus, Gr.
Spargaloma sexpuncta, Gr. rare.

" umbrifascia, Gr. rare.

Pangrapta decoralis, Hiibn,
Pseudaglossa lubricalis. Gey.
Epizeuxis aemula, Hiibn.

" americalis, Guen.
Megachyta lituralis, Hiibn.

" deceptricalis, Zell.
Litognatha nubilifascia, Gr.
Chytolita morbidalis, Guen.
Zanclognatha laevigata, Gr.
" cruralis, Guen.

" marcidilinea, Gr.

" minimalis, Gr.

Pallachira bivittata, Gr. (i ex.)
Philometra longijabris, Gr.

" serraticornis, Gr.

Rnula propinqualis, Guen.
Pa'ithis angulalis, Hiibn.
Phalenophana rurigena, Gr.
Capis curvata, Gr. rare.
R«:nia alutalis, Gr. (i ex.)
" restriclalis, Gr. rare.
" * Belfragei, Gr.
Bleptina caradrinalis, Guen.
Lomanaltes laetulus, Gr.
Hypena baltimoralis, Guen.
" scutellaris, Gr.
" manalis, Walk, (i ex.)
" bijugalis. Walk

abalienalis. Walk..
" toreuta, Gr. (i ex.)
*' evanidalis, Robs.
" scabra, Fabr.
Eulintneria bifidalis Gr

24

NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME
HETEROCERA.

By Henry Edwards.

#

Clostera inclusa. Hbn. Yo2uig larva.

Head black, shining, with double fovea in front. Second
segment edged in front with bright yellow. Body black, with a
series of bright yellow longitudinal stripes, those of the dorsum
being the most distinct : 4 and 1 1 have small black tubercles in
the centre. All the segments bear small jet black piliferous tub-
ercles. The hairs of the body are all sordid white. Anal seg-
ment black. Under side dull yellow. Feet black at the tips.

Length (after first moult) 18 m. m.

Feeds in companies until after the second moult, the larvae
then separate and act independently of each other.

Thyridopteryx EPHEMERIF(3RMIS. Steph. Yojing larva.

Head, 2d, 3d, 4th and anal segments pitchy, the rest of the
body being dull smoky gray. Thoracic legs pitchy, concolorcus
with the anterior segment. Abdominal legs aborted, concolorous
with posterior segments. After about six hours exclusion from
the egg they begin to form their baskets of whatever material,
may be at hand, and do not appear to eat until the first basket
covering is found. They are particularly active little creatures,
and move very swiftly, with the posterior segments erect.

Catocala parta. Giien. Larva. (Full grown.)

Dull fawn color. Head, as in all the genus, flattened on the
top, with deep frontal sinus. A black line surrounds the head,
except at the junction with the second segment. There is a
pale brownish dorsal line, and a sub-dorsal one, slightly waved, on
each segment, and enclosing a darker space. These lines are most
apparent at the junction of the segments. A rather broad, brown-
ish lateral line, slightly waved, encloses the spiracles, which are
brown. Feet and legs concolorous with the body. At the ex-
treme lateral edge is a row of short sharp cilise.

Length 2.80 inch.

Willows. (A. W. P. Cramer.)

DePRESSARIAHERACLIANA. De G^^<fr.-ONTARIELLA. BetJmuc.

Larva. (Full grown.)

Genera,l color pale yellowish-gray, with a deeper yellow cast
along the sides. Head and forepart of the second segment jet
black, shining. On 3 and 4 are eight rather large black shining
tubercles and two smaller ones, the latter placed dorsally. On
the other segments the tubercles are all of the same size, arranged
eight in front of and around the segment, the remaining two
upon the dorsum. The thoracic legs are jet black, the abdom-
inal concolorous with the body, with black ring at their base.

Length 18 m. m.

^0

Feeds upon the flowers and seed vessels of Archangelica
atropurpnrca, L. But after passing through its last moult it bur-
rows into the stems of the plants, feeding upon the pith.

Larvae captured July i. Last moult July 4. Burrowed into
stem July 6. Changed to chrysalis July 8. Imagos emerged
July 16-19. ^ '^"^ indebted to Mr. Vanwaggenen, of Rye, West-
chester county, N. V., for my knowledge of this species.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Sphinx Sequoia. Bdv. I recently received from my friend, Mr. R. H.
Stretch, of San Francisco, several examples of this very rare Sphinx, taken by
him in Butte county, California, in July last. They vvere all captured at night,
flying about the light of an electric lamp. As far as 1 am aware only three ex-
amples of the species were previously known to exist in collections.

Hy. Edwards.

Rare Lepidoptera in New Jersey. Every year some scarce species
are taken in this State, and Mr. B. Neumoegen appears to have been more than
fortunate during the past season. His captures include among othrrs Mehicea
Phaeton,^Limenitis Ursula, aher. ' /^en/seca Tarquinius, Thccla strigosa,
Thecla Nip/ion, Papilio Cresphontes, Pamphila Pontiac, P. Massas z'f,
Hemaris axillaris^ H. Floridcnsis, II. Biiffaloensis, Thyreus Abbotiii, C^es-
sonia Jus^landts, Melittia Cefo, Benibecia mars^tnata, Fatua denudata, yEgeria
albicornis, Thyrzs htgubris, Eiichates eglenetisis, Parorgyia leuccophaata P.
Clintonii, Lagua crispata, Euclea quercett, E. ferruginea, Parasa chloris
Monolenca seinifascia, Phobetroii pit/ieciiim, Lz?iiacodes rccttlitua, L.fasciola,
Adoneta Spinuloide^, Apatelodes torrefacta, Notodonta stragula. Edema albi-
fro7ts,Q£demasza concinna, QL. extviia, CE. badia. Coelodasys leptinoiaes, Heter-
ocanipa biundata, Dryopteris rosea, Tolype laricis, Xystus RobinicE, and
many rare Noctuas. The locality examined was in the vicinity of Morris Plains.
^ Hy. Edwards.

AsiLUS AND Geometer. While collecting in July last in the neighbor-
hood referred to in the preceding paragraph I came upon a large colony of the
pretiy Geometrid moih. Aspilates dissiniilaria, Guen, and was astonished and
interested to see the persecution to which it was subjected by a large species
of Asiius. The moths were very abundant, and as they rose out of the low
bushes through which I walked, each specimen was followed by an Asiius,
which appeared to he constantly on the watch. If the moth took refuge in the
lower branches of the bushes the dipterous tiger followed and hunted the leaves
and twigs as a terrier hun's a cover for a raobit. The poor moih on being ap-
proached too closely by its tormentor would take wing, but was instantly fol-
lowed and, in most cases, seized by its insatiate enemy, borne to the nearest
resting place, and immediately killed. 1 captured some of the Asiius the mo-
ment the mo h was se^z-d, but in ?ll cases^ath appeared to have ensued at
once, the point of attack being the thorax Tf \.\\& Aspiiates. One specimen of
Asiius observed by nie destroyed no less than eight of the moths in about
twenty minutes, apparently only sucking trie juices, and discarding the rest of
body as soon as this operation was performed. Hy. Edwards.

Tolype laricis. Lintn. While strolling about the lower falls of the
Genesee yesterday I found six cocoons of T. laricis on the white pine. (A
Strohus). To-day I have a fine pair of mjths from ihem, and think u
worthy of record that the snecies is found elsewhere than on the larch, {Larix
A?nericana) as the latter species does not s^row where the cocoons were
found. H. Roy GiLBttRT, Rochester, September 4, 1882.

New Method of Feeding Larv/E. 1 believe I have made a d scovery
by which larvae may t>e kept and reared on food prepared so as 10 last through

26

the whole series of changes. I record my experience with those of Papilio
cresphontes. The eggs were iound on Ptele i trifoliatiim. They hatched on
October 9, so that they must have been deposited some seven days earlier.
They reacned their moults as follows: ist stage, i6th to i8th ; 2d, 23d to
25th ; 3d, 30th to ^ist ; 4'h, November loth to 13th ; 5th, or pupa, December
nth to 13th, at which time the weather was extremely cold, occasionally 15°
below zero. The duration of the changes, 72 days. My method was to gather
the leaves of the plant in summer, press them quite dry in a book or under
weights as in botanical specimens, and, when feeding my larvae, soak them all
night in pure water, causing them to appear fresh and in growing condition.
The larvae preferred these soaked leaves to the fresh ones ot oranges obtained
from a greenhouse, though they would feed sparingly upon the latter when
driven to it by hunger. I have also tried the experiment of soaked leaves with
great success upon Apatiira clyton. I trust this brief account of an interesting
experience may be useful to lepidopterists, as eggs of species may be sent from
any distance, accompanied by dried food plants, and the results will surely be
satisfactory. The leaves must be kept in the dark, or the green color fades out
and the flavor is destroyed. A. H. MUNDT, Fairbury, 111.

LiMENiTIS Ursula and L. Disippus. I have expressed my opinion to Mr.
W. H. Edwards that these forms arise from the same brood. At three differ-
ent times I gathered eggs and larva from a willow in my yard, and each t me
(all hatching within a few days of each other) some produced Disippus, and
some Ursula. I could not perceive the smallest difference in the larva or pupa.
The images I raised would not lay in confinement, so I was not able to pursue
the investigation further. A. H. MUNDT, Fairbury, 111.

Melit^a ChalCedon. Bdv. This species hybernates socially after the
first moult, seleciing a place below the radical leaves of cumbrous herbage, from
which situation the larvae do not stir for several months. I have kept them ail
the winter, and could not induce them to eat, but when they began to move
about, they devoured the food-plant with great eagerness. Berkeley, Cal.

J. J. Rivers.

^GERIA HEMIZONI^. Hy. Edw. I have reared this species from the
larva, a pallid grub with a darker head, feeding in the roots, rhizome, or base
of the canes of the cultivated raspberry, and devouring the pith therein. This
is looked upon by fruit-growers as a direful insect, killing the plant, root and
branch, but the injury is not so great as supposed. The larva feeds only on
the pith, the loss of which is not immediately fatal, even to the part affected, much
less to the whole. I have observed these !/^gerian larvse always in otherwise
unhealthy plants, such as are infested with "scale," and mostly with the tu-
mors of the " woolly aphis " upon their roots. This last condition is usually
accompanied by bad cultivation. J. J. Rivers, Berkeley, Cal.

Papilio cresphontes. Cr. During the past year this species seem.s to
have made Us appearance throughout the country in large numbers and in
localities hitherto unknown. From Wisconsin, Northern New York, Maine,
Massachusetts, Connecticut and Illinois come reports of numerous captures,
and many entomologists have been engaged in carrying through their various
stages the handsome larvae of this interesting insect. It is to be hoped that
careful observations may be kept so that the perfect life-history of the species
may be made known. Hy. Edwards.

HvPHANTRfA TEXTOR AND H. CUNEA. I know these fomis are gener-
ally reij;arded as belonging to one species, but the larvae differ considerably in
color and markings. Those of the latter do not make a web like those of H.
textor, they are larger and feed also upon a different plant. The differences in
the imago. are verv striking, the body in H. cunea being yellow and black,
while in H. textor it is wholly white. Has any observer raised broods of the
two lorms ? N. Coleman, Berlin, Conn.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e few Jork pntomological piub.

Vol. III.] February, 1883. [No. 2.

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED JULY, 1882,

By W. W. Hill, Albany, N. Y.

All of these examples were captured at an average altitude
of 2200 feet, in the heart of a dense forest, coniposed principally
of balsam, spruce, pine and birch, at the foot of Mount Marcy,
the highest peak of the Adirondacks and seven miles by trail and
"blazed" line from its summit. Species marked thus * were
netted during the day time. . All of the remainder were captured
inside of the Adirondack Lodge at night, being attracted by light.
No sugaring was done.

RHOPALOCERA.

Papilio Turnus. L. 12 (^ i ? *. Perfect examples were observed on
summits of Marcy, 5344 feet, and Mclntyre, 51 12 feet.
Argynnis Atlantis, Edw., ? , =*=.
Vanessa Antiopa (L.), ? , *.
Limenitis Arthemis (Drury), 58 $-7$ S

HETEROCERA. SPHINGID^.

Everyx Choerilus (Cram.), $ .
Smerintlius geminatus, Say, S •
Paonias exc^catus, A. and S., 2 S .
Calasymbolus myops, A. and S., $ .
Cressonia juglandis, A. and S., S-

BOMBYCES.

Euphanessa mendica (Walk.), ? .
Crocota ferruginosa. Walk., 2 $ .
Platarctia panhenos, Harr., ? , July 26.
Arctia Saundersii, Gr., S •
Nadata gibbosa (A. and S.), S •
LophodontA ferruginea. Pack., S .
Ccelodasys unicornis, A. and S., S .
Piatypteryx arcuata, Walk., 2 ^-2 ? .
Dryopteris rosea, Walk., (5 - $ .

" irrorata. Pack., S - 9 '

Hepialus furcatus, Gr., 4 ,J - $ .

2;^

NOCTURE.

Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides (Guen.), S •

var. expultrix Gr., 39 ^ -9 ?
Habrosyne scripta (Gosse), 14 ^- ? .
Apatela innotata (Guen.), 2 ? .

" hamamelis (Guen.), ? •
Microccelia fragilis, Guen., $ .
Chytonyx palliatricula (Guen.), 2 ? .
Agrotis perattenta, Gr., 2 ? .
" rubifera, 3 ? .
plecta (L.), 3 ? .
clandestina (Harr.),.20 S-ii ?.
" prasina, Fabr., 3 ? .
Mamestra imbrifera, Guen., S ? •
'• adjuncta, Boisd., S .

" lorea (Guen.), 2 S .

Hadena arctica, Boisd., S .
" vultuosa, Gr., 4 ? .
" lignicolor (Guen.), ? .
" remissa, Hiibn., ? .
" impulsa, Guen., ? .
Hyppa xylinoides, Guen., (^-5 ?.
Trigonophora periculosa, Guen., S •
Euplexia lucipara (L.), 3 ? .
Caradrina Miranda, Gr., ? .
Orthodes cynica, Guen., ? .
Cuculha postera, Guen., ? .
Aletia argillacea, Hiibn., $ .
Plusia Eereoides, Gr , ? .

mappa, G. & R.. 6 July 25:2? July 26.
u-aureum, Bd., 21 <5-i5 ?•
mortuorum, Guen , 23 ^-25 S.
octoscripta, Sand., ? .
ampla, Walk., 2 $-2 $, July 25 1030.
Eustrotia albidula (Guen.), ? .
Pseudoglossa lubricalis (Gey.), 4 ? .
Epixeuxis asmula, Hiibn., 4 $.
Megachyta deceptricalis (Zell ), ? .

inconspicualis, Gr., 5 (J ? .
Zanclognatha' crural s (Guen.), $.
" marcidilinea, Gr., ? .

minamalis, Gr., (^-5 ?.

Rivula, N. S., $ .
Palthis angulalis, Hiibn., 4 $- ^ .
Hypena Baltimoralis (Guen.), (J- ? .
" scabra, Fabr., 2 S -66 $ .

•^ GEOMETRID^.

Endropia obtusaria, (Hiibn.), 3 ^- ? .

' armataria, (H. S.), 5-2?.

Metrocampa margaritata, L., 2 5- ? , *, in deep woods.
Anogoga pulveraria (L.), $ .
Angerona crocalaria (Fabr.), ^-2 ? .
Nematocampa filamentaria, Guen., 5.
Acidalia inductata, Guen. S .

29

Callizzia amorata. Pack,, 2 S-2 ? .
Deilinea variolaria, Guen., S ? ,

" erythemaria, Guen., 3 ? .
Macaria granitata, Guen., 4. S -6 ? .
Caripeta divisata, Walk., 5 (5 - ? .
Cymatophora umbrosaria, Hiibn., 5(5-4$.

" larvaria, (Guen.), 6 ,5-2 ? ,

Paraphia subatomaria, Guen., $ .
.' . Baptria albovittata, (Guen.), 6 ^- ? .

Phibalapteryx latirupta, Walk., S-^ .
Rheumaptera ruticillata, (Guen.), ? .

" basaliata, (Walk.), 2 ^- $ .

flucluata, (L.) ,5-5 ?.

" lacustrata, (Guen.), ? .

" hastata(L.), 57 <5-i8 ? . in great variety. *

A very few taken at light,
Ochyria abrasaria, H. S., 2 S-4-9-
Petrophora truncata (Hiibn.), 6 ,5-2 ? .
Epirrita caaibricaria, H. S., 2 ,5-4 ?.
Glaucopteryx cumatilis (G. and R.), ? .

" caesiata (Borkh.), 2 S •
Eupithcecia , 5 examples too much worn for determination.

PYRALID^.

Aglossa domalis, Guen., S ■
Asopia devialis, Gr., 3 ,5 -4 ? .

" squamealis, Gr., S •
Botis erectalis, Gr., S •
', maquistralis, Gr./(5 .

TINEIDyE.

Cryptolechia Schlsegeri, Zeller, $ .

The following captures made by me in the Adirondacks have
lately been described in the Canadian Entomologist, the types
being in my collection.

AgTotis hospitalis, Gr., 2 ? , July, 1880.

Anytus sculptus, var. planus, Gr., ? , September 4, 1878.

Rheumaptera immediata, Gr., ? , June 21, 1878 ; ? , July, 1880.

ON STIRIA, WITH NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF

NOCTUID^.

By a. R. Grote.

In the present paper I describe several forms. of North Amer-
ican Noctuidae, from East and West, which are among the most
interesting I have yet discovered. The types are almost all con-
tained in Mr. Neumoegen's large collection, which I have been
recently studying. Perhaps the most notable of all here described
is Mamestra Bella, taken by Mr. Neumoegen himself in New

30

Jersey, and which proves that we have yet fine species in the
East undescribed. That it has a near ally in the European fauna
makes the discovery more valuable.

Trichoclea. n. genus.

Eyes hairy, lashed. Front with a protuberance concealed by
the short, close scales; globose, clypeal plate prominent. Palpi
moderate, third article distinct, oblique. Tongue well sized.
Tibiae unarmed. Body untufted. Male antennee ciliate, simple.
Aspect of Carneades. Looks like a small Mmnestra Trifolii.
Care must be taken to distinguish this from very similar forms,
differing structurally, from the sarrte locality.

Trichoclea Decepta. n. s.

^ *?. Carneous gray. Claviform and reniform, shaded with
blackish lines faint, double, marked on costa. Stigmata small,
concolorous. Hind wing white, with a smoky border broadest in
? , and in this sex with a dotted mesial line before it. Beneath
yellowish-white, with dots and extra mesial line more or less
marked. Head and thorax like forewings, abdomen a little paler.
The t. p. line is denticulate, followed by pale points ; the sub-ter-
minal field is unprominently darker shaded. A terminal dotted
line. Fringe finely cut with pale. Thorax and head unmarked.

Expanse, ^ 27, ? 32 mil. Three specimens. Arizona.

Coll. Mr. Neumoegen.

Carneades Moerens. Grote.

Other $ ? specimens lately examined are more reddish than
my type. This species must be examined under the microscope
and its structure verified to make sure of the identification.
The average expanse seems to be 28 mil. The insect has a slight
resemblance to Agrotis Citricolor, but is faded ochrey, with a
reddish cast; the terminal space darker. The genus agrees well
with Agrotis, but may be quickly separated by the structure of
the clypeus, which has a navel-shaped protuberance. The single
species is dull and inconspicuous in color and markings. It was
taken by Mr. Morrison in Arizona.

Mamestra Bella, n. s.

Rich blackish-brown ; sub-terminal line narrow, contrasting,
yellowish, with a sub-costal shallow rounded projection, thence
even, rounded to internal angle. Lines black, double. Clavi-
form black, outlined in velvety-black. Orbicular pale, ringed
with dark-shaded centre, ovate, somewhat oblique. Reniform
opposedly-oblique, narrow, dark, with incomplete pale ring be-
hind. Cuneiform black marks before the s. t. line inferiorly.
Fringes dark, very finely cut with pale. Head and thorax green-
ish-brown. Hind wings fuscous, paler at base, with discal mark
and faint mesial line. Eyes hairy. Ovipositor exserted. Be-

31

neath paler, irrorate ; hind wings with discal mark and double
exterior bands.

Expanse 30 mil.

New Jersey. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

Resembles the European Dianthcecia Cuciiballi. One of the
prettiest of our Eastern species. The t. p. line is scalloped and
rather strongly projected opposite the cell. Darker than the
European species, and differing considerably in detail.

Ufeus Sagittarius, n. s.

Red brown, with a slight mixture of pale scales. No lines
on primaries. On the cell a pale yellowish streak, which joins
the curved, similarly colored, linear, bow-shaped reniform. Hind
wings pale, concolorous, yellowish fuscous ; beneath with a thick
trigonate black discal mark. The reddish fringes of primaries
finely cut with pale.

Expanse, 40 mil.

Coll. 3- Neumoegen, Esq. California.

This new species is very simply marked. The wings beneath
are pale, discolorous, and are notable from the want of discal
mark on fore wings, and the presence of the thick spot on hind
wings. Head and thorax concolorous with primaries,

Trichorthosia. n. g.

Eyes hairy, lashed. Thorax untufted. Vestiture hairy,
loose. Fore tibiae unarmed; middle and hind tibiae spinose.
Palpi rather short, third joint conical. Tongue rather weak.
Abdomen untufted. Fore wings with straight costal and full
outer margin ; apices sharp. Allied to Xanthia in shape of wings ;
differs from all the genera allied to Orthosia by its structure.

Trichorthosia Parallela. n. s.

Ochrey olive ; terminal field white-shaded, contrasting, lim-
ited inwardly by the rigid, double, sub-terminal line, its inner
component line thicker and not continued at apices. Reniform
red-stained with inferior black dots; orbicular a dark dot. Ordin-
ary lines double, faint. Hind wings fuscous, with pale fringes.

Expanse, 28 mil.

New Mexico. Prof. Snow.

Orthodes nitens. n. s.

$ ?. Silky reddish-brown, the male smaller and brighter-
colored. The lines marked by double lines on costa, hardly to be
made out, except in certain lights. Subterminal line a tolerably
distinct succession of black points. Reniform small, white, con-
trasting, lying partly in the evident black angulated median shade.
Fringe a little darker than the wing. Thorax concolorous. Hind
wings and abdomen fuscous ; fringe somewhat reddish. Beneath

32

secondaries paler, irrorate, with distinct discal mark and diffuse
band. Anal tuft of male oclireous.

Expanse <? . ? 29 mil,

Kittery Point. Mr. Thaxter.

This species may go under one of the names proposed by
Guenee in this genus, but it fits no one of his descriptions. It
does not seem to vary, and I do not believe it has been before
described.

TyENIOCAMPA PEREDIA. n. S.

$ ?. Eyes hairy; body untufted ; vestiture hairy; size
small; allied to Furfiirata. The color is more rusty ochrey and
the wing is more speckled with dark, blackish points and shades.
T. p. line marked by black dots. Median shade rather dark, dif-
fuse, prominent. Orbicular spherical, entirely of the paler ground
color; reniform with a central streak and black inferior dot. T. a.
line, sub-continuous, double ; inner line indistinct, waved. Head
and thorax of the paler rusty ochrey ground color of fore wings ;
collar sometimes lined. Hind wings paler in male, pale fuscous,
with contrasting paler fringes and discal mark. Beneath dirty-
whitish ; a very distinct terminal dotted line ; discal mark and
blackish sub-punctate extra-mesial line. Abdomen pale fuscous
with ochrey anal hairs.

Expanse, 27 mil.

Kittery Point, Maine. Mr. Thaxter.

With the discovery of new Western forms since the publica-
tion of the " New Check List " I would now arrange the two
groups, which I call CalpincB and Stiriince, as follows :

Calpin.-e.

Calpe, Tr. Hemiceras, Guen.

Canadensis, Beth. Cadmia, Guen.

Hypsoropha. Hubn. Phiprosopus, Gr.

Monilis, Hulni. Callitrichoides, Gr.

Hormos, Hubn. Plusiodonta, Guen.

Compressipalpis, Guen.
StIRIIN/E.

Basilodes, Guen. Stibadium, Gr.

Pepita, Guen. Spumosum, Gr.

Chrysophis, Gr. Aureolum, Hy. Edw.

Stiria, Gr.

Rugifrons, Gr. Fai.a, Gr.

Sulphurea, Neum. Ptj^cophora, Gr.

Plagiomimicus, Gr. Acopa, Harvey.

■ Pityochromus, Gr. Carina, Harv.

Expallidus, Gr. , Perpallida, Gr.

Tepperi, Morr. Incana, Hy. Edw.

Neumoegenia, Gr.
Poetica, Gr.

Then follows, as in my " List, the Plusiince, commencing with
Telesilla. The HeliotldncB follow Plnsia, commencing with Anarta,
as in my " List," the only change being in the genera of the Sti-
riijtCE being transferred to before Plusia ; the change of the posi-

tion of the genera Anarfa and Lepipolys, proposed in the appendix,
being rendered unnecessary. The relationship of Basilodes to
Stiria, Plagioniimiciis and Stibadiiun had escaped me, but I feel
sure that I am correct in placing Pityochromus and allies with
Stiria rather than with Lygranthcecia or Schinia, from the structure
of the thorax, which is very similar in all these forms and quite
different from the HeliotJiince. Any one who has these species,
and will so arrange them, cannot but so agree with me, both as
to the validity of the genera and the naturalness of this arrange-
ment.

The species noticed in this Paper are as follows :

Trichoclea Deccpta. Grote, n. s.

Carneades Mocrois. Grote.
■ Mamestra Bella. Grote, n. s.

Ufeus Sagittarius. Grote, n. s.
" Tricorthosia Parallela. Grote, n. s.
• Tceniocanipa Peredia. Grote, n. s.
, OrtJiodes Nitens. Grote, n. s.

NEW FORMS OF THE GENUS ALYPIA.

By Henry Edwards.

Alypia MATUTA. n. sp.

The species figured by Abbot and Smith, p. 87, pi. 44, is cer-
tainly not the well-known A. octomaculata, F. to which it is referred
by the above authors. A comparison of the figure of the larva
with that of A. octonacnlata will support this view, as that given
by A. and S. is wholly bright lemon-yellow, with waved trans-
verse lines of black, and with black spines. Several examples
of the imago exactly agreeing with Smith and Abbott's figure
have passed through my hands, and I venture to describe this
form by the above name, believing it to be abundantly distinct
in all its stages from the common species. The spots are con-
siderably larger and differ much in shape from those of A. 8.
maculata the basal spot of which, in the primaries, is either
rounded or ovate, the outer one also ovate, with the edges even.
In the present form the basal patch is sub-triangular in outline,
straight along its internal margin, somewhat rounded costally,
and terminating towards the base of the wing in a fine point on
the median nervule. The outer patch is ovate, but with its an-
terior edge irregular in outline and somewhat constricted in the
middle. The secondaries have the basal third pure white, not in
any way interrupted by black, and the outer spot is much larger
and more pyriform in shape than in A. 8. inaciiiata. On the lower

34

side the markings are repeated, the pale yellow patches of the
primaries being united by a narrow yellow band.

Colorado, Missouri, Alabama.

Coll. E. L. Graef, F. Tepper, Hy. Edwards, B. Neumoegen.

This form is easily distinguished from A. 8. maculata by the
utter absence of black at the base of the secondaries. In the ?
of the well-known species the white basal patch of secondaries is
sometimes nearly as large as that of A. matuta, but the extreme
base is, as far as my examination of examples has shown, always
black.

Alypia Wittfeldii. n. sp.

Size and form of A. octoinaculata,\.o which it is closely allied.
The primaries are, however, narrower than in the common species,
and considerably more produced at the apices. The spots
are much darker in color, being a light buff, instead of pale prim-
rose yellow, and in strong contrast with the clear white spots of
the secondaries. They are also different in shape, the inner one,
which in the well-known species is nearly ovate, being here an
imperfect oblong, and reaching nearly across the wing from the
sub-costal nervure close to the internal margin. The outer spot
is pyriform and much larger than the corresponding mark on any
examples I have seen of A. octomaculata. The clear white spots
of the secondaries are also small, the outer ovate, the inner ob-
long ovate. Base of the wing and abdominal margin broadly
black in both sexes. Beneath the markings are repeated. The
collar, tegulae, palpi, and legs as in A. octomaculata.

I^, 2 ?. Indian River, Fla.

Coll. B. Neumoegen, Hy. Edwards.

I have dedicated this species to the discoverer, Dr. W. Witt-
feld, who has done much to make known the existence in Florida
of many rare species of Lepidoptera, as well as of others not pre-
viously recorded in our lists.

Alypia similis. Stretch.

N. VAR. CONJUNCTA.

In this form, which is apparently very rare, the yellow dis-
cal spot of primaries is joined to the triangular basal patch, giving
a much paler appearance to the insect and suggesting the idea of
a distinct species. The outer pyriform band of secondaries is
also a little larger and nearer the margins of the wing. In all
other respects the same as A. similis.

2$. Contra Costa County, California.
Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.

A BRIEF ESSAY ON CLASSIFICATION OF THE
HETEROCERA.

By a. R. Grotk.

A recent criticism upon tlie genera, which I have established
in the NoctiiidcB runs to the effect that I have regarded all modi-
fications of structure as of generic value. This criticism loses
force when we see that its author adopts seventy-five of my gen-
era in the family and rejects but very few of my generic names
for this reason. Since it appeared I have published many addi-
tional genera, so that in the Noctindce alone I have now described
upwards of one hundred. It is important that the structural
differences which have induced me to establish these genera
should be discussed, and I, therefore, state that I have studied
the following characters:

1. The 77m^, the structure of the compound eyes, presence
of ocelli, form of tongue and palpi, width and appearance of the
front, structure of the antenna;.

2. The Thorax, shape of collar, patagia, comparative shape
of wings, structure of the wings, neuration, structure of the feet,
especially of the fore tibiae.

3. The Abdomen, comparative length and shape (consult my
Illustrated Essay, p. 31, et seq.). Added to these, the vestiture
of the whole insect has usually been studied and gives good char-
acters. The tuftings of the body and the nature of the squama-
tion, whether of scales like hairs, or flattened, or a mixture of
these, or, again, of what I call " flattened hairs," intermediate in
width, must be fully noted.

However low a character the neuration may be regarded by
some writers on Lepidoptera, it is, at the last made the test of
family distinction by Herrick-Schaeffer and modern authors gen-
erally. Although, as I showed many years ago, in some forms,
e. g. Thyridopteryx, the neuration differs in opposite wings of
the same individual, or, again, separates two species, other-
wise closely related, such variation concerns merely the branch-
ing of certain nervules, and does not affect the general pattern,
the relative distance of the two principal veins from each other,
and the number of branches belonging to each. Thus, to some
extent, the neuration affords only a variational or specific char-
acter ; in another view it gives generic and even family criteria.
In other words it is not different from the balance of characters
used in classification ; the amount and extent of the peculiarity
gives the value. Every well-marked variation and modification
of structure, which can be clearly made out, by the microscope
or otherwise, is of generic value. The moment this rule is de-
parted from we are thrown upon " opinions." Certain struc-

36

tural features are not to be considered " well-marked," as, for
instance, the ordinary range of antennal peculiarity, slight changes
in shape of wing, tibial armature, etc. In fact all the characters
which, when tvcll-marked, are of generic importance, are liable to
slight modifications which are only specific. It is the kind, con-
stancy or amount of these modifications which decides the class in
all our artificial divisions of these natural objects. This really
decides i?tdividuals, varieties, aberrations, species, sub-genera, genera,
sub-families, families, sub-orders, orders and classes throughout the
animal kingdom.

In the antennae of moths the range of variation is so great
that it is only upon an unusual departure (e.g., Renia) that we
can use them as generic characters. They are different in the
sexes, and here we come upon the question of secondary sexual
characters. It is clear that when the departure of one sex is as
strong as usually demanded by generic differences, we should use
a distinct title. Such genera are not equal to ordinary genera,
where the characters are shared by both sexes ; but neither are
all species equally strongly distinct. Just as on a former occasion
I drew attention to certain assemblages which I called PRO-
GENERA, of which Datana is an example, so here I call such
genera as are founded on peculiarities shown oftenest by the male
sex, ANTIGENIC. The genus HeliocJiilus is a case in point.

Here we have such an unusual structure of <5 wing that it
has but but few parallels in the Sub-order. EiiscirrJiopterus is
another case in point. Now, it is clear that to throw Heliochiliis
into Heliothis is to contradict the diagnosis of the latter and to
prevent our recognition of a peculiar structure. There is another
species of //r//t'(;Z:////'5 apparently found in Asia. To refer both
of these io Heliothis is to obscure the facts which all our classifi-
cations are intended to make plain. We must not lose sight of
the fact that we are trying to fit plastic structures into unyield-
ing categories, " to put nature into a straight jacket," as Dr.
Packard calls it. Evidently we must increase our categories.
The number of purely antigenic genera is small, but of those of
a mixed character, in which features drawn from one sex alone
(more often the male), are important in the diagnosis, the number
is considerable. In Arzama, among the Noctuidce, the female
has a secondary sexual character in the large anal tuft. The
ordinary genus, as I have considered it in the moths, takes in
species agreeing in well-marked characters, allowing a certain range
in minor respects of structure. But the moment we put together
species with well-marked differences, we cover up the study of
these differences. Here is where the tact and talent of the student
come into play to decide upon the limits of ordinary genera.
The question, under the rules here presented, is really simplified
and the cases for a difference of " opinion " reduced to a mini-
mum. A generic character must be decided upon with a knowl-

edge of the amount and kind of variation in structure in the
group.

There is, finally, something real in family form, as elucidated
by Agassiz, which Dr. Packard, in the moths, finds in head-
characters and Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer in wing-characters. Lederer
seems to find an average from all parts of the ringed butterfly or
moth ; his " families " differing more from the combination of
characters they present. Exceptions to any one family char-
acter, such as disproportionate size in the whole insect or any of
its parts, do not appear to me to invalidate the conception of a
family. I do not wish to enter into argument as to the best
classification of the TineidcB, but, disagreeing with Mr. Chambers,
I do not think any one would take Anaphora for anything but a
Tineid. There are difficult genera on the confines of almost every
family, but I think that alter a complete knowledge of all the
characters, and the neuration is a very important one, we shall
finally be able to agree upon the best position for any moth we
have discovered yet, and this without establishing any family to
rank with the Pjralidce, Tortricidce or Tincidce (excl. Alucitae),
as now considered. So far as we know we are not warranted in
considering the Tineidce as consisting of an assemblage of de-
graded forms, but a natural group affording sub-families not dif-
fering more widely on the whole from each other, than do the
sub-families of Pjralidte, as arranged in my " New Check List."
When we come to the study of descent we arc without paheonto-
logical evidence, in fact, without any evidence which would
justify our considering the long cilise as degradational. We have
some evidence that a short tongue is a character of an old type
and that the long maxillae have come into existence with flower-
ing plants. Thus, that the Bonibyccs are a group of sub-families,
descended from a short-tongued early group of Lepidoptera, is a
reasonable supposition. Aquatic habit, more or less correlated
with structure, may be assumed as degradational, since it is ex-
ceptional in different families, and a water-life is lower than a
land-life, as we see that it obt.iins in embryonic conditions and in
low groups of annulose animals. In this connection Professor
Comstock's discoveries of aquatic and predaceous larvae in our
moths are of immense importance. Great interest attaches to
special enquiries of this kind, i. e., as to the value of a larger or
smaller number of abdominal fleshy feet to the larvae. So far as we
can judge of degradational characters from biological data we have
a solid basis for our deductions. The absence of testimony from
fossils renders a certain class of speculations valueless. To return
to the subject of classification, we cannot afford to dispense with
neurational characters; hence, I should object to Mr. Smith's
recent synopsis of the Noctiiidce, upon the ground that he dis-
tinctly passes over this important branch of the study. Although
it is uniform, to a large extent, the neuration of each genus should

be given, and of every species studied. The entire structure
should be known when we enter upon a re-organization of the gen-
era of described species. In conclusion, I must generally agree
with Lord Walsingham's remarks on the Tineidce. So far as I
have studied them, we appear to be able to classify our moths
under one or other of the families : SpJiingidce, yEgeriad(2, Thy-
ridcB, Zygcenidc^ (incl. Castnia), BombycidcE, Noctutdce (inch Cyma-
tophora. Brephos), Geometridce, PyralidcB, TortricidcE, Tineidce,
PteropJioridcB (incl. Alucita . The more " difificult " families are
those in which the structure is divergent by reason of the placing
in them genera of uncertain position, intermediary in character,
or again isolated by an apparent " dropping out " of connecting
forms. The SpJiingidcB, JEgeriadc^, Geometridcv, Tortricidce, and
PtcrophoridcB seem more easily recognized than the rest. They
may be considered to be more distinctly specialized groups and,
perhaps, of more recent origin. Among existing BombycidcB
Pyralidce and Tineidce we may, I believe, look for some of the
oldest structural types of moths. Assuming that the feather-
wing is a degradational character, as it is found in low forms in
other sub-orders, we may consider the PteropJioridcB as having
been thrown off from the Tineidce, but not as an older type in
time of the Lepidoptera.

NOTES ON ORGYTA BADIA, h. EDWARDS.

By R. H. Stretch.

Having found this species in abundance at Astoria, Oregon,
on July 31 of this year, I give such notes on its transformations
as were obtainable, in the hope that it may be the means of set-
tling its specific standing.

On June 17 I found a mass of eggs which I judged to be-
long to this species. Many larva hatched during the succeeding
week at intervals, but I could not induce them to eat, although I
offered them rose and willow leaves, and the brood was lost. On
my return to the same locality July 31 I collected the larvae, co-
coons, and one perfect male. Other males subsequently emerged
(Aug. 6 and 8), but no females. Indeed the bulk of the cocoons
found were apparently males (judging from their size) which in
this genus is an excellent guide, the sex of the larva being also
deferminable by both size and color. The males do not vary ap-
preciably, and are so like those of Orgyia Afitigua of Europe that
I am inclined to think M'ith my friend H. Edwards that the two
species are identical.

Egg- — Unlike our Californian O. vetusta and O. gulosa, the
eggs are not deposited in a mass on the female cocoons, in a mix-
ture of the down from the body of the parent, but are spread
out on the surface of the cocoon in a thin sheet, side by side.

39

with no covering. The young larvae consume about half the
empty shell.

Larva. — Body black both above and below in some cases, in
others there is a broad, dorsal, velvety-black line, the sides paler,
with an indistinct darker lateral line between the first and second
tubercles, sometimes followed below by a pale, broken line. Head
black. Second segment very short, carrying two black fascicles
directed forward, somewhat tufted at the tip, and a few, long,
pale hairs between them at the base Segments 3 and 4 are short,
with four small, yellowish lateral tubercles on each side, with pale,
short radiating hairs. Segments 5 to 8 similar, each with a com-
pact yellowish, stiff dorsal tuft or brush, and three lateral tubercles
on each side, with pale radiating hairs, that nearest the dorsum
orange-colored and conspicuous, the others tawny and obscure.
Segments 9 to 1 1 similar. The black dorsal stripe is narrowly
edged with pale yellowish, each segment carrying a few pale marks
in the black dorsal line. Four lateral tubercles on each side, the
two uppermost orange and conspicuous, the others pale. All with
pale hairs. Segment 12 similarto 1 1, but only two lateral tubercles
on each side, the uppermost orange, and a stifT, vertically com-
pressed, black fasicle, directed backward, of which the posterior
hairs are the longest. Thirteenth, dusky with long, dusky hairs.
Legs brownish. Length, i.oo to 1.25 in.

The special characters are the black appearance of the larva,
the pale marginal mottlings of the dorsal line on segments 9 to
12, the hairy orange tubercles, the want of brilliant dorsal fleshy
tubercles, and the pale lateral line in pale colored examples. In
the black examples, the orange tubercles and dorsal mottling on
segments 9-12, are alone conspicuous.

Lviago. S . — Comparison of 5 <J Badia with 2 6 Antigua re-
ceived from Dr. O. Staudinger, reveals such trifling differences
that unless the larval differences are considerable, the two forms
must be considered one, and as Mr. H. Edwards suggests nova of
Fitch must probably share the same fate. My specimens of An-
tigua, it is true, are somewhat ..mailer than the five Badia, and
there is a browner tint on the latter than obtains on Antigua, but
so far the markings on the primaries above are identical in both
forms, while the secondaries above and the entire insect beneath,
as well as the body parts, show no appreciable difference.

San Francisco, August 10, 1882.

ON CERTAIN CATOCAL^.

By C, E. Worthington.

Catocala Lucilla. n. s.

Primaries dull white, thickly overlaid with gray and bluish
scales, but exhibiting the ground color in several conspicuous

40

patches, the largest beginning near the costa, immediately in front
of reniform, extending to and including sub-reniform. Sub-
marginal well defined and nearly continuous, bordered before
with dull white and bluish-gray, t. p. line heavy, bluntly toothed,
the inferior tooth small, sinus near inner margin black and heavy,
t. a. line heavy, reniform outlined in black, sub-reniform pale,
wide open, in about one example in four, and closed in others.

Secondaries red, median band constricted at one third of its
length from costa, not reaching abdominal margin, but sometimes
supplemented by a small spot. Beneath as in others of the group.
Size, that of C. unijiiga or a little larger.

This is the form alluded to by Mr. Grote in Can. Ent., Mch.,
1882, as an unnamed variety of unijiiga, which species it closely
resembles, differing mainly in the somewhat larger average size,
the clearer markings and the less continuous band of secondaries,
the toothing of t. p. line is different, the white spaces, reniform
and transverse lines clearly defined and without the distinguish-
ing squamosity of unijuga and, altogether, the species is a clearer
and brighter form than the other.

I have taken this form in considerable numbers in this
vicinity (Cook County, Illinois, and Lake County, Indiana) for a
number of years and have gradually come to regard it as distinct
from unijuga. Notwithstanding their close superficial resem-
blance from the fact that Liicilla occurs invariably a month later
than unijuga, with a distinct interval in which neither form is
taken, I describe it as a species, as its identity with unijuga can
only be settled by breeding.

Catocala JUNCTURA. Walk.

This form (as determined by Mr. Butler) occurs here spar-
ingly or a variety of unijuga simulating it closely. Examples are
taken here not in any way to be distinguished from WalsJiii
{junctura) from Kansas, with all manner of intergrades between
that and tinijuga and, occasionally, a well defined specimen of
the latter, having the peculiar terminal hook on band of second-
aries. It seems quite probable that a closer study of these forms
will resolve imijuga, Walshii, junctura and, perhaps, Lucilla and
other forms into climatic varieties of one species.

Catocala Ilia.

Variation Conspicua. — Primaries, brownish-gray ; reniform,
large, white; sub-reniform, obsolete, traces of pale brown and
bluish-gray in interspaces, a dark patch adjoining reniform ex-
teriorly.

Variation Duplicata. — Primaries, brownish-gray; reniform,
large, white ; sub-reniform, pale, connected with t. p. line. Some
pale brown and bluish scales in interspaces, dark shade behind
reniform.

Variation Obsoleta. — Primaries brownish-gray; reniform with
pale brown centre surrounded by black line, and enclosed in white

41

spot ; SLib-reniform entirely obsolete ; basal dash continued by a
distinct dark shade to near apex. Sprinkling of pale brown and
bluish-gray scales more conspicuous than in preceding.

Variation Dccorata. — Color as in preceding ; reniform like ob-
soleta, but less distinct ; sub-reniform large, pale and wide open,
or rarely closed ; powdering of bluish-gray and pale brown scales
in interspaces conspicuous; dark shade behind reniform heavy.

Variation Unibrosa. — Primaries uniform brownish-gray with
hardly traces of other colors. Markings all present but more or
less indistinct.

Variation Confusa. — Paler brownish-gray ; reniform with pale
brown centre in a darker brown ring out'ined with bluish-white;
sub-reniform, pale and connected merely with top line. All mark-
ings in brown, t. p. line being darker than the rest, the bluish-gray
scales sparsely distributed over whole wing. Secondaries orange-
red.

In a large number of examples of this very variable species
I have found none that cannot be placed under one of the forms
described, nor do the gradations between them seem finer than
between innubens and scintillans.

No better illustration of the uncertainty of the position of
the sub-reniform as a specific character can be found than in this
species, where in one form a portion of the examples have this
wide open, another portion closed, but connected with t. p. line,
and still others with the spot entirely detached. In the species,
as a whole, all gradations can be found, from no sub-reniform at
all, to individuals with it large, pale and wide open.

The forms now described, by placing obsoleta at the head, and
following with the others in the order named, form a very pretty
series, and if obsoleta, decor ata, umbrosa and conftisa be selected,
they would readily pass as distinct species ; great variation is ob-
servable throughout in the indentation of the t. p. line, but not
sufficiently to admit of further division, no ground for such
division, either as a matter of convenience or otherwise being ap-
parent, unless the position of the sub-reniform in decorata should
justify dividing this one form into three. All of these variations
appear to be strictly morphic, the species being single brooded,
and there being no apparent limit of variations to localities.

ANAL APPENDAGES OF LEUCARCTIA ACRyEA.

By R. H. Stretch.

Not having, in my reading, seen any notice of
certain very peculiar appendages to the abdomen of
this common insect, it may be interesting to put on
record some observations made a few evenings since.
It may be that they are well known, but if not I will
suggest that examination be made to see if the

42

Eastern examples differ in any way from our Californian ones in
this respect.

While collecting round the suburban street lamps I thought
I had found a moth with most peculiar antennae, the moth being
invisible at the time. A closer inspection showed the objects to be
the anal appendages ot a male^^r^^:. To preserve them extended
I attempted to kill it suddenly by crushing the thorax, but when
I got it in my hand there was nothing visible but two tufts of
black hair slowly disappearing under the penultimate (ventral)
segment of the abdomen. By applying a gentle pressure from
the base of the abdomen towards the tip I was fortunate enough
to see them gradually protruded, presenting a most beautiful ap-
pearance, and by tying a thread tightly round the tip of the
abdomen was able to retain them extended.

They each consist of a delicate membranous tube, gradually
tapering to the tip, covered all over with the most delicate, evenly
cut, silky black hairs, which stand erect when the organ is dis-
tended, presenting the appearance of a miniature copy of the
small circular brushes used for cleaning lamp-chimneys. The
hairs are nearly one-eighth of an inch long, and the total length
of the organ fully half an inch.

They do not protrude in a direct line with the body, but
project somewhat from the sides and then curve backwards par-
allel to each other about three-eighths of an inch apart, so that
their shape is somewhat like a horseshoe, with the prongs directed
backwards. The membranous tube is nearly white or pale
yellow and when held against the light is apparently ringed
somewhat like a tracheal tube.

They are evidently inflatable at will, but, apparently, are but
seldom used. This is the first time they have come under my
notice, although I have taken the insect abundantly for years, as
all collectors must have done.

Since noticing them I have not taken a female, so that I
cannot say whether they are confined to the male sex, but pre-
sume they are. They are present in the three males I have ex-
amined and, doubtless, may be classed under the head of sexual
appendages. Will some Eastern collector look if anything like
them occurs in the genus Spilosoma?
San Francisco, September 9, '82.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Samia Columbia and its Parasite. In the May No. of " Papilio,"
1882, appear some notes on the food plants of this species, in which its north-
ern habitat is itidicated. Since writing these notes I have received evidence of
its occurrence in Manitoba, at a point 120 miles west of Winnipeg and 20
miles north of the C. P. R. and have now, in my possession a cocoon contain-
ing a living pupa collected at thai point. No doubt the species is correctly
named Platysamia Columbia — or perhaps more properly Platysamia Cecropia
Var. Columbia. I have also found a parasite on this species which is believed

43

to be new to science, and have ventured to name it Echthrus Provancheri in
honor of my esteemed correspondent and friend L'Abbe Provancher of Cap-
rouge, P. Quebec. W. Brodie, Toronto.

Localities of Diurnals. In the descriptions of some new species
collected by me, (" Papilio" Vol. i. pp. 43-48) Mr. W. H. Edwards has acci-
dentally given a few erroneous localities, which as a matter of interest to En-
tomologists, I hasten to correct. Anthocarts Morrisotizi is found on the
barren tnesa lands, particularly the summits of small hills, near Kern River,
Calif; MtlitcBa Perdiccas on the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound,
Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino. Meliicea colon was
found on the sides of the hills which line the banks of the Columbia river, in
W. Washington Territory and Oregon, being especially common near Kalama.
Copcedes eiinus was taken in the bottoms of Kern River, near Bakersfield,
Cal., and Pamphila siriis and P. Mardon on the prairies of Washingtan Ter-
ritory, mentioned above. H. K. Morrison.

Catocala Concumbens ab. Hillii. This very singular aberration
has been taken by Mr. W. W. Hill at Center, N. Y. The specimen is per-
fect and resembles in every particular the usual male type of the species ex-
cept that the hind wings are of a very light pale yellow, deepening in color
at the base. This aberration recalls C. Illecta ; and, as I have before
pointed out, there is no question that the species are related. The division
into groups from the color of hind wings no doubt, occasionally separates
related species in this genus. A. R. Grote.

CallidryaS Fisheri. n. sp. or var.

Primaries rich yellow, almost the same shade as the ground color of C.
Philea, $ , but with a slight buff tint, a little paler at the base and along the
basal third of the costa. Discal spot, extreme apex of the wing, costal margin
and seven marginal spots on the termination of the nervures, rich reddish-
brown. In the small apical patch are some dark-brown scales. Fringes altern-
ately brown and pale yellow. Secondaries wholly golden-yellow, a trifle deeper
in color at the margins, with the discal spot of under side faintly visible. Be-
neath paler and less vivid than above, very sparingly flecked with reddish-brown
spots. On the primaries is a falut sub-marginal band, straight as in C. Agarithe
and the discal spot larger than on the upper side. The secondaries have a mod-
erate ovate discal spot and a smaller round one above it brown, with the centre
of each clear silvery-white. Head and antennas reddish-brown. Thorax, above
black, with long greenish-yellow hairs. Beneath, the thorax is lemon-yellow.
Abdomen, above and below, golden-yellow, concolorous with the wings. Exp.
wings 2.00 inch. I <J , La Paz, Lower California. Mr. W. J. Fisher. Mr. A.
G. Butler thinks this may be a var. of C. Agarithe If so, it is a remarkable
one and well deserving of a separate name. Its small size and absence of the
ordinary spots are strong characters. Hy. Edwards.

Papilio cresphontes. Cr.

I have captured a good many specimens of Papilio cresphontes the past
season, mostly in the latter part of summer, but I saw a fine specimen flying
near the middle of October. Several specimens have been taken by other per-
sons, and the species appears to be common through this portion of the State.
I found several larvae, some quite small, being only about seven lines long ;
some also fully grown, which pupated about October 23. The larva appears
to feed wholly in the day time. The change to the pupa occupied nearly four
days in all. After tastening itself by its tail to the box cover, it remained sus-
pended for over a day before fixing the loop around the shoulders, being over
two days before the final change to the pupa, the last transformation occurring
in the night. N. COLEMAN, Berlin, Conn.

Errata. Vol 3, No. i, p. 11. The sentence, "a similar larva^," to
" margins of the leaves," belongs to Habrosytie scripta, and should follow the
passage ending, "its early moults." P. 19; for Entomopthura r^a.^ Enio-
mopthera.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e J^ew Jork pntomological flub.

Vol.111,] March, 1883. [No. 3.

COMMENTS ON DR. HAGEN'S PAPER IN NOV.-DEC.
No. OF PAPILIO, ON P. MACHAON, Etc.

By W. H. Edwards.

My own views on the subjects treated of by Dr. Hagen are
so different from his that I cannot let his paper pass without
notice, the more especially as now that he has seen the way to
the demolition of half a dozen unlucky species of Papilio, he is
is evidently warming to the attack in other quarters. This, as he
tells us, is but "a portion of a Preliminary Report on the Butter-
flies of Washington Territory," and by the sample we judge the
piece.

My learned friend, whose great attainments in biology and
in general entomology we all recognize, is also a specialist, and
his specialty is not the Lepidoptera. - In Neuroptera or Hy-
menoptera he is high authority, in fact, in the former, the highest
we have, but it is no disparagement to him to say, that in Lepi-
doptera, and especially in the North American Diurnals, he has
not been known as an expert. That he should sit down, there-
fore, to a Report on Butterflies, and be able to give us fifteen
printed pages on the first genus treated of, strikes me as some-
thing out of the common.

Now, it came to pass last summer that Dr. Hagen was offered
the opportunity of accompanying the N. T. Survey, with the
privilege of collecting what he could without hindering the pur-
pose of the Survey; but was "expressly prohibited from ad-
vancing systematical or biological entomology." It was a great
thing to be allowed to collect at all, but a most unfortunate one that
not even a butterfly egg could be gotten unless it was picked off
a bush, and that would amount to n;)thing, witiiout violating the
conditions of the appointment. Questions have been raised that
could easily have been settled by breeding the butterflies from
the eggs, laid by the females of the Papiliosin confinement, but,

46 .

as it was, except two mature caterpillars of Oregonia discovered,
nothing whatever was done towards the biology of any of the spe-
cies treated of in the Doctor's paper. The entomological party
seem to have been in the field ten to fifteen days, from June
24 to July 5, and were on the wing all the time, but brought home
a large lot of butterflies of various species. The results of that
excursion seem to have aroused in our friend an enthusiasm
that will not be restrained, and it is clear he dreams of oversetting
the work of a score of lepidopterists who have gone before him,
and of constructing on the ruins a sort of Ptolemaic system of
arrangement of our species. I would not say a word, if this
system were to be based on the preparatory stages of the several
species, but that does not enter into it at all. What the system
may probably be in its details is shadowed in a remark in a letter
to me from the Doctor some time this winter, that after having
worked a number of weeks on Colias, he "is getting the tvhole
series into three or foiir species,^'' * i. e., the North American Colias,

As there are something over a couple of dozen species of
Colias claimed to belong to our fauna, of only two of which, out-
side of Cccsonia and Etirydice, are the preparatory stages at all
known, this is evidently a weighty piece of work. All I wonder
at is, that my good friend should stop at three or four, when it
is just as easy to say one, and have all the species rank as vari-
eties of that; as Colias Priniordia,M2iX. EnrytJienie ; var. PJiilodice.
Really, I admire the zeal displayed and sympathise with the en-
thusiasm, but I must refuse utterly the conclusions reached by
the Doctor. I have not much hope, however, that anything I
shall say will alter his views. When a Professor of Biology, even
with but a moderate acquaintance with butterflies, can deliberately
declare that " it is probable that P. Brevicatida, Bairdii, Indra^
Pergamns and probably Aviericiis^ belong all to P. Asterias^' I fear
he is past praying for. I write then not so much for him, but for
a younger generation, who have grown up under more liberal
teaching.

I hold that every permanent form possessed of marked char-
acters which distinguish it from other forms, and which breeds true
to its type, so far as appears, or we can know, is to be regarded
as a species, at least, till the contrary is proved. And the proof
must be actual, not imaginary, facts, not guess-work. That this
is directly opposed to the view which can lump species into one,

* The lepidopterists of Europe are not agreed as to the position of divers of their own species of
Colias, though 150 years have passed since Linnaeus, during which time many generations of active
workers have come and gone in every country. No one can say to-day what are the relations between
C. Palieno and C. Pelidnt\ or if there be any at all ; and, for all that matter, no one will be able to
speak with knowledge till Ijoth forms have been bred from the eggs laid by the respective females. All
investigati ns which begin and end with the dried butterflies in cases of doubtful and obscure species
amount to nothing. One may argue forever from the butterfly and be no whit nearer real knowledge
of the facts. And now, what has not been done in Europe in five generations, our earnest friend
thinks he can do with the American Colias " in course of a number of weeks" inside tho walls of the
Cambridge Museum. I recommend a tent in the field for a few seasons, and hard work, with much
fatigue and many disappointments, but with patience to overcome all;then we shall begin to see results •

47

when nothing whatever is known of them, except what the dried
butterflies show, and after the fashion set forth above with the
Asterias group, goes without saying.

The attack is opened upon Papilio Zolicaou, so named and
described by Dr. Boisduval, who was one of the foremost Europ-
ean lepidopterists of this century. Another species, P. Oregonia,
was recently discovered by Mr. Henry Edwards, and described
by myself. On p. 150 we read, -'the large number of specimens
of both sexes (74) approves the statement that both species can-
not be separated." And establishing this proposition to his own
satisfaction, the Doctor advances to " the knotty question of the
American P. Machaon.'' That is, Machaon,vd,9, Aliaska, Scudder.
After running through the whole literature of MacJiaon, the pero-
ration has the RING of victory. " Can the separation of the
American species" {Zolicaoti, Orcgonia, etc.) "be maintained?
I answer boldly, NO ! After the examination of a hitherto
unparalleled series of specimens, showing EVERYWHERE IN-
TERMEDIATE FORMS, they should be considered as local
or climatic varieties of one and the same species, of P. MacJidon.'^
And he closes, to the dismay of some of us, with the announce-
ment that Mr. Pryer has now united eleven, perhaps twelve, spe-
cies of Terias as belonging to one and the same species, which
author concludes that " neither sice, shape nor color can be relied
on as guides for specific distiJiction f' and as he retires, comes this
Parthian shot, " I believe that a revision of the North American
butterflies on this basis is a want." At which I gasp, may heaven
forbid that Mr. Pryer, or any of his disciples, should devote their
destructive energies to the North American butterflies I I do
not know Mr. Pryer, nor what sort of an observer he may
be, nor what his facilities for the study of the Terias may have
been, but this I do know, that unless he has arrived at his con-
clusion by breeding from the eggs, the assertion above quoted, if
it really is intended to mean what the naked words declare, is not
worth the paper it was written on. If eggs laid by one of the
eleven or twelve species produced the rest, then the assertion
might be made good, otherwise it is the sheerest guess-work.

Let us proceed to consider the statements of this paper. It
is said, on p. 150, that seventy-four specimens of both sexes were
taken in Washington Territory, east of the Cascade Mountains.
" The typical Zolicaon is represented by half a dozen specimens
flying promiscuously with the others." (If they fly at all in the
same territory, they fly promiscuously, of course. In one group, by
a puddle on the road, I often see P. Turnus, AJax, Troihis and
Philenor). " The main part of the specimens belong to P. Ore-
gonia!' What " true Zolicaon " is, the Doctor tells us under
four heads. What "true Oregonia" is, we are left to infer, and
in every case it is something not typical Oregonia. One or
more characters are constantly modified in the direction of Zoli-

48

caon, or, at least, the Doctor thinks that is so. It does not appear
from the text that a typical Oregonia was seen at all. I have no
doubt several were taken, but nothing is said of it. We merely
see a lot of nondescripts put down as " true Oregonia^ We are,
to be sure, told on p. 151, what the Doctor's ideas of Oregonia
are ; to wit, that it " is merely a variety oi Zolicaon, mostly larger
in size, more yellow, the black spot connected with the interior
anal band, which is somewhat dilated on tip " (what is dilated ?
the band certainly is not), " the black bands of the abdomen nar-
rower." That is no description of OregoJiia, and I really have no
evidence that the Doctor saw the species at all. What he so
describes he says is merely a variety of Zolicaon.

These nondescripts, on p. 160, are called " intermediate
forms," and the argument is that they connect Zolicaon and
Oregonia in such a manner that the two so-called species cannot
be separated, and Oregonia being assumed to be a derivation from
Macluxon, the other must be as well. There is a radical difference
between "an intermediate form" and "an intergrade." The
latter connects two varieties of a species, but a form may be in-
termediate and connect nothing. A jackal is intermediate be-
tween a dog and fox ; a short-eared owl is intermediate between
a long-eared owl and the great horned owl ; and intermediate
forms stand in every genus of butterflies. So that to say, that in
this series of Papilios are " everywhere intermediate forms,"
means nothing. The intention is, that everywhere are intergrades
linking together the principal forms, so that the latter must be
varieties, and not species. Were they species, the intermediate
forms would be hybrids, not intergrades. Whether they be species
or not remains to be seen. Besides the "Americans forms," the
Doctor gets half a dozen hitherto supposed good species of the
old world under the wing of MacJiaon. Of these last I have noth-
ing to say, but I intend to show that the deductions are wholly
at fault with the American species, and by inference they are
probably so with the others.

I propose, then, to make it apparent :

I. That Zolicaon is a distinct species, having no affinity with
Machaon, and that it never could have been derived from Ma-
ckaon, or the reverse.

II. That Oregojiia, while nearly all its affinities are with
Machaon, and it belongs to the same group, yet is distinct from
that species and is a species by itself ; that neither could have
been derived from the other.

III. That Zolicaon never could have been derived from Ore-
gonia, or the reverse, the two belonging to distinct groups.

We must first discover what are the special characteristics of
each of these species or forms.
I. What is Zolicaon?
I. It is distinguished by a complete ocellus at the anal angle

Vol. in.

PI. I.

49

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L

Illustrating the peculiarities of the anal ocellus in four
species of Papilio, drawn by Mrs. Mary Peart. Figs. 1-3, 9-12
are drawn from nature. Figs. 4, 5 and 6-8 are copied from the
plates in But. N. A., vol. 2, for which they were drawn from
nature by Mrs. Peart.

1. Asterias ; fig i, circular pupil.

" 2, oval "

" 3, pupil connecting with the marginal stripe.

2. Zolicaon ; fig. 4, circular pupil.

" 5, pear-shaped, etc.

3. Oregonia ; " 6, striped ocellus.

" 7, 8, club-marked ocellus.

4. Machaon ; " 9 to ii, blind ocellus, with variations, the

stripe extended three-quarters and
more around the circle; ii, with bulb
at end.

" 12, showing the bulb severed.

50

of the hind wing. This ocellus is fulvous, round, with a narrow
black stripe or rim on the side next the inner wing-margin, which
stripe or rim ends at half-way down the fulvous ground on that
side. In the centre, or sometimes a little out of centre, is a black
pupil, usually round in the male, but sometimes oval, especially
in the female, and sometimes, most often also in the female, and
on the under side, pear-shaped (figs. 4, 5).

2. The cell of fore wings, on under side, is solid black, ex-
cept for two yellow cross-bars, one on the inner side of the arc,
the other a little distance towards the base.

3. The body is black, with a lateral yellow band along the
abdomen.

This is the type, as designated by Dr. Boisduval. He ex-
pressly says: "It is easily distinguished from Aladiaon by its
pupilled ocellus, and the body entirely black on under side."
" Body black, with a lateral yellow band," He says it is near
MacJiaon, especially the variety Sphyriis, but at first sight resem-
bles, likewise, very much, Sadahis (P; Americus). His description
is not at all minute, and he says nothing of the cell, evidently
finding the two other chief characters sufficient to separate the
species from MacJiaon.

II. What of MacJiaon in these points?

1. There is an ocellus placed as in Zolicaon, and like it, ful-
vous and round, but without pupil ; and the stripe or rim on
marginal side passes round the fulvous spot and ends at or be-
yond the middle of the side which is farthest fro(n base (fig. 9, 10).

2. The cell is yellow, with two black cross-bars, one about
at middle, the other halfway between that and the arc.

3. The body is yellow, with dorsum black ; on the lower
part of abdomen are two and four black lines or narrow stripes.
Dr. Boisduval, Spec. Gen., 1,329, says of this species: "Body
yellow, with a dorsal black band."

Other comparisons might be instituted, but these three
points are sufficient.

I. That the ocellus of MacJiaon is blind will be gainsaid by
no one. The species is thoroughly well-known. It flies all over
the old world, unless in middle and south Africa. If an example
were found possessing a black pupilled ocellus like that seen in
Zolicaon, it would be exceptional, extraordinary. I have before
me, as I write, several examples of MacJiaon from Europe and
Asia, obtained for me some years ago by Mr. W. F. Kirby, with
a view of getting all the prominent varieties of the species. I
have also fifteen examples from the frontier of Thibet, and one
of same type, sent long ago by Dr. Hagen, from Himalaya, and
labeled Asiaticus, Men. I have fourteen of the American form,
var. AliasJ^a. All these, European to American, agree in respect
to the fulvous, unpupilled ocellus, except that two from Southern
Europe have it yellow, as do nearly all the Alaskans. The

51

American and Himalayan also have no violet above the fulvous
or yellow spot.

In all these MacJiaon, and it is characteristic of the species
wherever it is found, there is a black line on the outer edge of
the fulvous spot, running down the inner margin of the wing;
curving around the spot, it usually ends at considerably more
than half way along the farther side (from base) of same. If it
were continued from 30*^ to 40"^ farther (figs, ii, 12), it would
strike the black band of the hind margin and close up the circle,
I have no example in which a quarter circle would not fill this
gap. This line is often not at all thickened at the end (fig. 10);
in some cases it is reduced there to a thread (fig. 9), the reduc-
tion taking place abruptly as the line leaves the margin. In
some cases the line is thickened at the end into a bulb (fig. ii)
ofvar)'ing diameter. In the American examples there are all
these variations, just as in the others. The thickening spoken of,
being at the end of the line, is on the lower edge of the fulvous
area, and occasionally the bulb is severed from the line, as in one
of my examples (fig. 12), and yet forms part of the circle. I call
particular attention to this point.

Now, the circular pupil of Zolicaon, placed in the middle of
the fulvous spot, so as to make a complete ocellus (fig. 4), never
originated in a thickened section of the rim. Therefore, this
character never was derived from 2IachaoJi. The pupilled
ocellus of Zolicaon is as significant as the ocellus in wing of
Satyrus Alope, or the eye-spot of Vanessa lo. It is because it is
small that the importance of such a feAture is apt to be overlooked.
If it covered as much ground as the eye spot of Telea Polyphemus,
for example, it would at once be allowed to present a specific differ-
ence, when compared with another Telea having a blind ocellus
like that of Machaon. Looking over my examples of Zolicaon,
one female is seen to have an isolated black pupil on the upper
side, but on the other, the same pupil is joined to the black rim
on the outer edge. It is pear-shaped, and the prolongation of its
small end strikes the rim, above its terminus, on the middle of
the side at the inner wing-margin (fig. 5). The butterfly I speak
of is figured in But. N. A.,* vol. 2, plate of Zolicaon. Dr. Hagen
says, p. 150, that among the Zolicaon examined by him, is one
female from California, " with a continuation of the spot on the
under side of the black stripe, which edges the inner margin.
Mr. Edwards has figured, pi. 6, Papilio, f. 4, exactly the same
for the female o{ Zolicaon, without mentioning it in the descrip-
tion." The Doctor refers in this way in order to show that one
of the characters attributed to Xolicaon is variable in the direc-
tion of Machaon. If he can establish this point it will so far help
to the assertion that Zolicaon is derived from Machao)i. Un-
doubtedly the pupil in Zolicaon more or less often connects with
the " black stripe which edges the inner margin," but that is

52

quite another matter from a thickening of the end of the same
stripe such as is seen in MacJiaon. In fig. 5 the apex of the pear-
shaped pupil hits the rim in the middle of the outer side of the
ocellus and the rim is prolonged beyond the connection. I call at-
tention to this last point also, for these little things have a mean-
ing. In MacJiaon the end of th^ rim or stripe is thickened on the
side farthest from base, and this end is 90*^ to 150*^ further round
the circle than the end of same stripe in Zolicaon.

Now, how came that pupilled ocellus to be a main feature of
of Zi?//(r<fr^;/, and a blind ocellus of J/(^r/^^<?;^ .^ If Zolicaon is de-
rived from MacJiaon, as Dr. Hagen declares, but cannot prove,
how came in that persistent pupil, not found in the parent form?
On the other hand, if MacJiaon is derived from Zolicaon, and,
while guessing prevails, that guess is as good as the other, why-
do not examples of reversion occur? Why do we merely see a
thickening of the end of the rim of the circle in MacJiaon, if there
is any change at at all from a mere line, and never a pupil?

Without question, every mark on a butterfly wing is variable,
and among thousands of examples of a given species, all sorts of
varieties might be expected, but ivitJiin certain limits. Something
cannot come from nothing, there must be a point or mark, a line
to base a variation on. A line may break into spots, or spots
may coalesce into a line or band, or bands, by suffusion, may
spread all over the surface of the wing. But we never need hope
to find in any sport an entirely new mark on a clear ground.
There will be no ocellus on Callidryas Eubnle. Now, I know of
no evidence that a pupil was ever seen on the fulvous spot in
MacJiaon. If such an example had occurred every collector
would have regarded it as a singularity. It would have been
treasured, for all collectors are eager to secure any oddity, and,
probably, an account of it would have reached one of the ento-
mological journals. In which case, Dr. Hagen, who knows all
about the literature of entomology, would certainly have seized
upon it and made it conspicuous in his paper. He has discovered
two instances in MacJiaon of a cell more or less black ; one in a
figure by Freyer, " which has the basal part of cell black, except
a small paler spot near the base," p. 155 ; and one in a dwarfed
butterfly in the Cambridge Museum, from Switzeland, "which
has the basal half of cell black. That he say's nothing of variation
■which shows a pupilled ocellus is the best proof possible that no
instance of it is recorded, at least. If, however, such an ocellus
ever did appear in MacJiaon, it would fall under what Darwin calls
the law of analogous variation, where " varieties of one species
mock distinct but allied species," to be explained on the " prin-
ciple of allied species having'descended from one primitive form."
That is, it would be a case of reversion.

I think it highly probable, from various reasons, especially
from the peculiarities of the caterpillar in its several stages and

in its food plants, and also of the chrysalis, that a remote ancestor
of Machaon did possess a pupilled ocellus. But if this was so, the
pupil was lost so long ago, that, even by reversion, no one can
now report an existing example. It is one of the chief points in
all the descriptions, and all the figures of MacJiaon, that it has an
ocellus without pupil.

2. The black cell in Zolicaon, the yellow cell in Machaon. I
have never seen a ZoHcaon from California, the metropolis of the
species, which has a cell varying from the type. On the other
hand, I have never ?,eena.Machao)iixon\ Europe or Asia which had
anything but a yellow cell. Of course, variations may sometimes
take place in this character in these species ; either the black
may, by suffusion, run over the yellow, or yellow over the black.
I think, by subjecting chrysalids to cold, I could bring about such
varieties, as the colors run under such conditions in many cases.
Dr. Hagen finds one instance of di Machaon, with cell black at base,
another partly black, as before said ; but such cases must be ex-
tremely rare. And a Zolicaon with a yellow cell would be a rara
avis, as any collector knows.

3. The body of Zolicaon is black, with a lateral yellow band ;
of ATachaon, yellow, with a dorsal black band.

I have received, during twenty years, a great many Zolicaon
from California, and, as I carefully preserve for my own collection
every variation from the type of any species, the collection to-day
would show if there had been any noticeable variation in Zoli-
caon received by me. None such is present. I have applied to
several correspondents for their experience. Mr. Henry Ed-
wards, who resided a number of years in San Francisco, and col-
lected butterflies indefatigably all over the State, writes me that
Zolicaon is very common about San Francisco, that he has not in
his collection now, nor does he remember to have seen, an ex-
ample in or from California which did not possess the three char-
acters I rely on. Mr. B. Neumoegen, who has one of the most
extensive collections of American butterflies yet made, knows of
no example off type from California. Mr. E. M. Aaron, of Phil-
adelphia, has examined three collections in that city, at my
request, one being his own, and one that of the Ent. Soc, of which
he is the Curator, with the same results. So that Zolicaon, in its
metropolis, is remarkably constant to type.*

It is because Zolicaon is not derived from Machaon that it
presents the remarkable features we are treating of. Where
then did they come from ? Now, every member of the Asterias
group which I have seen, and I have before me, as I write, all
the species enumerated by Dr. Hagen, except Pcrganius, (which
is represented by an unique specimen in the collection of Mr. H.

* While this paper is passing through the press, I have a reply also from Mr. W. G. Wright, of
San Bernardino, to whom I wrote on same subject. AH his examples oi Zolicaon are characterized by
black bodies, black cells, and pupilled ocelli. He sends me seven of them, and they are all true to type.

54 •

Edwards, who described it, and this agrees with the others), has
precisely that pupilled ocellus of Zohcaon. Not only that ; as
the pupil varies in Zolicaon, so do the pupils in all these spe-
cies vary. They are larger or smaller, circular or oval, or sub-
oval ; exactly in the centre, or a little out of centre. And about
one-third the examples of each species, where I have several,
show exactly the connection between the pupil and the rim
which Dr. Hagen calls attention to ; and it is usually in the female,
on the under side. On the plate ot Brevicauda, in But. N. A.,
this peculiarity is shown on under side of male (f. 2). On the
plate o{ Bairdii the same is shown in both sexes. The rim runs
past the point of connection, which is on the middle of the side
on inner wing margin. And just as Zolicao7i agrees with the
Astcrias group in the pupilled ocellus, so does it in the black
cell. That is a special characteristic all through that group. So
all the Asterias group, unless it is Ameriais female, have the
body black. Indra has it wholly so, except that in the $ there is
a bit of yellow on side next last segment ; the female has an
indistinct stripe of same along the side, distinct at the end.
Asterias and Brevicauda and Bairdii have two and three rows of
yellow dots on either side of abdomen, which otherwise is black.
So does Aviericiis male show one of the same lines of spots, the
sub-dorsal, while the lower are suppressed. There it is! To get
the nearest ally of Zolicaon, in the matter of its three chief char-
acteiistics, we have to go to a group distinct from the Machaon,
and there we find not merely the same characters, but in the most
important of the three, the ocellus, exactly the same modification
of it. Plainly enough, Zolicaon has a close connection with the
Asterias gvowp, and it is open to assert that the two are descended
from a common type, which was characterized by a pupilled ocellus,
a black cell, and probably, by a black body. I do not think that
any one who believes in the derivation of existing species from
antecedent ones will refuse to admit that. The ocellus in Zoli-
caon tells its story as clearly as do the bars on the wing of a
pigeon. The different species of the Asterias group form one
branch, and Zolicaon, with perhaps Aviericiis, another branch,
from the same stem ; though it may well have been that at one
or more steps farther back, this stem and the one from which the
Machaon group descended found likewise a common ancestor.
But Zolicaon has no present relations with the MachaoJi group,
standing wholly apart from it.

That Zolicaon has come to differ from the Asterias group in
respect to the yellow side-stripe is not more than might be ex-
pected if it branched off at all. This stripe would not originate
by the introduction of a new character, but by the modification of
one already there ; to wit, the two lines of yellow dots, one at the
verge of the dorsal area, the other on lower half of side. The side
stripe of Zolicaon occupies the space corresponding to that limited

55

by these two lines in Asterias. We see a modification of the
Asterias marks in Indra, where the yellow dots are suppressed,
and in the male a dash of yellow is applied to the side at the last
segment ; in the female the dash is extended obscurely the length
of the abdomen. If it be alleged that, although Machaon and
Zolicaon differ in these three important points, yet they resemble
each other in certain other points, just as important ; viz, in the
size and arrangement of the yellow spots on fore wings, and in
the yellow base and disk of hind wings, in both which respects
they differ from Asterias, I would say :

1. The marginal yellow spots of these several members of
the Asterias group are very similar to those of Zolicaon on both
wings and occupy the same positions.

2. The spots of the discal or interior band in the Asterias
group occupy the same positions on the wings as do the discal
spots oi Zolicaon and Machaon. In these two species the spots
spoken of are elongated, but Bairdii has them much more elong-
ated than Asterias, and Aniericus still more. Indeed, this last is
very close to Zolicaon in this respect. The spots are long, pear-
shaped, instead of four-sided, but they cover nearly as much of
the surface as do those of Zolicaon!^ And what is especially in-
teresting in some examples, is that the whole of the base and disk
of hind wings in Aniericus is yellow just as in Zolicaonj\ We have
seen that Boisduval was struck with the resemblance between
these two species. Yet, surely, Americus stands very near the
other species of the Asterias group. It has the ocellus, the black
cell, and the male has the upper row of yellow dots on body just as
in Asterias. In the examples before me, the lower row is wanting,
and over the side to base of abdomen is a thin coating of yellow,
not wholly concealing the black ground. I have i <5 2 ? taken in
Arizona and both females have the side yellow-banded. But the
bodies are in so crushed and rubbed a condition that I cannot pro-
nounce more definitely on the marks or color of abdomen than this,
that the sides are certainly yellow. The male is in exellent con-
dition, and possesses another resemblance to Asterias in the orange
color of the marginal spots on hind wing below, and in orange on
the yellow ground next the black marginal band, in all the inter-
spaces. The spots of the discal band of under fore wings are
also orange, as in Brevicanda. I have two $ from Panama, and
Mr. Neumoegen has sent me i $ from Chiriqui, and the three
agree with the Arizona $ , except that they all have the base of
hind wing black. So that we have in Americus a species which
stands between the Asterias group and Zolicaon, and which is

* In the figure oi'Sadalus^hy Lucas, PI. lo, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1852, apparently a male,
these spots, except the two lower ones, are narrow, and lie isolated in the middle of the black inter-
spaces. But in all the examples of this butterfly which I have been able to examine, all the spots of
the series are large and pear-shaped, and in breadth extend from nervule to nervule. The femal; has
them larger than the male.

t There is a variation in this respect, some examples having the hind wings crossed by abroad
yellow band, the base being black : while the otheri hd.ve the yellow quite up to base.

S6

variable in one important character, the extent of the yellow area
of hind wing; some examples resembling therein some members
of the Asterias group, bidra and Bairdii, while others resemble
Zolicaon. But the sum of resemblances between Americus and
Zolicaon is greater than between Americus and any other mem-
bers of the group, and the two fall most naturally into a sub-
group. And the remaining species belonging to our fauna natur-
ally fall into other sub-groups; as, \, Brevicanda ; 2, Asterias ;
Bairdii ; 3, Indra. I do not believe that any one of these sub-
groups has been derived from another, although I have shown
how the side stripe of Zolicaon might have originated, if there
were derivation. 1 would have every sub-group of equal rank, as
alike sprung from same ancestor.

II. We now come to Oregonia. This species has a close re-
semblance to certain Asiatic forms, which may or may not have
sprung from MacJiaon, especially Hipprocrates. The reverse is
just as likely, and indeed, more likely, in my opinion, if there
was derivation anywhere. The fore wings are largely produced
and their hind margins are incurved. The tails are longer in
proportion than typical Machaon. On the under side, the whole
surface is yellow, just as in Machaon, the cell of fore wings just
the same, the abdomen the same, yellow, with yellow stripes.
The most striking distinction is found in the anal ocellus. As in
all these species we have had in review, the ocellus is fulvous, but
the rivi comes doivn and ends as in Zolicaon, not as in Machaon,
which has it continued farther by a quarter circle and more ; and
right at the end there is a bend at right angles, and a continuation
of the line is thrown across the fulvous spot a little below the
middle thereof. The figures 6, 7, 8 show the peculiar character
of this line or mark, and all are copied from But. N. A., plate of
Oregonia. In fig. 6, under side ^, we see a tapering, slightly
wavy stripe, ending in a point. This simplest form I assume to
be the normal one. In fig. 7, under side ?, there is a modifica-
tion of the plain stripe, in a long narrow club, reaching quite
across the fulvous spot. Fig. 8 represents the upper side of the
same female, and the thickening is greater, and the mark, as in
other cases, is very long and tapers gradually. Now, this is
altogether another sort of mark from the black pupil of Zolicaon,
whether the latter stands alone in the centre of the field, or
whether it strikes the rim. It is the modification of a stripe
across the ocellus. Dr. Hagen states, in his specifications of what
he thinks is Oregonia, p. 151, that "the spot is connected," etc;
so that it does not appear that it is ever severed, or ever takes
a different shape from that indicated in the figures.* In that

* In the original description of Oi-cgonia. I said, " anal spot small, yellow below, fulvous above,
with a rounded black spot in the middle, and which is connected with the narrow black edge of the
margin." I should have said ; " with a stripe or a club-shaped spot connected, etc." For my abom-
inable carelessness I stand myself on the stool of repentance and apologise humbly to all concerned ;
and I thank Dr. Hagen for leading me to study these species as I had not done before.

57

mark Oregonia is curiously near an occasional Asterias, as seen in
fig. 3 ; also, perhaps, still nearer to Bairdii, as seen on the plate
in But. N. A., fig. 4. That is the single approach which Oregonia
makes to the Asterias type, and here is another hint of a remote
common ancestor. Oregonia certainly never got that peculiar
mark from MacJiaon. To show the two together is sufficient.
No large number of the former species have yet been taken, but
this mark is constant so far, and no case of reversion to a blind
ocellus with a Machaon rim is reported. On the other hand, no evi-
dence is forthcoming that the Oregonia style of ocellus ever has
appeared in a Machaoji, and on both sides there would be cases
of reversion had there been derivation.

I do not at all understand why Dr. Hagen did not see fit to
institute a careful comparison between the larvae of Zolicaon and
Oregonia, and both with MacJiaon. All the materials were at his
hand, so far as relates to the final stages of the several caterpillars.
He says the party took two mature larvae of Oregonia, one of which
Mr. Stretch carried to imago, " which proved to be Oregonia.^

Inasmuch as Mr. H. Edwards has this imago and says it is
Oregonia, I accept the statement. The relation proceeds : " The
caterpillar is very similar to that oi MacJiaon in form, color aiid
pattern. As I am very well acquainted with the latter, I directly
remarked a difference," specifying a single difference in the cross
band of second segment, and nothing more. Now, the facts are
these : Asterias, Brevicauda, Zolicaon and MacJiaon have their
mature larvae similar in form and color. Therefore, these two
features in the comparison may pass for nothing. As to pattern,
it is another matter. Fortunately, I have the colored figure of
one of these Oregonia caterpillars, by Mr. Stretch, who also made
the figure of Zolicaon caterpillar given in But. N. A. And both
the original drawings lie before me. I have a colored figure of
the same stage of MacJiaon (of course, typical), executed for me
expressly, by Dr. Weismann himself. And I say, that this Ore-
gonia larva differs decidedly in the pattern of the markings from
either of the other two. Zolicaon and Oregonia differ between
themselves, but both are nearer to Asterias than to MacJiaon. I
intend to figure the larva of Oregonia, in Part XII, But. N. A.,
Vol. 2, this spring, and on same plate I will put this larva of
MacJiaon. Till then 1 must ask my readers to take my word that
they exhibit striking and specific differences, f

* All through the paper the Doctor persists in calling this species OrcgoniuSy '"Ore^oniits, not
Oregonia. as Mr. iidwards writes," p. 151. I shall file a caveat to protect the name T christened this
species with. Why does the Doctor not talk about Aliaskus ? When 1 give a species a name I ex-
pect it to travel under it henceforth.

t Dr. Hagen gives us much lore about the larva of Machaon from the books, to make good his
proposition, that, as the imago shows a large variation in color, so the caterpillar and chrysalis " also
differ considerably.'' But the onlv deviation from the green and typical mature caterpillar shown is
a black form, which occasionally appea s. That is, the black color of the larval stages which precede
the last stage is projected into that ; a kind of variation that might be expected. None of the cases
cited at all concern Oregonia or Zolicaon.

5^

III. That Zolicaon never could have been derived from Ore-
goniaoxX\\Q reverse follows from the position of the two species in
two distinct groups. The latter species is unmistakably allied to
the Machaon group, the former to the Asterias group. I have
shown this, and the proposition needs no farther remark.

We now come to the " intermediate forms," which Dr. Hagen
would have us understand are intergrades between Orcgonia and
Zolicaon. If I have established the position that Z'^/zVrt^;/ belongs
to the Asterias group, or at any rate, is nearest to that, and is
removed from the Machaon group, and I think Lepidopterists
will agree that I have, then, inasmuch as it is conceded on all
hands that Orcgonia is a member of the Machaon group, these
forms cannot be' intergrades, because the product of two species
is not an intergrade. (I would say here that I have seen none of
these famous examples, though more than once, and long ago.
Dr. Hagen promised to send me them. I am not at all certain
that if I were to see them, I should agree with the Doctor in re-
garding them as particularly connected with either of the species
spoken of, but at present, I have to be governed by what he has
told us).

Dr. Hagen tells us that he found all these nondescripts,
(with yellow abdomen and black cell ; black abdomen and yellow
cell, etc.), in a certain district east of the Cascade Mountains,
which he says possesses a very different climate from the district
to the west of these mountains, " the latter being similar to that
of California." He tells us that it is a sage-brush desert, with the
least rain fall of any part of the United States, and the heat is
excessive, " more than a week above loo*^," " where nearly no rain
falls through the summer, a sage-brush desert on basaltic soil."

The typical Zolicaojt, as before said, is common throughout
California. It also flies through Oregon, and, at least, into Wash-
ington Territory to the west of the Cascade Mountains. Dr.
Hagen took half a dozen, true to type, east of these mountains
also.

On the other hand, the typical Orcgonia, with yellow cell,
yellow body, and striped or clubbed ocellus, had alone been seen
before this excursion into the sage-brush desert. Its habitat, so
far as known, was in Western Oregon and Washington Territory.
Mr. H. Edwards had also taken one example of MacJiaon, var.
Aliaska, at the Dalles, W. T.

Taking the relation of Dr. Hagen, just as he gives it, I see no
alternative but to assert that he has had the good fortune to fall
in with a lot of hybrids in this secluded and infernal sage-brush
desert. There is no improbability in this. No one accuses Colias
Philodice of being a variety of Colias Enrythcme, at least, no one
has hitherto done so, for I am not at all certain that our friend
herein concerned does not embrace both these in one of his three
or four species; but I have several orange'Colias, which appear to

59

be liybrids, and in two instances undoubted males ^?/rj'//^r;«^, one
of them fiery-red, the other pale, or the Kcezuaydi)i form, and two
yellow females Philodice, with which they were taken in copula-
tion. As the red one was so taken by Mr. G. M. Dodge, who gave
it to me, there can be no question of the fact of the capture.
From what I know of the frenzied eagerness with which certain
male butterflies (as I have related in the cases of Papilio Ajax,
Can. Ent., 13, 209, and Heliconia CJiaritonia, Papilio 1,213), watch
the coming of the females from chrysalis, I am confident that they
would seize upon the females of any allied species just as readily,
if one of their own were not at hand. If such things occur in the
mild climate of the Mississippi valley, where females of jS'^/rj/Z'tv//!?
arc as common as the males, what may not occur in a sage-brush
desert, with no rain fall and the mercury above loo*^? The pant-
ing male cannot fly over hill and valley, under these conditions, seek-
ing its mate, as we often see male butterflies doing in a Christian
country. Nature impels him, and he captures the first female he
meets. That this is the fact in multitudes of cases in that arid
district is highly probable, and it will account for all these
curious nondescripts taken by Dr. Hagen.

My summing up is this : i. Zolicaon is a species subject to
little variation. It is a member of the Asterias group, forming
with Aincricns a sub-group. The other species of the group are
divisible into two or more sub-groups, and all these are of equal
rank, sprung from a common ancestor.

2. Orcgoiiia belongs to the Machaon group, and (perhaps
with some other species) forms a sub-group of equal rank at least
with the sub-group to which the species Machaon belongs. It
certainly cannot have been derived from the species Machaon.

3. Zolicaon and Oregonia being distinct species, in distinct
groups, the supposed " intermediate forms " discovered by Dr.
Hagen, in a limited and exceptional district, are not intergrades,
but, unless they constitute a distinct species by themselves, are
of necessity hybrids, and probably between Zolicaon and Oregonia
(and, perhaps, Aliaska).

And, finally, that the grand propositions enunciated by Dr.
Hagen : i. That Oregonia and Zolicaon cannot be separated :
2. That these forms should be considered as local or climatic
varieties of one and the same species, Machaon, fall to the ground.
Rcq. in pace.

In such cases as that of Oregonia, where a well-marked species
is only found to exist in a much-restricted area, while its nearest
allies flourish exceedingly and occupy a large territory, I hold
that the former come of a high antiquity. Any form sprung from
an existing one would never have attained specific rank unless
specially favored, and it would flourish at the expense of the

6o

parent form. It is because of its powerful vitality that it alone
has survived, when all other varieties and any intermediate vari-
eties have perished. Of the class indicated, are Papilio Brevicaiida,
confined to Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Anticosti and the ad-
jacent main land only, while Asterias flies all over North Amer-
ica, to the south and west of these regions, even to Panama ; Saty-
rus Pegala, confined to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico, in our
'Southern States, while Satyrus A/ope flies universally outside
that district.

In my experience in breeding butterflies from the egg, and
all the years since 1870, I have done it largely, while dimorphism
or polymorphism have, in several' cases, been established be-
tween forms where .^ome sort of connection had been suspected,
but of what nature no one could tell, and while what many had
supposed to be mere varieties, have turned out to be distinct
species, differing in their larval characters decidedly from the
supposed parent, yet I do not recollect one instance where the
reverse has taken place, and a form with marked characters,
which I had assumed, on the strength of the imago only, to be a
species, , has turned out by breeding to be a mere variety. And
yet, on the lumping-of-species theory, that ought constantly to
have occurred. The fact is, I apprehend, that a marked difference
in the imago carries with it a marked difference in the larva, at
least in all species which have larval characters definite enough to
seize upon. Even Dr. Hagen observed, and calls attention to, a
difference between the larvae of Oregonia and MacJiaon, and, as
before stated, he might have found more ifjie had looked farther.
The Doctor even has discovered, p. 160, that there are " differ-
ences in the finishing of the detail" of the genital apparatus of
the males in the same two species. No doubt there are, and cer-
tainly there ought to be.

This paper is already so long that I can add but a few lines
about the van Aliaska, and its right by priority to give the name
to the Himalayan form of Machaon, which has been called Asiati-
ens, Men^trit's, but incorrectly, which right Dr. tlagen disputes.
I am not a stickler for priority in names, as is known, and I have
long held that a Resolution should be passed by entomologists in
convention, by which twenty years undisputed use of a .species
name should give it a good title. Under this Rule, if it could be
had, Asiatica (not Asiaticus, for the other is the name M^netries
gave the species), would certainly prevail, both for the Himalayan
and the American form, unless where more is known of the latter,
greater differences appear than we now discover. But, as M. Men-
etries saw fit to restrict his name with the utmost precision to what
is now seen to be a mere aberration, I cannot help it. The name
Aliaska, Scudder, under the present Rule, applies equally to the
Himalayan form. Menetries says his var. differs from MacJiaon
in the one character, a broad marginal border to hind wing, the

6i

inner edge of which is straight {droite, in itahcs in his text). As
he left it, we have to accept it.*

NECESSARY RESTITUTION OF THE NAMES GIVEN
BY TH. W. HARRIS TO TWO NORTH AMERICAN
SPHINGIDy^.

By Dr. H. A. Hagen.

The arrangement of the biological collection of the Lepidop-
tera obliged me to compare carefully the literature to ascertain
which names I have to adopt. It seems to me that among the
Sphingids two North American species, first described by Th. W.
Harris, should retain his names. Ceratoniia qiiadricornis, de-
scribed 1839, 1'^'^^ been changed to C. aiiiyntor, Hubn. This
species is figured by Huebner Samml. exot. Schm. Vol. III. (not
Vol. II,, as it is quoted by Messrs. Grote and Robinson, p. 16,
which error is repeated by Mr. A. G. Butler, Sphingida;, p. 621).
The date of the plate containing '' Agrius Ainyntor , Pennsylvania,"
is not sure, but certainly later than, as quoted by Messrs. Grote and
Robinson, 1806-1824, and by Mr. Butler, 1806. This plate is No.
46 (numbered by pencil) in the copy of Vol. III. of the Harvard
Coll. Library of the fifty-three plates forming the whole volume
here and in von Heyden's Library in Frankfort o. M., Europe.
Geyer's Necrolog. of Huebner, in Thou's Archiv F. I, p. 30, states,
July I, 1827, that the Samml. exot. Schmetterl. contains 439 plates.
These plates form Vol. I. and Vol. II., but the copy before me,
and others compared in Europe, contain only 438. Geyer states
further that he has decided to continue the publication of Hueb-
ner's works ; but in 1827, the plate with A. Auiyntor had not
appeared. Further, on the original wrapper (in the library in
Berlin) Sammlung Europ. Schmetterl., Horda, Vol. VII., 1834,
Mr. Geyer states that for the Vol. III., Samml. exot. Schmett.
" are now ready thirty-one plates." As A. Amyntor is plate
forty-six, it is published only after 1834, and in any way is not
Amyntor of Huebner, but of Geyer. Perhaps it may even not
antedate Harris.

It is a rule, everywhere accepted, that a figure even named
can never antedate a description. Therefore, Mr. Harris, who
knew that the copy in Harvard Library arrived here July 20, 1849,
has, in a cop)^ of the catalogue of N. A. Sph., presented to Prof.

* In mv paper on the American form of P. Machaon, in this ^Magazine for May, 1882, I stated
that the bl.ick pjrtb in var. Aliaska were more intensely colored, etc., than the old world types, but I
made an exception m tavor of the Himalayan, saying ot these, they " resemble the American in this
respect." Dr. Hagen says of my statemnt, p. 157, that it " is not true." " The large material before
me proves this statement y(;r ^/ic Hhitaiayan specimens, and even for some European ones, to be in-
correct." The Doctor misapprehended me.

62

L. Agassiz, and which contains a few notes in his hand, not
changed the name of C. quadricornis. He has changed his vS.
Carolina to qiiinqitemacnlata and says of G. cpimenis, that " it is
probably a species of Brepha." Therefore, C. quadricornis has to
be retained, as Huebner had nothing in any way to do with this
species.

Of Sphinx cinerea Huebner, Vol. H., gives only a figure with
the name Lcthia chersis,no\. even the locality. Therefore, Harris'
name has to be restored.

Of neither of these species is any description whatsoever
given by Huebner. In his Verzeich., 1815, L. chcrsis is not men-
tioned, therefore, the plate must have been published after this
year.*

THE CAPITALIZING OF SPECIFIC NAMES.
To the Editor of " Papilio :"

Can the editor of " Papilio" inform me upon what ground
and for what purpose American 'lepidopterists have recently
adopted the vicious habit of capitalizing the specific names of
their insects? The tendency among entomologists, generally,
has been in the other direction of using a lower case letter, even
when the species is named after some individual or, in other re-
spects, may be looked upon as a proper name. The prime ob-
ject of nomenclature being to facilitate study and thought, this
last fashion has everything in its favor. The capitalizing of spec-
fic names is almost as bad and fully as unnecessary and confusing
as the use of the lower-case letters which has come into vogue
among some catalogues. I am led to ask the question upon
reading recent articles by Mr. A. R. Grote, in which generic and
specific names are often used singly and in each case capitalized,
so that none but those few who are entirely familiar with the
terms can know whether genera or species are referred to, except
by guessing or laborious reference. If there can be any sound
defence of the custom I should like to know of it.

C. V. Riley, Washington, D. C.

CONCERNING SO-CALLED TEMPERATURE FORMS
OF BUTTERFLIES.

By Arthur G. Butler, F. L. S., F. Z. S.

I have read with much interest a paper by Dr. Hagen, '' On
Papilio machaon L., and its North American representatives, etc."
and, considered from a Darwinian point of view, it is undoubtedly

* Since writing this paper I have learned from a correspondent in Europe that in Senator von
Heyden's copy of Huebner, received by him from Geyer himself, this plate is markt-d " published i8-j8
byGeyer. H. A. H.

63

valuable, as bringing into a small compass much relating to P.
)nachaon and allies that has hitherto been widely scattered, it
helps to prove what we evolutionists have long believed, that P.
7nachao)i, Hippocrates and allies are all descended from a common
stock; but it does not and cannot prove that P. machaon, under
any condition of temperature, would ever produce P. hifpoa-ates
or P. rutulus.

]\Ir. Pryer, of Japan, for whom 1 entertain the greatest re-
spect as an essentially yzr/c/ naturalist, certainly makes a statement
about the size of March specimens of P. hippocrates, which is so
astounding that I can only regard it as a slip of the pen ; 2^
inches in expanse would be very small indeed for European P.
machaon, most examples of which exceed three inches. I have
examined a great number of specimens of P. hippocrates, taken
by collectors who have lived in Japan for years, and the difference
of size has only varied from 4'/^ inches in the males to five inches
in the largest females. I do not mean to say that you could not
starve them into smaller insects, but, as a lepidopterist, who has
seen probably more Japanese Lepidoptera than any man not liv-
ing in Japan, I must be excused if I believe that Mr. Pryer has
forgotten to double his measurement or has, at least, vvTitten a 2
for a 3 in the note upon this species.

If, however, we were unquestioningly to accept the statement
that some examples of P. hippocrates were smaller than the
European species, it would not alter the fact that the former, with
its more-produced primaries, the broader dark belt of secondaries,
the inner edge of which is scarcely undulated (unlike the Europ-
ean insect) and its usually melanistic female is confined to Japan,
and P. viacJiaon to Europe, and has no more claim to be called
the same species than the Gonepteryx aspasia of Munetries, with
its acute falcate primaries, has to be regarded as identical with
the broad-winged G. nipalensis\d. specimen of which we have from
Nikko, which Pryer confounds with it.*

Does Dr. Hagen expect us to associate as conspecific all
forms descended from a common ancestor? If so, all naturally
constituted genera may be called species, and all species repre-
sentative forms ; but ciii bono? the species will exist, by whatever
terms we know them. I will not say " a rose by any other name,
etc," because Dr. Walsh argued forcibly against the truth of that
statement, but I will say this, that nothing will be gained by the
change.

Now, as touching the species of Terias, associated by Pryer,
and for which, as he considers that too many names have already
been proposed, he suggests another, with a view to cure the evil
on the homoeopathic plan. It may, perhaps, surprise Dr. Hagen to

* I did, in:!eed, once receive a specimen of typical G. rkamui from Yokohama, I believe Mr.
Pryer sent it in a collection which I received from Mr. Fenton ; I recognized it at a glance as British
and this was admitted by Fenton and (if I mistake not) by Pryer also.

64

hear that, of the eleven in that list, only five occur in Japan ; and,
therefore, that six are admitted on the authority of other ento-
mologists, who had made no special study of the genus ; of these,
T. Jiccabe is a Chinese species, ranging to India and Australia. It
is always of a deep chrome-yellow color in the males, the under
surface is frequently immaculate and never more heavily 'marked
than its near ally T .mariesii. T. mandarina occurs both in China
and Japan, and in the latter evidently crosses with T. anemone, as
that form does with T. mariesii, and here arises a distinct ques-
tion. Are we to reject the specific distinction of well-marked
forms, because when brought together, they will interbreed ?
There can be little doubt but that species, originally locally dis-
tinct, but the ranges of which have gradually been extended, are
sometimes fertile inter se, and also, that hybridization between
such species or " representative forms," carried on for many gen-
erations, produces a tendency to throw out gradations of form
between the original parents, even in the progeny from a single
batch of eggs. This is certainly the case with the silk-moths of
India and Japan, which, according to the statements made by
collectors, borne out by the collections sent home, are true to
locality, until brought together for sale in the market, and thus
subjected to the probability of hybridization.

But to return to Fryer's list, T. sinensis is probably T. raJiel
of Fabricius and belongs to a totally different section of the genus
from T. Jieeabe. Mr. Elwes can never have read Lucas' descrip-
tion, or I cannot believe that even he, (notwithstanding his very
broad views respecting the variation of some species) would have
suggested the union of two forms so utterly dissimilar in all that
constitutes a specific difference.

T. mariesii is, as I have said, the Japanese representative of
T. Jieeabe, but not, therefore the same species. T. anemone is a
form, perhaps, a species occurring rarely in China, and commonly
in Japan. T. comiexiva a7iel hybridadixo. admitted hybrid varieties.
T. (Bsiope is a N. E. Himalayan species or, perhaps, a race of T.
hecabe, about equally distinct to T. mariesii. T. hecabeoides, on
the other hand, is a N. E. Himalayan species, readily distinguish-
able, both from T. hecabe and the whole Japanese crew, by having
a brown transverse patch on the under surface of primaries
towards the apex. T. brenda is a very distinct and purely African
species, having a white female. It is entirely unlike any form
ever existing in Japan, and, lastly, T. sari belongs to a distinct
sub-section of the genus in which the under surface of the
primaries is marked with a large, square, apical brown patch.
Hitherto it has only come from Java, Malacca and Borneo. Its
female is characterized by the obliquely cut sinuation of the ex-
ternal border of primaries. T. sari is, in fact, nearly allied to T.
silJietana, but is not nearly related to T. Jiecabe. In conclusion,
I have no hesitancy in saying that if Mr. Pryer could see the

65

species of Terias associated in his list under the name of T. imilti-
formts,^ figured together on one plate, he would laugh at his
own credulity.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Rare SPHlNGIDiE. I have taken the following rare species at this place.
Arctonotns lucidus at light, January 7 and 28, Pterogon Clarkice on flowers of
wild turnip, March-April, Spk/nx Sequoia', hovering over various flowers,
April, Sp. perelcga7is, about various flowers, June. J. J. Rivers, Berkeley.Cal.

Willow a Food Plant of Papilio Rutulus. On August 29, 1879, 1
received from Mr. O. T. Baron, in Northern California, an t.%%^ of Rutulus in
alcohol, which ^^g Mr. Baron informed me he saw the female deposit on willow;
a remarkable food plant for a Papilio ot this group. W. H. Edwards, Coalburgh.

Daremma Hageni. In my paper in December "Papilio" I incorrectly
gave Kansas (Snow) as a locality tor Daremma Hageni, Gr. The material I
examined came from Texas (Boll), the original habitat of the species, which has
not occurred in Kansas yet. I must have misunderstood the statement made
to me when I saw the specimens upon which I based my statement. The
species seems to be only known from Texas, but is probably found elsewhere in
the Southwest. A. R. Grote.

Biological Collection in Cambridge Museum. Perhaps it may be
not out of place to make a general statement concerning the, biological collec-
tion of the Lepidoptera in the Museum. When first arranged, about ten years
ago, the number of species, more or less fully represented, exceeded 1200. The
very numerous additions since this time made a new arrangement unavoidable.
The Diurna now completed show 200 species. The Sphingidce, now in way of
arrangement, are surprisingly rich, and the Bombycids, Noctuida; and Geom-
etridse even much more so, so that, probably, the final number w 11 exceed con-
siderably 3000 species. For ihe Micros the additions have been only small.
Of course, anything that collectors may have to spare in the wiy of transforma-
tions will be thankfully accepted, in exchange or otherwise, as it is my intention
to make this pan of the collection as rich as possible for the benefit of students.
H. A. Hagen, Cambridge.

Localities of Butterflies. In the Nov.-Dec, 1882, number of
Papilio appeared descriptions of Thanaos Tat/us and T. Clitus, with no men-
tion of locality. The paper was sent on to be ir.corporated with the one which
appeared in the October number on the new species taken by Mr. Morrison at
Fort Grant and Graham Mountains, Arizona, but arrived too late. Hence the
omission ot the locality. Both these Thanaos were taken on Mt. Graham.
W. H. Edwards.

* Which name, having no type, can be quietly ignored.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e flew Jork f ntomological piub.

Vol. Ill,] April, 1883. • [No. 4.

LIST OF APATEL^ BELONGING TO THE GROUPS
ACRONICTA AND TRI^NA.

By a. R. Grote.

Genus Apatela, Hubn.
Sub-genus Triinia, Hubn.

The type is the European Psi, with which our Occidentalism
etc., seem strictly congenerical.

1. OcciDENTALis, G. and R., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., 6, 16.
The larva is described by Mr. Saunders and Dr. Packard, Papilio,
2,181. " Western Dagger." Represents the European P.fz', which
is, perhaps, dimorphic in the larval state. Thaxter (Papilio, 3,
17) gives " elm." I have a figure of the larva on " apple," which
agrees with Dr. Packard's description.

2. Morula, G. and R., Tr. Am. Ent, Soc, 2,196, pi. 3, fig.
75 ; Lintn. Ent. Con., 3, 137 (larva on "apple). Disk of thorax
ochrey. This is much larger and ochrey-tinged and paler, faded,
compared W\\.\\ Occident alis. " Ochre Dagger," Thaxter gives the
larva also on " elm."

3. LoBELi.E, Guen., Noc. i, 44; Coquillet, Papilio i, 6
(larva). On "burr-oak;" M. Guene describes it as "Lobelia"
from Abbot's drawmg. The largest of the group. Texan speci-
mens stained with ochrey. " Large Dagger."

4. Hasta, Guen., Noct. 1,45. Smaller than Lobelice; dark;
fore wings blue-gray, hind wings dark. "Smoky dagger."
Larva unknown.

5. FURCIFERA, Guen., Noct. i, 44. Size of Hasta, hind
wings pale, fore wings washed with white. " Forked dagger."
Larva, according to Thaxter, on wild cherry.

My identification of these two species is taken from the
Species Generale. I have seen no types. Teliun and Spinigera
are unknown to me, but must resemble these. Some one has
labelled specimens of Xylinifornis and Pallidicoma (both of which

68

I would refer to Mastiphanes) as " Spinigera,'' in different collec-
tions. Interrupta, Bdv., is founded on a drawing by Abbot. It is
described as smaller than P.fz/ the moth may be Grisea-Piidorata);
the caterpillar is flesh color, with red tubercles, surmounted with
tufts or whorls of hair.

6. Thoracica, Grote, N.Am., Ent.. I, 94. Colorado. The
disc of thor^ax is discolorous ; the insect is nearest, perhaps, to
Furcifera. Larva unknown.

7. Tritona, Hubn.. Zutr., 107-0; Guen., 1,42. This is
small, with dark blue-gray primaries and brown hind wings.
Larva unknown. " Brown dagger."

8. Grisea, Walk., C. B. M., 56, Piidorata Morr. Ann, N. Y.
Lye, 83, 1875. Like Tritona in size and form, but pale gray with
whitish secondaries. Larva unknown. " Pale dagger."

9. Falcula, Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 8, 6 ; Coquillet, Papilio 1,6.
This differs from Tritona by the bright brown edging of the
thoracic tuft behind ; the external margin is a little drawn in
below apices ; the dash at internal angle does not cross or indent
the transverse posterior line, in which it resembles Parallela.
Larva on hazel. " Edged dagger."

10. Parallela, Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 5, 3, Colorado, Texas,
small, with pearly-white secondaries. A very pretty and distinct
species. Larva unknown.

11. Albarufa, Grote, Proc. Bot., S. N. H., 239, 1874;
Walkeri, Andrews Can. Ent., 9, 98. Larva unknown. The hind
wings of male are white ; of female fuscous. This species is
known by the red and pale discal stigmata. " Red and White
Dagger."

12. Paupercula, Grote, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil., 197, 1874,
Texas. Larva unknown. Fresh specimens are olivaceous in tint.

13. ViNNULA, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc", Phil., 2,436, pi, 9, fig.
2, Canada to Middle States, " Olive Dagger." 1 am rather
doubtful of this little species really belonging to Triana {Sama-
phona Guen.). It is distinctly olivaceous in color ; it does not
show the usual marks. Mr. Thaxter reports the larva on elm.
I have seen no description of it. These are all I would now
refer to this section of Apatela.

Sub-genus Acronicta, Ochs.

1. Lepusculina, Guen. Noct. i, 46; Popnli, Riley, 2nd Mo.
Rep. 119. Larva on poplar. Larger and stouter than the
European Leporina, but belonging to this group with Leporina
and Vulpina. Its range extends beyond the Mississipi and,
perhaps, across the Continent. " Poplar Dagger."

2. Felina, Grote, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 5,208. California.
Larva (Pacific Coast Lep., t'S) described by Mr. Hy. Edwards on
poplars. Replaces on the West Coast our Eastern Lepusculina;.
the imagines differ but slightly, as far as observed.

3. VULPINA, Grote, Can. Ent., Jan., 1883 ; Thaxter, Papiliq

69

Jan., 1883, p. 14, described larva on birch and poplar. This is
the true "representative" oi Leporiyia, quite distinct from either
of the above in all stages. " Birch Dagger."

4. TOTA, Gr., N. Am. Ent., i, 10, Texas. This may not
belong here, and these are all the N. Am. typical Acronictce known
to me. The range of Felina (No. 2) may include Colorado. Not
enough material has been examined of t'us Western species.

I am disinclined to place Insita with Acronicta. This form
should rather ioWow Aviericana and Dactylina under Mcgacronycta.
The final arrangement of our ApatclcE must be arrived at after all
the stages are known. Mr. Butler's paper on the genus was strik-
ing, but I am not prepared to follow conclusions based on one
form of the species alone. Apatela is a group or genus in which
the larvre have submitted to independent variation ; the gray color
of the perfect insect and its streaked pattern of marking has been
found useful and is preserved; this is apparent from a study of
the larvai of Psi, Tridens and Occidentalis. Dimorphism in the
larva is a break in the direction of a distinct cycle of reproduction.
In the two European species the break is considered to have pro-
ceeded far enough to warrant a title ; but is this really so ? I
have not in literature seen that* P^z and 7>/^^;« have been studied
sufficiently. It must be proved that there is a want of connection
between the two sets of larvae. Like Basilarchia in the butter-
flies, we have in Apatela a rich ground for collecting facts bearing
upon the natural rise of" species." I must highly commend Mr.
Thaxter's recent descriptions oi Apatela larvae. When these are
all known we shall know where to arrange such forms as Innotata,
Connecta, Radcliffei, and under what " sections." I have carefully
indicated the types of these " sections " from the names now in
use in literature according to priority. Those established by me
have the types all indicated. At present I am strongiy inclined
to believe that Eulonche {Oblinita, Lanceolarid) has more than a
sectional or sub genera value. I have worked very thoroughly
on the generic synonomy, and the student should study my Cata-
logue of the Noctuidae in the Bull, Buffalo S. N. S. for 1874,
where the typical species of each genus is given. I have, without
assistance, performed a good deal of labor with nearly 1600
species of the N. Am. Noctuidae. From what I expect, based on
what I have seen, we shall finally have to arrange about 2000
kinds of Noctuidffi. In doing this, the preliminary work I have
• accomplished is useful from the care I have taken to use the right
generic name, and I think uniformity may be properly secured by
adopting my new Check List as the basis in this respect (for in-
stance, in using Apatela, Glaea, Lithophane), since I have yielded
every debatable point as against the undiagnosed genera erected
by Hubner. There seems to me solid grounds for those I retain,
and, at any rate, my reasons are all given for what I have done.
I am not able to proceed in the publication of my general Mono-

70

graph of the NoctiiidcB for want of proper assistance and a salaried
position where I can continue its preparation.

The conclusions, with regard to classification, to which I
hive arrived are, first, that all forms separable on color or modi-
fication of a pattern of marking are, in fact, related. Whether
the intermediate forms have dropped out, or are yet produced by
any of the principal forms, is a matter which experience must
show and which decides as to whether we call them " species " or
not. While, in descriptive work, occasional errors are insepar-
able from the conditions under which it is performed, the syn-
onyms from this cause are in reality not many in the moths, so
far as I have found. Secondly, that generic characters must be,
in principle, dealt with in the same way as specific ones, the
limits of the genera depending on the want of intermediate forms,
the important point being that the combination of characters
which constitute the genus, shall be readily seizable by the stu-
dent.

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF ARCTIA, AND SUNDRY

VARIATIONS.

By B. Neumoegen.

Arctia Excelsa, n. sp.

Head whitish-yellow ; orbits of eyes black. Antennae black,
moderate and bi-serrate. Thorax whitish-yellow, with two pro-
thoracic black dots, and three large thoracic black stripes. Palpi
blackish, hairy, bright-red above, with a broad black dorsal line
and two black lateral lines, segmentarily serrated ; beneath black,
with yellowish lateral, segmentary maculations.

Primaries black, inner margin partly narrowly edged with a
whitish-yellow line. Fringes yellowish ; markings cream yellow,
as follows: Abroad horizontal line between median and sub-
median nervures, starting from base and ending some distance
from exterior margin, crossing about three-quarters of the wing
in a straight line. Two transverse bands, divergent on the costa,
but nearing each other, nearly uniting and resting on the hori-
zontal line. Attached to the middle of anterior transverse band,
and covering space between the latter and exterior margin, an
irregular, triangular blotch, the broadest part of which is facing
the exterior margin. Secondaries black, with yellowish fringes
intermixed with black. A large, bright-red discal spot of irregular
shape. Beneath the markings are the same, only that the color
is not so intensely black as above. Expanse of wings, 36 mill.
Length of body, 1 1 mill. This is a most beautiful insect, follow-
ing closely A. Celia, Saund., and being intermediate between the
latter and A. Snowi, Gr.

Habitat, North Carolina. Types coll. B.Neumoegen.

71

Arctia incorrupta, Hy. Edzv., ? .

The $ differs greatly in its aspect from the $ . The black
color is more intense in the primaries and in the dorsal and seg-
mentary stripes of abdomen. The transverse and horizontal bars
on primaries are generally narrower and of a brighter yellow.
The secondaries are of a deep red, fading somewhat towards base.
The black marginal triangular-shaped blotches on secondaries are
prominent and well-marked.

On a superficial glance this insect could be taken for A.
phyllira, Dru. $ , especially of the Southern types from Florida,
but on closer examination bears out all the characteristics of A.
incorrupta, $ .

Types coll. B. Neumoegen.

Arctia Incorrupta, van Ochracea. Neum.

A splendid variety of this handsome insect. Abdomen light
yellow with black dorsal and lateral segmentary stripes. The
markings on primaries of straw yellow*; the secondaries of promi-
nent bright ochre color. Otherwise agreeing with the typical
form.

Prescott, Arizona. Type coll. B. Neumoegen.

Telea Polyphemus, var. Oculea. Nann.

Primaries and secondaries are of a very light tan color. The
ocellus on primaries is surrounded by a crescent of blue on inner
side, and encircled by a prominent black ring. The ocellus on
secondaries has a larger cloud of blue than in the typical form,
being enclosed by a very broad, black, cloudy ring, which gradu-
ally shapes off into a black, broad transverse band towards inner
margin.

This is a very handsome variety, occurring in New Mexico
and Arizona, is larger than the Eastern types, and can be easily
distinguished by the blue ringed ocellus on primaries.

Types coll. Prof. Snowand B. Neumoegen.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HESPERIANS
FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES.

By W. H. Edwards.

Pamphila Brettoides.

$ . Size of Brettus.

Upper side of primaries bright yellow fulvous ; discal mark
on stigma, as in Brettus, flat, dull-black, pointed at outer end, bent
a little in middle, broad in middle, and nearly even width to basal
end, where it narrows and ends roundly ; behind it a broad patch of
black, and before it, black scales, most dense at the two ends ; there
is no fuscous patch between stigma and apex of wing ; the hind
margin also very narrowly edged with fuscous, without enlarge-

72

ment at apex (whereas in Brettus there is a large area of fuscous
at apex and the margin is broadly-bordered with same color, with
projections into the interspaces) ; on the inner edge of the apical
area are two small fuscous marks in the sub-costal interspaces.

Secondaries yellow-fulvous on middle of disk, the costal mar-
gin fuscous, hind margin narrowly edged, fuscous, the inner margin
obscured up to second branch of median ; fringes yellow-fulvous.

Under side bright yellow-ochre ; primaries have the base and
inner margin black nearly to inner angle, immaculate, except that
the two sub-apical spots appear faintly. Secondaries have a row
of small pale fuscous patches beyond disk, two of which lie in
lower sub-costal and upper discoidal interspaces, and two in^the
two median interspaces ; these patches are much covered by
fulvous scales ; on middle of disk three small, similar patches, in
which the black is more decided, the lower one (and largest)
being at origin of lower median interspace, one at upper corner
of cell, another above this.

Body above dull fulvous, below yellow, with a gray tint ;
legs color of wings ; palpi whitish-yellow ; antennae fuscous above,
pale fulvous below; club ferruginous above, tip same.

From I $, sent me by the late Jacob Doll, taken in West
Texas, and i ^ in collection of Mr. Neumoegen, taken by Mr.
Morrison at Graham Mountains, Arizona.

Amblyscirtes Cassus.

Male. Expands one inch.

Upper side of primaries brown, dusted with fulvous, most
densely on inner margin to cell, giving that part of the wing a
fulvous hue rather than brown ; from costa, at about four-fifths the
distance from base, are three small light fulvous spots in straight
line, and across disk an oblique row of fulvous spots, the upper one
a little nearer hind margin than the lower of the costal spots and
very near it; these spots are small at outer end of the row, but
on the median interspaces are diffused ; near end of cell a fulvous
crossbar, \Yhich connects with a stripe of same color, running to-
wards base next stigma ; stigma short, confined to the second
median interspace, narrow, a little bent down at outer end.
Secondaries have the costal margins fuscous, the rest dull fulvous,
with no spots ; fringes dull white, or yellow-white, fuscous at the
ends of the nervules, and along upper half of primaries ; just at
apex purer white.

Under side of primaries fulvous next base and over disk to
costa, black on inner margin to base ; the apex gray-brown, caused
by whitish scales on brown ground ; the spots repeated, those on
costal margin white. Secondaries dark brown, dusted with
whitish scales, along inner margin up to subniedian nervure dull
fulvous ; a straight row of not well defined whitish spots beyond
the disk, and at right angles to this two small similar spots at
outer angle and on costal margin, this last in line with one or two

73

indistinct whitish spots on middle of the wing; another spot
nearer base just over cell ; all these spots are obscure, as they are
of the same hue as the dusting of the wing.

Female — Expands i^ inches.

Upper side rather less bright, the spots yellow-white ; beneath,
the fulvous on anterior part of primaries is dull, and does not
reach costal margin, which is dark, or blackish-brown, dusted with
gray ; the whole of inner margin to cell and to hind margin is black-
ish-brown ; apex same, lightly dusted v^^ith gray ; the spots white
next costa, the rest yellowish and well defined. Secondaries as in
the male, but the ground is blacker, and the whitish patches more
distinct, forming a row bent at right-angles at outer angle of the
wing; the inner patches form a similar bent line.

From 3 S and i § in my collection and that of Mr. Neumoe-
gen, all taken at Mt. Graham, Arizona. The species is allied
to Nanno and Aenus.

NOTES ON NEW SPECIES IN MR. NEUMOEGEN'S w^
COLLECTION.

A. R. Gkote.

NONAGRIA Permagna. n. S.

? . A very large form, tke largest known to me, and with
the proportions of a small Sphinx, the resemblance heightened
by the long abdomen, with the curious genitalia exposed beneath.
Differs from all Guenee's descriptions in this genus and darker in
tint than my Oblonga. The entire insect is of an obscure reddish-
ochrey, concolorous. The markings are extremely few. On fore
wings merely four to five black points of the transverse posterior
line are visible towards the centre of the wing, and there is a
terminal series of minute black points. There is a very sparse
sprinkling of dark scales on terminal field, costal region and along
sub-median interspace, only visible under a lens. Hin5 wings a
little more reddish centrally. Beneath small discal spots and a
common extra mesial shade-band, broadest on fore wings, which
are clouded sub-terminally with fuscous. Indian River, Florida.
Expanse 98 mil. LengtJi of body 34 mil.

Ypsia /Eruginosa. Guen.

I regard this as simply a fresh Undularis, just as Carissitna is
a pseudo variety, all fresh Cara, having a powdering of green
scales, as indeed, has Guenee's type, and all Hemaris Fnniosa of
Strecher are fresh Hemaris Tenuis of Grote, with the fine scales
adherent on the glassy fields which are to fall with the first quiver
of the wings.

T/Eniocampa Perforata, n. s.

6 ? . Of a peculiar greyish-fuscous or stone color, and allied
to the Californian Riifnla. The sub-terminal line is accented by

three or four preceding black points opposite the cell ; the median
space darker than rest of wing, the median lines and stigmata
illegible ; the reniform stained and blackish ; claviform outlined.
Lines marked by double costal streaks, with paler enclosed shades.
T. p. followed by minute points ; fringe a little darker. This
may be a color variety of the Californian species, as I have seen
some Californian specimens varying In this direction, but I prefer
to register it as distinct for the present, not being willing that
what may be different species should be labeled Rufula. Perforata
is concolorous, grey-fuscous, smooth. Hind wings pale at base>
with pale fringes and soiled veins. Beneath paler grey, irrorate,
with dark denticulate common line ; suffused discal shade on fore
wings and blackish discal point on Kind wings. Arizona. Ex-
panse 29 to 30 mil.

Caradrina Civica, n. s.

$. This species I have known for a long time, and in vain
searched for a description to fit it. A name for it may be found
in B. Mus. (where it is, I think, unnamed in my coll.), but I have
not noticed it. Allied to Multifaria, but of an ochrey and paler
gray. The black costal dots evident at inception of the single
faint uneven transverse lines and median shade. Subterminal
line preceded by a rufous shade from below costal region. Ter-
minal space dark. Hind wings translucent white, with narrow
smoky edge, and extremities of veins soiled beneath, with costa
ochrey gray terminal dots and a discal dot. Fore wings beneath
ochrey gray ; a discal fuscous shade and lunate mark ; an extra
mesial band ; terminal field fuscous-shaded. Head and thorax
ochrey gray; abdomen pale. Expanse, 30 mil. Colorado (Snow,
green label, 34).

LiTHOPHANE PeXATA. var. WaSHINGTONIA.

Resembles the European Ingrica still more than the Eastern
Pexata, but may be ;i distinct species from either. Thorax and
abdominal tufts black. The former with white lateral patches.
Fore wings black, with a yellow basal streak surmounting a longer
and finer longitudinal velvety-black hair-streak. Lines faint^
double. Reniform very large, stained with brown ; orbicular,
with a slight pale edging to its circlet. Sub-terminal line rusty-
black, relieved by a paler ground ; a pale yellow mark above anal
angle. Hind wings fuscous, with pale fringes. Beneath with a
diffuse extra-mesial band and discal mark, the ground paler,
stained with brown ; forewings darker. Abdominal tufts at ex
tremity brownish. Expanse 42 mil, Washington Territory.

Orthosia Citima. n. s.

Near to Conradi; fuscous-ochrey. Reniform constricted,
long, sub-lunate, with powdery-white scales lining the ring and
dark centred ; claviform small ; orbicular oblique, moderate, dark-
centred, with powdery-white annulus. Middle of the wing ochrey ;
terminal field dark. Median shade oblique, apparent below ;

75

reniform brownish. Sub-terminal line marked with white joints
on the veins. Thorax dark-brownish ; Head brighter colored.
Abdomen pale fuscous-ochrey. Hind wings dark fuscous, with
pale dirty-ochrey fringes. Beneath brighter and paler ochrey,
with black discal dot on secondaries and a fuscous extra-mesial
line, flexed before anal angle ; fore wings darker, with clouded
discal lunule and extra-mesial line- A large Hadeniform species
with untufted abdomen and naked eyes. Arizona, Expanse 41 inil.

CUCULLIA CiTA. n. s.

Allied to Laetifica. Very pale whitish-gray. Disk of thorax
blackish. On fore wings the brown black anal streak commences
below vein 2, and runs invariably and somewhat obliquely to
submedian fold, along which it is more finely prolonged, entering
the sulcation of the transverse posterior line, which is here legi-
ble and preceded by a faint white cloud. Short dark marks sur-
mount the anal streak on the two superior interspaces on margin.
Terminally there are white and fine dentations, enclosing the
darkly marked veins. A very fine basal streak joining the deeply
dentate and illegibly marked inner median line. Reniform hardly
indicated. Hind wings translucent white with soiled veins and
smoky edging; fringes white. Collar with a fine mesial line.
Abdomen whitish-gray with dark tufts. Beneath hind wings
white, fore wings gray. Arizona. Expanse 43 mil.

Phurys Ovalis. n. s.

Median lines yellow, ridged, edged outwardly with brown.
The ground color is a dusky ochery gray, as compared with Vin-
cnluni. Reniform a narrow dark lunule. Veins tending to be
darker marked. A series of pale yellowish streaks on the veins
connect the outer line with the dentated subterminal line, which
is brown, toothed inwardly, the points formed in the veins and
again connected by interspaceal streaks with the dark terminal
edge of the wing. Thus a series of oval-enclosed spots are
formed terminally, which is distinctive of the species, and very
neatly marked and curious. Hind wings darker outside of the
mesial line, which is lost at costa ; a reflection of the curious
terminal markings of primaries is visible. Beneath very strik-
ingly colored, being bright ochery, immaculate, with dark leaden-
hued fringes. Expanse 33 mil. Arizona. One fresh female ex-
ample.

PSEUDORGYIA RUSSULA. n. S.

S. Antennae plumose ; no ocelli ; labial palpi prominent,
much exceeding the front, with long apical joint ; vestiture hair-
like scales ; legs slender, unarmed ; front smooth ; vein 5 nearer
4 than 6. The moth has a geometridous look, contradicted by
the neuration and the noctuidous palpi and a distant resemblance
to some pale or faded Nemeophilae. From Versu'ta (the type of
which I have examined) it differs in color. Pale, faded ochrey;
the primaries with a slight reddish tinge and no marks except the

76

fragments of a diffuse median fascia. Secondaries darker, some-
what fuscous, with dot. Beneath concolorous pale warm ochrey ;
the secondaries with discal point. A most singular insect. From
memory of the Texan example I refer it to Dr. Harvey's genus.
It may be that other examples will show more markings, as my
type is not very fresh, though perfect. Expanse, 30 mil. Arizona.
Coll. Neumoegen.

Caradrina Fragosa. n. s.

Slender bodied, in color paler, more brown than Miranda ;
the forewings are of a powdery pale ochrey-brown mingled with
fuscous, becoming completely fuscous terminally. There are
three dark vague costal marks, indicating the lines and median
shade ; t. p. line single, fragmentary; denticulate : t. a. line a vague
shade. Orbicular and reniform minute with central white scales.
Hind wings pale smoky, with pale fringes. Beneath pale smoky,
without markings. Front pale ; second joint of palpi dark at the
side. Antennae simple ; eyes naked.

T.^NIOCAMPA ViRGULA. n. S.

This species is allied to Agrotiformis, with a slender body
and untufted abdomen. It may be known by a black streak cross-
ing subterminal field opposite the cell beyond the small pale ren-
iform. General color of various shades of brown. Stigmata
small ; orbicular with central point, concolorous ; reniform paler
than the wing. No claviform. Lines single, fragmentary, black-
ish ; s. t. line dark, upright; the terminal field following it is
paler than rest of wing ; s. t. Ime preceded by dark marks, opposite
all of which one (above noted) forms a streak. Hindwings fus-
cous, with pale ochrey fringes ; beneath paler, with line and dis-
cal dot. Head and thorax reddish brown, like primaries. Fore
wings, above the veins, on subterminal field, arc marked with
blackish ; the t. a. line is accented by following dark dots, den-
tate, and looks double ; t. p. line waved. Antennae simple.
Expanse, 25 mil. Arizona.

Agrotis Texana. Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. II.,

PI. VI., Fig. 2, (1863.)

A female specimen of this species is contained in Mr. Neu-
moegen's collection from Arizona. It expands 38 mil., and is less
distinctly marked than my figure, but the example is not quite
fresh. It seems to me a good species, allied to the common
Ypsilon and Sancia, but of a much lighter ochery fuscous color.
It is strange that I have seen so (qw specimens of this species since
I described and figured it twenty years ago.

Trichopolia. n. g.

Eyes hairy, lashed ; tibiae unarmed. Male antennae simple,
or finely bipectinate tapering to tips. Abdomen exceeding hind
wings, with reduced basal tuft Thorax hairy without defined
tufts. Form like Heterocanipa. Hind wings white or whitish in
both sexes without sub-apical sulcation. Wings entire, straight

n

along costa ; apices determinate ; outer margin a little rounded
and rather short, the inner margin being sub-parallel with costal
and in T. Dentatclla with a rounded, basal enlargement. The
insects have a resemblance to some HeterocampiB {Celtiphaga.)

Trichopolia Dentatella. n. s.

$. Very dark grayish fuscous with a greenish or olive cast.
Markings illegible ; the three stigmata indistinct ; moderate, sub-
equal, outlined in black. Terminal space with interrupted dashes.
Hind wings white, with terminal dotted line. Antennae bipecti-
nate. Thorax like fore wings, with a greenish cast, indistinctly
marked. Arizona.

Trichopolia Ptilodonta. n. s.

$ ? . Entirely dark grayish fuscous ; male antennae simple.
No greenish or olive cast whatever. The stigmata are concolor-
ous, outlined in black, reniform large ; claviform wide ; orbicular
with a central dot. Lines indistinct. Hind wings white ; soiled
in female, with dotted mesial line ; beneath with discal point.
Thorax like primaries. Two females ; one male. Arizona. J.
Doll.

This looks like Dentatella, but differs by the want of any olive
tinge, the simple antennae of the male and the larger, better de-
fined stigmata. Roth, but especially Dentatella, look like small
Notodontidae. The hair}^ lashed eyes, the Notodontiform abdo-
men, the general shape of the wings, seem to unite the two
species, although the male antennae are very different. Before
examining the frenulum I took the three specimens of Ptilodonta
for females of Dentatella. If, as the plainly single frenulum of
one Ptilodonta assures me, I have made no mistake ; it is yet pos-
sible that a different genus must be used for the second species.

LlTHOPHAis^E GaUSAPATA. n. S..

Allied to Petulca. Entirely of a dull purple red, the primaries
showing a gray bloom. Fore wings with the two mesial lines
brown, sub-parallel, outwardly oblique from costa, more or less
fragmentary and indistinct. Reniform a rusty yellow stain.
Claviform indicated-in pale, with a small brown following mark.
Hind wings and a^d^Tnen dull red ; beneath a brown discal dot
on secondaries. Frontal tuft a little darker beneath. Soda
Springs in October (Behrens). One bred specimen, the wings on
the left side a little unexpanded. The markings are simple and
the species readily detached ; it is much darker and more richly
colored than its eastern dW'xQS petulca, f err ealis, etc.

Agrotis Perfusca, n. s.

All the tibis spmore ; allind to Cochranii {messoria Harris
teste Riley), but uniformly dark fuscous leaving all markings
illegible. Smaller than Pastoralis. Stigmata concolorous, mod-
erate ; orbicular round ; reniform wide ; both marked by whitish
scales and similar scales dispersed along s. m. fold. Hind wings
fuscous. Abdomen flattened. Beneath paler ; hind wings with

7^

two shade bands and discal mark. Expanse, 34 mil. One female.
Soda Springs, Cal.

Cea. n. g.

Allied in form, texture and vestitute to Trichocosviia. Eyes
naked, unlashed. Vestiture narrow — scaly. Form slight, weak,
tegument pale. Antennae simple. Colors pale, a little silky.
Front wide, rising to an embossed protuberance, around which the
short clypeal vestiture circles ; infra-clypeal plate distinct. Ocelli.
Labial palpi slender, rather weak, with elongate third joint. Ves-
titure not strongly adherent and not hairy. White, immaculate ;
fore wings very pale yellow. Tibiae unarmed. Legs v/eak, not
hairy. Abdomen very little exceeding hind wings, with dorsal
carina. Body untufted. Wings entire, rather broad and short ;
apices determinate, and outwardly the piimaries are full.

Cea Immacula. n. s.

Form of Calymnin. Thorax and primaries very pale yellow,
almost white, immaculate. Hind wings pure silky white above
and below, without marks. Body white. Arizona. Expanse, 27
mil.

Agrotis Apposita, Grote.

Fresh specimens from Soda Springs show that the body has
a purply tinge beneath reminding one of Lithophane. It belongs
to the group with unarmed fore tibiae. It may be known by its
purple-black wings shaded centrally with rusty-red and pale about
the median lines and with obsolete stigmata. Hind wings black-
ish fuscous. Expanse, 36 mil.

Pyrophila Triquetra. n. s.

Tibiae unarmed, vestiture mingled scales and hair ; eyes
naked, behind with very short lashes. Body sn^oth, somewhat
flattened. Labial palpi with small conical third article rather
short. Form of OrtJiodes, but distinguishable by the naked eyes.
Probably not to remain here, but sharing some of the structural
features of this genus. Dark fuscous ; the fore wings have three
unequal black marks, one above the other, preceding the subter-
minal line superiorly; the middle very small, the lowest the
largest. Lines and stigmata concolorous, marked with pale.
Hind wings and body paler fuscous. Beneath wings fuscous,
paler at base, with indications of exterior dark line and without
discal points. Body beneath yellowish. Palpi dark on the side
of second joint. Arizona. Expanse, 28 mil. The black marks
before s. t, line are vivid, and alone break the monotony of the
wings, which are of the dirty fuscous color of Agrotis CocJiranii,
H. Devastatrix and other ugly Noctuidae. It is a flattened, shiny
species, looking as if it lurked under bark, where I have found
Pyropliila and Agrotis Clandestina in abundance. This latter,
with Cupida, etc., should form a subgenus of Agrotis.

79

Mecoceras Peninsularia. n. s.

S . Possibly only a modification of Nictocris. Dull green,
with the costa at base showing a reddish shade and dotted with
metallic points. A black discal dot. A median, faint, reddish
shade. An outer line of dark dots, An inner dotted line hardly
perceptible. Wing with sparsely scattered black scales. Hind
wings with the reddish median shade, including two white cellular
spots ; an outer reddish line marked with dark dots ; another faint
line before the margin and a line of black dots on margin edged
within with pale. Abdomen with four dorsal black dots at wide
intervals. I find no note of this in Guenee. Palpi ensiform or
curved, with small terminal joint. Antennae finely bipectinate.
Wings entire. Feet long and narrow. Front and palpi reddish.
Beneath reflecting the markings, pale ; the dotted dentate line on
secondaries running at variance with median shade. Indian
River. Expajisc, 40 mil.

Almodes Rivularia. n. s.

$. Possibly a modification of the Haytien Terraria,hu\.
quite different from Guenee's description. Of an olive brownish,
somewhat pallid ; the median lines principally marked on costa
by broad, dark shades on fore wings above. A medan line con-
tinuous. A black discal mark and scattered elevated' black scale
points. Hind wings dentate, concolorous; the discal raised point
black and white. Beneath costa dotted with black, with a distinct
reddisJi fliisJi; discal points black. Palpi tipped with dark. An-
tennae finely and lengthily plumose. The wings above are crossed
by interrupted, faint, dark lines, like a Boarmia ; the hind wings
best marked. The veins are indicated on fore wings, where the
outer line is dotted. On hind wings there is a marginal black
line edged within with whitish. The ground color is more brown
than " testaceous ;" there is a sprinkling of black scales. The
color is of a cadaverous olive brown, and the insect looks quite
unlike Mecoceras, until palpi and antennee are compared. Meco-
ceras, Almodes and Byssodes, all occurring in Florida, give our
fauna a tropical representation not before suspected. Packard
mentions none of these nor Urapteryx. Expanse, 40 mil.

Properly speaking, we should not include the fauna of South
Florida in our North American Lists. It must be studied in
connection with that of Cuba, Hayti and Jamaica. There is a
species oi Nelphe very like CoJifinis H.-S., from Cuba. We have
the following, which are either modifications of Cuban forms, or,
perhaps, not even sufficiently distinct to bear a different generic
or specific name. In some cases the forms are apparently dis-
tinct.

Florida. Cuba.

Didasys Belee, Gr. Burtia Rubella. Gr.

Lymire Edwardsil, Gr. Lymire melanocephala, Walk.

Cautethia Grotei, Hy, Edw. Caulethia Grotei, Hy, Edw.

= Noctuiformis, H.-S, non Walk.

8o

Eupendosoma Florldum, Gr. Eupseudosoma niveum, Gr.

Nelphe sp. Nelphe Confinis H.-S.

Euhalisidota longa, Gr. Euhalisidota fasciata, Gr.

Byssodes Obrussata, Gr. Byssodes Argeiitata, Dr.

Mecoceras Peninsularia, Gr. Mecoceras Nitocris, Cram.

Urapteryx Floridata, Gr. Urapteryx Palitia, Cram.

Almodes Rivularia, Gr. Almodes Terraria, Guen.

It is difficult to separate the Brazilian and Guiana species
from certain Florida insects. As a rule, the East Coast species
are not the same as the South Texan and Mexican. And we
shall have to examine, finally, the whole American intertropical
fauna, to get a proper notion as to distribution. With regard to
the Florida fauna, the species must be named separately if there
exists any ground for believing them distinct, although we shall
have to wait for large collections to finally decide as to their
specific standing.

FLOWERS ATTRACTING INSECTS.

By Mrs. C. H. Fernald, Orono, Me.

Most people love flowers and cultivate them for their beauty
and fragrance, but to collectors of insects some of them have a
double charm, for they attract some of the most beautiful and
rare Lepidoptera.

It has been suggested to me to mention some of the plants
to which certain insects are attracted in this locality. The com-
mon lilac {SyrtJiga vulgaris) and the Tartarian and Siberian
honeysuckles, when in full bloom, during the hottest hours of a
bright, sunny day, are a perfect paradise for several of the Lepi-
doptera, as well as numerous Hymenoptera and Diptera. The
gaudy Papilio Turnus sails proudly over the highly-scented flow-
ers, frequently dropping down to sip the nectar ; 3.r\d Hemaris
Diffinis and Thysbe, with an occasional Gracilis, whiz about among
the flowers as " busy as the bees." Then at twilight the larger
Sphinx moths, Gordins and CJianicenerii.,, and rarely Luscitiosa^
dart swiftly from shrub to shrub, and from flower to flower, re-
quiring a quick eye and hand to capture them. Hcliophila Albi-
linea, Plusia Simplex and Precationis, and occasionally a Biniacu-
lata, are also taken on these flowers. Rarely the beautiful and
choice Lepisesia Flavofasciata is found on the lilac, but always in
a worn condition ; better specimens are taken earlier on apple-
blossoms, and the best one ever captured in this place was found
still earlier on Aine lane Jiier Canadensis in the woods. I have cap-
tured more insects on Oenothera Laniarckiana than on any other
plant. A plot about three feet square gives from fifty to one
hundred fresh flowers about four inches in diameter every even-

8i

ing, and if the seed pods are picked off they can be kept in bloom
for three months.

The most common insect upon this plant is Sphinx Chersis, then
Driipiferaruvt, Kalniicc Unchilosa, Hylceus, Harrisii, and, later,
Lineata; and of the Noctuids, several species of HeliopJiila are com-
mon, NcpJielodes violans, Apainca Nictitans, Drastcria Erecht^,
Phisia MortiwruDi, Avipla, Putiiami, and also those which fre-
quent the lilac. It is the home of the beautiful RJiodophora Flor-
ida, which are found in the morning, tucked away, head down-
ward, in the half-closed flowers, the yellow tips of their wings just
showing among the stamens. They look so cosy, it seems almost
cruel to shake them out into the cyanide bottle, but in this way
many perfect specimens may be obtained. They breed so freely
upon this plant that it is difficult to preserve the buds entire, as
the larvae eat round holes into them, in which they nearly bury
themselves. When the buds are all gone they will ieed upon the
decaying flowers and the seed pods, boring into them in the same
manner. The stalks of this plant also contain a Tineid larva,
Lavcrna ? Eloisclla, Clem. Several Geometers are also attracted
to the Oenothera, and I have bred Glaucoptcryx Cinnatilisixoxw it.
The rare Phisia Striatclla and Piitnavii, and all the more common
Plusias, are found hovering over the single white Petunia. The
climbing honeysuckle attracts Phisia Balluca and Bimaculata, as
well as the common species, and also many of the same Sphinx
moths as the Oenothera. I have taken several of the before-
mentioned Noctuids also on Perennial Phlox and Annual Lark-
spur, and doubtless should find more on these plants were it not
for the much mor-e i^'agrant Oenothera and Petunias close by.
Possibly other species, might be captured at the flowers, but as I
sugar for moths on the garden fence, many may prefer the sugar
to the flowers. Mr. L. W. Goodell, of Amherst, Mass., kindly
informs me that Datura Wrightii, Nicotiana affinis, Sivect Alyssnm,
Szvcct Mignonette, Sivcet William, Verbena Montana, Mirabilis
longifiora, and the old Clove Pink, are also more or less attractive
to insects.

A NEW NOTHRIS FROM ILLINOIS.

By D. W. Coquillett.

NOTHRIS TRINOTELLA. n. sp.

Reddish-brown, with three white dots near the center of each
fore wing, the outermost dot crossed by a black dash ; expands
II m. m. Head pinkish-brown ; basal joint of palpi dark brown
outside, whitish inside, upper side of terminal tuft pale pinkish;
terminal joint dark brown ; antennae pale yellowish ringed with
dark brown, the basal joint wholly dark brown, Thorax reddish-

82

brown. Primaries reddish-brown, inclining to pink, and sparsely
dotted with black; near the center of each are three white dots
arranged somewhat in the form of a right-angled triangle, its base
next the base of the wing, the upright next the costa ; the two
dots forming the base of the triangle have a dark spot on that
side of them which is nearest the body, and the third dot is
crossed transversely with the wing by a black dash ; fringes
slightly paler than the ground color. Secondaries dull leaden,
unmarked ; fringes dusky, becoming lighter next the body.
Under side of primaries deep brown, the costal and apical mar-
gins marked with pale yellow. Under side of secondaries dull
leaden, marked along the costa and at the apex with light yellow
and brown. Abdomen brown, marked with pale yellow, which
on the ventral surface forms two lines ; legs brown, the points
marked with pale yellow.

Described from a female bred from a larva found in a folded
leaf of Hazel. It was sent to Lord Walsingham, who returned
it labelled " Nothris sp.;" I sent a brief description and a sketch
to Mr. V. T. Chamuers, who replied that he was unacquainted,
with it ^nd believed it to be a new species.

THE PINE MOTH OF NANTUCKET.

A Review by A. R. Grote.

Mr. S. H. Scudder has just published a pamphlet with the
above title, containing a colored lithographic plate illustrating the
subject of the treati<=;e. The pamphlet is one of the publications
of the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture,
and contains 22 pages of large print, including an appendix ex-
tracted from Professor Comstock's Government Report bearing
on the subject. The moth Retinia Fritstrana, Scudd., which in-
jures the pine {P. Rigida) trees in Nantucket, is a new species
with European allies, and the description of its ravages, the facts
of its history, and its appearance in three stages are elaborately
described and scientifically treated by the author. The remedy,
to break off the affected buds in June and burn them, is feasible
from the limited extent of the plantations and their insular posi-
tion. It is clear that in this case the moth can be exterminated;
the question is one of cost and labor, and whether it is worth
while. If the moth really only occurs on Nantucket, we should
be sorry to destroy the pretty species. This does not seem
likely, however, and if the species threatens to destroy the pines,
there is no question but that it would be better to destroy the
moth and act upon Mr. Scudder's very sensible suggestions. The
pamphlet is remarkable for the clear statements, the absence of
bombast, and the thorough comprehension of the subject dis-
played by the author.

83

OBITUARY.

G. W. Belfrage.

To the grief of the entomological world, this excellent col-
lector and amiable man was stricken by death on December last
at his home, Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas. The materials for a.
biogjaphical sketch of Mr. Belfrage's life are but scanty, but
from an intimate friend of his fir many years the following brief
memoranda have been obtained. He was born in Stockholm,
Sweden, and at the time of his death was about 50 years of age.
He was descended from an old family of the Swedish nobility,
and began life as a soldier, but the military profession was dis-
tasteful to him, and his early acquired love for natural history
caused him to resign his commission and to emigrate to the
United States. He first resided in Charleston, S. C, then for a
brief period in New York City, and afterwards, for about two
years, in Chicago. In all these places he formed large collections,
chiefly in Entomology, and in 1867 he made his home in Texas,
his explorations in that little known State being productive of
most valuable results. He traversed a large portion of the State,
and the many new species discovered by him bear ample testi-
mony to his energy and power of observation. His correspond-
ence, both in this country and Europe, was very extensive, and
it is to be regretted that that he did not leave behind him some
permanent records of his knowledge of his favorite science. His
health never very strong, broke down under the fatigue and
exposure to which he had subjected himself, and after an acute
illness of several weeks' duration, he closed his eyes upon the
world on the 7th of December, 1882. Mr. O. Solberg, who has
kindly communicated these few facts with reference to Mr. Bel-
frage, says of him : " When he left us, he left no enemies, but
many friends, all of whom will greatly miss him, and always
cherish his memory." It is probable that his collections will be
forwarded to Stockholm." H. E.

H

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

On two closely Allied Tarache Larv^— Tarache erastroides,
Guen, The description of this larva which I gave on page 8, Vol. I., of
" Papilio," also includes the larva of T. candefacta, Hubner. The chief dif-
ferences in these two larvae are to be found in the markings of the head ; in
erastroides the head is green, mottled with black, brown and whitish ; while
m candefacta it is striped vertically with alternate whitish and green lines, the
latter sometimes tinged with purple. The food plant of the two species is the
same -Ambrosia artemism folia. Two larvae of erastroides pupated about
July 24th, ai^d the imagos issued August 5th and 6th. A larva of catidefacta
pupated in the latter part of July and the imago issued on the loth of the follow-
ing month. I have also found the larvae of catidefacta in the vicinity of Anaheim ,
California (my present home) ; they do not differ from Eastern specimens, and
tha food plant is the same. One specimen pupated August 22. and the imago
issued September 5 ; the latter is considerably darker than any of my Illinois
examples. D. W. Coquillett.

Appendages OF LeuCARCTIAACREA. In response to Mr. Stretchs' inter-
esting paper on the appendages of L. Acrcea. I would state that so far as known
to me, they were iirst observed by the late Mr. C. T. Robinson, who showed me
a preparation of them at his residence in Putnam County, N. Y. I believe, also,
Mr. Morrison very fully published them in Psyche; I have not his paper to refer
to. Mr. Robinson made notes on this discovery, but they were not published ;
I have alluded to their existence in Ann, N. Y., Lye. Nat. History. A. R. Grote.

In the February number of '-Papilio" Mr. R. H. Stretch asks if any
Eastern entomologists have found the peculiar abdominal organs of Leucarctia
acrcea, Smith, which he describes. While dissecting a male moth of this species
in July last, I saw these organs. I afterwards examined many other specimens,
and aKvays found them present. I also examined allied species, and found them
in Pyrrharctia Isabella, Smith. As I could find no mention of them in any
accessible works on entomology. Prof. A. J. Cook kindly took some specimens
to the Montreal meeting of the A. A. A. S. He showed them to Prof. C. H.
Fernald, who pronounced them to be scent organs. The hairs on the membranes
of the appendages in P. Isabella are white. They may be seen in dried speci-
mens by dissecting away the upper posterior portion of the abdomen,

Clarence M. Weed, Lansing, Mich., April 9, 1883.

Early Appearance of Hyphantria Cunea, Drury. Two specimens
of this moth have been taken here this Spring, one on March 19 and the other
on April 14. The first was found in the house on a window, while the second
was captured out of doors: I think it an interesting and not generally known
fact that this insect is to be found so early in the season.

Wm. T. Davis, Tompkinsville, Staten Island.

PAPILIO.

Prgan of tl^e flew Jork pntomological piub.

Vol.111,] May and June, 1883. [Nos. 5 and 6.

XOTE. — Owing to the absence of the Editor from New York, it was impossible to produce the
May number in proper time. It is hoped that the contents of this double number will compensate for
the delay. (Issued July lo, 1883.)

ON THE POLYMORPHISM OF LYCtENA PSEU-
DARGIOLUS. BOIS.

By W. H. Edwards.

This paper, nearly in its present form, was read at the Montreal meeting of the Am. Assn.
in 1882. Some additions and alterations have been rendered necessary by the receipt
of Mr. Morrison's collections of 1881, and by further information respecting L. Piasus.

Coalburgh, W. Va., April i, 1883.

L. Pseudargiolus received its specific name in 1833, ^^t Abbot
had figured it in 1797, Ins. Ga., as Argiolus, mistaking it for the
European species of that name. In 1862, I described as Neglecta
what has since been found to be a co-form with Pseudaro-iobis, in
W. Va., and the usual northern type of the summer generation.
I also described L. Violacea, from W. Va., in 1866. At that time,
very little was known of the polymorphism of butterflies, seasonal
or other, and, moreover, that was a phenomenon which was only
discoverable by breeding from the ^%'g, and nothing whatever
was known of the preparatory stages ot any one of these sup-
posed species.

Kirby had described L. Lucia, in Fauna Boreali Americana,
in 1S37, and, fortunately, had given a well executed and colored
figure of it. His description does not agree with his figure,
varying in several important particulars ; but as he says that only
one specimen was taken by the Expedition, I apprehend that
the careful figure should be our guide, rather than the less careful
description, especially as the figure really represents a common
boreal form of the butterfly. The description says : " Wings
above silvery-blue ; the secondaries are brown underneath and
spotted zoith black and zvhite ; towards the posterior margin the
white spots are arranged in a transverse band parallel with it, and,
as in the primaries, the zving terminates in several obsolete eyelets^
The synopsis of character which precedes the description differs

86

from the latter, thus: "Secondaries underneath brotviiish-ask
color, spotted with black and white." One says " brown," the
other " brownish-ash color."

The colored figure shows the basal area of secondaries to be
whitey-brown, and there is a conspicuous blackish, triangular
patch on the disk at the origin of the median nervules, of which
the text is silent ; the extra discal area is scarcely whiter than the
basal, and is not composed of white spots, as would be understood
by the description. It is merely the uninterrupted white ground
of that part of the wing. Also, the margins by no means repre-
sent obsolete eyelets, as stated, but heavy dark confluent crena-
tions.

I believe the typical Lucia, as bur collectors understand it,
has a more or less conspicuous black discal patch, as indicated in
Kirby's figure, and a heavy black border. As witness to this,
Mr. Scudder, Can. Ent., VIII., 62, describes Ljicia as having the
spots of the under hind wing " very large, usually completely
confluent, and often suffusing nearly the whole base of the wing ;
and the marginal markings tend to form a broad band, etc. This
agrees well with the figure, whereas the description might pass
for Violacca of a silver-blue shade, and on which the white scales
of under side had been partially denuded, so as to disclose the
brown sub-color, thereby leaving the white area somewhat macu-
lar. The fringes are white and black alternately.

The typical Violacca is violet-blue above, light grayish-white
beneath, and all of one shade, there being nothing macular in it,
with dark points across the disks, and pale dusky crenations in
outline on the margins. But while, in W. Va., violet is a pre-
vailing color, many are lavender-blue, or silvery, and some,
especially females, are metallic blue. The range of color embraces
all the shades which are to be found in the northern corresponding
forms. The fringes are either white and black as in Lucia, or on
the hind wing white altogether. At the extreme north, the under
side of Violacca is not so white and pure as in the type, the brown
sub-color appearing more or less. The southern Violacca consid-
erably approaches JSeglccta in color of both sides.

Now, in addition to the above-named and described forms,
which stand at the extremes of the series, there is another mid-
way between Lucia and Violacca, and distinctly characterized.
The males are silvery-blue and as often violet-blue, the females
almost always metallic blue, of the shade spoken of as sometimes
seen in the Virginian Violacca. The fringes white and
black, as in Lucia. The ground color of secondaries un-
derneath is whitish, and continuous, and the marginal
crenations are very heavy, confluent, black, making a con-
spicuous band. There is no discal patch, and therein it
differs from Lucia ; the marginal band separates it from
Violacca. This form is as unknown in Virginia as is Lucia^

87

but seems to prevail in New York, New England, and Quebec, at
least in the region about Montreal. I call this Mar o^ina^a. It has
passed sometimes as Lucia, sometimes as Violacea, but by sepa-
rating it we shall get a clearer idea of the species. Of course,
these three forms, distinct as they are generally, all vary, and one
approaches the other, or glides into the other, by intermediate
examples, but I should say that forty-nine out of fifty individuals,
no matter where found, would range under one of these names.
They all belong to the same species. Liicia without the black
patch is Marginata^ and Marginata, without the black and heavy
border, is Violacea. They are three phases of the winter form of
the species, and whether we call them trimorphic forms, or three
varieties, makes no difference in the result. At any rate the two
extremes, Lucia and Violacea, differ materially.

In W. Va., Violacea is the sole representative of these forms,
there being no examples so far known approaching Lucia, and
very {e\v indeed approaching Marginata, even by a slight deepen-
ing of color in the marginal band. And it has acquired a melanic
male not before observed. Mr. Morrison took the same melanic
male together with both Violacea and Neglecta in south Colorado.

In many seasons, the blue males swarm in my neighborhood,
and assemblies of scores and hundreds may be met with along
the water courses, early in April, or in the last days of March.
The first generation vastly outnumbers its apparent second one,
which is made up of Pseitdargiolus, flying in May, and Neglecta, in
June, and is now very abundant. Sometimes, with the early but-
terflies, a few individuals are taken which combine the features of
both Violacea and Pseudargiolus, the males having the upper sur-
face colored as in the latter, but the under marked like the
other, and often more emphatically than in the type. I have
such a mixed example from south Colorado also.

Precisely at what line Lucia and Marginata are suppressed, or
where the melanic form comes in, I am not able to state. Dr. J no.
Hamilton, of Allegheny, and Rev. W. J. Holland, of Pitts-
burgh, both assure me that the black male has never been
seen by them in Pennsylvania. To the west, Dr. H. S. Jewett, at
Dayton, Ohio, has never seen the black male, though blue Violacea
flies there. Mr. H. K. Morrison tells me that in western North
Carolina both the black and blue forms are found. Mr. E. M.
Aaron, now of Philadelphia, but formerly of eastern Tennessee,
says that all the West Virginia forms of the species are found in
Tennessee, North Carolina and Georgia. Abbot, in the Insects of
Georgia, figured Pseudccrgiolus ■&.•=> Argiolus {pi Europe) and its larva
and chrysalis.

The typical Pseugdariolus is large, sometimes expanding 1.4
inch, and from that down to one inch. Neglecta expands from
.8 to I inch. As a rule, the disk of forewing in Pseudargiolus ? is
whiter than in Neglecta, and the under side of both sexes is

88

purer white, with fewer and less distinct marks ; and the disk of
hind wings of Neglecta is pale, with a deep blue marginal border,
while in Pseiidargiolns both wings are of one hue. The northern
summer form is Neglecta ; in the south, Pseiidargiohis flies in
May and Neglecta in June, and, as I shall show, have not a
direct relationship with each other notwithstanding the re-
semblance.

We have therefore Pseiidargiolns, Neglecta, Marginata, Vio-
lacea and the melanic male (originally supposed to be the female)
of the latter, all going to make one polymorphic species. I pro-
pose to show what is known of the inter-relationship of these
forms.

1. In the high boreal regions both Lucia and Violacea fly.

I have Violacea from St. Michael's, Alaska; also from Anti-
Costi. And Lucia from Anticosti and Lake Winnipeg. Kirby's
Lucia was taken in lat 54°, or about as far north as the upper end
of Winnipeg. Mr. Couper, who collected for two seasons on An-
ticosti, is confident that no butterfly can be double-brooded on.
that island, by reason of the short and cold summer. Probably
.■at St. Michael's all species are monogoneutic also. As only two
-examples were received from this locality, both of which were Vio-
lacea, we cannot tell whether Liicia flies there or not. Very
probably it does, and, if so, these two forms in Alaska as well as
on Anticosti equally represent the species. Being single-brooded,
they together stand for the parent species. They are the
primary or winter generation. As the species has extended
-to the south, where a second generation was permitted, Neglecta
is derived directly from it.

2. In a belt of latitude covering part of Canada and
British America, and southward to Long Island at the east, and
Racine, Wisconsin, at the west, we have Lucia, Marginata, Vio-
lacea and Neglecta. The three forms of the winter generation
appear, in the territories they all inhabit, at the same period of
the year. Neither precedes the other in time.

I give a table of localities of both the winter and summer
generations, as they manifest themselves; also adding Piasiis to
bring the entire sub-group into one view.

Now as to the three members of the winter form appearing
at the same time of the year. At my request, several gentlemen
undertook very kindly to pay special attention to this point, the
present year. Unfortunately, in most localities, this has been the
most wretched conceivable season for butterflies, and Mr. Hulst
is the only person who has met with the species we are consider-
ing in any numbers.

1. Dr. E. C. Howe, Yonkers, N. Y., says: "All these forms
do really occur here, and at the same time."

2. Rev. George D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, N. Y., between 17
April and 19 May, took 118 s 31 ?• The first example was a $

89

Table of Localities — Winter and Summer Generations.

Lucia.

Marginata

Vioi-acea.

Same.
Black
Male,

VlOLACEA
CiNEREA.

*

Neglecta.

PSEUDARG.

PlASUS,

Anticosti.
Winnipeg.
Montreal.

Montreal.

St. Michaels
Anticosti.
Winnipeg.
Montreal.

Montreal.

Orono, Me.

Boston.

Albany,N.Y

Yonkers, "

L. Island.

Racine,Wis.

London, Ont
Orono.

Yonkers.

L. Island.

Racine.

Orono.

Boston.

Albany.
Yonkers.
L. Island.

Racine.

London.

Orono.

Boston.

Albany.
Yonkers.
L. Island.

Racine.

Racine.

North Colo.

Montana.

C'lb'h,W.V.
Dayton, O.
Carb'ale.IU.
W.N. Car.

Georgia.

E. Tenn.

Montana.

S. Colorado.

Coalburgh.

W. N. Car.
Georgia.
E. Tenn.

S. Colorado.

S. Arizona.

Coalburgh.

W. N. Car.
Georgia.
E. Tenn.

N. Colorado.
S. Colorado.

Coalburgh.

W. N. Car.
Georgia.
E. Tenn.
Montana.
Nevada.

S. Arizona.

Mt. H'd Or.

S. California

Arizona.

Arizona.
California.

Marginata 17th April; on the 19th, i $ same and i ,5 i ¥
V olacea ; on 22d, 3 Lucia, two of which displayed very large
patches on hind wings, 7 Marginata, and 4 Violacea ; on 24th, 2
Lucia, \\ Marginata, 7 Violacea; on ist May; 6Lncia, 22 Marginata,
23 Violacea; on 8th May 11 Lncia, 18 Marginata, 14 Violacea;
May 16, A, Lucia, 7 Marginata, 3 Violacea. I would have been glad
of many other statements, and should have received them had
the season been propitious, but this one, made by an experienced
and careful observer, and extending through several weeks, tells
the story as completely as if a dozen had been sent me. Mr.
Hulst further informs me that he happened to have a lot of
these butterflies caught one day in the spring of 1881, 41 speci-
mens in all. That of them 8 are Lucia, all but three having the
patch of large size, 24 are Marginata, and 9 Violacea; and speaking
in general of these forms as they appear at Brooklyn, he says that
Lucia is common, Marginata takes in the bulk of the specimens,
and Violacea is not unfrequent.

3. Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, of Cowansville, P. Q., sends a table
of his captures :

On 22nd May, 3 Marginata.

" 27th " 2

" 31st " I

" 2nd June, 4 " and 2 Lucia.

" I2th " I "

3. Eggs laid by Violacea, in April or early in May, in W.Va.,
produce Neglecta, in June, so far as known, but most of the

90

chrysalids hybernate. The eggs are laid on Dogwood, Cornus, in
April. This was ascertained in 1878 only. On tying a female
over the end of a branch, about 40 eggs were obtained within a
few hours, laid among the flowrets. This was 14th April. The
duration of the egg stage wa^ 5 days, of the larval, 24 days, and
the first pupation took place on the 13th May; on 6th June, or
24 days after pupation, there emerged a Neglecta ? . The whole
period, therefore, from egg to butterfly, was 53 days, and obser-
vations in successive years show that the duration of the egg and
larval stages is just about the same as in the case stated ; that is,
29 or 30 days. I have never had a butterfly from Violacea chrysa-
lis except in this one instance. Som-e of the chrysalids of 1878
were alive late in the summer, and the presumption is, would
have successfully hybernated, if I had had the skill to manage
them properly. But about middle of September all were found to
be dead. And in subsequent years, I have lost them without
getting a butterfly. They either dry up or mould. In nature,
these larvae fall to the ground when full grown, and no doubt
conceal themselves under sticks and stones for pupation. I made
my plans for the present season (1882) to breed from Violacea and
Pseudargiolns largely, with the hope of clearing up any yet obscure
parts of their history, and received advice from Mr. William
Buckler, of England, who has had great experience in rearing
lepidopterous larvae, as to the way of preserving a just medium
between dryness and too great dampness with the chrysalids, but
have been able to do nothing, getting neither eggs nor larvae.
Inasmuch as Violacea is so excessively abundant in April, it is not
possible that the few late females of Pseudargiolns y which lay eggs
in September, can be the parents of all this host, and I infer, in
consideration of the fact that the hybernating chrysalids of the
May generation {Psciidargiolus) produce their own form of but-
teriiy only so far as yet known, and also that the larger part of
the chrysalids of Violacea appear to hybernate, that nearly all the
butterflies of the first generation must come in direct descent
from their own form of the year before.

4. Eggs laid hy Pseudargiolns y^xodiVLze the same form the same
year in very small numbers, but most of the chrysalids hybernate
to produce the same form the next spring. The {e\^ butterflies
which emerge the same summer are sometimes as large as the
parent female, but usually are smaller. I have never actually car-
ried one of the chrysalids over the winter to imago in the spring,
but there can be no doubt that Pseudargiolns of May come from
hybernating chrysalids, and I will make it clear that any other
assumption is impossible. The food plant of PsendargioliLS is
Rattle-weed, or otherwise called black snake-root, Cimicifugarace-
mosa. That the females laid their eggs on this was only ascer-
tained in 1877, ar^d early in July, I had got about 30 chrysalids by
raising the larvae. (The duration of the several stages are as fol-

91

lows: egg, 4 days; larva, 19 at the least, or 23 days from laying
of egg to pupation. From that to 28 days.) On 19th August,
I 6 Psendarg-io/ns ca.me iorth from chrysalis ; i ? ist September,
and I ? between 3rd and 20th September, while I was absent
from home. The other chrysalids were alive at the beginning of
winter, but 19th February, 1878, were found, on examination, to
be dead. I opened their wing cases, and most had the full color
of Pseudargiolus, a few showing no color at all. It is well known
that the color of a butterfly's wing begins to set but a short time
before the imago is to issue from chrysalis, and when the color is
complete the insect is ready to burst the shell. Most of my chry-
salids then, at some date in the winter, had been fully ready to
give Pseudargiolns butterflies, but just at that point they had died.

In 1878, I had a great number of larvae. On one day, 19
June, I found 50. On 13th July, emerged i ? ; on 4th August, i
$\ on loth August, 2 ? ; and no more issued. I had tried to keep
these chrysalids damp on moss sprinkled with water, but on 12th
September found that all were dead with mould.

In 1879,1 carried upwards of 20 chrysalids, obtained in July,
through the summer and fall, with no emergence except on 14th
September, when a% Pseudargiolus came out. The rest were alive
in early winter, but were found to be dead 19th January.

In 188 1, I had 3 chrysalids that certainly were alive 20th
February, 1882, and that day they were removed from the house
to the open air, the weather becoming moderately warm. This
was with the hope that the butterflies would soon begin to come
forth. But some time in March I found all of them dead. On
opening the wing cases they proved to be 2 <^ i ? Pseudargiolus in
full color.

This season, 1882, I could get but two chrysalids, one of
which formed 3d July, and gave a full-sized female 15th July, or
after 12 days. The other, on 27th July, gave a medium-sized ?
after but ten days pupation.

In corroboration of the observations based on the chrysalids,
I will give others upon the appearance of the butterflies in the
field, and these can have no other interpretation than that Pseu-
dargiolus of May must come altogether from hybernating chrysa-
lids. I recall the facts before stated, that the duration of the egg
and larval stage in the first generation (or Violaced) is about 30
days, and that the only butterfly known to emerge from chrysalis
proceeding from Violacea was Neglecta, after a period of 24 days
from pupation, making 63 days from egg to butterfly. The egg
was laid 14th April, and the Neglect a came out 6th June. Now
it will be seen that year after year the first appearance of Neglecta
has been in the early days of June, while Pseudargiolus has been
on the wing, in fresh examples, at the time that Violacea eggs were
being laid. In fact, Pseudargiolus is always plenty before the

1867, nth May,

1868, 1st "

took 6 $ Pseudargiolus

•' I ? " 1

seen.

" 14th "
1869, 29th "
6th June

" 14 ^ ?
" 15 ^

I ? ^"

several Neglecta.

1870, 15th May,
1877, 29th

2d June

took 5 ^ Pseudargiolus
" 3 ?
'• several ^ "

92

larvae from Violacea eggs have reached chrysalis, and has totally
disappeared when Neglecta begins to come on the stage.

1865, 22d May, took 3 Pseudargiolus ; on 15th June, 3 <? Ne-
glecta, the first seen.

1866, on 1 3th and 14th June, took 30 5 Neglecta ; on 1st July,
I ? , the first seen.

LV. took 6 $ Pseudars'iolus

the first example

on 20th June took

1878, 13th to 17th April, found the first eggs and nearly
hatched larvse of Violacea. On 19th, 20th, 2ist April, took each
day a fresh $ Pseudargiolus. On ist May 5 i ,and 3d May, re-
corded that the species was abundant. On 6th June, a Neglecta
(before mentioned) came from chrysalis from Violacea. On 9th
June, took several Neglecta, and recorded that no more Pseudar-
giolus were to be seen.

1879, 1st to 6th May, was daily finding eggs and larvae of
Violacea ; 9th May, took i $ Pseudargiolus.

nth " " I ?

1880, 2d May, took 2 $ Pseudargiolus : On 30th May, took
23 (5 A f gleet a.

1881, 8th May, found the first larva of Violacea of the season
same day, saw ^vst Pseudargiolus flying. i6th they were plenty
On 7th June, Neglecta were flying, fresh from chrysalis ; took 5 $
on 22 June, they were plenty.

1882, April 6, took several fresh $, Violacea in a cluster on
the ground, and with them were two 6 Ps ciidargio his, e^rVxer by a
month nearly than I had ever seen them.

The observations on the chrysalids and those on the appear-
ance of the butterflies in the field therefore agree, and together
show that Psejidargiolus of May cannot proceed /rom Violacea
butterflies of that year, but must come from hybernating chrysa-
lids. The later butterflies, Neglecta, which follow closely the
others, and begin their flight about June i, and are not in large
numbers, as a rule, must come from Violacea butterflies of the
same year. A small percentage of the chrysalids from Violacea
give butterflies at fifty and more days from the eggs laid in April,
which brings the emergence into June, and the result is Neglecta\
while nearly all the chrysalids hybernate, as before said, to give
Violacea the next spring.

In a paper in Can. Ent. Vol. X., p. i, 1878. I stated my

93

belief that Pseiidargiohis proceeded directly from Violacea, and
accounted for Neglecta by effect of climate, scarcity of larval food,
etc. But later observations and a careful reading of my journals
have led me to reject that theory.

Therefore, what is apparently the second generation is really
but partially so. It is made up from two distinct sources, and
the true second generation of the year in descent is Neglecta, pro-
ceeding, as it does, directly from the first generation, or Violacea.
. Psetidargioliis is an interpolated and distinct generation, the first
in the year of its series. It has no direct connection with the
winter forms, but an indirect one through the few individuals
which spring from it late in the season, as I shall show.

I am not able to state what is the behavior of Neglecta, when
it lays its eggs, or upon what plant. Inasmuch as, later in the year,
only an occasional individual of the species is flying, and which
can be accounted for as as the product oi Pseiidargiolus, it seems
to me highly probable that all the chrysalids from Neglecta, which
would be formed in July, go over the winter, to swell the hosts
of Violacea in April."

5. The few late females sprung ixox^ Pseiidargiolus, and which
emerge from chrysalis irregularly in August and September, lay
eggs, and the chrysalids thereupon hybernate and produce Violacea
in the following spring.

In September, 1873, M''- T. L. Mead, then at Coalburgh, noticed
a female laying eggs on flowers of Actinomeris squarrosa. From
these two chrysalids were obtained, but they died during the win-
ter. In September, 1874, I found a few larvae on same plant, and
got from them three chrysalids, from which emerged 13th Feb-
ruary, 1875, three butterflies, 1^2? Violacea (as related Can.
Ent., VII., p. 82.)

In 1877, so late as 13 October, I found several larvae on
Actinomeris, and sent them to Dr. Hagen for observations on the
honey-tubes. 1878, 1 1 September, I had 3 larvae from same plant,
but find no mention of the chrysalids later. 1881, 30 August, I
found 2 larvae on same plant, and obtained from them two chrys-
alids. These gave two females Violacea, on 2nd and 15th March,

* While correcting the proof of this paper, 30th June, I am able to add something to the history
oi Neglecta. From Violacea eggs, in April of this year, I obtained six chrysalids, which formed 19
May, and within one or two days after. To the present date, or at 39 to 41 days from pupation, no
chrysalis has given butterfly, though A^e'^/t'rf« butterflies have come and nearly gone. Pscudargiolus
was so scarce that I saw but one example, a female, which I caught while it was ovipositing on Rattle
weed, on 5th June. From this, tied in bag, I got eggs, and this very day 3 of the larvs therefrom
have pupated, i on 28th, or at 23 to 25 days from laying the eggs. On the Rattle weed, previous to
i6th June, I found a few egos and larvje of Pscudargiolus^ from which I have 12 chrysalids. On gth
June, the first example of Neglecta butterfly was seen, a fresh male, and within a week there were
many. And they have nearly disappeared, and examples taken since 25th have been worn. But at
this date, 30th June, the Rattle weed is still abundant, and bids fair to continue in flower two weeks
longer (or long enough for all larvae now on it to mature), and I find plenty of young larvse, which un-
doubtedly are from Neglecta. Since i6th June, I have found both fresh eggs and newly hatched
larvse. I observe that the chrysalids from eggs of Pseiidargiolus are nearly twice as large as those of
Violacea^ averaging, length, .336 in., breadth of abdomen, .157 in.; while Violacea averages, length,
.it in and breadth .125. What the chrysalids from Neglecta measure I will ascertain in due time.
But the little chrysalids of I'iolrcea will not produce the large butterfly Pscudargiolus ., and the large
chr>'sali6 of the latter will not produce the little butterfly Violacea.

94

J 882. So that certainly some Violacea come from the chrysahds of
the late Pseiidargioliis of preceding year. But, as before said, all
cannot so originate. A. squarrosa has furnished very few larvae,
two and three in a season, in one case ten ; but if all, or any large
part, of the spring butterflies came from September larvae, the
plants would swarm with the latter.

This is the history of the species in W. Va. At the north,
very little seems to have become known respecting any of the
preparatory stages. But 8th June, 1878, I received from Prof. J.
H. Comstock several larvae, on Viburnum acerifolium, supposed
to be from eggs laid by Neglecta. None of the chrysalids there-
from gave butterfly the same seaso.n, and all were dead by I2th
December. I conclude that these chrysalids would, under natural
conditions, have hybernated.

On the other hand, Mr. William Saunders, in Can. Ent., Vol.
I., p. 100, relates that he found larvae nearly full grown 12 July,
on Cornus; and m Vol. VII., page 83, he further says, that of that
lot of larvae, 5 soon after pupation produced Neglecta butterflies.
It is to be inferred that no chrysalids lingered, as no mention is
made of such. Mr. Saunders says, that in his locality,
London, Ont., there are two broods of Neglecta, one in May and
June, the other in July and later. And the date of his captures,
in several years, run from 14th May to 4th June ; a much beaten
specimen on 25th June. And fresh individuals had been taken
2d and 5th July, indicating a second brood. Mr. Saunders is
confident that the winter forms of the species are not to be found
in that region, not having been taken or seen, though there are
many collectors at hand. At various points from W. Va. to Maine
the winter forms and the flowering of Cornus come together, so
that except for Mr. Saunders' confidence in the absence of these
forms, I should infer that the eggs which produced these larvae
were laid by one of the winter forms. If that had been so, the
second generation, Neglecta^ would have followed the first in
direct succession, with many of the complications seen in W. Va.

In Can. Ent., X., p. 129, Dr. E. C. Howe states, that at
Yonkers, N. Y., (which is about two degrees to the south of
London, Ont., and being on the seaboard, has a very much milder
climate), he saw several pairs oi Lticla in copulation April 19,
and females Lucia were ovipositing on Cornus April 30 and May 4,
1878, and he saw Neglecta males flying on April 19 and 22
that year. That single mention raises a curious point. It is
plain that these Neglecta, flying with Lucia, must have come from
hybernating chrysalids, as truly as did the Lucia. The history
of these Neglecta would appear to be identical with the history of
Pseudargiolus in W. Va., and they represent the southern form,
and are interpolated in the series just as Pseudargiolus'\s. In fact,
these early Neglecta would be very small Pseudargiolus, though
perhaps undistinguishable from the examples of Neglecta which

95

come in direct descent from Lucia and appear later. Mr. Lintner's
observations lead to the same conclusion, though confined almost
wholly to Ncglccta. He has found this form between May 12
and middle of June, in successive years. On June 9 observed
four pairs in copulation. Hij only Violacea recorded appeared
May 12 and 19, and same year Neglecta was flying from May 16
on, so that the two forms were contemporary in part of their
periods. As above stated, Mr. Saunders shows two broods of
Neglecta, the later one flying in July and August. I have taken
Neglecta, at Hunter in the Catskills, September 8. There was
no general flight, but here and there a butterfly. It is much to be
hoped that further observations may be made by some of our
northern lepidopterists on these forms.

As stated, I have received from Montana males of J^iolacea
and Marginata, and both sexes of Neglecta ; from northern
Colorado, Lucia and Neglecta ; from southern Colorado, \Holacea
and its black male, and both sexes oi Neglecta ; from Nevada
Psendargioliis, from Arizona a form slightly differing from Violacea,
which I have called Cinerea ; from southern CaHfornia, Neglecta
$) $ ;from Mt. Hood, Oregon, a female very near Neglecta.

[But nearly all the Pacific examples, and many from Arizona,
are what Dr. Boisduval names Piasus. They expand from i inch
to 1.3; in color, the males are violet-blue, the under side not
quite white, but color oi Neglecta of the Atlantic slope, and the
markings are as in that form, pale but distinct. But the females
are not often like those oi Neglecta. The blue of the disk is duller
than in the males, and there is no white as in the two forms
named ; the black border is confined to the hind margin, as in
many Lucia and Violacea. The costal margin is blue in many
examples ; others have a fuscous wash over costal margin, and
both these winter variations are found in the eastern winter forms,
but not in Neglecta. The under side is usually more like Neglecta
than Violacea. But with 1299 sent me by Mr. W. G. Wright,
came i ? closely approaching Neglecta, in the black borders to
both margins, and to Violacea in the indistinct markings of under
side. The upper side is deep blue, with no trace of white on
disk, and therein also it differs from Neglecta. The female before
spoken of, from Mt. Hood, is much the same as this from south
California. Piasus evidently stands between Violacea and
Neglecta. Some males in the shade of blue cannot be separated
from Neglecta, nor can they in the appearance of the under surface,
and therefore I have tabulated this form as found in California^
Piasus first appears at San Francisco, according to Mr. Henry
Edwards, " about the end of March or the beginning of April, as
soon as the peach and cherry trees are in blossom." It is his
opinion that in that locality there is but one annual brood of the
larva. He says that there is absolutely no green vegetation in
the lowlands of California after July, and there would be nothing

96

for larvae later than this to feed upon. Mr, Wright, at my request,
has watched the appearance of Piasus the present season, 1883,
at San Bernardino, southern California, and has sent me many-
examples (35 $ 12 ?). Evidently, there, there are two distinct
broods. The first examples were taken in February and March,
the last from i8th April to 2d May. All of a sudden the species
became abundant from i8th April, after an interval of several
weeks, during which none were seen. I find no perceptible
difference between the ^ ? of the two broods, except that in the
earlier one appears the female before spoken of, which resembles
Neglecta instead of Violacea ; of the males, there are several indi-
viduals, which, if taken in W. Va., I should consider Neglecta. As
I look at the matter, Piasus is probably an offshoot of Neglecta or
Pseiidargioliis, and occasionally there is a reversion to Violacea in
some characters.]

Summing up the facts as related, with such inferences as the
best observations at command will justify, the history of the
species treated of will take shape as follows :

1. The winter generation, in its most northern localities, is
one-brooded, and at same time dimorphic ; Lucia and Violacea.

2. At a certain line, moving southward, say at or about lat. 45°,
on the Atlantic, a second generation, Neglecta, appears; and the
first, or winter, generation has become trimorphic: Lucia, Mar-
ginata, Violacea.

3. At another line, say at or about lat. 38°, on the Atlantic,
two of the forms of the first generation are suppressed, viz. :
Lucia and Marginata ; and an entirely new form comes in, re-
stricted to one sex: viz., the black male of Violacea.

3. But in lat. 40^, at the west, in Colorado, at high elevation,
the original dimorphism prevails, Lucia 3.nd Violacea; though the
latter has acquired the black male, identical with that of the east.

5. At another line, say about lat. 33s in Arizona, Violacea is
replaced by a modified form, Cinerea, and the black male ap-
parently has disappeared.

6. On the Atlantic, from about lat. 40^ or 39"^ and south,
a second summer form is interpolated : viz., Pseudargiolus, from
which proceeds a partial generation only the same year.

7. This partial generation produces chrysalids, which hyber-
nate, and in the spring disclose a part of the butterflies of the
first generation, or Violacea.

8. But most of the butterflies of the first generation are di-
rectly descended from the first generation of the year before.

9. The first generation produces a partial second the same
year: viz., Neglecta, and this probably produces chrysalids
which hybernat,e to give butterflies of the first generation
in the spring. The first generation is therefore made up from
two and, probably, three distinct sources.

10. The interpolated summer form, Pseudargiolus, is very

97

much independent of the first generation, and the latter is very
much independent of its second generation, as well as oi Pseudar-
gioliis ; and, therefore, if at any point, either was suppressed, the
other could exist, and would solely represent the species. Which
accounts for the form Piasus on the Pacific, or for the single form
Ncglecta at London, Ont.

Note. — Prof. Lintner, Can. Ent.,VII.,p. 122, 1875, stated that
Lucia had never to his knowledge been taken in the vicinity of
Albany, N. Y., or in that well-worked region. Centre, N. Y. ; but
that, at the latter locality, in some seasons Negelcta swarms in
myriads: "the air has seemed blue" with them. On the next
page, in a foot-note, it is said : " Since the publication of the
above, L. Lucia has made its appearance for the first time at
Centre. Examples of it were captured by Mr. W. W. Hill on the
i6th May, 1876, at this locality, where it was also captured on the
13th, 20th, 26th May (5 specimens)."

In a letter to me of 22d July, 1882, Prof. Lintner says:
" Lucia is increasing here. A young collector showed me an ex-
ample taken this spring on the other side of the Hudson. He
says he saw several more." Mr. Lintner also sends me a ? Vio-
lacea taken in the Heldeberg Mountains, which are west of and
near Albany.

It is plain therefore that Violacca and Lucia do fly in that
region, but just as plain that the flight must be a very insignifi-
cant one, and that it cannot possibly be the parent of the vast
swarms of Neglccta described. The latter must come almost
wholly from Ncglecta chrysalids of the year before.

In Butterflies of N. A., Part XII., to be issued this season, I
shall devote two plates to the species here treated of, with all
its forms and many variations ; also with full larval of history.

^-

THE LEAF-ROLLERS OF ILLINOIS.

By D. W. Coquillett.

The following leaf-rollers were bred by me while living at
my old home near Woodstock, 111.; they all have sixteen legs and
belong to the families TortricidcE, Tineidce and PyralidcB. The
Tortricids were determined for me by Prof. Fernald ; the Tineids
by Prof. Fernald and Lord Walsingham, and the Pyralids by Mr.
Grote, and I would hereby acknowledge my indebtedness to these
gentlemen for aiding me in this direction. I have appended to
each description the initial letter of the person who determined
the imago for me.

Depressaria PULVIPENELLA. Clevi.

Body green, sometimes a darker dorsal line and sub-dorsal
stripe ; piliferous spots green ; cervical shield green with a black

98

dot on each outer edge ; anal plate edged behind with black, this
sometimes broken at the extrem.e posterior end ; spiracles brown ;
head green, dotted or mottled with pale brown and marked with
a dot on each side above the jaws; length from 17 to 18 mm.
Lives on Solidago rigida and Solidago sp ? in a leaf rolled length-
wise. Several specimens examined. One pupated June 27, and
the imago issued July 11. Several others were found June 23,
one of these pupated June 29, and the imago issued July 13. (F.)

Depressaria atrodorsella. Clem.

Body green ; a dorsal line and sub-dorsal stripe very dark
green, blackish, or brown ; piliferous spots and spiracles dark
brown or black ; cervical shield yellowivsh-green, with a black spot
on the middle of each outer edge; anal plate sometimes edged
behind with black ; head yellowish-brown, with two black dots
on each side, one near the jaws and the other next the anterior
edge of segment one; length 18 mm. Lives on Bidens frondosa
in a leaf folded lengthwise. One found June 21 pupated about a
week later and the imago issued July 15, another was taken July
I and a third July 4; the date when these pupated is not known,
but one imago issued July 31 and the other August 9. (F.)

Depressaria grotella. Robs.

Body green, darkest dorsally; cervical shield green un-
marked ; head green, with a black dot on each side above the
jaws and sometimes with one or two black spots on each side
near the top ; length 17 mm. Lives on \\d.ze\ {Cory his americana
in a leaf rolled from the apex toward the base, or in a nest formed
by fastening several leaves together with silken threads. Found
several May 27 ; one pupated June 7 and the imago issued June
28; another pupated June 20 and the imago issued July 9. (F.)

Depressaria hilarella, Zeller.

Body green ; a dark green dorsal and sub-dorsal line ; pilifer-
ous spots green ; spiracles brown ; cervical shield and anal plate
green, unmarked ; head green, tinged with yellowish-brown ;
length 14 mm. Lives on Sanicula niarilandica in a leaflet folded
lengthwise. One found June 21 pupated July 2 and the imago
issued July 17. (W.)

Gelechia disco.ecella. Chambers.

Body, cervical shield and anal plate green, unmarked ; pilif-
erous spots and spiracles concolorous ; head green, sometimes
with a black dot on each side above the jaws ; length 16 mm.
Lives on Polygonmn pensylvanicuvi, P. convolvulus and yellow dock
(Rumex sp.?) in a leaf folded lengthwise, or beneath a web spun
upon the upper or under surface of a leaf. One pupated June
13 producing the imago June 20; another pupated about June
27 producing the imago July 7 ; another pupated about August
9 and the imagos emerged August 18 and 22. (W.)

Gelechia agrimoniella. Clem.

Body pale greenish-white ; piliferous spots polished black ;

99

cervical shield yellowish-green, with two dorsal black dots near
the posterior edge ; spiracles ringed with brown ; head pale
yellowish-brown, with a black dot on each side above the jaws;
anal plate unmarked ; length lo mm. Feeds on Agrivionia eiipa-
toria, living in a leaf rolled lengthwise, or from the apex toward
the base, or in a nest formed by fastening several leaves together
with silken threads. Two pupated about June 7 and the images
issued June 28. (W.)

Gelechia TRISTRIGELLA. Whin.

The only difference observable between this and the above
larva is that the thoracic legs in the present species are black,
with whitish joints, while in agrimoniclla they are greenish,
sometimes tinged outwardly with pale brown ; in the present
species the spiracles are situated on the lower edge of the third
piliferous spots on the abdominal segments, while in agrimoniclla
they are placed below these spots; length 15 mm. Lives on
hazel {Corylus aniericana) in a tube formed by rolling a leaf from
the apex toward the base, the tube is closed at each end as if
done by pinching the upper and lower part of the tube together
with the thumb and finger. The excrements of the larva are
retained in the tube, and when about to pupate the larva crawls
into this excrementitious mass and forms an oblong cavity which
it lines with a very thin layer of silk. Two pupated June 21 and
the imagos issued July 5. (W.)

Gelechia rhoifructella. Clem,

Body green ; piliferous spots polished black ; cervical shield
blackish ; anal plate unmarked ; head yellowish-brown, shaded
with blackish; length 16 mm. Lives on poplar in a leaf rolled
lengthwise and closed at each end. (According to Chambers it
also lives on the fruit racemes of sumac. Food Plants Tineina,
page 109.) One pupated June 12 and disclosed the imago June
30. (F.)

Djchelia sulfureana. Clem.

Body green ; piliferous spots whitish ; spiracles ringed with
brown ; cervical shield green, or yellowish-brown edged each side
with dark brown ; anal plate unmarked ; head yellowish-brown,
with a black dot on each side above the jaws; length 16 mm.
Lives on Verbena Jiastata'^ in a leaf folded lengthwise. One
pupated about June 18 and the imago issued June 17; another
pupated July 6 and produced the imago July 11. (F.)

Cenopis RETICULATANA. Clem.
Body green ; piliferous spots whitish ; spiracles concolorous ;
cervical shield yellowish-brown, edged each side with black ; a
black spot on each side of the anal plate ; head yellowish-brown,
with a black dot on each side above the jaws and a black streak

* According to Dr. Packard it also feeds upon. Pinus strati and Pinus rigida (Papilio, Vol.
I., p. 182); while Prof. Comstock gives its food plants red and white clover, locust, strawberry, grape,
otton, orange and willow (Rep. Cam. Agr., i83o, p. 256).

lOO

back of this; length i8 mm. Lives in a folded leaf on Cheno-
podiiim album, and Gerajiiinn maculatwn (According to Miss
Murtfeldt it also feeds upon the rose. Am. Ent. vol. III., page
14). One pupated July 6 and disclosed the imago July 17. (F.)

Teras permutana. Dup.

Body green ; a dark dorsal line ; a light-colored stigmatal
line ; sutures of segments sometimes yellowish ; cervical shield
wanting ; anal plate unmarked ; piliferous spots concolorous ;.
spiracles ringed with pale brown; head green, unmarked ; length
19 mm. Lives on willow, binding two or more terminal leaves
loosely together with silken threads. One pupated about June
13 and the imago emerged June 27. (F.)

TORTRIX QUERCIFOLIANA. Fitch.

I can find no difference between this larva and that of
GelecJiia discocEcella described above. It feeds upon wild black-
berry {Rub7is villosiis), living under a web spun upon the upper
surface of a leaf. One pupated June 21 and the imago issued
July 4- (F.)

TORTRIX PALLORANA. Robs.

Body green ; piliferous spots concolorous ; spiracles faintly
ringed with pale brown ; cervical shield green, unmarked ; anal
plate unmarked ; head green, a black dot on each side above the
jaws; length 18 mm. Lives on cherry, Silphmni iiitegrifolium
and Verbena hastata. One pupated June 16 and disclosed the
imago June 27; a third pupated July 25 and the moth emerged
August 4. (F.)

Cacoecia semiferana. Walk.

Body green ; piliferous spots and spiracles concolorous ; cer-
vical shield green, with two dorsal black dots on the posterior
edge and a black dot on each side near the head ; head green,
with a black dot on each side above the jaws ; anal plate un-
marked; length 17 mm. Lives on knot grass {Polygonum avicu-
lare). One pupated June 10 and the imago emerged June 20. (F.)

LoxATyENiA ROSACEANA. Harris.

Body green ; piliferous spots light colored ; spiracles faintly
ringed with pale brown ; cervical shield brownish-black, some-
times shaded with green next the head ; or green, surrounded at
the sides and behind with black, or bordered on each side with
black, this sometimes reduced to a dot or dash near the anterior
or posterior end ; or green, bordered behind with black ; or
yellowish-brown, surrounded at the sides and behind with black
and with two dorsal dots of the same color near the anterior
edge ; head blackish-brown, the upper part of the face sometimes
tinged with brown ; or yellowish-brown, sometimes tinged with
green and with a black dot and streak on each side, one or both
of these marks sometimes wanting ; anal plate unmarked ; length
about 20 mm. I have bred this species from larvse found feeding
upon the apple, cherry, Siberian crab-apple, lilac, horse-chestnut

lOl

tame raspberry, wild strawberry, wild rose {Rosa blanda) burdock
{Lappa officinalis), thistle {Circium lanceolatimt), red clover {Tri-
foliuiii partense), ragweed {Ambrosia artemisia; folia), smart weed
{Polygonum poisylvanicuni) and knotgrass {P. aviculare) and have
found it on burr oak, poplar, hazel {Corylns ainericana), sumac
{Rhus glabra), wild raspberry {Rnbus strigosus) wild blackberry
{R. villosus), horse radish, wild sunflower {HeliantJius grosse-
serratus) and blue vervain {Verbena hastata) ; and Dr, Packard has
found it upon Betiila populifolia,^ making in all twenty-four differ-
ent species of plants. It remains in the chrysalis state from five
to eleven days, and two broods are produced in one season. (F.)

Penthina nimbatana. Clem.

Body green; spiracles and piliferous spots concolorous ;
head and cervical shield polished black ; anal plate unmarked ;
length 15 mm. Lives in a folded leaf on Rosa blanda. Two were
taken the first week in June ; they pupated a few days later and
the imagos issued June 20 and 21. (F.)

Boris osciTALis. Grote.

Body green; piliferous spots concolorous; spiracles ringed
with pale brown ; cervical shield green, edged at the sides and
behind with black, that on the sides sometimes wanting ; head
mottled black and white ; anal plate unmarked ; length 16 mm.
Lives in a folded leaf, or between two leaves folded together
with silken threads, on willow and poplar. Found several in the
latter part of July and again about the middle of August ; one
pupated July 27 and the imago issued about August 8. (For the
generic determination of the imago I am indebted to Mr. Grote;
the [single] specimen bred by me agrees very well with his
description oi oscitalis [Can. Ent., Vol. XIL, p. 36], and as one
of his specimens was from Ohio it is not improbable that the
species ranges westward as far as Illinois).

BOTIS GENEROSA. G. and R.

Body green; piliferous spots and spiracles black; above the
spiracles is a black stripe on which is a row of large, raised,
polished black spots, those on the segments two and three the
largest ; head and cervical shield greyish-brown, the latter edged
each side with black; anal plate unmarked; length lO mm.
Lives singly on Monarda fistiilosa, webbing the terminal leaves
together. One found June 17 pupated June 30, and the imago
issued July 18. (G.)

Penthina hebesana. Walker.

Body green ; pilifergus spots and spiracles concolorous ; head
and cervical shield polished brownish-black ; anal plate unmarked ;
length 1 1 mm. Lives singly on Stachys palustris, binding the
terminal leaflets together. Found many larvae and two pupae
June 24. One imago issued June 30. (In the Amer. Ent. Vol.

* Papilio, Vol. II., p. 182.

i02

II., p. 204, Mrs. Mary Treat states that this species [under its
synonym, P. Fullerea, Riley] feeds upon the cultivated Verbena,
and quotes an article in which Prof. Riley states that he bred it
from a Tigridia or tiger-flower), and on p. 371 Miss Murtfeldt
states that she has bred it from Antirrhinum. (F.)

EUDEMIS BOTRANA. 5. V.

Body purplish or dull greenish ; piliferous spots and spiracles
concolorous ; cervical shield blackish, usually tinged with brown
next the head ; head brown, with a black dot and streak on each
side ; anal plate black; length 11 mm. Lives in the flower buds
of the thistle {Circium lanceolatum). According to Miss Murt-
feldt it also feeds upon the rose (Anjer. Ent., Vol. III., p. 14),
and many authors state that it also infests the grape, it being the
well-known PentJiina vitivorana of Packard. Riley describes the
grape-feeding larva as having the head and cervical shield honey-
yellow, the latter with a darker posterior margin (First Rep. Ins.
Mo., p. 135). Found a great many June 24; two moths issued
Julys. (F.)

BOTIS INSEQUALIS. Glien.

Body dull yellowish-white, usually tinged dorsally with
pinkish ; piliferous spots and spiracles deep brown ; head and
cervical shield pale yellowish-brown, mottled with deep brown ;
anal plate unmarked; length 13 mm. Lives on thistle {Circium
lanceolatum) in a silken tube spun beneath a leaf fastened to a
branch or to the stem ; before pupating they desert their burrows
and spin their white cocoons among the leaves. Found many
larvae and pupae June 17; the moth issued June 28. (G.)

EXARTEMA (ECCOPSIS) PERM UND ANA. Clem.

Body green, usually clouded dorsally with dull leaden ; first
segment brownish ; head and cervical shield black or pale
brownish ; pilferous spots and spiracles concolorous ; anal plate
unmarked; length 15 mm. Feeds on Siberian crab-apple, tame
raspberry, wild blackberry {Rubus villosus) and hazel {Corylus
americana) [and Spircea, Fernald, teste^ Comstock, Ag. Rep., 1880,
p. 268]. Lives in a leaf rolled from the apex to the base, or
between two or three leaves fastened together with silken threads.
Found a great many May 30; one pupated June 12 and the
imago issued June 30. (F,)

LoxAT^NiA (Caccecia) cerasivorana. Fitch.

Body light yellow ; piliferous spots, head, cervical shield and
anal plate brownish-black ; spiracles ringed with pale brown ;
length 14 mm. Lives on choke-cherry {Prumis virginiand) in a
nest formed by fastening the terminal leaves together with silken
threads. Found a great many in the latter part of June ; six moths
issued July 7. (F.)

NOTHRIS TRINOTELLA. CoquHlett.

Body dark purplish-brown, that below the spiracles pale
greenish-brown ; two broken, indistinct white dorsal lines, and

I03

two similar stigmatal ones, the one below the spiracles the most
distinct ; piliferous spots black, usually situated on white spots ;
spiracles black ; head and cervical shield yellowish-brown ; anal
plate unmarked ; length i8 mm. Lives in a folded leaf on hazel.
One found June 28 pupated July 4 and the imago issued July 21.
(The imago was determined generically by Lord Walsingham. I
sent a sketch and brief description of it to V. T. Chambers, who
wrote me that he was not acquainted with the species and be-
lieved it to be new. Accordingly I have given it the above name
and send a description with this paper). See Papilio, Vol. 3,
page 81.

CAPITALIZING SPECIFIC NAMES.

Although Prof. Riley's note in March No. p. 63, is addressed
to the Editor, as I must be one of the sinners in his estimation,
perhaps I may be allowed the opportunity to say a word in reply,
so far as concerns myself particularly. I will repeat the Professor's
words and italicise somewhat, so as to bring out the points he
makes in this curious note. " Can the editor inform me upon ivhat
grounds and for luhat purpose Aniericati Icpidopterists have rece?itly
adopted the vicious habit of capitalising the specific navies of tJieir in-
sects ? The tendency among the entomologists generally has been in
the other directio?i, etc. * * * * The prime object of nomen-
clature ^^i?/;;^ /t?yi:7a7//rt/^ ^/u^/>' and ///t^w^Z!/, this last fashion has
everything in its favor. The capitalizing of specific names is
almost as bad and filly as unnecessary ajid co) fusing as, etc.
* * * * If there be any sound defence of the custom I should
like to know it."

This reads as if some sort of function attached to the oflfice
of Entomologist in Chief at Washington and it were his duty to
have an eye to entomological obliquities of all sorts. He wishes
to be informed " on what grounds and for what purpose," etc.
I hasten, not knowing what may be the next step, to state in
defence.

I. The Professor may rest in peace ; my "purpose," for one,
is not wicked. It is neither nihilistic nor revolutionary, and I
hope no cat under the meal or moral dynamite is suspected. I
capitalize the names of species because it is the only proper thing
to do. If the specific name is that of a person, of course, it is
entitled to a capital. I refer the Professor to the next grammar
for light. If it is a common noun or an adjective, which is used
as a proper noun, it also is entitled to a capital. If John Smith
sees fit to give the name " Faith " to one of his daughters, we
should not write " Smith miss faith," any more than " Riley
professor charles, etc." If John Jones calls his boy " Zealous)"

104

we should not write the name with a small letter because of its
being an adjective. Argyniiis stands for the surname and
Diana for the christian name. If the name of a person, when
applied to a species, is not a proper noun, then it is a common
noun, and in most cases could have no meaning ; in fact, would be
nonsense. If Diana in such usage is not the name of the goddess,
then it is no word at all, but a chance collection of letters, and
we might as well spell it backward and say Argynnis anaid.

2. The usage is NOT a recent one. Linnaeus uses capital
initials for all proper names ; also for such names as Qiiercus,
Pint, Urticce, Caricce ; but for such as crepuscularis, ocellata, not;
apparently excluding adjectives.

Fabricius, in usage, follows Linnsus.

Kirby, so late as 1871, Suppl't 1877, and Staudinger, 1871,
use capitals for all names. So does Hewitson (Exotics); and
Felder (Spec. Lep.). Westwood (Drury) for all names, except
adjectives. Boisduval, in Spec. Gen., and Ind. Meth. gives cap-
itals for all names; in Lep. de la Cal., adjectives all given with
small initials. Harris, Ins. Inj., has proper names in caps., adjec-
tives not, but scniidca has small initials, though comma and mter-
rogationis have large, so that I do not discover any fixed rule.
The Ent. Mo. Mag., from first to latest volume, for all orders,
capitalizes proper names used for species.

The Rules of British Assn. on Nomenclature are silent on
this point.

The fact is, the usage which Prof. Riley advocates is the
innovation, and so far as relates to names of persons, it is a very
recent one, and but partially prevalent. There is no " tendency
in that direction." Some persons are always to be found who
are ready to jump at any new thing. I could instance several
recent entomological fashions. In the present case, some one has
started the usage of a small initial letter, and has found his fol-
lowers. By and by the fashion will set in some other direction,
perhaps to old English initials. Who can tell? But many
persons do not shift about with every wind.

As to calling the old way " vicious," why may I not as
sensibly call the new way •' vile ?" I do, indeed, detest and
abominate it, and when the genus name is also given with a small
mitial, words cannot express my sense of the iniquity. As to a
small initial letter '' facilitating study and thought," as if it were
a little pill to be taken after meals, that is beyond my comprehen-
sion. I may as reasonably say that the use of small letters where
they ought not to be, making me mad at the perversity of the
editors who use them, distracts my mind and impairs my mental
digestion. Therefore, if Prof. Riley would have kind considera-
tion in such cases as mine, and would desire to facilitate study
and thought, while avoiding what is " confusing," I beg that he

I05

will henceforth reform his ways and modestly follow the usage
of the fathers. W. H. Edwards. Coalburgh, W. Va., April
20, 1883.

With the permission of the editor of "Papilio" I wish to
make a few remarks in reference to the question raised by my
friend, Mr. Riley.

Formerly many writers used capital letters for specific names,
at least in the case of proper names or adjectives derived from
them ; but lately the practice has generally been to write every
specific name, without exception, with a small letter, and to this
rule I am obliged to conform in much of my own work.

Personally, however, I always prefer to commence specific
names with a capital letter, and in independent work (such as my
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera, for example) I use capitals for
all specific names. It is a matter of convenience, not of principle,
although, as regards the latter, a specific name is as much part of
the name of the species as the generic name, and equally well
entitled to be printed with a capital letter; but in lists of species
capital initial letters catch the eye so much more readily than
small letters, that I would never advocate the use of the latter.
On the other hand, except in columns or series, no specific name
should ever stand by itself without, at least, the initial letter of
its genus before it. W. F. KiRBY, Zoological Dept. British
Museum, April 30, 1883.

Staudinger spells the species with a capital, and it seems to
be the practice in England. I am like the old man with the ass
in the fable. When I quoted the author of the combinations,
like Le Conte and Packard, Prof Riley called my Hst " immoral."
Now, I have a "vicious habit," though I have abandoned the
custom first complained of. Mr. W. H. Edwards spells the specific
names of the butterflies with a capital. I suppose what holds for
the one does for the other. Is there anything else? A. R. Grote.

ERRATA.

The following sentence in my communication on the capital-
izing of specific names (p. 62) was written with the bracket portions
and should be so read. ''The capitalizing of specific names is
almost as bad and fully as unnecessary and confusing as the use
of the lower-case letters [for generic names] which has come into
vogue among some catalogue[r]s." C. V. RiLEY.

io6
A RECENT SOUTH AMERICAN PAPER ON MOTHS.

By Aug. R. Grote.

I have received from its author, Sen. Carlos Berg, a pamphlet
of fifty-six pages, in large octavo, without plates, entitled
'•Farrago Lepidopterologica," being a contribution to the study
of the fauna of the Argentine Republic. Its perusal has only
intensified the feeling I have long had (since studying the Cuban
moths) that we need a knowledge of the South American species
to get a proper idea of our own. I have shown what a strong
Southern admixture there is in our Sphingidse and in other
groups the same or a similar state of things will be found to
exist. While some genera {Catoca/a) have not crossed the tropics,
Pliisia biloba is found from Canada to Chili. The mass of equa-
torial forms are not known to us in the United States to any
extent. The collection of the British Museum must be studied.
We must depend now largely on Mf. Butler to give us informa-
tion.

A few points I must discuss with Sen, Berg, chiefly concern-
ing the terminology adopted by him. Pie uses EutJiisiDiotia in-
stead of Endyras. He is wrong in considering XanthopastisdiS =
EutJiisanotia {Tiniais, etc.) It is a composite genus in the Ver-
zeichniss, containing five ill-assorted species. Hubner takes
tiviais and associates it with Unio in the Zutrage, leaving Bois-
duval free to erect a genus for U^iio. Whether Unio was pub-
lished by Hubner before he refigures Tiniais, my notes do not
tell me, and I have not the Zutrage at this moment. It is of no
consequence, because the genus is not adequately founded.
Eudryas is first properly limited by Packard. It contains three
North American species, Unio, Grata and Sta. Johannis. Berg's
new species Platensis is, if I understand his remark as to the front,
no Eudryas, perhaps a Copidryas. Hubner evidently considered
Tiniais and Unio as congeneric, and differing from Xantliopastis.
He associates them, and Boisduval's term must on all accounts
be kept for our North American genus. Again, I would like to
know how Megalopyge is substituted for Lagoa. Harris had a
perfect right to establish his genus in 1841, because Hubner has
two species in Megalopyge and if the first {lanata) is a Lagoa,
what is the second {Niida) ? Where Hubner has more than one
species, the person who separates them has clearly the right to
take any. The first is not Hubner's type, by any rule of zoolog-
ical nomenclature. The " el tipo del genero Megalopyge'' is an
assumption of Sen. Berg's. The right name of the genus is
Lagoa (= Pimela, Clem.). Whatever Abb. and Smith's species are
Crispata of Packard is distinct and valid. I believe that Abbot's
figures may not represent a different species. I have positively
identified opercnlaris. My fresh Georgia specimen is in British
Museum so labeled. Rubbed Texan specimens may be " Pyxi-

I07

difera^^ but I doubt it. In any event, Crispata is not Operailaris,
which is much darker, mixed with brown and black crinkled hairs
on fore Avings. Lanuginosa may be = Pyxidfiera, but Clemens'
type was rubbed, and rubbed specimens look deceptive in this
genus. It is not certain that we have three species, but it is
certain that Crispata is not Operailaris. Again, my Cararna
Cretata from Louisiana, is probably an older name for C.
Walkeri, Butl. The British Museum specimens determined by
Walker as SparsJiallii were, to my belief, in part, at least; belong-
ing to my Cretata., I did not compare them but, on my return,
referred my species to Caravia, of which genus I was unaware
when I described my insect. Again, Sen, Berg is probably right
as to the derivation of Halisdota, but I wrote it as Hubner did,
and certainly, " Halesidota," a spelling I corrected, is wrong.
By the way, my genus is Eiipsendosonia not ^'Etispseudosoina,'' as
Sen. Berg has it several times. I am a little surprised that the
Cuban is the same as the South American species. The one
from Florida appears distinct, but may only be a local modifica-
tion. I am decidedly of opinion that species showing differences,
such as we know sometimes to be specific, as shown by well-
marked insects, should not be lost sight of by being united under
one species' name. It seems as if now creationists were practi-
cally trying to condense the idea of "species," after its being
shown that the idea of " species," as formerly entertained, as
exclusive, is overstepped in Nature, they get over the facts by
calling the so-called " species Dariviniana^^' " varieties," or " all
the same." Varieties are nascent species, undoubtedly, but
where the forms are not proved to intergrade in all stages, the
distinct names should be allowed to them. It is difificult to draw
the line where we only know the perfect stage ; it is better to let
the names stand in lists till we know all the history, and then we
can express the real dependence of the forms more exactly. A
certain class of varieties are readily recognized as such, but I am
speaking of cases like Psi and O^cidentalis in the moths, or even
Gentilis and Perbellis. From Sen. Berg's interesting pamphlet I
learn that the genus Metagarista occurs in South America. I in-
fer that this name is more correct than Phcegarista. I only know
the East Indian M. Transiens and our own M. sevorsa from Ari-
zona. It is a matter of congratulation that we have so conscien-
tious a Lepidopterist as Sen. Berg in South America. In the
matter of nomenclature, however, I would respectfully suggest
that I have never taken a name of Hubner's without great care,
and I would recommend Sen. Berg not to attempt to displace a
well-established generic title upon anything but the surest
grounds.

With regard to the vexed question of Hubner's genera I have
endeavored to meet the views of those who adopt and those who
reject his genera to this extent: i. Where a Hubnerian genus

has been used by another good authority I have retained it in
preference to a later name. Example : Glaea, as used by
Stephens ; Trigonoplwra, as used by Lederer. 2. Where a genus
has received a name as previously employed in a different sense
by Hubner, I have used the correct Hubnerian designation.
Examples : LithopJiane, Eustrotia, Bombycia. 3. Where the
genus has the same, or nearly the same limitation, with the addi-
tion merely of species since Hubner wrote. Examples : Tolype,
Habrosyne, Anisota, Citheronia, etc. I have only used a Hub-
nerian name, applied in an indiscriminate manner in the "Ver-
zeichniss," in cases under 2, as above; thus the question of what
of a number of species was Hubner's type is much simplified. I
have else preferred the later names, such as BryopJiila, Tcstiio-
cainpa, when to restore Hubner's name might cause confusion or
lead to dipute. Although a contrary impression may be circu-
lated, it will be found that in my " New Check List," and in the
groups of which I have studied the literature and structure, the
above limitations will generally cover my use of Hubner. I have
"resurrected " none of Hubner's names without long study, and
really I don't think I have myself brought a dozen in all into use
again. I refer to the preface of my first Check List of the Noc-
tuid(2 for the argument as to Hubner's genera and the attacks
made on them. I see now more closely the importance of keep-
ing a well-known term at the expense of Hubner, but as I have
not been extreme in my action, there are but few names for me
to retract. If the genera as now adopted by myself are mostly
confirmed, as I think they will be, the controversy will be short-
ened by so much. 1 have been explicit in this paper without
regard to a defense of myself, in order to correct the impression
to be gathered from some sources, that every slight struc-
tural difference is regarded by me as generic, every color variation
as specific, and that I have rehabilitated every generic name in the
** Verzeichniss " or " Tentamen." These charges are made by
those who do not care to investigate the subject, their object
being to rise by criticising others. It would be easy to prove
them guilty of what they charge upon me where they have ven-
tured so far into print. In one case the " variety species contro-
versy " is simply used to cover up the real matter of the discus-
sion, as is doubtless well known by all who take an interest in
these questions, unfortunately inseparable from the study of
Insects.

THE MACHAON CONTROVERSY.

By H. H. Lyman.

I have been very much interested in reading Mr. W. H.
Edwards' able article in the March number of "Papilio," in
refutation of Dr. Hagen's theories of the identity of P. Machaon

109

with P. Oregonia or Zolicaon, and knowing the penchant of the
learned doctor for simplyfying (?) matters entomological by lump-
ing somewhat similar forms under a single name. I can sympathize
with Mr. Edwards' dismay at the idea of the worthy Doctor
sitting down to revise the North American butterflies in this
fashion. Attention, however, may be daawn to the fact that Mr.
Edwards' opinions upon this subject have not always been the
same, for in Butterflies of North America, Vol. II., part 3, he
concludes his description of one of these forms, as follows: Zoli-
caon belongs to the AlacJiaon group,,' while in his recent article
he proves to a demonstration that ''Zolicaon has no present rela-
tions with the MacJiaon group, standing wholly apart from it ""
and belonging to the Asterias group. But my object in writing
is not to criticise either of these learned gentlemen, but to describe
what I suppose must be a rather remarkable specimen of Zolicaon
which I possess. This species is represented in my cabinet by
two specimens only, ^ and $ , which were received from Nevada.
The 6 is of the ordinary type, as figured and described by Mr.
Edwards, but the ? differs from the type in several particulars.

1. It is very large. In But. N. A., Vol. II, part 9, Mr.
Edwards says that a ? expanding very nearly four inches is
unusual, while my specimen expands 4 1-12 inches.

2. The secondaries above are black at base, more than a
third of the cell being of this color.

3. The body has the lateral yellow bands broader than usual
and there are three yellow stripes beneath, separating the black
into four bands, as in Oregonia, only the black stripes are decidedly
broader than the yellow ones, and the two middle, black bands
are united for about half the length of the abdomen.

The pupil in tiie ocellus is distinct, nearly round above, but
rather triangular below. The cell on primaries below is black,
with two yellow bars, the inner one dilated towards the median
nervure, and otherwise the specimen is normal. I suppose it may
be set down as a case of reversion.

REPLY TO DR. HAGEN.

By a. R. Grote.

I. In answer to Dr. Hagen I will state that our copy of
Hubner's Exotic Schm. was bought by Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer
who, I understand, had the sale of the work. It is in three vol-
umes. Each volume has a little page upon which alone the
name of Hubner stands, if Geyer issued any of the plates there
is no evidence of it. The date on the title page is 1806, 1824,
therefore, I quoted it. There is no description of the species,
only some printed pages of names, as I recollect. Each butterfly
or moth is figured in two positions, or male and female. This
work is quoted for species by every lepidopterist I ever read. It

no

is the most magnificent of early iconographs ; Boisduval praises
it as the finest illustrated work on the sublect. Until I know
that it is discarded as worthless for synonymy I shall quote it ; I
shall even quote it in lists as long as I live. The figures are
superb, easy to recognize, much better than Dr. Harris' descrip-
tions. Hubner does not give us S. macu/ata as caroii'na, but
recognizes it as distinct under the name of Celeiis, which I should
keep, but S. maciilata is credited to Haworth and his work is said
to be earlier. I have not seen it.

As to the date of Amyntor, I supposed (I have not the work
now, it is in the Buffalo Society Library) I quoted the the right
volume for it ; if by any slip I have placed ' II ' for ' III,' it might
occur in proofs or by my own inadvertence. It is at any rate older
than Quadricornis. Dr. Hagen is not ' sure ;' and this seems to be
his state of mind on several lepidopterological matters. The mis-
take of the number of the volume is not as great as Dr. Hagen's
incorrect date of Ochsenheimer (see preface to second part of
Check List, 1886). But my memory is that the figure in our
copy is next to Chersis, which Dr. Hagen acknowledges is rightly
given as Vol. II. Dr. Harris did not know Hubner's works and
described ail his species. Hubner is very exact and makes no
mistakes, even in our North American Arctias.

With our copy Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer gave some memoranda
of dates, from which I took the following note, printed in the
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1874, Nov.
" The plate of this species {Lioia), Band 2, Exot. Schm., is wrongly
dated " 1806" by Dr. Packard. It is later than the " Verzeich-
niss." In a letter dated September 29, 1866, Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer
gave the following dates to [certain plates of] the third volume of
the Sammlung; " C<2sipJi07ic to kuntera, 1828 ; Asclepias to rustica,
1829; lo to taygete, 1S30; pasithoe, grimmia, 1831 ; crista to bel-
tras, 1832 ; riese to tJiirza, 1833 ; debora-hylas, 1834; lusca-Jmebneri,
1835." I have not the memo, now, but as I recollect this date is
the latest for any plates of Hubner's Exot. Samml. I have
already printed the statement that Dr. Harris referred Epimenis
to the genus Brepha, in pencil, in his extras of his paper in
Silliman's Journal, which is thus later than any plates of Hubner.
To speak of Hubner's work, as Dr. Hagen has done, it must first
be shown that it has been rejected and the species re-named by
unanimous consent. The contrary seems to be the case. This is
the first I hear that Hubner's species in his beautiful and costly
work are to be rejected. But Hubner's European work, as I
remember, has not much text. Yet all lepidopterists in Europe
adopt his names. To put Dr. Hagen's ipse dixit into force would
oblige a change in the synonymy too great to contemplate with-
out a shudder and not worth while to save two names of Dr.
Harris's. It amounts, practically, to ruling Hubner out altogether,
for, though we might keep some of the names, other authors
would have to be cited.

1 1 1

CONCLUSION OF LIST OF AMERICAN APATEL^E.

By a. R. Grote.

Genus APATELA. Hubn.

Sub-genus JMegacronicta. Gr.

The type of this section is the well-known A. Americana,
Harr., which seems to have no European analogue, strictly
speaking. The section contains the largest and stoutest species,
coming nearest to the section Acronicta.

1. A. Americana, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 317, "American
Dagger." This is, on the whole, our stoutest species and its
range is Northern; Its identification with the Accris or Hastuli-
fera of Abbot and Smith is probably illusory. What species
Smith intended, or if more than one, can only be ascertained by
breeding Georgia specimens and by a careful comparison, in all
stages, with the published figures. Guenee's Accricola is a name
proposed (after Harris) for Aceris of Smith, which, in any event,
is not the European species of that name. Caterpillar on elm,
chestnut, etc.

2. A. Dactvlina, Gr , Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XVI., 239
(1874). This species is nearly as stout as the preceding, the color
is a bluer-gray, the hind wings in the male whitish, the markings
are more continuous, the squamation rougher. In no event can
it be a variety of the foregoing. I have seen no description of
the larva. " Fingered Dagger." Seems to be Northern in its
range.

3. A. Insita, Walk., C. B. M., 61. This has apparently the
hind wings white in either sex. It is much whiter than either of
the other two species and had some resemblance to Smith's
figures of Aceris, but any identification of these is clearly prema-
ture under the circumstances. The larva is not known. My
specimens of the moth were from Massachusetts. I have ex-
amined Walker's type. I believe this is his only valid species in
the genus.

Sub-genus JocJieacra Hubn.

The type is the European A. Alni.

I. A. Funeralis, G. and R. Proc. E. S. Phil., 6. 17, pi. 4, fig.
10; Grote Check List, 1875, plate i, fig. 1 (photo.); Americana,
Harr., Corn, edit. Scudd., 313, pi. 3, fig. (larva).

Dr. Speyer notes the difference (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 200) be-
tween the two species in the moth stage. Lintner describes the
larva of the American species which, in this stage, closely resem-
bles the European form with its curious club-shaped body hairs,
looking like Zyga^na antennae, according to Lederer. Not only
is the Mss. name Americana preoccupied, but it is later in point
of publication and should not have appeared at all. The larva
of FiDicralis has been taken on hickory, elm, willow and oak. A
detailed comparison of it in this stage with the European Alni

112

would be of great interest. Canada Eastern and Middle States.
Considered by some writers our handsomest species of Apatela. I
prefer Quadrata and Lanceolaria.

Sub-genus Merolonclie. Gr., c. f., 111. Ess.

The type is the Californian A. Spinea, and this section, char-
acterized by the peculiarly sunken head and bombyciform appear-
ance, is apparently unrepresented either in the East or in Europe.
I. A. Spinea, Gr., Bull. B. S. N. S., 3, with photo, figure.
"Spiny Dagger." The egg and young larva of this Californian
species are described by Mr. Henry Edwards in his valuable notes
on Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, but the food plant is not stated.

2. A. LUPINI, Behr. Mss., Gnote, Bull. B. S. N. S., i, 79.
This is a darker species than Spinea, the head slightly less
retracted; the markings differ in detail. California. "Lupin
Dagger." I have seen no description of the larva. I have used
for this species a manuscript name attached to my specimens.
Neither before or since has it been described by Dr. Behr, so far
as I know. As with Liiteicofiia, I suppose the authority describ-
ing the moth, first, should be alone cited ; so far as I can find,
this is the view taken by the majority. In future the moth should
be called Liipini, Gr.

Sub-genus Lcpitorcwna, Gr.

The type is yi. //(i';;/rt7;^r/zi', and this group is characterized
by the somewhat ovate wings, with slender, short bodies, and
raised scales on the wings.

1. A. OVATA, Gr., Bull. B. S. N. S., i, 80, PL 2, fig. 14.
" Oval Dagger." The larva is unknown to me ; the species is not
common in New York and Massachusetts. It looks like Clares-
cens, which, I think, belongs to another group.

2. A. ExiLlS, Gr. A small species which I believe is best
placed here and next to Ovata. Larva unknown. New York to
Texas.

3. A. Hamamelis, Giicn.,^oQX. i, 52. Guenee describes the
larva on Hazel, but the species has been reared by Coquillett
and others on various shrubs and trees. The moth is common
and very variable. " Hazel Dagger." Canada to Alabama and
Texas. My kind friend, L. W. Goodell, gives a clear description
of the larva, on chestnut, Can. Ent., ix., 6\..

4. A. H^SITATA, Gr. This is founded upon large, smoothly
mixed gray specimens, which may only be a variety of the pre-
ceding, but are easily picked out. It is at least a good variety
and it must be bred to decide. Pennsylvania. I have seen
several specimens since describing it.

5. A Increta, Morr.

Looks very much like a small Hamamelis, but is, I feel pretty
confident, distinct. Massachusetts and New York. The larva is
unknown.

6. A. DISSECTA, G. and R., Tr., Tr. Am. Ent., S. C, 178, PL

> 1^3

I, fig. 8i. " Frail Dagger." This is the flimsiest of our Apafelce,
and might almost be taken for a Alicrosccelia. The markings are
like the preceding, but the color is more plainly of an obscure
gray. The moth is taken from Canada to Middle Statess, and
Mr. Thaxter has discovered the larva.

Sub-genus Arctomyscis, Hubn.

The type is the European Eiiplirasm. We have, apparently,
one species in North America belonging to this group.

I. A. Sperata, Gr., Bull. B. S. N. S., i, 8i, PI. 2, fig. i. The
hind wings are white in the male sex. The markings are distinct
and neat. The larva is not known. Eastern and Middle States.

Sub-genus Mastiphancs, Gr.

The type is A. Xylinif or mis, and the species are intermediate
in shape of wing between the foregoing and Enlonchc Oblinita.
I refer to this section i, Xyliniformis, Giien. 2. Pallidicoma,
Gr. (I have seen this wrongly labelled '' SpinigeraJ' which
belongs in reality to Seviaphora, and must be a stronger marked
insect.) 3. EXTRICATA, Gr. (A large Texan species mistaken
for Xylinifor^nis by Belfrage.) 4. Edolata, Gr. 5. LlTHOS-
PILA, Gr. Except No. 2, the species are easily known and gener-
ally correctly named in all collections which I have seen. No.. 5
looks like a species of Lithophane at first sight.

1. A. Oblinita, A. and S. Mr. Thaxter obtained specimens
of this moth in Florida, which were, perhaps, larger and paler, but
afl"orded me no ground for describing our Northern specimens as
distinct. The larva is said not to agree, but we must be prepared
for variation and even dimorphism in this stage. I think that
over so wide a territory there will be some slight variation, and
that there is no evidence we have more than one species. Canada
to the Gulf.

2. A. Lanceolaria, Gr., Proc. Acad. n. s. Phil, 418,
1875. This species is figured in my Illustrated Essay, the abdo-
men being too darkly colored, as I forgot to tell the artist the
specimen was somewhat "greasy." The forewings were more
pointed, the outer median line contiivuous and angulate compared
with Oblinita. On the white secondaries there are no discal
marks beneath. This is a very distinct species, and, to me, one
of the most interesting. "Pointed Dagger." June. Collected
by Mr. Thaxter. I have seen several specimens from Massachu-
setts- The larva, which I would like to know, has not yet been
observed.

3. A. Insolita, Gr., Bull. B. S. N. S., i, 82. I have only seen
the type. By the shape of the wings and white secondaries it
belongs here. Fore wings almost black, with the outer median
line written in broad gray lunules. It is a very distinct looking
species, but it must be a great rarity. It seems impossible that
it could be a variety of either of the foregoing, as it differs very
clearly in color and marking. " Rare Dagger." My type was

114

taken about Philadelphia. The limits of the genus are clearly
reached, if not overstepped, with the present section.

Sub-genus Apatela, Hubn.

There now remain a goodly number of species which, per-
haps, fall into unnamed sections of the genus, and may, for the
most part, be arranged between the group Megacronycta and
Lepitoreiuna m. The best marked of these sections is that of
which the European Aiiricoma may be considered typical, and to
which the term Apatela must be specially applied. According to
Dr. Speyer's instructive article, the N. Am. Briunosa is related to
the European Aiiricoma. Guenee does not so regard it, but finds
in Rubricoina, Guen. and Luteicoina, Guen., MSS., species which
he found to resemble the European Auricoma in their immature
stages. I, myself, cannot now compare all these species, but it
seems difficult to further divide the American forms into different
sections or sub-genera. Thelarvce of but few, however, are known,
and it is upon the peculiarities of clothing in the larval stage that
I would chiefly rely in limitin;^ the sub-genera of Apatela. As to
this latter term I have fully shown that it must be retained for
the genus on grounds of priority. I follow Stephens in this. The
term is significant of the curious larval structure in this group
which we must call i?(?w/^_y^(?zV/te of Boisduval, and not Acro)iyetadcg
of Harris. The best name for the sub-family group^ of which the
genus Apatela is typical, is certainly APATELIN.-E. The Dasychi-
riform or Arctiiform larvae are of great interest and help to
bridge over the gulf between the two great families of BoinbjcidcB
and Noctiiidm.

On the one side the sub-genus Apatela resembles SeinapJiora
or Triaena (the more significant title) ; on another they seem to
run into Lcpitoreuvia. I would add the following to my list of
Triaenae (Papilio, 3, ^']) :

14. A. QUADRATA, Gr. Bull, B. S. N. S., 2, 154. This, with
the next following, is among our finest Apatelai. It is a stout,
rather short and wide-winged species, very distinctly marked, the
black dashes squared and cut off. " Square Dagger." The species
has been raised by Mr. Dodge from the larvse. Missouri and the
Western States.

13. A. Radcliffei, Harvey. The exact position of this fine
insect, which has the primaries of a peculiar pearly gray, and the
hind wings whitish in the male, is doubtful. It seems allied to
the species I have described from Texas under the name of Tola.
The larva is not known, and perhaps this and the next are better
placed in the section Acronicta. Eastern and Middle States.
" Radcliffe's Dagger."

16. A. Innotata, Guen., Noct. r, 50. Graefii, Gr., Proc.
E. S., Phil. 2, 68, pi. 3, fig. 6. This species varies in color, some
specimens being of a clearer, light fawn-yellow, others more grey
and clouded. It is curious to see how the lines copy the course

II

in DipJithcra Fallax. A highly colored Innotata does not look
unlike a Fallax which has lost its green color and turned yellow.
"Graef's Dagger." The larva is apparently not described ; it will
be curious to note its relation to that of D. Fallax. Canada to
Middle States ; rare about Brc^klyn, in the then suburbs of which
the type of my Graefii was taken rather more than twenty years
ago. I venture to keep the name in the English equivalent. We
used to consider this a very rare and interesting insect.

I will now enumerate the species referable to the typical
group of the genus ^'Apatela " in a restricted sense, a group
which is represented in Europe by A. Aiiricoma, and in North
America by A. Briimosa more especially, as held by Speyer,
though Guenee disagrees. I think that the species clustering
about A. Scparcuis may afTord another division, and by no means
consider the group as homogenous. We must know the imma-
ture stages before deciding. In Triacna itself, which is a more
easily defined group, I am uncertain whether Occidentalism Lobe-
liit, Haita, Qnadrata, etc., should not be separated from Albarufa^
Falcnla, etc.^ to say nothing of single species of difficult affinities,
such as Vinfiula. The species of Apatcla proper are: i. Brumosa,
Guen., 2 ; I5istans, Gr., 3 ; Rubricoma, Guen., 4; Luteicoma,
Guen., Mss. (this name was given us by Mr. Guenee with that of
Agrotis Rcpcjitis, names not published in the Species General,
but attached subsequently to types in M. Guenee's collection,
and under which we illustrated the species — there were three
such names given us by M. Guenee to my collection, but the
third I no longer remember); 5, SUBOCHREA, Gr. (a fine insect
taken about Buffalo — "Bright Dagger" — in no way related to
Mr. Morrison's Aspera, which is a Hadenoid form, probably be-
longing to Polia); 6, Connecta, Gr.; 7, Perdita, Gr.; 10, Af-
FLICTA, Gr.; II, Noctivaga, Gr. To these 11 may be added 12,
Harveyana, Gr., and 13, Clarescens, Guen., which resemble
Tritena in some respects and, perhaps, do not belong here, I do
not know what the larvae are like.

To recapitulate this list of our Apatelae, and following in
the main my arrangement in the new check list, the following
are the approximate figures. There are about eighteen Euro-
pean species known ;

Name of No of

Sub-genus. Species.

Tries na 16

Acronicta 4

Megacrofiycta 3

Merolonchc /) 2

yochecera I "i

Apatela 13

Name of No. of

Sub-genus. Species,

Lepitoreuma 6

• Arctomyscts i

Mastiphanes 5

Eulonche 3

Total number of species. . , 54

As near as may be we have three times as many species of
Apatela in North America as in Europe. The genus is northern

ii6

in distribution, yet in Texas and Arizona are a number of fine
species. The geographical range of genera seems wider in
North America where we find Fidonia Finictaria in Texas,
whereas in Europe the genus does uot extend so far south.
As in the butterflies the lower grade of Noctuidae [CatocaliiKx)
are much more numerous in America, but there is no parallel
in the Noctuidoe to the preponderance in Europe of groups of
butterflies like the brown or meadow butterflies. In typical
genera or leading genera we outnumber Europe from two to
three times in species, /. e., Agrotis, Hadena, Catocala, etc. We
are weak in Cuciillia (though we seem to have most of the groups),
and, in the smaller geometrid-like Noctuids, such as TJialpocharcs,
Eustrotia. Our Plusias are more bizarre, bu: on the whole less
rich and fewer compared with Europe, but here the Asiatic species
intrude. I think we may safely assume double the number of
species in North America, as compared with Europe, in the
Noctiddce. Elsewhere I have objected to the including of the
Labrador fauna in European catalogues and pointed out that its
affinity was with the New England fauna of which it is an exten-
sion. The Arctic forms of Labrador are found in suitable eleva-
tion within the limits of the New England States. To return
finally to Apateke, the following names I have not identified, and
the discovery of the species intended will disturb our synonymy
somewhat. I think that Guenee has been unusually brief and un-
satisfactory in his descriptions in this most interesting of genera,
and which alTords, like Heliophila, one of the most fascinating
studies in the sub-order.
. A. Spinigera, Guen., Noct., i, 45.
- A. Teluin, Guen., Noct., i, 45.
• A, Interriipta, Guen., id., 46.
A. Longa, Guen, id., 54.

A. Uhm, Harr. Ent. Cor. 312, PI. 3, fig. 10. (Larva.)
A. Pruni, Harr. Ent. Corn 313, PI, 4, fig. 13. {Larva.)
A. Salicis, Harr. Ent. Cor., 314, fig. 44. {Larva.)
A. Aceris, Abb. and Sm., 2, 93. {Jmago and larva.)
] A. Hastidifera, Abb. and Sm., 2, 92. {Linago and larva.)
Mr. Walker's synonyms are noticed in my Illustrated Essay.
If we could only make out these nine species satisfactorily,
the nomenclature of our species might be considered to be well
ascertained. Of two or three of them I have suspicions, but no
sufficient certainty.

The main part of the interest in the species of Apatela must
always lie in the collection of the larvae. These are gaily colored
and diversely ornamented, so much so that they offer generic
characters, while the sober gray moths they produce are, on the
whole, uniform and uninteresting in appearance. The characters
of the genus are not strong ; they have to take in so heavy a
moth as A. Americana, and so slight a one a.s A. Vinmila; so

117

compact a species as ^/«<?rt and so frail a one as Dissecta. I hope
the present List will create fresh interest in the matter. As
compared with its representation in Europe, the genus has taken
on much new character, aud its diagnosis may need rewriting. I
would not be understood as giving anything but the most super-
ficial value to the sub-genera I have here recognized ; they have
been merely helps to sort and arrange the species and light up the
genus a little from within, so that we can see where the main
differences betv/een European and North American Apatelw lies.

MID-WINTER BUTTERFLIES.

By W. G. Wright.

A three hundred mile trip was made into Lower California
this past winter, starting January i8, 1883. The expedition con-
sisted of a botanist, a conchologist, an ichthyologist and a lepi-
dopterist, and the report of this latter is herewith given. If one
cannot expect very great results at this season of the year there
will be this negative advantage, that the story will be brief.

The climate of this region is so mild, equable and dry that
not one of the party took overcoat, umbrella or rubber blanket.
Usually we went about without coats on. One day in particular
was very hot ; I think the mercury must have been up to 90°.
A canvas covered wagon and a small tent sheltered the party at
night. It was known to us as a barren country, and especially so,
since no grass had as yet started, so, as forage is not kept there
for sale, we were obliged to carry hay and grain for our teams,
enough to last the entire round trip, from San Diego. Water
for camp use is found at springs and wells. Wherever a spring
is found, there is sure to be a Mexican family living. But these
improvident people never have anything to sell, and when a
stranger ventures into one of the houses his first impulse is to get
out again as speedily as possible, unless, indeed, he be an insect
hunter. Wood for camp fires was usually abundant. Only once
did we fail to have a roaring good fire nearly all night, and water
for camp purposes was never lacking but once ; but as for brooks
and running streams, there were none. During 200 miles of the
Southern part of the trip not one running stream was found. It
had, however, been a dry winter, no rains having fallen up to
that time., consequently the whole interior was dry and barren.
During the first few days we crossed a series of high, cold hills.
One of the nights there was very cold, and a skim of ice was
found in the morning; then the road led down to the coast, and
soon we felt the damp, mild sea air, and found warmer weather,
and a little green grass and blossoming plants, and a few butter-
flies, and, as we worked southward along the shore we met ever-

ii8

increasing numbers of flowers and flying things, and still lovelier
weather.

At one place we found an American family who had been
apprised of our coming. The young lady of the rancho had
found for me a few large cocoons about the size of hens* eggs.
Some of them were found on the evergreen pepper tree, Schinus
molle, others on the cultivated almond, and on southernwood, Ar-
temisia. I hunted the pepper tree over again, and found one more
cocoon. But what they were I shall never know, for they did not
live to emerge.

Flying about a gorgeously flowering Lantana bush I found a
few butterflies, and at dusk also a good many small moths. Here
also were beds of Mignonette in blossom, Nastnrtium, Ger-
ani2iin, and banana, strawberry and almond flowers, but none
of them had butterflies. A few days afterward I found some half-
grown larvae on a Pentsteinon., and also the same kind on a wild
rose bush, both plants being in leaf. Some of these larvae I
brought home with me, fed them to maturity, and got Melitaea
CJialcedon. The larvae of this butterfly must hybernate when half
grown On the sandy beach, and just above high tide were com-
posite plants in blossom and there I took several butterflies.
Near by and sheltered from the sea by sand dunes, I found a
series of Lycamas on the salt grass, especially L. Exilis.

One day we went to explore a warm canyon that was so
sheltered from the chill ocean ocean breeze as to be more forward
in vegetation than any other place. Here I got several Spring
Lyccenas, also Lemonias Virgultl, and Colias narfordi. And on
a steep, sunny slope, I found one Charis Nemesis on a composite
flower.

Many other canyons, plains and hills, were ransacked, but
the narration would be tedious. But I must not omit Lyccena
Sonorensis. During the whole trip this delicate butterfly was seen
only at one place, a dry mesa or beach, close by the shore, and
shut in by some circling cliff, like hills. There, in a little potrero
or basin, ond almost in the mist of the thundering surf, there were
hundreds of them. As one was caught, one or more others were
sure to be seen. The ground was in good part covered with
impenetrable clumps of cactus, and between and among the
bunches of cactus grew the plant of these little butterflies,
Erodium cicntarium, upon which the females were depositing their
eggs. I thought it rather singular that this most tender of all
butterflies should be breefling at this season, and directly in the
breath of the ocean.

While busily engaged in taking a supply of these beauties, I
attracted the attention of three young Indian boys, ten or twelve
years old, and they came down to see what I was doing. They
wore no hats, no shoes, no clothing. One had a string around
his waist ; the second had added to his string a narrow strip of

119

cloth between his legs and tied before and behind to the string,
while the third had neither ribbon or string. Their faces were
broad, co.irse, and brutal ; their heads large, and covered by
a fearful mat of hair, while the skin of their bodies, naturally dark
brown, was almost black from continual exposure. And they
gazed in dumb amazement at me, as I caught the little silvery-
blue gems. At length, getting the idea, they began to try to
help me. They chased about nimbly among the sharp cactus
spines to catch the butterflies in their hands, and really did so
catch several, and offered them to me, but I refused them, and
made the little rascals stop crushing the tiny things in their great
paws. These boys had their bows and arrows, which they did
not lay down. The bows were of oak sapling, very roughly made,
and the arrows were straight splints of wood, illy pointed, not
poisoned, and spirally feathered with some care, the wings being
gummed to the shaft with the pitch of the pitaya cactus, and the
string of the bow was home-made from fibres of the agave. One
offered to sell his bows and arrows for " dos real," (25 cents.)
They called butterflies " palometer," and sphinges "mariposa."
They said that their house was on the cliff, and 1 went up there
with them to see in what state they lived. It was an open place
between the larger rocks, just like a sheep pen, and all the house
there was consisted in a little brush thrown in, fence-like, only
that and nothing more. No roof, no shelter at all, no fire-place
except three stones. And lounging about were thirty or forty
adult Indian savages, playing with Spanish cards, or gambling
with sticks, or dozing. From appearances, they had lived there
a long time. After watching their doings for a long wdiile, I
turned to go away, and came wirhin an inch of stepping upon a
squaw who was curled up in a little hole or hollow, asleep. She
started up in alarm, and in silence sat and stared at me with her
great black eyes, and, for all I know, she is gazing yet.

Following is a list of species observed, except the Heterocera,
which are not yet determined :

Pieris Occidentalis,

Sisyvibrii,
AntJiocJiaris Sara,

Cctlmra,
Co lias Harfordii,

A riadne,
Danais Archippiis,

Berenice,
Vanessa Antiopa,
Pyravfis Huntera,
Car din,
Carye,

Jiinonia Cccnia,
Lemonias Virgiilti,
Charis Nemesis,
Lyccena A ntiacis,
Sonorensis,
Piasiis,
A my?itula.
Ex His,
Phyciodes Mylittm,
Pyrgiis t esse lata,
-Thanaos Tristis.

I20

©bituar^.

PROF. P. C. ZELLER.

The death of this veteran lepidopterist has occurred, long
expected and deeply regretted. Seven years younger than the
century itself, Prof. Zeller was born on the 9th of April, 1808.
Professor in the Prussian Real Schule at Meseritz, he was finally
retired on a Government pension, and has lived since 1870 near
Stettin, continuing his entomological labors in connection with
the Entomological Society of Stettin. Commencing to write at
an early age. Professor Zeller has grown up with the modern
science of Jepidopterology. His earliest studies were upon the
collections of Frau Lienig and the material brought by himself
from a Southern trip, which extended as far as Sicily. Zeller
discovered the curious diurnal Rhodocera Farinosa, besides
describing certain LyccBiiidcc, but his principal attention was given
to the small moths of the families PyralidcB to Tiiieidce, the
modern classification of which he may be said to have founded.
He first cleared up the confusion as to the genera of PJiycidcE ^nA
by using natural characters, chiefly secondary sexual ones, he
succeeded in disentangling our minds with' regard to the order of
nature in this obscure and neglected field of inquiry. His species
and genera are very numerous and almost always valid. It is a
misfortune that his valuable monograph on the Crauibida; was
issued so nearly simultaneously with the worthless writings of
Francis Walker on the same subject, so that some of our North
American material has been twice named. The evidence seems
to be that Zeller's paper may have been earlier. As a matter of
justice it should have priority. In a series of articles, published
since retirement from official duties, Prof. Zeller described a
number of moths from North America. Rather more than the,
unfortunately not to be avoided, proportion of synonyms mark
the papers, which are otherwise models of what descriptional
work ought to be. Still later, Professor Zeller has published a
beautifully illustrated volume on microlepidoptera and has given
a classification of Chilo. As I remember him, in 1867, Prof.
Zeller was a white-haired gentleman of very kind manners and
enthusiastic for his favorite science. He was moderately thin
and tall, wearing a slight whisker, but otherwise with clean shaven
mouth and face. His nose was large and well-shapen, his eyes
bright and the whole expression of his face pleasing. He had
high cheek bones and his countenance was unmistakably German
in its salient features. Loew, the celebrated dipterist, was then
living in Meseritz, and an entomological excursion which 1 made
with these two celebrities is among the most pleasant of my

12 I

European reminiscences. Prof. Zeller's home relations were of
the happiest, and the sympathy of an amiable and considerate
wife was his through life. And it was a life devoted to science
and learning. His accomplishments as a linguist and teacher
were well known and appreciated in Germany. We know him
chiefly as a biologist, the describer of the exterior structure of
lepidoptera. He was fortunate enough to avoid much of the con-
troversial spirit which accompanies descriptive entomology.
Although he felt deeply the uselessness of the British Museum
Lists and his own studies were impeded thereby, he has, on the
whole, little to say in criticism of others. He was not only char-
itable, but had schooled all natural irritability. His assistance
was freely given to others, and Mr. Stainton's work on the
Tineina acknowleges its value. He was a type of a kindly German
pedagogue and naturalist which hardly exists elsewhere. A. R.G.

BOOK NOTICES.

AN EXCELLENT BOOK.

We have received from the publishers, Messrs J. B. Lippin-
cott & Co., of Philadelphia, a beautifully printed volume of 436
pages, illustrated with 440 wood cuts, entitled "Insects Injurious
to Fruits," by William Saunders, the well known editor of the
Canadian Entomologist. A careful entomologist, an experienced
agriculturist, an able chemist, Mr. Saunders unites the qualities
necessary to produce a valuable work on Economic Entomology
and, in fact, the volume before us is, without any doubt, the most
able contribution to a knowlegde of its subject in the English
language. We say this with an acquaintance of what has been
published both in England and America upon this subject. In
addition to its practical and scientific value, which should recom-
mend it to every orchardist and entomologist in America, it is
written in a particularly clear and unaffected manner, so that the
information it contains is readily assimilated by the reader. The
illustrations are superior to anything yet published in this
style. While many of these have appeared in Government or
State Reports, many are original and these are better than any we
have yet seen. Take, for instance, fig. 173 {Apatcia) or fig. 208
{Dynastes), these figures seem the perfection of drawing. The
arrangement of the contents is very convenient. The different
fruit trees and plants are treated in turn with the species injurious
to each and the remedies following. Sixty-four numbers alone
are given to the apple, which attracts so many injurious insects
that an old apple orchard is a place of infection for a wide dis-

122

trict. There is a good index and a list of the scientific names
used, at the end of the book, which is an important matter to a
work of this kind and, in saying that Mr. Saunders has ably per-
formed a tedious but much needed task, we feel that we are
simply just without being at all generous. Considering the quan-
tity and quality of this class of work it may be thought difficult
to produce a striking addition to our literature of the subject,
but Mr. Saunders has succeeded in doing this and since the pub-
lication of the late Dr. Harris's Treatise on Insects Injurious to
Vegetation, which has become a classic, nothing has appeared so
useful and readable, so free from objectionable and useless niatter,
in such equally good taste as Mr. Saunders' ^'olume on Insects
Injurious to Fruit The book will find its way, undoubtedly, into
many hands and will add to the solid esteem in which its author
is held by all who have benefited by his scientific labors or his
personal friendship. Mr, Saunders' book is like himself, good,
solid, sincere and useful, utterly devoid of humbug and clap-trap,
deserving of the commendation of every conscientious thinker
and worker the world over. A. R. Grote.

A NEW PRINCIPLE IN PROTECTION FROM IxNSECT ATTACK.

Under this caption Prof. J. A. Lintner claims originality for
the idea that by deodorizing plants they will be saved from being
the depositories of the eggs of insects. The pamphlet is nicely
written, but contains no details of experiments to justify the
author's claim, the originality of which seems unimportant in the
face of the fact that practically that is what is effected by the
use of many remedies against injurious insects. The pamphlet
is occupied by an ex parte argument as to the sense of smell in
insects, of which no one has publicly, we think, denied the exist-
ence. It is certainly not to sight that moths owe the finding of
plants in the darkness on which to oviposit. What is needed in
the use of preventatives just now is systematic action and co-opera-
tion. The labor of one farmer is neutralized by the idleness of his
neighbor and injurious insects are harbored next door to where
they are constantly being driven out. The remedy is the education
of the rising generation. If, in the common schools throughout
the country districts, practical entomology were taught in a simple
elementary manner we should soon see a different state of affairs,
then the young farmers would probably take the nests of the apple
tree tent caterpillar in time, instead of those of the robin, and we
should have more birds and less noxious insects. Professor Lint-
ner's pamphlet is an addition to the theoretical discussion of
Economic Entomology and will no doubt be read with interest in
certain quarters. A. R. Grote.

123

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Melit^A Chalcedon is the largest of its genius in California, ranging
from i}4 to 2^ inches in expanse. It is rather variable in its markings, es-
pecially on the primaries, where the spots vary from white to yellow, and run
tnto each other and. play at hide and seek with the red ones ; but it is always
very gay and handsome in its coat of black and red and yellow. Occasionally,
also, marked cases of suffusion are found, where the fore wings are wholly suf-
fused with a beautiful crimson, which obliterates the light markings. The eo-o-s
are light yellow, nearly globular, and very small, considering the size of 'the
butterfly. They are carelessly laid on the upper or under side of the leaves, in-
differently. In continement they are as freely deposited on the gauze bag as
npon the plant. The larvse are spiny and wooUv ; rather restless in habit,
moving about a good deal, and are free feeders, eating various scrophulaceous
plants, also a wild i jse, but are oftenest found on Scrophtilaria Caltfornica,
a perennial herb, and on Pentstemon atitirrhinoides, a deciduous bush, lii
Mexico I have found the larvae feeding in January, but in California they do not
appear till April, and the butterfly is on the wing early in May. W. G. Wright,
Hadenella. n. g. Small, allied in form to Oncocnemis Gracillima.
Front with a central navel-shaped or sub-cordate tubercle. Labial palpi short :
third joint very small, hardly exceeding the infra'-clypeal plate. Tongue mod-
erate. Eyes naked, unlashed. Tibia; unarmed. Abdomen smooth , a minute
tuft at base. Vestiture scaly. Thorax thickly squamous behind. Antenna;
simple,

Hadenella Pergentilis. n, s. Resembles Hadena Cylindrica.
Gray, shaded with fawn or ochrey. Orbicular oblique, pale ringed, with dark
center. Reniform transverse, blackish. Claviform indicated, like orbicular.
Lines obsolete. A black costal mark before the fawn-rolored apical reo-ion.
Terminal space with a rufous central shade, marked with blackish at internal
angle. Veins dotted. Fringes gray and pale, lined at base. Hind wings pale
fuscous, Washington Territory. At Mr. Neumoegen's request, I described
this little species before giving him t.he Ai'octiiidcE of my late collections. — A. R.
Grote.

Hibernating Butterflies. The spring has been very backward,
judging from the condition of vegetation.' To-day (May 8) I noticed a compar-
atively tresh specimen of the Camberwell Beauty, certainly a hibernated '
example, on the flowers of the Kentucky currant. I have observed this butter-
fly ( Vanessa Antiopa) hibernating on Staten Island many years. Wintered
examples have the veins denuded on the brown field of the wings. A, R. Grote.
Grapta and Calephelis. I have shown that there was a botanical
genus Polyg-onuin when Hubner described Polygonia and that, therefore, Kirby's
term Grapta should be retained for the lepidopterous genus. As to the
Erycinid genus Calephelis, this is not a pseudogenus, based on illusory com-
parative characters, as are many of Mr. Scudder's, but Borealis and Caenis differ
trom Nymphidia by the hairy eyes. Callicista, Gr., is one of these bastard
genera, which have only a sectional signification if we base, as we must, our
genera upon natural characters. A. R. GrOTE,

Thecla l^ta. In the woods, near my house, to-day I took a ? 7".
l(Eta, the second example I have taken here in eighteen years. Lye. vio:acea
was abundant,* W, H, EDWARDS, Coalburgh, April 17, 1883.

Curious Variety of Telea Polyphemus, On the i6th of June I
captured at Fort Lee, on the Hudson, a very singular specimen of this insect,
which deserves a permanent record. It was wholly of a pale ochreous tint,
smaller than the usual size, and with no appearance whatever of the trans-
parent vitreous spots, so characteristic of the species. The bluish lunules of
the secondaries are much^narrower l^an usual, and the yellow spot which gen-
erally encloses the transparent space^i^^duced to a small ovate apa,que patch,.
The specimen is a male, and was af rest" on an oak tree, having Just emerged
from the chrysalis. Carrie M. Edwards, New York, June 25, 1883.

124

ffMwyrai

While these sheets are passing through the press, we have,
with infinite sorrow, to record the death of our friend and fellow
worker. Dr. Jas. S. Bailey, of Albany, which took place on the
1st of July. A memoir of his life and writings will appear in the
September number of this journal.

PAPILIO.

Organ of the New York Entomological Club.

Vol. III.] SEPT.— DEC, 1883. • [No. 7-10.

ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOME SPECIES OF

LEPIDOPTERA.

By IIknry Edwards and S. Lowell Elliot.

It is desired in the present paper to give some few facts with refer-
ence to the early stages of well known insects, and to call atten-
tion to the food plants of many not hitherto recorded. It is hoped
that, while following a beaten track in many instances, some new
ground may yet be covered, and that the record of observation now
given may not be without its value. The numbers following the name
refer to the species in Mr. Elliot's breeding boxes.

SpHINGID/E.

Hemaris uniformis. G. and R. (No. 51.)

Larva. (After 3d moult.)

Head rather small, bluish green, with white irrorations; 2d segment
with yellow ring in front. The dorsal region is greenish white wjth
darker median stripe. Below this is a lateral yellow line running to
the caudal horn, and becoming wider as it approaches its base. The
lateral space below this line is yellowish green, covered with yellow
irrorations. The spiracles are red in the centre, with a white dot above
and below. On the anal segment is an oblique yellow dash. The ab-
dominal legs are yellowish at their base, banded with black, and with
the tips pink. The thoracic feet are black at the base, then a narrow
white band, and pink at their tips. Mouth parts black. Caudal horn
rough, pinkish on the sides, blue green in centre and beneath, with
raised black irrorations.

Ler:gth, 1.50 inch.

Food plants. Viburnutn opiilus and V. dentatiim.

Larva (Full grown.)

The dorsal line after the last moult has become a crimson broken

126

band, edged and shaded with white. The blotches around th-e spiracles
are more distinct — the spiracles themselves are black in the centre,
with a clear white spot above and below. The underside has a crim-
son line along the anterior and posterior portion, and sometimes a
crimson transverse line in the middle between the abdom. legs and
thoracic feet.

Pupa. Pitchy brown, elongate, head parts much produced, and
flattened about the wing cases. The segments are roughened on the
anterior, rather smooth on the posterior portion. Cremaster rough,
thick, and long.

Length, 1.50 inch.

Two specim'ens of the larva have the 2d segment somewhat raised,
roughened, with small tubercles, reddish orange. T^e spiracles are
bright crimson, surrounded with a crimson ring or blotch. Caudal
horn also crimson.

Darapsa choerilus. Cram. (No. 70.)
Larva. (Full grown.)

Head very small, as in all the genus, pale yellow green, with darker
median line; 2d segment, yellow green, with numerous irrorations. The
spiracles in this segment are all orange in centre, pale yellow above and
below. In the other segments they are orange, white above and below.
Segments 3, 4, and 5 are also pale yellow green — the two latter swollen
into a hump. The remaining segments are all bluish green, covered
with white dots, and with a slightly darker dorsal line. On 5, 6, 7 and
8 are oblique whitish bands; but on the posterior segments these are
lost in a continuous line to the base of the caudal horn, which is bluish
at the base, pale green at the tip, and white in the centre. The anal
segment is yellow green, as also are the abdominal legs. The thoracic
feet are green, with the sides orange red.

Previous to change, the caterpillar assumes a purplish leaden hue,
the dorsal and lateral lines becoming blackish.

One specimen is pinkish, with the 4 anterior and the anal segment
of a brownish cast, and with a dark dorsal stripe. The lateral line is
also brown.

The differences between D. Myron and D. Choerilus are that in the
former the whitish oblique stripes are interrupted by the lateral line,
which forms a straight edge at the junction of the oblique lines. There
is also a distinct white lateral line along the anterior segments, 2, 3, 4,
and 5, which is wholly wanting in D. Choerilus. D. Myron has also a
row of sub-ovate dorsal spots on the anterior portion of each segment.
The color of Z). J/)'r(?// varies exceedingly, green, cream-color, purplish
brown, deep brown and lead color being found.

Food plants. , Viburnum opulus. V. dentatum.

Pupa. Purplish brown, with pink tint over the whole surface,
slightly mottled. Wing cases also mottled with black. Spaces between
the segments pitchy brown. Spiracles large, well marked, deep brown.

127

Cressonia Juglandis. a. & S. (No. 50.)
Young Larva.

Very pale yellowish green, the body entirely covered with pale yel-
low irrorations, regularly placed, about 5 rows to each annulus. Head
truncate in front, conical, the apex of the cone being furnished with 2
chestnut brown roughish spinous processes, from which along the
sides of the head, arise 2 narrow yellowish streaks. The lateral streaks
are narrow and very indistinct. The caudal horn is rough, pinkish at
the base, with some very minute black points upon the surface.

On hickory. (Cai'ya alba L.^

Sphinx Chersis. Hidbn. (No. 42.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Pale blue green, whiter on the dorsum. Head and 3 following seg-
ments of a darker tint. The head, which is rather small for the size of
the larva, has 2 oblique yellowish white stripes in front. The
usual oblique stripes of the body are clear white, edged in front with a
blue green shade. They are rather broad. The anal segment is
truncate, wholly yellowish green. Caudal horn bluish, black at the ex-
treme tip. Spiracles black in centre, with a white circle. Feet and
mouth parts pinkish brown.

Abdominal legs, blue green.

Length, 3.75 inch.

Food plant. Syringa persica.

BOMBYCID/E.

Phkagmatobia Rubricosa Harr. (No. 18.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Head moderate jet black, shining. Body slate color, with pale yel-
lowish dorsal and lateral lines, the space between them being closely
covered with black waved lines, formed of transverse specks. The
spiracles are clear white, with black ring, and below them is a broad
waved yellowish line. Each segment is furnished with 8 tubercles,
from which spring bunches of bright chestnut spines. Under side slate
color. Feet black. Abdominal legs pale testaceous. Some examples
have the ground color a little darker, with the spines much lighter in
shade. This may be a sexual character.

Length, 1.30 inch.

Cocoon. A^ery thin, and lace-like, oval, and very regular in outline,
attached to the under side of the leaf. Clearly shows the pupa
within.

Pupa. Short, pitchy black, shining, slightly constricted at the base
pf the wing covers, and swollen at the middle of the abdomen. The

128

segments beneath are paler posteriorly. Anal segment chestnut in the
centre.

Length, 0.75 inch.

The caterpillar when disturbed falls to the ground, concealing itself
at the base of its food plant, and the moth has much of the same habit,
feigning death and hiding in the grass and other herbage. The food
plants, so far as observed, are Solidago, Eiipatorium, and Symplocarpus
(Skunk cabbage.)

DeIOPEIA BELLA. L.

Larva. (Full grown.)

Head chestnut brown, smooth, shining. Ground color of body deep
buff, without orange tint. Each segment has a black transverse mark
deeply notched before and behind, and edged broadly with white, bear-
ing rather long hairs, those of the dorsal region black, of the lateral
white. The mouth parts are white. The abdominal legs orange,
banded with black and white. The thoracic legs wholly black.

Length, 30 mm.

Food plants, Primus, Lespedeza, Ulmus, Myrica, as well as the pods
of Crotalaria.

Parasa chloris. H. S. (No. 56.)
Larva. (Full grown.)

Dorsal region white, with 3 stripes of bright purple, slightly waved
and contracted at base by the large conical processes, 6 of which (3 on
each side) spring from the sides of the dorsum, which are elevated into
a sharo ridge. The color of these processes is bright orange red, and they
are covered with rather long yellow hairs. The spaces between them
are also orange red, and bear two smaller tubercles with yellow spines.
Below these is a double row of purple lines, enclosing a series of small
orange red tubercles, and on the lower lateral region is another row of
spinous tubercles of the same color. The under side is wholly dull pur-
plish brown.

Length, 0.9c inch; width, 0.30 inch.

Food plants, wild cherry, Myrica, Ulmus, etc.

LiMACODES scapha. Harris. (No. 53.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Ground color pale apple green. The segments are extended later-
ally in the middle of the body, and raised into an elevated ridge, sharp
and angular at the edges. The flattened portion which includes the
dorsal region is- chestnut brown, darker on the margins. There is
also a darker dorsal stripe. The segments are arranged like the
plates of a tortoise. The lateral region is a pale yellowish green, with
oval white spot on 9 and 10 segment. Spiracles pale brown; mouth

129

parts also brown. In some specimens the brown color of the dorsum
is reduced to small patches, and occasionally a yellow dorsal line is
present, the ground color (pale green) then prevailing.

Length, 0.85 inch; width, 0,25 inch.

Food plant. Wild cherry.

Before undergoing its change to pu/^a, the caterpillar becomes creamy
white, and loses the brown marks of the dorsum. The underside of
the body is more yellow, and the green color only faintly retained
about the head and the 2nd segment.

Adoneta spinuloides. H. S. (No. 67.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Whole lateral region bright apple green. The dorsal is chestnut
brown, narrow on 2d segment, widened on 3d, and still wider on 4, 5,
and 6. The 7th is yellowish green, thus breaking the line of the chest-
nut color. On 8 the brown markings again widen out, extending over
9, and narrowing on 10 and 11. On the sides of the dorsum is a row
of orange red tubercles — 11 on each side — bearing very short spines,
those of the posterior segments bemg the largest. There is also a
series of non-spinous tubercles above the spiracles.

Length, 0.40 inch.

Food plant. Wild cherry.

Gluphisia trilineata. Pack. (No. 41.)

Larva. (Full grown.) 1

Very bright apple green. Head of a bluer shade, with 2 minute

black dots at the junction of the 2d segment. On the dorsum for the

whole length of the body are two rather broad, even, yellow stripes.
Spiracles very minute; whitish green.

Length, 0.65 inch.

On willows.

NOTODONTA STRAGULA. Gr. (No. 85.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Head slate color, mottled with black, and with pale stripe on each
side. Mouth parts with a greenish tinge. Body pale lilac,' with the
exception of the nth and 12th segments, which are dull golden. The
7th and 8th have raised prominences, which are also golden, that of the
7th being the largest. Laterally there are some pale oblique strea.s
somewhat similar to those of many sphingidce.. These do not meet on
the dorsum, where there is a faint slate-colored line. Between the 2d
and 6th segments, and common to all of these, is a darker dorsal shade
which re-appears on the nth and 12th. The spiracles are white, with
a black ring, and the lower lateral line is paler than tne rest of the

I30

body. The 12th segment bears a hump, and the sides of 11, 12, and
13 are pale brown, mottled with orange. Abdominal legs dull slate-
color, mottled with black; thoracic legs black.

Length, 55 mm.

Food plant. Willows.

Oedemasia concinxa. a. & S. (No. 47.)
Larva. (After 2d moult.)

Body bright yellow; head jet black; 2d segment with a jet black
transverse mark. Each of the other segments has a transverse row of
8 or 10 minute black points, those of the dorsal region being the largest.
Between these are a few whitish hairs. Anal segment and thoracic
feet pitchy; abdominal legs concolorous.

(Full grown.)

Head coral red, as is also the 4th segment, which is raised into a
hump. The dorsal and anal regions are a dull yellow, with black
waved lines; the sub-dorsal white, with waved black lines. Lower
lateral yellow, with waved black lines. All the segments bear 6 or 8
piliferous black tubercles, looking like black sealing wax. Anal seg-
ment jet black. The hairs are all sordid white. Underside dull yel-
low, streaked with black waved lines. Abdominal legs yellowish flesh
color. Thoracic feet black.

Length, 30 mm.

Food plant. Willows.

Cerura cinerea. Walk. (No. 52.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Pale apple-green; head brown; 2d and 3d segment also with brown
triangular patch, not united to the brown dorsal patch. On the 2d
segment are two raised rough processes, like horns, brown in color.
Commencing on the 4th, and continuing to the anal segment, is a
brown patch, as in other members of the genus — a mere point on 4,
spreading out diagonally on 6 and 7, narrowing on 8, a little wider on
9, narrowing again on 10, and wider on 11 and 12. The anal segment
is furnished with long filaments alternately brown and green. The
lateral green spaces have a number of rather small reddish spots, and
on the dorsal brown patch are some small roughened tubercles.

Length, 1.30 inch.

Food plant. Willows.

The younger stages are of a paler color in all parts, without any per^
ceptible difference in the markings.

ToLYPE velleda. Stoll. (No. 37.)
Larva. (Full grown.)

i3t

Body dull rusty black; the head rather smaller than the 2d segment,
and streaked lonp-itudinally with sordid white. The sides of the seg-
ments are produced into a long, blunt tubercle, from which spring out
like a fan a series of very long hairs, some of which are ciliate, others
with a fan-like termination All the segments dorsally have 2 spinose
tubercles, those of the third segment being very much larger than the
others. On the sides of 4 is a broken whitish patch; on 8, another,
which spreads over the dorsum; and on 11 and 12 others less distinct.
The underside of the body, including the legs, is reddish flesh-color,
with a velvety black spot between the legs. At the juncture of 4 and
5 is a fold, velvety black beneath, only visible when the larva is in
motion.

Length, 2.00 inch.

Food plant. Prunus, Populus and Syringa. sp.

TOLVPE LARICIS. Fitch. (No. T^Z?)
Larva. (After 3d moult.)

Entire surface rusty brown, the segments are corrugated in large
folds, each bearing dorsally transverse tubercles, those of the 4th and
9th being the largest. The lateral ciliai are attached to tubercles as in
/. velleda, but are much shorter than in that species.

(After 4th moult.)

Rusty brown, paler than /. velleda, with the segmental tubercles
similar in shape, but much smaller, and with the white blotches less
distinct.

On Larix Americana. Michx., and other sp. of conifer^.

»/ NOCTUID^.

ACRONYCTA GRISEA. Walk. (No. 97.)

Larva. (After 3rd moult).

Pale apple green, the dorsal region elevated into a ridge and marked
with a broken brown dorsal line, broadest on 2, t^.^^^ 9 and 10; the brown
patch on 2 has its edges cream color: head pale green in centre, brownish
on the sides, with paler marblings; 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12 have small raised
tubercles, bearing spines, and 2 bears bunches of long hairs. Lateral
region wholly pale green, with whitish irrorations. Spiracles cream
color, edged with black. Feet and legs concolorous.

Length, 15 mm.; width, 3 mm.

Larva. (Full grown.)

Head dull chestnut brown, with some darker markings; body wholly
yellowish green, with slight brownish tint. On 7 and 8 is a broad brown
triangular patch, the mark being continued slightly reducing in size to
the anal segment. Each of the segments bears brownish tubercles,
with short spinous hairs; those of No. 5 have 6 tubercles, of 8 and 9

132

three each, and the rest only 2; there is a faint sub-dorsal brownish
line broken up into patches; the spiracles are brown, with redder brown
patches above and below them. When at rest, segments 3, 4, 5 and 6 are
very much elevated into a hump. All the tubercles bear short sharp
hairs, and there is also a series along the lower lateral region.
Length, when at rest, 25 mm.; when feeding, 32 mm.

Food plant, Ulmus.

A variety of the caterpillar occurs, which is pale brownish, with a
flesh tint, but agreeing in all its markings with the green form.

Food plant, Viburtittm.

On changing to pupa, the larva loses the brown patches of the
middle and posterior segments, and becomes wholly of a dull orange
color.

ACRONYCTA OCCIDENTALIS. G. & R. (No. 46.)

Larva. (After third moult.)

Body wholly velvety black, as are also the head, legs, and entire
under surface. Each segment is furnished with 7 small warty tubercles,
from which spring bundles of short ochreous spines. The spiracles
are white, and below them is a waved irregular line of pale reddish
brown.

Length, i.oo inch.

Full grown. Head pitchy, with deep sinus in the middle. Along
the dorsum is a broad black band, extending on each side, in the
middle of the segments, into a transverse line, on 5 to 10 only. This
band bears on each of these segments 2 ochreous spots, between which
are some whitish patches; the sub-dorsal lines are sordid flesh-color;
those of the lateral region enclosing the spiracles are lead-color, the
spiracles being black; the 2, 3 and 4 segments are wholly lead-color,
only interrupted by the pinkish sub-dorsal stripe; the 12th segment
bears a small hump, and the body is covered rather sparingly with long
chestnut hairs.

Length, 1.25 inch.

Food plant, wild cherry.

ACRONYCTA LITHOSPILA. Gr. (No. I02.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Very dark bluish green, darkest dorsally; head slightly truncate in
front, with 2 slightly raised protuberances on the crown; pitchy with
brown marks. The body is covered with rather long hairs; along the
dorsum is a dull pink stripe, triangularly formed on the 6 anterior seg-
ments, then widening very much until the whole of the dorsum is cov-
ered on 7, 8 and 9, then narrowing again to the anal extremity. The
middle and broad portion of this mark is darker than the anterior and

posterior portions; the hairs spring from small pinkish tubercles, the
spiracles also being of a pinkish cast; under side all dull green.
Length, 35 mm.

On hickory. [Carya alba. L.)
AgROTIS C-NIGRUM. L. (No. 2.)
Larva. (Full grown.)

General color, dull brown; darker anteriorly. Head small, very
shining, with two black streaks in front. There is but a faint indication
of a pattern upon the segments dorsally, the whole of the markings being
clouded and indistinct, being a little paler posteriorly. Upon the nth,
i2th, and 13th segments, however, are two oblique black velvety streaks
directed towards each other posteriorly, and giving a strong character
to the otherwise faint markings. Below tlie spiracles, which are white
edged with black, is a rugged line of pale fawn-color. The underside,
including the legs, is pale testaceous.

Length, 1.15 inch.

Food plant. Cichorimn Iniybiis L

May 2. Imago emerged June 4.

There are 2 broods of this species. The ist brood appears in April,
having hybernated in the larva state. The 2d appears in August, some
of the hybernated individuals going over as late as this month,

Mamestra renigera. Stph. (No. i.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

General color, dark fawn brown; head shining, with narrow pale
stripe in the centre and broader stripe at the sides. There is a pale
narrow dorsal line, and on each segment, dorsally, a brown diagonal
shade, on the apical points of which are small shining tubercles, each
bearing a black hair. These tubercles are two to each segment. The
marks of the two anal segments, instead of being diagonal, are trian-
gular. There is a broad and decided black lateral line above the
spiracles, and beneath this, enclosing the spiracles, which are black, is
a waved double line of pale brown. Below this again is a pale fawn-
colored corrugated fold. Underside, dull stone-drab. All the feet are
black at the base.

Length, i.oo.

Food plant. Cichorhitn Lntybus L.

Double-brooded; appearing in April and August.

EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA. L. (No. 79.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Emerald green. Head, greenish testaceous; mouth parts pale pitchy.
There is a very faint broken dorsal line, and a shading with a darker

134

green over the whole of the dorsum. The junction of the segments is
yellowish. Spiracles very small, whitish, with broad black ring. The
lower lateral space is pale bluish green. On the top of the 12th seg-
ment, which is somewhat swollen, are 2 small spots of clear white.
The underside is wholly pale bluish green.

Length, 35 mm.

Food plants. Viburnum^ Betula, etc.

AcHATODES Ze.*;. Harris. (No. 18.)
Larva. {Full grown.)

Sordid white. Head and 2d segment 'jet black, shining, the latter
occasionally white at the sides with 2 black spots. The 3rd and 4th
segments have each 14 jet black shining points, 12 of which are placed
transversely and somewhat irregularly, the other two in front, the lateral
and sub-dorsal points being the largest. The other segments, except
the anal, which is wholly black, have 12 black spots each, those of the
dorsum being the largest. Feet black. Abdom. legs sordid white,
with a black lunate mark at their junction with the body. Spiracles
jet black.

Length, 1.00 inch.

In stems of elder [Sambucus) feeding upon the pith.

Pupa. Bright shining chestnut brown, the anterior portions of all
the segments darker, roughened. The spiracles are also darker brown.
The head is truncate in front, and furnished with two small roughened
but pointed processes, which are probably used to break through the
thin rind of the alder stem, as the larva feeds out a space, leaving on
the outer rind a very thin portion to enable it to escape.

Length, 0.90 inch.

SCOLECOCAMPA LIBURNA, Gcycr. (No, 3.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Head and 2d segment pitchy black, very shining, bearing a few
fuscous hairs. General color dull smoky, or greyish white, with a darker
dorsal line. The outer integument is thin and transparent, and through
it the circulation can be distinctly seen. From each of the segments
spring 10 small brown tubercles, each bearing one or more fuscous
hairs. These tubercles are placed laterally, the dorsal region being
entirely free from them. The anal segment is pitchy, as are also the
thoracic feet, the abdominal legs being concolorous with the body.

Length, 1.60 inch.

In decaying stumps of chestnut trees.

As soon as the "larva is ready to transform it hollows out a small
space in the ground at the base of the tree, which it covers with a thin
web, and then spins a rather tough cocoon of pieces of wood, inter-

135

mingled with its own frass. The pupa is bright reddish brown, the
segments edged with a dartcer shade. It is long, tapering much towards
the anal extremity, very shining, with the antennal cases very pro-
minent.

LiTHOPHANE LATICINEREA. GrOtC.

Larva. (Full grown.)

Pale bluish green, whitish posteriorly. Head bluish green, narrower
than the 2d segment, with a lateral line of very minute black spots. A
faint whitish dorsal line. The segments are slightly corrugated, with
numerous stride, and very minute tubercles on each. The spiracles are
jet black, with a broad bright lemon-yellow band below them. Feet
and legs bluish green.

Length, 1.40 inch.

Food plant. Wild cherry.

Crambodes Talidiformis, Gne. (No. 24a.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Rather a dull apple green. Head narrowed in front, with some
faint white marblings at the side. A broken dorsal line composed of
pink spots, sometimes pale, and in a few specimens quite obsolete.
Two sub-dorsal broken lines of white spots and a broad, pink lateral
line inclosing the spiracles. This line is usually widened a little in
the middle of each segment above the spiracle. Between all the lines
are a few white spots, irregularly placed. The spiracles are black.

Length, 30 mm.

The cocoon is formed of small fragments of sand, etc., spun to-
gether by silk, and is attached to any neighboring object, such as the
stems or roots of plants, about one-half of the cocoon being below the
surface of the soil. It is almost globose, or but slightly oval.

Ingura Pr^pilata Grote. (No. 100.)
Larva. (Full grown.)

Yellowish apple green. Second segment with yellow line in front.
All the segments have about 15 to 18 yellow spots irregularly dis-
posed. Most of these spots are lozenge-shaped; those of the sub-
dorsal region being somewhat linear. Spiracles dull orange, with bright
lemon-yellow stigmatal line.

Length, 16 mm.

Food plant. Liquidaiiiber ptyraciflua L.

Pyrrhia Exprimens. Wlk. (No. 55.) .

Larva. (Full grown.)

Head, pale chestnut. Dorsal region broadly pinkish drab. The

136

lateral region, embracing the spiracles, is bright orange, and below
these dull flesh-color, sprinkled with white. The second segment has
8 rather large jet-black tubercular spots in front, and 3 others on each
side. The remaining segments have each 14 smaller black tubercular
spots, those of 1 1 being the largest. The anal segment has a black
transverse line at the base, then 4 black spots, and a row of the same
color united along its posterior margin.

Length, 1.30 inch.

Food plant. Desmodium sp.

Pupa. Dark chestnut brown, very glossy, and elongated toward the
posterior extremity. Cremaster a long, slightly hooked spine. The
segments are covered with close, fine punctures, and the spiracles are
a darker brown.

Length, 0.80 inch.

Parallelia Bistriaris, Hubn. (No. 89.)
Larva. (Full grown.)

Slate color, with lilac tinge; the whole surface covered with waved
lines and confused marks of a darker shade. The head is rather
small, tapering in front, with 4 black longitudinal stripes. Between
the segments is a greenish shade, and on each of these about 8 small
white raised spots. The loth, nth and 12th have each a raised
blackish line on the posterior half, that of 11 being the largest. Legs
and feet striped with purplish brown.

Length, 45 mm.

Food plant, Acer rtibrum. L.

Geometridce.

Amphidasis Cognataria. Gne. (No, 32.)

Larva. (Full grown.)

Paleyellowish apple green. Head truncate in front, with 2 conical
processes on the crown. Each of the segments is edged posteriorly
with very pale dull yellow, and there are many very minute white and
blackish warty tubercles scattered irregularly on the surface. There
is a faint indication of a pale pinkish brown dorsal line. On the
anterior portion of the anal segment is a warty protuberance of a
brownish tint, surmounted by two cream colored processes. Tho-
racic feet and spiracles orange brown. Abdominal legs, green.

Length, 2.00 inch.

Food plant. Melilatiis, Acer sp.

Larva changed to chrysalis. July 29. Imago, Aug. 13.

137

DESCRIPTION OF INTERESTING NEW SPECIES OF HE-
TEROCERA FROM ALL PARTS OF OUR CONTINENT.

By B. Neumoegen.
Platythyris granulata. n. sp.

Antennae, head, thorax, abdomen and legs grey. The tips of tho-
rax and the abdomen, especially the former, powdered with orange.

Primaries of brownish grey color, traversed by innumerable little
undulating lines from costa to interior margin, uniting into irregular
small ovals at the intersection of the nerves, giving the appearance of
numberless granules. These granules from base of wing to within a
short space from exterior margin tinted with reddish orange. The
space along exterior margin is grey. Fringes of a darker brownish
grey than primaries, with a white curve at inner angle. An irregular,
vitreous, discal spot at the inner edge of a greyish brown transverse
band, which is broadest at costa and sharpens considerably at junction
with interior margin. Along costa five irregular, partly triangular
spots of straw yellow, two of them near inner edge of transverse band,
one in the middle of the same, and two at the anterior edge of the
band. Shape of wing curved at middle of exterior margin and at inner
angle.

Secondaries concolorous, from base to within exterior margin,
where the brownish grey prevails, the granules are likewise tinted with
reddish orange. A vitreous discal spot, about four times larger than
the one on primaries, of irregular square shape, cut in triangularly at
anterior edge, giving it the appearance of having two pointed teeth.
Wing curved i.i at centre of exterior margin and at anal angle.

Beneath, primaries and secondaries of light straw color, the trans-
verse lines, which form the granules, of brownish color. Brownish
shading near apex of primaries, the transverse band brown, and vitre-
ous discal spot prominent. The five costal spots plainly visible.
Brownish tinge near base and around discal spot of secondaries.
Fringes as above.

Expanse of wings, 23 mm. Length of body, 6 mm.

Habitat: Fort Huachuco, Arizona. Type $ , coll. B. Neumoegen.

Nemeophila Geddesi. n. sp.

Antenna, head and abdomen black. Thorax, collar and an anal
tuft of bright yellow. The abdomen has lateral stripes of straw yellow,
and segmentary bands of same color near anus. Legs straw yellow.

Primaries black, with two prominent markings in straw yellow. One
an oblique, broad, irregular band from costa to exterior margin above
anal angle, thus separating the wing into an irregular, triangular, black
apical patch. The inner part of this band edges off inwardly near me-
dian nervure, and runs parallel with same, thus giving the band the
appearance of being toothed, the outer tooth only touching the ex-
terior margin. The other is a broad basal stripe along median nervure,
sharpening towards centre and nearly in conjunction with inner tooth

^38

of transverse band. A minute oval spot of straw yellow resting on
middle of submedian nervure. Costa bright yellow near base, but fad-
ing, off towards apex. Fringes black along exterior margin, but of
straw yellow along interior margin to anal angle.

Secondaries black, with the following markings in straw yellow. An
irregular, broaJ, mesial band along costa and running parallel at a dis-
tance with exterior margin, terminating at median nervules, where it is
sharpened inwardly. An irregular shade, split by a black line, along
abdominal margin, ending at anal angle, hooked inwardly. Fringes
along abdominal margin and anal angle of straw yellow, thence along
exterior margin strongly intermixed with black.

Beneath the markings are as above, both on primaries and second-
aries.

Expanse of wings, 29 mm. Length of body, 8 mm.

Habitat: Crow's Nest Pass, N. W. Brit. Cola. Type $ , coll. B. Neu-
moegen. (Capt. Geddes.)

Dedicated to Capt. Gamble Geddes, of Toronto, who last season
braved the inconveniences of a three months' sojourn in the Athabasca
region, in order to enrich our science.

This beautiful insect was seen years ago by my friend, Mr. Hy
Edwards, in a collection in Vancouver, but the superstitious possessor
would not allow Mr. Edwards to make a description of it. Thus it
has fallen to me to be the first one to describe it.

Halesidota minima, n. sp.

Head, thorax, patagiae, abdomen pale, ochreous, hairy. Legs pale
ochreous.

Primaries brownish, intermixed with ochreous tint. Maculations at
base, along costa and at apices pale ochreous. Three irregular, un-
dulating, transverse shadings from costa to inner margin; the two an-
terior ones accompanied by a row of irregular dots. The shading is
the darkest around ochreous, basal maculation, and along exterior
margin. One large, oblong, ochreous spot resting on costa, not far
from base, followed by two, and more anteriorly towards apex, by three
irregular, transparent spots, the latter being the start, of the central
transverse shading. Fringes brownish.

Secondaries immaculate, creamish white with concolorous fringes.

Beneath the markings on primaries are faintly reproduced, the ochre-
ous tint at base and of anterior transverse shading more pronounced.

Expanse of wings, 31 mm.

Length of body, 6 mm.

Habitat: Fort Huachuco, Arizona. (Morrison.)
$ Type, coll. B. Neumoegen.

This is the smallest of our Halesidotas, and, in appearance, the
nearest relative to our H. Caryoe.

EULEUCOPHAEUS HUALAPAI, n. Sp.

Head dark rose with yellowish tint. Prothorax, patagioe, thorax
very hairy, creamish white with scattered dark rose colored hair.

Abdomen very hairy, dark rose intermixed with crearnish white hair
and yellow tinted segmentary bands. Abdomen beneath light rose
with with whitish tint Antennae and legs bright yellow. The latter
clothed with whitish rose hairs.

Primaries immaculate of very light rose color, along fringes and in-
ner margin whitish. Costa bright yellow. A transverse, well pro-
nounced, semi-transparent discal dash, surrounded by yellowish color.
Light indication of a whitish transverse, oblique band, from costanear
apex and parallel with outer margin. Light rose tint near base.

Secondaries of rose color, more intense near base. Fringes and
hair along abdominal margin creamish white. A discal spot of the
latter color.

Beneath, primaries and secondaries of bright rose; the secondaries
of a lighter shade than primaries. Primaries from base and along
median vein clothed with rose colored hair. Costa of the brightest
yellow. A basal blotch, near conjunction of inner margin, of same
color, and the course of the nerves indicated by yellow lines.

Base of secondaries near anterior margin clothed with rose and yel-
low hair. Fringes and hair along abdominal margin creamish white.

Discal spots visible both on primaries and secondaries.

Expanse of wings 23^ inches.

Length of body ^ inch.

Habitat: S. W. Arizona. (Morrison). Type ? . coll. B. Neumogen.

This is a fine insect distinguishing itself by its rose tint.

Hypopta Manfredi, n. sp.

Antenna heavily feathered, light brownish, white stemmed. Tho-
rax, abdomen and legs heavily furred with creamish white hair.

Primaries creamish white, fringes concolorous. Some minute, dif-
fused sprinkling of light brown, and a discal dasli of same color.

Secondaries somewhat darker, but uniform in color.

Beneath, primaries blackish with a lighter indication of discal dash
of the surface. Near base and along larger part of inner margin a
shade of creamish white and the fringes of same color.

Secondaries creamish white with a shade of light brown cast over
it. Lightest near base and at anal angle.

Expanse of wings 30. mm.

Length of body 10. mm.

Habitat: S. W. Arizona. (Morrison.)

$ S Types coll. B. Neumoegen.

Named for Manfred Neumoegen.

This insect is much smaller than H. Bertholdi or H. Henrici and
can be at once recognized by its plain color.

Hadena Transfrons. n. sp.

Antennae brown. Head grey. Thorax grey, intermixed with
brown. Collar brown. Abdomen dark grey, shading into light brown
beneath. Light brown anal tuft. Legs brown.

Primaries yellowish grey with maculations in light and dark brown.

140

as follows: A dark brown marginal line along exterior margin; an ir-
regular transverse line from near apex to interior margin, outwardly
toothed at intersection of nerves; at costa, this line starts with an ir-
regular, square, dark brown spot. The space between this line and
exterior margin is yellowish grey, having a dark brown marginal
maculation at centre of exterior margin and a more prominent, nearly
triangular, dark brown blotch at inner angle. Through the centre of
the space an irregular, transverse row of light brown dots. A second
transverse line curvmg around base, starting with a dark brown blotch
at costa and terminating with dark brown maculations at interior
margin.

The interspace between the anterior and inner, basal transverse
lines filled up with vivid light brown and having a large brown dash,
pointing inwardly and resting on submedian nervure. A large, irre-
gular square discal dot, surrounded inwardly by a prominent dark
brown blotch, fringes yellowish grey, toothed with dark brown.

Secondaries uniform black, fading somewhat into greyish black
toward base, fringes light brown.

Beneath, primaries dark brown fading into light brown at base and
along interior margin. Indications of the anterior transverse line.

Secondaries light brown with a dark brown marginal band and a
small, but distinct dark brown discal dot.

Expanse of wings. 26. mm.

Length of body. 9. mm.

Habitat: Deer River, N. W. Brit. Cola. (Capt. Geddes.)

Type S . coll. B. Neumoegen.

In appearance ranking near to H. Bridghamii, G. & R.

Hadena Smaragdwa, n. sp.

Antennae light brown. Head and thorax grey black. Abdomen
and legs grey, with a blackish shade.

Primaries of a beautiful smaragd green, especially at base, along
costa and exterior margin and at inner angle. Maculations, dark
black, surrounded by brownish shades, giving the green wings much
the appearance of being checkered with black, irregular square spots.
Three transverse lines. The most anterior from apex to inner angle,
undulating and consisting of irregular dots. The second, more m-
wardly, resting on middle of interior margin and similar to anterior
line. The third curving around base from costa to interior margin.
The interspaces between the transverse lines filled up by irregular
checkers of brown shades, those between the inner curving line and
the middle transverse line alternating in black and green. Fringes
brown.

Secondaries greyish white, with broad, blackish marginal band from
apex to anal angle, fading towards centre. Lightest at base. Fringes
blackish, with a marginal line along exterior margin, of small, distinct
black dashes. Faint indication of an undulating, transverse line through
the centre.

141

Beneath, primaries greyish black, with lighter greyish shading at
base and along interior margin. The middle transverse line and a
small discal dot, of somewhat darker color, plainly visible.

Secondaries greyish white, with a shading of greyish black along
costa and exterior margin. The middle transverse line and a small
discal spot of greyish black, quite distinct.

Expanse of wings, 27 mim.
Length of body, 8 mim.
Habitat: S. W. Arizona. (Morrison.)
Type $, , coll. B. Neumoegen.

This insect ranks certainly as one of the handsomest Hadenas of
our country.

PSEUDANARTA FaLCATA, n. Sp.

Antennae, head, thora.K and abdomen light brown, with anal tuft of
a lighter shade. Under side of abdomen and legs of the same lighter
shade.

Primaries very pointed at apex, then considerably bulging out along
exterior margin and rounding off at inner angle. Color of same a light
brown. A light transverse line from near apex to interior margin; the
space enclosed between the same and exterior margin of a lighter
shade, darkening along the latter and showing faintly a marginal line
of irregular dots from apex to inner angle. Another faint, oblique line
from costa near base to middle of interior margin, nearly joining there
the anterior transverse line. A faint, whitish reniform discal ring,
having a larger, oblong, anterior companion ring. Fringes light brown.

Secondaries and fringes bright yellow, immaculate, with a distinct,
broad black marginal band from costa to anal angle.

Beneath, primaries bright yellow, slightly dusted with brown grains
along costa. K broad, black transverse marginal band, covering near-
ly one-third of the wing.

Secondaries bright yellow, slightly dusted with brown along costa.
The same broad, black marginal band as on surface. K small black
discal dot.

Expanse of wings, 20 mim.

Length of body, 8 mim.

Habitat: Ft. Huachuco, Arizona (Morrison.)

Type 5 , coll. B. Neumoegen.

The only representative of its tribe with falcate wings, so far known,
nearing otherwise in appearance A. flava, Hy. Edw.

Stibadium Curiosum, n. sp.

Antennae light brown. Head and thorax whitish grey, sprinkled
with brown. Abdomen and legs whitish grey.

Primaries very pointed at apex; exterior margin bulging out at
centre, but retracing towards inner angle, giving the cut of the wing

142

a curious, falcate form. Color of primaries greyish brown, with in-
tenser shading at centre of wing, the shading assuming somewhat the
form of minimal granules. A transverse gre3'ish white line from apex
to near middle of interior margin, bending considerably inwardly at
its centre. Another transverse line from costa, near base, to interior
margin. The space enclosed by the two transverse lines being the
most intensely colored part of the wing. A prominent, semi-circular
black apical spot. A reniform discal spot, accompanied inwardly by
another rounded dot.

Secondaries silvery grey, with blackish exterior margin, fading to-
wards centre of wing. Indications of light mesial line.

Beneath, primaries of uniform brownish grey, somewhat lighter along
costa and exterior margin. Secondaries of silvery grey, slightly dust-
ed with light brown.

Expanse of wings, 25 mim. Length of body, 8 mim.

Habitat: South Arizona. Type $ , coll. B. Neumoegen.

This insect proves to be of the genus Stibadium, in spite of its curi-
ously formed primaries.

ScHiNiA (Porrima) Carmosina n. sp .

Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark grey. Abdomen beneath
and legs of a lighter shade.

Primaries of a brilliant red purple color, nearing the tint of a light
garnet, mixed with fleshy carmine tints. A broad transverse band of
light brown, broadest at its start at costa, narrowing towards centre and
widening at its termination on interior margin. The interior and an-
terior lines of this band are toothed with whitish color at intersection
of nerves. The course of median and subme.lian nervures while cross-
ing this band, indicated by lighter color. An exterior black marginal
line, consisting of conspicuous black dots at termination of nerves.
Fringes brown.

Secondaries of an uniform brownish black, somewhat fading towards
base, with yellowish fringes. Slight indications of the discal dot.

Beneath primaries brownish black with lighter, greyish shades along
costa, exterior and interior margins. At apex a blotch of bright car-
mine, purple tint, nearing the color of light garnet, diminishing in size
and ending pointedly at centre of exterior margin. The latter dotted
with black at termination of nerves.

Secondaries brownish black, fading into lighter color in centre
and at base, being most intense at anal angle. A broad marginal
shading from costa to middle of exterior margin of the same bright
carmine purple tint, gradually fading towards centre. A large brown-
ish black discal dot.

Expanse of wings, 28 mm. Length of body, 5 mm.

Habitat: Central Florida.

Type ? . Coll. B. Neumoegen.

143

Undoubtedly one of the most brilliant North American Heliothinae,
and nearest relative to P. Sanguinea, Geyer, from which it is easily dis-
tinguished by its smaller size, intenser coloring, the dark grey head,
thorax and body and the black secondaries.

Drasteria Distincta, n. sp.

Head, thorax and body creamish white with a light bluish tint. An-
tennai grey. Legs creamish white.

Primaries of a light blue tint with the following markings in brown:
A transverse line of irregular dots from costa to interior margin, par-
allel with exterior margin. The dots resting at intersection of nerves.
The two upper dots near apex the largest and most accentuated in
color. Between base and this line two more irregular transverse lines,
nearly connecting at interior margin, thus forming an irregular tri-
angular space, the centre of which is marked by a large, transverse re-
niform circle. The space shaded with brown. A marginal brown line
along exterior margin ; costa and fringes brown.

Secondaries creamish white fringes concolorous. From apex to anal
angle a brown marginal, distinct line. Parallel with it, but pointed
outwardly at centre, an undulating, mesial band, joining marginal line
at anal angle. Indications of another interior mesial band of same
color from centre of costa to abdominal margin, hooked in at conjunc-
tion with latter. Base densely shaded with brown, fading off along
abdominal margin.

Beneath, primaries and secondaries creamish white, powdered with
brown grains. Small brown discal spot on primaries. Marginal lines
of both wings distinct.

Expanse of wings, 28 mm. Length of body, 7 mm.
Habitat: Belly River, N. W. Brit.Cola. (Capt. Geddes.) Types, $ $.
Coll. B. Neumoegen.

D. distincta is near to D. coerulea, but not as vividly colored and
plainly distinct at first glance by its creamish white secondaries.

Syneda Athabasca, n. sp.

Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen grey. Abdomen beneath and
legs very light grey.

Primaries very dark, nearly blackish, grey ; fringes concolorous. A
broad, light grey marginal band, accentuated by a dark grey blotch at
apex, and terminating at inner angle, having an anterior black marginal
line. A broad, light grey, oblique band, from costa near base to
middle of interior margin and nearly joining at latter the marginal
band. The space between the oblique and marginal bands very dark
grey, having at its upper centre a prominent irregular square, discal
blotch of whitish grey, from costal to median nervures, being toothed
at intersection of nervures.

Secondaries yellowish white. A black marginal line from apex to
anal angle, having two triangular black blotches, pointing inwardly.

'44

A prominent, broad, undulating black mesial band from costa to anal
angle, joining at latter the marginal line. A black basal dash along
abdominal margin, and a prominent black, discal line, resting on
median nervure, the inward course of which it marks in black, fringes
yellowish white with black, intermediate maculations.

Beneath, primaries and secondaries milky white with black macula-
tions. Primaries have a distinct marginal line, anterior transverse un-
dulating band, large discal spot of black. Secondaries have likewise
the marginal line with blotches, the undulating mesial band and the
discal line of black.

Expanse of wings, ^ 25 mm. ? 2 7. mm. Length of body, $ 7
mm. $ 8 mm.

Habitat: Belly River, N. W. Brit. Col. (Capt. Geddes.)

The smallest, but one of the most graceful-looking of our Synedas.

THE MACHAON CONTROVERSY.

Sir, — The note in the Machaon controversy in the May-June num-
ber of " Papilio" was written by me immediatel)^ after reading Mr. W.
H. Edwards' article in the March number, and was, if I mistake not,
in the form of a letter, as I did not consider it of sufficient importance
to make an article of it. Since then, however, I have been in Boston,
and through the kindness and courtesy of Dr. Hagen I have had an
opportunity of carefully examining the fine and remarkable series of
Papilios collected by him and his associates last summer, and my views
have been modified in consequence. As the result of this examina-
tion I find that the striped ocellus figured by Mr. Edwards as the
typical form in Oregonia is not at all common among these specimens,
most of them having the pupil broadly pear-shaped above, sometimes
nearly triangular and sometimes even separated from the interior anal
band, and so closely resembling that of Zolicaon. One specimen in
which the ocellus and pupil were nearest that figured as Oregonia by
Mr. Edwards, has a black cell and a nearly black body. One speci-
men has the pupil on the upper side very slightly clubbed, and sloped
down very near to the inner edge, so as to closely resemble in this par-
ticular a specimen of Machaon from Koolloo, in the Himalayas. This
wide variation in the form of the pupil of the ocellus is very marked.
Mr, Edwards says on page 55, that "the marginal yellow spots of
these several members of the Asterias group are very similar to those
of Zolicaon." From the extreme variation of these spots in these
specimens, I should judge that they must be worthless for the separa-
tion of species.

Mr. Edwards says that these specimens are hybrids. This is, I sup-
pose, possible; but is it probable ? For my part, I do not believe that
a party collecting a large series of butterflies would find nothing but
hybrids,

145

In conclusion, I would simply state that in my humble opinion there
is more to be learned about these forms than either Dr. Hagen or Mr.
Edwards can at present tell us.

Yours respectfully,

H. H. LYMAN.
Montreal, Sept. 17, 1883.

SOME SPECIES OF EUCHCETES.

By Henry Edwards.

Considerable confusion has hitherto existed among entomologists in
the determination of the species of this genus hereafter referred to,
many lepidopterists having fallen into the error of believing them to
be forms of one and the same thing, and regarding E. collaris as
merely an albino state of E. egle. In many cabinets it is still so
named, but it has remained for Mr. S. Lowell Elliot, of New York, to
clear away all the existing difificulties, and to place the several forms
in their proper rank as species. And here I would wish publicly to
pay my respect to Mr. Elliot for the vast services he has rendered
and will hereafter render to entomology, by the persevering and
earnest manner in which he has reared a great number of lepidoptera
through all their stages from the tgg upwards, and the unparalleled
care he has taken to prevent any mixing together of species, thus
avoiding any possibility of mistake. Thousands of examples have
passed through his hands during the past two years, the larvce being
described in all their moults, and watched with unremitting attention.
To Mr. Elliot American lepidopterists will, when the results of his ob-
servations are fully known, owe a debt of gratitude it will be difficult
to pay. In the genus Datana alone upwards of 10,000 specimens of
the various forms have been under his care, and the differences be-
tween them carefully and studiously noted. In the present genus
enormous numbers of specimens have been raised, and the results here
stated are beyond the chances of error. It will be seen that the fall
brood of E. eglenensis is white, and superficially resembles E. collaris,
while the spring brood is lead color, and closely approaches E. egle.
This will help to account for the erroneous impressions I have referred
to as to the association of the several species under one. I have
thought it wise to include in this paper redescriptions of all the spe-
cies, under the new light given to them by the efforts of Mr. Elliot,
and have also ^iven names to one variety of E. egle. and to a probable
species allied to E. collaris. The first of these was noted by Mr. Grote,
and I append his description, applying to the insect the name given to
it by him. The other has, I believe, so far been taken only by myself
in the Yosemite Valley, California. Its early stages are unfortunately
unknown to me, but the present reference to it may, I trust, attract the
attention of observers, and finally bring us some information as to its
larval condition.

146

EUCHCETES COLLARIS, Fitch.

Larva. (After 2d moult,)

Body color, greenish-white. Head, slightly testaceous. The body
is covered with very long, sordid, white hairs, those of the anterior
portion the longest. A darker dorsal line, contrasting with the white
ground-color.

Length, 8 mm.

(After 3d moult.)

The body has now become a clearer white, and the hairs, are dis-
posed more in the form of tubercular , tufts, and not irregularly, as in
the previous stages, the segments being marked by a deeper shade.

Length 12 mm.

(After 4th moult.)

Wholly sordid white; the hairs now plainly disposed on pale tuber-
cles, each bearing a large tuft of hairs, which are cream-white at
their base, slightly stained with dusky at their tips.

Length, 20 mm.

(After 5th moult.)

Head pale, testaceous. The hairs have now become pale mouse
color, varying in some individuals to a darker shade. The body color
and that of the legs are now dull greenish-white.

Length, 28-30 mm.

Food Plants:

Asclepias, of several species; and Apocynum cannabinum. The larvae
feed only at night, hiding themselves during the day at the foot of their
food plant.

Imago. Palpi, fore coxae, abdomen above, part of thorax, a costal
streak continued to the apex, and the costal edge of secondaries be-
neath, bright buff. The abdomen has three rows of black spots, those
of the dorsum the largest. The wings are pure white above, rather
acute at the apex; the primaries with a sub-costal, lead-colored shade
beneath, not reaching to the apex. The abdominal spots are occasion-
ally almost obsolete.

Exp. wings, ,3, 35 mm. $, 42 mm.

EuCHCETES YOSEMITE, n. Sp.

Wings pure white above and below, except a buff shade on the
costa of primaries, not extenditig beyond the basal third, and a very
slight lead-colored sub-costal shade beneath. Costal edge of second-
aries, crea7n white. Abdomen cream-white, with the posterior edges
of the segments pale buff. Dorsal black spots quite conspicuous.
Otherwise, as in E. collaris

Exp, wings, ($', 45 mm. $ , 48 mm.

From several examples taken by myself in the Yosemite Valley, Cali-
fornia,

147

The difference between this form and our common species will, I
think, be easily seen upon comparison ; the larger size, white abdo-
men, and shorter buff costal streak being strong characters, entitling
it, I think, to rank as a species. The whole of the examples I saw
were constant in their markings, not less than 20 having been exam-
ined by me.

EUCHCETES EGLENENSIS. Clem.

Larva. (Full grown.)

Body wholly bright dark orange. Head rather small, shining. On
each segment are 7 tufts of mouse-colored hairs, those of the second
and third segments being the longest. These hairs spring from small
brownish tubercles. The base of abdominal legs, brownish at the
sides.

Length, i.io inch.

Food Plant, species of Asclepias, but chiefly A. tuberosa.

Imago. (Fall brood.):

Wings white, with a pinkish or lead-color tinge. Costal margin dis-
tinctly buff for its basal half. Abdomen bright buff, strongly marked
with the usual rows of black dots. Apices of the wings more decid-
edly rounded than in E. collaris, and the lead-colored shade beneath
extends more generally over the surface. The veins of the upper and
lower wings also are decidedly marked with yellow. Palpi and legs
as in .£■ collaris.

(Spring brood.):

With the same markings, but the whole upper and lower surfaces of
the wings are bright mouse-color, this shade encroaching on the collar
of the thorax and the fore coxae.

Exp. wings <5 , 30 mm. $ , 32 mm.

EucHCETEs EGLE. Drury.
Larva.

Black, entirely covered with long hairs and tufts. Dorsal region
wholly black. From each side spring 11 bunches of bright orange
hairs, which almost meet each other on the dorsum. From the 2d
and 3rd segments arise 4 long pencils of black hairs. From the 4th,
2 pencils, and behind these 2 smaller but longer ones, all of clear white.
These are all directed anteriorly. From the nth and 12th spring
other long black pencils, 2 to each segment. These are directed
posteriorly. Behind these again are 2 pencils of clear white hairs.
The anal segment bears a long and fan-like black tuft. From the
sides of the middle segments spring shorter pencils of black hairs,
directed laterally, and below these, covering the spiracles, are some
sordid white tubercular masses of hairs, as in some Arctias.

Length, full grown, i.io inch.

148

Food plants, various species of Asclepias, but chiefly A. cornuti.
Desc.

Imago. (Spring brood.):

Stouter and heavier in appearance than any of the previous species.
Entire surface, with the exception of some buff stains at the base of
the head, of the wings beneath, and the junction of the coxae, bright
mouse-color, the secondaries rather darker in tint. There are no mark-
ings whatever upon the wings, and the buff costal edge is entirely
wanting. The abdomen is buff above, cream white below, with the
usual row of black spots, and in the $ the anal segment is broad, cream
white, in strong contrast to the rest. ,

(Fall brood.):

In this, there is upon the primaries of both sexes, a very decided
band of a darker shade than the ground color, very oblique, and deeply
dentate outwardly. There are also numerous whitish scales scattered
over the surface of the wing. This form has been described by Mr.
Grote, though never published, as E. cyclica.

Exp. wings, 5 30 mm. ? 38 mm.

With regard to the distribution of the species, I may state that I
have seen no examples of E. eglenensis, except from Pennsylvania, New
York, and the New England States, while E. egle and E. collaris ap-
pear to have their range as far south as Texas, the former of these also
appearing in Arizona.

THE GENUS ARCTIA AND ITS VARIATIONS.

By B. Neumoegen.

My good friend, the Rev. Geo. D. Hulst, has lately given us in the
Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,vol. ii., p. 69, some interesting accounts about
the raising of a number of images from the eggs of A. Excelsa,
Neum. They proved to be varying greatly, as he says, starting with
forms near A. decorata through the F — pallida, Excelsa forms, winding
up with specimens tallying with A. figurata. The genus Arctia is
extremely variable in its ground forms, as everyone knows, and that
specimens greatly varying from the same and highly aberratic should
have been baptized by specific names, is only too natural. I myself
had some misgivings at the time of naming A. Excelsa as a species,
but as the fundamental form was not then known. I preferred to have
it go as a species ; the present discovery, to my pleasure, teaches me
that it is an aberratic form." While my friend Hulst has been quite
successful in establishing interesting facts and thus partly sifting some
of the mysterious conceptions of years' standing, I think he has rather
been too liberal in his conclusions, which do not warrant his positive
way of stating "the synonomy of A. Nais 'stands' as follows," or
''the insect 'stands' A. Parthenice v. Anna." Although I do not

149

in the least harmonize with many of my entomological friends, who,
microscopically, dissect a fundamental form into so many varieties,
I still more object to the very recent mania of "lumping" species.
Future entomologists will easily know that, for instance, by Cat.
Carissima. Hulst, a certain varietal form of C. Cara is meant. Will it
be just as easily taken, that A. placentia, Abb. & Sm., or A. Snowi, Gr.
are the same insects as A. Nais7~bt:cause it has been proven that
A. Phalerata, PhylHra and Excelsa are aberratic forms, the first one of
■Nais, the latter two of Figurata ? Varieties are the heralds of coming
species ; why then retrench the obvious plan of nature instead of
submitting to it ? Mr. Hulst has raised various forms, mentioned
before, from Excelsa eggs, but not the true Nais form ; why then the
conclusion that Nais is the typical insect of these forms ? Still more
problematical is the decision that A. Blakei, deterntijiatci, Bolajidcri,
stiperba, should be included into the same sj^ecies of A^ais. Will future
students take it for granted, by dint of such decisions, that A. Bolan-
deri from Oregon and Athabasca (from the latter locality I received it
lately through Capt. Geddes), and A. Ph^lira from the Southern
States have the same larvae ? As soon as my friend Hulst has raised
them from the same brood of caterpillars, I shall say : Probatum est !

Collectors of Chicago (Mr. Bolter and Mr. Worthington) and of
Canada (Capt. Geddes and others), have found the larvae of A. Deco-
rata considerably differing from A. Nais, so has Prof. French, of
Carbondale, 111., as my friend Hulst says ; why then does he place it
as a v.-r. of Nais ?

Some studies and examinations which I have been making lately,
prompt me to the following opinion :

A. Saundersii is a good species and distinct from A. Pa7-thenice,
Kirby. A. Parthenice is an aberratic form of Virgo, in which the
cross and transverse bands of primaries are much broader than in
Virgo, the secondaries having very few and small black maculations. In
the collection of Mr. Hy. Edwards are some samples bearing out the
true specifics of Parthenice.

A. flainmea, Neum., is a varietal form of A. Placentia, Abb. & Sm.

A. Placentia and A. figurata have no specific connection. The
caterpillars are entirely different, as figured in the Lepidoptera of
Georgia, by Abb. & Sm.

I possess the type of A. Anna, Gr., which is undoubtedly an aberra-
tion of A. Persephone. Had my factotum, Mr. Doll, been fortunate
enough to carry a number of larvae of A. Persephone through the
various moults, it would have been settled to a certainty th.at Anna
and Persephone are from the same stem. Unluckily, Mr. Doll did not
succeed.

A complicata, Wlk. is a var. ochracea of A. Achaia.

A. Edwardsii, Str. will probably prove to be a varietal form of A.
Achaia, Gr. & R.

A. Blakei and A. determinata may have specific relation, but cannot
be authenticated so far.

15°

A, Nevadensis, Gr. & R. is a varietal form of A. incorrupta, Hy.
Edw., which is the ground form,

A. Quenselii, Geyer, Gelida, Mosch., and Speciocissima. Mosch. are
synonyms.

A. Docta, Wlk., mexicana, Gr. & R., Autholea, Bd. and Arizonensis,
Str. are variations of the same insect, Walker's name having the
precedence.

A. Dahurica, Bd. may prove to be only Cofuplicata, Wlk., which
latter, as mentioned above, is an ochraceous var. of Achaia.

A. intermedia, Str. is distinct from A. Saundersii and I do not see
why Mr. Grote placed them as synonyms. Intermedia is much larger
than Saundersii and differs in its transverse and cross bands vastly
from the latter.

A. Stretciiii, Gr. may prove to be only a variety of A. intermedia.
I have the type of Stretchii and the following note of Mr. Grote is
attached to it: "Differs by the basal band on forewings." This is
about the only difference, in fact, which I can see between A. Stretchii
and A. intermedia.

A. Dione, Ab. & Smi., I can positively state, is a distinct species from
A. j\rge, Dru. It is much larger than Arge, has very small, black
maculations on primaries; the cross bands are in fact, no bands but
simply a line of black dashes. The wings are of a creamish white
color; but the main distinction is in the abdomen, which is creamish
white and has neither black dorsal nor black lateral stripes, but simply
two black anal dots. , I owe it to the kindness of Prof. H. A. Hagen,
that I was enabled to elucidate these facts. He lent me two typical
examples of Dione, property of the Cambridge Museum, for examina-
tion. They were caught many years ago by the late Prof. Agassiz in
Texas and were labelled hitherto " Arctia n. sp."

According to the opinion expressed herein, I should classify our
Arctians for the present as follows :

Arctia, Virgo L.

" ab. Parthenice, Kirby.
'• ab. Intermedia, Str.

var. Stretchii, Gr.
" Saundersii, Gr.
" Rectilinea, Tr.
" Persephone, Gr.

ab. Anna, Gr.
" Nais,,Dru.

v. Phalerata, Harr.
" Decorata, Saund.
" Figurata, Dru.

V. Celia, Saund.

V. F. pallida, Strk.

V. Quadrinotata, Strk.

V. Excelsa, Neum.

V. Phyllira, Dru.

Arctia, Placentia, Abb. & Sm.
V. Flammea, Neum.
" Snowi, Gr.
" Determinata, Neum.
" Blakei, Gr.
" Superba, Str.
" Bolanderi, Str.
" Yarrowi, Str,
" Incorrupta, Hy. Edvv.

V. Nevadensis, G. & R. «

V. Ochracea, Neum.
« Docta, Wlk.

V. Arizonensis, Str.
V. Autholea, Bd.
V. Mexicana, G. & R.
" Virguncula, Kirby.
y " Achaia, Gr. & R.

V. Barda, Hy. Edw.
V. Complicata, Wlk.
V. Ochracea, Str,
V. Dahurica, Bd.?
" Quenselii, Geyer.

Gelid a, Moschl.
Speciosissima, Moschl.
" Geneura, Strk.
" Williamsii, Dodge.
" Edwardsii, Str.

Dione, Abb. & Sm.
" Arge, Dru.
'* ab. Michaho, Gr.
Whether some of the species can "stand '' as such, we shall have to
leave to future discoveries for positive proof. My thanks are due to
Messrs. I. Doll, Hy. Edwards, Geo. Frank, Capt. Geddes and Dr.
H. A. Hagen for valuable information. I trust that Mr. Hulst will
take no umbrage at my remarks, as in the friendly contest for science,
both victor and vanquished gain.

CONCERNING SO-CALLED SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES.

BY H. J. ELWES. PRESTON, CIRENCESTER.

Dr. Hagen's paper on Papilio Machaon and its allies has already
brought down on him severe criticism from Messrs. W. H: Edwards
and Butler, who are the leading representatives of a particular school
in Europe and America; and though Dr. Hagen can doubtless fight
his own battle in so good a cause, and defend himself without the help
of others, yet I should like to make a few remarks on the controversy.
Mr. Edwards seems to think just as Mr. Butler did when I ventured
some notes on the Genus Colias three years ago in the Transactions

152

of the Entomological Society, that because a man has not been a lepi-
dopterist and nothing else all his life, he has no right to speak or to
have an opinion on the subject. It seems to me, however, that the
best possible training for the study of any branch of natural history is
a previous acquaintance with some other branch.

And the mere fact that Dr, Hagen'is allowed by his opponent to
hold a high rank in other branches would dispose me without knowing
personally anything of himself or his work to allow greater weight to
his opinions on lepidoptera.

I have noticed that men who have studied one branch of biology in
one country only, are usually more reaidy to give importance to trifling
characters than those who have observed the marvellous variation of
birds, insects, and plants, in many parts of the world. Perhaps nothing
does so much to shake one's faith in the fixity of species as horticul-
ture, though breeding butterflies from the egg seems to have had the
opposite effect on Mr. Edwards.

If, however, this gentleman and others had always waited till they
had reared an insect before describing it, neither I or any one else
could object, however narrow their views as to what constitutes a
species might be, as there would in that case be solid foundation for
their opinions.

But it is quite another matter when we find a crowd of new forms
described on the sole evidence of one or more specimens brought on
by some traveller, which happen to differ slightly from those already
known, and when the descriptions are unaccompanied by figures, they
give little or no help to identification.

To enter into the question of Papilio Machaon and its allies would
take more time than I can now spare, but I hope before long to show
that there is a much greater resemblance between the butterflies of the
Nearctic and PaJDsartic regions, than has been hitherto allowed by
most American writers. In fact, I believe that as far as butterflies go,
these two regions cannot be separated at all, for though numerous
genera occur in the warmer parts of the United States, which are not
represented in the old world, yet they cannot be called dominant gen-
era, and for the most part are either small monotypic genera or re-
presentatives of neotropical genera which have strayed northward and
been able to maintain their ground where climatic conditions are fav-
orable, just as in the Isastern Palaearctic region several tropical Indian
forms are able to exist far beyond the limits of the region to which
they naturally belong. I>oth in the United States and in Japan we
have similar instances among birds and plants, which it would be out
of place to mention here, though any naturalist will call to mind such
case-^ in geographical distribution.

As I have, lately been studying the genus Argynnis, I will now ask
Mr. Edwards publicly, what I have asked privately without result, how
I am to distinguish with certainty from their allies the following species,
all of which being enumeratetl in the last part of his great work are, I
presume, considered by him to be worthy of recognition.

153

Argynnis Nitocris Edw. Tr. Am. E. Soc. 5 15 1874.

'' Carpenter! Edw. 1 c. 5 204 1876.

" Electa Edw. Field and Forest, 3 143 1878.

" HippolytaEdw. Can. Ent. 11 82 1879.

" Laura Edw. 1. c. 11 49 1879.

" Chitone Edw. 1. c. 11 82 1879.

" Macaria Edw. Field and Forest, 3 86 1877.

" Clio Edw. Tr. A. E. Soc. 5 106 1874.

" Artonis Edw. 1. c. 9 2 1881.

So far as I have been able to consult the description of these species
I find nothing to guide me in accepting or rejecting them, but those
published in the Field and Forest, I have not been able to consult at
all, as that journal is not accessible to me in England.

There are no specimens of any of these species in any European
collection that I know of, and if there were, I could not trust to them
unless identified by Mr. Edwards himself.

The only information I can get about them from America is that the
types are in Mr. Edwards' collection, and that they are elsewhere not
to be met with at present. What would American naturalists think of
it if I published descriptions of forms which existed in my collection
alone, in such a paper as Land and Water? Would not they be quite
right to ignore them ? I say j'^es, without hesitation.

The number of scientific journals is now so great, and some authors
seem to take so much pleasure in scattering their descriptions broadcast
that unless some stringent rule is laid down to check the present prac-
tice it will be impossible to work at all without a public library of refer-
ence at hand, and even there the number of books one must have on
the table at once is incredible. All this trouble might be avoided if a
rule was made that only certain specified publications should be re-
cognized as the medium for describing new species, and that the de-
scriptions must either be accompanied by a figure, or give specific
characters,by which the species could be certainly recognized. Without
this, descriptions of nearly allied forms of Colias, Argynnis ,Lycsena,
and many other genera are practically useless. Compare Mr. Stretch's
remarks on the genus Arctia. Papilio, vol. II., page 90.

Mr. Edwards says on page 60 that in all his experience of breeding
butterflies from the ^^Z, whilst what many had supposed to be
mere varieties had often turned out distinct species, yet he does not re-
collect one instance where the reverse had taken place, and a form
which he had supposed on the strength of the imago only to be a
species had turned out by breeding to be a variety only.

I will leave it to others to say how far this coincides with their ex-
perience, but will call attention to a passage in Dr. Rossler's Lepidop-
tera of Wiesbaden, 1881, pp. 87-88, in which, speaking of Agrotis tri-
tici, he says that out of the great number of specimens of this species
which he raised in 1871-72, the following plates in Hubner's & Herrich
Schaffer's works were all richly represented:

Hubner. — A. fumosa 153. A. aquilina 135. A. obilisca 123.
A. fictilis 479 and 710. A. imicolor 544. A. eruta 623. A,

154

carboiiea 700. A. praticola 567. A. vitta and A. aquiliana 533-53. A.
ru?-is 416.

Herrich Schaffer. — A. adufiibrata 121. A. rustica 495. A.formosa
526. A. tritici ^21-^2. A. obe/isca ^^9-53-

Of these are 15 forms which were supposed by two of the highest au-
thorities on European lepidoptera to be good species and which
are arranged as follows by Dr. Staudinger:

A. nigricans Linn = fumosa Hb. i53 = rustica H. S. 526 = carbonea
Hb. 700, var. lubricans Esp. = rustica Hs. 495.

A. triticiWvLXs., H.S. 104 529-3o=var. vitta H.S. 103 527-8; var. eruta
4 Hb. 623 = tritici H.S. 527-8; var. aquilina Hb. 135 — fictilis Hb. 79
— praticola Hb. 567.

A. vitta Hb. 533-4.

A. obelisca Hb. 123; H. S. 103 529-30; ab. ruris Hb. 416; var. Viller-
sii Gn. — obelisca H. S. 532 — fictilis Hb. 710.

A. adumbrata Ev. H. S. 121.
thus reducing the 15 supposed species to 5; every one was according,
to Dr. Rossler (who, no doubt, has the specimens to prove his state-
ment), not only bred in one season in one locality, but so much united
by transition forms, that to use his own words " it cannot be otherwise
than that they all belong to one and the same species."

As this species occurs in North America, and is no doubt just as
likely to vary there as in Europe, the synonomy of the former will be
a pretty little amusement for a future generation of naturalists, and I
have no doubt they will not bless their predecessors; but how would the
case have stood if instead of publishing good figures, as Hubner and
Herrich Schaffer did, only descriptions had been given. To ignore
the names would have been the only safe course, and I feel sure that
many names already given, if not identified during the life of their
authors and with their help, will certainly be ignored by their suc-
cessors.

As to Mr. Butler's remarks about Terias, he no doubt feels hurt that
his Japanese species, which may be judged of from the plate in Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 197-9, should be so soon attacked by the only
man really able to do so at present, namely, Mr. Pryer; but how much
better would it have been for him and others if he had adhered to the
principles expressed by himself in his Revision of the Genera of Pierinos
Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1881, page 5 26, where he says, in speaking of
Terias/'I shall not therefore increase the difficulty of determining the al-
ready numerous and nearly allied species by describing all the unnamed
forms at my disposal, but shall rather strive to lighten the labors of my
fellow-workers by clearing up to the best of my ability the somewhat
confused synonomy already existing."

In conclusion I must say that I look forward with the greatest in-
terest to Dr. Hagen's promised remarks on the species of Colias and
other genera, and beg to assure him that however much hostile criticism
he may draw from some persons, he will deserve the hearty thanks of
all who, like myself, are anxious to see the study of Lepidoptera put on

155

a more scientific footing and a check put on the practise which is so
prevalent in certain quarters of describing at random every thing which
seems to show variation.

I repeat what I said in my paper on butterflies of China and Japan in
Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1881, p. 857, "that the time was gone by when
species could be described wholesale without comparison with a series
of all the allied forms in neighboring regions.''

NEW SPECIES OF ^GERIAD.^.

BY HENRY EDWARDS.
/SCIAPTERON PRyECEDENS. n. Sp.

Allied to S. polisiifonnis, Harris, but narrower in the wings, smaller,
and of different coloration. Antennce, brownish orange, black at the
tips. Head and thorax black, with some red scales. The tegulae are
bright reddish brown. Abdom., glossy black, with some red scales
laterally at base. Three anal segments and caudal tuft bright lemon
yellow. Fore wings brown, with a basal vitreous streak, stained along
the internal margin with dull red. Hind wings vitreous at their base,
the vitreous space a little larger than in S. polisfifoniiis. lieneath,
both wings are streaked with red and yellow. The femora are reddish,
tibire black, hind tarsi lemon yellow.

Exp. of wing, 30 mm. Length of body, 14 mm.

I. $ N. Carolina. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

The yellow tip to the abdomen will at once serve to distinguish the
species.

. ^GERIA BOLTERI, n. Sp.

'&\zt. oi ^^g.fuIvipes,VLdiXX\s. Palpi, deep orange. Thorax, head,
antennce and abdomen, brassy brown, the latter with a very broad belt
of fiery copper-red around 5th and 6th segments. Hind tibiae and tarsi
brownish, the latter silvery white within. Fore wings with margin very
narrow purplish black. The discal mark also purplish black, edged
posteriorly with golden orange. The opaque space is wholly golden
orange, with purple streaks. Caudal tuft, brown black.

I. $, N. Illinois. Collected by my friend, Mr. A. Bolter, to whom I
dedicate the species. Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.

^GERIA ^MULA, n. Sp.

Very like ^^g. tipuliformis, L., but much smaller and slenderer in
all its parts. Palpi, sides of the thorax beneath, coxge, and anterior
legs pale lemon yellow. Posterior legs banded with bluish black.
Thorax above bluish black, with narrow pale lemon yellow lateral
stripes. Abdomen, bluish black, with four narrow bands of pale lemon
color. Caudal tuft bluish black above and beneath; lemon yellow at
the sides. Fore wings, with the opaque portions narrower than in .^g-

156

tipidiformis, but of the same color. The frhiges of both wings are also
much narrower than in the common species, and of less coppery hue.
The species has the appearance, however, of a much dwarfed form of
^g. tipnliformis. It may possibly be ^"Eg. scitula, Harris, but it does
not agree with his description, and in the absence of his type for com-
parison, I am not able positively to decide the question.
. Exp. S 8 mm. ? lo mm.

Types. Coll. Prof. C. V. Riley.

Pyrohot^nia wittfeldii. n. sp.

Allied to P. Floridensis, Gr., and P. Texana, Hy. Edw., and ap-
parently intermediate between them. It is the size of the latter (20
m.m.) Antennae blue black. Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish
black; the head with narrow orange band at base, and the thorax with
rather broad lateral bands of the same color. The abdomen has 3d,
5th, and 7th segments rather broadly banded with orange above and
below. Caudal tuft wholly brown-black. Palpi, edges of fore femora,
and some bands on the hind tarsi, orange; on the rest of the legs and
under surface brownish black. Fore wings greenish black, internal
margins and a dash behind the discal mark bright orange. Fringes
of both wings brown-black. Beneath, the fore-wings are bright orange
for the basal two-thirds, the rest brown-black, with the discal mark
purplish.

2. $ Indian River, Florida. Dr. Wittfield.

Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.

Pyrrhot^nia sub/Erea. n. sp.

$ . Whole upper surface bronze black, except the antennae, which
have a white band about 3 m.m. from the tip. The hind wings are
vitreous for about their basal third. Beneath, the palpi are white, as
are also the joints of the tarsi, and on the wiiigs at base are some faint
greenish streaks.

Exp. wing, 14 mm. Length of body, 9 mm.

I example. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Pyrrhot/Enia animosa. n. sp.

. $ Brassy black. Thorax with the tegulas bright reddish orange.
Abdomen, with the 3 posterior segments and the caudal tuft, reddish
orange. Fore-wings, with rather wide streak of same color along in-
ternal margin. Hind wings vitreous; marginal border rather narrow.
Beneath, the palpi are reddish orange; tibiae and tarsi brassy black.
The streak along internal margin of fore-wing is here dull yellow.

Exp. wings, 17 mm. L, body, 11 mm.

$ Hind wings entirely opaque. The 3 anal segments of the ab-
domen are reddish orange only at the sides. In all other respects re-
sembling S . '

Exp, wings, 20 mm. L. body, 12 mm.

4 $ . 2 $ . Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen and G. H. French.

157

^PYRRHOTiENIA GELIFORMIS. Walker.

{(Egeria geliformts), B. M. Cat. P. 8.

Head, antennae, thorax and basal joint of abdomen brassy black, the
head with a few bluish scales at the base. Fore wings wholly opaque,
greenish black, with bright metallic reflection, becoming more golden at
the margins. Hind wings transparent, with greenish black margin, widest
at the apices. Fringes, broad golden brown. The abdomen, except
the basal segment is bright coppery red; the caudal tuft slightly stained
at the sides with greenish black.

Exp. wings, 1 8 mm.

I S .Archer Co., Florida. A. Koebele. Coll. Prof. C. V. Riley.

Avery handsome species. The above description is republished, as
the original by Walker appears to have been made from an imperfect
specimen.

I have recently received from my kind friend. Dr. Carlos Berg,
of the University Buenos Ayres, four species of the group, one
of which appears to be new, and which I gratefully dedicate to the
donor.

Melittia Bergii. n. sp.

Palpi and fore tarsi dark orange. Antennae, femora, tibiae and hind
tarsi bluish black. Thorax and abdomen dull black with a brassy re-
flection. Fore wings. opaque, dull orange, with the costa blackish, the
black mark widening gradually from base to the end of cell, then narrow-
ing to the apex. Hind wings also orange, opaque at the base, and
along costa, transparent outwardly, except on the edges of the nervules.
Under side the same as the upper.

Exp. wing, 37 mm. Buenos Ayres. Dr. C. Berg,

The other 3 species sent by Dr. Berg are CEgeria allncalcarata, Burm,
Melittia cyanifera, Burm, and Melittia ceto, Westwood. I have also
received an example of the last named species from Mr. W. Schaus,
Jr., taken by him near Jalapa, Mexico.

NOTES UPON A SMALL COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES,
MAdS^ in JUDITH MTNS., MONTANA, IN 1883, by Wm.
M. Courtis, M. E.

BY W. H. EDWARDS.

This collection was made by my correspondent, at such times as he
could find leisure, which was not often, and under difficulties, having
for some weeks no proper net-ring, but something extemporized out of
a willow switch for the occasion. But, though it embraces no large
number of species, it is interesting for the information it gives of dis-
tribution, and of the varieties of certain species. There is also one
new Papilio.

1. Papilio EuRYMEDON, Bd.

2. " Daunus. Bd. The most northern locality known to me.

3. " NiTRA, new species, described below.

4. Parnassius Smintheus Doubl., var, Hermodur, H. Edw.

Mr. Edwards describes this form in Papilio, i, 4, from a female in
collection of the late Dr. James Bailey, and taken in southern
Colorado. This expanded 2.3 inches. He compares it with
P. Corybas, Fisch., from the Altai, an example of which in his collec-
tion measures 2.65 inches. These Montana examples, of both sexes,
are very large, considerably beyond the average of Smintheus from
Colorado, some males and females reaching 2.7 inches. Several of the
females are very black, there being but little of the yellow-white
ground left, and that principally in cells of primaries and on disks of
secondaries. Others have the yellow-white over most of secondaries,
and in cell and next base of primaries, but the outer half of primaries
is melanic and transparent, with only a submarginal row of yellow
spots on that area. The red spots are of extraordinary size. I should
have taken the female for a distirtct species had not the male been so
like, and often undistinguishable from, the Colorado males of Smin-
theus, though, as before said, larger. Some of them have the spots
orange, as in var. Behrii. Several of both sexes I cannot distinguish
from a pair of P. Intennedius, sent me by Dr. Staudinger, as Menetries'
species, from Siberia. These are the examples in which there is an
absence of melanism, and the marginal borders of both wings are
transparent. I have a 5 of this same form, taken on Mt. Bradley, Cali-
fornia, by Mr. James Behrens.

Mr. Courtis, at my suggestion, shut up some of the females with
Sedum, on which Smintheus has been known to lay, and ob-
tained 140 eggs, all which I have now in an ice-box, hoping to carry
them through the winter, and to hatch them at the time I can get
plants of Sedum here. Mr. Courtis says : " Most of these eggs came
from females that mated after I caught them. The others would not
lay, although I kept them shut up with several males until they nearly
starved." (The first instance I remember to have heard of, in which
butterflies have mated in captivity.) "The virgin females seemed to
have the end of abdomen of a light greeti horn, instead of black,
but after mating I noticed they turned black. I think they lay
on the roots of plants,' as the females always drop to the ground,
climb up a stalk and fly away. Those in confinement climbed sticks
and window frames, laying eggs as they went. They curved their
bodies round and put an &gg on whatever they touched ^.rr^/ ///,?
Sedum. I made one lay on it by keeping her moving from one piece
to another, but she seemed much excited, and as soon as I put her on
grass and sticks she laid every few minutes." In a later letter, 5th
Aug., Mr. Courtis writes : " I noticed a female Parnassius alight on a
piece of Sedum, drop to the ground, climb up and lay an Qgg either
in the kaves or the roots or on the ground. I could not find the &gg,
and yet I saw her go through the motion of laying. The only ones

159

flying round are broken, and few of these." On 4th July, Mr. Courtis
had written: "A few days ago I took a walk, and saw hundreds of the
Parnassius, and caught, 10 or 12, but they were all males except one,
which was so injured that it died. To-day I went to the mountains and
took 40 or 5o,and have several of them tied up in netting with Sedum.
One pair have mated, so that I hope to send you some eggs. The
season is very short. I think all the butterflies come at one time, like
the flowers. Spring and fall flowers are only a week or two apart
here. The females of these Parnassius are much harder to find than
the males, as they are hid in the grass." On July 8th: "I went out
this morning and took 20 or more pairs,and watched the females. They
all seem to fly to the ground, and either lay on the ground or in the
grass roots. I could not find the eggs, thouga I saw them drop them
somewhere among the dry sticks. I have a large number now tied up,
but they will not lay. Some which were tied up, on being let loose,
laid at once on grass and anywhere. This species is very common,
hundreds of it on every hill-side." Again: "The Parnassius come
about ist July, and now, 28th July, have almost entirely disappeared.
The Sedum is the most common flower on the rocky hills."

Mr. Mead, in 1878, when in California and Nevada, obtained num-
bers of eggs of jP. Baldur and of 6'/////////^//i",by shutting the females up
with Sedum. On three several occasions I have had caterpillars of one
or other of there species hatch here at Coalburgh,in last days of winter,
but have lost all of them. They were supplied with Sedum leaves, but
refused to eat, I thought they might require the flowers when first
hatched, and shall endeavor to retard the hatching of the eggs I now
have till I can give them Sedum in flower. But G. M. Mollinger
writes me that the eggs of F. Apollo, in Switzerland, hatch late in the
fall, and the young larvae hybernate ; awaking in early spring, and
eating the leaves of Sedum. not the flowers. It is certain however that
our species do not hatch till spring, the eggs hybernating. Both Mr.
Mead and myself have carried the eggs into mid-winter, or through
the winter, with no artificial retardation. It is probable that the larvae
come forth as soon as the snow melts, feed on Sedum, and mature
about middle of June^then remaining in pupae till early in July.* The
newly hatched larvae are singular creatures, bearing no resemblance
to any members of the Papilionidae which I have ever seen. They
are thickly studded with small tubercles in rows, and each of these
gives out several short curved black hairs. They look something like
caterpillars of Argynnis but are very different from these also. I do
not think, judging from the t%^ and young larva, as I know them, and
by the mature larva and chrysalis, as figured in books, that Parnassius
has any right among the Papilionidae. Under a system in which the
preparatory stages were considered, and in the future we shall have
to come to that, it would stand a long way from the Papilionidae. The

*See But., N. A., vol I, for Mr. Mead's remarks on habits of Smintheus, as ob-
served in Colorado, in 1871. I also quote remarks by Schaeffer, who believed the
larvae of Apollo hatched in the Spring. Also authors on the pouch at end of abdomen
of female. Von Siebold thinks it must be formed during copulation ; Schaeffer says it
was on all the females bred by him.

i6o

egg of Smintheiis is like Lycaena, of Baldur like Chrysophanus ; the
young larva like some Nymphalidae (and perhaps Erycinidae); the
mature larva more like a Heterocerous moth (in all but the tentacles);
and the chrysalis like a Hesperian, or also perhaps some moths. How-
ever till more is known of the biology of the genus, it may be prema-
ture to speculate on a proper arrangement.

5. Anthocharis Julia, Edw.

6. PiERis OcciDENTALis, Reak. *

7. COLIAS EURYTHEME, Bd.

8. " Edwardsii, Behr.

9. " Scudderii, Reak.

10. AsTR^A, Edw. This species was described from a rubbed or
broken male brought in by the Hayden Expn:, from the Yellowstone
region, a dozen years ago, and till now I have seen but one or two
others, from same reginn. But Mr. Courtis took 4 good males. The
upper side in fresh examples orange ochraceous. The under side
shows that this species belongs to the Alexandra group, the discal
spot of secondaries being white (pearly) without a ring, but with slight
rosy edging; also there are no submarginal brown spots to either wing,
and no patch at outer, .angle of secondaries, — all which points are also
characteristic of Alexandra.

11. CoLiAS Hagenii, new species.

This form is very common in the Rocky Mountains from Colo-
rado to B. Am , and is between Philodice and Eurytheme. Mr. Mead
bi'ought it in 187 1, and agreed with me at the time that it could not be
Philodice; but till this year there has been no opportunity to get at the
preparatory stages, the only test where closely allied forms are in doubt.
Mr. H. W. Nash, of Pueblo, Col., early in the summer, sent me some
chrysalids of this species, and I noticed that the dorsum was marked
by two longitudinal yellow lines, which seemed to indicate similar lines
in the larva, and which are not present in the chrysalis of Philodice. I
wrote to Mr. Nash to observe as to that, and he soon replied that the
larvae he then had on hand did show sub-dorsal lines (such as are
characteristic of many larvae of C. Eurytheme?) Great numbers of
eggs were sent me again and again by Mr. Nash, during July and
August, but in crossing the heated plains they lost their vitality, and
soon after I received them, collapsed without hatching. Also, several
shipments of larvae were destroyed by same cause. But since middle
September eggs were sent which hatched en route, and I now have
about a dozen larvae just past the second moult. These will proba-
bly hybernate before reaching another moult. But Mr. Nash has
made observations on the ground at my request, and has sent me
larvae in alcohol, showing broad sub-dorsal bands, which, he states,
had, in life, red running through them. In the alcoholic specimens
the red has passed away, but the white bands are distinct as ever.
Other larvae were sent showing white lines only, and Mr. Nash says

i6i

no red was present in these. Still others have no trace of a sub-dorsal
band, and are like Philodice. The same variation appears in Eury-
theme larvae, as may be seen by reference to the plate of that species,
in vol. 2, But. N. A., where larvae, banded and not banded, stand side
by side Some Eurytheme also have sub-dorsal lines instead of bands,
without red. But, in Eurytheme, the red is not within the band, but
over it in broken bits, and under the bands are often black points.
All Colias larvae are very much alike, being uni-colored and the longi-
tudinal bands, when present, afford the best possible characters for dis-
tinguishing the species. Philodice I have often bred from the ^gg,
and I raised two broods of larvae this summer, and no example has ever
shown a sub-dorsal band or line. From banded larvae Mr. Nash ob-
tained chrysalids, which were sent me, and gave butterflies here,
Hagenii. Mr. Nash says, August 21: "I send you 4 larvae of the
Colias. Three of them have a sub-dorsal line, the other has none.
Out of 24 nearly full-grown larvae that I have, 14 have the sub-dorsal
line." Again; "I send you a chrysalis from the caterpillar I wrote
you of, as having a sub-dorsal stripe of white and red. It changed
yesterday.'' All these chrysalids, from caterpillars with and without
sub-dorsal bands, I received, and they gave images, all same species,
C. Hagenii. Again, Mr. Nash writes, 24th August : *' I have two
larvae about to pass 4th moult that have the sub-dorsal bands very
distinctly marked." On 28th: "I send one of the larva of which I
wrote you, in alcohol, past 4th moult, with wide sub-dorsal lines and
red running through them; the other is marked in same way, except
that the lines are not quite so wide. I will send the chrysalis in a few
days.'' This chrysalis was received and produced Hagenii. I give
below a description of this species:

12 Argtxnis Leto Behr.

13 " Aphrodite Fab.

14 " CoRONis Behr. This species flies from southern Cali-

fornia to B. Am.

15 " Edwardsii Reak.

16 " EuRYNOME Edw.

17 " var. Erinna Edw.

18 " MoNTicoLA Behr.

19 Melitaea Palla, Bd.

** HoFFMANNi, Behr.

20 Phyciodes Tharos Drury.
ai Vanessa Antiopa Linn.

22 Grapta Satykus Edw.

23 " Zephyrus Edw.

24 " SiLENUS Edw.

25 LiMENiTis Weidemeyerii Edw.

26 Satyrus Nephele, var. Olympus Edw.

27 COENONYMPHA OcHRACEA Edw,

l62

28 Erebia Epipsodea Butler.

29 Chrysophanus Mariposa Reak.

30 " Helloides Bd.

31 Lycaena Phileros Bd.

32 " Saepiolus Bd.

33 " AcMON Doubl.

34 " Lycea Edw.

Descriptions of New Species.

PaPILIO NlTRA.

Belongs to the Asierias group, and stands next Indra ; costal mar-
gins of primaries in both sexes much bent near apex ; hind margins in
both convex ; tails long, narrow, tapering ; the two sexes alike in mark-
ings.

Male. — Expands 3 inches.

Upper side black, spotted and banded with light yellow, the sub-
margmal spots of primaries rounded next apex, the rest ovate ; of sec-
ondaries semi-circular, the two next inner margin lunate ; the discal
band composed of separated spots, which are long, the upper 5 lanceo-
late, the others truncated, and not clearly defiaed on basal side ; these
spots resemble in shape the corresponding spots in P. Bairdii, but all
are square-edged on outer side ; on secondaries the band is also com-
posed of separated spots, and covers about one-fourth the cell ; above
the incision at anal angle is a pale orange ring on yellow ground, in-«
closing a round, black spot ; on the black ground beyond the band are
loose clusters of blue scales entirely across the wing, those next inner
margin scarcely more dense than elsewhere. Under side pale black,
the markings repeated, pale ; the extra-discal area on secondaries
dusted lightly with yellow scales, and above them blue scales about a
rather dense nucleus in each interspace. On the spot at outer angle
is a faint tint of orange, and so also on the outer end of the two spots
of the band in median interspaces ; the anal ring deep orange ful-
vous.

Body black, the wing covers all yellow ; the abdomen wholly* black,
except for a slight lateral stripe ; legs black; palpi black; frontal hairs
black, at the sides yellow; antennae and club black.

Female. — Expands 3.3 inch.

Spotted and banded like the male, but the five upper spots of the
band on primaries are sub-ovate; the yellow throughout is paler; under
side without orange, except in median interspaces.

From a singl-e pair taken in Judith Mtns. Mr. Courtis wrote me that

* In the description of Indra, Part VII. vol. 2. But., at bottom of first page, for
" the abdomen white without yellow," it should read " the abdomen wholly without,"
&c.

163

he saw several at the same time but not knowing that they
would be of any especial value, he took only the two. The species
will be found abundantly in some parts of Montana, and probably in
Brit. Am. It lies between Indra and Brevicauda. The latter has
the abdomen marked by rows of yellow spots, subdorsal and lateral
(4 in (5 6 in $ ), as in Asterias. Nitra has only a lateral stripe running
from base of wing to last segment. Indra has not even all of this, but
the stripe is restricted to the two segments before last. In Indra the
spots of mesial band on hind wing are run together, and the band is
square-edged on basal side ; in Nitra the spots are widely separated,
and the inner edge is not straight, and is shadowy, as in Bairdii. The
species is very distinct. As the allied species has been named Indra,
I call this Nitra, another appellation of "the Shining One."

CoLiAs Hagenii.

Male. — Expands 1.5 to 2 inches.

Upper side pale sulphur yellow, sometimes with an ochraceous tint
throughout ; the marginal borders broad, erose within, cut nearly to
outer edge by the yellow nervules ; discal spots of primaries small,
suboval, black ; of secondaries, bright orange ; fringes pale roseate,
yellow about inner angle of primaries and outer of secondaries. Under
side pale yellow, very slightly dusted over costal margin of primaries
and all of secondaries with fine dark scales ; discal spot of primaries
double-convex, black, with white or yellow inside, on which are a few
rosy scales ; a sub-marginal series of brown points, but often
none at all ; discal spot of secondaries pearl-white, with a few roseate
scales (sometimes the spot is all roseate), in pale ferruginous ring,
sometimes duplex ; at outer angle a slight patch, often a mere streak
of reddish ; a submarginal series of rosy or reddish points, often
wholly wanting ; at base a small roseate patch.

Female. — Expands from 1.6 to 2 inches.

Upper side green-yellow, more often a deep yellow, running to-
wards ochre, and orange-ochre; of 24 examples now under view, 14
have this deep yellow hue decidedly ; the marginal borders of both
wings very broad, on primaries enclosing a series of large, yellow, well-
defined spots, wanting in upper median inteYspace; on secondaries this
border extends from one angle to the other, and is broad enough to
nearly enclose a series of yellow spots; in others the border but parti-
ally encloses the spots, which therefore are not defined ; occasionally
the border is narrow (2 instances out of 24), and one example shows
merely a sprinkling of black scales about outer angle. The under side
is either pale yellow or greenish over secondaries and apical area of pri-
maries, and the markings are variable as in the male. From 20,324$
from various localities, from So. Colorado to Montana and Dacotah
(Bismarck).

This species is nearer to Eurytheme than to Philodice, in the imago
as in the larva. The broad border of hind wing, enclosing yellow
spOts, is a usual feature of the former, but very rare in Philodice. Add,

164

orange and Hagenii would be indistinguishable from Eiirytheme. This
struck Mr. Mead, when collecting in Colorado, and he wrote me then;
" if there can be a yellow Eurytheme, this is it."

C. Hagenii is also close to C. Eriphyle, a common species in Br. Col-
umbia. At the end of my description of Eriphyle, Tr. A. E. Soc. V.
1876, I said : "Mr. Mead brought from Colo., in 1871, a Colias very
close to this from Lake Lahache, and which ia Mr. Reakirt's paper on
the But. of Colo., Pr. E. S. Phil. 1867, p. 14, is doubtless the one
called Philodice. The same form was brought from Montana by Dr.
Coues, when engaged on the Boundary Line Commission. For the
present I shall give no opinion as to these, but they seem to me nearer
to Eriphyle than lo Philodice.''' The species spoken of is Hagenii, and
1 now see that it lies between Philodice and Eurytheme, the four species
making a sub-group.

I name this fine species, conquered by the bows and spears of Mr.
Nash and myself, in honor of our distinguished Neuropterist, whose
recent zeal in a new field, to wit, the N. A. Lepidoptera, has been the
admiration of all beholders. We have established it on a sure founda-
tion by breeding from the egg, and I respectfully commend this meth-
od of determining the position of doubtful spejies to Dr. Hagen.

CoALBURGH, W. Va., Octobcr I, 1883.

CAPITALIZING SPECIFIC NAMES.

BY C. V. RILEY.

There could scarcely be greater justification for the inquiry on p.
62, of this volume, as to the reason for the uniform capitalizing of
specific names than the temper of the answer given by Mr. \Vm. H.
Edwards on pp. 103-5. My question, while somewhat obscured by
typographical errors, subsequently corrected, was a simple one and
has not yet been satisfactorily answered. Mr. Edwards in his reply
tries hard to be facetious, but instead of bringing forward any valid
defense of the custom, would dispose of it by the assertion that '' it is
the only proper thing to do!" Let us see what are his grounds for
this assertion ? Mr. Edwards has not been very accurate in his quota-
tions from my inquiry, especially in the closing paragraph, and he
misapprehends my point if he supposes that I have any objections to
the proper use of capitals for specific names in accordance with the
well known and generally accepted rules of the Latin language, which
would include all proper nouns. My objection is to the uniform use
of such capitals, whether the specific name be a common one or in the
adjective or genitive form. The fashion is peculiar to Lepidopterists,
and I hold that it is comparatively recent and that it is improper and
unjustifiable My reasons for this belief are :

I. The rules governing the popular designation of individuals are
different from those adopted for the technical designation of genera
and species ; for while we write "John Brown," we as invariably write

i65

Homo sapiens. But if Mr. Edwards wishes to make the comparison he
will find it more apt in " faithful Miss Smith " or " John Smith's book "
than in "Miss Faith Smith."

2. Linnc'eus and Fabricius were rather free in their use of capitals,
as in some plant and locality names in addition to proper ones ; but
they were by no means univerj^al capitalizers ; whereas all the latter
writers whom Mr. Edwards quotes, as Kirby, Staudinger, Hewitson and
Felder are modern authors. In this country Mr. Edwards stands almost
alone, his only constant company being Mr. Herman Strecker,
though the fashion seems to be growing, and has been followed of late
by Mr. G. H. French and Mr. A. R. Grote. Mr. Edwards will have
difficulty in citing any good authorities in any branch of science, much
less in Zoology, who have followed, or do now follow the fashion, and
I cannot recall a single entomologist — Lepidopterists excepted — who
has or does. The large majority of Lepidopterists, in fact, do not,
which is strange if "it is the only proper thing to do! "

Xo one at all familiar with scientific nomenclature, in any depart-
ment of research can doubt that since Linnajus's time the tendency —
always except among certain Lepidopterists — has been more and more
against the free use of capitals for specific names; while the custom of
writing all specific names with a small letter is rapidly gaining ground*
a result due, without much doubt, to the fact which I stated, viz: that
it always permits the distinguishing of the generic from the specific
names in articles where either are used singly — a desideratum which
no one who has followed the writings either of Mr. Edwards or of Mr.
Grote will fail to appreciate. Believing that this custom has many
advantages I have lately adopted it. Uniformity of termination m
scientific nomenclature for equivalent divisions is desirable, and rules
so far formulated have had this as one of the objects to be attained.
Uniformity of beginning in generic and specific names is equall}'
desirable.

Mr. Kirby very courteously gives the only approach to a reason for
the custom which I criticize in that in lists of species " the capital
initial letter catches the eye so much more readily than small letters."
In lists of species where every line may be considered a new sentence,
the initial capital is justifiable; though where they follow a genus,
as in most lists and catalogues, a repetition of the genus is implied
and the lower case letter is preferable. I can scarcel}' agree with Mr.
Kirby and do not find e. g. that the recent Brooklyn List of Lepidop-
tera, or Mr. Grote's latest List (where capitals are uniformly used)
have any advantage in perspicuity over the latter's earlier lists (where
small letters are used according to the ordinary rules), or Mj. Fer-
nald's catalogue of Tortricidse (where small letters are uniformly used
e.xcept in quotations). These last lists are in every way preferable,
both for neatness and the saving of space. It is doubtful whether the
prodigal capitalizers in America have been influenced by the reason
Mr. Kirby urges. The fashion is rather an unconscious development
of the legitimate capitalizing of so many butterfly names taken from

It is already adopted by some Lepidopterists even, as Walsingham and Femald.

i66

mythological or other proper personages, coupled, perhaps, with the
childish idea that the capital gives more importance to the name.

Mr. Grote's reply to my inquiry is characteristically off the point.
I have never used the word "immoral'' in reference to his lists. I
have argued against, and spoken in general terms of the moral objec-
tion to, the custom of quoting the authority for the latest generic and
specific combination for an insect, and the fact that Mr, Grote, among
others, has abandoned the custom, leads me to hope and believe that
he will yet abandon the habit of extravagant capitalizing, and con-
form to common usage among scientific men.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

JAMES SPENCER BAILEY.

This well-known and respected entomologist passed out of his earthly
life on the first of July last, in Albany, N. Y., which city had for many
years been his home. He was born in Bethlehem, N. Y., on the 25th
of January, 1830, and was therefore only 53 years of age. He was
educated chiefly in his native State, and commenced the study of
medicine under Dr. John Swinburn, graduating from the Albany Medi-
cal College in 1853. Soon after this event he married Miss Fanny
Keith, of Augusta, Ga., and began to practice medicine in conjunction
with his brother-in-law, Dr. Thomas, at Cusseta, Ala. In 1859 he
went to Mobile, and very soon afterwards to Hempstead, Texas,
where he spent a number of the most active years of his pro-
fessional life. During the war he served for over a year as a surgeon
in the Confederate army, returning to Albany at the close of the
close of the strife, and remaining there until his death. In 1869, he
had conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine,
by Soule University, of Galveston, and in 1874, he was honored by
Hamilton College with the degree of Master of Arts. He was also
chosen President of the Albany Medical Society, and was long one of
the chief editors and compilers of the transactions of that body. He
was widely interested in all subjects appertaining to Natural History,
and many papers from his pen, on various interesting questions are to
found in " Forest and" Stream," the " Country Gentleman," and other
journals, while his articles on matters relating to his own profession
are numerous and well-written As an entomologist, he was chiefly
known by his excellent articles on Cossus Centrensis and ^^geria pictipes.
His collection, principally of Sphingidae and Catocalse was extensive,
and probably second to few in this country. He possessed a rare en-
thusiasm for his favorite science, and to use the words of one ofii his
biographers, " he had a mind above the question of money-getting,
and loved to'work on those things which inform the mind, and develop
the orderly beauty of nature." It is most earnestly to be hoped that
his various papers may be collected and published in some permanent
form. The editor of the " Medical Annals," Albany, July, 1853, thus

167

speaks of our departed friend : " It is not a common-place man that
has gone from our roll of active membership, but one who was larger
than the ordinary — larger noi only in mental capacity, but also in
worthy ambitions, in appreciating the things that are worth living for,
and in kindly regard for his fellow-men."

H. E.

TOWNEND GLOVER.

Professor Townend Glover, so long connected with the Government
in the capacity of Entomologist, died at the house of his adopted
daughter, Mrs. Daniel Hopper, in Baltimore, Sept. 7th, from an attack
of apoplexy. His most intimate friends know comparatively little that
is exact concerning his early life. He seems to have been born on the
ocean near Rio Janeiro, of English parents, as near as we can find out,
in the year 18 [3, so that at the time of his death, he had entered on
his seventy-first year. From the most trustworthy statements it seems
that he was taken to England, while yet a child, and received his edu-
cation there and in Germany. He came to this country as a young
man, and finally settled at Fishkill, on the Hudson. It was during
his residence at Fishkill that he first became connected with the Pat-
ent Office, and we find his first recorded work on Entomology in the
Agricultural Report for 1854. He subsequently accepted a position
in the Maryland Agricultural College as lecturer on Natural History,
;'nd remained there until he was appointed Entomologist to the pres-
ent Department of Agriculture in 1862.

Mr. Glover had many personal peculiarities and one of his humor-
ous boasts was that he was born in no country and never named an
insect. His early work shows him to have been an excellent observer,
and some of his reports are models of careful and painstaking work.
This is especially true of his reports on insects aft'ecting the cotton
plant in the United States. He was most ready with his pencil, and
had a positive genius for modelling fruits and mounting birds. He
was the founder of the present museum of the Department of Agri-
culture.

His chief work in Entomology, aside from the numerous annual
reports which he prepared as Entomologist to the Department,
was the preparation of a large number of copper-plate engravings (287
in all,) of insects, with an immense number of collected notes. These
plates, especially the earlier ones, are admirable illustrations of most
of the commoner insects of the United States, and tl]eir transforma-
tions, and it had always been his intention to issue them as a complete
work on North American Entomology. They not only represent many
original drawings from life, but copies of a great many figures by other
authors. Thus many figures from Smith and Abbott, i^oisduval and
Leconte and Ratzeburg, are reproduced. In time the same insect
often came to be repeated on different plates, and the work evidently
grew beyond the author's anticipations when it was conceived. In the
preparation of these plates he showed an enthusiasm and an industry
almost phenomenal. Some of them have been published in limited
editions, as " M.S. Notes from my Journal — Diptera ; '' also with sim-

i68

ilar titles, the plates and notes on Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and on the
Cotton Plant and its Diseases. The plates of the remaining orders
have been circulated among a few of his friends, but there are but fif-
teen full sets in existence. The plates with the notes were purchased
a year ago by the Government for $7,500, and are now deposited in
the National Museum under the care of Prof. Baird.

It is doubtful whether any entomologist will ever care to take the
responsibility of editing and revising this unfinished work, but the
plates and notes, just as they are, ought to be published in limited edi-
tions by the Government and distributed to educational institutions
and libraries throughout the country.

C. V. R.

VICTOR TOUCEY CHAMBERS.

Entomologists will learn with deep regret of the death of V. T.
Chambers, at Covington, Ky., on August 7th — his fifty-second birth-
day. He was a lawyer by profession, and yet found time to do a grea-
deal of entomological work. His writings have been confined almost
exclusively to the Tineidse, and all of his earlier papers wese descript
tive in their character and were published mainly in the " Canadian
Entomologist."

His later writings, published in •' Psyche " and the " Cincinnati
Quarterly Journal of Science," dealt largely with the larval structure
of the Tineidse. In addition to these various articles, he published
in Bulletin i. Vol. IV., of the United States Geological and Geograph-
ical Survey, a list of "Tineina and their food-plants'' and an "Index
to the described Tineina of the United States." His collection was
some years ago deposited with the Cambridge Museum of Comparative
Zoology, and duplicates of many of his types arc in the possesion of
private individuals. — From Avierican Naturalist.

JNO. L. LECONTE, M.D.

This distinguished entomologist, and most estimable man, died at
his residence in Philadelphia, Nov. 18, 1883, at the comparatively early
age of 58 years. In him the world has lost an earnest devotee of sci-
ence, and those who knew him best, a warm-hearted, affectionate and
sympathizing friend. He commenced the study of natural history
while little more than a boy, his taste for such pursuits being encour-
agingly fostered by his father — himself a distinguished naturalist — and
the collaborator with the late Dr. Boisduval in the " Lepidoptera of
North America." Many other members of his family are of great
eminence in the scientific world, two of his cousins, Drs. Jno. and Jos
Leconte (the latter a well-known geologist,) holding high positions in
the University of California. Dr. J. L. Leconte, whose death we have
now to deplore, made a special study of the Coleoptera of this coun-
try, and his writings upon his favorite branch of entomology, are both
numerous and valuable. A full list of them, numbering over 150
papers, was published about four years ago by " Psyche," and more re-
cently by the Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. It has been suggested that the
whole of these papers, many of them now exceedingly scarce, should

169

be collected and republished in a permanent form. Such a work
would be hailed with joy by entomologists throughout the world. It
is understood that Dr. Leconte's magnificent collection of ("^oleoptera,
so precious for the number of types it contains, has been bequeatlied
by him to to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. The
many who loved him and sorrow for his loss, may find consolation in
the spectacle which he presents of a life well rounded, without re-
proach, honest, true and generous in all its details, and filled with de-
votion to whatever end was before him, of one who lived his allotted
time without an enemy, and who passes to his rest with the affection-

H. E.

COMMENTS ON A PAPER ENTITLED "THE GENUS COLIAS,'
FROM PROC. BOST. SOC, N. H., VOL. XXII.

By W. H. Edwards.

In Papilio III, March, 1883, I replied to Dr. Hagen's first paper,
" Portion of a preliminary report on the Butterflies of Washn. Terr.,"
and proved that he was altogether at fault with regard to P. Zolicaon
and Oregonia; that they were not varieties of P. Machaon or of each
other, and that Zolicaon did not even bejong to the same sub-group
with Machaon. I had said enough about the distinctness of P. Rutiilus
from P. Turnus, also claimed by Dr. Hagen to be varieties of one spe-
cies, in a previous paper, which appeared in the January No. of same
volume of Papilio, and am prepared to-day to demonstrate from the
larval stages that these two species are distinct, as I have bred larvae
of Rutulus from the ^g^ on a pretty large scale the past snmmer. But
as I shall devote two Plates in Part XII. But. N. A. to Rutulus, I need
say nothing here of that species.

The argument in this Colias paper follows the same line as that laid
down in the Machaon paper spoken of; namely, that where two or more
forms, called species by some authors, show resemblances, where one
or more characters are common to them all, these so-called species are
really but one species. Whether each is permanent to-day, breeding
true to its own type, so far as there is knowledge of it, wholly dissevered
from its next ally in the series, does not enter into the estimate.
Whether there are larval differences is a matter of no consequence; if
there is resemblance, it shows not community of origin, that being
ignored altogether, but derivation. One of these forms is assumed
to be derived from the other, and if there be several, all are derived
from one. The derivation can in no instance be proved, and in some
cases presupposes a state of things which not only does not ex-
ist, but in all probability never can hav/e existed. All the same, re-
semblance is identity. In this way, what other naturalists call a sub-
group, a group or a genus, resolves itself i.nto one species and its de-

170

rived forms; and the parent form is the one which happened to be
first described in the books.

Now, I undertake to say that this mode of treating species, though
it might have answered fifty years ago, is not satisfactory to-day. The
vast majority of naturalists see in resemblance not necessarily identity,
but community of origin; they hold that all the species of the same
genus are descended from the same progenitor; that intermediate forms
between strong varieties descended from a common progenitor tend
to become extinct, being absorbed by the stronger forms; that per-
manence and breeding true to type are proper characters by which to
determine what is a species; that species inheriting nearly the same
constitution from a common parent, and exposed to similar influences,
naturally tend to produce analogous variations; or that the same spe-
cies may occasionally revert to some of the characters of their ancient
progenitors. That is the teaching of Darwin, and to refuse to admit
it is as if one should refuse to admit the truths taught by Copernicus.

Every person interested in these questions should read the address
by Dr. Asa Gray, " on Sequoia," published in his volume of addresses
and essays, entitled "Darwiniana" (Appletons, 1876). In this it is
shown how distinct genera of plants are represented by closely
allied species, perhaps in very small numbers, in widely distant parts
of two continents. In one genus mentioned there are three species
only, one of which is found in Florida, one iu California, one in Japan.'
In another, four species inhabit Atlantic N. America, California and
China. In another case, the single species of a genus, inhabiting a
limited district of the Alleghanies, "finds its only and very near rela-
tive " in a single species of another genus in Mantchooria. I do not
find, by the way, that Dr. Gray gives these related forms any lesser
rank than species. On the Hagenian system, in each case the allied
species would be looked on as so many derived forms, derived one
from the other, and as Dr. Gray shows farther on, this would be im-
possible. His explanation is as follows : In remote geological ages
the circumpolar regions had a warm climate; vegetation was very like
what it is to-day in the temperate zones of both continents. This is
proved by the fossil trees and plants which are preserved in the
present arctic regions, with characters so distinctly marked as to be
capable of identification. The conclusion of Lesquereux, quoted by
Dr. Gray, is, that the essential types of our actual flora are marked in
the cretaceous period, and have come to us without notable changes
through the tertiary formations of our continent. And Dr. Gray says
for himself: "I, for one, cannot doubt that the present existing
species are lineal successors of those that garnished the earth in the
old time before them. The glaciation of the north temperate zone,
foUowinp- the warmer period, pushed the species southward, upon
widely different longitudes. Hence the diffusion of the same- species
over two continents." And he adds, that " this hypothesis supposes
a gradual mpdification in different directions, under altering con-
ditions, at least to the extent of producing varieties, sub-species and
representative species, as they may be variously regarded."

Now this applies to Isutterflies as well as to plants, and I propose to

171

appl}^ it to a very interesting group, which shall embrace, of the new
world species, Fhilodice, Eriphy/e, Hagenii and Eurytheme; in the old
world, Chrysotheme. Other species may be, and no doubt are, in
direct descent from the common progenitor of the five, but these
form so compact a sub-group that they may be studied by themselves
to advantage. In one continent, Chiysotheme represents the ancient
species ; in the other continent, Eurytheme. This last presents itself
ill three distinct forms, or in other words, the species is tri-morphic,
while Chrysotheme presents but a single form. It has its variations, of
course, as does Fhilodice, for example, but these have not separated
into defined seasonal forms. Of the three forms of Eurytheme,
one appears in winter or early spring, according to the latitude, Ari-
adne ; the second succeeds it in late spring, Keewaydin : and the third
is the summer form, Eurytheme. The first is small, with a minimum
of orange, and that pale ; the second is larger, with orange deeper and
covering a larger part of the surface; the third is very large, and the
orange covers the whole surface, is intense and often iridescent. Kee-
waydin most approaches Chrysotheme, and Dr. Hagen assumes as a mat-
ter of course that it is Chrysotheme, neither more nor less, which from
its territory in south eastern Europe — Austria at the nearest, has
jumped over the longitudes, first to the Atlantic, then across that ocean,
and popped down in the interior of the Western Continent, hundreds
of miles beyond the seaboard, as if it had crossed in a balloon, and
been dropped like a sand bag ; here it has then taken possession of the
Mississippi Valley and westward, and has in course of its American so-
journ and travels, developed, the doctor says, both backward into a win-
ter form and forward into a summer form, which he has to concede are
distinct from anything seen in the territory of Chrysotheme ?X home.
Neitlier Chrysotheme, nor any form of Eurytheme, inhabits the boreal
regions of either Continent, and Eurytheme is scarcely known in British
America, even. Therefore for one to have been derived from the
other, or for the two to be the same thing, as I said before, presupposes
impossible conditions, and is simply preposterous. The reasonable
explanation of the resemblance between the two species is this : the
common progenitor of both inhabited the circum polar regions, and by
the glacial climate, which followed the temperate, was pushed south-
ward, one branch on one continent, the other on the other continent,
and for all the ages that have passed since' the parting, no possible
connection can have been between the two. Now what is the latest
date at which such a parting could have been possible ? It must, of
course, have been when North America and Europe were connected
through the polar regions, and the leading geologists assure us that
this occurred during the last glacial period, and that before the close
of it, the connection was broken, and finally. The close of the glacial
period is set down at 80,000 years ago, its beginning at 240,000, and
in the intervening ages all this southward migration of plants and in-
sects took place. And what is the state of things to-day as re-
gards these Coliads ? We find Chrysotheme, the present represen-
tative of the ancient species on one continent, a very constant
species, and entirely without defined seasonal forms ; we find

172

three forms well-defined going to make up the present American rep-
resentative of the ancient species. There is resemblance between
Chrysotheme and one of the forms of Eurytheme, but not more than there
is between Philodice and Eurytheme^ save in the single character of
color. If Chrysotheme on a large scale could be introduced to cay to
America, it would breed true to its own type, and be a constant spe ies
just as it is in Europe. It would be .iges before it would vary largely
and could part into defined forms, and these might vary much from the
forms under which we know EurytJieme. The only rational explana-
tion is that of community of origin, and in both continents modification
has taken place, resulting in well-separated species. Each is true to
its own type, has marked peculiarities, and is permanent; and there-
fore is a species; and the two are species.*

Carrying this explanation a step farther : not only have those two
orange species sprung from one ancient species, but the three others
before named have come from the same source. f Of these, Eri-
phyle has possession of the Pacific Coast towards the Rocky
Mountains, and at least as far south as the United States bound-
ary line; Hagetiii occupies the Rocky Mountain region from
southern Colorado well into British America, and to the east as far as
the desert country; Philodice inhabits the Atlantic and Gulf States,
part of the Mississippi Valley, and part of Canada, but there is no evi-
dence that it has yet crossed the desert belt to the west, or anywhere

*Dr. Staudinger, in his Cat. 1871, gives the location of C/nysotheme as {o\\o\\-s: East-
ern Middle Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, Middle and Eastern Siberia. I wrote Mr.
A. G. Butler for any information he could give me. He says, " I strongly suspect it
to be a strictly European species. The B. Museum contains examples from Germany
only." I also vk^rote Dr. Staudinger, and he replies, 8th Oct., 1883; " In all the col-
lections I have received in the last ten years from Central and North Asia tke7-e never
ivas one Chrysothetne. I have only one specimen from East Siberia in my collection,
but this was in the large Hopffer collection which I bought. / have received Chryso-
theme only from Southeast Europe. I never met or received it from Asia Minor.
Chrysotheme varies, and the first generation is always somewhat different from tie
second. I received from Lapland some C. Necla, very near to Chrysotheme, and it
may be the former is the northern form of that species. Also your Keewaydin is hard-
ly to be distinguished from Chrysotheme, and 1 have also from your very variable N.
Am. species, Eutvthemc, specimens which are hardly to be distinguished. Perhaps
all are from the same species, not connected by Siberia and Japan, Init by the Polar re-
gions, from the titne when America and Europe were connected by land." The last sug-
gestion is in accordance with what I have written in this paper, and is the proper one.
I notice that neither Staudinger nor Zeller claim identity between Chrysotheme and
Keeivaydin. Staudinger says the former can " hardly be distinguished" from the lat-
ter, implying a difference. Zeller says, " I myself have taken a m&Xe. {Chrysotheme) at
Vienna with so little orange on the inner half of the wing that a North American could
scarcely distinguish it among a number of male Keewaydin," and adds: " If Keeway-
din and Chrysotheme are really the same species, we may well say that species vary
much more in North America than in Europe." Ent. Zeit, 1874.

f It is my opinion that most, if not all, of the present species of Colias, in N. Am.,
must be more closely related to Eurytheme than Chrysotheme can be, having probably
diverged in successive steps from the glacial form since the parting of the American
and European branches. Any resemblance between Chrysotheme and Eurytiieme now
would be owing to both having retained some features of the ancient form. All the
yellow species of Colias seem to have a tendency to orange spots, and I infer that the
ancestral species was orange.

173

yet reached the Rocky Mountains. It is advancing with cultivation,
and the spreading of the plant it feeds on, red clover, as I described in
the text of this species, But. N. A., Vol. II. These three differ from
their orange allies in color, all being yellow; but they differ among
themselves in the hue of yellow. The nearest to Eurytheme is Hageiiii,
the next is Philodice, and Eriphyle stands most remote. That some
Philodice are like some Eurytheme in all respects (in one or several
forms,) except color, is apparent to every one who is famdiar with the
two species. I spoke of it in my text of Eurytheme, Part V. Vol. II.,
I'.ut. N. A., and Dr. Hagen quotes me approvingly; "he comes to the
conclusion that both species have exactly the same variations and only
differ in color." Also, "the larvae are scarct-ly, if at all, distinguish-
able in the earlier stages, and in the later, are often just as much alike.*
But in the later larval stages there is a conspicuous difference between
Eurytheme and Fhi/odice, the former having caterpillars, which after
the middle of the stage following the second moult, have developed a
series of sub-dorsal bands, as thus: on either side, on verge of dorsum,
a central white band, sometimes complete and continuous, sometimes
macular; over this, a red band, always macular; and under the white,
a series of ! lack dots, which may stand for a macular band. All lar-
vce do not show all these bands, s me not having the black, some
neither the black nor red, and some have no trace of any of them, and
so are not distinguishable from Philodice, which never has a sub-dorsal
band. These peculiarities are shown on my Plate. The two butterflies,
starting from the same point, have developed, one into an orange
species, with three distinct seasonal phases, and with a much-banded
caterpillar; the other into a yellow species, without distinct seasonal
phases, but very variable, and with a caterpillar in which are no traces
of sub-dorsal bands.

And in Hagenii, we find an intermediate species of a ver}'' interesting
nature. The color is yellow, lighter than is usual in Philodice, but
varies in that respect, many being very green, and a large percentage,
especially of the females are not yellow, but of a peculiar shade, a
sort of buff-yellow, a shade not seen in Philodice. Considerably more
than half the females as reported by Mr. H. W. Nash, of Pueblo, Col.,
who has paid great attention to this form, are of this butf yellow, and
the males frequently show more or less of it, and occasionally have a
flush of orange. The markings of Hagenii resemble those of Eury-
theme and Philodice, in the discal spots, the extra discal points on
both wings, the patch at outer angle, the shape of the black borders;
but there is a closer resemblance in the borders of many of the females
to Eurytheme than to Philodice, these being very wide, and on hind
wings nearly rea.-hing the cell, completely enclosing more or less defin-
ite yellow spots. Mr. Mead agreed with me twelve years ago, after

*The eggs of all species of Colias far as known, are same shape, spindle-shaped,
ribbed vertically, and so alike that I doubt if any two species can be di'^iinguished by that
stage; the young larvfe and generally up to second moult, are almost or quite precisely
alike also; after that, if there are larval dififerences. they manifest themselves in variety of
bands or spots, the general shape and color remaining closely alike in all species to
maturity; and the chrysalids all have same form. This shows community of descent.

174

passing the whole summer in Colorado collecting butterflies, that this
form could not be Philodice^ and then said, that " if there could be
such a thing as a yellow Eiirytheine, this was it." The larvae differ
from Philodice very much, and differ also from Eurytheme, in import-
ant respects. A large proportion show the sub-dorsal white and red
bands, but none the black, and the white band is not macular but con-
tinuous, and inside it, not over it, in the continuous red line.

Eriphyle we do not know in its larval stages, but it differs from all
the others in several points; it is also of a peculiar yellow, canary not
sulphur nor buff; on under side reddish, and almost destitute of ex-
tra markings, often having no trace of them; is without the patch at
outer angle; and the discal spot of hind^ wings below is pearl-white in
a roseate ring. On upper side this spot is always deep orange. Dr.
Hagen, p. i68, takes for his standard my description of and remarks on
Philodice, wherein I show that the markings of that species are vari-
able, and he claims that " all species which are characterized by differ-
ences falling in the wide range of those given in that paper " must be
united with " Philodice.

The range of variable markings mentioned would cover nearly or
quite every known species of Colias in one way or other. It certainly
would include nearly all the characters found in C. Eurydice S ; and
the larva of that species in all stages is near to Philodice — by no
means so separated as is the two-banded larva of Hagenii. I know
this, for I have bred Eurydice from the ^g% largely the past
summer. Yet this species is put by some experienced lepidop-
terists in a separate genus, and those who do not admit this put it in
a separate group. The markings of Eurydice 3 show that it sprung
from the same source as did Philodice, though perhaps a little more
remotely, and the curious "dog's head" mark common to Eurydice and
Ccesonia, not unfrequently breaks out in Eurythenie, and occasionally
a Philodice. This is positive proof of community of descent.

And now I should like to ask Dr. Hagen how it happens he did not
•' unite " Eurythenie with Philodice. He declares that it shows all the
marks oi Philodice, and in his comments on C. Christina, p. 163, makes
light of orange as acolor, because Scoresby, in 1822, found an example
of Palceno in East Greenland which had a tint of orange! and Mosch-
ler among hundreds of Pelidne from Labrador, says he came across
one orange example, and W. H. Edwards speaks of an orzngt Philodice.
(About one example in ten thousand may have a tint.) It seems to
me that my ingenious friend should unflinchingly have carried his
theory to its logical conclusion, and have " united," as he calls it,
Eury theme and Eurydice, and a number of these species with Philodice.

At the end of the paper we are treating of the Doctor gives us a
postscript to tell us that Mr. Keferstein, the well-known veteran of
lepidopterologists, has published a paper on Colias,'' etc. That he
gives a full classification of the Colias of the whole world. And lower
down on the page, says of his classification, ^'■Eurytheme is not united
with Chrysothenie j"' as I should expect from a man of such standing
as Mr. Keferstein.

From this statement, any one concerned in these things can discover

175

that Dr. Hagen and I are looking on opposite sides of the shield, I
see in all species of the same genus, in the present case, in all Colias,
derivation from a single ancient species. In course of ages, under
altering conditions, in many climates, different colonies have settled
here and there throughout the broad continent; have acquired certain
decided peculiarities; the intermediate links between these colonies
have been lost, mostly by absorption into the strong forms; these are
plainly now breeding true to their own types, and have all the charac-
teristics of separate species.

In Dr. Hagen's view, these colonies can never separate; all the forms
sprung from one original type, form, or species, must be " united
with it," and altogether are neither more nor less than one species, just
as the varieties of Philodice are all still Fhilodice. So all the many
species, which, as he says, "are characterized by differences falling in
the wide range " of what any given species may present " must be
united with it." Even in the American Coliades, under the statement
of his own views, the Doctor really ends by making nine distinct spe-
cies, much to my astonishment. That is to say, nine centres of crea-
tion in N. America alone!

After having stated the radical difference which exists between the
views held by Dr. Hagen and post-diluvian naturalists generally, in
which category I include myself, it is hardly necessary to follow
this Colias paper further. The same error runs through every page of
it. But I will endeavor, as brielly as I may, to notice the Doctor's com-
ments on certain species. The paper leads off with C. Edwardsii, a
species described and figured by me in 1870, after the MSS. name
given it by Dr. Rehr, one of the acutest lepidopterists we have had in
this country, in honor of Mr. Henry Edwards. It is used here as a
sort of decoy for tolling nearly all other species, and passing them
over to C. Interior. At the end of the farce it is Interior which gets
off with the swag. At first the whole 129 examples are Edwardsii, in
the interval between the acts they are this and that, but at the end
every fellow of them is Interior. These 1 29 examples appear to com-
prise every Colias taken on this memorable foray (see page 152), and
my positive friend assumes that the 83 3 and 46 $ are Edwardsii.
That is a remarkable catch. Edwardsii has hitherto been one of the
rarest of Colias, but that in any spot in W. T. it should be taken by
the hundreds, in a colony apart from any other species, is wonderful !

Some of these Edwardsii, however, our author says, he cannot dis-
tinguish from Alexandra, some from this species some from that. Al-
gjcandra was described in 1863 and figured in 1868. Both these spe-
cies stand in same volume of B. N. A., and if, as the doctor says,
" Alexandra and Ediuardsii belong to one and the same species," I
do not see how he knew which was one and which the other, out of
his 129 examples, and why Alexandra, as the eldest, did not capture
the other. The two species at all events are closely related, :ind I
should not be at all surprised if breeding hereafter shows that they are
forms of one species, perhaps seasonal. So far, however, we have no
knowledge except what may be got from the dried insects. The un-
der side of Alexandra is of a delicate gray-green, and the discal spot

176

is small and white without a ring, the fringe of upper side is yellow.
In my volume r, I will allowthat this species has had less than justice.
'I'he sexes are both too small, and the upper side of wing of the female
is crooked in the printing. One of my copies of this volume, the ori-
ginal edition, has yellow fringes, the other a later imprint of H. M.,
& Co., by mistake of the colorist, has roseate, which is wrong. It is
an oversight I much regret, and I would willingly have the plate re-
drawn and re-colored at my own expense, and call in defective copies,
if that were possible. But the species is now so well known, and so
common in collections, that the defects of this plate are of less impor-
tance than otherwise they would be. The description should in this
case be followed where the figure varies from it.

The typical Echvardsii has an orange discal spot on hind v ings of
female. In both sexes this spot below is in a rosy ring; there is a
small rosy patch at base; a much more decided border to upper fore-
wing, and more extended, than appears in Alexandra. I never have seen
an example of either sex of either of these species in'which there was a
trace of submarginal spots on under side. It is a point in both species
that they do not have these. Now, Dr. Hagen tells us that 7 of these 129
Edwardsii have more or less of these submarginal spots. The dis-
tinctive marks of that species are well shown in the Plate, but the
fringes of the male should be yellow as the text declares; those of the
female are correct, being rosy. It is possible, as before said, that
these species may prove to be seasonally dimorphic. But nothing can
determine that before one or both are bred from eggs laid by females
in confinement. And till that happens, I shall regard them as distinct.

I doubt exceedingly whether my puzzled friend is really talking
about Edwardsii. From his insisting that Alexandra is Edwardsii,
and Emilia is Edwardsii, and Astrcea is both Alexandra and Ed-
wardsii, and female Christina is EcTivardsii, and probably the male
also is Edwardsii, and HarforjiH is Edwardsii, and Laurejitina is Ed-
wardsii, I say after this mixing up of species, how can one have any as-
surance to how many species these 83 ^ and 44 ? put down as Edward-
sii belong! In this obscurity I see one ray which affords a little light;
" of the six couples collected in copulation, of one the male is Philo-
dice, the female Edwardsii^' p. 155. Now, there never was an example
of Philodice seen in Oregon or within a thousand miles of it. On p. 170,
we read of Chrysomelas, which belongs to a sub-group with Occidentalis,
which last the Doctor puts down as one of the protean phases oilnterior,
" the species must be considered as Philodice till more sufficient infor-
mation is at hand." On p. 174 under Philodice, we have as synony-
mns, " Northwestern forms Eriphyle and Chrysomelas." So that I am
forced to conclude that the doctor found a <^ ? Chrysomelas in cop. as
was right and proper.

Colias Christina is so peculiar a species that no trained lepidopterist
can look at it without seeing that as a whole it is unlike any other
American speci'es. Its male is yellow, but with great patches of
bright orange, not over the surface as in Eurytheme, but on the disks
of each wing. The female is described and figured in B. N. A., as

177

large, yellow, without border, the under side is exactly as in the male,
except that the hue corresponds with that of the upper surface.

Dr. Hagen affects to doubt that this $ on the Plate belongs to the
$ Christina, and in several places he makes a point of treating my de-
termination of the sexes of a species as of little value, having " no
warrant except that they arrived in the same lot." There were 351?
of this "lot," received from the portage of Slave River in 1862. Lepi-
dopterists know well enough that as a rule the pattern of the under
side of the two sexes in most species, and particularly in Colias, is
identical, and mistakes of the kind spoken of can rarely happen. On
p. 163, we read " I have 2 C/irisiifia $ collected in Oregon, and W. T.,
entirely like, the figured one." (How does the doctor know that these,
which he next says are Edwardsii, are Christina ?) " They were col-
lected among the numerous Edwardsii, and are entirely pale without
a border. As similar ones, with a faint beginning of a border were
taken in cop. with Edtvardsii, there can be no doubt that the females
without border also belong to Edwardsii." Also, " it would certainly
need a stronger proof to consider these males of Christina as a separ-
ate species, the more so as they are associated with an undoubtedly
female of Edwardsii?' This is a sample of the logic of this paper.
The Doctor never saw a Christina in either sex, but the female in the
Plate has no border a female Edwardsii with no border was taken in
W. T., and because it has no border it is assumed to be Christina, and
therefore the female Christina is undoubtedly an Edivardsii. Plates
are deceiving,and resemblance is not identity. Suppose the Doctor had
examined the original $ Christina which stands in my collection, and
had compared it with the females of true Edwardsii, which I could
have showed him many of !

As to the 5 we have this lucid observation, " I have not seen Ed-
7vardsii with such an orange patch, but as similar varieties are record-
ed for Palwno from Greenland by Scoresby,* for Pelidne from Labra-
dor by Moschler, for Philodice by W. H. Edwards, there is no impro-
bability that some may exist oi Edwardsii.''' I call that reading a species
out of court by inuendoes, inferences and surmises. Well, in the year of
grace, 1883, a host oi $ 9. Christina have been taken in British America
by Capt. Geddes, and I have had the pleasure of inspecting them.
And am happy to be able to assure my dubitating friend that the two
sexes are really as set forth in my Plate, but that not only are there
immaculate yellow females,but there are females with more or less of a
border, and with more or less of orange from a delicate flush to a
pretty decided hue.

And now a few words as to Astra;a, which the Doctor sniffs at con-
temptuously. This was described from a damaged male taken in
Yellowstone region in 1872. I afterwards had a second male from

In 1822, and a tint of orange, and no other example recorded for the sixty years fol-
lowing. Now, who can vouch for Sconjsby, or could swear that he was not talking of
Boothii or Hecla or what not? Indeed, in Ent. M. Mag. XIX., p. 42, is a communi-
cation from Dr. Hagen, dated 5th May, 1883, announcing his discovery of Scoresby 's
mention of this Greenland butterfly, and the Doctor suggests that what Scoresby called
Palixno may have been Hecla glacialis ', Just so.

178

same region. The two agreed in having the upper surface of a very
peculiar hue, all pale ochre, with an orange tint on disks of secondaries.
Under side yellow, densely dusted black over whole surface of second-
aries; the discal spot, as in Alexandra^ white without ring. Till this
season I have seen no other example, so far as I remember, but in July
received several males from Mt. Judith, Monta., agreeing with the type,
except that being fresh the color was light ochraceous. By the immac-
ulate under side and peculiar dorsal spot, the species is n&2iX Alexandra.

And here, behold, a wonder comes to light! Our Doctor says, p.
158: "I have submitted to Mr. H. Edwards a $, Edwai-dsii, from W.T.,
with similar color (to Astrcea, and he decided that // was much like
AstrcEa. Mow this color was prepared pii-rposely. When the specimen
was taken // was put in a freshlyprepared cyanide bottle, &c., &c., by
which the yellow color was altered to color of Astrcea & ."

On another occasion " I had sent Mr. W. H. Edwards a few Colias
from the same expedition." These my ingenious friend had treated with
benzine, and he naively proceeds: '■'■that benzine changes yellow I have
learned only later through experijnents made for that purpose.'''' " J made
excuses for sending the specimens in bad condition, and was answered
that these Colias 7vere especially interesting to himP

What an escape! Surely some good angel saved me from the snai-es
of this chemical fowler! When beguiled with cyanide I said it was
very near; when tempted with benzine the other said it was very in-
teresting! An enterprising laboratory that of the Cambridge Mu-
seum !

C. Scudderii is compared with Occidentalis before it is dropped into
the capacious maw of the Interior, along with so many other good
species. Scudderii really stands next to Felidne, and is entirely dis-
tinct from Occidentalis, and it is not worth while to spend more words
on it.

Colias Emilia is put down as identical with Ediciardsii ^.n6. Alexandra.
I might say, which? I have never seen but the pair belonging to Dr.
Behr, which I described in 1870, and since that date have not seen
these. Dr. Behr was satisfied that they were a distinct species, and he
is a good judge. Dr. Hagen quotes Mr. Henry Edwards as saying
that the <^ (which appears all that is left of the pair), " may be a form
of Inte?'ior.'" It can't be Edwardsii, Alexandra and Interior all to-
gether, for they are three species, belonging to two sub-groups.

C. Harfordii. While my perplexed friend has been losing himself in
the dust of his own raising, I have spent my summer in trying to learn
something of several species of Colias by breeding them from the ^'gg.
In other words, while the Doctor has been working at the wrong end,
I have done my work at the right end. Three species have I bred in
part, and two from &g% to imago, and ohe of these two is Harfordii,
W. G. Wright of San Bernardino sent me abundance of eggs and
young larvae; the former obtained by tying females in bags over their
foodplant. Astragalus, The female of this species is Barbara,
H.E., but there are ^ $ of Sho.. Harfordii ty^^, ?,vA $ $ of the .^^^zr-
bara type. I have examples which agree precisely with the descriptions,
and there are variations from that. Barbara is described as bright can-

179

ary-yellow; Harfordii as bright lemon-yellow. Both shades are found in
both sexes. The females, some of them, have a close resemblance to
the female of Laurentina, but, as Mr. Edwards pointed out, the mar-
ginal border is different, being pretty nearly of equal width entirely
acroijs the fore wing, whereas, in Laurentina the border " is apical only,
and obsolete before reaching the inner margin." All my females agree
with that. The discal spot in both sexes is clear white, in a brown
pink ring; the spot of Interior is roseate; the marginal border of fore
wings in $> Harfordii is equal throughout its entire length, except that
it widens a little at apex, of Interior itisWkQ Felidtie much advanced on
costa, and the inner side presents from inner margin to costa a much
curved arc. Some Harfordii and some Barbara are wholly without
e.> tra-discal spots on either wing; others of both have faint traces of
these spots, and one ^ , which on upper side is canary-yellow, with
narrow straight border, has the under side with discal spot roseate in
broad pinkish ring, has large extra-discal pinkish spots on hind wings,
black points on fore wings, the patch at outer angle of hind wings.
Now on under side I cannot separate this $, from a $, Hagenii, in
color or spots. So that Harfordii is a peculiar and very interesting
species, and presents two sets of characters, allying it to Interior, but
always with a difference, and to Hagenii occasionally, but there also
with a difference, for I find no upper surface like Hagenii, only now
and then an under surface. Dr. Hagen would say that part of these
examples were Edwardsii, and therefore Interior, for it is necessary to
make them Edwardsii before they can be passed over to Interior, and
part are PJiilodice. I say that they form one distinct species, and that
the resemblance to two other species is due to community of descent.
C. Occidentalis. I received i 5 2 ? of this species from Fort Simp-
son, 1862, and when Mr. Scudder drew up his description he had the
male before him. Why he had not the females I do not now remember;
but I see that he describes a white female only, which Dr. Hagen
thinks is Eurytheme. He has had similar $ ? etc., etc., from this
place or that. Very likely there had been similarity in some points.
The normal female is yellow, and is figured in the Plate in B.N.A. The
white at best is an aberration, such as is common throughout this
genus. Dr. Hagen brings the species to Interior as usual.
There is one difference between the two that is decisive : the female
Occidentalis has a broad border to fore wings, made up of black scales
disposed in such a way that it incloses a series of yellow spaces down
the whole margin, and except apex, the border is of even width. The
same style of border characterizes Chrysomelas, which I put in same
sub-group. Now Interior never has such a border, nor does Lauren-
tina. I have a long series of these two (though I regard them as one
species, from north side River St. Lawrence, from N. Scotia, and Cape
Breton — Mr. Scudder's types), and in all cases the border is moder-
ately broad at apex, diminishes gradually and ends above the inner
angle and incloses nothing.

Chrysomelas may be looked upon as an intensified Occidentalis;
very large, the largest Colias in America out of Group i, with very
wide borders to the $ ; the borders to fore wings of female always wide

i8o

with full series of yellow patches ; often a wide border to hind wings ;
the under side often deep orange, thickly-dusted grey ; the discal spot
often as deep red as Pelidne. I have seen a large number of Occiden-
talis taken by Capt Geddes, and they keep to their type very closely,
while all I have seen from California keep to the Chrysomelas type.
So far as the dried insects show, these two are but one species. But
Dr. Hagen puts one down to Interior, the other as a form of PJiilodicc,
and he is mistaken in both cases.*

C. Pelidne Bois. What this species is is perfectly well known. It
is figured in my vol. 2. Dr. Hagen puts Pelidne Bd. as a variety of
Pal(E7w and says that " Edwards and Staudinger give Labradorensis
etc., as a syn. of Pelidne, but the original types labelled by Mr. Scud-
der himself belong to PalcEtid'' p. 17^. "Dr. Staudinger says that
if both {Pelidne and Palcend) fly in Labi^Jor at same time he must
consider it a proof that both are different species. But Ariadne and
Eury theme also fly together.'' Let us look into this a little. In the
first place, 1 was in frequent communication with Mr. Scudder at the
time he was writing his Colias paper, and I have now a pair of the
Palceno, collected by Mr. Packard, sent me by Mr, Scudder, labelled
C. Palano. Those I accept as the type of American PaUeno. Pelidne
is another matter altogether, and reading over Mr. Scudder's descrip-
tion of Labradorensis the insect agrees with it. Why would Staudinger
regard the two as distinct if both flew together at the same time ? Be-
cause one could not be a descendant of the other, as all Labrador
butterflies are single-brooded. Dr. Hagen's reply is unfortunate :
Ariadne and Eurythetne, do not fly together, but one is directly de-
scended from the other. And if there were no Ariadne there would
be no Eurytheme in Texas, and vice versa. It takes the three forms
there to make the one species. In a letterto me, dated 29 May, 1874,
Dr. Staudinger says : " C. Peldine Bd. and C. Nastes Bd. have never
been taken in the north of Europe, and also not in Asia, so far as I
know, "All so-called Pelidne, which were European specimens, were
only small Paheno. Pelidne Bd. should have the name given by
Boisduval." These are also the published views of Mr. Moschler, as
I state in part 2, vol. 2, text of Pelidne. Dried specimens Mali never
settle such a question. The opinion of three so competent judges as
Boisduval, Staudinger and Moschler is enough for me till the con-
trary is proved by breeding from the tgg.

C. Chippewa (described in 1863 as Helena, which name was found
to be pre-occupied), — This was described from i <3 i ? received from
Fort Simpson, on the verge of the Arctic zon e. I inadvertently gave
the locality as Slave Lake in my Cat. 1877. This species and Occi-

* Under Occidentalis and Saidderii, Dr. Hagen remarks that the silver spots in vol.
I are changed to black spots ; also in some of the plates of yVrgynnis. My copies are
unchanged, and so are some others to which I have been able to refer ; but in my own
case the plates have never been subjected to the influence of coal-gas, to which I attri-
bute the change in the silver. I purchased a copy from the effects of a subscriber,
which had the plates badly discolored, as I believe, by gas, and Mrs. Bowen was able
to restore all the damaged plates. Any water-colorist can repair this defect, but I can-
not say whether the silver will be more permanent than at first.

defitalis were the only Coliads received from that locaUty, in a very
large invoice of butterflies collected by Mrs. Ross. Since then I have
received from the Arctic Sea two other white females, same species,
and one yellow female. These three in markings agree fully with the
female first seen. Dr, Hagen thinks Palceno from the Swiss Alps is
identical with these American Arctic examples. I cannot say they
are not ; but something beside surmises will be required to make me
convinced that they are. 1 only know the two from dried speci-
mens.

Interior is another thing from either Felidne or Palceno. They are
not even near together. J^clidne has white females only ; the under
side is of a lively green, densely dusted ; the disoal spot is small and
deep red ; the upper surface is greenish-yellow. Interior is brighter
yellow, lacking the green tint, as Mr. Scudder says ; the discal spot is
large, "the centre composed of silvery and pale pink scales mingled; "
the underside is a more sulphur-yellow, with scattered greyish scales
(almost immaculate, in fact), and it has yellow females with white
aberrations. (Mr. Scudder described the white only, and had but a
single specimen, as is stated.)

After all, the Doctor, having, to his own content, demolished so many
species, in one case "uniting," as the word is, nine good species as
one, winds up in this way: "Conclusions. The species of Colias
found in North America are, from our actual knowledge as follows:"
Actual knowledge ! that is delicious.

" T. Chrysotheme. -^

2. Philodice.^ -^

3. Interior. "^

4. Palteno. -^

5. Meadii. '^

6. Behrii. ^

7. Hecla. ^

8. Boothii. ^

9. Nastes." ^

How thankful we ought to be for this assurance. Nevertheless, I am
perplexed, because the statement is directly opposed to the principle
laid down on page 168, under which all this " uniting '' has been done.
Why did the Doctor not, on his own conditions, " unite " Hecla, Meadii
Boothii, and Philodice with Eurythemej Nastes and Paheiio (taking
Behrii to be an aberrant relation of the former), with Felidne, and so
cut his special centres of creation down to three ? And then by a
grand coup " unite " them all into one ? Queer conclusion from the
premises laid down ! My own conclusions, after studying the Report,
are that the author has not displaced a single one of the N. American
species of Colias, as enumerated in my Catalogue. If there are any
cases where two species may be seasonally dimorphic forms of one, it
has not been proved, and the suggestion that such relationship in one
case is possible, is mine.

And as my friend closes with a quotation from Darwin. I will give a
few words from an earlier philosopher and sage, to wit, Confucius:

" Permit me, my son, to tell you what is knowledge. What you are
acquainted with, consider that you know it; what you do not under-
stand, consider that you do not know it; this is knowledge."

Dr. Hagen has incorrectly given the history of Eurytheme.
On page 151 we are told: " The breeding of Eurytheme and its related
forms, by the late J. Boll, in Dallas, Texas, has been the first step to a
better knowledge, and to a scientific reduction of the species of Colias.
Mr. Boll had raised Eurytheme through two years, 1874 and 1875, and
had sent, in the summer of 1876, his paper, accompanied with numer-
ous specimens, to Hamburg. This paper was read at the meeting of
the Assn. of Naturalists, Sept. 20, and printed directly in the Tagblatt,
etc. The excellent paper by Mr. Edwards, N. A. But., Vol. 2, was
the result of similar experiments by N. Am. Lepidoterologists.

On page 168, under Philodice, after reproaching me for disagreeing
with his views about the *' numerous doctrines of the present paper,"
which he had informed me of in a letter, the Doctor proceeds:
" apparently he has forgotten that he persistently separated Eurytheme
Keewaydin and Ariadne as different species, till the late Mr. Boll
proved that all three belonged to the same species."

I will here take the opportunity to say, with reference to this obsti-
nate trait with which the Doctor reproaches me, that I work, and have
for 20 years worked, on a consistent plan. T. may be different from
that of other persons, but it leads to good results. If, in my opinion
— not another man's — a form of butterfly, of which nothing is known
except by the dried specimens, is distinct enough to deserve a specific
name, or I may say, in the words of Prof. Richard Owen, " the differ-
ences on which the specific character are founded, are constant in in-
dividuals of both sexes, so far as observation has reached," I give the
name without hesitation. I do not relegate such a form to one of its
next allies as a mere variety of it, for the reason that neithei* I nor any
one can tell anything about it except what the dried example itself
shows. It has several times happened, after further materials have
come in, that I have seen occasion to change my views, and I am not
at all unready to change when I see reason. But in many other cases
it has turned out that the forms which I have designated as specific are
but polymorphic seasonal forms of one species, as in the case of Eury-
theme. In such a case, at least, I have been right in naming such
forms as distinct species, even if I might guess at the possible connec-
tion between them. Till breeding from the ^gg should establish the
connection, a connection could not safely be asserted. Conjecture
based on field observation only cannot be tantamount to actual proof.
We have an element of uncertainty always, and I want certainty. My
motto is, " indefinite knowledge is definite ignorance." What business
had I to put Ariadne with Eurytheme from any knowledge we had of
these two forms! Usually such polymorphic forms are fully as distinct
from each other as many species which have never been doubted,
as, for example, the two forms of Grapta Comma. In the case of
AJax with its 3 forms; Boisduval, a first-rate lepidopterist, named one
of them Marcellics, as a distinct species; Felder, another first-rate
authority, named another of these forms Telafnonides, and before

i83

naming the third one Walshii, I sent examples of it to Felder, and
received reply that it was distinct from Telamonides, and a new species
by itself. Now Ajax, in one or other of its forms, had been figured for
an hundred years, and yet here were two experienced lepidopterists —
Boisduval and Felder — who pronounced each of the three seasonal
forms to be a distinct species. Bear in mind, all these things were
done before the connection of any such forms in any species was estab-
lished by breeding from the ^%z- That was my work, and that led the
way to numbers of cases of dimorphism or polymorphism being dis-
covered, in each of which two or more forms hitherto described
as distinct species were merged into one. It takes the two or the three
forms to constitute the species, and each must have its own name.
Telamonidcs is not Ajax, nor is Marcellus Ajax but these and Walshii
together make Ajax. I say, and have said before, that putting down
everything as a variety of something else, when we know nothing of
the connection, or even whether there be one, is a lazy way of work-
ing. It is not my way, at all events. I spot the new form, make it
conspicuous, put it where it cannot be overlooked, and leave it to time
and fuller materials to determine its position, if there is room for any
doubt in the matter. Working in that way, whether I have done good
work or not, I am very willing to leave to the lepidopterists who come
after me to determine. That it is a very different style of work from
that exhibited in the papers I am commenting on, I freely acknowl-
edge.

I by no means wish to detract from the credit due to Mr. Boll. In
the text on Eurythetiie, I fully acknowledged all that was due to him,
and I now assert that Mr. Boll never did prove the connection between
these three forms, and so establish them as members of one species.
He guessed at it, and happened to guess right, but he never proved it.
It was Messrs. E. W. Dodge of Glencoe, Nebr., and Mr. T. E. Bean,
then of Galena, Ills., who, working with me, did that thing. I had dis-
covered in 1871 the method of inducing female butterflies to lay eggs
freely, and the following years set myself at the task of unraveling the
history of several species where dimorphism was probable, and one of
these was Eurytheme. During the next years, I wrote several corre-
spondents in the West soliciting their aid, and two of them responded
zealously — to wit, Messrs. Dodge and Bean. These gentlemen followed
my directions, obtained eggs, bred the larvse, made careful notes of
their observations, and sent part of the larvae to me. In our hands the
larvre reached maturity, and their chrysalids gave the butterflies. This
was all set forth in the text of Eiirythcme referred to. Mr. Dodge sent
me eleven butterflies bred from eggs laid by $ Keewaydin, of which
seven were Eurytheme, four Keewaydin. Mr. Bean obtained eggs from
$ EurytJieme in Sept., from which came in the winter 1876-77 sixteen
Ariadne., or what I called var. A of that form, differing somewhat from
typical Ariadne, which is found in Texas, but not in Illinois. Mr.
Bean also bred Eurytheme and Keeivaydin from Keewaydin eggs laid
in August. This was all that could be done in Illinois. The missing
link in the series was the breeding typical Ariadne from Eurytheme
and Keewaydin from Ariadne. There I had to rely on what I could

' i84

learn from Mr. Boll. And what was that? I had opened a correspon-
dence with him on the same subject late in winter '75-'76. His first
letter in reply is before me (the first I ever received from him) dated
2oth February, 1876, and it reads thus: " Colias Chrysotheme is now
tolerably abundant, and I intend to make a large collection of it up to
the larger Eurytheme, so that it will be very hard to determine in re-
gard to these two species where Chrysotheme {Keewaydin) ends and
Eurytheine begins. The latter appears the latest, and I venture the
conjecture that it must come from the autumn eggs (that is, from
Eurythcme eggs of the previous year) " or the first forms of Chryso-
theme emerging in the spring." (At that date Mr. Boll had not dis-
tinguished Ariadne, and never did till I pointed it out to him.) He
continues, " the caterpillars will now soon appear upon the clover,
and I hope to find a multitude of them." That shows that in Febru-
ary, 1876, he knew nothing of the connection, from breeding, between
these forms, though he might conjecture that Eurythetne must be the
product or its own form of Keewaydi/i, or joint Keewaydiii and Ariadne,
which together he calls Chrysotheme. Mr. Boll never obtained eggs
from one of these forms, and from eggs bred the larvae. All he did was
to search the clover for caterpillars. These, of course, came from eggs
laid by different females, but of what type no knowledge could be
possible.

I received the next letter, written May 23, 1876, saying: "This year
I have had some Eurytheme caterpillars that look exactly like those
of Chrvsotheme, and am confident that the two species are the same,
the difference being owing to season." He had found larva which
gave Eiu-ytheme butterflies, and these larvae looked like other larvae
which had given Keewaydin butterflies, is plainly the meaning there.
His published paper shows that he never did obtain eggs, or caterpil-
lars proceeding from Eurytheme, even on the clover, so far as he
knew.

On the 26th of November, 1876, the third letter: "I had worked
out a letter on the dimorphism and variation of a number of N. Am.
butterflies, which was presented by my agent in Europe during Sep-
tember, before the Assn. of Nat., and found general interest." The
paper itself says nothing about having bred any of the forms from the
(tg%, but these are the words: "From November to May, 1 often found
caterpillars and butterflies together. The former showed no trace of
difference either in color or markings, except that they were found
somewhat larger in April; but the butterflies, on the contrary, differed.
I caught and bred a number of the latter, No. 1-15 of the collection,
from November to the end of February," etc., and he goes on to de-
scribe what is the form Ariadne. Afterwards, he says that 1-15 are
Ariadne. " Nos. 16-19 were t^^ken in March; 20-25 were taken in
April; 26-31 in May; 32, 33 in the last days of June." By the paper,
then, it appears that Mr. Boll found caterpillars from November to
the end of February, and they gave Ariadne butterflies; and not a
word is said of obtaining other forms, or butterflies from caterpillars,
even found ones I gave a full abstract of Mr. Boll's paper in my
text, and added that his conclusions as to the existence of the three

i85

forms and their sequence were the result of his observations in the
field. " It is the opinion of Mr. Boll that the eggs laid in June do not
develop, owing to lack of food, till the summer is past." He had be-
fore said that the food plant, Buffalo Clover, dies off before the last
June butterflies appear, and does not revive again till the advent of
the November rains, so that there was absolutely nothing for the
young larvai to feed upon. And I remarked on this: " I apprehend,
if there is any retardation, it must be with the larva?." Now, Mr.
Boll never had obtained an egg from the female of form Eurytherne
or he would not have conjectured that the egg is retarded from June
to October. He would have known whether it hatched or not. In
fact, the egg must hatch in three or four days, and the young larva
must go into lethargy at the root of the plant, under the surface of the
ground, to come up when the rains fall and the clover begins to grow.
Mr. Wright,of San Bernardino, where there is a dry season as in Texas,
when green vegetation totally perishes, observed an Argynnis Coro-
nis on the ground depositing eggs on the crown of a violet plant (dead
at top, of course), under the surface. He sent me the eggs, and they
hatched at Coalburgh in the time usual with eggs of the larger.
Argynnids, and the larvre went at once into lethargy. In cold
weather, or by cold applied, the hatching of butterfly eggs is retarded,
but heat has the opposite effect. This shows that Mr. Boll never bred
from egg of Eurytherne. He saw a regular series of butterflies, increas-
ing, as he says, in size, extent, and intensity of orange as the season
progressed. From caterpillars found on the clover, he got what he
calls Chrysotheinc [Keeicuiydin or Ariadne, it is not certain which),
and in letter to me, but not in his published paper, he says these cater-
pillars looked exactly like other caterpillars which produced Eury-
therne, and these also had been fou id on the clover. He sent me a large
invoice of his captures of butterflies, indicating the date at which each
one was taken, and I showed him that certain ones were Ariadne, cer-
tain ones Keewaydin. and certain ones intergrades.

So I come back to my first statement, that Mr. Boll did not "breed
Eurytherne and its related forms " in 1874, '75, or at any time, and so
"give the first step to a better knowledge, and to a scientific reduction
of the species of Colias ;'' nor did he " prove that all three (forms)
belong to the same species." He surmised it. Messrs. Bean and
Dodge and myself proved it, not from field observations only, but
actual breeding from eggs laid by females of the different forms found
in Illinois and Nebraska. The eggs were obtained expressly to find
out the connection, and it was found by us and no other person. The
relation of the Texas Ariadne, which is not found in Illinois, we had
to infer from analogy, and from Boll's field observations.

i86

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME
MEXICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

BY WILLIAM SCHAUS, JR.

Papilio Thymbr.^us. Boisd.

Feeds on chirimoya. Length when mature, i^ inches; head small,
sHghtly flattened, white, with black markings. The body is rather stout,
and segments contracted. The skin is velvety in appearance, and
owing to the variety of color, the larva is very handsome. Retractile
tentacles red. Segments one and two are dorsally black, with numer-
ous small turquoise blue spots, some of these having a yellow centre.
Laterally these segments are white, with a small bright orange spot on
each, above which is an irregular black line. Segments 2 and 3
are considerably enlarged. Segment 3 is black dorsally, with two sub-
dorsal blue points placed one before the other. On either side of the
anterior blue point is a large yellow spot, and again beyond this three
smaller spots, two white and one blue, with orange centre. To either
side of the posterior blue point are three white spots. Laterally this
segment is pale blue, with three orange spots, one anteriorly and two
posteriorly, and separated from one another by a black line. Seg-
ment four is very similar to the third segment, but differs in having
anteriorly only two spots beyond the large yellow one, and posteriorly
in having a sub-dorsal white band, which continues to 12th
segment. This is edged with black, and then to either side comes
another white dorsal band; beyond these comes a rather broad black
band, then a dark green one, and finally a narrow black one. In the
sub-dorsal white band on each segment is anteriorly a pale blue spot
and posteriorly a yellow one. In the other two white dorsal bands on
each segment is a central yellow spot. These last two white bands are
replaced on segments ten, eleven, twelve anteriorly by a yellow spot
edged with black, and posteriorly by a few pale blue spots. Laterally,
beginning at fifth segment, the larva is turquoise blue, which is formed
into four bands by three black lines. The blue ground color is more
or less spotted with yellow and green. Prolegs and abdominal legs
vermilion red, with an orange spot near base. Larva, when about to
transform, fastens itself at anal segment by a silken thread passed
around shoulders, and in 48 hours becomes a chrysalis. Length of
latter, three-fourth to seven-eighth inch, stout, especially abdomen, but
tapering to a point at anal segment. At ist seg. the body is greatly
compressed as though a string had been passed around it and then
tightly pulled. On thorax is a long cylindrical protuberance. Surface
slightly rough. Color, pale green, with a few brown spots on thorax,
and dorsally on segments. In the winter, the chrysalis state lasts four
months, and in summer from one to two months. The butterfly is
only found in the open country, and here chiefly frequents Macuilte-
pec, a high hill near the town, and covered with very low vegetation.
It is to be found the entire year.

i87

PaPILIO POJNIPEIUS.

Far. Pandioti. Feld.

Length when mature, two inches. Head round, brownish green
with a few small pale yellow spots. The first three segments increase
rapidly in size, the third being the largest. The skin is smooth, and
dorsally are two rows of small fleshy protuberances. There is also a
single row of these laterally on segments one, two and three. The
general color above is olive green, mottled with brown and many
irregular small white lines, which give it no regular pattern. Sub-dor-
sally and posteriorly on each segment is a darker brown spot, which
continues on to following segment, making a small dash of color on
it. On segment four this brown spot has two small brown spots an-
teriorly to it. On segments six, ten and eleven laterally the white lines
are thicker and more qf a cream color. The protuberances are edged
on the inner side by a minute lilac line. Prolegs yellowish. Abdominal
legs are white, with three gray spots laterally, and covered with short
white hairs.. Underneath the color is white, except first four segments,
which are greenish yellow. Larva fastens itself by tail and a silken
thread around shoulders. The retractile tentacles are flesh color.
Transforms in 48 hours.

Pupa.

Length, ij^ inches. It bears the greatest resemblance to apiece of
bark, being rough and mottled brown and gray, except outer half of
wing cases, which is moss green. In shape it is cylindrical, truncated
at top and abdominally tapering rapidly beneath from eighth segment,
and forming a slight hollow. On thoracic region are also two depres-
sions. Dorsally on segments are several spiny protuberances,

The imago emerges at end of six weeks. The first specimens out
were the largest, the last out the smallest, and also dift'ering in having
more white on primaries. From 39 larvae all emerged in good con-
dition. This is not a rare species here, and is double brooded. Gener-
ally met with along the forest roads.

Feeds on orange a?id Japote Blanco.

Agraulis (Juno) v. Huascama. Reak.

Larva.

Length when mature, i4^ inches. Very slight in build. Head black,
slightly bilobed, surmounted by two small black horns. Body smooth,
black, with numerous irregular reddish brown markings, which are
largest on anterior portion of each segment. There are also six rows
of black spines of equal length, and placed two dorsally and two
laterally. On first three segments the lateral spines are wanting, but
seemingly between segments one and two, and between segments two
and three is a single lateral spine. The spines are slightly rough. The
larva suspends itself by tail, and in about 24 hours transforms.

Chrysalis.

Length of largest, one inch. Compressed laterally and rather long,

i88

dark brown. Dorsally two rows of rough excrescences. Thorax
with sharp ridge. Head above rather flattened. Apex of wings form^
ing a projecting curve. Antenna; covered with a series of short spiny
points. Imago emerges in from 20 to 30 days.

A very common species at all times. Agraulis Moneta is also abund-
ant, whereas A. Vanillae is rather rare.

COATLANTONA JaNAIS. DrU.

Length when mature, one one-fourth inches. Very slight in build.
Head, upper half red, lower half black, thinly covered with rather long
black hairs. Body smooth. First segment red; the rest, dorsally
light brown, laterally dark grey. The -first segment has a lateral short
black spine. The second and third segments have four spines, two
dorsal and one lateral, and close to prolegs is an almost imperceptible
spiny growth. The following segments to the eleventh have each
seven spines, the central one being sub-dorsal, and close to abdominal
legs is also a growth of short stiff haiis. Segment eleven differs in
having eight spines, two being sub-dorsal, one anteriorly and one
posteriorly. Segments twelve and thirteen have only two spines each,
which are dorsal. The spines are longest on the second segment and
are black, with deep blue reflection; they are rather thick at base, which
gives them the appearance of growing from a slight wart, and are sur-
rounded at base by a black spot, which thus forms an irregular black
transverse band on each segment, to either side of this black band the
ground color becomes lighter, forming like a narrow yellowish edge.
The larva suspends itself by tail, and in from 24 to 26 hours becomes
a chrysalis.

Chrysalis. Length, j4-^8of an inch. White, smooth, except on seg-
ments where spines of larva are replaced by a rough black point.
Wing cases with marginal row of square black spots and several
short black dashes. On thora.x and pro-thorax are a few black marks,
and tongue is also black. Chrysalis state lasts from 18-20 days.

This is the commonest Coatlantona found here and is es-
pecially abundant from March to October, but even in the winter
months a fresh specimen is new and then seen.

ECPANTHERIA AULEA, Bdv.

Larva. Length when mature 2^ inches.

Head small, blackish brown, shining. Body smooth dull black.
Stigmata reddish brown. Segment one has a few stiff black hairs dor-
sally, and a lateral small tubercle from which grow stiff black hairs.
Segments two and three have four dorsal and two lateral tuber-
cles. The following segments to eleventh inclusive have each
six dorsal tubercles placed thus: The two central ones are close
together anteriorly, then to either side of these is one placed poster-
iorly, and then again one anteriorly. Laterally are two tubercles.
Seg. 12 has two dorsal and a single lateral tubercle, and segment 13

has only a few bristly hairs. Below, the lower row of lateral tubercles
are a few stiff, short hairs on all the segments, except first three. All
the tubercles are reddish brown, and thickly covered with rather long
black bristly hairs, though in a few rare specimens these hairs are light
brown. Underneath the body is black. Prolegs black. Abdominal
feet reddish brown. Feeds on all weeds and is exceedingly plentiful.
Forms a large very thin silky net, in which are scattered a few hairs,
generally under the bark of the liquidamber trees.

Pupa. Length, ^-/^ inch.

Oval, very slightly rough and shining. Position of tubercles on larva
is replaced on segments of pupa by little groups of downy golden brown
hairs, which are so short, howevei-, that it is only on careful examina-
tion they are visible. This state lasts from three to six weeks. This
is a very common species, and is found the entire year. The moth
has thus far offered no variation.

Note. — We have great pleasure in printing the above paper from the pen of a young
but earnest and talented entomologist, at present pursuing his investigations in Mexico.
Mr. Schaus is destined to hold a high rank among our future wori^ers, and will add the
knowledge of the life history of many species of that country to the records of our
science. We wish him every success in his career, and hope to have our pages hereafter
frequently enriched by his valuable contributions. — Ediior.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

Egg of Tolype Velleda. — The eggs of this species are deposited
in a long and sinuous string, each one attached to its neighbor by the
extreme apex, and allot them covered with the down from the abdo-
men of the parent. They are ovate, very smooth and shining, olive-
brown in color. Even with a very powerful lens, I fail to discover any
trace of sculpture, but the eggs are thickly covered with a glutinous
substance, which causes the abdominal hairs to adhere closely.

Henry Edwards.

Orgyia Badia, Hy. Edw. — Some time since I received from
my friend, Mr. R. H. Stretch, some larvK of this form, collected
by him in Vancouver Island. He desired me to compare them
with those of O. Antigua L., but I had no caterpillar of this species at
the time. I have, however, recently received some exquisitely pre-
pared larvae from Messrs. Watkins & Doncasterof 36 Strand, London,
and among them examples of O. antiqua. I have made a most careful
comparison of these and of the larva; sent by Mr, Stretch, andl cannot
find the smallest difference whatever. I therefore am sustained in the
opinion I expressed some time ago (Papilio, vol. i, p. 62), that my

O. badia (which, after all, is a synonym of O. nova, Fitch) is the same
as O. antiqua, L. The synonomy will stand thus:

Orgyia antiqua, L.

O. nova, Fitch.

O. badia, Hy. Edw,

Hy. Edwards.

Spilosoma latipennis. Stretch.

This apparently rare species seems to have its home on Long Island.
I received it on one occasion from Rev. G. D. Hulst, and on the i6th
of June last I took a very fine pair near Flushing. It rs a most active
insect, and when disturbed flies rapidly to a great distance. In this
respect it is very unlike its congener, S. virginica. When about to
rest it settles on the under side of leaves, as is the habit of many Geo-
metridae. Hy, Edwards.

COSSUS ROBINI/E CONGREGATING.

Having obtained a few larvte of Cossus Robiniae from a locust tree
broken by a storm last winter, I kept them in a tin box with sawdust
and chips until the beginning of May. I then turned them into a
large glazed fern case outside my window; they had then partially
formed cocoons. About noon, June 22, I saw a female, with yet un-
developed wingSj crawl rapidly to the top of the vivarium, having just
emerged fr()m pupa. . In less than ten minutes several males were flying
swiftly round the house; about 50 large locust trees are exactly opposite,
consequently I could not be in a more favorable locality for this species,
but although I have carefully searched the trees during June and July
for several seasons, I never before found a male of this insect, and only
two females; yet, oxi this occasion I captured no less than 70 males in
fiine condition, all attracted by this one female during the afternoon
and evening. They flew in a rapid direct flight, making a loud buzz
(more like that produced by some Coleoptera than the hum of the
Sphingidae); the weather made no difference to their flight; the day
was bright, with occasional showers, but they flew just as freely in
the rain as in the sunshine. After dark, the number abated, yet an
occasional one flew in until ten o'clock, and strange to say, two fine
females of the sarhe species flew in my room to light the same evening.
Business called me from home next morning, so I killed the female for
a specimen. I had never seen any record of this insect being a day-
flyer, and think the fact will be new to many entomologists. The lively
habit of this species is in direct contrast with those of Cossus ligniperda
of Europe, which may be found in great numbers sticking on the trees
infested by them,a few inches above the empty pupa case, any afternoon
during their occurrence, both sexes being extremely sluggish duri.ig
the day. David Bruce, Brockport, N.Y.

Samia Ceanothi.

I received a few cocoons of Samia ceanothi from a correspondent in

191

California. A fine female emerged one day during my absence from
home, and the males of S. cecropia congregated in such numbers on
the outside of the vivarium in the evening as to alarm my family, the
noise of their fluttering wings on the glass being mistaken for fire. My
boys caught 50, and said there were "hundreds more." David
Bruce.

Steganoptycha Claypoleana.

Through the courtesy of Prof. E. W. Claypole we recived this spring
from Mrs. L. H. Lewis some iarvpe of the buckeye stem-borer noticed
in the November 1882, issue of \.\i^ American Naturalist (p. 914), and
have obtained therefrom a number of perfect moths. The general re-
semblance of some of the specimens to others of proteoterus cesculana
is great; but with the perfect specimens the differences upon close in-
spection becomes quite marked. Claypoleana' IdLck"^ the notch in pos-
terior borders of primaries, the tufts of raised scales on the disc of
same, and the peculiar tufts or pencil of hairs on the upper
surface of secondaries in the 5 , between the margin and the
costal vein. It is a shorter, broader-winged species; the ocel-
late spot is less distinctly relieved, the median oblicjue band more
broken, the basal-costal portion paler and contrasted along the
median vein with a darker shade, which maybe almost black, and wliich
broadens posteriorly till near the middle of wing, where it is ab-
ruptly relieved by a pale space obliquing basally. By these characters
the species is easily distinguished from (csculana, and it is withal a
greyer species with the pale and dark shades more highly and abruptly
contrasted. In an article by Prof. Claypole, which appeared subse-
sequent to our note (Psyche, III., p. 367, issued Dec. 16, 18S2), he
states that Prof. Fernald referred the species provisionally to Stegan-
optycha, Stephens, and this reference is evidently correct.

None of the larvae we received were boring in the leaf-stem, but
rolled themselves up in the green leaves upon which they fed. It is
doubtless more of a blossom and leaf feeder than a stem-borer. The
larvae were feeding during the first half of May, and the moths issued
during the first week in June. C. V. Riley.

Mating of Cecropia and Cynthia.

This spring, having a $ Cynthia, and wishing to obtain some eggs,I
tied her out in my yard to mate. What was my surprise in the morn-
ing to find her attached to a ^ Cecropia. She laid a number of eggs,
but only four of them hatched. After nibbling for a while on linden
and ailanthus, the young larva died, very much to my sorrow. I turned
out some cynthia some years ago, and now the species is very common in
our city. ^ G. R. Pilate, Dayton, Ohio,

A New Zyg^nid. Triprocris Martenii. n. sp.

Exp. .95 inch.

Color uniform dull black, not so brassy as T. Smithsonianus; thinly
scaled, so that the veins show prominently. Primaries slightly produced
apically. Discal cell pedicelled, of the ten short veins given off from

192

it, the 4th has its origin with the 3d immediately on the cell. The
antennae are less deeply pectinate than in the allied species. Described
from I $ and 5 ? , taken in Arizona by Mr. H. K. Morrison.

G, H. French, Carbondale, 111,

DliEPANA CURVATULA.

Zoological Department. British Museum.
July 6th, 1883.

My Dear Sir: In incorporating some of onr mutual friend Grote's
Lepidopetera with the Museum series, I note ^.Drepana labelled "■ cur-
vatula,''' which agrees in all respects with my Japanese species D acuta,
but differs from the European D. curvatiila in its greatly superior size
and other particulars which I here tabiilate:

D. curvatula. D. acuta.

Exp. al. 31-35 mm. Exp. al. 37-42 mm.

The measurement taken from tip of primaries to centre of thorax and doubled.

D. curvatula. D. acuta.

Lilacine brown, with an ochraceous Uniform clay-yellow,

sub-tint.

Lines on primaries before the middle, Lines on primaries before the middle,

placed at unequal distances, sometimes at equal distances, never confused,
confused.

Oblique elb )wed line across disc double, Oblique elbowed line across disc single,

distinctly inarched. almost straight.

Secondaries divided into agreyish basal Secondaries of uniform, or nearly uni-

and a yellowish external area; the two form, tint, with no marked distinction in
areas divided by a well-defined line. the definition of the lines.

As it is highly probable that Mr. Grote's specimen was of N. American
origin (he doubtless knows where it was obtained), I think it may be
of interest to American Lepidopterists if you publish this note in
'• Papilio."

Believe me, yours very sincerely,

Arthur G. Butler.
Henry Edwards, Esq.

Cecropia and Columbia.

This year we had a $ Cecropia hatch in one of our rooms, and, a
score or more of Samia Colutribia were attracted to the place. Can
anyone doubt that the latter is an offshoot of the former ?

A. J. Cook, Lansing, Mich.

Rare Captures.

The following species have recently been taken: Aellopus tantalus
Albany, N. Y. ; Arctia Americana, Maiden, Mass.; Erebus Zenobia
Madison, Wis.; Erebus Odora, Albany, N. Y. W. Grey.

Etudes d'Entomologie.

Under this title an exquisite work on Lepidoptera is in course of

'93

publication by M. Charles Oberthur, of Rennes, Ille et Vilain, France.
The number before me contains 3 plates, with 44 figures, which are
faultless in drawing and general execution. The work will be com-
pleted in about 12 numbers, and will be a most valuable contribution to
entomological science. Hy. Edwards.

Killing Lepidoptera. — I have been experimenting with the Hypo-
dermic syringe for killing Lepidoptera ever since last fall, and am satis-
fied of its efficiency. I use a clear solution of cyanide of potassium in
alcohol, and by introducing the lancet point of the syringe and inject-
ing a drop of the fluid in the thorax it kills instantly and does not
leave any stain on the outside. I have used it in every instance so far
on the Lepidoptera as they emerge from the chrysalis. The scales and
hairs are thus not disturbed in the least, and the specimen really re-
quires less handling. On trying it with some Cecropia, etc., they were
dead before putting them down. C. W. Blake.

TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS.

January 19, 1884.
With great regret I am compelled to relinquish the active editor-
ship of " Papilio," the demand upon my time from other and more
exacting matters rendering it impossible for me to continue the super-
intendence of the journal. It gives me, however, great pleasure to be
able to state that my friend, Mr. E. M. Aaron of Philadelphia, will
accept the position I have vacated, and I am confident that under his
able guidance, the continued success of "Papilio" is assured. Mr.
Aaron's address is P. O. Box 2,500, Philadelphia, Pa., and I beg that
all subscriptions and communications be forwarded to him. I wish
most warmly to thank all my friends and correspondents for the gener-
ous support they have given the journal lately under my charge.

Henry Edwards.

ERRATA.

On page 136 read Geometrida.

On page 150 read Rectilinea, Fr.

On page 151 read Michabo, Gr.

On page 160, Nos. 8 and 9, Colias, are uncertain, and should be blank, with an?.

INDEX.
"VOL. III.

(H. E.)
(Am. Naturalist)
(C. V. R.)
(H. E.)
(A. R. G.)

INDEX TO AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS.

Book Notices.

Etudes Entomologiques; par C. Oberthur . . (H. E.)

Insects Injurious to Fruits; by Wm. Saunders. (A. R. G.)

New Principle of Protection from Insect Attacks; by J. A.
Lintner (A. R. G.)

Pine Moth of Nantucket; by S. H. Scudder. (A. R. G.)
Notice to Subscribers; by Hy. Edwards ....
Obituary Notices.

Bailey. James Spencer .... (H. E.) 124

Belfrage, George W.

Chambers, Vactor Toucey

Glover, Townend

LeConte, John L.

Zeller, P. C.
Butler, A. G.

Concerning so-called temperature forms of Butterflies .
COQUILLET, D. W.

Leaf-rollers of Illinois .......

New Nothris, a, from Illinois .....
Edwards, Henry.

New forms of the genus Alypia .....

New species of ^-Egeriadae . • • • •

Notes on the early stages of some Heterocera

Some species of Euchaetes ......

Edwards, Henry and S. L. Elliott.

On the transformations of some species of Lepidoptera
Edwards, W. H.

Capitalizing specific names ....... 103

Comments on Dr. Hagen's paper in Nov. -Dec. number of
Papilio, on Pap. Machaon, etc. ..... 45

192
121

122

82
193

166

83
168
167
168
120

62

97
81

33

155
24

145
125

IV

Comments on a paper entitled "The Genus Colias," from

Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. 22 169

Descriptions of new species of Hesperians found in the U.S. 71
List of species of Butterflies collected in Arizona by Mr. H.

K. Morrison in 1882 9

Notes on a small collection of Butterflies made in Judith

Mountains, Mont., in 1883, by W. M. Courtiss, M. E. . 157
Notes on the collection of Butterflies made by Mr. H. K.
Morrison in Arizona, 1882 ...... i

On the polymorphism of Lye. Pseudargiolus . • . 85

El WES, H. J.

Concerning so-called species of Butterflies . ^ . . 151

Fernald, Mrs. C. H.

Flowers attracting Insects ....... 80

List of Noctuidae taken in Orono, Maine, and its vicinity . 21

Grote, Augustus R.

Brief essay on the classification of the Heterocera . 35

Capitalizing specific names ....... 105

Conclusion of the list of N. Am. Apateloe . . . .111

List of Apatela^ belonging to the groups Acronycta and
Tricena .......... 67

Notes on new species in Mr. Neumoegen's collection . . 73
On Stiria, with new genera and species of Noctuidae . . 29
Recent S. American paper on Moths ..... 106

Reply to Dr. Hagen ........ 109

Hagen. Dr. H. a.

Necessary restitution of the names given by Th. W. Harris
to two N. Am. .Sphingidae . . . . . .61

Hill, W. W.

List of Lepidoptera collected July, 1882 ... 27

Kirby, Wm. F.

Capitalizing specific names ....... 105

Lyman, H. H.

Machaon controversy, the ...... 108, 144

Neumoegen, B.

Description of interesting new species of Heterocera from all
parts of our continent . . . . . . -137

On some new species of Arctia and sundry variations . 70

The genus Arctia and its variations . . . . .148

Riley, C. V.

Capitalizing specific names . . . . . 62, 105, 164

Schaus, Wm., Jr.

Descriptions of some of the early stages of some Mexican
Lepidoptera 186

Stretch, R. H.

Anal appendages of Leucarctia acraea ...

Notes on genus Clisiocampa .....

Thaxter, Roland.

Descriptions of Noctuid larvae found on Cutts' Island, Maine

WORTHINGTON, C E.

On certain Catdcalae .......

Wright, W. G.

Midwinter Butterflies ,

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.
Blake, Chas. A.

Killing Lepidoptera .....
Bruce, David.

Cossus Robiniae congregating

Samia Ceanothi ....
Butler, A. G.

Drepana cur\'atula
Brodie, W.

Samia Columbia and its parasite .
Cook, A. J.

Cecropia and Columbia
Coleman, N.

Hyphantria Textor and H. Cunea

Papilio Cresphontes
Coquillet, D. W.

On two closely allied Tarache larvae
Davis, W. T.

Early appearance of Hyph. Cunea
Edwards. Carrie M.

Curious variety of Telea Polyphemus
Edwards, Henry.

Asilus and Geometer

Callidryas Fisheri, n. sp.

Egg of Tolype velleda .

Orgyia badia

Papilio Cresphontes

Rare Lepidoptera in New Jersey

Sphinx Sequoiae

Spilosoma latipennis
Edwards, W. H.

Localities of Butterflies

Thecla laeta ....

Willow, a food-plant of Pap. Rutulus

VI

French, George W.

A new Zygaenid .......

• 191

Gilbert, H. Roy.

Tolype Laricis . . . . . . .

• 25

Grey, W.

Rare captures . . . . . .

. 192

Grote, Aug. R.

Appendages of Leucarctia acraea

. . 84

Catoc. Concumbens ab. Hillii ....

• 43

Daremma Hagenii ......

• 65

Grapta and Calephilis

• 125

Hadenella (n. g.) pergentilis . ' .

• 123

Hibernating butterflies

• 123

Hagen, H. a.

Biological collection in Cambridge Museum .

. . 65

Morrison, H. K.

Localities of Diurnals ......

• 43

MUNDT, A. H.

Limenitis Ursula and L. Disippus

. 26

New method of feeding larvae ....

25

Pilate, G. R.

Mating of Cecropia and Cynthia . . .

. 191

Riley, C. V.

Steganoptycha Claypoleana ....

. 191

Rivers, J. J.

JEgeria. Hemizoniae

. 26

Melitaea Chalcedon

. 26

Rare Sphingidae

. . 65

Wright, W. G.

Melitaea Chalcedon

• 123

Weed, Clarence M.

Appendages of Leuc. acraea

. . 84

Vll

GENERAL INDEX.

Achatodes Zeae, larva .
Acronycta grisea, larva

" lithospila, larva

" occidentalis, larva

Adoneta spinuloides, larva
^geria aemula

' ' albicalcarata
Bolteri

" hemizoniae, larva
Agraulis Juno. , larva
Agrotis apposita .

" C. nigrum, larva

" forms of .

" European species of

' ' perfusca

' ' Texana
Almodes rivularia
Alypia conjuncta

" matuta

" similis

" Wittfeldii
Amblyscirtes Cassus
Amphidusis cognataria, larva
Anthocaris Morrisonii .
Apatela afflicta, larva .

" American and European species compared

" division into sub-genera

" food-plants of

" furcifera, larva

" larvae of .

larvae, resemblance of
list of .

" leporina, larva

' ' lobeliae,

" luteicoma "

" morula

' ' noctivaga ' '

134
131
132
132
129
155
157
155
26

I87

78

133

154

154

77

76

79
34
33
34
34
72

136
43
17

116
67, 70
17
14

116

14
67, III

15
14
16

13
15

Vlll

Apatela vulpina, larva
Apatura Antonia
Celtis
Leila
" var. Montis
Aquatic larvae
Arctia excelsa
" incorrupta .
" list of
" var. ochracea
" supposed species of
" variations of
Argynnis, doubtful species of

" Nausicaa.

Arzama, anal tuft of
Asilus and Geometer
Aspilotes dissimilaria .

B

Bailey, J as. S., death of .
Belfrage, G. W., death of
Biological collection at Cambridge
Botis generosa, larva
" insequalis, larva
" oscitalis, larva
Butterflies of Arizona .
" localities of

" of Montana

H
7
8

7

7

37

70

70

149

70

149

148

153
I, 6

36
25
25

166
83
65

lOI

102

lOI

I. 9
43, 65
. 161

Cacoecia semiferana, larva
Callidryas Fisheri
' ' Eubule
" Sennae
Calpinae
Caradrina civica .

' ' fragosa
Garneades moerens
Catocala, var. confusa
" " conspicua

" " decorata

" " duplicata

" ab. Hillii
' ' junctura

43
6
6

32

74
76

30
41
40

41
40

43
40

Catocala Ilia

" Lucilla

" var. obsoleta

" parta, larva

" var. umbrosa
Cea, n. g. .

" immacula
Cecropia and Cynthia .

" and Columbia
Cenopis reticulatana, larva
Ceratomia quadricornis
Cerura cinerea, larva
Chambers, V. T., death of
Charadra deridens, larva

" propinquilinea, larva
Clisiocampa, larvae
Clostera inclusa, larva .
Coatlantona Janais, larva
Colias, the genus

' ' comparison between species of
' ' chrysotheme
" Hagenii
Copaeodes eunus .
Cossus Robiniae .
Cressonia juglandis, larva
Crambodis talidiformis, larva
Cuba, insect fauna of
Cucullia cita

40

39
40
24

41

78

78

191

192

99
61
130
168
II
12
[9, 20
24
188
169
169-185
172

16]

163

43

190

127

135

79

75

»

Darapsa chcerilus, larva
" Myron, larva

Darenima Hagenii

Deiopea bella, larva

Depressaria atrodorsella, larva
" Grotella, larva

" Heracliana, larva

" hilarella, larva .

" Ontariella, larva

" pulvipennella, larva

Dichelia sulfureana, larva

Drasteria distincta

Drepana arcuata .
" curvatula

126
126

65
128

98

98

24

98

24

97

99

143

192

192

E

Ecpantheria aulea, larva
Ecthrus Provancheri
Etudes d' Entomologie
Euchaetes coUaris

" " larva of

' ' cyclica
egle

" " larva of

" eglenensis

" " larva of

' ' Yosemite
Eudemis botrana, larva
Euplexia lucipara, larva
Euleucophaeni Hualapai
Exartema permundana, larva

Gelechi agrimonella, larva .
" discoecella, larva
" rhoifructella, larva .
" tristrigella, larva

Glover, Townend, death of

Gluphisia trilineata, larva

Gonepteryx Aspasia
' ' Nipalensis

Grapta and Calephilis .

Habrosyne scripta, larva
Hadena smaragdina

• ' transfrons
Hadenella, n. g.

' ' pergentilis

Halesidota minima
Heliochilus, structure of
Hemaris uniformis, larva
Heterocera, classification of

' ' structure of

Hibernating butterflies
Hiibner's genera .
Hyphantria cunea
' ' textor

Hypopta Manfredi

• •

H

Ingura praepilata, larva

Insect attacks

Insects injurious to fruits

Killing Lepidoptera

K

135
122
121

193

Larvae, new method of feeding
Leaf-rollers ....
LeConte, John L., death of
Lepidoptera of Adirondacks

" attracted by flowers

of N. Jersey
Leucartia acraea, anal appendages
Limacodes scapta, larva
Limenitis Disippus
Ursula .
Lithophane gausapata

" laticinerea, larva

" pexata

" var. Washingtoniana

Loxatenia ceracivorana, larva

" rosaceana, larva
Lycaena var. cinerea
" pseudargiolus •
" Sonorensis

of

8, 85, 86,

25
97
168
27
80

25
41, 84

128
26
26
77

135
74
74

102

100
8

). 97
118

91

Mamestra bella

" grandis, larva

" renigera, larva

Mecoceras peninsularia
Melitaea Colon

' ' Chalcedon

" hybernation of

" larva of

' ' Perdiccas
Melittia Bergii
Ceto

" cyanifera .
Metagarista .
Moths, S. American

29. 30

17

133

79

43

26, 123

26

123

43

157

157

157

107

106

xn

N

Nelphe, n. sp. of ...

. 79

Nemeophila Geddesii .

• 137

Noctuidae of Maine

21

Nonagria permagna

• 73

Nothris trinotella ....

. 81

" " larva of

. 102

Notodonta stragula, larva

. 129

O

Oedemasia concinna, larva 130

Orgyia badia .....

38, 39, 139

" egg and larva .

• 39

Orthosia citinia

• 74

" nitens

• 31

P

Pamphila brettoides 71

" Mardon

• 43

" Sirus ....

• 43

Papilio Aliaska ....

• 59

" var. Arizonensis

• 2, 4

" Cresphontes . . .

26, 43

" Daunus ....

2

" Eurymedon

4

" Hippocrates . .

•. • 5, 6

" Indra ....

2

" Machaon ....

45

48.

50, 63. 108, 143

" var. of Machaon

. 108

" Nitra ....

. 162

" Oregonia ....

. 48, 51, 60

Pompeuis, larva

. . 187

" Rutulus ....

2. 65

" Thymbraeus, larva .

. 186

" Turnus ....

2

" Zolicaon ....

5

Paphia Andria = Troglodyta

8

" Morrsonii ....

8

Parallelia bistriaris larva

• 136

Parasa chloris, larva

. 128

Parnassius Hermodur .

• 158

" '•' habits of .

• 158

" intermedius

• 158

" Smintheus

. • 158

Penthuria hebesana, larva

" nimbatana, larva .
Phragmatobia rubricosa, larva
Phurys ovalis
Pine moth

Pine trees, destruction of
Platycerura furcilla, larva
Platythyris granulata .
Plusia contexta, larva .

" Putnami, larva

" species found in Maine
Plusiina, position of
Progenera
Pseudanarta faleata
Pseudorg}'ia russula
Pseudothyatira cyniatophoroides, larva
Pyrrharctia Isabella, anal appendages of
Pyrrliia exprimens, larva
Pyrophila triquetra
Pyrrhotaenia animosa
' ' geliformis

* ' subserea .

Wittfeldii

R

Raphia frater, larva
Rare captures
Retinia frustrana
Retirement of Editor

lOI
lOI

127

75
82
82
II

137
18

19
19
32
36
141

75
10
84

135
78
156
157
156
156

13

192

82

"3

Samia Ceanothi

" Columbia .

" " parasite of

Sciapteron praecedens
Scolecocampa liburna, larva
Schinia carmosina
Specific names, capitalizing
Sphingidae, rare .
Sphinx chersis

" " larva of

" sequoiae
Steganoptycha Claypoleana
Stibadium curiosum
Stiria, the genus .

62

190

42

42

155

134

142

, 103, 105, 164

65

62

127

25
191
141

29

XIV

Stiriinae

Syneda Athabasca

32

143

Taeniocampa peredia

' ' perfoliata

' ' virgula .

Tarache candefacta, larva
" erastroides, larva
" larvae of
Telea Polyphemus

" " curious variety of

" " var. oculea

Teras permutana, larva
Temperature — forms of Butterflies
Terias anemone
" Brenda
' ' connexira
' ' Hecabe
' ' Mariesii
' ' Mandarina
' ' multiformis
" Rahel
" Sari .
" Sinensis
Thecla Alcestis
' ' iroides
laeta

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, larva
Tolype laricis

" velleda, larva

eggs of
Tortrix pallorana, larva

" quercifoiiana, larva
Trichoclea, n. g. .
' ' decepta

Trichopolia, n. g.

' ' dentatella

" ptilodonta

Trichorthosia, n. g.

' ' parallela

Triprocris Martenii

IJ

Ufeus Sagittarius

9

8, 123
24

25. 131
130
189
100
109
30

30
76

77
77
31
31
191

31

^v

Willow, food plant of P. Rutulus

65

Ypsia aeruginosa .
Zeller, death of Prof

73

120

ERRATA.

Page II, the sentence "a similar larva" to "margins of the leaves"
belongs to Habrosyne scripta, and should follow the passage ending
" its early moults."

Page 19,

25

line 22

for

leuceophaeta, read leucophaeata. -^

25

" 24,

for

Monolenca, " Monoleuca. -

77

" 43-

for

spmore.

" spinose.

77

" 43.

for alliud,

" allied.

no

" 6,

for Carolina,

' ' Carolina.

no

" 21,

for

at,

" all.

119

" ^^.5'

for Cardin,

" Cardui.

159

23d line from top,

read these species, for there species

172

2nd

bottom

, ' ' sports, for spots.

174

nth

top,

' ' Qxtva-discal markings.

174

31st

" 771 Philodice.

176

4th

' ' crocked, for crooked.

178

8th

' ' discal, for dorsal.

178

loth

" 9 , for ^ .

178,

nth

" bracket after Astrcca.

178

2ISt

" us, for 77ie.

178

22nd

' ' one, for /

178,

27th

strike out the before Interior.

179,

loth

read in Interior after a semi-colon.

179,

7th

bottom

, bracket after species.

179

6th

'•

" before Mr. Scudder's.

180,

6th

top, read dive forms of one species.

183

33i"d

' '

following _>/£'ar.

184

17th

* '

of its onni form, or Keewaydin.

TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The publication of the Index to Vol. Ill of Papilio affords me the
opportunity to say a few words which have some interest to myself,
and I trust will not be wholly devoid of it to those engaged in the study
of our Lepidoptera. A little over three^ years ago, with the founda-
tion of the New York Entomological Club, was issued the first number
of this journal. As is usual in such cases, the most intense enthusiasm
was for a time exhibited by its promoters, but after a little while this
excitement cooled, and to me, as secretary of the club, gradually fell
the whole labor of editorship. Added to this, the work of reading
proof, going about fifty blocks four or five times per month to the
printer's, folding and mailing the num.bers and attending to the very
heavy correspondence, was left wholly in my hands, and this, too, with
the claims of a most exacting profession constantly before me. I was
compelled, as is already known, to relinquish the duties thus forced
upon me, and I did so with a pecuniary loss upon the three volumes
to myself personally of over $200. I do not make this statement in
any begging spirit, but had every Lepidopterist in this country given
his support to the journal this loss would not have accrued. It is not
too late, however, to atone for the somewhat unfair neglect with which
Papilio seems to me to have been received by some entomologists,
as a number of copies of the first three volumes are still on hand, and
will be supplied, post free, for $5.00 the set, or quantities at even a
lower rate. The first volume may be had, complete, for $1.50, in-
cluding its colored plate. Orders for the same may be sent to my
address: 185 East 116 Street, New York. I deeply regret the long
delay which has occurred in the printing of the present index, but it
has been perfectly unavoidable. Hv. Edwards.

June 10, 1884.

J : a. L±