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ULTURU

PUBLICATION NO. 556 ISSUED APRIL 1937

TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 7 FIRST PRINTING

DOMINION OF CANADA, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PEACE-ATHABASKA WEEDS

A RECONNAISSANCE APPRAISAL

HERBERT GROH

Botanist

l + l

Agriculture
Canada

Canadian Agriculture Library
Bibliotheque canadienne de I'agriculture
Ottawa K1 A 0C5

DIVISION OF BOTANY
EXPERIMENTAL FARMS BRANCH

630.4

C212
P556
1937
c3

Published by authority of the Hon. JAMES G. GARDINER. Minister of Agriculture

Ottawa, Canada

PEACE-ATHABASKA WEEDS

A RECONNAISSANCE APPRAISAL

A brief visit in October, 1929, to Beaverlodge in the heart of the Peace
River country,* and three weeks more in the late summer of 1934 have afforded
opportunity to become somewhat acquainted with the region and with its weed
flora. A few days in 1935 were also given to examination of the Athabaska
sector so far only traversed by rail.

The 1934 trip, the second in a projected quinquennial survey designed to
preserve for at least one such area in Canada a more or less adequate weed
history, was fortunate in the facilities provided for penetrating to almost all
settled parts. This was due largely to the aid of Messrs. W. D. Albright, J.
Travis and W. J. Thomson, of the Dominion, the British Columbia and the
Alberta departments of agriculture respectively, and their interest and effort are
deeply appreciated. The limited time allowed was conserved for study of the
vegetation of settlement. Only incidentally in travel between prairies, was
other plant cover much noticed. The native flora has always received major
attention, first of the earlier explorers who would find little else, and later of
botanists more intent upon phytogeographical and ecological problems than
upon the influx of alien species. Recent botanists have been chiefly attracted
to the still scarcely disturbed frontiers and beyond; whereas the primary con-
cern of the agriculturist is to know the adventive plants, the manner of their
advent and spread, and the prospect of retarding their increase in these new
farming sections. In the lists so far published it is amazing what little men-
tion there has been of weeds already becoming well naturalized.

The fruits of past botanical exploration are not, however, to be despised,
even though they leave so much need for further weed survey. That same
virgin flora is temporarily, and many elements of it long continue to be, the
cover to be ousted by plants of cultivation and their attendant weeds; thus any
survey is a contribution to weed survey. It is particularly opportune that
a recent work on the botany of the Peace and Liard River regions,f and other
published contributions from these hinterlands of Canada, by Dr. Hugh M.
Raup, have brought together the valuable results of his own and earlier
explorations in and beyond this area. This augments considerably the all
too meagre results of the present trips; and what is of equal importance, it
provides the support of authenticated records for many observations, which in
a weed reconnaissance too hurried for much collecting of specimens, remain
doubtful or with incomplete identification.

DEFINITION AND SCOPE

Some definition of terms employed will help to delimit and clarify the
subject in hand preparatory to as brief a treatment of the materials under
review as will suffice.

Peace-Athabaska. — Geographically this term indicates the extensive drainage
basins of the Peace and Athabaska rivers; agriculturally it is restricted to a
part of the upper or southern reaches of these rivers and their tributaries.
Here the name is made to apply to the fairly homogeneous territory stretching

*Groh, Herbert. Grande Prairie weeds. Dorn. Can. Dept. of Agr. Pamph. No. 117 New
Series. 1930.

fRaup, Hugh M. Phytogeograpkic studies in the Peace and Upper Liard River regions,
Canada. Contr. from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univ. VI. 1934.
32987—2

from the town of A bh aba ska on the east, to just beyond Montney, north of
Fort St. John; and from the town of Peace River on the north, to somewhat
short of Edmonton. There remain beyond these bounds settlements where
plants can behave as weeds, as at Fort Vermilion; 'and there are wooded tracts
alternating with the prairies within where the flora is but little weedy in
character. Phytogeographically the area is reasonably common ground for
study, and it comprises -approximately what has been embraced in these weed
surveys.

Weeds. — A weed has been defined as " a plant out of place," meaning of
course, that in some' person's estimation it is out of place. From the stand-
point of the plant it is always in place when it can gain a foothold and meet
the competition of other plants, adapt itself to the environment, and enjoy
sufficient respite from human interference. As man sees it, some plants are
always and only weeds, others are occasionally or in some circumstances
weedy, and some, even of the most useful crop plants are weedy when they
escape from cultivation or persist when their place is to be devoted to other
uses. Some plants, moreover, are weeds not so much in an agricultural sense,
as by reason of being directly harmful or poisonous to man or beast, or as
being unsightly or in any way an occasion of trouble or expense. For present
purposes a weed may be considered to be any native plant persisting, or any
adventive plant encroaching in man's domain, in ways inimical to his interests.

Reconnaissance. — A reconnaissance survey is not a census in any degree.
The enumeration of what is present on a quadrat or other limited area may
be feasible, and has its uses for ecological and other special purposes, but is
out of the question here. Only methods can apply which will gather a broad
sweep of the information sought in a modicum of time.

It is not botanical survey in the stricter srnso. Weed survey, which is
all this can claim to be, relies as far as possible on previous botanica'l surveys,
dispensing with much of the collecting of common and obvious species in favour
of simple recording. The weed surveyor, be it understood, does not undervalue
accuracy; but in much of his particular field the risks of inaccuracy are neither
great nor serious, since weeds in general are the commonest and most readily
distinguished of plants. Collecting is done chiefly in support of records of
doubtfully identified, scarce, or otherwise notable plants of weedy character.

The surveys here presented are, as already intimated, the first of a series
intended to follow developments as they unfold in a new field such as this. It
is true that pioneer history has already been left behind for much of even this
new north; but the present frontier settlements still present about the same
setting, and beyond these may still be found the indigenous flora of the country,
unmodified except by those ubiquitous vagrants that seem to dog the steps of
even the trail-blazer — wild buckwheat, lamb's quarters, and other freely dis-
persed annuals.

The principal reconnaissance in 1934 extended through the three weeks
commencing August 28. There was opportunity for fairly extensive, though
never exhaustive, field work in each of the several prairies which go to make
up the bulk of the developed lands, i.e. at High Prairie, in the McLennan-Falher
district, in the extensive Peace River-Fairview-Dunvegan belt north of the
river, at Beaverlodge and Hythe, at Pouce Coupe and Dawson Creek, and in
the Fort St. John district, at that town and about Baldonnel, Rose Prairie, and
for some distance north of Montney, as well as at Taylor Flat overlooking the
river. Briefer forays were possible at many intermediate points. Moreover,
useful observations of the more conspicuous and familiar weeds were made from
the moving train or automobile; especially during stops, which allowed a certain
amount of scrutiny of the environs of stations along the way or of highways
and towns, excellent short lists could be secured. Frequently instead of a general

survey, some special environment as a crop or a weedy summer-fallow, was
the basis for a list. Altogether 110 lists of varying length and character, and
embracing among them practically all plant species distinguished in the course
of that year's trip, entered into the study.

The Athabaska observations to and from the Peace, were reinforced in
1935 by trips to Barrhead and Athabaska, on which an excellent idea of inter-
vening country was secured. These, together with the 1929 surveys, bring the
total of lists to 174.

Appraisal. — While determining occurrence, surely a useful end in itself,
weed survey goes a step farther, and availing itself of the constant repetition
of lists, seeks to establish some measure of abundance, if not actual at least
relative. In place of dependence on the indefinite " common/' " scarce," " rare/'
etc., of popular parlance, there is possible a sort of index of frequency. Any
particular weed will be found to have appeared in one, ten, or perhaps ninety
per cent of the lists, indicating with some precision whether it is rare, occasional,
or quite general in occurrence. Position, high or low in the lists, in a rough way
recording prompt or merely chance observation of a plant's presence, can be
some guide as well, but is a refinement of method probably unwarranted in
view of other refinements lacking. Such appraisal as is secured must always
be accepted with due reservations. To illustrate: common dandelion, at the
height of early bloom, would be more heavily recorded than at another season
when chiefly the prostrate foliage is in evidence. A little later when both fruit
and flowers are to be seen, it might also be found that what appeared to be
common dandelion is that and red-seeded dandelion together, neither one of
which separately would rank so high. A further consideration would be that
dandelion, while an undoubted nuisance in its own way, is not often the occasion
of great losses in crops. The prevalence found, even supposing that all weeds
could be equally conspicuous, in season, and uniformly distributed, is not, either,
always the prime factor in weediness. Fireweed and yarrow, native plants
unsurpassed for prevalence, are after all less dangerous than many new-comers,
still sparingly recorded but ready to forge to a position of real menace.

The index of prevalence, while not an absolute measure of weediness or
even of abundance, is at least something tangible and an approximation to the
truth. Other attributes of plants which, together with abundance, may con-
stitute them weedy, are difficult to assess in other than general terms based upon
practical judgment. A prevalence percentage, however derived, is highly desir-
able information which the botanical manuals, when indicating range, can give
scant light upon; and what they give can be valid for the time only, since weeds
are ever on the march, and subject also to changes affecting agriculture itself.

General Considerations. — Those plants observed which are in no way to
be regarded as weeds, are excluded from notice.

Weedy species are listed in two tables; first: those indigenous which tend
to persist as weeds, or for other reasons belong in that category; second: those
adventive or escaped from cultivation, and becoming naturalized and more or
less weedy. In each case they are arranged in a descending order of prevalence;
and for each of eight meridians from west to east a frequency percentage figure
is given, or locality indicated for those infrequent.

Discussion of weeds follows in the sequence of the current botanical treat-
ments. It is for the greater part an evaluation of the plant as a Peace-Athabaska
weed, actual or potential. It is not to any great extent descriptive of the weed,
nor of its control, since these are functions of the existing weed manuals.

Nomenclature has quite closely followed that adopted by Raup in his works
on the vegetation of this part of Canada.

As a second report, though on a broader field, this treatment enlarges upon
Pamph. No. 117, New Series, Grande Prairie Weeds, and in many cases repeats

6

the language of that report. Being essentially but another interim report, based
on all too slight observation, it still anticipates the more detailed and critical
investigation which should be possible at the third step in the project.

The several meridians may be designated as:
113 — Athabaska district, east.
114 — Athabaska district, west.
115 — Lesser Slave Lake district.
116 — High Prairie — McLennan district.
117 — Father and Peace River districts.

118 — Grande Prairie, east — Spirit River and Fairview districts.
119 — Grande Prairie district, west.
120 — Pouce Coupe and Fort St. John districts.

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20

REVIEW OF WEEDS

(Following usual botanical sequence.)

Ferns. The few ferns, like bracken, etc., which are fitted for life in the
open where they would affect agriculture, appear to be lacking entirely. Other
ferns and the allied club-mosses occur in woodlands, and consequently were little
seen.

Horsetails, scouring rush, etc. Equisetum spp. Seven species are known in
the district. They are all moisture-loving plants, in most cases so restricted to
wet situations that they do not interfere with crop production. Field horsetail
(E. arvense L.) is a familiar cover of railway embankments where the substratum
remains moist, and invades fields with faulty drainage. For this reason it was
found more generally in the eastern half of the belt where natural drainage is
commonly poor. At High Prairie it is a major weed problem. The gradual
amelioration of pioneer conditions will go far to subdue such native weeds as
this; and attention to good tillage and drainage will help at once.

Meadow horsetail (E. pratense Ehrh.), wood horsetail (E. sylvaticum Ehrh.),
and scouring rush (E. hyemale L.), are less frequently troublesome to crops. All
species however, probably share in responsibility for poisoning of horses eating
infested hay, to an extent somewhat proportionate to their occurrence where hay
is cut. There would seem to be less danger in pasture.

The horsetails can all be known as such when bearing their terminal spore-
producing " cones " or spikes. The stems are jointed with or without whorls of
slender branches; and these vegetative branches are on separate or on the same
stems on which the spores are borne, and from perennial roots.

Junipers. Juniperus communis L. var. montana Ait. and J. horizontalis
Moench. The junipers possess poisonous properties, but being mostly restricted
to dry slopes, such as the southern exposures at Peace River and Taylor Flat,
they cannot occasion much harm.

Cat-tail. Typha latifolia L. Except as it may be, like other water plants
not here named, a nuisance of beaches and water channels, it is scarcely weedy.
From summer resorts and water works of various kinds urgent calls for help
against even such weeds are not unusual, and are baffling to fully meet.

Arrow-grasses. Triglochin maritima L. and T. palustris L. Included only
because the first at least is demonstrated poisonous. Sheep and cattle eating
a large amount at one time go down quickly and usually fatally as a result of
hydrocyanic acid development from the plant.

Awnless Brome Grass. Bromus inermis Leyss. A valuable introduced
grass extensively escaped and able to persist strongly by its creeping rhizomes.
Its spontaneous distribution is about in proportion to its cultivation. Some
thoroughness in tillage is necessary when it is to be suppressed.

A couple of native brome grasses are unable to persist long after breaking.

Chess (cheat). Bromus secalinus L. Reported but not seen in 1929, chess
was found freely infesting a roadside near Donelly, September 14, 1934. No
evidence was found of its presence in cropped fields adjoining; and care should
be taken to prevent such spread. Chess, being a winter annual, is most trouble-
some where winter grains are more grown than they are here. Its hardy
persistence where wheat has winter-killed, has lead many credulous folks to
the fallacious idea that it is nothing else than degenerate wheat. It has made
itself at home almost throughout temperate North America.

Low Spear Grass. Poa annua L. Oftenest troublesome in thin lawn turf
and on drives. It springs up early, flowers and seeds before the customary weeding

21

practices would forestall it; and then when hot weather comes it browns and
leaves the lawn unsightly. As an annual it would be no problem if prevented
from seeding for a few years.

Canadian Blue Grass. Poa compr'essa L. Unlike 'the last this species has
creeping perennial rootstocks which sometimes call for an extra stroke or two
of tillage to clean it out of land. In lawns it also leaves bare patches after
spring growth is over. As a pasture grass it is relished by animals.

Kentucky Blue Grass. Poa pratensis L. An important range grass
prevalent throughout in a variety of types, and tending to persist in cultivated
fields by its perennial rootstocks. It is native, whereas the two preceding Poas
are introduced.

Couch Grass (quack, twitch, etc.). Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. This
tenacious invader of so much good eastern land, is spreading in the West, has
already a strong foothold in the Athabaska district, and has increased some in
the Grande Prairie and other districts since 1929, when it was found at Beaver-
lodge and near Grande Prairie. Inability to stop and distinguish always between
patches of this and brome or sweet grass, precluded any exact or reliable estimate
of its prevalence.

Quoting from Grande Prairie Weeds: "It spreads both by seeds and by its
tough, creeping rootstocks, which are capable of throwing up shoots wherever
space can be found for their occupancy. Patches soon fill up closely, and in the
course of a few years may even become sod-bound, shallow-rooted and of stunted
growth ; but any segment of rootstock carried away from the patch by implements
or otherwise, is instantly rejuvenated. Patches should be carefully dug up, or
treated with some sterilizing agent such as fuel oil or salt, or with the newer
chlorate herbicides, repeating until growth ceases to reappear." General infesta-
tions are usually handled by the " working out " method of tillage, although
the " smother " line of attack has its advocates, some relying on smother crops
over a period of two years if necessary, and others on tillage to keep growth
beneath the surface, as in fighting sowthistle. Any method is laborious, and
without ideal weather conditions will only accomplish a certain measure of
control, not eradication.

Western Rye Grass or slender wheat grass, and Awned Wheat Grass.
Agropyron trachycaulum (Link.) Malte. vars. The inclusion of these native
grasses in a weed list may be open to question, the first, at least, being one of the
valuable forage crops of the west. It is only when it remains in a following crop,
which it is not seriously given to doing, that it is a weed.

Rye. Secale cereale L. Occasionally mixed in a succeeding crop, which
matters more in districts where this crop might be winter wheat.

Wild Barley (squirrel-tail). Hordeum jubatum L. The presence of this
very prevalent native grass is sometimes, but not necessarily, an indication of
alkalinity; it was found in particular abundance, and wTas said to be increasing
along roadsides in the Grande Prairie region. It also prevails in grazing lands
and to a less extent with crops. Infested meadows can be grazed to good advan-
tage in spring, not only for its pasturage value, but for its setback; but once
the awns are formed serious harm may result to stock from penetration of these
into the gums, eyes, etc. The problem of keeping fields clean will be much
simplified if attention is also given to waste ground, sloughs and shores, which
otherwise continually re-seed land adjacent.

Wild Oats. Avena fatua L. A little less than fifty records appear in the
notebooks, which considering the nature of the surveys,, is bound to be a less
complete recording than is obtained of weeds more easily distinguished from
the crop. The Athabaska region, moreover, was seen earlier in the season, or en

22

route to the Peace, mostly from the train. North of the Peace river in British
Columbia no wild oats was seen, and it is hoped none was there to be seen. One
specimen at Baldonnel exhibited certain wild oat characters, but has since
been shown to be an example of the so-called false wild oats, a fatuoid mutant
of the oats of cultivation. Fields in the Pouce Coupe district are already in
some cases polluted with wild oats, and outside the Block it is quite general.
Near Falher a field was seen where the crop, barley, and wild oats seemed
about equal in amount. At the present time this pest is no doubt entitled to
be known as the " worst weed " in the area as a whole; and will decrease little
while grain growing holds the premier place in agriculture.

Methods of control vary with locality, and have not been formulated as
yet with any very special reference to the Peace River problem. As this is an
annual the emphasis is on means of avoiding seeding and seed distribution,
securing germination at a time favourable for destruction, and choosing crops
advantageous for control. Recent studies in the West promise important
advances.

Wild Oat-grass. Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Usually confined to poor,
hilly tracts, which poorly repay farming effort.

Rough Hair Grass. Agrostis scabra Willd. Increases sometimes in hay
meadows to the detriment of quality.

Bent Grasses (red top, etc.). Agrostis spp. If present, rather scarce.

Marsh Foxtail. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (A. aristulatus Michx.) Occur-
rence is usually in places rather wet for cropping.

Timothy. Phleum pratense L. While not equal here to some native and
other grasses for hay, this outstanding hay plant of other regions is extensively
naturalized. Every trail and clearing doubtless received a quota of seed quite
early.

Porcupine Grass. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. A native forage plant in
dry situations, but a source of trouble when its sharply-pointed and awned
fruits work themselves into the skin of animals. Feather bunch grasses (S.
viridula Trin. and S. columbiana Macoun) are other species occurring, having
smaller and less dangerous awned fruits.

Slough Grass. Beckmannia Syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. While confined
mostly to wet spots of little value agriculturally in the West, its presence occa-
sionally eastward may be an indication of some tendency to spread.

Sweet Grass. Hierochloa odorata (L.) Wahl. Scattered infestations noticed
right across the belt. The deep perennial creeping rootstocks, establishing large
patches of herbage, require deep and persistent tillage to subdue them.

Canary Grass. Phalaris canariensis L. Found about railway yards at
Dawson Creek and Pouce Coupe, 1934. An introduced annual, not likely to
give serious trouble.

Green Foxtail. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Seen at Fort St. John,
Fairview and Peace River, and no doubt present in most settlements. Experi-
ence elsewhere would warn us to expect rapid increase and firm establishment
wherever introduced. It is a very common impurity in commercial seeds, and
should be watched for when buying, at least as long as the country remains
comparatively free of it.

Water Arum. Calla palustris L. Noticed in the Athabaska district;
growing in wet places, it is included here only because it is acrid poisonous.

23

Toad Rush. Juncus bufonius L. Not seriously weedy, although sometimes
offering some competition on moist ground.

Nodding Wild Onion. Allium cernuum Roth. Growing on the drier soils;
probably capable of tainting milk of cows eating it.

Asparagus. Asparagus officinalis L. Seen occasionally as a wayside escape.

Blue-eyed Grass. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. May become quite
plentiful in meadows, but otherwise not weedy.

Slender Nettle. Urtica gracilis Ait. Common throughout as a wayside weed;
objectionable because of its stinging hairs, which set up a painful irritation of
the skin.

Dwarf Nettle. Urtica wrens L. Only seen at Beaverlodge; an introduction
nowhere becoming very abundant. Also irritant like the last.

Pale Comandra. Comandra pallida A. DC. Widespread on light, dry soils.
Some at least of the members of the family are parasitic on the roots of other
plants, but otherwise would not be called weedy.

Dwarf Mistletoe. Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. This was seen at
Dawson Creek, parasitic on branches of lodgepole pine.

Western Dock. Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. Without closer examination
than was usual, it is not certain that some of the records may not have been
curled dock (R. crispus L.), for which there is, however, no authentic record.
Western dock is native, and, unlike curled dock, grows on wet waste land more
than in crops.

Pale Dock. Rumex mexicanus Meisn., and Golden Dock, Rumex maritimus
L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen. Natives growing in waste places, damp meadows
and on slough margins.

Sheep Sorrel. Rumex Acetosella L. On the railway at Beaverlodge, and
reported in the district. Likely to become more widely introduced. Repro-
ducing by perennial creeping rootstocks as well as by seed; and being more
tolerant than the crop, of acid or other poor soil conditions, sometimes becomes
the prevailing vegetation. Application of fertilizers, especially nitrogen, will
often correct conditions and so decrease its amount.

Pale Persicary. Polygonum lapathifolium L. var. salicijolium Sibth.
Noticed at Berwyn; evidently not the real weed which its eastern representa-
tives are in some localities. Lady's thumb, reported in 1929, but not yet seen,
may have been this weed.

Wild Buckwheat. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Sometimes also called black
bindweed from its habit of twining for support about the crop it infests. Present
in the newest of new settlement in crops and everywhere, apparently profiting
by the absence of so many weeds of older farms, and by the imperfect tillage of
rough ground. Its seed is a very common impurity of grain sown, and makes
up a great deal of the bulk of screenings. A cropping system which allows of
regular cleaning crops is essential to keep it in check; and being an annual,
prevention of seeding is all important.

Knotgrass. Polygonum spp. Both the low small-leaved P. aviculture L.,
and the more upright growing, larger leaved P. erectum L., occur freely. The
former has a special liking for dooryards, while the other frequently forms a
leafy border to trails, but neither to the exclusion of the other. As they cover
surfaces that would often be bare or only sparsely grassed, they cannot be
greatly objected to. They are annuals and probably both introduced.

24

Buckwheat. Fagopyrum esculentum. Moench. Sparingly persisting after
cultivation.

Strawberry Elite. Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. A native weed of
the goosefoot family, differing from others in the large red berry-like fruit
glomerules. It was especially frequent in the newer parts on recent clearings,
but scarcely ever appears in any numbers in long-settled districts. The some-
what similar maple-leaved goosefoot (C. hybridum L.), also a native annual,
occurs in waste places.

Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Chenopodium glaucum L. Usually confined to
saline areas, or appearing in yards. Noticed half a dozen times in the western
half of the belt. Goosefoot (C. rubrum L.) is in a few similar saline places at
Peace River, etc.

Lamb's Quarters. Chenopodium album L. In the West better known as
pigweed. An introduced annual, very prevalent in arable land if allowed to
seed freely, as it has every opportunity to do under a system of extensive grain
growing. Not only in crops, crowding them seriously, but in gardens, yards, and
by waysides.

Spear-leaved Goosefoot. Monolepis Nuttalliana (Schultes.) Greene.
Occasional in somewhat alkaline spots, and at times a crop weed right across
the belt.

Russian Pigweed. Axyris amarantoides L. First noticed near Winnipeg,
in 1886, this introduced annual has spread westward, and somewhat less strongly
eastward, until now it is known from about all provinces. It was conspicuous
in the Grande Prairie district in 1929, and illustrates very well at the present
moment the penetration of a weed into a new region. From beyond Edmonton
to the Peace River Block the degree of infestation is progressively lower. While
invading and crowding crops considerably, this is even more an occupant of
waysides and waste land, where it gives an appearance of untidiness. As it is
a prolific seeder, prevention of maturing of seed is of prime importance.

Bug-seed. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. A native annual reported by
John Macoun in 1875, from " saline springs along Peace R. above the Smoky R."
Occasional in vacant lots in western cities.

Spreading Orache. Atriplex patula L. and var. In both narrow-leaved
and halberd-leaved forms, occasionally seen in waste places, particularly under
saline conditions. Rather like lamb's quarters, but usually less erect and some-
what widely branched.

Garden Orache. Atriplex hortensis L. At Peace River freely escaped from
a garden. From Winnipeg to Edmonton a familiar escape from European immi-
grants' gardens; less often seen east of the prairies.

Russian Thistle. Salsola Kali L. var. tenuifolia. G. F. W. Meyer. In
1929 reported only from Spirit River and Beaverlodge; now six records from
Peace River to the Peace River Block, but none from there over the long stretch
out to the prairies. It is a pest of the lighter soils and dried-out areas of the
West particularly; and in the North may spead but little away from railway
gravel and some light waste land. It is an annual and a tumbleweed, needing
chiefly to be prevented from distributing its seeds. In the half century or more
since its introduction to South Dakota it has had almost unparalleled publicity
as a weed. More recently it has been pretty well accepted as an inevitable
accompaniment of continued drought conditions, under which it may even be
turned to account as an emergency feed if grazed or cut for storage before
becoming prickly.

25

Redroot Pigweed. Amaranthus retrofiexus L. One distinct infestation in
truck crop at Peace River, and also seen at Watino. This European annual
may be expected to spread, as it has quite seriously in older parts of Canada,
if the present outbreaks are allowed to come to seeding year after year. It is a
coarse, unsightly weed.

Tumbleweed. Amaranthus graecizans L. What has been said of the one
Amaranthus applies largely to the other, although the latter is less upright and
successful in crop competition.

Common Chickweed. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Collected by John
Macoun as early as 1872. An introduced annual, which invades gardens and
fields to a serious degree in longer settled country. Several native plants of the
genus, although perennial in habit, are nevertheless ill adapted to survival on
farm land.

Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. Cerastium vulgatum L. Noticed only
in Athabaska district, at Widewater on Lesser Slave Lake and at Peace River,
but likely to become more widespread. An Old World weed of lawns, etc., peren-
nial in habit. Field chickweed (C.arvense L.) and nodding chickweed (C. nutans
Raf.) are natives of little account.

Bladder Campion. Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Reported
from Beaverlodge. A strongly rooting perennial which should be kept out as
long as possible. Commercial seeds are common carriers.

Night-flowering Catchfly. Silene noctiflora L. Found at Beaverlodge, and
on record from the Lesser Slave Lake district. Noxious under most weed legis-
lation, and likely to be more widely introduced. Annual.

White Cockle. Lychnis alba Mill. Considerably resembling the catchfly,
both in plant and seed, the latter frequent impurities in clover seed. White
cockle is biennial or perennial in habit, and the more difficult one to clear out
of the land. One patch seen in the town of Athabaska.

Red Baneberry. Actaea rubra. (Ait.) Willd. Most frequently observed in
the Peace River Block. A white-fruited specimen also seen. A specimen in
the Division of Botany Herbarium, collected by Miss J. Bostoek at Peace River,
in 1926, has been identified as the western A. arguta Nutt. The baneberries
are restricted to thickets or woodland, but are here noticed because poisonous.

Larkspur. Delphinium scopulorum Gray var. glaucum Gray. Widespread
and sometimes abundant, and some species important as causing a fatal poison-
ing of cattle where they prevail. The related poisonous Aconitum suspected in
1929, has not been proved to be present in the settled areas.

Prairie Crocus (pasque-flower). Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nutt.) Heller.
This handsome spring flower of the entire West is acrid poisonous, and is also
accused of causing the death of sheep grazing upon it, by the formation of
balls of felt in the stomach from the hairs clothing the stem.

Several species of the related Anemones are native, but all of minor import-
ance as weeds although remaining in untilled land.

Small-flowered Buttercup. Ranunculus abortivus L. Occasionally seen.
Like so many members of the family, acrid poisonous.

Celery-leaved (or cursed) Buttercup. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Around a
slough at Hythe, and recorded from Lesser Slave Lake district by Brinkman.
Poisonous, as probably also some seven or eight other native Ranunculus.

Tall Buttercup. Ranunculus acris L. This introduced buttercup is the one
species likely to show really weedy properties. As in the East, it thrives in

26

meadows and pastures, although as yet mostly in patches near the railway. The
twenty-two records obtained were progressively less frequent until left behind
at McLennan. It was reported but not seen in 1929. It is avoided, like most
buttercups in grazing, because of its acridity.

Marsh Marigold. Caltha palustris L. Seen occasionally from Grande
Prairie district eastward, and the white marsh marigold (Caltha natans Pall.)
at Rose Prairie; both probably of general occurrence along slow streams.
Reputed poisonous.

Golden Corydalis. Corydalis aurea Willd. C. sempervirens is also recorded
from Lesser Slave Lake district, but in the absence of flowers and critical exam-
ination, all observations were credited to the first named, especially as occur-
rence was regularly in its type of habitat, on land left bare after burning, and
in garden or other cultivated ground. Most frequent in recently opened country.
It is considered to have poisonous properties.

Wood Whitlow-grass. Draba nemorosa L. Recorded by J. M. Macoun
from north of Dunvegan, and by Raup from a meadow near Dawson Creek. A
specimen collected September 14, 1934, from the railway near McLennan, is the
variety leiocarpa Lindbl., with glabrous pods. These both at times assume the
role of weeds, their winter annual habit facilitating the maturing of seeds.

Stinkweed (or pennycress, also Frenchweed). Thlaspi arvense L. Many
fields in the intensive grain-growing areas are already thoroughly polluted with
stinkweed, and only the closest vigilance will keep other fields free of it for a
time. It is imperative to prevent seed dispersal. Diversification of crops to
allow of suitable rotations is to be encouraged. It is a good measure of insur-
ance to have grain always so well occupying the ground that stinkweed plants
are dwarfed, and unable to produce more than a minimum of seed beneath the
crop. If seed is present the weed is very quick to fill up any thin or patchy
place. Although chiefly an annual, some plants, always winter over and are
ready to shed seed at most inconvenient dates.

Peppergrass. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Other similar species if present,
were not distinguished. Common by roadsides, and in western grain fields, and
in lighter soils right through the North. The rosette of leaves, and the roots
which carry it through the winter, easily slip by the cultivator in the case of
merely " stubbling in " crops. Indigenous and propagating by seed only.

Hoary Cress (broad-leaved peppergrass) . Lepidium Draba L. A specimen
was received from Teepee Creek in 1928, and the weed was seen near Grande
Prairie in 1929. It is a very persistently rooting perennial, not often displaced
where it has once gained a foothold. It has been known and spreading in the
Prairie Provinces since 1896. A small infestation discovered at Ottawa in 1930,
has increased in area despite digging up and applications of sodium chlorate as
so far tried.

Shepherd's Purse. Capsella Bur sa-past oris (L.) Medic. Although intro-
duced, this weed appears to be always present from the earliest settlement. It
is especially common in the Grande Prairie and Peace River Block areas, and
at Beaverlodge is considered to be as serious a pest as almost any of the more
noxious weeds. As a winter annual, it is ready to get under way early in the
spring and before the farmer is thinking of weeds, and from then until fall a
succession of plants is producing an astonishing amount of seed. The plant too,
while producing only an annual tap-root, keeps a rather tenacious hold on the
soil when weeded. The remedy, theoretically, is to prevent seeding and to
secure germination of the seeds already in the soil as far as possible, but
unfortunately that cannot usually be at all completely.

27

False Flax. Camelina spp. Both C. sativa (L.) Crantz and C. microcarpa
Andrz. are present, but no attempt was made to learn the proportion of each.
Fields in the neighbourhood of Dawson Creek and Beaverlodge have become
particularly over-run. Although winter annual in habit in a spring wheat dis-
trict, false flax is becoming a serious problem. Without the utmost effort to
prevent dispersal of the seed it will soon be much more widespread. It is abun-
dant also in the Athabaska valley.

Ball Mustard. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. One of the chief mustards
in all the grain-growing parts. Adventive and annual and bound to pollute the
soil with seed if grain is grown too regularly. It is not nearly the same problem
in the more diversified cropping of Eastern Canada. Newer infestations should
be hand-pulled before seeds are formed. Shed seed in a crop should be induced
to germinate by harrowing after removal of the crop, and again in the spring
some time before ploughing.

Wild Mustard. Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. Still much more abundant in
the outer Athabaska region than farther along, but evidently increased since
1929. In view of its record in older farming country, no effort should be spared
to retard its seeding down of this new land.

Indian Mustard. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Probably the commonest
of the mustards of this genus, but less a crop than a wayside weed, although
often plentiful in crops. More prevalent westward than in Eastern Canada.
Annual or winter annual ; said to be introduced from Asia.

Bird Rape. Brassica campestris L. Recorded once at Athabaska, 1935.
No doubt introduced with commercial seeds. Only occasionally serious else-
where.

Dog Mustard. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) 0. E. Schulz. Along railway
at Brownvale, September 12, 1934. Until recent years* not recognized in
Canada, although already distributed from the Atlantic to Alberta at least.
This is the farthest west and north record to date. It is a weed of railway and
roadside, but spreading from there, and capable of considerable inroads on grain
crops. Annual, adventive from Europe.

Tumbling Mustard. Sisymbrium altissimum L. This noxious adventive
annual or winter annual of such note in the Prairie Provinces, has spread quite
generally through the North, but chiefly yet as a weed of railways and waste
places. Its tumbling habit ensures distribution of the remarkably abundant
seed.

Gray Tansy Mustard. Sisymbrium Hartwegianum Fourn. Port St. John
and occasionally throughout. Mostly confined to waste places. A tall native
biennial.

Flixweed. Sisymbrium Sophia L. An introduced annual, or perhaps biennial
weed of the tansy mustard type, which there is reason to believe is passing in
Canadian weed literature quite generally as green tansy mustard. The latter is
indigenous on the prairies, but apparently not common enough northward to be
of consequence as a weed, whereas flixweed is everywhere across the three prov-
inces and into the utmost settled land. Fields may be seen in the fall carpeted
with the hoary rosettes prepared to winter over, and suggesting that this may
yet be one of the worst of the mustards in grain-growing areas.

Hare's-ear Mustard. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dum. Five times recorded
from end to end of the belt. Annual, introduced from Europe, and spreading
in waste places and grain fields, mostly westward in Canada.

*Groh, Herbert. Some recently noticed mustards. Sc. Agr. 13: 722-729, 1933.

28

Wormseed Mustard. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. One of the worst of
the native mustards. Common in grain fields farther south and east, where it
may be largely introduced. Annual or winter annual reproducing freely by seed,
which is a frequent impurity in farm seeds. The seed when present in any
quantity in feed, makes it unpalatable and unwholesome to stock. Small-
flowered prairie rocket (Erysimum parviflorum Nutt.) is indigenous and only
occasionally becomes abundant in crops.

Marsh Cress. Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess, var. glabrata (Lunell.) Victorin.
Occurring throughout in places usually too wet for thrifty crops.

Winter Cress (yellow rocket) . Barbarea sp. Recorded 1929, but record not
supported by any specimen.

Tower Mustard. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. One Arabis which figures
occasionally as a minor weed. A native biennial.

Rocky Mountain Bee Plant. Cleome serrulata Pursh. A colony along
elevator siding at Hythe, August 31, 1934; probably introduced here, although
indigenous in Western Canada. An annual controllable by reasonable cultiva-
tion, or often requiring only hand-pulling.

Red Raspberry. Rubus idaeus L. var. canadensis Richards. The common
red raspberry of the region, invading clearings but not long persisting with crop-
ping.

Upright Cinquefoil. Potentilla norvegica L. var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm.
(P. monspeliensis L.). A common annual. The seed is frequently present in
timothy or clover seeds, and advantage is taken of a poor stand of crop to
increase. Diffuse cinquefoil (P. millegrana Engelm), a related species, was
found on burnt over land. Several other native Potentillas were common on
undisturbed prairie, but are largely eliminated by breaking. Silverweed
(P. Anserina L.) was frequent in wet situations.

Avens. Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rybd.) Raup. and G.
strictum Ait. The former apparently the more abundant; both objectionable
in pastures or around the home by reason of their clinging hooked fruits. They
are native perennials.

Agrimony. Agrimonia striata Michx. Seen at High Prairie and occasionally
in the Athabaska district. A native perennial not seriously weedy but producing
hooked fruits somewhat less clinging than the last.

Wild Roses. Rosa acicularis Lindl., and others. Certain of the roses persist
in crops for a time after breaking. Besides persistence by the deep perennial
rootstocks, they have coarseness to render them objectionable in a crop.

Western Choke Cherry. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Dietr. Records obtained
mostly in the western half of the belt. Bird cherry (P. pennsylvanica L.f.) was
rather infrequently seen. The wilted foliage of the cherries develops prussic
acid poisoning of cattle browsing on them.

Red Clover. Trijolium pratense L. Alsike Clover. T. hybridum L. White
Clover. T. repens L. The clovers escape freely from cultivation, alsike clover
evidently being better at home than the others, and red clover least so. Even
when well naturalized none of these offers much resistance to removal when in
the way.

Sweet Clovers. Melilotus alba Desv. and M. officinalis (L.) Lam. These
two, especially the former, were found distributed wherever agriculture had
introduced them, chiefly as volunteers and roadside weeds.

29

Alfalfa. Medicago sativa L. and Yellow Lucerne. M. falcata L. From the
records it would appear that alfalfa is escaped only in the western part of the
area, and presumably therefore only grown to any extent there. M. falcata is
escaped sparingly from experimental plots to roadsides at Beaverlodge.

Black Medick. Medicago lupulina L. Only Beaverlodge and Falher
specimens seen. In Europe this plant finds a place in agriculture, but in America
is regarded only as a weed, and in some soils reproduces freely by seed.

Milk Vetches. Astragalus spp. Several species were noticed to be quite
common on prairie. Some of them may be poisonous.

Locoweeds. Oxytropis spp. Some plants at least of the genus are respon-
sible for the disorder of horses feeding upon it, known as " locoing." The
commonly occurring 0. splendens Dougl. is probably innocent of harm.

American Vetch. Vicia americana Muhl. One of the most characteristic
elements of the native flora. Its contribution to grazing no doubt outweighs
any weedy propensities it may have at times. The same may be said of the
wild pea (Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook.). Tufted vetch {V. Cracca L.), if occur-
ring, was not definitely distinguished. The latter is a common and persistent
weed in land broken from sod in Eastern Canada.

Cranesbill (wild geranium) . Geranium Bicknellii Britton. Common on
burnt over clearings, but scarcely weedy. G. Richardsonii F. & M. also occurs
sparingly.

Flax. Linum usitatissimum L. Sparingly escaped in the Peace River parts
particularly. A native wild flax of perennial habit is not uncommon on dry
exposed slopes.

Thyme-leaved Spurge. Euphorbia serpyllijolia Pers. On railway gravel
at Peace River, September 12, 1934; an apparent introduction from farther
south where it is indigenous, if not also here.

Jewel-weed. Impatiens Noli-tangere L. Occasional. In the East it has been
found weedy in moist yards, etc., but this is unusual.

Manitoba Maple (box elder). Acer Negundo L. Seen a few times where
introduced by planting, and tending to multiply. This tendency often makes it a
nuisance around gardens in the East.

Round-leaved Mallow. Malva rotundifolia L. Seen only at Athabaska.
A tough rooted and sprawling annual or biennial weed of gardens and yards in
older settlement. Introduced from Europe.

European Field Pansy. Viola arvensis Murr. Well established in a field
at Beaverlodge, August 29, 1934. In a garden here a colony of plants exhibited
every degree of variation between this and V. tricolor L., suggesting that the
whole stock may have derived from reversion of the garden pansy.

Many-spined Opuntia. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Dry gravelly river
bluff at Taylor Flat (Raup) ; Smoky River Mission (J. M. Macoun).
Separated by hundreds of miles from its usual dry prairie habitat, this cactus
is to be found only on certain arid slopes of the Peace where its vicious spines
are not seriously in the way.

Great Willow-herb (fireweed) . Epilobium angustifolium L. Compilation
of records has shown this conspicuous native plant equal to, or second only to
common yarrow in prevalence throughout the entire belt. It is especially notice-
able where recent fires or clearings have opened up a tract. As a weed it is
not to be considered noxious, and but for the drifting in of its tufted seeds, it

30

would not long appear in cultivated land. The related and much smaller
northern willow-herb (Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Haussk.)
Fern.) persists more or less in wet ground.

Evening Primrose. Oenothera sp. A number of times recorded in the
Athabaska district, but only once or twice farther west. It was not determined
whether 0. biennis L. or 0. muricata L. prevails. A stout native of North
America, 0. biennis is said to have become naturalized in the Old World, a
reversal of the usual rule in weed migration.

Water Hemlock. Cicuta occidentalis Greene. There are scattered records
from Athabaska to the Peace River Block. Both western and eastern species
are deadly poisonous. Animals are most often poisoned in early spring grazing,
when the fleshy roots pull up easily from the wet ground in which they grow,
and a concentration of the toxic principle is present in the roots and young
shoots. A very little is sufficient to cause death, and so rapidly that animals
are usually beyond help when once symptoms are noticed. Grubbing out the
plants in the infested parts of pasture, or fencing apart are necessary.

The bulb-bearing water hemlock {Cicuta bulbifera L.) was detected at
McLennan, September 14, 1934. It is also poisonous.

Water Parsnip. Siwn suave Walt. (S. cicutaej 'olium Schrank) . "Apt to be
confused with water hemlock, but much less, if at all, poisonous. Both have
umbels of white flowers, but whereas the leaves of this are simply pinnate, those
of water hemlock are doubly compound." Rather common throughout in water
or wet borders of water.

Caraway. Carum Carvi L. Four records spread between Athabaska and the
Peace River Block. Naturalized from Europe, and growing in patches near
dwellings.

Wild Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa L. Records mostly in "the western half of
the belt. Naturalized from Europe or garden degenerate. The flowers and foli-
age said to be irritant to the skin of some. Cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum
Michx.), common throughout, is sometimes held under suspicion of being one
or another of the poisonous members of the family. Its large merely lobed
leaves, and broad umbel of white flowers should serve to distinguish it.

Dill. Anethum graveolens L. Found on dry slope at Peace River, appar-
ently an escape from cultivation.

Bog Rosemary. Andromeda Polifolia L. From Lesser Slave Lake district.
(Brinkman) . Poisonous.

Androsace. Androsace septentrionalis L. Noticed only in the weistern part
of the range; in one instance quite weedy, behaving like other free-seeding
annuals over acres of a rather neglected dry field.

Spreading Dogbane. Apocynum androsaemif olium L. A stout perennial
forming considerable patches invading the borders of fields. Both it and Indian
hemp (A. hypericif olium Ait.) are poisonous in some degree.

Narrow-leaved Collomia. Collomia linearis Nutt. Rather commonly seen,
and sometimes assuming the character of a field weed. Native annual.

Tansy-leaved Phacelia. Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Escaped at Montney
and at Baldonnel, September, 1934, from seedlings of a flower assortment sup-
plied by a Winnipeg seed house.

Blue Bur (stickseed). Lappula echinata Gilib. Scattered along the railway
but weedy also in fields, and a nuisance owing to its burs in waste places and
where sheep are grazing. At least one native species similarly causes trouble.

31

American Dragonhead. Dracocephalum parvifiorum Nutt. A native
appearing especially on new clearings or on burnt areas, and occasionally a crop
weed.

Catnip. Nepeta Cataria L. Not seen, and included solely on the strength
of a specimen collected by Prof. Macoun, in 1872, from somewhere between
Lesser Slave Lake and Hudson Hope.

Black Nightshade. Solarium nigrum L. Beaverlodge garden, and Taylor
Flat fields, September, 1934. Three-flowered Nightshade. Solarium trifiorum
Nutt. Taylor Flat, September 4, 1934; in fields with crops. Although not seri-
ously weedy, both these nightshades are reputed poisonous. Notwithstanding
this the fruit of black nightshade is preserved by some for food, and the plant
is said, moreover, to have been used in the breeding of the well-known wonder-
berry.

Hemp Nettle. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. An introduced annual weed, mostly of
waste places. Not noticed west of Beaverlodge vicinity.

Canada Mint. Mentha canadensis L. var. glabrata Benth. By means of
its creeping perennial rootstocks it persists and even invades moist ground.

Purslane Speedwell. Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis Pennell. The
variety prevailing here differs little in its behaviour as a weed of lawns and
cultivated ground, from the weed of the East. It is an annual or winter annual,
reproducing by seeds.

Tournefort'g Speedwell. Veronica persica Poir. (V. Tournefortii C.C.
GmeL). Collected in garden, Beaverlodge, August 29, 1934. An annual or
winter annual, introduced from Eurasia, and now to be found in various parts
of Canada.

Yellow Toadflax. Linaria vulgaris Hill. Clyde, July 4, 1935. Not yet an

important weed in Western Canada, but probably capable of becoming so there
as it is in the East.

Moroccan Toadflax. Linaria maroccana Hook. Beaverlodge and Fort St.
John, 1934. Escaped sparingly from cultivation.

Indian Paint-brush. Castilleja miniata Benth. Owl's Clover. Orthocarpus
luteus Nutt. Rattlebox. Rhinanthus Kyrollae Chab. Lousewort. Pedicularis
labradorica Houtlyn. Cow Wheat. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Some at least of
the preceding are root-parasitic or saprophytic, but in no case otherwise of much
consequence.

Plantain. Plantago major L. var. asiatica Decaisne. This variety, native
northward, is in its range about what the common plantain introduced from
Europe is in older Canada — a most annoying pest in lawns. Although spreading
chiefly by seed, it persists by means of a perennial short rootstock from which
shoots are produced, and it is in about the same class as dandelion for tenacity
in lawns. When cultivation is possible plantain is no great problem; and
ordinarily it is better to plough up a badly infested lawn that to treat the weed
without.

Ribgrass (buckhorn). Plantago lanceolata L. Noticed only at Rose
Prairie and North Pine. An introduced weed, likely to appear increasingly
with use of inferior grades of seed. In habit similar to common plantain, and
to be kept out by every means possible.

Northern Bedstraw. Galium boreale L. A common native plant that
seldom remains where it would be weedy. A tangle of one of the reclining
rough bedstraws was found, evidently introduced, at Athabaska. Lacking
flowers or fruit the species remains uncertain.

32

Wolf berry. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook., and Snowberry S. albus
(L.) Blake var. paucifiorus (Robbins) Blake. Both common and, like the rose,
persisting for some time after breaking out of prairie. They occupy much
space where allowed to remain on grazing land.

Wild Cucumber. Echinocystis lobata T. & G. A few times seen. Chiefly
objectionable when over-running trees and shrubs with its smother of dense
vines. Native and annual.

Bluebell (harebell). Campanula rotundifolia L. Sometimes in meadows,
but of slight account as a weed.

Gumweed. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh). Dunal. Indigenous in the West,
and adventive eastward, indicating some degree of aggressiveness.

Goldenrods. Solidago ispp. Of various species occurring, the Canada
goldenrod (S. canadensis L.) or its local counterpart (S. lepida DC. and varie-
ties), narrow-leaved goldenrod (S. graminifolia (L.) Salib. var. camporum
(Greene) Fern.) and late goldenrod {S. serotina Ait.) are among those com-
monly included among Weeds. They are pasture weeds chiefly persisting by
means of strongly creeping rootstocks.

Wild Asters. Aster spp. Like the goldenrods, various asters persist more
or less strongly in meadows, and for a time after breaking. Rayless aster {A.
angustus (Lindl.) T. & G.) , by some placed in the genus Brachyactis, appeared
to be present only as a waif from its home on the prairies, as it was restricted
to railway sidings at Peace River, where it was in some abundance on Sep-
tember 12, 1934.

Philadelphia Fleabane. Erigeron philadelphicus L. A not uncommon
native; in Eastern Canada often a lawn and pasture weed of some importance.
Perennial with a short rootstock; reproducing also by seed.

Canada Fleabane. Erigeron canadensis L. Widely distributed in the area,
on cultivated and pasture fields on the lighter type of soil. Native annual.

Everlasting (cat's-foot) . Antennaria spp. "Native perennial herbs, forming
patches often to the exclusion of better herbage in pastures."

Great Ragweed. Ambrosia trifida L. Five times noticed in the Peace River
district; one of these at Pouce Coupe. A coarse weed of waste places, native
in the Middle East.

Common Ragweed. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. McLennan, September 14,
1934. Native of North America but doubtless introduced here. A noxious
annual crop weed in Ontario and other older settled regions. After harvest it
comes on rapidly, and should be dealt with either by mowing or by shallow
tillage before seed can be matured. Hand-pulling in the present instance, should
suffice for some time to come.

The ragweeds are foremost among plants whose pollen, when inhaled,
induces autumnal hay fever. Any territory, in as good a position as this to
maintain and advertise its relative freedom from ragweed, should guard that
asset.

Poverty Weed. Iva axillaris Pursh. Not seen, but reported as infesting a
field near Beaverlodge. In parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta principally,
poverty weed has baffled all attempts to control it in soils inclined to be alkaline
or saline, and reduces the productivity of much otherwise good farming land.

Wild Sunflowers. Helianthus spp. With fewer species and these less
abundant than on the western prairies, the sunflowers are not prominent as
weeds here. Their perennial roots may withstand cultivation for a time.

33

Beggar-ticks. Bidens cernua L. Scattered in wet places throughout. Not
often weedy except as its barbed fruits make it a nuisance.

Common Yarrow. Achillea Millefolium L. About the most widespread
and abundant weed in Canada, and equalling, if not exceeding every other in
this region. It is a native, and with exceptions, native weeds are not the worst
we have to contend with. As land is brought under efficient cultivation yarrow
usually gives way to crops. Its root system is shallow and readily worked out
of the soil. In lawns it may have to be grubbed out, and patches left bare
re-seeded. Another yarrow, A. sibirica Ledeb., with merely serrate, not dissected
leaves, was rather commonly seen also.

Scentless Chamomile. Matricaria inodora L. Seven times noticed from
McLennan westward to the Peace River Block. Adventive from Europe, but
scarcely weedy. Golden Marguerite {Anthemis tinctoria L.) was escaped from
a garden at McLennan.

Pineappleweed. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. "This weed has
spread from the Pacific slope where it is indigenous, and is becoming common
in waste places right through to the Atlantic. It frequents the same sort of
habitat as chamomile or stinking mayweed in the East, and until its rayless,
green flower heads appear, it closely resembles that weed. The finely cut foli-
age is not, however, stinking but is rather distinctly pineapple scented."

Ox-eye Daisy. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. Observed at Hythe and
in the Athabaska district, and reported from the Lesser Slave Lake district.
An introduced weed of pastures which becomes abundant to the point of taking
complete possession in some eastern Canadian areas. The shallow rootstocks
are not very resistant to cultivation.

Biennial Wormwood. Artemisia biennis Willd. This coarse unsightly
weed is native throughout the West, and has spread eastward to become one
of the two chief wormwoods in those provinces. It reproduces freely by seed,
and maintains itself well in crops.

Absinthe Wormwood. Artemisia Absinthium L. Five times seen from
north of Edmonton to Taylor Flat on the Peace River in British Columbia.
Adventive and not often abundant.

Prairie Sage. Artemisia frigida Willd. On dry prairies through most of
this belt. In the range country of southern Alberta, the presence of much of this
plant is taken as an indication of over-grazing. It is not to be expected on
the better grazing land of the North, nor to any extent on land being farmed.
Four or five other Artemisias were found, some on arid slopes chiefly, others
where they might interfere more with crops.

Common Groundsel. Senecio vidgaris L. Occasional from the Grande
Prairie district eastward. An annual naturalized from Europe, and spreading
freely by seed on cultivated and waste ground. A native ragwort, S. eremophilus
Richards, is common in settlements, but not fitted to withstand agriculture long.

Canada Thistle. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. In 1929 this noxious intruder
was seen only at Spirit River, and a patch was reported in addition in the Pouce
Coupe district; thirteen records now indicate a distribution from end to end
of the country surveyed, showing a steady invasion which may be expected
to continue until the regrettable history of older sections is repeated here. Even
now some effort to secure extermination of any patches that can be found, and
a rigorous exclusion of contaminated seed grain, roughage, etc., would help to
postpone the evil day when every crop will be produced at increased cost and
trouble. Spread by the maturing of seed should be sedulously prevented, if no

34

more were done. Of Old Country origin, probably no weed in North America
has been more consistently legislated against, and yet it is firmly entrenched
in all the humid northern United States and Canada. A reasonable control is
possible under suitable rotations, including cleaning crops, but scarcely under
continuous grain-growing practice.

A coarse native thistle of curiously low habit, C. Drummondii T. & G. by
name, was noticed chiefly westward. It probably would not long survive break-
ing of the prairie.

Narrow-leaved Hawksbeard. Crepis tectorum L. Clyde. July 4, 1935.
Adventive from Europe and establishing itself in various parts of Canada.
Annual or biennial in habit. Other native Crepis were seen in the Peace River
Block.

Canada Hawkweed. Hieracium canadense Michx. Common throughout,
but yielding readily to cultivation.

Common Dandelion. Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Red- seeded
Dandelion. T. laevigatum DC. (T. erythrospermum Andrz.). Not ordinarily
distinguished clearly except when seed was present, but at least a fair proportion
was of the latter usually overlooked species. These ubiquitous alien nuisances
of lawn and meadow were especially conspicuous in the whole Athabaska dis-
trict, perhaps, however, owing to the earlier date of that survey, as well as to
highly favourable moisture conditions. The strong deeply anchored fleshy tap-
root, and the parachuted fruits ensure an entrance and hold that are hard to
combat. Neither deep spudding, a laborious operation, nor chemical sprays,
which need repeating oftener than most have patience for, nor any special treat-
ment, has proven all that could be desired. Fields that are under a systematic
rotation of crops can be kept fairly clean; and when a permanent sod or lawn
has become badly over-run, it is simplest in most cases to break up and clean
for a fresh start, depending then on the best obtainable sward to resist or delay
reseeding from neighbouring sources.

Yellow Goat's-beard. Tragopogon pratensis L. Beaverlodge, August 29,
1934, on railway siding. A biennial locally common in other parts where intro-
duced.

Blue Lettuce. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh.) DC. Of fairly common occur-
rence in patches, and among the more noxious of native plants. Its creeping
rootstocks and plumed seeds both give it an advantage in propagation. Infested
fields may be ploughed and put under cultivated crops for a year or two.

Prickly Lettuce. Lactuca Scariola L. Seen at Peace River, September 13,
1934, and at Spirit River. Wherever introduced a weed of yards and vacant lots
primarily, and spreading thence often in dense stands.

False Dandelion. Agoseris glauca (Pursh.) Dietr. Having the appearance
of a weed, but seldom surviving the breaking of its native prairie.

Perennial Sow Thistle. Sonchus arvensis L. One specimen taken at
Falher, September 14, 1934, was very slightly glandular, and may be the one
above named which prevails in Eastern Canada. All others examined were
smooth and belong to the variety glabrescens Wimm. & Grab., the prevailing
sow thistle on the prairies, neither, however, being excluded in the other's range.

For something like sixty years this most, heralded of all our weeds has
been in Eastern Canada, and during the latter half of this time most of its
spread in Western Canada has taken place. The trend of spread has been
always northwestward from its commencement in the Red River Valley of
Manitoba, following its moisture preferences, which are quite tolerable for its
needs in the Peace River area. In 1929 doubt was expressed locally as to its

35

arrival yet, but plants were discovered at Wembley and Elmworth; now some
twenty records have been secured in the Peace River part of the survey. It
will soon be all too general unless the utmost vigilance is exercised to detect
and stamp out each incipient plague spot.

Greatest trouble is always to be expected in the heavier or better types of
soil, especially if inclined to be badly drained. Small new infestations should
be handled, as in the case of couch grass, by careful up-rooting, or by means
of chemicals, or if preferred by covering with building paper until smothered.
On larger areas the generally accepted principle is to starve out the larger root-
stocks by depriving them continuously of foliage, using such an implement as
the duckfoot cultivator to maintain a " black " fallow. Along with this goes of
necessity its elimination from badly infested fields, or grain crops which would
allow the seeds to mature and blow over clean fields, and attention to wild lands,
lake margins and undrainable tracts which so often render other efforts on
farms fruitless.

Spiny Annual Sow Thistle. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Four times seen, —
in the Athabaska, Peace River and Fort St. John regions. Introduced and some-
times noxious in older settlement. Common annual sow thistle (S. oleraceus L.)
was only noticed at Beaverlodge. Both weeds are apt to be troublesome around
gardens, more than in fields, but if allowed to seed can distribute themselves
over cultivated ground generally.

DISCUSSION

Remembering how recently the Peace has become subject to change from
without, it is not surprising to find the weed population still more largely of
native species than is usual in weed surveys. They are first on the ground;
those which cannot endure disturbance at once become restricted to bordering
shelter, and those less exacting compete with crops and incoming weeds for
space in the changing environment. The present survey, only incidentally record-
ing plants not weedy, found about 25 per cent of all adventive; or eliminating
those not weedy, nearly 40 per cent were such as have added themselves to the
flora. Where grain growing has been followed longest the precentage is rapidly
approaching that in the prairie grain belt.

The proportion of perennial species is higher among those indigenous than
among introduced plants — 66 per cent as against 33 per cent. The remainder
are mostly annual with a few winter annual and biennial species. Except in
rather few instances, i.e. sweet grass, blue lettuce, etc, these native perennials
have not the aggressive qualities of their introduced rivals, the thistles, couch
grass and others. Wild rose, biennial wormwood, Symphoricarpos and similar
weeds, keep up, for a time, a losing skirmish of retreat from cropped land, while
most components of the prairie sod surrender more promptly after breaking.

It is to be noted that the longer and more densely established among adven-
tive weeds are practically all annuals or winter annuals. These include various
mustards such as ball mustard, stinkweed, false flax and flixweed (Sisymbrium
Sophia L.) which are now in possession of many fields and entire neighbour-
hoods; lamb's quarters, shepherd's purse, and wild buckwheat, which owe their
universality not only to long presence, but also to efficient seeding habits and
doubtless too much to the familiarity which breeds contempt; and above all,
wild oats, which would have to be rated higher if not so liable to oversight in
surveys, and is probably to be considered now the worst weed of the Peace
River grain grower, and a serious menace to the enviable record in seed produc-
tion to date. The principal exceptions to the rule above are the dandelions,
common and red-seeded ; and their stronghold is in sod, not so much in competi-
tion with crops. Such other perennials as Canada thistle, perennial sow

36

thistle, couch grass, etc., while more frequently seen than five years ago, are
still commonly incipient outbreaks not yet spread generally to crops. Their
time will be all too soon, but the freer-seeding annuals meanwhile crowd crops,
and are only with difficulty kept from polluting the ground still further with

seed.

Seriously increasing weeds of waysides, borders and waste places, are the
native wild barley or squirrel-tail, Russian pigweed, Indian mustard, and pine-
appleweed, which last is at home on the Pacific slope.

Glancing farther down the lists one may recognize many notorious pests
of other agricultural regions, still sporadic, but ready to repeat history here.
Even dog mustard, not recorded in Canada until 1933, although for some years
present in various provinces, finds here at Brownvale, north of the Peace River,
a new northern and western extension of known range. Such weeds as wild
mustard, tumbling mustard, night-flowering catchfly, bladder campion, blue bur,
Russian thistle, chess, ribgrass, ragweed, and the annual sow thistles, among
other weeds not singled out, are bound to find somewhere here, if not generally,
the conditions congenial for an outbreak which, once under way, may well
end opportunities still remaining for possible extermination.

Taking a broad view, the older settled Falher, Grand Prairie and Pouce
Coupe districts show the greatest incursion and increase of weeds. The Peace
River-Fairview district belongs with them, except that its native weed flora is
distinguished on land sloping southward to the Peace River, by quite an
element reminiscent of dry plains far to the south. In striking contrast with
the well-wooded south bank of the river are the steep sun-smitten slopes
opposite, rather thinly clothed with a vegetation which includes numerous
wormwoods, wild onion, puccoon, juniper, and even cactus, as reported in a few
places. Passing from any of these semi-open prairies to the wooded belts which
separate them, or proceeding to the limits of settlement, especially in the Peace
River Block, the weediness of the flora steadily becomes less pronounced. The
High Prairie and Lesser Slave Lake extension of the survey found also chiefly
native weeds, with the water-loving horsetails characteristic and troublesome.

It should be pointed out that many of the adventive species in the tables
are here recorded for the first time; and also some of those indigenous, as also
a few indigenous species not included because not weedy. In many cases, they
were not here when Macoun and other early collectors passed through; and
most collectors up until now have been more interested, as already pointed
out, in studies of the unspoiled native flora. Of the plants in Table 1, 11 per
cent are not in Raup's Catalogue, and in Table 2, 85 per cent; this is some indica-
tion of the dissimilarity between this largely agricultural survey and most pre-
vious explorations.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Under the auspices of any suitable farmers' organization, might be urged
the immediate creation of a sort of vigilance board of representative farmers,
and such others in official capacities as the district representatives of the two
departments of agriculture, and the superintendent of the experimental sub-
station for the Grande Prairie district, together with someone, perhaps a weed
supervisor, to act as liaison officer. The duties of such a board would be, among
other functions, to know what commerce may be distributing in the way of
new weeds, and in the case of any unusual movement of seeds, such as relief
grain, to promptly make any representations found necessary in the interest
of safety. Every report of new or spreading infestation should be investigated,
and treated, if necessary, as a potential, if not actual plague spot. The scope
of action might be made large enough to include the setting up of co-operative or
campaign attack upon a special local situation. It might bring its influence to

37

bear for the establishment of experimental and demonstration work in weed
control within the district, as is being done already in places elsewhere. Already
there are problems enough, both of prevention and cure, to tax the resources of
an energetic officer, serving a board fully alive to the importance of conserving
advantages not yet lost.

The existing weed inspection service should be given all possible backing,
and kept at its best in personnel. Those concerned might observe whether any
great advantage is to be found in the system followed in the Peace River Block,
where inspectors report to police headquarters, instead of to the department of
agriculture. While the punitive aspect need not be stressed, and the purpose
should be, as always, to help the farmer with his weed difficulties, there would
seem to be here a true relation with other maintenance of law and order.

Supporting all regulation and supervision must be the farmer's own con-
formity with the elementary demands of weed suppression — timely and thorough
tillage, use of clean and plump seed of adapted varieties1, avoidance of ill-
balanced or single-crop farming, and when necessary, emergency effort against
the occasional outbreak which may have developed owing to peculiar weather
conditions, crop failure, or other unforeseen advantage over the crop. The
farmer cannot afford to lose sight of the fact that the weed is nature's provision
for reclaiming from tillage what is not being well maintained by tillage. What
he holds, he holds by virtue of wise and diligent use — the only peaceable posses-
sion possible.

INDEX TO COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Page

Acer Negundo 17, 29

Achillea Millefolium 7, 33

sibiricum . . . . 8 , 33

Actaea rubra 11 , 25

Agoseris sp 34

Agrimonia striata 12, 28

Agrimony 12, 28

Agropyron repens 16, 21

Smithii 9

trachycaulum 8, 9, 21

Agrostis scabra , 7, 22

Agrostis spp 22

Alfalfa 16, 29

Allium cernuum 13, 23

Alopecurus aequalis 11 , 22

aristulatus 22

Amaranthus graecizans 17, 25

retroflexus 17, 25

Ambrosia artemisiifolia 18, 32

trifida 12, 32

Andromeda Polifolia L 30

Androsace, Northern 11, 30

Androsace septentrionalis 11 , 30

Anemone, Canada 10, 25

Crocus 14

Cut-leaved 12

Tall 14

Anemone, canadensis 10, 25

cylindrica 13

multifida „ 12

riparia '. 14

Anethum graveolens 18, 30

Antennaria spp 9, 32

Anthemis tinctoria 18, 33

Apocynum androsaemifolium 10, 30

Arabis glabra 13, 28

Arceuthobium americanum 14, 23

Arrow-grass 13, 14, 20

Artemisia Absinthium 17, 33

biennis 7, 33

dracunculoides 12

frigida 8, 33

gnaphalodes 8

ludoviciana 8

Arum, Water 14, 22

Asparagus 18, 23

Asparagus officinalis 18, 23

Aster angustus 14, 32

Aster, Rayless 14, 32

Wild 32

Astragalus adsurgens 11, 29

hypoglottis 10

Atriplex hortensis 18, 24

patula 10, 24

Avena fatua 15, 21

Avens, Large-leaved 8, 28

Long-plumed Purple 12

Yellow 8

Axyris amarantoides 15, 24

Baneberry, Red 11, 25

Barbarea sp 28

Barley, Wild 7, 21

Beckmannia Syzigachne 9, 22

Bedstraw, Northern 7, 31

Bee-plant, Rocky Mountain 18, 28

Beggar-ticks 11 , 33

Bent Grass 22

Bidens cernua 11, 33

Bluebell 8, 32

Blue-eyed Grass 10, 23

Blue Grass, Canadian 16, 21

Kentucky 7, 21

Blue-joint 9

Box Elder 17, 29

Brachyactis angusta

Bracken

Brassica arvensis 16,

campestris 18,

juncea 16,

Brome Grass, Awnless 15,

Bromus inermis 15,

secalinus 18,

Buckhorn 17,

Buckwheat, Cultivated 18,

Wild 15,

Bug-seed

Bunch Grass, Feather

Bur, Blue 16,

Buttercup, Celery-leaved 13,

Cursed

Small-flowered 11,

Tall 9,

Calla palustris 14,

Caltha natans 14,

palustris 12,

Camelina microcarpa 15,

sativa

Campanula rotundifolia 8,

Campion, Bladder 18,

Canary Grass 17,

Capsella Bursa-pastoris 15,

Caraway 17,

Carum Carvi 17,

Castilleja miniata 10,

Catchfly, Night-flowering 18,

Catnip

Cat's-foot

Cat-tail 9

Cerastium arvense 10

nutans 11

vulgatum 17

Chamomile, Scentless 16

Chenopodium album 15

capitatum 9

glaucum 17

hybridum 10

rubrum 13

Cheat 18

Cherry, Bird 12

Choke 11

Chess 18

Chickweed, Common 16

Field 10

Mouse-ear 17

Nodding 11

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum 17

Cicuta bulbifera 13

occidentalis 13

Cinquefoil, Diffuse 13

Tall

Upright 7

Cirsium arvense 16

Drummondii 9

muticum

Cleome serrulata 18

Clover, Alsike 15

Owl's 11

Red •. 16

White 15

White Sweet 15

Yellow Sweet

Clubmoss

Cockle, White 19,

Collomia linearis 8,

Collomia, Narrow-leaved 8,

Comandra, Pale 11,

Comandra pallida 11,

Conringia orientalis 17,

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Corispcrmum hyssopifolium L 24

Cornus stolonifera 10

Corydalis aurea 9, 26

sempervirens 26

Corydalis, Golden 9, 26

Couch Grass 16, 21

Western 9

Cow Wheat 31

Cranesbill 9, 29

Crepis tectorum 19, 34

Cress, Hoary 17, 26

Marsh 9, 28

Winter 28

Crocus, Prairie 25

Cucumber, Wild 12, 32

Daisy, Ox-eye 17, 33

Dame's Violet 19

Dandelion, Common 15, 34

False 34

Red-seeded 15, 34

Danthonia intermedia 14, 22

Delphinium scopulorum 9, 25

Dill 18, 30

Dock, Curled 8, 23

Golden 11, 23

Pale 8, 23

Western 8 , 23

Dogbane, Spreading 10, 30

Dogwood, Red Osier 10

Doorweed 7

Draba nemorosa 11, 26

Dracocephalum parviflorum 9, 31

Dragonhead, American 9, 31

Echinocystis lobata 12, 32

Elaeagnus argentea 9

Epilobium angustifolium 7, 29

glandulosum 9, 30

Equisetum arvense 7, 20

hyemale 13, 20

pratense 9, 20

sylvaticum 8, 20

Erigeron canadensis 9, 32

glabellus 12

philadelphicus 10, 32

Erucastrum gallicum 18, 27

Erysimum cheiranthoides 8, 28

parviflorum 12, 28

Euphorbia serpyllifolia 14, 29

Everlasting 9, 32

Fagopyrum esculentum 18, 24

Fern 20

Fescue, Sheep's 19

Festuca ovina 19

Fireweed 7, 29

Flax, Cultivated 16, 29

False 15, 27

Fleabane, Canada 9, 32

Philadelphia 10, 32

Flixweed 15, 27

Foxtail, Green 17, 22

Marsh 11, 22

Frenchweed 15, 26

Galeopsis Tetrahit 16, 31

Galium boreale 7, 31

Geranium Bicknellii 9, 29

Richardsonii 29

Geranium, Wild 9, 29

Geum macrophyllum 8, 28

strictum 8, 28

triflorum 12

Goat's-beard, Yellow 18, 34

Goldenrod, Canada 7, 32

Late 32

Missouri 13, 32

Narrow-leaved 32

Goosefoot, Maple-leaved 10, 24

Oak-leaved 17, 24

Red 13, 24

Spear-leaved 12, 24

Grindelia squarrosa 10, 32

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Groundsel, Common 16, 23

Gumweed 10, 32

Harebell 8, 32

Hair Grass, Crested 10

Rough 7, 22

Hawksbeard, Narrow-leaved 19, 34

Hawkweed, Canada 7, 34

Heartsease 19

Hedysarum Mackenzii 10

Helianthus spp 32

Hemlock, Bulb-bearing Water 13, 30

Western Water 13, 30

Hemp, Indian 30

Heracleum lanatum 8, 30

Hesperis matronalis 19

Hieracium canadense 7, 34

Hierochloa odorata 11, 22

Holy Grass __ 11

Hordeum jubatum 7, 21

Horseradish 19

Horsetail, Field 7, 20

Meadow 9, 20

Wood 8, 20

Impatiens Noli-tangere 13, 29

Iva axillaris 32

Jewel-weed 13, 29

Juncus bufonius 13, 23

Juniper, ( 'reeping 13, 20

Low 14

Juniperus communis 14, 20

iiorizontalis 13, 20

Knotgrass 7, 23

Koeleria cristata 10

Lactuca pulchclla 9, 34

Scariola 17, 34

• Lamb's Quarters 15, 24

Lappula echinata 16, 30

Larkspur, Tall 9, 25

Lathyrus ochrolcueus 9, 29

Lepidium apetalum 7, 26

Draba 17, 26

Lettuce. Blue 9, 34

Prickly 17, 34

Linaria marocrana 17, 31

vulgaris 19. 31

Linum usitatissimum 16, 29

Lithospermum incisum 13

Locoweed, Showy 10, 29

Lousewort 31

Lucerne, Yellow 18, 29

Lychnis alba 19, 25

Mallow, Round-leaved 19, 29

Mai va rotundifoli L 29

Maple, Manitoba 17, 29

Marguerite, Golden 18, 33

Marigold, Marsh 12, 26

White Marsh 14, 26

Matricaria inodora 16, 33

matricarioides 15, 33

Meadow Grass, Fowl 9

Medicago falcata 18, 29

lupulina 17, 29

sativa 16, 29

Medick, Black 17, 29

Melilotus alba 15, 28

officinalis 16, 28

Mentha canadensis 9, 31

Mint, Canada 9, 31

Mistletoe, Dwarf 14, 23

Monolepis Nuttalliana 12, 24

Mugwort

Mustard, Ball 15, 27

Dog 18, 27

Gray Tansy 12, 27

Hare's-ear 17, 27

Indian 16, 27

Tower 13, 28

Tumbling 15, 27

Wild 16, 27

Wormseed 8, 28

41

Nepcta Cataria L

Neslia paniculata 15

Nettle, Dwarf 19

Hedge

Hemp 16

Slender 7

Nightshade, Black 13

Three-flowered 13

Oat-grass, Wild 14

Oats /Wild. 15

Oenothera biennis 12

muricata

Onion, Nodding Wild 13

Opuntia, Many-spined

Opuntia, polyacantha

Orache, Garden 18

Spreading 10

Orthocarpus luteus 11

Oxy trope

Oxytropis splendens 10

Paint-brush, Indian 10

Pansy, European Field 18

Parsnip, Cow 8

Water 8

Wild 16

Pasque-flower 14

Pastinaca sativa 16

Pea, Wild 9

Pennycress 15

Peppergrass 7

Broad-leaved

Persicary, Pale 13

Phacelia tanacetifolia 17

Phacelia, Tansy-leaved 17

Phalaris canariensis 17

Phleum pratense 15

Pigweed, Redroot 17

Russian 15

Pineapple weed 15

Plantago lanceolata 17

major 7

Plantain 7

Poa annua 17

compressa 16

palustris

pratensis 7

Polygonum aviculare 7

Convolvulus 15

erectum 8

lapathifolium 13

Porcupine Grass

Potentilla Anserina 10

arguta

millegrana 13

norvegica 7

Poverty Weed

Primrose, Evening 12

Prunus demissa 11

pennsyl vanica 12

Puccoon

Pulsatilla ludoviciana 14

Quack Grass

Radicula Armoracia

Ragweed , Common 18

Great 12

Ragwort 9

Ranunculus abortivus 11

acris 9

sceleratus 13

Rape, Bird 18

Raspberry, Red 7

Rattlebox 10

Red Top

Rhinanthus Kyrollae 10

Ribgrass 17

Rocket, Small-flowered Prairie 12

Rorippa palustris 9

Rosa acicularis

Rose, Wild 7,

Rosemary, Bog

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Rubus idseus 7

Rumex Acetosella 17

crispus

maritimus 11

mexicanus 8

occidentalis 8

Rush, Scouring 13

Toad 13

Rye 16

Rye Grass, Western 8

Sage, Prairie

Western

Salsola Kali 16

Secale cereale 16

Senecio eremophilus 9

vulgaris 16

Setaria viridis 17

Shepherd's Purse 15

Silene latifolia 18

noctiflora 18

Silverberry

Silverweed 10

Sisymbrium altissimum 15

Hartwegianum 12

Sophia 15

Sisyrinchium angustifolium 10

Sium suave 8

Slough Grass 9

Snowberry 8

Solanum nigrum 13

triflorum 13

Solidago canadensis 7

graminifolia

lepida 7,

missouriensis

serotina

Sonchus arvensis 15

asper 17

oleraceus 18

Sorrel, Sheep

Spear Grass, Low 17

Speedwell, Purslane 13

Tournefort's 18

Spurge, Thyme-leaved 14

Squirrel-tail

Stachys scopulorum

Stellaria media 16

Stickseed

Stinkweed 15

Stipa columbiana

comata

viridula 11

Strawberry Blite 9

Sunflower, Wild

Sweet Grass 11

Symphoricarpos albus 8

occidentalis 8

Taraxacum laevigatum 15

officinale 15

Thimbleweed

Thistle, Canada 16

Common Annual Sow 18

Drummond's 9

Perennial Sow 15

Russian 16

Spiny Annual Sow 17

Thlaspi arvense 15

Timothy 15

Toad-flax, Moroccan 17

Yellow 19

Tragopogon pratensis 18

Trifolium hybridum 15

pratense 16

repens 15

Triglochin maritima 13

palustris 14

Tumbleweed 17

Twitch Grass

Typha latifolia 9,

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Urtica gracilis 7, 23

urens 19» 23

Veronica peregrina 13, 31

persica 18, 31

Tournefortii 18. 31

Vetch, American 7, 29

Milk 10, 11, 29

Tufted 29

Vetchling, Pale 9

Vicia americana 7, 29

Cracca 29

Viola arvensis 18, 29

tricolor 19, 29

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Wheat Grass, Awned 9, 21

Slender 21

Whitlow-grass, Wood 11, 26

Willow-herb, Great 7, 29

Northern 9, 30

Wolfberry 8, 32

Wormwood, Absinthe 17, 33

Biennial 7, 33

Common 17

Linear-leaved 12

Prairie 8

Yarrow, Common 7, 33

Northern 8

Ottawa: Printed by J. O. Patenaude, I.S.O., Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, 1937.

CAL/BCA OTTAWA K1A 0C5

3 9073 00187850 5