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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY

No. 19: A FAUNAL INVESTIGATION OF PRINCE EDWARD
COUNTY, ONTARIO. By L. L. Snyper, E. B. S. Locier, T. B.
KurRaATA, F. A. URQUHART, AND J. F. BRIMLEY.

(Reprinted from University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series, No. 48)

1941

University of Toronto Studies
Biological Series, Tho. 48

A FAUNAL INVESTIGATION OF PRINCE
EDWARD COUNTY, ONTARIO

By
L. L. SNYDER, E. B. S. LOGIER, T. B. KURATA,
F. A. URQUHART, and J. F. BRIMLEY

THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
TORONTO, CANADA
1941

Lonpon:

HUMPHREY MILFORD
Oxrorp UNIVERSITY PREss

CopyricHT, Canapa, 1941
PRINTED IN CANADA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Generar tatrogdcuon, ‘by ly RO Sinepmey. a es ees
The Mammals of Prince Edward County, Ontario, by L. L. SNYDER .
The Birds of Prince Edward County, Ontario, by L. L. SNypDER.....

The Amphibians and Reptiles of Prince Edward County, Ontario, by
FE Eos Si LOCK me Re ees BU A RA I SAAT Se

A List of the Spiders of Prince Edward County, Ontario, by T. B.
ROURATS. | ee ee ee ee ee eS ee me era

An Annotated List of the Crickets and Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Sal-
tatoria) of Prince Edward County, Ontario, by F. A. URQUHART

A List of the Long-horned Beetles (Cerambycidae) of Prince Edward
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A FAUNAL INVESTIGATION OF PRINCE EDWARD
COUNTY, ONTARIO

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Prince Edward County is situated near the eastern end of the
north shore of Lake Ontario. It is an area of low relief which
spreads out into the lake somewhat in the form of a river delta (see
the accompanying map) but it had no such origin. Its basic geolo-
gical structure is limestone laid down by a Palaeozoic sea (Ordovi-
cian). There is evidence that a more recent marine invasion
reached this region in near post-glacial times, the Gilbert Gulf of
the Champlain Sea (Coleman, 1922). The features which suggest
this invasion are ‘“‘shore forms’’ observed at Waupoos near the east
end of Prince Edward County rather than marine deposits. Cole-
man’s map (loc. cit.) indicates that during the last marine invasion
central portions of Prince Edward County constituted an island.
Subsequently the Labrador ice sheet, covering north-eastern North
America, melted and a general uplift of land occurred which gave
rise to Lake Ontario, and the whole of Prince Edward County as
we now find it, emerged.

The area is virtually an island today. The Bay of Quinte from
the east, all but meets Weller Bay on the west, leaving a narrow
neck of land connecting the county to the mainland. Actually the
neck of land is now severed to facilitate transportation. These bays
were the travel routes of the Indians and the early traders and
explorers who portaged from one to the other. The village of
Carrying Place marks the portage and commemorates it by name.

Many bays of Lake Ontario indent the margin of Prince Edward
County and impart to it an extremely irregular outline. These
inundations, where the land slopes back gradually and there is
general low relief, have provided many marshes. Also an extensive
swamp is situated in the interior. Such features have allowed for
the preservation of many faunal elements that would otherwise have
been eliminated by settlement and cultivation.

Passing mention should be made here of two conspicuous physio-
graphic features of the county which have attracted considerable
popular interest, namely the Lake on the Mountain, near Picton,

5

6 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

and the Sand Banks on the south shore. The former is an attractive
little lake situated near the shore of Lake Ontario, the surface of
which is said to be 180 feet above Lake Ontario. The Sand Banks
consist of an extensive dune area. Although these dunes are fascin-
ating as a landscape, they constitute a grave threat to adjacent
farms, some of which have been at least partially buried.

HISTORY AND FOREST

Settlement of Prince Edward County was begun by United
Empire Loyalists in 1784 (Weaver, 1913). It became a separate
county in the year 1831. Before the mid-nineteenth century all
lands were taken up (Smith, 1846), no crown lands being available.

A brief but very early description of the county, written on
November 20, 1794, by an anonymous author (1795), is worthy of
quotation: ‘“The most flourishing part of this settlement is round
the Bay of Kenty [Quinte], the soil of which is rich, easy worked,
and produces from one to three crops, without other cultivation
than what is done by the iron tooth harrow, and yields from twenty
to thirty bushels of wheat to the acre; those lands are somewhat

heavy timbered, having vast quantities of sugar-maple, hickory and |

basswood, and in some places white pines of surprising height, but
where the latter grows the land is more sandy, and although it is
warm, sweet land, it is not so stony as the maple or oak land.’’ In
further reference to this settlement and the Bay of Quinte, this
writer states that the whole bay is “‘so thick settled, that their
improvements already meet and form the appearance of a beautiful
old settled country. This bay and the creeks emptying into it,
abound in great quantities of wild fowl, and fish of various kinds.”

The above statement gives an early impression of the forest of
Prince Edward County. Since that time marked changes have
been brought about by further clearing of the land but there are
still some fairly extensive forested tracts in the county. Woodlots
of fine old sugar maple and beech are to be found on farms, and
forests grow on much of the land which is unsuited for agriculture.
Second growth white pine, some of fair size, is still to be found. One
of the characteristic forest associations not mentioned in the brief
account quoted above, is the red cedar woods. In places, usually
pasture-land, this species is the dominant tree interspersed with

*

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7

ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), bur oak, and hickory. The most char-
acteristic shrubby undergrowth in such places is prickly ash (Zanth-
oxylum americanum) and juniper (Juniperus depressa). Fairly pure
stands of oak-hickory forest occur in some places.

The swamp land of the interior of the county, along the Gerow
Gore, supports a heavy tree growth wherein the greatest variety of
tree species exists; elms, ashes, maples, poplars, tamaracks, white
cedars, yellow and paper birches are prominent elements. For fur-
ther details as to the type of forest in this general region, the reader
is referred to a recent work on forest classification in Canada by
Halliday (1937).

Some of our more interesting records of trees made during the
summer of 1930 may be noted here: a scattered growth of well-
developed hackberry trees (Celtts occidentalis) was discovered on
Garrett Island, and near Hallowell red ash (Fraxinus pannsylvanica)
was identified. Black walnut was observed quite frequently, under
circumstances which suggested it was indigenous to the area.
Cottonwood was found established on the dune at the Sand Banks.

AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE

As regards agriculture and cultivation in the county it can be
said that the early settlers were not unfortunate in their choice of
lands. Although the soil is shallow, characteristic of the so-called
Napanee Plain (Putnam and Chapman, 1936), and in many fields
the limestone is so near the surface as to render them useless for
agriculture other than pasture, many good farms exist. Chapman
and Putnam (1937) have pointed out certain peculiarities of the
Prince Edward portion of the Napanee Plain. They state that
‘“‘some of the upper rock strata are ‘nodular,’ that is, the limestone
layers readily break up into pieces not unlike coarse roadstone,
while interbedded with these are thin layers of shale. The cracked
limestone and weathered shale allows for somewhat deeper root
penetration and creates a better soil than is usual on rock plains
where the upper strata are more massive.”

We noted that many cultivated fields in the county were pro-
fusely sprinkled with limestone fragments. Although these may be
troublesome to farm machinery they do not impair the growth of
crops.

8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Large fields of canning crops are raised, such as sweet corn,
tomatoes, peas, and apples. Local canneries constitute a large
seasonal industry of the area. A common designation of the county
is ‘‘Ontario’s market garden,”’ which is not inept. However, drought
is a troublesome feature of the climate of this section of the province.
Putnam and Chapman (1938) have distinguished Prince Edward
County as a separate climatic region of southern Ontario, largely on
the grounds of low precipitation which “‘is only 28.6 inches and the
depth of snowfall is 55 inches. Only 13.9 inches or somewhat less
than half the total falls between April 1 and October 1, while 6.8
inches is the average for June, July,and August. This in combina-
tion with a high summer temperature (July mean of 70°), gives a
precipitation effectiveness index of only 9.5, the lowest in Ontario.
The drought frequency of 34 is, also, one of the highest.”

With the exception of the slightly hotter summer, temperatures
of Prince Edward County conform fairly closely to those of the
north shore of Lake Ontario generally.

PREVIOUS WORK IN THE COUNTY

It is noteworthy that although the area was on the travel route
of early explorers and has been a settled district for approximately
one hundred and fifty years, very little has been published con-
cerning its natural history. Quite a number of references have been
noticed which concern hunting in the county, some of which are
cited in the papers which follow. Klugh (1911) published an account
of the interesting flora of the sand dunes, a physical feature men-
tioned above. More recently studies have been made of the life-
history and habits of the cisco (Pritchard, 1930) and the whitefish
(Hart, 19380) in the waters of the Bay of Quinte, which borders the
county on the north.

FIELD WoRK AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

During the summer of 1930 several members of the Museum’s
staff carried on field work in Prince Edward County. On May 20,
Messrs. E. B. S. Logier, H. P. Stovell, and the writer established a
camp at Hallowell to study the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals of thearea. Mr. J. L. Baillie joined the party on June 23.
Mr. Logier left the area on July 10. By late summer most of the

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 9

county had been reconnoitered: collecting had been done at various
scattered stations and observations had been made along most of
the roads in the county.

Mr. T. B. Kurata found opportunity to make casual visits to
the county during June of the same year, and in July and August
he was established at Wellington for more thorough collecting of
spider specimens.

In 1939 Mr. F. A. Urquhart found opportunity to visit the
county where he studied the orthopterous insects which occur there.

These field studies constitute the basis for the reports which
follow. However, a great deal of additional information has been
forthcoming from other naturalists who have visited there and from
naturalists and interested persons who live in the county. All such
persons receive acknowledgement in the papers which follow. Here
we wish to thank them collectively and also to mention particularly
and express our appreciation to Mr. W. H. Lunn of Hillier, Mr.
Frank Brimley (who has contributed one of the papers which fol-
low) and Mr. Dayton Murphy of Wellington, and Mr. Chas. Melton
of Bloomfield for special interest and aid in our work. Mr. Garnet
Tayler and his family, of Hallowell, were very helpful in providing
facilities for field activities.

To the other members of the Museum’s staff the writer wishes
to acknowledge his appreciation for their complete co-operation,
especially Messrs. Baillie and Stovell whose names do not happen
to appear as authors on these reports.

LIFE ZONE AND FAUNAL AREA

The papers which follow present the details of the Museum’s
faunal work in the county. It is obvious, according to the Life
Zone concept, that Prince Edward County lies within the Transition
Life Zone and its fauna is characteristically Alleghanian, which is
to say that the county lies within the belt where many southern
forms reach their northern limit of range in the north-east. There
is a striking mixture of boreal and austral forms in this region. It
should be noticed, however, that a slightly higher number of south-
ern elements occur than is characteristic for the north shore of Lake
Ontario generally. In this connection we recall our mention that
Prince Edward County was distinguished from the rest of the prov-

10 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

ince climatically, particularly in connection with the higher summer
temperature (70° average for July) by Putnam and Chapman (1938).

Among the animals listed for the county the following are the
more characteristically southern: four species of Orthoptera, Cono-
cephalus attennatus, Amblycorypha oblongifolia, Scudderia texensis,
Tridactylus apicalis, King Rail (Rallus elegans), Blue-winged
Warbler (Vermivora pinus), Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea),
Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), and Orchard Oriole (Icterus
spurius). Other species might also be mentioned which are almost
equally austral in distribution such as the Swamp Tree Frog (Pseu-
dacris trisertata), Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), etc.,
but sufficient enumerations of examples have been presented to
make evident the southern tendencies in the area.

Another point of special interest, concerning the distribution of
animals in southern Ontario, has been emphasized by work in
Prince Edward County. The discontinuity of range of certain forms
along the north shore of the lower Great Lakes is now apparent.
Certain animals taken in Prince Edward County also occur on
Lake Erie but not in the Toronto region. Three of the orthopterous
insects mentioned previously are examples. This is not in all cases
a matter of a gap in the northern periphery of range. Some plant
and animal forms which do not occur along the greater part of Lake
Ontario’s north shore, completely encircle the section by a contin-
uous range from the east (Prince Edward County) northward and
westward to Georgian Bay and thence southward to Lake Erie.
Examples of this type of range are Juniper (Juniperus depressa),
Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), Blanding’s Turtle (Emys
blandingit), Map Turtle (Graptemys geographica), etc. The cause
of such discontinuity would seem to be rooted in some ancient redis-
tributional history following glaciation or caused by some ecological
barrier, perhaps both.

The faunal work in Prince Edward County is another contri-
bution of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology which adds pre-
liminary details necessary in the solution of many problems. It is
hoped that the following papers which record the majority of the
more conspicuous animals found there will be stimulating to others
who may have opportunity to make more complete a catalogue of
the life of the county. Biedc oS:

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11

LITERATURE CITED

(ANoNyMous) 1795. A letter from a gentleman to his friend in England de-
scriptive of the different settlements in the province of Upper Canada.
Philadelphia. Published by W. W. Woodward.

CHAPMAN, L. J., and D. F. Putnam. 1937. The soils of south-central Ontario.
Sc. Agric. 18:161-197.

CoLEeMAN, A. P. 1922. Glacial and post-glacial lakes in Ontario. Univ. Tor.
Studies, Biol. Series, No. 21, p. 54.

Hatuipay, W. E. D. 1937. A forest classification for Canada. Can. Dept.
of Mines and Resources, Forest Service Bull. 89.

Hart, JOHN Lawson. 1930. The spawning and early life history of the white-
fish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario.
Contri. Can. Biol. and Fisheries. 6:167-214.

KiuoGu, A. B. 1911 (1912). The flora of the sand dunes of Prince Edward
County. Ont. Nat. Sc. Bull. No. 7, pp. 40-51.

PRITCHARD, ANDREW L. 1930. Spawning habits and fry of the cisco (Leuct-
chthys artedi) in Lake Ontario. Contri. Can. Biol. and Fisheries. 6:
227-240.

Putnay, D. F., and L. J. CHAPMAN. 1936. The physiography of south-central
Ontario. Sc. Agric. 16:457-477.

Putnam, D. F., and L. J. CHAPMAN. 1938. The climate of southern Ontario.
Sc. Agric. 18:401-477.

SmiTH, WmM.H. 1846. (Gazetteer statement). Smith’s Can. Gazetteer, p. 153.

WEAVER, EmiLy P. 1913. The story of the counties of Ontario. p. 14.

THE MAMMALS OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
ONTARIO

By L. L. SNYDER

The mammal life of Prince Edward County, in respect to the
total of species known to occur there in recent times, compares
favourably with that of any equal area in southern Ontario.
Thirty-one species are listed in the following paper. Future workers
in the county may add others. It seems probable that civilization
has brought about the complete disappearance of some species and
undoubtedly it has greatly reduced the living space of others.
Unfortunately no record has been left to us of the original mammal
inhabitants of this area. The changes about which we can be most
certain have to do with forms introduced, or which have spread
into the county from contiguous areas. In so far as information
was available, details of such additions are reported briefly in the
following annotations.

The compilation of this list of mammals has depended prin-
cipally on a collection of specimens made in Prince Edward County
during the summer of 1930 when the Royal Ontario Museum con-
ducted field work there. Mr. H. P. Stovell, then on the staff of
the Museum, collected and prepared most of the mammal material.
To Mr. Stovell and to the several individuals mentioned in the
text, who have supplied specimens and information, the writer
expresses his thanks.

Symbols are used in presenting measurements of specimens as
follows: Length =L., Tail=T., Hind Foot =H.F., and Weight = Wt.
Linear measurements are in millimetres and weights in grams.
Where the measurements of males and females have not shown
significant differences, or obviously overlapped widely, the two
sexes have been averaged together. No attempt has been made to
make racial determinations in reporting on the Prince Edward
County collection. Such matters are best left for studies of a
broader scope in view of the many problems known to exist.

Condylura cristata. STAR-NOSED MoLre.—We observed this
species once during the summer of 1930, near Hallowell. A speci-

12

THE MAMMALS OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 13

men taken locally is in the collection of Mr. Frank Brimley at
Wellington. Other reported occurrences indicate that this animal
may be found here and there throughout the county in moist
situations.

Sorex cinereus. CINEREOUS SHREW. The population of this
species was not large during the period of our visit in 1980. We
secured only two specimens; one in moist, mossy ground at the edge
of an island in West Lake, and the other, also from a moist situation,
beneath a stand of white cedars. A third specimen was found dead
on October 9, 1934, and forwarded to the Museum by Mr. Frank
Brimley. The average measurements of the three specimens are—
LY O38) T1288, HPO ILT, Wet 4:9.

Sorex fumeus. Smoky SHREW.—The collecting of this species
in Prince Edward County constituted a considerable extension of
range eastward in the province in 1930 though it is now known to
extend considerably further to the east (Anderson, 1938). Two
males were secured in moist woods—white cedar and deciduous
trees. The average measurements of these specimens are—L. 119,
T:-43°5, HF. 139.

Blarina brevicauda. MoLteE SHREw.—This shrew was not
uncommon during the summer of 1930. The specimens secured
were all taken from beneath tree-cover but the gross habitat varied
from farm orchards to primeval swamps. These situations were
similar in respect to shade, adequate ground cover, and deep moist
soil. Of the nine specimens from Prince Edward County, eight are
apparently sexually mature. Their average measurements are—
Ee 122.2)"P.°23'6, HF) 14.7; Wt. 19.9.

Myotis lucifugus. LitrLE BRown Bat.—Our casual information
on bats suggests that this species is the commonest one found in the
county. During the daytime on July 1, 1939, Mr. H. H. Southam
found approximately one hundred Little Brown Bats roosting in
the roof of a disused barn at Point Traverse. Nine were captured
and banded. Two of the specimens banded were nursing females.
Mr. Southam has remarked on the fact that the necessary handling

14 Tue MAMMALS OF PRINCE EpwarD COUNTY

for banding in each case did not dislodge the young one clinging to
the nipple.

The late John Townson identified an individual which entered
a cottage on the night of September 13, 1931. The bat,
which was captured, had struck Mr. Townson on the head while in
flight. To persons unlike Mr. Townson, such unusual behaviour
would be most convincing in support of the prevalent belief that
bats deliberately attempt to fine refuge in the hair of one’s head.
Our only specimen was taken at Wellington and preserved by Mr.
Frank Brimley.

Lasionycteris noctivagans. SILVER-HAIRED BAtT.—This species
along with the Little Brown Bat (see above) entered a cottage
at Weller Bay during a westerly gale on the night of September 13,
1931. The late John Townson who handled the specimen, later
checked and verified his determination as of this species by reference
to the R.O.M.Z. collection. This is our only record for the county
and possibly concerns a migrant.

Nycteris cinerea. Hoary Bat.—A single record of this species
is that of Mr. Frank Brimley, who found a female specimen clinging
to a tomato plant in his garden at Wellington on September 9, 1931.
This unusual resting place suggests that the animal was exhausted,
and further, the circumstances seem to indicate that the individual
was a migrant. The wings of this specimen are in the R.O.M.Z.

Lepus americanus. VARYING HARE.—Settlement of the county
with the progressive reduction of woodland, no doubt has dimi-
nished the habitat of this species but it still exists in the larger
woods which remain. Reports in recent years do not indicate that
there are periods of great abundance. They were scarce in the
county during the last period of abundance over this general section
of the province, which was from 1930 to 1932 (MacLulich, 1937).
In the winter of 1936-7, Mr. W. H. Lunn reported the possibility
that this species was extinct there but later learned that six had
been shot by hunters that winter and on February 12 (1937) he
saw tracks of the Varying Hare in a swamp near Hillier. Our only
specimen from the county is a male in winter coat taken by Mr.

THe MAMMALS OF PRINCE EpwarD COUNTY 15

Chas. Melton in a swamp near Hallowell on December 17, 1930.
The measurements of this specimen are as follows—L. 493, T. 47,
H.F. 142.

Lepus europaeus. EUROPEAN HAreE.—The appearance of this
species in Prince Edward County is of recent date, and marks, at
this time, the most easterly area occupied in the province. Since
its introduction into southern Ontario near Brantford in 1912
(Dymond, 1922), it has increased and spread to the north and east.
Inquiries addressed to the Agricultural Representative of Prince
Edward County at Picton, Mr. A. P. MacVannel, in the winter of
1927-8, elicited information that the species was unknown in the
county at that time. The first definite occurrences in Prince
Edward County were in 1986: Mr. G. R. Ingram shot one on
September 10 of that year near Hallowell, and Mr. Chas. Melton
saw it for the first time, in the same section of the county, in
December of 1936. The area is approximately two hundred miles
from the place of introduction (Brantford) and the time lapse is
approximately twenty-four years which gives a dispersal rate of
approximately eight miles per year. Although the species is not
yet firmly established it seems probable that it will increase mark-
edly in Prince Edward County. The stock involved in the intro-
duction in Ontario was from Germany.

Sylvilagus floridanus. CoTTONTAIL.—In attempting to deter-
mine the period during which the Cottontail first reached Prince
Edward County some speculation has been necessary and a certain
amount of data rests on the memory of hunters rather than on
recorded fact. Fleming (1908) has mapped its range of thirty years
ago and Baillie (1935) has added extensions. Fleming’s map shows
the eastern limit as extending to the Trenton vicinity which is on
the mainland north of Prince Edward County. Actually his map all
but includes the county within the Cottontail’s range in 1908.
Mr. W. H. Lunn has made inquiries of local hunters who have sub-
mitted the earliest dates at which time the Cottontail was remem-
bered as resident in the county. These are tabled below, the
localities being listed from north-west to south-east (see map,
general introduction):

16 THe MAMMALS OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Roblin Ive ti. earned about 1892—fairly common
Blotunhield diva’. sn cess aes about 1908—few

PRR, CF in ili a since atacand about 1913—few

Pe PETE nb ve vcd eee about 1918—occasional

If the Cottontail occurred in the county before 1908, evidence
was not available to Fleming. It is possible that hunters’ memories
have erred and that occurrences earlier than Fleming’s are wrong.
At any rate this animal probably had its advent in the county
approximately at the beginning of thiscentury. It is now generally
distributed over the area and at times quite plentiful. We found
it not uncommon in 1930. Two specimens were collected, one a
mature female which measures as follows—L. 482, T. 54, H.F. 106.
The other specimen is a male, apparently not an old individual but
not a young of the year. Its measurements are—L. 400, T. 35,
H.F. 93, Wt. 1268.

A newspaper item published in the Toronto ‘‘Star’’ for August
10, 1935, describes the peculiar behaviour of a Cottontail observed
by Mr. B. L. Detlor at Green Point. He heard a splashing in the
water near his cottage and upon investigation found the commotion
to be made by a Cottontail. It appeared to be enjoying the water
and its actions gave every indication that its plunge was of its own’
choosing.

Marmota monax. WoopcHucK.—Well distributed in the area
and fairly numerous locally. Mr. W. H. Lunn has reported that
it appears from hibernation by late March (March 20, 1935). The
two specimens preserved are both adult males. Their average
measurements are as follows—L. 612.5, T. 122.5, H.F. 80.5, Wt.
2734.

Tamias striatus. EASTERN CHIPMUNK.—Common and well
distributed throughout the county in 1980. The rail and log fences
which have survived about farms, create the most favoured habitat
for chipmunks. Our earliest spring date on which this animal has
been observed (Mr. F. Brimley, 1912) is March 20 though first
spring records vary from then until April 6 (Mr. W. H. Lunn, 1935).
Five of the eight specimens collected are adults, without tail
damage. Their average measurements are as follows—L. 235.4,
T. 84.8, H.F. 34.6, Wt. 93.8.

:
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THE MAMMALS OF PRINCE Epwarp COUNTY 17

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. RED SQUIRREL.—During the sum-
mer of 1930 Red Squirrels were plentiful and occurred in suitable,
wooded sections throughout Prince Edward County. There is
undoubtedly some variation in numbers from time to time but the
species is one of the county’s original faunal components which
persists and even flourishes to a degree. The most recent period of
scarcity was 1937, according to reports. A series of twelve speci-
mens collected in summer, and six taken in winter (Mr. W. H. Lunn)
are in the Prince Edward County collection. It is of interest to
note that four out of the twelve specimens taken in summer were
‘‘bob-tailed.’’ This condition is frequently observed among mem-
bers of the Sciuridae. It may be a consequence of near-capture
by some predator or a result of freezing in winter. The average
measurements of the fourteen undamaged specimens are—Seven
males?) (11322/T.182; Ho ..48, Wt. 212... Seven females: L, 315.3,
T. 124.6, H.F. 46.1, Wt. 194.1. Although these measurements may
represent a slight, average, sexual difference in size, this is not
certain. Actually the individual which is largest in most respects
is a female, the measurements of which are—L. 360, T. 145, H.F. 44,
Wt. 200.

Sciurus carolinensis. BLACK OR GREY SQUIRREL.—The early
history of this species for southern Ontario generally, and the
eastern part in particular, needs review. Introductions made in
recent years in various sections of the province have confused the
issue. Our data on Prince Edward County are so incomplete that
it leaves the question unsettled as to whether or not the Black (or
Grey) Squirrel was an original component of the fauna. It is
known to have occurred in some of the mainland counties to the
north in the early 1890’s and may well have been in Prince Edward
County. Mr. Frank Brimley of Wellington has made inquiry
among residents there and has decided that the Black Squirrel (and
Grey) has been a resident, at least in the eastern part of the county,
throughout the lifetime of even the oldest residents. Mr. Brimley
is certain they have increased and become more generally distri-
buted in the last few years.

Undoubtedly there have been periods when this species was
quite scarce in Prince Edward County. Mr. W.H. Lunn states that

2

18 Tue MAMMALS OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTy

it was ‘‘almost unknown” in 1926. We found it rare during the
summer of 1930. The most likely place to observe it was along the
so-called ‘‘Ridge Road” near Picton. We saw the grey phase there
on one occasion and observed black individuals rarely.

On several occasions the writer has noticed newspaper reports
of a curious phenomenon in connection with this species in the Bay
of Quinte region. Every few years Black Squirrels have been
observed swimming in the bay. Although these accounts were not
satisfactorily complete and lucid, they gave one the impression that
a population surplus was scattering to new territory in the fall.
Without doubt these animals had entered the water voluntarily but
the direction of their emigration was not definitely stated. It is
possible that food shortage on the mainland might start such a
movement toward Prince Edward County, or vice versa.

The average measurements of three male specimens from the
county are—L. 490.7, T. 221, H.F. 64, Wt. 571.7.

Glaucomys sabrinus. NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL.—AI-
though it is difficult to estimate the numbers of this nocturnal
species, our records suggest that there are periods during which it
is not uncommon. Woodcutters and trappers meet with it occa-
sionally. Our first record concerns a specimen in the R.O.M.Z.
collected near Bloomfield on January 25, 1931, by Mr. Chas.
Melton. Two specimens in the collection of the National Museum
of Canada originated from Prince Edward County. These were
young born in captivity from a mother captured at Wellington by
Mr. Edward R. Bailey in the summer of 1934. Mr. Frank Brimley
has reported three more taken at Wellington on October 1, 1934.
Our reports also concern four observed when a tree was felled near
Allisonville by Mr. C. M. McFaul on February 17, 1938.

The measurements of the mature specimen in the R.O.M.Z.
are—L. 290, T. 136, H.F. 37.

Castor canadensis. BEAVER.—Although it seemed reasonable
to suppose that the Beaver once inhabited Prince Edward County,
no definite evidence was discovered in the literature and no recol-
lections of it by the old residents came to hand. It is amusing,
therefore, that during the preparation of this paper the following

|

Tue MAMMALS OF PRINCE EpwarpD COUNTY 19

news item appeared in the Picton ‘Gazette’: ‘Big Island, Nov.
13 [1939]—Beaver have returned to this county. Cuttings of two
and four inch diameter willow trees have revealed the location of
at least one on a marsh island south of the west end of Big Island.

. Beaver have not been present in this county for many years,
although there are a number of beaver meadows scattered about
the county.”’

This discovery was made by Mr. Charles Melton, who has
amplified the report as follows: ‘‘While duck hunting in the Big
Island marsh on Nov. 8 [1939] we landed on a small island there.
As we came to the edge we were surprised to find a number of small
trees cut down and some dragged along a path in the grass to the
open water. These small trees were about twenty feet long and
were cut into short lengths, from six inches to four feet long.”

A further report in the Picton ‘‘Gazette”’ states that Mr. Roy
Covert, a farmer near Demorestville, had observed where a beaver
had been at work along a creek on hisfarm. During July, August,
and part of September, this animal cut down trees and started to
build a house in the creek but the creek went dry and it disap-_
peared. This may have been the work of the same animal, or
animals, observed on Big Island, which is immediately adjacent
to the Demorestville site.

Incidentally this reappearance of the Beaver in Prince Edward
County coincided in time with reappearances and increases noted
rather widely in southern counties.

Peromyscus leucopus. WHITE-FOOTED MouseE.—This animal
was not very numerous during our visit to the county in 19380.
At least one conspicuous population peak has been reported by
residents since then. During the winter of 1935-6 this and the
species listed next, were both at a peak of numbers. Conspicuous
damage to trees and shrubs, wild and domestic, was evident about
the countryside. During our visit to the county, when the numbers
of White-footed Mice were low, we found that ‘‘sugaring cabins’’
in the maple woods on farms were the most likely situations —
which to secure an occasional specimen.

Six normal and mature individuals in our collection present the
following average measurements—L. 184, T. 82.8, H.F. 20.9, Wt.

20 Tue MAMMALS oF PRINCE Epwarp County

24.8. One individual forwarded to the Museum by Mr. Frank
Brimley is patterned like a normal White-footed Mouse but the
dorsal region is ‘‘vinaceous buff.”’ Judging from its measurements
it was not a very old animal.

Microtus pennsylvanicus. Mrapow Mouse.—This inhabitant
of fields and marsh-borders was very scarce during our visit to the
county. The winter of 1935-6 was the last period of large numbers
according to reports. Mr. Chas. Melton reported that shrubs and
trees of all kinds, even red cedar transplanted in gardens, were
girdled by Meadow and White-footed Mice.

Only three specimens were collected by us in 1930. All of these
were immature animals although one was a pregnant female from
which seven embryos were removed when dissected.

Ondatra zibethica. Muskrat.—The marshes of Prince Edward
County regularly produce a crop of this valuable fur-bearer but its
numbers vary from time to time. Muskrat houses were observed
here and there during the summer of 1930 but they were not re-
garded as particularly numerous. Occasional reports have been
received since that time but it is not possible to indicate from them
a subsequent period of large numbers. The species was reported
as particularly scarce in the spring of 1937. Furriers regard the
‘Rice Lake’’ Muskrat, which is said to come from eastern portions
of southern Ontario generally, as distinctly the best.

Rattus norvegicus. HousEz Rat.—Nothing is known of the
early history of this mammal in the county but since there has been
extensive settlement there for over one hundred and fifty years, the
rat probably found its way there early in the last century. We
found it about towns and farmsteads during the summer of 1930.

Mus musculus. House Mouse.—What has been said about
the House Rat applies to this species as well.

Zapus hudsonius. MEADOW JuMPING MousE.—This is the
only species of Jumping Mouse discovered by us in the county. It
was not common during the summer of 1930. The two specimens

Tue MAMMALS OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 21

secured, both males, were taken in grassy habitats, one from a
stream border and the other at the edge of a swamp.

Their average measurements are—L. 201.5, T. 117.5, H.F. 28.75,
Wt. 15.

Vulpes fulva. Rep Fox.—During certain years foxes occur in
the county in sufficient numbers to provide sport for hunters. At
such times the economic value of fox fur to the county is at least
of minor importance. Mr. W. H. Lunn has reported that foxes
were more plentiful in the winter of 1936-7 than they had been for
some years. A female, taken on February 23 (1937), when dis-
sected was found to carry seven embryos and it was estimated
the young would have been born in about two weeks.

Canis lupus. TIMBER WoLF.—The Timber Wolf has long since
ceased to be a regular inhabitant of the Prince Edward County area.
The older residents can recall stories about wolves in the county in
pioneer days, when the safe-guarding of live-stock from wild animals
was something of a problem. Only because of the close proximity
of Prince Edward County to areas of wild land on the mainland to
the north, can we account for any recent occurrences of wolves.
One such occurrence which was reported in the Toronto ‘‘Tele-
gram’”’ for December 16, 1932, concerned a wolf shot near Consecon
about ten years previously. It had been seen crossing the ice on
the Bay of Quinte, pursued by two dogs. There seems to be no
reason to suspect that any other form of wolf than the Timber Wolf
would be involved in this observation considering the section of
the province and the period, about 1922.

In the specific nomenclature we have followed Goldman (1937).

Procyon lotor. Raccoon.—During some periods this mammal
is fairly plentiful in the county. In 1936 and 1937 trappers secured
a fair catch. Like the Fox and Muskrat, Raccoons appear to be
able to persist in settled, cultivated sections. Adequate food and
suitable home sites are perhaps the more important factors but, to
some extent, the reconcilable temperament of the animal concerned
may also be involved.

22 Tue MAMMALS OF PRrRINcE Epwarp County

Euarctos americanus. BLACK BEAR.—Like the wolf, the Black
Bear, one of the original mammals of the area, has disappeared as a
regular inhabitant of Prince Edward County. Its appearance there
in recent years can only be regarded as a rare accident. Such an
occurrence took place in January, 1938. News reports described
the search, by an armed posse near Picton, for two young Black
Bears reported there. Mr. Archie Nameer and Mr. Harold Soules
had sighted two bears digging in a hillside. As seems to be the rule
in such cases, an alarm was spread and Provincial Police and Game
Wardens were called out to scour the countryside (why?!!). Mr.
Ed Harrington later saw bear tracks in the snow and noted that the
animals had moved eastward. They apparently had stopped to
search for food about an old gypsy camp-ground but a fall of snow
finally obliterated their tracks. Fortunately the bears eluded the
‘“law’’ and were not observed again.

Mustela cicognanii. SHORT-TAILED WEASEL.—Weasels of two
kinds occur in Prince Edward County. They vary in numbers
considerably from time to time and according to Mr. W. H. Lunn
they were more numerous during the winter of 1936-7 than they ©
had been for some years previously. Five specimens from the
county in the R.O.M.Z. collection have been identified as repre-
senting the species here considered. Skull characters together with
certain other measurements have been used in the determinations
and the writer has had the valued opinion of Mr. E. C: Cross of the
Division of Mammals. The average measurements of two males
are—L. 296, T. 77.5, H.F. 38.5, Wt. (of one) 115. The measure-
ments of one mature female are —L. 257, T. 68, H.F. 33.

Mustelafrenata. LONG-TAILED WEASEL.—The specific nomen-
clature employed here is that followed by Hall (1936). This larger
species of weasel is represented in our collection from Prince
Edward County by two specimens, one of each sex. The male,
collected on November 10, 1930, and still in the brown coat of
summer, measures—L. 377, T. 187, H.F. 45. The female measures
as Ady As (Dg EA SE tel ga WN les ae

Mustela vison. M1ink.—Usually a rare mammal in the county.
We have records from a few localities—Allisonville, Wellington,

Tue MAMMALS OF PRINCE EpwaArRD CouNTY 23

etc.—which indicate a general but sparse distribution within the
area. The relative absence of streams in Prince Edward County
may have something to do with the regular scarcity of mink.

Mephitis mephitis. SkuNK.—A regular and often plentiful
mammal of Prince Edward County. The winter of 1936-7 marked
a period of large numbers of Skunks. Mr. W.H. Lunn has reported
that more were trapped that year than had been for many years
previously. He further states that it was generally commented on
by trappers that these animals did not ‘‘den up”’ as is usual in the
fall (of 1936) apparently due to the mild weather which prevailed.
On the morning of July 11, 1930, the writer happened to discover
two half grown Skunks playing before their home-burrow in a barley
field, near Hallowell. No two baby animals could have been more
entertaining by their conduct.

Phoca vitulina. HARBOR SEAL.—Several occurrences of this
species in the upper St. Lawrence and even in Lake Ontario and
adjacent lakes have been reported, a number of years ago (Merriam,
1884a and 1884b). Our first report concerning Prince Edward
County waters appeared in the Toronto ‘‘Telegram”’ for February
22, 1932. Men cutting ice in Lake Ontario near Sand Banks saw
a seal roll off a cake of ice about one hundred yards from shore.
The animal reappeared later at the same place. Again in the
Toronto “Star” for February 28, 1934, a seal was reported as seen
on floe ice about 20 yards off shore near Picton, by Mr. Ralph
Garratt, local fisheries inspector. In the same paper for April 26
of that year another report suggests that this animal had remained
in adjacent waters. Mr. Kenneth Hyatt and Mr. Durward Huff,
local fishermen, saw the animal at close range from a boat and posi-
tively identified it as a seal.

The species involved is evident on the basis of known occur-
rences in the general region of the upper St. Lawrence (see Anderson,
1938).

Odocoileus virginianus. WHITE-TAILED DEER.—Although con-
ditions in Prince Edward County no longer favour this species, it
has not permanently disappeared from the area. There probably

24 Tue MAMMALS OF PRINCE EpwaArRD CouNTY

have been periods in which none was to be found there, but occasion-
ally individuals have drifted in from the mainland to the north, and
during recent years a few have remained, perhaps even to reproduce
there. During the summer of 1930 we learned that two or three
had inhabited a swamp north of Bloomfield during the previous
winter. Also one had been shot near Cherry Valley during the
same winter (1929-30). We picked up a small shed antler on the
sand dunes at Sand Banks in June (1930). Mr. W. H. Lunn has
reported that one or more deer were seen at Carrying Place during
the summer and autumn of 1938 and that a fawn and doe were
observed near Rednersville in the summer of 1938.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, RUDOLPH MARTIN. 1938. Mammals of the Province of Quebec.
Annual Report. Provancher Soc. of Nat. Hist. of Can., pp. 50-114.
BAILLIE, J. L. Jr. 1935. Some notes on the cottontail in Ontario. Can. Field-

Nat. 49:70-71.

Dymonp, J. R. 1922. The European hare in Ontario. Can. Field-Nat. 36:
142-143.

FLEMING, J. H. 1908. The cottontail rabbit in Ontario. Ottawa-Nat. 22:158-
159.

GOLDMAN, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journ. Mamm. 18:
37-45.

HALL, E. RAyMoND. 19386. Mustelid mammals from the Pleistocene of North
America with systematic notes on some recent members of the genera
Mustela, Taxidea and Mephitis. Carnegie Inst. of Wash. Pub. No. 478,
pp. 41-119.

MacLuticy, D. A. 1987. Fluctuations in numbers of varying hare (Lepus
americanus). Univ. Tor. Studies, Biol. Series, No. 43.

MERRIAM, C. Hart. 1884a. Seals in the upper St. Lawrence. Forest and
Stream 22:124.

MERRIAM, C. Hart. 1884b. Another seal in Lake Ontario. Forest and Stream
22:124.

ea

THE BIRDS OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, ONTARIO
By L. L. SNYDER

INTRODUCTION

When faunal work in Prince Edward County was undertaken in
1930 it was intended, so far as birds were concerned, to restrict our
report to forms occurring there in summer. The preparation of a
report has been delayed. In the meantime considerable informa-
tion has accumulated which pertains to the county’s bird life for all
seasons. These additions are sufficient to warrant a more compre-
hensive paper.

The annotated list here submitted is obviously incomplete. <A
dozen or more species which probably occur in the county at one
season or other will be noted as missing from the list by persons
familiar with the ornithology of the general region. In a sense,
then, the list must be regarded as provisional. But it seems to the
author that the gathering of miscellaneous facts from scattered
sources has resulted in a surprisingly complete catalogue of the birds
of the area.

Many individuals have contributed data and specimens. Next
to the material and information secured by members of the Mu-
seum’s staff in the field, Mr. W. H. Lunn of Hillier, Ontario, has
contributed most. He has secured many important specimens
which amplify the Museum’s collection and has generously for-
warded countless notes on observations made as opportunity
afforded during the past ten years. Mr. Frank Brimley’s notes for
1912 and 1913, made at, or near, Wellington and a number of his
locally-collected specimens have been very helpful. Specimens
and information from Mr. Dayton Murphy, who lives near Wel-
lington, and Mr. Charles Melton of Bloomfield have also contri-
buted greatly. Also manuscripts of the late John Townson, who
hunted in Prince Edward County each autumn for many years,
have supplied considerable data for that season.

In addition to the above contributions, a host of observers have
kindly made available lists of birds seen in the county, or given
information on specific questions pertaining to Prince Edward
County birds. These are: Messrs. J. L. Baillie, R. J. Rutter,

25

26 Tue Brrps of PrincE EpwArp CouNTY

H. H. Southam, and Stuart L. Thompson of Toronto; Dr. H. F.
Lewis of Ottawa; the Rev. H. H. Barston of Union Springs, New
York; and the following residents, past and present, of Prince
Edward County: Messrs. Edward Bailey, Wm. Carrell, W. G. A.
Lambe, Dennis Mason, M. MacDonald, Chas. McFaul, and Garnet
Tayler. Still others who have contributed data indirectly are
mentioned in the text. Besides the above, information relative to
the occurrence of birds in the county was available in the collection
of the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa, the collection of
the late J. H. Fleming in Toronto, the Beaupre collection and
diaries, and the Rev. C. J. Young collection of birds’ eggs in the
R.O.M.Z., and the Klugh collection of bird skins in the same institu-
tion. The general literature on Ontario ornithology has also been
a source. The Museum’s bibliographical file prepared by Mr. J. L.
Baillie has been consulted and a number of the Prince Edward
County references found. These are cited in the text.

Generalized statements on migration periods, etc., are based on
the miscellaneous and scattered records available. Here and there
in the text facts are credited to the personal source but it will be
appreciated that it was not feasible to specify the authority for the
countless individual observations from which this list is compiled.

The collection of Prince Edward County birds now in the Royal
Ontario Museum of Zoology totals 576 specimens representing 178
species. The following list tabulates 225 species. Of these 139
occur, or have occurred, in the county in summer and satisfactory
breeding evidence has been presented for 92.

The English species names are from “Birds of Canada’ by
P.A. Taverner. The fourth edition of the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-List has been followed for the sequence of the list.

Gavia immer. Common Loon.—A regular migrant which
arrives in early April (April 5, 1936) and remains in the open water
in and about the county until late May after which only an occa-
sional pair may be found established in the larger marshes where
they nest. A loon’s nest was found on a muskrat house situated
in the marshy border of Garrett Island in West Lake on June 3,
1930. It contained two eggs. The loon as a marsh-dweller is
rather unusual in Ontario. It is more characteristically a bird of

Tue Brrps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY a

rock-bound, non-marshy lakes on the Precambrian Shield. The
marsh constitutes quite a distinct ecological niche but one which
was probably more commonly occupied in southern Ontario in early
times before civilization reduced or rendered this type of habitat
less inviting to loons.

A young bird secured on June 27 was first observed when being
transported on the back of its parent in the open water at West
Lake. Itisin the dark, downy plumage and not long out of the egg.
An adult in the National Museum of Canada collection was caught
in a gill net set at a depth of 100 feet off the Sand Banks on June 15,

1899.
Nestling Q June 27, 1930, Hallowell.

Gavia stellata. RED-THROATED Loon.—A rare spring and fall
migrant concerning which we have little data. A male, largely in
winter plumage, having only a few new chestnut-coloured feathers
of summer dress showing on the fore-neck and some new dusky grey
feathers on the chin, was found dead on April 1, 1937, at Wellington.
Oil on the lake was obviously the primary cause of death. A second
specimen which we were not able to preserve but which provides
our latest spring record was taken in a fishermen’s net on May 19,

1939.
o April 1, 1937, Wellington.

Colymbus grisegena. RED-NECKED GREBE.—A migrant species
usually found off shore in Lake Ontario or on the larger bays of
Prince Edward County, in the spring and fall. Between twenty-
five and thirty individuals were counted on Weller Bay during the
third week of April, 1929. Smaller groups are morecommon. Their
occurrence earlier in April is demonstrated by two specimens in
fresh nuptial plumage in the Museum’s collection. This grebe
probably occurs regularly in October and November. We have
records of thirty seen in October, 1929, at Pleasant Bav and of one
taken at Wellington on November 23, 1938.

o& April 3, 1937, Wellington. o' about April 12, 1937, Wellington.
@ (skull only) about April 12, 1937, o Nov. 28, 1938, Wellington.
Wellington.

28 THe Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Colymbus auritus. HORNED GREBE.—By late March when the
ice breaks up in the bays around Prince Edward County this migrant
species appears and may be found fairly commonly until early May.
Bell (1883), in reporting on a pair shot at Weller Bay in April, 1883,
considered the species a rare visitor to the area at that time. Three
specimens collected about April 20, 1936, on West Lake near Wel-
lington areall males. This suggests there may be sexual segregation
at this date. The first fall arrival in 1931, an open flock of twelve,
was noted on November 2.

3 oo about April 20, 1936, Wellington.

Podilymbus podiceps. PIED-BILLED GREBE.—A common resi-
dent species which arrives in early spring (March 30, 1935). The
marshes of the county afford extensive habitats for nesting. A nest
on floating vegetation in a rather open, reedy section of the marsh
near Hallowell was found on May 29, 1930. It contained seven
fresh eggs. Another set of eight fresh eggs in the R.O.M.Z. was
taken near Wellington about June 15, 1936. The species is to be
found in the region until rather late in the autumn but no exact dates
are available.

Q about April 17, 1986, Wellington. 2 May 22, 1934, Wellington.

20 S' about April 17,1936,Wellington. ? (skull) May 26, 1934, Wellington.
o about April 20, 1936, Wellington. 2 May 29, 1930, Hallowell.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. WHITE PELICAN.—One occur-
rence of this species in Prince Edward County is substantiated by
a skin in the R.O.M.Z. collection.

o Oct. 9, 1937, Northport.

Phalacrocorax auritus. DOoUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT.—A re-
gular migrant through the county but not common. A specimen
taken at Wellington on May 6 and a bird in first winter plumage,
taken on October 9 at Weller Bay, mark our only exact dates of
occurrence.

(skull) May 6, 1936, Wellington. o Oct. 9, 1937, Weller Bay.

Anhinga anhinga. WATER TURKEY.—Two identical news clip-
pings on file in the R.O.M.Z. (one originating from Mr. Wm. Carrell

—— ee

THE Brirps oF PRINCE EpwArRD COUNTY 29

and the other from the late C. W. Nash) neither of which is anno-
tated as to the source, relate in part on the occurrence of a “‘black
darter” or ‘‘snake bird’’ in Prince Edward County. The context
of this news item fixes the time as the autumn of 1904. Further, it
gives as the authority, Mr. Wm. Carrell, a sportsman-naturalist,
who is well acquainted with birds and who, at that time, lived in
Wellington, Ontario. Correspondence has been carried on with
Mr. Carrell who now resides in Indian: Head, Saskatchewan.
Mr. Carrell writes that ‘‘this bird was shot! by an Indian on West
Lake near the village of Wellington.’”’ At the time, on hearing of
the bird, Mr. Carrell states he ‘‘suspected it was a cormorant’’ but
three days later information reached him that this was not the case.
Consequently he made a special trip to the locality to see the bird.
The Indian’s dog had mangled the specimen rather badly, but
Mr. Carrell secured the head, one foot, and some feathers and
later forwarded these to the late Sam Wood, naturalist on the
‘“‘Globe’’ staff, who verified his identification, that it was a Water
Turkey. Mr. Carrell conveys the following descriptive notes taken
at the time,—“‘bill slender, sharply pointed and sharply toothed;
eyes, red; feet, yellow with four toes, with web joined to all four
toes.”’

There are no other records of this species for the Dominion
though a specimen taken in 1881 at Sault Ste. Marie, now in the
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, possibly came from
the Ontario side.

With the details as stated above we can but regard the Prince
Edward County record as the first well-documented case though it
should be reserved as hypothetical since no fragment of the specimen
was preserved and there is the possibility of its having been an
escape.

Ardea herodias. GREAT BLUE HERON.—This species returns
in early spring (March 28, 1935) though movement of individuals,
apparently migrating through the region, has been noted as late
as May 1 (1934). In 1930 a fairly large breeding colony was found
established near Hallowell on what is known as the ‘‘Gerow Gore.”’

1Since the above was written, a further communication from Mr. Carrell fixes

the date as September 7, 1904, and provides the name of the Indian who shot
the bird, Billy Brant.

30 Tue Brrpos oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

We visited this colony on July 14 and counted fifty-four nests. At
that time most of the young had left their nests but were still about
the tree-tops within the colony boundaries. The nests were situ-
ated in old, live red maples. Seven nests were located in a single
tree. The species was noted daily by us throughout the summer,
adults probably from the nesting colony discovered ranged widely
over the county for feeding. Mr. H. H. Southam visited this
colony in 1934 and found it had expanded greatly. He estimated
that it then consisted of two hundred and fifty nests.

Merrill (1892) records a gathering of “fifty or more feeding on
dead fish’’ at the Sand Banks. This observation would appear to
concern the autumn season, prior to 1892. Our latest fall record is
that of Mr. W. H. Lunn who saw two Great Blue Herons on Decem-
ber 4, 1937, at Pleasant Bay.

Juv. 2 July 14, 1903, Gerow Gore. o' (skull) Nov. 8, 1936, Wellington.

Casmerodius albus. GREAT WHITE EGRET.—A summer wan-
derer, rare in Prince Edward County. Mr. R. J. Rutter saw one
at Weller Bay on June 5, 19382, and Mr. W. H. Lunn reported one
seen daily near Melville from the first week of August to the twenty-
sixth during the same year.

Florida caerulea. LITTLE BLUE HERoN.—This species, like the
last, is a summer wanderer north to southern Ontario and its occa-
sional occurrence in Prince Edward County is to be expected.
The Rev. Henry H. Barston of Union Springs, New York, who has
observed birds near Wellington, Prince Edward County, each
summer for many years, has communicated the following note:
‘“‘Last year [1937] I saw an immature Little Blue Heron, pure white,
about half the size of an American Egret. It was seen close up,
on the shore of an island in West Lake, at least twice during the
month of August.”

This is our only record of the species in the county.

Butorides virescens. GREEN HERON.—Our earliest spring ar-
rival date for this rather uncommon species in Prince Edward
County is May 1 (1984). We did not find it established in the
county during our summer visit there in 1930. The late John
Townson saw one at Weller Bay on August 18, 1934. Aside from a

Tue Brirps oF PRINcE Epwarp CouNTY 31

specimen in the National Museum of Canada collection secured on
September 22, 1905, at Consecon Lake, no information on its occur-
rence in the autumn is available.

Nycticorax nycticorax. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.—
Mr. Dayton Murphy saw two of these herons on West Lake near
Wellington on July 30 and 31, 1984. More recently, during August
and early September, Mr. Manly MacDonald saw and reported
seven or eight about the Bay of Quinte east of Carrying Place. Its
status in the county is probably that of an irregular and uncommon
summer and early autumn visitor.

Botaurus lentiginosus. AMERICAN BITTERN.—In the spring this
species is to be expected by mid-April, occasionally earlier (March
28, 1936). It is a common breeding bird of the county, from one
to twelve having been noted by us daily during the summer of 1930.
Mr. W. H. Lunn reported the finding of a nest in a hay meadow
near Allisonville on July 8, 1933. The eggs were in an advanced
stage of incubation. The species is still to be found in the area in
late October, even as late as November 13 (Lunn in 1939).

o May 4, 1936, Wellington. Q June 27, 1930, Hallowell.
9 May 6, 1936, Huyck Point.

Ixobrychus exilis. Lrast BITTERN.—A fairly common summer
resident species in Prince Edward County. We saw it on several
occasions in the summer of 1930. Two sets of eggs, one of four
and the other of five, in the R.O.M.Z. were collected on June
20, 1936, near Wellington. The late John Townson saw four
Least Bitterns on September 13, 1981, on a marshy creek flowing
into Weller Bay. This date is probably near the time of its normal
autumn departure but a specimen taken on September 15, 1892,
in Prince Edward County is in the Fleming collection.

An example of the red phase of this species, Cory’s Bittern, was
collected at the lower end of West Lake (Hallowell) in June, 1895,
by Mr. Dayton Murphy. This specimen is now in the R.O.M.Z.
collection.

? about 1895, Wellington. ? June, 1895, Hallowell.

Cygnus columbianus. WHISTLING SwAN.—A rare and irregular
migrant through Prince Edward County. In the spring of 1932

32 Tue Brros oF Prince Epwarp County

Mr. Dayton Murphy saw a flock of swans on Lake Ontario which
were, no doubt, of this species. Swans, probably the same flock,
were also reported during the next few days at Pleasant Bay and at
Huyck Point. A lone individual was noted on West Lake on April
9 and 10, 1934, and on November 1, 1939, Mr. Charles Melton saw
one feeding close to the shore at Sand Banks.

Branta canadensis. CANADA GoosE.—A regular migrant which
occasionally lingers en route in Prince Edward County. The earliest
spring arrival date among our records is that of a flock seen on
March 14, 1935, at Hillier. The majority observed are passing
through in late March and early April. The latest spring record
concerns a flock seen feeding on a field near Hillier by Mr. W. H.
Lunn on May I and 2, 1934.

The autumn migration of Canada Geese through the county
begins in early October (October 8, 1934) and reaches its height
toward the end of the month. The latest date among our records
is November 2, 1985. The species has been noted on migration
mostly by day but a heavy night flight over Weller Bay, on October
31, 1931, was reported.

It is assumed that the race, B. c. canadensis, is the one which
usually occurs in the county. A very small individual which joined
the domestic flock of Canada Geese owned by Mr. Dayton Murphy
near Wellington in October, 1939, conforms to the dimensions of
hutchinsi, according to Mr. W.H. Lunn. Itissaid to have weighed
five pounds.

Branta bernicla. ComMMoNn Brant.—Mr. Roy Hogle, while
hunting ducks on Massasauga Bay (Prince Edward side of Bay of
Quinte) in October, 1934, shot a Brant from a flock of about twenty-
five which flew over his shooting stand. The bird was not pre-
served. Townson has reported in the Toronto ‘‘Globe’’ for October
15, 1932, that he saw a Brant at Weller Bay on October 10 and again
in the same paper for October 26, 1929, that four Brant appeared
on Weller Bay on October 16, of that year. Also, Mr. Dave Mattice,
a veteran hunter, reported that he shot a Brant on Weller Bay many
years ago. The species is a rare and irregular visitor to the area.

Tue Birps oF PRINcE Epwarp CouNTY 33

Anser albifrons. \WHITE-FRONTED GoosE.—An immature indi-
vidual of this species joined the flock of domestic geese owned by
Mr. Dayton Murphy near Wellington on October 9, 1937. This bird
was captured, tamed, and photographed, a copy of the photograph
being on file in the R.O.M.Z. This is the only record of the species
for the county and one of the few for Ontario.

Chen hyperborea. SNow GoosE.—A rare and irregular autumn
visitor to Prince Edward County. Mr. Ernest Noble, who lives
near Woodrous, reported a white goose, reported by him as a
‘“‘Manitoba Wavey,”’ which had visited his farm and remained with
his domestic flock for a year or more. Mr. Roy Hogle saw a white
goose while duck hunting on Massasauga Bay in October, 1934.
These records probably refer to the Snow Goose. About thirty
Snow Geese came into Weller Bay in late October of 1934 according
to Mr. W. H. Lunn, and the late John Townson saw one at Weller
Bay on October 27, 1930. Specimen material from areas adjacent
to Prince Edward County in the R.O.M.Z. collection supports
the records given above. Fleming and Lloyd (1920) have recorded
an adult specimen (C.h. hyperborea) shot at Weller Bay on October
21, 1916, and formerly preserved in the now defunct Ontario
Provincial Museum at Toronto.

Anas platyrhynchos. Mat_arp Duck.—Towards the end of
March the Mallard returns to the marshes of Prince Edward
County, coming back with the Black Duck which usually greatly
outnumbers it (earliest, March 20,1935). We saw Mallards irregu-
larly during the summer of 1930. An occasional pair nests in the
marshes of Prince Edward County. A rather complicated status
prevails in the county as a result of the fostering of Mallards on
farms; the progeny of semi-domestic Mallards go wild in the autumn.
On the farm of Mr. G. S. Tayler, which is flanked by the marshy
borders of West Lake, wild Mallards come in to feed with his poultry
and frequently nest about his garden plots. In the autumn adults
and young all leave him, probably to return the next spring. The
recent increase of the Mallard has been most apparent in the fall,
as observed by several hunters who frequent the area. Locally-
reared birds no doubt have increased as suggested by the large

3

34 Tue Birps oF PrRiIncE Epwarp County

number taken on the opening days of the shooting season, before
migrants arrive. The autumn occurrence of Mallards extends
through November but the latest exact date available is November
11,1939.

Nestling o June 10, 1930, Hallowell. 3 @o@ June 10, 1930, Hallowell.

Anas rubripes. BLack Duck.—The most common duck of
Prince Edward County, both as a transient and as a breeding bird.
Small flocks have been noted as early as mid-March (1934). By
early April, birds, presumably those which will remain locally for
nesting, have been seen mating. In summer the species is found in
both the marshes and swamps of the region. We noted them regu-
larly in the summer of 1930. The earliest date on which young of
the year have been seen, is May 24 (1933). The species congregates
in large numbers in the bays during August and September.

Black Ducks furnish the main quarry of hunters in the county
in autumn. Local hunters estimate that on the opening day
(October 1) more Black Ducks are taken than all other species
combined. At this time many of the “northern” ducks have not
yet arrived. However, the Black Duck remains in the marshes
until late in the fall (two, December 4, 1937, Pleasant Bay) and |.
two were known to winter there in 1935.

A male specimen in the series of four from Prince Edward
County, taken about November 1, possessed all characters attri-
buted to the race, A. r. rubripes: Its legs were coral pink, the bill
was blended from ‘‘deep colonial buff’’ to olive; the head and throat
were coarsely marked with black and its weight was 1,729 gms.
The other specimens, a female and two males, represent the common
breeding form of the region. The average weight of the two males
is 1,333 gms.

A Black Duck banded at Rochester, N.Y., on November 21,
1928, was shot near Wellington, Prince Edward County, on October
10, 1929 (Can. Field-Nat., Mar. 1932, p. 74).

Q April 23, 1937, Wellington. o' about Nov. 1, 1933, Weller Bay.
o April 28, 1937, Wellington. o' Nov. 16, 1985, Huyck Bay.

Chaulelasmus streperus. GADWALL.—A rare transient in
Prince Edward County, represented in the R.O.M.Z. collection by
asingle specimen. The species is most likely to be noted in autumn.

@ Oct. 22, 1982, Weller Bay.

Tue Brros oF PrRincE Epwarp CouUNTY a

Mareca americana. BALDPATE.—A rather rare spring and
fall migrant. Available early and late dates for both seasons are as
follows,—March 30 (1934) and May 25 (1931); September 25 (1931)
and October 20 (1931). The species is inclined to associate for
feeding with diving ducks such as Scaups, Redheads, and Canvas-
backs. Both the late John Townson and Mr. W. H. Lunn have
related how this species profits by this association. Baldpates
snatch the wild celery as it is brought to the surface by the diving

ducks.
o (skeleton) Oct. 10, 1933, Weller Bay.

Dafila acuta. Pinrait.—The Pintail is a fairly plentiful mi-
grant, perhaps the most numerous of the non-breeding sporting
ducks with the exception of the Scaups and the Green-winged Teal.
Although available seasonal records from Prince Edward County
are not sufficiently complete to present exact times of arrival and
departure, they indicate that the species is to be expected in the
spring from late March through most of April. They reappear on
their fall migration in early September and remain until about mid-
November. The Pintail ranks about third in the sportsman’s bag
on opening day, October 1, following the Black Duck and Blue-
winged Teal in that order. Many transient species are, of course,
not present so early in the season.

o May 4, 1936, Wellington.

Nettion carolinense. (GREEN-WINGED TEAL.—A relatively com-
mon transient which arrives in the spring during late March and
remains well into April (April 10, 1911). Its return in the autumn
is to be expected in late September and its stay is protracted, usually
until freeze-up in late November or early December. Like most
ducks, Green-winged Teal have decreased of recent years but periods
of large numbers have occurred in recent years. In the fall of 1935
and again in 1936 they were reported at Weller Bay in thousands.
This probably indicated concentration rather than a general in-
crease. A male specimen secured at Wellington on May 4, 1936,
was heavily infected with protozoan parasites which were embedded
in the breast muscles. According to Dr. Murray Fallis they repre-
sent the genus Sarcocystis, the species recorded from ducks being

36 Tue Brrpos or Prince Epwarp CouNtTYy

S. rileyi. Substance obtained from this group of organisms (sarco-
cystin) is known to be lethal to mice but little is known of the effect
of this parasite on ducks.

o' May 4, 1936, Wellington. o (skull and wing) Oct. 8, 1933, Weller

? Oct. 8, 1933, Weller Bay. Bay.
2 oo Oct. 26, 1933, Huyck Bay.

Querquedula discors. BLUE-wWINGED TEAL.—A not uncommon
breeding duck of Prince Edward County which returns to the
marshes in the spring by the end of March (March 28, 1935). We
noted it occasionally during the summer of 1930. A female col-
lected on June 14, 1930, possessed an egg in the oviduct. This was
our only evidence of breeding but it is generally conceded that the
marshes of the county have long been a breeding ground for Blue-
winged Teal. The fall migration starts during September and
according to shooters perhaps half of the annual population is gone
by October 1, the opening date of the hunting season. Nevertheless,
the species takes second place to the Black Duck in the opening
day’s bag. Recent reports indicate a general increase, especially
notable in the autumn of 1938. By October 15 the species usually
has gone from the marshes of Prince Edward County although —
Mr. W. H. Lunn observed a few in late October, 1939. Several
Blue-winged Teal banded by Mr. Dayton Murphy near Wellington
have been recovered in the West Indies,—Barbados, Trinidad, etc.

Q April 23, 1937, Wellington. Q June 14, 1930, Hallowell.
o' April 23, 1937, Wellington.

Spatula clypeata. SHOVELLER.—A rare transient, noted occa-
sionally in spring (@, ‘Spring,’ 1899?, N.M.C.) and fall. One re-
mained until June on West Lake near the home of Mr. Dayton
Murphy in 1985; Mr. R. J. Rutter noted two on May 25, 1931; and
the late J. Townson saw three on September 15, 1931. The species
has been noted in October by Dr. H. M. Bowen in East Lake and
by Mr. W. H. Lunn in West Lake.

Aix sponsa. Woop DucKx.—A regularly observed species which
is greatly reduced in numbers from former times (Gourlay, 1910)
but with protection seems now to be maintaining a small, stable

a

Tue Brrps oF PRiNcE Epwarp CouNTY 37

population. Such places as Crooked Creek, a small stream flowing
through low woodland into the north-west end of Consecon Lake
was formerly a well-known breeding area for the species. A few
pairs breed there now. We did not note it during the summer of
1930. <A female in the N.M.C. was taken at Bloomfield on July 1,
1900.

Wood Ducks return to the area in early spring (March 30, 1936).
The habits of this species render it rather liable to accidental capture
in muskrat traps at this season, a fact brought out by several
reports. Apparently many of the spring birds observed pass on to
breeding grounds on the forested mainland to the north. These
transients are again to be found in the bays by mid-September.
It has not been observed after November 15 in autumn.

Nyroca americana. REDHEAD.—Formerly migrating Redheads
gathered in vast flocks in the open bays of Prince Edward County
but now they are scarce. A few are to be expected each spring,
often associated with the rafts of Greater Scaup Ducks, after mid-
March. Usually, by the end of April, they have passed on to their
breeding grounds (latest, several, May 13, 1934). The species is
present again in autumn, during October. Mr. W. H. Lunn has
noted the Redhead fairly early in September, some years ago, but
they are not now to be expected much before early October. Mr.
Hubert Townson observed them in fairly large numbers on October
20, 1931, at Weller Bay. Mid-November probably represents the
end of their stay in the area.

An interesting story in connection with the hunting of Redheads
in the early days, before market shooting was outlawed, was related
to the writer by the late John Townson. During his first hunting
trip to Prince Edward County, in October, 1876, he saw hunters
practise what was called ‘‘toling ducks.’’ A small dog was trained
to jump repeatedly over a low hurdle on shore near where the
hunters were concealed. This performance excited the curiosity
of a large flock of several hundred Redheads off shore. The flock
moved in thus bringing them within range of the hunters’ guns.

2 2 9 April 23, 1987, Wellington. o' Oct. 26, 1907, Weller Bay.

2 oo April 23, 1937, Wellington. 2 Nov. 10, 1936, Weller Bay.
2 Oct. 26, 1907, Weller Bay.

38 Tue Brirps oF PrRincE Epwarp County

Nyroca collaris. RING-NECKED Duck.—A close estimate of the
relative numbers of this species is difficult since many duck-hunters
in the county, past and present, have not discriminated between it
and the Lesser Scaup Duck. It is apparently a regular spring and
fall migrant, found in the marsh during April and early May and
again in October and early November. It is somewhat more
common in recent years.

o' May 3, 1936, Wellington.

Nyroca valisineria. CANVAS-BACK.—A regular but rather scarce
migrant. Formerly it appeared in the Bay of Quinte and other of
the larger bays of the county in immense flocks. Now, Canvas-
backs are found frequently as small minority associates of the
Greater Scaup. They are to be expected in early spring, after mid-
March (March 17, 1938) and may be present through the month
of April. In the autumn they are again present in October and well
into November.

Nyroca marila. GREATER Scaup Duck.—The most plentiful

of all the non-breeding sporting ducks which pass through Prince |

Edward County, in the spring and in the fall. The species appears
on the bays about the middle of March (‘‘advance guard,’’ March
13, 1936) or as soon as the ice breaks up. It remains commonly
until mid-April. After April they have largely passed on although
a male, taken on May 19, 1908, at Sand Banks, is in the N.M.C.
and the species has been noted as late as May 21 (1934). Early
in October they return, to remain at least until the second week of
December (December 10, 1925).

Although the Greater Scaup is not as abundant as in former
times it still appears in large numbers. Mr. W. H. Lunn states that
he estimated five thousand in a flock on West Lake about April 1,
1936. Large flocks were reported from other bays of the county
during the same period (Weller Bay, Pleasant Bay, and Bay of

Quinte).
Q April 5, 1936, Wellington. 20’ o' about April 20, 1936, Wellington.
o April 5, 1936, Wellington. Q April 28, 1929, Weller Bay.

(skeleton) April 12,1938,Wellington. co April 23, 1929, Weller Bay.
o April 19, 1937, Wellington.

TuHeE Brrps oF PrincE Epwarp CouNTY 39

Nyroca affinis. LreEsszER Scaup Duckx.—Although indiscrimi-
nately grouped with the Greater Scaup and Ring-necked Duck by
many hunters, reports indicate that this species is quite common
both in the spring and in the fall. The species does not congregate
in the large rafts which characterize the Greater Scaup Duck.
Twenty birds constitute a fair-sized flock though smaller groups are
still more common. March 15, 1935, is an early spring arrival date
among our records. The end of March is a more usual time of
arrival. The Lesser Scaup remains rather late in the spring (40,
May 15, 1934). We saw six on West Lake on May 24, 1930,
and a pair of ducks thought to be of this species was noted as
late as June 5. We have no breeding evidence pertaining to this
area. The species can be expected again in the autumn after Sep-
tember. According to the records of the late John Townson, the
earliest in 1931 was October 8.

Q April 28, 1929, Weller Bay. o April 23, 1929, Weller Bay.

Glaucionetta clangula. COMMON GOLDEN-EYE.—Not uncom-
mon as a migrant but our records are too indefinite to give many
specific dates. It apparently winters where there is open water on
Lake Ontario and converges on the bays of Prince Edward County
in mid-March when ice conditions open up. Dr. H. F. Lewis saw
6+ on March 17, 1938, near Wellington. Mr. R. J. Rutter saw two
as late as May 25, 1931. The first to be seen in the autumn of 1931
by the late John Townson was eight on September 25. The species
remains in the region until driven out by the freeze-up.

o April 5, 1936, Wellington.

Charitonetta albeola. BurrLE-HEAD.—A rather rare but regular
migrant in the county; formerly more common. They are to be
expected in April and early May and again in the autumn from mid-
October to mid-November.

o April 28, 1937, Wellington. Imm. o April 29, 1937, Wellington.
Q April 29, 1937, Wellington.

Clangula hyemalis. OLD-sguaw.—Open water conditions appar-
ently determine the winter status of this species. It arrives from its
Arctic breeding grounds in late autumn (November 1, 1931). Dur-

40 TueE Birps oF PrRincE Epwarp County

ing some years local conditions allow these birds to winter in the
region. A December record is catalogued below and Mr. Frank
Brimley saw one at Wellington on February 24, 1912. It has
departed for the north by early May.

9 Nov. 10, 1936, Weller Bay. & Dec. 15, 1936, Wellington.

Somateria spectabilis. KING EIDER.—So far as is known this
species is only an occasional late fall visitor to Prince Edward
County. It is possible that they may occasionally winter in the
region, if open conditions prevail in the waters surrounding the
county.

Imm. 2 Nov. 8, 1930, Weller Bay.

Melanitta deglandi. WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.—This is the only
Scoter for which we have specimen records from Prince Edward
County. It is of regular occurrence in spring and in late fall. The
species resorts most frequently to the open lake where it is not
commonly seen. Large numbers are drowned in fishermen’s nets
occasionally. Mr. Dan Greenfield reported approximately three
hundred in one haul during May, 1938. Mr. Dayton Murphy, who .
formerly operated a fishing boat on Lake Ontario, states that he
once met a flock of these birds sixteen miles out in the lake from
Wellington ‘‘in the summer.’’ In such a case the birds would be
non-breeding individuals.

o' May 19, 1939, Wellington. Imm. o Oct. 20, 1932, Weller Bay.

Skull, June 3, 1937, Wellington. 2 Nov. 9, 1937, Wellington.
2 skulls, June 7, 1937, Wellington.

Melanitta perspicillata. Surf ScoTerR.—Mr. William Carrell, a
well-informed naturalist and hunter who formerly lived in Prince
Edward County, informs me that this scoter occurred on Lake
Ontario bordering the county in his day. Undoubtedly they still
appear in these waters, particularly in late autumn, but we have no
recent records.

Oidemia americana. AMERICAN SCOTER.—Mr. William Carrell
states that this species is also a migrant occurring in the waters of
the county. We have three specimens in the R.O.M.Z. collection

THE Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp COUNTY 4]

taken from a flock of fifteen on November 15, 1935, in Brighton Bay.
This bay borders on Prince Edward County, though more strictly
these specimens should probably be attributed to Northumberland
County.

Erismatura jamaicensis. Ruppy Duck.—The Ruddy Duck is
a rare spring and fall migrant (Carrell, 1910) in Prince Edward
County. Apparently its occurrence has been very irregular in
recent years. One record concerns five which came into the decoys
of Mr. W. B. Smith, a veteran duck hunter of Bloomfield, in the
fall of 1935. A male specimen reported to have been banded near
Wellington on July 12 (!), 1938, was taken at Rush Lake, Sheboygan
County, Wisconsin, in October of the same year. It is, of course,
not of normal occurrence in Prince Edward County in summer.

Lophodytes cucullatus. HooDED MERGANSER.—A _ regular
spring and fall migrant which appears in pairs, or small flocks, in
the marshes and along creeks. Like the Wood Duck this species
not infrequently is caught in muskrat traps in the spring. A few
appear in the spring after mid-March, the numbers increasing as
the bays and creeks open up. Observations made in mid-August
suggest that the species may summer in Prince Edward County but
no definite evidence is available. They remain in the region in the
fall well into November. Mr. W.H. Lunn saw two on December 4,
1937, at Pleasant Bay.

o& March 25, 1935, Huyck Bay. Imm. o Nov. 18, 1935, Pleasant Bay.

Mergus merganser. COMMON MERGANSER.—A not uncommon
spring (April-May) and fall (October-November) migrant. No
evidence of summer occurrence has been obtained although such
might be expected since the species breeds within twenty-five miles
of the county to the east. This merganser may winter within
Prince Edward County waters if open conditions prevail.

Mergus serrator. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.—A common
migrant appearing in April and remaining well into May (May 24,
1930). It returns in the fall about mid-October (see specimen list

42 Tue Brrps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

below). The species often congregates in immense flocks in the
larger bays of the county and is present until the freeze-up.

2 May 3, 1936, Wellington. 9 Oct. 19, 1934, Weller Bay.
o' May 3, 1936, Wellington.

Astur atricapillus. GosHAwKk.—A fall and winter visitant to
Prince Edward County to be expected during the periods when the
species appears in southern Ontario generally. A brief history of
recent occurrences is as follows: one specimen was collected in the
fall of 1934 and Mr. Lunn saw one on January 25, 1935, near Wel-
lington but a peak flight did not occur until the fall of 1935 (first
seen on October 6). Many reports from throughout the county
were received during this period. A somewhat lesser flight occurred
in the fall of 1936 which produced records during the subsequent
winter, 1936-7. Two specimens were taken in the fall and early
winter of 1937-8. The appearance of this species, in greater or
lesser numbers, each fall and winter since 1934 coincides with the
period during which hares and grouse have been generally scarce in
the north. It will be noted that all sexed specimens in the cata-
logue below are males.

Imm. o& Jan. 8, 1936, Hillier. ? (skull) Nov. 20, 1936, Wellington.
o Oct. 6, 1934, Weller Bay. o' Nov. 21, 1935, Hillier.

o' (skull) Nov. ?, 1935, Hillier. o& Nov. 21, 1936, Hillier.

o' Nov. 11, 1935, Hillier. Imm. o& Nov. 23, 1937, Hillier.

o' about Nov. 16, 1935, Hillier. o (skull) Dec. 1, 1937, Hillier.

Imm. o& Nov. 17, 1935, Wellington. Imm. o& Dec. 30, 1936, Hallowell.

Accipiter striatus. SHARP-SHINNED HAwk.—Our records of this
species do not include any for the spring season. One specimen seen
on the Gerow Gore on July 2, 1938, by Mr. H. H. Southam is our
only summer record. The species occurs in the greatest numbers
during September. Mr. W. H. Lunn observed one on January 1 in
1937 and another on January 24, 1938.

Imm. o Oct. 11, 1932, Weller Bay.

Accipiter cooperi. CoopER’s Hawk.—Our only spring date for
this species is April 20, 1901, based on a specimen from Hallowell
in N.M.C. collection. It is a rare summer resident, observed by us
on two occasions in early July, 1930, but appears regularly and

$$

THE Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 43

sometimes in fairly large numbers on migration in the autumn. It
is a rare and probably an irregular winter resident.
@ about Feb. 3, 1936, Wellington.

Buteo borealis. RED-TAILED HAwk.—No summer occurrences
have been established by us although the species might be expected
at thatseason. It is noted occasionally as a migrant, both in spring
(April 9 to early May) and in fall (October to November 16). An
occasional one winters in the area. Mr. W. H. Lunn saw an adult
near Hillier on December 28, 1936.

Imm. @ Nov. 20, 1935, Pleasant Bay.

Buteo lineatus. RED-SHOULDERED HAwk.—A rare breeding
species noted by us on three occasions during the summer of 1930.
A young bird of the year was seen near Rednersville on July 16.
The number of Red-shouldered Hawks is not greatly augmented by
spring and fall migrants in Prince Edward County.

Imm. ? Aug. 13, 1931, Hallowell.

Buteo platypterus. BRoAD-wWINGED Hawk.—A spring and fall
migrant. Noted most commonly between September 24 and
October 25.

Buteo lagopus. ROUGH-LEGGED Hawk.—A regular migrant,
most frequently noted in the fall. The earliest definite fall date
available is October 19, 1934. The majority pass through the
county in November.

Imm. 2 Oct. 19, 1934, Weller Bay. o' Nov. 18, 1935, Wellington.

Aquila chrysaetos. GOLDEN EAGLE.—A rare and irregular fall
visitor. A specimen shot by Mr. John Taylor in the fall of 1920,
one mile south of Allisonville, was preserved and has been seen by
Mr. W. H. Lunn. Another specimen, reported to have been taken
at Huyck Point about 1933, was not preserved.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus. BAaLpD EaGLE.—Two, perhaps three
or more, pairs were nesting in Prince Edward County during our
visit there in the summer of 1930. We discovered a nest, above

44 Tue Brirps oF Prince Epwarp CouNTY

which an adult bird circled, on June 30. The location was not far
from the lake shore about halfway along the peninsula of Marysburg
(South) Township, known as “‘Long Point.’’ A nest with two young
was found on May 21, 1938, at Point Traverse, at the tip of ‘‘Long
Point” by Mr. W. V. Crich. Fishermen at Point Traverse in 1930
assured us that a pair of Bald Eagles also nested on Timber Island
off the end of the point that year. An earlier record of this site has
been made by Macoun (1909). The late E. Beaupre of Kingston,
Ontario, in his journal (MS.) tells of photographing an eagle’s nest
on Timber Island on June 6, 1917. He further states that, ‘‘accord-
ing to available data the eagles are believed to have occupied this
lonely and uninhabited island for more than a century.’’ This is
probably true from time immemorial and this general situation
represents the last stand of the Bald Eagle on Canadian Lake
Ontario. On July 5, 1930, two Bald Eagles were seen on one of
the islands in West Lake near Hallowell but they were not known
to nest in that sector of the county. There are numerous notes of
spring and autumn observations of Bald Eagles among our Prince
Edward County records but very few for winter. In the Toronto
“Globe” for February 10, 1932, a report from Picton states that .
three Bald Eagles were wintering on Timber Island that year
(1931-2). A Picton newspaper reported four of these birds making
daily trips from Timber Island to the mainland in the winter of
1938-9. Mr. W. H. Lunn is of the opinion that the species is
increasing its numbers of late.

Circus hudsonius. MarsH Hawk.—The commonest hawk of
the county both in summer and during migration. The earliest
record in spring among our notes is March 16, 1985. Mr. W. H.
Lunn states that the species is not as common as in former years, a
comment which probably applies to hawks in general. We saw
from one to four individuals nearly every day throughout the
summer of 1930. On July 2, the writer observed an adult female
Marsh Hawk pass a food object to a young bird flying beneath it.
On this occasion the young bird missed and did not attempt to
retrieve the meal.

Although the autumn migration of Marsh Hawks largely takes
place from late August (August 29, 1934) to late October (October 7,

TuHeE Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 45

1931) later occurrences have been noted (latest, several on Novem-
ber 13, 1939).

In our series of four females collected in Prince Edward County,
two showed paired ovaries on dissection.

@ about Apr. 12, 1937, Wellington. Imm. @ Aug. 21, 1931, Hallowell.
o' May 23, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. o Aug. 21, 1931, Hallowell.
@ July 16, 1930, Ameliasburg. @ Oct. 24, 1935, Huff Island.

o Aug. 8, 1899, Bloomfield.

Pandion haliaetus. OspREY.—An uncommon migrant, to be
expected about the shores of Prince Edward County in May and in
September. It is not known to summer in the county regularly,
although one was shot about August 15, 1940, at Sand Banks and
seen by Mr. Farley Mowat.

o Sept. 28, 1929, Cherry Valley.

Falco rusticola. GyRFALCON.—On November 18, 1934, Mr.
Frank Brimley of Wellington, a naturalist, long resident in the
county, saw a white-plumaged gyrfalcon on the shores of Lake
Ontario. The bird had a piece of string caught on one foot which
Mr. Brimley concluded was a piece of fish net accidentally entangled
there. Although this fact might suggest that the bird had been
captive it seems more unlikely to the writer than Mr. Brimley’s
explanation. Certainly the date and place make it possible that
the observation was of a wild bird.

Falco peregrinus. PEREGRINE FALCON.—A rare migrant in the
fall. Our earliest arrival date is September 21, 1931, and the species
can be expected occasionally through October. We have no records
for other seasons.

Falco columbarius. PIGEON HAwxk.—A rare spring and fall
migrant to be expected in April and again in October. No exact
dates for spring are available but Mr. J. L. Baillie saw one at Weller
Bay on October 24, 1932.

Falco sparverius. SPARROW Hawk.—An uncommon species,
more likely to be seen during migration than in summer. Our
earliest spring record of a migrant is April 10, 1934. Mr. Frank

46 Tue Brrpos oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Brimley noted one on February 9, 1912, apparently a wintering bird.
We did not observe it during the entire summer of 1930 but a nesting
pair was found by Mr. W. H. Lunn near Niles Corners in the
summer of 1985. October 4, 1934, is our only exact fall migration

date.
9 about Apr. 12, 1937, Wellington.

Bonasa umbellus. RUFFED GROUSE.—Formerly an important
element in the avifauna of the region but now restricted to the
larger wooded tracts found scattered through the county. Although
the population of grouse varies periodically it is never sufficiently
large to make this bird plentiful game. We noted it irregularly in
the summer of 1930 and three, including young of the year, were
the most seen on any one day. Mr. Frank Brimley has a set of
eight eggs collected near Wellington on June 18, 1911.

Of the four specimens from the county in our collection, two are
of the grey phase and are quite typical of the form B. wu. togata.
The others represent the red phase of the same form.

o Jan. 13, 1937, Hillier. @ Jan. 29, 1937, Hillier.
o' Jan. 21, 1939, Wellington. o Feb. 1, 1938, Wellington.

Perdix perdix. EUROPEAN or GRAY PARTRIDGE.—Major
W. G. A. Lambe, who formerly owned and lived on Nicholson
Island, made an attempt to establish this species there in 1922 or
1923. Two or three broods were known to have been reared, but it
is supposed that the stock escaped to the mainland. In 1925 the
Provincial Department of Game and Fisheries introduced this
partridge on the mainland. The only Prince Edward County
records we have been able to establish are of three seen near Con-
secon by Mr. Dan Mattice about 1927;and in November, 1937, Mr.
A. J. Holsey of Trenton saw a “‘flock’’ near Carrying Place. The
success or failure of establishing this species in the county is yet to
be determined.

Phasianus colchicus. COMMON PHEASANT.—This pheasant has
been introduced into Prince Edward County by local residents who
secured eggs from the Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries.
The first of such introductions was made in the summer of 1920 or

THE Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 47

1921. By the time of our visit in 1930 it was well established and
we noted from one to four daily. The extensive fields of garden peas
found in the county are a regular resort of pheasants and the single
specimen collected had its crop filled with peas. Extensive marsh-
land where they nest, together with cultivated fields interspersed
with thickets and woodlots, make Prince Edward County one of
the best areas in the province for pheasants and one would expect
that they will flourish there.

o July 14, 1930, Hallowell.

Rallus elegans. KING Rait.—Many years ago Mr. William
Carrell, a keen observer of birds, who resided then in Wellington,
was aware that King Rails were found in the Prince Edward
marshes. Some question on this point was raised by the late
C. W. Nash in conversation with Mr. Carrell in 1916. At the
first opportunity Mr. Carrell collected a specimen (March 28, 1917;
see Fleming and Lloyd, loc. cit.) and forwarded it to Mr. Nash
then of the Ontario Provincial Museum. The specimen, now in
the R.O.M.Z., not only established the occurrence of the species
there but it constituted one of the earliest spring records for the
province.

Although we did not meet with the King Rail during the summer
of 1930 it still occurs in the extensive marshes of the county which,
according to auditory evidence, harbour the largest population of
Rails the writer has ever encountered. The Rev. H. H. Barston
has observed it there in recent years.

? Mar. 28, 1917, Wellington.

Rallus limicola. VIRGINIA RatL.—A common summer bird of
the marshes of Prince Edward County. Although the species
scarcely needs proof of its breeding status in the county, mention
can be made of a fully formed egg in the oviduct of the female
collected. No migration data are available, but the late John
Townson noted one Virginia Rail on Consecon Creek, September 14,
1931.

o& May 28, 19380, Hallowell. 2 June 13, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 10, 1930, Hallowell.

48 Tue Brrps oF PrRincE Epwarp CouNTY

Porzana carolina. SorRA RaArIL.—A very common bird of the
marshes in summer. The female of a pair collected on May 24,
1930, had a well-developed egg in the oviduct. Our two non-summer
records for this species are, two birds seen on Consecon Creek by the
late John Townson on September 14, 1931, and a specimen in
the N.M.C. taken near Picton on September 15, about 1909.

Q May 24, 1930, Hallowell. 2 May 28, 1930, Hallowell.
od’ May 24, 1930, Hallowell. Q July 3, 1930, North Bay.

Gallinula chloropus. COMMON GALLINULE.—The Common
Gallinule usually arrives in spring after mid-April and by mid-May
it is a common and vociferous member of the marsh communities of
Prince Edward County. We noted it regularly and in many of the
marsh areas visited. A set of fresh eggs was collected at Hallowell
on May 31, 1930. Downy young, swimming about, were first
observed on June 27, near Hallowell. Among our autumn records
there is a report of nine Common Gallinules seen on September 14,
1931. The species has largely disappeared through fall migration
after mid-October.

o' May 23, 1930, Hallowell. Downy @, June 27, 1930, Hallowell.
Downy o July 4, 1930, Hallowell.

Fulica americana. AMERICAN Coot.—Our earliest record for
the Coot in spring is March 28, 1936. It is most common from mid-
April to mid-May. Our latest spring date is May 22, 1934. Wedid
not see the species after May 20 in 1930. Statements that this
species breeds in the county are unsubstantiated; therefore we can
but regard it as a regular, and plentiful, migrant. Our earliest
autumn record is that of Mr. Stuart Thompson, who noted the
species in Prince Edward County between August 30 and September
1, 1930. Coots are regularly and commonly present from mid-
September to well into November (twenty on West Lake, November
22, 1935).

Charadrius melodus. PirpING PLOVER.—Prince Edward County
is one of the few known breeding stations of this species in Ontario
and as far as is known, the only important one on Canadian Lake
Ontario at the present time. The late E. Beaupre collected a

TuHeE Brrps oF PrincE Epwarp CouNTY 49

set of partially incubated eggs, at Consecon on May 26, 1926, which
is now in the R.O.M.Z. collection. In his notes he remarks that he
and the late Rev. C. J. Young found five breeding pairs established
there on June 9, 1924. We found a pair on the beach of the sandy
spit which forms the barrier between West Lake and open Lake
Ontario on May 24, 1930. One of the birds flushed from a shallow
‘“‘nest’’ depression in the gravel-strewn beach. The amount of appar-
ently suitable shoreline in the county suggests that here is an area
where this species can continue to exist for some time.
2 May 24, 1930, Wellington. o& May 24, 1930, Wellington.

Charadrius semipalmatus. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.—A fairly
common spring and fall migrant which passes through the county
from about mid-May to the end of the month (three on May 28,
1930) and reappears again on its southward migration from late
July to mid-September (four on September 13, 1931).

o' May 23, 1930, Hallowell.

Oxyechus vociferus. KILLDEER.—A common summer resident
which arrives in early spring (one on March 16, 1935). We noted
the species daily in 1930, fifteen being the largest daily total. A set
of four fresh eggs was taken at Bloomfield on June 6. Young just
out of the egg were first noted on June 11. Most of the Killdeer
have departed for the south by mid-October, but the late John
Townson reported that they were still present in the county on
October 27, 1930.

@ May 26, 1930, Hallowell. Downy 2 June 11, 1930, Hallowell.
o& May 26, 1930, Hallowell. 2 downy oo June 11, 1930, Hallowell.

Pluvialis dominica. GoLDEN PLOvVER.—The only recent records
are those of Mr. W. H. Lunn who noted one on October 13, 1934,
and a small flock on October 12, 1935, at Pleasant Bay. Apparently
the species can be expected regularly but only as a rare autumn
migrant.

Squatarola squatarola. BLACK-BELLIED PLOvER.—A regular
but not a plentiful spring and fall migrant. It can be expected
after mid-May. We saw a flock of twenty-five on May 29 in 1930

4

50 Tue Birps oF PrRiINcE Epwarp County

and a lone bird on June 4; the latter constitutes our latest spring
record. The species reappears on its southward flight in late
summer. The late John Townson saw it fairly regularly in flocks
comprised of from six to forty, from September 13 to October 29
in 1931. Early October was the period when the largest number
passed through that year.

9 about Oct. 6, 1934, Weller Bay. 9 Oct. 15, 1926, Weller Bay.

Arenaria interpres. RubDDyY TURNSTONE.—A regular and fairly
common migrant through Prince Edward County. In spring it is
to be expected from mid-May to early June. We noted the species
on May 24 in 1930; Mr. R. J. Rutter observed it on May 25 in 1931;
and the late Edwin Beaupre had noted it on June 11, 1924. It has
been observed in flocks of from three to seven individuals between
September 20 and October 4 (1931).

2 (skulls) June 3, 1937, Wellington.

Philohela minor. AMERICAN Woopcock.—Formerly a plentiful
game bird in Prince Edward County in the fall (Gourlay, loc. cit.).
The late John Townson told the writer that he recalled finding
them very plentiful at Carrying Place on his first hunting trip to
the county in October, 1876. Now, the species is rare even as a
migrant. Apparently, only an occasional pair now breeds in the
county. We did not as much as see the species during the summer
of 1930. Mr. Townson informed the writer that a pair nested on
the property of Mr. L. Young near Gardenville in 1931 and that a
pair had been there for eight summers previous to that year.

Q Apr. 16, 1938, Bloomfield. ? Nov. 6, 1937, Hillier.

Capella delicata. WuILSON’s SNIPE.—This game bird is still
hunted in Prince Edward County in the autumn although in some
years it is too scarce to provide good sport. Formerly it was very
plentiful. A record in the R.O.M.Z. files states that a hunter shot
forty-five on October 5, 1876, at Carrying Place. Aside from the
migrants which pass through the region in spring and fall, a scat-
tered local population remains to breed in the swales and marsh
borders of the county. We saw from one to eight birds daily
throughout the summer of 1930 and were able to establish its status

Tue Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY St

as a breeding bird. Our earliest spring date is April 6, in 1933 and
in 1935. In these two years the first birds noted were performing
the nuptial flight. A set of four eggs in the R.O.M.Z., taken on
May 14, 1938, was apparently fresh or nearly so. Young birds with
undeveloped powers of flight were first noticed on July 9, 1930. The
species is to be found in the autumn at least through October. Mr.
W.H. Lunn saw one at Pleasant Bay on November 138, 1939.

o June 5, 1930, Hallowell. 2 oh (1 skull) Oct. 8, 1933, Weller Bay.

o' July 9, 1930, Hallowell. ? Oct. 8, 1983, Weller Bay.

2 Juv. oo July 9, 1930, Hallowell. 3 2 9 Oct. 8, 1934, Weller Bay.

3 2 9 (2skeletons) Oct. 8, 1933, 2 0°o Oct. 8, 1934, Weller Bay.
Weller Bay. o about Oct. 24, 1938, Weller Bay.

Phaeopus hudsonicus. HupDsoNIAN CuRLEW.—There are few
recent positive records of this species although it is to be expected
as a rare spring migrant in late May (four seen by Mr. R. J. Rutter
on May 25, 1931) and early June (noted by the late E. Beaupre
on June 11, 1924). It is to be expected in late summer until mid-

September.
Q Sept. 17, 1934, Weller Bay.

Bartramia longicauda. UPLAND PLOVER.—Prince Edward
County (and the mainland region north of this county) still main-
tains a fair number of Upland Plover. The shallowness of the soil
overlying the limestone of this region prevents cultivation of exten-
sive areas from which the forest has been cleared. Such situations
are usually employed as pasture which not infrequently becomes
overgrown with tall grasses. The species has been discovered as a
breeding bird near Mountain View, Allisonville, Bloomfield, along
the south shore of Consecon Lake, and the east shore of Weller Bay.

In spring the Upland Plover can be expected back to the county
by mid-May (about May 1 to May 12). Full complements of eggs
are usually complete by the last week of May (May 25, 1935, set
of four eggs, Allisonville, Rev. C. J. Young collection, R.O.M.Z.).
A partial set in the R.O.M.Z., taken on June 2, 1936, was well
advanced in incubation. Wesaw downy young with well-developed
pin feathers on July 2 in 1930. Their long necks and rapid running
gait suggested to us their resemblance to miniature ostriches. By
mid-July the species is inclined to leave the nesting area and in early

52 Tue Brirps oF PrRiINcE Epwarp CouNtTY

August, migration is definitely under way. Near the end of this
month the species has practically disappeared on its southward
migration.

o' July 2, 1930, Mountain View. 3 Juv. oo July 2, 1930, Mountain View.

Actitis macularia. SpoTTED SANDPIPER.—A_ well-distributed
and common summer resident shorebird in Prince Edward County.
Our earliest spring arrival date is May 9, in 1934 and 1935. The
individuals which settle in the county for nesting are usually so
engaged by the last week of May. However, we found fresh eggs
as late as June 25, in 1930. Their southward disappearance is
usually evident by October.

Q June 25, 19380, Sand Banks. Imm. o& July 16, 1930, Rossmore.

Tringa solitaria. SOLITARY SANDPIPER.—A regular spring and
fall migrant in the county which may be discovered, as the name
implies, as solitary birds here and there in suitable swamp areas.
Our earliest spring record is May 12, 1934, and the latest spring
record is June 1 of the same year. The species reappears on its
southward migration by mid-summer (one, July 14, 1930) and has .
apparently passed through by mid-September.

Two males taken in the county in autumn represent the race
T. s. solitaria. These specimens are in the N.M.C.

Totanus melanoleucus. GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.—According
to our records this species is much more plentiful than is the Lesser
Yellow-legs. It is a migrant in the county which appears in spring
during the period from late April (April 29, 1933) to late May
(eleven seen May 29, 1930). In the autumn the species reappears
by September 138 and is present until well into October. Our latest
fall date concerns one seen by Mr. W. H. Lunn on November 21,
1937.

@ about Oct. 6, 1934, Weller Bay. ? Oct. 14, 1935, Hillier.

Totanus flavipes. LESSER YELLOW-LEGS.— Probably because of
insufficient opportunity to gather annual records from Prince
Edward County we have none on this species for the spring season.
It should be looked for during early May. The southward migration

THe Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 53

is marked by the following records: first seen in 1934 on July 23
and last seen on September 13 in 1931. Two August specimens in
the N.M.C. were taken at Sand Banks and Hallowell in 1901.

Calidris canutus. KNot.—A single record of the Knot from
Prince Edward County has come to the writer’s notice among the
random collection of notes of many naturalists. The late E.
Beaupre wrote in his diary, under date of June 6, 1926, that he saw
one Knot on Green Island on that date. There is no apparent
reason why this species should not be found regularly but probably
not commonly, in Prince Edward County in late May and again in
late August.

Pisobia melanotos. PECTORAL SANDPIPER.—Apparently a rare
spring migrant (one on May 21, 1931, seen by Mr. R. J. Rutter) but
fairly plentiful in the fall. Our earliest record is that of a small flock
seen by the late John Townson on September 138, 1931. Our
latest record is also one of Townson’s, a few having been noted by
him on October 29 of the same year. The southward flight is
apparently most pronounced during early October.

o' Oct. 12, 1985, Pleasant Bay.

Pisobia fuscicollis. WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.—This species
is apparently a rare migrant in Prince Edward County. Two sight
records of it are all that admit it to our list. Mr.R.J. Rutter saw
one on May 25, 1931. On August 1, 1933, one White-rumped Sand-
piper was identified by Mr. W. H. Lunn in a small flock of Least
Sandpipers near Hillier. Incidentally this is a remarkably early date
for the southward migration, but all circumstances concerning Mr.
Lunn’s observation seem to leave no question of mistaken identity.

Pisobia minutilla. LEAsT SANDPIPER.—A regular and common
spring migrant which occurs most plentifully after mid-May. The
late E. Beaupre noted it as late as June 11 in 1924. In the autumn
it reappears by August 1 and it has largely passed southward
by mid-September. Mr. Lunn has noted the species as late as
October 13 (in 1934).

9 May 23, 1930, Hallowell. 9 May 25, 1931, Weller Bay.

54 Tue Brirpos ofr PrincE Epwarp CouNtTy

Pelidna alpina. DUNLIN.—A common spring and fall migrant.
Our records are too incomplete to mark arrival and departure dates
in spring but the species is most plentiful in spring after mid-May
until the end of the month (May 28, 1930). The late John Townson
saw the first fall flock in 1931 on October 3. His latest fall record
is of a few noted on October 29 of the same year.

3 oo" May 238, 1930, Hallowell.

Ereunetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.—Consequent
to the lack of opportunity to obtain records of birds systematically
throughout the year in Prince Edward County, the status of many
migrants is imperfectly known, even for species which probably are
regular and not uncommon. Our data on the Semipalmated Sand-
piper are good examples. It is known to occur in spring and fall
but our exact records concern only twenty-five noted by Mr. R. J.
Rutter at Weller Bay on May 25, 1931, and an observation of the
species between August 30 and September 1, 1930, by Mr. Stuart
Thompson. The specimen listed below adds another spring date.

o June 7, 1931, Weller Bay.

Limosa haemastica. HUDSONIAN GOoDwIT.—A rare migrant
concerning which we have no other data than the collected speci-
mens catalogued below.

o Oct. 12, 1982, Weller Bay. @ Oct. 12, 19382, Weller Bay.

Crocethia alba. SANDERLING.—Although the Sanderling occurs
in spring (to be expected in late May) we have no exact data for
thatseason. Itisa fairly plentiful fall migrant. Our earliest record
is that of Mr. Stuart Thompson who noted it between August 30
and September 1, 1930. Considerable numbers of them pass south-
ward in the county between September 23 and October 4 (1931). A
flock of seven has been observed as late as November 5 (1930).

2 ? (skulls only) Oct. 2, 1987, Huyck ? about Oct. 6, 1934, Weller Bay.

Point.
o' Oct. 2, 1987, Huyck Point.

Steganopus tricolor. WILSON’s PHALAROPE.—There are no
recent records of this species which probably was always of rare

THE Birps oF PrRincE Epwarp CouNTY 55

occurrence in the county. A specimen shot at Weller Bay in the
fall (prior to 1911) is in a collection of mounted birds owned by
Mr. R. C. Brett now of Steenburgh, Ontario.

Stercorarius parasiticus. PARASITIC J AEGER.—The occurrence
of this jaeger in Prince Edward County is known from a single
specimen tabulated below. The species is undoubtedly a rare and
probably not a regular visitor to the open waters about the county
in the non-breeding season. |

Imm. o Oct. 24, 1929, Wellington.

Larus marinus. GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL.—Principally a
fall and spring visitor to Prince Edward County, regular in occur-
rence and not uncommon in numbers. Its first arrival in the
autumn can be expected toward the end of September (September
23 in 1931). They are to be found late in the season on the larger
bays and occasionally they remain throughout the winter if open
water prevails. One was seen about Wellington during the winter
of 1936-7. The species occurs regularly in the early spring, as soon
as the ice of Lake Ontario opens up. Three unusual summer season
records have been made in the county. The late E. Beaupre of
Kingston wrote in his journal concerning a trip he had made on
June 7, 1927, to Scotch Bonnet Island, ‘‘I saw three Black-backed
Gulls near the Bonnet but cannot say they are breeding there.’’ In
another portion of the diary, under the date of July 6, 1927, he
wrote, ‘‘Visited Green Island—saw two Black-backed Gulls among
the Herring Gulls.’”” The Rev. Henry H. Barston writes (MS.)
‘Two years ago (1937) I saw immature Great Black-backed Gulls—
two of them—all through August,’’ near Wellington. These occur-
rences are very unusual and certainly concern non-breeding birds.

o Mar. 2, 1937, Wellington.

Larus argentatus. HERRING GULL.—This species is to be found
in Prince Edward County at all times of the year when there is open
water. For many years small numbers of Herring Gulls have nested
on Scotch Bonnet Island in Lake Ontario, off Huyck Point, an
occasional pair on Green Island in Prince Edward Bay, and on
Timber Island off Point Traverse.

56 Tue Brrps oF PrRiINcE Epwarp County

The late E. Beaupre visited the Scotch Bonnet on June 10, 1924,
with the late Rev. C. J. Young. They discovered nine nests at
that time, two of which contained three slightly incubated eggs.
Again on June 7, 1927, Beaupre found five nests, one of which
contained one egg. On June 6, 1926, Beaupre records that he
and Mr. W. H. Coverdale found a nest containing four fresh eggs
on Green Island.

Although we did not visit Scotch Bonnet or Green Island in 1930,
a few Herring Gulls were said to be nesting on the former that year.
About twenty nests were located there in the summer of 1929
according to Mr. Ed. Bailey. Although it is possible that during
recent years a few nesting sites of this species are located in eastern
Lake Ontario beyond Prince Edward County (see Macoun, 1909)
these and the local colonies are insufficient to account for the
Herring Gull population around Prince Edward County in late
spring and summer. Mr. R. J. Rutter saw approximately five
hundred at Weller Bay on May 25, 1931. During the summer of
1930 we observed an occasional congregation numbering in the
neighbourhood of a thousand birds (June 25 and July 14). There
is obviously a large population of non-breeding birds around this .
part of Lake Ontario in summer. Many birds seen during the
summer of 1930 were immature (or subadult) and one bird collected
was apparently a non-breeding individual.

o Mar. 2, 1937, Wellington. Q July 14, 1930, Pleasant Bay.
Sub-Ad. Q June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.

Larus delawarensis. RING-BILLED GULL.—Although this gull
occurs in Prince Edward County in the spring, our data do not
permit a statement as to numbers and the period when it is present.
It is not to be expected in summer. A female in the N.M.C.
collection was obtained in October, 1920. The species is a fall
visitor to the county. Mr. W. H. Lunn reported several large
flocks at Pleasant Bay in 1935.

Imm. 9 Nov. 18, 19385, Pleasant Bay.

Larus philadelphia. BONAPARTE’s GULL.—A spring and fall
visitor to the county. Few definite dates for spring are available
but a late spring record by Mr. R. J. Rutter concerns six seen on

Tue Birps oF PRincE Epwarp CouNTY 57

May 25, 1931. Apparently non-breeding birds do not summer
in the region, at least regularly, since we did not observe the
species in 1930. The late John Townson first noted the return of
Bonaparte’s Gull in the autumn of 1931 on September 20 (fifty to
sixty were noted) and large numbers in early October, 1932. He
reported in the Toronto ‘‘Globe”’ of October 26, 1929, that numbers
were present on Weller Bay in mid-October of that year.
4 oo Oct. —, 1915, Wellington.

Sterna hirundo. ComMMOoN TERN.—The Common Tern returns
to Prince Edward County in early May and by the end of that
month large numbers are to be found there. On May 25, 1931, Mr.
R. J. Rutter estimated that from three to five thousand Common
Terns had been seen that day.

At least three large nesting colonies have been established in the
county for many years. One, the largest, is on Gull Bar near
the False Ducks. Here, the late E. Beaupre observed Common
Terns for a number of years and collected several sets of eggs, now
in the R.O.M.Z., which show the extensive variation of size, colour,
and markings. One set of three, collected on June 6, 1926, is soiled
white in colour and unmarked except for one egg which is slightly
and palely scrawled. An egg from another set (June 4, 1917) is
51 mm. in length and is very much tapered, similar to the egg of a
murre in shape. One other set, taken June 15, 1926, has a striking
‘‘salmon-buff’’ background colour. It is normally patterned but
with pigment which is abnormally red-brown in colour. Mr. H. H.
Southam visited Gull Bar colony on July 5 and 6 in 1938 to band
young terns. He estimated that there were approximately 2,500
young terns on the bar at the time.

Another colony was (and presumably still is) located on Green
Island. One note in the Beaupre diary under date of June 27, 1922,
concerns the finding of eighty-seven eggs washed out of nests on
that island.

The third colony is, or was, on a gravel bar fronting Weller Bay
from which we have a set of three eggs taken June 7, 1931, by Mr.
R. J. Rutter. Recent information suggests that this site has been
abandoned. Common Terns have for the most part left the county

by late September.
o& May 25, 1931, Weller Bay.

58 Tue Brirps oF PrincE Epwarp CouNTY

Hydroprogne caspia. CASPIAN TERN.—Small numbers of this
species visit Prince Edward County regularly in the spring. May
is the principal month of occurrence but occasionally they are
observed in June. The late E. Beaupre saw one among the
Common Terns at Gull Bar near the False Ducks on June 6, 1926.
The only evidence that the species remains in this region to nest
is that of the late Rev. C. J. Young who found a nest with one egg
of this species in the Common Tern Colony on Gull Bar, June 6,
1917. We did not observe it during the summer of 1930. The
only exact fall record available is of two seen at Weller Bay on
August 25, 1938, by Mr. E. S. McIlwain.

Chlidonias nigra. BLACK TERN.—A common summer resident,
to be expected back to the Prince Edward County marshes before
mid-May and remaining until early September. In the summer of
1930 we found the species nesting in several sections of the West
Lake marshes and also noted it widely distributed throughout the
county where it was presumably similarly occupied. Of three sets
of eggs in the R.O.M.Z. collection, the earliest, taken on May 28,
1930, was fresh. Another set taken on the following day was —
slightly incubated. August skin specimens are in the N.M.C.
collection.

Q May 27, 1930, Hallowell. od July 14, 1930, Huyck Bay.
o May 29, 1930, Hallowell.

Uria lomvia. THICK-BILLED MuRRE.—Fleming’s report (1906)
of the unusual incursion of this murre into Ontario in November,
1893, records its occurrence at Wellington, Prince Edward County,
on the authority of Mr. Geo. R. White. A specimen in the N.M.C.
collection was taken in the county about 1900 by Mr. M. Y. Wil-
liams. The county is so situated as to make it a natural place of
occurrence in the event of other inland emigrations of this species
taking place.

Columba livia. Rock Dove.—lIntroduced -to the New World
as a domestic bird, the common city or barn-yard pigeon (C. lL. livia
from Europe) is now essentially a wild resident bird in settled
regions. They are to be found here and there, feeding about the
fields and nesting principally around farm buildings of Prince
Edward County.

Tue Brrps oF PRINCE EpwArD CouNTY 59

Zenaidura macroura. MourNING Dove.—Our earliest spring
arrival date of the Mourning Dove is March 27 (1936). The species
is a fairly common summer resident of the county. Wesaw from
one to six daily throughout the summer of 1930.

Nests have been found by Mr. J. F. Brimley in orchards near
Wellington (set of eggs without date in his collection), and Mr.
H. H. Southam has reported that on June 29, 1934, he found a nest
with two eggs situated within the area covered by the Great Blue
Heron colony on the Gerow Gore. The species is found about the
fields after mid-summer and they remain until rather late in the fall.
Mr. Chas. McFaul reported flocks near Allisonville on November 16,
1934, and Mr. W. H. Lunn states that a few sometimes winter in
the county.

o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.

Ectopistes migratorius. PASSENGER PIGEON.—This extinct
species was once a common bird in Prince Edward County. Its local
history is too incomplete to make it possible to present an historic
annual calendar but it seems probable that it made its appearance
in the regionin April. Mitchell (1935) presents the statement from
an observer in Prince Edward County who had seen a late May or
early June flight passing to the westward which may not have been
a local or daily movement but a migratory wandering at this date.
In another section the author relates that these birds ‘‘came every-
day to drink to lot 20, Con. 1, from the northeast, from the direction
of the ‘big swamp.’ About 1876.’’ This must pertain to birds
established in summer, probably for nesting. Instances of nesting
are mentioned for the vicinity of Hallowell. An autumn record is
that of the late John Townson who related to the writer that he
saw a few Passenger Pigeons at Carrying Place in October, 1876,
during his first visit to the county. Another record of historic
interest is that of Merritt (1908) who relates that Colonel Solmes
once shot seventy-five birds with a single discharge from his flint
lock musket, while hunting in the grain fields of Prince Edward
County. Further he states that field crops were guarded against
pigeon destruction. A single specimen of this once plentiful bird
which was collected in Prince Edward County is in the R.O.M.Z.
This specimen listed below was collected by Mr. Sam P. Morden.

60 Tue Brros oF PrRincE Epwarp County

Another bird shot about 1875 at Spencer Point, west of Wellington,
by Mr. C. C. Spencer, is in his possession in Picton.
o fall of 1874, Huyck Point.

Coccyzus americanus. YELLOW-BILLED CucKoo.—On June 12,
1930, five Yellow-billed Cuckoos were recorded during the day,
apparently the first arrivals of the year. Mr. Frank Brimley has
noted the species as early as May 27 (in 1913). This species is out-
numbered by the Black-billed Cuckoo as a summer resident, but
we found it established here and there in the county at this season.

An egg of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo was found in the nest of a
Black-billed Cuckoo on June 23, and on June 29, 1930, Mr. Brimley
saw a Yellow-billed Cuckoo on its nest near Consecon.

@ June 12, 1930, Hallowell. o June 12, 1930, Hallowell.

Coccyzus erythropthalmus. BLACK-BILLED Cuckoo.—A fairly
common breeding bird of the county. We first noted its return in
1930 on May 24. Nest-building was first observed on June 15 at
Hallowell although this observation concerned a nest which was
nearly complete on that date. On June 23 this nest contained two.
eggs plus one egg of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

o& May 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 17, 1930, Wellington.
Nestling o June 26, 1930, Hallowell.

Otus asio. AMERICAN SCREECH OwL.—A rather scarce species
in Prince Edward County but present at all seasons (see catalogue
below and Carrell, 1908). A female in the collection is plainly
intermediate between the red and grey phases.

Juv. — about 1900, Bloomfield. Q Feb. 10, 1934, Wellington.
? Feb. 2, 1937, Wellington. o (skeleton) Mar. 7, 1936, Hillier.

Bubo virginianus. HorNED OwL.—A resident of the county at
all seasons, and described as nesting by Mr. Edward Bailey who
had observed a nest with two young a few years previous to our
visit. Most numerous in the winter at which time the local popu-
lation may be augmented by emigrants from the north. An influx
took place in the fall of 1936. Local breeding birds are clearly of
the B.v. virginianus form but paler and whiter birds taken in winter

THE Brirps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 61

are in the Prince Edward County collection. These are presumably
from the north and represent the form B. v. subarcticus.

o Jan. 10, 1934, Hillier. 2 Oct. 14, 1933, Wellington.
@ Jan. 13, 1937, Hillier. @ Oct. 17, 1936, Wellington.
Q Apr. 1, 1933, Hillier. 2 Nov. 11, 1935, Wellington.
Juv. o Apr. 24, 1933, Hillier. o Dec. 2, 1937, Demorestville.

@ Apr. 24, 1933, Hillier.

Nyctea nyctea. SNowy OwL.—A periodic winter visitant. The
four specimens listed below plus a report of one shot in December,
1930, indicate roughly most of the more recent periods of incursion.
Undoubtedly the extensive marshes and beaches of Prince Edward
County make an attractive resort for these Arctic birds during the
period of their stay. The latest date in spring which marks the
close of their stay in 1938 is that of Mr. W. H. Lunn at Pleasant
Bay, on May 23. The incursion during the autumn of 1937 and
through the subsequent winter was, from reports, a very pronounced
one.

— about Jan., 1921, Hillier. o' Nov. 20, 1937, Hillier.
o Mar. 29, 1938, Wellington. 2 Nov. 28, 1934, Garrett Island.

Surnia ulula. Hawk OwL.—A rare and irregular visitor to
Prince Edward County from the north. A female specimen from
the county proved to be of particular interest since it proved on
dissection to possess paired ovaries. The right ovary was smaller
than the normal left and measured approximately 7 mm. in length
(November).

o Oct. 24, 1935, Hillier. @ Nov. 28, 1935, Bloomfield.

Strix varia. BARRED OwL.—Available data on this owl refer
to the autumn and winter at which seasons the species is most apt
to be observed due to the periodic influx of individuals from more
northerly districts. The Barred Owl may occur in the larger woods
in summer although we have no positive records of it.

Q Jan. 23, 1987, Hillier. 2 about Oct. 28, 1935, Weller Bay.
Q Mar. 8, 1890, “‘P.E.Co.”’ 2 Nov. 23, 1935, Bloomfield.

Asio wilsonianus. LONG-EARED OwL.—Although this owl
might be expected rarely at any season our records (including the

62 Tue Brirpos oF PrRiIncE Epwarp Country

specimen listed below) both concern winter occurrences. Mr. W.H.
Lunn observed one near Wellington in early winter about 1924.

2 Dec. 28, 1937, Wellington.

Asio flammeus. SHORT-EARED OwL.—An occasional autumn
visitor to Prince Edward County. Mr. W. H. Lunn noted one at
Pleasant Bay on October 18, 1934, and one at the same place on
November 13, 1939. Other records are given in the catalogue
below.

Imm. 2 about Oct. 22, 1938, Weller Bay. co about Nov. 16, 1938, Wellington.

Cryptoglaux funerea. LITTLE BOREAL OwL.—A single speci-
men of this owl, listed below, is the only record we have for the
county.

? about Oct. 27, 1931, Picton.

Cryptoglaux acadica. ACADIAN OwL.—Mr. W. H. Lunn states
that a specimen of this species was killed in 1933 by Mr. Norman
Clinton at Wellington. One other record appears in the catalogue
below. |

o& Mar. 9, 1940, Consecon.

Antrostomus vociferus. WHIP-POOR-WILL.—A vanishing spe-
cies, not noted by us during the summer of 1930. Twenty-five
years ago the species was observed more regularly than it is today.
May 4 (1912) is our earliest arrival date. Mr. W. H. Lunn noted
it on May 17, 1935, and the Rev. H. H. Barston has noted it
recently but during the past few years this species has become decid-
edly uncommon. The extent of favourable nesting habitat has been
reduced by cultivation and grazing. A specimen but without data
collected in Prince Edward County is in the collection of Mr. Frank
Brimley of Wellington wherein there is also a set of two eggs taken
locally in 1911.

Chordeiles minor. NIGHTHAWK.—Our earliest spring arrival
date for this species is May 7 (1913). Mr. Frank Brimley informed
us he had found the species nesting in the county. We found the

Tue Brirps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 63

nighthawk a scarce summer resident in 1930. It is present in the
county at least until early September.

Chaetura pelagica. CHIMNEY SwiFt.—A fairly common sum-
mer resident in the county. Scattered pairs establish themselves
here and there in rural districts to nest, principally in disused chim-
neys (at Milford, July 3, 1930, etc.) but also against the gable ends
inside barns and outbuildings. The earliest arrival date we have
among our records is April 30 (1934 and 1936). Mr. Stuart Thomp-
son noted the species in the county between August 30 and Sep-
tember 1 in 1930.

Q@ May 31, 1930, Hallowell.

Archilochus colubris. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.— Noted
fairly regularly during the summer of 1930. Our earliest spring
arrival date is May 7 (1912).

2 May 31, 1980, Hallowell. Q June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.

Megaceryle alcyon. BELTED KINGFISHER.—Although April 13
is the only exact date we have for the spring appearance of the
Kingfisher, it may be expected somewhat earlier on occasion. We
found it scattered over the county in 1930 asa breeding bird. Young
of the year and occupied tunnels were noted. No autumn departure
dates are available and we have no winter records.

Juv. 9 June 28, 1930, Hallowell.

Colaptes auratus. FLICKER.—According to our casual notes,
April 10 to 15 seems a normal date marking the return of the Flicker
to Prince Edward County although it has been seen a few days
earlier (April 2, 1938). We found it a common and well-distributed
breeding bird of the area and a set of eight eggs is in the local collec-
tion of Mr. Frank Brimley at Wellington. Our latest autumn date
is indicated by the specimen listed below. An account of ‘‘A Flicker
Murder”’ in the literature had its locale in Prince Edward County
(Brown, 1929b).

&' May 29, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. @ July 16, 1980, Hallowell.
Juv. 2 July 5, 1930, Hallowell. o (skeleton) Nov. 11, 1934, Hillier.

64 Tue Brirps oF PrRincE Epwarp CouNTY

Melanerpes erythrocephalus. RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.—A
summer resident; not plentiful but we saw it occasionally here and
there during the summer of 1930. The species is to be expected
back to the region by early May (May 7, 1912). A nest occupied
by young was found near Hallowell on July 9, 1930. Although the
Red-headed Woodpecker has been observed in the autumn, the
records are too few to indicate departure dates. There are no winter
records.

3 July 3, 1930, Consecon Lake. 2 July 9, 1930, Hallowell.

Sphyrapicus varius. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.—Available
migratory dates concerning this woodpecker do not represent the
exact range of time during which it is passing through the county,
north and south. They indicate that it can be expected after mid-
April in spring and during the first two weeks of September in the
autumn. Finding this woodpecker established as a breeding bird
in the county is of interest since it is undoubtedly more character-
istically and plentifully a Canadian zone bird in Ontario. As might
be expected it was an uncommon species at this season although
recorded on eight days during the summer of 1930.

The two females collected in mid-summer both have their tail
feathers almost completely worn away. One might expect this to
be common among birds which nest in tree cavities but the especially
resistant tail feathers of woodpeckers are seldom so markedly
abraded.

& Apr. 27, 1938, Hillier. Juv. @ July 14, 1930, Gerow Gore.
2 2 2 July 7, 1930, Hallowell.

Dryobates villosus. HAIRY WooDPECKER.—Rather rare in
summer; breeding status substantiated by a juvenile specimen listed
below. More conspicuous in autumn, winter, and spring.

The form occurring in the county is D. v. villosus.

9 (skull) Mar. 19, 1937, Hillier. o July 7, 1930, Hallowell.
Juv. @ July 7, 1930, Hallowell. 2 Oct. 26, 1935, Hillier.

Dryobates pubescens. Downy WoopDPECKER.—A fairly com-
mon summer bird of Prince Edward County. The species is notor-
iously inconspicuous during the early part of the breeding season

THE Brrps oF PrincE EpwarD COUNTY 65

but by July when the young are out of the nest it is seen more often.
On July 3, 1938, Mr. H. H. Southam observed a Downy Woodpecker
entering a nesting cavity which he estimated to be 50 feet from the
ground, an unusually high situation. The species winters in the
region. From our records it is somewhat less common than the
Hairy Woodpecker at all seasons. Brown (1929a) has recorded this
species as a destroyer of the Corn Borer in Prince Edward County.
The breeding form of the region is D. p. medianus.

@ May 26, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. @ July 5, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 21, 1930, Hallowell. os July 5, 19380, Hallowell.
Juv. o& July 2, 1930, Picton. Juv. 2 July 10, 1930, Hallowell.

Juv. & July 2, 1930, Cherry Valley. Juv. o& July 10, 1930, Hallowell.

Tyrannus tyrannus. EASTERN KINGBIRD.—The spring arrival
of this flycatcher can be expected by May 12, although first arrivals
vary from May 6 to May 17. It is a common bird of the county
throughout the summer. We observed occupied nests in 1930. The
fall departure is in August and by the end of the month the species
has largely disappeared. The latest record we have is that of Mr.
Stuart Thompson who noted the species between August 30 and
September 1, 1930.

o May 24, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 15, 1930, Hallowell.
o May 26, 1930, Hallowell.

Myiarchus crinitus. CRESTED FLYCATCHER.—Our first spring
arrival dates for this species vary from May 12 (1912) to May 21
(1934). Itis a fairly common summer bird of the area. Its breed-
ing status was established when two nests were found at Point
Traverse on June 30 and by a set of eggs in the Brimley collection.
Mr. Stuart Thompson noted the Crested Flycatcher between
August 30 and September 1, 1930, a period which probably ap-
proaches a date of departure.

o& May 26, 1930, Hallowell. Q July 11, 1930, Hallowell.
Nestling o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.

Sayornis phoebe. EASTERN PHOEBE.—The Phoebe can be
expected to return to Prince Edward County in spring between
March 31 and April 9. Throughout the summer, pairs are estab-
lished here and there, nesting beneath bridges and about buildings,
usually near water. We observed it regularly in the summer of

5

66 Tue Birps oF PrincE Epwarp County

1930 and found nests. Mr. H. H. Southam found two occupied
nests in an abandoned farmhouse near Milford on July 3, 1934, one
in the cellar and one in the living room (also a Swift’s nest in the
chimney )—a veritable apartment house! The Phoebe remains, or
is found as a migrant, until mid-October (October 20, 1934).

Q June 2, 1930, Wellington.

Empidonax flaviventris. YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.—AI-
though it might be expected that this species migrates through the
county regularly, and in numbers, our only record is that of the
Rev. H. H. Barston who has noted it near Wellington, Prince
Edward County, in August, at which time it would be migrating
south.

Empidonax traillii TRAILL’s FLYCATCHER.—An uncommon
summer resident species in Prince Edward County. We recorded
it on seven occasions during the summer of 1930.

o June 4, 1930, Wellington. o& June 28, 1930, Woodrous.

Empidonax minimus. Lrast FLyYCATCHER.—Our earliest spring ©
arrival date for this flycatcher is May 13, 1933. The last spring date
on which it was recorded as a migrant in 1930 was May 27. Itisa
rare bird in Prince Edward County in summer and its status at
that time is uncertain. Two birds, presumably a pair, were found
in the thicket bordering a spring creek near Hallowell on July 12,
1930. Although this spot had been visited at intervals previously
during late June and July, the Least Flycatcher had not been noted.
It is impossible to say whether these birds were established for
nesting, or were summer wanderers, or extremely early southward
migrants. A late fall date reported by Mr. W. H. Lunn is Sep-
tember 238, 1934.

o' July 12, 1930, Hallowell.

Myiochanes virens. EASTERN Woop PEWEE.— Insufficient ob-
servation has been made to present a definite arrival date of the
Wood Pewee. Undoubtedly it is present for some time in spring
before it attracts much attention. It isa common summer resident
of Prince Edward County wherever suitable tree growth is found.
Although we did not find a nest during the summer of 1930, Mr.

Tue Birps oF PRINCE EpwArp CouNTY 67

J. F. Brimley told us of having done so near Wellington and in his
collection there is a set of eggs taken locally but without exact data.

One of the lasting impressions of our camp near Hallowell con-
cerns the voice of the Wood Pewee. A presumed male bird had
chosen as a singing post, an apple tree a few feet from where the
writer slept. With the break of dawn the pewee started his roun-
delay which was, at this hour, vastly different from the dreamy
slurred song heard during the heat of the day; different, both as
regards the song itself and also in its effect on the listener. The
phrases ‘‘Peeawee,’’ and ‘‘Weebee-ee’’ were given alternately and
in rapid succession. The monotony of this early morning song
could only be conveyed here by filling a page with my written
phonetic interpretation, a thing I do not intend to do.

The latest available observation of this flycatcher is that of the
late John Townson who noted the species on September 26 in 1931.

o& May 27, 1930, Hallowell. 2 July 11, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 16, 1930, Hallowell. o July 16, 1930, Ameliasburg.

Otocoris alpestris. HoRNED LARK.—This is the first spring
migrant which returns from the south to Prince Edward County.
For several years, Mr. W. H. Lunn has noted it regularly in early
February (earliest, January 28, 1937). The species is most common
in spring and fall when migrants are passing through, but it is pre-
sent throughout the summer. We found it established in several
localities in 1930 and observed young which were reared locally.
November 22 (1935) is our latest date of occurrence.

It is probable that two races of this species occur in the county.
As far as our collection of specimens is concerned, O. a. praticola is
represented certainly as the breeding form and most of the indi-
viduals taken on a migration date seem readily referable to this
form also.

o Feb. 13, 1937, Hillier. o July 7, 19380, Hallowell.

— Mar. 6, 1937, Hillier. 2 Oct. 14, 1935, Hillier.

o& Mar. 18, 1935, Niles Corners. o' Oct. 14, 1935, Hillier.

o' Apr. 17, 1935, Hillier. — (skull) Oct. 24, 1936, Hillier.
o June 7, 1930, Hallowell. o' Oct. 26, 1935, Hillier.

o June 19, 1930, Hallowell. 2 do Nov. 11, 1935, Hillier.

Q July 2, 1930, Fish Lake. 2 Nov. 11, 1935, Hillier.

o July 2, 1930, Fish Lake.

68 Tue Brirps or Prince EpwArp CouNTY

Iridoprocne bicolor. TREE SWALLOW.—A common bird of the
county in spring, summer, and fall. The species has been noted as
early as March 29, though early April is a more normal arrival time.
We found it nesting in several sections of the county in 1930.
Young tree swallows were first recorded out of the nest on June 27.
The species was first noted as congregating for southward migration
on July 10, at which time hundreds were observed. They remain,
or occur, as migrants, as late as October 15, although the fall move-
ment is largely completed by the third week of September.

2 22 May 26, 1930, Hallowell. oO June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.
Juv. o June 21, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. — Aug. 30, 1931, Weller Bay.
Juv. o& June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.

Riparia riparia. BANK SwWALLow.—A common bird of the
county from mid-April to mid-September but rather interruptedly
distributed insummer. The nesting colonies known to us, together
with the approximate number of pairs occupying each, are as fol-
lows: Mountain View (300), South Bay (25), Picton (20), Sand
Banks (15), and Cherry Valley (15). The nests examined at Sand
Banks on June 25, 1930, contained newly hatched young. This
species congregated in great numbers at Sand Banks on July 20, .
1930, the number probably having been increased by the arrival of
southward moving migrants from the north. It was estimated that
five thousand Bank Swallows were assembled here on this date.

o' June 5, 1932, Weller Bay. Q June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis. AMERICAN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.
—A scarce summer resident of the county, noted on two occasions
in 1930, one on May 23, which perhaps represents an arrival date,
and two on June 25.

Q June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.

Hirundo erythrogaster. BARN SWALLOw.—This common swal-
low should be expected back in spring by mid-April after which it
becomes increasingly plentiful and well-distributed over the county.
In summer it is found nesting in barns and outbuildings. August
is the month during which this species disappears southward.
September 1 is our latest date on which it has been observed.

o&' May 24, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 4, 1930, Hallowell.

THE Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 69

Petrochelidon albifrons. CLirrF SWALLow.—Noted on several
occasions during the summer of 1930,— at Hallowell, Point Traverse,
Elmbrook, and Huyck Bay.

Although we did not locate a nesting site we did see one of these
swallows securing mud from the road near Elmbrook on July 10,
undoubtedly for nesting purposes. Mr. H. H. Southam found a
nest with one small young and an egg at Point Traverse on July 3,
1938.

@ May 25, 1931, Weller Bay. o' July 10, 1930, Elmbrook.
@ June 16, 1930, Hallowell.

Progne subis. PuRPLE Martin.—A fairly common summer
bird in Prince Edward County, perhaps as numerous and evenly
distributed as in any equal area of the province. Available spring
arrival dates vary from April 6 to 27 and the last fall date is Sep-
tember 9. The Purple Martin nests in bird boxes about towns,
villages, and farmsteads of the county. Mr. H. H. Southam esti-
mated that fifty pairs occupied bird boxes on Point Traverse in
1938.

@ May 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 17, 1930, Wellington.
o& May 24, 1930, Hallowell.

Perisoreus canadensis. CANADA JAy.—A visitor to the county
from the north. A flight of numbers of this jay was reported in the
Toronto ‘‘Globe’”’ during October, and by Fleming (1905) as having
occurred at Wellington on the twenty-first, in 1904. Mr. Wm.
Carrell, who then resided in Prince Edward County, observed some-
where in the neighbourhood of fifty birds there during that autumn.
This flight extended well along the north shore of Lake Ontario.
Mr. W. H. Lunn noted the species near Carrying Place during the
winter of 1921-2, and one bird near Wellington in December, 1925.

Cyanocitta cristata. BLUE Jay.—Not common, but noted fairly
regularly by us during the summer of 1930. The period of
largest numbers is in the early autumn at which time individuals
from the north augment the local population. Mr. J. F. Brimley
has found this species nesting in the county and has a set of five
eggs, taken locally, in his collection. Mr. Brimley, Mr. W.H.Lunn,
and others have noted the species in winter.

oO June 21, 1930, Hallowell.

70 Tue Brrps ofr Prince Epwarp County

Corvus brachyrhynchos. Crow.—A common breeding bird of
the region in summer. Our daily records in 1930 showed a rise in
the numbers observed after mid-July, marking the period when
young become active on the wing and vocally conspicuous. The
species is largely migratory in the county. It returns to the area
in February (February 19, 1912) or early March, varying somewhat
with the weather. Migration can still be observed in April during
some years. Autumn migration occurs during early November;
the late John Townson observed it to be a westerly movement
in the county. A few wintering individuals are to be expected,
particularly during open mild winters. During the winter of 1932-3
a considerable number stayed in the county according to Mr. W. H.
Lunn. A specimen shot from a flock in October, 1933, by Mr.
Chas. Melton had had the premaxillary broken off just forward of
the nostrils. The injury had healed and the mandible had grown
recurved.

A nest containing three young, old enough to fly, was found at
Sand Banks on June 25, 1930. It was situated on the top of a dead
stub approximately 8 feet high.

Juv. 2 June 11, 1930, Hallowell. ? (head) Oct., 1933, Bloomfield.

Penthestes atricapillus. BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE.—During
the summer of 1930, we observed this species rather irregularly.
The first young of the year were noted on June 28 at Woodrous.
After the third week of June the species was observed more regu-
larly. The Black-capped Chickadee is certainly more conspicuous
in winter and probably more common.

Specimens are typical of the eastern form, P. a. atricapillus, as
determined by comparison with comparable specimens from the
Quebec City area.

Q June 2, 1930, Wellington. o' June 28, 1930, Woodrous.
o' June 12, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. @ July 16, 1930, Rednersville.

Sitta carolinensis. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.—A sparse
population of this species is resident in Prince Edward County
throughout the year. Wesaw young of the year at Woodrous on
July 11, 1930, undoubtedly reared locally.

o May 27, 1930, Hallowell.

Tue Birps oF PrincE Epwarp County 71

Sitta canadensis. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.—This migrant
species which is probably never numerous, is most conspicuous in
late April and early May and again in late October. We have no
winter records from the county although the species may occur
occasionally at that season.

3 May 1, 1936, Hillier.

Certhia familiaris. BRowN CREEPER.—Occurs at all seasons of
the year in Prince Edward County but it is most conspicuous in
spring, especially from April 7 to the end of that month, and in the
autumn, especially during the first two weeks of October.

? Apr. 10, 1936, Hillier. o' May 2, 1936, Hillier.

Troglodytes aedon. HousE WreEN.—The earliest record of
spring arrival we have is May 2, 1934, which is probably but
a few days prior to a normal first return rather than an extreme date.
The species is not uncommon in the county in summer although it
is rather irregularly distributed according to habitat conditions.
Young of the year were first noted by us on June 28, 1930, at Wood-
rous. Generalized reports available indicate that House Wrens
have probably all migrated in autumn by mid-October.

The five specimens collected conform well with the character
ascribed to the Ohio House Wren (Troglodytes domesticus baldwint
of Oberholser, 1934), and although individuals can be matched by
specimens from Massachusetts, a small series from that area in the
R.O.M.Z. collection averages more rufescent and less sooty than
the Prince Edward County birds.

Q June 25, 1930, Sand Banks. 2 oo June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.
o June 25, 1930, Sand Banks. 2 June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.

Nannus hiemalis. WINTER WREN.—Largely a migrant species
which passes through in spring from mid-April to early May. The
earliest spring record is March 22 (1938), although another early
report concerns one observed on April 6 (in 1935). The Winter
Wren is a rare breeding bird of the county. We noted it on four
occasions during the summer of 1930, at Wellington and Woodrous,
and established its breeding status at the latter place when a young
of the year was collected. October is the period during which the

72 Tue Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp County

majority of Winter Wrens pass through in autumn. No winter
records are available.
o' June 5, 1930, Wellington. Juv. &@ June 28, 1930, Woodrous.

Telmatodytes palustris. LOoNG-BILLED MARSH WREN. — The
marshes of Prince Edward County offer an extensive terrain for
species such as thisone. We found it common in summer. Although
its colonizing habits in effect left vast marsh areas unoccupied,
breeding sites are well distributed throughout the borders of the
county. Eggs found which varied from fresh to slightly incubated,
ranged in date from June 10 to July 2 in 1930. April 25, 1934,
constitutes the earliest spring arrival date we have. No exact de-
parture dates are available but the species has disappeared from the
marshes of the county by mid-October.

The uncertainty as to racial status of Ontario Long-billed
Marsh Wrens leaves any discussion of local birds unwarranted.

o&' May 26, 1930, Hallowell. Q June 5, 1932, Weller Bay.
o’ May 26, 1930, Hallowell. o' June 13, 1930, Hallowell.

Cistothorus stellaris. SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN.—A num-
ber of colonies of this wren have been found in the county (Weller
Bay, near Wellington, near Picton, and at Point Traverse) but the
erratic nature of the species gives no assurance that they will persist
in an exact location. It was estimated that fifteen individuals were
observed in the Wellington colony on July 17, 1930. Although
females are rarely seen we cannot be certain that this number repre-
sented fifteen pairs. Mr. W. H. Lunn has found the nest of this
species four miles west of Wellington. When first discovered on
June 6, it contained one egg. On June 17, seven eggs were noted.
No data as to the arrival and departure of this species in the county
are available.

2 oo June 4, 1930, Wellington. o' June 26, 1930, Wellington.

Dumetella carolinensis. CatTBirD.—The Catbird is a fairly
common summer resident which arrives in Prince Edward County
early in May (earliest, May 1, 1934). The earliest date for a com-
plete clutch of eggs is May 25. Young of the year were first noted
during the summer of 1930 at Cressy on July 2. Our information
on the species in autumn is very meagre; it has been noted in early

THE Brrps oF PrRincE Epwarp CouNTY 73

September. It seems probable that Catbirds have largely dis-
appeared by early October.
o June 4, 1930, Wellington.

Toxostoma rufum. BROWN THRASHER.—A rare summer bird
of Prince Edward County. We saw but one during the summer of
1930,—on June 30, at Milford. The two other records we have
are,—one observed on September 1, 1930, by Mr. Stuart Thompson,
possibly a migrant on this date, and a specimen taken locally but
without data, in Mr. Frank Brimley’s collection in Wellington.

Turdus migratorius. AMERICAN RoBIN.—This common bird is
to be expected back to the county after mid-March (earliest, March
12, 1938) with a peak of numbers not occurring until early April.
It is a common breeding bird of the region. We noted from three
to thirty-five daily during the summer of 1930. Migrant flocks are
conspicuous from the latter part of September through October, the
majority having gone southward by the early part of November.
Two December records of Mr. W. H. Lunn, one on December 11 in
1934 and one on December 18 in 1938, indicate that an occasional
robin may winter in the county. A nest, probably representing a
second nesting, was found at Wellington on June 25 in 1930. It con-
tained three eggs.

o& May 29, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 2 July 10, 1930, Hallowell.

Hylocichla guttata. HErmit THRusH.—A fairly common mi-
grant which passes through in spring between mid-April and mid-
May (latest, May 23, 1930) and in the fall largely during October.

2 oo April 25, 1938, Hillier. ? Oct. 26, 1935, Hillier.
? (skull) Oct. 23, 1937, Wellington.

Hylocichla ustulata. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.—A fairly com-
mon spring and fall migrant concerning which we have too little
exact data to suggest a calendar of occurrence. We found it in the
region until May 27, in 1930, and a specimen listed below extends
the spring migration period another three days. Generalized reports
indicate that it is to be expected in the fall during the latter part
of September and early October.

o& May 22, 1930, Hallowell. o& May 30, 1930, Hallowell.

74 Tue Brirps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Hylocichla minima. GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH.—A spring and
fall migrant. We have few data as to its numbers and time of
occurrence in the county but it should be present in May (latest,
May 27, 1930) and’again during the latter part of September and
early October.

The specimen listed below is typical of the form H. m. aliciae.

o Sept. 19, 1936, Hillier.

Hylocichla fuscescens. WILSON’s THRUSH.—A fairly common
summer bird of the county which returns early in May. It occupies
the swamps and wooded stream borders where it has been found
nesting by Mr. Frank Brimley. Our records in 1930 showed that
the species occurred regularly until late July. No information as
to when this thrush departs in the autumn or late summer is avail-
able.

Without typical birds (Pennsylvania) of the race H. f. fusce-
scens with which to compare our Prince Edward County series, they
appear to represent that form.

2 June 5, 1930, Wellington. o June 26, 1930, Wellington.

o' June 5, 1930, Wellington. o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.
o June 11, 1930, Hallowell. Q July 7, 1930, Hallowell.

o' June 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 10, 1930, Elmbrook.

Sialia sialis. RED-BREASTED BLUEBIRD.—One of the early
returning migrants in spring, to be expected during the latter days
of March (earliest, March 19, 1938). We observed it regularly
during the summer of 1930 and tabulated from one to nine daily.
On July 3, 1988, Mr. H. H. Southam noted twelve family groups
between Picton and Point Traverse, a distance of approximately
twenty miles, which gives some indication of the prevalence of the
species in summer. Bluebirds are on migration by early October.
The late John Townson judged the height of the fall movement
to be toward the end of that month but saw individuals as late as
November 3 at Weller Bay.

os June 3, 1930, Hallowell.

Regulus satrapa. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.—Largely a
spring and fall migrant in the county but a few are occasionally seen

Tue Brirps oF PRINCE EpDwArD COUNTY 75

in winter according to Mr. W. H. Lunn (three, January 31, 1937).
April is the month during which this species is most prevalent in
spring though they still may be found during early May. They
reappear again in October.

o' April 18, 1937, Hillier.

Corthylio calendula. RuBY-CROWNED KINGLET.—So far as our
records are concerned this kinglet has the same status in Prince
Edward County as the Golden-crowned Kinglet except that we have
no records of it in winter.

@ May 1, 1936, Hillier. o' May 1, 1936, Hillier.

Anthus spinoletta. AMERICAN Pipit.—Prince Edward County
appears to be exceptionally inviting to this species on migration.
It is less common in spring than in autumn but it appears regularly
on its way northward in May. Our records indicate that they
appear during the second and third week of that month. The
earliest record for the autumn return is September 24, 1934. The
greatest numbers pass through between October 16 and November
11 (November 15, latest records), according to Mr. W. H. Lunn.

o Oct. 6, 1937, Hillier. Q Oct. 26, 1935, Hillier.
? (skull), Oct. 24, 1936, Hillier.

Bombycilla cedrorum. CEDAR WAXWING.—Our records do not
include any autumn or winter occurrences of this species although
it is probably present after the close of summer and perhaps also
occasionally in winter. By early June, Cedar Waxwings are found
here and there through the county. In 1930 they were a plentiful
breeding bird by June 28. The first young of the year were reported
at Hallowell, on July 15, by Mr. T. B. Kurata.

o June 28, 1930, Hallowell. o June 28, 1930, Woodrous.

Lanius borealis. NORTHERN SHRIKE.—A late autumn (Nov-
ember) and winter visitant, found occasionally according to Mr.
W.H.Lunn. The latest occurrence in spring is a sight record made
by Mr. Frank Brimley on April 6, 1912.

? (wing) Feb. 5, 1937, Hillier. ? Mar. 15, 1940, Wellington.

Lanius ludovicianus. ComMMON SHRIKE.—A breeding species of
the county which returns early in April and departs in early autumn.

76 Tue Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

We observed pairs or families occasionally in 1930 at widely separ-
ated localities (Bloomfield and Milford). A nest containing five
slightly incubated eggs was found at Milford on June 30, 1930. At
the same time three young were seen perched on a nearby fence—
perhaps the first brood of this pair. |

The north-eastern race, the Migrant Shrike (L. 1. migrans), is
the one occurring in the county, the type locality of which is
adjacent to the area (Kingston).

Juv. 2 June 30, 1930, Milford. 2 June 30, 1930, Milford.

Sturnus vulgaris. STARLING.—The exact date of the advent of
this introduced European bird (race, S. v. vulgaris) into Prince
Edward County is not known but Lewis (1927) has recorded their
first appearance at Trenton, which is on the mainland across the
Bay of Quinte, as 1922. His first Prince Edward County record
was for Picton, in February, 1925. According to Mr. Frank
Brimley it began to be observed frequently after the spring of 1927.
During the summer of 1930 we found it to be one of the most
common and regularly observed birds, a status attained in less than
ten years! Nests and young of the year were repeatedly observed.
The earliest brood on the wing was noted on June 4. A young of ©
the year collected on July 15 shows the development of its first
winter plumage, dorsally and ventrally.

Starlings have been observed migrating in late September
through Prince Edward County by both the late John Townson
and Mr. W. H. Lunn. They are often, even usually, in company
with members of the Family Icteridae—Redwings, Cowbirds, and
Grackles. Numbers also winter in the area.

2 juv. oo’ June 4, 19380, Hallowell. Juv. 2 July 15, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 4, 1930, Wellington.

Vireo solitarius. SoLITARY VIREO.—A spring and probably a
fall migrant concerning which we have little exact data.
o’ May 8, 1988, Hillier.

Vireo olivaceus. RED-EYED VIREO.—A fairly common breeding
bird in summer. It arrives in spring, for the most part after mid-
May and disappears southward by early October.

@ May 27, 1930, Hallowell. Q June 23, 1930, Hallowell.

Tue Birps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY 77

Vireo gilvus. WARBLING VIREO.—Not plentiful but found by
us in several localities in the county—Wellington, Hallowell, Bloom-
field, and Picton. It seems to prefer the shade trees about towns,
villages, and farmsteads. One or two birds were noted nearly every
day during the summer of 1980. Mr. W. H. Lunn reports it as a
mid-May arrival in spring. No autumn departure dates are
available.

o June 22, 1930, Hallowell. o' July 3, 1930, Hallowell.

Mniotilta varia. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER.—Fair numbers
of this warbler pass through Prince Edward County in spring and
autumn. A specimen listed below, taken on May 38, 1938, estab-
lishes our earliest arrival date. The species is not rare in the county
insummer. In 1930 we recorded from one to ten nearly every day.
Adults were seen at Woodrous on June 28 carrying food which gave
evidence of the breeding status of this species in the area. South-
ward moving migrants pass through from the end of August through
September.

o& May 3, 1938, Hillier. o June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.
Q June 12, 1930, Hallowell.

Vermivora pinus. BLUE-WINGED WARBLER.—On May 23,
1930, while exploring the open woods of an island in West Lake near
Hallowell, the writer was attracted by a warbler song unfamiliar to
him. The bird was collected and proved to be an adult male of
this species. This specimen appears to be the second taken in
Canada,—the first was an immature secured at Point Pelee (Tav-
erner and Swales, 1908). In addition there are three or four sight
records from southern Ontario localities and a third specimen was
collected near Strathroy in 1932.

o' May 238, 1980, Hallowell.

Vermivora ruficapilla. NASHVILLE WARBLER.—A fairly com-
mon migrant but a rare summer resident in the county. May 6 is
our earliest spring record. We found migrants still passing through
until May 25 in 1930 after which none was noted until mid-summer
when a singing male was found established near Rednersville. <A
juvenile, no doubt reared there, was collected on July 16.

Juv. o& July 16, 1930, Rednersville.

78 Tue Birps oF PrRincE Epwarp County

Dendroica aestiva. YELLOW WARBLER.—This species returns
to Prince Edward County in early May (earliest, May 1, 1933)
and becomes common by the middle of the month and although at
this season many individuals are transient, a large population
remains there to nest. We observed it very commonly during the
last ten days of May in 1930. After that date it was noted regu-
larly and commonly throughout the summer. A slight drop in
numbers noted by us about June 1 is probably attributable to the
starting of incubation. However, the change was not marked and
numbers up to thirty (June 25) were recorded daily. Several
breeding records have been established. The earliest complete set
of eggs (five) was found on May 31 in 1912 by Mr. Frank Brimley.
The autumn migration is apparent only by the gradual diminution
of number and appears to take place largely in August.

Juvenile males in the collection are distinctly yellower than
juvenile females.

o May 26, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 9 July 9, 19380, Hallowell.
o' June 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 12, 1980, Hallowell.

& June 30, 1930, Point Traverse. Juv. o& July 16, 1930, Hallowell.
o' July 3, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 2 July 16, 1930, Hallowell.
o' July 7, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 16, 1930, Hallowell.

Dendroica magnolia. MAGNOLIA WARBLER.—The earliest
spring occurrence of this warbler in our records is among the notes
of Mr. Frank Brimley for 1912, namely May 12. The latest spring
record is marked by a specimen collected on June 2, 1930 (listed
below). The species is entirely transient in the area so far as we
are aware. It migrates through in autumn largely in September.

& (skull) May 20, 1938, Hillier. Q June 2, 1930, Wellington.
o' May 23, 1938, Hillier.

Dendroica caerulescens. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.—
Our records on this species are too few to mark the migratory per-
iods but it is apparent that they are to be expected after mid-May
(May 23, 1987). We found a pair established in a dense dry mixed
forest near Woodrous on June 27 in 1930. Itis, then, a rare summer
resident of the county. A specimen collected near Wellington on
June 2 of the same year may also have been established there.

Q June 2, 1930, Wellington. o June 27, 1930, Woodrous.

Tue Brrps oF PrRiIncE Epwarp CouNTY 79

Dendroica coronata. MyrTLE WARBLER.—A common spring
and fall migrant. Our earliest spring date is April 25 (1938); the
latest May 23 (1937). The fall migration is under way by August
(August 18, 1916) and large flights have been noted in early
October. Our latest autumn record is October 19 (1935).

o' May 1, 1936, Hillier. o (skull) May 8, 1988, Hillier.

Dendroica virens. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.—A
rather uncommon summer resident for the county as a whole but
in suitable old mixed woods it is not uncommon. As many as twelve
were noted by us on June 28, 1930. Only one date is available to

ic the spring migration period of this warbler,—a specimen col-
lected on May 12, 1912, in the collection of Mr. Frank Brimley.
No fall departure dates are among our records.
o June 23, 19380, Hallowell.

Dendroica cerulea. CERULEAN WARBLER.—A rare bird of the
county; the only occurrence is marked by the specimen listed
below. This bird, an adult male which was in full song, may well
have been mated and established there but no other bird was seen.

o June 21, 1930, Hallowell.

Dendroica fusca. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.—A fairly plenti-
ful May migrant; earliest, May 13 (1933); latest, May 27 (1925).
We did not find it in summer in 1980 and no fall records are avail-
able.

Dendroica pensylvanica. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.—It
seems probable that this species is a more regular and plentiful
migrant in Prince Edward County than our casual information
conveys. It should be looked for particularly in May and Sep-

tember.
o' May 14, 1934, Hillier.

Dendroica castanea. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.—A May and
September migrant in the county. Few exactly dated observations
are available but one note of the late Edwin Beaupre lists the
species for May 27, 1925, at Timber Island. This date probably
represents the close of the northward movement through the county

80 Tue Brros oF PrincE Epwarp County

in spring. A specimen listed below, taken on May 23, was the last
Bay-breasted Warbler migrant observed in 1930.
Q@ May 23, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. ? Sept. 19, 1936, Hillier.

Dendroica striata. BLACK-POLL WARBLER.—The spring speci-
men listed below (June 7) probably represents a normal concluding
date for the northward migration of this species. The last half of
May is the usual period during which the species is to be expected
in Prince Edward County. It returns largely during September.

o' June 7, 1931, Weller Bay. Imm. 9 Sept. 19, 1936, Hillier.

Dendroica pinus. PINE WARBLER.—A rare summer resident;
four birds were established in a white pine stand at Cherry Valley
in 1930. The females collected were both birds which had probably
incubated eggs, according to the naked area on the abdominal
region.

2 2 2 July 2, 1930, Cherry Valley.

Seiurus aurocapillus. OVvEN-BIRD.—A fairly common species
in the woodlands of the county in summer. Our migration records
are too incomplete to present arrival and departure dates but it is
present in May and remains into September. Young just out of
the nest were noted by us on June 27, 1930, and one was collected.

o' June 7, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 2 June 27, 1930, Woodrous.
2 June 23, 1930, Hallowell. 2 July 16, 1930, Rednersville.

Seiurus noveboracensis. WATER-THRUSH.—Our observations
in 1930 indicated that transient individuals were evident until
May 23. We have no early spring migration dates and none for
the autumn period. A considerable proportion of the forested
areas of Prince Edward County are swamps, or wet situations un-
suited to agriculture if cleared. In such habitats Water-Thrushes
were found to be fairly common in summer. We collected the
first young of the year on July 7, but this specimen had been out
of the nest for some time, in fact, it, and another immature collected
a week later, had acquired the first winter plumage. The tails of
these young birds had not attained their full length. Adults were
decidedly in the moult at this period. On July 2, 1938, Mr. H. H.

THE Brirps oF Prince Epwarp County 81

Southam found young in the juvenile plumage in the swamp known
as Gerow Gore.

Specimens collected comprise a uniform series and are typical
of the form, S. 2. noveboracensts.

Q June 21, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. 9 July 7, 1930, Hallowell.
3 oo June 21, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. o July 14, 1930, Gerow Gore.
oO June 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 14, 1930, Gerow Gore.

Oporornis philadelphia. MourRNING WARBLER.—Noted by the
Museum’s party as a migrant until May 27, 1930. It was nota
common summer resident for the area as a whole but we found it
fairly common in a few sections. An adult was observed carrying
food on June 28, at Woodrous, giving evidence of breeding. No
dates on the autumn migration are available.

o May 27, 1930, Hallowell. o' June 26, 1930, Wellington.
o June 19, 1930, Hallowell.

Geothlypis trichas. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT.—A May
migrant and acommon summer resident. Breeds about the borders
of the many marshes of the county. No data on its autumn migra-
tion are available.

o& May 22, 1930, Hallowell. o July 8, 1930, Hallowell.

o June 13, 1930, Hallowell. o July 9, 1930, Hallowell.
Juv. — July 7, 1930, Hallowell.

Icteria virens. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.—On June 20, 1930,
while collecting along a creek near Hallowell, the writer heard and
saw a Yellow-breasted Chat. The creek flowed through cultivated
land but was thickly bordered with trees, bushes, vines, etc. The
Chat was located in bushes buried in tall weeds. When shot it fell
into the creek. Because of a fence barrier it was not possible to
retrieve the bird instantly and when searched for it had been floated
away by the rapid current and except for a few feathers was not
recovered. This record is apparently the only one for the eastern
counties of southern Ontario.

Wilsonia pusilla. BLACK-CcAPPED WARBLER.—Probably a regular
and not uncommon spring and fall migrant but proof cf occurrence
rests on a single specimen listed below.

o& May 22, 1930, Hallowell.

82 Tue Brirps oF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Wilsonia canadensis. CANADA WARBLER.—A May (latest,
May 27, 1930) and September migrant. A few remain throughout
the summer in suitable situations. Parent birds carrying food, at
Woodrous on June 28, substantiate the breeding status of the
species.

& May 27, 1930, Hallowell. o June 23, 1930, Hallowell.

Setophaga ruticillas REDsTART.—A common May migrant
which returns again in numbers in August and September. It was
not uncommon as a summer resident of the county in 1930. We
observed the first young of the year at Cherry Valley on July 2.

& May 27, 1930, Hallowell. o June 25, 1930, Sand Banks.
Imm. o June 3, 1930, Wellington.

Passer domesticus. ENGLISH SPARROW.—The English Spar-
row is an import from the Old World (Europe, P. d. domesticus).
It is a fairly common and widely distributed resident and breeding
bird of the county. Our earliest nesting date is from Mr. Frank
Brimley’s collection wherein there is a set of five eggs taken on
May 6, 1910, at Wellington.

o May 29, 1930, Hallowell. 2 juv. 2 Y June 2, 1930, Hallowell.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus. BOBOLINK.—Early in May migrating
Bobolinks may be expected back to Prince Edward County. Until
the middle of the month (May 138) many flocks pass on to the main-
land but shortly thereafter there remain only the pairs which will
spend the summer in the meadows of the county. As many as six
pairs were established in a ten to fifteen acre field at Hallowell in
1930. Young were on the wing by June 30. The males began to
show their autumn dress by the third week of July. By the end
of the month Bobolinks were definitely moving southward. The
fall migration continues through August. Our latest date is that
of Mr. Stuart Thompson, who observed the species between
August 30 and September 1, 1930.

2 oo May 23, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 2 July 3, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 19, 1930, Hallowell. o& July 3, 1980, Hallowell.
o June 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 17, 1980, Hallowell.

o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.

THE Brirps oF PRINcE Epwarp CouNTY 83

Sturnella magna. EASTERN MEADOWLARK.—Our spring re-
cords show that Meadowlarks appear in the county by the end of
March (March 22, 1938) and their migration continues through
April. It is a common breeding bird of Prince Edward County in
summer; young just out of the nest were noted by us in 1930 and
Mr. Frank Brimley has a set of eggs taken locally. From one to
nineteen Meadowlarks were noted daily during the summer of 1930,
the number depending upon the area of cultivated land reconnoitred
daily. We have no winter records of the species but they are known
to occur rather late in the fall.

Q June 12, 1930, Hallowell.

Agelaius phoeniceus. RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.—The vast
marshes of Prince Edward County provide a habitat for large
numbers of nesting Red-winged Blackbirds. The males first return
to the county in spring (earliest, March 16, 1936) followed shortly
after by the females. Migration continues until the third week of
April. Apparently many transient individuals which nest farther
north pass through the county. Our earliest nesting date is based
on a set of five fresh eggs taken on May 28, 1930, at Hallowell.
Autumn records extend the presence of the species until late fall.
November 23 (1935) constitutes the latest date on which Redwings
have been observed but the heaviest southward flight appears to
be in early October (Gourlay, 1909).

& May 22, 1930, Hallowell. 2 oo July 5, 1930, Hallowell.
o May 24, 1931, Weller Bay. Juv. o& July 11, 1930, Hallowell.
Q June 24, 1930, Hallowell. o July 11, 1930, Hallowell.

2 2 Q July 5, 1980, Hallowell.

Icterus spurius. ORCHARD ORIOLE.—A rather rare and perhaps
an irregular summer resident observed by us on five occasions
between June 12 and 23 in 1930; not more than two individuals
on any occasion. The record of occurrence of this species in Prince
Edward County constitutes the most easterly for the province.

Imm. & June 12, 1930, Hallowell.

Icterus galbula. BALTIMORE ORIOLE.—In most years the
species is not common and conspicuous until mid-May although

84 Tue Brrps of PrincE Epwarp County

early arrivals have been noted early in that month. We found ita
common nesting bird in 1930. Our earliest nesting record is a set
of four eggs taken at Wellington on May 31, 1911, now in Mr.
Frank Brimley’s collection. No information is available on its
autumn migration but the gradual disappearance of the Baltimore
Oriole after the nesting season is a well-known phenomenon in
southern Ontario generally.

One of the natural hazards to which the long pendant nest of
the Baltimore Oriole is subjected was brought to our notice on
June 30, 1930. While standing beneath an elm tree during a heavy
rain and wind storm, a water-soaked nest of this species containing
the adult female and three young fell at my feet. On picking it
up I was impressed with the extraordinary weight of the saturated
structure and realized that this incident may give some indication
as to why certain tender-twigged trees are seldom used for nesting.
The earliest date on which we observed flying young was June 24,
in 1930.

o' May 22, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 9, 1930, Hallowell.
Juv. 2 June 30, 1930, Point Traverse. o July 10, 1930, Elmbrook.

Euphagus carolinus. Rusty BLACKBIRD.—A regular spring
and fall migrant. Our spring records do not indicate the migration
period more exactly than the month of April. October is the
month when the fall flight is under way and our latest record is of
a flock of more than one hundred observed by Mr. Dayton Murphy
on December 1, 1937.

2 Oct. 6, 1937, Hillier. o Oct. 6, 1937, Hillier.

Quiscalus quiscula. Crow BLACKBIRD.—By the end of March
or in early April, this species returns to the county. Our earliest
record is that of Dr. H. F. Lewis, who saw one at Wellington on
March 17, 1938. Flocks of transients move on to the mainland
but a large population nests in the county. We found it common
and breeding during the summer of 1930. Our earliest breeding
date is represented by a set of six fresh eggs and a nest, found in a
Manitoba maple on May 6, 1931, at Hillier. Mr. H. H. Southam
observed two nests located within the Great Blue Heron colony at
Gerow Gore on July 3, 1938. The scavenger habits of the Crow

THE Brrps oF PrRincE Epwarp CouNTY 85

Blackbird suggest that there was a food advantage in being estab-
lished there. On June 30, 1930, Mr. J. L. Baillie observed a Crow
Blackbird diving into the surf at Point Traverse. It brought up
small, live fish which it carried ashore. The species migrates south-
ward principally in October.

@ April 12, 1937, Wellington. o May 1, 1936, Hillier.

o April 12, 1937, Wellington. & June 10, 1930, Hallowell.

Juv. 2 July 10, 1930, Hallowell.

Molothrus ater. CowsirpD.—An April and October migrant
and a fairly common summer resident of Prince Edward County.
Late dates of occurrence are indicated by the catalogue of speci-
mens given below. Eggs of this parasitic species were found by us
in the nests of Song Sparrows and Swamp Sparrows, during the
summer of 1930.

Q April 10, 1936, Hillier. 9 Nov. 5, 1936, Wellington.

2 June 3, 1930, Hallowell. 2 2 9 Dec. 2, 1937, Wellington.
o June 3, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. o& Dec. 2, 1937, Wellington.
Juv. o& July 10, 1930, Hallowell. 4 oo Dec. 2, 1937, Wellington.

Piranga erythromelas. SCARLET TANAGER.—A summer resi-
dent species which returns to the county by the third week of May
(earliest, May 15, 1937) and departs in September. We found pairs
established here and there in the older woods and swamps during the
summer of 1930 but the species is not common.

o (skull) May 15, 1937, Wellington. @ June 28, 1930, Woodrous.

o June 21, 1930, Hallowell. o July 7, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 23, 1930, Hallowell. o July 11, 1980, Woodrous.

Richmondena cardinalis. CAarDINAL.—The Cardinal was not
found in Prince Edward County during the summer of 1930 and
no records earlier than the winter of 1938-9 have come to our notice.
The remarkable increase and spread of this species during the fall
of 1938 and the following winter in southern Ontario generally,
brought our first Prince Edward County reports: a pair was re-
ported and described by a Picton newspaper in January, 1939, as
having visited a local feeding station regularly. Another record
which has come to hand concerns a bird seen near Consecon during
January, 1939. Whether or not this incursion will lead to the
establishment of the species in the county remains to be determined.

86 Tue Birps or PrRincE Epwarp CouNTY

Hedymeles ludovicianus. ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.—A sum-
mer resident species concerning which no migration data are avail-
able. We found it rather uncommon during the summer of 1930.

o’ May 23, 1930, Hallowell.

Passerina cyanea. INDIGO BUNTING.—No arrival and depar-
ture dates for the county are available on this species. It was
found sparingly but regularly as a summer resident in 1930. Young
reared locally were noted by us and a nest containing three eggs in
the R.O.M.Z. collection was taken by Mr. W. H. Lunn on August
15, 1938.

Q June 16, 1930, Hallowell. o June 24, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 16, 1930, Hallowell. 2 July 7, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 21, 1930, Hallowell. o July 12, 1930, Hallowell.

Spiza americana. DIcKcISSEL.—Mr. Farley Mowat has com-
municated a note concerning this species which admits it to our
list. During mid-summer of 1940, he observed a male Dickcissel
perched on a fence near Consecon. The bird was not vocal but
opportunity for certain identification was afforded and it was
watched for at least ten minutes.

Hesperiphona vespertina. EVENING GROSBEAK.—Probably an
occasional winter visitant but our only information is from a pub-
lished record, that of Clarke (1892). This record reported the visit
of a number of Evening Grosbeaks at Bloomfield between Christmas
and March in the winter of 1889-90. This was the winter of the
widespread appearance of the species in the east.

Carpodacus purpureus. PuRPLE FiINcH.—Our information con-
cerning this species has to do only with spring and autumn. It has
been observed in March and in October. We did not find it during
the summer of 1930.

Pinicola enucleator. PINE GROSBEAK.—A fall and winter visi-
tant not to be expected every year. Mr. Frank Brimley collected
one, now in his collection, on January 2, 1912, and noted three on
March 17 of the same year. Our miscellaneous records do not
contain other reported occurrences until the fall of 1929 when three

Tue Birps oF PrincE Epwarp CouNTY 87

were seen. In the fall and winter of 1933-4 numbers were noted
by Mr. W. H. Lunn. This observer also reported a small flock on
November 23, 1935, and in 1938 he collected the single specimen
catalogued below.

2 Feb. 1, 1938, Wellington.

Acanthis hornemanni. ArcTic REDPOLL.—One fall specimen of
this species, typical of the form, A. h. exilipes, was collected and
forwarded to the Museum by Mr. W. H. Lunn. No other definite
records are available.

o' Nov. 28, 1935, Hillier.

Acanthis linaria. REDPOLLED LINNET.—Numerous observations
of Linnets (or Redpolls) have been made in the county from mid-
autumn (earliest, October 26, 1935) to mid-spring (latest, April 30,
1912—-specimen, Brimley collection, Wellington). Apparently they
are regular winter visitants and common during some years. Al-
though sight observations have suggested that other forms may
occur, the single complete specimen listed below is typical of
A. 1. linaria.

? (skull) Mar. 15, 1937, Wellington. 2 Oct. 26, 1935, Hillier.

Spinus pinus. PINE Siskin.—A winter visitant which varies
in numbers from year to year. Although the species is to be
expected from October to March most of the field observations
available, and all of the collected specimens, were made in February.

Q Feb. 138, 1937, Wellington. 2 2 @ Feb. 14, 1937, Hillier.

Spinus tristis. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.—A common summer
resident noted daily during the summer of 1930. Although our
records for other seasons are sporadic they indicate that the species
may be found in irregular numbers during some winters.

& Feb. 26, 1937, Hillier. o' July 7, 1930, Hallowell.
@ May 26, 1930, Hallowell. o July 9, 1930, Hallowell.
o' May 26, 1930, Hallowell. o July 15, 1930, Hallowell.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus. EASTERN TOWHEE.—A rare bird of
the county; only five were noted throughout the summer of 1930.
The April specimen listed below probably marks an approximate
arrival date in spring. Mr. W. H. Lunn reported that one was

88 THE Brrps OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

observed at Niles Corners in January of 1925 which marks a rare
winter occurrence.

9 Apr. 16, 1938, Hillier. o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.
o May 29, 1930, Hallowell.

Passerculus sandwichensis. SAVANNAH SPARROW.—By mid-
April Savannah Sparrows have returned to the fields of Prince
Edward County. We found them common breeding birds during
the summer of 19380. No data on autumn departures are available.

The series collected is regarded as representing the race, P. s.
savanna, the type locality of which is Georgia (winter).

o' Apr. 10, 1936, Hillier. @ June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.
9 May 28, 1930, Hallowell. o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.
o' June 19, 1930, Hallowell. Q July 4, 1930, Hallowell.

o June 20, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 9 July 9, 1930, Hallowell.

2 June 24, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 26, 1930, Hallowell.

o' June 27, 1930, Wellington.

Ammodramus savannarum. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.— During
the summer of 1940 two distinct observations of this species were
made in the county. On July 24, near Bloomfield, Professor T. F. .
Mcllwraith saw one, and about August 20, near Picton, Mr. F.
Mowat saw three.

Pooecetes gramineus. VESPER SPARROW.—This common sum-
mer resident of the county returns in early spring. Our earliest
record is March 31, 1938. It is usually present in large numbers by
the latter part of April. The species is plentiful in autumn through
September and early October. Our latest autumn date is October
27 (1985). Proof of the breeding status of this species was made
in the summer of 1930 by observation of locally reared young and
by a nest discovered at Point Traverse on June 30. This nest con-
tained one egg and three young on this date. Our earliest nesting
record comes from the Brimley collection at Wellington wherein
there is a set of four eggs taken at Hillier on May 6, 1912.

o& May 26, 1930, Wellington. o July 2, 1930, Fish Lake.
o June 16, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 11, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 24, 1930, Hallowell. o' July 11, 1930, Hallowell.
o June 27, 1930, Wellington. o July 12, 1930, Hallowell.

o June 27, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. co Sept. 19, 1936, Hillier.

Tue Birps oF PrincE Epwarp CouNTY 89

Junco hyemalis. SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO.—Present in fall,
winter, and spring. The species has usually departed for more
northern nesting grounds by mid-May but the late Edwin Beaupre
noted it on Timber Island on May 27 (1925). It does not return
until October (earliest, October 13). It is most numerous in early
November. A few remain in winter, one definite date available
being January 19, 1937.

o& May 2, 1986, Hillier.

Spizella arborea. TREE SPpARROW.—The Tree Sparrow arrives
in Prince Edward County from its far northern breeding grounds
in late autumn. It is present from October 24 throughout the fall
and winter, as interpreted from our sporadic records; least common
in winter and absent after early spring (latest, April 7, 1912, speci-
men, Brimley collection, Wellington).

? Oct. 24, 1936, Hillier. ? Nov. 30, 1935, Hillier.

Spizella passerina. CHIPPING SPARROW.—A common breeding
bird of the county which returns in April and is present until late
October. Observations on spring arrivals have been too occasional
to present an early date. The species is present in numbers by late
April, and still migrating on May 1 in 1984 according to Mr. W. H.
Lunn. On April 28 in 1928 this observer noted a Chipping Sparrow
carrying nesting material, an unusually early date for a display of
reproductive activity.

o& May 28, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. 2 July 2, 1930, Cherry Valley.
Q June 27, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o July 2, 1930, Cherry Valley.
Juv. 2 June 30, 1930, Point Traverse. Juv. 2 July 11, 1930, Hallowell.

Q June 30, 1930, Point Traverse. Juv. @ July 11, 1930, Woodrous.

o June 30, 1930, Point Traverse. o July 12, 1980, Hallowell.

Zonotrichia leucophrys. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.—A plen-
tiful migrant which normally arrives during the first two weeks of
May (earliest, April 25, 1938). It has passed through by the end
of May (last in 1930, May 23). It migrates southward in October,
one specimen listed below marking our latest fall date.

o&' May 15, 1937, Wellington. ? (skull) Oct. 6, 1937, Wellington.
o Oct. 6, 1937, Hillier. ? Oct. 24, 1936, Hillier.

90 Tue Brrpos oF Prince Epwarp County

Zonotrichia albicollis. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.—A com-
mon migrant and a scarce summer resident. The majority of
northward moving White-throated Sparrows pass through the
county during April and early May. Two seen on May 22 in 1930
were obviously migrants and apparently marked the close of the
northward movement that year. Summer resident birds were found
in the more extensive swampy woods of the county. At least a half
dozen situations were discovered where White-throated Sparrows
were established. The majority of autumn migrants passes through
the county from mid-September to mid-October.

2 May 1, 1936, Hillier. 2 oo June 21, 1930, Hallowell.

o' May 1, 1936, Hillier. ? Sept. 19, 1936, Hillier.
2 ? (skulls) May 15, 1937, Wellington.

Passerella iliaca. Fox Sparrow.—This sparrow has been
observed occasionally during the third week of April and from mid-
October to early November (latest, November 2, 1935). It is en-
tirely a migrant in the county.

Melospiza lincolni. LINCOLN’s SPARROW.—Little is known of
this obscure sparrow which apparently occurs in the county only as
a migrant. The specimen listed below indicates approximately
when it should be expected in the autumn. No information is
available for spring but it should be looked for after mid-April.

Q Sept. 19, 1936, Hillier.

Melospiza georgiana. SwAmp SpArRRow.—A fairly common
breeding bird of the county. Transient individuals which pass on
to the north to nest are still on the move in early May. We have
no records after the nesting period. A nest containing three slightly
incubated eggs and two of the Cowbird was collected at Hallowell
on June 5, 19380.

o' May 22, 1930, Hallowell. o July 8, 1930, Hallowell.
2 June 5, 1930, Hallowell.

Melospiza melodia. SonG SPARROW.—The Song Sparrow is
among the very early spring migrants to Prince Edward County.
It can be expected during the first week of April and although it may

———

THE Birps oF PRINCE EpwarD CouNTY 91

be uncertain as to whether March birds are migrating or wintering
individuals, there are records of probable migrants for March 17
(1938), March 19 (1935), and March 23 (1933). There are definite
instances of the species wintering in the county. It is a common
breeding bird there in summer; several nests were found in the
summer of 1930.

Specimens from this area have been studied (Fleming and
Snyder, 1939) and classified as intermediate between M. m. melodia
and M.m.euphonia. Dorsally the feathers have a rather generous
wash of dark red-brown which is also apparent on the tail. Ven-
trally the dark streaks are margined with the same colour. They
are not as bright as birds from Nova Scotia, Quebec, or even a
hundred miles northward in Ontario. They tend toward the duller,
more drab Song Sparrow recently separated as M. m. euphonia
(Wetmore, 1936). Birds in winter plumage have all the appear-
ance of representing the breeding population rather than win-
tering birds from the north. One spring specimen listed below,
taken on April 10, 1936, might well represent the form M. m. juddt
which nests far to the north.

oO Jan. 30, 1987, Wellington. 3 oo June 13, 1930, Hallowell.

o Feb. 12, 1937, Wellington. o June 24, 1930, Hallowell.

co Feb. 28, 1937, Wellington. o' June 27, 1930, Woodrous.

o' Apr. 10, 1936, Hillier. o June 27, 1930, Hallowell.

3 oo Apr. 12, 1937, Wellington. 2 oo June 30, 1930, Point Traverse.
o&' May 22, 1980, Hallowell. 3’ July 4, 1980, Consecon.

o’ May 29, 1930, Hallowell. o July 5, 1930, Hallowell.

o June 11, 1930, Hallowell. Juv. o& July 9, 1936, Hillier.

Q June 13, 1930, Hallowell. Imm. ? Oct. 24, 1936, Hillier.

Calcarius lapponicus. LAPLAND LonGspuR.—We have no mid-
winter records of this species and, of course, it is not found in the
county in summer. It is to be expected in numbers between the
migratory dates which follow—March 12 to May 20 and October 19
to November 20.

? Mar. 20, 1937, Hillier. 2 May 18, 1934, Hillier.
2 ? May 17, 1934, Hillier. o May 18, 1934, Hillier.
2 oo May 17, 1934, Hillier.

Plectrophenax nivalis. Snow BuntTING.—Our sporadic records
are sufficiently numerous to demonstrate that this species may be

92 Tue Brrps oF PrRiIncE Epwarp CouNTY

found in the county from October 15 to March 23. It often occurs
in very large flocks about the bare winter fields arid shore lines of
Prince Edward County.

? Feb. 23, 1937, Hillier. 2 Mar. 2, 1937, Hillier.
2 Feb. 25, 1937, Hillier.

LITERATURE CITED

BELL, R.S. 1883. Belleville, Ont. [notes from—]. For. and Stream 20: 249.

Brown, J. ROLAND. 1929.a An enemy of the corn borer. Can. Field-Nat. 43:
108.

Brown, J. RoLAND. 1929.b A flicker murder. Can. Field-Nat. 43:165.

CARRELL, WILLIAM. 1908. A night with the coons. Rod and Gun and Motor
Sports in Can. 10:248-251.

CARRELL, WILLIAM. 1910. <A day with the ducks. Rod and Gun in Can. 12:
78-82.

CLARKE, C. K. 1892. Observations on the migration of evening grosbeaks.
Trans. Can. Inst. 3:122.

FLEMING, J. H. 1905. An unusual migration of the Canada jay. Ont. Nat.
Sc. Bull. 1:11.

FLEMING, J. H. 1906. The unusual migration of Brunnich’s Murre (Uria
lomvia) in eastern North America. Proc. IVth. Intern. Ornith. Cong.,
p. 530.

FLEMING, J. H., and HovEs Ltoyp. 1920. Ontario bird notes. Auk. 37:482.

FLEMING, J. H., and L. L. SNypEr. 1939. On Melospiza melodia in Ontario.
Occ. Papers, R.O.M.Z., No. 5, p. 7.

GOURLAY, REGINALD. 1909. The wild things of the swamp. Rod and Gun in
Can. 11:452-455.

GOURLAY, REGINALD. 1910. The wily woodcock. Rod and Gun in Can. 12:
515-517.

Lewis, H. F. 1927. <A distributional and economic study of the European
starling in Ontario. Univ. Tor. Studies, Biol. Ser., No. 30.

Macoun, JOHN and James M. 1909. Catalogue of Canadian birds, Ottawa.

MERRILL, HELEN M. 1892. Picturesque Prince Edward County, p. 15.

M[erRiTT], W. H. 1908. The wild pigeon. Rod and Gun and Motor Sports
in ‘Can, 9:1177,

MITCHELL, MARGARET H. 1935. The passenger pigeon in Ontario. Con.
R.O.M.Z. No. 7.

OBERHOLSER, Harry C. 1934. A revision of North American house wrens.
Ohio Journ. Sc. 34:86-96.

TAVERNER, P. A., and B. H. Swates. 1908. The birds of Point Pelee. Wilson
Bull. 20:86.

WETMORE, ALEXANDER. 1936. A new race of the song sparrow from the
Appalachian region. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. No. 3399.

|

THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EDWARD
COUNTY, ONTARIO

By E. B. S. LOGIER

FOREWORD

The account of the amphibians and reptiles of Prince Edward
County presented in the following paper is sketchy indeed and
leaves much to be desired. The field work undertaken by the
writer in 1930 was assumed to be merely introductory since it was
his intention to return to the county in a subsequent year and make
it more complete. This proved not to be possible, so it seems
advisable to present such information as is at hand for inclusion in
the Prince Edward County faunal report.

Besides the members of the Museum’s field party, to whom the
writer’s cordial thanks for co-operation are due, the names of the
following persons are gratefully mentioned for assistance rendered
in various ways, including the collecting of specimens and supplying
of information: Mr. J. F. Brimley, Mr. G. M. Carman, Mrs. R.
Istead, Mr. W. J. LeRay, Mr. W. H. Lunn, Mr. Dayton Murphy,
Mr. W. J. Palmer, Mr. and Mrs. Garnet Tayler, and Mr. Homer
Thomas.

The list of species includes fourteen amphibians and thirteen
reptiles; it should be mentioned that some of these are based on
reports only, but we see no reason to question them. Species not
on our list, but which because of their distribution are likely to be
found there, are the ring-necked snake, Diadophis punctatus
edwardsi1, and the ribbon snake, Thamnophis saurttus sauritus; two
other possibilities are the two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata
bislineata and the blue-tailed skink, Eumeces fasciatus.

A brief explanation of the methods used in taking measurements
and recording them, or other features of the material, will clarify
the interpretation to be placed upon the data presented. Measure-
ments, except in the garter-snakes, are from preserved specimens.
The head-body length of frogs is taken by laying the specimen on
its back on the measuring board and gently pressing it straight by
means of the points of a large forceps applied to the chin and ischial
region. One point of the dividers is then pressed gently but firmly

93

94 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EpwARD CouUNTY

to the skin covering the posterior surface of the ischial symphysis
and the other very lightly to the tip of the snout. The head length
is measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the
tympanic ring. The hind-leg-to-heel length is obtained by pinning
the specimen securely to the board and pinning the leg straight out at
aright angle to the vertebral column with the foot acutely flexed at the
heel, the measurement then being taken from the ischial symphysis
to the heel. The tail length of snakes is measured from the posterior
margin of the anal plate to the tip of the tail. In recording scale
counts, numbers united by a plus sign (+) refer to scales on the
same side of the head, as, oculars 1+2, indicating one preocular and
two postoculars. Except in the case of the dorsal scales, numbers
united by a dash (—) refer to opposite sides, as, postoculars 3-4, indi-
cating three postoculars on one side of the head and four on the
other, the number of the left side being written first. Counts of
dorsal scale rows are made at several points, proceeding backward
along the body, and the several counts united by a dash (unless the
number of rows is constant throughout). In the turtles, the length
and width of the shell were measured in a straight line between
points and not over the curvature of the carapace.

AMPHIBIANS

Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque). Muppurppy.—There are two
specimens of this salamander from Prince Edward County! in our
collection: One procured in July, 1930, which has a snout-to-vent
length of 255 mm. (the tail was damaged) and another specimen
sent us from Hallowell in 1982 by Mr. H. P. Stovell which had a
total length of 270mm. That the species is more abundant than
this meagre collection would suggest is indicated by the following ex-
cerpt from a letter written by Mr. Homer Thomas from Wellington
on December 26, 1930: ‘‘During the Christmas vacation I observed
a large number of mudpuppies in the shallow water underneath the
ice which covered a very shallow sand bar. On places there were
as many as three or four lying side by side and I suppose that there
were three mudpuppies to the square yard all over the bar.”’ Mr.

1There is also in our collection a specimen collected at Deseronto, Hastings
County, in 1889.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE Epwarp County 95

J. F. Brimley states in a letter of January 14, 1940, that they “‘are
very plentiful in West Lake, and are found in the shallower parts,
preferring weedy bottoms. For several winters about 20 or 25 years
ago I fished for pike through holes in the ice and these [mudpuppies]
were a great annoyance, taking the bait and being hooked.’’ They
were not much in evidence during the day or night in the early part
of the summer of 1930. Bishop (1926, 8, 9) quotes Kneeland and
Morse as observing these salamanders to be more in evidence in the
winter months.

Triturus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque). NErEwtT.—The
species was collected in the vicinities of Hallowell and Picton in 1930,
and at Cressy in 1939 by Mr. W. J. LeRay. Itis represented in our
collection mostly by larvae and terrestrial young. Larvae were
taken in a pond in the woods near Picton on June 28. One-half of
the pond was exposed to direct sunlight and had a good growth of
vegetation, the other half was darkly shaded by trees and was
almost devoid of vegetation; the newt larvae were found in the edge
of the shade and all over the sunny portion. A lot of eight terres-
trial young was taken on Tayler’s Island near Hallowell on
May 23. The species is, no doubt, common in the county where
proper ponds occur.

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green). JEFFERSON’S SALA-
MANDER.— The few specimens found were collected in the vicinities
of Hallowell and Picton. Larvae were taken from the same pond in
the woods near Picton on June 28 where newt larvae were found,
but were seen mostly in the shaded portion of the pond. Two
young adults were taken on May 23, one on Garrett Island and one
on Tayler’s Island. A specimen was sent us from Hallowell in 1932
by Mr. H. P. Stovell. No doubt the species would be found to be
common enough in the spawning season although not much in evi-
dence later in the year.

Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). SpoTTED SALAMANDER.—The
spotted salamander was not found by the Museum party in 1930,
but was collected by Mr. W. J. LeRay in 1939 in deep woods near
Cressy. The writer has not seen specimens.

06 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EpwArRD CouNTY

Plethodon cinereus (Green). RED-BACKED SALAMANDER.—A
total of twenty-seven specimens was collected in the vicinities of
Wellington and Hallowell in 1930; the maximum length was 99
mm. Ina collection of sixteen specimens made on Garrett Island
on May 23, 1930, six were dark, without the dorsal red stripe. Mr.
W. J. LeRay collected the species in Adolphus Reach vicinity in
1939, but reported it to be not common.

Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook. AMERICAN ToAp.—In
the early part of the summer of 1930, at least until July 10, when
the writer left Prince Edward County, toads were scarce at all
localities visited and only seven specimens were seen. These were
collected and with one additional specimen obtained from there in
1932, constitute (aside from a few tadpoles) our entire collection of
the species from that county, which consists of four males and four
females. The coloration in general is dull; the dorsal stripe is
absent in one and is narrowed to a thread-like line in two others.
The ventral dark spotting is absent in two (one a young specimen of
33 mm.), is reduced to a faint trace just behind the throat in a third,
and is also very faint in three others.

Tadpoles collected at Hallowell on May 24 ranged in length from ~
16 to 17.5 mm. A series collected at the Sand Banks on June 25
ranged in length from 23 to 25.5 mm. and the hind limbs were well
developed. From May 28 to June 26 toads were occasionally heard
in song at night with air temperatures ranging from 60° to 67° F.
Mr. J. L. Baillie reported them calling at Milford on June 30. Our
specimens are from Hallowell, Picton, the Sand Banks, and from an
unstated locality at the Bay of Quinte. Mr. W. J. LeRay reports
having taken it at Cressy in 1938 and 1939, but considers it to be
not common there.

Pseudacris nigrita triseriata (Wied). Swamp TREE-FROG.—
This frog was not greatly in evidence at Prince Edward County
when we arrived there on May 20, as the spawning season was then
over, but was often heard calling at night during the remainder of
May with air temperatures ranging from 49° to 67° F. In June the
night calling became less frequent and was not noted at air tem-
peratures above 61° F., but was heard as late as June 18 and 26
with night temperatures at 61° and 60° F.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE Epwarp County 97

In a pasture field north of our camp there was a swale with a
shallow drainage ditch cut through it, and here tadpoles and trans-
formation stages were collected. A series of tadpoles taken on May
23 ranged in length from 7.5 to 20.6 mm. with minute limb buds
visible in specimens of more than 15 mm. On June 18 metamor-
phosis was well under way and there were many little froglets with
their tail stumps in various stages of disappearing.

Our only locality of record in 1930 was Hallowell, but Mr. W. J.
LeRay reports finding it at Cressy in 1938.

Hyla crucifer Wied. SprRING PEEPER.—This species did not
appear to be a plentiful element in the fauna of Prince Edward
County during our visit there in 1930. At Hallowell the frogs were
heard piping in the afternoon of May 20, and at night on May 21,
June 3 and 11. Tadpoles were collected at Hallowell, the Sand
Banks, and near Picton. Mr. W. J. LeRay took the species at
Cressy in 1938.

Tadpoles collected on Garrett Island near Hallowell on June 10
(with exception of one specimen of 9.5 mm.) ranged in length from
17 to 31.5 mm. with hind limbs well developed in some of the largest
specimens. A series collected from a pond in the woods near Picton
on June 28 showed no appreciable advance in size or development.
By July 3 metamorphosis was apparently completed on Garrett
Island, the tadpoles having disappeared from the pond which had
become stale and overgrown.

Hyla versicolor versicolor (Le Conte). TREE-TOAD.—In 1930
the tree-toad was heard calling on only four occasions: in the vicinity
of Hallowell on the nights of June 5, 11, and 12, and at Point
Traverse early in the evening of June 30 before a thunderstorm.
Neither adults nor tadpoles were found. It was collected at Cressy
in 1939 by Mr. W. J. LeRay.

Rana catesbeiana Shaw. BuLLFrRoG.—There are two frogs and
three tadpoles in our Prince Edward County collection. A large
female taken in the marsh near Hallowell on May 24, 1930, was dis-
tended with eggs. Tadpoles were collected by Mr. H. J. Dignan on
June 13 and July 2 at some locality at the Bay of Quinte. The frogs
were heard calling in West Lake marsh on various dates throughout

7

98 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EpDwArD COUNTY

June, 1930, and once at Lake-on-the-Mountain. Mr. W. J. LeRay
reported bullfrogs to be common at Prinyer’s Cove in 1938 and 1939,
and found their stomachs to be gorged with water beetles, probably
because of the scarcity of leopard frogs. Mr. Garnet Tayler in-
formed us that bullfrogs had been calling before the cool spell in
May, 1930, some time prior to the twentieth. Our first voice record
was on June 2. ‘The species is, no doubt, common enough where
proper situations occur.

Rana clamitans Latreille. GREEN FroG.—The green frog was
plentiful at West Lake marsh but was not noted to be so at other
places visited in 1930. It was taken at a stream in the woods about
three miles west of Wellington on June 4, at a creek on the Milford
road south of Picton on July 2, and at Pleasant Bay on July 4.
Four specimens collected by Mr. H. J. Dignan in 1928 bear no
locality data except Prince Edward County. Mr. W. J. LeRay
found it at Cressy in July, 1938 and 1939, but reported it as not
common.

Our first voice record in 1930 was on the night of June 3 after a
warmish day with air temperature at 70°F. in the afternoon. It_
was heard again on the nights of June 5, 11, 12, 18, and 14 with air
temperatures above 60°F.

Rana palustris Le Conte. PICKEREL FroGc.—Found at Cressy
in 1938 and 1939 by Mr. W. J. LeRay, who reports it to be not
common there. It was not found by our party in 1930 and we have
no specimens from the county.

Rana pipiens Schreber. LEOPARD FRoG.—It seems perhaps
reasonable to refer the leopard frogs of Prince Edward County to
this species rather than to brachycephala (Cope) until the differ-
ences between the two are more certainly defined and established.
According to Kauffeld (1937) brachycephala should be the species
occurring in Canada. The Prince Edward County specimens ap-
pear to agree with pipiens in having long heads contained from 2.59
to 3.42 (average 2.91) times in the head-body length,? and in having

2We do not know how Kauffeld measured his specimens, his head measure-
ments are widely out of agreement with ours.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE Epwarp County 99

well-developed shorter folds on the back between the dorsolaterals,
but with brachycephala in having the dorsolateral folds extending
onto the supraocular region and in the absence of a white tympanic
spot. The hind-leg-to-heel length for our twenty-five specimens
(including two from Belleville just outside Prince Edward County)
ranges from 953 to 1,097 (average 997) thousandths of the head-
body length: it exceeds the head-body length in eight, equals it in
one, and is less in sixteen. The webbing of the hind feet usually
leaves two, occasionally two and one-half or three joints of the fourth
toe free, and usually one joint each of the first, second, third, and
fifth toes. The spotting may be large or small and form complete
or interrupted bands on the tibia.

These frogs show no significant difference from leopard frogs
from Lakes St. Clair, Nipigon, and Abitibi. In the Nipigon and
Abitibi specimens the webbing is inclined to be slightly more exten-
sive, not leaving more than two joints of the fourth toe free and
often reaching the tips of the other toes.?

The leopard frog was by far the commonest amphibian in the
county, frequenting the usual variety of situations in which it might
be expected. Our collection from there in 1930 included nine males
and fourteen females. Tadpoles collected at West Lake marsh from
May 24 to 29 ranged in length between 17 and 40 mm. A lot taken
at the same locality on July 1 ranged from 29 to 78.5 mm., some of
the larger of these were well advanced in development and in two
the front limbs were about to break through. The existence in this
population of tadpoles of 39.8 mm. on May 29 and of specimens as
small as 29 mm. on July 1 suggests a rather long spawning season.
A female containing ripe eggs was taken near Wellington on June 4.

The average length of male leopard frogs collected was 64 mm.
with extremes of 40 and 79; the average of the females was 71.6 mm.

3A note on comparison of these frogs with Manitoba specimens might be of
interest: For the Manitoba specimens the head length averages the same, the
hind-leg-to-heel length slightly more, and the folds between the dorsolaterals are
equally well developed, the latter extending over the eye. The most conspicuous
differences in the Manitoba series are in their somewhat larger average size, paler
ground colour and smaller spotting which does not form bands (except occasion-
ally one or two) on the tibia, lighter mottling on posterior surface of thighs, and
in the presence in some of a white tympanic spot. The webbing is inclined to be
more extensive as in the Nipigon and Abitibi specimens.

100 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EDWARD CouNTY

with extremes of 62 and 88. The species was collected in the vicini-
ties of Hallowell, Wellington, Pleasant Bay, Consecon, and the Sand
Banks, and was seen at other localities. Mr. W. J. LeRay reports
it from Prinyer’s Cove, but as not plentiful.

Rana sylvatica Le Conte. Woop FRoG.—The wood frogs col-
lected in Prince Edward County present about the same kind of
picture that might be expected in a collection from any southern
Ontario locality in their general violation of alleged distinctions
between sylvatica and cantabrigensis, and overlapping of characters
which have been assigned by various authors to one or the other
form. A_ hind-leg-to-heel length of less than the head-body
length predominates in them, occurring in eighteen out of twenty
specimens, but exceeds the head-body length by 0.028 and 0.030 in
the remaining two. However, it seems advisable, provisionally at
least, to refer these frogs to sylvatica until the status of cantabrig-
ensis is more certainly determined and its range delineated.

The following brief summary of characters noted will suffice for
the purpose of the present paper. In our series of twenty specimens
the hind-leg-to-heel length in thousandths of the head-body length
is 1,028 and 1,030 in two (mentioned above); in the other eighteen
it ranges from 783 to 972 and averages 946. The tibia is contained
in the head-body length 1.73 and 1.75 times in the two long-legged
specimens; in the eighteen short-legged specimens the range is from
1.83 to 2.32, and in eight of these is less than 1.93 (see Wright and
Wright, 1933, 32). The head length is contained in the head-body
length 2.7 and 2.8 times in the long-legged specimens; in the short-
legged specimens (exclusive of three young in which the head is
always long) the range is from 2.66 to 3.09 and averages 2.89, and
is contained less than three times in ten or 66 per cent of these.
Extra folds of skin on the back between the dorsolaterals are well
developed in one of the long-legged specimens and poorly so in the
other; in the short-legged specimens they are well developed in six,
weak or fragmentary in five, and absent in seven. The internasal
space is greater than the interorbital in all. Ventral mottling is
absent in one of the long-legged specimens. The light dorsal and
light tibial line are absent in all specimens.

The collection comprises (besides tadpoles) four males, thirteen

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EpwarpD County 101

females, and three young, and is from the vicinities of Hallowell,
Wellington, Pleasant Bay, and Picton. Mature tadpoles and
metamorphosing stages were collected at a woodland pond near
Wellington on July 7, 1930. Mr. W. J. LeRay found the species at
Cressy in 1938 and 1939, but considers it uncommon there.

REPTILES

Opheodrys vernalis (Harlan). SMooTH GREEN SNAKE.—We
have not seen any specimens of the green snake from Prince Edward
County, nor have we many reports of it from there. Mr. W. J.
Palmer of Picton informed us that he had caught it at Waring’s
Corners crossroads. Mr. Grant M. Carman, in a letter dated April
4, 1937, stated that he ‘‘only saw one last year.’”’ There is no reason
to doubt that it is commoner than this information would indicate.

Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say). Pitot BLACK-SNAKE.—Our
only information relating to this species was obtained from Mr.
W. J. Palmer, who informed us that it was common at North Port,
and that he had caught it in years past at an old well in a field near
Picton. The well-established occurrence of the pilot black-snake
in the counties of Frontenac and Leeds (Lindsay, 1931; and Toner,
1934) lends weight to the Prince Edward County reports.

Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacépéde). MILK SNAKE.
—QOne specimen was taken on Garrett Island on June 10, 1930, but
escaped, and two were taken at Consecon Lake on July 4 of that
year; they were found hiding beneath timbers on the ground beside
an old barn. One of the Consecon Lake specimens was sent alive
to the Department of Biology, University of Toronto. The other,
a male, is in the R.O.M.Z. collection, and appears to be an average
example: oculars 1+2; temporals 2+2; supralabials 7; infralabials
9; dorsal scale rows 21-17; ventrals 201; subcaudals 47; body
blotches 49; tail blotches 12.

The species must be commoner than these few records would
suggest.

Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linné). NoRTHERN WATER SNAKE.—
This snake was conspicuous by its absence in various likely-looking

102 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EpwArD CouNTY

places where one would have expected to have found it. One large
specimen was seen at the edge of the marsh at Hallowell on several
days, sunning itself on the same patch of flattened grass, but was
exceedingly wary, and after escaping several times apparently found
itself a new sunning place, for it was not seen any more. A three-
foot-long pregnant female was taken at Cressy on July 2, 1930,
sunning itself in an oat field about 40 feet from the water. The
scutellation of this specimen is as follows: oculars 1+3; temporals
1+8; supralabials 8; infralabials 10; dorsal scale rows 23-21-19-17;
ventrals 152; subcaudals 69.

Mr. Grant M. Carman, in a letter of April, 1937, reported the
water snake as “decreasing generally.’’ Mr. W. J. LeRay reported
it as common at Cressy in 1938 and 1939.

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook). DEKay’s SNAKE.—The little
brown snake was taken at two localities in 1930, one on Garrett
Island on July 5 and one at Woodrous on July 11 by Mr. T. B.
Kurata. The Woodrous specimen met with an accident; the scutel-
lation of the Garrett Island specimen follows: oculars 1+2; tem-
porals 1+2; supralabials 7; infralabials 7; dorsal scale rows 17;
ventrals 120; subcaudals 55.

In 1938 and 1939 Mr. W. J. LeRay found the species at Cressy,
but not commonly.

Storeria occipito-maculata (Storer). RED-BELLIED SNAKE.—
The red-bellied snake is absent from our collection of Prince Edward
County reptiles. Mr. Grant M. Carman, in a letter of April 4, 1937,
describes what he calls a “hill black-snake’’ as being ‘‘about 18
inches long—very black above, brilliant red beneath.’’ The length
is over-estimated, but the reference could not be to any other snake.
A totally black dorsal colour phase does occur in Ontario and might
be locally dominant in a population in Prince Edward County. A
dorsally black phase with an ochre yellow vertebral stripe is found
in Frontenac County and was reported to us by Mr. W. J. LeRay
to be common there. Mr. LeRay found the red-bellied snake occa-
sionally at Cressy in 1938 and 1939 but reports the colouration of the
Cressy population to be normal.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EDwarp County 103

Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linné). CoMMON GARTER-SNAKE.
—The garter-snake was the commonest snake although not appar-
ently abundant. We collected fourteen specimens, seven of each
sex. The localities represented are the vicinities of Hallowell and
West Lake marsh, Lake-on-the-Mountain, and near Waupoos.
Mr. W. J. LeRay found it to be fairly common at Cressy in 1938
and 1939. In most of our specimens the scutellation is as follows:
oculars 1+3; temporals 1+2; supralabials 7; infralabials 10; dorsal
scale rows 19-17; ventrals, males 150-157, females 143-152; sub-
caudals, males 62-78, females 61-71 (exclusive of two specimens
with damaged tails). Exceptions are in one male and four females
as follow: male, infralabials 9-10, dorsal scale rows 21-19-17 ; female,
postoculars 3-4, dorsal scale rows 21-19-17; female, posterior tem-
porals 3-2, dorsal scale rows 20-19-17; female, postoculars 4-3. The
extra rows of dorsal scales occur as short series on the neck. In the
males the tail averages 0.236 and in females 0.206 of the total length
(exclusive of two specimens with damaged tails). Five of the fe-
males collected from May 22 to July 3 contained embryos.

Sistrurus catenatus catenatus (Rafinesque). MassasauGa.—
We have not seen any specimens of rattlesnakes from Prince Edward
County but have a number of reports which doubtless refer to the
massasauga. Mr. W. J. Palmer informed us that he killed two
rattlesnakes near Demorestville in 1929. Mr. W.H. Lunn informed
us that a pioneer, Lieutenant Paul Trumpour, had a farm near
Consecon in the late 1700’s, and that according to a descendant of
his, Mr. Wilfred Trumpour of Hillier, Lieutenant Trumpour gave
up the farm because of the abundance of rattlesnakes. From the
same source (Mr. Lunn) we learned from a letter written about 1937
that Mr. Don Fraser killed a rattlesnake at North Port about 1912,
and that Mr. Albert Rowe killed one there about 1928 or 1929. Mr.
Grant M. Carman in a letter of April, 1937, says that ‘‘the rattle-
snake is nearly extinct but they certainly were numerous a very few
years ago,” and also “in one spot, Macdonald’s Island, they are
increasing.’’ He states that his father killed one of about 27 inches
in length in 1925 or 1926.

There is a creek called “‘Rattlesnake Creek’’ about one mile east
of Carrying Place, and supposed to be so named because of the

104 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY

abundance of rattlesnakes there in former years, and a bay of the
Bay of Quinte is named Massasauga Bay.

Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille). Musk TJurRTLE.—Three
specimens collected near Wellington by Mr. Dayton Murphy about
June 15, 1936, are the only Prince Edward County specimens in the
Museum collection. They are females and measure $0.5, 115, and
127 mm. in carapace length; the widths are, respectively, 65, 79, and
88.5 mm. The species should be common in various of the shel-
tered regions which are numerous in the shore-waters of the county.
Mr. W. J. LeRay saw one specimen at Prinyer‘s Cove and also a
dried shell.

Chelydra serpentina (Linné). SNAPPING TURTLE.—This is
another turtle which must be commoner than our records would
indicate. On June 15, 1930, a set of eleven eggs was collected by
Mrs. Ruby Istead from beside the C.N.R. tracks east of Hallowell.
A female collected by Mrs. Garnet Tayler on June 16 on Tayler’s
farm at Hallowell measured 11 inches in carapace length. It is now
in the Museum collection. An unfinished nest from which the .
turtle had been frightened away after dropping only a few eggs was
seen on Tayler’s farm on June 24.

Emys blandingii (Holbrook). BLANDING’s TURTLE.—Our re-
cords of this turtle from Prince Edward County are as follow: one
was taken at Waupoos Island on July 14, 1928, by Mr. H. J. Dignan;
one at Gerow Gore on July 14, 1930, by Mr. J. L. Baillie; one seen
at Big Island, Bay of Quinte, on October 1, 1930, by Mr. Charles
Melton. Mr. W. J. LeRay reported seeing it at Prinyer’s Cove in
1938 and 1939, and residents informed him that it is numerous there
in the spring. There are two records from Belleville, Hastings
County (Macoun e al., 1902, 136).

The specimen in our collection is the one from Gerow Gore, an
old male with the top of the carapace much depressed. The light
mottling on the carapace is small and close and the ground colour
practically black. It measures 227 mm. in carapace length and
155 mm. in width.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE Epwarp County 105

Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur). Map TurtLE.—The map
turtle was not seen during our stay at Prince Edward County in
1930. There are two specimens in the Museum collection taken at
some point on the Bay of Quinte in 1927, but there is no collector’s
name or other data on the labels attached to them. They are young
males of 122 and 134 mm. in carapace length, the widths are, respec-
tively, 93 and 104mm. Mr. W. J. LeRay informed us that he had
seen it occasionally at Prinyer’s Cove in 1938 and 1939, and that
it is said to be abundant there in the spring.

Chrysemys bellii marginata Agassiz. WESTERN PAINTED TUR-
TLE.—Eighteen specimens, all females, were collected in June, 1930,
in the vicinities of Hallowell and Wellington, but were not all
retained. On June 5, Mrs. R. Istead reported them to be nesting
beside the C.N.R. track east of Hallowell and brought back a
number of turtles and a few eggs. The nesting females examined
ranged from 141 to 165 mm. in carapace length. Of the nine Prince
Edward County specimens in our collection, two lack the plastral
dark blotch and a third shows a mere trace of it on the abdominal
and femoral scutes; in the other six it is faint in two, incomplete in
one, and darkin three. Some general idea of the size of this blotch
may be obtained from the following approximate proportions:
length 0.55 to 0.81 (average 0.68) of plastral length; greatest width
(at abdomino-femoral suture) 0.24 to 0.50 (average 0.39) of total
plastral width across abdominals, or 0.31 to 0.63 of the flat surface;
narrowest central width (on abdominals) 0.19 to 0.36 (average 0.28)
of total plastral width, or 0.25 to 0.48 of flat surface. The above
figures for the width of the plastral dark blotch show an average
only 3 per cent more than those of Bishop and Schmidt (1931, 131-
133) for marginata. The dorsal scutellation and colour pattern in
all of these specimens were normal for this form in Ontario.

Mr. W. J. LeRay reported it to us as common at Prinyer’s Cove,
and there is no reason to doubt that it is common all over the county
where suitable situations occur.

LITERATURE CITED

BIsHOP, SHERMAN C. 1926. Notes on the habits and development of the mud-
puppy Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque). New York State Mus. Bull. 268,
pp. 5-60.

106 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

BisHop, SHERMAN C., and F. J. W. Scumipt. 1931. The painted turtles of the
genus Chrysemys. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:123-139.

KAUFFELD, CARL F. 1937. The status of the leopard frogs, Rana brachycephala
and Rana pipiens. Herpetologica 1:84-87.

LINDSAY, RoBert V. 1931. The pilot black-snake in Ontario. Can. Field-
Nat. 45:83-85.

Macoun, Joun, W. S. OpvELi, E. E. PRiNcE and ANDREW HALKETT. 1902.
Report of the Zoological Branch, Ottawa Field Naturalists Club, 1901.

Ottawa Nat. 16:135-137.
TONER, G.C. 1934. Pilot black-snake, Elapheo. obsoleta, in Ontario. Copeia,

1934, No. 1, p. 47.
WriGHT, ANNA ALLEN, and ALBERT HAZEN WRIGHT. 1933. Handbook of frogs

and toads. Pp. i-xi+1-231.

A LIST OF THE SPIDERS OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
ONTARIO

By T. B. KuRATA

As one aspect of the faunal survey of Prince Edward County
prosecuted by the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, a collection
of spiders was made by the writer. Eight thousand specimens were
obtained from more than thirty localities during July and August,
1930. Adescription of the county will not be given here, as it may
be found elsewhere in the series. It is sufficient to observe at this
point that the chief types of spider habitats were encountered within
the bounds of the county. These were: shrubs and trees, under
loose bark, rock-piles, leaf mould, meadows, beaches, reeds, and
rushes.

The accompanying list contains 165 species of spiders. Of that
number, 388 species are recorded herein for the first time for the
province. This should not be interpreted as indicating a large
endemic fauna for the county. It means rather that the distri-
bution of our spiders has received little attention from local natura-
lists. The arachnid fauna of Prince Edward County is similar to
that found in the north-eastern section of the United States.

EXPLANATION OF LIST

In the list the taxonomy is that given by Alexander Petrun-
kevitch, 1911, ‘A Synonymic Index—Catalogue of Spiders of North
and Central and South America,’’ American Museum of Natural
History, Bull., vol. X XIX. The detailed localities of capture are
given for the rarer species, but in the case of the more common
spiders, only the number of different localities represented is
mentioned.

N—New record to Ontario.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author owes much to the following specialists who kindly
identified specimens for him: Mr. Nathan Banks and Miss Eliza-
beth B. Bryant, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College,
Cambridge; Dr. S. C. Bishop, University of Rochester, Rochester;

107

108 A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE Epwarp COUNTY

the late J. H. Emerton; Dr. W. J. Gertsch, American Museum
of Natural History, New York City; and Professor Wilton Ivie,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Finally, I must render my
thanks to Mr. J. F. Brimley of Wellington, Ontario, for his valuable
assistance in collecting, and for his generous donation of his collec-
tion of spiders.

Number
mpecies erie! indi- Habitat
viduals
ULOBORIDAE
Uloborus
(N) U. americanus Wk. 1 4 |Shrubs
DICTYNIDAE
Amaurobius
(N) A. americanus (Em.) Wellington 4 |Under loose stones
‘“ bennetti (Blackw.) 4 18 |Under stones and in hol-
low stumps
Dictyna
(N) D. bicornis Em. Pleasant Bay 1 |Shrubs and trees
(N) ‘ bostontensits Em. 4 4 “+ aia “
(N) ‘‘ brevipalpis Em. 3 1 ae eete “
““ brevitarsis Em. y 7 ae “
‘* foliacea (Htz.) 7 23 Tae PP
‘* minuta Em. 3 5 4c ‘c ‘c
‘* phylax Gertsch & Ivie | Rednersville 3 ee us
‘“ sublata (Htz.) 18 148 mw PY
(N) ‘‘ vigilans Gertsch & Ivie 2 2 aw a Tr
‘“ volucripes Key. 6 6 66) (1a PP
DRASSIDAE
Drassodes
D. neglectus (Key.) 10 25 |Under stones and leaves
‘* robustus (Em.) 2 2 “ “ ‘eae
Drassus
(N) D. bicornis Em. Wellington 1 as “. wa ae
‘“ hiemalis Em. a 1 ae ||; ae ea hak
Gnaphosa
G. gigantea Key. 4 4 “e “i i “i
Herpyllus
H. vasifer (Walck.) 4 6 a ve veh ee
Zelotes

Zs ater (H.) 3 6 6 6 64 sc

A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE EDWARD CouNTY

Species

THERIDIIDAE
Crustulina
C. guttata (Wider.)
Dipoena
(N) D. buccalis Key.

nigra (Em.)
Euryopis
E. funebris (Htz.)
Steatoda
S. borealis (Htz.)
Theridion
T. differens Em.
frondeum Htz.
(N) ‘ globosum Htz.

murarium Em.
(N) ‘* ruptcola Em.
sexpunctatum Em.
spirale Em.

‘* tepidariorum C. Koch.

LINYPHIIDAE
Bathyphantes
(N) B. canadensis (Em.)
concolor (Reuss.)
nigrinus (Westr.)
(N) ‘* pallescens Bks.
subalpinus Em.
zebra Em.
Ceraticelus
C. emertoni (Cambr.)
‘* fissiceps (Cambr.)
(N) ‘‘ formosus (Bks.)
‘* laetabilis (Cambr.)

(N) ‘* pygmaeus (Em.)
Ceratinopsts

unimaculatum Em.

Number N umber
localities indi-
viduals
2 4
Consecon L. 2
7 20
5 13
7 16
10 65
20 288
Lake on the 1
Mountain
17 112
2 2
Wellington I
20 448
4. 26
North Bay 1
West Bay 2
Huyck Bay 1
2 Z
Huyck Bay 3
3 3
2 2
z 2
6 6
Waupoos 1
Lake on the 1
Mountain
Long Point 1
Rednersville 1

109

Habitat

Among fallen leaves

Shrubs close to ground
among fallen leaves

66 sé 66 eeé

Shrubs and in buildings

Shrubs

66

66

Among rocks

Shrubs

Shrubs

In cellars
buildings

Shrubs

and _out-

Shrubs close to ground

66 cc «6 66

C. wnterpres (Cambr.)

110

A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Species

LINYPHIIDAE—Cont.

Grammonota
G. pictilis (Cambr.)

Hypselistes
H. florens (Cambr.)

Lephthyphantes
L. minutus (Blackw.)
Linyphia
L. clathrata Sund.
communis Htz.
insignis Blackw.
(N) ‘‘ lineata (L.)
‘““ marginata C. Koch.
‘* phrygiana C. Koch.
‘“* pusilla Sund.
Microneta
M. latidens Em.
‘* quinquedentata Em.
‘* yaria (Blackw.)
Oedothorax
O. decemoculatus (Em.)
Prosopotheca
(N) P. auranticeps Em.
“* directa (Cambr.)

ARGIOPIDAE
Araneus
A. angulatus Cl.

‘* arabesca (WIk.)

cavaticus (Key.)

cornutus Cl.

cucurbitinus Cl.

marmoreus Cl.

patagiatus Cl.

sericatus Cl.

‘* trifolium (Htz.)
Argiope

A. aurantia Lucas

Number
localities

3

5
Hallowell

12

14

6

Wellington
Huyck Bay
Long Point

3
3
3

Wellington

24
Fish Lake
7
6
5
10
13
5

Wellington

Number
indi-
viduals

11

Habitat

Shrubs close to ground

4é 4a 4é 4é

Shrubs near ground; in
leaf mould

Shrubs

Shrubs and leaf mould
Shrubs

“é

Shrubs and leaf mould

sé sé aé “é

In leaf mould

sé“ sé “é

Shrubs and trees about
dwellings
Shrubs and trees

sé ac

Shrubs and trees

sé sé

Garden and marsh

A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE EpwarD COUNTY

Species

Cyclosa

C. conica (Pallas)
Eucta

E. lacerita (Walck.)

““ vermiformis (Em.)
Eugnatha

E. straminea (Em.)

Eustala

E. anastera (Walck.)
Leucauge

L. venusta Walck.
Mangora

M. gibberosa (Htz.)
Pachgnatha

P., irtsiriata C. Koch
Tetragnatha

T. elongata Walck.

‘* extensa (L.)

“* laboriosa Htz.

MIMETIDAE
Mimetus
M. interfector Htz.

THOMISIDAE
Misumena
M. vaita (C1.)
Misumenoides
(N) MM. aleatorius (H.)
Misumenops
M. oblongus (Key.)
Philodromus
P. aureolus (Cl.)
‘** ornatus Bks.
‘* pernix Blackw.
“* rufus Walck.
Thanatus
(N) T. coloradensis Key.

ARGIOPIDAE—Cont.

Number
localities

3

4
Fish Lake

2

3

4

2
Wellington

2

20
16

Rednersville

9
Fish Lake
Wellington

2

onda ©

Fish Lake

Number
indi-
viduals

10

46

59

111

Habitat

Shaded portion of woods

Tall grassin wet situations

4a sé 66 44

Tall grass in wet situa-
tions

Shrubs and trees

In wet situations
Shrubs and wet situations

sé sé 46

Shrub

Shrubs and trees

112 A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE Epwarp County

Number | Number
Species tcica lets indi- Habitat
viduals
THOMISIDAE—Cont.
Tibellus Shrubs and trees
T. duttoni Key. 2 2 f e
‘* oblongus Walck. 5 6 " °
X ysticus
X. brunneus Bks. Wellington 1 Ground in rubbish
‘ ferox (Htz.) 2 2 is s
‘* formosus Bks, 2 6 ¥) ff
(N) ‘* graminis Em. Hallowell 1 ? zs
(N) ‘‘ luctans (C. Koch.) 2 2 ¥ ¥
‘* versicolor (Key.) 2 2 S ee
CLUBIONIDAE
Agroeca
A. pratensis Em. Wellington 1 Under leaves and on low
vegetation
Castanetra
C. cingulata (C. Koch.) 2 2 |Under stones and other
loose objects on ground
in dry open places
(N) C. descripta (Htz.) Irvine Gore 1 ¥ a i
Clubiona
C. abbott L. Koch. 12 31 |On trees and under loose
stones
‘* canadensis Em. 11 48 |On trees
(N) ‘‘ moesta Bks. Garrett 1 |On trees and under loose
Island stones
‘* obesa Htz. 2 12 tf i m
(N) ‘ pallens Htz. Wellington 1 i - q
(N) ‘' praematura Em. Hallowell 3 i. i =
(N) ‘* pusilla Em. 5 26 . sf a
‘* riparia L. Koch 4 7 ef sd _
Micarta
M. gentilis Bks. Wellington 6 |Under stones and among
leaves
(N) ‘S montana Em. Wellington 1 ‘s ‘ a
Phrurolithus
P. alarius (Htz.) 3 4 Me 5 rs

A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE EpwarD CouNTY

Species Number
localities

AGELENIDAE
A gelena

A. naevia Walck. 18
Antistea

A. riparia (Key.) Lake on the

Mountain

Cicurina

C. brevis (Em.) Wellington

‘* pallida Key. GarrettIsland
Coelotes

C. fidelts Bks. 4

‘* montanus Em. 4
Coras

C. medicinalis (Htz.) GarrettIsland
Hahnia

H. agilis Key. 2
Tegenaria

T. domestica (Cl.) 4

PISAURIDAE
Dolomedes

D. triton sexpunctatus Htz. 5
Pisaurina

P. mira (Walck.) Rednersville

LYCOSIDAE
Arctosa

A. cinerea (Fabricius) 3
Lycosa

L. avida Walck. near Picton

‘* frondicola Em. 3

8

Number
indi-
viduals

83

37

34

113

Habitat

Most common spider in
Canada. Found on
short grass in mea-
dows, on trees, and the
corner of buildings

Among fallen leaves

Among fallen leaves,
shrubs close to ground

46 4é sé

Among fallen leaves and
under other loose ob-
jects

sé 4é 4a

Found about buildings

Found in damp woods

On the plant heads in a
sunny place

Found on sandy beach,
often buried in the sand

In open field often under
loose stones
In woods among leaves

114 A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE Epwarp CouNTY

Species

LYCOSIDAE—Conz.

L. helluo Walck.

‘* pratensis Em.
Pardosa

P. distincta (Blackw.)

‘“* lapidicina Em.

milvina (Htz.)

modica (Blackw.)
moesta Bks.
** saxatilis (Htz.)
xerampelina Key.
Pirata
P. arenicola Em.
(N) ‘* extguus Bks.
(N) ‘ febriculosus (Becker)
tnsularts Em.
marxi Stone.
minutus Em.
montanoides Bks.
(N) ‘ prodigiosus Keys.
(N) ‘* sylvestris Em.
Schizocosa
(N) S. btlineata Em.
‘* crassipalpis (Em.)
(N) ‘‘ crassipes (Walck.)
(N) ‘* saltatrix (Htz.)

SALTICIDAE
Evarcha
E. hoyt (Peckham.)
Habrocestum
H. pulex (Htz.)
Icius
(N) I. formicartus Em.

Marpissa
(N) M.undata (DeGeer.)
Metaphidippus
M. capitatus (Htz.)
“ flavipedes Peckham.

Number
localities

Huyck Bay
Pleasant Bay

or ord B & bb Oo

Wellington
3
Picton
3

6
3

Lake on the
Mountain

North Bay

16
10

Number
indi-
viduals

—_
onwoanrhrwowre

=
EE at NY

17

Habitat

Found under stones
Under stones

Under stones and rocks
sé “ec “é
Under stones in open,
grassy places
4é é “c

Under stones

“ec ce

Shrubs and trees
Shrubs and trees

Among leaves

On bark of hickory trees

Shrubs

6c

A List oF SPIDERS OF PRINCE EpwarpD CouNTY

Species

SALTICIDAE—Conz.

Paraphidippus

P. marginatus Walck.
Pellenes
(N) P. borealis Bks.

Phidippus
P. audax Htz.

(N) ‘' clarus Key.
‘“ purpuratus Key.
‘““ whitmanni Peck.

Salticus
S. scentcus Cl.

Tutelina
T. elegans (Htz.)
Wala
(N) W. mitrata (Htz.)

Zygoballus
(N) Z. nervosus (Peck.)

8a

Number
localities

10

Wellington

2
2
5
Lake on the
Mountain

8

3

Wellington

Wellington

Number
indi-
viduals

77

a a)

50

21

115

Habitat

Shrubs
Shrubs and among fallen
leaves

Under stones and other
objects on ground
4é

“és 46

On shrubs, on stones, and
on walls of houses

Among fallen leaves

On shrubs and sometimes
on bark of trees

On stones, shrubs

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE CRICKETS AND GRASS-
HOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: SALTATORIA) OF PRINCE
EDWARD COUNTY, ONTARIO

By F. A. URQUHART

The following is a list of the various species of Orthoptera known
to occur in Prince Edward County together with those which,
although not actually taken or observed (designated by an asterisk)
are most likely present in this locality. The latter inference is
based upon specimens which have been taken in localities adjacent
to Prince Edward County.

ENSIFERA
Gryllidae

Oecanthus nigricornis F. Walker—Abundant in pastures
throughout Prince Edward County. Picton: Aug. 7, 1939, 20’.

Oecanthus niveus (DeGeer).— Decidedly less abundant than O.
nigricornis. Wellington: July 27, 1922, 10’; Aug. 14, 1938, 1 0;
Aug. 21, 1916, 1 o& (J. F. Brimley).

Nemobius fasciatus fasciatus (DeGeer).—Common in pastures
throughout Prince Edward County. Wellington: Sept. 17, 1926,
19; Picton: Aug. 8, 1939,3 o,12 (J. F. Brimley).

Nemobius fasciatus socius Scudder.—Of common occurrence in
grassy areas at the margins of marshes and creeks. Picton: Aug. 7,
1939, 3 o’, 2 9, 3 nymphs.

*Nemobius griseus griseus E. M. Walker.—Since this species
has been taken at Lake Simcoe, Toronto, Sarnia, and as far north
as Fort William, it may occur in rather sandy areas in parts of
Prince Edward County.

Nemobius carolinus carolinus Scudder.—Of common occurrence
in wooded areas. Picton: Aug. 7, 1939,1 @.

Gryllulus assimilis luctuosus Serville—Abundant in grassy
areas, such as pastures and the like. Wellington: Sept. 7, 1936,
1 9 (J.F. Brimley); Picton: Aug. 7, 1939, 1 7.

*Gryllulus assimilis pennsylvanicus Burmeister.—This form of
G. assimilis undoubtedly occurs in Prince Edward County during

116

CRICKETS AND GRASSHOPPERS OF PRINCE Epwarp County 117

June and early July, since it has been taken in a great number of
localities throughout Ontario.

Rhaphidophoridae

*Tachycines asynamorus Adelung.—This adventive species has
become established in greenhouses in many parts of Ontario; hence,
it will undoubtedly occur in similar situations in parts of Prince
Edward County.

*Ceuthophilus maculatus (Harris).—This species has been taken
in wooded areas throughout southern Ontario; it will undoubtedly
occur in similar situations in Prince Edward County.

Tettigoniidae

Orchelimum gladiator Bruner.—Abundant in marshes and
meadows. Picton: Aug. 8, 1939,9o%,8 2. Although this is the
only species of Orchelimum taken in Prince Edward County, it is
quite likely that O. vulgare is also present in marsh areas.

Conocephalus fasciatus fasciatus (DeGeer).—Abundant in
marshes, meadows, and the tall grass at the margins of pastures
and the like. Picton: Aug. 8, 1939, 1 9.

Conocephalus brevipennis (Scudder).—Of common occurrence
in long grass at the margins of marshes and in meadows.

*Conocephalus nigropleurus (Bruner).—This species has been
taken at Point Pelee, Toronto, and Brockville; it will most likely
occur in marsh areas of Prince Edward County.

Conocephalus attenuatus (Scudder).—Of common occurrence
in marsh areas. Picton: Aug. 8, 1939,1 67,2 9.

Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harris).—Of common occurrence in
the tall grass at the margins of pastures and meadows. Wellington:
Sept. 1, 1918, 1 &; July 25, 1937, 1 9? (J. F. Brimley).

Scudderia pistillata Brunner.—Of common occurrence in bushes
and tall grass at the margins of pastures and meadows. Wellington:
BERL. 2, buco, | Gone .iug, &, 1936, 1 oo’.

Scudderia curvicauda curvicauda (DeGeer ).—Of common occur-

rence in the long grass at the margins of pastures and in small bushes
and the like.

118 CrIcKETS AND GRASSHOPPERS OF PRINCE EDWARD CouUNTY

Scudderia furcata furcata Brunner.—Notes as for S. curvicauda.

*Scudderia texensis Saussure and Pictet.—The apparent distri-
bution of this species in Ontario is rather peculiar; specimens of it
have been taken in extreme western Ontario and from Brockville
and Lancaster in south-eastern Ontario. It apparently does not
occur in the vicinity of Toronto. Specimens have been taken at
Trenton (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa); hence, it prob-
ably occurs in parts of Prince Edward County.

*Amblycorypha oblongifolia (DeGeer).—This species probably
occurs in parts of Prince Edward County, since specimens of it have
been taken at Trenton (Collection of the Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege, Guelph). The distribution of this species in Ontario is similar
to that of Scudderia texensis.

CAELIFERA
Tridactylidae

Tridactylus apicalis Say.—Of occasional occurrence at the sandy
margins of creeks and ponds. Wellington: April 28, 1925, 1 speci-
men (J. F. Brimley).

Acrydiidae

Acrydium subulatum (L.).—Of common occurrence in pastures,
meadows, and the sandy margins of pools. Wellington: April 11,
1915,1 0,2 2 ;Sept. 24, 1920, 1 nymph; Feb. 6, 1921, 1 o&; March
20, 1927, 1 9 ; June 5, 1935, 1 @; Sept. 27, 1935, 1 9 (J. F. Brimley);
Picton: Aug. 7, 1939, 1 nymph.

Acrydium ornatum (Say).—In grassy areas especially at the
margins of woods.

Acrydium arenosum angustum (Hancock).—Notes as for A.
ornatum.

Paratettix cucullatus (Burmeister).—This small grouse locust
inhabits moist situations such as the water-saturated sand at the
margins of creeks or the humid mud flats at the margins of ponds.

Tettigidea lateralis parvipennis (Harris)—This species is most
likely of common occurrence in pastures throughout Prince Edward
County. Wellington: June 1, 1919, 1 o&; April 29, 1921, 1 2; Oct.
27, 1985, 1 o', 2 9; May 17, 1938, 1 9; April 23, 1939, 1 2 (QJ. F.
Brimley).

CRICKETS AND GRASSHOPPERS OF PRINCE Epwarp County 119

Acrididae

Orphulella speciosa (Scudder).—Abundant in rather dry pas-
tures and the grassy margins of roadways. Picton: Aug. 7, 1939,
2b", 16 9.

Chloealtis conspersa Harris.—This species is of common occur-
rence in grassy areas at the margins of woods or along the margins
of woodland paths during July.

Chorthippus longicornis (Latreille).—Of common occurrence in
rather long grass at the marginsof pastures. Picton: Aug.7,1939,107.

Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer).—Of common occurrence
during early summer in pastures and the like. Wellington: May
14, 1922, 1 9; June 8, 1927, 1c"; July 16, 1929; 10"; May 30, 1937,
1 @ (J. F. Brimley).

Encoptolophus sordidus sordidus (Burmeister).—Common in
rather dry pastures and the grassy margins of roadways. Picton:
Aug. 7, 1939, 4 o’, 4 nymphs.

Camnula pellucida Scudder.—This species is of common occur-
rence in grass areas, especially dry, sandy pastures.

Dissosteira carolina (L.)—Common in rather dry pastures and
on sandy roadways. Picton: Aug. 7, 1939, 1 o.

Spharagemon bolli Scudder.—Of common occurrence in areas of
short grass such as pastures or the margins of roadways.

*Spharagemon collare wyomingianum (Thomas).—This species
most likely occurs in sandy areas in parts of Prince Edward County,
since specimens have been taken at Chatterton in Hastings County.

*Trimerotropis maritima interior E. M. Walker.—This species
may occur on the sand dunes of Prince Edward County, although
Toronto is the most easterly record for Ontario.

Melanoplus bivittatus (Say).—Of common occurrence in rather
long grass at the margins of pastures and meadows. Wellington:
Sept. 18, 1927,1 2 (J. F. Brimley); Picton: Aug. 7, 1939, 2 nymphs.

Melanoplus femur-rubrum femur-rubrum (DeGeer).—Abun-
dant throughout Prince Edward County in pastures and the like.
Picton: Adg. 7, 1939;'5o", 2° o.

Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure).—Abundant in
pastures throughout Prince Edward County. Picton: Aug. 7,
1939, 5 o', 2 9.

Melanoplus fasciatus (F. Walker).—Of fairly common occur-
rence in grassy areas, especially hillsides.

A LIST OF THE LONG-HORNED BEETLES (CERAMBY-
CIDAE) OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, ONTARIO

By J. F. BRIMLEY

In addition to the papers prepared by members of the Museum’s staff, based
on their field work in Prince Edward County, we are able to present the following
list by Mr. J. F. Brimley, a naturalist resident in Wellington, who for many years
has studied the Coleoptera of the county. The family Cerambycidae is par-
ticularly well represented in his collection. The ninety-seven species tabulated
below are based on specimens collected in Prince Edward County.

—CuRATOR, DIVISION OF INSECTS

Parandra brunnea (Fab.).—In the hollow trunks of basswood.

Derobrachus brunneus (Forst.).—On white pine and at light.

Tragosoma harrist Lec.—Rare. Wellington: June 17, 1921.

Asemum moestum Hald.

Criocephalus agrestis (Kby.).—Taken at light.

Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald.—Rare. Wellington: July 19, 1914;
July 15, 1923.

Elaphidion villosus Fab.—Common on hickory.

Pseudibidion unicolor (Rand.).

Heterachthes quadrimaculatus (Fab.).—Rare. Wellington: Aug. 13,
1922; July 13, 1929.

Obrium rufulum Gahan.—Common on dead branches of ash.

Pidonia ruficollis Say.—Abundant on blossoms of hawthorn and
dogwood.

Centrodera decolorata (Harris).—Wellington: July 11, 1914.

Toxotus schaumt Lec.—On wild grape; one specimen.

Toxotus vittiger Rand.—Abundant on blossoms of spiraea and haw-
thorn.

Acmaeops pratensis (Laich.).—Rare. Wellington: July 4, 1926.

Gaurotes cyanipennis (Say).—Abundant on blossoms, especially
those of the hawthorn.

Grammophera exigua Newm.—Common on blossoms of hawthorn.

Grammophera subargentata Kby.—On blossoms of hawthorn and
dogwood.

Grammophera ruficeps (Lec.).—On blossoms of hawthorn.

Alosterna capitata (Newm.).—Common on blossoms of hawthorn
and dogwood.

120

Lonc-HorneEpD BEETLES OF PRINCE EpwarRD CouNTY 121

Charisalia americana (Hald.).—On blossoms of hawthorn; one
specimen. Wellington: July 12, 1929.

Anthophylax malachiticus Hald.—Rare; on small trees of white pine.

Anthophylax attenuatus Hald.—On dead beech and maple stumps.

Leptura subarmata Rand.—Wellington: June 18, 1922; July 18,
1927.

Leptura plebeja Rand.—One specimen.

Leptura lineola Say.—Fairly abundant on spiraea.

Anoplodera mutuabilis Newm.—Fairly abundant on blossoms.

Anoplodera biforis Newm.—Wellington: July 15, 1932; July 9, 1933.

Anoplodera proxima Say.—Fairly abundant on spiraea.

Anoplodera minnesotana Csy.—Fairly abundant on spiraea.

Anoplodera canadensis Fab.—On dead spruce.

Anoplodera vagans Oliv.—At one time this species was fairly abun-
dant but now it is of rare occurrence in this locality.

Anoplodera pubera Say.—Common on blossoms.

Anopblodera vittata Oliv— Common on biossoms.

Bellamira scalaris Say.—Rare; on decaying hard maple. Welling-
ton: July 15, 1922; July 8, 1923.

Typocerus zebratus Oliv.—On hickory; one specimen. Hillier: June
30, 1937.

Typocerus velutinus (Oliv.).—Abundant on blossoms of blackberry,
sumach, and milkweed.

Molorchus bimaculatus Say.—Abundant on blossoms.

Callimoxys fuscipennis (Lec.).—Common on blossoms of dogwood
and hawthorn.

Physocnemum brevilinium (Say).—Rare. Wellington: July 19,
1935; July 6, 1939.

Anacomis lignea (Fab.).—Rare. Wellington: May 15, 1926.

Callidium violaceum (L.).—On dead cedar.

Callidium frigidum Csy.—On dead cedar.

Phymatodes amoenus (Say).—Common on dead grape vines.

Phymatodes aereus (Newm.).—One specimen. Wellington: June
20, 1926.

Phymatodes dimidiatus (Kby.)—Two specimens. Wellington:
June 20, 1923; June 23, 1914.

Cyllene robiniae (Forst.).—Abundant on blossoms of goldenrod.

Glycobius speciosus (Say).—On trunks of dead hard maple.

122 Lonc-HorNEpD BEETLES OF PRINCE Epwarp County

Calliodes nobilis Harris.—Rare. Wellington: June 16, 1918.

Xylotrechus colonus (Fab.).—Abundant on stumps and trunks of
dead hardwoods.

X ylotrechus quadrimaculatus (Hald.).—Rare. Wellington: June 23,
Aug. 3, 1919.

X ylotrechus aceris Fisher.—Rare; on blue beech. Wellington: Aug.
2, 1925; July 31, 1938.

X ylotrechus undulatus (Say).—Rare. Wellington: July 1, 1916.

Neoclytus muricatulus (Kby.).—Rare; on fallen trees.

Neoclytus acuminatus (Fab.).—On soft maple.

Anthoboscus ruricola (Oliv.)—Common on fallen trees and vege-
tation.

Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Oliv.).—Common.

Atimia confusa (Say).—KRare; on foliage of basswood, ash, and
soft maple at the margins of swamps.

Psenocerus supernotatus (Say).—Common.

Monochamus carolinensis (Oliv.).—Rare; on white pine.

Monochamus notatus (Drury).—On white pine.

Monochamus scutellatus (Say).—Abundant on the branches of dead
white pine.

Dorcaschema nigrum (Say).—Common on dead branches of hickory.

Goes pulcher (Hald.).—Rare; on hickory.

Microgoes oculatus (Lec.).—Fairly common on sumach.

Aegomorphus decipiens Hald.—On beech trunks.

Astylopsis macula (Say).—Common on dead branches of basswood.

Astylopsis guttata (Say).—Common on branches of white pine and
poplar.

Leiopus variegatus (Hald.).—Wellington: July 18, 1935; June 28,
1938.

Leiopus fascicularis (Harris) —Abundant on prickly ash.

Leiopus alpha (Say).—Common on dead sumach.

Lepturges symmetricus (Hald.).—On dead twigs of beech and maple.

Lepturges signatus Lec-—Common on branches of hard maple.

Lepturges querct Fitch.—On oak and hickory.

Hyperplatys maculata Hald.—On dead sumach.

Hyperplatys adspersa (Say).—On dead branches of apple and bass-
wood.

Lonc-HorNED BEETLES OF PRINCE EpwArRD COUNTY 123

Urographis fasciata (DeGeer).—Abundant on beech, soft and hard
maple.

Hoblosia nubila (Lec.).—On basswood.

Pogonocherus penicellatus Lec.—On spruce.

Pogonocherus parvulus Lec.—On willow.

Pogonocherus mixtus Hald.—On pine.

Ecyrus dasycerus (Say).—Rare. Wellington: July 7, 1937.

Eupogonius vestitus (Say)—Common on basswood.

Eupogonius subarmatus (Lec.).—Common on basswood.

Saperda mutica Say.—On willow.

Saperda calcarata Say.—On poplar.

Saperda tridentata Oliv.—On elm.

Saperda vestita Say.— Common on basswood.

Saperda imitans F. and J.—Rare. Wellington: July 10, 1927.

Saperda lateralis Fab.—Frequent on elm and occasional on hickory.

Saperda puncticollis Say.— Common on Virginia creeper.

Saperda moesta Lec.—On willow.

Saperda concolor Lec.—Frequent on willow.

Oberea schaumi Lec.—Rare; on willow.

Oberea tripunctata (Swed.).—Common.

Oberea bimaculata (Oliv.).—On raspberry and blackberry.

Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Forst.)—Common on milkweed.

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CONTRIBUTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY

This series contains reports of Museum studies, including faunal surveys. Except

where otherwise stated the price is twenty-five cents a copy,

1,

Bs

A Faunal Survey of the Lake Nipigon Region, Ontario, by J. R. Dymond, L. L.
Snyder and E. B. S. Logier. 58 pages,

. A Faunal Survey of the Lake Abitibi Region, Ontario, by the staff of the Royal

Ontario Museum of Zoology. 46 pages.

. A Faunal Investigation of King Township, York County, Ontario, by L. L.

Snyder and E., B. S. Logier. 42 pages (out of print),

. A Faunal Investigation of Long Point and Vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario,

by L. L. Snyder and E. B. S. Logier. 120 pages (out of print).

Some Account of the Amphibians and Reptiles of British Columbia, by E. B. S.
Logier. 26 pages (out of print).

A Study of the Sharp-tailed Grouse, by L. L. Snyder. 66 pages,

The Passenger Pigeon in Ontario, by Margaret H. Mitchell. Records of the
history of the now extinct wild pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in Ontario.
Paper, $1.00. Cloth, $1.50. 181 pages.

The Distribution of Breeding Birds in Ontario, by James L. Baillie, Jr., and
Paul Harrington. 134 pages,

. Some Freshwater Fishes of British Columbia, by J. R. Dymond. 14 pages.
. The Birds of the Lake St. Martin Region, Manitoba, by T. M. Shortt and Sam

Waller. 51 pages.
Baird’s Sparrow, by B. W. Cartwright, T. M. Shortt and R. D. Harris. 44 pages.

. Ontario and its Avifauna, by L. L. Snyder, and The Museum’s Bird Collection,

by J. L. Baillie. 14 pages.
Birds of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, by D. A. MacLulich. 47 pages.

A Faunal Investigation of Western Rainy River District, Ontario, by L. L. Snyder.
57 pages.

The Fishes of the Ottawa Region, by J. R. Dymond. 48 pages.

The Birds of the Vicinity of Lake Nipissing, Ontario, by W. E. Ricker and C. H, D.
Clarke. 25 pages. |

. The Summer Birds of Yakutat Bay, Alaska, by T. M. Shortt. 30 pages.

History of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, by J. R. Dymond. 52 pages.
A Faunal Investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario, by L. L. Snyder,
E. B.S. Logier, T. B. Kurata, F. A. Urquhart, and J. F. Brimley. 123 pages.

PRINTED IN CANADA BY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

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