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xv

COLLINSES

peerage of Cnglanti;

GENEALOGICAL,
BIOGRAPHICAL, AND HISTORICAL.

GREATLY AUGMENTED,
AND CONTINUED TO THE PRESENT TIME,

BY

SIR EGERTON BRYDGES, K. J.

IN NINE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON, OTRIDGE AND SON,
J. NICHOLS AND CO. T. PAYNE, WILKIE AND ROBINSON, J.
WALKER, CLARKE AND SONS, W. LOWNDES, R. LEA, J. CUTHELL,
LONGMAN, HURST, REES, OKME, AND CO. WHITE, COCHRANE,
AND CO. C. LAW, CADELL AND DAVIES, J. BOOTH, CROSBY
AND CO. J. MURRAY, J. MAWMAN, J. BOOKER, R. SCHOLEY,
J. HATCHARD, R. BALDWIN, CRADOCK AND JOY, J. FAULDER,
GALE, CURTIS AND CO. JOHNSON AND CO. AND G. ROBINSON.

1812.

T. Bensley, Printer,
Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London,

PREFACE.

It is generally admitted, that for some time a new edition
ofCoLLiNs's Peerage has been much wanted. Thirty-
five years have elapsed since the last was finished at the
press; and the Supplementary Volume published by Mr.
Barak Longmate, as long ago as 1785, by no means
supplies the numerous deficiencies created by the changes
of so long and eventful a period. The profusion of Mr.
Pitt's ministry of seventeen years in the creation of
honours is sufficiently notorious ; and the active part
which Britain has taken in almost every quarter of the
world since the commencement of that illustrious states-
man's power, h is drawn forward the talents and exer-
tions of so many extraordinary men, that any work of
personal history not embracing so brilliant an aera must
be comparatively meagre and dull, and without the most
interesting features of the glory of later ages.

Collins was a most industrious, faithful, and excel-
lent genealogist; to the families which then came within
the compass of his work, he left little of pedigree to be
done, except a continuation to the present day. But he
was more : he was to a certain extent a biographer and
historian. Unfortunately, the dryness of his early pur-
suits, and perhaps a want of early education on a liberal
scale, and, not improbably, a narrow sphere of life which
restrained him from any familiar acquaintance with ele-
vated society, made him contemplate rank and titles with

iv PllETACE.

too indiscriminate respect and flattery. His compilations
therefore are miserably wanting in all those higher traits
of biography and history, which convey the most amuse-
ment and the most instruction.

These are the ingredients which the present Editor
has endeavoured to infuse into the work now offered to
the Public. He is aware how perilous a task he has un-
dertaken, and how impossible it has often been, without
decomposing the whole, to give life and light to the
inanimate mass. Too large a portion of it he therefore
fears still retains its original character. Yet the intelli-
gent and candid reader will duly appreciate the vast store-
house of important facts and characters which it fur-
nishes; in addition to a collection of authentic genealo-
gies, which are deduced with the greatest labour and
clearness, and are so numerous and extensive, as to em-
brace almost all the honourable alliances of the kingdom
in past as well as present times.

The pen of the general historian cannot stop to de-
tail those private connections of his heroes, which often
give a clue to their public conduct and characters. On
this account such a work as the present is of the greatest
use to every Briton who desires to be thoroughly and
deeply conversant with the political story of his country.

The constitution of the government, or at least the
practice of late times is such, that every eminent man in
the state, and all who have distinguished themselves in
the law, navy, or army,, have aspired to nobility, and
generally for themselves or their posterity obtained it.
Hence a Peerage embraces an account of almost all that
has been illustrious in public life.

It is not for him who has taken this task upon him-
self to criticise the profusion with which these honours
have been sometimes conferred. The station of an here-
ditary senator, clothed with rank and privileges, is no

PREFACE. v

light boon. It is due to splendid abilities exercised in
exalted and commanding situations ; it is due to brilliant
descent combined with large fortune and virtuous and
pa riotic conduct. But there are pretensions of a less
eminent sort, to which enlightened and unprejudiced
minds do not think it often due. It is odious to the
gentry and the people to have men so lifted above them
without an adequate cause !

The materials of this work have been sought for in
an extensive range of literature, by one, whose inordinate
love of reading, unconfined to any track, has been un-
ceasing from the age of twelve years. He has drawn
many of his notices from places whither the mere genea-
logist never travels ; and has brought not only history,
biography, and anecdote, but all the belles lettres, and
much of the minutiae of black-letter learning to his aid.
It is true, that the calls of the press, and a variety of
distracting circumstances, did not always allow him to
apply his materials as he would have wished : and above
all, he regrets that he had seldom time to form those ori-
ginal delineations of the characters of great men, which
he most delights to revolve in his mind and to attempt
to pourtray. He would in days of less hurry and per-
plexity, have drawn every great man's portrait with his
own pen ; and thus at least have claimed the praise of
being an original writer rather than a compiler. But he
has still this consolation, that he has brought together
the materials for a more able designer; and that there
is little now to do but to combine them into perfect
shapes.

What a vast fund here is for those who love to study
the complexity and the course of human affairs, must be
apparent to every cultivated eye ! And though the world
has been apt to treat Peerages with contempt as they
have been formerly conducted : (a prejudice which it will

vi PREFACE.

be difficult at once to efface, while the felicity with which
Burke characterized the pages of Collins as setting up no
Other tests of merit than honours, and judging equally of
all who possessed equal titles and places, is remembered),
yet the truth will prevail at last; and the value of the
instruction which such a compilation is calculated to
convey, will be perceived and acknowledged.

Arthur Collins, the original compiler, was born
in 1682 ; and according to a Memoir of him written by
Mr. Stephen Jones, and published in Gent. Mag. vol.
Ixix. p. 282, was son of William Collins, Esq. Gentleman
Usher to Queen Catharine in 1669, by Elizabeth, daughter
of Thomas Blythe, Esq. Mr. Jones adds, that he re*
ceived a liberal education ; but it is clear, that at one
time he carried on the trade of a bookseller at the Black
Boy, opposite St. Dunstan's church in Fleet-street, from
the advertisement of books printed and sold by him an-
nexed to the edition of his Peerage in 1712.

He married about 1708, and dying in 1760, aged
seventy-eight, was buried in the church of Battersea in
Surry. His son, Major-General Arthur Tooker Collins,
died January 4th, 1793, leaving issue David Collins, Esq.
author of The Account of the English Settlement in New
South Wales.

The Jirst edition of his Peerage was published in one
vol. 8vo. about 1709; the arms miserably cut on wood.

The second edition was in 1712, one vol. 8vo; co/-
lected as well from our best Historians, Public Records,
and other sufficient authorities, as from the personal infor-*
mat ions of most of the Nobility.* Two more volumes con-
taining the extinct Peerage were added about 1715.

But the first complete edition of the existing Peerage
was published in four vols. Svo. with the same copper

* The Editor has a large paper presentation-copy now before him. -

PREFACE, Vil

plates, as were afterwards used, London, 1735. This was
called the second edition.

To this were afterwards added two volumes of Suppler
went, 174 J.

The next edition, called the third, was published in
six vols. 8vo. 175(5.

After his death the fourth edition came out in 1767,
]n seven vols. 8vo.

The fifth and last edition was published in 1778, in
eight vols. 8vo. by Mr. Barak Longmate, b who in 1785
fcdded a Supplemental Volume.

CoJlins also published a quarto volume, being part of
a larger Baronage, 1727.

A Baronetage ^(incomplete) in two vols. 8vo. 1720,
which he reprinted and completed in 1741, in five vols.
8vo. an admirable work.

Besides these he gave to .the world, Historical Collec-
tions of the Noble Families of Cavendish, Holies, Veref
Jiarley, and Ogle, fol. 1752.

Letters and Memorials of the Sydneys, two vols. fol.
1.746,

A Collection of Cases of Baronies in Fee, fol. 1734.

Life of Lord Burleigh, 1732, 8vo.

Life of Edward the Black Prince, 1750, 8 vo.

These works are sufficient proofs of his uncommon in-
dustry. The indefatigable skill with which he searched
into records, wills, deeds, epitaphs, MS genealogies, can
be properly ascertained only by those, who have been
engaged in similar pursuits. How much he added to the
account of those later families, of whom Dugdale treated
at the close of his Baronage, may be seen by a reference
to that great antiquary's work. In matters of pedigree,
subsequent investigations have seldom found him to be

b Barak Longmate, engraver, an excellent genealogist, and inge-
nious man, died July 23d, 1793, aged fifty-five.

vm PREFACE.

erroneous. His flattery displayed itself in praises of cha-
racter; in reverential estimates of talents and integrity;
and not in genealogical untruths. This arose rather
from the nature and discipline of bis mind than from
any wilful misrepresentations. History itself had not
then risen to its present philosophic character; and who
could expect it of a mere genealogist?

For himself, the present Editor owes it to a just pride,
to disclaim the undue influence of titles or birth on his
mind. He feels no dazzle from them, that can destroy,
or affect his powers of discrimination. He thinks them
a disgrace to him, to whom they do not prove incentives
to liberal conduct, cultivated pursuits, and honourable
ambition. For those, whose insolence is founded upon
the possession of their privileges, but who turn with a
stupid or affected aversion from an inquiry into their
history, every sensible and rational mind must feel not
only disapprobation, but contempt. If they will not
look back with curiosity and respect on those merits,
which have procured them their present enviable station,
on what just grounds can they imagine themselves placed
where they are ? It is observable, that the most insolent
and haughty of the nobility are uniformly those who are
least conversant about its history. Perhaps they are
right: every page would teem with reproaches to their
own sensual lives !

A young British Peer, who cultivates his mind, and
refines his manners; who studies the public affairs of
his country, and takes a virtuous part in them, is in a
situation as desirable as a chastised and enlightened am-
bition can form a wish for. Even though his estate
should be moderate, the senate opens a field for his ex-
ertions, where they will be tried only by their merit,
whether of intention or talent. His rank will procure
him respect, and a due attention to all his suggestions ;

PRKPACK. ix

and without being liable to the capricet and expenses of
popular elections, lie may pursue the dictates of an honest
mind unwarned and uncontrolled; and glow with the
inward satisfaction of living for others, and of the daily
discharge of patriotic duties. To look up to such a lot
as the object of desire, is it to look to that, which is not
the desire of virtue and wisdom ?

Low-born people too often console themselves that
these exhibitions of illustrious blood are the fables of
interested flatterers. But upon what eiear and incon-
trovertible proof the pedigrees in these volumes stand,
may safely !><• !rlt 16 the ttott strict and rigorous scrutiny
of all those who have skill on the subject. The Peerage
can furnish a number of families who can boast in the
male line a most venerable untiquity. The names of
ie, Grey, Talbot, Courtenay, Clifford, Berkeley,
Clinton, Lumley, Stanley, Howard, Devereux, Saekville,
and St. John, will speak for themselves. The lapse of
time may in some cases have weakened the impulse and
dimmed the lustre of their energies, though it may not
have annihilated the extent of their fortunes. When
this derivative splendour is invigorated by the original
light of personal merit, how attractive and imposing is
it on the feelings of a contemplative mind ! Let those,
who delight in degradation, rather seek it in the declen-
sion of the representative from his transmitted glory,
than in the denial of past greatness, which can so easily
be proved! Tin v may then cast a sting where it is
minted, and may do good: the rot i. wilful blindness
to the light!

There are some respects in which the members of the
Upper House of Parliament have undergone a material
variation of character and habits from those which the \
formerly held. From their numbers, aucl from the- nearer
equality of fortune of the major part of thein, thej m

% PREFACE.

become more blended with the people. The power an<J
the distance of astutely and reserved aristocracy are lost*
and instead of separate rights and vjews, they possess
mingled interests with the commonalty. There are inr
deed a few vast and princely estates, chiefly the remnants,
of feudal times, and unproportionably augmented by the
amazing rise in the value of landed property, which enr
title those who possess them to all the splendor and in-
fluence of predominant wealth. The Houses of Bedford,
Devonshire, Marlborough, Portland, and Northumberr
Jand: Buckingham, Stafford, and Hertford: Bridgewater,
Fitzw.illiam, Darlington, Spencer, Qrosvenor, Powis,
and Lonsdale, and perhaps a few others, have rentals,
which compared with those of ancient days, must appear
truly astonishing. Make every allowance for increased
prices, and depreciation of money ; and still their relative
power, as far as wealth can operate, must be augmented.
Whether the diminished respect for titles, and the altered
manners of society are not more than a counterbalance
to this, may be fairly questioned { ,

The magnificent palaces of Blenheim, Chatsworth,
Woburn, and Stowe ; the noble castles of Alnwick and
Raby ; the ancient and spreading mansions of Welhe.ck
and Milton ; the venerable park and classical site of Ashf
ridge ; the rich and highly adorned seats of Trentham
.and Althorp, become the rich Peers who own them, and
support the splendor of the British Peerage. In the re*
sidences of these great families, both in the country and
the capital, the arts flourish; and learning finds the
amplest repositories. The Stafford, Carlisle, and Gros--
^venor collections of pictures; the Spencer, Marlborough,
Devonshire, Bridgewater, and Pembroke libraries, are
national treasures, becoming a people who are contendr
jng for the empire of the world.

If to ruminate on the heroes of feudal times gratify $

PREFACE. XI

wild curiosity, and raise a brilliant array of images in a
rich and picturesque imagination, it is perhaps in the
exhibition of those who have risen by their intellectual
merits in a more refined state of society, that we furnish
something more suited to excite the interest of the
moralist, and the sympathy of the heart. Cecil, Cooper,
St. John, Harley, Walpole, and Pulteney — Chatham, and
his son Pitt; Holland, with his son Charles Fox; and
Melville — Bacon, Clarendon, and Somers ; Yorke, Talbot,
Murray, Thurlow, and Dunning: these are men, whose
lives we may study without wasting our time in an idle
and uninstructive curiosity! Nor will the memoirs of
our great commanders, either by sea or land, be read
without virtuous emotions, or solid information.

The Editor in the undertaking of this heavy task
has been actuated by no other motive than a pure desire
to produce an useful work, which appeared to be much
wanted. He began it without any demand or hope of
reward, merely as an inducement to the proprietors to
hazard the great expense of a reprint, when, if they had
had the additional cost of an Editor to pay, they might
have been discouraged from the scheme. The very hand-
some and large presents of books which the proprietors
have since bestowed on him without any stipulation, are
as gratifying to his pride, as they are honourable to their
liberality. The time consumed, and the occasional labour
have been such, as he confessedly did not foresee. But
lie is aware that those, who had no other avocations nor
pursuits, might have executed the work much more ex-
peditiously. He confesses that, somewhat volatile and
uncertain in the objects of his curiosity and amusement,
he has been too often drawn aside by every flower, and
tempted by e\ery new prospect. A reader in every
various path of polite literature, voracious of books, yet
impatient of steady application ; sometimes at a distance

xn PREFACE.

from the materials and volumes required for this task,
and sometimes forgetting them in the more urgent dis-
cussions of temporary interest, or the more seductive
pages of affecting or playful genius, — the progress of this
Peerage has too often languished, and even slept.

At length it comes, not without some anxiety of the
Editor, before the public eye. He looks for little praise ;
nor does he wholly hope to escape censure. Of the
reader, who adds candour to intelligence, he is not much
in fear. In such an immense number of facts and dates,
there must be some oversights, and some omissions. A
sound judgment will not require him to have heaped
together every thing which might be found on the sub-
ject, without selection; and pour out an indigested com-
mon-place book, or loaded memory on every article. It
is sufficient to have given the prominent features, and
pointed out the track of reading which may still lead to
farther illustration. The reader in prose, as well as in
poetry, wishes to have something for the exercise of his
own ingenuity, and a display of the stores of his own
mind.

Of the materials and authorities, on which this work is
built, little further requires to be said. The references at
the bottom of almost every page speak for themselves.
A long familiarity with all the minutiae of pedigree, and
habits of research for more than twenty years among
original documents and ancient memorials, more especi-
ally the immense mass of genealogical MSS. in the
British Museum, have given the Editor a critical judg-
ment on such subjects, which secures him from indiscri-
minate compilation. Something more might unques-
tionably have been done in some cases by the aid of the
respective families of whom he has treated. But he is
not ashamed to confess, that to the task of solicitation
his pride would not submit. Besides, it might have re-

PREFACE. xni

st ruined his pen in the exercise of that freedom integrity
and truth, tempered by candour, with which he has most
sedulously endeavoured to give the history of every
family.

To a few persons only has he to make his acknow-
ledgements of assistance. George Nay lor, Esq. York
Herald, has, at the expense of the publishers, furnished
copies of all or most of the pedigrees of the new peers,
which have been entered at the Heralds' College.0 These
will be apparent, and need not be particularized. To
the Right Honourable the Earl of Lonsdale, K. G. the
Editor is indebted for the cuiious memoir of his col-
lateral ancestor the first Viscount, printed for private
use. To ihe late Viscount Melville, for the printed me-
moir of his immediate ancestors, which is copied into
^ol. vi. To Viscount Sidmouth, and Lord De Dun-
stanville, for replies to the Editor's queries. To the
Honourable and Reverend Francis Egerton, for the life
of his ancestor the Lord Chancellor Brackley; and
to John Egerton, Esq. of Olton, M. P. for Chester,
for the deduction of his own branch of the family. To
Earl Nelson, Lord Sheffield, and the Honourable W. B.
Lygon, M. P. for Worcestershire, for corrections in their
respective articles ; which two last, though they arrived
after those articles were printed, will be noticed in the
Addenda. He is also indebted to the Rev. J. Blakeway,
of Shrewsbury, for the use of his Marginal Notes to his
copy of Collins; and to T. B. Howell, Esq. the learned
Editor of the new edition of the State Trials, for a most
important addition to the article of the Earl of Doncaster
(Duke of Buccleugh); to Frederick Holdsworth, Esq.
for his liberal offers of aid in the Roper pedigree ; and
to J. Haslewood, Esq. for his addition to the Berkeley
article.

' Some new Peers have not entered any pedigrees.

Jriv PREFACE.

To Edmund Lodge, Esq Lancaster Herald, if he has
not broken in on his time by requests of written assist-
ance which might perhaps have too much intruded on
his own views, (since Mr. L. himself is believed to have
had in contemplation an original Baronage, to which his
own admirable pen is capable of giving the highest in-
terest), the Editor is yet indebted for the instruction of
his conversation, and perhaps many hints and much
light which he would not otherwise have possessed.

A brief account of the Extinct and Dormant Peer-
ages, from the accession of King Henry VII. is appended
to the ninth volume. For a more detailed history of
them, the reader is referred to Banks's Dormant and Ex-
tinct Peerage, in three vols. 4to. published by White and
Cochrane.

Whoever wishes to be acquainted with the law of the
Peerage, will do well to procure Cruise's 8vo. volume On
Dignities, in which he will find the subject treated with
admirable perspicuity and brevity; and all the legal
points which have arisen in the investigation of claims,
clearly stated and discussed.

In the progress of printing this work, the necessity
of a regular attention to some technical arrangements,
which at first had been sometimes neglected, enforced
itself on the Editor's mind. Every Peer on his succes-
sion is, with these exceptions, distinguished by his name
and title being printed in capitals; so also is, or should
be, the Christian name of his eldest son, whose courtesy
title is printed in italics; by which also the Scotch and
Irish titles are distinguished. Every child of a Peer is
likewise, at least in the latter volumes, marked out by a
separate paragraph. On the whole it is hoped, that in
all such points this Edition will be found to be a mate-
rial improvement on the former.

PREFACE. XV

Some years having been consumed in compiling and
printing so voluminous a Work, many deaths, marriages,
and births have occurred, after the articles to which they
belong were printed off. These of necessity could only
find a place in the Addenda.

With these explanations, it only remains to submit
the Work to its fate; not in confidence and exultation,
but in the mild and gentle hope, that not merely genea-
logists and antiquaries, but readers of almost every class,
and more especially all who are fond of biography and
history, will find extensive interest in these full volumes.

London,
July 20, 1812.

CONTENTS OF THE NINE VOLUMES.

VOL, I.

Contains the Blood Royal, and part of the Dukes.

VOL. II.

Contains the rest of the Dukes, and all the Marquises.

VOL. III.

Contains the Earls to the termination of the seventeenth Century.

VOL. IV.

Contains the Earls from the commencement of the eighteenth century,
to the death of George II.

VOL. V.

Contains the Earls from the accession of George III.

VOL. VI.

Contains all the Viscounts ; and those Barons, whose honours ex-
isted prior to the death of Queen Elizabeth.

VOL. VII.

Contains the Barons from the accession of King James I. to the
termination of the Coalition Ministry in 1783.

VOL. VIII.

Contains the Barons from the commencement of Mr. Pitt's Ministry
1784, to the termination of the eighteenth century.

VOL. IX.

Contains the Barons from the commencement of the nineteenth cen-
tury and the Union of Ireland; and also a short Extinct
Peerage from the accession of King Henry VII. with an ac-
count of Peerage claims.
vol. I. b

'

i

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

BLOOD ROYAL.

Page

Duke of Cornwall , 1

Duke of York 42

Duke of Clarence 43

Duke of Kent 44

Duke of Cumberland . . .} 45

Duke of Sussex 46

Duke of Cambridge 4J

Duke of Gloucester 48

DUKES.

Howard, Duke of Norfolk . . , 50

Seymour, Duke of Somerset 144

Lenox, Duke of Richmond . „ 203

Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton 213

Somerset, Duke of Beaufort 222

Beauclerk, Duke of St. Albans 244

Osborne, Duke of Leeds 25 ?

Russell, Duke of Bedford^ , 262

Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire 302

Spencer, Duke of Marlborough 362

Manners, Duke of Rutland , 454

Hamilton, Duke of Brandon 49 1

15* The Reader is requested to turn also to the Addenda at the end of
the Volume for the latest dates, and a few corrections, of every articl*.

- • ■

■

■ I

*

i

THE

PEERAGE OF ENGLANB.

DUKE OF CORNWALL.

The House of Brunswick possesses such well-founded claims to
antiquity and importance, that it has engaged a more than ordi-
nary share of the attention of genealogists and historians. The
celebrated L( ibnitz in particular, who passed the last forty years
of his life at the cburt of the Dukes of Hanover, became the ar-
chitect of a monument, which this- family were ambitious of
raising to the glory of their name. His labours were published in
several volumes ; and laid the foundation of Eccard's Origenes
GueLficce, in five volumes folio.*

In latter days, our very learned and elegant countryman,
Gibbon, has drawn from this fountain a Disquisition on the Anti-
quities of the House of Brunswick, winch has been published
among his posthumous works, but was unluckily left unfinished.

'.' An English subject," says Gibbon, " may be prompted by
a just and liberal curiosity, to investigate the origin and story of
the House of Brunswick, which after an alliance with the daughters
of our kings, has been called by the voice of a free people, to the
legal inheritance of the crown. From George the First, and his
father, the first Elector of Hanover, we ascend in a clear and re-

* Muratori illustrated the Italian branch in his Antichita Eittme. j
VOL. I. B

2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

gular series, to the first Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh, who
received his investiture from Frederick the Second, about the
middle of the thirteenth century. If these ample possessions had
been the gift of the emperor to some adventurous soldier, to some
faithful client, we might be content with the antiquity and lustre
of a noble race, which had been enrolled nearly 600 years among
the princes of Germany., But our ideas are raised, and our pros-
pect is opened by the discovery, that the first Duke of Brunswick
was rather degraded than adorned by his new title, since it im-
posed the duties of feudal service on the free and patrimonial
estate, which alone had been saved in the shipwreck of the more
splendid fortunes of his house. His ancestors had been invested
with the powerful duchies of Bavaria and Saxony, which extended
far beyond their limits in modern geography : from the Baltic Sea
to the confines of Rome they were obeyed, or respected, or feared ;
and in the quarrels of the Guelphs and Gibellines, the former ap-
pellation was derived from the name of their progenitors, in the
female line. But the genuine masculine descent of the Princes of
Brunswick must be explored beyond the Alps : the venerable tree,
which has since overshadowed Germany and Britain, was planted
in the Italian soil. As far as our sight can reach, we discern the
first founders of the race in the Marquises of Este, of Liguria, and
perhaps of Tuscany. In the eleventh century, the primitive stem
was divided into two branches ; the elder migrated to the banks
of the Danube and the Elbe ; the younger more humbly adhered
to the neighbourhood of the Adriatic : the Dukes of Brunswick,
and the Kings of Great Britain, are the descendants of the first ;
the Dukes of Ferrara and Modena wrere the offspring of the
second.*"

The Marquises of Tuscany.

An old charter of the reign of Charlemagne, and the beginning
of the ninth century, has casually preserved the memory of Boni-
face the Bavarian, the count or governor of Lucca, the father of
the Marquises of Tuscany ; and the first probable ancestor of the
house of Este and Brunswick. His official title describes him as
one of the principal ministers and nobles of the kingdom of Italy. f
The province entrusted to his command was that of Lucca, one of
the most fertile and fortunate spots of Italy.]:

• Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 637.

♦ Ibid. % Ibid. p. 646.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. ft

His son Boniface the Second, approved himself worthy of his
name and honours. The example and impunity of treason could
never tempt his loyalty ; and while the empire of Lewis the Pious
was relaxed by weakness, or agitated by discord, Boniface asserted
the glory of the French and the Christian arms. He had been
intrusted with the defence of the maritime coast and the Isle of
Corsica, against the Mahometans of Africa, and his right to com-
mand the service of the neighbouring counts, may entitle him to
the appellation of Duke or Marquis of Tuscany, which was as-
sumed by his descendants. He incurred the vengeance of Lothaire,
King of Italy, by taking the part of his step-mother, the Empress
Judith, wife of Lewis the Pious. On this account he retired to
France, where his exile was alleviated by the most honourable
employments. But there is reason to believe, that he ended his
days in the government of Lucca.*

His son and successor, Adalbert the First, has a more un-
questionable right to the appellation of Duke and Marquis of
Tuscany. John VIII a Pope of an active and ambitious spirit,
complains most bitterly of the two marquises, or tyrants, of Lam-
bert of Spoleto, and of Adalbert of Tuscany, who were brothers
in alliance, in arms, and in sacrilege. They solicited the aid of
the miscreant Saracens, invaded the ecclesiastical state, entered
the city, profaned the churches, extorted an oath of fidelity from
the Romans, and dared to imprison the successor of St. Peter. The
Pope excommunicated these two marquises, whom he styled the
enemies of God and man. But some political events gave a
new turn to affairs ; and the sins of these powerful men were obli-
terated by a reconciliation. f

To him succeeded his son Adalbert the Second, distinguished
by the epithet of The Rich. He married Berta, a widow of Theo-
bald, a Count of Provence, daughter of Lothaire, King of Aus-
trasia, or Lorraine, who was the great grandson of Charlemagne.
He died at Lucca in a mature age ; and his real or imaginary virtues
are inscribed on his tomb. " We are," continues Gibbon, " soli-
cited to believe that he was formidable to his enemies, liberal to
his soldiers, just to his subjects, and charitable to the poor ; that
his memory was embalmed in the tears of a grateful people; and
that the public happinefs was buried in his grave. An epitaph is
a feeble evidence of merit; yet an epitaph on the dead may prove

* Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii.
+ Ibid.

4 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND).

somewhat more than a panegyric on the living."* He left behind
him three children, Guido, Lambert, and Hermenegarda, who
married and survived a prince of equal rank on the confines of
Piedmont.

Guido succeeded as Duke of Tuscany. He was instrumental
in the election of his half-brother Hugh, Count, of Provence, to
the kingdom of Italy, anno 926. But this event hastened the
downfall of their house. He was mild and moderate, and expiring
in the prime of life, left his inheritance to his brother Lambert,
who succeeded as fifth Duke of Tuscany. But his half-brother
Hugh, King of Italy, trampling on the prejudices of mankind,
married Marozia, Guido' s widow. This was followed by public
hatred and contempt : the monarch therefore dreading the resent-
ment of the Marquis Lambert, and perhaps hoping a rich for-
feiture, denied his nearness of blood j and regardless of his mother's
fame, pretended she had substituted this issue to her second hus-
band. The intrepid Lambert threw down the gauntlet, .and chal-
lenged the defamer to single combat. The challenge was ac-
cepted, and an easy victory obtained j but instead of embracing
his genuine brother, the monarch loaded the conqueror with irons ;
confiscated his dominions, and deprived him of his eyes. The un-
happy prince survived his misfortune many years ; but he was
dead to his enemies, and to the world. Among barbarians, a blind
warrior, who is no longer capable of managing a horse, or of
wielding a lance, must be excluded from all the honours and
offices of public life, f

; The House o/Este.

Leibnitz and Muratori, after much research, and long hesita-
tion, admitted a third Adalbert, the unquestioned ancestor of the
House of Este, to be the son of Guido, Marquis of Tuscany, elder
brother of the last mentioned Marquis, Lambert. Gibbon consi-
dered that there were difficulties so insuperable to this .supposition*
as to make him refuse his assent to it. Above all, the age of this
Adalbert, as proved by the age of his son, offers an insurmountable
bar. Gibbon, however, was inclined to believe that he was a
collateral branch of this family; and that he might be the son of
a second Boniface, the younger brother of Adalbert the Second.

* Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 650.
+ Ibid. p. 652.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 5

All that can be positively proved of this Adalbert is, that he
flourished in Lombardy or Tuscany, in the beginning of the tenth
century.

This Adalbert, thus called The Third, had a son, Otbert the
First, whose existence and power stand upon decisive authority ;
for he attained the rank of Count of the Sacred Palace to the
Kings of Italy. He appears on the following occasion. When the
tyrant Hugh, half-brother of Lambert, last Marquis of Tuscany,
was necessitated to fly beyond the Alps, and the Marquis Beren-
garius was exalted to the throne, a grant of four Castles was made
to the Bishop of Modena ; and in that grant the new monarch
declares that, " it was made at the request of his trusty and well-
beloved, the Marquis Otbert." At the end of nine years, for
reasons now unknown, he became a fugitive and a rebel; and
escaping to the Saxon court, inflamed the ambition of Otho, with
whom he returned to dethrone his sovereign. This conduct has
rendered the virtues of his character doubtful ; and the union of
the kingdoms of Germany and Italy, was a measure, to which
perhaps a patriot ought not to have contributed. But it cannot
be questioned, that from the Emperor Otho, the Marquis Otbert
was entitled to riches and honours. With these he wa< amply re-
warded. The Count of the Sacred Palace was the prime minister
of the kingdom of Italy ; and it was observed, in classic style, that
the Dukes, Marquises, and the Counts, submitted to the pre-emi-
nence of his Consular Fasces. In an age, when every magistrate
was a noble, and every noble was a soldier, the Count Palatine often
assumed the command of armies ; but in his proper station, he
represented the judicial character of the Emperor; and pro-*
nounced a definitive sentence, as the judge of all civil and cri-
minal appeals. The city of Pavia, and the castle of Lomello were
his ordinary residence, but he visited the provinces in frequent
circuits; and all loral or subordinate jurisdiction was suspended
in his presence. This important office was exercised above
twelve years by the Marquis Otbert : the public acts, the few
that have escaped, announce the proceedings of his tribunal at
Lucca, Verona, &c. and he continued to deserve and enjoy the
favour of the Emperor. In the decline of life, he took the mo-
nastic habit, in a Benedictine abbey, which he had richly en-
dowed, where he laboured to expiate the sins of his secular
life*

* Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 662.

6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His son, Otbert II. succeeded him in his patrimonial estates,
but not in the office of Count Palatine. The life of the second
Otbert was tranquil or obscure 5 he was rich in lands, in vassals,
and in four valiant sons, Azo, Hugh, Adalbert, and Guido : but
their valour embittered his old age, and involved the family in
treason and disgrace. When two hostile kings~were elected to
the empire, Henry the Saxon, and Arduin the Lombard ; and
disputed the iron crown in a civil war of ten years, Marquis Ot-
bert II. his four sons, and his grandson Azo II. were the adhe-
rents of the unsuccessful candidate Arduin ; and suffered confis-
cation of their estates ; but being afterwards forgiven their ample
forfeitures, professed themselves the grateful and loyal servants of
their benefactor. When, however, the Emperor Henry died
issueless, the sons of Otbert II. again opposed the election of
Conrad the First.

Azo I. succeeded his father. He married Valdrada, daughter
of Peter Candianus, the Fourth, Doge or Duke of Venice, and
neice of Hugh, Duke of Tuscany, by whom he acquired a rich
territory, and a commanding influence in the Venetian province.
Fifteen miles to the south of Padua he fixed his permanent and
principal seat in the castle and town of Ateste, or Este, formerly
a Roman colony of some note : and by a harmless anticipation,
we may apply to his descendants the title of Marquis of Este ;
which they did not however assume, till the end of the twelfth
century. From Este, their new estates, the inheritance of Hugo
the Great, extended to the Ad^ge, the Po, and the Mincius. Their
farms and cattle were scattered over the plain ; many of the
heights, Montagnana, Monfelice, &c. were occupied by their forts
and garrisons ; and they possessed a valuable tract of marsh-land,
the island of Rovigo, which almost reaches to the gates of Fer-
rara.*

His son, Albert Azo II. succeeded him. Of this Marquis,
the name and character shine conspicuous through the gloom of
the eleventh century. He was styled Marquis of Liguria. Like
one of his Tuscan ancestors, he was distinguished by the epithet
of the Rich. The particulars of his rent-roll cannot now be ascer-
tained : an occasional, though authentic, deed of investiture, enu-
merates eighty-three fiefs or manors, which he held of the empire
in Lombardy and Tuscany, from the marquisate of Este to the
county of Luni : but to these possessions must be added the lands

• Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii- p. 666.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 7

which he enjoyed as tho vassal of the chureh, the ancient patri-
mony of Otbert,( th? Terra Otbcrtenga) in the counties of Arezzo,
Pisa, and Lucca, and the marriage portion of his first wife;
which, according to the various readings of the manuscripts, may
be computed either at twenty, or at two hundred thousand English
acres.* If such a mass of landed property were now accumulated
on the head of an Italian nobleman, the annual revenue might sa-
tisfy the largest demands of private luxury or avarice ; and the
fortunate owner would be rich in the in^rovement of agriculture,
the manut.ii tun--. <>t industry, the refinement of taste, and the
extent <>i commerce. But the barbarisms of the eleventh cen-
tury diminished the income, and aggravated the expence of the
Marquis of Este. 'In a long series of war and anarchy, man, and
the works of man, had been swept away ; and the introduction of
each ferocious and idle stranger, had been overbalanced by the
low of five or six perhaps of the peaceful industrious natives. The
mischievous growth of vegetation, the frequent inundations of the
: >, were no longer checked by the vigilance of labour ; the
face of the country was again covered with forests and morasses:
of the vast domains which acknowledged Azo for their lord, the
far greater part was abandoned to the wild beasts of the field, and
a much smaller portion was reduced to the state of constant ami
productive husbandry. f His first wife was Cuniza, or Cunegouda,
a German heiress, whose ancestors by their nobility and riches,
were distinguished among the Suabian and Bavarian chiefs ; whose
brother was invested by the Emperor Henry III. with the Dutchy
of Carinthia, and the Marquisate of Verona, on the confines of the
Venetian possessions of the house of Este. This marriage was
productive of a son, who received at his baptism the name of
Guelph, to revive and perpetuate the memory of his uncle, his
grandfather, and his first progenitors on the maternal side. After
the death of Cunegonda, the Marquis of Este married Garsenda,
daughter, and at length heiress of the Counts of Maine; by
whom he had two sons, Hugo and Fulk, the younger of whom is
the acknowledged parent of the Dukes of Ferrara and Moden.i.
The third wife of Azo was Matilda, another widow of noble
birth, his cousin in the fourth degree.; He died in IO97, aged
upwards of an hundred § years. ||

• Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 668.
I Ibid. ♦ Ibid. p. 67a. \ Ibid. p. 669.

I The descent liven in the text »«Tte$ with that pven in Anderson, p. 66t .

8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The Guelphish Line.

The House of Guelph were descended from Ega, a Major
Domus in France in the time of King Dagobert I. who died
A. D. 646 He married Gerberga, daughter of Richemeres, Duke
ot Franconia, by Gertrudis, daughter of Ansbertus, Duke on the
Moselle, who died A.D. 570, and was son of Vanbertus, Duke on
the Moselle, who died A.D. 528, son of Albero, Duke on the
Moselle, who died A.D. 4Q1, son or grandson of Pharamond,
Duke ot the East Franks, who died A. D. 470, and was grand-
father to Merovaeus, ancestor to the ^Merovingian Kings of
France. *

Erchembaldus was son of Ega and Gerberga. He was Major
Domus of King Clodovaeus II. and died A D. 66l.

His son Lendisius succeeded as Major Domus, and died A.D.
6S0, leaving issue one son,

Ethicus, or Adtlricus, Duke of Alsatia, who died A.D. 720.
He had a younger son Hetto ; and

His eldest son Adelbertus was Duke of Alsatia, and died 741.

His soil Eberhaul was Duke of Alsatia, and left issue Warinus,
who died s. p. and

Isembart, who was Lord of Altorf, in the court of Charle-
maine A D. 760. He married Irmintrudis, sister to Hildegardis,
wife of Charlemagne. They had a son surnamed ^uelphus,
the origin of which name, however ridiculous, I shall give in the
words of a grave historian, Dr. Heylin. " I shall crave lea»e,"
says he, " to speak of the original of the Gur/phinn family, Dukes
at the same time of Bavaria and Saxony 5 of which they are at
this time the sole remainder. A family derived from one Guelphus,
whence it had the name, the son of lsenburdus, Earl of Altorf in
Scbwaben 3 whose wife, call Jermentrudis, having accused a poor
woman of adultery, and causing her to be grievously punished for
having twelve children at a birLh, was afierwar s delivered of the
like number, and all of them sons. Her husband being absent at
the time of her delivi ry, she commanded the nurse to kill eleven
of them, fearing, it seems, the like shame and punishment, as
by her instigation was inflicted on the other woman. The
nurse, going to perform the ungodly command, was met by the

That which is given in the former editions of Collin?, is according to the older
genealogists given by Anderson, in p. 665.

Anderson, p. 478, 614.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 9

old Earl, then returning homeward ; who asked her what she
had in her apron. She made answer, " Whelps !" He desired to
see them. She denied him. Angry atlfaiis refusal, he opened
her apron ; and there found eleven of his own sons, pretty sweet
babes, and of most promising countenances. Examining the matter,
he found out the truth, and enjoining the old trot to be secret in
it, he put the children out to nurse. Six years expired, the Earl
invited to a feast most of his own and his wife's kindred ; and at-
tiring the young boys all alike, presented them unto their mother,
who, suspecting by the number of them what the matter was,
confessed the offence, was pardoned by the good old Earl; and
carefully educated her children, whom the Earl commanded to be
called by the name of Guelps, alluding to the whelps <w puppies,
which the nurse told him she had in her apron."*

Guelph I, was cotemporary with Charlemaine. He was
called sometimes Count, and at other times Duke of Bavaria. He
died A.D 820. His wife was Hedwig, daughter of a noble
Saxon family; by whom he had, first, Ethico ; seedhd, Rudolph,
Count of Altorfj third, Conrad, Count of Altorf; fourth, Jutta,
orLutgarda, second wife of the Emperor Arnolph • fifth, Judith,
second wife of the Emperor Lewis the Pious j sixth, Suana, or
Susanna, wife of Bruno, the brother of Witekind the Great.

His son, Ethico, inherited the counties of Altorf and Raven-
burg as a sovereign. He died A. D. 8/0. His wife Judith is
supposed to have been daughter of Ethelwolf, King of England ; f
by whom he had Henry I. and Bardo, slain by the Normans at
Ebsdorf A. D. 880; and Engelberga, or Luitgardis, wife of Lewis
II. King of Italy.

Henry I. surnamed with the Go/den Chariot, succeeded his
father. He got from his brother-in-law, the Emperor Lewis II.
a great part of Bavaria, as a fief of the empire, and wan by him
created the first Duke of Lower Bavaria 860 ; whereby he broke
the heart of his father Ethico, who hated subjection to the Em-
peror ', for much of that land belonged to him, though Henry
took not possession, till after his father's death. He married
Orina, a princess of Flanders, by whom he had

Henry II. Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Count of Aitorf,
living 910, who married Hatta, or Beata, a Countess of Hohen-
wart, by whom he had, first, Rudolph} second, Conrad, (some

* Heylin's Cosmography, b. xi. p. 96.
+ Andersorii p. 478.

10 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

called him Burchard) bishop of Constance 935, slain QJ6 ; third,
Ethico the second, the patriarch of a noble race in Switzerland,
yet died a monk.

Rudolph I. Duke, of Lower Bavaria, and Count of Altorf and
Ravensburg, died g40. By Seburgis, or Seborchis of Swabia, he
had an only daughter and heir, Gerbergis.

Gerbergis, daughter and heir, married Arnolph, Duke of
Upper Bavaria, son of Arnolph Malus, who called himself King
of Bavaria, and died 938; * by whom she had, first, Guelpho II.
second, Conrad, slain in battle q44 ; third, Ethico, Bishop of
Augsburg 98 1, died 988; fourth, Otto or Udo, a Count of Ba-
varia, slain also in battle.

Guelpho .11. succeeded as Count of Altorf and Ravensburg;
and was the first Duke of Lower Bavaria of that name. He died
98O His children were, Rudolph II. Richilda, Cunigunda, Bar-
thold, Henry ; and Richuaria, wife of Cuno of Rheinfeld.

Rudolph II. succeeded as Duke of Lower Bavaria, Count of
Altorf and Ravensburg. He died 1020. By Itha, daughter of
Cuno, Count of Oeningen in Boden, by Richildis, daughter of the
Emperor Otto I., he had, first, Guelpho III.; second, Henry,
slain in hunting ; third, Barthold, a Counf, from whom histo-
rians say are descended the Counts of Zollern, the Burgraves of
Nurnberg, and the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg j
fourth, Richilda, or Richildis, wife* of Albert, Count of Sempt and
Ebersberg ; fifth, Cunigundis, wife of Frideric, Count of Sinde-
burg : she died 1085.

Guelpho III. succeeded as Duke of Lower Bavaria; he made
war upon the Emperor Conrad Salicus, 1026, and lived to J 047-
He married Juditha, or Irmingardis, sister of Gilbert, or Gislebert,
Count of Luxemburgh ; the neice of St. Cunigunda, Empress of
Henry II. By her he had, first, Guelpho IV.; second, Cunissa,
or Cunigunda, his sister and heir.

Guelpho IV, succeeded as Duke of Lower Bavaria, &c. He
forced the Emperor Henry III. to restore the money extorted
from Verona, 1050. He died 1055.

Cunissa, or Cunigunda, his sister and heir, married in 1040
Azo II. Marquis of Este, as before-mentioned.

* Anderson, p. <;©i, 514.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 11

House of Este continued.

By this great heiress of the Guelphs, Azo II. had issue

Guelpho V. first Duke of Upper and Lower Bavaria; who
began his reign upon the death of his uncle in 1055. He engaged
in the first Crusade, IO96, and died in his return from the Holy
Land at Paphos in Cyprus, in 1101. He had three wives, first,
Ethelinda, daughter of Otto, Duke of Saxony, on the Weser ;
second, Judith, daughter of Baldwin V. Count of Flanders, and
sister to Maud, wife of William the Conqueror; third, Agnes,
widow of the Emperor Henry II. By the second he had, first,
Guelpho VI. ; second, Henry; third, Adelheid, married first to
Sighard, Burgrave of Regensburg; secondly, to Conrad, Margrave
ofLandsberg; fourth, Zegebard, who died 10/0.

Guelpho VI. succeeded as Duke of Bavaria and died 111Q,
without issue. His wife was Mathildis, daughter and heiress of
Boniface of the house of Este, whom she married in IO9O; and
was divorced from him in IO95. She ruled Mantua, Lombardy,
Ferrara, Parma, Placentia, Lucca, Tuscia, Spoleto, Sardinia, nay,
the half of Italy ; she had two husbands before Guelpho, and
died without issue 1115. ^^

Henry III. surnamed Niger, succeeded his brother. He mar-
ried Wulphildis, daughter and heiress of Magnus, the last Duke
of Saxony of the line of Billung.

The Line of Billung.

These Dukes of Saxony were descended from Billung, of Stu-
beckesborn, an eminent man of the land of Luneburg. He was
father of Hermannus Billung, or Billinger, who was created Duke
of that part of Saxony, which is now called Luneburg, by the
Emperor Otto I. A.D. Q60. He died Q/3. By his wife Hilde-
gardis of Westerburg, he left issue, first, Benno or Berno ; second,
Mechildis, wife of Baldwin III. Count of Flanders 5 third, Lu-
derus, or Lothary, Count of Holstein and Burgrave of Magdeburg,
who died 973 ; fourth, Swanhildis, wife of, first, Ditmarus, Mar-
grave of Lausnitz, secondly, of Eckardust, Margrave of Meissen ;
fifth, Ditmarus, a Count. Benno, or Berno, or Bernhard, suc-
ceeded as second Duke of Saxony: he died 1011. By Geila,
daughter of Wratislaus, Prince of Pomerania, he had Bernhard,
third Duke of Saxony, who died 1062, leaving by Bertrada,

l > PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

daughter of Harold II King of Norway, Ordulph, fourlh Duke
of Saxony, who died 1074, leaving by Gist-la, daughter of Olaus
II. King of Norway, Magnus the last Duke of Saxony of this
family, who died 110f3, leaving by Sophia, daughter of Geysa II.
King of Hungary, Wulhldis, * his heiress already mentioned.

House of Este continued.

In right of this Wulfildis, Henry, Niger, had the title of Duke
of Saxony : though the Emperor Henry V. seized upon the
Duchy, and gave it to another family. He had however the
Duchy of Spoleto, and the Margraviate of Tuscia, with the prin-
cipality of Sardinia. He died 1125, or 1127, leaving a numerous
issue; viz. first, Henry, Superlus ; second, Conrad, Bishop of
Cologn, died 1 125 \ third, Judith, wife of Frideric, Duke of
Swabia; she died 1147, and was mother of the Emperor Frideric
Barbarossa; fourth, Mechtild, wife of Dietbold, Count of Voh-
burg; and of Gtbhard, Count of Sultzbach ; fifth, Sophia, mar-
ried, first, to Berthold, Duke of Zsringin ; secondly, to Leopold,
Margrave of Steyermark ; sixth, Wulfhild, wife- of Rudolph,
Count of Bregentz j seventh, Helen, wife of Wratislaus, Duke of
Pomerania ; eighth, Bertha, wife of Otto, Count of Buchorn ;
ninth, Guelpho, made governor of Bavaria, by his brother Henry :
he died 1 1 91. He had a nephew Guelpho, Stadtholder of Italy,
who died before him, 1168.

Henry IV called Superl-us, succeeded his fither in the Duchy
of Bavaria. He married Gertrudis, daughter and heiress of the
Emperor Lotharius, by Richensa, daughter and at length heir of
Henry the Fat, Duke of Saxon)-, by whom he had the Duchy of
Saxony restored to him. He afterwards acquired the Duchy of
Brawnsweig, (now Brunswic) and the county of Northeim ; and
was invested with the Margraviate of Tuscia, with all the domi-
nions of his aunt-in-law, Mathildis, wife of Guelpho VI. ; and so
be reigned between sea and sea; viz. between Denmark and
Sicily, the Baltic and Mediterranean. He was also designed by
his father-in-law, Lotharius, his successor to the empire ; but in
this he was supplanted by Conrad, who took from him his Italian
dominions, and Bavaria j but could not wrest irom him Saxony,
on which account he put him under (he ban of the empire. Going
fo recover Bavaria, he was poisoned by the Emperor's agents, 1 138,

• Anderson, p. ■■.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 13

or 1139. By his marriage, his issue united the line of Witekind,
with that of Billung.

The Line of Witekind the Great.

The Saxons, says Heylin, were doubtless a stout and valiant
nation, the conquerors of the Isle of Britain ; and the last people
of the Germans, which yielded up their country to Charlemaine,
by whose means they were gained unto<the Gospel, A. D. 7&5.
Their last king was called Wittikindus, from whom descend the
Kings of France, since the times of Hugh Capet, the Kings of
Denmark of the house of Oldenburg, the Dukes of Burgundy and
Savoy, the Marquises of Montferrat, &c. This Wittikindus,
Charlemaine degraded from a King to be first Duke of Saxony.
Tie died 8O7. He had two wives, first, Geva, daughter of Goderic,
King of Denmark ; second, Suatana,* daughter of a Prince of
Bohemia. By the first he had, first, "Wigebert, his successor. By
the second he had, second, Witekind II. Count of Wettin, who
died 825 ; whose son, Witekind III. went to France, and was
ancestor of the Capetian Kings ; third, Eberhardus, first Count of
Lippe.

Wigbert succeeded as second Duke of Saxony : he died 825.
By Sindacilla, his wife, daughter of Ratbodus, King of Friesland,
he left issue, first, Bruno ; second, Wolpert, Count of Ringel-
heim.

Bruno I. Duke of Saxony, died 813. By Suana, Countess of
Montfort, he had

Ludolph, the Grand, who died 85Q. He married Oda, a
Princess of East France, born "Q 1, who died 898, aged 107 years.
By her he had, first, Bruno II. ; second, Eckbert, Margrave of
Hartzburg, lived to A. D. 881 ; third, Taneward, built the castle
of Brunswic, and died 880; fourth, Otto, the Great ; fifth, Lud-
garda, wife of Lewis, junior, King of Franconia ; sixth, Hidmodis,
died 874 ; seventh, Gerberga, died 896' 5 eighth, Christina, died
904. These three were all put into the abbey of Gandersheim.

Bruno II. was Grand Duke of Saxony 859. He built the city
of Brunswic, so called from him, 86l, and died 880.

Hia brother, Otto the Great, succeeded him He had the
offer of the imperial crown from the Princes of German)-, upon
the death of the Emperor Lewis IV. but declined it because of his

* Anderson, p. 447.

14 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

old age, and advised them to elect Conrad I.* He died Ql6.
His wives were, first, Hadwig, daughter of Ludovicus Germa-
nicus ; second, Ludgarda, daughter of the Emperor Arnolph : but
genealogists differ as to which was the mother of his children, f

He was succeeded by his son Henry I. surnaraed Auceps, or
the Fowler, born 876, Duke of Saxony Ql6, and elected Emperor
919, by the last will or advice of Conrad I. He bravely scorned
the Hungarians, laughed at their demand of the annual tribute,
and slew eighty thousand of them in the battle of Merseburg. In
his time most of the cities of the Rhine were either built, or for-
tified with walls. After having reigned gloriously sixteen years,
he died July 2d, 936, aged sixty years. His first wife was Hat-
burgis, a nun, daughter of Erwin, Count of Merseburg ; who,
after her first husband's death, became the first wife of this Em-
peror ; but by advice of Sigismund, bishop of Halberstadt, She
was drowned only for having been a nun, after she had bore to
him his son Tancwardus, who was reckoned illegitimate and slain
at Merseburg 937, without issue. His second wife was Mathildis,
daughter of Dietricus, or Theodoric, Count of Ringleheim, who
was afterwards also divorced from him, and died Q6g, having had
issue by him, first, Otto I. or the Great, born QlQ; elected Em-
peror 936; second, Gerberga, wife, first, of Giselbert, Duke of
Lorraine ; secondly, of Lewis IV. King of France ; third, Bruno,
bishop of Cologn, died §65 ; fourth, Mechtild, abbess of Qued-
lingbergj fifth, Rixa; sixth, Hedwig; seventh, Henry, Duke of
Bavaria; eighth, Adelheid, wife of Hugh the Great, Count of
Paris.

Henry, the younger son, became Duke of Bavaria. He married
Judith, daughter of Arnolph Malus, King or Duke of Bavaria ;
whose son, Berthold I. succeeding in that dukedom, it was in 9J8,
soon after his death, conferred by the Emperor Otto on this Henry.
By her he had issue, first, Henry, Rh :os us ; second, Bruno I.
Margrave of Saxony ; third, Herman, Count of Northeim ; fourth,
Hadwig, wife of Burchard II. Duke of Su'abia ; fifth, Gerberga,
abbess of Gandersheim. %

Herman, third son, Count of Northeim, had issue

Sigfrid I. Count of Northeim and Gottingen, who died 1002,
having had issue, first, Sigfrid II. ; second, Henry, Count of
Northeim ; third, Bruno, Count of Northeim. §

* Anderson, p. 454. + Ibid.

t Ibid. (, Ibid. p. 477.

,#UKEOPOORNW\M 16

;frid II. Count of Northcim MM i»*uc
Otto, Duke of Saxony oo the Wctcrj and Duko of Bavaria,

lu.m \(H)2 to IQ70. He waaslai:. B> Cutw/.a, a Bavarian

lady, Ik- had. nr t, llcmy, ///<• Fat; second, Sigfrid I. Palatin if
Saxony | third, Conrad, Palatin ol 'Saxony } fourth, Otto, Margrave
fifth, Ii! , Margrave of IlkoM ;

secondly, of Gerhard, Count of Churl ut ; sixth, Ktheline, wife
ouelpho IV. Dukr af B.n.iria, ami afterwards of Herman?
Count of Westphalia; seventh, Genaut, wife of Godfrey the
Betrdcd, Duke of l.orrain.

.7, Duke af Saxony, on the Weser, married

: mi, daughter of Egbert IJ. last Margrave of Saxony and

Thuringia, descended from Henry Rhcosus, eldest son of Henry

Duke of Bavaria. She was htircs-, §f Brunswic. He died 1101,

having had by her, first, Otto, died young; second, Herman,

.bishop of Cologn 1089, died 10t)9; third, Gertraut, wife,

of Henry, Margrave of Misnia ; and secondly, of Sigfrid,

Palatin of the Rhine ; fourth, Richensa, married to the Emperor

l-otii.iruis II. by jvhom she had Gertrnut, lier heiress, married to

Hmuy, Super bus,* before-mentioned.

't !

House of Estc, or Guelph, continued.

Henry, Superlus, Duke of Bavaria, had issue by this great
heiress

Henry V. the Lion, born 11 29, Duke of Saxony 1 139, a°d of
Bavaria 1156. He added to his estates the counties of Mecklen-
burg and I.nuenburg, which he had conquered from tkje ScL
But thus becoming so -great, he neglected his duty to tin* Emperor
Eriderie Barbaro.ssa, and joining the Pope, he was publicly pro-
scribed 11 80, upon which his neighbour princes armed against
him, and by their joint power he was deprived of Saxony and
Bavaria, 1182. So this great estate was partitioned into many
parts, some of which the Emperor gave with die title of Elector,
to Bernhard, Count of Ascania, deso mlc i from die house of
Billung : y< 1 lluiry still retained his allodial iMale of Brunswic
and Lunc-hurg, and was obliged to take an oath 11 S3, to keep
out of Germany for three years, upon which lie went with his
second lady, Mechtildis, to hi. tathcr-io5a.w, H*nn 11. King of
England, by whose intercession he got leave to return home 1183:

• Anier.cK

» P-4V.

I 0 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

. *
yet agam was drove into England, 1189, but returned the same

year, and died the 6th of August llp5, aged sixty-six. Re had

two wives, first, in 1147, Clementia, daughter of Conrad, Duke

of Zaringen, from whom he was divorced in 11 62, and by whom

he had a daughter Rixa, or Richensa, wife, first, of Frideric, a son

of the Emperor Conrad III. ; and secondly, of Canute, son of

Woldemar I. King of Denmark. He married secondly, Mech-

tildis, or Maud, daughter of Henry II. King of England, by whom

he had. first, Henry of Zelle ; second, Otto, of Brunswic, elected

Emperok 1198, crowned 1208: he died 1218, s. p. ; third,

Luderns, died young, 1191 ; fourth, William, surnamed Longo-

spada, born at Winchester, in England, 1148; fifth, Mechtild,

wife of Henry Burewen, Prince of the Wenden.

Henry, Longus, of Zelle, was Palatin of the Rhine from 1195
to 12)5. He partitioned his father's dominions with his brother
Otto, 1203, and got a part of Luneburg, Zelle, and Stade. He
married, first, Agnes, daughter and heiress of Conrad, Palatin of
the Rhine, who died 1204, and by whom he got his Palatin ter-
ritories. He married, secondly, Agnes, a Countess of Lansberg.
By the first he had issue, first, Henry, born II97, died 1212 ;
second, Agnes, or Matilda, heiress of the Palatinate of the Rhine :
she died 1262 : her husband was Otto, the Illustrious, Duke of
Bavaria, who died 1 253 ; and to whose house she brought the
Palatinate of the Rhine ; third, Irmingardis, or Elicke, or Gerraut,
who died 1259 : her husband was Hermanns IV. Margrave of
Baden, who died 1243. Their father died 122/, surviving his
two brothers, the Emperor Otto, and William of Winchester.

William of Winchester, the youngest brother, was Duke of
Luneburg. When his father's dominions were partitioned,.he got
a part of Luneburg. He died 1213, leaving by Helen, his wife,
daughter of Woldemar I. King of Denmark, * whom he married
in 1200,

Otto, Puer, or the Boy, born 1204, first created Duke of
Bmnswic-Luneburg, being the heir of his father, and of his uncle
Otto He went against Lubeck 1226, was taken prisoner by
Henry, Count of Schwerin, and released 1227 On the death of
his uncle Henry, the Long, he laid claim to Brunswic, as heir
male ; but this being contested, he besieged and took it 1228, and
stated himself Duke of Brunswic the same year, and gave and
confirmed to it many privileges. Pope Gregory IX. offered to

♦
* Anderson, p. 479.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 17

make him Emperor in opposition to Frideric II. but he refused it.
The Emperor having some pretensions to the dominions of
Brunswie, out of gratitude to Otto, and for his services, and that
he might take all his allodial dominions as a fief of the German
empire, invested him at the Diet of Mentz, 21st August, 123£,
with the territories of Brunswie and Luneburg, in such a way
that the daughters should be capable of inheriting in failuie of
sons He built the city of Woldenstein, near Stauffenburg, and
died 9th June, 1252, aged forty eight. He married Matilda,
daughter of Albeit 11. Elector of Brandenburg, by whom he had,
first, Albert, the Great; second, Otto, Bishop of Hildesheim,
]26l, died I2'i); third, Conrad, Bishop of Verden, 1267, died
J 303 ; fourth, Meehtild, or Helen, wife of Henry Pinguis, Count
of Ascania, she died 12/0; fifth, Helen, or Meehtild, wife, first,
of Herman, called a Landgrave of Hesse; secondly, of Albert I.
Elector of Saxony, who died 1262; she died 12/2; sixth, Adel-
heid, first wife ot Henry I. Langrave of Hesse; seventh, Agnes,
married to Wenceslaus, Prince of II ugen ; eighth, Elizabeth, wife
of William II. Count of Holland, elected Emperor 1251 : she
died 1266 ; ninth, John, the Handsome, the patriarch of the old
house ot Luneburg, which country he received from his brother
Albert, at the partition of his father's dominions ] 269. He dietl
1277.*

Albert, the Great, the patriarch of the elder branch of the
family, born 1230*; divided his dominions with his brother John.
He and other princes, in 1252, went with a mighty army to assist
Wenceslaus III. Ottocarus, King of Bohemia, against Beta IV.
King of Hungary, whom Albert took prisoner in a battle that
lasted nine days, and behaved himself with so much courage, that
he was made a knight, and gained a glorious fame. The Arch-
bishop of Mentz, and Dideric, Count of Eberstein, in 1256, made
an irruption into the lands of Gottingen, but they were both de-
feated and taken prisoners ; the Archbishop was condemned to
pay ten thousand marks of silver; but Kichard, Duke of Corn-

* This John, tbt Handtome, was father of Otto I. Stre/tuus, who received
Hanover as a teudum, and died 1330, leaving Otto II. who reigned with his
younger brother William twenty-four years. On his death, 1354, this
William, surnamed with the large Joot, reigned alone over Luneburg: and
dying 1369, the male issue of this branch became extinct : on which occasion,
Luneburg, after much contest, went back to the sons of Magnus 1 1. Torquatus,
Duke of Brunswie, descended in the male line from his great uncle, Albert
the Great. Anderson, p 516.

VOL. I. C

18 *GE OF ENGLAND.

wall, the brother of Henry, King of England, paid the fine, and

procured his ransom. At ric, Albert caused him to be

I by the feet, ;ind be died Dot till after the fifth day. He

procured iU> for the city of Hamburg, from Henry III. King of

England, in ltd ■ other pi that of having ware*

all over England: he died 15th of August, 1279. His first

wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry IV. the Bold, Duke of

Ot, who died without issue. His second uife was Adelheid,

according to some, daughter of AldobrandlU I. Margrave < ■

and Penaraj according to others, daughter of Otto, Margrave of

Mont fr rrr.t. By her he had, tirst, Henry, the Wonderful; second,

Albert, Pinguis ; third and fourth, LuderOi and Conrad, Knights

John Baptist j fifth, Metilda, wife, first, of JEric VI. King

mark ; and secondly, of Henry ill. Duke of Glogau, who

. sixth, William, who being allotted by his lather the

cities of Brtuiswic and Wolfenbultel, Gebbershagen and Gander-

shcim, began to reign over his dominions 1281, but dying, 12Q2,

without issue, a contention arose between his two surviving

brothers, Henry and Albert, about the succession ; but Albert

prevailed, and succeeded to William's dominions.*

Henry, the Wonderful, bad the principalities of Grubenhagen

iltz dec Helden; the towns of Hameln, Osterode, and Du-

!t, with a third part of the spiritualities of Brunswic, &c.

He began to reign 12/9, and rebuilt the castle of Wolfenbuttel

1283. He died 1322. His male posterity became extinct in

1595. f

Albert, Pinguis, or the Fat, next brother, had by his father's

Anderson, p. 518.
+ His son Henry, jtmhr, succeeded in Grubenhagen, 1322, and dying 1337.
was succeeded by his son Otto, who gave up his inheritance to his uncle
Ernest I. of Osterode, who dying, 1344, was succeeded by his son Albert II.
called the first Duke of Saltz he died 1397, and though he had a son Eric, wa*
succeeded by his brother Fridcric of Osterode, who died 1404, and was suc-
ceeded by his son Otto; on whose death, without issue 1411, the inheritance
went back to his cousin Eric, son of his uncle Albert, which Eric died 1451.
His son, Henry III. succeeded and died 1469, leaving Henry IV- who died
without issue 1526, having been excluded by his uncle Albert III. who died
i486, or 1490, leaving Philip I. senior, who dying 15(1, was succeeded by his
son Ernest II. born 1512, who died t 6-, leaving only a daughter ; on which
the inheritance came to his brother Wolfang, bom 1531, on who%c death
withoc: , it came to his youngest brother Philip II. born 1531 ; who

died 23d X' iiout issue; and thus this eldest branch became ex-

tinct. Crubcnhagen then fell to his brother-in-law, Julius, Duke of Wolfen-
buttel. Anderson, p.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 19

will Gottingen, the towns of Neideck, Minden, Ottensburg, &x.
the county of Northeim, and the lands between the Deister, and
the Leine, with a third of the spiritualities of Brunswic. He died
1318, having married Ricanza, orRixa, daughter of Henry, senior,
Prince of Wenden, by whom he had, first, Ernest, Crassus;*
second, Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, 1324, who died 1358;
third, Henry, Bishop of Hildesheim, 1335, who died 1362;
fourth, Bruno, who died 1303 ; fifth, Luderus, or Luther, Grand
Master of the Teutonic order in Prussia, who died 1334; sixth,
John, also Grand Master in Prussia ; seventh. Otto, Largus, born
1 292, got half the city of Brunswic, married, first, Agnes, daughter
of Conrad I. Elector of Brandenburg; and getting with her the
Old Mark, was called Lord of the Old Mark. He had a second
wife Judith, daughter of Henry II. Landgrave of Hesse, but
dying 1373, left no surviving issue; eighth, Magnus I. Pius; ninth,
Mechtild, abbess at Ganderstein 1305 ; tenth, Jutha, 1319.

Magnus I. Pius, got for his part at first the half of Bmnswic;
but when his brother Otto died, he succeeded to his part also. He
began the line of Brunswic, commonly called the old House of
Brunswic. At last he broke his heart for the disobedience of his
son Magnus, Torquatus, and died 1368. His wife was Agnes, or
Sophia, daughter of Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg, and heiress
of Sangershausen, Lansberg, and Petersbei>g, by whom he had,
first, Magnus, Torquatus; second, Sophia, died unmarried; third;
Mechtild, second wife of Bernard III. Prince of Anhalt, who
died 1348; fourth, Helen, wife of Otto, Count of Hoya, who
died 1407 5 fifth, Agnes, wife of Eric, Count of Hoya, who died
.1420; sixth, Albert, thirty-seventh Archbishop of Bremen, 1369,
and died 1395 ; seventh, Otto, went to Palestine, and died in
Italy on his return; eighth, Lewis made Lord of Luneburg, by
his father-in-law William of Luneburg, whose daughter he mar-
ried 1355, but died without issue 1358.

Magnus II. Torquatus, so called from his father's threatening
to hang him, and his wearing in spite a silver chain to be hanged
in silver. He succeeded his father 1368, and upon the death of

* Ernest, Crassus, the Bulky, received for his share Gottingen, and the
country adjoining, 13 18 : he died 1379. His son Otto, Malm, znAArmifotens,
born 1303, died 1394, having reigned at Gottingen fifteen years, when he
was succeeded by his son Otto, Codes, or Monoculus, born 1378. He died with-
out issue 1462, on which this branch became extinct in the male line, and
the territories cf Gottingen fell to William, senior, of Callenberg, grandson
of Magnus Torquatus. Anderson, p. 518.

20 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

his brother Lewis, made war opon Otto of Saxony, Duke of
Luneburg ; but was unfortunate in this, as in many other troubles.
He was taken prisoner by the Bishop of Hildesheim, 1-36/, and
for his ransom was obliged to sell Sangershausen and Lansberg,
which he got by his mother. In a war with Otto, Count of
Shaumburg, he was slain by the Count's Esquire, just as he was
taking the Count prisoner, 1373. Then it was agreed Joy his four
sons, that the dukedoms of Brunswic and Luneburg should not be
separated, but always return to the eldest of the family : but this
did not last long. By Catharine, daughter of Waldemar I. Elector
of Brandenburg, (who remarried Albert of Saxony, Duke of Lune-
burg) he had, first, Frideric ; second, Otto, Bishop of Verden,
138S, and of Bremen, 1395, and died 1401, or 1406; third,
Helen, married, 13g6, Albert, Duke of Mecklenberg, afterwards
King of Sweden, and died 1412; fourth, Agnes, wife, first, of
Busso, Count of Mansfield, 1366' ; and secondly, of Bugislaus VI.
Duke of Pomerania-Stetin, and died 1412; fifth, Anne, wife of
Mauritius, Count of Oldenburg, who died 1420 ; sixth, Sophia, wife
of Henry Suspensor, Duke of Mecklenburg ; seventh, Catharine,
wife of Gerhard III Duke of Sleswic, who died 1404 ; and
secondly of Eric IV. Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg ; eighth, Bernhard,
the founder of t he middle house of Lunehurg ; ninth, Henry, the
founder of the middle house of Brunswic*

Frideric, of Eimbeck, took Wolfenbuttel by a stratagem 13S4,
which had been possessed by their cousin Otto, of Gottingen. Six
years after this, the Dukes of Saxony renounced all claim to Lune-
burg for ever A. D. 13()0. Frideric was elected Empekok at
Frankfort ; but upon the instigation of the Archbishop of Mentz,
was slain the same year, June 5th 1400, by one Hartingshausen,
leaving no issue male. '

* On Frideric's death, lie divided possessions with Bernhard, and got
Luneburg for life; but his children gave it up for Brunswic. He died 1416,
leaving two sons, William of Brunswic-Calenbevg, and of Gottingen; and
Henry of Wolfenbuttel, who died without issue male, 1473. William died
14821 aged ninety, leaving Frideric, who died without issue 1494, and William,
who at last succeeded to Gottingen and Wolfenbuttel, and died 1495, or, as
some say, 1503, leaving Henry III. and Eric I. of Brunswic- Calenberg, whose
son, Eric II. died without issue, 1584. Henry III. of Brunswic- Wolfen-
buttel, was killed 1514, leaving Henry IV. who died 1568, leaving Julius, of
Wolfenbuttel and Calenberg, who died 1589, leaving Henry-Julius, of Wolfen-
buttel and Calenberg, born 1^64, who died 1613 ; leaving Frideric-Ulric, of
Wolfenbuttel, born 1591, on whose deaih, 1634, the male line of this branch
became extinct, and Wolfenbuttel came to Augustus, grandson of Ernest of
Zelle. Anderson, p. 519, 520.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 21

Bernhard I. reigned in conjunction with his younger brother
Henry II. until 140p, when against the agreement of A. D. 13/4,
made by him and the rest of his brothers, after the death of his
father Magnus Torquatus, they partitioned their territories. Bern-
hard had Brunswie, the county of Eberstein, and the city of
Hanover ; but he afterwards exchanged his dominions for
those of his nephews, A. D. 1428, when he took the duke-
dom of Luneburg, and was the patriarch of the middle house. He
died 1434. His wife was Margaret, daughter of Wences-
laus, Elector of Saxony, whom he married 1380\ By her he
had, first, Catharine, wife of Casimir VI. Duke of Pomerania
and Stetin, who died 1434 : she died 1429; second, Otto, called
the Warrior, because of his audacity and inclination to war ; called
also Crooked, because he had crooked legs. He cleared his country
of highwaymen ; and having married Elizabeth, daughter and
heiress of Herman, Count of Eberstein, died 1445, without issuej
third, Frideric, the Pious.

Frideric, the Pious, succeeded his brother Otto, 1445. He as-
sisted the Bishop of Munster against the Archbishop of Cologne,
1454, and in this war he was taken prisoner, and carried to Co-
logne, but was soon released. He had war also with the Archbishop
of Magdeburg, Frideric, Count of Beichlingen, and Frideric,
Elector of Saxony, 145G; but a peace was soon concluded. He
built a monastery of Franciscan monks at Zelie, 1459, when he
resigned his dominions to his son Bernhard and became a monk ;
but after the death of his two sons, he reassumed the government,
14/], and died 14/8. By Magdalen, whom he married in 1430,
and who died 1453, daughter of Frideric I. Elector of Branden-
burg, he had, first, Margaret, married in 146d Henry, Duke of
Mecklenburg-Stutgard ; second, Bernhard II. elected in 1452,
Bishop of Hildesheim, which he resigned for the dukedom of
Luneburg, 1459; he had war with his cousin William, senior, of
Brunswie; but having married, 14t»3, Mathildis, daughter of
Otto III. Count of Shauenburg, died without issue 1464 ; third,
Otto, Magnanimous.

Otto, Magnanimous, succeeded his brother Bernhard, 146 1.
He had great quanels with the nobility of his country, but over-
came them. He took Hitzaker, from the family of Bulow, and
annexed it to his dominions. He died 19th of January, 1471
before his father; and his son Henry, being then only a child,
his father re-assumed the government, and reigned over Luneburg
seven years. He married at Zelle, on September 28th, 1167.

22 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Anne. Countess of Nassau, Vianden, and Dietz, who after his
death became wife of Philip, Count of Catzen-Elnbogen ; but
after the dea'h of her father-in-law, Duke Fiideric, she returned
to ZeiJe, and assisted her son, yet. a child, in the government :
she died 15 14. By her he had, first, Henry, junior ; second,
William died in his infancy, 1480.

Henry, junior, or rather the m iJdle Henry, so called to dis-
tinguish him from Henry senior, of Bionswic-Wolfenbultel, and
from his own grandson Henry, was born 1468. and succeeded his
grandfather 1478. He joined John, bishop of Hildesheim, in his
war against Eric, senior, Prince of Brunswic-Calenberg 1519, yet
got nothing by it but the displeasure of the Emptror Charles V.
and having afterwards partitioned his dominions among his sons,
1521, abdicated the government, went to France, and died at
Paris, 1532. He married in 1487, Margaret, daughter of Ernest,
Elector of Saxony, by whom he had, first, Otto, senior, born 14th
August 1405, who got the government in his father's lifetime ;
but resigned it to his brother Ernest for Harburg, and a large
sum of money. He died at Harburg, August llth, 1549, aged
fifty-four}* second, Elizabeth, born 1492, married, 1518, Charles,
Duke of Gelders; she died 1572 ; third, Francis-Henry, died
young, fourth, Henry, died young; fifth, Apollonia, died un-
married ; sixth, Ernest, the Pious, of Zelle ; seventh, Anne, born
1502, married, 1523, Barnimus XI. Duke of Pomerania, died
1573 ; eighth, Francis, born 1508, obtained for his portion Gift-
horn, and two counties belonging to it ; received a hurt in his
leg, which occasioned an amputation, of which he died 1549,
leaving only two daughters.

Ernest, the Pious, of Zelle, born 26th June, 1497, studied at
Wittenberg under Luther, and exerted his utmost power to in-
troduce the Lutheran religion in his dominions, which were as
large as his father's except Giffhorn. He signed the Augsburg
confession., 1530; and entered into the league at Smalcand ; but
died before the religious war, January 12th, 1546. He married,
J 528, Sophia, daughter of Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg, by

* He married Matilda de Campon, by whom he had Otto, junior, born
rgal ; succeeded in Harburg, 1549; died 1603, leaving several children, of
whom William succeeded to Harburg; reigned jointly with his brother
Christopher, who died 1618; and on his death, 1642, unmarried, the male
line of Harburg became extinct. He left Harburg, Merseburg, and Hoya, to
the Dukes of Luneburg. Anderson, p. 521.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 23

whom he had, first, Francis- Otto, born 1530, succeeded to the
inheiitance 1546, professed the Lutheran religion 1532, married.,
I55Q, Elizabeth Magdalen, daughter of Joachim II. Elector of
Brandenburgh, but died s. p. 1559; third, Henry, born 1533,
reigned in conjunction with his younger brother, William, ten
years; and then left William the government alot:e, retaining
only for himself the county of Danneberg. He died 1598, being
ancestor of the Dukes of Wolfenbuttel ; * fourth, Frideric, born
1532, slain at Silvershausen, J 553; fifth, Margaret, born 1534,
married, 1559, John or Hans, Count of Mansfeld ; sixth, Ursula,
born 1536, died 1538 ; seventh, Catharine, born 1537, died
young; eighth, Elizabeth-Ursula, born 1539, married, 1558,
Otto, Count of Holstein-Shauenburg ; ninth, Magdalen, born
15-10, married, 156l, Arnold, Count of Mentheim ; tenth, Sophia,
bora 1541, married, 1562, Poppo, a princely Count of Hen neberg,
and died 1631 ; eleventh, WlU'iam, junior, of Luneburg.

William, junior, the founder of the new house of Luneburg,
was born July 4th, 1535. He came to the government on the
death of his brother Francis-Otto, 1559, and reigned ten years in
conjunction with his elder brother Henry, whom he persuaded to
content himself with the county of Danneberg ; and then himself

* This Henry married Ursula, daughter of Francis I. Duke ofSax-Lau-
«nburg, by whom he had, first, Julius-Ernest, of Danneberg, who died 1652,
leaving only one surviving daughter ; second, Augustus, born at Danneberg,
1579, a very learned prince, an author, and a collector of a great library, ob-
tained Grubenhagen, 1620; and after the death of his cousin, Frideric-Ulric,
got the right to the principality of Wolfenbuttel, 1634; out of which he was
kept by the imperialists, till 1643. He died 16,66, aged eighty-seven. By his
second wife $ Dorothy, daughter of Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt Zcrbst, he
had, first, Rudolph- Augustus; second, Antony-Eldric, born 1633, resided at
Wolfenbuttel, died 1714, leaving Augustus-William; and Lewis-Rudolph,
of Blankenberg. Rudolph-Augustus, born 1637, won Brunswic from his
cousins by a siege, 1671 ; and died 1704, leaving daughters his coheirs, of
whom Christina-Sophia, born 1654, married her first cousin, Augustus-
William, who, on the death of his father, Anthony-Ulric, in 1714, became
Duke of Brunswic- Wolfenbuttel. She died without issue, 1695 ; and he
married, secondly, the same year, Sophia-Amelia, daughter of Albert, Duke
of Holstein-Gottoip ; who died at Hanover, 1710; and on her death, he
married, thirdly, Elizabeth-Sophia-Mary, daughter of Rudolph-Frideric,
Duke of Holstein-Norburg.

t By his third wife Sophia, daughter of John Albert II. Duke of Meck-
lenberg, he had Ferdinand Albert, of Bevern, a learned man, who died 1687,
leaving Ferdinand- Albert, of Bevern, who married, 1712, Antonietta, coheir
of his cousin Lewis Rudolph, of Blankenberg, and had Charles, born 1713, &c.
Duke of Wolfenbuttel, died 1735.

i

M PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

reigned over all the rest. After the death of Otto, the last Count
of Hoy a without issue, 15F2, the Duchy of Hoya and Bruchausen
fell to the families of the Dukes of Brunswic and Luneburg, and
the Landgraves of Hesse, which they partitioned; so that Duke
William, and Duke Henry, recehed Aemta, Hoya, Nienberg,
Libenau, Old and New Bruchausen. On the death of Frideric,
the last Count of Diephold 1585, that county also fell to Duke
William. His zeal for the reformation induced him to compose
and publish a creed entitled Corpus Doctrince Luneburgicum.
He died 15y2, aged fifty-seven. By Dorothy, daughter of Chris-
tian III. King of Denmark, he had eight daughters, and seven
sons, viz. first, Sophia, born 1563, married, 1579, George-
Frideric, Margrave of Brandenburg, and died \60Q ; second, Eli-
zabeth, born 1565, married, 15S5, Frideric, Count of Hohenloe,
and died 1 621 : third Dorothy, born 1570, married, 1586,
Charles, Palatin of Birckenfeld, died 164Q; fourth, Clara, born
15/1, married, 15()3, William, Count of Swartzburg, died 1658 ;
fifth, Anne Ursula, born 1572, died l601 ; sixth, Margaret, born
573, married, 1590, John Casimir, Duke of Sax-Coburg; and
died 1643: seventh, Mary, born 15/5, died 1620: eighth,
Sibylla, born 1581, married, l6l7> Julius Ernest, Duke of Bruns-
wic-Danneberg, and died 1652 5 ninth, Ernest; tenth, Christian,
senior; eleventh, Augustus, senior; twelfth, Frideric; thirteenth,
Magnus, born 1577, died 1632 : fourteenth, George; fifteenth,
John, born 1583, died 1628.

Ernest, born 1564, was the eldest of these seven brothers,
who cast lots who should many ; for they had agreed not to di-
vide the dukedom, but that one should possess all. Accordingly
the lot fell to the sixth brother, George. They further agreed,
that they should reign after one another according to their seni-
ority. These agreements were kept inviolate to the admiration of
all Europe j and thus Ernest reigned nineteen years, and died 20th
of March, l6ll.

Chi or, the next brother, was born 1566, elected

Bishop of Mindcn 1599; an^ succeeded to Lunebnrg 1011. He
obtained Urubenhagen, 1617. He was elected Bishop of Halber-
stadt ; but resigned that See to a son of the King of Denmark.
He was a brave, but not always successful, soldier; he lo>t his
h ft arm at the relief of Bergen-op Zoom, and wore a silver one
in its place. In 1621, he w lected knight of the English
( )rdt r «^t the Garter. He died November 8th, 1633.

ttttntj who succeeded him, was bom 1568. He went with

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 25

a thousand horse against the Turks. He commanded the troops
of the Hans Towns to relieve the city of Brunswic against Henry-
Julius, Duke of Wolfenbuttel. He was Bishop of Ratzburg l6l0j
began to reign at Zelle, 1633, and died 1636, at the time the
Swedes overran Luneburg.

Frideric, next brother, was born, 1574. He travelled through
most parts of Europe, was made Dean of Bremen, 1602 ; re-
covered Luneburg from the Swedes, 1640 : got Harburgh, 1642,
and died 1648 ; and was succeeded by his nephew Christian
Lewis, son of his brother George, who died before him, 1641.

This George, the next brother, was born 1582. He travelled
into France and England, 1608 ; and into Italy, Sicily, and Malta,
l60Q. After his return home, he betook himself to the service of
Christian IV. King of Denmark ; and was made colonel of a
regiment of foot, l6ll; and in the same year general of the
Danish army, in opposition to Charles IX. King of Sweden. He
signed the confederacy of Leipsic against the Emperor, 1631 ;
beat the imperialists in the battle of Oldendorp ; and took
Hameln, 1633 ; Osnabrug, Hi!desheim, &c. 1634. Afterwards
he fell out with the Swedes, and signed the treaty of Prague,
1635. He got the principality of Calenberg, with the consent of
his elder brother, 1636. But the Emperor Ferdinand III. tyran-
nizing in such a manner over the German princes, Duke George
left him, and joined the Swedes again, l6i0. He died 1641, as it
is supposed, from the effects of poison.* He married, 1617*
Anne-Eleanor, daughter of Lewis V. Landgrave of Hesse-Darm-
stadt, by whom he had four daughters, and four sons, viz. first,
Magdalen, born and died 1618 ; second, Sophia-Amelia, born
1628, married, 1643, Frideric III. King of Denmark, and died
1685 ; third, Anne-Mary-Eleanora, born 1630, died l636j fourth,
Dorothy-Magdalen, born 1629, died 1630 ; fifth, Christian-
Lewis 5 sixth, George-William ; seventh, John Frideric, born
1625, reigned over Calenberg, Gottingen, and Grubenhagen ;
became a Catholic, and died in Italy, 1679, leaving only four
daughters, of whom Charlotte-Felicitas married Reinald, Duke of

* " PufFendorf insinuates that both he and general Banier drank poison at
an entertainment, to which they were invited at Hildeshcim ; but the con-
jecture is supported by no other authority ; and it is certain that Banier's dis-
order was a fever, contracted by the cold and fatigue he sustained in the
tedious march through the Bohemian forest." Mod. Univ. fcli-t vol. xxxiii.
P- *75«

■2o PIERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Modena ; and Wilhelmina-Amelia, married the Emperor Joseph,
1699, and died 1711 ; eighth, Ernest-Augustus.

-.tian Lewis, the eldest son, was born 1622, succeeded
his father in Calenberg, and Gottingen, 1(541, but because his
uncle Frideric resided at Zelle till KJ-J8, he on his death eh
Zelle, and gave his younger brother, George-William, Calenberg,
and GottingcD, of which Hanover is the metropolis. He made a
treaty with the Emperor, 1642; and resigned the bishopric of
Hildeshcim, 16-13, except a few Bailiwick*., by the peace of
Westphalia. He got the abbey of Walkenreid, which fell after-
wards to the house of Wolfenbuttel. He married, 1053, Dorothy,
daughter of Philip, Duke of I Iolstcin-Glucksburg ; but died 1G60,
■without issue.

George. William, next brother, born 1624, succeeded to Zelle.
He triumphed over the French army commanded by Marshall
Crequi, 1670, and took Triers, or Treves. He took Stade from
the Swedes 1676; but restored it again for some other advan* •
tages in the peace of Nimcguen 1079. lie composed some dif-
ferences in the city of Hamburg L(S8$; and got Sax-Lauenburg,
after the death of Julius-Francis who died I6S9. He was a great
friend of William, Prince of Orange, afterwards William III. and
died August 28th, l~or>, aged eighty-two. He bad by Eleanora
d'Esmars, daughter of Alexander d'Olbreuse, an only daughter
and heir, Sophia Dorothy, born 1666, and wife of her first cousin,
George I.

Emest-Angostus, youngest brother, born November 10th,
1629, was coadjutor of Magdeburg, 1647 ; but though the peace
of Westphalia frustrated his hopes of being bishop there, he
pi 0 oabrugj 1602. He was much concerned
in the van with the French from l6fQ, till the peace of Nime-
guen, when he d his brother John Frideric in the I Ian.
dominions, 10/0, and introduced the right of primogeniture with
:it of his brother tli 1 Zelle. He sent five thou-
l against the Turks, luS-1. He commanded himself tight
n troops, I contributed much to U
'.z, 1689. He was made ninth Elector of the empire, IX-
'. " This year," say historians. " the Protectant
interest in Germany «m itreegthened by the creation of a ninth
Electorate in favour of the Duke of Hanover. That Duke, who

: been long in the interest of France, had now entered into the
grand alliance; and pr< and

the 1 night be n lector of the en

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 2j

William concurring to press th^ matter a* the court of Vienna, the
Emperor agreed to it, under pretence that the number of electors
ought to be unequal, to prevent the inconveniences of an election,
where the votes might be equally divided. The Duke was sup-
ported in his claim only by the electors of Saxony and Branden-
burg; the other electors, both ecclesiastic and laic, and the
college of the cities, opposing it with great warmth. Their de-
puties, at the diet of Ratisbon, represented, that it was with great
astonishment, they heard that the Emperor designed to erect a
new Electorate, without the participation and consent of the states
of the empire : nevertheless, they hoped, that regarding the
ancient customs and constitutions of die empire, he would suspend
the investiture of this ninth Electorate, till the result of the deli-
berations of the three colleges should be known. Leopold,
without having regard to these remonstrances, on December iQ\h,
gave the investiture of the new Electorate to Ernest Augustus,
with the title of Elector of Brunswic, and Great Marshal of the
empire. The deputies of Ratisbon, being informed of the inves-
titure, immediately drew up a manifesto, representing to his Im-
perial Majesty the grievances of their masters, and complaining
of the investiture, as contrary to the golden-bull, and several ca-
pitulations, confirmed by successive emperors ; therefore they de-
clared the investiture given to the Duke of Hanover null ; and
that they would not acknowledge him as an Elector, resolving to
adhere to the golden-bull, the treaties of Westphalia, and other
fundamental laws of the empire. This dispute continued for some
time in terms of negotiation with the princes opposing the inves-
titure, who contented themselves to renew their protestations
afterwards in the conferences held at Ryswick for the general
peace."* Several assemblies were held on this affair at Goslar
and Nuremberg, and the opposition had almost proceeded to an
open rupture, when Ernest dying, January 23d, 1698, the dispute
was omitted on account of the new war, that threatened the em-
pire. Ernest-Augustus was an active and laborious Prince, and
assiduous in the administration of justice. He married, September
30th, 1658, Sophia, born 1638, daughter of Frederic, Elector
Palatin, and King of Bohemia, f by Elizabeth, daughter of James I.
King of England, by whom he had seven children.

* Mod. Univ. Hist. vol. xxx. p. 376, 377.
+ This unfortunate Prince, being elected King of Bohemia, in opposition
to the Emperor Ferdinand, 161 9, was deposed from the electoral dignity,

28 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The Electress Sophia was declared successor to the crown of
England, by the act for securing it in the Protestant line, March
6th, 1702. ■ She was a woman of great wit and sense, and died at
Hanover, June 8th, 1714, aged eighty- four, just fifty-three days
before Queen Anne. She had issue, first, George Lewis, after
George I. of England; second, Frederic- Augustus, born 166], an
imperial general, killed in the war with the Turks, 169O; third,
Maximilian-William, born iGQQ, general of the Venetians,
became Roman Catholic, and the Emperor's general, died 1702;
fourth, Charles-Philip, born 1669, colonel of an imperial regiment
of dragoons, killed in battle with the Turks, 169O ; fifth, Chris-
tian, born at Heidelberg, 1671, drowned in an engagement with
the French, 1703; sixth, Ernest-Augustus, born 1674, bishop of
Osnabrug immediately on the death of Charles Joseph, Elector of
Treves 1/15, created Duke of York and Albany, and Earl of
Ulster, June 29th, 1/ 16, K. G. July 1st, 1716, died August 14th,
1728, unmarried; seventh, Sophia-Charlotta, married, 1684,
Frederic, Elector of Brandenburg, and first King of Prussia, and
died 1705.

George Lewis, eldest son, who afterwards succeeded to the
throne of England, as George I. was born May 28th, 1660. In
the fifteenth year of his age he was with his father at the siege of
Treves, 1675, and was for his courage highly commended by his
imperial majesty. He commanded ten thousand men of the
Brunswic troops, 10'84, and was at the taking of Newhausel and
Buda, l68(). He accompanied his father in all the wars against
the French, whom he succeeded, 1698 ; as he did to his father-
in-law in the Dukedom of Zelle, 1705. He commanded the im-
perial army on the Rhine against the French, from 1707 to 1710.

driven out of his dominions, and after ten years exile, died at Mentz, 1652,
aged thirty-six. His beautiful and ill-fated queen, after many years of tribu-
lation returned to England, 1661, and died 1662. They had a numerous
family, viz. Charles-Lewis, born 1617, Elector, i6;o, died 1680, from whose
daughter are issue; second, Henry- Frideric, born 1614, died 1629; third,
Maurice, born 1620, died 1654; fourth, Elizabeth, born 1618, Abbess of Her-
vorden, died 1680; fifth, Prince Rupert, born 1619, well known in England,
died 1682 ; sixth, Louisa Hollandina, born 1622, abbess of Maubuisson 1664,
died 1709, aged eighty-six ; seventh, Edward, Count Palatin, born 1625, died
1663, leaving daughters; eighth, Lewis, died an infant ; ninth, Henrietta-
Mary, born 1626, married Sigismond Ragotzi, Prince of Transilvania, and
died 1651 ; tenth, Philip, born 1627, died 1650 j eleventh, Charlotta, born 1628,
died 1631 ; twelfth, Gustavus, born 1632, died 1641; thirteenth, Sophia, Elec-
tress of Hanover., born 1630. Anderson, p. 508.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 29

He was introduced inlo the electoral college at the Diet of Ra-
tisbon, 17O8 ; and was made arch- treasurer of the empire, 1710.
He succeeded Queen Anne as King of Great Britain, on August
1st, 1714, and was crowned the 20th of October following: he
died at Osnabrug on his way to his German dominions, June
11th, 1727, aged sixty-eight. Coxe says, that " he had excellent
qualities for a sovereign, plainness of manners, simplicity of cha-
racter, and benignity of temper ; great application to business,
extreme exactness in distributing his time; the strictest economy
in regulating his revenue; and notwithstanding his military skill
and tried valour, a love of peace ; virtues, however, which re-
quired some time before they were appreciated, and not of that
specious call to captivate the multitude, or to raise the tide of
popularity."*

Coxe gives the following curious account of this monarch's
death. " The king departed for Hanover on the 3d of June ; he
enjoyed perfect health till he arrived at Delden. He was enter-
tained by the Count de Twittel, at a country house about twenty
miles from that town. The King eat some melons after supper,
which probably caused the indigestion, of which he died. He"
returned that evening to Delden, and sat out early the next morn-
ing, after having breakfasted on a cup of chocolate. On his ar-
rival at Bentheim, the King felt himself indisposed, but continued
his journey in opposition to the repeated intreaties of his suite.
His indisposition increased, and when he arrived at Ippenburen,
he was quite lethargic; his hand fell down as if lifeless, and his
tongue hung out of his mouth. He gave, however, signs of life
by continually crying out, " Osnabrug ! Osnabrug !" This im-
patience to reach Osnabrug, induced the attendants not to stop at
Ippenburen, but to hasten on, in hopes of arriving at that city
before he died ; but it was too late. The exact time and place of
his death cannot be ascertained; but it is most probable that he
expired either as the carriage was ascending the hill near Ippen-
buren, or on the summit. On their arrival at the palace of his
brother, the bishop of Osnabrug, he was immediately bled, but
all attempts to recover him proved ineffectual." f

He married November 21st, 1682, his first cousin Sophia-
Dorothy, born 1666, daughter of his uncle George- William, Duke
of Zelle, whose hand had been courted by the moat, powerful

• Memoirs of Sir R. Walpole, vol. i. p. 57.
t Coxe, ut supr. \o\, i, p. 265. 266.

30 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

princes of Germany ; and whose unfortunate story is thus told by
Mr. Coxe. " Ernest Augustus had once designed her husband
for the Princess Anne, afterwards Queen of England j and he
actually went to England to pay his addresses, and was well re-
ceived and approved by the whole court. But he was recalled
by his father, who had suddenly concluded a match for him with
his cousin. Sophia, at the time of their marriage, was only six-
teen years of age, and was a princess of great personal charms
and mental endowments, yet her attractions did not retain the
affections of her husband. After she had brought him a son and
a daughter, he neglected his amiable consort, and attached him-
self to a favourite mistress. Such was the situation of Sophia,
when Count Konigsmark,* a Swedish nobleman, arrived at
Hanover. He was a man of good figure, and professed gallantry ;
had been formerly enamoured of Sophia at Zelle, and was sup-
posed to have made some impression on her heart. On the sight
of her, his passion, which had been diminished by absence, broke
out with increasing violence ; he had the imprudence publicly to
renew his attentions j and as George was absent at the army, he
made his solicitations with redoubled ardour. Information of his
attachment and of his success, was conveyed to Ernest- Augustus ;
and one evening as the Count came out of her apartment, and
was crossing a passage, he was put to death by persons placed to
intercept him, in the presence of the Elector ; and tradition still
marks the spot where this murder was committed. Sophia was
immediately put under arrest, and though she solemnly protested
her innocence, yet circumstances spoke strongly against her.
George, who never loved his wife, gave implicit credit to the ac-
count of her infidelity, as related hy his father j consented to her
imprisonment, and obtained from the ecclesiastical consistory a
divorce, which was passed December 28th, 1&Q4. And even her
father, the Duke of Zelle, who doated on his only daughter, does
not seem to have entertained any doubts of her guilt ; for he
always continued upon the strictest terms of friendship with
Ernest- Augustus, and his son-in-law. The unfortunate Sophia
was confined in the castle of Alden, situated on the small river
Aller, in the duchy of Zelle. She terminated her miserable ex-
istence, after a long captivity of thirty-two years, on November

* " Brother of Count Konigsmark, who was accused of having suborned as-
sassins to murder Thomas Thynne, and of Countess Konigsmark, mistress of
Augustus 1 1, of Poland-'*

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 31

13th, 1726, aged sixty-one, only seven months before the death
of George I. ; and she was announced in the Gazette under the
title of the Electress Dowager of Hanover. During her whole
confinement she behaved with no less mildness than dignity j and
on receiving the sacrament once every week, never omitted on
that awful occasion, making the most solemn asseveration, that
she was not guilty of the crime laid to her charge. Subsequent
circumstances have come to light, which appear to justify her
memory ; and reports are current at Hanover, that her character
was basely defamed; and that she fell a sacrifice to the jealousy
and perfidy of the Countess of Platen, favourite mistress of Ernest •
Augustus. Being enamoured of Count Konigsmark, who slighted
her overtures, jealousy took possession of her breast ; she deter-
mined to sacrifice both the lover and the princess to her venge-
ance, and circumstances favoured her design. The Prince was
absent at the army ; Ernest- Augustus was a man of warm pas-
sions and violent temper ; easily irritated, and when irritated, in-
capable of controul. Sophia herself had treated Count Konigs-
mark with regard, and attention ; and the lover was hot-headed,
self-sufficient, priding himself on his personal accomplishments,
and accustomed to succeed in affairs of gallantry. Those who
exculpate Sophia assert, either that a common visit was construed
into an act of criminality ; or that the Countess of Platen, at a
late hour, summoned Count Konigsmark in the name of the
princess, though without her connivance; that on being intro-
duced, Sophia was surprized at his intrusion ; that on quitting
the apartment, he was discovered by Ernest-Augustus, whom the
Countess had placed in the gallery, and was instantly assassinated
by persons whom she had suborned for that purpose.

" It is impossible at this distance of time, to discover and trace
the circumstances of this mysterious transaction, on which no
person at the court of Hanover durst at that time deliver his opi-
nion ; but the sudden murder of Count Konigsmark may be urged
as a corroboration of this statement: forbad his guilt, and that
ofSophia., been unequivocal, would he not have been arrested,
and brought to a trial for the purpose of proving their connection,
and confronting him with the unfortunate princess? Manv
persons of credit at Hanover have not scrupled, since the death of
Ernest-Augustus, and George \. to express their belief, that the
imputation cast on Sophia was false and unjust. It is also re-
ported, that her husband, having made an offer of reconciliation,
she gave this noble and disdainful answer of haughty virtue, un-

32 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

conscious of stain : ' If, what I am accused of, is true, I am un-
* worthy of his bed ; and if my accusation is false, he is unworthy
' of me ! I will not accept his offers.' George II. who doated on
his mother, was fully convinced of her innocence. He once
made an attempt to see her, and even crossed the Aller on horse-
back, opposite to the castle, but was prevented from having an
interview with her, by the Baron de Bulow, to whose care the
Elector, her husband, had committed her. Had she survived his
accession, he intended to restore her to liberty, and to acknow-
ledge her as Queen Dowager. Her memory was so dear to him,
that he secretly kept her portrait in his possession."* By her
George I. had his only son George II. and Sophia Dorothy, born
168/5, married at Berlin, 17C6, her first cousin, Frederic- William,
second King of Prussia: she died 1757.

George Augustus, who on the death of his father became
George II of England, was born Oct. 30th, 1683, made K. G. and
Duke of Cambridge, &c. Nov. pth, 17063 and Prince of Wales,
and Earl of Chester, Oct. 4th, 1714. On his father's accession to
the throne, he became Duke of Cornwall and Rothsay, &c. with-
out any formal crea'.ion. He had been principally educated under
the direction of his grandmother, the Electress Sophia. Being at
a very early period initiated into the profession of arms, he made
the campaign of 170^, with the allied army in the Netherlands,
under the command of the Duke of Marlborough. He greatly
distinguished himself as a volunteer at the battle of Oudenard,
where he charged the enemy at the head of the Hanoverian
dragoons, and had his horse shot under him. In 1716, during his
father's absence, he was appointed guardian and lieutenant of the
realm. He married August 2d, 1705, Carolina Wllhelmina,
daughter of John Frideric, Margrave of Anspach, by his second
wife Eleanora Erdmuth Louisa, daughter of John George, Duke
of Saxe-Eisenach ; born March 1st, 1683, and died November
20th, 1737. " Having," says Coxe, " lost her father, when sha
was very young, and her mother marrying John-George, the
fourth, Elector of Saxony, she was left under the guardianship of
Frederic, Elector of Brandenburg, afterwards King of Prussia ;
passed part of her rarly days at the court of Berlin, and received
her education under the superintendance of her aunt, the accom-
plished Sophia-Charlotte, sister of George I. From her example,
and instructions, she imbibed that politeness of demeanour and

* Coxe, ut supr. p. 267, 26^.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 33

dignity of character, those sentiments of philosophy, that ardent
love of learning, and fondness for metaphysical knowledge, which
merited the eulogium of Clerke and Leibnitz. A little before,
she died, she said to the physician, " how long can this last?"
and on his answering, " Your Majesty will soon be eased of your
pains ;" she replied, " The sooner the better !" She then re-
peated a prayer of her own composing, in which there was such a
flow of natural eloquence, as demonstrated the vigour of a great
and good mind. When her speech began to falter, and she
seemed expiring, she desired to be raised up in her bed, and fear-
ing that nature would not hold out long enough without artificial
supports, she called to have water sprinkled on her; and a little
after desired it might be repeated. She then, with the greatest
composure and presence of mind, requested her weeping relations
to kneel down, and pray for her. Whilst they were reading some
prayers, she exclaimed, " Pray aloud, that I may hear," and after
the Lord's prayer was concluded, in which she joined as well as
she could, said, " So !" and waving her hand, lay down and ex-
pired."*

His Majesty died at Kensington palace, October 25th, 1700,
in the seventy-seventh year of his age, and thirty-fourth of his
reign. His children were, first, Frederic Lewis, Prince of Wales;
second, Princess Anne, born October 22d, 1709, married March
14th, 1734, William-Charles Henry, Prince of Nassau and Orange,
and died January 12th, 1759; third, Princess Amelia-Sophia-
Eleanora, born May 30th, 1711, who constantly resided in
England, and died unmarried, October 31st, 1786; fourth, Prin-
cess Elizabeth-Caroline, born May 30th, 1713, and died at St.
James's unmarried, December 28th, 1757 ; fifth, George- William,
born November 2d, 1717> died an infant; sixth, William-Au-
gustus, Duke of Cumberland 5 seventh, Princess Mary, born
February 22d, 1723, married May 8th, 1740, Prince Frederic, of
Hesse-Cassel, and died January 14th, 1772; eighth, Princess
Louisa, born December 7th, 1724, married November 30th, 1743,
Frederic V. Prince Royal, afterwards King of Denmark, and died
December 8 th, 1 751.

William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, youngest son of
George II. was born at Leicester-house, on April 15th, 1721.
On the revival of the order of the Bath, June 17th, 1725, he was
installed first knight companion of the order. He was created

* Coxe, ut supr. 273, 548.
VOL. I. D

34 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Duke of Cumberland, Marquis of Berkhamsted, Earl of Kenning-
ton, Viscount Trematon, and Baron of Alderney, on July 27th,
17265 and elected Knight of the Garter, May 18th, 1730 ; ap-
pointed colonel of the second regiment of foot-guards, April 25th,
1739; and of the first regiment of foot-guards, February 20th,
1743. On May 17th, following, he was introduced into the
privy-council. He was advanced to the rank of major-general,
Feb. 22d, 1743 j and distinguished himself at the battle of Det-
tingen, where he was wounded. In 1745, he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the British forces on the Continent ; and
in the following year, on the breaking out of the Scotch rebellion,
the entire command being committed to his Royal Highnes3, the
decisive victory over the rebels gained at Culloden, was attributed
to his courage and exertions. With the confederate armies in
Flanders, of which he had the command 1747>hewas not equally
successful ; there was a variance between him and the Prince of
Orange : t( our two young heroes do not agree," said Mr.
Pelham ; " our own is open, frank, resolute, and perhaps hasty;
the other, assuming, pedantic, rationating, and tenacious : sees
the danger at his own door, and demands assistance like a con-
queror ; the other more circumspect, and full as resolute not to
give what he does not think safe to part with." * In 17$7> his
Royal Highness commanded an army of observation, to defend
the electoral territories 5 yet though he was in part successful,
had too small a body of troops completely to effectuate his pur-
pose ; but on September 7th, concluded at Closter-Seven a con-
vention for the protection of his father's German dominions. On
October 11th, 1757> he resigned all his military employments;
and passed to a life of retirement, where he occupied his benevo-
lent heart in rural improvements, and the beneficial concerns of
peace. He died suddenly at his house in Upper Grosvenor-street,
by the bursting of a blood-vessel in his head, October 31st, 17^5,
in his forty-fifth year, universally beloved and lamented. Lord
Walpole's opinion was, " That no prince appears to have been
endowed with greater talents ; could have abetter understanding;
or a quicker apprehension ; could have a more engaging or agree-
able way in delivering his own, or hearing the sentiments of
others." f " George II." says Coxe, " retained a high degree of
affection and regard for his son the Duke of Cumberland, and

* Qoxe's Life of Hot .Lord Walpole, p^ 330.
+ Ibid. p. 352.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 35

was occasionally swayed by his advice. The duke himself was a
prince of high spirit, and considerable talents j and possessed
great influence in parliament from the number of his adherents." *
He died unmarried.

Frederic-Lewis, Prince of Wales, was born at Hanover, Ja-
nuary 20th, 1707. He was elected K. G. December 24th 1716;
and was created Duke of Edinburgh, Marquis of Cambridge,
Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, Baron of Snaudon, July
15th, 1726. He continued at Hanover till he had attained the
twenty-first year of his age. An event then occurred, which in-
duced his majesty, however unwillingly, to send for him in haste
to England. A negotiation had commenced in the reign of hi*
grandfather, for a marriage between him and the Princess Royal
of Prussia ; and a mutual affection had grown up between them.
In the mean time a great antipathy broke out between George II.
and the Prussian monarch. The English court received intelli-
gence that the young prince was about to contract this marriage
privately; and instantly sent a messenger to bring him to
England : f for some time after his arrival, the Prince, awed by
his new situation, acted with the utmost submission. At length
he emancipated himself from the restraint, in which he was kept,
and formed a party of his own j and conceived an antipathy
against Sir Robert Walpole, his father's minister. As he had a
taste for the arts, and a fondness for literary pursuits, he sought
the society of persons, who were most conspicuous for their talents
and knowledge. He was thrown into the company of Carteret,
Chesterfield, Pulteney, Cobham, and Sir William Wyndham,
who were considered as the leading characters for wit, talents,
and urbanity. His house became the rendezvous of young men
of the highest expectations, Pitt, Lyttelton, and the Grenvilles,
whom he afterwards took into his household, and made his asso-
ciates. The usual topic of conversation in select society, was
abuse of the minister, and condemnation of his measures, urged
with all the keenness of wit and powers of eloquence. The Prince
found the men whose reputation was most eminent in literature,
particularly Swift, Pope, and Thomson, adverse to Walpole, who
was the object of their private and public satire. But the person,
who principally contributed to aggravate his opposition, was
Bolinbroke. f In 1734, the misunderstanding between the father

* Coxe'sLifeof Sir Robert Walpole, vol. i. p. 415.
+ Ibid. p. 519,5*0. J Ibid. p. 531.

36 PEERAGE OP ENGLAND.

and son had increased to an alarming height. On April 27th,
1736, the Prince espoused the Princess of Saxe-Gotha, younger
daughter of Frederic II. Duke of Saxe-Gotha; and soon after
his opposition to government, inflamed by the artifices and am-
bition of his adherents, became systematic. But the history of his
life, at this period, would contain almost the history of this part of
his father's reign. The illness, and death of his mother, Queen
Caroline,* closed the important events of the melancholy year
1737 ; and the animosity of party has loaded her memory with
reproaches for carrying her resentment against her son to the
grave. '* But I am happy," says Coxe, " to remove this stigma
from her: she sent her blessing, and a message of forgiveness to
her son ; and told Sir Robert Walpole, that she would have seen
him with pleasure ; but prudence forbad the interview, as it
might embarrass and irritate the king,"f In 1742, these differ-
ences were in some degree allayed; and the Prince paid his re-
spects at court. X About 1748, the party of the Prince began to
form a new opposition ; and in the second and third sessions of
the new parliament, they took the lead against administration.
In the third session, which commenced January 17th, 1751, the
party of the Prince seemed likely to gain great accession from the
just unpopularity which the ministry incurred by the subsidiary
treaties in Germany ; while Lord Cobham and his friends medi-
tated a secession from the ministerial phalanx. But the unex-
pected death of the Prince, on March 20th, 1751, gave a new as-
pect to public affairs, and produced a great and singular change
in the temper of the court, and the counsels of the kingdom. He
died in the forty-fifth year of his age, and is generally allowed to
have been a prince of amiable and generous disposition, of elegant
manners, and of considerable talents. § By his Princess, Augusta,
who died at Carlton House, February 8th, 1772, aet. fifty-three;
he had issue, first, Augusta, born July 3 1st, 1737, married January
17th, 1764, Charles- William-Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of
Brunswic-Wolfenbuttel ; a Prince of the most splendid and heroic
character, who died most gallantly at the head of the Prussian

* The elegy on her death inserted in Coxc's Memoirs, and ascribed to
Dodington.was written by Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, then in her twentieth year,
and presented to Geo. II. by Sir R- Walpole.

+ Coxes Life of Sir. R. Walpole, p. 521.
t Ibid. p. 707.
S He has some claims to literary talents. See Park's edition of Lord
Orferd's R. and N. Authors, vol. i. p. 171.

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 37

armies fighting with the legions of Bonaparte, in Autumn 1806 ;
and by whom she has had, first, Charles-George-Augustus, born
February 8th, 1766, married, October 14th, 1790, Frederica-
Louisa-Willelmina, daughter of the late Stadtholder 5 second,
George- William-Christian, born June 26th, 1769; third, William-
Frederic, bom October 9th, 1771 ; and three daughters, viz.
fourth, Charlotte-Georgina-Augusta, born December 3d, 1764,
and married October 11th, 178O, Frederic- William, Duke of Wir-
temberg-Stutgard ; and died 1791} (on which the Duke re-
married, 1797, Charlotte- Augusta Matilda, Princess Royal of
England ;) fifth, Carolina- Amelia-Elizabeth, born May 17th,
1768, married April 8th, 1795, George Prince of Wales ; sixth,
Augusta, born August 8th, 1770.

Second, George William-Frederic, now George III.

Third, Edward-Augustus, Duke of York, born March 14th,
1739, elected K. G. March lbth, 1752, created Duke of York
and Albany, and Earl of Ulster, April 1st, 176O, and took his
seat in the house of lords, May 9th following. He was sworn of
the privy-council October 27th, 176O. Having shewn an early
inclination to a maritime life, he was appointed a midshipman
July 5ih, 1758 j and embarked on board the Essex, commanded
by commodore (afterwards Earl) Howe, upon an expedition
against Cherburg. On June 19th, 1759, he was appointed
captain of the Phoenix, of forty-four guns. On July 28th, he
sailed from Plymouth, on board the Hero, commanded by the late
Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, and returned October 13th, following.
On March 31st, 1761, he was appointed rear-admiral of the blue.
On June 23d, 1762, he hoisted his flag at Spithead, on board the
Princess Amelia, on a cruize in the Channel, under Sir Edward
Hawkej and next month set sail with a squadron to the Bay of
Biscay j and November 14th, following, sailed with the fleet under
Sir Charles Hardy, to the westward. In 1763, he embarked on
a tour through Europe. And again in 1767, set out on a tour to
the Continent, visited the King of Prussia, and several courts of
Germany j and passing from Paris to Italy, was seized at Monaco,
in the territories of Genoa, with a malignant fever, of which he
died, September 17th, 1767, in his twenty-eighth year, unmarried.
His body was brought to England, and deposited in Henry the
Seventh's chapel.

Fourth, Elizabeth Carolina, born December 30th, 1740, died,
.September 4th, 1759 ; fifth, William Henry, of whom under the
title of Duke of Gloucester.

38 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Sixth, Henry-Frederic, Duke of Cumberland, born October
26th, 1745, constituted ranger or keeper of Windsor great park,
July 8th, 1/66, in the room of his uncle William, Duke of Cum-
berland, deceased; created Duke of Cumberland and Strathern,
and Earl of Dublin, October 18th, 1766} sworn of the privy-
council December 3d, 1766; elected K. G. December 21st, 1767,
married October 2d, 177 1> Anne, eldest daughter of Simon, late
Earl of Carhampton, and widow of Christopher Horton, of Catton,
in Derbyshire, Esq. But died September 18 th, 1790, without
issue.

Seventh, Louisa Anne, born March 8th, 1749, died March
13th, 17683 eighth, Frederic William, born May 30tb, 1750, died
December 29th, 1765 ; ninth, Caroline Matilda, posthumous,
born July 11th, 1751, married, October 1st, 1766, Christian VII.
King of Denmark. She died at Zelle, May 10th, 1775. Her
melancholy story is too fresh in the memory of the public to re-
quire recapitulation here.*

George William Frederic, now George III. was born at Nor-
folk-house, May 24th, 173S, O. S. Succeeded his father in the
titles of Prince of Great Britain, Electoral . Prince of Brunswic-
Luneburg, Duke of Edinburgh, &c. &c. March 20th, 1751, and
created Prince of Wales, by letters patent, April 20th, following.
He was elected K. G. June 22d, 1749; and succeeded to the
throne of Great Britain, on the death of his royal grandfather,
October 25th, 1760. His Majesty married at St. James's chapel,
Sept. 8th, 1761, the Princess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-
Strelitz, born May 19th, 1744, youngest daughter of Charles
Lewis Frederic, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,f who died 1752,

* See a character of her in Ann. Reg- 1775, P- a> &c *c-
+ The last edition of Collins has given in the text a full pedigree of the House
of Mecklenburgh ; but as her majesty, having brothers, is not the heiress of
this house, I have not replaced it there ; because there would be no end to giving
a complete history of the ancestors by the female line of every family treated
of. But partly to conform with what has formerly been done, I repeat a short
abstract in this note. Genealogists deduce this family from the ancient kings
of the Heruli ; the Vandals, and the Venedi, or Wenden, upon the East sea,
or Baltic ; of whom Anthyrius I. lived three hundred and twenty years before
Christ- See Anderson, p 369. From whom, as they pretend, descended Ni-
clotus, the thirty-ninth king, whose son Pribislaus II- was the last king of
the Wenden, 1159, and died at Luncburg, at a tilting, October 1st, 1178. His
son, Henry bu>evinut,\\a great-grandfather of Henry of Jerusalem, who dying,
1302, left a son Henry, Leo, Duke of Mecklenburg, whose son, Albert I. was
created first Duke of Mecklenburg by the Emperor Charles IV. and de-
clared a prince of the empire 1 348, or 1 349 His great great grandson Magnum

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 39

by Albertine Elizabeth, daughter of Ernest Frederic, Duke of

-Hildburghausen ; and their majesties were crowned at
Westminster by Dr. Thomas Seeker, Archbishop of Canterbury,
on the 22d of the same month. By his royal consort, his Ma-
jesty has had issue,

First, George Augustus Frederic, Prince of Wales.

Second, Frederic, Duke of York.

Third, William Henry, Duke of Clarence.

Fourth, Charlotte Augusta Matilda, born September 29th,
J 766, married, May 1st, 1797, Frederic William, Duke of Wir-
temberg, to whom she is second wife.

Fifth, Edward, Duke of Kent.

Sixth, Sophia Augusta, born November 8th, 176*8.

Seventh, Elizabeth, born June 17th, 1/70.

Eighth, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland.

Ninth, Augustus Frederic, Duke of Sussex.

Tenth, Adolphus Frederic, Duke of Cambridge.

Eleventh, Mary, born April twenty-fifth, 177^.

Twelfth, Sophia, born November 3d, 1777-

Thirteenth, Octavius, born February 23d, 1779, died May 2d,
1783.

Fourteenth, Alfred, born September 22d, 178O, died August
20th, 1782.

Fifteenth, Amelia, born Augast 7th, 1783.

His Royal Highness George William Frederic, Prince of
Wales, was born at St. James's palace, August 12th 1762 ; wa»
created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, by letters patent,
August 17th, 1762; was elected K. G. 1765; and installed at
Windsor, 1771. He took his seat in the house of peers in No-
vember 1783 ; and on April 8th, 1795, married his first cousin,
Carolina Amelia Elizabeth, second daughter of the late Duke of
Brunswic Wolfenbuttel, by Augusta, sister to his present Ma-
jesty, by whom he hat a daughter Charlotte Carolina Augusta,
born January 7th, 179^. His Royal Highness is colonel of th«
tenth regiment of Dragoons, &c &c.

The first creation of a Duke in England was by a charter,

Duke of Mecklenburg, died 1503; and his son, Albert VI. Duke of Mecklen-
burg, died 1547; whose grandson, Adolph Frederic I, died 1658; and his
grandson, Charles Lewis Frederic, was father to the present Queen of
England. See Anderson's Genealogies, p. 535.

40 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

dated March 13th, 11 Edward III. in favour of his son Edward,
surnamrd the Black Prince, wherein he was declared Duke of
Cornwall, to hold to himself and his heirs, Kings of England, and
to their first born sons; by virtue of which charter, the eldest son
of the King of England, is by law acknowledged Duke of Corn-
wall the instant he is born.

At the same time, by patent, a provision was made for the
better support of this dignity and honour ; and although some
of the lands granted on this occasion lay in other counties, yet
they were to be deemed a part of the Duchy of Cornwall. More-
over, a grant was made to him by patent, the same day, of the
Stannaries, in Cornwall, together with the coinage of tin, and all
the issues and profits that might arise from thence j as also, of
the profits and perquisites of the court of Stannaries, except only
one thousand marks, payable to "William Montague, then Earl of
Salisbury, and his heirs, out of the revenue thereof, till a proper
compensation was made to the said Earl, by the assignment of
fresh lands of the same yearly value. And again, of all the castles,
honours, manors, lands, and tenements, belonging to the duke-
dom, or earldom of Cornwall, which were held in Dover, or for
term of life, or years (the reversions of which were in the crown)
as they fell in. These several grants were made to this Prince, as
Duke of Cornwall, and confirmed to him, and to the eldest sous
of him and his heirs, being kings of England.

The Earldom of Chester was a creation of an earlier date, and
annexed to the crown for ever, by letters patent, in 31 Henry II f.
when Prince Edward, his eldest son, was immediately creau-.i
Earl thereof. This honour was conferred upon Edward the Black
Prince, when he was but three years old, pievious to his accession
to the Duchy of Cornwall.

The title of Prince of Wales, after the reduction of the Biitish
Prince Lhewelyn, and the incorporation of that country with
England, was first conferred upon Prince Edward, the son of
Edward I. to conciliate the minds of the disaffected Britons, who
were ready upon all occasions to revolt, and had even the boldness
to declare to their conqueror, that they never should be easy and
happy till they were again under the government of a Prince of
their own. Edward I. to comply with their wishes, without
lessening the power of the King of England in that country, sent
for his Queen Eleanor, when far advanced in her pregnancy, to
Carnarvon -castle in Wales, where she was delivered of * son on
April 25, 1384. The King then summoned all the Barons

DUKE OF CORNWALL. 41

•f Wales to join in a conference upon special affairs, and when they
were assembled at Rtithlan, told them, that as they had often
expressed a defire that lie would appoint them a Prince, and as he
was going to depart out of the country, he was ready to comply
provided they would acquiesce in his nomination. They unani-
mously promised obedience*, with this restriction, that the appoint-
ment should be to one of their own country. The King then
declared, that he would name one who was born in Wales, and
could not speak a word of English, whose life and conversation no
man was able to stain. A general consent ensued on the part of
the Barons, and the King named his own son Edward, then but a
few days old. Since which, the principality has always been
under the government of the English, though the title of Prince
of Wales has been several times merged in the crown.

Arms. Quarterly, 1. three lions passant guardant in pale.
Or, England. 2. Or, a lion rampant within a double tres-
sure flory and counterflory, Gules, Scotland. 3. Azure, a harp
or, stringed Argent, Ireland. 4. Gules, two lions passant
guardant in pale, or, Brunsivic ; impaling, or, semee of hearts,
proper, a lion rampant, Azure, Lunenburg; having grafted in
base, Gules, a horse current, Argent, for ancient Saxony; m
the centre, a shield Gules. In chief a label of three points for
distinction.

Crest. Above a helmet, full-faced, on a coronet composed of
crosses patee, and fleurs de lis, with one arch surmounted by a
mound and cross patee, a lion statant, guardant or, crowned with
the coronet, as above described j and charged on the breast with
a label, as in the arms.

Supporters. On the dexter side, a lion guardant or, crowned
and charged with a label, as the crest. On the sinister side an
unicorn Argent, armed, maned, crined, and hoofed, or, gorged
witli a collar, adorned with crosses patee, and fleurs de lis, with a
chain affixed thereto, and reflexed, of the last ; and charged on
the breast with a label, as the dexter.

Motto. Ich Dien.

42 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

DUKE OF YORK.

PrinCb Fuedi.hic, second son of his present Majesty, was born
August l6th, 1763. He was elected bishop of Osnaburg, Feb.
27th, 1764. At a chapter of the Bath, held December 30th, 1767,
he was invested with the ensigns of that most honourable order,
and installed in Henry VII's chapel, as first and principal com-
panion, June 15th, 1/72. He was elected a companion of the
most noble order of the Garter, June 10th, 1771, and installed at
Windsor, the 25th of the next month. On the November 27th,
1784, he was created Duke of York and Albany, in Great Britain,
and Earl of Ulster, in Ireland. His Royal Highness is LL. D.
F. R. S. a field-marshal, commander in chief of all the King's land
forces in the United Kingdom ; colonel ef the first regiment of
foot- guards ; colonel in chief of the sixtieth, or royal American
regiment of foot, and of the royal Dublin regiment of infantry ;
ranger of St. James's and Hyde Parks, and warden and keeper of
the New Forest, Hampshire.

He married, September 29th, 1791, Frederica Charlotte Ulrica
Catherina, eldest daughter of the late King of Prussia, by his first
consort, Elizabeth Ulrica Christiana, Princess of Brunswick Wol-
fenbuttle, sister to the present Duke.

Arms. The same as the Prince of Wales, with difference of
the label, and in the fourth quarter, (instead of a plain scutcheon
Gules in the centre), on a scutcheon of pretence, Argent, a wheel
of six spokes, Gules, Osnalrug.

Crest, and Supporters. Same as Prince of Wales, with the
label differenced as in the arms.

DUKE OF CLARENCE.

48

DUKE OF CLARENCE.

Prince William Henry, third son of his Majesty, was bora
August 21st, 1765, and on May l6th, 1789, wa6 created Duke of
Clarence and St. Andrews, in Great Britain, and Earl of Munster,
in Ireland. He is a Knight of the Garter and Thistle, admiral of
the Red, and ranger of Bushy Park.

Arms, Crest, and Supporters. Same as Prince of Wales, with
the omission of the scutcheon of pretence, in the fourth quarter,
and the label' differenced.

44

PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

DUKE OF KENT.

Prince Edward, fourth son of his Majesty, was born November
2d, 176'7. On April 23d, 1799, he was created Duke of Kent
and Strathern, in Great Britain, and Earl of Dublin, in Ireland.
He is Knight of the Garter, and of St Patrick ; field-marshal of
the forces, governor of Gibralter, colonel of the first regiment of
foot, and keeper and ranger of Hampton-court Park.

Arms, Crest, and Supporters. The same as the last, with the
labels differenced.

DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.

45

DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.

Prince Ernest Augustus, fifth son of his Majesty, was born
June 5th, 1771. On April 23d, 1799, he was created Duke of
Cumberland and Tiviotdale, in Great Britain, and Earl of Armagh,
in Ireland. He is Knight of the Garter, chancellor of the Uni-
versity of Dublin ; a lieutenant-general in the army, and colonel
of the fifteenth regiment of light dragoons.

•
Arms, Crest, and Supporters. The same as the last, with the
1 labels differenced.

46

PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

DUKE OF SUSSEX.

Prince Augustus Frederic, sixth son of his Majesty, waa
born January 27th, 1773. On November 7th, 1801, he was
created Duke of Sussex and Earl of Inverness, in Great Britain,
and Baron of Arklow, in Ireland. The marriage of his Royal
Highness to Lady Augusta Murray, daughter of John, Earl of
Dunmore, being contrary to the provisions of the statute, 12 Geo.
III. c. 11. has been declared null and void. He is a Knight of
the Garter.

Arms, Crest, and Supporters.
labels differenced.

The same as the last, with the

DUKJK OF CAMBRIDGE.

47

DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE.

Prince Adolphus Frederic, youngest son of his Majesty, was
born Feb. 24th, 1774. On November 27th, 1801, he was created
Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, in Ireland, and Baron of
Culloden, in Scotland. He is a Knight of the Garter, a lieutenant
general in the army, colonel of the second, or Coldstream regi-
ment of foot guards, and a colonel of the King's German legion.

Arms, Crest, and Supporters. The same as the last, with the
labels differenced.

48 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.

Wili.iam Henry, third son of the late Frederic, Prince of Wales,
was born at Leicester-house, on November jfr, 1743. He was
baptised eleven days afterwards.

At the marriage of their Majesties, September 8th, 1761, his
Royal Highness walked on the Queen's left-hand to and from the
chapel ; and as be had no right then (as he was not a peer) to
form a part in the public procession, at the coronation, on the
22d of that month, he handed his mother, the Princess Dowager
of Wales, who with her younger children, &c. made a lesser pro-
cession, to and from Westminster Abbey.

On May 27th, 1762, his Royal Highness was, at a chapter of
the Garter, held at St. James's, elected a knight of that most
noble order j Was installed at Windsor on September 25th, fol-
lowing, when the King and Queen honoured the solemnity with
their presence: soon after which he was appointed ranger ef
Hampton-court Park, in Middlesex.

A few days before his Royal Highness was of full age, viz. on
November 17th, 1764, his Majesty was pleased to grant to him,
and to the heirs male of his Royal Highness, the dignities of a
Duke of the kingdom of Great Britain, and of an Earl of the
kingdom of Ireland, by the names, stiles, and titles, of Duke of
Gloucester and Edinburgh, in the said kingdom of Great Britain,
and of Earl of Connaught, in the said kingdom of Ireland.

On Wednesday, December 19th, 1764, his Royal Highness
was, by his Majesty's command, introduced into the privy-
council, and took his place at the council-board. His Royal
Highness, on Thursday, January 10th, 1765, being the first day

DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. 49

of the fourth session of the twelfth parliament of Great Britain,
took the oaths and his seat in the House of Peers.

His Royal Highness, on June 28th, 1/66, was appointed co-
lonel of the 13th regiment of foot j and on the decease of his
royal brother, Edward, Duke of York, had a grant from his Ma-
jesty of the custody of the lodge and walks in Cranburne-chase,
in the forest of Windsor, &c. &c. On January 6th, 1/68, he was
constituted a major-general of his Majesty's forces, and colonel of
the third regiment of foot guards. On March 30th, 17/0, he was
promoted to the rank of major-general, likewise to the command
of the first regiment of foot guards ; and in January, 1771> was
appointed warden and keeper of the New Forest, &c. in the county
of Southampton. Also, on May 25th, 1//2, was advanced to
the rank of general of his Majesty's forces ; and afterwards to
the rank of senior field-marshal.

His Royal Highness was likewise ranger and keeper of Windsor
Forest, ranger of Hampton-court Park, chancellor of the Univer-
sity of Dublin, and president of the London Infirmary.

His Royal Highness was married on September 6th, \J66, to
Maria, daughter of Sir Edward Walpole, Knight of the Bath, and
widow of James, Earl of Waldegrave. Their issue were,

First, Princess Sophia Matilda, born at Gloucester-house,
May 29th, and baptised there, June 26th, 1773.

Second, Princess Carolina Augusta Maria, born at Gloucester-
house, June 24th, 17/4, died there, March 1-lth, 1775> a»d was
buried in St. George s chapel, Windsor.

Third, Prince William Frederic, born at the Theodole-palace,
in the city of Rome, January 15th, and baptised there, February
12th, 1/76.

His Royal Highness died August 25th, 1805, and was suc-
ceeded by his only son, William Frederic, Duke of Gloucester.

His Royal Highness is a lieutenant-general in the army, and
colonel of the third regiment of foot guards.

Arms, Crest, and Supporters. The same as the last, with the
labels differenced.

vol. r.

50 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

HOWARD, DUKE OF NORFOLK.

The family of Howard, though it must yield to several others,
in point of authentic proof of antiquity, yet considering that it
arrived at the rank of an English Dukedom nearly three hundred
and thirty years ago, and considering the number of its branches,
which have enjoyed the peerage, and the many eminent men it
has produced, especially in former days, is justly entitled to the
epithet of Illustrious ; and to that sort of distinction, which re-
quires no aid from the colours of eloquence, or the arts of the
genealogist. We look back on that enlightened genius, the Earl
of Surry, and his ancestors, with veneration j we trace with his-
torical interest the heroism and the feudal splendour of the Dukes
of Norfolk, under the Tudors, and Plantagenets ; and we learn a
lesson of content for more humble stations in the remark, ob-
truded on us, that the most oonspicuous for power and abilities,
have been most unfortunate in their exit; and have paid the
forfeit. of imprisonment, proscription, or violent death for the
elevation they attained, and the conspicuous actions, in which they
were engaged. Ihe lapse of ages, which has been attended by
less exertion of body and mind, has brought with it less exposure
either of the person or the fortune, if not more tranquillity of the
bosom ; and though to ardent spirits the less brilliant qualities of
the later possessors of the titles of Norfolk, may not appear equally
enviable, there are those, to whom their security, their luxuries,
and their private gratifications, may seem not less worthy of pos-
session. It can scarcely be expected that a race of heroes, or of
poets, should continue unexhausted for centuries : nor can it be
hoped that the enlightened refinement of manners, which could at
once dissipate all the coarseness of an age of barbarism, should

DUKE OF NORFOLK. fll

continue to devolve its steady light through a series of generation!,
and thine with as decided a superiority in the court of" George the
Third, as in that ot' Henry the Eighth. There is indeed a time
for all things ; and perhaps there are many to whose candour the
plain simplicity of one period, will appear as commendable and
attractive as the illumined accomplishments of another. The
contrast is hardly less striking; and some may argue, equally
praise-worthy.

The origin of the family of Howard has been a matter of great
dispute with genealogists. The readers of this Peerage may rest
assured, that the present Editor will never yield to the artifices and
fabulous assertions of those whose object it has been, either in the
descent of this or any other family, to flatter individual vanity. He
will state nothing which he does not believe to rest on good au-
thori'y. He may be sometimes deceived ; but he trusts that long
and deep researches on such subjects, will enable him in general
to detect errors slight presumptions, and wilful deceptions. The
descents contained in these Volumes therefore, may be perused
with as much confidence as is in general due to historic evidence;
and not with the suspicious justly attached to the generality of
works bearing similar titles.

" There are those perhaps," says Dugdale, " who will expect
that I should ascend much higher in manifesting the greatness of
this honourable and large-spreading family of Howard, in re-
gard I do not make any mention thereof above the time of King
Edward I. some supposing, that their common ancestor in the
Saxon time, took his original appellation from an eminent office,
or command ; others, afterwards, from the name of a place. And
some have not stuck to derive him from the famous Hereuard,
the chief conductor of those forces, which so stoutly defended the
Isle of Ely, for a time, against King William the Conqueror and
his army. But to this last I cannot well assent, by reason that
Ingulph, ■ then Abbot of Crouland, who was his cotemporary,
affirms, that Ucreu-ard left no other issue than an heir female,
named Turfrida, wife to Hugh de Evcrmue, Lord of Deping,in
the county of Lincoln.

" I shall therefore, after much fruitless search b to satisfy my.

• F 511 b n 10

k Collins, on the idle authority of Hawcy, Clarcncieaux king of arms.

52 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

self, as well as others, on this point, begin with William Howard,
a learned and reverend judge0 of the court of Common Pleas, for
a great part of King Edward the First's, and beginning of King
Edward the Second's reign j before whom there are memorials of
fines, d from XV. Joh. Bapt. 26 Edward I. until Crastin, S. Joh.
Bapt. 2 Edward II." *

This William Howard, who was Chief Justice of the
Common Pleas, from 120)7 to 1308, had large possessions in
Wigenhale, in the north-west parts of Norfolk; and in many
other places of that neighbourhood ; being one of the commis-
sionersf of sewers for the repairs of the banks and drains, in Mid-
delton, Rungeton and Sechithe, in that part of Norfolk, in 22
Edward I. and having the year before been appointed one of the
judges, with John dc Butford, to go the northern circuit. « In
23 Edward I. he had summons h to attend with the rest of the
judges of the courts of Westminster, and the King's learned
council, to the parliament then held there j as also to those parlia-
ments of 25, 28, and 32 Edward I. and 1 Edward II. i On April
6th, 1305, he was appointed t to go the circuit in the counties of
Gloucester, Northampton, Oxford, Berks, Bedford, Bucks, Essex,
Hertford, Rutland, Cambridge, and Huntingdon. He is portrayed
in glass in a judge's robes, in a window of the church of Long-
Melford, in Suffolk, with two other judges ; and under them this
inscription :

Pray for the good state of William Howard, ChefJustis of Eng-
land, and for Richard Pycot, and John Haugh, Justis of the Law}
Sir William married two wives, first, Alice, daughter of Sir
Edward Fitton, Knight, and at length his heir, by whom he had
issue two sons, m Sir John Howard of Wiggenhall, and William ;

temp. 2 Elizabeth, supported as it seems by Glover and Philipot, has
ridiculously deduced this family from Aubur, Earl of Passy, in Nor-
mandy, whose grandson, Roger Fitz Walerane, according to him, won the
castle of Haivarden, in Flintshire, whence his son William, born in that
castle, took the name of Howard, whose great great grandson, through a suc-
cession of knights, was, as they pretend, Sir Henry, father of the judge. A
set of people, of whose existence there seems to be no other proof, than the un-
supported dicta of these flattering heralds !

c Rec <de T. Mich 25 Ed I. d in Scacc penes Thes. et Camerar.

« Du£ Bar. v ii p 265. f Pat 22 Ed. I. m. 24 in dorso.

Dugd Chron Series p 31. h Claus 23 Ed. I. in dorso m 9.

i Claus deiisd ann in dorso. k Rymer's Fcedera, v. ii p. 959.

1 Dug Orig Jurid p. 100 » Philipot's Baronage, Vincent's

Baronage, MS No 20 in Offic. Armor.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 33

and, second, Alice, daughter of Sir Robert Ufford, Knight, but
by her had no issue.

Sir John Howakd, his eldest son and heir, in 3 I Edward I.
being one of the gentlemen of the King's bedchamber," obtained
the wardship of the lands and heir of John de Crokedale, a person
of note in Norfolk : and, on the accession of King Edward II. to
the crown,0 July 7th, 1307, had orders to attend his coronation
at Westminster, the Sunday next after the feast of St. Valentine.
In 4 Edward II. hei' was in the wars against the Scots ; and in
1 1 Edward II. was** governor of the castle of Norwich ; also sheriff
of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, from the third to the
sixteenth year of that King's reign, inclusive, which was then an
office of great power and trust. In 15 Edward II. he was joined
in ' commission with John de Vaus, to raise 2,000 foot soldiers
in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and to conduct them to
Ncwcastle-upon Tyue, thence vo march against the Scots. Also
on November 30th, the same year,* was further commissioned,
with Thomas Bardolf and John de Thorp, to raise forces, both
horse and foot, in the said counties, and to march with them
against the Scots.

In 17 Edward II. he1 was in that expedition into Gascoign ;
and in 19 Edward II. ■ one of the commissioners for arraying men
in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, pursuant to the statute of
Winchester. Also, in 20 Edward II. one of the commissioners of
array in the county of Norfolk," and had command to arm 500
men (foot soldiers and archers) with hactoons, bacinets, and
gauntlets of iron, and to conduct them to the port of Orwell in
Suffolk, thence to go over seas against the French.

In 1328, he was commissioned, with Thomas Bigod, Earl of
Norfolk, and others, y to punish certain riots in Norfolk and
Suffolk j and died in 1331,* possessed of the manors of East
Winch, East Walton, Walton juxta Kirbroke, Wiggenhale,
Wirmegey, Tyrinton, West Walcot, South Wotton, North Wot-
ton, Great Walsingham, and the Honour of Clare. He had to
wife Joan, sister of Richard de Cornwall, who, by fine in 2 Ed-

" Pat 34. Ed- I m 3«- « Rymcr, vol iii. p 53.

r Rot Scot- 4 Ed II m. 13. H Rot Fin u Ed II in- it-

' Pat 15 Ed II p 2 in 20- » Rymer, torn iii p 906

« Pat 17 Ed II p i- mi " Pat. 19 Ed. II p 1 m 4

* Pat- 20 Ed- II- p 2 m »8-

* MS b St. p. 83 in Bibl Joh Anstis, Reg. Gart Armor-

« Esch-sEd, III n-8i-

54 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND

ward II. a settled on the said John Howard and Joan his wife,
and their heirs, a messuage and two carucates of land, with the
appurtenances, in Pauteney, Nereford, Ashwelthorp. &c. and
three parts of the manor of Terrington, with the appurtenances :
by which Joan he left issue Sir John his son and heir, wlio suc-
ceeded to the family estates on the death of his father in 1331.

Which Sir John Howard, in 9 Edward III. b was constituted
Admiral and Captain of the King's navy in the North, and in
10 Edward III. he had an assignation of 153/. Js. 6d. for < the
wages of himself with his men at arms, &c. in that service. And
the same year, having affairs to transact beyond the seas, the
King granted him his protection,'1 dated April 24th, 1337, to be
in force till August 1st, following. He was sheriff of Norfolk
and Suffolk in 1345.

In 21 Edward III. he obtained e a grant for a market every
week upon the Friday, and one fair yearly, on the eve and day
of St. Mary Magdalen, at his manor of Wiggenhall, in com.
Norfolk. Also, in that year, he was again constituted Admiral
of the whole fleet to the northward : f and, being a banneret, 8 as-
sisted at the siege of Calais, having in his retinue h one banneret,
six knights, thirty-six men at arms, and thirty-five archers on
horseback. He married Alice, daughter ' of Sir Robert cle Boys,
or cle Bosco (and sister and heir of Sir Robert de Boys, of Fers-
field in Norfolk) and of Christian his wife, daughter of Sir Wil-
liam Latimer, Knight, by which marriage the whole inheritance
of the Boys's came into the Howard family; and by the said
Alice, who died in 1374, he had issue Sir Robert Howard, and
John Howard.

Sir Robert was aged thirty-eight years, k at the death of his
mother, whereby he came possessed of the said manor of Fersfield.
In 2 Richard II. he was committed prisoner1 to the Tower, for
detaining Margery de Narford, from Alice Lady Nevil, her grand-
mother, with whom, on her petition to the King and council,
she had been appointed to remain, till the cause of divorce betwixt
her and John de Brewer should be determined in the court of

* Fin 2 Ed. II m. 5. Norf. & Rot. Scot. 9 Ed. III. m. 80.

c Claus. 10 Ed. Ill m. 31. d Rymer, vol iv. p. 748.

e Cart. 21 Ed. III. n- 14. ' Pat.21 Ed. III. p. 1. m 31.

« MS de FamiL Howard, p. 49. »' MS in Bibl- Harley.

1 MS- Farnil de Howard, p. 125 in Bibl Joh Anstis, Arm Gart.

kEsch 48Ed III. ' Claus 2Rich Il.indorso, m. 22.

DUKE OF NORFOLK; 55

Rome. This Sir Robert died in the life-time of his father, m at
East Winch in Norfolk, on July 18th, 1388, 12 Richard II.
leaving issue, by Margery his wife, daughter to Robert Lord
Scales of Neucells (and at length one of the heirs of that family)
an only surviving son, Sir John Howard, and a daughter Margaret,
married to William de Lisle. n This Sir Robert lies buried with
Margery his said wife, in a chapel appropriated to his name,0 on
the south side of the chancel of East Winch church, in com.
Norfolk, where an arched monument was erected to their me-
mory, with divers escutcheons of the arms of Howard, impaling
the arms of their wives; but, in l631, the following inscription
was only remaining thereon,. . Animahus Domini Rolerti Howard
militis, et Margerie uxoris sue

The said Sir John Howard, the only surviving son, on
March 10th, 1388-9, p was retained to serve the King during his
life (his son being then turned of six years of age) and being to
go into Ireland with his Majesty, he had his protection for a year,
dated April 2Sth, 1399- And on July 2d, 1405, hel received
order from the King (in conjunction with Sir Gerrard Braybrook,
Knight) to array all men in the county of Essex able to bear arms,
and to muster them, and march in defence of the sea-coast against
the French. Afterwards he took a voyage to Jerusalem, and ''
there died, on November 17th, 1437, but had sepulture at Stoke
Neyland in Suffolk. He was sheriff of the counties of Essex
and Hertford, 2 Hen. IV. as also 3 and 7 Hen. V. and of Cam-
bridge and Huntingdon, 4 Hen. IV. in the 9th of whose reign
he was one of the knights of the shire for the county of Cam-
bridge.

He took to wife, first, Margaret, s daughter and heir of Sir
John Plaiz, x of Tofte in Norfolk, and of Stansted Mountfitchet
in Essex," and by her, who died in 1381, 5 Richard II. had
issue,1

Sir John Howard, his son and heir, died 1409,in his life-time, >'

m Esch 22 Rich. II-n2b- » Ex stemmate Fam de Howard, MS-

p 49 in Bibl Joh Anstis, Arm Gart. " Weever's account of Funeral

Monuments, p. 842. p Pat. 12 Rich. II. p. 2. m 31.

'i Rymer,vol viii p 78. r Ibid p 403 Esch. 16 Hen VI. n 56.

Norf and MS Famil Howard. ! Praed and Rot Fin. 13 Rich. II. m- 24

1 See Weever.p. 850, where the arms of Plaiz appear, per pale, a lion passant.

u MS Fol Baron- omn. per Pat. Ten aut Summon, delineat. Hen- St- George

Mil Gart Ar Armor, penes J. Peshall, Bart

* Cl«us 10 Henry IV. indorso.m. 16. y Ex stemmate

56 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

on a journey to the Holy Land, and had to wife Joan, daughter
of Sir Richard Walton, Knight, and sister and heir to John
Walton of Wyvenhoe, in Essex, Esq. with whom he had, by the
gift of her father, in 9 Hen. IV. the manor of Ocle, and left issue a
Elizabeth, their only daughter, who was heir both to her father
and mother, at whose death, 1424, the said Elizabeth was four-
teen years old, and afterwards married to John Vere, Earl of Ox-
ford, whereby the title of Lord Scales centered in the Veres, Earls
of Oxford. The said Joan had, for her second husband, Sir
Thomas Erpingham, of Erpingham, in Norfolk.

But the said Sir John Howard, father of the last Sir John,
after the death of the said Margery his first spouse (by whom he
had also a daughter, named Margaret, wedded, first to Sir Con-
stantine Clifton, of Buckenham-castle, in Norfolk, Knight ; and
secondly, to Sir Gilbert Talbot, Knight,) was married* secondly
to Alice, daughter and heir of Sir William Tendring, of Tendring,
near Stoke Neyland, aforesaid, Knight, and by her had issue two
sons, Sir Robert, his heir, and Henry, who had, by gift of his
father, the manors of Teringhampton, East Walton, Bokenham,
Wigenhall, and Garblesham, with other lands in the county of
Norfolk, to him and the heirs of his body, as appeareth by Sir
John's will dated at Stoke Neyland, April 1st, 1435, and left
issue by Mary his wife, daughter of Sir Henry Hussey, of the
county of Sussex, Knight, Elizabeth his daughter and heir, married
to Henry Wentworth, of Codham, in Essex.

The said Alice, wife of Sir John Howard, by her last will
and testament, b dated October 13th, 1426, and proved on the
20th, orders her body to be buried in the south part of the church
of Stoke Neyland, near her father. She died on October 18th,
142(5; and was buried at Stoke Neyland, as was, in 1436, her
husband : and both lie under a grave-stone before the high altar
in the said church; and thereon the figures in brass of a knight
with his sword by his side, and his lady by him, with the arms
of Howard and Tendring at the corners, r circumscribed in black
letters as follows: Orate pro Animabus Johannis Howard, Milltis,
qui obiit Ann. 14. ... et Allicie uxoris ejus, que obiit in festo
Sancti Luce Evangeliste, Ann. 1426, quorum Animabus propi-
tietur Deus.

z Claus 13 Ken VI. m. 13. Esch. 16 Hen. Vl-n $6. ■ Ex stemmate.

b Ex Regist Lufleenham, in Cur Prerog. Cant. p. 48.

f Weevei's Funera Monuments, p 77i, 773.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 57

There are also, in the east window of the south part of the
church, the portraitures of the said Sir John Howard, and Dame
Alice, his wife, both kneeling, with their hands erected, praying,
between an escutcheon of the arms of Howard and Tendring, viz.
azure, afesse between two chevrons, argent. Over his head, Passio
XTI conforta nos ; over her head, Jesu, miserere nolis; and
underneath, Orate pro animabus Domini Johannis Howard, et
Domine Allicie uxoris ejus.

Sir Robert Howard, their eldest son, A was married to
Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Nor-
folk, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and coheir of Richard Fit z-
Allan, Earl of Arundel, and cousin and coheir to John Mow-
bray, Duke of Norfolk. By this marriage, the inheritance of
those great families became, at length, vested in this of the
Howards, and by Isabel, the other coheir, in that of Berkeley.
The said Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, was son and heir to John
Lord Mowbray, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and heir to John
Lord Segrave, and of Margaret his wife, daughter and heir of
Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, and Marshal of England,
the eldest son of King Edward I. by his second wife Margaret,
daughter to Philip the Hardy, King of France ; and on February
12th, 1385-6, was invested with the office of Earl-Marshal, being
the first who bore that title, his predecessors in office being
simply styled Marshals. By the said lady, Sir Robert had a son,
Sir John Howard, and two daughters, Margaret, married to Sir
William Daniel, Baron of Rathwire in Ireland ; and Catharine,
the second wife of Edward Nevil, Lord Abergavenny.

His only son, Sir John Howard, was an eminent Yorkist of
great consideration, not only for his birth and possessions} but for
the various places of high trust, which he filled during the reigns
of Edward IV. and Richard III. In his youth he began to dis-
tinguish himself in the wars against France. In 31 Henry VI.
(being then a knight) after the regaining of Bourdeaux, e he ac-
companied John Talbot Viscount Lisle, eldest son of the Earl of
Shrewsbury, to Blay ; and soon after marched with the Earl of
Shrewsbury to the relief of Chastillon, then besieged by the
French, whom he encountered and entered their camp; but at
length that Earl being shot through the thigh, and his horse slain
under him, he there lost his life ; on which the residue of the
English, after a valiant behaviour, retired to Bourdeaux.

Jt is certain he was in great favour with King Edward IV.

d Ex stemmate- c Stowe's Annals, p 396.

58 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

who, in 1461, the first year of his reign, f constituted him con-
stable of the castle of Norwich 3 and, for the better securing his
interest, made him ■ sheriff of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk :
and, in consideration of his great services, granted him, • in
special tail, some of the forfeited manors of James Butler, Earl of
Wiltshire in England, and Ormond in Ireland.

in 2 Edward IV. being appointed to keep the seas1 (together
with the Lords Falconbridge and Clinton,) having 10,000 men
in the fleet, he landed with them in Brittany, where they took the
town of Conquet, and afterwards made themselves masters of the
Isle of Rhee, on the coast of Poictou. In 1468, being treasurer
of the King's houshold,lc he obtained a grant of the whole benefit
that should accrue to the King, by coinage of money in the city
and tower of London, or elsewhere in the realm of England, so
long as he should continue in that office of treasurer of the
household j which had been conferred on him for his prudent
management in an embassy, that year, to Lewis XI. of France,
in behalf of Francis II. Duke of Brittany. Also, the same year,1
he attended the Lady Margaret, the King's sister, into Flanders,
where she was solemnly married to the Duke of Burgundy.

In 1470, bearing '" the title of Lord Howard, he was made
captain-general of all the King's forces at sea, for resisting the
attempts of the Lancastrians, then making head again under
Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick, the Duke of Clarence, and
others ; King Edward being then in Flanders, soliciting succours
from his brother-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy.

In 1471 he was constituted n deputy governor of Calais and
the marches adjacent. In 12 Edward IV. he had summons to
the parliament at Westminster, ° among the Barons of the
realm, and during the whole reign of King Edward IV. During
this reign, in short, he held all those offices, which prove rank,
fortune, and activity. He was called on to furnish men and
arms ; he had commands by sea ; he was in all commissions for
treating with France; he had grants of castles and lands; and
above all, the frequent recurrence of his name in the history of
Philip de Commines, wherever he treats of the transactions
between our King and the French monarch, demonstrates the

* Pat 1 Ed IV pi m. 16. « Rot Fin. 1 Ed- IV. m 32.

» Pat. 1 Ed IV- p. 4 m 19- ' Stow's Annals, p. 410.

k Pat. 8 Ed. IV. m 5. ' Stow's Annals, p 421.

m Pat. 10 Ed IV- pi m. 13. ■ Rot. Franc, it Ed IV. m 18

• Cotton's Abridgment of Records of Parliament, p. 637, 693, et seq

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 5£

consideration which he possessed in the eyes of foreigners. But
it must not be concealed, that the pages of that writer prove him
like all his cotemporaries, and like too many courtiers of all ages,
to have been too much under the influence of corruption. In
1475, King Edward, by the persuasion of the Duke of Burgundy,
having declared war against France, and having carried over
thither a powerful army, was soon inveigled into peace by King-
Lewis, who was inclined to trust more to his wealth than his
arms. For this purpose, our monarch received " 72,000 crowns ;
and a pension of 16,000 crowns was promised to be divided
among his principal servants, of which Lord Hastings had 2,000 5
the rest had the Lord Howard, the Master of the horse, Master
St. Leger, Master Montgomery, and others : besides great sums
of money and goodly presents of silver plate, which were given to
King Edward's servants."!' On this occasion, Lord Howard, and
Sir John Cheyney were left hostages, till the English troops were
arrived in England.

When Lewis XL feared the interference of our monarch
against his acquisition of the dominions of the late Duke of Bur-
gundy, he used similar weapons to keep him quiet. " My
readers," says Commines, " will wonder that the Englishmen
suffered the King to take the towns bordering so near upon them,
namely, Arras, Bolloin, Ardres, and Hedin, with divers other
castles, and to lie so long with his camp before St. Omer. But
you shall understand that the reason thereof was, for that our
King, in wisdom and sense, surmounted far Edward King of
England then reigning : for notwithstanding that the said King
Edward were a most valiant prince, and had won in England
eight or nine battles; wherein he fought always himself on foot
greatly to his renown ; yet were these troubles but by fits, so
that his head was not continually busied in matters of state : for
immediately after the victory obtained, he returned to his former
sports and pleasures, till another storm arose. For you shall un-
derstand, that when war beginneth in England, in ten days or less,
the one or the other getteth the garland. But our affairs in France
passed not after that sort 5 for besides the war itself, the King was
forced to have an eye continually upon diverse places, as well of
his own realm, as of his neighbours ; but especially by all means
possible to content the King of England, and to entertain him by
ambassadors presents, and smooth words, to the end he should

p Commines, p. 12s-

60 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

not intermeddle with our affairs. For the King knew well the
Englishmen , as well nobles and commons, as the clergy, to be
naturally inclined to make war upon this realm, as well under
colour of the title they pretend thereunto, as also in hope of gain.
For they trust to have ever such success here, as their predecessors
have had, whom God permitted to obtain in this realm many
great victories, and large dominions both in Normandy and in
Guienne, the which they had possessed by the space of three
hundred and fifty years, when King Charles the Seventh first re-
covered it. During the which time they enriched the realm of
England with great spoils, and much treasure, that they got as
well of the princes and noblemen of France, a great number of
whom they took prisoners ; as also of the towns and places, which
they subdued. Notwithstanding they should hardly have had
such success in the King our master's time : for he would never
have endangered his estate in battel as King Charles the Sixth
did at Agincourt, where all the nobility of France lighted on foot
to fight with the Englishmen ; but would have proceeded more
warily if the matter had come to execution, as you may perceive
by the course he held in sending King Edward home. Wherefore
the King well perceived that he must in any wise keep the King
of England and his principal servants, his friends, whom he saw
altogether inclined to quietness and very greedy of his money :
for the which cause he payed duly at London the pension of fifty
thousand crowns, which they called tribute. And further, gave
yearly sixteen thousand crowns to the said King's principal
servants, whose names were these : the Lord Chancellor ; the
Master of the Rolls, who now is Chancellor; the Lord Hastings,
Lord great Chamberlain, a man of singular wisdom and vertue,
and in great authority with his master, and not without cause, for
he ever served him faithfully; Sir Thomas Montgomery; the
Lord Howard, afterward Duke of Norfolk, and partaker with the
wicked King Richard ; the Master of the Horse, called Mr.
Cheiny ; Mr. Challenger, (St. Leger) and the Marquess Dorset,
the Queen of England's son by her first husband. Further, he
gave goodly presents to all the embassadors that came to him,
were their messages never so sharp and bitter, and sent them
home with such goodly words and princely rewards, that they
returned well contented. And notwithstanding that some of
them understood that he did all this only to win time, the better
to atchieve his enterprise in the conquest of the Duke of Bur-
gundy's dominions ; yet winked they at it, because of the great

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 01

riches they received at his hands. To all these above-named, he
gave besides their pensions, many goodly presents, so largely, that
the Lord Howard, over and above his pension, received of him in
less than two years space, in money and plate, 24,000 crowns.
To the Lord Hastings, also Lord great Chamberlain of England,
he gave at one time a present of plate to the value of 10,000
marks." pp

He continued, however, a great favourite with King Edward,
had many grants of forfeited manors, and was elected K. G. 16
Edward IV. In IJ Edward IV. he wasi joined in commission
with William Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, to treat with the
French for prolongation of the truce between both realms; and
the year after r the King conferred on him the office of Constable
of the Tower of London, during life, in reversion, after the death
of John Lord Dudley (who died in 22d Edward IV.}, whereby he
was possessed of that office. In 19 Edward IV. he was, by in-
denture, • again retained to serve the King as captain general of
his fleet against the Scots, with 3,000 men at arms. And was
afterwards sent ambassador to the King of France for reminding
him of the treaty, whereby his son, the Dauphin, was to marry
with Elizabeth, daughter to King Edward, which turned out to
be a fruitless journey.

Having been faithful to the house of York, during the whole
reign of King Edward IV. he continued stedfast to King Richard
III. after he had got the crown, June 22, 1483 ; but our histo-
rians make no mention of his being concerned in any of those
evil contrivances, or barbarous actions, which sullied his reign.
That Prince gave very distinguishing proofs of his favour and
esteem for the Lord Howard : for notwithstanding his nephew,
Richard Duke of York, upon the extinction of the male line of
the Mowbray family, in the person of John Duke of Norfolk,
Earl Marshal, &c. 1475, had been invested with his dignities and
titles, and afterwards, on January 15, 1477-8, though then only
in the fourth year of his age, solemnly wedded to Lady Anne,
that nobleman's only child and heir, he on June 28th, 1483, the
first of his reign, when his said nephew was certainly alive
(although Mr. Jekyl, in his Bar ones Ertincti, MS. says the con-
trary) conferred ' on his lordship the office of Marshal of
England," and also the name, title, and honour of Earl Marshal

pp Commines, p. 188- q Rot. Fran 17 Ed. IV. m 2.

» Pat. 18 Ed. IV. p. 1, 2. » Ex Autogr. penes Cler. Pell

1 Pat 1. Rich. Ill- p. 1. m x8. ■ Rymer's Fcedera, vol. xii. p 190.

62 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of England, together with all offices and profits thereunto be-
longing (the which John late Duke of Norfolk, deceased, held
to himself, and the issue male of his body, and, for want of
issue male, remainder to the King) : to have and to hold to
him, the said John Lord Howard, in tail male; with power
to grant to any person, or persons, the office of Marshal of the
King's Bench, of Marshal of the Exchequer, and office of
Marshal's crier before the steward, and Marshal of the King's
houshold. He was further empowered (in the King's pre-
sence or absence) to bear a golden staff, tipped at each end
with black, the upper part thereof to be adorned with the royal
arms, and the lower end thereof with those of his own family ;
and for the better support of the dignity of the said office, got a
grant to himself and his heirs (aforesaid) for ever, of 20/. annu-
ally, payable half yearly, out of the fee-farm rent of the town of
Ipswich, in Suffolk. Also, on the same day," was advanced to
the dignity of Duke of Norfolk; and Thomas, his son and
heir,/ created Earl of Surry. He was, on the 30lh of that
month, 2 constituted High Steward of England for the ceremony
of Richard's coronation; and attended* there on July 6'ih, fol-
lowing, with his son Thomas, Earl of Surry, who bore the sword
of state; the Duke himself carrying the King's crown, and walk-
ing next before him.

On July 25th, ensuing, b he was constituted Lord Admiral
of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine, for life. Upon which day he
likewise obtained a c grant, in special tail, of divers manors and
lordships in the counties of Suffolk, Kent,' Cambridge, Cornwall,
Somerset, and Wilts.

Also, the year after d obtained another grant in special tail, of
several other manors and lordships in several counties.

But he did not long enjoy these great possessions ; for the
next ensuing year, being e in the front of Richard's army at Bos-
worth-field, he was, with that King, slain there, August 22d,
1485, 3 Richard III. from whence f his corpse was conveyed to
Thetford, and buried in the abbey church. After which he was
attainted in the parliament begun * at Westminster, November 7th,

* Cart, i Rich. III. m. i. f Stow's Annals p 459.

* Pat 1 Rich III. p 1 mil, • Speed's Chron p 716.
b Pat 1 Rich III p. t. m 8 e pat ibid p. |.

d Pat a Rich III p. 2 < Polyd Virg p 562, and Stow's Annals, &c.
f Weever's Funeral Monuments, p. 830. « Rot, Pari a Hen. VII.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 63

1 Henry VII. though Henry was neither King dc facto, nor de
jure, when Norfolk, bore arms against him.

He was warned, by some of his friends, to refrain from going
with King Richard; and, on the night before he was to set for-
ward, this was set on his gate : il

" Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold,

" For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold."

Yet he would not absent himself from him; but as he faithfully
lived under him, so he manfully died with him, and, for his great
worth, was lamented by his enemies. Our historians recite his
fame j and, among the poets, Sir John Beaumont, Bart, makes
honourable mention of him in his poem of Bosworth-field, which
may be found extracted in Weevcrs Funeral Monuments.

This great Duke married two wives, first, Catharine, daughter
to William Lord Molines, ' and of Eleanor his wife, daughter of
Henry Lord Beaumont, by whom he had issue Thomas his son
and heir, and four daughters, Anne, married to Sir Edmund
Gorges of Wraxhall, Somersetshire, Knight of the Bath, at the
creation of Arthur Prince of Wales, son of King Henry VII. and
who had issue by her k five sons, and three daughters ; whereof
Sir Edward, his eldest son, seated at Wraxhall, was father of five
sons, of which Sir Thomas, the fifth, was father of Sir Edward
Gorges, who was created Baron of Dundalk in Ireland, July 13th,
18 Jac. I. Isabel, the Duke's second daughter, married to Sir
Robert Mortimer, of the county of Essex, Knight;1 Jane, third
daughter, to John Timperley, of Hintlesham in Suffolk, Esq.;
and Margaret, wife of Sir John Windham, of Crounlhorp, and
Felbrig in com. Norf. ancestor by her to the present Earl of
Egremont.

His grace's first wife, m Catherine, lies buried in the south part
of the church of Stoke, between the high-altar and the choir,
where a monument was erected for her; exhibiting the figure
of a lady, habited in a hood and gown, on one side whereof are
the arms of Brotherton, Gules, thee Lio?is passant guardant, in
pale, Or ; the arms of Howard, Gules, a Bend between six cross
croslets , Jitchy , Argent; and a Lion rampant, ducally crowned.
Also, on the four corners, are escutcheons of arms; on the right

fi Hollinshed's Chronicle, p. 759 ; Chaos, No. V. p. 55. in Coll. Arm.

k Ex stemmate de Gorges, ' Vincent on Brook, p. 3.

m Weever's Funeral Monuments, p. 774.

64 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

next her head, four coats within a Garter, circumscribed, Honi
soit qui mal y pense, first, the arms of Brotherton ; second,
Howard; third, Warren, Chequey, Or and Azure ; fourth, Mow-
bray, Gules, a Lion rampant, Argent. On the sinister side, sir
coats, impaling Wavy of six (the arms of Molins), first, Brotherton ;
second, Howard; third, Warren; fourth, Brews of Gower,
Axure, a Lion rampant, semi of cross croslets, Or ; fifth, a Lion
rampant, ducally crowned. . . . ; sixth, Mowbray. At her feet,
an escutcheon of the arms of Molines on the right; and on the
sinister six coats, Brotherton, &c. as before.

Beneath her feet is this inscription :
" Under this stone is buried the body of the right honourable
Woman and Ladie, some time Wife unto thn right high and
mighty Prince, Lord John Howard, Duke of Norfolke, and Mother
unto the right honourable and puissant Prince Thomas Howard,
Duke also of Norfolke. Which Lady departed this present Life,
Ann. Dom. 1452.""

His Grace's second wife ° was Margaret, daughter of Sir John
Chedworth, Knight, by whom he had issue Catherine, who was
married to John Bourchier, Lord Berners, and by him had Joan
their daughter and heir, who by marriage carried Ashwel-Thorpe,
in Norfolk, to the family of Knyvet. Which Margaret surviving
the Duke, by her lastP will and testament, dated May 13th, 1490,
ordered her body to be buried in the choir of the church of our
Lady in Stoke Neyland, before her image on the side of the high-
altar.

Of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk, wc have a long and
particular account depencilled on a table, fixed to his monument at
Thetford in Norfolk. <»

In 15 Edward IV. r he was retained to serve in his wars, with
six men at arms, and sixty archers, and, on that account received,
for the first quarter's wages for them, 177/. 9*. In 16 Edward
IV. he was 8 constituted sheriff of the counties of Norfolk and
Suffolk; and was created Earl of Surry,1 when John, his

n Which, as it calls her husband Duke of Norfolk, must have been erected
many years after her death. ° Pat. 6 Ed. IV p. 1 m. 1.

p Ex Regist Vox. 16 No 10. in Cur. Prerog Cantuar.
q See it at length in Weever's Funeral Monuments, p 833, 834, et seq and
Blomefield's Norfolk, vol i. p 451, et seq.

r Ryroer, vol ii. p- 844. » Rot. Fin. 16 Ed. IV. nr .9.

1 Stow's Annals, p 459-

' DUKE OF NORFOLK. 6&

father, was created Duke of Norfolk by Richard III. viz. June
28th, and by the title of Earl of Surry, Knight of the Garter, was
in the first year of that King, at u a chapter of the Garter within
the palace of Westminster, when a scrutiny was taken for an
election; and was elected in the room ofx the Lord Hastings. In
the battle of Bosworth he had the leading of the archers, which
King Richard so placed as a bulwark to defend the rest. The
martial prowess of this Earl in that battle, and his resolute un-
daunted carriage, when taken prisoner, are finely delineated by
Sir John Beaumont (before mentioned) in his poem on Bosworth
Field, as follows :

Courageous Talbot had with Surrey met j

And after many blows begins to fret,

That one so young in arms should thus unmov'd

Resist his strength so oft in war approv'd.

And now the Earl beholds his father's fall,

Whose death like horrid darkness frighted all :

Some give themselves as captives, others fly }

But this young lion casts his generous eye

On Mowbray's lion painted on his shield,

And with that king of beasts repines to yield.

" The field," saith he, " in which the lion stands

" Is blood, and blood I offer to the hands

,c Of daring foes ; but never shall my flight

" Die black my lion, which as yet is white."

His enemies, like cunning huntsmen, strive

In binding snares to take their prey alive,

While he desires f expose his naked breast,

And thinks the sword, that deepest strikes, is best.

Young Howard single with an army fights;

When, mov'd with pity, two renowned knights,

Strong Clarindon, and valiant Conyers, try

To rescue him, in which attempt they die.

Now Surrey, fainting, scarce his sword can hold;

Which made a common soldier grow so bold,

To lay rude hands upon that noble flower,

Which he disdaining, (anger gives him power,)

Erects his weapon with a nimble round,

And sends the peasant's arm to kiss the ground.

u Anstis's Rcgist G art vol ii p.217, ci8. * Ibid p. 220-

VOL. I. F

66 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

This done, to Talbot he presents his blade,

And sailh, " It is not hope of life hath made

" This my submission ; but my strength is spent,

" And some perhaps of villain blood will vent

•' My weary soul : this favour I demand,

u That I may die by your victorious hand." —

" Nay, God forbid, that any of my name,"

Quoth Talbot, " should put out so bright a flame,

** As burns in thee, brave youth I where thou hast err'd,

" It was thy father's fault, since he preferr'd

" A tyrant's crown, before the juster side."

The Earl, still mindful of his birth, replied,

" I wonder, Talbot, that thy noble heart

" Insults on ruins of the vanquish'd part :

" We had the right : if now to you it flow,

'* The fortune of your swords hath made it so.

" I never will my luckless choice repent,

" Nor can it stain mine honour, or descent j

" Set England's royal wreath upon a stake,

" There will I fight and not the place forsake.

** And if the will of God hath so dispos'd,

" That Richmond's brow be with the crown inclos'd,

" I shall to him or his give doubtless signs,

*' That duty in my thoughts, not faction, shines !"

Which, says Weever, f he proved to be true in the whole
course of his life.

He was committed to the Tower by Henry VII. " where khe
continued about three years and a half j and was attainted with
his father. " In which time of his being in the Tower (as on the
inscription before-mentioned) the same King Henry had a field
with the Earl of Lincoln in Nottinghamshire, besides Newark ;
and the lieutenant of the Tower came to the said Earl, and prof-
fered to him the keys to go out at his pleasure." And he
answered him again, " That he would not depart thence until
such time as he that commanded him thither should command
him out again, which was King Henry VII. but charged the
lieutenant, upon his allegiance, if the King was on live to bring
him ther as the King was, to the intent he might do his Grace
service." And that King having fully experienced his fidelity by

y Fun. Mon- p 83;, 833. z Ibid p 835.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 0?

by his demeanor, whilst he continued his prisoner, received him
into his special favour, and made choice of him for one of his
privy-council ; being a person of great prudence, a gravity, and
constancy.

In 4 Henry VII. he was restored to his title of Earl of
SuRRY;b and to all those lands which were of his wife's inheritance:
and the same year, on that insurrection in the North, occasioned
by the assessing of a subsidy (wherein the Earl of Northumber-
land was murdered) he was c sent with a strong power for sup-
pressing of the rebels. John Anstis, Esq ; late Garier King of
Arms, who made a diligent search after all that bad been elected
Knights of the Garter, says, d The precise time hath not hitherto
appeared to the Editor, when he was re-elected, or re-instated into
the order.' The register is deficient in that reign, but it is certain
he was restored, and present in the chapter at Windsor, on May
7th, 1503, among the Knights of the Garter. On May C)th, 1492,
he was, by indenture, ' retained to serve the King in his wars
beyond the seas, as should be appointed him, during one whole
year next ensuing the day of his first musters, and so long after as
it should please the King, with ten men at arms, twelve demi-
lances, twenty archers on horseback, and fifteen archers on foot ;
but did not go abroad, being soon after again s employed in the
North, to restrain the incursions of the Scots. Also, in 1501,
being h sub-warden and vice guardian of the west and middle
marches towards Scotland, the King informed him of the inten-
tions of the Scots to invade his kingdom, in favour of Perkin
Warbeck, and commissioned him to muster all men able to bear
arms, inhabiting between the Trent and Tweed, as shall seem ne-
cessary; and, on any emergency, to lead them against the
enemy. And, in 12 Henry VII. he was,1 with Richard Fox,
Bishop of Durham, keeper of the privy-seal, commissioned to treat
with James IV. King of Scotland, about a marriage between the
said King and Margaret, daughter of the King of England. In
13 Henry VII. on the siege of Norham castle by the Scots he
marched towards them ;k but, before he could reach to Norham,.
they retired to their own country. " Thomas Howard, Earl of
Surrey," says Pinkerton, " a nobleman pardoned by Henry VII.

» Polyd Virg p 567. b Rot. Pari 4 Hen VII m 1.

' Stow's Annals, p 175. * Regist Gart vol. ii p 434.

r Ibid, p 241 f Rymer, vol. xii p 477 to 479

Polyd Virg p 6oo h Rymer, vol xii p 568

Ibid p 695. k Polyd Virg p 603.

10 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

after the battle of Bosworth, and who was long to be a scourge of
the Scots, had orders to collect a large array for the retaliation of
the Scotish invasion j but his march from Scotland was counter-
manded on account of an insurrection in Cornwall, occasioned by
the avaricious taxes of Henry, increased by the war. The insur-
gents joined Lord Audley at Wells, and advanced into Kent;
where they were soon afterwards defeated and dispersed. Yet
James seized the opportunity of this commotion to form another
invasion : and after extensive depredations, he laid siege to the
castle of Norham. This fortress, having been recently supplied
with the exigencies of a siege by the care of Fox, the Bishop of
Durham, its proprietor, was defended, till Surrey advanced with
a superior force, upon which the Scots retired. The English ge-
neral entered Scotland ; but retreated after taking the castle of
Aytoun. It is probable, that Henry, persisting in his patriotic
views of a matrimonial connection with Scotland, perceived that
the warmth of James must soon expire, if left without materials
of irritation j and therefore commanded Surrey to use moderate
hostilities. Perhaps the recent insurrection, and the imminent
hazards of a defeat to the unpopular arms of Henry, while a pre-
tender was ready to avail himself of every advantage, might well
induce great prudence and apprehension."1 In 1498, 14 Henry
VII. he was among the temporal lords, m called together by the
King, October 27th, who ratified the peace made with France, at
Estaples, 1492.

In 15 Henry VII. he made partition with Maurice, surviving
brother of William Marquis of Berkeley n (who died issueless) of
the lands, that came to them by inheritance, by right of their de-
scent, from the coheirs of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk. And the
same0 year, the plague raging in England, he conducted the
King and Queen to Calais, landing them there on May 8th, to
commune with Philip Duke of Burgundy. He was u also one
of the witnesses to the King's ratification of the marriage of his
son, Arthur Prince of Wales, to Catharine, daughter of Ferdinand
King of Spain. On June 25th, 1501, hei had the great office of
Lord Treasurer of England conferred upon him. While he main-
tained that station, the trade of England was extended by en-
couraging new discoveries in America, and a stop put to abuses
in the coin.

1 Pinkerton's Kist. Scot, vol ii. p. 30. m Rymer, ut antea, p 710.

» Commun. de T. Pasch. 15 Hen. VII. Rot. 1. ° Stow's Annals, p 48*-

<■ Rymer, vol xii. p. 751. 1 Pat- 16. Hen VII.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 6§

In 17 Henry VlL he was again commissioned,1 with Henry
Dean, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Richard Fox, Bishop of
Winchester, Lord Privy Seal, to treat with James IV. King of
Scots, about a marriage between him and Margaret, eldest
daughter of King Henry VII. And having concluded a treaty of
friendship with the Scottish envoys,* and settled the marriage
articles, on January 24th, 1501-2, at the palace of Richmond,
in Surry, the wedding was solemnized by proxy.

" At length," says Pinkerton, " after a number of tedious for-
malities, the royal bride, now in her fourteenth year, proceeded to
Scotland, and by a special favour, rather before the time affixed.
Her father accompanied her from the palace of Richmond to
Colliweston, in Northamptonshire 3 where he delivered her to the
care of the Earl of Surrey, who, with a noble and magnificent re-
tinue, attended her journey, and was to present a blooming bride
to James, whom he afterwards defeated and slew. In their pro-
gress they were met by the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of
Durham, Northumberland, Dacre, and other peers, who accom-
panied the cavalcade to Lambertonkirk, a place a little to the
north of Berwick. Here the Archbishop of Glasgow, and the
Earl of Morton, with a pompous train, received the bride, and
conducted her to Dalkeith ; whither James soon proceeded, and
whence in a few days she made her solemn entry into Edinburgh.
The scenes of splendour, which ensued, were worthy of the occa-
sion, and of an age of chivalry. The gorgeous tournaments were
invigorated by the valour, and graced by the beauty of both
nations. James himself, emulous of novelty, appeared in the
character of the savage knight, attended by highlanders and
borderers, who interchanged real wounds and disgusted the spec-
tators with bloody pastime : but the King, as Buchanan remarks,
had no occasion to regret the wounds or the death of marauders
inimical to law and order. Arthur, and his knights of the round
table, so familiar to the latter ages of chivalrous fable, also adorned
the lists with their ideal personages. The solemnity of this
marriage had been appointed so long before, that even foreigners
attended the festival : and among those was distinguished a French
Knight, Anthony d'Arcy de la Bastie, who was afterwards warden
of the Marches of Scotland, till he met with a cruel fate. Suc-
cessive days of pleasure were diversified with public shews, the
feast, the carousal, and the dance. The English added to the

' Rymcr,ut antea, p. 791. « Rymer, vol. xiii p 30 31,31.

70 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

entertainments the exhibition of those rude interludes called Mo-
ralities. Nor were the Scotish muses silent, for Dunbar, a poet
of deserved reputation, celebrated the nuptials in an allegory of
no mean beauty, intituled the Thistle and the Rose. The guests
were at length permitted to depart, satiated with pomp and
pleasure, with royal generosity and Scotish hospitality." l

The same year, the King constitutes ,l Thomas Earl of Surry
(Lord High Treasurer of England) Lord High Steward of England,
for the trial of Sir Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley, for felony com-
mitted in the county of Stafford} and, in 22 Henry VII. he. ob-
tained ax special livery of all the manors and lands, whereof the
Duke of Norfolk, his father, died seized.

His patent for Lord Treasurer of England * was renewed July
28th, 1 Henry VIII. Also, on March 23 following, he, and the
Bishop of Winchester, Lord Privy Seal, were* appointed by the
King to conclude, and sign several alliances made with foreign
princes ; and were on that day signed by them and the French
ambassadors at London.

In 2 Henry VIII. he was3 constituted Earl Marshal of Eng-
land during his life ; and that year b had the honour to be god-
father, with William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, to
Henry, the first born son of the King ; Catherine, Countess of
Devonshire, daughter to King Edward IV. being godmother.
The year after, November 10th, 1511, the King confiding in
the loyalty, industry, foresight, and care of Thomas Earl of Surry,
Treasurer and Marshal of England, and George Earl of Shrews-
bury, commissions0 them to treat with Ferdinand King of Arragon,
and Joan Queen of Castile, in order to the aiding of Pope Julius II.
•gainst Lewis XII. King of France.

On the 6th of August 1512, d the King, confiding in the
loyalty, wisdom, valour, industry, experience, and integrity, of
Thomas Earl of Surry, Treasurer and Marshal of England, com-
missions him to raise and muster all persons able to bear arms, in
the counties of York, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmor-

* Pink- Hist- Scot toI ii p 44. At the end of the new edition of Leland's
Collectanea, vol. iv p 258, may be found a minute account of the Princess's
journey and wedding, by John Young, Somerset Herald, who attended her.
u Rymer.p 87. x Pat. 22 Hen VII p. 3.

1 Pat. 1 Hen- VIII p 1 m 18. z Rymer.vol xiii p. 270 et seq.

■ Pat 2 Henry VIII p 1. m 21. b Hall's Chronicle, folio 9.

« Rymer, ut antea.p 316 d Ibid p. 339.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 71

land, and Lancaster ; to arm, review, and march them, where he
saw necessary, to suppress the attempts of the Scots. e

In 5 Henry VIII on that expedition the King made into
France, at which time Terrouen and Tournay were taken, this
valiant Earl of Surry was left in England, to defend the North,
and prevent the incursions of the Scots during the King's absence.

When the King took leave of his Queen, he f commanded
the Earl of Surry to draw towards the North, fearing the Scots
would invade it in his absence, and constituted him Lieutenant
of all the north parts, impowering him to raise all men able to
bear arms in the counties of Chester, Lancaster, Durham, Nor-
thumberland, Westmorland, and Cumberland.? And when the
King took ship at Dover, he took the Earl by the hand, saying,
My Lord, I trust not the Scots, therefore I pray you be not neg-
ligent. To which the Earl replied, 1 shall so do my duty, that
your Grace shall find me diligent, and to fulfil your will shall be
my gladness. Hall, who went over with the King, says, the
Earl could scarcely speak, when he took his leave, he was so con-
cerned at being left behind ; and said to some that were about
him : Sorry should he be, if he did not see the King of Scots, that
was the cause of his abiding behind, and if ever they met, he should
do that in him lieth to make him as sorry, or die. From Dover
the Earl came to London and attended on the Qaeen, comforting
her the best he could j and shortly sent for his gentlemen and
tenants. 600 able men, which he mustered before Sir Thomas
Lovel, July 2 1st ; and the next day rode through London north-
ward, and came to Doncaster j and, perceiving the Scots intend-
ed war, he came to Pomfret the 1st of August, where he had
summoned the noblemen and gentlemen of the counties he had
in charge, to meet him, and certify him what number of able
men, horsed and armed, they could raise at an hour's warning to
attend him, and laid posts every way to advertise them. He sent
to the Captain of Norham, certifying him, that, if he thought the
castle to be in any danger, he would be ready to relieve him.
Who thereupon h wrote to the Earl, thanking him, and praying
God, that the King of Scots would come with his puissance, for he
would keep him in play, till the King of England came out of
France. But the King of Scots coming before it, August 22d,
rased the walls with his great ordnance, and made assaults fop

• See Pinkerton, vol ii p. 77. f Hall's Chronicle, folio 2^

« Ibid 37. h Ibid 37, b.

7% PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

three days together, and the Captain valiantly defended it; but
vainly spent so much of his ammunition, that at last he was in
want, and on the 6th day was compelled to yield it. The Earl of
Surry, on the first tidings of the attack, ' summoned all the
counties,, he had in charge, to meet him at Newcastle, Sep-
tember 1st.

" The King of Scotland (says Lord Herbert) retaining some
rancour in his mind against the King, thought he could not, in
any time more seasonably, revenge himself, than by invading his
realm in his absence. And thereupon, with an army of 60,000
(some say 100,000) enters England, August 27th, and after a few
days siege, takes Norham castle. Thomas Earl of Surry here-
upon hastens his army, which consisted of 26,000, appointing his
son, the Lord Admiral, to come by sea, and meet him, at or near
Alnwick, in Northumberland. This brave Lord failed not his
time (September 4th) bringing with him also about 1,000 men;
of whom, when the Earl had taken view, and given order in what
place every one should fight, he marches towards the King ; who
had removed his army to an hill, called Flodden, on the edge of
the mountain Cheviot, where he strongly intrenched himself.
The Scotch writers relate, that many of their countrymen, for
want of victuals, secretly fled home, leaving the King's troops
but thin. Our writers, on the other side, make the Scotchmen
much superior in number. Pinkerton gives the following in-
teresting continuation of this important event.

" Surry sent a herald to James offering battle: and to his
father's reproaches, the admiral added, that having in vain sought
the Scotish fleet by sea, he was now ready to assert the justice of
Andrew Barton's fate in the van of the English army. These de-
fiances were intended to arouse the characteristical spirit, and re-
sentment of James, and thus induce him to combat with a dimi-
nished and disheartened army at the will of the English leader :
nor did they fail of their proposed effect ; for the Scotish king ac-
cepted the challenge in the very circumstances that Randal and
Douglas had refused that of Edward III.

ei James supposing that the hill of Flodden, on the opposite
side of the Till, presented a more advantageous post for his army,
than the level situation of his camp, removed, and took possession
pf that fatal ground. This hill is the last and lowest of those
eminences which extend on the north-east of the mountains of

• Hall's Chronicle, folio 3?.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 73

Cheviot, towards the vales of Tweed, from which river it is
distant about four miles. The ascent from the Till, which runs
north by the declivity on which Ford stands, is about half a mile
in length : and a bridge across the Till rendered the passage easy.
On the south of Flodden extends the capacious plain of Millfield ;
embraced on the west by high hills branching from Cheviot ; on
the north by Flodden, and other eminences ; on the east and
south by rising grounds, beneath which the Till winds its slow
and solemn way.

" Surry learning this movement of the Scotish army, and
being now advanced to Woolerhaugh , within five miles of
Flodden, he endeavoured again to provoke the pride of James,
by sending a herald to reproach him for leaving his ground ; and
to challenge him to abandon his heights, and try the fortune of
war on Millfield plain the following day, between the hours of
twelve and three. But the King's imprudence extended not so
far : he even refused admittance to the herald.

". Finding this scheme fail, and that it was necessary to bring
the Scots to battle, or retire, as his army began to want provisions
in a barren and ravaged country, the English general with great
skill proceeded to a decisive measure. Passing the Till, he ad-
vanced through rugged grounds on its east side, and encamped for
the night at Barmore- wood, about two miles from the Scotish army.
An eminence on the east of Ford shaded the English from obser-
vation : and from this height the admiral reconnoitred the Scots,
who discharged a few cannon. Next morning the English wheeled
to the north-west, and crossed the Till, near its confluence with
the Tweed ; the vanguard and artillery over the bridge of Twiselj
the rear by a ford, about a mile above that bridge. Having thus
come behind the Scots, by which means there was an easy access
to Flodden hill, and a battle was rendered unavoidable, the English
advanced in full array towards the enemy.

'* It is evident that James was ignorant of every duty of a general,
when he permitted the accomplishment of these movements : he
might have repeatedly attacked the enemy at disadvantage ; in
the rear, when marching through the rugged grounds ; or divided,
when passing the difficult ford of the Till. But he had not even a
suspicion of this countermarch 5 and had only ordered a battery of
cannon on the east side of Flodden, to defend the bridge between
Ford and his camp. To the former causes of discouragement in
his army, he now added persistence in defence; while to attack
might have been half a victory.

7* PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

" The Scots, suddenly perceiving the English in order of battle,
set fire to the huts of their camp, and hastened to take possession
of a northern eminence near Brankston, which might have proved
an advantageous post for the enemy, who had now passed the
brook of Sandyford. The southern wind blew the smoke between
the armies ; so that the English advanced undiscerned almost to
the bottom of this eminence ; and it is said that the king even
prohibited any use of his cannon. Surry, observing the confusion
of the Scots, arising from his unexpected approach, and from the
dangerous movement to the north, resolved upon an immediate
attack. His army was in three divisions; the van under the Ad-
miral, and Sir Edmund Howard; the middle under Surry; and
the rear led by Sir Edward Stanley; besides a reserve of cavalry
commanded by Lord Dacre : the artillery in front, and the space
between the divisions. The Scots were arranged in four par-
titions ; on the left wing Huntley and Home were opposed to Sir
Edmund Howard, while Crawford and Montrose fronted the
Admiral ; the King himself had the centre : the right wing was
conducted by Lennox and Argyle. The reserve was committed
to Bothwell, and consisted of his followers, and those of other
chiefs in Lothian. The English cannon did some execution before
the armies encountered.

" At the hour of four, in the afternoon, the battle com-
menced. The Admiral perceiving the Scots descend in four large
bodies, armed with long spears, requested his father to extend
and strengthen the van, by drawing up the middle division on its
left. Sir Edmund Howard was then encountered by Huntley,
and Home, and his division thrown into great disorder, till Dacre
advanced his cavalry in its support: but the Admiral now joined
by Dacre, routed and slew Crawford and Montrose. The King's
battalions opposed those of Surry; while Stanley on the left
wheeled round the eminence, and attacked in flank Lennox, and
Argyle, who being slain, their battalions were totally routed.
But the Scotish historians say, that the undisciplined Highlanders,
under the latter two nobles, rushed down the hill, though La
Motte and other French officers exerted theny-elves to prevent this
fatal step,and by their consequent discomfiture occasioned the cala-
mity of the day ; Stanley attacking them in the rear, a measure
generally decisive of an engagement.

" James had altogether forgotten his characters of monarch
and general; and rushed on with the illaudable valour of a com-
mon soldier. While the English leaders, conscious of their duty

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 75

and importance, preserved a station, from which they could dis-
cern, and direct, the actions of their bands, James, and his nobles,
dismounted 5 and struggled in the front with the mass of English
bill-men. Jn this Vdin and inglorious contest, many Scotish
peers fell ; but Bothwell and his reserve advancing, and valiantly
supporting the King's attack, the standard of Surry was en-
dangered. At this critical moment, that part of the left wing,
which was leu by Crawford and Montrose, being routed, Huntley
hgVipg fled, and Home's battalion being thus separated, and ap-
paiently obliged to stand on the defensive against the cavalry
under Dacre, the Admiral advanced his division, and assailed in
flank that of the Scotish King, and the reserve under Bothwell,
which had bravely advanced in his support. James fell, amid
heaps of his warlike peers and gentlemen; being pierced with an
arrow, and mortally wounded on the head with a bill. Though
Stanley, having dispersed the right wing, now pursued their track,
and came upon the rear of the Scotish centre, it still maintained
the shock ; and, arranged in the form of a circle, disputed the
victory with surrounding enemies, till the approach of night ter-
minated the conflict.

" As Home's band had defeated a part of the English army, and
the Scotish centre had not retired, Surry was uncertain of the
victory, till the returning dawn discovered that the field was
abandoned by the foe.

•* Surh was the celebrated battle of Flodden, the only one in
which a Scotish King had fallen, since the time of Malcolm lll."k

I shall now only recite, ; that the battle was fought on Sep-
tember 9th, 1513, and that, beside the Archbishop of St. Andrews,
and the clergy before-mentioned, twelve Earls were slain, four-
teen Lords, besides Knights and gentlemen. And when the
body of the King of Scots was found, and brought to Berwick,
the Earl shewed it to Sir William Scot, his Majesty's Chancellor,
and Sir John Forman, his serjeant-porter, who at first sight knew
him, and made great lamentation, having divers wounds, and in
especial one with an arrow, and another with a bill. m The Earl,
after securing the quiet of the North, returned to the Queen at
Richmond, bringing the dead body of the King with him, which
was buried at Sheen in Surry. Hall, who was present with the

k Pinkerton's Hist Scot. Yol ii- p. 98--104.
1 Hall's Chronicle, folio 43 b 44. m Ibid, folio 44.

7<5 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

King before Tournay, recites, that, September 25th, the King re*
ceived the gauntlet, with letters of the Earl of Surry, and highly
praised the Earl, and the Lord Admiral his son, and all that were
in that valiant enterprize. But that the King had a secret letter
of the Cheshiremen's flying from Sir Edmund Howard, the Earl's
son, which caused heart-burning, but the King would have no man
be dispraised. The next day, great fires were made in token of
victory and triumph \ and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester,
made a sermon in a tent of cloth of gold that was set up, shewing
the death of the King of Scots, &c. And the following letter was
sent to the King, written by the Queen's own hand :

" Sir,

" My Lord Howard hath sent me a letter open to your
Grace within oon of myn, by the whiche ye shall see at length
the grete victorye that our Lord hath sent your subjects in your
absence : and for this cause it is noo nede herin to trouble your
Grace with long writing 5 but, to my thinking, this battell hath
been to your Grace and al your realme the grettest honor that
coude bee, and more than ye shuld wyn al the crown of Fraunce:
thanked be God of it, and I am suer your Grace forgetteth not to
doe this, which shal bee cause to sende you many more such grete
victoryes, as trust he shall do. My husband, for hastynesse with
Rogecrosse, I coude not sende your Grace the peese of the Kinge
of Scotts cote, which John Clyn now bringeth, in this your Grace
shall see, how I can kepe my promys: sending you for your
baners a King's cote. I thought to send himself unto you, but
our Englishe men's harts wold not suffer it : it shuld have been
better for him to have been in peas, than to have this rewarde ;
al that God sendeth is for the best. My Lord of Surroy, my
Henry, wold fayne knowe your pleasure in the buryeing of King
of Scotts' body, for he hath written to me soo, with the next mes-
sanger your Grace pleasure may bee herin knowen : and with
this I make an ende, praying God to sende you home shortly :
for without this no joye here can be accomplished : and for the
same I pray, and now go to our Lady at Wahingham, that I pro-
mised soe longe agoe to see, at Woborne the xvj day of Sep-
tember.

" I send your Grace herein a bill founde in a Scottyshe man's
purse, of such things as the Frenshe King sent to the said King of
Scotts tp make warre against you : beseeching you to send

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 77

Mathewe Heder assone this messanger Cometh to bringe me
tydings from your Grace.

" Your humble wife,

" and true servant,

*.' Katharine."

When the King returned to his palace at Richmond, October
24th, he was not unmindful of the services of the Earl,n and
those who served under him in that memorable battle ; and wrote
to them letters, with such favourable expressions, that every man
thought himself well rewarded. And the Earl had a special grant,
from the King,0 to himself, and the heirs male of his body, of an
honourable augmentation of his arms, to bear on the bend thereof.
In an escutcheon Or, a*demi Lion rampant, pierced through the
mouth with an arroiv, within a double tressure Jiory and counter »
fiory Gules; which tressure is the same as surrounds the royal
arms of Scotland. And the King had such a sense of his great
services, that, on February 1st next ensuing, he p advanced him to
the honour and dignity of Duke of Norfolk ; which title (as
expressed in the patent) John his father, deriving his descent
(through the heirs female of Mowbray and Segrave) from Thomas
of Brotherton, son to King Edward I. did enjoy. The ceremony
of his creation i was performed at Lambeth the day following.
And, by other letters patent, r bearing the same date (February
1st) had a grant, in special tail, of the manors of Acton Burnel,
Holgat, Abeton, Millenchop, Langdon, Chatwall, Smithcote,
Wolstanton, Uppington, and Rushbury, in com. Salop ; Solihull,
in com. Warw. Wolverhampton, in com. Staff. Birehurst, and
Upton Lovel, in com. Wilts ; Erdescote, in com. Berks ; Honnes-
don, Estwike, Barley, and Hide, in com. Hertf. Kentcote, and
Kerdwike, in com. Oxon. Est Wickham, in com. Kane, the
castles of Bolsover and Horeston, and manor of Horsley in com.
Derb. the manors of Clipston, Limby, Mansfield Woodhouse,
and Sutton in Ashfield, in com. Notting, To be held by the
service of one knight's fee.

On March 2d following, he had3 a new patent for the office
of Lord Treasurer of England.

On August 2d following, the King appointed his Grace l to

n Hall's Chronicle, folio 46. • Pat. 5 Hen. VIII. p 2.

p Pat. 5 Hen- VIII. m. 18. 1 Hall, folio 46.

* Pat. ut supra- s Pat. 5 Hen- VIII. t Rymer.ibid p. 422.

79 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

treat with Lewis XII. of France, or those deputed by him, about
peace, free trade; and more especially, about renewing the peace
lately concluded between Charles VIII. late King of France, and
Henry late King of England ; as also touchmg the treaty of peace
concluded at London, and about the ratification of the same.
And a peace and alliance was concluded between both Kings, a
wherein it is recited, '•' That King Lewis, for the more effectually
keeping the same, had desired the King's sister, Mary, in mar-
riage Therefore he commissions the said Duke of Norfolk,
Thomas Wolsey, Bishop of Lincoln, and Richard Fox, Bishop of
Winchester, to treat about the said marriage with the French
King, or those deputed by him;" which commission also bears
date August 2d, 151 -J. And on the conclusion of the peace, Lewis
of Orleans, Duke of Longueville, x who had been taken at the
battle of Spurs, 1513, was set at liberty, paying his ransom; and
at Greenwich, August 13th, 1514, as proxy to Lewis King of
France, married the Princess Mary, in the presence of the Duke
of Norfolk, and others of the English nobility, and the deputies of
the French King.

When the King, her brother, had prepared all things for her
conveyance to France, he, with his Queen, accompanied her,
about the middle of September, to Dover ; and there staid some
time, the wind being very high; so that a ship of the King's,
called the Lubeck, driven a-shore before Sandgate, was there
shipwrecked ; and of 600 men, 300, with great difficulty, escaped,
and the most of them hurt with the wreck. On the weather
clearing up, the King brought her to the sea side j and, coromit-
ing her to the care of the Duke of Norfolk, * who was accompanied
by his son, the Earl of Surry, the Marquis of Dorset, and other
Nobles, embarked October 2d, about four in the morning. But
when they had sailed about a quarter of the sea over, the wind
rose again so high, that it separated the ships ; and the vessel in
which the Queen was, with the Duke of Norfolk, with great
difficulty got into Boulogne; when Sir Christopher Garneys
jumping into the water, took her in his arms, and carried her to
land. On the feast of St. Dennis, King Lewis married her in the
great church of Abbeville.1 Next day, all the English, who had

• Rymer, ibid p 426 x Hall, folio 47 b.

r Hall, folio 48
1 See Drayton's Heroical Epistles and the notes to them ; among which is
one from Queen Mary to Charles Brandon, on this occasion, and the answer
to it.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 79

been her servants, except a few that were to wait on her, were
discharged, and the English Lords, having had rewards from the
French King, took their leave of the Queen, and returned. The
Duke of Norfolk'1 had in his retinue one hundred horsemen well
accoutred, and was allowed by the King 5l. a day towards defraying
his expences j and the Earl of Surry, his son, had in his retinue
fifty-six horse, and was allowed 3/. 6s. 8<1. for his expences.

In 7 Henry VIII. b observing that the King's coffers were
much exhausted, by his wars and triumphs ; and not finding it
easy to supply those vast expences, which (in pageants, and other
devices) increased daily, he wisely withdrew himself. But upon
an insurrection of the London tradesmen' and apprentices, on
May 1st, 1517 (commonly called Evil May-Day) his presence
was judged necessary to quell that riot, excited by foreigners
trading in the city at an under-rate ; and was assisted by his son,
the Earl of Surry, and George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. In
1521, 13th Maii, he performed the office0 of Lord High Steward
on the trial of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham ; and gave
lentence of death on him, whereat he was so much concerned, as
to shed tears. He made earnest suit to King Henry VIII. at
Richmond, that he d might, in respect of his great age, resign his
office of Lord Treasurer of England. The King was unwilling
to part with so able a minister, but his importunity at length pre-
vailing, he instantly, on receiving the staff from the father, told
him he would deliver it, where he should think it best bestowed ;
and then calling his son, the Earl of Surry, at that time at bowls
on the Green, gave it him, December 4th, 1522. The same year
he obtained a grant, e in special tail, and to his son, Thomas Earl
of Surry, of the manors of Wells, Shyringham Stafford, Bannyng-
ham, "Warham, and Weveton, in com. Surf, with the advowsons
of the churches ; part of the possessions of the before specified
Edward Duke of Buckingham, attainted.

By his last will, bearing date May 3 1st, 1520, he f bequeathed
his body to be buried in the church of the priory of Thetford,
in com. Norf. before the high-altar there ; appointing, that his
executors should cause a tomb to be made, and set up directly,
with the images of himself and Agnes his wife thereon, allowing

• MS in Bibl Joh Anstis. Arm Gart. Reg Armor. Not G.XI p. 197.
b Herbert's History of Hen. VIII. p. 58. c Herbert, p. 11 r.

* MS de Famil. Howard, D. 12. 192, in Bibl Joh- Anstis, Arm. ex Relat
Hen nup ccm Northampton « Pat- 14 Hen. VIII. p 2.

'Ex Regist. Bodfield, qu 23 in Cur. Prxrog Cant-

80 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

for the charge thereof 133/ 6s. 8d. He also bequeathed to his son,
and heir apparent, who should.be living at his decease, his great
hanged bed, paled with cloth of gold, white danwk, and black
velvet, broidered w ith these two letters T and A ; as also one suit
of hangings of the story of Hercules, made for the great chamber
at Framlingham, in Suffolk. And departing this life ? about
eleven o'clock, on May 21st, 1524, at his said castle of Framling-
ham, had burial, with great solemnity, in the priory of Thetford,
whence his bones were removed, at (he dissolution, to Framling-
ham. The inscription on his monument at Thetford is defaced,
but preserved in Bloomfie/d's Norfolk, vol. i. p. 451.

He married two wives ; h first, Elizabeth, daughter and sole
heir to Sir Frederic Tilney, of Ash well-Thorpe in Norfolk,
Knight, widow of Humphrey Bourchier, Knight of the Bath, and
son of John Lord Berners, who married Catherine, daughter of
John Howard, first Duke of Norfolk, and by her had Joan their
sole heir, who carried Ashwell Thorpe in marriage to the family
of Knyvet, as before mentioned, in p. 64. Which Elizabeth, by
her' last will, bearing date November 6tb, anno 1506, bequeathed
her body to be interred in the nuns choir of the Minoresses with-
out Aldgate, in London, nigh unto the place where Anne Mont-
gomerie lay buried : appointing that no more than twenty torches
should be used at her burial, and month's minde. Also, that no
dole, or money, should be given at either of those solemnities ; but,
instead thereof, one hundred marks to be distributed to poor folks,
viz. to every poor man and woman in the parishes of Whitechapel
and Hackney "]d.

By the said Elizabeth, he had issue k eight sons ; first, Thomas,
created Eakl of Surry in his life-time ; second, Lord Edward
Howard, Knight of the Garter; third, Lord Edmund; fourth, Lord
John, a Knight, who died without issue1 23d March, 1503; as
did the other four, viz. Henry, who died in 1501, Charles in 1512,
Henry, seventh son, in 1513, and Richard, who died on March
27th, 1517, and was buried at Lambeth: also two daughters;
first, Elizabeth, married to Thomas Viscount Rochford (after Earl
of Wiltshire and Ormond), and mother to Queen Ann Boleyn,
and to George Viscount Rochford the poet ; and second, Muriel,
wedded, first to John Grey, Viscount Lisle; afterwards to Sir

i Vincent's Add to h-s Discovery of Brook's Errors, MS p ci$. in Offic.
Armor h Vincent, ibid. « A Deanc, qu. 25.

k Exstcmmatc. 1 St Georges MSS. praed.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 81

Thomas Knevet, of Bokenhara castle, in com. Norf. Knight of
the Bath. '

To his second he wedded m Agnes, daughter of Hugh Tilney,"
and sister and heir to Sir Philip Tilney, of Boston, in com. Line.
Knight, (which Duchess Agnes was involved in the disgrace of
Quern Catherine Howard,) by whom he had issue, 1. Lord
William, ancestor of the extinct Earls of Nottingham, and of the
present Earl of Effingham, of whom I shall hereafter treat, which
Lord William, with his second wife Margaret Gamage, was
also involved in the disgrace of his niece Queen Catherine
Howard. 2. Sir Thomas, who, aiming at a match with the
Lady Margaret Douglas (daughter of Margaret Queen of Scots,
by her husband, Archibald Earl of Angus) niece to King
Henry VIII. was attainted of treason,0 on suspicion of his as-
piring to the crown, A. D. 1536 ; and departing this lifeP in the
Tower of London, November 1st, that year, was buried i at Thet-
ford. And four daughters, r Anne, married to John Vere, Earl of
Oxford ; Dorothy, to Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby, whence
descended the Earls of Derby, down to James, tenth Earl, who
died in 1736; Elizabeth, to Henry Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex; and
Catherine, first to Sir Rhese ap Thomas, of Dinevaur, Knight of
the Garter, who had a daughter by him, Anne or Agnes Rice,
married to William Lord Stourton ; and, secondly, to Sir Henry
Daubeney, Earl of Bridgewater.

Lord Edward, the second son of the Duke, by his first wife,
signalised himself in several expeditions. In 7 Henry VII. he
served in Flanders s on the behalf of Maximilian, the Emperor,
against the French ; and, in I4g7, being with his father in that
expedition into Scotland/ he then had the honour of knighthood
conferred on him. In 150Q, 1 Henry VIII. 20th Maii, having
before manifested his valour, he was made the King's standard-
bearer" within the realm of England, and elsewhere, for life, with
the fee of 20/. per ann. to commence from the first day of the
King's reign.

And Sir Andrew Barton, a Scottish man, and pirate, infest-
ing the seas, " the King ordered the two sons of Thomas Earl

a. Ex stem. ■ Ibid in MS. Famil, Howard, D. i z, in Bibl J. Anstis.

° Journal of Parliament, 28 Hen- V 1 1 1 p Goodw p. 159.

1 Stowe's Annals r Cat. of Nob ut supra.

, Polyd. Virg p. 584. l Jekil's Catalogue of Knights, MS p 17*

»< Rymer, torn. xiii. p. 25 1.

vol. x. G

6$ PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of Surry (as recited x by Lord Herbert, in his Life of Henry VIII.)
to go in quest of them. Edward, the younger, in one ship ; and
Thomas, the elder, in another ; who, coming up with the pirate's
ships, gave them several broadsides, but were warmly received :
the obstinate pirate (though so grievously wounded that he died
on the spot) encouraging his men with his whistle, even to his
last breath. At length the English prevailed, took their ships,
and brought them (together with the men that remained) and
presented them to the King, who, upon their submission, graci-
ously pardoned them, so that they would depart out of his king-
dom in twenty days."

On April 7th, 1512, the King, in consideration (as the patent
cxpresseth it) of his loyalty, wisdom, valour, industry, experience,
and integrity, >r constituted him admiral, captain, commander in
chief, and leader of all his ships, captains, and others, to be em-
ployed in the service of the Pope, for the defence of the Chris-
tian religion, with power to reward the meritorious with knight-
hood. And the next day, by indenture, he was retained to serve
the King as admiral and commander of the ships, with 3000
forces, to be employed in the Pope's service, besides 700 mariners
and gunners, in the ship called the Regent. The said Admiral to
be allowed 10s. a day, each captain Is. 6d. a day, and every
soldier, mariner, and gunner, 5s. a month for wages ; and as much
for victuals, accounting twenty-eight days to the month. He was
also to have eighteen ships under his command of several burdens,
viz. from 1000 to 120 tons. The year after, 19th Martii, he was2
constituted Admiral of England, Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Gas-
coine, and Aquitaine j at which time he convoyed the Marquis of
Dorset into Spain, a in aid of the Emperor Ferdinand against the
French : and having cleared the seas from the ships of the enemy,
landed in Brit any, marched seven miles into the country, burnt
some towns, and brought away rich spoils. After which, he put
his men on shore at Conquet, and other places, where the French,
being still worsted, desired a parley ; wherein they begged him to
leave this cruel warring on them, tending only to burning of
villages, and ransacking them. b To which he replied, he was not
to take his directions from them ; and that it was the part of
brave gentlemen to defend their country, and not shamefully to

x Rennet's Complete History of England, vol. ii p. 7.

jRymer.tom xiii p. 3Z6. 3 Pat- 4 Hen. VIII- p 3.

» Herbert's Life of Hen- Vllf p 25. b Ibid.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 83

uie for mercy. After which, entertaining them with a banquet
in his ship, he dismissed them, and returned home.

The French, alarmed by his proceedings, equipped a powerful
navy, under Porsncoguire, called Pirrce Morgan by some English
authors; and Admiral Howard bavins; received a strong rein-
forcement, the two fleets met in the Channel, where a furious
engagement ensued; in which the Regent, commanded by Sir
Thomas Knevet, and the Cordeliere, Porsncsguire'a ship, grappled,
and the magazine of the latter taking fire, the crews of both
vessels were blown up, to the amount of sixteen hundred brave
men. This affecting scene put a stop to the battle ; and the t^o
navies retired to their respective ports.

In the beginning of the year 1513, the King, intending a
further war with France, 6ent his fleet, consisting of forty two
tail (besides barques) to clear the seas of his enemies. Where-
upon the French got one Pregent, a Knight of Rhodes, with four
galleys, to pass the Streights, and come into Britany, to join
divers large ships within the haven of Brest. On which the
Admiral, resolving to attempt them, at length entered the haven
where the French fleet lay, under the defence of platforms raised
on the land, besides fire-ships. But before he engaged them, the
Lord Admiral advertised the King thereof} advising him to come
in person to take the glory of the action j which was not well
taken by the King, who wrote sharply to him, with command to
do his duty. Whereof he grew so apprehensive, that he hazarded
his own person too rashly ; first sending out his boats, to make a
shew of landing; and the French flocking to the shore, to the
number of 10,000; whereas the English in those boats were not
above 1500; and, landing over- against Brest, burnt the country
in sight of the castle, thinking not to do more till victuals came.
But soon after si* galleys of the enemies, and two foists, under
Pregent, putting in near Conquet (a little below Brest), this our
admiral, on notice thereof, attended with five choice captains
(I.ord Ferrers, Sir Thomas Cheney, Sir John Wallop, Sir Henry
Shircburn, and Sir William Sidney) resolved to board them; and
entering into one of those two galleys the English had only there,
did board that galley, in which Pregent was, with his sword and
target, one Carroz, a Spanish cavalier, and seventeen English at-
tending him ; and commanding his own galley to be grappled to
the enemy's, resolved to die, or to conquer. But, whether the
French hewed in sunder the cable, or the mariners let it slip for
fear of the ordnance, the English galley fell off} to that this

84 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

noble person was left in the hands of his enemies : of whom there
could no other account be given, by his own men, than that,
when he was past all hopes of recovering his galley, he took his
whistle from his neck (the badge of his office of Admiral c) and
threw it into the sea : and the French Admiral, being sent to,
answered, they had none but one mariner, who told him, that a
person, whom they bore over-board with their pikes, was their
Admiral. He was thus unhappily lost, April 25th, 1513, before
he could have notice d that he had been elected into the society of
the most noble order of the Garter. The King of Scots, in a
letter, to King Henry VIII. bearing date May 24th, 1513, be-
moans his death in these words : e " And surely, derest brother,
we think more losse is to you of the late admiral, who dessed to
his great honour than the advantage might have bin of winni-^
all the French 'galleys. — Which valiant Knight, and others that
perished, had bin better imployed on the enemies of Christen re-
ligion." By his will, made in 1512, f he bequeathed to Sir Charles
Brandon (after Duke of Suffolk) theroope of bowed Nobles, that
he wore his great whistle by 3 and to the King's grace his great
whistle. He married Alice, daughter of William, and sister and
heir to Henry Lovel, Lord Morley, (and widow of Sir William
Parker, Knight, father of Sir Henry, Lord Morley, in her right j)
but died without issue.

Lord Edmund, third son of the Duke, was marshal of the
horse in the battle of Flodden field, in 5 Henry VIII. And in
1520, on the famous interview Which King Henry VIII. had
with Francis I. of France, where all feats of arms were performed
between Ardres and Guisnes for thirty days, & was one of the
challengers on the part of England. His lordship also distinguished
himself in the expedition which his elder brother made against
the Scots, A.D. 1523. He first married Joyce,11 daughter and
coheir to Sir Richard Culpeper, of Oxenhoath and Hollingbourn
in Kent, Knight, by wnom he had1 issue three sons; Henry
Howard, E«q. whose wife, Anne Howard, was attainted with
Queen Catherine Howard ; Sir George Howard, knighted in
Scotland, 1 Edward VI. by Edward Duke of Somerset ; and Sir
Charles, slain in France, who both died without issue. And fiye

« Anstis's Register of the Garter, vol ii. folio 121.

d Ibid vol. i p 27$. « Ibid.

' Ex Regist. Fettiplace, qu. 13- in Cur. Prerog.

« Stow's Annals.p. 509. " Vincent on Brook, p-3J5- 'Ibid.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. » 63

daughters ; Margaret, married to Sir Thomas Arundel, of Wardour
castle, Wilts, Knight, grandfather to Thomas, the tir.t Lord
Arundel, of Wardour : Catherine, Queen of England, filth wife
to King Henry VIII. whose attainder for adultery is too well
known to require enlargement here. See extracts from that act of
attainder in Gent. Mag. vol. Ixvii. p. 543. Mary, married to
Edmund Trafford, of TrarTord, in com. Lane. Esq.; Joyce, to
John Stanney, of the county of Huntingdon, Esq.; and Isabel,
tok Henry Baynton, of Bromham, Wilts, Esq. To his second
wife, he married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Troyes, of Hamp-
shire, Esq. ; but had no issue by her. Lord Edmund died March
19th, 30 Henry VIII. being then comptroller for Calais and its
marches.

I shall now proceed to treat of Thomas, the eldest son, and
third Duke of Norfolk. In 2 Hertfy'VTII. at a chapter held
at Greenwich, he was' elected Knight of the most noble order of
the Garter ; and installed ort April 27th that year. In 3 Henry
VIII. he commanded ■ one of those ships, which fought with
and took that famous pirate, Sir Andrew Barton, Knight. And
accompanied" Thomas, Marquis of Dorset, into Spain, in order
to join with the King of that realm against the French, and to in-
vade Guyen 5 and, when there, the Marquis falling sick, had° the
command of the English army. In 5 Henry VIII. on the death
of the Lord Edward, his brother, in the attempt at Brest, p he
was constituted Lord Admiral in his stead. Whereupon, bringing
the fleet out of harbour, he so scoured the seas, 1 as not a fisher-
bont of the French, durst adventure forth. At length landing in
Whitsand-bay, he ransacked all the country thereabouts, and,
without resistance, returned safe to his ships. On the invasion r
of King James IV. of Scotland, 1513, he landed a veteran tioop
of 5000 men., of tried valour, and haughty spirits, in regard of
their former naval victories obtained under his command j and,
as already mentioned, signalized himself by his conduct at the
battle of Flodden.8 The king therefore, in consideration of his
valour and service, on February 1st, 1513-14, (the day of his
father's advancement to the title of the Duke of Norfolk) ' created

k St George's MS- Baron praedict.

1 Anstis's Register of the Garter, vol i p 173, 274-

m Herbert, praed p. 7- " Ibid p 9 ° Ibid, p 10.

t Pat 5 Henry V 1 1 1 p i- 1 Godwin's Annals, p u, 1 %.

' Ibid. p. 19,10. • Herbert, ut supra, p 1%.

• Pat. s Hen VIII. p. z. m 11.

86 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

him Earl op Surry. And in the year ensuing, on some dispute
in parliament concerning his place there, it was declared, that he
should sit according to his creation, and not as a Duke's eldest
son ; saving to him, out of parliament, his precedence, according
to his dignity and honour : also, if, on search of records, it should
;after be found, that an higher place in parliament did, of right,
belong to him, it should be allowed.

In 12 Henry VIII. he was constituted Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland, that Cardinal Wolsey might the more easily accomplish
the ruin of the Duke of Buckingham, his lordship's father-in-law:
and landed there u the Wednesday before Whitsuntide, with
divers gentlemen, who had been of the garrison of Tournay, and
100 yeomen of the King's guard, with 1000 others, horse and
foot. On Whitsunday he was informed, that O'Neal had invaded
Meath with 4000 horse, and 12,000 foot : whereupon he pre-
pared himself to encounter the rebel, not doubting but that his
victory would be a happy omen of his future government ; and
therefore adding to his small army such militia as he could get
on so short warning, marched to Slane. On which O'Neal,
frightened at the name of the Earl of Surry, retired so fast, that
the Lord Lieutenant could neither find him, nor his army. But,
soon after, O'Neal sent to him, to implore pardon, which was
granted him, on promise of future obedience.

In October, the King wrote to the Lord Lieutenant,, that he
never expected a thorough reformation in Ireland, till all the
Irish were amesnable to law, and have the benefit of it : and the
King sent him a commission of martial law, with power of con-
ferring knighthood, and to knight O'Neal, and other Irish po-
tentates. Also ordered him to prevail with them (if possible) to
visit the King and court of England, in hopes to inure them to
civility, and a regularity in their living. He was also ordered to
propose a match between the Earl of Ormond's son, and Sir
Thomas Bullen's daughter.

Being resolved to make the army serviceable, he disbanded
Sir John Bulmer's troop for their cowardice j x and, in October
1521, drove the Birns, who had rose in rebellion from place to
place, into their fastnesses and lurking holes, which gave quiet to
the rest of the English pale. And calling a parliament, it met at
Dublin, June 4th, 1521, and enacted many good laws, y He took

u Cox's History of Ireland, p. 208, et seq and Stow's Annals, p- 509.
* Cox's History, pzio. 7 Ibid.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. I?

all precautions for subduing the Irish, but it was harder fo find
the enemy, than conquer them. O'More's army that was formid-
able to the pale, were forced, by him, to divide in small parties,
sculking in thick woods, and deep bogs. z And whilst the Lord
Lieutenant marched through these wildernesses, a rebel, that lay
in ambush on the side of a wood, shot at him, and struck the vizor
off his helmet without further hurt to him. With difficulty they
found him out, and he was hewn to pieces, for he would not
yield. Whatever the rebels resolved, or bragged on beforehand,
when it came to the trial, their hearts failed them; the name of
Surry being so terrible, that the victories he obtained over them,
were almost without blows; and he made great slaughter in the
pursuit of them. H At length the Lord Lieutenant, being indis-
posed in health, and weary of the government, he obtained the
King's leave to return to England in January 1521-2, and left
there a good character of his conduct and valour, having governed
so acceptably, that he gained the love of all the civil people of that
country. On May 26th, he landed the Emperor Charles V. at
Dover, and was constituted Admiral of all his dominion. Having
fitted b the fleets of England and Flanders, he debarked near
Morleix in Britany, forced the town, and burnt it ; and having
wasted the country thereabouts, went into Picardy, to join with
the imperialists, after he had conveyed the Emperor to Spain. He
then laid siege c to Hesding; but the winter approaching, he
quitted'1 it again. And, having burnt Marquise, and some other
places, near the English pale, returned.

In 1522, a general terror of a Scotch invasion pervading
the North of England, Lord Shrewsbury was deprived of his
commission of lieutenant-general ; and it was transferred to Lord
Surry, a far more able leader. In this situation Surry con-
tinued to make a conspicuous figure for many years; as he
was empowered not only to manage the war, but the nego-
tiations, and political intrigues, which appears from his corres-
pondence with Wolsey, and Queen Margaret. This has been
lately laid before the public by Mr. Pinkerton, in his History
of Scotland, in a very able and interesting manner; the whole
scene being drawn with great industry and talent from original
documents: the motives, councils, events, and charac'trs, being
pourtrayed from the letters of the principal persons c oncerned. «

z Cox's History, p. ju. * Ibid- p. 212,213. b Godwir , p. *;6.

« Stow's Annals, p 517 • Herbert, ut supra, p 132

e " They fill," says the Historian, " nearly six folio volumes in the Cotton

88 . PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Pn the present occasion only two or three characteristic extracts
shall be given. " In April 1523, some incursions into Scotland
were made by the English ; and one in particular of considerable
importance into the Merse and Tividale. Buchanan informs us,
that Surry, at the head of 10,000 men, ravaged these provinces,
with a destruction which equally levelled the turreted castle of
the baron, and the straw-built hut of the labourer." f

In September following, Surry again invaded Scotland : " The
English advanced from Berwick to Jedburgh, amid constant skir-
mishes with the Scots ; ' I assure your grace,' says Surry to
Wolsey, ' that I found the Scots at this time the boldest men, and
the most ardent, that ever I beheld of any nation ;' their conflicts
were perpetual, though they amounted only to about 1500, hastily
gathered by the border chieftains, against an army of 9000,
almost entirely cavalry ; and ' were 40,000 such valiant men as-
sembled,' proceeds the English general, c dreadful would be the en-
counter,' But all their efforts could not prevent the pillage of
Tividale, and the conflagration of the fair town of Jedburgh,
containing at that time twice as many houses as Berwick, many
of them of beautiful architecture ; it was defended by six strong
towt^s, and was capable of receiving a garrison of 1000 cavalry.
Sir William Bulmer, and Sir Thomas Tempest, conducted the
strong detachment which captured the town, and gave it com •
pletely to the flames, so that a re-edification was necessary before
it could be inhabited. But this achievement was followed by an
unexpected and strange disaster, on the side of the English. Their
camp was surrounded with the provision waggons, and a ditch j
but while Surry was engaged in the assault of the abbey, which
lasted till two hpurs after night fell, Dacre had, for some un-
known cause, stationed his cavalry without the precinct of the
camp. Next day Surry sent Dacre to attack the castle of Ferni-
herst, along with Sir Arthur Darcy and Sir Marmaduke Constable;
but that hold being surrounded with a wood was well defended.

Library, Caligula, b, i ii in- vi. vii. and part of b vlii. This treasure, to the
disgrace of our History, had not been before explored." Hist. Scot- vol ii
p m.

In the late edition of this Peerage, some crude abstracts of this Earl's
Letters at this period, are printed from the collections of Anstis But as they
interrupt the narrative, and do not seem to furnish any lights different from
the pages of Pinkerton, they are now omitted- It is probable they were drawn
from the same originals.

f Pink. vol. ii. p. 214.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 89

and before it yielded, many on both sides were slain and wounded.
On his return Dacre resumed his former station on the outside of
the camp ; and about eight o'clock, while he sat at supper with
Surry, the horses of his cavalry broke loose, and running around
the camp, spread an universal alarm, as it was supposed the Scots
were assaulting the intrenchments 5 and many guns, and not less
than an 100 sheaves of arrows were discharged at them. Of 1500
horses, thus running wild, not /OO were saved j about 500 were
shot, or wandered in divers directions ; 250 ran into Jedburg, still
in flames, where they were seized and carried off by Scotish
women ; 50 plunged to death down a precipice. It is risible to
find Surry, an honest and credulous soldier, seriously imputing
this disaster to daemons. He affirms that Dacre, and all his men,
beheld " spirits and fearful signs" six times that night ; and that
the whole army believe, that the infernal prince was six times
among them. It was apparently a stratagem of the Scots, as
their women were ready to seize what horses they could ; nor is
such a stratagem against cavalry, unknown in a former Scotish
history." s

It was in the following month, that, Albany threatening the
English frontiers with a very powerful force, " Surry began to
strengthen his army, and requested Wolsey that some nobles of
the South might be sent, and some of the youthful peers, if they
would leave their attendance on court, their dances, dice, and
cards, to adorn by their presence the probable theatre of a great
battle. At the same time Surry pathetically requests Wolsey to
be beneficent to his children, if he fall in the battle, for his estate
is exhausted in the King's service."11

On November 3d, Albany having advanced as far as Wai ke
castle, trembled at the approach of Surry ; withdrew the artillery,
and sounded a retreat to his numerous and astonished battalions.
" Undoubtedly," says Surry, " there was never man departed with
more shame, or with more fear, than the Duke has done this
day." Surry, after requiring ten thousand marks to pay the
soldiers for their past service, and journey to their homes, dis-
missed his numerous and gallant army. His sovereign highly
praised his conduct, and regarded the transaction, as no less ho-
nourable than useful to England." »

These services, before recited, were in his father's lifetime.
In 1524, his father being deceased, he had a special livery k of his

* Pink, vol.il p. iao. h Ibid p. 226.

•Ibid. p. 230. k Pat 16 Henry VII I p.i.

90 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

lands, 16th Julii; and the 20th of the same month was again
made general 'of the army at that time raised to advance into
Scotland m for setting of the young King of that realm free, whom
the Duke of Albany (regent in his minority) had kept at Stirling j
but his Majesty was brought to Edinburgh, without the Duke's
going to Scotland, and took upon himself the government. He
continued in the North, in his character of lieutenant general, in
order to overawe any opposition by the dread of an instantaneous
array and invasion. n In 17 Henry VIII. he obtained a grant ° in
reversion of the castle, honour, and manor of Folkingham in Lin-
colnshire ; as also of several other manors : and on August 17th,
1525, was constituted p one of the commissioners for treating of
peace at More in Hertfordshire, with the French agents ; their
King, Francis I. being then prisoner at Madrid, having been taken
at the battle of Pavia, on February 24th, that year. Several com-
motions happening about that time, by Cardinal Wolsey's issuing
proclamations, in the king's name, for raising money without con-
sent of parliament, his grace was sent, with the Duke of Suffolk,
to try the insurgents of Suffolk, and acted with great moderation
and lenity. He was also commissioned, on October 16th, 1529,
with that nobleman, to demand the great seal from Wolsey, which
the prelate refused to deliver, alleging, that he held it by patent
for life : but th» ir graces bringing a mandate, next day, signed by
the King, the Cardinal submitted, as also to another they brought
under his majesty's hand, commanding him to retire to Esher in
Surry, one of his country seats. Next year, on 1 the fall of Wolsey,
it being thought fit, by most of the great lords, that he should be
removed to some distance from the King ; this Duke bade r
Cromwell tell him, that it was fit he should go to his charge at
York (being Archbishop of that province :) and, after he saw that
he made no haste thither, he commanded Cromw-11 to tell him
further, that, if he got not away, he would tear him with his
teeth. On December 1st, the same year, he was one of the lords
who subscribed s the articles against that great Cardinal. And on
the dissolution ' of the monastery of Felixton (alias Filcheston) in
com. Suff. in 21 Henry VIII. by the authority of Pope Clement
VII's bull, in order to the foundation of those famous colleges in

1 Autog. in Bibl Cottcn- m Herbert, ut supra, p 1.

" Pink ib. p- 235- ° Pat- 17 Henry VIII p. 2

f Rymer, torn xiv- p. 119- Stow's Annals, p. 55 J-

r ibid- s Herbert, ut supra.

1 Pat n Henry VIII. p- i-

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 91

Oxford and Ipswich, which Cardinal Wolsey first purposed ; and
that design failing by the Cardinal's fall, this Duke obtained a
grant in fee of that r< ligious house at Filcheston, with all belong-
ing thereto, as by the patent, bearing date April 7th, 22 Henry
VIII. appeareth.

About that time also he was one of the Peers, who subscribed*
the declaration, then sent to the Pope, whereby they gave him a
modest intimation, that the allowance of his supremacy here would
be endangered, if he did not comply with King Henry in the
cause of his divorce from Queen Catharine. In October 1532,
he attended x King Henry (among other of the nobility) to Calais,
and thence to Bologne, where Henry was most magnificently re-
ceived by Francis I. King of France ; and his grace was then with
the King elected Knight of the order of St. Michael. In January
following, his grace was one of the witnesses to the King's mar-
riage with Anne Boleyn.

In 24 Henry VIII. he obtained a grant,? in fee, of the manors
of Acton Burnell, Holgat, Abbiton, Millenchop, Langdon, Chat-
wall, Smythcote, Woolstanton, Uppyngton, and Rushbury, in
com. Salop, with the advowsons of the churches thereunto be-
longing. And in 1533 (28th Maii), upon the surrender of Charles
Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, was constituted2 Earl Marshal of
England. And he was employed a (together with the Lord Roch-
ford) to Francis I. of France, to attend him to Marseilles, where
the Pope and that King were to have an interview ; but when he
came into France, being informed of some steps taken at Rome
very disagreeable to his master's views, he was recalled} and soon
afterwards presided at the trial of Lord Dacres, for a supposed il-
licit correspondence with the Scots.

In 27 Henry VIII. he was againt sentb into France, with the
Bishop of Ely, to treat with the commissioners of King Francis,
touching a revocation of that censure, which the Pope had given
against King Henry for being divorced from Queen Catherine.
Jn 28 Henry VIII. being president of the north, he marched,0
with considerable forces, into Yorkshire, to the assistance of the
Earl of Shrewsbury, for suppressing of the insurrection there,
called The Pilgrimage of Grace, raised by the dissolution of the
lesser monasteries the preceding year. In 31 Henry VIII. having

u Pat 22 Henry VIII p. 1. x Stow's Annals, p. 560.

1 Pat 24 Henry VIII. p 1. ■ Pat. 25 Henry VIII. p. a.

■ Herbert, ut supra. b Ibid. c Jbid.

92 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

purchased d from the abbot and convent of Sibton, in com. Suflf.
the scite of that religious house, and all the lands thereto belong*
ing ; he procured a special act in the parliament then held, that
the same purchase should not be prejudicial to him. Which shews,
that the King then resolved to unite the rest of the abbey lands to
the crown.

In 32 Henry VIII. (January 29th) he was constituted e lieu-
tenant-general ot all the King's forces beyond Trent : and shortly
after sent f ambassador into France, to oflvr the assistance of King
Henry for the recovery of Milan. In 15-12, September 1st, being
made 8 captain-general of all the King's forces in the North, he
entered, h on October 21st,' following, Scotland with an army of
20,000 men, and wasted the marches j there staying, without any
offer of battle by the Scots, till the midst of November. In
36 Henry VIII. being madek captain-general of the rear of the
King's army, then designed for France ; as also general of the
whole, until the King's coming over; he was sent to1 besiege
Montrueil. Also, on the King's advance to Boulogne, he led ■■
the vanguard of his army, which was clad in blue coals, guarded
with red ; having caps and horse party-coloured, and suitable.

But notwithstanding these great services, he fell a sacrifice at
last to the envy of his cotemporaries, and the jealousy of a fickle
monarch. Lord Herbert gays, that " his Duchess Elizabeth,
daughter to Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, having for
many years entertained so violent jealousies of the Duke her
husband's matrimonial affection and loyalty, as it broke out at
list to open rancour, divers occasions of scandal were given : in-
somuch, that not being content with having surmised a long while
since two articles against him, she Igafaa, in sundry letters to the
lord privy seal, both averred the articles, and manifestly accused
some of his minions, repealed divers hard usages she pretended
to receive from them, and briefly discovered all the ordinary pas-
sion, of her offended sex. This again being urged in a time when
the King was in his declining age, and for the rest, disquieted
with scruples, that the Duke's greatness or interest in sequent

* Herbert, p 445. • Pat. 31 Henry VIII. p. $

1 Herbert, ut supra. ■ Pat. 34 Henry VIII. p. t.

» Herbert, ut supra, p. 483, &c.
1 Pinkerton rays, ••Oct. ix," and that • the army was 3o,coo.•, Ibid.

P-379»3*o-

a Pat. 36 Henry VIII. p. 8. ' Godwin's Annals, p. 190.

■ Stow'* Annals, p. 587.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 93

times might interrupt the order he intended to give, was not un-
willingly heard : so that notwithstanding his many important and
faithful services, both in war and peace, at home and abroad, he
and his son Henry Earl of Surry, were exposed to the malignity
and detraction of their accusers. This again fell out in an unfor-
tunate time : for, besides that the Lady his Duchess had now for
above four years been separated from him, his daughter Mary,
Duchess of Richmond, not only inclined to the Protestant party,
(which loved not the Duke) but was grown an extreme enemy of
her brother: so that there was not only a kind of intestine division
in his family, but this again many secret ways fomented."

The remainder of the story is fully detailed by Lord Herbert,
where it may easily be referred to.

The King was so far incensed against him, through sinister
suggestions, that he did not only give order" to seize his goods,
but to advertise0 his ambassadors in foreign parts, that he and
his son had conspired to take on them the government during his
life ; and, after his death, to get the prince into their hands.

Henry, Earl of Sukky, eldest son of Thomas, third Duke
of Norfolk, born about 15 16, is the great ornament of his family,
and would have been, the ornament of any family, or any age.
Yet so whimsical is the mode, in which Peerages have been
written} and so unaccountable have been the traits of merit,
which have struck the compilers of those works, that in the
earlier editions of Collins, this great luminary has been briefly
passed over as one who had just " been born and died," without
even a hint at his genius or learning. The late Lord Orford, by
his truly ingenious and lively Catalogue of Royal and Nolle Au-
thors, endeavoured to infuse some spirit into these dullest of dull
authors} and taught them how interesting and instructive an use
might be made of their materials. But hitherto he has been but
little imitated} here and there a patch of his splendor has been
uncouthly sewed upon their coarse cloath } and a slight allusion
to the brilliant talents of Lord Surry has been inserted } but these
editors are soon glad to return to their own homely materials.
They are most happy when they have some court-roll to copyj
some old will to abstract } or some tombstone to decipher. They
glory in the records, which confound the distinctions of nature,
and obliterate individual merit} which blend the stupid, and the
vicious with the poet, the hero, and the virtuous statesman} which

» Herbert, in History of England, yoI. ii. p 263. a Ibid.

94 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

make equal titles and estates, proofs of equal accomplishments
and deserts j and consider a patent of honours, and a register of
manors the most indisputable proofs of fame. Far different is the
feeling of the present Editor: if by chance he meets with a man
of eminence in these long genealogical deductions, his spirits rise;
his heart and fancy gain a momentary expansion ; and he may
say with the poet Cowper ; (for surely poets may be cited even
in a Peerage, when speaking of Lord Surry) :

As one, who long in thickets and in brakes

Entangled, winds now this way and now that

His devious course uncertain, seeking home ;

Or having long in miry ways been foil'd

And sore discomfited, from slough to slough

Plunging, and half despairing of escape,

If chance at length he find a green-sward smooth

And faithful to the foot, his spirits rise ;

He chirrups brisk his ear-erecting steed,

And winds his way with pleasure and with ease;

Sol!

It is indeed delightful to contemplate the character of Lord
Surry. Excellent in arts, and in arms; a man of learning, a
genius, and a hero ; of a generous temper, and a refined heart, he
united all the gallantly and unbroken spirit of a rude age, with
all the elegance and graces of a polished aera. With a splendor of
descent, in possession of the highest honours and abundant wealth,
he relaxed not his efforts to deserve distinction by his personal
worth. Conspicuous in the rough exercises of tilts and tourna-
ments; and commanding armies with skill and bravery in expe*
ditions against the Scots under his father, he found time, at a
period when our literature was rude and barbarous, to cultivate
his mind with all the exquisite spirit of the models of Greece and
Rome ; to catch the excellencies of the revived Muses of Italy,
and to produce in his own language compositions, which in sim-
plicity, perspicuity, graceful ornament, and just and natural
thoughts, exhibited a shining contrast with the works of his pre-
decessors, and an example, which his successors long attempted in
vain to imitate.

His Songs and Sonnet tes were collected by Richard Tottell, m
1557, small quarto, and successive editions appeared in 1565, 156/,
1569, 1574, 1585, and 1587 ; all of which are now extremely

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 95

•caroe. p The nature of this Work will only allow a short spe-
cim n, which I select therefore for its brevity, ami not its supe-
riority to the iv>t. It is an imitation of the two last stanzas ol'th*
twenty-second Ode of the first book of Horace.

A Vow to love faithfully, howsoever he be rcu aided.

Set me whereas the sun does parch the green j

Or where his beams do not dissolve the icej
In temperate heat where he is felt and seen,

In presence prest of people mad or wise.
Set me in high, or yet in low degree,

In longest night, or in the shortest day,
In clearest sky, or where clouds thickest be;

In lusty youth, or when my hairs are grey :
Set me in heaven, in earth, or else in hell,

In hill or dale, or in the foaming flood j
Thrall, or at large, alive, where so I dwell,

Sick or in health, in evil fame or good,
Hers will 1 be, and only with this thought,

Content myself, altho' my chance be nought. *

But all these accomplishments, and the popularity that at-
tended them, laid the foundation of a fatal death for this illus-
trious nobleman. They excited the jealousy of his capricious, and
despotic monarch Henry VIII. Lord Orford says, " the unwieldy
King growing distempered and froward, and apprehensive for the
tranquillity of his boy-successor, easily conceived or admitted
jealousies infused into him by the Earl of Hartford and the Pro-
testant party, though one of the last acts of his fickle life was to
found a convent !" Treason therefore was objected to Lord Surry
upon the most frivolous pretences ; of which the principal was,
his quartering the arms of Edward the Confessor with those of

r Park's Royal ami Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 271.
s The poetical merit, and indeed the whole character, literary, moral, and
political, of Lord Surry, is most beautifully and ably delineated at great length
by Thomas Warton, in the first chapter of the third vol. of the Hist, of Engl.
Poetry ; and disc used with much originality, and s;>irit, and many acute and
mawy well-founded remarks by Lord Orford in the Royal and Noble Au-
thors; and given with that peculiar grace, elegance, perspicuity and know-
ledge, whio. chaacicrizcs the biographical sketches of Mr. Lodge, in the
Memoirs annexed to the Holbein Heads See aho Wo id's Ath.j Tanner's
Bibl. , Biog . Brit.; Biopr. Diet.; Cibbcr'* and Anderson's Lives of Pccts ;
and Theatr. Poet. Angl, kc. &c

96 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Howard j though even this insignificant fact had been justified by
the practice of his family, and the sanction of the heralds. The
unhappy story has been already partly told in the account of his
father. On January 1 3th, 1547, " the King being now danger-
ously sick," says Lord Herbert, " the Earl of Surry was arraigned r
in Guildhall in London, before the Lord Chancellor, the Lord
Mayor, and other commissioners. Where the Earl, as he was of a
deep understanding, sharp wit, and deep courage, defended him-
self many ways : sometimes denying their accusations as false,
and together weakening the credit of his adversaries ; sometimes
interpreting the words he said in a far other sense than that in
which they were represented : for the point of bearing his arms,
amongst which those of Edward the Confessor are related, al-
leging that he had the authority of the heralds therein. And
finally, when a witness was brought against him viva voce, who
pretended to repeat some high words of the Earl's by way of
discourse, which concerned him nearly, and that thereupon
the said witness should return a braving answer, the Earl re-
plied no otherwise to the jury than that he left it to them to
judge, whether it was probable this man should speak thus to the
Earl of Surry, and he not strike him again. In conclusion, he
pleaded not guilty ; but the jury, which was a common inquest,
(not of the peers, because the Earl was not a parliament lord) con-
demned him. Whereupon also judgment of death was given,
and he beheaded at Tower-hill." •

*• The Duke," says Lord Herbert, w who had as much merit
of ancient service to plead for him, as any subject of his time
could pretend to, thought fit from the Tower to write to the King
in this manner.

*' Most Gracious and most Sovereign Lord.

" I, your most humble subject, prostrate at your foot, do
most humbly beseech your Highness to be my good and gracious
Lord. I am sure some great enemy of mine, hath informed your
Majesty of some untrue matter against me. Sir, God doth know,
in all my life, I never thought one untrue thought against you, or
your succession ; nor can no more judge, or cast in my mind,
what should be laid to my charge, than the child which was born
this night. And certainly, if I knew that I had offended your

, Of hit principal accuser, Sir Richard Southwell, there is a fine portrait
in the Holbein Head;. From Sir Richard's natural ton it descended th«
present Lord De Cliflbrd. See Lodge* Memoir.

• Lord Herbert in Kcr.nct, vol ii. p. 26+.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. y7

M.ijc-sty in any point of untruth, I wouM declare the same to your
Highness. But, as God help me, I cannot accuse myself jo much
in thought. Most noble and merciful Sovereign Lord, for all the
old service I have done you in my life, be so good and gracious a
Lord unto me, that either my accusers and I together may be
brought before your royal Majesty; and if your pleasure shall not
be to take the pains, then before your council. Then if I shall not
make it apparent that I am wrongfully accused, let me, without
more respite, have punishment according to my deserts. Alas ! most
merciful Prince, I have no refuge but only at your hands ; and
therefore at the reverence of Christ's passion have pity of me, and
let me not be cast away by false enemies' informations. Un-
doubtedly, I know not that I have offended any man, or that any
man was offended with me, unless it were such as are angry with
me for being quick against such as have been accused of sacra-
mentaries. And, as for all causes of religion, I say now, and have
said to your Majesty and many others, I do know you to be a
prince of such virtue and knowledge, that, whatsoever laws you
have in times past made, or hereafter shall make, I shall to the
extremity of my power stick unto them as long as my life shall
last. So that if any men be augry with me for these causes, they
do me wrong. Other cause I know not why any man should
bear me any ill will ; and for this cause I know diverse have
done, as doth appear by casting libels abroad against me. Finally,
my most gracious Sovereign Lord, I most humbly beseech your
Majesty to have pity of me, and let me recover your gracious
favour, with taking of me all the lands and goods I have ; or as
much thereof as pleascth your Highness to take, leaving me what
it shall please you to appoint; and that according as is before
written, I may know what is laid to my charge ; and that I may
hear some comfortable word from your Majesty. And I shall
during my life pray for your prosperous estate long to endure.

" Your most sorrowful subject,

" Tho. Nohfolk.."

Notwithstanding this, it was thought that the Duke would
hardly have escaped, had not the King's death, following shortly
after, reserved him for more merciful times.

But, still, so powerful were his enemies, in the beginning of
King Edward the Sixth's reign, that, when pardon ' was given by

• Godwin, p. 112.

VOL. I. H

98 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

proclamation, to all persons, for all crimes whatsoever, six only
excepted, he " was the chief thereof, and remained prisoner in the
Tower till August 3d, 1553, the day Queen Mary made her tri-
umphant entry into London : when, without any pardon or res-
titution, he was aMowed to be Duke of Norfolk, and had his
lands restored. He x was, on the 18th of that month, Lord High
Steward on the trial of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.

On the insurrection of Sir Thomas Wyat, y 1554, his grace
raised two hundred horse, and six hundred foot, which he marched
from London against him j and, in his way to Rochester, defeated
Knevit, who was marching to join Wyat ; but afterwards his forces
being7 wrought upon by Harper, a pretended deserter, telling
them, that Wyat's rising was only for the preservation of the
nation, they abandoned him, nnd went over to Wyat.

On the suppression of that rebellion, being more than eighty
years of age, he retired to his seat at Kenning-hall in Norfolk ;
and by his last will and testament,3 dated July 18th, 1554, and
proved on November 8th, orders his body to be buried in such
place and order, as shall be thought most convenient to his
executors, who were Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester,
Lord Chancellor, Nicholas Heath, Bishop of Worcester ; Lord
Riche; Sir Robert Rochester, comptroller of the Queen's hous-
holdj Sir Richard Morgan, Chief Justice of the common-pleas;
Sir Richard Southwell, Knight ; Sir Nicholas Hare, Knight ; and
Sir John Baker, Knight. He thus concludes, " And I most
humbly beseech the Queen's Highness, my most gracious Sove-
reign Ladye, by whose godly elemeneye, and mercye, I was set
at liberty, and delyvered from my longe imprysonment, to be su-
pervisour of this my will. And I do geve to her Highness 100/."
He died at Kenning-hall, com. Norf. on August 25th next en-
suing the date of his will, having seen the reigns of eight English
sovereigns. By inquisition b taken after his death, March 31st,
] and 2 Philip and Mary, it appears, that he was possessed of the
following manors, &c. viz. in the county of Norfolk, of Hane-
worth Parva, Framlingham, Syslond, Dykesborough, Hopham,
and the hundred of Laundish; the manors of West Walton,
Walpole Hitcham, West Rudham, Castleacre, West Rarsham,

« Life of Edward VI. by Sir John Hay ward, p 6-

* Burnet's History of the Reformation, p. 243.

j Burnet's History of the Reformation, p 285. z Ibid.

» Ex Regist vocat, Moors, qu. 14. in Cur. Prserop. Cant.

«• Cole's Esch. lib. 2 p. 15, 16, 18. in Bibl. Harl

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 99

Systerne, Kerapston, Norman borough, Hellgaye, Bngthorpe,
Heringsalc, Great Masstngham, Lodden, and the advowson of the
church of Welles; the manors of Heringham, Stafford, Barming-
ham, Warham, Byston, East Rudham, West Rudham, Barncet,
Tatterford, Tatterset, Titessale, Thorp Market, Rolle, Wroxham,
and Rectory; the rectories of Hallvergate, Salown, and Krnning-
hall ; the manors of Farsfield, Garboldisham, and the scite of the
monastery of Thetford ; the rectories of Great Framlingham, Por-
ringlond, St. Mary's Hill, Watton, Hokham, and Wisted ; the
rectory and advowsons of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas
in Thetford, and the adowsons of the vicarages of the said churches;
the manors of St. Mary's Hill, Tottington, Gatesthorp, and 40s. 4d.
rent out of the manor of Bodney, and the advowson of the vicar-
ages thereof ; the manors of Hal \vyke, Norwyke Sainton, Lyn-
ford, Langford, Croxton, Watton, alias Monks Wyke in Watton,
Kylverston, Aslacton, and their several rectories, and the advow-
sons of the vicarages of the several churches ; the manors of
Kenning hall, Ersham, Fornset, Southfeld, Shelfanger, Fryers,
Sherwoods, Visedelewes, scite of the monaitery of Boylandu, scite
of the college of Rushworth, with the manor and rectory of
Rushworth ; the manors of Shad W el e, Wynfarthinge, Haywoods,
and lands called Howard's lands in Tilney ; the hundred of Gylle-
rosse, and half the hundred of Ersham ; the rectories of Rowton,
Castleacre, Walpole, Southweke, Wygen-hall, Methwold Slew-
sham, Est Barsham, Hitcham, Newton, and Toftres. Ihe above
list verifies the Duke's words, in calling his lands good and stately
geer, c when in a petition to Henry VIII. after his attainder, he
desired they might be settled upon the Prince of Wales ; fearing
that if they were bestowed among some of the King's favourites,
as then intended, they would be totally alienated from his family.
To all the said estates, Thomas his grandson.* viz. son of Henry
Earl of Surry, was found to be his heir, and of the age of e ghtern
years the 12th of March last ; A that he was married to the Lady
Mary, daughter and coheir of Henry Fitz-Allan, Earl of Arundel,
lord Steward of the Queen's houshold.

The before mentioned Thomas Duke of Norfolk, who died at
Kenning hall in Norfolk, and was buried at Framlingham in
Suffolk, ■ had two wives; first, Anne, one of the daughters to
King Edward IV. by whom he had issue two sons ; the eldest

c Burnet's History of the Reformation, vol ii- p 6,7.
Cole, pried. • Ex steromate.

100 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

whereof died soon after he was born ; and Thomas, dying young,
August 3d, 1508, was buried at Lambeth. His second was Eliza-
beth, daughter to Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, by whom
he had issue two sons ; Henry Earl of Surry, beheaded in his life-
time, as before-mentioned; and Thomas, who was restored in
blood 1553, and created Viscount Bindon, com. Dorset, by
patent, dated January 13th, 155y. He married Elizabeth, second
of the two daughters and coheirs of John Lord Marney, and
Christian, his wife, daughter and heir of Sir Roger Newburgh,
Knight ; and in 22 Henry VIII. had livery of the lands of her in-
heritance. He had issue by her, first, Henry, his successor;
second, Thomas, successor to his brother ; third, Francis ; fourth,
Giles ; and two daughters, Elizabeth, who died unmarried ; and
Grace, wife of John, son and heir of Sir John Horsey, of Clifton,
com. Dorset, Knight. He had also three other wives, viz.
secondly, Gertrude, daughter of Sir William Lyte, of Billesdon,
com. Som. Knight, by whom he had a son Charles Lyte, alias
Howard; thirdly, Mabel, daughter of Nicholas Burton, of Car-
shalton, com. Surry, Esq. whom he married, June 7th, 15/6; f
by whom he had an only daughter Frances, married, first, to
Henry Pranell, citizen and vintner of London ; second, to Edward
Seymour, Earl of Hertford; and third, to Lodovick, Duke of
Richmond, a lady of a fantastic character, for whom see A.
Wilson's History of James I. &c. &c.s Lord Bindon's fourth wife
was Margaret, daughter to Henry Manning, of Greenwich, in
Kent. He died 1582 ; acid was succeeded by Henry, second
Lord Bindon ; who married Frances, daughter of Sir Peter
Mewtas, Knight ; by whom he had a sole daughter and heir
Douglas, wife of Sir Arthur Gorges, Knight.'1 Thomas, his'brother,
succeeded him as third Viscount, and was installed K. G. at
Windsor, 20th May, 1606, but died without issue by his wife,

daughter of Duffield. The Duke had also one daughter,

Mary, married to Henry Fitz-Roy, Duke of Richmond and
Somerset (natural son to King Henry VIII.) who died, aged
seventeen, July 24th, 1536, without issue. There is a most
beautiful portrait of this lady among the Holbein Heads. Mr.
Lodge exclaims pathetically, (C would that her story had died with

f Lysons's Environs of London, vol. i p. 133.
r Vide Granger, vol. ii. p. 48, for an account of this lady Frances, a great
beauty, who married three husbands ; she survived her last, Ludovick, Duke
©f Richmond. Also Black-Book, folio, p. 151.

n See Mem. of Peers of James I. p. 187, 18S.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. c 101

her ; and that we might have been at liberty to fancy the cha-
racter of so fair a creature as fair as her countenance. But the
truth must be told. At the iniquitous trial of her brother in 1546,
this lady was called as a witness, and brought forward a body
of evidence against him so keenly pointed, and so full of secrets,
which from their nature must have been voluntarily disclosed by
her, that we cannot but suspect her conduct of a degree of rancour
unpardonable in any case, and in this unnatural." »

Henry Earl of Surry, by Frances, his wife, daughter
to John de Vere, fifteenth Earl of Oxford, by Elizabeth, daughter
and heir of Sir John Trussell, left issue k two sons 5 Thomas,
fourth Duke of Norfolk, and Henry Earl of Northampton ; as
also three daughters 5 first, Jane, who, by her grandfather's will,
had 1000/. portion, and was married to Charles Ncvil, Earl of
Westmoreland ; she was buried 30th June, 1593, at Kenninghall
in Norfolk j second, Catherine, to Henry Lord Berkeley, who
died 1613 ; she died 15Q6; third, Margaret, to Henry Lord Scrope
of Bolton, who died 15Q2.

Which Henry, afterwards Earl of Northampton, with his
said three sisters, was restored in blood ' in the parliament held
1 Elizabeth. He was born at Shottisham in Norfolk about 153Q ;
bred at King's College, and afterwards at Trinity Hall, in Cam-
bridge, where he took the degree of A. M. to which he was al?o
admitted at Oxford, 1568.m Bishop Godwin says, his reputation
for literature was so great in the University, that he was esteemed
'■' the learnedest among the nobility ; and the most noble among
the learned." He was probably very slenderly provided for, being
often obliged, as Loyd records, " to dine with the chair of Duke
Humphry." However he contrived to spend some years in
travel ; but on .his return could obtain no favour at court, at least
till the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, which was probably
owing to his connections. In 1507, it seems as if he was in some
power, (perhaps however only through the influence of his friend
Lord Essex), because Rowland White applied to him concerning
Sir Robert Sydney's suits at court. n He was the grossest of
flatterers, as appears by his letters to his patron and friend Lord
Essex; But while he possessed the most unbounded friendship for
Essex, he yet paid his suit to the Lord Treas»rer Burleigh. On

'' Holbein Heads.
k Cole's Escheat, lib- ii ut antea. ' Journals of Parliament, 1 Eliz.

■» Wood's Ath. vol. i. F. ioz- ■ Sydn. Papers, vol. ii. p. 48.

102 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

the fall of Essex, he insinuated himself so far into the confidence
of his mortal enemy, Secretary Cecil, whom he had just before
called tortuosum colubrum, as to become the instrument of the
secretary's correspondence with the King of Scots, which passed
through his hands." It is not wonderful therefore, when we con-
sider the sufferings of Lord Harry's family for the Queen of Scots,
and his own late employment, added to his intriguing spirit, that,
on King James's accession, he was immediately received into
favour. In May 1603, he was made a privy-counsellor ; in Ja-
nuary following, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports ; in March,
Baron of Marnhill, and Earl of Northampton j and in April,
1008, Lord Privy Seal; and honoured with the Garter. In 1600,
he succeeded John Lord Lumley, as High Steward of Oxford ;
and in 1012, Robert Earl of Salisbury, as Chancellor of Cambridge.
Soon after he became a principal instrument in the infamous in-
trigue of his great niece the Countess of Essex with Carr, Vis-
count Rochester. The wretch acted as pander to the Countess,
for the purpose of conciliating the rising favourite. And it is im-
possible to doubt his deep criminality in the murder of Oveibury.
About nine months afterwards, June 15th, 1614, he died, luckily
for himself, before this atrocious affair became the subject of public
investigation.0 He was a learned man;!* but a pedant dark and
mysterious ; and of course, far from possessing masterly abilities.
It is said, that, non generant aquilce columbas, and that fortes
creanturfortibus et bonis: it causes astonishment therefore, when
we reflect that this despicable and wicked wretch was the son of
the generous and accomplished Earl of Surry.

Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, and eldest
son to Henry Earl of Surry, cut off in 38 Henry VIII. 1 was
eighteen years of age at the death of his grandfather in 1554, and
was then married to Mary, daughter and heir of Henry FUz-
Allan, Earl of Arundel, and had the title of Duke of Norfolk ;
his said grandfather, Thomas Duke of Norfolk, being fully restored
in blood, r when the act of his attainder was made void, and
thereby he became his next hereditary successor. At the corona-
tion of Queen Mary,s October 1st, 1553, he had the title of Earl

r See this secret correspondence, published by Sir D Dalrymple- See also
Birch's Q Eliz- vol ii p 501.
0 See Memoirs of James's Peers, p 237, 251, and Biog Mirror, vol ii. p 1.
f See Pavk's R and N A vol ii p. 148 ; and Oldys's Brit. Librarian,

P 331

■J Cole's Esch lib ii. ut antea. r Rot Pari. 1 Mar n 13.

» Strype's Memorials, col ii i - p 37

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 103

or Subry, and officiated under his grandfather, as Marshal of
England. In 1557, he had a son born, and christened Philip, at
Whitehall, July 2d, King Philip, and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop
of Winchester, Lord Chancellor, being his godfathers, and the
Dutche-is of Norfolk godmother. His Dutchess • died at Arundel
house in the Strand, on August 25th following, in childbed of
Philip, Earl of Arundel, being then only sixteen years old, and
w is buried at St Clement's church, near Temple-bar, on the 31st.
She was a very learned lady. u

On the decease of Queen Mary, November 17th, 1558, the
Duke x was present with others of the Nobility, at the procla-
mation of Queen Elizabeth, and after grew into her favour and
esteem; so that he was elected one of the Knights of the most
noble order of the Garter in the first year of her reign, y In the
second year of her reign, the Scots having asked aid of the Queen,
to expel the French, who had landed in Scotland, their King
being married to Mary the Scottish Queen ; forces being raised
to displace such dangerous neighbours, 'L Queen Elizabeth sent
the Duke of Norfolk into the North, to command them as
general; and the troops entering Scotland under Lord Grey of
Wilton, and Sir James Crofts, besieged Leith. The Duke of
Norfolk, whilst the siege was carrying on, remained at Berwick
fur the security thereof; and a Sir George Howard being dis-
patched to him there, to certify him of the state of the siege, his
Grace arrived at the camp before it, April 28th, 15(30. The siege
continued (the French being very numerous in Leith) till July
7th,1' when a peace was concluded, and the French obliged to leave
Scotland. His Grace was the next yearc constituted lieutenant-
general of the North: and in 6 Elizabeth, he waited on the Queen
on her visiting the University of Cambridge, d where, August 5th,
the degree of Master of Arts was conferred on him, and others of
the nobles that attended on her Majesty.

The intrigues of the Duke of Norfolk to effect a marriage
with the Queen of Scots form so important a feature of the reign
of Queen Elizabeth, as to be detailed at much length in all our
general histories; and more especially in the pages of Camden and

» Strype's Memorials, col. Hi p. 37.

» See Park's R and N A vol. i. p 3*3. ,» Strype's Memorials, p. 451.

> Camden's Life of Queen Elizabeth, in History of England, vol. ii p. 383.

x Stow's Annals, p 640 » Ibid- p 643 b Ibid- p 645.

• Ashmole's Order of the Carter, in Appendix, No. 53.

* Fuller s History of the University of Cambridge, p. 139.

104 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Roberfoon. After the long sufferings of his family; after the
fatal end of his father, and great great grandfather; after the im-
prisonments, proscriptions, and hair-breadth escapes of his grand-
father and great grandfather, it is impossible to suppress asto-
nishment, that he was not frightened, instead of being allured by
the voice of ambition. It would have been natural for him to
have sought for peace and safety in the still vale of privacy and
retirement. The Duke's conduct cannot be defended by an im-
partial enquirer : it was first foolish; and at last highly criminal.
When Queen Mary, in 1568, agreed to submit to Queen Elizabeth
an investigation of her conduct, the Duke of Norfolk, the E3rl of
Sussex, and Sir Ralph Sadler, were nominated by the latter, her
commissioners to hear both parties At this very time began the
intrigue with the accomplished and ill-fated captive. " The Duke
of Norfolk," says Robertson, " was at that time the most powerful
and most popular man in England. His wife was lately dead ;
and he began already to form a project, which he afterwards more
openly avowed, of mounting the throne of Scotland, by a mar-
riage with the Queen of Scots. He saw the infamy which would
be the consequence of a public accusation against Mary, and how
prejudicial it might be to her pretensions to the English succes-
sion." He therefore got over Maitland, and intrigued with the
regent, Murray. But his negotiation with the regent, however
secretly carried on, was not, in all probability, even then un-
known to a Princess so remarkable for her sagacity in penetrating
the designs of her enemies, and seeing through their deepest
schemes, as Queen Elizabeth. The marriage was so seriously de-
signed the following year, that Mary applied for a legal divorce
from Bothwell ; but her particular motive for proposing it at this
time, began to be so well known, that the demand was rejected
by the convention of estates. Robertson says, " the fertile and
projecting genius of Maitland first conceived this scheme. During
the conference at York, he communicated it to the Duke himself,
and to the Bishop of Ross. The former readily closed with a
scheme so flattering to his ambition. The latter considered it as
a probable device for restoring his mistress to liberty, and replac-
ing her on the throne. Nor was Mary, with whom Norfolk held
a correspondence, by means of his sister Lady Scroope, averse to
a measure, which would have restored her to her kingdom, with
so much splendor. The sudden removal of the conference from
York to Westminster, suspended, but did not break off this in-
trigue. Maitland and Ross were still the Duke's prompters and

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 105

agents j and many letters and love-tokens were exchanged between
him and the Queen of Scots.

" But as he could not hope, that under an administration so
vigilant as Elizabeth's, such an intrigue could be kept long con-
cealed, he attempted to deceive her by the appearance of openness
and candor. He mentioned to her the rumour which was spread
of his marriage with the Scotch Queen ; he complained of it as a
groundless calumny; and disclaimed all thoughts of that kind
with many expressions full of contempt, both for Mary's character
and dominions. Jealous as Elizabeth was of every thing relative
to the Queen of Scots, she seems to have credited these profes-
sions. But instead of discontinuing the negotiation, he renewed
it with greater vigour, and admitted into it new associates.

" Encouraged by his success in gaining the Scotch Regent, he
next attempted to drive the English nobles to approve his design,"
on the ground of the improbability of Elizabeth's marrying, and
the evils of an undecided succession, in the event of James's early
death. " The intrigue was now in so many hands, that it could
not remain a secret. It began to be whispered at court ; and
Elizabeth calling the Duke into her presence, expressed the
utmost indignation at his conduct, and charged him to lay aside
all thoughts of prosecuting such a dangerous design. Soon after,
Leicester, who perhaps had countenanced the project with no
other intention, revealed the whole circumstances of it to the
Queen." The Regent then betrayed the Duke, who retired first
to Howard-house, and then to his seat at Kenning-hall in Norfolk.
After a second summons to attend the privy-council, he obeyed
with hesitation; was imprisoned, October 15f3p; and set at
liberty the next year, upon his solemn promise to have no farther
intercourse with the Queen of Scots. This he so little regarded,
that she took no step in any matter of moment without his ad-
vice. She recommended Ridolphi, an agent of the Pope in
London, to his confidence ; and the Queen's letter being betrayed
by one Hickford, his secretary, who having also been employed to
transmit money from the Duke to Mary's agents in Scotland, the
Duke, his domestics, and all, who were privy, or suspected, were
taken into custody. The Duke was brought to trial January 16th,
1572. " He implored the Queen's mercy; but his offence was
^ too heinous, and too often repeated to obtain pardon ; and Eliza-
beth thought it necessary to deter her subjects, by his punishment,
from holding a correspondence with the Queen of Scots, or her
emissaries. Being tried by his peers, he was found guilty of

n*j PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

high treason, and, after several delays, suffered death fur the crime
at the age of thirty-five ."

Carte says, the nation was by no means satisfied with the
Duke's condemnation : but insinuates, that he bad fallen into a
snare of Queen Elizabeth, who " considering the Duke of Norfolk
as the only man in the kingdom capable of serving for an bead to
a body of male-contents ; and that no number of the nobility,
however disposed to an insurrection, durst offer to stir without
his concurrence, resolved to get rid at any rale of one, who had it
in his power to hurt her, and to set the Queen of Scots at liberty
when he pleased ; though out of a sense of duty, he had con-
stantly rejected all proposals and solicitations of that nature." But
this surely is most gross partiality and misrepresentation. After
the frequent warnings the Duke received, and the frequent re-
newals of his intrigues, what pretence is there for saying, that he
fell an innocent victim to the machinations of his sovereign ?

When the Duke was brought to the bar, the Lord Steward
said, " Thomas Duke of Norfolk, thou hast been arraigned of
divers crimes of high-treason, and hast submitted thyself to God
and these Peers, who have all found thee guilty. Hast thou any
thing to say why sentence should not be passed upon thee ?" Hit
Grace answered, " God's will be done, who will judge between
roe and my false accusers."

On ibis, Serjeant Barham*- required the Lord Steward, in the
Queen's name, to pass sentence, which he, with tears in his eyes,
pronounced according to the usual form. The Duke, with a pre-
sence of mind, answered, " sentence is passed upon me as upon a
traitor : 1 have none to trust to but God and tbe Queen ; I am
excluded from your society, but hope shortly to enjoy the heavenly.
I will fit myself to die. Only this one thing 1 crave, that the
Queen would be kind to my chUdien and servants, and take care
that my debts be paid." Camden (horn whom this account is
taken) says, he heard these things himself, and penned them
down exactly.

He remained under sentence four months, the Queen affect-
ing an inclination to pardon him -, but upon an address of a com-
mittee of both houses of parliament, she signed the warrant for
his execution, pretending that she could not resist the voice of her
people On tbe 2d of June, at eight in the morning, the Duke '

« Serjeant Nicholas Barham, M P for Maidstone, died 1C77. See Port*
script to Memoirs of Kin| Jame»'s Peers, L 1 1
' Camden, p. 44I

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 107

was brought to a scaffold erected upon Tower-hill ; whereon he
was no sooner mounted (and Alexander Nowcll, Dean of St.
Paul's, who was there as his ghostly comforter, desiring the mul-
titude that stood round to keep silence) but be said, " it is no
new thing for people to sutler death in this place; though, since
the beginning of our most gracious Queen's reign, I am the first,
and God grant I may be the last." At this the people cried Amen.
Then (to give you an abstract, says Camden, of what I heard at
large) he went on : " I acknowledge my Peers have justly sen-
tenced me worthy of death ; nor have I any design to excuse my-
self. I freely confess that I treated with the Queen of Scots, in
things of great moment, without my sovereign's knowledge;
which 1 ought not to have done. Whereupon 1 was cast into
the Tower j but I was afterwards set at liberty, havuig made a
humble submission ; and promised, upon honour, to have nothing
more to do with her; yet I confess I acted contrary, and this, in
truth, disturbs my conscience. But I neither promised, nor sware
it at the Lord's table, as is commonly reported. I once conferred
with Ridolpho, but not to the Queen's destruction; for there are
several which know I had to do with him, about money matters,
upon b lis and bonds. I found him to be one that envied the
peace of England, and forward to contrive any villany. Two
letters from the Pope I saw, but by no means approved of them,
nor of the rebellion in the North. 1 have not been popishly in-
clined ever since I had any taste for religion; but was always
averse to the popish doctrine, and embraced the true religion of
JdW Christ, and put my whole trust in the blood of Christ, my
blessed Redeemer and Saviour. Yet I must own, that some of
my servants, and acquaintance, were addicted to the Romish re-
ligion. If, in this, I have offended either Gcd, the church, or
the Protestants, I pray God and them to forgive inc." Then after
reading a psalm or two, he said, with a loud voice, *' Lord, into
thy hands 1 commend my spirit." After this, he embraced Sir
Henry Leigh, whispered something to him, and to Dean Now el;
who, turning to the people, said, " the Duke desires you would
all of you pray to God to have mercy on him ; and withall keep
silence that his mind may not be disturbed." The executioner
asked him forgiveness, and had it granted. One ottering him a
handkerchief to cover his ryes, he refused it, saying, *' I am not in
the least afraid of death." Then, falling on his knees, he lay
prostrate with his mind fixed upon God, aud Dean Nowel prayed
with him. Presently after, he stretched his neck upon the block,

100 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

and his head was immediately cut off at one blow, and shewed by
the executioner, as a doleful sight, for the sorrowful and weeping
multitude. 8

Bloomficld, vol. i. has his speech at large from a MS. in the
library of Caius-college, Cambridge, wherein he defies the Pope
and all his religion.

His Grace, after the death of his first Dutchess, already men-
tioned, married Margaret, daughter and sole heir to Thomas Lord
Audley, of Walden in Essex, and Chancellor of England, widow
of the Lord Henry Dudley, John Duke of Northumberland's
younger son (slain at St. Quintin's in Picardy without issue,
August lOtb, 1557) by whom he had issue three sons; Thomas,
afterwards made Earl of Suffolk} Henry, who died young;
and William, of Na worth in Cumberland, ancestor to the
Earl of Carlisle 5 with two daughters, Elizabeth, who died
in her infancy ; and Margaret, married to Robert Sackville, Earl
of Dorset, He lastly married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Francis
Leyburne, h of Cunswick in Westmoreland, Knight, widow of
Thomas Lord Dacre of Gillesland ; but by. her had no issue, she
dying ' in 1567, 10 Elizabeth, being married about a year.

The title of the Duke of Norfolk being, by the attainder of
this Thomas, thus taken away, Philip, his eldest son, was called
Earl of Arundel, as owner of Arundel-castle in Sussex, by descent
from his mother; it having, in 11 Henry VI. been adjudged k in
Parliament to be a local dignity, so that the possessors thereof
should enjoy that title of honour. Whereupon, by that appella-
tion, he had summons l to the Parliament, begun at Westminster,
January l(5th, 1579-80, and soon after, in the same parliament,
was by a special act restored"1 in blood; and, that same year,
made a privy-counsellor. But not long after this, by the artifices"
of Robert Earl of Leicester, and secretary Walsingham (who for
the entrapping of eminent persons of the Romish religion, dis-
persed counterfeit letters) this Earl Philip was confined to his own
house, upon suspicion of practising against the government in
favour of Mary Queen of Scotland. " This Earl," says Camden,

« See a portrait of this Duke, when a boy.in the Holbein Heads, with the
annexed memoir by Lodge See also Park's R. and N. A. vol i p 323, where
in a dying memorial to a friend the Duke says, «• if I might have my wish,
and were in as good state as ever you knew me, yet I would wish for aJowcr
degree "

» C 39. 10 b- ' Camden, in Hist, of Engl vol. p. 408.

■ Rot. Pari in 11 Hen VI. ' Journ of Pari

■ Ibid " Camden s Eliz ut supra, in an- 1584 23 Eliz.

DUKE OK NORFOLK. JOQ

" had through the Queen's grace and favour, been restored in
blood three years before ; and having soon after lost hrr favour
through the secret machinations of some great persons, had privily
reconciled himself to the Popish religion, living likewise a very
austere life." During this restraint, Queen Elizabeth offered him
his liberty, provided he would cairy the sword of state before tyer
to the chapel, and there attend the service of the established
church ; which his lordship declined : and nothing appearing
against him, he obtained his enlargement- He was soon after
taken up again, and sent to the Tower, from which he was lik< -
wise released for want of evidence against him. Alarmed by those
repeated attacks upon his liberty, and terrified ° with the severity
of certain laws, then made against Jesuits and priests, he resolved
to p betake himself beyond the seas ; but in the first place to re-
present his grief to the Queen by letter, which he determined
should be delivered unto her after his departure : wherein he made
a long and sad complaint of the malice of his potent adversaries,
" whereunto he was necessitated to give place, whilst they tri-
umphed over his innocence. He recounted the fatal ends of his
ancestors; namely, his great grandfather, who was condemned
without being heard; his grandfather, who was beheaded for light
and trivial matters; and hi.? father, who, as he said, was circum-
vented by bis adversaries ; and never bare any hostile mind against
bis prince and country." And added, that, " he for his parr, lest
he should be the heir of his forefathers infelicity, and that he
might the better attend the service of God, and provide for his
soul's good, hath quitted his country; but not his allegiance to
his prince."

But, before this letter could be delivered (being gone into
Sussex, *» there to take shipping in an obscure creek) through the
treachery of some of bis servants, he was apprehended, and com-
mitted to the Tower. Being thus imprisoned, a charge was
brought against him into the Star-chamber, " that he had sup-
ported Romish priests contrary to law i also, that he had held in-
telligence with Cardinal Allen, and Parsons the Jesuit, the Queen's
enemies :r that he had publicly, iu writing, questioned the justice
of the kingdom ; and, that he had intentions of departing the
realm without license." The Earl (as Camden observes) pro-
testing bis obedience to the Queen, and love to his country,
•

o Camden's Eliz ut supra, in an 1584. a; Flii

* Ibid. p. 50]- 1 Ibid, p 504-

1 Camden'* Life of Queen Eliz in Hist of Enfl vqJ u p <u

HO PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

modestly excused himself, by his affection to the Catholic religion,
and his ignorance of the laws; and, confessing his fault, sub-
mitted himself to the censure of the bench; who fined him
10,0C0Z. and imprisonment during the Queen's pleasure.

" The late attempt of an invasion by the Spaniards," says
Carte, ** proved fatal to Philip Earl of Arundel. He was still con-
fined in the Tower, when the Spanish Armada entered the
channel, and could not forbear expressing his joy at the news : he
had likewise caused a mass of the Holy Ghost to be said for its
success ; and a course of devotions to be used for- twenty-four
hours together. These things irritating the Queen, he was called
to an account for them, as well as for his former offences, which,
having been charged on him before as contempts and misde-
meanours, were now aggravated, and urged as treasonable matters.
His religion, some emblematical figures found in his house, and
other people's notions of his being one of the best friends to the
late Queen of Scots, and the chief support of the popish party in
England, were urged by the lawyers with more vehemence than
reason, as arguments to conclude him guilty of treason," He was
arraigned of high (reason, and brought to his trial in Westminster-
hall, before twenty-five of the Peers. On April 14th, 158Q, s
Henry Earl of Derby, being created Lord High Steward on this
occasion, the Earl appeared in a wrought velvet gown, furred with
martins, laid about with gold lace, and buttoned with gold buttons,
a black sattin doublet, a pair of velvet hose, and a high black hat
on his head. He was a very tall man, somewhat swarthy ; and,
coming to the bar, he made two obeisances to the state, and to
the nobles, and others present.

Being required to hold up his hand, he raised it very high,
saying, " here is as true a man's heart and hand, as ever came
into this hail." His indictment consisted of the points on which
he had been convicted in the Star-chamber, together with five
additional articles, accusing him of engaging to assist Cardinal
Allen in his attempts to re-establish Popery; suggesting, that the
Queen was unfit to govern ; procuring mass to be said for the
success of the Spanish Armada ; intending to withdraw himself
beyond seas, to serve under the Duke of Parma against his native
country; and being privy to the bull of Pope Sixtus V. trans-
ferring the Queen's dominions to Philip II. King of Spain. Two
emblematical pieces, found in his Lordship's custody, were pr*-

. MS dc Fam de Howard, D. 12 f 219-

DUKE OF NORFOLK. Ill

duced in court as evidence against him. The first represented A
hand shaking a snake into the fire, with this motto, If God is for
us, who can be against us ? The other was that of a lion without
claws, with this inscription, Yet still a lion. The Earl being
asked if he were guilty, or not guilty, of the several treasons in
the indictment, his Lordship desired to know, " whether the se-
veral points, in the indictment contained, were but one indict-
ment, yea or no ?" Whereupon the judges satisfied him it was
but one. And being asked a second time, said, " not guilty, and
that he was well contented to be tried by such good noblemen
then present, that knew his life." " He said, he had been a pri-
soner four years, and twenty-five weeks close prisoner ; that ho
had been sick and weak, whereby his memory may fail him ; and
therefore desired the Lord Steward, that he might be heard to
make answer to every particular point." To which the Lord
Steward replied, " there was no other meaning, and that he
should be heard deliberately."

It was urged against him, " that he was a traitor, because a
Papist ; the Queen of Scots had considered him as one of her best
friends ; Cardinal Allen had spoken of him as the chief hope of
the Roman Catholics in England ; and that his letter to Queen
Elizabeth plainly accused the national justice with regard to his
father's trial." The lawyers for the crown, willing to make a
handle of the most trivial circumstances against him, produced
letters written abroad, wherein he was styled Philip Duke of
Norfolk. His Lordship acknowledged a correspondence with
Cardinal Allen, but merely upon his spiritual concerns; and that
he intended to have served under the Duke of Parma, as many
had done by the Queen's own approbation; and insisted that he
had said nothing of his father's sentence, but what was on record;
that he could not be answerable for what had been written con-
cerning him; and that Popham, the attorney-general, had ma-
naged the letters and confessions produced against him, as spiders
do flowers, by extracting from them nothing but poison. He
pointed out several inconsistencies in the indictment; and proved,
that ** the letters between the Queen of Scots and Cardinal Allen,
about invading England, were wrote the very year in which he
intended to have left it ; and that the bull of Pope Sixtus V. had
been published the year before." Sir Thomas Gerard, W. Shelley,
then under sentence of death, and one Bennet, a profligate priest,
were examined as witnesses against him. What the first swore,
does not appear; and Shelley, being adjured, by his Lordship, to

112 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.-

speak nothing but the truth, would give no evidence at all : but
Bennet, the informer of the Earl's having had Mass said for the
success of the Spanish invasion, persisted in what he had declared
before the council; notwithstanding his having wrote a letter to
the Earl, asking his Lordship pardon, and acknowledging that
his confession had been extorted by fear of the rack ; an instru-
ment well known to state-prisoners in that reign. That letter
was, unfortunately for the Earl of Arundel, intercepted by the
ministry ; and therefore he could make no use of it, when he im-
peached Bennet's character. After all the struggles of the pro-
secutors, no charge of high treason could be fixed upon his Lord-
ship, but that of being reconciled to the church of Rome; upon
which he was unanimously found guilty by his judges. After
sentence, he besought them to intercede with the Queen for the
payment of his debts ; that his officers might have access to him j
and his wife permitted to visit him with his infant son, whom he
had never seen, having been born since his confinement. As the
Earl had been convicted merely on a religious account, the Queen
did not allow his sentence to be put in execution; but suffered
him to languish in the Tower, where he spent the remainder of
his days in exercises of devotion, until November lpth, )5Q5,
when he died in the thirty-ninth year of his age. He married
Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas, and sister and coheir to Thomas,
Lords Dacre of Gillesland, who survived him till April 13th,
1630, and was then buried at Arundel. She was a woman of a
poetical genius, as is proved by some verses preserved by Mr.
Lodge. " It is not unlikely," says that instructive biographer,
«' that the melancholy exit of her Lord produced these pathetic
effusions. Many of her letters relating to the private affairs of her
son's family, and particularly to his children, for whom she seems
to have had thr most affectionate regard, are written in the best
style of that time, and in a strain of unaffected piety and tender-
ness, which lets us at once into her character." '

Thomas Earl of Aeundel, &c. his only child, was born on
July /th, 1592, seventh in descent from John Howard, first Duke
of Norfolk of that surname ; and by his father's attainder, being
deprived of that honour, and the greatest part of the estate of his
family, he had only the title of Lord Maltravers, by courtesy, all
Queen Elizabeth's reign. During his youth, he was under the

t Lodges Illustr.of Brit Hist vol iii p 359 See a print of her in Park's
R and N A. vol ii p 259-

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 113

care of his mother, " who, being a Lady of great and eminent
virtues, was not negligent in his education, and yet so wary (the
family being under a cloud) as not to expose him to travel abroad,
or to appear in much conversation at home. ■ So as Robert Deve-
reux, Earl of Essex, (to whom this Earl often said he was in his
youth much beholding) was wont to call him the Winter Pear;
and that, if he lived, he would be a great and a wise man."

He was, at eleven years old, in 1603, not only restored* in
blood by act of parliament in the first year of King James I. but
to all such titles of honour and precedence, as Philip Earl of
Arundel lost by his attainder; as also to the honour, state, and
dignity of Eakl of Surry j and to such dignity of baronies, as
Thomas Duke of Norfolk, his grandfather, lost by his attainder.
And though he was, by the said act, restored to all the honours
dependent on the title of Earl of Arundel, yet he was not to all
the possessions ; the baronies of Clun, and Oswaldestrie, in Shrop-
shire, the ancient inheritances of the Fitz-Alans, Earls of Arundel,
being given, from this Earl, to his great uncle, the Earl of North-
ampton, and by him transferred to his nephew, Thornas Earl of
Suffolk, and to his posterity.

When he had attained to the age of twenty years, the care of
his friends, for the honour and continuation of his family, and his
own inclination, prompted .Hm to think of marriage ; in which
felicity he came not behind any of his ancestors, taking to wife
the I«ady Alathea, third daughter and coheir of Gilbert Talbot,
Earl of Shrewsbury i and by her had large possessions j for her
two sisters, the one married to William Earl of Pembroke, and
the other to Henry Earl of Kent, both died without issue.

In the year 1607, * he was sworn of the privy council to
King James I. ; and his Majesty did him the honour to stand
godfather to his eldest son, z baptised James, July 1/th that year.
In 1609, he was necessarily induced to travel for the recovery of
his health, passing through France and Italy ; but in the interim
lost his cousin, Thomas Viscount Bindon, to whom he was heir
at law j but the greatest part of the Viscount's possessions was
transferred on the Earl of Suffolk, and his children. Upon bis

u Short view of the Life of Thomas Earl of Arundel, p. jio, in Sir Edward
Walker'* Historical Discourses.

■ Inter Brevia de Certiorare de anno 2 Jac I.
r Lloyd's Memoirs, p 284
a Camden's Annals of Kins James, in History of England, vol ii p 64a-
vol. I. 1

114 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

return, he was at Windsor installed Knight of the most noble
order of the Garter, on May 13th, l6ll.

The year following, he was present at the marriage of the
Prince Elector Palatine with the Princess Elizabeth, only daughter
of King James, at Whitehall, February 14th, 1612-13, 10 Jac. I.
when this Earl of Arundel carried the sword, a and stood on the
right hand of his Majesty, during the ceremony. He was also
one of the four, b commissioned by the King to conduct them to
Bacharack, the first city in his country ; but at the request of the
Elector, they accompanied them to his chief city of Heidelberg.
The Countess, his lady, also accompanied the Princess thither ;
and took their leaves on the 14th of June following.

Soon after he went into Italy, where he very much pleased
himself j and either took up, or improved, his natural disposition
of being the great master and favourer of arts ; especially of
sculpture, design, painting, and architecture, which rendered him
famous, and acceptable to all ingenious spirits both at home and
abroad.

Hec returned in November l6l4j and his two eldest sons
being grown up, he sent them to travel, especially to his beloved
Italy} where they had not been long, but their mother, out of
natural affection to see her children, had a desire to make a
journey, and to accompany them on their return. In all places,
through which she passed, she was received with respect. As she
returned, her eldest son, James Lord Mowbray and Maltravers,
died at Ghent, to the unspeakable grief of his parents, being of
great and notable hopes.

In 1619, he narrowly escaped with life ; for, being d appointed
to conduct Count Gondemar, the Spanish ambassador, to his first
public audience at Whitehall, on March 12th that year, after a
small stay in the council-chamber, as they were passing over a
wooden terras to enter the guard-chamber, the weight of the over-
thronging multitude made it suddenly fall, with the Earl of
Arundel, the Lord Grey, and others, who received some hurt ;
but the ambassador, as he was entering the door, after half his
body was in the ruins, was pulled in by his servants that were

» Sir John Finet's Observations on the Reception of Foreign Ambassadors,
*c p. 10

i» Stow's Annals, p 918 c Camden's Annals, praed p 644.

" Sir John Finet's Observations, p 63.

, DUKE OF NORFOLK. 115

before him, and afterwards conducted by the Lord Chamberlain
to the King.

The year following, the French King sending for his Am-
bassador, the Marquis de Cadenet, one of the Mareschals of
France, and brother to the Duke de Luines, his favourite, with
between fifty and sixty persons of title and distinction, and above
three hundred others, King James ordered the Earl of Arundel, e
accompanied with the Lord Hunsdon, and divers gentlemen of
the privy-chamber, to visit him in his Majesty's name, at his
lodging in Gravesend. The ambassador not meeting his Lordship,
till he came to the stair-head of his chamber, and, at his parting,
accompanying him no further, the Earl of Arundel, displeased
with such a neglect of his quality, desired the master of the cere-
monies, the next day, to go to the ambassador, and tell him, in
regard his train was great, and his lodging little, he would not be
troublesome to him there, but would meet him in the street, and
thence accompany him to his embarking, having brought twenty
barges from London to receive him and his train. And on their
arrival at Somerset-house, then called Denmark-house (ordained
for the ambassador's abode) the Earl landing him at the garden-
stairs, accompanied him no further than to the foot of the first
stair ascending to the privy lodgings, where he took his leave,
saying, the gentlemen there should shew him his lodging. •-" This
(says Sir John Finet) bred much discourse, and was soon con-
veyed to the knowledge of his majesty, who (sensible more of the
cause given by the ambassador, than of the measure returned by
the Earl of Arundel) stormed much at it. And the ambassador
the next day made his excuse to the Lord Arundel, that his indis-
position in his journey, and when he came to receive him, was the
cause that he met him no sooner, nor accompanied him any
further ; whereupon the difference was accommodated."

In 1621, he had a quarrel with Lord Spencer. Lord S.
was speaking something in the house, that their great ancestors
did, which displeased Arundel ; and he cut him off short, saying,
" My lord, when these things you speak of, were doing, your an-
cestors were keeping sheep 1" Spencer instantly replied ; " When
my ancestors, as you say, were keeping sheep, your ancestors
were plotting treason!" As Arundel was the aggressor, he was
committed to the Tower 5 and not released till he had made an
humble submission. f

, Sir John Finet's Observat. p. 67, 68.
Wilson in Kennct, vol. ii, p. 737.

116 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

On the removal of the Lord Chancellor Bacon, in 1621, the *
seal was delivered to him and three other commissioners, with
whom it rested from May 3d, till July 10th following : and on
August 2gth that same year, h he was constituted Earl Marshal of
England for life, with a pension of 2000/. per ann. ; having been
before appointed one of the commissioners for executing that
office.

And thereupon reviving that honourable court, which had
anciently been held by the constable and marshal jointly, wherein
remedy was given for such abusive provocations, as might occa-
sion no little bloodshed by duels, or other more mischievous ways
of revenge, some scruple being made as to the jurisdiction of the
Earl Marshal alone, without the constable, he, the next ensuing
year, obtained other letters patent,' bearing date August 1st,
20 Jac. I. whereby that King, after mature advice had with the
lords of his council upon the point, did declare, that, in tl»c
vacancy of the constable of England, the Earl Marshal had the
like jurisdiction in that court, as both constable and marshal
jointly ever exercised, commanding him to proceed accordingly.
But the truth is, notwithstanding the assertions of fulsome and
indiscriminate panegyrists, that this arbitrary court ought never
to have been re-established, and afterwards on April ]6th, l640,
it was presented by the famous Sir Edward Hyde as one of the
greatest grievances of the day, for its arbitrary proceedings. k And
Lord Arundel's haughty temper was calculated to aggravate its
offensiveness.

On the accession of King Charles I. to the crown, he was
continued in his office of Earl-Marshal, and counsellor ; and at
the funeral of the late King, on May 17th, 1625,' was one of
the supporters to his Majesty, the chief mourner. Also, at the
coronation of King Charles, was joined in commission m with
William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, to make such persons
Knights of the Bath, as the King should then think fit to call to
that dignity. He was" likewise one of the commissioners, au-
thorised to determine the claims exhibited concerning services to
be performed at the coronation : at which, on February 2d,

• Bishop Hacket's Life of Archbishop Wil Urns, part i p 51.

» Pat. 19 Jac. 1. p 13 ' Pat. zo Jac. I.

* See Dallaway's Heraldry, p 293.

' Rennet's History of England, vol. iii p 4.

™ Pat 1 Car I p 5 indorso.
■ Rushworth's Collections, vol i. p. 203, 204-

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 117

1625-6, he attended in his place of Earl-Marshal, and with
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Constable of
England for that day, went next before his Majesty. He had a
grant (dated December 22d, 1625,) of the0 wardship of the body,
and lease of the lands, of Henry Lord Stafford, during the mi-
nority of his said ward ; together with a fine of 500 marks im-
posed upon the said Lord Stafford, in the court of wards and
liveries, to the King's use, for the said lordships, wardship, and
marriage.

About a year after, he fell into the King's displeasure, on ac-
count of the marriage of his son, Henry-Frederic Lord Maltravers,
with the Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Esme Stuart, Duke
of Lennox, by the mediation of the old Dutchess of Lennox, his
relation, and the Countess of Arundel, without the knowledge
and consent of his Majesty, who designed her, as his own ward
and kinswroman, for Archibald Lord Lome, afterwards Marquis
of Argyle. The new- wedded couple were confined at Lambeth
under the inspection of Archbishop Abbot j and the Earl and
Countess of Arundel were at first restricted to their seat at
Uorseley in Surry, p and afterwards sent to the Tower. His com-
mitment being while the parliament was sitting, John Williams,
Bishop of Lincoln, took notice that they wanted a member who
was debarred from the house ; and no cause of his commitment
being expressed, the peers presented several petitions to the King
to preserve the privileges of parliament. 1 In answer to one of
them, his Majesty returned this message, " that the Earl of
Arundel W3s restrained for a misdemeanor, personal to his Majesty,
and lay in his proper knowledge, and had no relation to matters
of parliament." To which they r made a remonstrance, asserting
their privileges. * He had five proxies, which were lost by his
imprisonment j and this affair was in agitation for almost three
months. But on Thursday, June 8th, 1626, the Lord Keeper,
Sir Thomas Coventry, delivered to the Lords this message,1
" that on Saturday last his Majesty sent word to the house, that,
by this day, he would send them such an answer concerning the
Earl of Arundel, as should satisfy them in point of privilege.
And therefore to take away all dispute, and that their privileges
may be in the same estate as they were when the parliament

• Rymcr's Fcedera, torn xriii p 248- «> Rushworth, praed. p 367.

<i Ibid. ' Ibid, p 369,370. » Whitlockc, p. 6.

• Journal Dom- Proccr.

lid PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

began, his Majesty hath taken off the restraint of the said Earl,
whereby be hath liberty to come to the house." The Earl of
Arundel, upon his return to the house, gave their Lordships most
hearty thanks for their intercessions for him to the King j and
protested his loyalty, and failhful service unto his Majesty : whose
goodness he likewise acknowledged for his enlargement.

He was shortly after admitted to court, and by degrees into
the King's favour. In the year 1631, he" was one of the com-
missioners appointed to examine the oppressions of the fees
exacted in all courts and offices, civil and ecclesiastical, through-
out England : and on June 18th, 1633, waited on the King at
his coronation in Scotland} where all persons strove to outvie
each other in the bravery and riches of their apparel and enter-
tainment; but this Earl kept his old plainness, and yet wanted
not the honour and esteem due to his person and quality. He *
was also constituted chief justice of all the forests north of Trent.
About the end of that year, he was sent to the Queen of Bohemia
in Holland, to condole the death of her husband, which happened
on November 29th ; being at the same time appointed ambassador
extraordinary to the States-General.

In the beginning of the year 1636, the Earl was made choice
of for an embassy, for the restitution of the Palatinate to the
King's nephew ; which, out of his affection to the Quern of Bo-
hemia, and the Palatine family, he willingly embraced. He
began his journey about the end of March 1636. Three months
being spent without any progress in the business, the Earl took
bis leave of the Emperor, and Elector, and, by the same way he
came, he returned to Holland ; and thence, about the end of De-
cember, embarked for England, having spent nine months in this
journey, and much money. He met with a most gracious recep-
tion from the King, it being evident he had done his best in this
negotiation. And on February 4th, following, a warrant was
issued by Secretary Cokey to the exchequer for payment of
7,262/. without account, to the Earl of Arundel and Surry, his
Majesty's late ambassador extraordinary to the Emperor of Ger-
many ; being the remainder of \Q,252l. for his extraordinary ex-
pences and disbursements of several ends, over and above his
allowance of 61. per diem.

In 1637, the Scots being offended that a Liturgy, conformable

u Hackct's Life of Archbishop William'', pait ii. p 93
» Pat. 9 Car I. p. 1. * Ex Autog int. Evident, apud Ptoshunt

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 119

to that of England, was, at this time, pressed on them, began in
fury to threaten their bishops and ministers, and grew to such a
height, that, after many commissions and delegations, of ihc
Marquis of Hamilton, and others, between the King and them,
no way was found so proper, as to reduce them by arms to due
obedience. " The King," says Lord Clarendon, " hastened the
raising an army, which was not long in doing. He chose to
make the Earl of Arundel his general, a man who was thought
to be made choice of for his negative qualities : he did not love the
Scots j he did not love the puritans; which qualifications were
allayed by another negative ; he did not much love any body else ;
but he was fit to keep the state of it ; and his rank was such, that
no man would decline the serving under him."1 The army ren-
dezvoused at Selby-upon-Ouse in Yorkshire, on April 10th, 1639,
and thence marched to a place called Birques, four miles from
Berwick, where the King put himself at the head of it. f1 The
King," continues Lord Clarendon, " had not at that time one
person, of his council, who had the least consideration for his
own honour, or friendship for those who sat at the helm of affairs.
There was no other council of name, but the general, the Earl of
Arundel, who was always true to the character under which he
has been delivered, and thought he had been general long
enough."* But, after some skirmishes, a treaty was begun, and
a peace ensuing, the army was dismissed in three months from
the time it was levied,

In the end of the year 1(539, there were new preparations for
a war with the Scots, which drew on a parliament, when this
Earl, then Lord Steward of the King's household, administered the
oaths to the house of commons the first day of their sitting, on
April 35th, 1640.

At the Earl of Strafford's trial, which began on March 22d,
1(540-1, the lords, in the absence of the lord keeper, who was
very sick, made choice of the Earl of Arundel to preside, and
govern the court, being a person notoriously disaffected to the
Earl of Strafford."6

The Earl afterwards presented a remonstrance, and petition,
dated June 29th, 1(5-41, to be restored to the dukedom of Norfolk.
And several noblemen had such a regard to his Lordship, as to
subscribe a similar petition to his Majesty, on his behalf.

z Hist. Rcb- vol. i. p 114
1 Ibid p 112. b Ibid p xifi.

120 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The King so far favoured these petitions, that, c by letters
patent, bearing date June 6th, 1644, in consideration of his
special services, and great merits (as recited in the patent) ; as
also in respect of his lineal descent from Thomas of Brotherton,
Earl of Norfolk, son of King Edward I. he created his Lordship
Earl of Norfolk, with limitations to the heirs male of his body.
But Norfolk discerning the cloud hanging over the nation,
willingly resigned his staff of steward of the household, and re-
solved to travel. His lady took the same resolution, and a fair
and honourable opportunity immediately offered. For Mary de
Medicis, the Queen-Mother of France, having been in England
about two years, was, by the violence of the times, forced away ;
and the care of conducting her was committed to the Earl, which
he did in July, 1641. His Countess then likewise passed the
seas, and made her residence at Cologn, with the French Queen,
who died there on July 13th, 1642. The Earl spent some time
at Utrecht, whither he had formerly sent his grandchildren, sons
to his eldest son (afterwards Earl of Arundel) to be educated. In
the beginning of the winter, he arrived in England j and being
indisposed in his health, and his lady and grandchildren absent,
in whose company he placed his chief delight, he again resolved
to return to them; and had another fair occasion offered him,
with high respect and esteem, to quit his country before he saw it
ruined. The King, in the beginning of the summer, viz. May
2d before, had matched his eldest daughter, the Princess Mary,
unto William the young Prince of Orange ; and the Queen, her
mother, having a desire to absent herself for a time, took this oc-
casion of conducting and settling her daughter in Holland. And
this noble peer had the honour to be the chief person of quality,
that waited on the Queen and the Princess thither; embarking
at Dover about the midst of February, 1-541-2, there taking leave
of his native country, which he never saw after.

Having spent some time in Holland, he thence went to Antwerp,
where he was received, and esteemed equal to the greatness of his
birth, and eminent qualities. At this place he and his lady took
their last leave of each other, the recovery of his health, and his
natural love of motion, drawing him thence, only at first to go
for the Spa ; but afterwards he passed into France, and then into
his beloved Italy, having in his company two of his grandsons,
then grown up, and learned in the Latin, French, and Dutch

c Pat. 20 Car. I.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 121

tongues. And as he was highly honoured and esteemed on this
side of the Alps, he was as much, if not more, there ; being the
only great subject of the northern parts, that had, by his conver-
sation and great collections, set a value on that country. Here
two misfortunes fell on his family : Thomas, his eldest grandson,
a gentleman of a goodly person and parts, was seized with a dis-
temper of the brain ; and his third grandson, Philip, afterwards
the famous Cardinal Howard, going from him to Milan, was
seduced by an Italian Dominican frier, and became one of that
order, notwithstanding all possible means used to prevent it. His
chief comfort then remained in the hopes of his second grandson,
Mr. Henry Howard, which did not deceive him, " having no
superior, in all respects, of birth, person, wit, learning, and height
of courage," says Sir Edward Walker. Thus this great Earl
having, in this moving condition, spent four or five years abroad,
he retired to Padua ; where, about the end of the year 1645, his
eldest son, the Lord Mowbray, visited him.

In the year 1646, he had thoughts and intentions of return-
ing, and had made preparations towards it ; but being on the
point of beginning his journey from Padua, fell suddenly indis-
posed, and died on October 4th, 1646, in the fifty-fifth year of his
agejd his son, and grandchild, being present.

Lord Clarendon gives a very distinct, but probably too severe,
character of this celebrated nobleman, in ihe following words :

" The Earl of Arundel was the next officer of state who in his
own right and quality preceded the rest of the council. He was
generally thought to be a proud man, who always lived within,
and to himself, conversing little with any who were in common
conversation ; and so that he seemed to live as it were in another
nation, his house being a place to which all people resorted who
resorted to no other place; strangers, or such who affected to
look like strangers, and dressed themselves accordingly. He re-
sorted sometimes to the court, because there only was a greater
man than himself, and went thither the seldomer, because there
was a greater man than himself. He lived towards all favourites,
and great officers, without any kind of condescension, and rather
suffered himself to be ill-treated by their power and authority (fcr
he was often in disgrace, and once or twice prisoner in the
Tower) than to descend, in making any application to them.

" And upon these occasions he spent a great interval of his

d Mr Edmondson's Tables.

122 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

time in several journeys into foreign parts, and with his wife and
family had lived some years in Italy, the humours and manners
of which nation he seemed most to like and approve, and affected
to imitate. He had a good fortune by descent, and a much
greater from his wife, who was the sole daughter upon the matter
(for neither of the two sisters left any issue) of the great house
of Shrewsbury j but his expences were without any measure, and
always exceeded very much his revenue. He was willing to be
thought a scholar, and to understand the most mysterious parts
of antiquity, because he made a wonderful and costly purchase of
excellent statues e whilst in Italy and in Rome (some whereof he
could never obtain permission to remove from Rome, though he
had paid for them), and had a rare collection of medals. As to
all parts of learning, he was almost illiterate, f and thought no
other part of history so considerable as what related to his own
family, in which, no doubt, there had been some very memorable
persons.

" It cannot be denyed that he had in his own person, in his
aspect, and countenance, the appearance of a great man, which
he preserved in his gait and motion. He wore and affected a
habit very different from that of the time, such as men had only
beheld in pictures of the most considerable men ; all which drew
the eyes of most, and the reverence of many, towards him, as the
image and representative of the antient nobility, and native
gravity of the nobles, when they had been most venerable ; but
this was only his outside, his nature and true humour being much
disposed to levity and delights, which indeed were very despicable
and childish. He was rather thought not to be much concerned
for religion, than to incline to this or that party of any j and had
little other affection for the nation or the kingdom than as he had
a great share in it, in which, like the great Leviathan, he might

» A large part of these are now at Oxford, by the donation of the Countess
of Pomfret, 1755, to the University.

f The late Duke of Norfolk, in his Anecdotes of the Howard family, re-
sents this character of his ancestor ; and, among other remarks, observes,
that * the wonderful and costly collections which Lord Clarendon talks of
are suihtient monuments to prove that our Earl looked upon the histories of
Greece and Rome as worthy, at least, of some conside.ation. He could not
certainly expect to find any traces of his family in his Arundel irmMes.though
they threw the greatest light on the Grecian history of any collection that
was made before or since, and which were of Mich infinite use to P. Peteau,
Salmasius, Vossius, and several other learned men, in their works." Ho-wanft
Antcdolet, p. $0.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 123

sport himself} from which he withdrew, as soon as he discerned
the repose thereof was like to be disturbed, and died in Italy,
under the same doubtful character of religion in which he lived." *

The following is the character given by Sir Edward Walker*
perhaps a more partial memorialist :

'* He was tall of stature, and of shape and proportion rather
goodly than neat; his countenance was magestical and grave j
his visage long; his eyes large, black, and piercing; he had
a hooked nose, and some warts or moles on his cheeks; his
countenance was brown, his hair thin, both on his head and
beard ; he was of a stately presence and gait, so that any man
that saw him, though in never so ordinary habit, could not
but conclude him to be a great person, his garb and fashion
drawing more observation than did the rich apparel of others; so
that it was a common saying of the late Earl of Carlisle, " here
comes the Earl of Arundel in his plain stuff and trunk hose, and
his beard in his teeth, that looks more like a nobleman than any
of us." He was more learned in men and manners than in
books, yet understood the Latin tongue very well, and was
master of the Italian ; besides, he was a great favourer of learned
men, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, Mr. Camden,
Mr. Selden, and the like. He was a great master of order and

t Lord Clarendon, vol i. p 55, 56

" Lord Clarendon," it is observed in the Howard Anecdotes, ** should
have transmitted to us the unaccountable means by which this odd composition
of pride and ignorance, as he would set him forth, was, without any kind of
solicitation for himself, appointed to the first places in the state, and the most
important commissions abroad, though he kept the world at such a distance,
and scarcely treated his Sovereign with common decency. Were there no
cringing, soliciting, lettered courtiers about the King's person, who would have
treated his favourites and ministers with condescension, and even acknow-
ledged them to be their lords and masters, if they were appointed to these
offices, that they must be conferred on a man, who was almost illiterate ?
Nay, further, he should have let us know by what kind of magic this man, un-
aided by literature, could have d scharged the several important offices of
Earl Marshal, Constable, and Lord High Steward of England, and ambassador
abroad on the most interesting concerns, with universal applause to himself,
and utility to the public. A research so curious would certainly have been
worthy of so able a pen: but this noble author being silent here, the reader
must judge for himself." Howard's Anecdotes, p 82, 83.

In answer to the accusation of " his indifference to religion," the solemn
words at the opening of his will, made at Dover, 1640, are cited :

" My soul I do, with all zeal and humility of spirit, beseech Almighty
God to receive, and being purified by the precious blood and passion of our
blessed Saviour from my great and manifold sins, to vouchsafe it, out of his
infinite mercy, a place to glorify him for ever amongst the blessed." Ibid-
t 84 85.

124 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

ceremony, and knew and kept greater distance towards his Sove-
reign than any person I ever observed, and expected no less from
his inferiors j often complaining that the too great affability of
the King, and the French garb of the court, would bring Majesty
into contempt. In council he was grave and succinct, rather dis-
charging his conscience and honour than complying with par-
ticular interests; and so was never at the head of business or
principal in favour ; contenting himself to be as it were the sup-
porter of antient nobility and gentry, and to interpose in their
behalf. Witness the care he had in the education of the now
Earl of Oxford, and the young Lord Stafford, in his own house,
together with his grandchildren. Yet wanted he not a share of
the royal favours, as may appear by the many employments he
held under King James and King Charles 3 the first of which I
believe loved him more, and the last had him in greater vene-
ration and regard (though not in intimacy of favour), he being a
person by years, quality, and parts, of an austere disposition, and
not so complacent as other persons that had more of ends. He
was the greatest favourer of the arts, especially painting, sculpture,
designs, carving, building, and the like, that this age hath pro-
duced ; his collection of designs being more than of any person
living ; and his statues equal in number, value, and antiquity, to
those in the houses of most princes ; to gain which he had persons
many years employed both in Italy, Greece, and so generally in
any part of Europe, where rarities were to be had. His paintings
likewise were .numerous, and of the most excellent masters,
having more of that exquisite painter Hans Holbein than are in
the world besides. And he had the honour to be the first person
of quality that set a value on them in our nation ; and so the first
person that brought in uniformity in building, and was chief
commissioner to see it performed in London, which since that
time has added exceedingly to the beauty of that city. He was
likewise sumptuous in his plate and household stuff, and full of
state and magnificence in his entertainments, especially of
strangers, and at his table very free and pleasant. He was a
person of great and universal civility, but yet with that restriction
as that it forbad any to be bold or saucy with him ; though with
those whom he affected, which were lovers of state, nobility, and
curious arts, he was very free and conversable ; but they being
but few, the stream of the times being otherwise, he had not
many confidents or dependents; neither did he much affect to
have them, they being unto great persons both burthensome and

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 125

dangerous. He was not popular at all, nor cared for it, as loving
better, by a juster hand than flattery, to let the common people to
know their distance and due observance. Neither was he of any
faction in court or council j especially not of the French or Puritan.
He was free from covetousness, and so much above a bribe or
gratuity (for favours done) as no person ever durst tempt him
with one. He was in religion no bigot or puritan, and professed
more to affect moral virtues than nice questions and controversies.
He was most faithful and affectionate to his lady, indulgent to
his children, and more to his grandchildren. His recreations were
conversation with them, and care of their education, overlooking
his rare collections, and (when not diverted by business) pleasing
himself in retirement to the country. If he were defective in
any thing, it was that he could not bring his mind to his
fortune, which, though great, was far too little for the vastness
of his noble designs ; but it is pardonable, they being only for the
glory and ornament of his country. To conclude, he would have
appeared far more eminent, had the times he lived in been more
consonant to his disposition. However, as they were, he must
by all wise and noble persons be looked upon as the greatest as-
sertor of the splendor and greatness of the Crown, and the antient
honour of the nobility and gentry that lived in his time, and as
the last great and excellent person that our age of peace hath
bred." u The Earl's corpse was brought into England, and buried
at Arundel, in Sussex.

He had issue, first, James, Lord Mowbray and Maltravers,
who was made Knight of the Bath, on November 3d, 1616, the
day before the creation of Charles Prince of Wales ; and died un-
married at Ghent, in Flanders, as before related: second, Henry-
Frederic, Lord Mowbray and Maltravers, his successor in honours
and estate; third, William, ancestor of the late Earls of Stafford,
of whom more fully afterwards j fourth, Thomas ; fifth, Gilbert j
and, sixth, Charles, who all three died unmarried.

The said Sir William Howard, the second surviving son, was
one of the Knights of the Bath, made at the coronation of King
Charles I. and having wedded Mary, sister and heir of Henry
Stafford, Lord Stafford, the heir male of the illustrious family
of Stafford, Dukes of Buckingham, Earls of Stafford, &c.

Sir William Howard, and his wife Mary, before mentioned,
were by letters patent, dated September 12th, 1646, created

h From the Earl's Life, written 1(5*1 among Sir Edward Walker's Histo-
rical Discourses, p. 221—223.

120 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND

Baron and Baroness Stafford, of Stafford-castle : ' and on No-
vember 11th following, his Lordship was promoted to the dignity
of Viscount Stafford. His Lordship was accused in October, 16/8,
of concern in the Popish plot. " He was," says Burnet, " a weak,
but a fair conditioned man. He was in ill terms with his nephew's
family ; and had been guilty of great vices in his youth, which had
almost proved fatal to him. He thought the King had not rewarded
him for his former services, as he had deserved : so he often voted
against the court, and made great applications always to the Earl
of Shaftsbury. He was in no good terms with the Duke, for the
great consideration the court had of his nephew's family made
him to be the most neglected. When Oates deposed first against
him, he happened to be out of the way ; and he kept out a day
longer. But the day after he came in, and delivered himself;
which, considering the feebleness of his temper, and the heat of
that time, was thought a sign of innocence." k He was brought
to trial and condemned. " He composed himself," adds Burnet,
" in the best manner he could to suffer, which he did with a
constant and undisturbed mind. He supped and slept well the
night before his execution, and died without any shew of fear, or
disorder. He denied all that the witnesses had sworn against
him." l On June 3d, 1685, a bill passed the house of peers, en-
titled, " An act for reversing the attainder of William, late
Viscount Stafford ;" in the preamble to which, it was asserted,
" That it was now manifest, that William, late Viscount Stafford,
died innocent ; and that the testimony, on which he was con-
victed, was false : as also, that it appeared by record of the
King's Bench, that one of the witnesses was convicted of per-
jury."

By his said lady, he had three sons, and six daughters. The
sons were, first, Henry, afterwards Earl of Stafford ; second, John,
continuator of the line ; and, third, Francis, who being groom of
the bedchamber to King James II. when, on December 17th,
1688, at one in the morning, he removed from Whitehall, at-
tended his master into France, and died at Paris, in 1692, leaving
by Eleanor, his wife, daughter of Henry Stanford, of New Inn,

in Staffordshire, Esq. a son, Henry, who wedded daughter

of Bartholomew Berkeley, of Spechley in Worcestershire, Esq.
but died without issue.

' See Gent Mag- vol lxvii. p 667. On this occasion Roger Stafford, the
soljateral heir male, seems to have been used very unjustly.

k Hist O. T. vol i p 488. ' Ibid, p 494.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 127

Of the six daughters of William Viscount Stafford, Alathca,
Ursula, and V , were nuns ; Isabella, the second, was the third
wife of John l'owlett, Marquis of Winchester ; Anastasia, the
fifth, was married to George Holman, of Warkworth in the
county of Northampton, Esq and Helena, the youngest, died soon
after she was born.

Hbnry, the eldest son, in consideration of his father's suf-
ferings, and his noble descent, was created Earl of Stafford,
October 5th, 1688, with remainder, for want of issue male, to
John and Francis, his brothers, and their heirs male respectively.
By the same patent, Mary, his mother, was made Countess of
Stafford for life, and his sisters were allowed the rank of daughters
of an Earl of England, and to use and bear the surname of
Stafford. This Henry Earl of Stafford retiring, in 1688, with bis
sovereign into France, was, on April 3d, l(5g4, married at St.
Germain's en Leye, to Claude Charlotte, eldest daughter of
Philibert, Count of Gramont, and dying on April lyth, 1719*
without issue, was succeeded by William, son of his brother John
Stafford Howard.

The said John Stafford Howard married, first, Mary, daughter
of Sir John Southcotc, of Merstham in Surry, Knight j and,
secondly, Tberesia, daughter of Robert Strickland, Esq. By the
first he was father of William, second Earl of Stafford; John-
Paul Stafford-Howard, fourth Earl of Stafford ; Mary, wedded to
Francis Plowden, of Plowden in Shropshire, Esq. ; whose daughter
and heir Mary married, in 1/33, Sir George Jcmingham, Bart,
which lady died 1785, and was mother of the present Sir William
Jeroingham, Bart, and of Edward Jcmingham the poet, &c. ;
Xavaria, and Louisa, both nuns. By his second wife, he had a
•on, Edward, and a daughter, Harriot.

William, second Earl of Stafford, married his cousin, Anne,
daughter of George Holman, and his Lady Anastasia, before
mentioned : and by her Ladyship, who died on May 21st, 1725,
he had William Matthias, his successor, as third Earl of Stafford ;
Lady Mary wedded the Count of Cbabot, of the house of Rohan,
in France; and the Ladies Anastasia, who died at Paris, 27th
April, 1807, Bt eighty-five, and Anne, both nuns at Paris. Hi*
Lordship dying in France, in January 1733-4, had sepulture in
the church of Notre Dame in Paris : and his Lady survived till
September 19th, 1754.

William-Matthias, his only son, third Earl of Stafford,
married Henrietta, daughter of Richard Cajrtilon, Esq.; but

123 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

dying on February 28th, 1750-1, without issue by her (who took
to her second husband Robert Maxwell, late Earl of Farnham in
Ireland) the honours and estate devolved on John-Paul Stafford-
Howard, his uncle, before-mentioned.

The said John-Paul Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford, wedded,

' in 1738, Elizabeth, daughter of. . . . Ewen, of . . . . in the county

of Somerset ; but departing this life, without issue, on April 2d,

1762, the male line of this noble branch of the illustrious house

of Howard expired with him.

We now return to the eldest surviving son, Henry-Frederic,
Lord Mowbray and Maltravers, who was Earl of Arundel, Nor-
folk, &c. on his father's decease. He married the Lady Elizabeth
Stuart, eldest daughter of Esme Earl of March, afterwards Duke
of Lennox; but being married without his Majesty's consent, he
and his Lady were confined (as said before) at Lambeth, under
the care of Archbishop Abbot. But, on his father's coming into
favour with the King, he was called up by writ on March 21st,
1639, to the house of peers, and took his place there accordingly,
by the title of Lord Mowbray. On the bill of attainder of Thomas
Earl of Strafford being brought, from the commons, to the house
of peers, his Lordship m gave his vote against it, and was steady
in his adherence to the King. Soon after, Lord Clarendon
mentions, " that at a committee in the house of lords, in some
debate, passion arose between the Earl of Pembroke, who was
then Lord Chamberlain of the household, and the Lord Mowbray j
and from angry and disdainful words, an offer or attempt of blows
was made, for which misdemeanour they were both next day sent
to the Tower." n

In 1 642, he waited on his Majesty at York, and was with
those peers, who, on June 13th, the same year, subscribed, ** To
obey no orders or commands whatsoever, not warranted by the
known laws of the land} and to defend his Majesty's person,
crown, and dignity, together with his just and legal prerogatives,
against all persons and power whatsoever, &c. ° He was also
among those lords, who attested, that they had been witnesses of
his Majesty's frequent and earnest declarations, of abhorring all
designs of making war upon his parliament, &c." Which testi-
monies, with the names of the lords and counsellors, who sub-
scribed thereto, were, with their consent, immediately printed,

m Sir Edward Walker's Historical Dis. p ziq.
■ Hist- Reb. vol. i. p 363. ° ibid, vol ii- p 564, 565,566.

DUKE OF NORFOLK: 129

and carefully divulged over the kingdom. He attended on his
Majesty, and was at Oxford » on November 1st, 1642, when he
was created master of Arts, with James Duke of York. It is
certain, his Lordship^ faithfully adhered to the King, serving as
a volunteer in his army till l646j about the end of which year,
being sent for by his father, he repaired to him at Padua ; and,
after some stay, was on the point of beginning his journey home-
wards. But his father falling suddenly indisposed, induced him
to defer setting out till he saw the issue of his illness, and in a
few days he deceased. Whereupon his Lordship immediately
gave orders for embalming his remains, and came over with them
to England, where he found the King's affairs in a deplorable
condition ; Oxford surrendered ; and his Majesty obliged to fly
to the Scots.

By the death of nis father, on October 4th, 1($46, he was Earl
of Arundel, &c. and heir to his great estate ; but the parliament
had taken possession of it, so that, with difficulty, he subsisted,
till the commons, on November 24th, 1648, voted, " that the
Earl of Arundel should be admitted to the composition of his
estate for 6,000/. in regard he had suffered losses by the parlia-
ment's forces j and that the 6,000/. should be paid for the use of
the navy."

He afterwards lived retired, and departed this life1- at his
house in Arundel-street in the Strand, on April 7th, 1652. He
had issue by his Lady, Elizabeth Stuart, before- mentioned, * nine
sons, and three daughters, whereof Lady Anne died young ;
Lady Catherine was married to John Digby, of Gothurst, in
com. Bucks, Esq. j and Lady Elizabeth, to Sir Alexander Mac-
donnel, Bart, (great-grandson of Sir James Macdonnel, brother to
Randal Earl of Antrim, in Ireland).

The sons were, first, Thomas, his successor in honours and
estate ; of whom hereafter.

Second, Henry Howard, heir to his brother Thomas.

Third, Philip, who was Lord Almoner to Queen Catherine,
consort of Charles II. and was a Cardinal of the church of Rome.
Wood, in his Athenae Oxonienses, vol. i. p. 238, gives this ac-
count of him. " He was born in Arundel-house, London, in
1629, and there educated till he was fourteen years of age ; and

' Wood's Fasti Oxon. vol. ii. p. 4 and 7. s Walker, ut ante*, p. aai
■ Ex Collect. MS. per Greg. King, Lane. Fecial.
1 Ex Collect. Car- Townley, Garter Reg. Armor.
vol. I. K

ISO PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

travelling with his grandfather, Thomas Earl of Arundel, into
Italy, became a Dominican at Cremona. After several years
spent there, he returned into England, and upon the marriage of
King Charles II. became Lord Almoner to his Queen, and con-
tinued in her service several years j till on the nation's being ex-
a«perated against Popery, he quitted that service, went to Boan-
beini in Flanders j where he bad a Cardinal's cap sent him by
Pope Clement X. in the month of May, 1675, and was generally
stiled, The Cardinal of Norfolk, and by some, The Cardinal of
England. He afterwards went through Flanders to Doway, and
from thence to Paris, where he continued some time incognito;
aud at length, with some of the nobility his relations, and other
persons of quality, journeying to Rome, he there made a public
entry."

Bishop Burnet says, ' he was treated by him, \6S5, with great
freedom, and that he was a very good-natured manj " That he
told him, all the advices writ over from thence to England, were
for slow, calm, and moderate courses. He said, he wished he
was at liberty to shew me the copies of them : but be saw violent
courses were more acceptable, and would probably be followed,
which were the production of England, far different from the
councils of Rome. He also spoke with great sense of the pro-
ceedings in France, which he apprehended would have very ill
consequences in England, &c. He lived to the sixty-fifth year
of his age, ■ and died at Rome, on June lOtli, lt>;>4."

Charles Howard, fourth son,* married Mary,? eldest daughter
and coheir of George Tattershall, of Finchampstead in Berkshire,
Est], by Mary his wife, daughter of Henry Astell, of Basledon in
the same county, Esq. She died on November 7th, 169M, having
had issue two sons, Charles Howard, and Henry, who died
young. Charles, their father, departed this life on March 31st,
1713, having been seated at Greystoke, in the county of Cumber-
land, which devolved on him by settlement of Henry- Frederic
Earl of Arundel, his father. He passed his life principally at his
retirement of Dipden in Surry, of which Aubrey has given a
curious account. " Thus happy in a quiet conscience," says his
grandson the late Duke, •« thus innocently employed lived Charles
Howard. Retired from the bustle and noise of the world, he
found true happiness there (within himself,) where only it should

• Hittory of his own Tiroes, 8vo vol ii p 351, 353, 354.
• Ix Collect Car Townley, prsrd * Ibid.

* Both buried at Ooikiof , M I-

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 131

be sought. The changing scenes, which nature, bountiful even
to a degree of profusion, as if she meant to shew how greatly she
was interested in the happiness of this good man, constantly ex-
hibited to his view, afforded each day to his contemplative mind
fresh objects of delight. His natural philanthropy must of course
have been heightened from so pleasing, so undisturbed a situation
of life. Every one within the limits of his acquaintance or know-
ledge, felt the effects of it, insomuch that his memory will ever be
revered in that neighbourhood. When obliged to sue for his
estates in Cumberland and Westmoreland, the amiable benevolent
Christian then shewed the fortitude and temperate firmness of a
man. He entered the expensive lists of the law, though his for-
tune was rather narrowly circumscribed than otherwise, and at
length proved successful. The decree in his favour, which is a
well-known leading case in our law books, remains as one of
the many other memorials we have of the great talents and
equity of that ever memorable Chancellor, Finch, Earl of
Nottingham." 7 On his decease, Charles Howard, Esq. his
eldest son, became seated at Greystoke, and dying possessed
thereof on June 10th, 1720, z was buried at Darking in Surry,
as were his spouse (who died on October 7th, J? '47) his father
and mother. " He was," says his son, <c as well known as
most private gentlemen of his time. He had a fine taste for the
polite arts. His measures in every respect, but particularly with
regard to politics, were directed by the strictest moderation. He
was one of the few of those days, who held that religion should
never be blended with politics, further than as it enjoins a due
submission to government, and an attention to the peace and
prosperity of society." a He had to wife Mary, daughter and
coheir of John Aylward, Esq. descended from the Aylwards of the
county of Waterford, in the kingdom of Ireland, by whom he had
issue three sons and three daughters, Mary and Catherine, who
died in France, and Frances, who died at Brussells, in December,
1770, all unmarried. And of the three sons, Henry the eldest,
and Thomas the third son, died unmarried. The second son and
heir, Charles Howard, succeeded to the title of Duke of Norfolk,
&c. on the death of his cousin Edward, the eighth Duke of Nor-
folk, September 20th, 1777.

Talbot Howard, fifth son, died on February 1st, 1734, un-

y Howard Anecdotes, p. 124. z Ex Collect. Car. Townley, pr*d.
» Howard Anecdotes, p. 1*7.

132 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

married: and Edward, sixth son, and Francis, seventh son, also
died unmarried.

Bernard Howard, the eighth son, b had to wife Catherine,
second daughter and coheir of George Tattershall, of Fincham-
stead in Berkshire, Esq. and sister to the wife of his brother
Charles; and she was the widow of Sir Richard Lichford, of
Darking in Surry, Knight. The said Bernard Howard had issue
by her, three daughters, Elizabeth, Mary, -and Catherine, who
all became nuns, and died atBruxelles; and one son, Bernard
Howard, who married Anne, daughter of Christopher Roper,
Lord Teynham, by whom he had issue Bernard Howard, who
died unmarried ; Henry Howard of Sheffield, in Yorkshire, Esq.
born April 9th, 1713, who married, October 30th, 1764, Juliana,
second daughter of Sir William Molineux of Wellow in Notting-
hamshire, Bart. He died November 11th, 1787, set. seventy-five,
having had issue three sons; first, Bernard Edward, born No-
vember 1st, 1765, presumptive heir to the Dukedom of Norfolk,,
who married April 23d, 1789, Lady Elizabeth Bellasyse, daughter
of the late Earl of Fauconberg, by whom he had a son Henry-
Edward, born August 9th, 1791, and from whom he was di-
vorced 179'J , when she remarried the present Earl of Lucan ;
second, Henry-Thomas, born October 6th, 1766, lieutenant-
colonel in the Gloucestershire militia, and M. P. for the city of
Gloucester, who married in 1801, Miss Long, by whom he has
issue ; third, Edward Charles ; fourth, Mary-Bridget, born 1 767,
married the present Lord Petre ; fifth, Juliana-Barbara, born
1769, married the late Lord Petre. Thomas, 3d son, and Charles,
fourth son, of Bernard Howard and Anne Roper, died unmarried.
Anne was an abbess at Paris ; and Mary died young.

Esme, ninth son of Henry-Frederic Earl of Arundel, &c.
married, and had issue, Elizabeth, only child and heir, who
died single, February 26th, 1737, aged sixty-one. They were
buried in the church-yard of St. Pancras, Middlesex, under a flat
stone; he dying June 14th, 1728, aet. eighty-three, and she
January 11th, 1716, set. seventy.

I now return to Thomas (son and heir to Henry Earl of
Arundel) who was Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Norfolk, &c.
Which Earl, on the humble petition of James Earl of Suffolk,
Thomas Earl of Berkshire, William Viscount Stafford, Charles
Lord Howard of Charlton, Edward Lord Howard of Escrick,

»> Ex Collect. Car. Townley, prsed

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 123

Henry, second son to the late Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Nor-
folk, and Charles Howard of Naworth, all lineally descended
from Thomas Duke of Norfolk, attainted in 15 Eliz. and other
of the English nobility, to the number of ninety-one in thetahole,
through the special grace and favour of King Charles II. obtained
a special act in the parliament begun at Westminster, 8th Mail,
1664, for his restoration unto the title of Duke of Nokfolk, and
to the heirs male of his body ; with limitations thereof to the
heirs male of the said Henry, late Earl of Arundel, Surry, and
Norfolk, with divers other remainders ; and all privileges, prece-
dences, and pre-eminencies, thereunto belonging, as fully, amply,
and honourably, a» the said Thomas Duke of Norfolk did, or
might at any time before the said attainder, hold and enjoy the
same. Afterwards, travelling into Italy, his Grace died at Padua
unmarried, on December 1st, 1 677, c whereby the honours and
estate descended to Henry his brother.

Which Henhy, sixth Duke of Norfolk, &c was born on
July 12th, 1628, and desirous of improving his natural abilities
by travel, set out fronvLondon on February 21st, 1664, with his
brother Edward, to see Constantinople j being invited thereto by
his intimate correspondent, Count Lesley, whom the Emperor
Ferdinand III. nominated his ambassador extraordinary to the
Grand Seignior Ibraim, for the settling and establishing the peace
agreed on by the ministers of each state. His Lordship was re-
ceived in every city and town, through which he passed in his
way to Vienna, with all honours due to his birth and fortune. At
Vienna, he was introduced to his Imperial Majesty, and had the
honour of partaking, with the Emperor and Empress, in some
public diversions, &c. as contained in A relation of a journey of
the right honourable my Lord Henry Hoivard, from London to
Vienna, and thence to Constantinople, in the company of Count
Lesley, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, &c. published
at London, under this Duke's name, 1671, l2mo. His Lordship
returned to England in 1665, and on June 5th, 1668, was created
doctor of the civil law at Oxford. d Also his two sons, Henry and
Thomas, of Magdalen-college, were, at the same time, created
Masters of Arts. " And, in the lifetime of his brother, his Lord-
ship, in consideration e of the eminent services, performed by his
noble father and grandfather to King Charles I. and to the crown

c Ex Collect. Greg King, Lane- Fecial.
- Wood's Fasti Oxon, vol ii c 171. • Pat 11 Car. II.

134 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of England, both here and abroad, to their great peril and costs ,-
as also of his own personal services to King Charles II. in the
times of the usurpation, when he was necessitated to be in foreign
parts, in a banished condition, was advanced by letters patents,
bearing date 27th Martii, l66g, to the dignity of a Baron of this
realm, by the title of Lord Howard, of Castle Rising, in com.
Norf." Likewise by other letters patent bearing date October
19th, 1672, f was created Earl of Norwich to him and the heirs
male of his body : " also, by the same patent, had granted to
him the office and dignify of Earl Marshal of England, with all
rights, &c. thereunto belonging, to him and the heirs male of his
body : and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of the body
of Thomas Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Norfolk, grandfather of
the said Henry Lord Howard : and in default of such issue, to
the heirs male of the body of Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel,
Surry, and Norfolk, son and heir of the said Thomas Earl of
Arundel, &c and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of
Thomas, late Earl of Suffolk ; in default, to the heirs male of the
body of the Lord William Howard, of Naworth in the county of
Cumberland, youngest son of Thomas Duke of Norfolk (be-
headed in 15 Elizabeth). And in default of such issue, to Charles
Howard, Earl of Nottingham, and the heirs male of his body. In
1677, he became sixth Duke of Norfolk, and took his seat January
5th, following.

" He was," says Granger, " a man of great good nature; but
there was nothing shining in his character. On the contrary he
is represented in the " Memoirs of Grammont," as a man of a
slender capaci'y, and little or no politeness in his manners. He
was a considerable benefactor to the Royal Society, who as-
sembled at his house in London, after the fire in 1666. He, at
the motion of Mr Evelyn, gave the Arundel marbles to the Uni-
versity of O*ford. These were by far the most precious of the
Grecian relics which his grandfather possessed, and the most
valuable of their kind in the world. They formerly stood ex-
posed to the air in the garden belonging to Arundel house. This
benefaction will probably be remembered by the editions of the
" Marmora Oxoniensia," of Dr. Prideaux, Mr.Mattaire, and Mr.
Chandler, when the original inscriptions are totally obliterated."*

His Grace married, to his first wife, the Lady Anne, eldest
daughter to Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester; and by

1 Pat 24 Car II. 1 Granger, vol iii. p >86.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 135

her (who died in 1662) h had issue two sons, and three daughters,
hereafter mentioned. His Grace, by his second wife, Jane (who
died on August 28th, 1693) daughter of Robert Bickerton, gent. »
son of James Bickerton, Lord of Cash in the kingdom of Scot-
land, had issue four sons, and three daughters : Lord George
Howard, who married Arabella, daughter and sole heir to Sir
Edmund Allen, of Hatfield-Peverel in the county of Essex, Bart,
widow of Francis Thompson, of Humbleton in the county of
York, Esq. but died without issue, on March 6th, 1 720-1 : Lord
James Howard, who died unmarried on August 12th, 1/02, being
unfortunately drowned, attempting to ride over Sutton-Wash in
Lincolnshire : Lord John, who died an infant : Lord Frederick-
Henry Howard, who was born after his father's decease ....
September 1684, and marrying Catherine, daughter to Sir Francis
Blake, of the county of Oxford, Knight, relict of Sir Richard
Kennedy, of Mount Kennedy in Ireland, Bart, by her had a
daughter, Elizabeth, married to Sir William Dudley, of Clopton
in Northamptonshire, Bart, he died on March 16th, 1 726-7, his
Lady surviving him until January 22d, 1/31-2: Lady Catherine,
and Lady Anne, who were both nuns in Flanders ; Lady Philippa,
who was born in 1678, and married to Ralph Standish, of Standish
in the county of Lancaster, Esq. and died April 5th, 1731, by
whom she had issue Cicely, the wife of William Towneley, of
Towneley Com. Lane, he died in February 1741, aged twenty-
seven years, and lies buried in Weston church, com. Somerset :
vide the inscription in Collinson's Hist. S6m. vol. i. p. 165.

The Duke's daughters, by his first wife, were, Lady Anne-
Alatbea, who died in her infancy ; Lady Elizabeth, k who was
married to Alexander Gordon, Marquis of Huntley, afterwards
created Duke of Gordon, in Scotland, and died July l6di, 1732$
and Lady Frances, married to the marquis Valparesa, a Spanish
nobleman in Flanders. His sons were Henry, his successor, and
Lord Thomas, father of Thomas, eighth Duke of Norfolk. And
his Grace, departing this life, aged fifty-five years, at his house
in Arundel, street, on January 11th, 1683-4, had sepulture at
Arundel, and was succeeded by his said eldest son Henry, born on
January 11th, 1653-4.

'' On his wife's death, he is said to have fallen into a deep melancholy.
I Wood's Fasti, vol- ii. p 846.

k There is a three quarters painting of her in Gordon-Castle, sitting with
a muslin veil, blue mantle, and lined with ermine ; her left hand resting on a
coronet, which is placed on a table.

135 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Which Henry, seventh Duke ofNohfolk, was1 of Magdalen
College, in Oxford, under the inspection of Dr. Henry Yerbury,
and the degree of Master of Arts was conferred on him in 1668.
In his father's lifetime, he was summoned to Parliament, January
27th, 1677-8, by the title of Lord Mowbray, and next day,
being introduced into the house of peers, ■ took his place at
the upper end of the Barons bench. On the death of Prince
Rupert, he was, in December 1682, n constituted constable and
governor of the castle of Windsor, and warden of the forest of
Windsor ; also Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire, and Surry. Like-
wise, on the decease of his father, was constituted lord lieutenant
of the county of Norfolk ; and, succeeding to his honours, was
also Earl Marshal of England. On the accession of James II. to
the throne, he signed the order, dated at Whitehall, on February
6th, 1684-5, for proclaiming him King of England, &c. And by
his Majesty's being Sovereign of the Order of the Garter, his stall,
as Duke of York, was vacant ; whereupon his Grace, at a chapter
held at Whitehall, May 6th, 1685, was elected a knight compa-
nion of that most noble order; and was installed, at Windsor, on
July 22d the same year He was, that same year, appointed
Colonel of the twelfth regiment of foot : but, on May 6th, 1686,
resigned his command. He stood staunch to his religion. " One
day," says Burnet, " the King gave the Duke of Norfolk the
sword of state to carry before him to the Popish chapel : and he'
stood at the door. Upon which the King said to him, ' my Lord,
your father would have gone further;' to which the Duke an-
swered, ' your majesty's father was the better man, and he would
not have gone so far." °

His Grace obtained a commission under the great seal, on the
13th of August, 1687, 3 Jac. II. whereby, as Earl Marshal of
England, he was empowered to revive and hold a court of
chivalry, &c. '' And setting out for France on the 24th of March
following, constituted his brother, the Lord Thomas Howard,
his lieutenant in the court of chivalry, and Sir Thomas Exton,
and Sir Richard Raines, surrogates. His Grace returned to
England by the way of Flandtrs,'* July 30th, 1688; and joined in
the invitation of the Prince of Orange. In November following,
he was among the Protestant Lords, in London, who, with the

1 Wood's Fasti, vol. ii c. 172. m Journal Dom Proccr.

» History of England, voliii. p 397. ° Hist. O- T. vol. i. p. 684.

» Journal MS- per Gregor- King, Lane. Fecial. 1 Ibid.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 137

Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and others of the bishops,
drew up a petition, wherein they represented to the King, " the
deep sense they had of the miseries of a war, now breaking out in
the bowels of the kingdom, &c. and that, in their opinions the
only visible way to preserve his Majesty, and his kingdoms, would
be the calling of a parliament, regular and free in all respects.
Therefore they earnestly beseeched his Majesty to call such a
parliament with all speed, wherein they should be most ready to
promote such counsels and resolutions of peace and settlement in
church and state, as might conduce to his Majesty's honour and
safety, and to the quieting the minds of his people, &c." r The
Duke of Norfolk, the Marquis of Halifax, the Earls of Oxford
and Nottingham, and the Lord Carbery, desired it might be in-
serted in the petition, " that the peers, who had joined the Prince
of Orange, might sit in that free parliament." But the other
Lords thought that clause needless, and it was left out. It was
presented on November 17th, 1688, to the King, who in his
answer told them, " he would have a parliament, and such an one
as they asked for, as soon as the Prince of Orange quitted the
realm," &c. The King, the same day, began his journey towards
Salisbury, to put himself at the head of his army. Whereupon
his Grace set out for his seat in Norfolk, and immediately de-
clared for the Prince of Orange, and brought over that, and some
of the neighbouring counties, to his interest ; and raised a regi •
ment, which was afterwards sent into Ireland, for the reduction
of that kingdom to the obedience of the crown of England.

His Grace came with the Prince of Orange to St. James's, on
December 18th; and, on December 21st, was among the lords
spiritual and temporal, who waited on his highness, desiring him
to call a free parliament, and to pursue the ends of his declaration.
Also, the next day, he was among the peers, who met on that
extraordinary conjuncture, and appointed Francis Gwyn, Esq. for
them, and in their names, to sign and subscribe such orders, as
shall be from time to time by them made. His Grace voted for
the settlement of the crown on the Prince and Princess of Orange,'
who were proclaimed King and Queen on Ash -Wednesday,
February 13th, 1688 Q ; and the next day, their Majesties sum-
moning a privy-council, l his Grace was sworn thereof. He also
was continued constable and governor of his Majesty's royal

History of England, vol. iii. p. 529. • Ibid p. J4j.

• Ibid- p 550.

138 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

castle and honour of Windsor, lord warden of New Forest, lord
lieutenant of the counties of Norfolk, Surry, and Berkshire, of
the city of Norwich, and county of the saraej as also Custos
Rotulorum of the said counties. At the funeral of Queen Mary,
on March 5th, 1694-5, he was the first supporter of her Majesty's
pall. His Grace, in l677> wedded Lady Mary, daughter and sole
heir of Henry Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough, but she having
been guilty of notorious adultery, he separated himself from her
about a week before Michaelmas, 1685, and in 16Q5 moved for an
act of Parliament for dissolving his marriage with her, and al-
lowing him to marry again : but as this lady was a papist, and a
busy jacobite, a great party appeared for her, and the bill mis-
carried then u However, in the session of parliament, which
began at Westminster, November 16th, l6gg, his Grace again
moved for a bill in the house of peers, " to dissolve his marriage
with the Lady Mary Mordaunt, and to enable him to marry
again ;'' which, in a few days, passed both houses (but not with-
out a protest) and had the royal assent on April 11th, 1700. But
the Duke did not marry again j and, after his decease, she took
Sir John Germain to her husband, who, by her will, became, at
her death, October l6th, 1705, possessed of her estate, and
erected a fine monument to her memory at Luswick St. Peter's
in Northamptonshire, where she lies buried. At the funeral of
William Duke of Gloucester, August 9th, 1700, in Westminster
Abbey, his Grace was chief mourner, his supporters being the
Dukes of Ormond and Northumberland. And departing this life
at his house in St. James's-square, in the forty-eighth year of his
age, on April 2d, 1701, without issue, was x buried on the eighth
of the same month, in Arundel-church, in Sussex. I shall now
treat of his brother, the Lord Thomas Howard, whose eldest son,
Thomas, succeeded to his Grace's honours and estate.

The said Lord Thomas Howard, at the coronation of King
James II. April 23d, 10b6, as Lord of the manor of Worksop, in
com. Nott. claimed to find the King a right hand glove, and sup-
port the King's right arm, whilst he held the scepter; which
being allowed, he accordingly performed that service. In 1686,
he was made master of the robes to King James, and, being of
the Romish religion, " in which," says Wood, " he was born,
and baptized," y was in great esteem at court ; he was sent am-

u Burnet Hist O- T. vol. ii- p- 127-
* Leneve's Monument . Angl p 30. y Wood's Fasti, vol ii. 17a-

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 139

bassador to Rome, z and set out from London on his journey
thither, on Tuesday, June 12th, 1688. He continued there till
King James left England ; when, repairing to him in France, he
soon after came to London, and from thence went to Ireland, and
returning to France, on King James's affairs, was shipwrecked,
on November gth, 1689. He married Elizabeth-Maria, daughter
and sole heir of Sir John Savile, of Copley in com. Ebor. Bart,
and by her (who died on December 10th, 1732) had issue five
sons, Thomas, Henry, Edward, Richard and Philip; also a
daughter, Mary, who was married to Walter Lord Aston, of
Forfar, in Scotland, and died 23d May, 1723. Of the sons, Henry,
the second, died unmarried, on November 22d, 1720 j and
Richard, the fourth, deceased also unmarried; Thomas, the
eldest, was the eighth Duke of Norfolk, and Edward, the ninth
Duke of Norfolk, of whom I shall further treat ; Philip, the
youngest son, on January 7, 1724-5, married, first, Winifrede,
daughter of Thomas Stonor, of Watlington-park in the county of
Oxford, Esq. by whom he had issue a son, named Thomas, who
was born on February 4th, 1 727-8, died on January 11th, 1763,
and was buried at Arundel ; and a daughter Winifrede, born on
August 31st, 1726, and in October, 17^9, was married to the
Hon. William S tour ton, brother to Charles Lord Stourton, whom
he succeeded. She died 15th July, 1753. On the decease of
his first wife, February 3d, 1730-1, he, secondly, married, in
1739, Henrietta, daughter of Eward Blount, of Blagdon in com.
Devon, Esq. (sister to the late Dutchess of Norfolk, and widow
of Peter Proli, of Antwerp, Esq.) by whom he had issue Anne,
born on August 29th, 1742, and married to Robert Edward,
Lord Petre, on April 19th,1 1762; and Edward, born on Ja-
nuary 22d, 1743-4, who to the inexpressible grief of their Graces,
and the family, departed this life on February 7th, 1767, un-
married. Their father died at his house, in Upper Grosvenor-
street, on February 23d, 1749-50, and their mother died 26th
March, 1782, at her house in Upper Grosvenor-street, aged
seventy- three years. b

I now return to Thomas, the eldest son, who, upon the death
of his uncle Henry, April 2d, 1701, became eighth Duke of
Norfolk. He was born on December 11th, 1683, and on May
26th, 1709, his Grace was married to Mary, daughter and sole

k Journal of Greg. King, Lancaster Herald, MS.
• Quere if not 29th April, 176a? b Coffin Plate-

140 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

heir of Sir Nicholas Shireburn, of Stonyhurst in the county pala-
tine of Lancaster, Bart, and died without issue on December 23d,
1732, at his house in Sf. James' s-square, leaving his Duchess sur-
viving, who afterward married with Peregrine Widdrington, Esq.
and deceased on September 24th, 1754.

His brother Edward, thereupon, became the ninth Duke of
Norfolk, and was the eleventh in paternal descent from his great
ancestor, John Howard, the first Duke. When the young cheva-
lier was advancing, in 1745, with his followers to Derby, the
Duke and Duchess of Norfolk retired from their seat of Worksop
in Nottinghamshire, and upon their arrival at London, on De-
cember 6th, waited upon his Majesty at St. James's, where they
were most graciously received. Since the accession of the pre-
sent King, their Graces were frequently at court.

His Grace, on November 6tb, 1727, married Mary, second
daughter and coheir of Edward Blount, c of Blagdon in the county
of Devon, E>-q. third son of Sir John Blount, of Sodington in
Worcestershire, Bart. d lineally descended from Sir Walter Blount,
who, in the reign of King Edward I. married Joan, daughter and
sole heir of Sir William de Sodington in that county ; of which
family was Robert le Blund, as the name was wrote at the time
of the general survey (made in 14th William the Conqueror) e who
was possessed of thirteen Lordships in Suffolk. And cotempo-
rary with him was William le Blund (probably his brother) who
likewise f held (as appears by the said survey) six Lordships in
the county of Lincoln. Her Grace died without issue 27th May,
1773, and was buried at Arundel in Sussex, and his Grace sur-
vived her till 20th September, 1777. having attained the great
age of ninety two. On October 3d, he was buried in great pomp
at Arundel.

The late Mr. Gilpin, speaking of the fire at his seat at Worksop
in 176l> mentions the rebuilding it, as a singular instance of the
spirit, perseverance, and disinterestedness of this nobleman. " It
had belonged formerly to the Earl of Shrewsbury, and was gone
much into decay. But the Duke liking the situation, and con-
ceiving it to be a good centre-house to his great estates in these
parts, resolved to restore it to its ancient splendor. He was now
in years, but for the advantage of his heir, the honourable Edward

* The friend and correspondent of Pope, the poet-

* Ex Stemmatedc Famil- Blount- • Doomsday, Lib- in Scac

' Ibid. Lib. in Scac.

DUKE OF NORFOLK. 141

Howard, he engaged in the work, and having fitted it up in a
very noble manner, at the expence of 30,000/. he was just pre-
paring to take possession of it, when on October 22d, 1761, a fire
left carelessly in the library, caught hold of the flooring of the
apartment, and communicating itself with great rapidity to the
other chambers, the whole edifice and all its valuable furniture,
pictures, and books, were burnt to the ground. The loss was esti-
mated at 100,000/. Such a catastrophe one should have imagined
might have checked the Duke's farther designs in building, but it
only roused him. Almost before the ashea^of the old house were
cold, he engaged again in building a new one ; and taking his
young heir in his hand, he laid the foundation stone of a most
magnificent pile on March 25th, J/0'3. It was to consist of a
centre, and two wings. With this work he went on so rapidly, that
the centre part as it now stands, which is itself a complete palace,
extending three hundred feet, was finished in 1765. At that
time, Mr. Edward Howard dying, the Duke, who built only for
him, dropt all farther thoughts of completing his design." 8

By his Grace's deceasing without issue, the family honours
devolved upon

Charles, the late and tenth Duke of Norfolk, &c. &c.
lineally descended from Charles Howard, fourth son of Henry
Frederick Earl of Arundel, Norfolk, kc. as before-mentioned
(p. 130.) In 1739, he married Catherine, daughter of John
Brockholes of Claughton, in the county of Lancaster, Esq. by
whom he had issue, a daughter, Mary, born in June 1742, and
died in November 1 J 56, unmarried; also one son, Charles. Hi*
Grace had a literary turn, having written anecdotes of his own
family, and other things. h He died August 31st, 1786; and
was succeeded by his only son,

Charles, present and eleventh Duke of Norfolk, who was born
March 15th, 1745, and in 1767, was married to his first wife,
Mary- Anne, sole daughter and heir of John Coppinger of Ireland,
Esq. which Lady dying without issue, on May 28th, 1768, was
buried at Darking in Surry j and on April 2d, 1771, he was
married at St. George's church, Hanover-square, to his present
Lady, Frances, only child of Charles Fit z-Roy Scudamoreof Home
Lacy, in the county of Hereford, Esq. but has no issue. While
a commoner he represented Carlisle in parliament ; and has taken
an active part in both houses in favour of the popular interest.

• Tour to Scotland, vol. i p. 18.
» See Park's Royal and Noble Authors, voL iv. p. jot.

142 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His Grace hath precedence of all other Dukes, not only by
his creation, but likewise in respect of his office, as hereditary
Earl-Marshal of England (by grant to Henry Duke of Norfolk,
24 Charles II. as before observed) and takes place with the Lord
Great Chamberlain, Lord Great Constable (but after them) and
Lord High Admiral of England, Lord Steward, and Lord Cham-
berlain of die King's household, next after the Lord Privy Seal j
and above all other personages, being of the same estate and de-
gree. His Grace's titles are,

The most high, mighty, and most noble Prince, Charles
Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, and hereditary Marshal
of England, Earl of Arundel, Surry, Norfolk; Baron of Mow-
bray, Howard, Segrave, Brewese of Gower (in Caerraarthenshire)
Fitz-Alan, Warren, Clun, Oswaldestre, Maltravers, Greystock,
Furnival, Verdon, Lovetol, Strange (of Blackmere) j premier
Duke, Earl, and Baron of England, next the blood-royal j and
chief of the illustrious family of the Howards.

Creations. Baron Howard, by writ of summons to parlia-
ment, October 15th, 14/0, 10 Edward IV. also August 19th,
1472, 12 Edward IV ; Earl Marshal, and Duke of Norfolk, and
Earl of Surry, June 28th, 1483, I Richard III. confirmed Earl of
Surry, November 3d, 14y2, 8 Henry, VII. and again May 13th,
1509, 1 Henry VIII ; again Earl of Surry and Duke of Norfolk,
February 1st, 1513, 5 Henry VIII; Earl of Arundel in the county of
Sussex (a feudal honour, or local dignity, asadjudged in Parliament,
July 8th, 1433, 11 Henry VI.) by inheritance and possession of
that castle only, without any other creation ; also by summons to
parliament, January 16th, 1580, 23 Elizabeth. By descent ori-
ginally, after the conquest, by King William I. and by Maud the
Empress (temp. Steph.) confirmed by King Henry II. and also,
June 27th, 11 89, 1 Richard I ; Earl of Norfolk, June 6th, 1644,
20 Charles I ; Duke of Norfolk by act of parliament, with an
entail on the heirs male, and divers limitations, May 8th, l66l,
13th Charles II; and hereditary Earl Marshal, October 19th,
1672, 24 Charles II; Baron Mowbray, by writ of summons to
parliament, March 21st, 1639, 15 Charles I. By descent origi-
nally, June 8th, 1294, 22 Edward I.

Arms. Four grand quarters, viz. l. Howard; Gules, on a bend
between six cross croslets, fitchy, argent ; the before mentioned
augmentation in remembrance of the victory gained over the
Scots at Flodden-field, viz. on an escutcheon, or, a demi lion,
pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double

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DUKE OF NORFOLK. 143

tressure flory counterflory, gules. 2. Gules, three lions passant
guardant in pale or, a label of three points in chief argent, for
Thomas of Brotherton Earl of Norfolk. 3. Cheeky or and azure
for Warren Earls of Surry. And 4. gules, a lion rampant, argent,
for Mowbray Dukes of Norfolk. Behind the whole two marshal's
staves in S3ltire, or, enamelled at each end sable, having the
King's arms at the upper, and his own at the lower end} the
badge of his Grace's hereditary office as Earl Marshal.

Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up ermine, a lion statant
guardant, Or, (his tail extended) gorged with a ducal coronet,
Argent, as descended from Margaret, daughter and heir of Thomas
de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, fifth son of King Edward I. His
Grace has another crest, viz. on a wreath, a mount vert, sur-
mounted by a horse passant, argent, holding in his mouth a slip
of oak, fructed proper, as Earl of Arundel : but the original crest
of the family was, upon a chapeau, as before, a pair of wings dis-
played, each charged with the original arms of Howard.

Supporters. On the dexter side a lion, and on the sinister a
horse, both argent : the latter holding a slip of oak, fructed
proper : but before the match with the heiress of Arundel, the
•inister was as the dexter.

Motto. Sola virtus invicta.

Chief Seats. At Arundel-castle in the county of Sussex,
repaired by the present Duke at a great expence j Worksop-
manor, Nottinghamshire, which he holds by grand-serjeanty, viz.
a glove to the King's right hand, and supporting his right arm, at
the coronation; and Greystock, Cumberland; and Home-Lacy,
Herefordshire.

144

PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

SEYMOUR, DUKE OF SOMERSET.

The elevation of the Seymours was extraordinary. They rose at
once from the station of an ancient knightly family, to the highest
pinnacle of the peerage, by the marriage of Henry VIII. to a
daughter of this house.

Among others who entered England with William the Con-
queror, or soon after, were those of the name of Seymour, as the
learned Camden and other genealogists agree ; and that the name
was antiently written St. Maur,a and in old Latin records D. S.
Mauro, deduced from a place of the same name in Normandy. b

The earliest and most certain information, concerning this
family, and the place of their residence, is given. us by Camden
in his Britannia (in Monmouthshire) in these words : '* Not far
from Caldecot, are Woundy and Penhow, the seats formerly of
the illustrious family of St. Maur, now corruptly called Seymour.
For we find that about the year 1 240 (in order to wrest Woundy
out of the hands of the Welsh) Gilbert Marshal, Earl of Pem-
broke, was obliged to assist William of St. Maur ; from whom was
descended Roger of St. Maur, Knight, who married one of the
heiresses^of the illustrious John Beauchamp, the noble Baron of
Hache, &c."

Vincent in his MS. Baronage in the College of Arms, No. 20,

» Camden's Remains, p. 113, iji.
b There was an antient baronial family of the name of St- Maur, of whom
Milo de St. Maur took part with the rebellious barons against King John ;
and Nicholas de St Maur had summons to parliament 8 Edward II. Alice,
the heiress of this family, married Sir William Le Zouche.temp Hen. VI.
. Dugd. Bar. vol ii. p. 89. They seem to have had no alliance to the present
family of Seymour, and bore different arms ; viz- Arg. z chevrons Gu, a label of
three points. Ax.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 145

lias transcribed the Latin record, viz. " Gilbertus Marescallus
Comes Pembrochiae tenetur praebere Dn° Willo de S. Mauro con-
silium et auxilium in quantum poterit, secundum leges Angliae
ad perquirendum Manerium de Woundy, de Morgano filio Hueli,
tali conditione, quod si praed. Willus dictum Manerium perqui-
rere poterit, dictus Gilbertus habebit medietatem dicti Manerij, et
aliam medietatem faciat extendi dicto Willo, per probos, et legales
homines ad hoc, ex eaque parte electos. Ita quod pro qualibet
summa 20/. redditus dictus Gilbertus dabit Willo de S. Mauro
decern Libras, Et quod idem Willus de S. Mauro, teneat medie-
tatem dicti Manerij in manu sua donee inde plenam solutionem,
sicut praescriptum est, receperit. Et si forte contigeret, quod
eidem Willo de consilio dictus Gilbertus defecerit, dictus Willus
de S. Mauro remaneat solutus et quietus de obligatione quam
dictus Gilbertus fecit super dictum Manerium de Woundy."

Whether the Earl of Pembroke performed his part of this co-
venant, it does not appear. But certain it u, that this Sir Wil-
liam St. Maurc (for Vincent assures us he was a Knight) soon
after became master of Woundy, Penhow, &c. in Monmouth-
shire ; and at the last of those places fixed the seat of his family.
The church of Penhow was dedicated to St. Maur ; their park
there was called by their own name ; and here likewise they had
their castle, which continued in the family to Henry VIII's time:
for, in a letter of the Earl of Hertford to Sir J. Thynne, he desires
him to inform him, to whom his grandfather had sold Seymour-
castle in Wales.

Sir Roger de St. Mauro was thed son and heir of Sir William.
He was Lord of the manor of Woundy, as appears by e an assize,
23 Henry III. wherein it was found, that Roger de St. Maur
ought to have housebote and heybote at his house at Woundy, by
the moiety of Magor-park, and upon his fee of Woundy by the
feoffment of Sir Barth. de Moor. And in a grant of his of a mes-
suage to Thomas Elliot, of the chapel at Woundy, his seal ap-
pendant was a. pair of Wings, circumscribed Sigill. Rogeri de
Seimor. This Sir Roger died before the 28 of King Edward I.

Roger de St. Mauro, the second of that christian name, wasf
the son and heir of Sir Roger. . He was Lord of Penhow and
Woundy, and was living in the 8th of King Edward II. as appears

c Ex Collect. Reverendi Harbin.

d Vincent's Baronage in Offic Arm. n zo-

e Ex Collect. Rev Harbin. t Vincent, ut antea.

VOL. I, L

146 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

from an inquisition of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester ;
where it is mentioned, that Roger de Seymour, William de
Gamage, and their tenants in Woundy, are answerable in pleas of
the crown, in the court of Caerlton. This Roger married Joan,

daughter and heir of Damarel of Devonshire, whose

arms were, perfess, gules and azure, three crescents, argent.

His eldest son was John Seymour, who died in 32 Edward
III. leaving Roger, his son and heir, eighteen years of age ; after
whose decease the inheritance went by his daughter to a family
of the name of Bowlays, of Penhow in Monmouthshire, who bore
the Seymour arms ; and terminated in a daughter and heir, who
was married to Sir George Somerset, a third son of Charles, first
Earl of Worcester.

The second son of Roger de St. Mauro and Joan his wife, was
also called Roger ; who, by his marriage with Cecilia one of
the daughters and heirs of John de Beauchamp, Baron of Hacche,
&c. in com. Somerset, considerably added to the fortunes as well
as the dignity of his family, and was the cause of their removal
into Somersetshire, to their very great advantage. On this occa-
sion I chuse to represent, in the learned Camden's own words,
the great accession that accrued to the honour of the family, by
this noble alliance.

" From this William de St. Maur, who first settled at
Woundy, descended Roger de St. Maur, Knight, who married
one of the heiresses of the illustrious John Beauchamp, the noble
Baron of Hache, who was descended from Sibyl, one of the
coheiresses of that most puissant William Marshal, Earl of Pem-
broke, and from William Ferrars, Earl of Derby, Hugh de Vivon,
and William Malet, men of eminent worth in their times. The
nobility of all which, as also of several others have (as may be
made evident) concentered in the Right Honourable Edward de
St. Maur, or Seymour, now Earl of Hertford, a singular en-
courager of virtue and learning ; for which qualification he is
deservedly famous."

The. said Cicilia, wife of Roger Seymour, in 36 Edward III.
had assigned for her share, on the partition of the inheritance of
the Beauchamps.s the manors of Hache, Shepton- Beauchamp,
Murifield, and the third part of the manor of Shepton-Malet, in
com. Somerset; also certain lands in Sturminster-Marshal, in
com. Dorset; the manors of Boultbury, and Haberton, in com.

t Rot Fin. 36 Edward III. m. 37, claus. 42 Edward III. m. I*

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 147

Devon ; the manors of Dourton, in com. Bucks ; Little-Haw, in
com. Suff. •, and two parts of the manor of Selling ; in com.
Kane. She survived her husband, and1' died in 1393, seised of
the manor of Shepton-Beauchamp, and the advowson of the
church, Roger Seymour, son of Sir William Seymour, being
her grandson and heir, and then of the age of twenty-seven
years.

Which Sir William, in 36 Edward III. attended the Prince
of Wales into Gascony, ' and, on that account, had the King's
letters of protection, dated at Bamburge, February 8th, the same
year. He sometimes resided at Woundy, as appears by his deed,
bearing date there in 36 Edward III. wherein he is stiled William
Seymour, Miles, Jiliuset hceres Rogeri Seymour, Militis. He had
to wite Margaret, daughter and heir of Simon de Brockburn, of
Brockburn, in the county of Hertford, by Joan, sister and heir
to Sir Peter de la Mare, Knight, and died in 15 Richard II. k
leaving the before-mentioned Roger, his son and heir, of full
age.

This Roger married Maud (or Margaret) daughter and co-
heir to Sir William Esturmi, or Sturmy, of Chadham, in com.
Wilts, Knight, Lord of Wolf-hall in the same county, whose an-
cestors were bailiffs and guardians of the forest of Savernake, by
right of inheritance, from the time of Henry II. as Camden has
observed in his Britannia, in Wiltshire; and that their hunters
horn, of a mighty bigness, and tipt with silver, was, in his time,
kept by the Earl of Hertford. The before-mentioned Roger
Seymour died, leaving issue, John his son and heir in minority,
who, by inquisition taken in the county of Gloucester, in 1422,
10 Henry V. ' was found cousin and heir to Sir Peter de la Mare,
Knight, viz. son of Margaret, daughter of Joan, sister of the said
Peter ; and that John, son of the said Roger Seymour, was next
heir, and of the age of twenty-years.

Which John Seymour was a very noted and active person,
having been sheriff of several counties, and in other public offices.
In 9 Henry VI. he was sheriff"1 of the county of Southampton,
and the year following for Wiltshire. In 12 Henry VI. when the
title of the house of York was set on foot, and all persons of note
in the several counties of England were summoned to take the

* Ex Collect. Rev. Harbin. i Rymer's Foed torn, v p 84s

" Esch 25 Rich. II- ' Esch 10 Henry V.

n Fuller's Worthies in cod. com p 14, 158, 161 287.

148 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

oaths, to preserve the peace for themselves and retainers, he ap-
peared in Wiltshire j and is the first mentioned in the list after
the Knights in that county. He was that year Sheriff of Dorset
and Somersetshire, and knighted before the 15th year of Henry VI.
when he was again sheriff of the county of Southampton. He
was likewise in the same office of Wiltshire, in the 2gth of
Henry VI and one of the knights for the said county," in the
parliament held at Reading in 31 Henry VI. also the year follow-
ing was a third time sheriff of Southampton ; and departed this*
life in the 4th year of the reign of Edward IV. He had issue by
Isabel his wife, daughter and heir of William Mac- Williams of
Gloucestershire, Esq.

John, who was p sheriff of Wiltshire in 36 Henry VI. and
died the year before his father, having to wife Elizabeth, daughter
and heir of Sir Robert Coker, of Lawrence Lydiard, in com.
Somerset, i re-married to Nicholas Carew of Haccomb, Knight,
by whom he left two sons, John, and Humphrey Seymour, of
Evinswinden, who married Elizabeth, daughter and one of the
heirs of Thomas Winslow of Burton, in com. Oxon, from whom
the Seymours of Oxfordshire descended.

John Seymour, Esq. the eldest son, was fourteen years of
age at the death of his grandfather. He took to his first wife
Elizabeth, daughter to Sir George Darell, of Littlecote, in com.
Wilts, by Margaret his wife, daughter of John Lord Stourton.
The issue of this John Seymour by her were four sons, and as
many daughters j viz. first, Sir John Seymour, hereafter men-
tioned; second, Sir George Seymour, Sheriff of Wiltshire in 14
Henry VII. j third, Sir Robert Seymour ; and fourth, Sir William
Seymour, made Knight of the Bath at the marriage of Prince
Arthur, eldest son to Henry VII. and by his will, dated Sep-
temper 3d, 1503, 19 Henry VII. orders his body r to be buried in
Joseph of Arimathea's chapel in the abbey of Glastonbury. The
daughters were, Margaret, married to Sir William Wadham;
Jane, the wife of Sir John Huddleston of Warleston, in com.
Cumbr. Elizabeth, espoused to John Crofts, Esq. and Catherine,
who died a maiden.

He had also a second wife, daughter of Robert Hardon, by
whom he had issue Roger Seymour, Eiq. who left four daughter*
bis coheirs.

n MS penes B. Willis, Arm. ° Vincent, ut antea.

► Fuller, ut antea, p. 161 1 St. George's MSS Baron prsed.

• Ex Regist Holgrave, qu a6

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 14Q

Sir John Seymour, before mentioned, the eldest son, suc-
ceeded his father in 7 Henry VII. and was one of the Commanders
of those forces that vanquished the Lord Audley, and the Cornish
rebels at Blackheath in Kent, in 12 Henry VII. 1497, where, *
for his valiant deportment, he was knighted by the King in the
field of battle j and in 23 Henry VII. he was sheriff of Wiltshire.
Also serving King Henry VIII. in his wars in France and Flanders,
had the honour of knight-banneret1 conferred on him in 1513,
for his gallant behaviour in the sieges Of Theroune and Tournay,
and the action at Guinegaste, on August l6th, called by our his-
torians the battle of Spurs, on account of the very precipitate
retreat of the French after their defeat. In 7 Henry VIII. he
was u sheriff of Dorset and Somersetshire, as also in 1 8 Henry
VIII. and was twice sheriff for Wiltshire, in 10 and 16 Henry
VIII. In 9 Henry VIII. being then one of the knights of the
body of that King, he * obtained a grant of the constable wic of
Bristol -castle, to himself and Edward his son, in as ample a
manner as Giles Lord D'Aubeny held the same. In 1518, he*
was charged with providing ten men for the King's service in his
wars, for lands he held in Wiltshire. In the year 1520, he at-
tended on Henry VIII. at the* great interview with Francis the
French King, between Guisnes and Ardres, having in his retinue
one chaplain, eleven servants, and eight led horses. Also when
the Emperor Charles V. came into England 1522, he wasa ap-
pointed to attend the King at Canterbury, May 27th, in order to
his reception. In 22 Henry VIII. he was one of the five of the
county of Wilts1* who were appointed to enquire into the pos-
sessions of Cardinal Wolsey ; and at the second interview with
Francis the French King at Boulogne, in the year 1532, was
onec of the grooms of the chamber, and waited on his Sovereign.
He departed this life on December 21st, 1536, aged sixty,
and was buried in the church of Easton priory, but that fabric
becoming ruinous, his corpse was removed thence, A. D. 1590, to
the church of Great Bedwin, Wilts, where a monument stands
erected to his memory by his grandson, Edward Earl of Hertford.
His wife was Margery, second daughter of Sir Henry Went-
worth, of Nettlested in Suffolk, Knight of the Bath. They had

* Norn equit in Bibl- Cott Claud. CHI. ' Ibid.

«• Fuller's Worthies. x Pat. 9. Hen. VIII. p. 2.

y MS sub efhg Oth Edw. II. in Bibl. Cotton.

1 MS. ut antca penes Joh. Anstis. ■ Rymer's Foed torn xiil p. 768.

b Ibid. torn. xiv. p. 404. ■ MS. in Bibl. Joh. Anstis.

130 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

issue six sons, and four daughters, viz. John, who died July 15ih,
1520, unmarried; Edward, created Duke of Somerset ; Sir
Henry; Thomas Lord Sudley (of which three more fully here-
after) ; John and Anthony, who died young ; Jane, third wife of
Kin^ Henry VIII. by whom she was mother of King Edward
VI. d two days after whose birth she died, on October 14th, 1537;
" whose loss," says Herbert, " much afflicted the King, as
having found her always discreet, humble, and loyal." Elizabeth,
successively wedded to Sir Anthony Oughtred, Knight, and,
Gregory Lord Cromwell ; Margery, who died in her infancy ; and
Dorothy, married to Sir Clement Smith, Knight, of Little Bad-
dow in Essex, and after his death to Thomas Leventhorpe of
Sbingey-hall, Hertfordshire, Esq.

His lady survived him, and died in the year 1550, as her last
testament, and the piobate thereof, shew : e wherein she bequeaths
her body to be buried as her executors think fit ; leaves divers
legacies of plate, jewels, &c. to her relations, and mentions
Edward Seymour, and Henry Seymour, sons of the Duke of
Somerset, as her godsons, and constitutes her second surviving
s>on, Sir Henry Seymour, executor.

The before-mentioned Sir Henry Seymour, third son (brother
of Queen Jane Seymour, and Edward Duke of Somerset) was f
made one of the Knights of the Bath at the coronation of Ed-
ward VI. In 1551, 8 being in the King's service, he had a grant
of lands of the yearly value of 18(5/. and 4d; among which were
the manors of Marvel, and Twyford, in com. Southampton, with
the parks and house of Marvel, being a parcel of the lands be-
longing to the bishopric of Winchester. The year after, 7 Ed-
ward VI. he'1 had a grant for life of the manors of Sommerford,
and Hum, in the county of Southampton ; and divers other lands,
to the yearly value of 202/. 6s. gd. He deceased in 1578, faring
married Barbara, daughter of Thomas Morgan, Esq. by whom hr.
had issue Sir John Seymour, Knight,' who had three sons, but
from them there is no issue remaining, and several daughters, of
whom Jane was wedded to Sir John Rodney, of Stoke-Rodney,
and Pilton in Somersetshire, the heiress of which family married
Sir Thomas Bridges of Keinsham. Lord Rodney it also sup-
posed to be derived from this family.

* Lord Herbert's Life of King Henry VIII. p. 419,430

• Fx Rcgiu. Coodc, qu 29 ■ MS N. I- 7, in Offic. Arm.

* buype't Memorial*, vol ii p 372,273 '' Ibid. p. 506

1 Hcylin's llhtory of the Reformation, p $ .

DIKE OF SOMERSET. 151

Sir Thomas, the fourth son, was, by Henry VIII. nominated
one of the twelve assistants to the executors of his will during the
minority of Edward VI. in the first of whose reig'i he was, on
February 1 6th, created Baron Seymour of Sudley, k and soon after
constituted Admiral of England. Being of an aspiring disposition,
he courted the Princess Elizabeth j but finding no prospect of
success, he made his addresses to Queen Catherine, daughter of
Thomas Parr of Kendal, Henry VlII's widow, and got the King's
consent to their marriage. She was first married to Lord Latymer,
and lastly to Edward eldest son of Thomas Lord Bray. Dissa-
tisfied that his elder brother should enjoy a greater share in the
administration than himself, he caballed among such of the nobi-
lity as envied the Duke's power, in order to get himself admitted
to the chief management of affairs. To facilitate the execution
of his purpose, he bribed the attendants next the King's person;
and by an affable and obsequious behaviour, and supplying his
Majesty privately with money, insinuated himself into bis good
graces, and gained a considerable ascendancy in his esteem. When
the protector represented to the admiral the dangerous tendency
of his underhand practices, his Lordship's answer convinced his
Grace, that he was not to rely upon any friendship from their
fraternal connexion. The animosity was fomented by Anna
Dutchess of Somerset's being obliged to yield precedence to the
wife of her husband's younger brother. Lord Sudley took the
opportunity, during the Duke's absence in Scotland, to prosecute
his schemes with redoubled vigour j and was so successful as to
obtain a new patent as admiral, with an additional salary, besides
the grant of a large estate. The protector, apprised of his brother's
proceedings, hastened his return from Scotland : but before his
arrival, the admiral had formed a considerable party among the
peers and commoners, and even prevailed on the King to write to
both houses, desiring his Lordship might be appointed his go-
vernor. The council, being informed of that step, let the Admiral
know, by a deputation of their own number, that if he did not
desist, he should be prosecuted, on the late statute, for high-
treason, in attempting to disturb the order of government. Thus
intimidated, he made his submission, and was seemingly recon-

k In Gloucestershire, of which castle he had a grant ; but on his attainder
it was granted to Sir John Bridges, who was created by Queen Mary, in 1554,
Baron Chandosof Sudeley In the chapel here Queen Kathcrinc Parr was
buried; and discovered a few years ago in a state of hiph preservation. Sec
Aichscologia, vol ix u -■

152 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

ciled to his brother ; who, to divert him from his turbulent pro-
jects, sent him with a fleet, and 1200 land troops on board, to
intercept Mary, the infant Queen of Scotland, in her passage to
France : but that Princess being conveyed north about round the
Orkneys, his Lordship was disappointed of his expected prize,
and making some descents upon the coast of Fife, was repulsed,
and returned in discredit, having lost half of his land forces.
" The Queen Dowager," says Burnet,1 " that had married him,
died in September last, not without suspicion of poison." She was
a good and virtuous lady, and in her whole life had done nothing
unseemly but the marrying him so indecently, and so soon after
the King's death. There was found among her papers, a dis-
course written by her, concerning herself ; entituled, The lamen-
tation of a Sinner, which was published by Cecil, who writ a
preface to it. m She being thus dead, the admiral renewed his
addresses to the Lady Elizabeth ; but in vain ; for her right of
succession to the throne depended, according to her father's will,
on her marrying with the consent of his executors. Lord Sudley
therefore proposed to accomplish his aim by seizing the King's
person, and taking the reins of government into his own hands ;
and for that purpose retained a great number of men in different
parts of the kingdom. His design being intimated to the council,
he was, on January 19th, 1548-9, committed to the Tower, and
commissioners were named to take the depositions of his accusers.
The Duke advised him to resign his office, and retire from court:
but perceiving his exhortations ineffectual, he acquiesced in his
prosecution." Upon the report of the commissioners appointed to
hear what he had to say in his defence, both houses, with little
opposition,0 passed a bill of attainder, which receiving the royal
assent, he was condemned unheard, without an opportunity of
examining the evidence against him, and without being allowed
the perusal of bis charge, the substance of which was, first, at-
tempting to seize the person of the King, and the government of
the realm j second, fortifying his castle of Holt in Denbighshire,
and enlisting a great number of men into his service ; third, con-
federating with Sharrington, by whose means he became master

1 Hist. Ref. vol. ii p. 97.
m See Park's R and N. A. voli. p 48.
■ A copy of the articles of charge, amounting to thirty-three, is in Burners
Hist. Ret vol ii p 158.

0 " Only the Protector, for natural pity's sake, desired leave to with,
draw."

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 153

of the mint at Bristol : fourth, endeavouring to espouse the
e» Elizabeth (with whom he had carried on an intrigue too
far to be exposed in a public court of justice) ; tilth, persuading
the King in his nonage to take upon himself the administration of
affairs : sixth, conniving with pirates, and making himself master
of the Scilly island*. He was beheaded f on March 10th, on
Tower-hill ; leaving an only child, Mary, who died in her infancy,
after bt ing restored in blood.

*• Thus fell," says Burnet, " Thomas Lord Seymour, Lord
High Admiral of England, a man of high thoughts, of great
violence of temper, and ambitious out of measure. The Pro-
tector was much censured for giving way to his execution, by
those who looked only at that relation between them, which they
thought should have made him still preserve him. But others,
who knew the whole series of the affair, saw it was scarce pos-
sible lor him to i\o more for the gaining his brother, than he had
done. Yet the other being a popular notion, that it was against
nature tor <mv brother to destroy another, was more easily enter-
tained by the multitude, who could not penetrate into the mys-
teries of state. But the way of proceeding was much condemned;
.since to attaint a man without bringing him to make his own de-
fence, or to object what he could say to the witnesses that were
brought against him, was so illegal and unjust, that it could not
be defended. Only this was to be said for it, that it was a little
more regular than parliamentary attainders had been formerly ;
for here the evidence on which it was founded was given before
both houses." *

I now return to Edward Seymour, eldest son of Sir John
Seymour. He was educated rust at Oxford, and after some stay
there removed to Cambridge; r from whence returning to his
father at court, when martial achievements were encouraged by
Henry VIII. he took early to arms; and landing at Calais with
the Duke of Suffolk on August 2<lth, 1523, was present at the
taking of Bray, Rove, and Montdidier, in France ; where, for his
conduct and bravery, he had the* honour of knighthood con-
ferred on him by the Duke of Suffolk at Roye, on All hallows-day,
the same year. In l6 Henry VIII. being one of the esquires of
the King's household, he was one of the challengers before the

' See the warrant for his execution Burnet's Hist. Rcf vol ii p. 15S.

1 Ibid j>. 100 r Wood's Athena; Oxon vol i p 711.

■ Norn Equit pnd.

154 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

King in the Tilt-yard at Greenwich, on his keeping a royal
Christmas there. In ip Henry VIII. he accompanied Cardinal
Wolsey, who went in great state on an embassy to the French
King, and was received with the highest honour. In 24 Henry
VIII. bring 'squire for the body to the King,1 he was in that
gjllant train which attended their sovereign to Boulogne, at his
Interview with Francis I. On his sister's marriage with Henry
VIII. on May 20th, 1536, he was one of the Knights for the
King's body. On June 5th, after that" solemnity, the King, in
consideration of the acceptable, good and laudable service x of his
beloved and faithful servant, Sir Edward Seymour, Knight, as
also of his conduct, valour, and loyalty, created him Viscount
Bbaucuamp, to have and to hold to him and the heirs male of
his body : and further granted to him twenty marks yearly,
payable out of the fines and profits of the counties of Somerset
and Dorset, dated June 5th, 28 Henry VIII. The same year,
with Sir Richard Buckley, Knight, » he had a grant of the office
of Chancellor and Chamberlain of North Wales for life; as also
Was made captain r of the Isle of Jersey.

On October 18th, 1537, three days" after the baptism of his
nephew, afterwards King Edward VI. he was created5 Eahl op
Hertford; and in 32 Henry VIII. was sentc over to France to
ascertain the limits of the English borders ; and on his return
wasd elected at Hampton-court, January Qth, 1541-2, one of the
Knights Companions of the most noble Order of the Garter. Iu
33 Henry VIII. as cousin and heir to Sir William Sturmy, Knight,
viz.e son of Sir John Seymour, Knight; son of John Seymour,
Esq.; son of John Seymour, Esq.; son of Sir John Seymour,
Knight ; son of Maud, daughter and heir to Sir William Sturmy,
of Wolf-hall, before-mentioned, Knight, he had livery of Sturmy's
lands ; and the same year, on the Scots denying their homage, he
accompanied r the Duke of Norfolk in his expedition into Scot-
land. In 34 Henry VIII. he was* made Lord Great Chamber-
lain of England for life; and the same year1' being made lieute-
nant general of the North, he embarked for Scotland with two
hundred sail of ships, and landing in the Frith, took Leith, and

i MS in Bibl. Joh. Anstis. ■ Stow's AnnaW.and Pat 28 Hen VIII. p j

« Rot Par 28 Hen VIII. » Priv Sigill 28 Hen VIII.

1 Pat 28 Henry V III p 9 » MS in Collegio Arm l 24.

* Pat 29 Henry VIII. p 3. • Herb Hilt Hen VIII.

' A »hmolc's Order of the Garter, p »6f * Pat 33 Hen. VIII- p- 1.

' Herb ut antca ( Pat 34 Hen- VIII p 7. Stow'* Annals-

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 155

Edinburgh, and after plundering and burning them, returned by
land into England, wasting Haddington, Dunbar, &c. in his
march. On the King's expedition into France, 1544, his Majesty
having appointed his consort, Queen Catherine, Regent genera/
and Governor of the kingdom, ' his Lordship bearing the title of
Edward Earl of Hertford, Lord great Chamberlain of England,
was, on July 9th, especially commissioned with Thomas (..ranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Lord Wriothesly, Lord
Chancellor, Thomas Thirleby, bishop of Westminster, and Sir
"William Petre, Knight, principal Secretary of State, to be aiding
and assisting to the said Queen, in her administration of the
government. And the said Earl of Hertford was nominated to
be captain-general of such forces under her Majesty, necessary to
be raised in the kingdom during the King's absence. And the
same year, whilst the King was at the siege of Boulogne, k he
came to his aid with several troops ; and after taking the town,
routed an army of 14,000 French, who lay encamped near it

In 37 Henry VIII. the Scots making several incursions on the
borders, in conjunction with 5000 auxiliaries from France, he
being sent' against them destroyed all the towns upon the Middle
marches, and passing towards the West, made great spoil in those
parts. Soon after, the French endeavouring to regain Boulogne, m
he forced them to retreat, and pursuing the enemy, with great
slaughter, gained several trophies of his success.

In 38 Henry VIII. he was elected Chancellor of the Univer-
sity of Cambridge ; and the same year the Earl of Surry, governor
of Boulogne, n being laid aside, he was sent thither with an army
of 9300 men to oppose the French, then making head. After
which, on proposals for an accommodation, he was" constituted
the chief of the commissioners for the treaty ; and they meeting
betwixt Guisnes and Ardres, a peace was concluded. And the
King lying on his death-bed, by his will left him p a legacy of
500/. and appointed him one of the council to his son, as also one
of his executors} after whose decease, January 28th, 1545-7, he
immediately repaired 'i to the young King at Hertford, and con-
ducting him to London, was by the council, February 1st, unani-
mously elected governor of the King's person, and protector of

1 Rymer s Feed vol xv. p 39- k Herb ut antca.

1 Ibid- ■ Godwin, p 195

■ Herbert, ut ant. » Godwin, p. 200.

» Rymer's Feed. tom. xv p. 117.

4 Hey ward's Life of King Edward VI. in Hist. Eng. p 271, &c.

156 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

his realms, dominions, and subjects, until he should accomplish
the age of eighteen years ; and proclaimed such according to the
usual custom/ by the heralds, with sound of trumpet, through
the city of London. On February 10th following, he was* con-
stituted Lord Treasurer of England : and though he had the titles
of Viscount Beauchamp, and Earl of Hertford, yet being no
Baron, he was l advanced to that degree of honour on the 15th of
the same month, with limitation to the heirs male of his body by
Anne Stanhope his wife; remainder to Edward Seymour his son,
by Catherine his first wife; by the title of Baron Seymour,
" Whereby the name of that family," as the King declares in the
patent, •' from which his most beloved mother Jane, late Queen
of England, drew her beginning, might not be clouded by any
higher title, or colour of dignity." Also the next day he was"
created Duke of Somerset, and to the heirs male of his body by
Anne his wife ; x and for default of such issue, to the said Edward
Seymour, Esq. son of him the said Duke, and the Lady Catherine
his first wife, and the heirs male of the body of the said Edward
Seymour ; and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of
the body of the said Duke, to be lawfully begotten on any other
wife.

Likewise, on February 17, he had a grants of the office of
Earl Marshal of England for life, in as ample a manner as John
Mowbray, or Thomas Howard, Dukes of Norfolk, or any other
Earl Marshal of England, held or occupied. Moreover, on March
12th following, he had a patent z for that great office of protector
and governor of the King and his realms; also, on July-gth, a
grant a of 8000 marks per annum, during the time he should be
protector.

In this first year of his administration, b he warily made a
peace with France, turning all his thoughts to bring about the
match of Mary Stuart, sole daughter and heir to James V. King
of Scotland, with his nephew, King Edward; and to that end
first assailed the Scotch nobility by friendly letters, remembering
them of the promises, seals, and oaths, which, by public autho-

' Holinshed's Chron. p* 979. * Pat. 1 Edward VI. p. 6-

1 Pat. in eod aim- and Rymer's Feed, torn xv. p. 115-
" Pat in eod. ann.
s This postponement of the issue of the firtt marriage to those of the
tecondha been deemed very unjust-

r Rymer's Feed torn. xv. p. 130. * Ibid p. 4.

• Privat. Sigill 1 Edward VI. *> Heyward's Hist. Edward VI.,

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 1^7

rity, had passed tor concluding the marriage; as also, that the
two Princes were agreeable, both for years and princely qualities,
to be joined together; and thereby knit both realms into one,
which would Ik- profitable as well as honourable to both kingdoms.
But these and many other reasons, that were enforced by the
protector, taking no effect, the King, by the advice of his council,
granted him the before-mentioned commission, with those large
powers before recited j whereby having prepared an army, he in-
vaded Scotland, and on September 10th, 1517, fought that me-
morable battle at Pinkey, near Mussleburgh; wherein his un-
daunted courage, as well as conduct, were the principal means of
gaining that signal victory, the advantages of which he could not
prosecute, being obliged, by the intrigues of his brother, the
Lord Sudley, to repair speedily to London; but in his return took
the castles of Hume, Roxburgh, &c.

When the good news of the victory came to court, the young
King, on the 18th of September, being then at his house of Oat-
lands, c wrote an answer to his uncle with his own hand, acknow-
ledging the mercy of God, and thanking his grace, and all that
served under him, for their courage and conduct : and his Majesty,
on October 18th, settled upon the Duke, and his heirs for ever,
lands to the value of 500/. a year. On November 3d next ensuing,
he got this special grant. d

" Edwarde the Sixte, &c. Forasmoche as our most dere Vncle,
Edwardc Duke of Somersette, by the advise of the lords and the
rest of our privie counsaill, with the consent and good agreement
of the noble men of our realm, we have named, ordeyned and
commaunded to be governour of our person, and protectour of our
realmes, dominions and subjects, during our minorityej hath no
soche place appropriated or appoynted unto him in our highe
court of parliament, as is convenient and necessarie, as well in
respect e of his proxymytye of bloode unto us, being our uncle,
and eldest brother unto our mother of most noble memorie de-
ceased, Queen Jane; as also for his better mayntaining and
conducying of our affaires to our honour, dignitie, and suretie,
and the welthe and benefilt of our realms, dominions and sub-
jects.

" We have therefore, aswel by the consent of our said uncle
as by the advyce of other the lords, and the reste of our privie
counsaill, willed, ordeyned and appoynted, and do by these pre-

« Strypc's Memorials. 4 Rymer, torn, xv p. 164

158 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

suits will, ordeyn and appoynt, that our said uncle shall and duo
sit alone, and be placed at all times, aswell in our presens at our
said courte of parliament, as in our absens, upon the myddes of
the bench or stole, standing next on the right-hand of our siete
reall in our parliament chamber.

" And that he further shall have and do enjoy in our saide
courte of parliament, in all sessions, all soche other privilegies,
preemynences, prerogatyves and liberties in all things, and to all
entents and effects, as by any lawes or statutes heretofore made,
or otherwise, any of the uncles by father or mother side, to any
of our most noble progenitors, or any protectour of their realms
and dominions, being in the minoritie of yeres as we be, have
had, used, or enjoyed, or ought to have had, used or enjoyed, in
their courts of parliament, the statute, concerning placing of the
lords in the parliament chamber, and other assembles and con-
ferencyes of Counsaill, made in the one and thirtieth yere of the
reigne of our most dere father, of most famous memorye, Kinge
Henry the Eight, or any other statute, &e. notwithstanding, &c."

And the King at Westminster, on August 1 1th, 15*18, makes
known to his subjects, e " That whereas he had declared, by ad-
vice of his council and peers, his dear uncle, Edward Duke of
Somerset, governor of his royal person, aud protector of his domi-
nions and subjects, during his minority, and made such ample
concessions and grants to him as were worthy of so great a person j
which grants, authorities, and clauses, by advice of his council,
he wills and commands to be interpreted, and deemed in the most
ample, liberal, and beneficial manner, for the extending, enlarg-
ing, and support of the authorities, powers, &c of his said uncle,
as far as the true meaning of the said words in the said patents may
be construed and extended.

" And whereas many grand and villainous injuries, ill actions,
and damages, have fallen on his subjects from their old enemies
the Scots, and other foreign powers, by sea and land, and still
continue ; the King therefore, by the advice of his council, con-
sidering that his tender age will not permit him personally, as he
ought, to suppress his enemies; and although by his letters
patents, in general words, he granted to his said uncle power and
authority personally to go against his enemies with an army, and
to do and act at all times all matters necessary to be done. Never-
theless, because certain doubts and scruples may arise, for want,

• Rymer, torn- xv. p. 17*.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. J39

or through the incertainty of words in the said letters patents ex-
pressed, he thinks it necessary to declare and make known hit
mind to all his subjects, as also to all foreign powers,

" That whereas be constituted, &c. his dear uncle, Edward
Duke of Somerset, governor of his person, and protector of his
kingdoms, dominions, and subjects, during his minority ; his in*
tention was, and is, that by the said letters patents, he constituted,
and by these doth appoint, the said Duke of Somerset, his lieute-
nant and captain general in war within his dominions, as well as
in all other dominions, kingdoms and places whatsoever, as well
on this side, as beyond the seas, when the cause shall require and
whenever it shall seem necessary and expedient to his said uncle.
And also to summon and assemble together all his liege subjects,
within his dominions, of all degrees, or as many of them as shall
seem necessary to him ; and also to array them, and cbuse such
that to him seem most proper, and them to arm and review in
proper places, and to hire, at his discretion, foreign troops and
soldiers ; also to take, out of his storehouses, provisions, artillery,
tents, &c. for horses, ships, transports, galleys, Sec. for the de-
fence of the kingdom, both by sea and land. And for his said
liege subjects, so chosen, mustered, and armed, as well horse and
foot as archers, as well as armies, and all manner of arms and
provisions, and other warlike necessaries, to transport and carry;
not only into any part of his dominions, for the defence of the
same ; but also to oppose his enemies making any attempts on
his dominions in an hostile manner, and also to vanquish them,
and take cities, castles and towns, for his use, and the same to
garrison and hold.

" He likewise empowers him, in his absence, to reward all
persons in the army (at his discretion) by conferring the honour
of Knighthood, or dignity of Baron, or other title of nobility, and
to grant arras and ensigns of honour, as shall become them.

" To hear and determine all quarrels and disputes of those
matters, which appertain to the office of lieutenant-general,
chief captain and commander, or governor; and to make and
appoint a mar-.li.il of the said army ; and to take cognizance of
all other causes within his said dominions arising as well as in the
army.

" To make decree* and orders for the sound and good govern-
ment of his dominions and army, and to make proclamations, and
see that they be put in force. To punish, within his dominions

160 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

and army, delinquents, and opposers, l>y imprisonment, or other-
ways, at his discretion.

" To hear and determine all causes criminal as well of life,
and limbs maimed, and of death, and all othrr causes, contracts
and quarrels, of all persons whatsoever, within his dominions and
army, by himself, or sufficient deputies ; with power to punish or
pardon according to the nature of the fact.

" And because his said uncle, for diverse great and necessary
causes, touching his royal person and dominions, hath daily oc-
casions to treat and confer with foreign Emperors, Kings, Princes,
and Potentates ; he decreed by his said letters patents, and by
these wills, and grants him power to confer, treat, and conclude
cessations of arms, truces, alliauces, and leagues of peace and war;
as also any other league or treaty with any foreign Prince or power,
or other person or persons, on such terms as to him shall seem
most congruous, fitting, opportune, and convenient. And also on
the ending, or breach of the said truces, leagues, &c. to proclaim
war on all such persons who shall break the same ; and to pro-
secute the same to his Majesty's use, in as full a manner as if he
himself were present.

" And further the King grants, that whatsoever his said uncle
in his wisdom shall do in the premisses during his minority, shall
be deemed and construed grateful and acceptable, as though the
same had been transacted by him«elf. And that in case his said
uncle should be called from the army, so that he could not attend
in time of war, he empowers him, by his letters under his hand,
to grant commissions, constituting one or more lieutenants, or
captain-generals, in time of war, by sea and land, under him.
And he wills and commands, in full hopes and confidence of the
gravity, care, wisdom, and integrity of his said uncle, all persons
whatsoever, on pain of their allegiance, to be aiding to him, or
his lieutenant, or lieutenants, &c.

" And his will is, that his said uncle, his lieutenant, or lieu-
tenants, &c. and all other his subjects so raised, shall be acquitted
and discharged from all forfeitures, damages, censures, pains and
troubles, which he or they may be subjected to, on the said account,
notwithstanding any act or statute heretofore made."

Soon after this, his power and near alliance to the King ex-
posed him to the envy of the nobility, who sought means to divest
him of his places. And in 1549, the major part of them with-
drawing from the court, by the subtle artifices of John Dudley,

DUKE OF SOMERSET. l6i

Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick (afterwards Duke of Northum-
berland) they secretly combined to ruin him. Hollimhed relates,
" That suddenly, on what occasion few knew, every lord and
counsellor went through the city weaponed, and had their servants
likewise weaponed, attending upon them in new liveries, to the
great wondering of many. And at the last, a great assembly of
the said counsellors was made at the Earl of Warwick's lodging,
which was then at Ely Place in Holborn, whither all the confe-
derates in this matter came privily armed j and finally concluded
to possess the Tower of London, which by the policy of Sir
William Paulet, Lord Treasurer of England, was peaceably ob-
tained, and who, by order of the said confederates, immediately
removed Sir John Markham, theu lieutenant of the Tower, and
placed in his room Sir Leonard Chamberleine. And after that
the said council was broken up at Ely Place, the Earl of War-
wick removed forthwith into the city of London, and lay in the
house of one John York, a citizen of Loudon, who was then
chief master of the mint, kept at Suffolk Place, South wark. The
Lord Protector hearing of the manner of the assembly of this
council, and of the taking of the Tower, which seemed to him
very strange and doubtful, did presently, the said night, remove
from Hampton Court, taking the King with him, unto the castle
of Windsor, and there began to fortify the same." He likewise
wrote the following letter to the Lord Russel, Lord Privy Seal,
then in the West country.

" After our right hartie commendations to your good Lord-
ship. Here bath of late risen such a conspiracie against the
King's Majestie and u.«, as never have been seene, the which they
cannot mainteine, with such vaine letters and false tales surmised,
as was never ment nor intended on us. They pretend and saie,
that we have sold Bullougne to the French, and we doo withhold
wages from the soldiers ; and other such tales and letters they
duo spread abroad (of the which if anie one thing were true, we
would not wish to live ;) the matter now being brought to a mar-
vellous extremitie, such as we would never have thought it could
have come unto; cspcciallie of those men towards the King's
Majestie and us, of whome we have deserved no such thing, but
rather much favour and love. But the ease being as it is, this it
to require and praie you, to hasten you hither to the defence of
the King's Majestie, in such force and power as you may, to shew
the part of a true gentleman, and of a verie friend ; the which
thing we trust God shall reward, and the King's Majestie in time

VOL. I. M

102 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

to come, and we shall never be unmindfull of it too. We are sure
you have other letters from them, but as ye tender your dutie to
the King's Majestie, we require you to make no staie, but imme-
diately repaire with such force as you have, to his highnesse in
his castle at Windsor, and cause the rest of such force as you maie
make, to follow you. And so we bid you right hartilie farewell.
From Hampton Court, the 6*th of October.

" Your Lordship's assured loving friend,

Edward Summerset."

And in a postscript, his Grace adds, '* They are not ashamed
to send posts abroad to tell that we are already committed to the
Tower : that we would deliver the bishops of Winchester and
London out of prison, and bring in again the old mass." The
nature of this work will not permit me to give a full relation of
the troubles that befel the Dukej but the course his enemies
took to bring him under their power, was in part thus : they
summoned armed men, horse and foot, to repair to them from
every county, to oppose the Duke and his men j giving out to the
gentry the great dangers the King's person was in, and the neces-
sity of rescuing him out of the Duke's hands j whose doings they
called trait erous and false, and his proceedings devilish. Burnet
remarks that, " that which provoked the nobility most, was the
partiality the Protector had for the commons in the insurrections
that had been this summer. He had also given great grounds of
jealousy, by entertaining foreign troop9 in the King's wars ;
which, though it was not objected to him, because the council
had consented to it, yet it was whispered about that he had ex-
torted that consent. But the noble palace he was raising in the
Strand, (which yet carries his name) out of the ruins of some
bishops' houses and churches, drew as public envy on him as any
thing that was done. It was said, that when the King was en-
gaged in such wars, and when Loudon was much disordered by
the plague, that bad been in it for some months, he was then
bringing architects from Italy, and designing such a palace as had
not been seen in England. It was also said that many bishops
and cathedrals had resigned many manors to him, for obtaining
his favour." f " All these things concurred to beget him many
enemies, and he had very few friends, for none stuck firmly to
bim but Paget and Secretary Smith, and especially Cranmer, who

' Burnet's Hist Ref. vol U p 134.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 163

never forsook his-friend. All that favoured the old superstition
were his enemies : and seeing the Eail of Southampton leading
the party against him, they all run into it." « But on his sub-
mission, and surrendering the King's person, which he was pre-
vailed on to do, to prevent the effusion of blood, the lords dis-
patched another letter, dated from London, October 11th, to
forbear the sending up the forces they required. And by bill
signed October 13ih, h his letters patent of protectorship, &c.
were made void. The next day, the Duke was committed to the
Tower, and after continuing a prisoner about three months, was
advised to submit himself, and acknowledge that he had deserved
bis imprisonment, or whatever greater punishment the King
should be pleased to inflict on him; and withal implore the
favour of bis Majesty's royal clemency. To this he easily conde-
scended. " Thus fell," says Burnet, " the Duke of Somerset
from bis high offices and great trust. The articles objected to
him,"' (among which was having a court of requests in his own
house) " seem to say as much for his justification; as the answers
could do, if they were in my power. He is not accused of
rapine, cruelty, or bribery ; but only of such things as are inci-
dent to all men that are of a sudden exalted to a high and unpro-
portioned greatness. What he did about the coin, was not for
his own advantage, but was done by a common mistake of many
governors, who in the necessity of their affairs, fly to this as their
last shift, to draw out their business as long as possible; but it
ever rebounds on the government to its great prejudice and loss.
He bore his fall more equally than he had done his prosperity :
and set himself in his imprisonment to study and reading ; and
falling on a book that treated of patience, both from the prin-
ciples of moral philosophy, and of Christianity, he was so much
taken with it, that he ordered it to be translated into English,
and writ a preface to it himself, mentioning the great comfort he
had found in reading it, which had induced him to take care that
others might reap the like benefit from it. Peter Martyr writ
him also a long consolatory letter, which was printed both in
Latin and in an English translation j all the reformed, both in
England and abroad, looked on his fall as a public loss to that whole
interest, which he had so steadily set forward."* •* He was
fined in 20CX)/. a year of land, and lost all his good offices. And

• Burnet's Hist Ref. yo • ii p 134. * Vincent's Baronage. MS.

> S«c them in Burnet's Hut Ref. vol ii p. »jl. k Ibid-

164 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

so this storm went over him much more gently than was ex-
pected ; but his carriage in it was thought to have so little of the
hero, that he was not much considered after this." l On Fe-
bruary l6tb, he was set at liberty, upon giving security for his
future conduct : but was not restored to the dignity of Protector,
or any other of his great places, but that of a privy-counsellor,
about two months afterwards. And it being conceived, that re-
venge might draw the Duke to new practices, his friends me-
diated a reconciliation between him and the Earl of Warwick ;
which, that it might be the more firm and sincere, the Duke's
eldest daughter, on June 3d, was married to John Viscount Lisle,
the Earl of Warwick's son, the King gracing the nuptials with
his presence.

His estate, of which he had been deprived, was given to the
crown by parliament ; but the King, of his special favour, m and
at the humble petition of the lords of his council, by patent,
sealed on June 4th, 1550, gave him back some lands, which were
part of the inheritance of his ancestors, viz. the castle of Marie-
borough 5 and all his lordships and manors of Barton, Ludgarshal,
Alborn, and Old Wotton, and his parks of Ludgarshal, Great
Vastern, Little Vastern, Alborn chase, and Alborn Warren, and
the forests, and the liberties of the forests of Bradon and Sa-
vernakej with the appurtenances in the county of Wilts ; and
divers other lordships, manors, lands, and tenements in the
counties of Wilts, Southampton, Dorset, Somerset, Middlesex,
Berks, and Bucks.

And on the next day the King, by the advice of his council,
grants to his dear and entirely beloved uncle, Edward Duke of
Somerset, authority and licence, during life, to retain two hundred
persons, resident within his dominions, and at his will and plea-
sure to give them his livery, badges, and cognizance, over and
above all such servants as attend him in his household, or are under
him in any office or offices, or stewardship, &c. And on the
14th, n in consideration of his right to the castle and lordship of
Sleford, and other lands and manors in the county of Lincoln,
the King, by patent, gave him all and singular the messuages,
lands, tenements, and hereditaments, with the appurtenances, in
the town of Glastenbury, in the county of Somerset ; and other
lands and tenements in Kingston-upon-Hull.

On July 19th following, ° he had a general pardon ; and ira-

•Burnet's Hist. Ref. vol. ii- p. 14s. m Strypc's Mem. toI ii. p. »3>

• Ibid. 0 Vincent, pned.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. lfo

mediately after was prevailed with p to go down into Oxfordshire,
Sussex, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, to secure those places from
rising, and to order the keeping of the peace : also in August he
went to Reading for the same purpose, on account of jealousies of
the Lady Mary, who was privately to be conveyed out of England,
from some creek in Essex, by Shipperius, admiral of the Em-
peror's navy. On which an open war was to be begun, and an
intestine conspiracy to be raised at home, as Sir Thomas Cham-
berlain, ambassador with the Queen of Hungary in the Low
Countries, had learned at that court, and advertised the ministry
in England.

About the same time his Grace established a company of
foreign woollen manufacturers, under Polanus their Pastor, and
one Cornish, in the abbey of Glastenbury, of which he had got a
grant : and that branch turned out so beneficial to the English
commerce, that the privy-council, after the Duke's death, or-
dered his agreement with them to be continued in full force.

The parliament sat on November 4th following, and broke
up on February 1st: and it appears, 1 that the commons still
favoured the Duke of Somerset, and consulted his restoration to
the office of Protector of the King's person, but by their proro-
gation were prevented. However, they intended the next session
to endeavour at it, and in the mean time to prepare the lords for
it. And Whaley, the receiver of Yorkshire, speaking to divers
noblemen about it, was on that account brought into trouble.

Not long after, as appears by a letter from the Earl of War-
wick to the Lord Paget, and other letters in the Cotton Library
(Titus, B. 2,) feuds began to be visible between the parties of the
Duke of Somerset, and the said Earl of Warwick, the King shew-
ing his uncle favour. And considering his narrow circumstances,
having not only been stripped of all his beneficial places, but also
of his lands and revenues, the King, to ease the Duke in all he
could, being to send hostages into France, consisting of persons of
the best nobility, that might answer the quality of the French
hostages sent hither, his Majesty among the rest made choice of
the Earl of Hertford, the Duke's heir, and was at the charge of
equipping him (as appears by the King's warrant book) which he
did not do by any of the others. Also about the same time the
Duke received 500/. bequeathed to him by King Henry's last
will, in consideration of bis present occasions ; the legacy having

r Strype'i Memorials, vol ii p 210 < Ibid p. 249-

166 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

in effect been before satisfied, when in the first year of Edward
VI. he had divers grants, in consideration of services, and for ful-
filling the King's will, as it run in the book of sales. He likewise
got the command of a troop of horse-guards, consisting of one
hundred, newly raised, to counterbalance that lately conferred on
the Earl of "Warwick. "The Duke of Somerset," says Burnet,
" had such access to the King, that the Earl of Warwick had a
mind to be rid of him lest he should spoil all his projects ; and to
raise himself, and all his friends higher, procured a great creation
of new honours ; on which occasion he got himself created Duke
of Northumberland."

In April 1551, the Duke was made lord lieutenant of the
counties of Buckingham and Berkshire ; but the new Duke of
Northumberland could no longer bear such a rival in his great-
ness, who was the only person that he thought could take the
King out of his hands. Somerset r (as some write) provoked by
continual injuries, had resolved to murder Northumberland ; and
to that end, under colour of a visit, came privily armed to his
lodging, attended by seconds. But finding him in his bed, and
being courteously entertained, did not execute what he proposed.
Whereupon, at his departure, one of the company (Sir J. Thynn
his Secretary) asking him whether he had done thefeai, and he
saying no, the other replied, then you are undone. This his in-
tent being by his own party betrayed, he, with the Lord Grey of
Wilton, were sent to the Tower, on October 16th, 1551} and
the next day his Dutchess, Sir John Thynn, Sir Michael Stan-
hope, his brother-in-law, and other of his friends, 8 were com-
mitted to the same place, where his Dutchess remained till set at
liberty by Queen Mary, on August 3d, 1553. Also, on October
21st, the Lord Paget was carried to the fleet by a guard j and
from thence he, and the Earl of Arundel, were sent to the
Tower, charged with being privy to the Duke's practices, as was
also the Lord Dacrcs of the North.

Whereupon the Duke of Northumberland and his party, to
make the pretended treasons appear more formidable, with much
shew and ceremony came into the city, on October 22d ; and
several companies of London being commanded to repair to their
halls, he acquainted them, that the Duke of Somerset would have
taken the Tower, seized on the broad-seal, and have destroyed

r Godwin, p 239, 246 ; and Hayward's Hist. Edw VI.'
• Sir Thomas Palmer, though imprisoned with him, as an accomplice,
was the person who ruined him- Burnet, ib

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 107

the city, and then to have gone to the Isle of Wight : all which
was thought very improbable.

On December 1st, 1551, he was brought to his trial in West-
minster-hall, before the Marquis of Winchester (then Lord Trea-
surer of England) sitting as high-steward, and twenty-seven
peers. * The charge against him consisted of five parts : first, Of
raising men in the north parts of the realm : second, Of assembling
men to kill the, Duke of Northumberland : third, Of resisting his
attachment : fourth, Of killing the gens d'arms, and raising
London : and, fifth, Of assaulting the lords, aud devising their
deaths. To which he pleaded, not guilty, and putting himself
upon trial of his peers, he averred that he had never any intent
to raise men in the North : that he never intended to kill the
Duke of Northumberland, or any other Lord, but spoke of it only,
and determined the contrary. He further said, that it had been a
mad enterprize with his hundred men to assail the gens d'arms
guards, consisting of nine hundred, when, in case he had pre-«
vailed, it would nothing have availed the pretended purpose : and
therefore, that this, being senseless and absurd, must needs dis-
credit other matters, which might otherwise have been believed.

Next, that at London he never projected any stir, but ever
held it a good place for his security. And that for having men
in his chamber at Greenwich, it was manifest he meant no harm;
because, when he might have done it, he did not. Moreover,
against the persons of them whose examinations were read
against him, he objected many things, desiring they might be
brought to his face ; but his request was rejected. Against Sir
Thomas Palmer, one of the witnesses, he urged several particulars
to his discredit ; and yet in opinion of many, far short of what
might have been proved.

The King's learned council pleaded, that some of the crimes
charged against him were treason, and the other felony ; never-
theless, after many varieties in opinion, be was acquitted of
trea&on, but found guilty of felony, by virtue of a statute then in
force, which made conspiring the death of a privy -counsellor
felony, without the benefit of clergy; and he received sentence
to be hanged.

Those who were present at his trial, hearing the lords say,
not guilty, (which was to the treason) thinking he was acquitted,
and chiefly for that immediately on those words, the ax of the

State Trials, folio, vol rii.

1(58 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND

Tower was taken from before him, they testified their joy with
such loud acclamations, that it was heard at Charing Cross/ And
on his passing through London, some hollowed for joy that he
was acquitted, and others cried that he was condemned, and the
people murmured against the Duke of Northumberland and the
other Lords who were his enemies.

On Friday the 22d of January, 1551-2, before eight in the
morning, the Duke was brought from the Tower to the scaffold,
which having ascended, he changed neither voice or countenance,
but kneeling down, and lifting up his hands, commended himself
unto God. After he had ended some short prayers, standing up
again, and turning himself to the east side of the scaffold, he with
great alacrity, and cheerfulness of mind and countenance, uttered
these words to the people :

" Dearly beloved friends, I am brought hither to suffer death,
albeit I never offended against the King, neither by word or deed,
and have been always as faithful and true unto this realm, as any
man bath been. But forasmuch as I am by law condemned to
die, I do acknowledge myself, as well as others, to be subject
thereunto. Wherefore. to testify mine obedience which I owe
unto the laws, I come hither to suffer death, whereunto I willingly
offer myself with most hearty thanks onto God, that hath given
me this time of repentance, who might through sudden death
have taken away my life, that I neither should have acknowledged
him nor myself.

" Moreover (dearly beloved friends) there is yet somewhat
that I must put you in mind of, as touching Christian religion,
which so long as 1 was in authority, I always diligently set forth
and furthered, to my power. Neither do I repent me of my
doings, but rejoice therein, sith now the state of Christian religion
cometh most near unto the form and order of the primitive
church. Which thing I esteem as a great benefit given of God,
both to you and me -, most heartily exhorting you all, that this
which is most purely set forth, you will with like thankfulness ac-
cept and embrace, and set out the same in your living : which
thing if you do not, without doubt, greater mischief and calamity
will follow." u

More he would have said, bnt a strange tumult and sudden
consternation of the assembly interrupted him j but the Duke in
the mean time stood unmoved, waving his cap which he held in
his hands, and making signs to the people, to keep themselves

' Burnet.ib p ill- • Ibid. p. 164-

DUKE OF SOMERSET. l6g

quiet. And when they were composed, espying Sir Anthony
Brown riding to the scaffold, they conjectured the King had sent
his uncle a pardon; and thereupon casting up their caps, they
cried, pardon, pardon is come, God save the King !

But at length silence being obtained, he spoke to them a
second time in this manner :

" Dearly beloved friends, there is no such matter in hand, as
you vainly hope or believe. It seemeth thus good to Almighty
God, whose ordinance is meet and necessary that we be all obe-
dient unto. Wherefore I pray you all to be quiet, and let us join
in prayer unto the Lord, for the preservation of our noble King,
unto whose Majesty I wish continual health, with all felicity and
abundance, and all manner of prosperous success : whereunto the
people cried out, Amen. Moreover, I wish unto all his counsellors
the grace and favour of God, whereby they may rule all things
uprightly with justice, unto whom I exhort you all in the Lord
to shew yourselves obedient, the which is also very necessary for
you, under the pain of condemnation, and also most profitable for
the preservation and safeguard of the King's Majesty. And for-
asmuch as heretofore I have had oftentimes affairs with divers
men, and that it is hard to please every man that hath been
offended or injured by me, I most humbly require and ask them
forgiveness : but especially Almighty God, whom, throughout all
my life, I have most grievously offended, and to all other, what-
soever they be that have offended me, I do with my whole heart
forgive them.

" And once again (dearly beloved in the Lord) I require that
you will keep yourselves quiet and still, lest, through your
tumult, you might cause rue to have some trouble, which in this
case would nothing at all profit me, neither be any pleasure unto
you. For albeit the spirit be willing and ready, the flesh is frail
and wavering, and through your quietness I shall be much more the
quieter : but if that you fall into tumult, it will be great trouble,
and no gain at all unto you. Moreover, I desire you to bear me
witness, that I die here in the faith of Jesus Christ, desiring you
to help me with your prayers, that I may persevere constant in
the same unto my life's end."

Then turning himself about, and kneeling down, Doctor Cox
(who was present to assist him in his last moments) delivered
into his hand a paper, wherein was contained a brief confession
to God ; which being read, he stood up again, and bidding the
Sheriffs, the Lieutenant of the Tower, and others on the scaffold,

170 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

farewel, taking them all by the hands, he after gare the ex-
ecutioner money. Then kneeling down in the straw, he untied
his shirt-strings, and the executioner coming to him, turned down
his collar round about his neck, and made all things ready for
his execution. Which being done, he covered his face with his
own handkerchief, and laid himself down, shewing no manner of
trouble or fear, neither did his countenance change, any other
than that just before his eyes were covered, his cheeks had a little
more tincture of red than usual.

Thus lying on the block, and waiting for the stroke, his
doublet was taken notice of to cover his neck ; and thereupon he
was desired to rise up and put it off; after which, laying himself
down again on the block, and calling thrice, Lord Jesus, save me!
he was, on the third time of repeating it, in a moment bereft of
his life. His head and body were put into a coffin, and carried
back to the Tower, and buried on the north side of the choir of
St. Peter's chapel, between Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen
Catherine Howard.

That his death was generally lamented is manifest. x Many
they were, who kept handkerchiefs dipped in his blood, as so
many reliques: among the rest, a sprightly Dame, two years
after, when the Duke of Northumberland was led captive through
the city, for his opposition against Queen Mary, run to him in
the streets, and shaking out her bloody handkerchief before him,
said, " Behold the blood of that worthy man, that good uncle of
that excellent King, which was shed by thy treacherous machi-
nations, now, at this instant, begins to revenge itself upon thee."
His Grace's character is given us by Dr. Burnet, y in these
words, " Edward Duke of Somerset, was a person of great
virtues, eminent for piety, humble and affable in his greatness,
sincere and candid in all his transactions, he was a belter captain
than counsellor, had been often successful in his undertakings,
was always careful of the poor and oppressed ; and in a word,
had as many virtues and as few faults as most great men, espe-
cially when they are unexpectedly advanced, have ever had. He
was much courted by John Calvin and Peter Martyr, the chiefs
who carried on the reformation."

" It was generally believed that all this pretended conspiracy,
upon which he was condemned, was only a forgery. For both
Palmer and Craue, the chief witnesses, were soon after discharged,

" Godwin, p. 149. 1 Hist. Ref vol ii. p 187.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 171

as were also Bartvile, and Hamond, with all the rest that had
been made prisoners on the pretence of this plot. And the Duke
of Northumberland continued after that in so close a friendship
with Palmer, that it was generally believed he had been corrupted
to betray him. And indeed the not bringing the witnesses into
court, but only the depositions, and the parties sitting judges,
gave great occasion to condemn the proceedings against him. For
it was generally thought, that all was an artifice of Palmer's, who
had put the Duke of Somerset in fears of his life, and so got him
to gather men about him for his own preservation ; and that he
afterwards being taken with him, seemed through fear to ac-
knowledge all that which he had before contrived. This was
more confirmed by the death of the other four formerly men-
tioned, who were executed on the 26th of February, and did all
protest they had never been guilty of any design, either against
the King, or to kill the lords. Vane added, that his blood would
make Northumberland's pillow uneasie to him." z

During the time of his imprisonment, he omitted no oppor-
tunity to employ his time religiously, as appears by his writ-
ings.-1

This great Duke had two wives. First, Catherine, daughter
and coheir of Sir William Fillol, of Fillol-hall in Essex, and
Woodlands in com. Dorset, Knight, and by her had issue two
sons, John, and Edward, of whom I shall farther treat, being
ancestor to the present Duke of Somerset, as also to the Marquis of
Hertford. His Grace the Duke of Somerset, by his second wife
Anne, daughter to Sir Edward Stanhope, of Sudbury in Suffolk,
and of Hampton in com. N'ott. Knight, (and heir to her mother,
Elizabeth, sister to John Bouchier, Earl of Bath, and great grand-
daughter of William Bouchier, Earl of Ewe, in Normandy, by
Anne his wife, daughter and sole heir of Thomas of Woodstock,
Duke of Gloucester, seventh and youngest son of Edward III.)
had issue three sons, Edward, afterwards Earl of Hertford j
Henry, who married Joan, daughter of Thomas Percy, Earl of
Northumberland, and died without issue ; and another Edward,
who died unmarried, a Knight, in 15/4. Also six daughters :
Anne, first married to John Dudley (commonly called Earl of
Warwick) eldest son to John Duke of Northumberland ; and
afterwards to Sir Edward Unton, of Wadley in Farringdon in

z Hist. Ref. vol. ii p. 187.
a For a list of these, with a spirited character of this Duke by Lord Or-
ford, sec Park's R. and N- A. vol. i- p. X84.

172 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Berks, Knight of the Bath ; Margaret and Jane, who both died
unmarried ; Mary, first wedded to Andrew Rogers, eldest son to
Sir Richard Rogers, of Brianston in com. Dors. Knight, and after
to Sir Henry Peyton, Knight j Catherine died unmarried ; and
Elizabeth, who became the second wife to Sir Richard Knightly,
of Fawesley and Norton in com. Northampt. Knight j she died b
June 3d, 1602, and was buried at Norton. The three first men-
tioned daughters are celebrated by Thuanus, for the composition
of 160 verses in couplets, on the death of Margaret, consort of
Henry de Albert, King of Navarre, and sister of Francis I. of
France. The same historian describes them as worthy of immortal
fame for their noble birth, elegance of wit, extraordinary learn-
ing, and rare probity of manners. c Their mother was secondly
married to Francis Newdigate, Esq. ; she died April lfJth, 1587,
and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, eldest son and heir
of Edward, first Duke of Somerset, by his Dutchess, Anne Stan-
hope, was, by special entail, inheritor, by descent from the said
Duke, as well of most of his lands, &c. as of all his dignities,
and honourable titles of Duke of Somerset, Earl of Hertford,
Viscount Beauchamp, d and Baron Seymour ; as not forfeited by
the crime for which be suffered death. But in the session of
parliament, in the fifth and sixth years of Edward VI. (when he
was but thirteen years of age, or thereabout) there passed an act,
by the procurement of his enemies, by which were given to the
crown the said dignities and titles of honour, with lands of 5000/.
yearly value. Being thus deprived of all his titles and lands, he
continued in this disconsolate condition, till Queen Elizabeth e
created him Earl of Hertford, and Baron Beauchamp, in the
first year of her reign, before her coronation. He married the
Lady Catherine Grey, daughter and heir of Henry Grey, Duke
of Suffolk, (by the Lady Frances his wife, eldest daughter and
coheir to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and Mary the French
Queen, who was youngest daughter to Henry VII.) which lady
had been divorced from Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke; and
being sister to the Lady Jane, who was beheaded/ it was the
cause of great trouble, both to her and the Earl. In 1563, being

k Bridges's Northamp. voli. p. 79. c See Park's R and N. A. vol. i. p. 293.
<■ So it is said; but query? for surely the Viscounty of Beauchamp was
•ntailed on the issue by thejirst marriage.

• 1 Pat. Eliz p. 4.
r Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth ia Kennet, vol* ii- p. 389.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 173

discerned to be big with child, she was committed prisoner to the
Tower, though she acknowledged herself to be hig lawful wife j
and he returning out of France, where he had gone with the
Queen's leave, and owning his marriage, was also imprisoned
with her ; where she was soon brought to-bed of her first son ;
after that, of another, having corrupted her keeper. He was,
upon this, censured in the Star-Chamber, upon these three points :
first, for that he had vitiated a maid of the royal blood j next,
that he had broke prison ; and lastly, that he lud lain with her
again. To which he answered, that having lawfully married her,
and the prison doors standing open, he came to her, in her sad-
ness, to comfort, and pay his conjugal debt : yet was, nevertheless,
fined 15,000/. and kept prisoner for the space of nine years in the
Tower, where his Countess died, on January 26th, 1567. The
validity of this marriage being afterwards tried at common law,
the minister who married them being present, and other circum-
stances agreeing, the jury found it a good marriage.

This Earl lived s to be an aged man j h and in the 3d of Jac. 1.
\605, with much importunity, was prevailed on to go ambassador
to the Arch-Duke Albert, governor of the Netherlands, for con-
firming a peace. j •* The Earl," says Carte," who was generally
thought to be master of more ready money, than any nobleman -in
England, resolved to make a pompous figure in his embassy, and
to spend in it 10,000/. besides his allowance."

By the Lady Catherine Grey, his first wife, aforesaid, he had
issue three sons j Edward who died young ; Edward Lord Beau-
champ j and Thomas, who took to wife Isabel, daughter of
Edward Onley, of Catesby in com. Northam. Esq. ; he died with-
out issue, on August 8th, l600, and his wife on August 20tb,
1619, was buried in St. Margaret's church, Westminster j also
Catherine, a daughter, who died young. He had likewise two
other wives 3 Frances, daughter to "William Lord Howard, of
Effingham, sister to Charles Earl of Nottingham, who dying on
May 14th, 15Q8, was buried in Westminster-Abbey on June 20th
following. He, lastly, married Frances, daughter to Thomas
Viscount Howard, of Bindon, and widow of Henry Pranell,k
Esq. of London ; but by neither of these had any issue ; and the

« In the latter part of her reign he entertained Queen Elizabeth at his seat
at Xlvetham, near Hertford Bridge in Hants; for an account of which see
Nichols's Progresses-

h Camden's Annals, Jac I.

1 See Memoirs of James's Peers, p. 295 ; and Winw. Memor. vol. ii. p. 45, 52.

*■ Ped- of PranHell- in Vine. No 119—407, in Her Coll.

174 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

latter was thirdly, wedded to Lodowick Stuart, Duke of Lenox
and Richmond, and died 1639 5 Dut hau" no children.1 His Lord-
ship, departing this life in April l621,m aged eighty-three, was
buried in the cathedral church of Salisbury.

Edward Lord Beauchamp, his eldest surviving son (notwith-
standing the Duke's descendants, by the first venter, had lodged
a petition in the house of peers, against the claim of those or the
second to the family titles) in the sixth of Jac. I. obtained letters
patent, n that he and the heirs male of his body, immediately after
the death of his fiither, should be Barons of parliament, and have
place and voice there : as also, other letters patents the same year,
for the enjoyment of the title of Earl of Hertford. And having
married Honora, daughter to Sir Richard Rogers, of Brianston in
com. Dors. Knight, without the consent of the Earl his father, it
exposed him to a great deal of trouble. He died before his father,
and by the said Lady Honora, he had three sons and one daughter ;
first, Edward, who was created Kuight of the B^ath, at the crea-
tion of Charles Prince of Wales, and married Anne, daughter of
Robert Sackvile, Earl of Dorset. The marriage articles bear date
March 20th, 1608 ; by which it appears, the Lady was to have
60C0/. for her portion, payable by her brother, Richard Earl of
Dorset, at Hertford House in Chanon Row, in the city of West-
minster. And the Earl of Hertford, his grandfather, covenants to
settle a jointure of 800/. per ann. on her. He died in August, 1618,
before his father and grandfather, and had issue, by the said Lady
Anne, (who was secondly married to Sir Edward Lewis, Knight,)
one son, Edward, who died young, and two daughters, Anne and
Mary, who died infants. The second son of Edward Lord Beau-
champ, by the said Lady Honora, was Sir William Seymour,
Knight of the Bath ; and Sir Francis Seymour, Knight, created
Lord Seymour of Troulridge, was third son. The daughter,
Honora, was married to Sir Ferdinand Dudley, Knight of the
Bath, at that time heir-apparent of Edward Lord Dudley.

Sir William Seymour, second son of this Edward Lord
Beauchamp, on the death of his grandfather, Edward Earl of
Hertford, 1621, succeeded him in his honours.

This William Earl and Marouis of Hertford, and second
Dure of Somerset, was educated in Magdalen- col lege in
Oxford. His marriage with Lady Arabella Stuart, daughter of

1 See an account of her fantastic character in A. Wilson, p 25I ; and
Memoirs of James's .Peers, p 196 Also a print of her, Biog. Mirror vol ii-
p 116- See also Topographer, vol. i. p 39?.

■ Sl George's MS Baron- prsedict. n Pat. 6 Jac t- p 30.

DUKE OF SOMERSET- 17 i

Charles Stuart fifth Earl of Lennox, uncle to King James, by
Elizabeth Cavendish, made a great noise in this reign. " Her
Jouble relation to royalty," says Lodge, ,r was equally obnoxious
to the jealousy of Elizabeth, and the timidity of James; and they
secretly dreaded the supposed danger of her having a legitimate
offspring. The former therefore prevented her from marrying
Esme Stuart, her kinsman, and heir to the titles and estates of
her family ; the latter, by obliging her to reject many splendid
offers of marriage, unwarily encouraged the hopes of many in-
ferior pretenders. Thus circumscribed, she renewed a childish
connection with William Seymour, which was discovered in
I6O9." °

Mr. Beaulieu writes to Mr. Trumbull, February 15th, l60g :
" The Lady Arabella, who as you know was not long ago cen-
sured for having, without the King's privity, entertained a motion
of marriage, was again within these few days deprehended in the
like treaty with my Lord of Beauchamp's second son, and both
were called and examined yesterday at the court about it. What
the matter will prove, I know not; but these affectations of
marriage in her do give some advantage to the worldx of impairing
the reputation of her constant and virtuous disposition." p

Sir Dudley Carleton writes to Sir R. Winwood, July 25th,
l6l0 : " The great match, which was lately stolen betwixt the
Lady Arabella and young Beauchamp, provides them both of safe
lodgings ; the Lady close prisoner at Sir Thomas Parry's house at
Lambeth ; and her husband in the Tower. Melvin, the poetical
minister, welcomed him thither, with this distich : —

Communis tecum mihi causa estcarceris ; Ara»
Bella tibi causa est, Araque sacra mihi. <i

Mr. John More writes to Sir Ralph Winwood, June 8th,
l6ll : " The first of this month, by the ordinary of Middleburg,
I sent your Lordship some advertisements of small importance,
and that which I now send is, for the most part, of no tetter stuff.
The quick-winged and various fame of my Lady Arabella's and
Mr. Seymour's flight will far outstrip the passage of this letter*
yet in the certain manner of their escape, it may perhaps, in
some points, clear the obscurity of forerunning bruits. On

0 Illustr. vol. Hi. p. 17I n.
• Winw. Mem. voliii. p. 119. <\ Ibid. p. %qi.

170 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Monday last, in the afternoon, my Lady Arabella, lying at Mr.
ConyersV house, near Highgate, having induced her keepers
and attendants into security by the fair shew of conformity, and
willingness to go on her journey towards Durham, which the
next day she must have done, and in the mean time disguising
herself, by drawing a pair of great French-fashioned hose over
her petticoats, putting on a man's doublet/a man-like peruke with
long locks over her hair, a black hat, black cloak, russet boots
with red tops, and a rapier by her side, walked forth between
three and four of the clock with Markham. After they had gone
a-foot a mile and a half to a sorry inn, where Crompton attended
with horses, she grew very sick and faint, so as the ostler that
held the stirrup, said that the gentleman would hardly hold out to
London ; yet being set on a good gelding, astride in an unwonted
fashion, the stirring of the horse brought blood enough into her
face, and so she rid on towards Blackwall ; where arriving about
six o'clock, finding there in a readiness two men, a gentlewoman,
and a chambermaid, with one boat full of Mr. Seymour's and her
trunks, and another boat for their persons, they hasted from thence
towards Woolwich. Being come so far, they bade the watermen
row on to Gravesend. There the watermen were desirous to
land, but for a double freight were contented to go on to Lee;
yet, being almost tired by the way, they were fain to lie still at
Tilbury, whilst the rowers went a-land to refresh themselves.
Then they proceeded to Lee, and by that time the day appeared,
and they discovered a ship at anchor a mile beyond them, which
was the French bark that waited for them. Here the lady would
have Jain at anchor, expecting Mr. Seymour, but, through the
importunity of her followers, they forthwith hoisted sail sea-
ward. In the mean while, Mr. Seymour, with a peruke and
beard of black hair, and in a tawny cloth suit, walked alone
without suspicion from bis lodging, out of the great west door of
the Tower, following a cart that had brought him billets. From
thence he walked along by the Tower wharf, by the warders of
the south gate, and so to the iron gate, where Rodney was ready
with oars for to receive him : when they came to Lee, and found
that the French ship was gone, the billows rising high, they hired
a fisherman for twenty shillings to set them aboard a certain ship
that they saw under sail. That ship they found not to be it they

In my Lord Salisbury's letter to Mr- TrunbuU, it is Sir James Croft'*

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 177

iooked for, so they made forward to the next under sail, which
was a ship of Newcastle. This, with much ado, they hired for
40l. to carry them to Calais : but whether the collier did perform
his bargain or no, is not as yet here known. On Tuesday in the
afternoon, my Lord Treasurer being advertised that the Lady
Arabella had made an escape, sent forthwith to the Lieutenant of
the Tower, to set straight guard over Mr. Seymour ; which he,
after his yare manner, ' would throughly do, that he would ;' but
coming to the prisoner's lodgings, he found, to his great amaze-
ment, that he was gone from thence one whole day before.

I may not omit in this relation, to insert the simple part of
two silly persons ; the one called Tom Barber, servant to Mr.
Seymour, who (believing his master spake lond fide,) did, ac-
cording to his instructions, tell every one that came to enquire for
his master, that he was newly betaken to his rest, being much
troubled with the tooth-ache; and when the matter was disco-
vered, did seriously persist to persuade Mr. Lieutenant, that he
was gone to lie a night with his wife, and would surely return
thither of himself again : the other a minister's wife, attending
the lady, who, seeing her mistress disguise herself, and slip
away, was truly persuaded that she intended but to make a private
visit to her husband, and did duly attend her return at the time
appointed.

" Now the King and the Lords being much disturbed with
this unexpected accident, my Lord Treasurer sent orders to a
pinnace that lay at the Downs, to put presently to sea, first to
Calais road, and then to scour up the coast, towards Dunkirk.
This pinnace, spying the aforesaid French bark which lay linger-
ing for Mr. Seymour, made to ber, which thereupon offered to
fly towards Calais, and endured thirteen shot of the pinnace,
before she would strike. In this bark is the Lady taken, with,
her followers, and brought back towards the Tower, not so sorry
for her own restraint, as she would be glad if Mr. Seymour might
escape, whose welfare she protesteth to affect much more than her
own.

" In this passionate hurry here was a proclamation first con-
ceived in very bitter terms, but by my Lord Treasurer's mode-
ration, seasoned at the print,8 as now here you find it. There
are likewise three letters dispatched in haste, written by Sir

i See Rymer's Fcedera, XVI. p. 710, where this proclamation is printed
at large.

vol. 1. w

178 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Thomas Lake, to the King and Queen Regent of France, and to
the Archdukes, all written with harsher ink than now, if they
were to do, (I presume) they should be, especially that to the
Archdukes, which did seem to presuppose their course to tend
that way ; and all three describing the offence in black colours,
and pressing their sending back without delay. -Indeed, the
general belief was, that they intended to settle themselves in
Brabant, and that under the favour of the Popish faction ; but
now I rather think they will be most pitied by the Puritans, and
that their course did wholly tend to France. And though for the
former "I had only mine own corrigible imagination, yet for the
latter many pregnant reasons do occur: as, that the ship that did
attend them was French ; the place that Mr. Seymour made for
was Calais ; the man that made their perukes, was a French
clockmaker, who is fled with them ; and in the ship is said to be
found a French post, with letters from the ambassador. This
proclamation for the oath is by diverse found strange, for that it
is so general : but where love is, loyalty will not be wanting.
The number of Baronets is now just thirty-six." l

On March 10th, J612, Mr. John Chamberlaine has these
words in a letter to Sir Ralph Winwood : " The Lady Arabella is
said to be distracted, which (if it be so) comes well to pass for
somebody, whom they say she hath nearly touched." u Again on
May 6th, 1613, he says, " The Lady Arabella is likewise* re-
strained of late, though they say her brain continues still cracked."*'
Lady Arabella died in the Tower without issue ; and was interred
in Westminster Abbey, September 27th, 1 615, near Henry Prince
of Wales.

Her husband Lord William Seymour, who afterwards sue*
ceeded to the family honours, in consideration of his eminent
merits, was advanced * to the dignity of Marquis of Hertford,
3d Junii 1640, and thereupon constituted governor to the Prince
of Wales : and faithfully adhering to that King, on the grand re-.
bellion against him, was made lieutenant-general of all his forces,
in the counties of Wilts, Southampton, Dorset, &c. and elected
Chancellor of the University of Oxford, October 24th, 1643 : and
the same year made Groom of the Stole to the King ; whom he
attended throughout the course of the civil wars, and distinguished
himself on several occasions, particularly by his gallant defence of

* Winw- Mem. vol.iii. p. 279.-281. u Ibid. p. 44a.

As well as Lord Grey de Wilton- y Winw ut suprp. 454-

2 Pat 16 Car. I. p. 1.

DUKE OF SOMERSET.' 179

Sherborne castle in Dorsetshire, l(i-J2, against the parliamen-
tarians, and by his courage and conduct at the battle of Lans-
down, on July 5th, 1643. When the Marquis was informed,
that the rebels proposed to put his Majesty to death, he, with
James Stuart, Duke of Richmond, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of
Southampton, and Montague Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, generously
offered themselves sacrifices for the safety of their Sovereign, as
having been, by their office of privy-counsellors, the advisers of
the measures imputed to him as criminal : and on his cruel murder,
they got a licence from the parliament to bury his Majesty's
body.

" The Marquis of Hertford, " says Lord Clarendon, " was a
man of great honour, interest, and estate, and of an universal
esteem over the whole kingdom; and though he had received
many, and continued disobligations from the court, from the time
of the King's coming to the crown, as well as during the reign of
King James, in both which seasons, more than ordinary care had
been taken to discountenance and lessen his interest ; yet he had
carried himself with such a notable steadiness, from the beginning
of the parliament, in the support and defence of the King's power
and dignity, notwithstanding all his allies, and those with whom
he had the greatest familiarity and friendship, were of the oppo-
site party ; and never concurred with them against the Earl of
Strafford, whom he was known not to love, nor in any other ex-
travagancy. And then he was not to be shaken in his affection to
the government of the church; though it was enough known,
that he was in no degree biassed to any great inclination to the
person of any churchman. And with all this, that party carried
themselves towards him with profound respect, not presuming to
venture their own credit in endeavouring to lessen his. It is very
true, he wanted some of those qualities, which might have been
wished to be in a person to be trusted in the education of a great
and hopeful prince, and in forming of his mind and manners in so
tender an age. He was of an age not fit for much activity and
fatigue, and loved, and was even wedded so much to his ease, that
he loved his book above all exercises ; and had even contracted
such a laziness of mind, that he had no delight in an open and
liberal conversation ; and cared not to discourse, and argue ou
those points which he understood very well, only for the trouble
©f contending; and could never impose upon himself the pain
that was necessary to be undergone, in such a perpetual attend-
ance: but then those lesser duties might be other\vise provided

180 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

for, and he could well support the dignity of a governor, and ex*
act that diligence from others, which he could not exercise him-
self j and his honour was so unblemished, that none durst mur-
mur against the designation ; and therefore his majesty thought
him very worthy Jof the high trust against which there was no
other exception, but that he was not ambitious of it, nor in truth
willing to receive and undergo the change, so contrary to his
natural constitution. But in his pure zeal and affection for the
crown, and the conscience, that in this conjuncture his submis-
sion might advance the King's service, and that the refusing it
might prove disadvantageous to his Majesty, he very cheerfully
undertook the province, to the general satisfaction and public joy
of the whole kingdom; and to the no little honour and credit of
the court, that so important and beloved a person would attach
himself to it under such a relation, when so many, who had
scarce ever eaten any bread but the King's, detached themselves
from their dependence, that they might without him and against
him, preserve and improve those fortunes, which they had pro-*
cured and gotten under him, and by his bounty."

In another place Lord Clarendon says, '* The Marquis of
Hertford was a man of great honour, and fortune, and interest in
the affection of the people ; and had always undergone bard mea-
sure from the court, where he long received no countenance, and
had no design of making advantage from it. For, though he
was a man of very good parts, and conversant in books, both in
Latin and the Greek languages, and of a clear courage, of which
he had given frequent evidence, yet he was so wholly given up
to a country life, where he lived in splendour, that he had an
aversion, and even an unaptness, for business : besides his parti-
cular friendship with the Earl of Essex, whose sister he had
married, his greatest acquaintance and conversation had been with
those who had the reputation of being best affected to the liberty
of the kingdom, and least in love with the humour of the court j
many of whom were the chief of those who engaged themselves
most factiously, and furiously against the King. But as soon as
he discerned their violent purposes against the government esta-
blished, before he suspected their blacker designs, he severed
himself from th-m ; and from the beginning of the parliament,
never concurred with them in any one vote dishonourable to the
King, or in the prosecution of the Earl of Strafford. He did ac-
cept the government of the Prince of Wales, as is mentioned
before, purely out of obedience to the King; and, no doubt, i£

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 181

Wtt • great service ; though for the performance of the office of
n gorernor, he never thought himself tit, nor meddled with it.
He left York, as is remembered, to form an army for the King
in the west, where his interest was ; but he found those parts so
corrupted, and an array from the parliament was poured down so
toon upon him, that there was nothing for the present to be done
worthy of his presence; so that he sent the small party, that was
with him, farther west to Cornwall ; where, by degrees, they
grew able to raise an army, with which they joined with him
afterwards again ; and himself returned to the King at Oxford,
about the time wheu the treaty began."

During the usurpation," he was dismissed from being Chan-
cellor of the University of Oxford, but by a letter sent to the
University, dated May 8th, itibO, was restored to his place of
Chancellor on the 2()th following ; and on June 6th was con-
firmed by the convocation.

On the King's restoration, the Marquis of Hertford met the
King at Dover ; and the next day, May 27th, his Majesty at Can-
terbury gave him the garter (having been elected in Jersey on
January 13th, lti-10) at the same time that he gave it to the Earl
of Southampton, and General Monk. He was also, by a v
act, in that parliament begun at Westminster on April 25th,
1660, restored to the title of Duke op Somehset, forfeited by
the attainder of Edward Duke of Somerset, his great grandfather,
with limitation to the heirs male of the body of the said Edward,
late Duke of Somerset, begotten on the body of the Lady Anne
his wife, with all privileges as fully and amply, as if the act of
attainder in 5 Edward VI. had never been made. On the passing
of which act, the King thus expressed himself, in parliament,
" That as this was an act of an extraordinary nature, so it wav
done for an extraordinary person, who hath merited so much of
his royal father and himself, as any subjejt could do; and there-
fore hoped no man would envy it, because he had done what a
good master should do to nuch a servant." t

This great nobleman departed this life on October 24th, l660t
and was buried at Great Bed win. He had two wives; first, the
Lady Arabella Stuart, already mentioned.

His second lady was Frances, daughter of Robert Earl of
Essex, and eldest sister and coheir to Uobrrt Devcreux, Earl of
K.vcx, the parliament general, by this lady he had five sons and

4 VV^oJ'j Fasti Oxoa, tol it

182 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

four daughters, of which William, Robert, and Edward, died un-
married j as also one of his daughters, the Lady Arabella : and
his second daughter, Lady Frances, died without children, after
having married three husbands, viz. Richard Viscount Molineux,
Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, and Conyers, son
and heir to Conyers Lord Darcy. His other daughters were,
Lady Mary, married to Heneage Earl of Winchelsea, and Lady
Jane to Charles Lord Clifford of Lanesborough, son and heir to
Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington; she died November 23d,,
1^79> and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

His sons that lived to maturity, were Henry Lord Beauchamp,
third son, and Lord John Seymour, who at length was Duke of
Somerset, of whom I shall farther treat.

Which Henry Lord Beauchamp took to wife Mary, eldest
daughter of Arthur Lord Capel, of Hadham, ancestor to the
Earls of Essex of that family, and died at the age of twenty-eight
years, in his father's life-time, anno 1656 j leaving the said Mary
his wife surviving, afterwards married to Henry Duke of Beau-
fort. By the Lord Beauchamp she had one son, William, who
succeeded his grandfather, as third Duke of Somerset, and three
daughters, Frances, and Mary, who died infants ; and Elizabeth,
who had a warrant fromb Charless II. on June 28tb, 1(5/2, allow-
ing her the title of Lady, and the place and precedency of a
daughter of the Duke of Somerset ; on August 31, l6?6, she was
married to Thomas Lord Bruce, afterward Earl of Ailesbury, and
died in childbed January 12tb, 1696-7. And from her descend
the Earls of Aylesbury, who from that great marriage possess the
Seymour estates in Wiltshire} but whose representative in blood
is the present Countess Temple, daughter of the late Duke of
Chandos, in right of his mother.

William, third Duke of Somerset, after five days illness,
died at Worcester-house in thec Strand, unmarried (aged twenty
years) on September 26th, 1671, and the Lord John, his uncle,
succeeded to the honours.

John, fouiith Duke of Somerset, having married Sarah,
daughter of Sir Edward Alston, Knight, president of the college
of physicians (and relict of George Grimston, Esq. son of Sir
Harbottle Grimston, master of the rolls) departed this life with-
out issue, at Amesbury in Wiltshire, on April 20th. lfj/5, and
was buried in the cathedral of Salisbury, and his Duchess sur-

k Samlford's Gcne.il History, p 366. c Hist Zngl vol iii p. 309-

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 183

viving till 25th October 1692, was interred in Westminster-
Abbey.

His Duchess gave a notable instance of her regard for the
family of Somerset, having by her will, dated May 1/th, 1686,
settled, in the strictest terms of law, the manors of Powsey and
Titcombe, cum Oxcnwood, and Harding farm, with their appur-
tenances, in Wiltshire, on the successive Dukes of Somerset de-
scendants from Edward Seymour, the first Duke. She likewise
founded the noble alms-house at Froxfield, in the said county,
for thirty widows not having 20/. a year, one half the widows of
clergymen, and the other of laymen.

Now I come to Sir Francis Seymour, Knight, third son to
Edward Lord Viscount Beauchamp, son and heir to Edward Earl
of Hertford, and younger brother to William Duke of Somerset,
who was restored to that title, as before mentioned. Which Sir
Francis, on February 19th, 16 Car. I. had been advanced to the
dignity of a Baron of this realm, d by the title of Lord Sey-
mour, of Troubkidge ; and wase constituted Chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster, on June 1st, 1660. He married twice; first,
Frances, daughter and coheir to Sir Gilbert Prlnne, of Allington
in com. Wilts, Knight, by whom he had issue one son, Charles
Lord Troubridge, and a daughter, Frances, married to Sir William
Ducie, of Tortworth in com. Gloucest. Knight of the Bath, who
was created Lord Viscount Down, in Ireland : secondly, Cathe-
rine, daughter to Sir llobert Lee, f of Billesley in com. Warw.
Knight, by whom he had no issue ; and dying on July 12tb,
166-1, was buried at Bedwin.

Charles, bis only son, succeeded him as Lord Trou-
bridge, and dying on August 25th, 1665, was buried by his
father. He married first Mary, daughter and sole heir of Thomas
Smith, of Soley in the parish of Chilton Foliot in com. Wilts,
Esq. j by whom he had issue Edward, that died in his infancy,
and two daughters, Catherine, who died unmarried 5 and Frances,
wedded to Sir George Hungerford, of Cadengham in the county
of Wilts, Knight. And having married, secondly, Elizabeth,
daughter to William Lord Allington, of Hors heath in the county
of Cambridge, had issue five sons, viz. Francis, William, and
William, who all died young; Francis and Charles, who survived,
and were successively Dukes of Somerset: also two daughters,

d Pat. 16 Car. I. p 7. e Pat. iz Car. H.

f Vide. Ped of Lee K. Ill fol 90, in Her. Coll.

184 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Elizabeth, who died young ; and Honora, married to Sir Charles
Gerard, of Harrow on the Hill in the county of Middlesex, Bart,
and she died in May, 1731. Their mother was secondly married
to Sir John Ernie, Knight, Chancellor of the Exchequer.*

Francis, eldest of the two sons, succeeded his father in \665.
He was born on January 17th, 1657, and by the death of the
before-mentioned John Duke of Somerset, who died without
issue, in 1675, became the fifth Duke of Somerset : but tra-
velling in Italy was murdered at Lerice, in the territories of the
Genoese, on April 20th, 1678, occasioned by his falling into
company with some French gentlemen, who persuaded him to go
with them into the church of the Augustinians at Lerice, where
they offered some rudeness to certain ladies of the family of Botti
of that town. This was so much resented by the husband of one
of those ladies, Horatio Botti, that he watched his opportunity,
and shot the Duke at the door of his inn, of which wound he
instantly died. It was the Duke's unhappiness, that he was in
company with these French gentlemen, who gave the provocation,
he himself being intirely innocent. On his death, his uncle, Mr.
Hildebrand Allington, afterwards Lord Allington, who travelled
with his Grace, immediately gave Dotice of it to the state of
Genoa, and demanded satisfaction. That republic was not want-
ing in doing all that was possible, in order to apprehend the said
Horatio Botti ; but he making his escape, they promised a reward
to any one that should seize him, and bring him to justice} and
he was hanged in effigie, as an atonement to the King of England,
for the death of so great a subject.

He was succeeded in his honours and estate by his brother
Charles, sixth Duk£, born on August 12th, 1662, commonly
called the proud Duke of Somerset, both on account of his mag*
nificent and stately manner of living, as well as on account of his
extreme haughtiness. h His Grace, on May 30th, 1682, took to
wife the Lady Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir of Josceline
Percy, the last Earl of Northumberland of that family, who had
been before married to Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle, only son
and heir to Henry Duke of Newcastle, who died before he was of
age to cohabit with her, and secondly to Thomas Thynne, Esq.
According to the marriage articles, his Grace and his heirs were

* Monthly Chronicle for July 1731.
t> For some anecdotes of his very lidiculous pride, see Noble's Contn of
Griper.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 184

to relinquish the surname of Seymour, and instead thereof to as*
sume and use that of Percy : but the Duchess, soon after she
came of age, released him from that disagreeable obligation. By
that Lady (who died on November 23d, 1/22) his Grace had
issue, that survived to maturity, three sons and four daughters,
viz.

Algernon Earl of Hertford, and seventh Duke, born on No-
vember 1 1 th, 1 084.

Lord Percy Seymour, who was born on June 3d, 1686, served
in parliament for Cockermouth in Cumberland, and died of the
«mall-pox on July 4th, 1721, unmarried.

Lord Charles Seymour, who was born in 1688, died on
January, 4th, 17 10, unmarried, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.1

Lady Elizabeth, who was married to Henry Obrien, Earl of
Thomond, of the kingdom of Ireland, and Viscount Tadcaster in
England, and died without issue, April 2d, 1734.

Lady Catherine, who was married on July 21st, 1708, to Sir
William Wyndham, of Orchard Wyndham in the county of
Somerset, Bart, and died in April, 1713, leaving issue Charles,
late Earl of Egremont, &c.

Lady Anne, married to Peregrine Marquis of Caermarthen,
son and heir of Peregrine Osborn, Duke of Leeds, died November
27th, 1722.

Lady Frances, who died unmarried, on May 10th, 1720.

His Grace, on February 4th, 1725-6, had to his second wife,
the Lady Charlotte Finch, second daughter to Daniel Earl of
Winchelsea, and Nottingham ; by whom he had two daughters ;
the Lady Frances, born on July 8th, 1728, married on September
3d, 1750, to John late Marquis of Granby, son and heir of John
present Duke of Rutland, and died January 25th, 1/60 : Lady
Charlotte, born on September 21st, 1730, and married on October
6th, 1750, to Heneage Lord Guernsey, late Earl of Ailesford.
The Duchess their mother died January 21st, 1773.

His Grace was admitted Knight of the Garter on April 8th,
1684, and upon the demise of King Charles II. was one of the
privy-counsellors who signed tke proclamation of James II. for
whose service, in June following, he assisted in collecting the
militia of Somersetshire against the Duke of Monmouth : but re-
fusing to introduce Ferdinand Dadda, Archbishop of Amasia,,

'Monuments Anglicana, vel.iy. _

186 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

nuncio from Pope Innocent XI. to his audience at Windsor, ori
July 3d, 1687, he was deprived of his place of lord of the bed-
chamber, and the command of the third regiment of dragoons,
raised in 1685. The University of Cambridge elected him their
Chancellor in 1688. When the Prince of Orange landed, in 1688,
his Grace was one of the noblemen who offered him their assist-
ance : and during part of his reign, president of the council, and
one of the lords of regency, in 1701, when his Majesty made his
last visit to Holland. Upon Queen Anne's accession, he was
sworn of her privy-council, appointed master of the horse on
July 3d, following, and, in 1708, one of the commissioners for
treating of the union. His Duchess, on January 16th, 1710-11,
was constituted groom of the stole, and first lady of the bed-
chamber to her Majesty : but his Grace was removed from the
mastership of the horse, on January 17th, 1711-12. His unex-
pected appearance with John Duke of Argyll, both unsummoned,
at the council at Kensington, on July 30th, 171<*> when the
Queen's recovery was despaired of, very probably disconcerted the
schemes of some of the other counsellors, with regard to the suc-
cession : and when her Majesty expired, on August 1st, his
Grace's name was the second in the list of the nineteen peers,
whom King George I. had, by a previous deed, added to the
seven great officers of state, as guardians of the realm, until his
arrival. In the mean time, his Grace concurred in every step for
preserving the quiet of the nation ; and, on August 31st, was em-
ployed, with the Duke of Shrewsbury and Lord Cowper, to re-
ceive the seals from Lord Bolingbroke, and seal up the doors of
his office. King George having landed at Greenwich on Sep-
tember 18th, the Duke of Somerset was nominated one of the
new privy-council, and restored to the place of master of the"
horse, on the 27th of that month, but threw it up on October
25th, next year. The Duke accepted of no office at Court after-
wards, though the late King George II. in the first of his reign,
named him one of his privy council.

His Grace, after his succession to the peerage, assisted at
almost every grand solemnity in a station suitable to his high qua-
lity : at the funeral of Charles II. on February 14th, 16S4-5, he
was one of the supporters to Prince George of Denmark, the chief
mourner: he carried the orb at the coronation of James II.;
and the Queen's crown, at that of William and Mary : at the
burial of Queen Mary, on March 5th, l6p4-5, he was one of the
supporters of the pall, while his Duchess walked as chief mourner;

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 1S7

at the funeral of Ring William, on April 12, 1702, he was one
of the two supporters to Prince George, the principal mourner:
and at the coronation of Queen Anne, of George I. and of
George II. his Grace carried the orb.

His Grace, some years before his decease, retired from all
public affairs, to his seat at Petworth in Sussex, where he died on
December 2d, 1748, and on the 26th of the same month, was
buried in Salisbury cathedral. k

His honours and e9tate devolved on his eldest son, Alger*
non, Earl of Hertford, the seventh Duke of Somerset.

On the death of his mother in 1722, he succeeded to the ba-
ronies of Percy, Lucy, Poynings, Fitz-Payne, Bryan, and
Latimer, and took his seat accordingly in the house of peers,
being then aged thirty-eight.

But to look back to the earlier part of his life, he had, before
he arrived at full age, been returned member for Marlborough
to the parliament summoned to meet on June 14th, 1705, being
the last English parliament, and which, when the union took
place in 1 707, was with the members from Scotland, the first of
Great Britain. He was also elected for the same place to the par-
liament convened in 17O8 and 1722 ; but being at the same time
chosen one of the Knights of the shire for the county of Northum-
berland, as he was likewise to three intervening parliaments, he
took his seat for that county.

His Grace, at the death of Charles Sackville Earl of Dorset,
on January 25th, 1 705-6, was in his stead constituted Lord Lieu-
tenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Sussex.

In 1708, he made the campaign as a volunteer in Flanders,
and was present at the memorable victory obtained over the
French at Oudenard, on July 11th, and at the taking of Lisle that
year. Upon those occasions, he so far signalized himself, that the
Duke of Marlborough sent his Lordship express, with the account
of his success, as published in our Gazette, No. 4492: " St.
James's, November 26th. This afternoon the Right Honourable
the Earl of Hertford arrived here express from his Grace the Duke

k In July, 1756, a very fine marble statue of his Grace (done at the ex-
pence of his daughters, the Marchioness of Granby and Lady Guernsey, by
the ingenious Mr Rysbrack) representing him in the younger part of his life*
raised on a square pedestal, and dressed after the manner of Vandyke^ with
the ensigns of the Garter, leaning in an easy posture on his left arm, and
holding a roll in his right hand, was placed in the. senate-house of the Univer-
sity of Cambridge, with a suitable inscription.

188 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of Marlborough, to her Majesty, with an account, that his Grace"
had passed the Scheld, and relieved the town of Brussels, Which
was besieged by the late Elector of Bavaria. His Lordship was
received by the Queen with great distinction."

In 1709, he served again as a volunteer at the taking of Tour-
nay ; also in the famous battle of Blaregnies, or Malplaquet, on
August 31st, and at the reduction of the strong city of Mons, the
capital of Hainault, which concluded that glorious campaign.
Whereupon, in consideration of his valour and merit, he was con-
stituted, on October 23, 1709, colonel of the fifteenth regiment
of foot ; and afterwards served every campaign in the Netherlands
till the conclusion of the peace at Utrecht, 1713. And Queert
Anne, in regard of his signal services, constituted him governor
of Tinmouth-castle and Clifford fort.

On February 8th, 1714-15, the first year of George I. he was1
constituted colonel and captain of the second troop of horse-
guards. He was also appointed lord of the bed-chamber to the
Prince of Wales, afterwards King George II. and continued in
his government of Tinmouth castle, and Clifford fort, as also
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Sussex.

In 1722, by the death of his mother Elizabeth, only daughter
and heir of Josceline Xlth and last Earl of Northumberland, he
succeeded to the baronies of Percy, Lucy, Poynings, Fitz-
Payne, Bryan, and Latimer, and accordingly took his seat in
the house of peers as a Baron of this realm.

At the decease of Evelyn Pierrepont, first Duke of Kingston,
on March 5th, 1 725-6, his Lordship was appointed Custos Rotu-
lorum for the county of Wilts.

On March 19th, 1 726-7, he was promoted to the rank of a
brigadier-general of his Majesty's forces; and on November 11th,
1735, constituted major-general of the horse.

On September 26th, 1737, he was made governor of Minorca,
and of the town and garrison of Port-Mahon. Also on July 2d,
1/39, he was declared lieutenant-general of the hoYse.

On May 6th, 1740, he was made colonel of his Majesty's*
royal regiment of horse guards; of which he continued com-
mander to the time of his decease : and quitting his government
of Minorca, he was, on March 13th, 1741-2, appointed governor
of the island of Guernsey and Castle-Cornet, and all other island*
and forts thereunto belonging.

On March 24th, 1746-7, he was constituted general of the
horse; and on December 2d, 1748, succeeded his father in hi»

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 180

titles of Duke of Somerset, Earl of Hertford, Viscount Beau-
champ, &c. &c. &c.

His [late Majesty was also pleased, by letters patent, dated
October 2d, 1J4Q, 23 George II. to grant unto his Grace the dig-
nities of a Baron and Earl of the kingdom of Great Britain, by the
name, stile, and title, of Baron Warkworth, of Warkworth-
castle in the county of Northumberland, and Earl of Northum-
berland; to hold the same to him, and the heirs male of his
body; and in default of such issue, to Sir Hugh Smithson, of
Stanwick, in the county of York, Bart, (son-in-law to his Grace)
and to the heirs male of his body, by the Lady Elizabeth Smith-
son, his wife (daughter of the said Duke of Somerset) ; and in
default of such issue, the dignities of Baroness Warkworth, of
Warkworth castle, and Countess of Northumberland, to her Lady-
ship; and of Baron Warkworth, and Earl of Northumberland, to
her heirs male.1

His Majesty was moreover pleased to grant unto his Grace,
by letters patent, dated October 3d, the same year, the dignities
of a Baron and Earl of the kingdom of Great Britain, by the
name, stile, and title of Baron Cockbrmouth of Cockermouth
castle, in the county of Cumberland, and Earl of Egremont iu
the said county : to hold the same to him, and the heirs male of
his body; and in default of such issue, to his nephew Sir Charles
Wyndham, of Orchard- Wyndham in the county of Somerset^
Bart, and the heirs male of his body; and, in default of such
issue, to Percy Wyndham Obrien, of Shortgrove in the county of
Essex, Esq. (brother of the said Sir Charles Wyndham, and after-
wards Earl of Thomond) and to the heirs male of his body.m

His Grace was many years president of the society of anti-
quaries ; and having been loug afflicted with the gout, departed
this life at Percy Lo.lge, near Colnebrook, on February 7th,*
1749-50, without heir male; and was buried in St. Nicholas'*
chapel in Westminster Abbey, February 24th following.0

His Grace married Frances, eldest of the two daughters and
coheirs of the Honourable Hnry Thynne, only son of Thomai
first Viscount Weymouth. By that Lady (who was of the bed-
chamber to Queen Caroline, and had served her in the same
place when princess of Wales) he had issue one son and one
daughter, viz.

1 Ex Original Patent. ■» Ibid.

■ Mr Butter'* C< • RegWter of West. Abbey

ipo PEERAGE OK ENGLAND.

First, Lady Elizabeth Seymour, born November 26th, 17 16,
O. S. who was afterwards so much admired and distinguished as
Duchess of Northumberland.

Second, George Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, who was
born on September nth, 1725, and had King George I. and
Henry Earl of Thomond, for his godfathers, and Queen Caroline,
(then Princess of Wales) for his godmother. This young noble-
man was so amiable in his person, and of so sweet a disposition,
as endeared him to all that had the honour to know him ; and,
in the little time he lived, shewed an excellent turn of thought,
far above his years, and a behaviour, in all respects, that could not
fail of rendering him an ornament to his country, and a shining
example to posterity.

His Lordship, after a most accomplished education (having
for his preceptor the ingenious Dr. Dalton, to whom the stage is
indebted for the revival of Milton's Comus) was sent by his noble
parents to make the tour of Europe. He accordingly embarked
at Dover, October 14th, 1742; and was every where received
with the highest distinction in his passage through France, par-
ticularly at Toulon, (where, by order of the Marquis de Mire-
poix, commandant in Provence, all the naval stores, &c. were
shewn him, and he was received with great honours on board the
Spanish Admiral.) Hence his Lordship proceeding to Lyons and
Geneva, travelled through Switzerland into Italy, where he
risited whatever is most deserving the consideration of a person
of taste and judgment j till arriving at Boulogne on July 22d,
N. S. 1744, he was there seized with the small-pox, and (after an
illness of four days only) departed this life on September l itb,
1744, being his birth- day, when he had just completed his nine-
teenth year. On account of the war, his body could not then be
conveyed through France, and therefore was detained till the
following year, when it was brought over in a King's ship, and
interred in St. Nicholas's chapel in Westminster Abbey, on
July 6th, 1745. 9

Frances Duchess of Somerset, surviving the Duke her hus-
band, lived retired at her seat near Colnebrook, which they had
purchased of Lord Batburst, and named Percy Lodgb, (its com-
mon name being Richings:) and this is the place so often men-
tioned in the works of Shenstonc, and other poets of her time j
by whom she was most deservedly admired and celebrated for her

* Regiuer of West Abbey

DUKE OF SOMERSET. lg}

fine taste, distinguished genius, amiable manners, and exalted
virtues.' Here this most excellent and accomplished Lady de-
parted this life, July 7th, 1754 ;r and was interred in the same
vault with her beloved spouse and son, in St. Nicholas's Chapel,
Westminster Abbey, July 20th, following. *

On the death of her Lord, Algernon Duke of Somerset,
Baron Percy, &c. (who was not more distinguished for his high
birth and exalted rank than for his generosity, affability, and every
amiable quality, which can render a nobleman esteemed and
beloved) his great estates in Middlesex and Northumberland
descended to his only daughter and heir the Lady Elizabeth,
then wife of Sir Hugh Smithson, Bart, of Stanwick in York-
shire.

As his Grace died without issue male, the honours of Duke
of Somerset, and Baron Seymour devolved on Sir Edward
Seymour, Bart, lineally descended from Edward first Duke of
Somerset, by his first wife, Catherine, daughter of Sir William
Fillol, as before mentioned ; who had issue by her two sons,1
John and Sir Edward Seymour; which John Seymour, by his last
will, dated on December 7th, 6 Edward VI. " after bequeathing
legacies to his servants, concludes in these words, " Also I make
my brother, Sir Edward Seymour the elder, my full executor,
and I give him all my lands and goods that is unbequeathed.
He, to pay and discharge all my debts." The probate bears date,
April 20th, 1553.

Which Sir Edward Seymour was, with his father, in the battle
of Musselburgh, x and for his valour there, received the honour
of knighthood.

in the seventh year of Edward VI. he obtained an act of Par-
liament, entitled, " An act for the restitution in blood of Sir
Edward Seymour, Knight, which recites the attainder of Edward
Seymour, Duke of Somerset ; and restores Sir Edward Seymour
in blood (describing him as eldest son of the said Duke) so as to
enable him to take any lands that may then after come to him,
from any collateral ancestor. The same year he had a grant,*
dated September 6th, at Ely, from the said King, of the lordships
and manors of Walton, Shcdder, and Stowey, the park of Stowey,
and the hundred of Water-Stock, with the appurtenances, in th*

i Sec Park's R. and N. A. vol. iv. p. 217. ' Register of Westminster Abbey
, Ibid. < Vincent's Baronage, MS- No 20, in Offic Armor.
u Ex Resist Tash 411.9, in Cur. Prerog Cant.
* Jekyl'i Cut ot Kins MS. r Strypc's Memorials, vol. ii. p. 501.

192 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

county of Somerset, lately the possessions of his father, Edward
Duke of Somerset, to him and his heirs for ever j and, from his
father's death to that time, there had been no provision made for
him. He lived retired, without any concern in public affairs,
except his being * sheriff of the county of Devon in 25 Elizabeth,
and other offices in the county suiting his degree. He* married
Mary, daughter and heir of John Walsh, b constituted one of the
justices of the Common Pleas on February 10th, 1 Eliz. This
Sir Edward Seymour died* on May 6th i5Q3, (and lies buried at
Berry Pomeroy). In the inquisition taken after his death at
Totness, on September 20th, the same year, he had the titles of
Edward Seymour, Knight, Lord Seymour ; and died seised of the
castle and honour of Bury, and Bury-Pomeroy, and Bridgetown
in Pomeroy, with the advowson of the church of Bury, the castle
and honour of Totness, and manor of Totness ; the manors of
Cornworthy, Lodeswell, Huise, Monnockenzeale, alias Zeale-
Monacon ; the manors of Losebear, a fourth part of the hundred
of Hayborre, the scite of the monastery of Torr, and divers other
lands in Devonshire; the manor and lordship of Mayden Bradley
in com. Wilts, and divers other lands ; and a capital messuage,
called the Lord Cheyne's house, within the precincts of Black
Friers, near Ludgate in London ; to all which, it was found that
Edward Seymour was his son and heir, and, at that time, thirty
years of age, and upwards.

Which Edward Seymour was chosen d one of the Knights
for the county of Devon, in 35 and 43 Elizabeth ; and to the first
parliament of James I. He was advanced to the dignity of a
Baronet on June 29th, l6ll. In 15/6, he had to wife Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Arthur Champernon, of Dartington, in com.
Devon, Knight, by whom he had issue Edward his successor;
John who married . . . . , sister to Sir Richard Slanning, Knight,
but left no issue; William and Walter who died infants;

Richard, who married . . . . , daughter of Rashleigh, and had

a son of his own name who died unmarried ; Bridget, wife to
John Bruen, of Admerston in Wilts, Esq. : Mary, wife of Sir
George Farewell, of Hill-bishop in com. Somerset, Knight;
Elizabeth, married to George Cary, of Cockington in com.
Devon, Esq. ; and Amy, wedded to Edmund Parker, of North-
molton in com. Devon, Esq.

1 R isdon's Description of Devon, p. 203- • Vincent, praed.

k Pat, 1 Eliz. p. 5. « Cole's Esch. in Bibl. Harl. 41; A. at,

* Willis's Not. Pari vol. ii. p. 254.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. ig:i

The said Sir Edward Seymour, Bart. e died on April 11th,
1613, and was buried in the church of Berry Pomeroy, on Thurs-
day, May 2/th following, with great solemnity. His funeral
sermon being preached by Barnaby Potter, Fellow of Queen's
College, Oxford (afterwards bishop of Carlisle), and was printed
at Oxford the same year, an abstract of which is reprinted at
fo. 485, of" Memorials and 'Characters, together with the Lives
of divers eminent and worthy Persons," published in 1741. To
him succeeded, in title and estate, his eldest son,

Edward, who was knighted at Greenwich, on May 22d,
1«303, and'' sent by James I. on an embassy to the King of Den-
mark. He wasP elected one of the Knights for Devonshire in
two parliaments, in the reign of King J:imes the First, and for
Killington and Totness, in two other parliaments, whereof the
last met at Westminster, on the 6th of February, 1625, by the
appointment of Charles I. ; but, on the dissolution thereof, being
in an advanced age, he lived retired at the castle of Bury Pome"
roy, ll which he made a stately house.

This castle of Bury, the ancient seat of the Pomeroys, was a
grear and noble structure; but, in those times of confusion, during
the civil wars in the reign of Charles I. was demolished, and now
lies in ruins. The additions, this Sir Edward Seymour made"
thereto, are by Mr. Prince, in Danmonii Orientates Illustres,
page 492, said to cost upwards of 20,000/.

At this seat, the said Sir Edward Seymour died, and was buried
at Bury Pomeroy, on October 5th, 1659, very much lamented,
having, by an obliging temper, attracted the love of his country}
and, by a prudent management, gained the character of a person
of honour, conduct, and experience. He had, by Dorothy, hi*
Lady, daughter of Sir Henry Killigrew, of Lathbury in Cornwall,
Knight, six sons and five daughters; Elizabeth, married first to
Francis Courtnay, ofPowderham in com. Devon, Esq. ; secondly,.
to Sir Amos Meredith, of Ashley in Cheshire, Bart. Mary, wedded
to Sir Jonathan Trelawney, Bart, father of the late Bishop of
Winchester ; Margaret, espoused to Francis Trelawney, brother
of the said Sir Jonathan ; Anne, wife to Dr. Stourton, and .... to
Sir Thomas Hall of Bradford, Wiltshire.

Of the sons, Edward, the eldest, will be mentioned hereafter:
Henry, second son, was a gentleman valued and esteemed by

« MS- I- 16. p 357, in O file Armor,
f Ex Inform- Dom Edw. Seymour, Bar.
r Willis, ut antca, p 175, 2$4> and 284. h Risdon, p. 203.

VOL. I. O

194 / Peerage of England.

persons of the greatest note. He was, in his youth, page of
honour to Charles I. ; and, on the eruption of the civil wars, went
with the Marquis of Hertford into Somersetshire, and was at Sher-
burn with that noble peer,1 who, with only two troops of horse
and 4000 foot, courageously withstood the whole force of the
Earl of Bedford, consisting of above 7000 foot, besides horse,
with cannon, &c. and the Marquis sending the Earl of Bedford a
challenge, Mr. Seymour was k chose to carry it. His behaviour
in all respects won him the esteem of the whole court so, that,
when it was thought necessary for the Prince of Wales, after-
wards Charles II. to have servants peculiar to himself, he was
nominated one of the grooms of the bedchamber. When all was
lost in England, he went with his royal master abroad, and was
entrusted with the last letter and message, the Prince ' sent to
the King, which be delivered on January 27th, 1648-9, on the
evening of that day the sentence of death passed on his Majesty ;
who, after hearing what he had to say, imparted to him his an-
swer, the last he sent. He left issue by his wife Ursula, daughter
of Sir Robert Austen, of Bexley in Kent, Bart, widow of George
Stawell, Esq. a son, Sir Henry Seymour, of Langley in com.
Bucks, Bart, who died unmarried, in 1714, and was buried at
Langley. Thomas, third son, married Anne daughter of Sir
Richard Anderson, of Penley in Hertfordshire, Knight, and had
issue two sons and three daughters. Robert, fourth son j and John,
fifth son, died young ; and Sir Joseph, sixth son, married Bridget,
another daughter of the above mentioned Sir Richard Anderson,
and had a son and daughter.

I now return to Sir Edward Seymour, Bart, (eldest son of
Sir Edward Seymour, Knight and Bart.) Which Sir Edward was1"
two years and a half old at the death of Sir Edward Seymour,
his grandfather, April 11th, 1613. He was" elected one of the
Knights for Devonshire, in the two last parliaments called by
Charles I. j and, adhering to his sovereign in the times of the re-
bellion, had his house of Bury-castle in Devon plundered and
burnt. He sat at Oxford, among those members the King con-
vened, in 1643 ; and, shewing a ready concurrence in the mea-
sures for supporting monarchy and episcopacy, he endured many
hardships, till such time as the constitution was restored, by the
establishment of Charles II. on the throne of his ancestors. ° He

i Clarendon's History, 8vo. vol. ill p. 6, and 19. k Ibid. p. 329.
1 Wood's Athen Oxon.yol ii. p. 513. m MS. 1. 16 ut.antea.

n Willis, ut antea, • Ex Inform- Dom- Ed. Seymour, Bar-

DUKE OF SOMERSET. IQO

was vice admiral of the county of Devon, and a member in all
parliaments, in the reigns of Charles II. and James II. being
elected thereto for the borough of Totness. And, departing this
life, had sepulture at Berry Pomeroy, on December 7th, 1688,
leaving issue by Anne his wife (who was daughter to Sir William
Portman, and surviving him six years, was interred by him) a
daughter, Elizabeth, wedded to Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tre-
gony in Cornwall, Knight, and five sons ; Sir Edward, his suc-
cessor, born in 1633 ; John, a colonel in the array, who married

daughter of Sir Richard Kennedy j Hugh was captain in the

navy, and killed in the Dutch wars j William, fourth son, who
both died unmarried j Henry Seymour, Esq. fifth son, heir to
his uncle, Sir William Portman, Bart, whereby he possessed the
large inheritance of the Portmans, at Orchard Portman, in Somer-
setshire, &c. and assumed the name and arms of Portman, by act
of Parliament, pursuant to a settlement of the said Sir William.
This Henry married, first, Penelope, youngest daughter of Sir
William Haslewood, of Maidwell in com. Northampt. Knight,
and coheir to her brother, Peter Haslewood, Esq. ; and, secondly,
Millicent, daughter of William Fitch, of High Hall in com.
Dorset, Esq, ; but by neither of them had issue, and died in
February, 1 727-8 ; and his last wife was after married to Thomas
Fownes, of Mapleton in the county of Dorset, Esq.

Sir Edward Seymour, Bart, fifth of that name in lineal suc-
cession, and eldest son of the last Sir Edward, made a considerable
figure, both in court and the house of commons, in four several
reigns. He constantly served in parliament, after his first elec-
tion, to the time of his death ; and hardly any was better heard,
as he always espoused the interest of his country; or brought
more over to his opinion, than he did. In the year 1667, he pro-
moted the impeachment of the Earl of Clarendon ; was the first
that moved it 3 and carried it up to the lords. 1 On June 6th,1'
1667, he had a grant of the office of clerk of the Hanaper in
Chancery, for the term of his natural life. On February 15th,
1672-3, he was unanimously chosen speaker of that called the
Long Parliament, on the resignation of Sir Job Charleton ; and
on April 9th following, was sworn of the privy-council, and soon
after made treasurer of the navy. On March 6th, 1678 9, being

p Pat. 19 Car. II.
1 Which, by the bye, is ver> little to his credit. See Burnet's O. T. vol i.
p. 251.

» Pat. 1 9 Car. I I.J

1Q6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

then Knight for the county of Devon, he was again elected
speaker of the house of commons, at which time he was of the
privy-council, and treasurer of the navy ; but the King refused
his approbation, notwithstanding the commons made three repre-
sentations in Sir Edward's favour j and it caused warm debates. s
The commons were so disgusted at his attachment to the consti-
tution in opposition to their extravagant schemes, that they
carried an impeachment against him,1 on November 20th, 168O,
and a motion was made to remove him from his Majesty's council
and presence for ever ; but that was dropped, apd no articles were
ever exhibited against him.

He opposed the bill of exclusion, with great strength of argur
ment : and was a chief promoter of the Habeas Corpus act, which
both he and his successors saw several times suspended, and
thereby their fellow subjects deprived of the benefit of that in-r
tended bulwark of liberty against ministerial tyranny and other
oppression. At the revolution he joined the Prince of Orange,
and was made governor of Exeter. u

In March, 1 69 1-2, he was sworn of the privy-council, and
appointed a commissioner of the treasury ; which gave occasion to
his enemies to suspect his integrity. Burnet says, ** Seymour,
who had in a very injurious manner, not only opposed every
thing, but had reflected on the King's title and conduct, was this
winter brought into the treasury and the cabinet council."*

In 1695, the same historian hints at his corruption in regard
to East India affairs, y

Queen Anne having mounted the throne on March 8th,
1701-2, Sir Edward Seymour was, on the 14th of the next month,
appointed comptroller of her household, z and sworn of the privy-
council three days afterwards, and had an offer of a patent to be
Baron : but knowing that upon failure of issue male in the
younger branch of his family, the title of Duke of Somerset
would devolve upon his eldest son, or his heirs, he declined the
offer for himself, and got the title of Baron Conway conferred on
Francis, his eldest surviving son by his second Lady. Sir Edward,
in 1703-4, was divested of the office of comptroller of the house-
hold.1 This steady patriot continued to manifest his zeal for the

• Burnet's O.T. vol-i. p. 453. f Ibid p. 484.

u Ibid. p. 793. x Ibid- vol. ii- p. 86

* Ibid. p. 144, 259. He is also accused of having left a large balance
against him as treasurer of the navy. Ibid. p. 343.

1 Jbid. p. 314. . » Ibid. p. 381.

DURE OF SOMERSET. 19?

good of his country, till his death, which happened on February
17th, 1707-8, at Maiden Bradley, in Wiltshire, whither he had*
retired some time before.

Burnet gives the following character of him, iii the reign of
Charles II. " The ablest man of his party was Seymour, who
was the first speaker of the house of commons, that was not bred
to the law. He was a man of great birth, being the elder branch
of the Seymour family ; and was a graceful man, bold and quick.
But he had a sort of pride so peculiar to himself, that I never
saw any thing like it. He had neither shame nor decency with
it. He was violent against the court, till he forced himself into
good posts. He was the most assuming speaker that ever sat in
the chair. He knew the house and every man in it so well, that
by looking about he could tell the fate of any question. By that
he gave time to those, who were appointed for that mercenary
work, to go about and gather in all their party. And he would
discern, when they had got the majority. And then he would
very fairly state the question, when he saw he was sure to
carry it." b

Sir Edward Seymour, though he inherited a large paternal
estate, though lie married two wives, with considerable portions
each, thougli he had enjoyed lucrative employments almost from
his very youth, and though he lived without profuseness, but with
as much economy as splr-r.dor ; yet the personal estate, which he
left at his death, and the real ones which he had purchased, did
not amount near to what a person of the strictest probity might
have, without any blemish, added to his patrimonial fortune.

This great and illustrious patriot had sepulture at Maiden*
Bradley, aforesaid, where a beautiful monument is erected to hi*
memory. c

b Burnet's Hist O T. vol i. p 382.
c It has the following inscription : " Under this marble are deposited th«
remains of Sir Edward Seymour, Bart late of Bury Pomroy in the county of
Devon, and of this place. A man of such endowments, as added lustre to his
whole ancestry, commanded reverence from his cotemporaries,and stand* th«
fairest pattern to posterity : being often called to council, and always chosen
in parliament. (A friend to his Prince, a servant to his country ) Headvised
the King with freedom, the senate with dignity ; that senate, the bulwark of
the English liberty, in which he presided for several years, found his eloquence
an advocate, his integrity a guardian, his vigour a champion for its privileges :
nor can any Englishman rejoice in that envied portion of his birth-right, the
Habeas Corpus Act, without gratitude to the ashes of this patriot, under wh^ss
influence it became his heritage Born in the year 1633, his childhood felt not

198 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

He married to his first wife, Margaret, daughter and coheir to
Sir William Wale, of the city of London, Knight, and alderman t
by whom he had Sir Edward Seymour, his successor in the title
of Baronet, aud William Seymour, Esq. hereafter mentioned.
And taking to his second wife, Letitia, daughter to Francis
Popham, of Littlecote, in the county of Wilts, Esq. ; by her
(who died on March l6th, 1728-9) had six sons, and a daughter
Anne, married to William Berkeley, of Pill in com. Somers.
Esq.J

The sons by the second venter were,

First, Popham, killed in the twenty-fourth year of his age, in
a duel, by Colonel Kirk, in June, 1699; second, Francis, an-
cestor to the present Marquis of Hertford j third, Charles, who
left an only daughter ; fourth, Henry ; fifth, Alexander, who died
unmarried; and John, sixth son, who died young.

William, his second son by his first wife, distinguished him-
self in the military service. In 1695, he commanded a regiment
of foot at the siege of Namur, and on August 3d, the French
hanging out a white flag, and desiring a parley; which being
granted, hostages were exchanged, and colonel William Seymour
was the first of the two on our side. He rose gradually to be
lieutenant-general of the forces in the reign of Queen Anne,
and was also general of the marines. He died without issue, on
February 9th, 1 727-8.

Sir Edward Seymour, Bart, the eldest son by the first wife,
succeeded to the estate at Maiden Bradley, &c. He was e chosen
for Totness in the parliament summoned to meet on July 8th,
1708j and in the succeeding parliament, in 1710, f for Great
Bedwin ; also, for the same town, in that summoned to meet

the calamities, which in the succeeding years, the spirit of anarchy and schism
spread over the nation : his manhood saw the church and monarchy restored,
and he lived in dutiful obedience to both : loaden with honour, full of years,
(amidst the triumphs of his country) raised to the highest point of glory by
that immortal Princess Queen Anne, he died in the year 1 707. Francis Sey-
mour, Esq. in just veneration for the memory of his illustrious grandfather,
and in due obedience to the last will and testament of lieutenant-general
William Seymour, second son to the deceased Sir Edward, hath caused this
monument to be erected, 1730.

" They had a daughter Laetitia, who in 1747 married Sir John Burland,
Knight, one of the Barons of the Exchequer. He died February 29th, 1776,
and was buried in Westminster Abbey. They had issue John Berkeley Bur-
land, Esq. born January 7th, 1754. Collinson's History of Somerset, vol. i.
P- z£6.

• British Pari Regist. No- 49. f Ibid. No- 214,

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 199

November 12th, 1713. Afterwards he lived retired from public
affairs, at his seat at Maiden -Bradley in Wiltshire, where he died,
aged eighty years, on December 29th, 1/41. He married
Letitia, sole daughter of Sir Francis Popham, of Littlecote in
Wiltshire, Knight of the Bath, and by her, who died in 1738, had
four sons and eight daughters.

First, Edward, eighth Duke of Somerset.

Second, Francis Seymour, of Sherborn in Dorsetshire, Esq.
who was chosen member of parliament for Great Bed win, on the
decease of Sir William Willis, in 1732,8 and for Marlborough in
the parliament summoned to meet on June 13th, 1734. He
died December 23d, 1 761 , having married Elizabeth, daughter of
Alexander Popham of Littlecote, relict of Edward Viscount Hin-
cliinbroke, and mother of the present Earl of Sandwich, and had
issue by her two sons ; first, Henry, who first married, on July
24th, 1753, Lady Caroline, only daughter of William Earl
Cowper, by which Lady, who died June 2d, 17/3, and is buried
at Hertingfordbury, he had issue Georgina, born Jan. 31st, 1755,
married in Sept. 1//5 to William Danby, junior, Esq. of Swinton
in Yorkshire, and Caroline, born December 31st, 1756 j he se-
condly married October 5th, 1775, to Madame Louise de Pan-
thou, a Lady descended of an ancient and noble family in the
province of Normandy, by whom he had a son and heir, Henry,
born November 10th, and baptised December 5th, 17/6 j second,
Francis, who died an infant ; and a daughter, Mary, married on
November 30th, 1758, to John Bailey, of Sutton in Somersetshire,
Esq.

Third, Alexander, who died unmarried, April 3d, 1 73 1 .

Fourth, William Seymour, of Knoyle in Wdtshire, Esq. who
married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of ... . Hippye, of Frome
in Somersetshire, Esq. and died without issue.

Of the daughters, Letitia was married to John Gapper, of
Wincauton in Somersetshire, Esq. j Margaret, to Richard Jones,
of Ramsbury in Wiltshire, Esq. ; Elizabeth, to Henry Hunger-
ford, of Field in Wiltshire, Esq. and died on May 5th, 1756;
Anne, to William Scroggs, of Chute Lodge in the same county,
Esq. and died February 1755; Helena, died unmarried; Mary,
wife of the Rev. Mr. Hammond; Jane, of William Coleman, of
Gornhey in com. Devon, Esq. ; and Catherine, of John Phillippa
Fuhr, merchant of Bristol.

' British Pari Regist. No 214, 218

200 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The eldest son Edward, eighth Duke of Somerset, when a
commoner, served forh the city of Salisbury, in that parliament
which sat first on December 4th, ] 74 1 . And on the death of
his Grace, Algernon Duke of Somerset, on February 7th,
1749-50, by the limitations in the creation patents, to Edward
Duke of Somerset, in the reign of King Edward VI. of Baron
Seymour, and Duke of Somerset, being lineally descended from
that great nobleman, by his first wife, which was evidently proved
before Sir Dudley Ryder, attorney -gen era! ; and on his report to
his Majesty, on November 23d, 1750, that he had just claim to
those titles, his Grace had summons to parliament, as Duke of
Somerset, and Baron Seymour, and took his place accordingly in
the house of peers ; and was chief mourner at the funeral of
Frederic Prince of Wales, on April 13th, 1751.

On February 11th, 1752, he had a grant of the offices of
warden and chief justice in Eyre, of all his Majesty's forests, parks,
chases, and warrens, beyond Trent ; and also constituted lord
lieutenant of Wiltshire.

His Grace married Mary sole daughter and heir of Daniel
Webb, of Monkton Farley in Wiltshire, Esq. and niece and heir
of Edward Somner, of Seend in the same county, Esq. ; by whom
he had issue four sons and a daughter, living at his death, on
December 12th, 1/57, and his Duchess survived till February
23d, 1768.

First, Edward, his successor in titles and estate.

Second, Lord Webb Seymour, tenth Duke, who inherited his
grandfather's estate at Monkton Farley.

Third, Lord William, who being entered in the Inner Temple,
was called to the bar, as barrister of law, in 1744. On June 5th,
1767, his Lordship married Hester, daughter of John Maltravers
of Milkshaw in Wilts j by whom he had issue, first, Edward,
bom May 3d, 17G8 j second, William, born March 28th, 1769;
third, Hesther, born November 24th, 177°- He died ....

Fourth, Lord Francis, who was one of his Majesty's chaplains
in ordinary, canon of Windsor, vicar of Wantage in Berks, and
lastly dean of Wells. His Lordship married Catherine, daughter
of the Rev. Mr. Payne, of Home Lacy in Herefordshire, and
sister to the Countess Dowager of Northampton, and by her had
two sons, Edward, who died unmarried June 23, 1775; and
Fiancis Compton ; and three daughters, Mary, married in Sep-

i ,l British Pari. Regist- No 2pj.

DUKE OF SOMERSET. 201

tember 1773, to John Hyde of East Greenwich in Kent, Esq. j
Catherine, married June 6th, 1/76, to John Newton, of Kings
Bromley in Staffordshire, Esq. which marriage was dissolved by
act of parliament in 17S2; and Frances, married, first, Dr. Bovet,
deceased ; and secondly, in 1803, the Rev. James Tuson.

His Grace's only daughter, Lady Mary, was married on Sep-
tember 21st, 1759, to Vincent Biscoe, Esq. of Austin Friars,
London, and died July 21st, 1762, leaving Joseph Seymour Biscoe,
and Mary.

Edward, ninth Duke of Somerset, at the funeral proces-
sion of George II. on November 11th, 176O, walked as principal
supporter totheDuke of Cumberland, chief mourner at that solem-
nity ; and at the coronation of George III. on September 22d,
1761, carried the orb, as his illustrious predecessors had generally
done at former coronations j the carriage of that part of the re-
galia having been commonly allotted to persons of the first rank.
His Grace was one of his Majesty's most honourable privy -council.
He died unmarried, January 2d, 1/Q2, and was succeeded by his
brother,

Loid Webb Seymour, who became tenth Duke of So-
merset. He married on December 15th, 1769, Anne, daughter
and heiress of John Bonnel, Esq. of Stanton Harcourt, in Oxford-
shire, by whom, (who died July 22d, 1802,) he had issue, first,
Edward j second, Webb, who both died young ; third, Edward
Adolphus j fourth, Webb John, born February 7th, 17/7- His
Grace died December 15th, 1793, when he was succeeded by his
eldest son,

Edward Adolphus, present and eleventh Duke of So-
mbrset, born February 7th, 1775. He married, June 24th,
1800, Lady Charlotte Hamilton, second daughter of Archibald,
Duke of Hamilton, by whom he has a daughter born October
21st, 1803.

Titles. Edward Adolphus Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Baron
Seymour, and Baronet.

Creations. Baron Seymour by letters patent, on February
15th, 1546-7, (* Edward (VI.) and Duke of Somerset, the day
following} and Baronet, Ly letters patent, dated on June 29th,
l6ll, 9Jac. I.

Anns. Quarterly} first and fourth, Or, on a pile, gules,
between six fleurs-de-lis, Azure, three lions of England (an aug-
mentation granted by Henry VIII. on his marriage with the Lady

202 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Jane Seymour) second and third, the paternal coat of Seymour,
gules, two wings, conjoined in lure, tips downwards, Or.

Crest. Out of a ducal coronet, Or, a phcenix in flames, proper,
with wings expanded, Or j in memory of King Edward VI. but
the original crest was, on a wreath, a pair of wings conjoined in
lure, tips downwards, and crowned, Or.

Supporters. On the dexter side an unicorn, Argent, maned,
Or, gorged with a ducal collar, Azure, to which is affixed a
chain, Or : on the sinister a bull, Azure, maned, collared, chained
and hoofed, as that on the dexter.

Motto. Foy pour devoir.

Chief Seats. At Maiden Bradley and Seend in Wiltshire;
Berry Pomeroy and Totness castle in Devonshire, which last are
i'ti ruins.

DUKE OF RICHMOND. 203

LENOX, DUKE OF RICHMOND,

The next in order of precedency, of whom I am to treat, are the
Dukes of Richmond, descended from the most noble Charles
Duke of Richmond, only son of King Charles II. by the Lady
Louise Renee de Penencourt, of Queroualle in France, who
came into England, in the year 1670, with the Duchess of
Orleans, the King's sister.

" This year, says Burnet, " the King declared a new mistress,
and made her Duchess of Portsmouth. She had been maid of
honour to Madame, the King's sister, and had come over with
her to Dover : where the King had expressed such a regard to her,
that the Duke of Buckingham, who hated the Duchess of Cleve-
land, intended to put her on the King. He told him that it was
a decent piece of tenderness for his sister to take care of some of
her servants. So she was the person the King easily consented
to invite over. That Duke assured the King of France, that he
could never reckon himself sure of the King, but by giving him
a mistress that should be true to his interests. It was soon agreed
to. So the Duke of Buckingham sent her with a part of his equi-
page to Dieppe, and said he would presently follow. But he, who
was the most inconstant and forgetful of all men, never thought
of her more) but went to England by the way of Calais. So
Montague, then ambassador at Paris, hearing, of this, sent over
for a yacht for her, and sent some of his servants to wait on her,
and to defray her charge, till she was brought to Whitehall : and
then Lord Arlington took care of her. So the Duke of Bucking-
ham lost the merit he might have pretended to; and brought
over a mistress, whom his strange conduct threw into the hands
of his enemies. The King was presently taken with her. She

204 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

studied to please and observe him in every thing : so that he
passed away the rest of his life in a great fondness for her. He
kept her at a vast charge ; and she by many fits of sickness, some
believed real, and othefs thought only pretended, gained of him
every thing she desired. She stuck firm to the French interest,
and was its chief support. The King divided himself between her
and Mistress Gwyn ; and had no other avowed amour. But he
was so entirely possessed by the Duchess of Portsmouth, and so
engaged by her in the French interest, that this threw him into
great difficulties, and exposed him to much contempt and dis-
trust." a

His Majesty created her Duchess of Portsmouth, Countess of-
Farneham, and Baroness of Petersfield, all in the county of South-
ampton, to enjoy during her life, by letters patent, dated at West-
minster on August ipth, 1673. And likewise, by his intercession
with the then French King, Louis XIV. the territory of Aubigny
in France, which, by the death of Charles Stuart, sixth Duke of
Richmond and Lenox, reverted to-that crown, v/as given to her
Grace, by grant, dated at St. Germains en La ye, in the month of
December, 1673, and thirty-first year of his reign, during her
life j the remainder to such of the King of Great Britain's natural
sons by her, as he shall name 5 under the same limitation, as the
grant by Charles VII. of France, anno 1422, to John Stuart,
ancestor to the aforesaid Duke of Richmond. Aubigny is a town
in Berry, in France, situate on the river Nere, given (according to
Pere Daniel) to John Stuart the third Lord Darnley of the name
of John, on March 24th, 1422, to whom the county and earldom
of Eureux was also granted in 1426, and who was killed at the
battle of Herrings, on February 12th, 1428-p.

The French King, by his grant dated at Versailles/ in- the
month of January, 1<584, in the forty-first year of his reign, re-
citeth, f* That the territory of Aubigny upon Nere, in the pro-
vince of Berry, having been given, in the year 1422, by King
Charles the VII th to John Stuart, in consideration of the great
and commendable services by him done in the wars; and by de-
fault of heirs male, the same having reverted to the crown, anna
1672, on the death of the Duke of Richmond, he, in regard to
the King of Great Britain, had, by his letters patent, dated in the
month of December, 1673, granted to the Lady Louise Renee de
Penencourt de Queroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, the said terri-*

. » Hist. O. T. vol. i p-337. -

DUKE OF RICHMOND. 205

tor)' of Aubigny, with all rights to the same belonging, for her
life ; remainder to such of the natural male children as she shall
have by the King of Great Britain, in tail male, by the said King
to be named} remainder to the crown of France. And whereas,
the said King of Great Britain had appointed Prince Charles
Lenox, Duke of Richmond, his natural son, master of the horse,
and Knight of the Garter, to succeed the said Duchess of Ports-
mouth in the said inheritance ; he, the said King of France,
being willing to annex to the said inheritance a proper title, and
such as should be agreeable to the illustrious birth of the said
Duke of Richmond j and at the same time to confer honour on
the said Duchess of Portsmouth, whose progenitors always held a
considerable rank in the province of Britany, as well in conside-
ration of their birth, services in the army, as alliance to antient
families, and otherwise ; and also considering the great extent of
the said territories, consisting of the town of Aubigny, two con-
siderable castles, two parishes and fiefs, extending eight leagues,
with the privilege of resorting to the court and parliament at Paris;
being likewise mistress of the waters, forests, fairs, markets, and
all places in the said territories; therefore he unites, creates, and
erects the said town, territory, casiellany and castle of Aubigny,
fiefs and lands, &c. into a Duchy and Peerdom of France, with all
pre-eminences and prerogatives thereunto appertaining; to be en-
joyed by the said Lady Louise Renee de Penencourt de Que-
roualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, during her life; and after her
decease, by the said Duke of Richmond, and the heirs male of
his body, in name, title, and dignity of Dukes of Aubigny, and
peers of France; with all jurisdiction, rights, honours, authority,
&c. belonging to the said dignity of peers and Dukes, and Sove-
reignty of the said duchy; doing homage to the crown of
France." b

Which Charles first Duke of Richmond, was her only sou
by Charles II. who being present at his baptism, gave him the
surname of Lenox, and his own christian name, Charles. He was
born on July 29th, 1672, and being of great hopes, was, in the
third year of bis age, created, by his royal father, Baron of Se-
trington, in the county of York, Earl of March (a title derived
from the Marches in Wales) and Duke of Richmond, in York-
shire, by letters patent, bearing date at Westminster, August 9th,
1675.

» The French Revolution has swept away all this-

206 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

And his Majesty considering, with what lustre and glory the
house of Lenox had shone in former times, and that by the death
of Charles Stuart, Duke of Richmond and Lenox, the dignity of
the Duke of Lenox was immcrged in the crown ; therefore, that
the honour might be again revived, his Majesty bestowed the
estate of Lenox on his son, the aforesaid Charles Duke of Rich-
mond : and by letters patent, passed in Scotland on September
9th, 1675, created him Duke of Lenox, Earl of Darnley, and
Baron Methuen of Torbolton, and to the heirs male of his
body.

His Grace was elected, on April 7th, l681,c a knight com-
panion of the most noble order of the garter, and installed at
Windsor on the 20th of the same month. At that time, and
formerly, as pictures shew, the Knights of the Garter wore the
blue ribbon round the neck, with the George appendant on the
breast: but the Duke's mother having, some time after his instal-
lation, introduced him to the King, with his ribbon over his left
shoulder, and the George appendant on the right side, his Majesty
was so pleased with the conceit, that be commanded all the
knights companions of the order to wear it the same way. His
Grace was made master of the horse to the King, on the removal
of the Duke of Monmouth ; which office, during his minority,
was executed by three commissioners, Henry Guy, Theophilus
Oglethorpe, and Charles Adderly, Esqrs. ; but on the accession
of King James to the throne, his mother having promoted the bill
of exclusion, his Grace was removed from that honourable em-
ployment. On November 14tb, l6Q3,d he took his seat in the
house of peers. In the reign of King William, his Grace served
in Flanders, and was aid-de-camp to his Majesty. He was also
one of the lords of the bedchamber to King George I. and de-
parting this life, at his seat at Goodwood in Sussex, on May 27th,
1723, aet. fifty-one, was buried in King Henry the Vllth's chapel,
in Westminster Abbey, but afterwards removed to Chichester
cathedral.

His Grace married in January 1692-3, Anne, widow of
Henry, son of John Lord Belasyse, of Worlaby. She was second
daughter of Francis Lord Brudenell (who died vita palris) son
and heir apparent of Robert Earl of Cardigan, and by her second
husband left issue one son, Charles, second Duke of Richmond,

• Elections and Installation; of the Garter in Offic Arm.
* Journal Dom. Proccr.

DUKE OF RICHMOND. 207

Lenox, and Aubigny ; as also two daughters, Lady Louise, born
December 24th, 1694, married to James, third Earl of Berkeley,
and died January 15th, 1716-7, and Lady Anne, born June 24th,
1703, wedded to William Anne, second Earl of Albemarle. Her
Grace departed this life on December 9th, 1722.

Charles, second Duke of Richmond. Lenox, and Aubigny,
in the lifetime of his father, was chosen a member of the house of
commons for the city of Chichester, as also for the borough of
Newport in the county of Southampton, in the parliament sum-
moned to meet on May 10th, 1722. And when George I. re-
vived the antient military order of knighthood of the Bath, he was
declared one of the knights of that order, anno 1725. Also, on
May 26th, 1726, was elected one of the knights companions of
the most noble order of the garter, and installed at Windsor, on
June 16th following ; at which time he was one of the lords of
the bedchamber, and aid-de-camp to his Majesty. Likewise, on
the accession of George II. he was constituted one of the lords of
the bedchamber, as also aid-de-camp to his Majesty; and at his
coronation, on October 11th, 172/, was high constable of England
for the day.

Her Grace the Duchess of Portsmouth dying on November
14th, 1734, the dukedom of Aubigny in France, with the peer-
age of that kingdom, devolved on his Grace; and on January
8th, 1734-5, he was appointed master of the horse to his Ma-
jesty, and the next day sworn of his most honourable privy-
council.

On July 2d, 1739, his Grace was made brigadier general of
his Majesty's forces : on February 16th, 1739-40, elected one of
the governors of the Charter-house : on May 12th, 1740, declared
one of the lords justices for the administration of the government
during his Majesty's absence : on January 1st, 1741-2, constituted
major-general of his Majesty's forces, e and of the staff of general
officers for South Britain ; also on June 6th, 1745, promoted to
the rank of lieutenant-general.

In 1743, his Grace attended the late King during the cam-
paign, and was present at the battle of Dettingen, on June 27th,
N. S. He had been declared one of the lords justices of the
kingdom before his Majesty's departure 3 and was also in that most
honourable trust in 1745.

The same year the Pretender's eldest son, Charles, landing in

• Ex Inform. Car Due. Richmond*

208 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Scotland, and advancing as far as Derby, his Grace attended the
Duke of Cumberland in his expedition against the insurgents, and
assisted in the reduction of Carlisle.

In 1748, his Grace was again appointed one of the lords justices
of the kingdom; as also in 1750. On the death of the Duke of
Somerset, he was chosen high steward of the city of Chichester :
and his Grace accompanying the Duke of Newcastle to his instal-
la ion at Cambridge, was admitted to the degiee of doctor of
physic, on July 3d, 1749* In August following, his Grace and
his Duchess set out for France, to see his territories there, and
returned to their house in Priyy Garden, on October 2/th the
same year. On February 17th following, his Grace was consti-
tuted colonel of his Majesty's ro} al regiment of hor-e-guards j and
departed this life, generally lamented, on August 8tb, 17-50, and
was buried in the cathedral of Chichester, whither the corpses of
his grandfather, transferred from Henry the Vllth's chapel in
Westminster Abbey ; and six of his children, five from London,
and one from Boxgrove, were interred with him.

His Grace married at the Hague, on December 4th, 1719.
Sarah, eldest daughter and coheir of William Earl Cadogan, and
one of the ladies of the bedchamber to Queen Caroline j and had
issue by her Grace (who died on August 25th, 1751),

First, Lady Georgina Carolina Lenox, who was born at London
on March 27th, 1723, of whom hereafter, under the title of Baron
Holland.

Second, a son, who died immediately after his birth, at London,
on September 3d, 1 724.

Third, Lady Louisa Margaret Lenox, who was born at London
on November 15th, 1725, and died at Paris in 172S, his Grace in
that year taking a tour into France.

Fourth, Lady Anne Lenox, who was born on May 27th, 1 726,
and died the next year in London.

Fifth, Charles Earl of March, who was born on September
2f)th, 1730, and died the same year in London.

Sixth, Lady Emilia Lenox, who was born on October Oth,
1731, and married on February 7th, 1746-7, to James, then Earl
of Kildare, and afterwards Duke of Leinster, of tbe kingdom of
Ireland, and Viscount Leinster of Great Britain, &c. He died
November 19th, 1773. Her Grace married, secondly, William
Ogilvie, Esq.

Seventh, Charles, third Duke of Richmond.

Eighth, Lord George Henry Lenox, born in London, on No-

DUKE OF RICHMOND. 209

vember 29th., 1/37, who, on February 15th, 1754, had an ensign's
commission conferred on him in the second regiment of foot
guards; and on May 8th, 1758, was, on his brother's promotion,
appointed lieutenant colonel of the thirty-third regiment of foot.
At the general election in \/6l, he was returned for Chichester;
and at the general elections in 1768 and 17/5, chosen one of the
knights of the shire for Sussex, which county he continued to re-
present till his death. On February 20th, 17^2, he was nomi-
nated one of his Majesty's aid-de-camps, with the rank of colonel
of foot; and December 22d, 1762, got the command of the
twenty-fifth regiment of infantry. He made the campaign in
Germany in 1757, being aid-de-camp to the Duke of Cumber-
land ; was in the expedition against the coast of France in J 758 ;
in 1/60 and 1761 served in Germany; and in 1763 as brigadier-
general of the forces in Portugal. In 1765 he attended his
brother, as secretary, on his embassy to the court of France, and
on his Grace's leave of absence, was left charge des affaires. On
May 25th, 1772, was promoted to the rauk of major general ; on
August 2/th, 1777, lieutenant general} and on October 12th,
1793, of general. His Lordship, in 1759, wedded Lady Louisa,
daughter of William Ker, Earl of Ancram, son and heir apparent
to William Marquis of Lothian in Scotland; and by her had three
daughters. Louisa, born in Privy Gardens, Whitehall, on No-
vember 2d, 176O; Emilia, born in Portugal, in December 1763,
married August 28th, 1784, the Hon. George Cranfield Berkeley,
vice admiral of the white ; Georgina, born at Goodwood in Sussex
1765, married April 1st, 1 789, Henry, now Earl Bathurst; and
a son, Charles, born in Scotland 1764, now Duke of Richmond.
Lord George died March 22d, 1805.

Ninth, Lady Margaret Lenox, who was born in London on
November 16th, 1739, and died of the small-pox at Goodwood,
on January 10th, 1740-41.

Tenth, Lady Louisa Augusta Lenox, who was born in London
on November 24th, 1743, and married on December 30th, 1758,
to Thomas Conolly, of Castletown, Esq. in the county of Kildare,
in Ireland.

Eleventh, Lady Sarah Lenox, born in London on February
14th, 1744-5, was the first of the ten unmarried daughters of
Dukes and Earls who supported the train of Queen Charlotte, at
her nuptials on September 8th, 1761 ; and on June 2d, 1762,
wedded Sir Thomas Charles Bunbury, Bart, knight of the shire

vol. 1. p

210. PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

for Suffolk, from whom she was divorced by act of parliament,
which received the royal assent, May 14th, 1776. She re-married
August 27th, at Bengrove in Sussex, the Hon. George Napier,
son of the fifth Lord Napier.

Twelfth, Lady Cecilia Margaret Lenox, born February 28tb,
1749-50, and died at Paris November 21st, 1769, unmarried.

Chables Lenox, the third Duke of Richmond of this
family, was born in Loudon, on February 22d, 1734 5, and in
September 1750, set out on his travels for further accomplish-
ment in foreign countries. Choosing a military life, he was, in
June 1756, appointed lieutenant colonel of the third-third regi-
ment of foot, having before served in the inferior commissions of
an officer} and being constituted colonel of the seventy-second
regiment of foot, on May 9th, 1758, was promoted to the rank
of major general on March 9th, 1/6 1, and to that of lieutenant
general on March 30th, 177°> t0 l'iat of gent-ral February lgth,
1783 ; and of field marshal, July 30th, 1796. His Grace, having
likewise an elegant taste for the polite arts, ordered, in March
1758, a room to be opened at his house at Whitehall, containing
a large collection of original plaister casts, from the best antique
busts and statues at Rome and Florence, to which any painter,
sculptor, carver, or other artist, and youths above twelve years of
age, to whom the study of those gesses might be useful, were al-
lowed access without any expence : and for the encouragement
of genius, he moreover bestowed annually, two medals on those
who made the two best models. His Grace was also colonel of
the royal regiment of horse guards ; and of the militia for the
county of Sussex ; F. R. S. high steward of the city of Chichester ;
one of the vice presidents of the society for encouraging arts, ma-
nufactures and commerce, and of the lying in-hospital for mar-
ried and unmarried women, in Duke street, near Grosvenor-
square, London. At the coronation of his Majesty, on September
22d, 1761, his Grace carried the scepter with the dove; and on
October 16th, 1/63, was declared Lord Lieutenant and Custos
Rotulorum of the county of Sussex. At the accession of the pre-
sent King, his Grace was nominated one of the lords of the bed-
chamber, but soon after resigned. In 1765, his Grace was ap-
pointed ambassador extraordinary to the court of France, and on
October 23d same year, sworn one of his Maji My's most honour*
able privy-council. On May 23d, 1766, he was appointed prin-
cipal secretary of state for the southern department, which high

DUKE OF RICHMOND. 211

post he resigned on August 2d following. In March 1782, h«
was appointed master general of the ordnance ; from which he was
removed in April 1783, and again appointed December following,
whence he held it till November 1795. In 1782, he was elected
Knight of the Garter He wedded, on April 1st, 1757, Mary,
eldest daughter and coheiress of Charles Bruce, late Earl of Ailes-
bury, by his Lady, Caroline, daughter of general John Campbell,
afterwards Duke of Argyll, but had no issue by her, who died
1796. He died December 29th, 1806, leaving a character of per-
severing talents, and an assiduous love of business. He was suc-
ceeded by his nephew,

Charles, fourth and present Duke of Richmond, born \~C)4,
who is a lieutenant general in the army, and colonel of the thirty-
fifth regiment of foot; and in April ISO7, was appointed Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, in the room of the Duke of Bedford. He
married September 9th, 1 789, Charlotte, daughter of Alexander,
Duke of Gordon, by whom he has, first, Mary, born August 15th,
1790; second, Charles, Earl of March, born August 3d, 1/91 J
third, Sarah, born August 22d, 1792; fourth, John George, born
October 3d, 1793; fifth, Georgina, born September 27th, 1795;
sixth, Henry Adam, born September 6th, 1797; seventh, a son,
born 1802; eighth, a daughter, born 1803; ninth, a daughter,
born 1804.

Titles. Charles Lenox, Duke of Richmond, Earl of March,
and Baron Settrington, in England ; Duke of Lenox, Earl of
Damley, and Baron Methuen of Torbolton, in Scotland; and Duke
of Aubigny in France; which last title was confirmed by patent,
and properly registered by the parliament of Paris in 1777.

Creations. Duke of Richmond in Yorkshire, Earl of March
(a title derived from the Marches in South Wales) and Baron of
Settrington, in the county of York, on August 9th, 1675, 27 Car.
II. Duke of Lenox, Ea:l of Darnley, and Baron Methuen of Tor-
bolton, in Scotland, on September 9th, 1675; and Duke of
Aubigny in France, in January, 1083-4, 41 Louis XIV.

Arms. Quarterly, first and fourth, the arms of France and
England, quarterly ; the second, Scotland ; and the third, Ireland
(being the arms of Charles II.) the whole within a border corn-
pone, Argent and gules, the first charged with verdoy of roses of
the second, and seeded proper : over all, in an escutcheon, the
arms of Aubigny, viz. gules, three oval buckles, Or.

Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up ermine, a lion itatant,

212 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

guardant, Or/ crowned with a ducal coronet, gules, and gorged
with a collar gobone, charged as the border in the coat.

Supporters. On the dexter side, an unicorn, Argent, armed,
crested, and hoofed, Or. On the sinister, an antelope, argent,
armed, maned, and hooted, as the dexter. Each supporter gorged,
as the crest.

Motto. En la rose je fleurie.

Chief Seat. At Goodwood, in the county of Sussex.

DUKE OF GRAFTON. 213

FITZROY, DUKE OF GRAFTON.

Henry Fltzroy, second natural son of Charles II. a by Barbara
Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland, was born on September 20th,
1663 ; and being of a brave and martial spirit, addicted himself,
first, to the experience of maritime affairs, having been in several
naval expeditions with Sir John Bury, Knight, vice admiral of
England: he was, by letters patent, bearing date August 16th,
16/2, created Baron of Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of
Euston, all in the county of Suffolk; also on September 11th,
1675, created Duke of Grafton, in the county of North-
ampton.

On August 31st, 168O, he was elected a Knight of the most
noble Order of the Garter ; but being then at sea with the afore-
said Sir John Bury, he was installed at Windsor by his proxy, Sir
Edward Villiers, Knight, afterwards Earl of Jersey, on September
30th following.

On December 15th, 1681, he was chosen by the corporation
of the Trinity House, to be one of their elder brothers 3 b and on
the 30th of the same month, constituted colonel of the first regi-

* Burnet says, " One of the race of Villiers, then married to Palmer, a
Papist, soon after made Earl of Castemain, who afterwards being separated
from him was advanced to be Duchess of Cleveland, was his first and longest
mistress, by whom he had five children. She was a woman of great beauty*
but most enormously vitious and ravenous ; foolish, but imperious, very un-
easy to the King, and always carrying on intrigues with other men, while yet
she pretended she was jealous of him. His passion for her and her strange,
behaviour towards him, did so disorder him. that often he was not master of
himself, nor capable of minding business, which in so critical a time required
great application.'' Burnet's Hist. OT- vol i. p. 94..
* Hist of Eng- vol. hi p 391.

214 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

ment of foot guards,, which was given, in 1688, to the Earl of
Litchfield, but restored th3t year to his Grace by the Prince of
Orange. On December 2d, 1682, he was0 appointed vice
admiral of England ; on October 20th, 1684, was sworn re-
corder of St. Edmunsbury in Suffolk; and on May 6th, 1685,
appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of that county.
He was also, by patent, remembrancer in the first fruits office ;
ranger of Whittlebury forest in Northamptonshire ; and game-
keeper at Newmarket.

At the coronation of James II. he performed the d office of
lord high constable of England. And on the landing of the Duke
of Monmouth in the West, 1685, he commanded a part of King
James's forces, and behaved with great gallantry in the action of
Philips Norton Lane, in com. Somerset, e narrowly escaping with
his life.

In 1687, the Duke of Somerset having declined conducting
Ferdinand Dadda, Archbishop of Amasia, Pope Innocent Xl's
Nuncio, to his public audience, he was prevailed on by the King
to perform it ; f and accordingly, on the 3d of July that year, he
solemnly conducted him to Windsor, attended by Sir Charles
Cottcrel, master of the ceremonies, in one of his Majesty's coaches.
The same year (being then vice admiral of England) he had the
command of a squadron of his Majesty's ships of war, to receive
Mary Sophia, Queen of Pedro II. King of Portugal, in Holland,
and conduct her to Lisbon. His Grace afterwards sailed for
Tunis, where he arrived on October 16th, 1687, and having
brought the Corsairs of that place to amity, he returned to England
in March 1688, and waiting on the King, was very graciously
received.

On the landing of the Prince of Orange, his Grace * was one
of the Protestant peers then in London, who, with the Arch-
bishops of Canterbury and York, &c. signed a petition to King
James, " That in the deep sense of the miseries of a war, &c.
they did think themselves bound in conscience, and out of the
duty they owe to God, their holy religion, &c, most humbly to
offer to his Majesty, that in their opinions, the only visible way
to preserve his Majesty and his kingdom, would be the calling of
a parliament, regular and free in all respects, &c." The Jesuits
were so enraged at this petition, that they published a paper with

« Hist, of Eng. vol. iii. p. 397. * Hist, of King James's Coronation.
• Hist of Eng. vol. iii. p.431. ' Ibid. p. 494. ' Ibid, p^ag-

DUKE OF GRAFTON. 215

this title, Some Reflections upon the humble Petition to the King,
of the Lords, who subscribed the same ; presented November \ftht
1688.

• On King James's arrival with his army at Salisbury, No-
vember ipth, his Grace,1' with the Lord Churchill (afterwards
Duke of Marlborough) were the first that went over to the
Prince of Orange. And such confidence had his Highness in his
Grace's good disposition to him,' that when King James had the
first time withdrawn himself from Whitehall, he dispatched the
Duke of Grafton from his camp at Henley, to go and take pos-
session of Tilbury Fort, with his regiment of foot guards. But
after the meeting of the convention, when it came to be debated
in the house of peers, whether the throne being vacant, it ought
to be filled up by a Regent, or a King, the Duke k was one of the
forty- nine, that voted for a Regent. However, his Grace, with
the Duke of Ormond, the Dukes of Southampton and Northum-
berland, soon afrer acknowledged the Prince and Princess of
Orange for King and Queen.

At their coronation, his ' Grace attended, and bore the King'i
Orb. In 169O, he embarked with the Earl of Marlborough for
Ireland, who arrived before the harbour of Cork on Septemher
2 1st;'" and two days after, the greatest part of the land forces
went on shore, headed by the Duke of Grafton, who, coming the
next day within a mile of the town of Cork, began a formal siege.
And a considerable breach being made, the grenadiers were
ordered to storm the town, headed by his Grace, and some resolute
volunteers, But as he was leading them on to the assault, on
September 28th, he received a wound with a shot, which broke
two of his ribs, whereof he died, at Cork, on October 9th follow-
ing ; and his corpse was brought to England, and buried at Euston
in Suffolk.

His Grace married, on August 1st, 16/2, the Lady Isabella,
only daughter, and at length heir, to Henry Bennet, Earl of Ar-
lington, Viscount Thetford, &c. Secretary of State, and of the
privy-council, Knight of the most noble order of the Garter, and
Lord Chamberlain of the houshold to Charles II. by the Lady
Isabella of Nassau, his wife, one of the daughters of Lewis of
Nassau, Lord of Beaverwaert, and Count of Nassau, and sister to
Henry of Nassau, Seignior de Auverquerque, master of the horse

* Hist ofEug p. 519- ' Ibid. p. 535.

Ibid, p 544. > Ibid, p 560- m Ibid, p.tio, in.

216 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

to William III. and father of Henry, late Earl of Grantham : and
by her had Charles, his only child, second Duke of Grafton, born
at Arlington House, on October 25th, 1683 ; and in the right of
his mother (who wan secondly married to Sir Thomas Hanmer of
Mildenhall in Suffolk, Bart, and died on February 7th, 1722-3,
in the fifty-sixth of her age) was Earl of Arlington, Viscount
Tbctford, and Baron Arlington; her father being created Baron
Arlington, of Arlington, in the county of Middlesex, March J 4th,
1663, 16 Car. II. and Viscount Thetford, in the county of Nor-
folk, and Earl of Arlington, on April 22d, 1672, with limitation
to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten.

" The Duke of Grafton," says Burnet, " was one of King
Charles's sons by the Duchess of Cleveland. He had been some
time at sea, and was a gallant but rough man. He had more
spirit than any one of the King's sons. He made an answer to
the King about this time, that was much talked of. The King
took notice of somewhat in his behaviour that looked factious :
and he said, he was sure he could not pretend to act upon prin-
ciples of conscience; for he had been so ill bred, that as he knew
little of religion, so he regarded it less. But he answered the
King, that, though he had little conscience, yet he was of a party
that had conscience." In another place Burnet says, " be was
brave, and probably would have become a great man at sea."n

Charles, second Duke ofGrafton, after finishing his travels
abroad, took " his seat in the house of peers on October 25th,
170-I ; and on April 4th, 1705, was constituted Lord Lieutenant
of the county of Suffolk. On September 25th, 1706, he was sent
to Portsmouth, to compliment Mary Anne of Austria, Queen of
Portugal, in her Majesty's name, upon her arrival in Great Britain.
On October 9th, 1/14, he was again, on the accession of George I.
(at whose coronation, on the 20th of the same month, he acted as
high steward, &c. carried St. Edmond's crown) constituted Lord
Lieutenant of the county of Suffolk, and Custos Rotulorum of the
same. On October 18th, he was appointed one of the gentlemen
of his Majesty's bedchamber. On August 27th, 1715, his Grace,
and Henry Earl of Galway, were appointed lords justices of Ire-
land ; and on the 31st of the same month, be was sworn one of
his Majesty's privy -council. On June 17th, 1 720, his Majesty, in
council, declared him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

* Burnet'* Hist vol i p 791. toI-U- p- 6o«
• Journal Dora. Proccr

DUKE OF GRAFTON. 217

His Grace embarked at Holyhead, on August 27th, 1721, and
landing at Dublin the next day about noon, received the compli-
ments as usual, and proceeding to the castle, took the oaths in
council, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On September 13th, he
went in the usual state to the house of peers, and opened the
session of parliament with a speech to them from the throne.

On June 11th, 1720, he was also nominated one of the lords
justices of Great Britain, whilst his Majesty went to Hanover.

On March 27th, 1721, he was elected a Knight of the most
noble order of the Garter, and was installed on April 25th fol-
lowing.

On June 3d, 1723, he was, a second time, made one of the
lords justices of Great Britain, and, on April 3d, 1724, appointed
lord chamberlain of his Majesty's household.

On May 12th, 1724, (on his return from Ireland, from whence
he arrived at Parkgate, on the 9th of that month) he was sworn
recorder of the city of Coventry, and presented with the freedom
thereof.

Also, on June 1st, 1725, he was, a third time, one of the
lords justices: and, on May 31st, 1727, a fourth time, when his
Majesty died on his journey. On his late Majesty's ascending the
throne, he was again appointed, on December 14th, 1727, Lord
Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Suffolk, and
vice admiral of the same. He was also appointed lord cham-
berlain of his household, and sworn of his privy-council ; and in
August, 1734, was elected one of the governors of the Charter-
house.

He was, on May 12th, 1740, again nominated one of the
lords justices ; as he was on every future occasion, when his Ma-
jesty's pleasure and affairs called him abroad, until his Grace's
death, which happened on May 6th, 1757.

His Grace in 1713, married the Lady Henrietta, daughter to
Charles Somerset, Marquis of Worcester ' (eldest son of Henry
Duke of Beaufort) and by her (who died on August 9th, 1726)
had issue five sons and four daughters.

First, Charles Henry, born April 13th, 1/14, and died De-
cember, 1715.

Second, George Earl of Euston, born on August 24th, 1715,
who was one of the four young noblemen, who, at the coronation
of his late Majesty, supported his train, and was member of par-
liament for the city of Coventry. He married, in 174], Lady
Dorothy, daughter of Richard Earl of Burlington, who died iu

218 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

April, 1742. His Lordship died at Bath July 7th, 1747, leaving
no issue.

Third, Lord Augustus, born on October 16th, 1716, of whom
hereafter.

Fourth, Lord Charles, born on April 28th, 1718, who died at
Milan, in his travels, July 29th, ] 739, unmarried.

Fifth, Henry, born March 26th, 1725, who died November
20th following. The daughters were,

First, Harriot, born January 17th, 172O-I, who died an infant.

Second, Lady Carolina, born on April 8th, 1722, and married
the 11th of August, 1746, to William late Earl of Harrington ;
and was mother of the present Earl.

Third, Lady Harriot, born on June 8th, 1723, and died, in
August, 1735.

Fourth, Lady Arabella, born on July 19th, 1729, and married
in May, 1741, to Francis Seymour Conway, Lord Conway, after-
wards Earl and Marquis of Hertford. She died November 10th,
1782, leaving the present Marquis, &c.

Lord Augustus Fitzroy, third son of Charles second Duke of
Grafton, being brought up in the sea-service, was, in September,
1736, captain of the Kennington, and afterwards of several other
of his Majesty's ships of war. He commanded the Orford man
of war at the attack of Carthagena, in February, 1740-I, but died
at Jamaica, on May 28th following, much regretted for his bravery
and diligence in the service, being then also member in parlia-
ment for Thetford, into which he had been elected in February,
1738-9, upon a vacancy. His Lordship, in March, 1733-4,
wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel William Cosby, some
time governor of New York, a younger son of Alexander Cosby,
of Strodbell in Ireland, Esq. and by her (who after his decease
re-married James Jeffreys, Esq. and died December 21st, 1788),
had three sons, Charles, who was born at New York in 1734,
and died there, aged fourteen months ; Augustus Henry, now
Duke of Grafton; and the Honourable Charles Fitzroy, created
29th, September 1781, Lord Southampton, of Southampton in
Hants.

Augustus Henry, the present and third Duke of Grafton,
was born in October, 1735, and succeeded his uncle, the Earl of
Euston, as heir apparent to his grandfather, was, in November,
1750, appointed a lord of the bedchamber to the present King,
then Prince of Wales. On the death of the late Earl of Harrington,
in 1756, and the promotion of the present Earl of Mansfield, that

DUKE OF GRAFTON. 219

same year, he was elected, in the room of the latter, a member
for Boroughbridge, and in place of the former, for St. Edmunds-
bury, for which he chose his seat in parliament, which he kept
till his grandfather's death, in May 1757- His Grace is receiver
general of the profits of the seals, in the courts of King's Bench
and Common Pleas; ranger of Whittlebury-forest; master of the
game in Salcey-park; his Majesty's game-keeper at Newmarket;
recorder of Tbetford; high steward of Dartmouth; one of the
governors of the Charter-house; and president of the Small Pox-
hospital. In the late reign, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant
and Custos Rotulorum of Suffolk, and continued so in the present.
On July 10th, 1765, his Grace was appointed one of his Majesty's
principal Secretaries of State, which he resigned in May, 1766}
on August 2d following, was constituted First Lord Commis-
sioner of the Treasury, which he resigned January 28th, 1770.
On June 12th, 1 77 1, constituted Lord Privy Seal, in which high
department he continued till Nov. 1775. On Dec. 5th, 1768, his
Grace was elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and
installed July 1st following; also in a chapter held September
20th, 1769, was elected one of the Knights companions of the
most noble order of the Garter, and installed July 25 th, 1771.

On Jan. 29th, 1756, he married Anne, only child of Henry
Liddell, Lord Ravensworth ; and by her had issue, a daughter,
Lady Georgiana, born on May 8th, 1757, and married, on June
4th, 1 778, to John Smyth of Heath, Esq. ; and died January 10th,
1799, leaving issue.

Also three sons, first, George Henry, Earl of Euston, born on
January 14th, 176O; another son, born on February 20th, 1761,
who died soon after; a third son, Charles, born on July 17th, 1764,
who married, June 20th, 1795, Miss Mundy, daughter of Edward
Miller Mundy, Esq. who died August 9th, 1797, leaving one son,
Charles Augustus; and married, secondly, March 10th, 1799*
Lady Frances Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert, Earl of London-
derry, by Lady Frances Pratt: his Lordship is a lieutenant gene-
ral in the army, and colonel of the forty-eighth regiment of foot.

His Grace obtained an act of parliament which received the
royal assent on March 23d, 1 769, whereby his Grace's marriage
with the said Anne Liddell was dissolved; in consequence where-
of, this Lady remarried to John, the present Earl of Upper Ossory,
and his Grace, in May following, took to his second Duchess,
Elizabeth, third daughter of the Rev. Sir Richard Wrottesley,
Bart, and Dean of Windsor, by whom he has had issue, five sons,

220 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

third, Lord Henry, born March 22d, 1770; in holy orders; mar-
ried, October 2d, 1800, Miss Caroline Pigot, youngest daughter
of the late Admiral Pigot j fourth, Lord Augustus, born June 1st,
1773, a captain in the navy, died 1799; and, fifth, Lord Frede-
rick, born September 16th, 17/4; sixth, Lord William, born June
1st, 1782, a captain in the navy; seventh, Lord John, born Sep-
tember 24th, 1785. Also seven daughters, viz Lady Charlotte,
born May 14th, 1771; Lady Elizabeth, born October 19th, 1775 ;
Lady Louisa, born July 30th, 1777; Lady Augusta, born Fe-
bruary 19th, 1779; Lady Frances, born June 1st, 178O, married,
November 25th, 1800, Lord Francis Almaric Spencer, second
son of the Duke of Marlborough ; Lady Caroline, bom July 5th,
1781, died May 28th, 1803; Lady Harriot, born April 28tb, 1784,
died April 14th, 1804; Lady Isabella, born November 17th, 1786*.
Guorge Henry, Earl of Euston, married, November l6tb,
1784, Charlotte Maria, second daughter of the second Earl of
Waldegrave, and by her has had six sous and four daughters; viz.
Henry, Viscount Ipswich, born February 10th, 1790; Charles,
born 1791, an ensign in the first regiment of foot guards ; Wil-
liam, bcrn January 20th, 1794 ; Hugh George, born 2pth, 1795;
died April 20th, \7Q/ ; Richard James, born May 3d, 1800, died
September 29th, 1801; Mary Anne, born November 3d, 1785;
Georgiana Laura, born January loth, 17*>7; Elizabeth Anna,
born June 29th, 1/88; and Isabella Frances, born May 6th,
1792. His Lordship has for many years represented the Univer-
sity of Cambridge in parliament.

Titles. Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton, Earl of
Arlington and Euston, Viscount Thetford and Ipswich, Baron
Arlington of Arlington, and Baron of Sudbury.

Creations. Baron Arlington of Arlington, in com. Middlesex,
Viscount Thetford in com. Norfolk, and Earl of Arlington, afore-
said, by descent from his mother Isabella, sole daughter and heir
to the Right Honourable Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, who
was created Baron by letters patent, on March 14th, 1663,
16 Car. II. and Viscount and Earl, on April 22d, 16/2, 24 Car. II.
Baron of Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of Euston, all in
the county of Suffolk, on August Kith, 1O71, 24 Car. II. and
Duke of Grafton, in the county of Northampton, on September
llth, 1675, 27 Car. II.

Arms. The arms of King Charles II. with a Battone sinister
eompone, Argent and Azure.

DUKE OF GRAFTON. 221

Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up ermine, a lion statant
guardant, Or, crowned with a ducal coronet, Azure, and gorged
with a collar countercompone, Argent and Azure.

Supporters. On the dexter side a lion guardant, Or, crowned
with a ducal coronet, Azure, and gorged with a collar counter-
pone, Argent, and Azure : on the sinister, a greyhound, argent,
gorged as the lion.

Motto. Et Decus et pretium recti.

Chief Seats. At Wakefield Lodge in Whittlebury Forest, in
the county of Northampton ; at Livermore Hall, in the county of
Suffolk ; and at Euston Hall in the same county, which last, de-
rived from the Earl of Arlington, is his principal seat.

222 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

SOMERSET, DUKE OF BEAUFORT.

This noble Duke derives his genealogy from an illegitimate
branch of the house of Plantagen-et, (whence it is observable,
that his progenitors have flourished with the titles of Dukes, Mar-
quisses, and Earls, and have not descended to a lower degree for
these seven hundred years) being lineally descended from John
of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III. who caused all
his natural children, by Catherine Swinfoid, daughter of Sir Payn
Roet, alias Guyen, king of arms, and widow of Sir Otes Swin-
ford, Knight, to whom he was afterwards married, to be called
Beaufort, from the castle of Beaufort in the county of Anjou,
the place of their nativity; which castle came, A. D. 1276, to the
house of Lancaster by the marriage of Blanch, daughter of
Robert I. Count of Artois, and widow of Henry I. King of Na-
varre, with Edmund (surnamed Crouchback) Earl Of Lancaster,
second son of Henry III. King of England.

By the said Catherine, he had before marriage three sons, and
a daughter, who were all legitimated by act of parliament in 1396,
viz. Joan, who was first married to Sir Robert Ferrers of Oversley,
secondly to Ralph Nevill, the first Earl of Westmoreland, and
dying anno 1440, was buried in the cathedral of Lincoln. Of
the sons, which were John, Henry, and Thomas, the latter was
created Earl of Dorset, and Duke of Exeter, but left no issue ; he
died 1427, and was buried at St. Edmund's Eury in Suffolk His
body was a found in 1772, by some workmen who were employed
among the ruins of that abbey. The second was made Bishop of
Winchester, anno 1405, and was also Cardinal and Lord Chan-

* Gentleman's Magazine, vol. xlii p g«.

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 223

cellor, and father of a natural daughter, Joan, wife of Sir Edward
Straddling in Wales ; and John, the eldest, was created Earl of
Somerset, anno 13Q6, also Marquis of Dorset and Somerset, Sep-
tember 29th, 1398, from which last titles he was afterwards de-
prived. In 1400, he was made Lord Chamberlain of England for
life; Knight of the Garter, and captain of Calais. He died
March lrjth, 1410, and was buried in Canterbury cathedral.

John, second Earl of Somerset, having married Margaret,
sister and coheir to Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent (who was
secondly married b to Thomas Duke of Clarence, son of King
Henry IV.) by her had four sons and two daughters, whereof
Joan, the eldest, was married first to James I. King of Scots, and
after his death, to Sir James Stuart, son to Lord Lome, from whom
the Duke of Athol ; and Margaret, to Thomas Courtnay, Earl of
Devonshire.

The sons of the said John Earl of Somerset were, Henry,
John, Edmund, and Thomas ; whereof Henry the eldest dying
unmarried, anno 1418, left his inheritance to his brother,

John, who succeeded him as third Earl of Somerset ; and in
1443, was created Duke of Somerset, and Earl of Kendale, and
constituted lieutenant and captain general of Aquitain ; as also of
the whole realm of France, and duchy of Normandy. His Grace
departed this life on May 27th, 1444, and was buried at Winborne
minster in Dorsetshire ; leaving issue by Margaret his wife, widow
of Sir Oliver St. John, and daughter to Sir John Beauchamp, of
Bletshoe in the county of Bedford, Knight, (and heir to John her
brother) an only daughter, Margaret, married to Edmund of
Hadham, Earl of Richmond, eldest son of Owen ap Merideth ap
Tudor, and Catherine of France, Queen of England, dowager to
Henry V. and by him was mother of Henry VII. she was se-
condly, married to Sir Henry Stafford, son of Humphry Duke of
Buckingham} and thirdly, to Thomas Stanley Earl of Derby, and
dying onc 3d calend. of July 1509, was buried in Henry VII. 's
chapel, Westminster Abbey.

To him succeeded Edmund his next brother, who was Earl
of Mortien in Normandy, and created Marquis of Dorset on June
24th, 1443. In 24th Henry VI. he was Regent of Normandy j
and in 26th Henry VI. created Duke of Somerset ; but was slain
in the battle of St. Alban's, on May 22d, 1455. He married
Eleanor, second daughter and coheir to Richard Beauchamp, Earl

k Vincent, p z%i- * Inscrip. Tumuli.

224 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of Warwick, and by her, who died'1 March 12th, 1467, had four
sons and five daughters, viz. first, Eleanor, first married to James
Butler, Earl of Ormond and Wiltshire, e secondly, to Sir Robert
Spencer of Spencercombe com. Devon, Knight ; second, Joan,
first married to Sir Robert St. Lawrence, Baron of Howth
in Ireland, and secondly, to Sir Richard Fry, Knight ; third,
Anne, married to Sir William Paston, of Paston in Norfolk,
Knight j fourth, Margaret, first married to Humphrey Stafford,
Earl of Stafford, and secondly, to Sir Richard Darrel, Knight ;
and fifth, Elizabeth, married to Sir Henry Lewis, Knight.

The sons of Edmund, the second Duke of Somerset, were
Henry, Edmund, John, and Thomas. Henry, the eldest son,
Knight of the Garter, succeeded his father as third Duke of So-
merset ; but he having no lawful issue, the honour devolved upon
Edmund, his next brother, who was beheaded May 7th, 1471,
without issue j and John and Thomas, his next brothers, also
dying issueless (the first of them being killed at the battle of
Tewksbury, in May, 1471) in them terminated the male issue of
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, not only by Catherine Swin-
ford, but also by his wife, Blanch (mother of King Henry IV.)
who was his only other wife that bore him any male issue.

However, we return to Henry, third Duke of Somerset,
Knight of the Garter, as ancestor to his Grace, the present Duke
of Beaufort. The said Henry Duke of Somerset had the title of
Earl of Moreton in his father's life-time, and gained great honour
in the French wars. Among other services, he is remembered
for his desperate assault of the castle of St. Anjou in Mayenne, in
27 Henry VI. in which he put to the sword three hundred Scots,
and hanged all the French found therein. In 36 Henry VI. he
was constituted lieutenant and governor of the Isle of Wight,
and castle of Carisbroke, and the year after made governor of
Calais -, but being by King Henry VI. recalled into England, to
supply the command of Duke Edmund his father (who was slain
in behalf of that King in the battle of St. Alban's, against Richard
Duke of York) was taken prisoner at the battle of Hexham, in
the county of Northumberland, and there (on April 3d, 1463)
beheaded for his adherence to the house of Lancaster, leaving
issue by Joau Hill, or, de la Montaign, an only natural son,

Charles, who assumed the surname of Somerset ; he being
a person of great abilities, arrived to very high advancements, as

* Edmondson's Baron- Gencal. « Vincent, p. 595.

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 125

well in honour as estates. In 1485, he was f constituted one of the
privy-council ; and in 2 Henry VII. being then a Knight, s was
made constable of Helmsley castle in Yorkshire, and the year
after,1' admiral of his fleet at sea; in which post he' continued
in 4 Henry VII. In 6 Henry VII. he was k sent ambassador
with the Order of the Garter to the Emperor Maximilian I. He
was also, by the same King, his near kinsman (for the King's
mother and Henry Duke of Somerset his father were brothers'
children) created a Banneret, elected Knight of the Garter, and
made captain of the guards, on July 17th, I4g6. In 17 Henry
VII. he ' was sent ambassador to the said Maximilian, and con-
cluded two treaties, one dated at Antwerp, on June 1 9th, 1502,
and the other the day after 3 at which time he gave bond for the
payment of 10,000/. to the deputies of the said Maximilian, in
aid against the Turks, in defence of the Christian religion : and
therein is stiled Sir Charles Somerset, Knight of the Garter,
chamberlain and captain of the guard to the King of England.
At a m Chapter of the Garter held on May 7th, 18 Henry VII.
at Windsor, by Thomas Earl of Derby, appointed thereto by the
King's commission, the Sovereign, by letter to that Earl, excused
Sir Charles Somerset's attendance there, being employed by hira
on arduous affairs. Those eminent favours were, doubtless, a great
furtherance of his marriage with Elizabeth, the sole daughter and
heir to William Herbert, Earl of Huntingdon, Lord Herbert of
Ragland, Chepstow and Goiver: and in her right he bore the title
of Lord Herbert ; by which appellation he was ■ made go-
vernor of Payne castle, and Montgomery castle in Wales, and
had° summons to parliament in the first and third of Henry VIII.
among the Barons, by the name of Charles Somerset de Her-
bert, Chevalier. Having been Lord Chamberlain to Henry VII.
he was also in P the same office to Henry VIII. at his first coming
to the crown, likewise one of his privy-council, and continued
in his other employments. In 1513, in the expedition into France,
he 'i followed the King thither with 6,000 foot, and was present
at the taking of Therrouenne and Tournayj where meriting

f Polyd Virg. p. 567. 8 Pat 2 Henry VII. p % m- 5.

* Pat. 3 Henry VII. p. t. in dors- ' Pat. 4 Henry VII. m. 8.

k Ashmole's,Order of the Garter, 0.391.

1 Rymer's Feed. torn. xiii. p. 8 and 9.

m Anstis's Reg. of the Garter, vol. i. p. 24*.

, Pat. 19 Henry VII, p- 1. m. 16 ° Claus. de iisd. ann. in dors.

p Herbert's History of Henry V 1 1 1 . p. 3 . i Stow's Annals

TOL. X.

a

226 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

highly for his heroic actions, and exemplary valour, he r had the
office of Lord Chamberlain bestowed upon him for life ; and like-
wise, by reason of his noble descent, and near alliance to the King
in blood * (as the patent itself did then import) was on the festival
of the Virgin Mary, in 1514, advanced to the dignity of Earl op
Worcester. And on October Q\h that year, he l attended Lady
Mary, the King's sister, at her coronation at St. Dennis in France.
He was afterwards employed by the King, for" confirming arti-
cles of peace between England and France j and in 1521, to me-
diate peace between the Emperor Charles V. and Francis I. King
of France; having before, on May 13th lhat year, been one of
the peers who sat on the trial of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buck-
ingham ; and continued in great favour with King Henry VII I".
till his Lordship's death, on April 15th, 1526, and was buried at
Windsor, with his two first wives.

By x his testament, dated 21st Martii, anno 1524,' bearing
then the title of Earl of Worcester, Lord Herbert of Gower and
Chepstow, Lord Chamberlain to the King, and Knight of the
most noble Order of the Garter, he ordered his body to be buried
in the church of our Lady and St. George, within the castle of
Windsor, by his first wife, in his chapel of our Lady, now called
Beaufort chapel, where her tomb was then made, by the consent
and agreement of the dean and canons of the same place, at such
a time as he endowed a priest to say mass, daily and perpetually
there, to pray to God for his soul, and for the soul of Elizabeth
his first wife, his own, her friends, and mother's soul, and all
other : appointing, that in case he should depart this life in Lon-
don, Kaiho, or near the river of Thames, that his body should be
brought by water to the said church of Windsor, as privately as
might be, without pomp, or great charge of torches, or cloathing,
hearse, wax, or great dinner, but only for them that must needs
be had ; that is to say, twenty men of his own servants, to bear
every man a torch, and to have cloathing ; and the bier, or hearse,
to be covered with black cloth, and his body under the same,
with a white cross upon it. He likewise bequeathed to Eleanor,
his wife, six hundred marks in plate; to his son Henry all his
harness, artillery, and habiliments of war, except the harness for
his own body, which he gave to his son George : and to his son
H[enry all his robes of estate, and robes of parliament, with his

r Pat. 5 Henry VIII. p 2. m- 30.
Pat. 5 Henry VIII. p. 3 m. 13. t Herb ut supr. p f*.

■ Ibid, p 116. x Ex Regist. Porrh qu. aa.

in hh OF B£AUFORT. 2J7

inutile, gown, and hood of the Order « ! the Garter. For hi* first
wife he had Elisabeth, daugbtcr tod hr.r (as has Ucn ».iid
brtoir) io William K-irl of Huntingdon, aud by her liad
Henry, hi* too and successor ; and a daughter Elizabeth, married
to Sir John Suta^r, of CMiftoti in com. Ce-.tr. Knight, nrogr mior
ol the Luc Earls Rivers. For his second wife he espoused Eliza-
beth. daughter ol Thomas W est, laud dc la War, by whom he liad
i»*ue Sir t baric* Somerset, Knight, captain of the Tovser ol lty*c-
bank in the haven of Calais; Sir George Somerset, of liadmun-
dcstield in com. Stiff. Knight, who wedded M.iry, sole daughter
and heir of bir 'ITioma* Bowlays, of I'cnho.v in the county of
Monmouth, Knight, who bore the anus of Seymour, being de-
kcended from the daughter and sole heir of Iloger Seymour, elder
sou ol John Seymour, eider brolhe: of Iloger, ancestor to the
Duke of Somerset. Sir George Somerset, by the said Mary liow-
lay», was father ol two sum, Charles, who married' Llizabeth,
daughter ol Sir (. (. *ely ol Colton coin. Stall". Knight.

and had issue two sous, George and Charles, and a daughter
Mary. And William, aiul a daughter Anne. v. ho wedded Edward
liarrct, of liclhousc in Ksscx, Esq. This i.arl C'hailev: had also, by
his second wile, a daughter Mary, married to William Lord Grey
1*1 Wilton, by his third wife, Eleanor, daughter of Sir r>Jw.»rd
Sutton. I ord Dudlej . he had uo issue.

IliNkv, his son and heir, the SECOND 1 .uii. or Worckstfm,
lor his signal exploits perform! d in the wars of Fiance, during hit
lather's lifetime, * had been knighted by ( barlcs br.uidon, Duke
ui Suffolk ; ami shortly alter his father's de..th, was b appointed
one of the coma issioncrs lor concluding a peace with the French;
a: I departing thi* lite- * on November 'iOth, 15-iy, was buried at
Ragland. 'The inquisition taken alter hi* decease, at Wotton-
under-Edge in Gloucestendiire, on February 2l>t, 4 Edward VI.
shews, that be died seized ol the manors of Wolvesloo, alia*
Wo'laston, and Grange ol Wollaston, Modeagate, alias Maiott,
Bl -Lwrrr, Alverslon, Halle»hall, and Heu el field, and eighty-
two mc*»uagc», three mills, one thousand acre* of ploughed land,
•evenly of meadows, one thousand of pisturc, sis hundred of
wood, live hundred ol heath and turf, and 'ju/. b». rent in Hr.xk-
vere, Wolvcston, Almiogton, Alvcrstou, llewelsricld, and Mo-

, Cai of Nob. b> R BrwA i StadfonTsCcfsnl. Hut

• llo'.lmsh j'.Sio » Hctb ut mj|i.. i

tw.li. 4 r.dssnd VI
* Cole'* ktch lib. j. u 6i. A 16 |> ;*i to B bl Hsi'.c)

228 PEERAGE OP ENGLAND.

desgate, with the fisheries in the Wye, called Plomwere, Ash-
were, Ithelswere, and Walwere, and rectory of Walwere, and ad-
rowsons and vicarage of the same ; the manor of Tiddenham, and
divers messuages, lands and tenements in Strote, Widdcn, Bisten,
Bottesley, and Sudbury, all in the county of Gloucester: and that
William Lord Herbert, Earl of Worcester, was his son and heir,
and of the age of twenty-two years. This Earl Henry married e
Elizabeth, daughter to Sir Anthony Browne, Knight, standard
bearer to Henry VII. and ancestor to the Lords Viscounts Mon-
tacute, and by her, who died 1565, and is buried at Chepstow,
had issue four sons ; first, William ; second, Thomas, who died
on May 27th, 1587, in the Tower of London ; third, Sir Charles,
who was standard bearer to the band of pensioners in the time of
Queen Elizabeth, and died on March 2d, 1598, leaving issue by
Emme, f daughter and coheir of Henry Braine, Esq. widow of
Giles Morgan of Newport, Esq. an only daughter and heir Eliza-
beth, married first to Ratcliffe Gerrard, Esq. ; and secondly, to
Sir Edward Fox, Knight ; and fourth, Francis, slain at Mussel-
borough-field, on September 10th, 1547. Also four daughters >
first, Eleanor, married to Sir Edward Vaughan, of Tretour in
com. Brecon, Knight) second, Lucy, to John Nevil, Lord La-
timer, who died 1577 > she died? 1582, and is buried at Hackney
in Middlesex ; third, Anne, to Thomas Percy, Earl of Northum-
berland; and fourth, Jane, to Sir Edward Mansel, Knight, an-
cestor to the late Lord Mansel, and'1 died October iflih, 1591.

Which William, third Earl, his eldest son and heir, was
Knight of the Garter. In 1573, he was ' sent into France with a
fount of pure gold, for the christening of a daughter to Charles
IX. King of that realm, and to stand in the Queen's stead, as one
of the sureties. He married Christian, daughter to Edward North,
Lord North of Cathladge, by whom he had Edward, his only
•on and heir; and two daughters, Elizabeth, married to William
Windsor, Esq. youngest son of William Lord Windsor; and
Lucy, to Henry Herbert, Esq. son and heir of Sir Thomas Her-
bert, of Wynestow in com. Monmouth, Knight. k By the inqui-
sition, taken September 20th, 1589, at Cardiffe, in the county of

• Cat of Nob by R. Brook. f Sandford pvced.

1 Stow's Survey of London, Edit 1633, fol. 797.
11 Inscrip apud Margam com- Glamorg
1 Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth.
k Celc's Esch. lib. 3, note 6t A. 14 in Bibl. Harley, p 204-

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 220

Glamorgan, the jury found, that at the time of his death, oti
February 21st before, (and was buried at Ragland co. Monmouth)
he was seized of the lordships and manor of Gower, Kilvey, and
the castle and borough of Swansey, parcel of the manor of Gower;
the demesne lands of the castle of Oystmouth, with the appurte-
nances, in Clyn forest ; the manors of Wringston, Michelston,
and the rectory of the church ; half the manor of West Orchard,
and the manor of Lancarnan, all in the county of Glamorgan :
and that Edward Earl of Worcester was his son and heir, and of
the age of thirty-six years, and upwards.

Edward, fourth Earl, in 15Q1, was1 sent ambassador to
James VI. of Scotland, to congratulate his marriage and safe re-
turn from Denmark, &c. And in the 43 Elizabeth, was m made
master of the horse, being the'1 best horseman and tilter of the
times ; which office he° had continued to him by James I. being
alsoi' constituted one of the commissioners for executing the
office of Earl Marshal. In the 13th of King James, l resigning
his office of master of the horse, he was r made lord privy-seal ;
and two years after, had a new grant of that office, s with the.
fee of 1,500/. per ann. for life. This Earl, being also Knight of
the Garter, wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Earl of Hunt-
ingdon ; by which Lady, who died August 24th, 1621, and is
buried at Ragland, he had issue eight sons. William Lord Her-
bert, eldest son, died unmarried in the life-time of his father;
and Henry, second son, succeeded his father; Thomas, the third
son, was sent with Sir Charles Percy, by the privy council, to
notify to King James the demise of Queen Elizabeth, and his
Majesty being proclaimed her successor -r he was made Knight of
the Bath on January 5th, 1 604-5 j and on December 8th, 1626,
created Viscount Somerset, of Cashel, in the county of Tipperary
in Ireland. The preamble to the patent l recites, that he had
performed many acceptable services, both to the King himself,
his father and mother, especially as a faithful counsellor of his
father, and as master of the horse. He married Eleanor, daughter
of David Lord Barry, and Viscount Buttevant of Ireland, relict of
Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, by whom he left Elizabeth, his
daughter and heir, who died single, and was buried at Ragland,

i Camden's Annals. m Pat. 43 Eliz. p. iz.

n Fragm Regalia, p. 87. • Pat. 1 Jac. I. p. 6.

p Pat 2 Jac. 1 p. 24. * Annal. R. Jac. I. per Camd.

1 Ibid. « Pat. 15 Jac. I. p 6.. « Pat. % Car I. p. 5. No. »#

230 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Charles Somerset, and Francis, fourth and fifth sons, died infants.
Charles, sixth son, of Troy in Monmouthshire, made Knight of
the Bath at the creation of Henry Prince of Wales, married Eli-
zabeth, the daughter and heir of Sir William Powel, of Llanpylr,
in the county of Monmouth; and had issue three daughters,
Elizabeth, the wife of Francis Anderton, of Lostock in com. Pal.
Lane. Esq. ; Mary, who died unmarried ; and Frances, the wife
of Sir Henry Brown, of Kiddington in the county of Oxford,
Bart. Christopher Somerset, seventh son, died young ; and Sir
Edward Somerset, eighth son, made Knight of the Bath with his
brother, Sir Charles, married Bridget, daughter and heir to Sir
William Whitmore, of Leighton, in com. Cestr. Knight, but died
without issue. The Earl had likewise seven daughters ; first,
Elizabeth, married to Sir Henry Guildford, of Hemsted Place in
Kent, Knight ; second, Catherine, married to William Lord Petre,
of Writtle, u she died October 31st, 1624, at Thorndon in Essex,
and was buried at Ingatstone ; third, Anne, married to Sir Edward
Winter, of Lidney in com. Gloucester, Knight ; fourth, Frances,
married to William Morgan, Esq. son and heir to Edward
Morgan, of Lanternam in com. Monmouth, Esq.; fifth, Mary,
who died an infant ; sixth, Blanch, married to Thomas, son and
heir apparent to Thomas Lord Arundel of Wardour ; and seventh,
another Catherine, married to Thomas Lord Windsor.

The said Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, died at his house
in the Strand, 3d Martii, 1 627-8, and was buried at Windsor.
Sir Robert Naunton,x who was of the privy-council to Queen
Elizabeth, and well known to most of them, gives this character
of his Lordship. " My Lord of Worcester I have here put last,
but not least in the Queen's favour. He was of the ancient and
noble blood of the Beauforts, and of her gandfather's line by the
mother ; which the Queen could never forget ; especially when
there was a concurrency of old blood with fidelity ; a mixture
which ever sorted with the Queen's nature. And though there
might appear something in this house which might avert her
grace (though not to speak of my Lord himself, but with due
reverence and honour) I mean contrariety or suspicion in religion,
yet the Queen ever respected this house, and principally this
noble Lord, whom she first made master of the horse, and then
admitted of her council of state. In his youth (part whereof he
spent before he came to reside at court) he was a very fine gentle*

u Funeral Certificate in Coll Armor. ■ Fragm. Regalia, p. 87

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 231

man, and the best horseman and tilter of the times, which were
then the manlike and noble recreations of the court, and such as
took up the applause of men, as well as the praise and commen-
dations of ladies. And when years had abated these exercises of
honour, he grew then to be a faithful and profound counsellor.
And as I have placed him last, so was he the last liver of all the
servants of her favour ; and had the honour to see his renowned
mistress, and all of them, laid in the places of their rest : and for
himself, after a life of a very noble and remarkable reputation, he
died rich, and in a peaceable old age. A fate (that I make the
last and none of the slightest observations) which befel not many
of the rest, for they expired like unto lights blown out with the
snuff stinking, not commendably extinguished, and with offence
to the standers by." He was succeeded by his eldest surviving
son,

Henry, fifth Earl, and first Marq-uis of Worcester,
who was, in the life time of his father, summoned to the first
parliament of James I. and was a nobleman of great parts, piety,
and wisdom, and of a free and generous disposition, supported by
an equal and flowing fortune, which was much impaired by his
signal and manifest loyalty to Charles I. in the large supplies of
men and money he assisted his Majesty with j whose interest he
powerfully asserted during that fierce and unnatural war. *' The
Marquis of Worcester," says Clarendon, " was generally reputed
the greatest monied man of the kingdom, and probably might not
think it an unthrifty thing, rather to disburse it for the King,
who might be able to repay it, than to have it taken from him by
the other party; which would be hardly questionable, if they
prevailed." y He maintained his castle of Ragland, z in the county
of Monmouth, with a garrison of eight hundred men, from 1642,
to August 19th, 1646, without receiving any contribution from
the country, and then yielded it to Sir Thomas Fairfax, the par-
liamentary general (who besieged it in person) upon very honour-
able articles for all the officers and soldiers that were therein.
This was amongst the last places in England, that held out against
the rebels : but after its surrender, was demolished, and all the
timber in the three parks, that lay near to the house, was cut
down and sold by the committees for sequestration, the offal of
which (for there was no coppice wood in any of the parks) ac-
cording to the sub-committees (whose custom was not to acknow-

, Clar.volii. p. 154. % Ibid. vol. iii. 40.

232 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

ledge the utmost of the profits they mado) amounted to 37,000
cords of wood. The lead, that covered the castle, was sold for
6,000/. and a great part of the timber thereof to the citizens of
Bristol, to rebuild the houses on the bridge there, which had been
lately burnt. The loss to this truly noble family, in the bouse
and woods, was modestly computed at 100,000/. besides, at least,
as great a sum lent to his Majesty, by the said Marquis, and the
supporting the above mentioned garrison, and raising and main-
taining two several armies at his own expence (commanded by-
his son, Edward Earl of Glamorgan) together with the seques-
tration from 1646, and afterwards the sale of that whole estate
by the rump, which (besides what the family disposed of in those
necessitous times) amounted, as appears by that year's audit, to
*bout 20,000/. per ann. and was not restored till 1660, when his
said son got it again. The conditions of capitulation being basely
violated, the Marquis was taken into the custody of the parlia-
ment's black rod, in which he died in December following, and
was buried at Windsor, near the tomb of Charles Earl of Wor-
cester, his ancestor. He was, by letters patent, dated at Oxford
on November 2d, 1642, created Mahsuis of Worcester. There
is extant a book called, " Certamen Religiosum j or, a conference
between King Charles I. and Henry, late Marquis of Worcester,
concerning Rtligion in Ragland Castle, 1646." Also, " The
Golden Apothegms of King Charles I. and Henry Marquis of
Worcester, 1660, and 1669."* This Henry Earl and Marquis of
Worcester married Anne, the only child of John Lord Russell,
who died in the life time of his father, Francis Earl of Bedford j
and by ber, who died on April 1st, 1639, and is buried at Rag-
land, he had issue nine sons, and four daughters.

Edward Lord Herbert, the eldest, succeeded him in his
honours.

Lord John, second son, who was knighted, and commanded
the horse of his brother's army, b had issue by his wife, Mary,
daughter of Thomas Lord Arundel of Wardour, three sons. The
first was Henry, of Pentley Court in Gloucestershire, who wedded
Anne, daughter of Walter Lord Aston, Baron Forfar, in the king-
dom of Scotland, and by her was father of Edward Maria, who
married two wives, viz. Clare, daughter of Charles Calvert, Lord
Baltimore, of the kingdom of Ireland, and Anne, daughter of
Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore, sister to Clare, but died without

. Psik's R and N A. vol iii p. i0*. * CUr. rol, ii p 155-

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 233

issue 1711 e and of Mary, who was a nun. The second son of
Sir John Somerset, was Thomas, who departed this life in 1671.
Sir John Somerset's third son was Charles, who was of Ross in
Herefordshire, and wedded three wives, viz. Jane, daughter of
Walter Thomas, of Swansey in Glamorganshire, Esq. widow of
.... Aubrey, Esq. Catherine, daughter of Walter Baskervlle,
and widow of George Sawyer, Esqrs. and Alice, daughter of John
Goodyer of Burghope in Herefordshire, Esq. By the first he
had no issue ; but by the second, he had two sons, Charles and
Henry, and as many daughters, viz. Mary Johanna and Eli-
zabeth ; and by the third, a daughter Anne, who died in her
infancy.

Lord William, third son, died an infant. Lord Henry, fourth
son, died, at the age of twenty years, unmarried. Lord Thomas,
fifth son, lived at Rome, in the year 1(5/(5. Lord Charles, sixth
son, was governor of Ragland Castle, under his father, and having
signalized himself in the cause of his injured sovereign, died a
Canon of Cambray in Flanders. Lords Frederick, Francis, and
James, all died young ; Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter, died an
infant j Lady Anne, second daughter, died a nun at Antwerp j
Lady Mary, third daughter, died unmarried j and Lady Elizabeth,
youngest daughter, was wedded to Francis Brown, Viscount
Montague, and died in 1(582.

Edward Somerset, eldest son, Lord Herbert, and second Mar-
auis, succeeded his father, anno 164(5, and attaching himself to
the royal cause, was constituted Lord Lieutenant of North Wales,
by King Charles I. who directed several letters to this Edward,
jn the life time of his father, by the title of Earl of Glamorgan,
which title he usually bore.

Lord Clarendon says, that the King " committed South
Wales to the charge of the Lord Herbert, eldest son to the Mar-
quis of Worcester, whom he made his lieutenant general, adding
Monmouthshire to his commission. There were, in the opinion
of many, great objections against committing that employment to
that noble Lord, whose person many men loved and very few
hated. First he had no knowledge or experience in the martial
profession ; then his religion, being of that sort of Catholics the
people rendered odious by accusing it to be most Jes,uited, men
apprehended would not only produce a greater brand upon the
King of favouring papists and popery, than he had been yet re-

c Mr. Edmondson's Table*.

234 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

proached with, (for though he had some papists~entertained in
his armies, yet all men trusted by him in superior commands were
men of unblemished integrity in the Protestant religion ; and in
all his armies he had but one general officer of the contrary re-
ligion, Sir Arthur Aston, whom the Papists notwithstanding
would not acknowledge for a Papist.) This gave opportunity
and excuse to many persons of quality, ard great interest in those
counties (between whom and that Lord's family there had been
perpetual feuds and animosities) to lessen their zeal to the King's
cause, out of jealousy of the other's religion. And those contes-
tations had been lately improved with some sharpness, by the
Lord Herbert's carriage towards the Lord Marquis of Hertford,
during the time of his residence there; when out of vanity to
magnify his own power, he had not shewed that due regard to
that of the other, which he should have had. And no doubt it"
he had been of that mind, it would much more have advanced
the King's service, if he would have contributed his full assistance
to another, who more popularly might have borne the title of
such a command. But on the other side., the necessity of disposing
those parts, divided from the rest of the kingdom, under the com-
mand of some person of honour and interest, was very visible,
and the expedition in doing it was as necessary," &c. Lord Her-
bert engaged to do all this at his own charge, on a promise of re-
payment, when the King should be restored to his own. He
" was a man of more than ordinary affection and reverence to the
person of the King ; and one, who, he was sure, would neither
deceive nor betray him. For his religion, it might work upon
himself, but would not disquiet other men. For though he were
a Papist, he was never like to make others so; and his reputation
and interest were very great with many gentlemen of those
counties who were not at all friends to his religion." d

There now remains in the signet office a bill under the royal
sign manual at Oxford (if a patent did not pass the great seal
thereupon) in order to his being created Earl of Glamorgan, and
Baron Beaufort, of Caldecot Castle, in the county of Monmouth:
and in 1644, he had the following remarkable and extraordinary
commission : " Charles, by the grace of God, King of England,
Scotland, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. To our
right trusty, and right well beloved cousin, Edward Somerset,
alias Plantagenet, Lord Herbert, Baron Beaufort, of Caldicote,

' Clar- volti. p :J3,

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 235

Grismond, Chepstow, Ragland and Gower, Earl of Glamorgan,
son and heir apparent of our entirely beloved cousin, Henry Earl
and Marquis of Worcester, greeting. Having had good and long
experience of your prowess, prudence, and fidelity, do make
choice, and by these nominate and appoint you, our right trusty,
and right well beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, &c. to be our
generalissimo of three armies, English, Irish, and foreign, and
admiral of a fleet at sea, with power to recommend your lieute-
nant-general for our approbation, leaving all other officers to your
own election and denomination and accordingly to receive their
commission from you : willing and commanding them, and every
of them, you to obey, as their general, and you to receive imme-
diate orders from ourself only. And lest, through distance of
place, we may be misinformed, we will and command you to
reply unto us, if any of our orders should thwart, or hinder any of
your designs for our service. And there being necessary great
sums of money, to the carrying on so chargeable an employment,
which we have not to furnish you withal, we do by these em-
power you to contract with any of our loving subjects of England,
Ireland, and dominion of Wales, for wardships, customs, woods,
or any our rights and prerogatives ; we by these obliging ourselves,
our heirs and successors, to confirm and make good the same ac-
cordingly. And for persons of generosity, for whom titles of
honour are most desirable, we have entrusted you with several
patents under our great seal of England, from a Marquis to a
Baronet, which we give you full power and authority to date, and
dispose of, without knowing our further pleasure ; so great is our
trusi and confidence in you, as that, whatsoever you do contract
for, or promise, we will make good the same accordingly, from
the date of this our commission forwards j which for the better
satisfaction, we give you leave to give them, or any of them,
copies thereof, attested under your hand and seal of arms. And
for your own encouragement, and in token of our gratitude, we
give and allow you henceforward such fees, titles, preheminences,
and privileges, as do, and may belong unto your place and com-
mand above-mentioned, with promise of our dear daughter
Elizabeth to your son Plantagenetin marriage, with three hundred
thousand pounds in dower or portion, most part whereof we ac-
knowledge spent and disburst by your father and you, in our ser-
vice ; and the title of Duke of Somerset to you and your heirs
male for ever ; and from henceforward to give the garter to your
arms, and at your pleasure to put on the George and blue ribbon :

'236 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

and for your greater honour, and in testimony of our reality, we
have with our own hand affixed our great seal of England, unto
these our commission and letters, making them patents. Witness
ourself at Oxford, the first day of April, in the twentieth year of
our reign, and the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and
forty-four." e

King Charles is charged with sending this Lord to negotiate
with the Irish rebel Catholics, and to bring over a great body of
them for the King's service. The parliament complained ; the
King disavowed the Earl. This mysterious business has been
treated at large by Dr. Birch in an Inquiry into the share which
King Charles the First had in the transactions of the Earl of Gla-
morgan, isfc. \74y, and 1756, in which it is strenuously asserted
that the King was privy to the negotiation.

After the restoration, the house of lords appointed a com-
mittee, to consider of a patent granted to the Marquis of Wor-
cester in prejudice to the peers: whereupon, the committee re-
ported, that the Marquis was willing to deliver it to his majesty;
and accordingly the patent was delivered up.

His Lordship was the author of A Century of the Names and
Scantlings of such Inventions, as at present I can call to mind to
have tried and perfected, ivhich (my former notes being lost) I have,
at the instance of a powerful friend, endeavoured, now in the year
1655, to set these down in such a way as may sufficiently instruct
me to put any of them to practice." First printed 1663, and re-
printed 1/46. Lord Orford very unjustly calls this an amazing
piece of folly ; but a more competent judge esteems the author
one of the greatest mechanical geniuses that ever appeared in the
world. It is said, that hence was drawn the first hint of the steam-
engine. f This noble peer married, to his first wife, Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir William Dormer, Knight, sister to Robert Earl of
Carnarvon j and she dying on May 30th, 1665, was interred in
the parish church of Ragland, leaving issue by him one son and

« Lord Orford very justly calls it, " the most extraordinary patent that
ever was granted.*' And Sir Edward Hyde says, in 1646, " I care not how
little I say in that business of Ireland since those strange powers and in-
structions given to Glamorgan, which appear to me inexplicable to justice,
piety, and prudenc i " Clarendons State Papers, vol ii p. 337-

' Park's R and N. A- vol hi- p 97. v. 373 It has been said, that the
Marquis published a prior work called A History of a Century of Inventions,
Lord Orford has laboured this peer's character with his usual mixture of
acute and whimsical remarks.

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 23 f

two daughters ; viz. Henry Lord Herbert, who succeeded him ;
Lady Anne, eldest daughter, first wife of Henry Howard, second
son to Henry Earl of Arundel, afterwards Duke of Norfolk;
Lady Elizabeth, second daughter, married William Herbert,
Earl and Marquis of Powis ; she died at St. Germans en Laye, in
March, 1692, and was buried at St. Germains en Laye in France.
He, secondly, married Margaret, daughter to Henry Obrien, Earl
of Thomond ; by which Lady, who died on July 26th, 1681, ho
had issue a daughter, Mary, who died in her infancy ; and de-
parting this life on April 3d, 1667, was buried at Ragland.

His only son and successor Henry, fikst Duke, * consti-
tuted on July 30th, 1660, Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire,
and, in 1672, lord president of the council in the principality of
Wales ; h and lord lieutenant of the several counties of Anglesey,
Brecon, Cardigan, Caermarthen, Glamorgan, and Radnor, in South
Wales j and of Carnarvon, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery,
Flint, and Pembroke, in North Wales. He was also, on August
22d, appointed Lord Lieutenant of the county and city of Bristol j
and on August 27th, the same year, sworn of his Majesty's privy-
council ; having, on June 3d, the same year, being installed one
of the Knights of the Garter. And having been eminently ser-
viceable to that King (as is expressed in the patent) since his most
happy restoration ; in consideration thereof, and of his most noble
descent from King Edward the Hid, by John de Beaufort, eldest
son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by Catherine Swinford,
his third wife, he was by letters patent, dated on December 2d,
in 1682, the thirty-fourth year of his reign, advanced to the title
of Duke of Beaufort, with remainder to the heirs male of hia
body. At the funeral of Charles II. his Grace was one of the
supporters to George Prince of Denmark, chief mourner : and,
by James II. was made lord president of Wales, and also ' lord
lieutenant of all the above-mentioned counties ; and at his coro-
nation, carried the Queen's crown. In 1685, he was made
colonel of the eleventh regiment of foot, then first raised, the
command of which he resigned that year to his eldest surviving
son, Charles Marquis of Worcester. He exerted himself against
the Duke of Monmouth, in 1685 ; and in 1688, endeavoured to
secure Bristol against the adherents of the Prince of Orange:
upon whose elevation to the throne, his Grace, refusing to take
the oaths, lived in retirement till his death, which happened on

t Bill signat 1a Car. II. h Ibid 24 Car II- ! Bill signat 1 Jac. If.

538 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND."

January 21st, 1099, in tne seventieth year of his age. He was
buried in Beaufort chapel at Windsor, before mentioned, and a
very elegant monument erected over him, the inscription of which
is inserted in Pote's History of Windsor, p. 381, and Ashmoles
Berkshire, vol. iii. p. 162; having had, by Mary his wife, eldest
daughter of that valiant nobleman, Arthur Lord Capel, widow of
Henry Lord Beauchamp, five sons, and four daughters} and the
said Mary, his Duchess, died in the eighty-fifth year of her age,
on January 7th, 1714, and is buried at Badminton.

First, Henry, eldest son, who died young, was buried in Beau-
fort chapel in Windsor castle ; second, Charles, called at first
Lord Herbert, but after his father was created Duke of Beaufort,
styled Marquis of Worcester ; third, another Henry; fourth,
Edward, who both died young, and are buried at Ragland ; and,
fifth, Arthur, who married Mary, daughter and sole heir to Sir
William Russel, of Llanhem in Caermarthenshire, Bart, and
widow of Hugh Calveley Cotton, Esq. son and heir to Sir Robert
Cotton, of Cumbermere in com. Cestr. Bart, had issue a son
Edward, who died young 5 also three daughters j Mary, married
to Algernon Greville, second son of Fulk Greville, Lord Brook ;
Elizabeth ; and Anne, k married to Uvedal Price of Foxley in
Herefordshire, Esq.

Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Henry Duke of Beaufort,
died an infant. Lady Mary, second daughter, was married, in
1685, to James Duke of Ormond; and died in November, 1733.
Lady Henrietta, third daughter, was married, in 1686, first to
Henry Lord Obrien, who was eldest son, by the second venter,
of Henry Earl of Thomond, and died vita patris, and after Lord
Obrien's death, to Henry Earl of Suffolk and Bindon ; she died
August 10th, 1715, and was buried at Saffron Walden in Essex.
Lady Anne Somerset, fourth daughter, was married, on May 4th,
1691, to Thomas first Earl of Coventry, and died February I4tb,
1763.

Charles, before mentioned Marquis of Worcester, second,
but eldest surviving son of Henry, first Duke of Beaufort, was a
nobleman of great parts and learning, and died in the lifetime of
his father, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, unhappily leaping
out of his coach, to avoid the danger he was exposed to by the un-
ruliness of the horses running down a steep hill with him;
whereby he received a violent bruise, and broke his thigh-bone,

" Sec a letter to her in Pope's Supplemental Letters, lately published.

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 23g

of which he died, on July 13th, 1698. His Lordship, in 1683,
married Rebecca, daughter to Sir Josiah Child, of Wanstead in
the county of Essex, Knight, sister to Richard Earl Tilney, and
by her had issue three sons, and three daughters. (She was
afterwards the wife of John Lord Granville, and died on July
27th, 1712.)

Henry, eldest son, succeeded his grandfather as second Dukr
of Beaufort, anno 16QQ.

Lord Charles Somerset, born anno 1689, died in his travels at
Rome, on March 4th, N. S. 1709-10, aged twenty-one; and left
500/. towards building of Peckwater quadrangle in Christ church
college in Oxford,1 where he is buried.

Lord John, third son, died on December 31st, 1704, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey.

Lady Mary, and Lady Elizabeth, both died young.

Lady Henrietta, youngest daughter, born on August 27th,
1690, was married, in 1713, to Charles Duke of Grafton, and died
August 9th, 1 726.

Which Henry, second Duke of Beaufort, born on April
2d, 1684, on Queen Anne's visiting the University of Oxford, in
1702, and going thence to Bath, met her Majesty not far from
Cirencester, on August 29th, accompanied by great numbers of
gentlemen, clergy, and freeholders; and conducted her to his seat
at Badminton, where a very splendid entertainment was pre-
pared by his Grace for her Majesty, who was very well pleased
with it, as well as Prince George of Denmark, her royal consort.

On October 25lh, 1705,"' betook his seat in the house of
peers ; but did not go to court till after the change of the mi-
nistry, in 1710, when he told her Majesty, that he could then call
her Queen m reality. On January 10th, 1711, 12, he was
constituted captain of the band of pensioners. His Grace was
likewise appointed Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire and warden of
New Forest, Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, and cities of
Bristol and Gloucester, and counties of the same, on February
29th, following, andwas installed Knight ofthe Garter at Windsor,
on August 4th, 1713. He was also one of her Majesty's privy-
council: and departing this life, on May 24th, 1714, in the thirty-
first year of his age, at Badminton, had' sepulture in the church
there, where a monument is erected to his memory.

His Grace married, in 1702, to his first wife, Lady Mary,

1 Inscrip Tumul- » Journ- Dom Procer-

240 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

only daughter of Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset, sister to
Lionel, late Duke or Dorset, who died in childbed on June 18th,
1/05, and was buried at Badminton, leaving no surviving issue.
He married, in 1706, to his second wife, Lady Rachel, second
daughter and coheir to Wriothesley Baptist Noel, Earl of Gains-
borough, by whom he had issue, Henry Marquis of Worcester,
born on March 26th, 1707; Lord John, who died soon after he
was born, in 1708 ; and Lord Charles Noel Somerset, born on
September 12h, ^OQ, of whom his mother died in childbed the
next day, and was buried at Badminton. On September 14th,
171 1, he married, to his third wife, Lady Mary, youngest daughter
to Peregrine Osborne, Duke of Leeds ; but by her had no issue ;
and, her Grace surviving, was secondly married to William
Cochran, Earl of Dundonald, and died in Scotland, on February
4th, 1722.

Henry, his eldest son, third Duke of Beaufort, took his
seat in the house of peers, soon after he came of age ; and on
June 16th, 1729, was elected high steward of the city of Here-
ford. On the 28th of that month, in the same year, he wedded
Frances, only child and heir of Sir James Scudamore, of Home
Lacy in Herefordshire, Bart, and Viscount Scudamore in the
kingdom of Ireland (who died on December 12th, 171G) by
Frances his wife (who died on May 3d, 1 729, aged forty-four)
only daughter of Simon Lord Digby, in the said kingdom. Ne;t
year an act passed in parliament, authorising the Duke and
Duchess, and their children, to take and use the additional sur-
name and arms of Scudamore, pursuant to a settlement made by
the Duchess's said father : but his Grace having fully proved the
incontinence of his consort, obtained a divorce on March 2d,
1743-4; and he was enabled, by act of parliament, to marry
again ; but though he had no heirs of his own body, died with-
out taking any advantage of that statute, at Bath, on February 24th,
1745-6, in the thirty-ninth year of his age." His Grace was in-
terred at Badminton, justly respected for his unbiassed conduct in
the senate, and munificence in private life. His successor in
dignity and estate; was his brother, aforesaid,

Charles Noel Somerset, fourth Duke of Beaufort, who

" His repudiated Lady, after his death, was married to Charles Fitzroy,
Esq natural son to the first Duke of Grafton, and member for Thetford, who
died at his house in Arlington-street, August 19th, 1782, aet fifty-seven, by
whom she left a daughter, Frances, heir to the Scudamore estate, and married
en April id, 1771, to Charles Howard, the present Duke of Norfolk-

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 241

in July, 1730, was created doctor of laws by the University of
Oxford, in consideration of his distinguished zeal for both univer-
sities, and, in 1731, was chose one of the knights of the shire for
the county of Monmouth : also in the succeeding parliament,
which sat first on business on January 23d, 1735, was chose for
the town of Monmouth ; and was elected for the same place in
that summoned to meet on June 25th, 1741, which was sitting
when the honours fell to his Grace by the decease of his brother.
This noble Duke, who distinguished himself in the senate, both
whilst a commoner and peer, by a steady opposition to uncon-
stitutional and corrupt measures, and endeared himself to man-
kind by his social virtues, departed this life on October 28th,
1756, in the forty-seventh year of his age, and was buried at
Badminton. His Grace, on May 1st, 1740, married Elizabeth,
daughter of John Berkeley, of Stoke Gifford in Gloucestershire,
Esq. and sister of Norborne Lord Botetourt, whose Barony she
inherited ; and she died April 8th, 1799. having had issue Henry,
late Duke of Beaufort, born in Brook-street, Grosvenor-square,
on October 16th, 1744, and five daughters, viz. Lady Anne,
married, on September 13th, 1759, to Charles Earl of North-
ampton, and died at Venice in 1763, and was buried at Compton,
having had issue the present Lady George Cavendish, Lady
Elizabeth, who departed this life on May 10th, 1760 : Lady
Rachael, who died an infant; Lady Heniietta, born in 1747-8,
married April 11th, 1769, to Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, Bart,
and died at Kensington July 24th following 3 and Lady Mary
Isabella, born on August 3d, 1756, married by a special licence
December 26th, 1775, to Charles, commonly called Marquis of
Granby, afterwards Duke of Rutland ; and is now living his
widow.

Henry, fifth Duke of Beaufort, seventh Marquis, and
eleventh Earl of Worcester, the thirteenth in paternal descent
from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, &c. fourth son of King
Edward III. and father of King Henry IV. having accomplished
his studies at Oxford (where he received the degree of LL. D. for
his proficience in literature, as well as the hopeful appearance of
his inheriting the patriotic qualities of his illustrious ancestors,
together with their titles) embarked at Dover, on March 15th,
1764, for his travels in foreign parts, for the further capacitating
himself for the important duties of his high station. After his
return, his Grace on January 2d, 1766, was married in the parish
church of St. George's, Hanover-square, to Elizabeth, youngest
vol. 1. R

342 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

daughter of the late Hon. Edward Boscawen, admiral of the blue,
by whom his Grace had issue nine sons,

First, Henry Charles, Marquis of Worcester, born December
24th, 1/66, now Duke of Beaufort.

Second, Charles Henry, born December 12th, 1767. A lieu-
tenant-general in the army, and colonel of the first West India
regiment, married Elizabeth, daughter of William second Vis-
count Courtney, and has issue.

Third, Henry Edward, born December 23d, 1768, and died
April 23d following.

Fourth, Norborne Berkeley Henry, born May 4th, 1771.

Fifth, Robert Edward Henry, born December 16th, 1776.
Lieutenant-colonel of the fourth regiment of dragoons.

Sixth, Arthur John Henry, born February 12th, 178O, captain
of the ninety-first foot.

Seventh, William George Henry, born September 2d, 1784,
captain of the tenth dragoons.

Eighth, John Thomas Henry, born August 30th, 1787, a
lieutenant of the seventh dragoons.

Ninth, Fitzroy James Henry, born September 30th, 1788, a
lieutenant of the fourth dragoons.

Also four daughters.

First, Lady Elizabeth, born February 18th, 1773, married
June 27th, 1796, Rev. Charles Talbot, second son of the Hon.
and Rev. George Talbot.

Second, Lady Frances, born April 1774.

Third, Lady Harriot, born July yth, 1775, married, July 17th,
1804, major Mitchell of the twenty-sixth regiment of foot.

Fourth, Lady Anne Elizabeth, died September 22d, 1803.

On January 20th, 1768, his Grace was appointed master of
the horse to her Majesty, which post he resigned January 17th,
1770; his Grace was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the county of
Monmouth, on December 24th, 1771 j and was likewise colonel
of the militia of the said county and LL. D. ; and in 1786, was
elected Knight of the Garter. His Grace died October 11th,
1803, and was succeeded by his eldest son,

Henry Charles, sixth Duke or Beaufort, who suc-
ceeded his father as colonel of the Monmouth and Brecon militia ;
and in 1805, was elected Knight of the Garter. He married.
May l6th, 1791, Lady Charlotte Leveson Gower, daughter of the
late Marquis of Stafford, by whom he has issue ;

First, Henry, Marquis of Worcester, born February 5th, 1 792.

DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 243

Second, a son, born December 28th, 1792.

Third, a son, born December 1st, 1793, died January 28th,
1794.

Fourth, a daughter, born May 9th, 1804.

Titles. Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort, Marquis and
Earl of Worcester, Earl of Glamorgan", Viscount Grosmont, Baron
Herbert, Lord of Ragland, Chepstow, and Gower, as also Baron
Beaufort of Caldecot'castle, all in the county of Monmouth.

Creations. Baron, Jure Uxoris, and by letters patent, No-
vember 26th, 1506, 22 Henry VII. originally by descent and writ
of summons to parliament, July 26th, 146l, 1 Edward IV; Earl,
February 2d, 1513-14, 5 Henry VIII; Marquis, November 2d,
1642, 18 Car. I; and Duke of Beaufort, December 2d, 1682,
34 Car. II.

Arms. Quarterly, France and England, within a Bordure
compone, argent and azure : anciently, Or, on a fess bordered
gobone (or compone) argent and azure, France and England,
quarterly.

Crest. On a wreath, a portcullis, Or nailed Azure, chains
pendant thereto of the first, which the family bears in memory of
John of Gaunt's castle of Beaufort, before mentioned. Antiently
the crest was a panther, Argent, diversely spotted, and gorged with
a ducal coronet, Or.

Supporters. On the dexter side a panther, Argent, spotted
with various colours, fire issuing out of his mouth and ears proper,
gorged with a collar, and chain pendant, Or : on the sinister, a
wyvern, vert, holding in his mouth a sinister hand coupe at the
wrist proper.

Motto. Mutare vel timere sperno.

Chief Seats. At Badminton in the county of Gloucester j at
Chepstow castle, in the county of Monmouth ; at Troy house, in
the same county ; and at Nether Haven, in Wilts.

244 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

BEAUCLERK, DUKE OF ST. ALBANS.

His Grace, Charles Duke of St. Albans, was a natural son
of Charles II. (begotten on Mrs. Eleanor Gwin) on whom his
Majesty conferred the name of Beauclerk. He was born in
Lincoln's Inn Fields, on May 8th, 1670, and by letters patent,
dated at Westminster, on December 27th, 28 Car. II. a was ad-
vanced to the state and degree of Baron of Heddington in com.
Oxon. as also Earl of Burford in the same county, and to the heirs
male of his body, with remainder, for default of such issue, to
James, likewise surnamed Beauclerk (another of the natural sons
of the said King by the before mentioned Mrs. Eleanor Gwin)
and the heirs male of his body ; which James died in France
about Michaelmas, in the year 1680, unmarried. The said Charles
was also further advanced to the dignity of Duke of St. Albans,
by other letters patent, dated on January 10th, 1683-4, 35 Car.
II. and was constituted register of the high Court of Chancery,
as also master falconer of England, with remainder to the heirs
male of his body.

In the reign of James II. his Grace had a regiment of horse ;
which b being under the command of his lieutenant colonel Lang-
ston, was among the first that went over to the Prince of Orange,
on his landing in the West. His Grace at that time was with the
Emperor's army in Hungary, having been at the siege of Belgrade,
wherein he gained great honour in the general assault, on Sep-
tember 6th, 1688.

' Billsignat, 28 Car- II. «• Hist, of Eng. vol iii- p. gal

DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 245

His Grace being of full age, was introduced into the house of
peers, on September 26th, \6g2 ;c and the year after made the
campaign under King William, arriving in the camp at Park,
near Louvain, in June, 1693. Returning with his Majesty into
England, he was sworn captain of the band of pensioners, on
November 30th, 1693 j and served in the campaign of 1695.

Jn 1697, the King of France acquainting his Majesty with
the Duke of Burgundy's marriage, he was pleased at Kensington,
on December 21st, to appoint his Grace, then one of the lords of
the bedchamber, to return the compliment of the French King
and the Dauphin.

Queen Anne continued his Grace captain of the band of
pensioners, and at the head of them he closed the procession, on
September 7th, J 704, on her Majesty's going to St. Paul's on the
thanksgiving-day for the glorious victory obtained at Blenheim, or
Hockstet, on August 13th, N. S. that year. On the change of
the ministry, in 1710, his Grace resigned his place of captain of
the band of pensioners ; but George I. on his accession to the
throne, re-instated him in that post; and constituted him, on No-
vember 12th, 1714, Lord Lieutenant, and Custos Rotulorum of
Berkshire. On March 31st, 1718, he was elected one of the
knights companions of the most noble order of the garter, and
installed at Windsor, on April 30th following.

His Grace departed this life in the fifty-sixth year of his age,
on May 11th, 172(3; at which time, besides the offices before
mentioned, he enjoyed those of high steward of Windsor and
Oakingham, in Berkshire.

On Tuesday, April 13th, 1694, he married the Lady Diana
Vere,d daughter, and at length, sole heir of Aubrey de Vere, the
twentieth and last Earl of Oxford, of that noble family, whereof
Alberick, their direct ancestor, is mentioned in dooms-day book
to be an Earl in the reign of King Edward the Confessor. She
was first lady of the bedchamber, and lady of the stole, to Queen
Caroline, when Princess of Wales. His Grace by her (who sur-
vived him till January 15th, 1741-2) left eight sons.

First, Charles, of whom I shall hereafter treat, as second Duke
of St. Albans.

Second, Lord William Beauclerk, born on May 22d, 1698.
He was captain of a troop in the royal regiment of horse guards,

c Journal Dom. Procer. " Sec L 25— 207, in Her. Coll.

246 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

and was a member in two parliaments for Chichester. On No-
vember ]5th, 1728, he was constituted vice-chamberlain of her
Majesty's houshold; and died at the Bath on February 23d,
1732-3. In 1725, he married Charlotte, daughter and coheir of
Sir John Werden, of Cholmeston in Cheshire, and Layland in
Lancashire, and Hollyport in Berkshire, Bart, and by her (who
died on June 17th, 1745) left two sons, William, who died at
Eton school on December 1st, 1738 ; and Charles Beauclerk, who,
in March 1739-40, was appointed one of the pages"of honour to
the Duke of Cumberland : and after several gradations in the
army, promoted, on October 16th, 1761, to the command of the
107th regiment of foot. He married Elizabeth, daughter of ... .
Jones, Esq. and had issue by her (who died December 5th, 1768)
one son, George, born December 5th, 1758 5 who became in
1786, fifth Duke. The colonel died on August 30th, 1775. His
Lordship had also two daughters ; Charlotte, married to John
Drummond, e Esq. son of Andrew Drummond, Esq. banker at
Charing Cross, Westminster, and brother to the Right Hon.
William Drummond, fourth Viscount Strathallan ; and Caroline,
married to the late Sir William Draper, Knight of the Bath,
major general of his Majesty's forces, and commander in chief
on the expedition against Manilla and the Philippine Islands,
which were reduced, but restored to the Spaniards at the late
peace.

Third, Lord Vere Beauclerk, created Lord Vere of Hanworth,
grandfather of the present Duke. He was born on July 14th,
1699, and died October 2d, 1781, at his house in St. James's-
square, and was by desire of his will privately interred, the 6th fol-
lowing, in a vault in St. James's church. Entering early into a
maritime life, he distinguished himself in several commands.

In 1721, his Lordship was captain of the Lyme man of war,
and, after touching at Lisbon, sailed to Gibraltar, which he left
on September 31st, 1722, and from thence sailed to Leghorn for
intelligence. Also, being afterward at Genoa, he departed from
thence on December 7th, O. S. to cruize in the Mediterranean,
and the Streights. On January 11th, N. S. 1723, his Lordship
entered the harbour of Lisbon : and the same year returned into
the Mediterranean ; where cruizing for some time, and leaving
Port Mahon, he arrived from thence at Lisbon, on February 1 9th,

e He .died 35th of July, 1774, aged fifry-one years, at Spain Germany.

DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 247

N. S. 1724. He afterwards sailed again up the Mediterranean to
Genoa, from whence he returned to Lisbon on July 5th, 1/24.
Also having his station in the Mediterranean he came from Port
Mahon on October 21st, the same year ; and continuing on that
station, sailed from Lisbon for Genoa in January, N. S. 1726,
from whence he returned after several cruises to Lisbon, on
August 6th, 1726. On the 12th he put to sea again for Gibraltar :
and on September 1st following, joined Sir John Jennings's
squadron, cruising with him off Cape Stellary. After continuing
in the mouth of the Streights in October and November, he ar-
rived at Lisbon on December 8th from Gibraltar. His Lordship
afterwards commanded the Hampton Court, one of the squadron
under Sir Charles Wager, that sailed from Spithead, on July 14th,
1731, to introduce the Spanish garrisons into Tuscany. Before
Sir Charles left Leghorn, he sent Lord Vere to the Grand Duke
of Florence, with his compliments of excuse to him for not wait-
ing in person, on account of the advanced season's making it ne-
cessary to hasten his departure home. Accordingly on December
10th, 173], Sir Charles, with part of his squadron (amongst
which was the Hampton Court) arrived in twenty days at St.
Helen's, from Gibraltar. His Lordship was, after passing through
a regular succession of inferior commands, advanced to the rank
of commodore in his Majesty's navy, and having resigned that
command, was, on March 7*h, 1737-8, constituted one of the
commissioners for executing the office of high admiral of Great
Britain and Ireland. He continued in the office of commissioner
of the admiralty, with some intermissions, till he voluntarily re-
signed in July, 1/49. After gradual promotions, his Lordship
was constituted admiral of the blue squadron of his Majesty's
fleet in 1748. His Lordship was, in 1727* elected one of the
members for the borough of New Windsor, in Berkshire, to the
first parliament called by King George II. and sat for the same
place, in the next which convened for the dispatch of business on
January 14th, 1734-5, and was the eighth parliament of Great
Britain. At the general election, in 1741, he was returned for
the town of Plymouth, in Devonshire 5 for which he was also
chosen, in 1747, to the tenth parliament of Great Britain : but
before the conclusion of that assembly, his late Majesty was
pleased to create him a peer of Great Britain, by the stile and
title of Lord Vere of Hanworth, in com. Middlesex, by letters
patent, bearing date March 28th, 1750, whereupon he was intro»

243 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

duced into the house of peers, and took his seat there on the 30th
of (he same month.

Upon the resignation of his nephew, George, the third Duke
of St. Alban's, in 1761, his Lordship succeeded him as Lord
Lieutenant and Custos Botulorum of the county of Berks, which
he afterwards resigned.

In April 1736, his Lordship married Mary, eldest daughter
and coheir of Thomas Chambers, of Hanworth in the county of
Middlesex, Esq. by his wife, the Lady Mary Berkeley, sister of
James, 3d Earl of Berkeley ; and by her Ladyship (who was sister
to the late Countess Temple, and who died January 2Jst, 17^3, at
her house in St. James's -square) ; f had issue four sons, first, Vere ;
second, Chambers ; third, Sackville, who all died young; and,
fourth, Aubrey : and two daughters, first, Elizabeth, who died
young; second, Mary, born December 4th, 1743, married Oc-
tober 2d, 1762, to Lord Charles Spencer, brother to his Grace
George, the present Duke of Marlborough. He died, as has been
said, October 2d, 178I.

The said Aubrey, his Lordship's only surviving son, who
succeeded as Lord Vere on the death of his father, afterwards
became Jifth Duke of St. Albans.

Fourth, Lord Henry, born on August 11th, 1701, who dis-
tinguished himself at the siege of Gibraltar as a volunteer under
the Earl of Portmore, in 1727, and after being captain of a com-
pany, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, in the first regiment of
foot guards, was, on March 19th, 1742-3, constituted colonel of
the fifty-ninth regiment of foot, and of the thirty-first on April
25th, 1745. He was first elected for Plymouth, on a vacancy, in
1740, and afterwards served for Thetford in Norfolk till his death,
on January 6th, 1761. s He married, in December 1738, Mary,
sister and heir of Nevil Lord Lovelace, by whom he had a son
George, who died an infant ; and a son Henry, born August 12th,
1745, and died 1774, having married, November 24th, IJQQ, to
Charlotte, daughter of John Drummond, Esq. ; and six daughters.
Diana, born June 24th, 1741 ; Henrietta, born November 20th,
1742; Mary, born November 25th, 1743; Charlotte, born Oc-
tober 24th, 1746; Martha, born December 12th, 1747; and
Anne, born October 5th, 1749.

t D. 1 7- --36, in Her. Coll.
s He was interred the nth of January, at Whitchurch near Edgeware,
C. 16 — 10a, in Her. Coll.

DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 249

Fifth, Lord Sidney, born on February 27th, 1702, whom
Richard Topharn, of Windsor, Esq. made heir to his estate, was
one of the members of parliament for New Windsor in Berkshire.
In April J 740, his Lordship was declared vice-chamberlain of the
household to his Majesty, and sworn of his most honourable privy-
council, on May 1st following. He died, M. P. for Windsor,
November 23d, 1744, having, on December 9th, 1736, married
to Mary, daughter of Thomas Norris, of Speck in com. Pal.
Lancast. Esq. by whom he left issue one son, named Topham, born
in December, 1739, and married on March 12th, 1768, to Lady
Diana Spencer, sister of George the present Duke of Marlborough.
He died at his house in Great Russel-street, Bloomsbury, March
11th, 178O : a man well known in the circles, of literature, and
for his curious library. He left issue one son, Charles George,
and two daughters; first, Elizabeth, married, April 8th, 1787,
her cousin George Augustus, now Earl of Pembroke, and died
March 25th, 1793 ; second, Anne.

Sixth, Lord George, born on December 26th, 1704, made a
captain of a company in the first regiment of foot guards, in Sep-
tember 1736, and aid-de-camp to his late Majesty, on June 15th,
1745. On December 5th, 1747* he was made colonel of a marine
regiment, and on March 15th, 1748, succeeded to the command
of the nineteenth regiment of foot. On December 4th, 1753,
his Lordship was constituted governor of Landguard fort, on the
coast of Suffolk, and appointed major general on March 18th,
1755. On January 25th, 1758, he was promoted to the rank of
lieutenant-general, and was commander in chief of the forces in
Scotland. His Lordship married Margaret, daughter of ... .
Bainbridge, but died without issue, May 11th, 1768.

Seventh, Lord James, born 1709, who, on February 1732-3,
was made a prebendary of Windsor, and canon on March 4th,
1737-8: and, in 1745, promoted to the see of Hereford. He
died unmarried, October 28th, 1787-

Eighth, Lord Aubrey, born in 1/11, who being also brought
up to the sea service, was captain of several of his Majesty's ships,
and lost his life, after a very noble behaviour in the attack of the
harbour of Carthagena, on March 24th, 1740-41. h A monument
is erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. He married
.... daughter of Sir Henry Newton, Knight, and widow of

h Gazette, No 8015.

250 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

colonel Francis Alexander ; but had no issue by her, who died
October 30th, 1755.

Charles, second Duke of St. Albans, was born on April
-6th, l6()6, and during his being a commoner, was first elected a
member for the borough of Bodmin, in the first parliament called
by George I. and in the parliament summoned to meet on May
10th, 1722, was chosen for the borough of New Windsor. In
the year 1725, was one of those persons, who, in consideration of
their great merits, were chosen knights companions of the Bath,
upon the re-establishment of that order. In J 726, he succeeded
his father in his honours ; and in February 22d following, was
appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorura for the county
of Berks ; as he was on September 14th, 1727* •« the first year of
George II. and on October 11th following, assisting at his Ma-
jesty's coronation, carried the Queen's crown. In May, 1730,
his Grace was made governor of Windsor castle, and warden of
the forest of Windsor, and one of the lords of his Majesty's bed-
chamber. On March 20th, 1 740-1, his Grace was elected a
Knight of the Garter, and installed, at Windsor, on April 21st
following.

On December 13th, 1722, he married Lucy, daughter and
coheir of Sir John Werden, j of Hollyport in Berkshire, Bart, and
by her, who died on November 12th, 1752, had issue one son,
George, third Duke of St. Albans, and one daughter, Lady Diana,
wedded on February 2d, 1761, to the Honourable and Reverend
Shute Barrington, canon of Christ's Church, Oxford, one of the
King's chaplains in ordinary, now Bishop of Durham, and brother
to William Wildman Barrington, late Viscount Barrington in
Ireland ; her Ladyship died 1766. His Grace departed this life
on Saturday, July 27th, 1751, in the fifty-sixth year of his age, at
his house in St. James's Place, and was succeeded in his honours
and estate by his said only son,

George, third Duke of St Albans, born on June 25th,
1730, and on December 15th, 1/51, was constituted Lord Lieu-
tenant and Custos Rotulorum of Berkshire. His Grace was high-
steward of the corporation of Windsor, and Lord Lieutenant of
the county of Berks. His Grace was also hereditary grand fal-
coner of England, likewise hereditary register of the Court of
Chancery. In 1754, he married Jane, k daughter and coheir of
Sir Walter Robarts, of Glassenbury, in the parish of Cranbrook,

I See C 6 — 776, in Her. Coll. k See D. 18—118. in Her. Coll

DUKE OF ST. ALBAXS. 251

ent, Bart, by his wife Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir of
William Slaughter, of the city of Rochester, Esq. but had no
issue by her ; who died December ltkh; 1778. His Grace died
February 1st, 1786, and was succeeded by his cousin,

George, grandson of Lord William Beauclerk, second son of
the first Duke, as fourth Duke of St. Albans, who only sur-
vived a year, and dying February l6th, 1787> unmarried, was
succeeded by his cousin Aubrey, Lord Vcre, who thus became
fifth Duke of St. Albans. He was son of Lord Vere Beau-
clerk, third son of the first Duke.

His Grace was born June 3d, 1740; in 1 76 1, was returned
M. P. for Thetford ; and in 170'8, for Aldborough in Yorkshire.
On May 4th, 1763, he married Lady Catherine Ponsonby,
daughter of William, Earl of Besborough, by whom he had
issue.

First, Aubrey, now Duke of St. Albans.

Second, Lord William, born December J 8th, 1760, married
first, July 21st, 1791, Miss Carter Thelwall, daughter of the
Reverend Robert Carter Thelwall, who died s. p. October 19th,
17975 he married, secondly, in 1799, and has a daughter born
in 1800.

Third, Lord Amelius, a captain in the navy.

Fourth, Lord Frederic, in holy orders.

Fifth, Catherine Elizabeth, married September 1st, 1802, the
Reverend James Burgess, and died July 1803.

Sixth, Caroline, married, February 10th, lf97> the Hon.
Charles Dundas, second son of Lord Dundas.

Seventh, Georgina, died October 17th, 1791.

His Grace died February 9th, 1802, and was succeeded by
his eldest son Aubrey, sixth and present Duke, born August
21st, 1765, who married, first, Miss Moses, who died August
1800, without issue; and secondly, Louisa Grace, third daughter
of Lady Louisa Manners.

Titles. George Beauclerk, Duke of St. Albans, Earl of
Burford, and Baron of Heddington, hereditary grand falconer of
England, and hereditary register of the Court of Chancery,

Creations. Baron of Heddington, and Earl of Burford, in
com. Oxon. on December 27th, l6~6, 28 Car. II. and Duke
of St. Albans, in com. Hertford, January 10th, lO'S3-4> 35
Car. II.

Arms. Those of King Charles II. with a baton sinister, gules,
charged with three roses, Argent, seeded and barbed proper.

252 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up, ermine, a lion statant,
guardant, Or, crowned with a ducal coronet, per pale, Argent and
Gules, and gorged with a collar, Gules, charged with three roses,
Argent, seeded and barbed proper.

Supporters. On the dexter side, an antelope, Argent, gorged
as the crest, armed and unguled, Or : on the sinister, a grey-
hound, Argent, gorged and unguled, as the Other.

Motto. Auspicium mclioris sevi.

Chief Scats. At Crawley in Hampshire, and at Windsor.

DUKE OF LEEDS. 253

OSBORNE, DUKE OF LEEDS.

This family was for some time seated at Ashford in the county
of Kent ; of which John Osborne, of Canterbury, gent, in the
12th of Henry VI. was returned in the list of gentry of the said
county, who made oath for the observance of the laws then en-
acted. But the said John Osborne bore different arms from those
Osed by the family of Leeds. a Richard Osborne married Eli-
zabeth, daughter of ... . Fyldene, by whom he was father of
Richard, who married Jane, daughter of John Broughton, of
Broughton, Esq. and sister and heir to Edward and Lancelyn
Broughton, of the county of Westmoreland, Esqrs. and by her
had Sir Edward Osborne, Knight, Thomas, and Julian. The
said

Sir Edward Osborne, discovering a genius for mercantile
affairs, which about that time began to flourish, was put appren-
tice to Sir William Hewet, of the clothworkers company, one of
the most considerable merchants in London, and possessed of an
estate of 6,000/. a year : and whilst he lived in that capacity, Sir
William's only daughter and' child, Anne, having been acciden-
tally dropped, by the maid playing with her in her arms, from the
window of his house on London bridge, into the Thames, almost
beyond expectation of being saved, he immediately leaped into
the river, and brought her safe out. Sir Edward afterwards had
the said Anne in marriage, and with her got an estate in the
parish of Barking in Essex, together with lands in the parishes of
Wales and Hart hill in Yorkshire. The said Sir William was
Lord Mayor of London, in 1559, * Elizabeth ; and dyin" on

* MS. in Offic Armor. E i. fol 190

254 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

January 21st, 1566-7, 9 Elizabeth (when the said daughter was
twenty-three years of age) was buried in the church of St. Martin
Orgar (of which he was a parishioner) in the ward of Candle-
wick-street, near Alice his beloved wife, according to his will
(dated on the 2/th of that month) wherein he constituted his said
daughter, with her husband Edward Osborne, Thomas Huet his
brother, of Bilby in Derbyshire, Esq. and his nephew Henry
Hewet, executors. He was a benefactor to divers hospitals in
London, and to the poor of the several parishes. He bequeathed
to the poor in the hospital of St. Thomas in Southwark, whereof
he was president, 20/. ; and to every poor maiden's marriage, that
shall be wedded in the parish of Wales, or Harthill, in com.
Ebor, within a year after his decease, 6s. Sd. each. He bequeathed
to his nephews, Henry, and William Huet, sons of his brother
Thomas Huet, his mansion and dwelling in Philpot Lane in
London. Sir Edward Osborne was sheriff of London in 1575,
and Lord Mayor in 1582, when he was knighted at Westminster.
He served in parliament for the city of London 1585, and dying
in 1591, was buried in St. Dionis Back-church, near Fenchurch-
street. Besides the said Anne, Sir Edward Osborne had another
wife, Margaret, who was buried near him, in 1602, having been
secondly wedded to Robert Clarke, Esq. a Baron of the Ex-
chequer. But it was only by the first that he had issue, viz. Sir
Hewit Osborne, b born anno Dom. 1567 ; Edward, who died un-
married anno 1625 ; Anne, wife of Robert Offley, of London,
and Alice, married to Sir John Peyton, of Iselham in com.
Cantab. Knight and Baronet.

Sir Hewit Osborne was knighted by the Earl of Essex, at
Menoth in Ireland, in 15QQ, having valiantly behaved against the
rebels there. He married Joice (daughter of Thomas Fleetwood,,
of the Vache, Bucks, Esq. master of the mint, and sister to Sir
William Fleetwood, of Cranford in Middlesex, receiver of the
court of wards) who survived him, and was afterwards married to
Sir Peter Frechevile, of Staveley in Derbyshire, Knight 3 but by
her first husband had issue a son Edward, and a daughter Alice,
married to Christopher Wandesford, of Kirklington in Yorkshire,
Esq. Lord Deputy of Ireland, and ancestor to the late Earl of
Wandesford* He died l6l4.

Edward Osborne succeeding his father, Sir Hewit was

b In MS. Regr Octo marked $ in Coll. Arms is this entry in St. Giles,
Cripplegate. ■ Xtd. %i<t Aug. 1594, Heivet, Son of Hevtet Osborne, Gent."

DUKE OF LEEDS. 255

created a Baronet on July 13th, 1620, having before received the
honour of knighthood. In 1629/ when Thonv.s Lord Viscount
Wentworth, afterward Earl of Strafford, was made lord president
of the North, Sir Edward Osborne was made vice-president of'
the council to Charles I. for the north of England ; and upon the
breaking out of the grand rebellion, in 1641, was lieutenant-
general of the forces raised in his defence in that part of the
country, upon the recommendation of the said Earl of Strafford,
who had a very great opinion of his loyalty and capacity, as may
be seen in that nobleman's printed letters. Sir Edward, first,
married Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas Viscount Faucon-
berg, and by her had a son Edward, a promising youth, who was
unfortunately killed, by the fall of some chimneys of York manor
(Sir Edward's habitation as vice-president of the North) on
October 31st, 1638, when his other two children narrowly escaped
the same misfortune, being then passing through the great
chamber to their brother's apartment. Sir Edward's second wife
was Anne, widow of William Midleton, of Stockeld in York-
shire, Esq. and daughter to Thomas Walmsley, of Dunkenhalgh
in the county of Lancaster, Esq, (by Eleanor his wife, daughter
and coheir to Sir John Danvers, of Dantsey in the county of
"Wilts, Knight, by Elizabeth his wife, youngest daughter of John
Nevil, Lord Latimer, and coheir to her brother, d John Lord
Latimer, who died without issue) and by her left issue Sir Thomas
Osborne, created Duke of Leeds, &c. and Charles Osborne, who
died unmarried j which

Sir Thomas, first Duke of Leeds, faithfully adhering to
the royal interest, and co-operating with many others, in order to
the happy restoration of Charles II. was afterwards, by that King,
made treasurer of the navy, in the year 1671 ; and on May 3d,
1672, one of the privy-council. The next year, on June 19th, he
was constituted lord .high treasurer of England j and his Majesty,
as a farther testimony of his most gracious esteem by letters
patent, bearing date August 15th, 25 Car. II. advanced him to the
degree of a Baron of this realm, by the title of Baron of Kiveton,
in com. Ebor. and Viscount Latimer, and to his heirs male. Also
by other letters patent, 27th Junii the year following, was further
advanced to the dignity and title of Earl of Danby ; likewise
Viscount of Dumblaine in Scotland, by patent dated July 19th,

c Drake's Hist, and Antiq. of York, p. 370. C Ped of Danbjr.
* Pedigrees from Records, MS. in Bibl. Joh. com Egonont.

256 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

17 Car. II. On April 21st, 1677, having been elected a Knight
of the most noble Order of the Garter, he was installed on the
29th of the same month.

Burnet speaks of him, as " A gentleman of Yorkshire, whose
estate was much sunk." He goes on, " He was a very plausible
speaker, but too copious, and could not easily make an end of his
discourse. He had been always among the high cavaliers : and
missing preferment he had opposed the court much, and was one
of Lord Clarendon's bitterest enemies. He gave himself great
liberties in discourse, and did not seem to have any regard to
truth, or so much as to the appearances of it ; and was an im-
placable enemy: but he had a peculiar way to make his friends
depend on him, and to believe he was true to them. He was a
positive, and undertaking man : so he gave the King great ease,
by assuring him all things would go according to his mind in the
next session of parliament. And when his hopes failed him, he
had always some excuse ready to put the miscarriage upon. And
by this means he got into the highest degree of confidence with the
King, and maintained it the longest, of all that ever served him.e"

In 1674 Burnet says " The Earl of Danby set up to be the
patron of the church-party, and the old cavaliers ;" he adds that,
" he was directed by Sir William Temple in all his notions of
foreign affairs ; for no man ever came into the ministry, that un-
derstood so little of the affairs of Europe, as he did." In l<5/5,
he was attacked by the house of commons; but in vain. " In
1677, he saw his ruin was inevitable, unless he could bring the
King off from the French interest." For this purpose he brought
about the marriage between the Princess Mary, and the Prince of
Orange. In 1678, he is accused of treating with France for a
pension to King Charles; and became in consequence " the most
hated minister that had ever been about the King. All people
said now, they saw the secret of that high favour he had been so
long in ; and the black designs, that he was contriving." He
was soon after impeached of high treason ; but in 1679, a new
parliament was summoned; and Lord Danby resolved to leave
the treasury at Lady-day; and when the new house fell upon
him, he took out a pardon from the great seal : notwithstanding
which the commons prosecuted him, and a bill of attainder was
brought in; but before it had passed, he delivered himself up,
and was sent to the Tower, where he lay five years; and whence,

« Burnet's Hist. O T. vol i, p- 350.

DUKE OF LEEDS. 257

in 1684, he was bailed, at the same time with the Popish Lords.
He afterwards took an active part in bringing about the Revolu-
tion , and was of course in great credit with the Prince of Orange.
In 1080, he was accordingly created Mar&uis of Carmarthen.
In I69O, an attempt was made to revive, the impeachment against
him; for " he was believed to have the greatest credit with the
King and Queen, and was again falling under an universal hatred."
In 1C95, an impeachment against him was again voted for re-
cciving presents from the East India Company; but was let drop.
On May 4th, 10*94, he was created Duke of Leeds, " to colonr
the dismissing him from business," says Burnet, <f with the in-
crease of title."

He was, in that reign, Lord Lieutenant of the East, West,
and North Ridings in the county of York, of the city of York and
county of the same; as also Custos Rotulorum for the East Riding
of Yorkshire, and the liberties of Rippon and Cawood in the said
county ; and governor of his Majesty's town and fortress of King -
ston-upon-Hull. In the reign of Queen Anne, after the union,
he was sworn of her Majesty's privy-council. He distinguished
himself at the trial of Dr. Henry Sacheverell, in February and
March, 1709-IO; and on that occasion spoke with great freedom
concerning the Revolution, which he concurred so signally in
bringing about. He lived to a very advanced aqe, in which, by
a regular course of life, he preserved a wonderful vigour of mind
and body to the last. He was a good judge of men, and left a
great fortune, which was raised by good economy, as his friends
say, who add, that he was a strict observer of justice, and an
able statesman. He died in the eighty-first year of his age, on
July 'io'th, 1712, at Easton, in the county of Northampton (the
seat of his grandson, the Earl of Pom fret) being on his journey to
his seat in Yorkshire.

The celebrated John Dryden, Esq. dedicated to him, when
Earl of Dauby, his Tragedy of All for Love. f

His Grace married the Lady Bridgtt, second daughter (by the
first wife) of Montagu Bertie, Eail of Lindsey, Lord Great Cham-
berlain ot England, and by her (who died January "th, 1/0-1,8
and was buried at Kiveton in Yorkshire) had three sons, Edward,

f " The peerage,'' .says Lord Oiford, *' vindicates this peer by a dedica^
tion of Diyden ; winch ore must allow is authority to such a hook ; for
nothing can exceed the flattery of a genealogist, but that of a dedicator.''
Park's R- and N A vol iv p 45

k Le Neve's Mon Angl vol. iv p. 69
VOL. I. S

258 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Thomas, and Peregrine; and six daughters, whereof Lady Eli-
zabeth died unmarried j Anne, the second, was married to Robert
Coke, of Holkham in the county of Norfolk, Esq. ancestor to the
late Earl of Leicester, and secondly, to Horatio Walpole, Esq.
•and died on August 5th, 1722, aged sixty-four, without issue ;
Bridget, the third, first to Charles Fitzcharles, Earl of Plymouth,
natural son of King Charles II. by Mrs. Catherine Pegge, but by
him had no issue, and secondly, to Dr. Philip Bisse, Bishop of
Hereford; she died May 9th, 1718 ; Catherine, to James Herbert,
of Kingsey in Bucks, Esq. son and heir of James Herbert, a
younger son of Philip Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery;
Martha, to Edward Baynton, Esq., and secondly, to Charles
Granville, Earl of Bath ; and the Lady Sophia, the youngest, first
to Donatus Lord O'Brien, grandson and heir to Henry Earl of
Thomond, and afterwards to William Fermor, Lord Lempster.
His eldest son, Edward Lord Latimer, was one of the gentlemen
of the bedchamber to Charles II. He married h Elizabeth, eldest
daughter to Simon Bennet, of Beechampton in com. Bucks, Esq.
and by her, who died May 1st, 1680, had two sons, who died young,
and departed this life himself, in January, 1688, without other
issue; and Thomas, his brother, dying before him in his infancy,
Peregrine the youngest son, succeeded his father in his honours.

Peregrine, second Duke of Leeds, was in his father's life-
time created Viscount Dumblaine in Scotland, on the surrender
of his father's patent ; and being called up by writ to the house
of peers in England, on March 19th, 1689-90,' took his place by
the title of Lord Osborne of Kiveton. And having experienced
himself in maritime affairs, and commanding in several expedi-
tions at sea, was on many occasions distinguished for his gallant
behaviour, especially in the unfortunate expedition at Cameret,
where he was ordered with seven men of war to the bottom of
that bay, to batter a fort and two batteries on the west side of it,
and to cover the landing of the soldiers; where his conduct and
bravery were very remarkable.

In 1695, he commanded a squadron off the Isles of Scilly to
lecure our trade, and convoy our merchants. " He was," says
Burnet," an extravagant man both in his pleasures and humours;
he was slow in going to sea ; and when he was out, he fancied
the French fleet was coming up to him; which proved to be only

,-
Willis's History of Buckingham, p. 146.
' Journal Dom, Procer

DUKE OF LEEDS. 259

a fleet of merchant ships : so he left his station, and retired into
Milford Haven j by, which means that squadron became useless." k

In 1697, l he was made rear-admiral of the red squadron of
his Majesty's royal navy, and colonel of the first regiment of
marines j after which he was constituted vice-admiral of the
white j and on March 11th, 1702-3, was promoted to be vice-
admiral of the red. In September, 1705, with six men of war he
convoyed the Duke of Marlborough with several land forces to
Holland ; and on April 19th, 1713, he took the oaths appointed,
as Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of
Yorkshire. He died on June 25th, 1729, in the seventy-first
year of his age.

He married Bridget, only daughter and heir to Sir Thomas
Hyde, of North Myms in the county of Hertford, Bart, and by
her (who died on March 8th, 1733-4) he had two sons and two
daughters j whereof the Lady Bridget was married to the Rev.
Mr. Williams, prebendary of Chichester ; and the Lady Mary was
first married to Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort ; secondly, on
October 15th, 1715, to William Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, of
the kingdom of Scotland, and died February 4th, 1722.

Of the sons, William Henry, the eldest, born in July, 1691,
died of the small-pox at Utretcht, '" on August 16th, 1711, aged
twenty-one.

Peregrine Hyde, the youngest, on January 31st, 1712-13,
the 11th of Queen Anne, was summoned to parliament by the
title of Lord Osborne of Kiveton, and took place according to his
ancestor's patent of creation (on August 15th, 1673) and suc-
ceeded his father as third Duke of Leeds. His Grace married,
to his first wife, the Lady Elizabeth Harley, youngest daughter to
Robert Earl of Oxford, and Earl Mortimer, lord high treasurer of
Great Britain ; and by her, who died in childbed, on November
20th, 1713, n aged twenty-eight, and was buried at Kiveton in
com. Ebor. had issue Thomas, his successor. By his second wife,
the Lady Anne Seymour (who died on November 27th, 1722)
third daughter to Charles Duke of Somerset, he had a son, who
died young. In April, 1725, his Grace married, to his third wife,
Julian, daughter and coheir to Roger Hele, of Halewell in the
county of Devon, Esq. but had no issue by her, who, after his
decease, was married to Charles Earl of Portmore, and died No-

* Burnet's O. T. vol ii. p 15$. ' Lediard's Navy History.

"* Le Nevc'6 Mon Angl. vol iv. p. 239- » Ibid. p. 170

4l+ *t

^/»*^^(

260 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

vember 20th, 1794, aged eighty-nine, leaving issue the present
Earl of Portmore. His Grace departing this life, on May 9th,
1731, was succeeded by his only son and heir,

Thomas, fourth Duke of Leeds, born on November 6th,
1713j on November 12th, 1748, constituted warden and chief
justice in eyre of all his Majesty's forests, chases, &c. south of
Trent, having been the same year appointed one of the lords of
the bedchamber. On June 22d, 1749, elected a Knight of the
most noble order of the Garter, and installed at Windsor on July
12th, 1750. His Grace, resigning the offices of warden and chief
justice in eyre of the forests south of Trent, was appointed cof-
ferer of the houshold, on January 13th, 1756. At his present
Majesty's accession, he was called to the council table ; and laying
down the office of cofferer, was constituted chief justice in eyre
of all the royal forests north of Trent, on April 14th, 1761. His
Grace was also LL. D. and F. R. S.

He married, on June 26th, 1 740, the Lady Mary, youngest
of the two daughters of Francis Earl Godolphin, and by her, who
died ° on August 3d, 1764, aged forty-one, had a son, who was
born in May, 1741, and died immediately after; Lady Harriot,
who was born in November, 1744, and died a few days after;
Thomas, Marquis of Caermarthen, who was born on October 5th,
1747, and died of the small-pox, on August 15th, 1761, and
Francis Godolphin, Marquis of Caermanhen, who j succeeded to
the title of Duke of Leeds. His Grace died March 23d, 1789,
and was succeeded by his son,

Francis Godolphin Osborne, fifth Duke of Leeds, born
January 29th, 1751, called up to the house of peers by writ, as
Baron Osborne of Kiveton, May 14th, 1776; sworn of the privy
council, December 24tb, 1777 > and in July, 1778, was sworn
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of
Yorkshire. He was also appointed a lord of the bedchamber in
1776 ; and afterwards secretary of state for the foreign department,
which he held till 1791.

He married, first, on November 29th, 1773, Lady Amelia
Darcy, only daughter and heir of Robert, last Earl of Holdernesse,
and Baroness Conyers in her own right, from whom he was di-
vorced in May 1779> having had issue by her, first, George
William Frederic, now Duke of Leeds ; second, Mary Henrietta
Juliana, born September 6th, 1 776> married, August 1 80 1 , Thomas,

• Coffin Plate.

26o

a.

"/ f^j fasv^^a^ftL*^ </ iyf<a.JarA^ L^i^ir^L- au^Ct*^^^.

N * " v • - • A • -

» ' • >s,\ ,

x

v ... V

■ ; ** •* - .. ■

•* • • • *- . . ....

•■ - -

-
■

DUKE OF LEEDS. 26l

Lord Pelham, now Earl of Chichester ; third, Lord Francis Go-
dolphin Osborn, born October llth, 1/77, married, March 3 1st,
1800, Elizabeth Charlotte Eden, daughter of Lord Aukland, and
has issue a son, born July 1 802.

His Grace married, secondly, October llth, 1788, Catharine,
daughter of Thomas Anguish, Esq. master in Chancery, by whom
he had, fourth, Sydney Godolphin, born December 10'th, 1789;
fifth, Catharine Anne Mary. His Grace dying, January 31st,
1799, was succeeded by his eldest son,

George William Frederic Osborne, sixth and present Duke
of Leeds, born July 21st, 1/75, married, August 17th, 179/>
Lady Charlotte Townshend, daughter of George, late Marquis
Townshend, by whom he has issue Francis Godolphin Darcy,
Marquis of Carmarthen, born May 21st, 1798.

Titles. George William Frederic Osborne, Duke of Leeds,
Marquis of Caermarthen, Earl of Danby, Viscount Latimer, and
Dumblaine, Baron Osborne of Kiveton, Baron Conyers, and
Baronet.

Creations. Baronet, July 13th, 1620, 18 Jac. I. Baron Os-
borne of Kiveton in Yorkshire, and Viscount Latimer (the name
of a family) August 15th, 1673, 25 Car. II. Viscount of Dum-
blaine in Scotland, July 19th, 1675, 27 Car. II. Earl of Danby,
in the North Riding of Yorkshire, June 27th, 1674, 26 Car. II.
Marquis of Caermarthen, in com Caermarthen, April 20th, 1689,
1 Will, and Mar. And Duke of Leeds, in com. Ebor. May 4th,
1694, 6 Will, and Mar. Also Baron Conyers, by writ, 1506.

Arms. Quarterly, ermine and azure, a cross, Or.

Crest. On a wreath of his colours, a tyger passant, Argent.

Supporters. On the dexter side, a griphon, Or : on the sinister,
a tyger, \rgent ; each gorged with a ducal coronet, Azure, and
langued and unguled, gules.

Motto. Pax in bello.

Chief Seats. At North Myms, in the county of Hertford ; at
Kiveton park in the county of York ; and at Ha; thill Hall, Thorp
Hall, and Waller Hall, all in the same county.

20'2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

RUSSELL DUKE OF BEDFORD.

The immediate foundation of the wealth and honours of this
great family was laid in the reign of Henry VIII. ; but we have
the authority of Dugdale, and of Hutchins (in his Dorsetshire)
for admitting them to have sprung from a younger branch of an
ancient Baronial family. In 1202,* the 3d of King John, John
Russell gave fifty marks for licence to marry the sister of a great
man, called Doun Bardolf. b Kingston Russell near Burton in
com. Dorset, was the possession of the Russells (Barons of high
renown in Gloucestershire) who held it by grand serjeantry, that
they should present a cup of beer unto our sovereign Lord the
King on the four principal feasts of the year, as it appears by an
old record of Henry Ill's time.

This John (or James according to some) was son of Robert
Russell, and constable of Corfe castle c in the county of Dorset,
A. D. 1221, whose son and heir, Sir Ralph Russell, Knight, by
his wife Jane, daughter of John Tilly,*1 married Isabel, one of the
daughters and coheirs to James de Newmarch, Baron of New-
march and Derham, and a descendant of Bernard de Newmarch,
who was one of the Conqueror's followers into England, A. D.
1066, and witness to one of his charters granted to the monks of
Battel in Sussex, upon his foundation of that abbey.

This Ralph, in the 8th of Henry III. had livery of those
lands that fell to the share of his wife Isabel, which lay in the
eounties of Somerset, Wilts, and Gloucester; and in the same

* Rot. Pip. 3 Joh. Dors. h Dugd. Bar. vol.ii. p. 377.

c Claus. 5 Hen. III. m- 8.

d Claus. 8 Hen- III. ra. 3. Dug Bar. vol- i. p. 436.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 263

reign* had respite of what was due from him to the King's ex-
chequer, upon the collection of divers scutages, for the moiety of
the honour of the same James de Newmarch ; which shews the
prevalency of his interest in that Prince's court. He had issue
three sons, Sir William, who became possessed of lands at Derham
in Gloucestershire, and was ancestor to the Russells of that place;
second, Robert, who left no issue ; and Sir William.

Sir William Russell, in 1284, f obtained a charter for a
market ever)' Thursday in the week, and a fair on the eve, day
and morrow of St. Matthew, at his manor of Kingston, com-
monly Kingston Russell, in the county of Dorset; which lordship
was held by sergeantry, & as before mentioned. In the first of
Edward II. '' he was returned to parliament one of the knights
for the county of Southampton : and having married Jane,
daughter of Robert Peverel, had issue Theobald Russell, his son
and heir, ancestor, by his second wife, to the Duke of Bedford.
The said Theobald, by his first wife, Eleanor, daughter and co-
heir of Ralph de Gorges, a Baron in parliament, temp. Edw. III.
had three sons; Sir John, William, who died without issue, and
Sir Theobald, who bore the name and arms of Gorges, viz. Lo-
xengy, Or, and Gules, > and from whom the Gorgeses of Wrax-
hall in Somersetshire were descended. Sir Theobald Russell had
also a daughter Eleanor, wedded to John Fitz John. Sir John
(or Ralph, according to Hutchins's Dorset, vol. i. p. 298), the
eldest son of Sir Theobald, by his first marriage, succeeded his
father in the estate of Kingston Russell, and was three times
married j first, to Eleanor, daughter of . . . . , secondly to Isabel,
daughter of .... , and thirdly to Alicia, daughter of ... . : but
by the last only had issue, viz. three sons, Theobald, John (who
both died sine prole) and Maurice; also a daughter Alice, married
to .... Hacket. Maurice Russell, the third, but only sur-

• Mich. Rec 22 Hen. Ill Rot. 2 Somers. Dors
f Cart. 12 Edw. I. p 28. * Esch 34 Edw I. n 130 Dors.

h Pryn's Brev Pari Part. I p 80
* There was a dispute between him and Warbleton, in 21 Edw III be-
fore Henry Earl of Lancaster, at the siege of the town of St Margaret's, both
claiming to bear this coat. He died seized of the manor of Wraxhall, 4 Rich
II. His descendant, Sir Edward Gorges, married Anne, daughter of John
Howard, Duke of Norfolk ; and had Sir Edward, who by his second wife,
Mary Poynts, had his fourth son, Sir Thomas, of Longford, in Wilts, who
married Helena, Marchioness of Northampton, and whose son, Edward, was
made a Baronet, 1612, and Baron ofDundalk in Ireland, 18 James I- Collins's
Baronetage, 1 7 20, vol i. p. 414. These bore, Lcxengy, Or, and Az. a cbevrtn
Cults.

264 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

viving son of Sir John, was first married to Isabella, daughter of
.... Bruyn, and by her had two daughters, viz. Margaret, mar-
ried to Sir Walter Dennys. Knight, and Isabel to Stephen Hat-
field. Maurice's second wife was Joane, daughter of ... . Strad-
ling, and by her he had Sir Thomas Russell, of Kingston Russell,
who by Joan his wife was father of an only child, Margery, who
died without issue.

Having brought this line to a period, I shall now treat of the
issue of the before-mentioned Theobald, son of Sir William
Russell, k which were by his second wife, Eleanor (or Alice ac-
cording to some accounts) daughter and heir of John de la Tour
of Berwick in com. Dorset. By this said wife he had William
Russell, his son and heir, who married . . . . , daughter and heir
of ... . Mustian, and had issue Henry, who by his wile . . . . ,
daughter of .... Godfrey, had a son l John, who was of King-
ston Russell, and by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and coheir of
John Hering, Esq. was father of Sir Joh^ Russell, Knight, and
William Russell. The said Sir John Russell was"' speaker of the
house of commons in the second year of King Henry VI. as also
in the tenth year of that King;" and by Elizabeth his wife,
daughter and heir of John Froxmere, had issue James his eldest
son and heir, and two daughters, Alice, married to Henry Tren-
chard, Esq. father to Sir Thomas Trenchardj aud Christian, wife
of Walter Cheverell, Esq.

His eldest son and heir, James Russell, married to his first
wife Alice, ' daughter and heir of John Wyse, Esq. and by her
had two sons, John, his heir, and Thomas, and two daughters
hereafter mentioned. In his sickness i' he makes his will, on
November 30th, 1505, 21 Henry VII. ordering his body to be
buried in the church of the Holy Trinity, of Swyrc in Dorsetshire,
and bequeaths his whole estate to Joan, his then wife, John, his
eldest son, and Thomas, younger son, whom he ordains his ex-
ecutors; whereunto were witnesses, Sir Henry Russell, and

k MS. vpcat- Yorkshire, fol- 12. 1. 6. penes Geo. Com- Cardigan.

1 Ibid fol 13a. m Cotton's Abridgment of Records, p 567,602.

" In the church at Swyre in Dorsetshire, is a grave-stone, inscribed «' Here
(yetb John Russel, Esquire, and El'iTusbeth bis viyfe, daughter cf John Froeksmer,
Esquire, tubicb deceassyd the xxyere of K. Henry ibe Vll. anno 1505." Now as
there is a space of eighty-one years between 2 Henry VI. 1424, and 20 Henry
VII 1505, and as he could not be a very young man when he filled that high
post I am rather inclined to think that it was his son who married thedaughter
of John Froeksmer, and is buried at Swyre. Hutcbinss Dorsetshire, vol. ;.
fol. 570.

• Ibid. f E x Regist. A. Dean, qu. 3 in Cur. Pracrog. Cant.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 265

Nicholas Boremont, who had married Elizabeth, one of his
daughters j and Thomasin, the other, was wife of Robert Hussey,
of Shapwick in com. Dorset, Esq. He is buried according to
his will, i under a coarse grey marble stone, with the arms of
Russell and Wyse impaled, and this inscription in characters of
the age,

Here lyeth James Russel, Esquire,

and Alys his wife, daughter of

John Wyse, who decessyd the first yere

ofK. Henry the VIII. anno MCCCCCIX.

John Russell, Esq. the eldest son, afterwards first Earl ok
Bedfokd, born at Kingston Russell aforesaid, r resided at Berwick,
about four miles from Bridport, in the county of Dorset, and being
a gentleman of excellent4 accomplishments, versed in several
languages, as also one who had travelled, and been in divers
battles with King Henry in France, it is no wonder that he at-
tained to great honours and employments.

In 21 Henry VIII. Philip Archduke of Austria, only son of
the Emperor Maximilian I. being bound for Spain, having married
the heiress of that kingdom, Johanna, daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabel, King and Queen of Castile and Arragon, and8 meeting
with a violent storm in his passage from Flanders, was necessitated
to put on shore at Weymouth, whereupon Sir Thomas Trenchard,
Knight, who lived near that port, accommodated him in the best
manner he could, till such time as he had sent to court to acquaint
the King with his arrival; and inviting this Mr. Russell,1 who
was his neighbour and relation, and then newly returned from
his travels, to wait upon him at his house, the Archduke was so
taken with his conversation, that he desired he might enjoy his
company to the court, then at Windsor, whither the King had
invited that Prince to come : in which journey, u being much af-
fected with his learned discourse, and generous deportment, the
Archduke recommended Mr. Russell to the King, as a gentleman
fitly qualified to serve him in some considerable station ; and he
was thereupon taken into great favour, and made one of the
gentlemen of his privy chamber.

,, Hutchins's Dorsetshire, vol. i. fol. 57a.
r Ex script. Will. Co. Bedford. » Hollingshed's Chron, p. 791.

t Ex script, praef. Co Bedford.
u Some accounts state, that he was sent to accompany him to London, as
a spy upon him- See Lodge's Memoir in the Holbein Heads.

266 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

In 15J3,X he attended the King in his expedition, and taking
ofTherouenne and Tournay ; being also then one of the gentle-
men of the privy chamber to that King. And in the eighth year
of his reign, he obtained, for his services in France, certain lands
in Tournay. Also in 1519, on tnat agreement made betwixt
King Henry and Francis I. King of France, he received his letters
for the render of Tournay to the French. After which he was y
knighted by the Earl of Surry, admiral of the English fleet, in
1522, for his service at the taking of Morlaix in Bretagne.

In 1523, he was z made marshal of the Marshalsea, and after-
wards a employed in several negociations to the Emperor Charles
V. to Francis the French King, to the Pope, and to the Duke of
Lorraine ; and was likewise at the great battle of Pavia, fought
on February 24th, 1524-5, when Francis I. King of France was
taken prisoner by Charles Duke of Bourbon, who had revolted
from him to the Emperor, of which, says Lord Herbert, " Sir
John Russell in a disguised habit was a main instrument." b He
was constituted sheriff of Dorset and Somersetshire, in the 39th
of Henry VII J. and attended King Henry, in 1532, c at the
magnificent interview with Francis I. of France at Boulogne. In
the 29th of Henry VIII. he wasd made comptroller of the house-
hold, and one of the privy-council, on November 8th. And the
King taking into consideration his great merits and accomplish-
ments, he was, on March 9th, 30 Henry VIII. e advanced to be a
Baron of the realm, by the title of Lord Russell, Baron Russell
of Cheyneys in the county of Buckingham. And that he might
the better support the honour conferred on him, the King granted
him the manor of Agmondesham in Bucks, being part of the
estate of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, attainted in
1521 : and having married Anne, widow of Sir John Broughton,
ofTuddington in Bedfordshire, and daughter and coheir of Sir
Guy Sapcotes, Knight, (nephew and heir to Dame Agnes Cheney)
obtained with her the manor and s**at of Cheneys and other large
possessions in that neighbourhood ; and in the chancel of that
church his family have ever since been buried.

In 1540, on the dissolution of the greater monasteries, he ob-
tained a grant f to himself, and Anue his wife, and the heirs of

? Ex seript. praef. Co. Bedford. * Hollinshed, p. 874.

1 Pat. 1$ Henry VIII. p. i- * Ex script, praef. Co. Bedford.

k Lord Herbert in Kennet, vol ii- p. 58.

c Stow's Annals. d Godwin, p. 158.

• Pat 30 Henry VIII. p 5 m.i- f Pat 31 Henry VIII. p 3-

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 26?

their bodies lawfully begotten, of the whole scite and circuit of
the rich abbey of Tavestock, in the county of Devon, as also of
the borough and town of Tavestock, and of the manors of Hunde-
wyke, Morewell, and Morewelham, Milton Abbot, alias Milton
Leigh, Lamerton, Hole, Brentor, Wyke Dabernon, Peterstavye,
Ottiew, alias Otterve, Whitchurch, and Newton, with the
hundred of Hundewyke, otherwise called the hundred of Taves-
tock ; as also the rectory and vicarage of Tavestock 5 likewise
the manor of Antony in the county of Cornwall, and the
borough of Denbury, with the manors of Denbury, Plymstoke,
Worrington, Cowyke, Enwyke, Burleigh, Olderidge, Cave-
linch, Whimple, Wood Marshton, Christenstow, Borington, and
Cornwedede, all in the county of Devon, and belonging to the
same dissolved monastery of Tavestock. He had likewise divers
other lands given him in the counties of Devon, Somerset, and
Bucks j among s which was the manor of Abbots Aston, in the
county of Bucks, belonging to the dissolved abbey of St. Alban's,
in the county of Hertford.

Besides this vast augmentation in lands, he bore several great
offices in that King's reign ; h as, first, lord warden of the Stan-
naries in the counties of Devon and Cornwall 5 and in the 32d of
Henry VIII. was ' constituted lord admiral of England and Ire-
land ; having been, in 1589, the year before, k admitted into the
most noble Order of the Garter, on April 23d, with Sir Thomas
Cheney, and Sir William Kingston ; but not being present at his
election, the King sent to him to come immediately. On May
18th following, his lordship, with his two companions, were in-
stalled at Windsor j as fully recited by Mr. Anstis in his Ap-
pendix to vol. i. p. AAA— 5. He1 had been in nomination for
Knight of the Garter in 19 Henry VIII. and in several subsequent
chapters of the Order, till he was chosen. His royal master
having had experience of his abilities at home and abroad, in
court and camp, by sea and land, and having thought it expe-
dient to establish a council, in and for the better government of
the Western parts of the kingdom, his Lordship was made presi-
dent of the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset:
and in the same 32d year, on differences between King Henry™
and Francis I. King of France, he was sent into Picardy to

E Pat. 31 Henry VIII. p 4. h Ex autog penes praef.Co. Bedford.

i Pat. 32 Henry VIII. p. 3.

* Anstis's Register of the Garter, p. 412. ' Ibid. p. 382, et seq.

m Herbert's Hist of Henry VIII. p. 464.

268 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

oppose Monsieur de Veodome, who was raising forces in that
country.

On December 3d, 1543, he" was appointed lord privy-seal;
and two years after. King Henry attacking Boulogne in person,
the Lord Rassell was° captain general of the vanguard of his
Majesty's array. And the King was pleased, on his deathbed, to p
appoint him one of the sixteen counsellors to bis son, Prince Ed-
ward, at whose coronation he was i constituted lord high steward
of England for that day; and in the same year1- he had a grant of
the monastery of IVoohurn, &c. in com. Bedford ; which has
since become the chief seat of the family.

The council to King Edward, being very intent on promot-
ing the reformation, * ordered the images to be pulled down,
which occasioned divers insurrections ; whereupon the Lord
Russell was the first in commission, to put in force all such laws
as should be thought most necessary to be executed ; and was
dispatched, in 1549, against the Devonshire and Cornish men
with a body of troops, with which he1 defeated them at Fenniton
Bridge, and relieved Exeter; for these and other services, he
was, " on January 19th, 1549-50, created Earl of Bedford.

In the 4th of Edward VI. his Lordship, x with William Lord
Paget, Sir William Petre, and Sir John Mason, were sent am-
bassadors to Guisnes in France, to treat of a peace between the
two kingdoms, which they concluded. At a chapter of the
garter, held at Greenwich, on April 23d, 1551, his Majesty being
present, the Earl of Bedford was one of the five knights compa-
nions appointed to peruse the statutes, and explain the articles, of
the order : and having survived the many difficulties and factions
of King Edward's reign, he, upon the accession of Queen Mary to
the throne, * obtained a new patent, dated November 3d, for the
office of lord privy seal. Also, though then pretty well in years, ■
he was, in the first year of that Princess, sent into Spain, to attend
King Philip II. into England, in order to his nuptials with the
said Queen: and this was the more remarkable, that as this
Prince's grandfather, Philip Archduke of Austria, brought him

• Pat 34 Henry VIII p. a. "Pat 36 Henry VIII. p. 8.

t Godwin, p 205. <, Pat- 1 Edward VI. p. 6

Bill signat 1 Edward VI. • Hay ward's Life of Edward VI p 55

Ibid, p 60, 6t, and Godwin's Annals

" Pat 3 Edward VI. p. u. Hayward, p 10$.

1 Pat. 1 M. p. 8„ * Ex script. Will. Com Bedf-

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 26§

first to court, and was the occasion of his rise to the great fortune
and honours he attained to, so his Lordship's last public office,
was to bring his grandson over to lie in the bosom of the Queen,
his royal mistress, and to enjoy the title of King of England. It
is recited by Hollinshed,u that the Earl of Bedford, lord privy-
seal, and Lord Fitzwalter, were sent to the Prince of Spain, ac-
companied with divers noblemen and gentlemen, who aniving at
the Groyne in Gallicia, were very honourably received j but the
Prince being one hundred leagues from thence, they were desired
to stay there for their better ease, till he could repair thither,
which was not so soon as he told them, by, reason of the sickness
of his sister, the Princess Dowager of Portugal, and by other
weighty affairs. But at length, on his coming to Gallicia, the Earl
of Bedford met him at St. James de Compostella, and after he
had, in presence of a great number of noblemen and gentlemen,
ratified the contract and sworn to observe it, he set forward for
Corunna, where he embarked, attended by 150 sail, and arrived
at Southampton on July 19th, 1554.

This great Earl dying b at his house in the Strand, London, on
March 14th, 1554-5, was buried at Cheneys in the county of
Bucks : c and his Lady, byd her will, dated on August 19th, 1558,
bequeathing her manor of Thornhaugh to her grandson, Edward
Lord Russell, and to the heirs of his body, deceased on March
14th, 1559, c leaving Francis, Earl of Bedford, her son and heir,
then of the age of thirty-two. A noble monument is erected to
the memory of this lady and her husband, at the east end of the
chapel, on the north side of the church of Cheneys, curiously em-
bellished with arms, the figure of an Earl in alabaster, lying on
his back in a coat of mail, with a coronet on his head, and habited
with the collar of the order of the garter. And by him his
Countess, with a coronet on her head, habited in a mantle ; but
the inscription sets forth only his places of honour and trust that
he held, which I have already cited.

Such is the history of the first Earl of Bedford. It was upon
th're ancestor, that the late Duke of Bedford, having made a
somewhat illiberal attack upon the pension granted to Edmund
Burke, drew forth the torrent of that wonderful orator's resentful
eloquence. " Why," said he, " will his Grace, by attacking

1 Chron p lilt. b Stow's Survey, p 491.

* Let Itin. MS vol. i. fol m 4 Regist. Welles, qu. 51.

■ Cole'k E»ch. lib- i- p 419 .V 61 A- 12 in Bibl Harley-

270 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

me, force me reluctantly to compare my little merit with that,
which obtained from the crown those prodigies of profuse dona-
tion, by which he tramples on the mediocrity of humble and labo-
rious individuals?" " The first peer of the name, the first pur-
chaser of the grants, was a Mr. Russell, a person of an ancient
gentleman's family, raised by being a minion of Henry VIII. As
there generally is some resemblance of character, to create these
relations, the favourite was in all likelihood much such another,
as his master. The first of those immoderate grants was not
taken from the ancient demesne of the crown, but from the recent
confiscation of the ancient nobility of the land. f The lion
having sucked the blood of his prey, threw the offal carcase to the
jackall in waiting. Having tasted once the blood of confiscation,
the favourites became fierce and ravenous. This worthy favourite'*;
first grant was from the lay nobility. The second, infinitely im-
proving on the enormity of the first, was from the plunder of the
church, &c. &c." « Lodge however observes, that " the detail of
his services is sufficient to assure us that he possessed no mean
abilities; and if the public conduct of such a man escaped de«
traction, it necessarily demands our good opinion." h

Francis, second Earl of Bedford, his only child, was
twenty-seven years old at his father's death ; and at the coronation
of Edward VI. among others, was I made Knight of the Bath ;
and upon that King's decease, k together with Sir Maurice
Berkeley, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and Sir Henry Neville,
Knights, proclaimed the Lady Mary Queen of England; and put
themselves in arms on her behalf against the Lady Jane Grey,
who contested for the crown. And Queen Mary being reduced,
in the fourth year of her reign, to engage in her husband's quarrel
with France, her forces were very instrumental, first in gaining
the battle of St. Quintin, on August 10th, 1557, and then in tak-
ing the town, l where the Earl of Bedford was present, and shared
both in the glory and danger.

In the first of Queen Elizabeth, hem was sworn one of the
privy-council : and in the second, sent n ambassador to France j
and having discharged that trust fully to her Majesty's satisfaction,

f Stafford Duke of Buckingham.
« Burke's Letter to a noble Lord. In this manner he goes on for several
pages Burke's Works, vol. vii p 407, &c.

h Memoir in Holbein Heads * L 7 in Offic Arm fol 436.

" Ex script. Will- Com. Bedf. ' Hollinsh- p. 1133.

■ Camden's Annals of Q Eliz. ■ Ex script Will Com. Bedf.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 271

was sent a second time into that kingdom, ° to condole the death
of Francis II. and at the same time to congratulate his brother,
Charles IX. upon his accession to the throne.

In the sixth of Elizabeth, he was v constituted governor of the
town and castle of Berwick upon Tweed, and warden of the East
Marches towards Scotland. Also in the same year, 1 on May
14th, he was installed one of the Knights of the most noble Order
of the Garter. Being not present at his election, Sir Gilbert
Dethick was sent to him with the ensigns of the order, and he
was installed by his proxy, Sir George Howard.

In 7 Elizabeth, he was r employed to treat with certain com-
missioners from Mary Queen of Scotland, for a marriage' between
her and Robert Earl of Leicester.

In 8 Elizabeth, the Queen being requested to be godmother to
James, then Prince of Scotland, he was sent to stand surety for
her Majesty, and carried with him a font of pure gold, as an
honorary gift at the solemnity of his christening, on December
15th, 1566, 9 Elizabeth.

In 13 Elizabeth, he obtained the wardship of George Earl of
Cumberland, on which occasion he sent the following letter to
the Queen :

" It may l please your most excellent Majestie to be advertised,
that heretofore (as it is well knowne to many) there hath been
communication betweene my Lord of Cumberland and me, for
the marriage of hissonne to one of my daughters ; and being no\r
informed that he is in some danger, 1 do presume to be a sutor to
your Highness, that I may have the wardship of his sonne, if it
shall soe stand with youre Majesties pleasure ; and therein I shall
think myselfe most bounden (as I have every way good cause) to
your Highness. And thus I beseech God to send unto your Ma-
jestie a most prosperous helthful raigne, to God's glory, and your
hearts desire, &c.

" From Russell Place, this 3d of January, 1570."

In the 14th of her reign, he ■ was the fourth named among

• Camden's Annals. p Pat. 6 Elizabeth, p 6.

* Ashmole's Ord. of the Garter, p. ;o2, 324, 325, 378.

r Camden's Annals. • Ibid.

1 Records de Famil de Clifford, MS. vol. Hi. p 69.

* Camden's Annals.

272 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

the peers for the trial of that truly great, but unhappy peer,
Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk.

In 24 Elizabeth, he was x one of the commissioners to treat
with those ambassadors sent from France, to negotiate a marriage
between the Duke of Anjou and Queen Elizabeth. He was also
warden of the stannaries in Devon and Cornwall, chief justice in
eyre of all the forests south of Trent, and lieutenant of Dorset,
Devon, and Cornwall.

This great Earl (who was godfather to that ever famous navi-
gator, Sir Francis Drake, who sailed round the world) founded a
school at Woobum in the county of Bedford ; and by his will,r
dated on April 7th, 1583, gave 20/. per ann. for the maintenance
of two poor students of divinity in University college in Oxford,
called the Earl of Bedford's scholars, to be nominated and ap-
pointed by his heirs for ever • aud was a person of such great hos-
pitality, that Queen Elizabeth was wont to say of him, that he
made all the beggars. * He died at Bedford-house in the Strand,
on July 28th, 1585, aged fifty-eight, and lies buried at Cheneys,
where there is a noble monument erected to his memory, and of
his Countess, Margaret, daughter of Sir John St. John, and sister
to Oliver, first Lord St. John of Bletshoe, with the inscription in
Roman capitals gilt, inserted below"

His Lordship, after the death of the aforesaid Lady, married
Bridget, daughter of John Lord Hussey, and widow of Sir Richard
Morison, Knight, and of Henry Earl of Rutland, but had no issue
by her, who departed this life January 12th, 16OO, and lies buried

x Camden, m an. 24 Eliz r Ex Regist. Windsor, qu 45.

''■ See a short sketch of his character, beautifully drawn by Lodge, in the
Holbein Heads.

» Here lyes interred the noble and religious Lord, Francis Russel Earl of
Bedford, Baron Russel, Knight of the Order of the Garter, Privy Counsellor
to Q. Elizabeth, from her first entry to the crowne: Lord Governor of Bar-
wick, and Warden of the East Marches towards* Scotland, during the troubles
in that kingdom; Warden of the Stanneries in Devon, and Cornwall, Chef
Justis and Justis in Eyer of all the Q's Forrests by South Trent, and Liefte-
nant of the counties of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall 1 and the most virtuous
Lady Margaret Count is of Bedford his wife, daughter of Sr John St John
Knight, and sister to Oliver, first Lord St- John of Bletso, who had between
them issue four sons and three daughters, whose names and matches with
ther children they left, appeare about this tombe. The said Earle departed
this life with much comfort, in assurance of a better, at his mansion place in
the Strand, called Russel House, the 28th Day of July, in the fifty-eighth
yeare of his age and of our blessed Saviour 1585. And the said Countiss
made the like godly end, at Woobourne in Bedfordshire, the ,

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 273

at Watford in Hertfordshire. By his first Countess he had four
sons and three daughters.

First, Edward Lord Russell, the eldest son, married Jane
Sibilia, daughter of Sir Richard Morison, died without issue vitd
patris, and lies buried at Cheneys, and his widow remarried to
Arthur lord Grey of Wilton.

Second, John Lord Russell, baron of parliament, by writ in
the life-time of his father, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
Anthony Cook, of Giddy Hall in Essex, and widow of Sir Thomas
Hobby, of Bisham in Berkshire, Knight. Which Lady was a
very learned and accomplished woman, and wrote Greek, Latin,
and French epitaphs for both her husband and several of her re-
lations. b She died on July 23d, 1584, and is buried at Bisham,
and left two daughters, Elizabeth, who died unmarried July 2d,
16OO, c and is buried by her father ; Anne, married to Henry
Lord Herbert, son and heir apparent of Edward Earl of Worcester,
lord privy seal. She died April 8th, l6'.ig, and is buried at Rag-
land com. Monmouth. This Lord Russell also died (1584 and
lies interred in Westminster Abbey) in the life time of his father,
and had, besides the above two daughters, a son, Francis, who
deceased in 1580, and is buried with his father.

Third, Sir Francis Russell, knighted for his services in Scot-
land, summoned to pailiament as Baron Russell, 7 Edward VI.
married Julian, daughter and coheir of Sir John Foster, Knight,
lord warden of the middle Marches towards Scotland, was slain
on an accidental fray on the borders there, on July 27th, 1585,
and lies buried at Alnwick in Northumberland. He had one
son,

Edward, third Earl of Bedford, who married Lucy, d
daughter of John Lord Harrington, sister and coheir of John, the
second Lord Harrington. She was a great patron of the wits of
her day ; particularly Donne, who wrote an elegy on her, and
Danyel, who addressed an epistle to her. e - Pennant says, " her
vanity and extravagance met with no check under the reign of

b Ballard, p. 195. Park's R. and N A vol ii p 52. See also Birch's
Q Eliz vol. ii. p 129, &c And Strype's Ann. of the Reformation, vol ii.
p. 470

c MS St. George prasd.

* A tomb was made by Nicholas Stone, statuary to King James I. for
her father and mother, brother and sister, and erected at Exton in Rutland,
for which he received of this Countess 1020/ : a print of it is in \V right's
History of that county, p 57. See Walp Anec of Tainting, vol ii p 42
* Memoirs of James's Peers, p 3:2

VOL. l. T

274 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

her quiet spouse. f He died without issue, on May 3d, 1627.
She long survived him.

Fourth, Sir William Russell, youngest son, knighted for his
services in Ireland, married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Henry
Long, Esq. sou and heir of Sir Richard Long, of Shengay in
Cambridgeshire, Knight.

His first service, in Ireland, was in 1580, when he had the
command of 150 horse, * raised by the clergy of England, for the
reduction of the Queen's rebellious subjects in that kingdom,
where he behaved so well, that the honour of knighthood was
conferred on him. The year after, when Monsieur (Francis
Duke of Alencpn) brother to (Henry III.) the French King, was
in England, with the Prince D'Aufine, and a royal combat and fight
on foot was performed before Queen Elizabeth, wherein Mon-
sieur, with the Prince D'Aufine, and others, were challengers, '*
the Lord Thomas Howard, and Sir William Russell, were the two
first that were called out as defenders.

On December 8th, 1585, he' embarked with Robert Dudley,
Earl of Leicester, then sent to the assistance of the States Ge-
neral, and landed two days after at Flushing. They were received
with great joy by the States, k who nobly entertained them all the
Christmas holidays, and made a very solemn publication, " of
their desiring, accepting, and authorizing the said Robert Earl of
Leicester to be their governor, general, and captain over all the
United Provinces, and associate cities, &c. acknowledging, that
the Queen of England had mercifully sent him and his forces to
their assistance."

After taking several towns from the Spaniards, Sir William
Russell distinguished himself in the fight at Zutphen, on Sep-
tember 22, 1586, where the Spanish horse were intirely defeated,
though much superior in number, and their commanders taken
prisoners. Stowe relates, l from a journal of those transactions,
how Sir William Russell behaved. " He charged so terribly,
that after he had broke his lance, he so pliid his part with his
cuttle-axe, that the enemy reported him to be a devil, and not a
man j for where he saw six or seven of the enemies together,

' Memoirs of James's Peers, p 311.
< Hollinshed's Chronicles of Ireland, folio 171, and Cox's History of Ire-
land, p 367

» Honour Milit and Civil, per W. Segar, Norroy, p. 196.
1 Stow's Annals, p 709, 710- k Ibid p. 711.

Ibid, p 737.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 275

thither would hr, and ^> behave with his cultle-axe, that he
would separate thrir friendship.*' On 0< t< ber 5ih following, hem
commanded a party of OiX) horse, srnt to intercept a convoy of
provision-, the enemy designed to throw into Zutphen, which he
prevented.

Queen Elizabeth, on February 1st, 1587, by her patent re-
cite*," that by the death of the late Sir Philip Sidney, the town
of Flushing is without a governor: she therefore confiding in the
fidelity ;ind sufficiency of Sir William Russell, Knight, makes
choice of him to supply the place of governor, and captain of the
said town, with the rammekins and torts thereto belonging, and
of the garrison. He had also a precept to the high admiral of
England, all vice-admirals, captains, &c. searchers of ports, Sec.
and to all other officers of the customs, &c. justices of the peace,
mayors, sheriffs, &c. to suffer him with his horses, money, plate,
armour, weapons, ammunition, &c. belonging to him and his
private train, and to such of his train as shall hereafter repair to
him, to piss unmolested, and to be aiding in furnishing him or
them with shipping, vessels, and other carriages, necessary for
their transportation, at reasonable prices.

On May Itith, 15pl, he" was constituted lord, deputy of Ire
land; and in July following the University of Oxfoid, in convo-
cation, in honour of having his education there, conferred onv
him the degree of master of arts. He landed at the head of
Hoath, on July 31st, l.iy-l, and the next day went to Dublin, but
refused to accept of the sword,' till the council had first given
him in writing, nudrr their hands, an account of the state and
condition of the kingdom; which bring complied with, he was
sworn on Sunday, August 1 Ith, with great solemnity.

On August lpth, he set out, by the advice of the council, to
relieve Innisktlling, and after long marches over bogs, with great
danger, pasted the river on the 30th with difficulty, and some
■ and then entered the castle of Inniskilling without opposi-
tion, the enemy flying on his approach.

He was afterwards very active in many expedition! against
the rebels, and several of them being slain,* and some taken,
were public ly executed. Hut that great rebel Tir Oen raising a
rebellion in the North, the lord deputy, to strengthen his ability

Stow't Annate j> -;-.
■ Rymct'i Kr.l torn. \\i |> i, i
« Pal j6 Etiz 11.5 • WouU'i Fasti Oion. vol i p- 773

• » \'» ttisl&T y ot Ireland, [> act . IbiJ p 404 • Ibid. |>4"-'

276 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

in the management of the war,1 besought the Queen to assist
him with some able soldiers, and an experienced officer. Camden
relates,'1 that he had a mind for Baskervill, before any other,
though he did not go so far as to mention him; but clear contrary
to his expectation, Sir John Norris was pitched upon.

He went over with 1300 veteran soldiers, who had served in
Bretagne and the Low Countries, and with other supplies out of
England, as Camden writes, who also gives an account that the
rebels were able to muster 1000 horse, and 6280 foot in Ulster,
and 2300 in Connaught, every man of ♦hem at Tir Oen's com-
mand. And among these were several experienced oiHcers,
trained in the exercise of war, ever since the lord deputy Perrot
had appointed every Lord in Ulster to have such a number of men
disciplined to serve against the Island Scots.

The lord deputy had no great friendship for Sir John Norris ;
and Sir Richard Cox observes," that the clashing* and janglings,
between these two spirited7 men, did very much prejudice the
Queen's affairs : but that the lord deputy acted prudently and
disinterestedly, appears from Camden, Borlace, and other autho-
rities. The former gives this account : * " Sir John Norris had
orders to march against the rebels, to prevent the succours they
expected out of Spain ; for the Queen had given him the prin-
cipal command (to prevent any reflection that might fall on the
lord deputy) stiling him, The General of the army in Ulster, in
the absence of the lord deputy; and granted him an absolute
power to pardon what male-contents he should think fit. With
what design this was done, I cannot divine; but most certainly it
was the subject of general wonder, in regard that the very essence
of government seems to consist in its being lodged in the hands
of one, and nothing being either more monstrous or mischievous
than a mixed or divided authority. However, the lord deputy
acted in conjunction with him, and they advanced as far as
Arm3gh, putting the rebels into such a consternation, that Tir
Oen abandoned the fort of Blackwater, set fire on the adjacent
villages, and the town of Dungannon, demolished a great part of
his own house there, and looking on his affairs as quite desperate,
began to look out for some fit place to abscond in ; but the loyal-
ists made a halt for want of provision, and after placing a gar-
rison in Armagh, returned back. They afterwards fortified the

i Borlace's Reduction of Ireland, p. 175. " Hist.ofEng praeil p 587.
x History of Ireland, p 406. J Hist, of Eng. vol ii- p 588

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 277

garrison of Montaghan, and when they got pretty near to Dun-
dalk, the lord deputy, according to the instructions he had re-
ceived, gave up the entire charge of the army to Norris, and after
several compliments and expressions of civilities between them,
returned to Dublin, and kept a strict eye on the affairs of Leinster,
Connaught, and Munster j" and happily managed them, whilst
no good effect came of the truce with Tir Oen (as Borlace *
writes) which in the end so much redounded to Norris's discon-
tentment, that Tir Oen by his dissembling had mocked him, that
shortly after he died.

Camden gives this further account of that transaction : " Norris
remained with a strong army in Ulster, and did nothing answer-
able to the great hopes conceived of him ; perhaps out of an
emulation against the lord deputy (which the courtiers endea-
voured to foment by all the sly arts they were masters of) j the
one being as little able to brook an equal, as the other to endure
a superior. Norris gave so much credit to the fine harangues of
Tir Oen and his party, that he blamed the lord deputy for
having dealt too rigidly with Tir Oen, when he refused to accept
of any terms of an accommodation at his hands. The lord deputy
was really persuaded that Tir Oen did nothing but make pretences
of delay, till the succours which he expected arrived from Spain.
Wherefore he refused all terms or overtures of a treaty, as so many
tricks and artifices on his side, and as inconsistent with the
Queen's honour, and his own reputation, since they were the
proposals of a proclaimed rebel. Norris, on the other side, con-
ceived such hopes of bringing him to handsome terms, as to admit
of a conference with him, which ended in a truce."

It further appears, that Tir Oen concluded the truce only to
gain time, as Camden observes, and that base people flocked in
every day to the rebels, the English forces lying in the mean time
unemployed, and at a great expence, and eating the Queen's
faithful subjects out of house and home, because it was provided
by the treaty, that they should not quarter in the enemy's
country.

The lord deputy, in the mean time, a was in pursuit of another
famous rebel, O'Maden, and laid siege to his castle of Ciohon
O'Maden, the garrison whereof, being summoned to surrender,
made a rude answer : " That they would never deliver the fort,
were there as many lord deputies as single persons before the

■ Reduction of Ireland, p- 176. * Camden, ut antea.

278 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

place." But within a few days they stormed the castle, and put
every man to the sword.

The lord deputy made several other successful expeditions
against the rebels, and on September 18th, 15Q6, made very
good and necessary b orders for the army; viz. first, that on their
march they should not stay above one night in a place, and then,
without exaction, give money or ticket for their diet : second,
that there shall be but six women (and they soldiers wives) per-
mitted to be laundresses to a company, and but one boy to two
soldiers, and that neither women or boys be any charge to the
country : third, no false musters, or any charge on the country
for more men than really are : fourth, that they shall be content
with such food as is reasonable, and with a breakfast and supper,
without exacting Capury encreason, or Capury ne hairk : fifth,
they shall not take the country garrisons without order or pay-
ment, nor depart from garrison without leave. And lastly, shall
have their quarters assigned by the civil magistrate.

General Norris was not pleased with these strict orders, c and
therefore refused to sign them j and when Tir Oen had broke the
truce, and attempted Armagh, which he blocked up, Norris so
far espoused his quarrel, d as to write to the council, that one
good letter would have prevented the danger Armagh is in,
covertly reprehending the deputy's severity. But the council
sent him a smart answer, telling him, " Since he understood Tir
Oen's humour best, they left it to him to relieve Armagh by force
or treaty, as he thought fit."

The lord deputy, at his own request, e was recalled, and was
succeeded by Thomas Lord Borough.

Sir "William Russell, after some stay in England, returned to
his government of Flushing. On King James's accession to the
throne, on July 21st, 1603, at Hampton Court, in the Great
Hall, the Queen present, he created several peers, f and among
them this Sir William Russell, by the style and title of Loud
Russell, Baron Russell, of Thornhaugh, in com. Northamp.

I find this character of his Lordship : & " He was daring in his
person, close to his purpose, firm to his dependencies, of a deep
and large soul, who looked on the chargeable war in Ireland as

b Cox's History, p. 409, 410. c Ibid. p. 410, 411.

i Cox's History, p. 411. e Ibid- p. 413, and Borlase, p. 177.

f Stow's Annals, p. 826, and Pat 1 Jnc I. p. 14.

* Loyd's State Worthies, p 629

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 279

an equal remedy against a worse in England; and advised the
bestowing of church lands among the nobility of both persuasions
in Ireland, as in England, who would then hold their religion,
with their land, in Capite, and stick to the Queen, as the great
support of both." He died on August 9th, l6l3, and was in-
terred at Thornhaugh, in the Isle of Ely, Northamptonshire,
where a monument is erected to his memory.

He married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Henry Long, of
Shengay, in com. Cantab. Esq. before mentioned. She died
June 12th, *lfjll, and is buried at Watford in Hertfordshire, h
leaving issue an only son Francis, the fourth Earl of this family.

Fifth, Lady Anne, eldest daughter of the before mentioned
Francis, second Earl of Bedford, married Ambrose Dudley, Earl
of Warwick, and died on February 9th, l603.

Sixth, Lady Elizabeth, second daughter, married to William
Bouchier, Earl of Bath, Lord Fitz Warren, died on March 24th,
1604, at Tavestock in Devon, and is buried there. r

Seventh, Lady Margaret, youngest daughter, ' born in the
parish of St. Stephen, within the city of Exeter, and baptized in
the said parish church, on July 9th, 1560, married on June 24th,
] 5/7, to George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, and Knight
of the Garter. She died on May 24th, 1616, at Browgham-castle,
and is buried in the parish church of St. Lawrence of Appleby in
Cumberland, where a monument is erected to her memory, by
her daughter Anne, the famous Countess of Dorset and Montgo-
mery. Pennant says, " she was happier in the filial affections of
her daughter, than in the conjugal tenderness of her husband,
who, taken up with military glory, and the pomp of tilts and
tournaments, paid little attention to domestic duties. In her
diary she complains of her sufferings even to poverty, and laments
her ill usage in the most suppliant and pathetic manner." k

Francis, son of William Lord Russell of Thornhaugh, suc-
ceeded his cousin Edward, as fourth Earl of Bedford, on
May 3d, 1627, and in 1630, became the principal undertaker in
that great and chargeable work of draining those fens, called the
Great Level, and since Bedford Levels, which extend into the
counties of Northampton, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Norfolk, and
Lincoln.

h Chauncey's and Salmon's Hertfordshire.
' Izaack's Charitable Benefactors to County of Devon, p 46.
k See her character from her Daughter's MS Memoirs, in Memoirt of Janet's
Purs, Appendix, LXXXII.

280 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

" The Earl of Clarendon gives this account of him : " That
in the house of peers he was the great contriver and principal
agent of those who were for asserting the liberty of the subject;
but a wise man, and of too great and plentiful a fortune to wish a
subversion of the government ; and it quickly appeared, that he
only intended to make himself and his friends great at court, not
at all to lessen the court itself; and that Mr. Pym, though known
to be inclined to the Puritan Faction, was not of those furious re-
solutions against the church as the other leading men were, and
wholly devoted to the Earl of Bedford, who had nothing of that
spirit."

The same noble author also relates, *' That the Earl of Bed-
ford had no desire, that there should be any alteration in the
government of the church ; and had always lived towards my
Lord of Canterbury himself, with all respect and reverence, and
frequently visited and dined with him; subscribed liberally to
the repair of St. Paul's church, and seconded all pious undertak-
ings ; though it is true, he did not discountenance, notoriously,
those of the clergy who were unconformable." And, that dis-
coursing with the Earl, " He lamented the misery the kingdom
was like to fall into by their own violence and want of temper,
in the prosecution of their own happiness."

His desire to preserve the peace of the kingdom cannot better
be expressed, than in the Enrl of Clarendon's words, who attri-
butes to his death one of the great causes of those divisions which
rent the nation :

"The other accident (says the noble author) that fell out,
during the time that the business of the Earl of Strafford was
agitated, and by which he received much prejudice, was the
death of the Earl or Bedford. This F.ord was the greatest person
of interest in ail the popular party, being of the best estate, and
best understanding, of the whole number; and therefore most
like to govern the rest. He was, besides, of great civility, and of
much more good nature, than any of the other. And therefore
the King resolving to do his business with that party by him, re«
solved to make him lord high treasurer of England, in the place
of the Bishop of London, who was as willing to lay down the
office, as any body was to take it up. And to gratify him the
more, at his desire, intended to make Mr. Pym chancellor of the
exchequer, as he had done Mr. Saint John his solicitor general
(all which hath been touched before) as also that Mr. Hollis was
to be secretary of state, the Lord Say master of the wards, and

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 231

the Lord Kimbolton to be lord privy seal after the death of his
father, who then held that place. Others were to be placed about
the Prince, and to have offices when they fell."

" The Earl of Bedford secretly undertook to his Majesty, that
the Earl of Strafford's life should be preserved; and to procure
his revenue to be settled, as amply as any of his progenitors, the
which he intended so really, that, to my knowledge, he had it in
design to endeavour to obtain an act for the setting up the excise
in England, as the only natural means to advance the King's
profit. He fell sick within a week after the bill of attainder was
sent up to the lords house, and died shortly after, much afflicted
with the passion and fury which he perceived his party inclined
to, insomuch as he declared to some of near trust to him, ' That
he feared the rage and madness of this parliament, would bring
more prejudice and mischief to the kingdom, than it had ever
sustained by the long intermission of parliaments.' He was a
wise man, and would have proposed and advised moderate courses ;
but was not incapable, for want of resolution, of being carried into
violent ones, if his advice were not submitted to: and therefore
many, who knew him well, thought his death not unseasonable,
as well to his fame, as his fortune ; and that it rescued him as
well from some possible guilt, as from some visible misfortunes,
which men of all conditions have since undergone."

This noble Earl died x of the small-pox on Sunday, May gth,
164 1, and was buried at Cheneys.

In the History of the Troubles and Trial of Archbishop Laud,
wrote by himself, folio 1/8, is the following account of him :

" This Lord was one of the main plotters of Strafford's death ;
and I know where he with other Lords, before the parliament
sat down, resolved to have his blood. But God would not let him
live to take joy therein, but cut him off in the morning, whereas
the bill for the Earl of Strafford's death was not signed till
night."

How much mistaken the Archbishop was, appears by what I
have before cited from the Earl of Clarendon, who positively
affirms, he undertook to save the Earl of Strafford's life; and
though he might die on the day the bill was signed, yet he was
ill for above a week of the small-pox, which at length brought
him to his end.

1 Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. ii lib 14. p. 16.

282 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

He married Catherine, daughter and coheir of Giles Bridges, »
third Lord Chandos, n and by her (who died on January 2gth,
1653-4) had four sons, and as many daughters ; viz. Catherine,
the eldest married to Robert Greville, Lord Brooke; Anne, to
George Digby, Earl of Bristol;* Margaret, first to James Hay,
Earl of Carlisle, secondly, to Edward Montague, Earl of Man-
chester, and thirdly, to Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick and
Holland ; and Diana, to Francis, Lord Newport, ancestor to the
late Earls of Bradford.

His sons were William, Francis, John, hereafter mentioned ;
and Edward, who, by his wife Penelope, daughter to Sir Moses
Hill of Hillsborough castle in the kingdom of Ireland (ancestor to
the present Earl of Hillsborough) and widow of Sir William
Brook, Knight of the Bath, had five sons, and two daughters ;
and departing this life on September 21st, 1 665, was succeeded
by William his eldest son, who was standard bearer to King
Charles II. and died unmarried, 1674, and was succeeded by
Edward, his second brother, after Earl of Orford ; the others
being John, Francis, and James, all died without issue. The
daughters of Edward Russell, fourth son of the Earl of Bedford,
were Letitia, and Catherine, married to captain William Harbord,
a younger son of Sir Charles Harbord. The eldest, Letitia, was
first married to Thomas Cheek, of Pirgo in the county of Essex,
Esq. (and by him had a daughter Anne, their heir, married to Sir
Thomas Tipping, ofWheatfield in the county of Oxford, Bart,
who dying on January 21st, 1727-8, left two daughters, his heirs;
Letitia, married to Samuel Lord Sandys, and Catherine, to
Thomas Lord Archer) ; her second husband was Robert Russell,
fifth son of William first Duke of Bedford, by whom she had no
issue, and died January 7th, 1722-3.

Edward, the second son of Edward Russell and Penelope Hill,
before mentioned, was very much employed in carrying on the
correspondence between the malecontents in England and the
Prince of Orange in Holland, with whom he came over in 1688;

m The original deed of settlement in contemplation of this marriage is in
the British Museum, and shews how small the settlements even of great and
rich families were in those days.

0 This Lord Chandos died 1594. By this marriage the future Dukes of
Bedford became representatives of the moreantlent Barony of Chandos, which
fell into abeyance in the reign of Henry VI. There is a fine portrait of this
Lord Chandos at Woburne ; and another at Lord Harcourt's at Nunehanj.
At Wobnrnc is also a portrait of his daughter, Lady Bedford.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 283

and upon the advancement of his Highness to the throne, was
made one of his privy-council. ° He had been bred at sea,"
says Burnet," and was bedchamber man to the King, when Duke
of York ; but upon the Lord Russel's death, he retired from the
court. He was a man of much honour, and great courage. He
had good principles, and was firm to them."0

In 1691, he first became admiral of the blue squadron, and
then was advanced to the command of the whole navy, and made
treasurer of the same, on April 4th, 1689, p and on May 19th,
10'92, gave a total overthrow to the French fleet, under the com-
mand of Monsieur de Tourville, at La Hogue, forcing them to
fly ; anJ in the pursuit (besides six considerable ships burnt by
vice-admiral De la Val, near Cape de Wick) destroyed thirteen
of their men of war, and several of their transports, whereof six
were three deck ships, and the rest carried from sixty to seventy
guns. For that action, he was made first commissioner of the
admiralty; and on November 11th following, « the commons in
parliament came to a resolution, " that the thanks of their bouse
be given to admiral Russell, for his great courage and conduct, in
the victory obtained at sea the last summer." Moreover, on
December 20th following, they camer to another resolution,
" that admiral Russell, in his command of the fleet, during the
last summer's expedition, had behaved himself with fidelity,
courage, and conduct." And resolved, " that the said resolution
be communicated to the lords at a conference." On March 23d,
1692-3, he was constituted treasurer of his majesty's chamber.

In 1694, he sailed with the fleet for the Mediterranean, where
he prevented the design of the French against Barcelona ; and in
March 1695-6, by his diligence, also prevented the designed inva-
sion in favour of King James, who lay with a French army, ready
to embark, near Diepe j for steering over to the coasts of France
with the English fleet under his command, he disappointed that
unfortunate Monarch's setting sail for England. For these and
other his services, he was, on May 7th, 1697, created Baron of
Shingay, in the county of Cambridge, Viscount Barfleur, in the
Duchy of Normandy, and Earl of Orford, in the county of
Suffolk, with remainder of Baron of Shingay to the issue male of
Letitia, his eldest sister.

• Burnet's O- T. vol. i. p. 763. t Pat- 1 William and Mary.

1 Votes of the House of Commons, 1692, No- 0/.

* Ibid. No 36.

'284, PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

He was also by King William made vice admiral of England,
and twice one of the lords justices whilst bis Majesty went to
Holland. By Queen Anne he was appointed one of the com-
missioners to treat of an union between England and Scotland,
and made one of her privy-council, and first lord commissioner of
the admiralty, on November 8th, 1709. Also tipon her decease,
was nominated by George I. to be one of the lords justices till he
arrived from Hanover; after which, he was appointed one of
the privy-council, and again made first commissioner of the ad.
miralty.

He married the Lady Margaret, third and youngest daughter
to William, the first Duke of Bedford, his father's brother; but
having no issue, and dying on November 26ih, 1727, in the
seventy-fifth year of his age, left his house in Covent Garden,
London, to Thomas Archer, Lord Archer ; and his fine seat at
Chippenham, in the county of Cambridge, to his niece, Anne,
widow of Sir Thomas Tipping aforesaid.

I now return to William, Francis, and John the three eldest
sons of Francis, fourth Earl op Bedford, by Catherine
Bridges, his wife befoie mentioned; whereof Francis* died a
month before his father, in France ; having no issue by his wife
Catherine, daughter of William Lord Grey ofWark, widow of
Sir Edward Moseley, Bart, and of theLord North and Gray ; and
John, the youngest, was a colonel in the civil wars for Charles I.
and in 1660, after the restoration of Charles II. was made colonel
of the first regiment of foot-guards, which he kept till November
1681, when he died unmarried.

William, the eldest son, fifth Earl and first Duke of
Bedford, was made Knight of the Bath ' at the coronation of
Charles I. and in 1037, married Anne, daughter and sole heir of
Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, by bis too celebrated Countess,
Frances Howard, the divorced wife of Essex. " Francis Earl of
Bedford," says Pennant, " was so averse to the alliance, that he
gave his son leave to choose a wife out of any family but that.
Opposition usually stimulates desire : the young couple's affec-
tions were only increased. At length the King interposed, and
sending the Duke of Lenox to urge the Earl to consent, the match
was brought about. Somerset, now reduced to poverty, acted a

• Peck's Desiderata Curiosa praed
• Catalogue of Knights, MS. and Ansris's Observations on the Order of
the Bath, p. 77.

DUKE OF BEDFORD, 285

generous part, selling fail house at Chiswick, plate, jewels, and
furniture, to raise a fortune for his daughter of 12,000/. which
the Earl of Bedford demanded ; saying, that since her affection*
were settled, he chose rather to undo himself than make her un-
happy. u She proved worthy of the alliance she made. It is
said, that she was ignorant of her mother's dishonour, till she read
it in a pamphlet she found accidentally left in a window. It is
added, that she was so struck with this detection of her parent's
guilt, that she fell down in a fit, and was found senseless with
the book open before her." x He was a member of that fatal
parliament which met at Westminster on November 3d, 1640, y
and the house of commons on their first meeting, taking into con-
sideration the state of the nation, it was moved that both houses
might jointly address the King for a fast ; and a message being
sent to the lords, they appointed twelve of their house for a con-
ference with the commons. Whereupon the Lord Russell * was
one of the twenty-four of the principal commoners, who were to
consider of motives to be presented to the lords thereupon, and to
manage the conference. Also, on April 24th, 1641, he was a sent
by the commons to the lords, to desire a conference by a com-
mittee of both houses, on a petition of the citizens of London,
setting forth their grievances.

His Lordship, on May 9th following, succeeded his father in
his honour and estate ; at which time all things were tending to
an open rupture between the king and his parliament. His Lord-
ship, who had then one of the best estates in the kingdom, ac-
cepted the command of general of the horse in the parliament's
service, which was conferred on b him July 14th, 1(542 : but that
he had no ill design in it, may be collected from what the Earl of
Clarendon has observed, c who says, the party were prepossessed
with an opinion, that on the first appearance of their army, the
King would be constrained to return to his parliament. And this
Earl of Bedford afterwards shewed his good judgment" in de-
testing the passions and wickednesses of those men, who were
for destroying and subverting* the antient constitution of this
kingdom.

The Marquis of Hertford, being sent by the King into the
West to raise forces, in order to relieve Portsmouth, the Earl of

u Brit Biography, V 3*54 * Pennant's Journey to London, p 358.

* Rushwortli's Collections, vol. iv p. 20, 30.

1 Ibid p 2*3,224. « Ibid. p. 756-

* History of the Rebellion, fol. vol. ii p 14 'Ibid p 5, 15, 16

28(5 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Bedford had the command of 7,000 foot, and eight full troops of
horse, d to prevent his making head in those parts ; and marched
with such expedition, that he obliged the Marquis to relinquish
Somersetshire, where (as Lord Clarendon observes) his power and
interest were believed unquestionable, and so prevented that
nobleman from raising an army for his Majesty in the West. After
which he joined the Earl of Essex, and in the battle of Edgehill,
fought on October 23d, 1642, commanded the reserve of horse,
which saved the whole army, when the horse of both wings had
been defeated ; and after doing great execution on the King's in-
fantry, brought off their own foot j this reserve being the only
forces that stood their ground in good order.

In 16'43, the Earls of Bedford, e Holland, and Clare, concurred
with the Earl of Essex, who was weary of the war, and influenced
the house of lords so, that they desired a conference with the com-
mons (on August 5th, 1613) and declared to them, that they
were resolved to send propositions to the King, and they hoped
they would concur in them j but such tumults were raised to
terrify the lords, that they left the town j the commons refusing
to agree to their propositions.

The Earl of Bedford, and the Earl of Holland, after this dis-
appointment, resolved to go to the King at Oxford ; f but their
purpose being discovered, or suspected, they with some difficulty
got into his Majesty's garrison at Wallingford, from whence the
governor gave advertisement of their arrival to the council at
Oxford. The King was then at the siege of Gloucester, and the
council had debated whether they should be admitted to come to
Oxford, or return from whence they came; but no determina-
tion was thereon, till the King came purposely from the siege for
one day.

The Earl of Bedford ■ was much mortified with the time he
had been forced to spend at Wallingford, and with the disputation
he heard had been held concerning him. The Earl had friends
enough to provide for his accommodation in convenient lodgings
at Oxford, but he chose to take up his abode in Magdalen College,
of which house he had been a member.

After some days stay, he offered his service to the King in

d Clarendon, Hist, of the Rebellion, yoI. ii p 34, 3/;, 37.

c Ibid p 245, 247- and Whitlook's Memorials, p 58,67, 75.

I Clarendon, p 250, 151-

* History of the Rebellion, toL ii p Z57.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 2S7

hi* army before Gloucester, and his Majesty accepting it, he
waited on him there at the siege, and throughout his march :
and, further, as the Karl of Clarendon writes, " charged in the
King's regiment of horse at the (first) battle of Newbury (Sep-
tember liOth, 16-13) very bravely, and behaved himself throughout
very well." He asked the King's pardon, when he first kissed
his hand, and wisely took it out under the great seal of England.

On his return to Oxford, ll the King on all occasions spoke
very graciously to him ; but he was not well looked upon by
many of his court ; so that the Earl of Holland going first, the
Earl of Bedford and the Earl of Clare followed (who had also
gone to the King's quarters) and came to ' the Earl of Essex at
St. Albans, on Christmas day, 16-13. Soon after, by order of par-
liament, the Earl of Bedford was taken into custody of the black
rid, and his estate was sequestered, as was also the Earl of Clare's,
till the parliament, elevated with their successes against the King
in Kill, in a kind temper (as Whitlock k writes) ordered their
sequestrations to be taken off: but the Earl of Bedford1 never
after sat in the house of peers, or concurred in any of their
councils during the usurpation.

When the house of peers met, on April 2"jth, lfioo, m they
ordered the Earl of Manchester, their speaker, to write to the
Eirl of Bedford to take his place in their house ; which he ac-
cordingly did, believing they designed to restore the King. On
Friday, April 2/th, lfJOO, the lords ordered a conference with the
house of commons, " to consider of some way and means to
make up the breaches and distractions of this kingdom;" and the
Earl of Bedford was one of the lords appointed to manage the
conference. He heartily concurred in all the measures for the
restoration of the King; and, on May 15th, was one of those
peers appointed " to view and consider of what ordinances had
been made since the lords and parliament were voted useless,
which now pass a-> acts of parliament ; and to draw up and pre-
pare an act to present to the house, to repeal what they think
fit, and the Lord Chief Baron Wild, and Serjeant Mallet, to assist
them."

After the happy restoration of King Charles II. the Earl of
Bedford was so far in his favour, that at the solemnity of his coro-

•> HUtory of the Rebellion, vol ii. p 2-.) i Whitlock, p 75

k Ibid p u 1 Clarendon, p 2U;.

"• Journal Dom Procrr an

2S8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

nation, on April 23d, 1661, he had the honour to cany St.
Edward's scepter ; and, on May 29th, 1672, was elected a Knight
of the most noble order of the Gaiter.

On the exaltation of the Prince and Princess of Orange to the
throne, he was sworn one of the privy-council ; and at their coro-
nation, carried the Queen's scepter with the dove. They consti-
tuted his I ordship, on May 10th 1689, Lord Lieutenant of the
counties of Bedford and Cambridge ; and, on March 1st, 1(5QI,
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Middle-
sex, and the liberties of W» stnvnster. He sought for no other
honours or employments; but their Majesties, on May 11th,
1694, created him Marquis ofTavestock,and Duke of Bedford,
and for bestowing those honours, it is set forth : n

*' That this was not the least, that he was father to the Lord
Russell, the ornament of his age, whose great merit it was not
enough to transmit by history to posterity 5 but they were willing
to record them in their royal patent, to remain in the family, as
a monument consecrated to his consummate virtue ; whose name
could never be forgot, so long as men preserved any esteem for
sanctity of manners, greatness of mind, and a love to their country,
constant even to death. Therefore to solace his excellent father
for so great a loss, to celebrate the memory of so noble a son, and
to excite his worthy grandson, the heir of such mighty hopes,
more cheerfully to emulate and follow the example of his illus-
trious father, they intailed this high dignity upon the Earl and
his posterity."

This Duke, in the year 1695, having settled all things in re-
ference to his grandson's marrying Elizabeth, only daughter and
heir of John Howland, of Stretham, Esq. who was one of the
greatest fortunes of that time, it was thought convenient, for the
honour of this alliance, to make him Baron Howland, of
Stretham in Surry, on June 13th the same year. His Grace de-
parted this life io the eighty-seventh year of his age, on Sep-
tember 7th, 1700, and was buried with his ancestors at Cheneys,"
where a most noble monument is erected for him and his Countess,
before mentioned (who died on May 10th, 1684, aged sixty-four)
their two figures being exhibited under a canopy, supported by

„ Pat 6 William and Mary
0 His funeral sermen was preached by Samuel Freeman, D. D. and pub-
lished the same year, extracts of which may be seen at folio 723, of Memorials
mud Characters, together "with the Lives of divers eminent and vjortby Persons,
published n 1741.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 280

two pillars of the Corinthian order. Their children that lived to
maturity, were as follow :

irst, Francis, Lord Russell, who died A. D. 1679 (unmarried,
aged forty-one) ; second, William, Lord Russell ; third, Lord
dward j fourth, Lord Robert ; fifth, Lord James j sixth, George j
seventh, Lady Anne ; eighth, Lady Diana ; ninth, Lady Mar-
garet ; whereof Lady Anne died unmarried.

Lady Diana, born on April 9th, 1652, was first married, in
August, 1667, to Sir Grevil Verney, of Compton Verney in com.
Warwick, Knight of the Bath j and, secondly, to William Lord
Allington, of Horseheath in the county of Cambridge 5 and Lady
Margaret, born on August 31st, 1656, was the wife of Edward
Russell Earl of Orford, before mentioned.

I shall distinctly treat of the Lord William.

Lord Edward, third son, married, 1688, Frances, widow of
.... Lloyd, Esq. and died without issue, on June 30th, 1714, in
the seventy-second year of his age. He was chosen seven times
one of the t Knights for the county of Bedford, viz. from the first
parliament called by King William and Queen Mary, to that
convened in 1702, inclusive j and, on November 22d, 1700, he
was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the
county of Middlesex, during the minority of Wriothesley Duke,
of Bedford.

Lord Robert, fourth son, was constituted clerk of the pipe on*
August 31st, 1 1689, and having married Letitia, widow of
Thomas Cheek, of Pirgo in the county of Essex aforesaid, Esq.
died without issue ; and his Lady deceased on January 8th,
1722.

Lord James, fifth son, had a learned education in Magdalen
College in Oxford, r and took the degree of M. A. on February
4th, 166(3-7. He was seated at Maidwell, in the county of
Northampton, and died on June 22d, 1712, leaving an only
daughter, the wife of Thomas Scawen, of Carshalton in Surry,
Esq. knight of the shire for Surry. His Lady, surviving him,
married to her second husband Sir Henry Houghton, of Houghton
Tower in Lancashire, Bart, and died at Reading, on her return,
from Bath, on September 1st, 1736,

George, youngest son, was also of Magdalen College, and
took the degree5 of M. A. on February 4th, 1666-7, with his

9 Willis's Not. Parliament, vol i- p 9- q Pat. 1 William and Mary-
r Wood's Fasti Oxon. 1 Wood's Fasti Oxon praed;

VOL. I. U

290 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

brother, the Lord James. He married Mary, daughter and heir-
of Mr. Pendleton, merchant of London ; and died in the year
1692, leaving issue a son William, who died unmarried.

William Lord Russell, second son, before mentioned, was
elected to sit in parliament for the county of Bedford, in 1678 9,
and that parliament being dissolved by the King's special order,
to the general surprise of the council, who were consulted upon
it, of which this Lord Russell1 was one, and another called to as-
semble in October, 1079, u he was elected one of the knights of
the shire for the county of Southampton, x as also for Bedford-
shire. But that parliament did not sit for the dispatch of busi-
ness till October 21st, 1680, being prorogued by several royal
proclamations; and the Lord Russell, f with the Lord Cavendish,
and Sir Henry Capel, on January 31st, 1679-8O, prayed the King
to give him leave to withdraw from the council board, to which,
as it was published, on February 2d, in the Gazette, No. 1482,
" His Majesty was pleased to answer with all his heart." In the
parliament called to meet at Oxford, on March 21st, 1680-1, z he
was a^ain chosen for the county of Bedford, and spoke with great
vehemency for the bill of exclusion. " He was (says Bishop a
Burnet) a man of great candor, and of a general reputation, uni-
versally beloved and trusted; of a generous and obliging temper.
He had given such proofs of an undaunted courage, and of an un-
shaken firmness, that I never knew any man have so entire a
credit in the nation as he had. He quickly got out of some of
the disorders into which the court had drawn him : and ever
after that, his life was unblemished in all respects. He had, from
his first education, an inclination to favour the Non-conformists ;
and wished the laws could have been made to them, or they more
pliant to the law. He was a slow man, and of little discourse:
but he had a true judgment, when he considered things at his
own leisure. His understanding was not defective ; but his virtues
were so eminent, that they would more than balance real defects,
if any had been found in the other."

Sir Robert Atkins, in his defence printed in 1689, says of his
Lordship (p. 7>) " And though I had a very small and short ac-
quaintance with him, yet no man, that has known any thing of

* Temple's Memoirs, part iii. p 64

» Willis's Not. Pari. MS in com Southamp. x Ibid vol i. p. 9.

r Temple's Memoirs, p 9$. * Not Pari, prsef.

* Hist, of his own Times, vol.i. p. 388.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 29I

the public affairs, or of our late transactions, could be a meer
stranger to his great worth. He had as gnat a name, for a true
honest English Gentleman, and for good temper, prudence, and
moderation, as ever I knew any man have ; and was generally
beloved by all that love our religion and country."

His going publicly to Westminster hall,1' and there, on June
l6th, 1680, at the King's Bench, presenting the Duke of York as
a recusant ; and the eagerness he shewed for the bill of exclusion
of his royal highness, which he carried up to the house of lords,
on November 15th, 168O, at the head of more than two hundred
of the house of commons, gave the friends of the government no
favourable idea of his principles. Sir William Temple writes, c
that his setting himself at the head of these affairs, had a great
influence on the house, " being a person in general repute of an
honest worthy gentleman, without tricks or private ambition,
who was known to venture as great a stake as any subject of
England." He was accused of being concerned in the Rye-house
plot; and though he knew of a messenger being sent for him,
before he was apprehended, and might have gone away, he sus-
pected that would give the court too great an advantage, and
look like confessing of guilt.

He was brought on his trial at the Old Bailey, on July 13th,
1G83. Unfortunately for his Lordship, the witnesses swore that
he had been more than once a in company with traitors, when
treasonable purposes were the principal topic of conversation ; it
being a maxim in law, that any person present, though he says
nothing, is presumed to give his consent j and it is misprision of
treason, if he do not discover their designs the first time. He
■poke little to the fact ; for being advised not to tell the whole
truth, he said he could not speak against that he knew to be true,
though in some particulars it had been carried beyond the truth ;
and so he left it wholly to the jury, who brought in their verdict
against him for high-treason, upon which he received sentence of
death. " He then," says Burnet, " composed himself to die with
great seriousness. He said he was sure the day of his trial was
more uneasy to him, than that of his execution would be. The
last week of his life he was shut up all the morning, as he him-

k Memoirs, p. 120, and Wood's A then* Oxon. vol. ii p. 544.
c Memoirs, p 111
4 Lord Russel and Burnet protest it was only once, at one Shephard's, a
wine merchant, and that, though the discourse might be in his presence, he
did not hear it. See Burnet's O T. vol i. p. 537, 540.

2£2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

self desired. And about noon I came to him, and staid with
him till night. All the while he expressed a very Christian
temper, without sharpness or resentment, vanity, or affectation.
His whole behaviour looked like a triumph over death." He said
he felt none of those transports that some good people felt ; but
he had a full calm on his mind} no palpitation at heart, nor
trembling at the thoughts of death." e For further information,
as to this ill-fated nobleman, we refer our readers to his Lordship's
trial, and the narrative of Lord Grey of Werk, one of the con-
spirators ; as well as to the History of Burnet, who had a per-
sonal knowledge of many parts of this tragedy.

He had such magnanimity afterwards, when the Lord Caven-
dish offered to change cloaths with him in the prison, and remain
there whilst he made his escape, that he would not suffer him to
expose himself to so much danger. In the paper he left with the
Sheriffs, on July 21st, 1683, the day of his execution, he first f
made a profession of his religion, and of his sincerity in it: that
he was of the church of England ; but wished all would unite
together against the common enemy : that churchmen would be
less severe, and Dissenters less scrupulous. He owned he had a
great zeal against Popery, which he looked on as an idolatrous
and bloody religion ; but that though he was at all times ready to
venture his life for his religion or his country, yet that would
never have carried him to a black or wicked design. He said, he
never had any design against the King's life, or the life of any
man whatsoever j 60 he never was in any contrivance of altering
the government. He prayed heartily for the King, that in his
person and government he might be happy, both in this world
and in the next. He protested, that in the prosecution of the
Popish plot, he had gone on in the sincerity of his heart ; and that
he never knew of any practice with the witnesses. He owned he
had been earnest in the matter of the exclusion, as the best way,
in his opinion, to secure both the King's life, and the Pro-
testant religion j and to that he imputed his present sufferings.
But he forgave all concerned in them, and charged his friends to
think of no revenges. As to the sentence of death passed on him,
he thought it a very hard one, nothing being sworn against him
but some discourses about making some stirs, which was not levy-
ing war against the King by the statute of Edward III. and not
the consulting and discoursing about it, which was all that was

• Surnet's O. T. vol i. p 556, 557. f Memoirs, p. $61.

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 2fl3

witnessed against him, and which at most could be but misprision
of treason ; so that he said he died innocent of the crime he stood
condemned for. He wished the rage of hot men, and the parti-
alities of juries, might be stopped with his blood, which he should
offer up with so much the more joy, if he thought he should be
the last that were to suffer in such a way. Killing by forms of
law, he said, was the worst sort of murder. "What the heats,
wickednesses, passions, and vanities of other men have occasioned,
he ought not to be answerable for, nor could he repress them,
though he now suffered for them. He averred, that what he said,
of not hearing Colonel Rumsey deliver his message from my Lord
Shaftsbury, was true, for he always detested lying, though never
so much to his advantage. He concluded with some very devout
ejaculations ; and after he delivered the said paper, he prayed by
himself; and Dr. Tillotson (afterwards Archbishop of Canter-
bury) who assisted him in his last moments, likewise prayed for
him. When he had undressed himself, he laid his head upon
the block, without the least change of countenance; and it was
cut off at two strokes, in Lincoln's Inn Fields, on July 21st, 1683.
At the revolution, an act was passed, on March l6th, J 683-9,
for annulling and making void the attainder of William Russell,
Esq. commonly called Lord Russell.

On that revolution, Henry Lord Delamere published " The
late Lord Russell's Case, with Observations upon it." And therein
confidently affirms, his Lordship could not be guilty of the in-
dictment he was tried on ; grounded on matter of law, and the
inconsistencies and contradictions in the evidence against his
Lordship. Also Sir Robert Atkyns, one of the judges of the court
of Common Pleas, published " A Defence of the late Lord
Russell's Innocency." Printed 1694.

Mr. Pennant says he was •' the sad victim to his virtuous
design of preserving our liberties and constitution from the at-
tempts of as abandoned a set of men as ever governed these king-
doms. True patriotism, not ambition, nor interest, directed his
intentions. Posterity must applaud his unavailing engagements,
with due censure of the macfriavelian necessity of taking off so
dangerous an opposer of the machinations of his enemies. The
law of politics gives sanction to the removal of every obstacle to
the designs of statesmen. At the same time, he never should
lessen our admiration and pity of the generous characters who fell
sacrifices to their hopes of delivering purified to their descendants,
the corrupted government of their own days. To attempt to clear

204 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Lord Russel from the share in so glorious a design, would be to
deprive him of the most brilliant part of his character. His inte-
grity and ingenuity would not suffer even himself to deny that
part of the charge. Let that remain unimpeached, since he con-
tinues so perfectly acquitted of the most distant idea of making
assassination the means ; or of intriguing with a foreign monarch,
the most repugnant to our religion and freedom, to bring about
so desired an end«-"s

His Lordship married the Lady Rachel, second daughter, and
at length heir to Thomas Wriotbesley, Earl of Southampton,
lord high treasurer of England, the widow of Francis Lord
Vaughan, eldest son of Richard Earl of Carbery. She died on
September 29th, 1723, aged eighty-seven. This Lady's letters
exhibit her piety, virtue, and conjugal affection, and have im-
mortalized her memory. By her he left issue one son, named
Wriothesley, born on November 1st, 168O, who succeeded his
grandfather in his honours and estate 5 and two daughters, Lady
Rachel, the eldest, born in January, 1664, married to William
Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, and died December 28th, 1725 ;
and the Lady Catherine, born on August 23d, \Q7Q, to John
Manners, Marquis of Granby, son and heir of John Duke of
Rutland, and died October 31st, 1731, in childbed.

Wriothesley, second Duke ov Bedford, married, on May
23d, 1695, Elizabeth, only daughter and heir of John Howland,
of Stretham in the county of Surry, aforesaid, Esq. Which John
Howland was the last surviving son of Jeffery Howland, of Stret-
ham, Esq. and died on September 2d, 1686, leaving his said
daughter Elizabeth, then an infant ; and being heir to a very
great fortune, his Grace was created Baron Howland of Stretham,
on June 13th, 1695, and on September 7th, anno 1 700, succeeding
his grandfather, became Duke of Bedford, &c. As soon as he
came of age, he was constituted Lord Lieutenant of the coanties
of Bedford and Cambridge, on June 27th, 1702, and Lord Lieu-
tenant and Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex, and one of the gentle-
men of his Majesty's bedchamber. On the accession of Queen
Anne to the throne, he was made lord high constable of England,
at the coronation, on April 23d, 1702 ; and was sworn one of the
privy-council. He was elected a Knight of the mosc noble order
of the Garter, and installed at Windsor on March 13th, 1702-3,
at which time he was Lord Lieutenant of the counties of Bedford,

E Journey to London, p 361

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 295

Cambridge, and Middlesex, and Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex,
and liberty of "Westminster. He died of the small-pox, on May
26th, 17] 1, in the thirty-first year of his age, leaving issue by his
Duchess (who died at Stretham, on July 29th, 1724) three sons
and two daughters, of which h Lord William and Lady Jane died
infants ; the Lady Rachel, the eldest, was married to Scroop
Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater, and afterwards to Sir Richard
Lyttelton, Knight of the Bath, brother to George Lord Lyttelton,
and died May 22d, 1777} and the Lady Elizabeth, in 1 726, to
William Capel, Earl of Essex.

His eldest surviving son Wriothesley, third Duke of
Bedford, born in the year 1708, was married, on April 22d,
1725, to the Lady Anne Egerton, oniy daughter of Scroop Duke
of Bridgewater, by the Lady Elizabeth Churchill, his first wife,
third daughter and coheir to John Duke of Marlborough, by
whom he had no issue. And labouring under an ill state of
health, his physicians advised his going over to Lisbon ; but in his
passage, his Grace was so ill, that he was obliged to be put on
shore at the Groyne in Spain, where he departed this life, on Oc-
tober 23d, 1732; and his body being brought to England, was
interred at Cheneys, in the burial-place of his ancestors. His
Duchess after married William Earl of Jersey, and died June 15th,
1762.

Whereupon his titles and estate devolved on his brother, the
Lord John Russell, the fourth Duke, and eighth Earl of
Bedford. His Grace was born on September 30th, 17 10, and
married on October 11th, 1731, the Lady Diana Spencer, youngest
daughter of Charles Earl of Sunderland, by Lady Anne, daughter
to John Duke of Marlborough, by whom he had issue a son,
Francis Marquis of Tavistock, who died on the day he was born,
viz, on November 6th, 1732. Her Grace departed this life on
September 27th, 1735 : and in April, 1737., his Grace married,
secondly, Gertrude, eldest daughter of John Earl Gower, by his
first wife, the Lady Evelyn Pierrepont, daughter of Evelyn Duke
of Kingston, by whom he had issue Francis Marquis of Tavistock,
who was born on September 26th, 1739, and at the general elec-
tion, in 1761, returned one of the knights to parliament for the
county of Bedford ; and was colonel of the militia of that county.
His Lordship, on June 7th, 17^4, married Lady Elizabeth,

h Lady Russell's Letters published 1773) and Peerage of England, pub-
lished i7©g.

29O PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

daughter of William Anne Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, by whom
lie had issue three sous ; first, Francis, late Duke of Bedford >
second, John, born July 6th, 1/66, now Duke of Bedford ; and a
posthumous son, William, born August 20th, 1767* married, July
11th, 1789, Charlotte Anne, daughter of the late Earl of Jersey j
by whom he has issue, first, Gertrude Frances, born November
25th, 1791 ; second, Francis, born March 7th, 1/93 ; third,
George, born April 7tb, 1795 j fourth, John, born July 1 1th, 1796.
His Lordship represented Surry in parliament till the dissolution
in I8O7, when he was returned for Tavistock. This excellent
young nobleman unfortunately fractured his skull by a fall from
his horse (when hun'ing) of which he died, universally lamented,
on March 22d, I/67, and was buried at Cheneys, to the inex-
pressible grief of his noble parents, and of his amiable consort,
who, inconsolable for her loss, languished under a consumption
(the eflect of her sorrow) till November 2d, 1768,' when she
died at Lisbon, aged twenty-eight ; and her corpse being brought
to England, was interred with her husband's. His Grace had
also another son, born in June, 1/45, who died an infant ; and a
daughter, Lady Caroline, who was born in January, 1742-3 ; was
one of the ten unmarried ladies (daughters of Dukes and Earls)
who supported the train of Queen Charlotte, at her nuptials, on
September 8th, l/6l, and wedded, on August 23d, 1762, to
George Duke of Marlborough.

His Grace was constituted first lord commissioner of the ad-
miralty,11 in December, 1/7 1$ and on the 27th of the same
month was sworn at St. James's, one of his Majesty's most ho-
nourable privy-council. On May 28th, 1745, he was constituted
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Bedfordshire ; and at
the rebellion breaking out, he raised a regiment of foot for his
Majesty's service. On February 12th, 1745, he was constituted
warden and keeper of New Forest, in the county of Southampton,
but afterwards resigned; and on February 13th, 1 747-8, his Ma-
jrsty was pleased to appoint bis Grace one of his principal secre-
taries of state j1 but he soon resigned the seals in disgust. m In
October, 1 748, he w.is chosen one of the governors of the Charter
House. On June 22d, 1749" his Grace was elected one of the
Knights Companions of the roost noble order of the Garter t

1 Coffin Plate k See Coxc's Memoirs of Lord Walpolc, p 276

' Ibid p 376' m Ibid p 38*-

* Pole's HUt. and Antic]- of Windtor, p 43*451

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 297

and installed at Windsor, on July 12th, 1750. On April 13th,
1751, he was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum
of Devonshire, and of the city and county of Exeter 3 and in June
following, resigned the seals of office as one of his Majesty's prin-
cipal secretaries of state. His Grace was one of the lords justices
during his Majesty's absence in his German dominions, in the
years 1745, 1748, and 175O; On February 28th, 1755, his Grace
was appointed major general, and on February 1st, 1759, lieute-
nant general, of his Majesty's forces. On December 15th, 1756,
he was declared lieutenant general and governor general of Ire-
land : and his Grace being in that kingdom, when the famous M.
Thurot, on February 21st, 1760, landed with a body of French
troops at Carrickfergus, took such measures to frustrate the at-
tempts of that daring adventurer, that in a few days he was obliged
to put to sea, and meeting with captain John Elliott, commander
of his Majesty's ship TEolus, and captains Clements and Logie, of
the Pallas and Brilliant, was defeated and slain, and the three
ships under his command taken, on the 28th of that month. In
June, 1761* his Grace was nominated vice admiral of Devonshire ;
and acted as lord high constable of England, at his Majesty's coro-
nation, on September 22d that year. His Grace was appointed
to be keeper of the privy-seal November 25th, 1761. On Sep-
tember 4th, 1762, was nominated minister plenipotentiary to the
court of France (the custody of the privy-seal being committed to
deputies, during his absence) and on November 3d ensuing,
signed, at Fontainbleau, the preliminary articles of peace with
France and Spain. On the 3d of next month, he signed the rati-
fication of the said preliminaries; and on February 10th, 1763,
subscribed the ratification of a definitive peace between the belli-
gerent powers, Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal ; which
ratifications he exchanged with the ministers of those powers, on
March 10th ensuing. LTpon his arrival in London, on June 12th,
he immediately waited on the King, and was most graciously re-
ceived ; and having in April resigned the privy-seal, was declared
president of the council, on November 2d that year ; his Grace
was also colonel of the first regiment of the Devonshire militia ;
high steward of the corporation of Huntingdon 5 recorder of Bed-
ford ; an elder brother of the Trinity House ; and president of
the Foundling Hospital. His Grace departed this life at his house
in Bloomsbury-square, London, on January 15th, 1771, and was
interred at Cheneys among his ancestors.

" His name," says Andrew Stuart in his Letters to Lord

203 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Mansfield, " must ever be held in high veneration, while there re-
mains in this country, any attachment to real goodness, and to an
honourable, manly, generous, and exalted character. No man
held in greater detestation than he did, every thing unfair ; and if
with all the information, which he had so good opportunities of
receiving at Paris, he had found reason to believe, that there was
any thing reprehensible in my conduct, the first and most severe
attack upon me would have come from that quarter. There was
no disguise nor deceit in the character of this nobleman : you
must likewise have observed, that though distinguished by his
•abilities, and talents, he possessed the firmness and integrity of
his mind, untainted by that duplicity and timidity, which so often
attend and degrade eminent abilities ; pursuing candidly and ar-
dently, what appeared to him right and honourable, he was
equally careless of vain applause, and of unjust or factious clamour.
I must be excused for indulging my admiration of a character so
seldom to be met with ; and for paying this just tribute to the
ashes oi^one, whose death I shall ever sincerely lament, as a na-
tional loss, as well as a real misfortune to all who had the honour
and happiness of his particular acquaintance."

He was succeeded in his titles and estates by his grandson,

Fuancis, the fifth Duke of Bedford. He died March
2d, 1802, at Woburne, aged thirty-one, unmarried, of a mortifi-
cation in his bowels.

Mr. Fox on moving for a new writ for Tavistock, in room of
his brother John, who succeeded to the Dukedom, pronounced
the following eloquent eulogium on him.

Mr. Fox said, the motion he was about to make, led him to
the contemplation of an unfortunate event, the death of the late
Duke of Bedford, which was not only a private but a public loss j
he hoped, therefore, he should be excused in saying a few words
upon the subject, previous to making his intended motion. He
was perfectly aware that was not the place, nor was it the time
to enter at large into such a subject, but he felt the loss to be so
important, that he could not avoid saying a few words with re-
spect to it. The noble person to whom he alluded, and whose
death was, he believed, as generally lamented as that of any sub-
ject ever had been in this country, had something so peculiar and
so marked in his character, as to render him a person of the
greatest importance. He was unfortunately snatched away at a
period of life when he was still young enough to enjoy life, and
still active enough to labour for the public good : at a period too,

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 299

when from his previous conduct, the most vigilant and benevolent
exertions for the public benefit, were to be expected as the result
of his future life. It not unfrequently happened, that the fairest
hopes derived from the dawn of life, were disappointed in maturity ;
but with respect to the noble person alluded to, the hopes which
had been afforded in the early period of his life, were confirmed
in maturity, in which his character became firmly and decidedly
fixed. That noble person came into the possession of high rank
and immense wealth at a time of life when he was surrounded by
the greatest danger, by those dangers to which persons in his
situation were peculiarly exposed, from the seductions of tempta-
tion and the influence of flattery : but though thus situated, in
the midst of prosperity, his character, his mind, acquired all the
firmness and energy which could be derived from adversity.
There never was a man who gave himself up more completely to
the public good : to that he was continually looking in all his
actions ; that was the sole object of his life. Enjoying a splendor
almost princely, still every selfish consideration was postponed,
whilst the good of others formed the constant object of his wishes
and his exertions. It was frequently remarked that people grew
wiser as they grew older j it often happened however that as they
advanced in years, they lost some of that warmth of feeling by
which they had been actuated at an earlier period of life. Not
so with the noble person he was now alluding to, no man ever
cultivated any favourite science, or pursued any art, or followed
any trade, with more solicitous and assiduous industry, than that
noble person did the art of doing good j whilst he improved every
day not only in that, but in the most generous warmth of feeling.
The great value of his character was his desire of public utility,
the great object of his life, the public good. Instances were not
wanting, or unknown ; to mention, however, only one — the
agriculture of the country, it was well known, was more indebted
to him than to any other man. With respect to the politics of
that noble person, he found some difficulty in speaking of them
before such an assembly, as his political principles were those for
which, though he might think he was entitled to the highest
praise, yet others might think they demanded an apology. He
believed there were few, however, who would not sometimes con-
fess that their adversaries were entitled to admiration and esteem.
If in Rome a descendant of the family of Claudii was permitted
to be aristocratical, in his opinion surely it might be allowed to
one who bore the name of Russell to cherish the political principles

300 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of his ancestors. He coold not forget that his ancestors bad beea
attached to liberty ; but whatever might be his opinions, his coo-
duct had been firm and patriotic, manly and sincere. He now
came to the close of what be had to say, and those who were
solicitous to see the perfection of the human character, would
find that the death of this great and good man was conformable
to his life. It might have been expected that his thoughts would
have been concentrated in the extreme bodily torture which he
endured, and in that awful event to which he had to look forward;
he died, however, as he had lived, regardless of himself, and only
solicitous to make those arrangements which might conduce to
the happiness of others. He did not wish, in saying what he bad
said of the noble person, whose death was so deservedly lamented,
merely to strew flowers upon his grave, but to raise a monument
to his fame in the memory of all around, that they might relate
his virtues and his actions to their children, and talk of them to
their friends. He concluded by moving, " That the sprakcr do
issue his warrant to the clerk of the crown, for a new writ for the
borough of Tavistock, in the room of Lord John Russell, now
Duke of Bedford."

Mr. Sheridan seconded the motion, which was agreed to.

His next brother Lord John, succeeded him, as sixth Dux a
of Bedford. He was born July 6th, 1/66, and while a com-
moner represented Tavistock in parliament. He married, first, at
Brussels, March 21st, 1/86, G gina Elizabeth, second daughtrr
of Viscount Tonington, by whom he had, tint, Francis Marquis
of Tavistock, born May 13lb, i;88; second. Lord George
William, born May 8th, 1/90, a lieutenant in the first regiment
of dragoons; third. Lord John, born Augvst 191b, 1/92. 1 heir
mother died October 1 1th, 1801 ; and his Grace remarried, June
23d, 1803, Lady Georgina Gordon, daughter of Alexander, present
Duke of Gordon, by whom he has a son, born May 18th, 1804 ;
and another son born April 24th, 1603. His Grace, in 1806,
was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, which be resigned in
tpring I8O7.

Titles. John Russell, Duke of Bedford, Marquis ofTavistock,
Earl of Bedford, Baron Russell of Cheyneys, Baron Russell of
Tbornhaugh, and Baron Howland of Sttctham.

Creations. Baron Russell of Cheneys, in com. Bucks, by
letters patent, March 9th, 1538-9, 30 Henry VIII. Earl of the
county of Bedford, January 19th, 1549-50,3 Edward Vl. Baron
RitMcil of Tborohaogh, in com. Northampton, July 21st, 1603,

DUKE OF BEDFORD. 301

1 Jac. I. Marquis of Tavistock, in com. Devon j and Duke of the
county of Bedford, May 11th, \6Q4, 6 William and Mary ; and
Baron Howland of Stretham, in com. Surry, June 1 3th, l6g5,
7 William III.

Arms. Argent, a lion rampant, Gules j on a chief, sable, three
escalops of the first.

Crest. On a wreath, a goat passant, Argent, armed, Or.

Supporters. On the dexter side a lion, on the sinister an an-
telope, both Gules ; the latter gorged with a ducal collar, chained,!
armed, crested, tufted, and hoofed, Or.

Motto. Che sara sara.

Chief Seats. At Wooburn Abbey0 in the county of Bedford ;
at Thorney, in the Isle of Ely ; at Cheneys in the county of Bucks;
at Bedford House in the city of Exeter j and at Stretham in Surry.

• See an Account of it in Pennant's Journey to London.

302 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

CAVENDISH, DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.

The potent and illustrious family of Cavendish, of which in the
last century two branches arrived at Dukedoms, laid the founda-
tion of their future greatness ; first, on the share of abbey-lands
obtained at the dissolution of monasteries, by Sir William Caven-
dish, who had been gentleman usher to Cardinal Wolsey, who
died in 1557; and afterwards by the abilities, the rapacity, and
the good fortune of Elizabeth, his widow, who remarried George,
Earl of Shrewsbury, and died in 1607, set. eighty-seven.

But though from hence originated the superior property and
rank which this family still enjoy, let it not be supposed that
their remote ancestors were obscure. Whether the first of this
name who possessed the Lordship of Cavendish in Suffolk, was,
or was not, the son of one of the Baronial family of Gernon, a

* The following account of the Gernons is given by Collins :

The Gernons were of great note in the counties of Norfolk and Essex,
being lineally descended from Robert de Gernon, a famous Norman, who
assisted William the Conqueror in his invasion of this realm, A. D. ic66 ; and
in reward of his services, had grants of several lordships, particularly of the
manors of Merdley, three hides of land in Wallington, two hides and a half
in Aiot, one hide in Wimundeley, and the manor of Lechworth, rated at ten
hides, all in Hertfordshire.

This Robert de Gernon b gave to the church of St Peter, in Gloucester,
the church of Winterbourne, as also the church of Laverstoke, and half the
lands thereto belonging, to the abbey of Gloucester, which was confirmed by
King Henry I- in the time of Peter the abbot.

His son and heir, Matthew de Gernon,0 was one of the witnesses to the

a Domesday-book, folio 137, 138.

b Dugdale's Monasticon Ang. vol. i. p. 129.

« Ibid. vol. I p. 883. 16. b.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 303

whom genealogists have stated to have owned that estate, it is
demonstrably proved b that Sir John Cavendish, who obtained the

charter of William de Montefichet, of the donation of divers lands to the
priory of Stratford Langton in Essex, founded in 113$, and gave" also him-
self to the said priory, his lands of Gubige. He had' to wife Hodierna,
daughter and coheir to Sir William Sackvile, second son of Herbran de Sack-
vile, and brother to Sir Robert Sackvile, lineal ancestor to his Grace the pre-
sent Duke of Dorset ; by whom he had issue Ralph de Gernon.

Which Ralph ' was a witness (with William Earl Warren, and others of
prime note) to the charter of King Henry II. made to the abbey of Bungey
in com Sufi*, dated at Bromholm in 1167, the thirteenth year of his reign;
and by* his wife, who was sister to Sir William de Brewse, Knight, had issue
a son of his own name,

Ralph de Gernon, u founder of Lees priory in Essex, who departed this
life in 1248, leaving issue William his son and heir.

Which William de Gernon, > Knight, was a witness, with William Earl
of Albemarle (and others of great note] to the confirmation charter of King
Henry I II- to Basedale priory, com- Ebor. dated at Durham, on September
10th, 1236, and deceasing in 1258, left issucvby the Lady Eleanor his wife, k
two sons, Sir Ralph de Gernon, Knight, whose line terminated in females ;
and Geoflery de Gernon, ancestor to the Cavendishes.

Which Geoffrey was1 wrote of Moorhall in the Peak in com. Derb. in the
reign of King Edward Land"1 was succeeded by Roger his son and heir,
seated at Grimston Hall in Suffolk, who departed this life in 17 Edward II.
and whom Collins pretends to have married the daughter and heir of John
Potton, Lord of Cavendish in the same county, and to have had issue" John,
Roger, Stephen, and Richard, who all took the name of Cavendish, as was
usual in those times.

b Sir William Dugdale had said in his Baronage, that " this family was
derived from the Gcrnons, which being seated at Cavendish in Suffolk, as-
sumed that place for their surname." Collins went farther and said, " that
the chief justice was eldest son of Roger de Gernon," who, he says, "marritd
the daughter and heir of John Potton Lord of Cavendish." In the eleventh
volumeof the Archaeologia, is an article by Thomas Rugglcs, Esq FAS. in-
filled, « Notices of the manor of Cavendish in Suffolk, and of the Cavendish
family while possessed of that manor." From the opening I fully expected
that it was intended to prove that the family of Cavendish of Chatsworth,
were not in truth allied to those who possessed the lordship of that name.
But it is so far from this, that it proves by new and original documents their
immediate descent from thence: Its object is to establish, and it does seem
to establish, that the chief justice obtained the manor of Cavendish Overball
by marriage with the heiress of Odynteles, and not by descent from any mar.

d Dugdale's Monasticon Ang. vol. i- p. 49. b.

• Vincent's Disc of Brook's Errors, p- 679.

f Monastic Angl. vol.i. p. 120. « Ex ejusdem Familix stemmate.

*» Monasticon Angl. vol ii. p- 36a. lib. 51.

* Ibid. vol. i. p. 841. k Segar's Baronage, MS.

1 Ibid. m Ibid et. Vis. Com. Suif.

■ MS. in Bibl. Cotton Effig. Julii, F- 11.

304 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Lordship "of Cavendish Overhall by his marriage with Alice,
daughter and heir of John de Odyngseles, was chief justice of the
King's Bench, 1366, 1373, 13/7, and that he was beheaded by

riage of a Gernon with an heiress of Potion- The matter surely is of little im-
port : but it must be observed, that the inference Mr. Ruggles endeavours
from hence to establish, that therefore the Cavendishes were not derived from
the Gernons, is far from conclusive- For surely the chief justice seems from
his local name, to have had some connection with the parish previous to his
marriage ; and there might be other manors or lands there, ( besides that of
Overboil,) derived from the Gernons, or Pottons.

The name of Cavendish seems not to have been first and personally as-
sumed by the chief justice. For there was a family of the same name, and
which genealogists state to have been derived from his brother, seated at
Grimston Hall in the same county, of whom Thomas Cavendish the last, was
that celebrated naval commander in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who died
on his last voyage, near Brazil, August 26th, 1591.

The descent of this branch has been stated by Collins in the following
manner.

Roger, the second brother of chief justice Cavendish, married Christian,

daughter of' , and by her had two sons, Roger and John; and also

two daughters, Eleanor, married to Bishop, and Sarah, to Cham-
berlain. Roger, the eldest son, was one of the justices of peace in Suffolk, »
9 Henry IV. and marrying Alice, daughter and heir of Geffrey de Stratton,
ofStratton in Norfolk, had with her that manor, which descended to their
only child and heir, Margaret, wedded to William Laneney. John Cavendish,
the second son, was of the embroiderers company in London, and by his wife
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Brandon, Knight, was father of Thomas

Cavendish, who married Agnes, daughter of , and by her had four sons,

John and William, who died without issue ; Augustine, continuator of the
line; and Thomas "• and likewise three daughters, Elizabeth, Anne, and Jane.
Augustine, third son of Thomas Cavendish, had issue by his wife Elizabeth*

daughter of -, two sons and three daughters, viz. Richard, Edward, Anne,

Elizabeth, and Catherine. The eldest son Richard Garnon, alias Candish,
was seated at Grimsted in Suffolk ; he married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward
Grimston, Esq by whom he had two sons, Richard and John; also three

daughters, Elizabeth, married to Brightly, Anne to Sands, and Mary

to Thome. Sir Richard, eldest son of Richard Cavendish, was captain

and governor of Blackness," and received the honour of knighthood in Scot-
land from the Earl of Hertford, on September 23d, 1545. He was, on Fe-
bruary Cth, 1551-2, found by inquisition then taken to be sixty years of age. c
and one of the coheirs of Henry Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, who had died of
the sweating sickness without issue, on July 14th preceding: and having es-
poused Beatrix, daughter of Gold, of the county of Suffolk, was by her

father of two sons, William, his successor, and Richard ; and likewise two
daughters, Mary, wedded to Thomas Felton of Playford, in Suffolk, and

a Pat- 9 Henry IV. p. 1.
■ b MS in Bibl Cotton. Claudius, c- 3 p. 146.
c Cole's Esch. in Cur. Ward MS, lib 1 p. 273 Not 13 in Bibl. Harleyaiu

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 305

: an insurrection, '> Richard II. 1582 ■. and that this
chief just ancestor to Sir William Cavendish of Chats-

wortn, alre:i lj- mentioned. ?

Margaret to John St. Clcer, of the county of Esse*. Sir Richard's eldest
son, William, was of Trimley St. Mania's in Suffolk, and al ■> inherited the
manor of Stoncly in Warwickshire < (part of the Duke of Suffolk's estate)
which he sold to Sir Rowland Hill and Sir Thomas Leigh, by deed Leaving
date March 17th, 1560. 1. He married Mary, one of the daughters of Thomas
Lord Wentworth of Nettlested, ami departed this life in 1572, e being then
possessed of Grimston, Stratton, the inheritance of his ancestors, and other
manors. This William Cavendish, by his said wife Mary, had three sons and
three daughters, William, Augustine, Thomas, Mary, Beatrix, and Margaret.
Thomas Cavendish, the third son, was the famous navigator our historians
mention, < who had good possessions, and a fine seat at Trimley near Ipswich
in Sutiblk, and, as my " author says, " was of a delicate wit and personage.
After some experience at sea, his generous inclination induced him to make
foreign discoveries for the use and honour of his nation ; and at his own cost,
victualled and furnished three ship-, with which he set sail from Plymouth, on
July 21st, 1586, and ' met with such prosperous winds that by August 26th,
they had got i>;o leagues to the south of Africa- Then bending their course
south-west, they entered the mou'h of the Magellan Streights, on January

where he named a place Port Famine, from the miseries of hunger and
cold they endured. On February 24th, they entered the South Sea, and fre-
quently landed as they saw occasion, having many conflicts witli tiie natives,
but more with the Spaniards, coming off* gainers 1:1 most, and savers in all
encounters, that at alone at Quintero excepted, on Apiil 1st, 1587, w hen they
lot twelve men of account ; whereby in June following, he was forced to sink
the rear-admiral, his least ship, for want of men to manage her. Amongst the
many prize, he took, the St. Anne was the most considerable, being the
Spanish Admiral of the South. Sea, and a ship of 700 tuns, which he boarded,
though his own ship was but 120 tuns, and had not half their number of men.
There were found in this ship 122,000 Pezos of gold (in English money
48,800/.) and great quantities of silks, sattins, musks, and other rich commo-
dities, Having laden his ships, became round by the East Indies for England.
But he, who went forth with three ships came home bur with one, and safely
landed at Plymouth, on September 9th, ' 5 S R . He was (breed to kink one, as
, and the other, called the Content, did not answer her name,

e men took u.l occasions to be mutinous, and staying behind in a road,
with Stephen Hare, their master, were never heard of. He was the third
man, anil the leoond Englishman, which sailed round the globe: but was not
»o successful in his next and last voyage ; for having set saii from Plymouth,
on August 26th, 1591, ami not being able to pass the Streights of Magellan,
by reason of bad weather, and contrary winds, he was driven back to tho

-ol Brazil, and there died an untimely death, taxing John Davis with
his last breath, for having basely deserted him, as Camden ' observes.

d Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 17.;-
Regisi voc.it Draper, qu 2K in Cur. Piaerog. Cm.
t Stows Annals, edit 1014 p 808, 809. ( Ibid.

: cs, first part, p 803-
1 Life of Q Elizabeth in Histe,y of England, vol ii p.$f>6
VOL. I. X

306 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The will of the chief justice, which has been published by Mr.
Ruggles, is curious, and is therefore copied here.

" In nomine Sanctae Trinitatis, Patris, Filii, et Spiritus
Sancti.

" Ego Joh' es Cavendysche sanae mentis existens condo testa-
mentum meum in forma quae inferius describitur. Imprimis lego
animam meam Deo omnipotent'!, et corpus meum ad sepeliendum
in cancello ecclesiae de Cavendyseh, coram summo altari prope
ubi corpus Aliciae nuper uxoris meae jacet humatum ; et quia
lingua Gallica amicis meis et mihi plus est cognata et magis com-
munis et nota quam lingua Latina, totum residuum testament i
mei praedicti in linguam Gallicam scribi feci, ut a dictis amicis
meis facilius intelligatur. Frimes J'ai ordeigne et devise &c. Im-
primis, a Andrew Cavendysche un lit de worstede, vermeil ou
coloure tester embroide et poudres de colombynes, et auxi ridelles
de worstede vermeyl, et bestes pour charus c charettes en toutes le
places, queux il aura apres moi par descint de heritage, &c. Item
a Rose, sa femme un lit vermayl, &c. et un coupe d'argent en ou
est emprente une rose ; e'est ascavoir cet que jeo avois de don de
la Countesse de la Marche. Item a Margarete leur file un lit de
saperye poudre des popyngays : item a la fesaunce du chancell
de Cavendyssche en caas que la person alloques ou ces executoires
le voillent commencer dedeins un an procheyn avener apres la
Pasche cresuant 40li. Item a distribuer as poures decrepits,
avoegles et anxiens, et as autres que ne procuent travayler pour
leurs sustenance de villes ou jeo aye terres et tenements et fourey-
nement a Cavendyssche, Pentelow, Fakenham, Saxham, e'est
ascavoir a chascun ayant regarde a sa poverte et son meschef selon
la bone discretioun de mes executeurs 20li. de q'ueux lOli. a
Cavendyssche. Dated at Bury St. Edmond, le Vendredi proscheyn
devant la feste de Palmes, l'an du reigne le Roy Richard Seconds
apres la conqucste quart' Probat. 2(5 die Aug. A. D. 1381. d

c " Possibly char et charettes". <i Arch. xi. p 55, 56.

Stephen Cavendish, third son of Roger de Gernon, was k returned a
member for the city of London, to the parliament held in 34 Edward III.
was1 chosen sheriff in 32 Edward III. was also m lord mayor in the 37th
year of King Edward III. and dying without issue, in 1373, was" buried in
St. Thomas of Aeons, now called Mercers chapel.

k Stow's Survey of London, enlarged by Strypc, vol. ii.

Fabian's Chron. fol 104

111 Ibid p 108. ' Stew, b 3 p. 37.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 307

This Sir John Cavendish d in 3.Q Edward III. 1365, was ap-
pointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and was consti-
tuted1 therein by Claus writ, on July 15, 1372. In the next
reign, his patent for that honourable office was likewise renewed ;
and Junii 26th, 1377, he had a grant1 of 100 marks per annum.
In 8 4 Richard II. he was elected Chancellor of the University of
Cambridge; and'1 next year was commissioned, with Robert de
Hales, treasurer of England, to suppress the insurrection raised in
the city of York : in which year the mob being animated to rise
in several parts of the kingdom, and particularly in Suffolk, a
body of 50,000 made it their triumph to plunder and murder' the
lawyers, and were the more incensed against the Lord Chief Jus-
tice Cavendish, for that his son, John Cavendish, had killed Wat
Tyler in Smitlffield. 'Whereupon they dragged this venerable
judge, k with Sir John of Cambridge, Prior of Bury, into the
market-place of that town, and there beheaded them. He left
two sons, Andrew and John, and a daughter, Alice, married to
William Nell.

Andrew Cavendish, his eldest son, was elected one of the
knights for Suffolk, in 51 Edward III. 'and attending forty-one
days in parliament, he, with the other knight, had Id/. 8s. for
their expences. In the 8th year of King Richard II. he was
sheriff'" of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, "and dying in the
18 th of Richard II. 1396, seized of the manor of Cavendish-
Overhall, was buried in the abbey called the New Abbey, (where
the Victualling-office now stands) near the Tower of London; as
is evident from the last testament of his lady, who writing herself
Rose Cavendyshe, wife of Sir Andrew Cavendyshe, knight, ° makes
her will, on June 13, 1419, at Stebney, "desiring to be buried
in the aforesaid abbey, by the said Sir Andrew, her late husband,
constituting William Cavendish, Robert Cavendkh, and William
Bartilmew, Clerk, her true and faithful executors; and wills to
them all her goods, &c. to he distributed according to their dis-
cretions, for the good of her soul, the souls of her ancestors, and
all her benefactors." He left a son and heir, William, who was

d Dugdale's Chron Series, p 48. t Ibid. p. 50.

f Pat 1 Richard II. p 1. m 28. « Le Neve's Fasti, p 389.

h Rymer's Feed vol. vii p 315. 1 Stow's Annals, p 393.

k Fuller's Woithies in com SurF p. 56

l Prynnc's 4th part of a Brief Reg p. 312.

«" Fuller's Worthies in com- Norf p. 269. n Esch. 18 Rich. II. num. 11.

• Ex. Regist vocat March, p 360 in Cur. Prserog. Cant.

306

PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

seized of the manor of Cavendish-Overhall, which he conveyed
by tine to his cousin William, son of his uncle John, it Hen. IV.
The said William Cavendish, and Robert Cavendish, were
sonsP of John Cavendish, (brother to the said Andrew) by hi»
wife Joan, daughter of Sir William Clopton, Knt. Which Jon*
Cavendish was one of the Esquires of the body to King Richard 1 1
and our historians relate, th.it it was he who killed Wat Tyler.
" For William Walworth, Mayor of London, having am
him, he furiously struck the Mayor with his dagger, but being
aimed, hurt him not; whereupon the Mayor, drawing his basclard,
giievously wounded Wat in the neck; in which conflict, i an
quire of the King's house, called John Cavendish, drew his sword,
and wounded him twice or thrice, even unto death." And for
thisr service he was knighted by the King in Smithfield, who
likewise gave him 40/. per annum, to him and his heirs for ever.
This Sir John Cavendish, or another of his name (which in
age was wrote Caundish) served under King Henry V. in his wars
in France, and swas in the famous battle of Agincourt, on Octo-
ber 25, 14 15; and the King, in the first year of his reign, in con-
sideration' of the discretion, prudence, and fidelity, of his beloved
Esquire, John Caundish, grants him the office of Brouderer of his
Wardrobe, to act by himself, or deputies, with all profits, &c.
thereto belonging. What time he died, I do not find; but by the
said Joan his wife, daughter of Sir William Clopton, of Clopton
in Suffolk (who was buried in the "Augustine Friers of Clare in
Suffolk) he had issue three sons, x William, Robert, serjeant at
law, died without issue, seized of the manor of Cavendish-( .'
hall. 1 13S, and V wndish, living in 11 Henry VI.

• *\\ The said Wi i vendish, citizen and mercer of London,

in the 8th year of King Henry V. was >one of the executors to
the lady Rose Cavendish, wife of Sir Andrew Cavendish, elde-t
J^s ion of the Lord Chief Juiti idish. He became possessed

■"*jt»> of the manor of Cavendish-Overhall, by I d 13 Henry IV.

and having 'married Joan, daughter of Staventon, departed

this life in the 1 1th year of King Her.: I, as appears by hi*

list will and testament. He left v\ o sons. Tl. . and

William, who married , daughter of Mack-Williams.

p MS in Bibl. Cotton tit antca « Stow •« Annals, p llf r I!>i<l. ;■

I !,!. MS , N'ob &c Strap. R Stephen ad Hen VIII.

Not b 5 in liibl Joh An»ti« ' P*\ p i m ;6.

• VVeever's Fun Mon p 74*. » MS in Bibl Cutton not Jul F 11
[ftichi pred. * tx Stemmatc, MS ut antca

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 309

By which testament, bearing date at London, Jan. 5th, 1432,
he aorders " his body to be buried in the church of St. Thomas
the Martyr of Aeon (now called Mercers Chapel) if so be he de-
parted this life in London; but if he should die at Cavendish, or
elsewhere in Suffolk, then his body to be buried in the parish-
church of the blessed Virgin St. Mary, in Cavendish; and that
20/. should be given to that church where he should be buried.

'* He wills to Joan his wife, one moiety of his goods and
chattels, in the name of her dower. To Walter, his brother, an
annuity during his life; and to his brother Robert, the guardian-
ship of his son Thomas Cavendish, during his nonage; consti-
tuting the said Robert, William Fleet, and William Berneway,
his executors: to which he put his seal the day and year afore^
said."

Robert Cavendish, brother and executor to the said William,
was brought up in the study of the laws,b as has been mentioned,
and arrived to that eminency, as to be called to the degree of a
Serjeant, in 1425, and died 17th Martii,c 1439, possessed of the
manor of Cavendish-Overhall, in com. Sufi*, which descended to
his nephew, Thomas Cavendish, who was under his guardianship,
by the will of his father.

Which Thomas was d wrote both of Cavendish and Posling-
ford, in Suffolk; and taking to wife Catherine, daughter and heir
of Scudamore, departed this lifee in the 1 /th year of Ed-
ward IV. leaying his wife surviving, who was buried in the church
of St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, London, with this memorial* on a
monument erected for her.

" Hicjacet Katharina Cavendish, quondam Uxor Thomce Ca-
vendish, nuper de Cavendish, in Com. Suffolke Armig. queoliitxv.
die Septemb. Anno Bom. M.CCCC.LXXXXIX. Cujus Anima
requtescdt in Pace"

They had issue a son, named after his father,^ Thomas Ca-
vendish, of Cavendish, Esq; who, after the example of his ances-
tor, took to the study of the laws; and in 17 Henry VII. "was
employed by Thomas, Earl of Surry, then Treasurer of the King's
Exchequer, in a plea between him and Thomas West, Lord De la

* Ex Reg'ist vocat. Luffenham, p 140 in Cur Praerog. Cant-

k Dugdale's Chron Series, p 6i- c Esch. 17 Hen. VI. n 16 in Turf.

el Vincent's Baronage, MS OtTic Arm num 20.

e Esch. 17 Edw. IV. num. 4 ' Weever's Fun- Mon- p 693.

e Vincent, prx'd 6c Etch. 17 Edw IV. h Madox's Uaronia Anglia, p 105.

310 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

War. He was Clerk of the Pipe in the Exchequer, in the reign
of King Henry VII [.

The said Thomas Cavendish, Esq; had first to wife, Alice,
daughter and coheir of John Smith, of Podbrook-Hall in Caven-
dish, Esq; who died in the 7th year of King Henry Vill. and
was also buried in the church of St. Botolph's Aldersgate,» with
this inscription on her tomb,

" Hicjacet Alicia nuper Uxor Thomce de Cavendish, de Caven-
dish, & de Scaccario excellentissimi Principis Domini Henrici VIII.
que quidem obiit xii Novemb. Anno Dom. M.CCCCC.XV. Cujus
Anima: propitietur Altissimus. Amen."

He had issue by her four sons, George, "William, Thomas, and
another George; and a daughter Mary, by his second wife Agnes,
as is evident by his last will and testament, and it appears by the
probate thereof, that he died in the 15th year of Henry VIII.
But forasmuch as the said testament shews the manner of those
times, as also his integrity and piety, I shall here insert it in his
own words: k

" In the name of the Fader, the Sonne, and the Holy Ghost,
Three Persones and One God, I Thomas Cavendishe of the King's
Escheker, being hole of mynd, and in good memory, the xiiith
day of Apr. in the xvth yere of the reigne of King Hen. VIII.
make my testament and last wille, in manner and fourme as en-
sueth. First, I bequeth and geve my soul to Almighty God, my
Maker and Redemptor, to whom I crye for help and grace, during
my natural lyfe in this world, and to his blissid moder our Lady
St. Mary, and to all the companye of Hevyn, to pray for me at the
departyng of my soule out of my wretched body, for marcy and
pitie; and that my soule may be saved by the merits of the most
precious passion of my Sovrayn Lord God Jesu Criste. Also I
will, That all other testaments and willes made, and bering date
before this day, be- void, adnulled, and of noon effecte : and my
body to be buried in holy sepulture, that is to witt, with Godd's
sufferaunce, in the church of Saint Thomas of Acres, within Lon-
don, in the north isle of the quere, next unto my grandfather
William Cavendish, yf it may conveniently be. And if it may
not, then sumewhere ells in the s;.me churche, by license of the
maister of the same place for the tyme being, yf it fortune me to
depart this present lyfe in London, or nygh aboutej or ells in

' Wccvcr, p 693-
k Ex Rcgist BodfcKlc, qu 23 not 21 in Cur. Frceiog. Cant-

DtXEOPD! IRE. 311

Crieten Septslture, in tuch place, at it ihall please God to provide
and ordcyne for roc. AKo I will, rcfiuire, beseke, and pray, on
Godrfs behalf, myn executor*, that tbey peye and content my own
debts, which I owe of tight or conscience, that may be provid
dew before myn executors, and the maister of the said church of
St. Thomas of Acres for the time being, in the discharging of my
soul, and their consciences. Also I bequctb to the Church Wcrkt,
of the church of Saint Botulphc without AldrichcGste of Lon-
don. '. And to the reparacJons and bilding of thechaun-
trye of the Trioitie in the same parish xxt. Also I bequeih to
the said master of Saint Tbomat xiii*. iiiiJ. form/ sepulture there,
and xii</. for being at the ilirigc and mas*-} and to every priest of
the same place ifiirf. and to every clerk ii</. Item, I bequetb to
the high awter of the parishc churche of Saint Alban Wood-street,1
where I am a parishioner, for my offerings and I ythes forgotten, or
negligently paid, in discharging of my soule, fit. vital Also I
bequetb to the itii orders of Preen in London, 11i.it is to say.
White, Black, Greye, and Augustine, to ererjr of them vi* viiirf.
bringing my corps to the said church, and there uy dt profunda
for my sonic, and all Cristen soule*. AUo I u ill. l"hat myn I
cutors shall fynde, and geve twenty pounds at my burying, and
for other my funeral expences, and all other the circumstance*
belonging thereto. And over that xl s. for a stone to lye upon
my grave. Also I will, that Agnes, my wife, shsl fine .ill my
landes and tenements in the countic of Kent to sell. And the
money thereof, coming of the said sale, to take and retayn to her
o«n use, one hundred and twenty pounds. And of the residue
of the said money, that the same Agnes content and paye, or
cause to be contented and paid, to my doughter Mary founy
pounds, at the tyroc. of her marriage. And yf the said Mary de-
cease before she be married, then I will, That the said fourty
pounds be equally divided between Thomas Cavendishe, and W |
ham Cavenduhe, my tonnes. And yf any of my said two son n-»
happen to decent*, ar they come to lawful age of xxi ycre%, then I
will. That the parte of him so departing, shall remayne to the
other brother so over-lyviog. And of this my last will and testa-
ment, I ordeyn and make myn executors, Agnes my wife. Sir
.ird Broke, Ruygbt, one of the Justices of the Comen Place,
and I ienrv Walter, Gentleman. And to every of the said Richard

The Kinc kept hi* Court, aad mot of ihc Nobility lived la the City In
tarns neara

313

PEERAGE OF 1 NGLAND.

Broke, and Henry Walter, I geve and bequeth a black gownr,
and xx). lor their labours, debiting them to take the labour for to
se the execution of this my la->t will and testament. And (>
Cavendishe my sonne, to be my ov<

, in manner and four me aforesaid, These witness, Sir
John Webbe, J ngton, Henry Walter, and other."

these ^on», Georg 5t, was in the possession of the

manor of Cavendish-Over hall, and dying about 1502, left i

'•'. iliiam, ai; William, the eldest, had the manor

•ndish 1>\ .on paying annually

irks; he was of London, mercer, and sold this manor to
William Dowoes, i

Thomas, the third -on,'' was one of the Knights of St. John
of Jen :i.l died unmatried.

avendish, second son of the before-mentioned
Thomas Cavendish, and Alice Smith, had dhcrs lands in Suffolk,

settlement of his father, who gave him a liberal edui
which recommended him to Cardinal YVola y, who had the g
esteem for him, as 1; Suffolk family; therefore took him

to be about his own person, as Genileman-Usher of his Chamber,
and placed a special confidence in him.

The Cardinal had, for a long lime, the man

under Henry VIII. and, indeed, the government of the
realm; so that the coinage of money being under his inspection,
to put T.VV. on each side the King's Arms,
and underneath, the Cardinal

Ting in thi His

court, a ml

bad; there being, in his household, all officers suiting the dignity
of a prince, to the 'number of bViO persons, Bl them, nine

or ten Lord-, u bo h it -, but

I a.l of Derby 1 ■ d him.

Mr. Cavendish wail d on th<- l

into France, in the ) 7, when th ,■ the

Bishop I I

> household, with, a great number of other

m St. Gcoi,
Mliam, son of Ralph I
in 161 1.

* Ex Stcmma^ I ui uiti i

r J-ife of Cardinal Marquis of D

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 313

Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen, attended on him. At Canter-
bury, Mr. Cavendish was dispatched with letters to a Cardinal at
Calais,1 and staid there till his Lord's arrival. Also, when the
Cardinal had been feasted by the King at Amiens fourteen days,
and it was agreed to remove to Compiegne, Mr. Cavendish was
sent before to provide lodgings," which he prepaied in the great
Castle of the Town, and saw it furnished, the King having one
half of the Castle, and the Cardinal the other ; the gallery in like
manner being divided between them, v It appears, that he was
admitted to morex intimacy with his Lord, and let into more
secrets, than any other servant; and therefore would not desert
him in his fall, but honourably waited on his old master, when
he had neither office, nor salary, to bestow upon him.

He was with the Cardinal in his chamber, when the Earl of
Northumberland, and Sir Walter Walsh, arrested him in the
King's name, on November 4th, 1530, and was the chief person
they suffered to be about him. > Sir Walter telling Mr. Caven-
dish, " That the King's Majesty bore unto him his principal fa-
vour, for the love and diligent service he had performed to his
Lord; wherefore the King's pleasure was, That he should be
about him as chief, in whom his Highness putteth great confi-
dence and trust." And thereupon gave him, in writing, several
articles, which, having read, he was content to obey his Majesty's
pleasure, and was sworn to the performance of them. He went
with the Cardinal to the Earl of Shrewsbury, at Sheffield-park,
who shewed a particular regard to Mr. Cavendish,1 saying, " For-
asmuch as I have always perceived you to be a man in whom my
Lord putteth great affiance, and I myself knowing you to be a
man very honest (with many other words of commendations and
praise) saith further, Your Lord hath often desired me to write
to the King, that he might answer his accusations before his ene-
mies ; and this day I have received letters from his Majesty, by
Sir William Kingston, whereby I perceive, that the King hath
him in good opinion, and, upon my request, hath sent for him by
the said Sir William Kingston.

" Therefore, now I would have you play your part wisely
with him, in such sort, as he may take it quietly, and in good
part; fbr he is always full of sorrow and much heaviness at my

1 Life of Wolsey, p.4,9. u Ibid, p 58. x Ibid, p 72. 105. 129.

i Ibid. pij7, 138. * Ibid, p 141, 142,

314 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

being with him, that I fear he would take it ill if I bring him
tidings thereof: and therein doth he not well; for I assure you,
that the King is his very good Lord, and hath given me most
hearty thanks for his entertainment: and therefore go your way
to him, and persuade him I may find him in quiet at my coming,
for I will not tarry long after you." He went, according to the
Earl's desire, and then attended him, with Sir William Kingston,
to Leicester, who, on receipt of letters from his Majesty, to exa-
mine the Cardinal about what money he had, awas directed to
follow Mr. Cavendish's counsel: but his death prevented what
had been aimed at; and Mr. Cavendish, when he had paid his last
respects to the Cardinal, by seeing him interred in St. Mary's
Chapel at Leicester, on November 30th, 1530, set forward to
wait on his Majesty ; and being introduced by Sir Henry Norreys,
Groom of the Stole, had a long conference with the King, who
was so well satisfied with the answers he made, that, in conclu-
sion, he told them, b " For his honesty and truth, he should be his
servant in his chamber, as he was with his Master. Therefore,
go your ways to Sir John Gage, our Vice-Chamberlain, to whom
we have spoken already to admit you our Servant in our Cham-
ber; and then go to the Lord of Norfolk, and he shall pay you
your whole year's wages, and a reward besides."

To give a more lasting testimony of his gratitude to the Car-
dinal, he drew up a fair account of his life and death, which hec
wrote in the reign of Queen Mary, whereof the oldest copy is in
the hands of the noble family of Pierrepont, into which the au-
thor's daughter was married. Lord Herbert, of Cherbury, in the
Life and Reign of King Henry VIII. quotes the manuscript in
many places, dbut mentions George Cavendish to be the author
of it, which, from divers circumstances, wre may conclude to be a
mistake. In the year l641e it was printed, and again in 1667,
with a dedication to Henry Lord Marquis of Dorchester, with the
author's preface, in which are these expressions : " The Cardinal
was my Lord and Master; whom, in his life- time, I served: and
so remained with him in his fall continually, during the time of
all his troubles, both in the south and north parts, until he died.
In all which time, I punctually observ'd all his demeanors, also

» Life of Wolsey, p- 148 b Ibid, p 156, 157. « Ibid, p 9.

* Life of King Henry VIII in History of England, vol. ii. p in-

* See Cens. Lit- iii.371.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 315

his great triumphs, and glorious estate, &c. Nevertheless, what-
soever any man hath conceived of him in his life, or since his
death, thus much I dare say, without offence of any, that, in my
judgment, I never saw this realm in better obedience and quiet,
than it was in the time of his authority ; nor justice better ad-
ministered, without partiality 3 as I could justly prove, if I should
not be taxed with too much affection." In these particulars e
Lord Herbert agrees, in his character of the Cardinal.

But to return, Mr. Cavendish, in 1530, was constituted one of
the commissioners for visiting and taking the surrenders of divers
religious houses ; f and in that year, the prior and convent of
Sheen came before him at Sheen, and surrendered their monastery
to him. Also, on December 5th, s in 1539, the abbot and monks
of St. Alban's delivered their convent seal, and surrendered to him,
and other of the King's visitors. In the same year he was made h
one of the auditors of the court of augmentation, then newly
erected (and so called, because the King's revenue was much aug-
mented, by the access of those monastery lands at that time to the
crown). Also, on February 26th following,' had, in consideration
of his services, a grant to him, and Margaret his wife (as also to
his heirs and assigns) of the Lordships and manors of Northawe,
Cuffeley, and Chyldewyke, in Hertfordshire. This Margaret
was his first wife,k daughter to Edmund Bostock, of Whatcroft
in Cheshire, Esq. by whom he had a son, John, who died young,
and four daughters, whereof only two were married, viz. Anne,
to Sir Henry Bainton, of Bromham in Wiltshire, Knight ; and
Catherine, to Thomas Brook, Esq. of the same county, fifth son to
Thomas'Lord Cobham. His said wife departed this life in the
32d of Henry VIII. and was buried in the church of St. Botolph'.s,
Aldersgate, under the monument of Alice Cavendish, wife of
Thomas Cavendish, of Cavendish, father of the said William
Cavendish, ' as this incription in the said church shews :

" Here lyeth buried under this stone, Margaret Cavendish, late
tvife of William Cavendish, which William was one of the sonnes
of the above named m Alice Cavendish. Which Margaret dyed the

e Life of King Henry VIII. in History of England, vol ii. p- 148.
f Rymer's Fcedera, vol xiv p 407. * Stow's Annals, p. 576.

h Pat. 31 Henry VIII. p a. ' Bill signat. 31 Henry VIII.

k Ex Stemmate. ' Weever's Fun- Mon p. 693.

« Vide the Inscription on her Monument, wherein she is mentioned to be
the wife of Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish-

316 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord God M.CCCCC.XL.
Whos soul Jesu pardon.

Heven His le here medc,
Yatfor the sing, prey or rede."

After her decease, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas
Conyngesby, Esq. son of Sir Thomas Conyngesby, Knight, and
widow of William Paris j and by her had three daughters, Susan,

Joan, and , who died, with her mother, soon after her

birth.

In the 3 /th of Henry VIII. he" was constituted treasurer of
the chamber to his Majesty, a place of great trust and honour; as
appears by an act in 6 Henry VIII. (concerning the Kings geneial
receivers of his revenues). °

He received the honour p of knighthood from his sovereign,
on Easter day, in 37 Henry VIII. who afterwards admitted him q
of bis privy council. He was likewise continued in the same
office of treasurer of the chamber, both to Edward VI. and Queen
Mary, and was also of their privy-council, r as appears by several
warrants directed to him, and other authorities, In the 6th of
Edward VI. he had a grant of divers manors and lands, belonging
to several dissolved priories and abbeys in Derbyshire, Notting-
hamshire, ' Staffordshire, Dorsetshire, Cornwall, Kent, and Essex,
in exchange with the King for his manors of Northaw, in Hert-
fordshire, Northawbery in Lincolnshire, the scite of the priory
and rectory of Cardigan in South Wales, with other lands in
Cornwall, and elsewhere. But the greatest addition to his fortunes
was made by a prudent and happy match with Elizabeth, his
third wife, daughter of John Hardwick, of Hardwick in com.
Derb. Esq. by1 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Leak, of Hasland
in Derbyshire, Esq. ; and, at length, coheir to James Hardwick,
Esq. her brother.

This beautiful Lady was married at fourteen years of age to
Alexander Barley, of Barley in com. Derb. Esq. who" was also
very young, and died soon after (viz. on February 2d, 1532-3,)
but his large estate was settled on her, and her heirs. She lived

» Pat. 17 Henry VIII p z- ° Rot. Pari. 6 Henry VIII.

» MS- Not. Claudius, c. 3. p 149, in Bibl- Cotton.

'i Cat. of Nob. by R. B. Tit. Devon.

1 Ashmole's Order of the Garter, in Appendix, 89.

" Thoroton s Ant. of Notting p 186 b. ! Ibid p 187.

w Life of William Duke of Newcastle, p. 154

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 317

.i considerable time, and then took, for her second hus-
band, this William Cavendish, who had so gnat an iff
bar, * that, on her desire, be told his estate in the southern 1

England, to purchase lands in Derbyshire, where her own
friends and kindred lived. Uto, on her farther persuasion, he
begun a noble manor house at Chatswortb, which he did not live
to finish, dying >' in the fourth and fifth years of the reign of King
Fhilip and Queen Mary. He had by her a hopeful number of

and daughters. First, Henry, who was * elected one of the
knights tor Derbyshire, in the 14th year of Queen Elizabeth, and
served for the same county in five other succeeding parliaments,
in the reign of that Queen. He married Crace, third daughter of

ge Earl of Shrewsbury. In the latter part of his life, this

Henry resided at Tutbury priory, in Staffordshire: but dying

without issue, on October 12th, lOlG, aet. sixty-seven, was

buried at in Derbyshire, where his epitaph still reman *

ind, William, heir to the whole estate-, and Jh st Earl of

mthirti made Knight of the Bath, at the creation cf Henry
Prim I, on May 3()th, lOlO.

Third, Sir Charles Cavendish, of Welbcck ' 1 Notting-

hamshire, Knight, who died in 1017, an. sixty-four, having two
wives, viz. fir^t, ft . eldest daughter and coheir of Sir

Thomas &tson,of Hengrave in Suffolk, and secondly, Catherine,
daughter and coheir of Cuthbcrt Lord Ogle, and at last declared

ness Ogle, on December 4tb, 10'iS. Sir Charles had no

ie l»y the first, who died a year after her marriage; but by the

second had three sons, Charles, who died an infant; Sir William,

:10m more fully, and Sir Charles of Wellington, who died on

ruarj 4th, 1653, unmarried, and was buried at Bolsover ; " a
run. I ndon, " of the noblest and largest mind,

though the least and most inconvenient body that li\

Sir William, eldest surviving son of Sir Charles Cavendish,

made Knight of the Bath, A. D. l(5lO, at the creation 1 t
Henri Prince and enjoyed the titles of Banm Ogl

Bothul , liaron Cavendish of Boh< unt MansfuLi,

Ogle, Earl, Marquis and 1' ufion 7'v

Grace was signally active in the cause of Char! 1 h-

• I ifc of William Duke of Newcastle, p i
» Ex Stemmate. 1 Willis's N'otitia Parliament, vol ii p

• From him was descended illegitimately the late Sir Henry Cavendish of
Doveridgc in Derbyshire, Hart whose son is now Lord Watcrpark in Ireland.

318 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

was a privy counsellor, as he was also to Charles II. He had
several offices of great trust, both civil and military, from these
two monarchs; was Knight of the Garter ; and departing this
life on December 25th, 1676, aged eighty- four, was buried in
Westminster Abbey, where a superb monument is erected to his
memory. This illustrious peer, commonly stiled the loyal Duke
of Newcastle, b wedded two wives : first, Elizabeth, only daughter
and heir of William Basset, of Blore in Staffordshire, Esq. and
widow of Henry Howard, third son of Thomas, Earl of Suffolk;
second, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Lucas, of St. John's near
Colchester in Essex, Esq. and youngest sister of Lord Lucas of
Colchester. His second Ladyc brought him no children; she
died 1673 : but by his first he had four sons, Charles, who died
an infant ; William, who died without issue ; Charles, who
wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Rogers, of Brianstone in
Dorsetshire, Esq. and after his death, sine prole, became the wife
of Charles Stuart, Duke of Richmond ; and Henry, his successor
in titles and estate. His Grace had also four daughters, Lady
Jane, wedded to Charles Cheney, ofChesham Boys in Bucking-
hamshire, Esq. ; Lady Elizabeth, d to John Earl of Bridgewater,
and died June 14th, 1 663 3 Lady Frances, married to Oliver St.
John, afterwards Earl of Bolingbrokej she died August 15th, 1 678,
and is buried at Bletsho; and Lady Catherine, who died young.
His Grace was a very great sufferer on account of his loyalty to
Kinf Charles the first, his estates being plundered and sequestered,
to a vast amount, as may be seen in the account published by his
Dutchess. e

Henry Cavendish, second Duke of Newcastle, only surviving
son of William Duke of (Newcastle, was, at the restoration of
Charles II. appointed master of the robes, and lord of the bed-
chamber, to his Majesty, and elected Knight of the Garter, on
February 17th, 1677-8. When James II. ascended the throne,

b See his amiable character given at length by Lord Clarendon, and con-
firmed by the opposite party, in the Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson. See also
Lord Orford's ill-founded attack on him in Park's R and N- A. vol- iii.
p. 176 See also the entertaining Life of him written by his Duchess.

c For an account of this celebrated Lady, who was a voluminous writer,
see also Park's R. and N. A, vol. iii p. 136

<> A most amiable and accomplished woman. See ibid, p 72.

« His landed rental was 22,393/- io-r- id. an amount, which if we make
allowance for the depreciation of money, and rise of rents, from improve-
ments in agriculture, &c would now be probably equal to 100,000/ a year,
far exceeding any subject's rental now existing in this country.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Mi

bit Grace was constituted one of the l>>rds of the bedchamber,
declared a member of the privy-council, ami appointed lord cl

north of Trent, lord lieutenant of Nottinghamshire
and Yorkshire, and governor of Beru, ;>po>rd the settle-

ment ol the crown upon William and M.uy. IV: nee and Princess
1 when I: leclared King and Quern, i< I

to them, retired from public busine-s. His Grace
it Welbeck, on July '20th, \6Q1, in the MXty-
Qtfa year of bis agej and was interred at Bolsover in Derby-
shire, li; his Duchess, Branca, eldest daughter of William Pierre-
poii . ibetl Karl of Kingston, be bad four sons, of

1 bfltn the two first were named William, and died soon after they
I > . > r n : Henry, third son, stilcd Earl of Ogle, after his mar-
./abeth, sole daughter and heir of Josceliuc, Earl of
Northumberland, took the surname of Percy, but died without
i-»ue, anil his | soon afterwards wedded to Charles Dukr

of Somerset ; and Basset, the fourth son, died young. His Grace,
by tbe s vrbo died anno 10\Q5, and is buried at Boi-

sover, bad also five daughters, ba cobein I lizabeth,

mar ristopher Monk, Duke of Albemarle, secondly, to

Ralph, Duke of Montagu, and died August 2Sth, 1/34, aged
niuety-h id, Lady Frances, married to John Campbell,

Lord Glcnorchy, < idalbaoe, and died

at Copenhagen in Denmark, on March 2d, \"2J ; third, Lady
Margaret, married to Jobs Holies, Earl of Clare, after Duke of
Newcastle, and died December 20*th, 1/16; whose daughter and
heir married Edward Harley, second Earl of Oxford, and left a
daughter and heir married to the late Duke of Portland, by whom
khc was mother to the present Duke, who possesses the large
\ ates : fourth, in rine, married to Thorn a ,

t, and died of the small-pox April 20th,
1 7 1 -i > anl fifth, I-i.lv Aiabdla, married to Charles Spencer,
of Sundt | d:ed June 1th, IO98.

•ndish, b]
third wi tees, who died in January, 1632, ha.

to Sir H repoint, of Holm Pir-rrcpoint in com.

Noti r to the Dukes of Kingston j second, Elizabeth,

wedded to Charles Sti. of Lennox, younger brother to

Henry Lord ! I nher of King James I. by whom she was

mother of I.ady Arabella Stuart ; th: was the 1

of Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury.

A rare example of two brothers founding two scrcral dukedoms ;

320 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

and the sisters matched, one in a direct branch of the royal family
of Great Britain, and the other in the noblest families oi
England.

The Lady Cavendish, their mother, continued in her widow-
hood some time, rejecting m3ny offers, and then f accepted of Sir
William St. Loe, of Tormarton in Gloucestershire, captain of the
guard to Queen Elizabeth, and grand butler of England, and t
possessor of divers fair lord-hips in Gloucestershire, which, in ar-
ticles of marriage, she took care should be settled on her, and her
own heirs, in default of issue by him ; and accordingly, having
no child by him, she lived to enjoy his whole estate, excluding
his former daughters and brothers.

" In this third widowhood, she had not survived her chi
of wit and beauty, ,l by which she captivated the then greatest
subject of the realm, George Earl of Shrewsbury, whom she
brought to terms of the greatest honour and advantage to herself
and children ; for he not only yielded to a considerable jointure,
but to an union of families, by taking Mary, her youngest
daughter, to wife of Gilbert his son, and afterwards his heir; and
giving the Lady Grace, his youngest daughter, to Henry her
eldest son. On November J 8th, 15Q0, she was a fourth time left,
and to death continued a widow. A change of conditions, that,
perhaps, never fell to any one woman, to be four times a creditable
and happy wife; to rise by every husband into greater wealth,
and hi j her honours ; to have an unanimous issue by one hus-
band only ; to have all those children live, and all, by her advice,
be honourably, and creditably, disposed of in her lifetime ; and,
after all, to live seventeen )e.irs a widow, in absolute power and
plenty.

" She built three of the most elegant scats that were ever
raised by one hand within ihe same count implc,

Chattwortb, ' Hardwick, k and Oldcotes, all transmitted entire to
the first Duke of Devonshire. At 1 1 irdwick, sh^ left the 3ncicnt
seat ' of her family standing, and at h small distance, still adjoin-
ing to her new fabric, as if she had a mind to pre^ rvc her cradle,
and set it by her bed of >tate. Which tt one room

f I rscriptio Tumuli t Dupdalc's Baronajv

* Bishop Kennct's Memoirs of the family ol
b\ Nichols, i 7<;-, octavo

1 Which still in part remains, as built b
* Which remains, as she built it. ' This also still rem a.-

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 321

in it, of such exact proportion, and such convenient lights, that it
has been thought fit fur a pattern of measure and contrivance, of
• room in the late Duke of Marlborough's noble house at Blen-
heim. It must not be forgotten, that this Lady had the honour
to be keeper of Mary Queen of Scots, committed prisoner to
( - >rge Earl of Shrewsbury, for seventeen years. Her chamber,
and rooms of state, with her arms, and other ensigns, are still re-
in.lining at Hardwick ; m her bed was taken away for plunder in
the civil wars. At Chatsworth, the new lodgings, that answer
the old, are called the Queen of Scots' apartment, and an island
plat at the top of a square tower, built in a large pool, is still
called, the Queen of Scots' garden ; and some of her own royal
work is still preserved among the treasures of this family : a
carpet embroidered with her needle, and particularly a suit of
hangings, now remaining in a chamber at Hardwick, wherein all
the virtues are represented in symbolical figures, and allusive
mottoes ; an ornament, and a lecture. n The Earl's own epitaph
does betray that he was suspected of familiarity with his royal
prisoner,0 " quod licet a malevolis propter suspectam cum captiva
Rrgina familiaritatem sxpius male audivit," which is not to be
imagined true : however the rumour of it was, no doubt, an ex-
ercise of temper and virtue to the Countess, who carried herself
to the Queen, and the Earl her husband, with all becoming re-
spect and duty."

'* Yet it was reported of her, that coming to court, p and
Queen Elizabeth demanding how the Queen of Scots did, she
said, " Madam, she cannot do ill, while she is with my husband;
and I begin to grow jealous, they are so great together." Where-
upon the Queen was ordered into the custody of Sir Amlas
1'aulet, and others. It is probable it was this that induced
Camden •> to tax her with ill conduct, in the character he gives
of »he Earl of Shrewsbury.

She endowed a noble hospital at Derby, for the subsistence of
twelve poor people, who have each of them .in allowance of near
](/. per annum; and departing this life in the eighty-seventh
ycir of her age, on February 13th, 1607, was buried in the south
isle of All Hallows church in Derby, under a stately monument.

m Sec this mentioned also in Cray's Letters by Mason.

■ See Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting.

•■ Inscriptio Tumuli anuJ Sheffield.

r Fuller'* Woithies, in Com. Deb p 137

•» History of England, vol. ii p. **©•

VOL. I. V

322 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

which she took care to erect in her own life-time. Her statne,
in full proportion, curiously cut in marble, lies at length, and
above it, is a Latin inscription, setting forth her marriages and
issue before mentioned.

William Cavendish, first Earl (second son of Sir William
Cavendish) born 15()0, by the death of his elder brother Henry,
who died without issue in 1616, inherited a great estate. He
had his education with the sons of George Earl of Shrewsbury,
who married his mother, and being a favourite, she gave him, on
his marriage, and at her decease, a greater fortune than his eldest
brother had. He wasr returned to parliament for Newport in
Cornwall, in 31 Elizabeth; and in 37 Elizabeth, was sheriff of
Derbyshire; and King James I. advanced hims to the dignity of
Baron Cavendish, of Hardwick in com. Derb. by letters patent,
on May 4th, 1605.* At which time of his creation, his Majesty
stood under a cloth of state in the hall at Greenwich, " accom-
panied with the princes his children, the Duke of Holstein, the
Duke of Lenox, and the greatest part of the nobility, both of
England and Scotland.

His Lordship was one of the first adventurers, who settled a
colony and plantation in Virginia ; and on the first discovery of
the Bermudas Island, had (with the Earl of Northampton, the
Earl of Pembroke, the Lord Paget, the Lord Harrington, and
others) a grant of them from the King.x Whereupon, in April,
l6l2, they sent a ship thither, with sixty persons, to take posses-
sion of it, who were followed by others, and yearly supplies,
which soon made them a flourishing plantation. The great island
was divided into eight cantons or provinces, bearing the name of
eight of the chief proprietors, whereof one of them still retains the

r "Willis's Not Pari, vol ii. p. 164 % Pat. 3 Jac. I p. iz.

* He attained the Peerage by the means of the Lady Arabella Stuart, his
neice. See Lodge's I llustr- vol. iii. p z¥o. On this occasion Rowland White
writes thus to Lord Shrewsbury: " I need not write to your Lordship, that there
will be Earls and Barons made at the christening, because your Lordship sees
Mr. William Cavendish is come up to be one, but I will not omit to let your
Lordship know who they arc, because perchance you have not heard of them
all. My Lord of Cranbourn, my Lord Burleigh, and Sir Philip Herbert, shall
be Earls; the first of Bridgewater, the second of Exeter, and Sir Philip of
Montgomery. as we hear: my Lord Sydney shall be Viscount Lisle; Sir John
Stanhope, Sir George Carew, her Majesty's vice-chamberlain, Count Arun-
Uell, and Mr. William Cavendish (if my Lady Arabella have no more uncles)
shall bo Barons '' Ibid. p. 2S6.

" Stow's Annals, p 863. * Ibid p- 944.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 323

n tme of Cavendish. By the death of his Lordship's elder brother,
in the year 1010, a great addition was made to his estate 3 and
being in repute with the leading men in that age, and waiting on
his sovereign in his progress, he was declared Earl of Devon-
shirk, on Angus! 2d, I til b, in the Bishop's palace at Salisbury ;i
but the letters patent2 bear dale August /th, 1 0 Jae. I. This
noble Lord married two wives : first, Anne, daughter and coheir
to Henry Kighley, of Kighley in com. Ebor. Esq. by whom he
bad three sons and three daughters; first, Gilbert, who died in his
youth ; ' second, William, his heir and successor ; third, James,
who died in his infancy ; fourth, Frances, married to Sir William
Maynard, afterwards Lord Maynard, she died1' September 1st,
10'13, aged twenty, and is buried at Little Easton in Essex; fifth
and sixth, Mary and Elizabeth, who both died young. His
second wife was Elizabeth, daughter to Edward Boughton, of
Causton in com. Warw. Esq. and widow of Sir Richard Wortley,
of Wortley in com. Ebor. Knight, by whom he had issue Sir John
Cavendish, Knight of the Bath at the creation of Charles Prince
of Wales, on November 3d, 10'l6\c who departed this life on
January 18th, 1017, without issue by his wife, daughter of
William Bruneard, of Wiltshire, Esq. This Earl of Devonshire
deceased, at his seat at Hardwick, on March Jd, 1625, net.
sevent) -five, leaving William his son and heir.- at that time
thirty-six years of age, and was buried at Endsore, near Chats-
worth, where a monument is erected for him.

William, second Earl, his son and heir, ° having travelled
into France and Italy, under the tuition of Mr. Thomas Hobbes,
was, on his return,1 knighted at Whitehall, on March /th,
1003-9; and, by the policy of King James, married to Christian, *
only daughter to his great favourite, Edward Lord Bruce, of Kin-
losse in Scotland, whose great services (he being a principal in-

> Camden's Annul:., in History of England, v»l ii. p. 049.
- l'at. 16 Jac I p. 11.
3 A book of Observations and Discourses, cal!cd Mora: Subsecivoe, 1610;
lias been attributed to him by Wood, Alb. vol ii p 474, Inn certainly by
mistake. That Book i^ believe.! to have been written by Grey Lord Ciiandos.
Sec Mem. ot" James s Peers; and Park's R. and N A vol ii-
k Hist, of Essex, vol. iii. p 17.J
c Vincent's D sc of Brook's Errors, p, 166.
d Coles Esch Not 16 A 16 lib v p 1S4. in Bibb Harley.
• Bishop Kcnnet's Memoirs, p 73.
1 Philpot's Cat of Knights, p 4S.
* Who was born on Christmas Day, and for that reason had the name of
Chriitian.

»24 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

strument of his obtaining the crown of England) were rewarded
by this match into a rich and noble English family. And for the
better grace, the King gave her with his own hand, and made her
fortune ten thousand pounds, and solicited for a better settlement
on them, telling the old Lord Cavendish, * after his marriage with
a second wife, that his son being matched into a family, for which
he was so nearly concerned, he expected, out of that plentiful
estate he himself had, such a proportion should be settled, that
Sir William might bear up the port of his son, and his Lady the
quality of the King's kinswoman ; which mediation proved so
effectual, that the Lord Cavendish did what the King thought
reasonable.

But this addition, though it answered the King's, ' yet it did
not rise up to the generosity of the son's mind, which occasioned
his contracting a very great debt, entered into by an excess of
gallantry, the vice of that age, which he too much indulged him-
self in ; k for when he was Earl of Devonshire, and had a much
greater fortune than formerly, he increased his expences by his
magnificent living, both in town and country ; his house appear-
ing rather like a Princes court, than a subject's. He understood
foreign languages so well, that, ' whilst he was Lord Cavendish,
he was appointed to conduct Count Swartenburgh, the Emperor's
ambassador, to his public audience of James I. as also Seignior
Valersio, ■ ambassador extraordinary from the Republic of Venice j
and ■ Messieurs d'Arsennes and Joachimi, joint ambassadors of
the States of the United Provinces. In the year 1625, his Lord-
ship, and his Lady, ° waited on Charles I. to Canterbury, by his
royal appointment, to be present at his nuptials with Maria
Henrietta (second daughter to Henry IV. of France) who arrived
at Dover, on May 13th, and came the same night to Canterbury,
where the marriage was consummated.

This noble Earl p was beloved and admired in both houses of
parliament, and a great speaker in them : Mr. Hobbes, in his
epistle dedicatory to his son, of his History of Thucydides, gives
this shining character of him: " By the experience of many years
[ had the honour to serve him, I know this, there was not any

b Pomfret's Life of Christian Countess of Devon, p. 2j.

1 Ibid, p 24. >< Ibid, p 2?.

1 Sir John Einet's Observations on Ambassadors, p. 9/5,96

« Life, p. ua. ■ Ibid, p 138. o Ibid p. 152, 1$}.

* Life of the Countess of Devon, p. 31.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 32*

who more really, and less for glory's sake, favoured those that
studied the liberal arts liberally, than my Lord your father did ; nor
in whose house a man $ hould less need the university, than in his.
For his own study, it was bestowed, for the most part, in that kind
of learning, which best deserved the pains and hours of great
persons, history, and civil knowledge, and directed not to the
ostentation of his reading, but to the government of his life, and
the public good ; for he so read, that the learning he took in by
study, by judgment he digested and converted into wisdom and
ability, to benefit his country : to which he also applied himself
with zeal 3 but such as took no fire, either from faction or ambi-
tion : and as he was a most able man for soundness of advice, and
clear expression of himself in matters of difficulty and conse-
quence, both in public and private ; so also was he one whom no
man was able either to draw or justle out of the straight path of
justice. Of which virtue, I know not whether he deserved more
by his severity in imposing it (as he did to his last breath) on
himself; or by his magnanimity, in not exacting it himself from
others. No man better discerned of men, and therefore was he
constant in his friendship, because he regarded not the fortune
or adherence, but the men ; with whom also, he conversed with
an openness of heart, that had no other guard, than his own in-
tegrity, and that nil conscire. To his equals he carried himself
equally ; and to his inferiors, familiarly ; but maintaining his re-
spect fully, and only with the native splendor of his worth. In
sum, he was one in whom might plainly be perceived, that
honour and honesty are but the same thing, in the different de-
grees of persons."

He departed this life at his house near Bishopsgate, in Lon-
don, (where Devonshire-square is now built) on June 20th, 1 628,
and was buried in the vault, with Elizabeth Countess of Shrews-
bury, his grandmother, ' on July 11th following j where a most
stately monument is erected to his memory, his own statue of
white marble standing upright in the midst of it ; and at the four
corners, are the figures of his children, which he had by his wife
before- mentioned, Christian, s daughter of Edward Lord Bruce,
of Kinlosse, and sister to Thomas Earl of Elgin in Scotland, father
of Robert Earl of Ailsbury. These were, first, William, his heir j
lecond, Charles, lieutenant general of the horse, under his

r MS J 8. in Offic Arm. folio 18
» Who died in January 1674, and was buried at Derby.

326 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

cousin, the Marquis of Newcastle, in the civil wars, and was
killed at Gainsborough, as will be presently detailed; third,
Henry, who died young ; and, fourth, Anne, married to Robert
Lord Rich, son and heir to Robert Earl of Warwick.

The Countess, getting the wardship of the young Lord, her
eldest son, he was under her care, whose clear jointure l was no
less than 5000/. a year, to which she added 4000/. by her own
prudent management. Her son's estate u was charged and com-
plicated with near thirty law suits, which, by the cunning and
power of her adversaries, were made as perplexed, and as tedious
as possible; yet, by right, managed by diligence and resolution,
she went through them all with satisfaction ; so as King Charles
jestingly said to her, " Madam, you have all my judges at your
disposal." The discharging of the estate from those numerous
law suits was not the only thing that required her care ;x there
was a great debt to be satisfied, which was another specimen of
her trouble, as well as patience. Her Lord had, before his death,
obtained an act of parliament for cutting off an entail, in order
to the sale of lands ; a thing not usual in those times, and had
not then been effected, but for the sakes of those for whom it
was done, as King Charles was pleased to express it. Yet this
bore no proportion towards the payment of that vast debt for
which it was designed ; but with what money the sale of those
lands brought in, together with her own care and management,
the debt was discharged by her. She was a Lady of that affa-
bility and sweet address, with so great a wit and judgment, as
captivated all who conversed with her; and of such strict virtue
and morals, that she was an example to her sex. y " Prayers and
pious readings were her first business ; the remainders of the day
were determined to her friends; in the entertainment of whom,
her conversation was so tempered with courtship and heartiness;
her discourses so sweetened with the delicacies of expression,
that such as did not well know the expence of her time, would
have thought, she had employed it all in address and dialogue.
In both which, she exceeded most ladies ; and yet never affected
the title of a wit; carried no snares in her tongue, nor counter-
feited friendships ; and as she was never known to speak evil of
any, so neither would she indure to hear of it, from any, of others;
reckoning it not only a vice against good manners, but the

1 Vita, p. a6. « Ibid p 27, 2 J.

* Ibid p 30. ' Vide her Life, p 36, ^8, 39, 40-

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 327

greatest indecency, also, in the entertainment of friends, and
therefore always kept herself within the measures of civility and
religion. Her gestures corresponded to her speech, being of a
free, native, genuine, and graceful behaviour ; as far from affected
and extraordinary motions, as they from discretion. These ad-
mirable qualities drew to her house all the best company ; towards
whom she had so easy, and such an obliging address, without the
least allay of levity and disdain, that every one departed with the
highest satisfaction ; she ever distributing her respects according
to the quality and merit of each ; steering the same steady course
in the country also; between which, and the town, she com-
monly divided the year. Her country seats were many and
noble ; some of which, when her son came of age, she delivered
up to him, viz. his great houses in Derbyshire, all ready furnished;
she herself living in that of Leicester abbey (near to which she
had purchased a considerable estate) until the rebellion broke
out."

Charles Cavendish, z younger son, was bred to books and arms,
and was, in both, a glory of the latter age : he was born in
London, May the 20th, 1620; the King was his godfather, and
named him Charles. After a strict tuition in his father's house,'
at eighteen years of age he was sent to travel with a governor.
He went first to Paris, and hearing much of the French army then
in the field near Luxemburgh, he was so impatient for such a
view, that he stole away to the camp, without the knowledge of
his governor, who hearing of the frolic, followed him in great
pain, and brought him back to his studies at Paris. He spent the
year following in Italy, making his chief stages at Naples, Rome,
and Venice ; from whence, in the next spring, he embarked for
Constantinople, dropping his governor and English servants, as
knowing that a traveller may learn most from strangers. After a
long circuit by land through Natolia, he went by sea to Alexan-
dria, thence to Cairo, and was brought, by way of Malta, to
Spain, and back to Paris ; and, after some conversation with the
court, returned to England about the end of May, 1641.

" When he had paid his duty to his mother, he was presented
to the King and Queen, and he was graciously received by them,
and much caressed by the most eminent persons about the court;
for, says the intimate friend and writer of his life. * " The sua

2 Bishop Kennct's Memoirs, p. 83, et scq.
« Life of Colonel Cavendish, MS.

328 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

beheld not a youth of a more manly figure, and more winning
presence. His inclinations determined him to arms, and there-
fore his mother, the Countess, designed to have bought for him
colonel Goring's regiment of foot in Holland: so he went over to
be trained up there in the Prince of Orange's army, the most
eminent school of war. When he had passed one campaign, he
came over again to England, about the end of November, 1(3-41.
And when, soon afrer, the King, by tumults in the streets, and
greater distractions in the two houses, was forced to retire to York,
the Earl of Devon, and his brother, Mr. Cavendish, repaired
thither to offer their duty and service to their distressed Prince,"

The writer of his mother's life informs us,b that " he was a
person of so much address and valour, that those brave gentlemen
of the Temple, who offered themselves as a guard to the King's
person, chose him for their captain, knowing he would thither
lead them, where law, honour, and conscience, would oblige
them to follow. At York, Mr. Cavendish put himself among the
noblemen and gentlemen volunteers, who desired to be under
command for the King's service j and made it his choice to ride
in the King's own troop, commanded by my Lord Bernard Stuarr,
his kinsman, brother to the Duke of Richmond j among so many
considerable persons for qualities and fortunes, that the King was
heard to say, " The revenues of those in that single troop, would
buy the estates of my Lord of Essex, and of all the officers in his
army." He marched in this troop, till the battle of Edge Hill,
October 23d, 1(542, when the King, in respect and tenderness to
those gallant men, would not expose them to equal hazard with
the rest of the cavalry, but reserved them for a guard to his own
person. Mr. Cavendish supposing this to be no post of danger,
and therefore not of honour, prevailed with my Lord Bernard
Stuart, that they should wait upon the King, and intteat his leave
to be drawn up on the right hand of the right wing of the horse,
as the most open, and most honourable place in the battle ; to
which his Majesty, upon their importunity, consented. And this.,
indeed, proved to be the post of hottest service, and greatest suc-
cess : wherein Mr. Cavendish so distinguished himself by a per-
sonal valour, that the Lord Aubigny (who commanded the Duke
of York's troop) being slain, he was preferred to that charge,
before any other pretenders of eminent birth and merit.

" This troop was, soon after, put into the Prince of Wales's

* Page j) 49

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 329

regiment, wherein the superior officer put something on Captain
Cavendish, which he thought an indignity; and therefore, he
desired his Majesty to assign him 1000/. (which his own brother,
the Earl of Devonshire, had presented to the King) promising,
that if his Majesty would be pleased to let him have the Duke of
York's troop out of the Prince of W.les's regiment, he would go
into the North, and raise the Duke a complete regiment of horse,
before the army could take the field ; to which the King consented,
assuring him the honour of being colonel of his new regiment.
In order to complete it, he accepted of Thomas Markham, Esq.
to be his lieutenant colonel; and Mr. Tuke for the captain of his
first troop ; and took his head quarters at Newark, keeping under
many of the rebel garrisons at Nottingham, and other neighbour-
ing parts ; and, by degrees, became master of the whole country;
so that the King's commissioners for Lincolnshire, and Notting-
hamshire, desiied his leave to petition the King, that he might
have the command of all the forces of their two counties, in
quality of colonel general, which he complied with, and the
King granted.

" In this command, he beat the enemy from Grantham, and
gained a complete victory near Stamford, and reduced several of
their garrison towns, by the assistance of colonel Wei by, and
other brave officers. After many glorious actions, being c lieute-
nant general of the horse to his kinsman the Marquis of New-
castle, he had the honour to receive the Queen in her march to
Newark, who immediately took notice, that she saw him last in
Holland, and was very glad now to meet him again in England.
The Countess of Derby sitting at the end of the Queen's coach,
entertained her Majesty with great commendations of the general;
and when the Queen was to give the word to Major Tuke, she
gave that of Cavendish." The copy of his life breaks off with
his convoying the Queen to Newark ; but from thence, with a
noble guard, d he waited on her Majesty towards Oxford, and in
his way, with her consent, took Burton upon Trent by storm, on
July 2d, 1643, encouraging his soldiers, by his own example, to
swim over the river, and scale the works, and enter under showers
of bullets, defying all the most dreadful images of death, as if his
life had been as immortal, as he hath made his honour. Jt is
further memorable of him, l> that my Lord Clarendon has record-

c Life of Duke of Newcastle, p. 34.

d Life of the Countess, &c p. 52.

'- History of the Rebel, 8vo. vo!- ill p. 1^4

330 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

ed, " that the Ear] of Newcastle, general in the North, sent
Charles Cavendish, the younger brother of the Earl of Devonshirr,
with a party volant of horse and dragoons, into Lincolnshire ;
where, about the middle of March, he assaulted Grantham, a new
garrison of the rebels, which he took, and in it above 300 prisoners
(March 23d, 16-12-3) with all their officers, arms, and ammuni-
tion." The roy&l cause declining, made him only the more
daring and desperate. In his last action, f he is said to have
been murdered in cold blood, after quarter given, by Colonel
Bury, who made himself dear to Cromwell, by this, and some
other acts of cruelty. Another writer tells us, 5 '* That, his horse
sticking in the mud, he died magnanimously, refusing quarter, and
throwing the blood that ran from his wounds in their faces that
shed it, with a spirit as great as his blood. And that his goodness
was as eminent as his valour, and was as much beloved by his
friends, as feared by his enemies." Cromwell was himself in this
action, and valued himself ro much on the success of it, that he
gave a particular account to the committee for the association
sitting at Cambridge, in a letter dated onh July 31st, 1643.
" Gentlemen, it hath pleased the Lord to give your sen-ant and
soldiers a notable victory now at Gainsborough. In the last re-
serve, unbroken, stood general Cavendish, who one while faced
me, another while faced four of the Lincoln troops, which was all
of ours that stood upon the place, the rest being engaged in the
chase; at last General Cavendish charged the Lincolners, and
routed them. Immediately I fell upon his rear with my three
troops, which did so astonish him, that he gave over the chase,
and would fain have delivered himself from me ; but I pressing
on, forced him down a hill, having a good execution of them, and
below the hill drove the general, with some of his soldiers, into a
quagmire, where my captain lieutenant slew him, with a thrust
under his short ribs ; the rest of the body were wholly routed,
not one man staying on the place." He was the more capable of
arms by bis great knowledge in the mathematical arts; some of
his papers, that shew a profound skill in numbers and measures,
were in the hands of that eminent collector of valuable papers.
Dr. John Moor, Lord Bishop of Ely. He deserved the character
given by the writer of bis mother's life : " He was a gentleman

f Life of his Mother, p 53.

* Lloyd's Memoirs of the Loyalists, p 67J.

» Rushworth, vol. u p. 178.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, 331

so furnished with all the interior and politer parts of learning (ob-
tained at home and abroad, both by reading books, and men) as
well as courage, that he was prepared to defend his prince with
his head and hand, by the strongest reason, and most generous
valour." When ' his body was brought to Newark to be interred,
the whole town was so fond of it (even dead) that they would not
suffer it, for some days, to be laid into the ground, but wept over,
and admired it, and, not without the grer.est reluctancy, at last
committed h'm to his dormitory, coveting his hearse with tears
and laurels. And when, about thirty years after, his body was
removedto.be interred at Derby with his mother, fresh lamen-
tations were made by those who knew, and others that had heard,
his fame 5 and the whole people of Newark expressed the most
sorrowful unwillingness to part with the relicks of so dear a
person, who had been, when alive, the ornament and defence of
that place.

It was k his mother's express will, that his corpse should be
taken up, and wait upon hers in another hearse to Derby. Her
corpse passing through Leicester, due respects were paid to her
memory, the magistrate of that place attending in their forma-
lities, and the gentry of the country meeting there at the same
time waited on it out of town. The same honourable reception
was paid to both of them at Derby, were they were interred in
the burial place of the family, under a stately monument she had
erected for her lord, herself, and children. Her funeral sermon
was preached by Mr. Frampton (chaplain to her brother the Earl
of Elgin) afterwards bishop of Gloucester ; and his by Mr. Naylor,
chaplain to the Countess.

His death is l said to come nearest the heart of the mourning
mother, of any affliction God was pleased to try her patience
with. And, indeed, but for his loss, and that of her only daughter,
the Lady Rich (whose memory is celebrated by the wits and
orators of her own time, the Lord Falkland, Mr. Waller, Mr.
Godolphin, and others) she had an uninterrupted prosperity,
abating her great concern for those common calamities which
befel herself, together with the King and church."1 She retired

■ Life of the Countess, p 53.54 k Ibid p 91.

1 Ibid |) 55
m " She was distinguished as the patroness of the wits of the age, who
frequently assembled at her house- Walter read his verses there, and William
Earl of Pembroke wrote a volume of poems in her praise, published afterwards,
and dedicated to her by Donne" Lyons'* London, vol i p 431, nhohas
given a portrait of her.

332 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

to Greenwich towards the latter end of the rebellion, and reflect-
ing on the deplorable condition of the King and church, she en-
deavoured, with her utmost skill and diligence, to recover the
dignity of the crown, and the liberties of the people soliciting
the Earls of Essex and Holland to expiate their former en-
gagements, by espousing the royal cause. " They are said both
to have been very much encouraged by her earnest solicitations
and prudence; and that Essex would have given the surest de-
monstration of his loyal purposes, had not death prevented him°
(not without suspicion of poison) on September 13th, an. 1646.
When the army had made themselves masters of the King's
person, and were carrying him in their triumph from place to
place, 9 they let him rest a night or two at Latimers, i a seat of this
family in Buckinghamshire, where this noble lady happened then
to be, with her son, the Earl of Devonshire, and his Majesty had
much private consultation with them, concerning the state of his
affairs ; and, at the same time, expressed both to her, and the
Earl, the great sense he bad of the faithful services they had done
him.

After the fatal fight at Worcester, on September 3d, 1651, she
was infinitely concerned for the safety of the King's person, and
could not conceal her joy, when she heard of his safe arrival in
France : she took care of the only remains he left in England, his
domestic servants, many of whom she received into her own
family, and retained them with good respect and support, till
their royal master's happy return. By three years privacy at her
brother's the Earl of Elgin's house, at Ampthill,'she had lightened
her griefs and expences, and became able to renew her hospitality
and charity, in a seat which she purchased, for the pleasant situa-
tion, Rowhampton, in Surry. Here she took opportunity from
such loyal persons as frequented her house, to discourse with, and
persuade them to the most active endeavours for the King's re-
storation : r and having held a communication in cyphered letters
with Duke Hamilton, the Earls of Holland, and Norwich, and
other eminent undertakers for the King} in the writing and
opening of which, she intrusted none but her nephew, the Lord
Bruce (after Earl of Ailesbury) and her chaplain Mr. Gale ; sh*

" Life of the Countess, p 60.
• DugHalc's Baronage, vol ii p »8a- f Life, p $f

'i Still the seat of Lord George Cavendish.
' Life, p. 7*, 73, et scq.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. S33

nevertheless became so much suspected, though her acting* were
not thoroughly discovered, that a troop of horse had been sent
down to fetch her up from Ampthill (about fhe time the Countess
of Carlisle was put in the Tower) had not her goldsmith (a con-
fident of the rebels) given a bribe to one of the then council of
state. She at last entered into a speedy and secret correspondence
with general Monk, who, in the midst of his dark reserves, sent
her, by a considerable officer, a private signal, by which she might
know his intentions of restoring the King: the general valuid
her noble friendship, and continued it, with the greatest respects,
to his death. Tire King himself expressed frequently the sense he
had of her constant zeal in his service, and, as a mark of satis-
faction and favour, would himself, with the Queen, Queen-
mother, and royal family, often dine with her ; and sometimes
break in upon her on a sudden after hunting. And, that no token
of respect might be wanting, towards the declining part of her
age, when she could not pay her attendance upon the Queen with
the usual and due solemnities of court address, she was admitted
to wait on her Majesty with more than ordinary ease and kind-
ness. She lived to the last, with all the bounty of old English
hospitality, and in vast distributions of Christian charity, and yet
inspected her own accounts with so severe a scrutiny, that she
•pent her revenues without lessening or squandering any part of
them. She bore her sickness with great piety and resignation,
and, being crowned with many years and honours, she went to
receive that of immortality, on January lGth, 1674. The noble
Lord, her son, took care that the solemnities of her lying in state,
and those also of her funeral, should correspond to the magnifi-
cence of her living ; and the train, which waited on her to her
burial, was great and noble. She was carried, by the way of
Newark, to Derby, and was interred with her son, as before is
mentioned.

William, third Earl ok Devonshire, her son and heir,
was ten years, * eight months, and ten days old, at the death of his
father, being then a knight, as is evident from the inquisition
taken on September 1/th, 4 Car. I. in the court of wards. He
was made Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Charles I. «
His mother committed him to his father's tutor, Mr. Hobbes, u
who instructed him in the family for three years, and then.

• Cole's Esch lib. Ui p. 240, in Bib- Harl-
' Cat of Knights, MS » lit i6ji, Vit. Iiobbcs, p.41.

334 . PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

about 1634, travelled with him, as his governor, into France and
Italy, making the longest stay at Paris, for all the politer parts
of breeding. He returned, in 1637, and when he came of age,
his mother delivered up to him his great houses in Derbyshire.

This Earl of Devon was so much a Cavendish in the very out-
ward appearance, that Mr. Hobbes called him the image of his
father, being of a comely shape and aspect : and therefore he
ended the before mentioned epistle to him, with this prayer,
" that it would please God to give him virtues suitable to the fair
dwelling he had prepared for them." He x is said to have been
seasoned with the just tincture of all private and public virtues,
and to have made an early expression of the severest loyalty,
mixed with the noblest resolution, in that famous occasion of
the Earl of Strafford's bill, and many others; being then firm to
the true interests of his Prince and country. He followed the
King in the North, and at York, on June 1(542, -v was one of
those noble peers, who subscribed a declaration of their bearing
testimony of his Majesty's frequent and earnest declarations and
professions, of his abhorring all designs of making war upon his
parliament. When he saw a party in the two houses too strong
to be satisfied, he supplied the King with money, attended him
in his parliament at Oxford, z and was one of the peers who
signed there, on January 27th, 16-J3-4, his Majesty's declaration
of such means as might probably settle the peace of the kingdom.
After which he lent him his own brother to take the field; and
then retired beyond the seas, to wait for peace at home. This
recess could give him no repose ; he was thrust into the number
of delinquents; his great estate was sequestered: and when,
by the mediation of his friends, an ordinance was depending for
his composition, on October 23d, 1645, a order was given for his
return from beyond the seas by such a day. We areb well in-
formed, that " This noble Lord was fortified against all surprises
from mean and mischievous principles, and that in all public
concerns, he directed his course by the rules of honour and justice ;
that nothing could tempt him to a dishonest action, nor to pre-
serve himself, at the expence of his reputation. He chose seques-
tration, rather than swerve in the least tittle from Christian forti-

* Life of the Countess, p 4.2- y Clarendon's History, vol. ii. p 656.

* Rushworth's Hist. Collect, part iii vol. ii. p. 566.

» Whitelock's Memorials, p 16a.

k Life of the Countess, p. 46, 47.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 335-

tude and nobleness, or to change his propositions according to the
necessities or advantages of the season. Nor would he at List have
been prevailed with to remove any part of his troubles, or the se-
questration from his estate, but by the importunity, or rather, the
commands of his mother, detesting in itself, what, in duty to her,
he complied with."

The Earl, though he had been a great sufferer for his loyalty
to King Charles I. sought for no employment at court, on the
restoration of King Charles II. But his Majesty shewed his con-
fidence in him,c by constituting him lord lieutenant of the
county of Derby, on August 20th, 10'tX). He lived in great plenty
and respect, a true English peer, honoured by his Prinee, and be-
loved by the people ; because steady in the measures of maintain-
ing the just prerogatives of the one, and the legal liberties of the
other. Many persons of honour, his cotemporaries, agree in the
remembrance of him, that he was a man of as much conscience
and honour, religion and virtue, prudence and goodness, as they
ever knew in the world. His tenderness and good nature, to
friends and relations, was very exemplary. He was so extremely
fond of his grandson, the second Duke, then a youth, that he
could not be easy without him ; and assiduously affected to have
him as much in his company as possible. He was virtuous in his
whole life, and prudent in all his affairs; he improved his large
inheritance, and took care to let it descend entire to his successor.
He married Elizabeth, second daughter of William Cecil, Earl ot*
Salisbury, who survived him five years, dying on November \Q\hr
1689, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, on the 21st of the
same month, in a vault under the east window of Henry VII's
chapel. They had issue, William Lord Cavendish, who was
created Duke of Devonshire; second, Charles, born October 5th,.
1655, buried at Derby : also one daughter, Anne, iirst married to
Charles Lord Rich, only son to Charles, Earl of Warwick ;
secondly, to John Lord Burleigh, afterwards Earl of Exeter, with
whom she travelled twice to Rome, and attended at his death, in
his last return, near Paris. She died 1/03. He died at his seat
of Rowhampton, in Surry, on Tuesday, November 23d, 1084,
and was interred with his ancestors at Derby.

His son William, fihst Duke of Devonshire, born on
January 25th, 1 640, had all the advantages of education, both by
studies and travels, and was a gentleman of gracefulness and

c Bill kignat 1 j Car II-

33(3 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

gallantry, becoming a Prince's court. The companion and guide
of his travels, was Dr. Killigrew, afterward master of the Savoy,
&c. who gave him a just and true relish in poetry, and all the re-
finements of sense and wit.

Under the style of William Lord Cavendish, son to the Earl
of Devonshire, he was one of the four young noblemen, <J who
bore up the King's train at his coronation, on April 23d, 166*1.
In 1662, he went over to Ireland, and was married at Kilkenny,
on October 27th that year, to a noble, beautiful, and virtuous
Lady, Mary, second daughter of James Duke of Ormond. On
his return to England, on September 21st, 1663, he was created
master of arts in the University of Oxford, by the special com-
mand of the chancellor, * in company of the Earls of Suffolk,
Bath, and others of the greatest hopes ; the King, Queen, and
court, being then at Oxford.

In the year 16(55, the Lord Cavendish shewed his bravery, in
going volunteer in the fleet, and was in the midst of that dangerous
sea fight, on June 3d, in attendance on the Duke of York. f
Whilst he lived a commoner, he was elected to serve for the
county of Derby, in the long parliament, s as also in three others
without intermission j and was a very faithful and leading member,
distinguishing himself in every debate, wherein the service of his
King and country required his attendance. In the beginning of
the year l66g, he accompanied Mr. Montagu (after made Duke
of Montagu) then sent on an embassy to France ; and whilst he
was at Paris, he was most rudely h affronted at an opera, by three
officers of the King's guard, who came full of wine upon the
stage : one of them coming up to him, with a very insulting
question, my Lord gave him a severe blow on the face, upon
which they all drew, and pushed hard upon him : he got his back
against one of the screens, and made a stout defence, receiving
several wounds, till a sturdy Swiss of my lord ambassador Mon-
tagu's, caught him up in his arms, and threw him over the stage
into the pit : in his fall, one of his arms was caught upon an iron
spike, which tore out the flesh, and left a scar very visible to his
dying day. The assailants were clapped up by the King's com-
mand, and not released till my Lord himself interceded for them.
The judicious Sir William Temple, ' in a very memorable

<i Baker's Chron 7th edit, p 738.

e Wood's Athen Oxon. vol ii. p 830 f Rennet's Mem p 86.

« Willis* p 222- h Bbhop Kennet's Memoirs, p- 117.

1 Vide his Letters, vol ii • p. 70-

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 337

letter to his Lordship, gives some account of the discourse at the
Hague, on this brave action.

Hague, July 18th, N.S. 1669.
" My Lokd,

" Though I had much rather make your Lordship my
compliments upon some better fortunes, and upon your health,
rather than your dangers ; yet I could not omit doing it at this
time upon so honourable a part as all men allow you to have had
in your late adventure at Paris : which I do not only as a private
person and a servant of your Lordship's, who wishes you all in-
crease of honour that may not be bought too dear ; but withal, as
a public minister, who ought ever to consider, above all things,
the honour of our nation ; and knows that the complexion of it,
in times of peace, is very much either mended or spoiled in the
eyes of strangers, by the actions and carriage of particular persons
abroad. I can assure your Lordship, all that can be said to your
advantage, upon this occasion, is the common discourse here ; and
not disputed by the French themselves ; who say, you have been
as generous in excusing your enemies, as brave in defending
yourself. The Dutch will have it, that you have been the first
in excess ; and say, that such a thing as seven or eight falling upon
one, would never have been done in any other place, but France,
nor suffered neither by the rest of the company. However, I am
of opinion, if excess may be allowed in any part, it is in that ;
and therefore rejoice with you in the honour of both, and with
myself, in that of my being,

" My Lord,
" Your Lordship's most obedient

" Humble servant."

In 1677, when his Majesty was offended with the commons,
for addressing him to make a league offensive and defensive with
the States of Holland, and, for a mark of displeasure, had com-
manded the speaker to adjourn the house to Monday, July 16th,
the Lord Cavendish k was at the head of those members, ' who

k ** Lord Cavendish," says Burnet, " was too much a libertine both in
principle and practice He went oft" from the court at first upon resentments
for some disappointment there. He was ambitious, and had the courage of a.
hero, with an unus.ua! proportion of wit and knowledge- He had a great
softness in his exterior deportment '' Burnet's Q T. vol i p. 389. «,
Bishop Kennet's Memoirs, p 110, et «eq.
VOL. I, z

338 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

objected against that abrupt dismission of them, and pressed it
upon the speaker, " that he could not leave the chair, but by a
question, and the vote of the house;" and offered to shew a pre-
cedent of the commons sitting after an unexpected message to ad-
journ. And when, upon the said July 16th, the two houses met*
only in order to be adjourned by his Majesty's pleasure, this
Lord was in the report of a royal command to that effect; but he
moved, " that their last order about adjournment might be read,
to the end they might take notice of the authority by which they
met here now ; and this, he said, was usual and regular to be
done ;'' which motion was seconded, and had probably been
carried, if the speaker, Edward (afterwards Sir Edward) Seymour
had not left the chair, and run away from the hard words that
followed him. In the same session, when a vote of great conse-
quence was depending, and the house divided, and tellers were
appointed, and the numbers were returned equal on both sides,
by which means, he and his friends would have lost their neces-
sary point, he charged a mistake upon the tellers against him,
and would not suffer it-to be shuffled up, but insisted on it, till,
with great difficulty, he gained the proof of it, by which he ex-
asperated the court party to the last degree. In the next Parlia-
ment, in October, 1678, the Lord Cavendish was the third
named, m in the first committee appointed for privileges and
elections; was also in a second committee for drawing up an
humble address to be presented to his Majesty for removing all
popish recusants from within ten miles of the city of London ; n
and in a third, for examining into the murder of Sir Edmund
Bury Godfrey; and in ° another, for preparing a bill to hinder
Papists from sitting in either house of parliament, which received
the" royal assent on November 30th.

On October 29th, 1678, he was one of the select committee
appointed p to go to Newgate, and examine Mr. Coleman, touch-
ing the plot and conspiracy against his Majesty ; and in a second,
to communicate to the Lords at a conference, r " That upon the
evidence that has already appeared to the house, they are of opi-
nion, that there is, and hath been, a damnable and hellish plot,
contrived and carried on by popish recusants, for assassinating
and murdering the King, for subverting the government, and the

* Copy of the Journal of the House of Commons, printed A. D. 1680 p 4

. Ibid, p 9, jo. • Ibid- p- 18. r Ibid, p 14,

r Ibid- p. 63.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 339

Protestant religion." Also on December 2d, in' another to draw
up a representation to be made to the King, " of the danger that
may arise to his Majesty and the kingdom, by the non-observance
of the laws that have been made for the preservation of the peace,
and safety of the kingdom." On December 19th, he was sent
to attend his Majesty with the votes of the house, relating to the
information given against Mr. Montague^ l and was chosen, the
same day, one of the committee to prepare and draw up articles
against the Earl of Danby ; and was particularly appointed to keep
the letters delivered by Mr. Montague.

In another parliament, which met on March 6th, 16/S-9,
this Lord was among the chief members appointed to attend his
Majesty, with the vote concerning the election of a new speaker,
on March 8th, the King having refused to approve of Edward
Seymour, Esq. before mentioned, as having occasion for him in
his own immediate service ; and of the committee, for drawing
up a bill to secure the King and kingdom against the growth
and danger of Popery, on April 16th, 1679 5 also* on ^ay 14th,
was distinguished in carrying up the address for declaring to re-
venge upon the Papists any violence offered by them to the King's
person. Upon these occasions, he spoke often with that weight
and freedom, that some of his speeches got abroad, in imperfect
copies, and were much applauded. One of them had such severe
things in it, that it wisely produced this order of the house :
•* the house being informed that there is a false and scandalous
pamphlet dispersed abroad, under the name of The Speech of the-
Lord Cavendish; resolved, it be referred to a committee, to en-
quire into the authors and publishers of that pamphlet. u During
this session, the King, finding his ministry not able to support
themselves, chose, on April 21st, 1679, a new privy-council, con-
sisting of a number not exceeding thirty ; of which fifteen to be
of the chief officers, privy counsellors by their places; and ten
out of the several houses of the nobility ; and five commoners of
the realm, x whose known abilities, interest, and esteem in the
nation, should render them without all suspicion of either mis-
taking or betraying the true interest of the kingdom. In this
honourable list y was William Lord Cavendish, with his inse-

« Copy of the Journal of the House of Commons, printed A. D. 1680.
p. 159.

1 Ibid. p. 189, 19?, 196 u Kennet, ut supr. 90.

* King's Speech to his Privy Council, April 20th, 1679.

History of Euglajudi vq! UK P 36*.

340 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

parable friend, William Lord Russell. On the next day,1 the
King told his two houses, that he had established a new privy -
conncil, and had made choice or" such persons as were* worthy and
able to advise him; and was resolved, in all his weighty and im-
portant affairs to be advised by them. But in May, a bill was
brought in, " To disable the Duke of York from inheriting
the imperial crown of England." This, and other proceedings
against Popery, brought the session to a quick period, on May
2/th, when they were prorogued to August 14th, and in the
mean time dissolved. Then the Duke returned from Flanders,
and before the new parliament, summoned to meet on October
1/th, he chose to withdraw into Scotland ; and that in his ab-
sence no proceedings might afreet him, the parliament was put
off by several prorogations, and the petitions for their sitting
were declared to be libellous, and punished as such. On January
28th, 1679-8O, the King declared in council, that he had sent for
his Royal Highness out of Scotland, and would answer, that his
leturn should have no ill influence upon the public. These mea-
sures so much disconcerted the views of the anti-courtiers, that
some of them resolved to withdraw. Accordingly, it was pub-
lished in the Gazette, Whitehall, January 31st: " this evening
the Lord -Russell, the Lord Cavendish, Sir Henry Capel, and
Mr. Powle, prayed his Majesty to give them leave to withdraw
from the council board." a To which his Majesty was pleased to
answer, " with all my heart." A frank intimation, that since
they opposed his new scheme of administration, he had rather be
without them ; and which he thought fit to make known to his
people.

The Lord Cavendish was again chosen for the county of Derby
in the next parliament, which, after so many prorogations, met
on October 21st, 16SO ; and was in the bosom of the Lord
Russell, when he stood up to declare his opinion, h " that the life
of our King, the safety of our country, and protestant religion,
were in great danger from popery ; and rhat cither the parliament
must suppress the power and growth of popery, or else popery
would soon destroy all that was near and dear to us : and there-
fore moved, that, in the first place, they might take into consi-
deration how to suppress popery, and prevent a popish successor.

1 King's Speech in the House of Lords, April 21, 1679

• History of England, vol iii. p. 368.

k Collect, of Debates ia the House of Commons, 1680, p. 1.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 3Jl

The Lord Cavendish0 carried up the articles of impeachment to
the lords against Sir William Scroggs, Knight, chief justice of the
court of King's Bench, for his aibitrary and illegal practices.
Also when the King had declared his resolution of not consenting
to a bill of exclusion, and the great point was, to secure the king-
dom against popery, his lordship was a warm stickler for the ex-
clusion, as appears by his speech on that occasion, printed in the
debates of the house.

In fine, he was one of those who openly opposed the King's
chief counsellors, and promoted the address to his Majesty, to re-
move them from all offices of honour and profits, and from his
Majesty's councils and presence for ever. Upon which his
Majesty prorogued the parliament, on January 10th, 16S0-1, and
dissolved them by proclamation, on the ISth; and called another
to meet at Oxford, on March 21st, wherein Lord Cavendish
began again to stem the tide : but his undaunted efforts were
again stopped, by dissolution, in a week's time- It is, however,
observable, that the zeal of Lord Cavendish was, in the warmest
debates, tempered with candour and great civility. When Mr.
Secretary Jenkins refused to carry a message to the lords, and the
house so far resented it, as to be for calling him to the bar, my d
Lord Cavendish concluded, " that the gentleman's fault was a
great one ; but that, after his begging the pardon Of the house,
he should be willing to pass it over 3 for though it was a great
fault, yet it was too little to give occasion of a breach at this
time." Upon which the secretary was softened, and said, " he
was ready to obey the order of the house, and was sorry his words
had given offence j" and so went on the message. After this,
the King and his ministers governed without a parliament, and,
under some pretence or other, called the chief members of the
late houses into question for their liberties, and very livesj Duke
of Monmouth, Earls of Shaftsbury and Essex, Lord Russell,
Colonel Sidney, and others. The Lord Cavendish was thought
as obnoxious as any, and did not decline the meeting with those
persons, while nothing was proposed, but what Mas honourable
and just. But in some one assignation, he is said to have con-
demned a bold overture that was then made, and to have declared,
with great earnestness, when he came back, " that he would
never more go amongst them :" not that he deserted what he
thought the public cause, or any in it, whom he esteemed his

c History of England, yoI. iii. p. 379. . d Debates praed. p 316.

342 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

friends j for at the trial of Lord Russell, his Lordship appeared,
with the Earl of Anglesey, Mr. Howard, Dr. Tillotson, Dr.
Burnet, &c. to vindicate him in the face of the court, giving his,
testimony to the good life and conversation of the prisoner/ say-
ing, " he had the honour to be acquainted with my Lord Russell
a long time, and always thought him a man of great honour, and
too prudent and wary a man to be concerned in so vile and des-
perate a design as this, and from which he would receive so little
advantage. And that two or three days since the discovery of
this plot, upon discourse about Colonel Rumsey, my Lord Russell
did express something, as if he had a very ill opinion of the man,
and therefore it was not likely he would intrust him with such a
secret."

When, by force of the stream, he saw that great man sub-
mitting to the hard sentence of death, he did not forsake him,
nor would he altogether despair of his safety. He sent him a
message by Sir James Forbes, that he would come and change
clothes with him in the prison, and stay there to represent him,
if, in such disguise, he could make his escape. f When the
Lord Russell was too generous to accept of this proposal, the Lord
Cavendish attended him in his extremes, waited on his discon-
solate Lady, and took leave of him, in the most endearing pas-
sions, the morning he suffered ; and evidenced his respect to the
family, by matching his eldest son with a daughter of it.

There is one other instance of his gallantry and courage, that
is to be admired, so far as it proceeded from his love to a friend,
and his zeal for justice. He had contracted a firm intimacy with
Thomas Thynne, Esq. ; and, after his- barbarous assassination, he
pursued a legal vengeance on the murderers, and brought the
immediate actors to condign punishment, and the great abettor of
it to his trial, who happened to be acquitted by a jury possessed,
or rather prepared, in favour of him. This Lord had great indig-
nation at his discharge, which he thought owing to corruption ;
and knowing, that an appeal to single combat was, of old, the last
resort in law, for convicting a murderer, he obtained the favour
of a noble peer to go in his name to Count Coningsmark, to
charge the guilt of blood upon him, and to offer to prove it in
the open field : but it may be presumed, the message, or the
answer, was dropped, because the Count was in haste to fly
from a second trial.

e Trial of my Lord Russel, p ^5.
r Bishop Burnet's History, p. 560.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 3<13

By the death of the old Earl, in 1684, Lord Cavendish was
rouKTH Earl of Devonshire ; and in the reign of King James,
he was the same man, in his principles, as formerly. He had
been very rudely insulted within the verge of the court by colonel
Culpeper, for which he contained himself, and only worked out
the satisfaction of giving him his pardon, upon condition he
should never more appear at Whitehall ; but, immediately after
the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth, the colonel was encouraged
to shew himself at court, and was rising into a creature of it. The
Earl of Devonshire meeting him in the King's presence chamber,
and receiving from him, as he thought, an insulting look, he took
him by the nose, led him out of the room, and gave him some
despising blow with the head of his cane. For this bold act, the
Earl was prosecuted in the King's Bench, upon an information,
and had a fine of 30,000/. imposed upon him, and was com-
mitted, though a peer, to the King's Bench prison, till he should
make payment of it. He was never able to bear any confine-
ment that he could break from, and therefore he escaped only to
go home to his seat at Chatsworth. Upon the news of his being
there, the sheriff of Derbyshire had a precept to apprehend him,
and bring him with his posse to town. But he invited the sheriff",
and kept him a prisoner of honour, till he had compounded for
his own liberty, by giving bond to pay the full sum of 30,000/.
which bond had this providential discharge, " that it w,as found
among the papers of King James, and given up by King William."
We are told, that the Countess dowager, his mother, being un-
easy to see him under so great a hardship, waited on the King, to
beg her son's pardon, and, for discharge of the fine, did humbly
desire, " that his Majesty would accept of her delivering up
bonds, and other acknowledgements, for above 60,000 /. lent by
her husband, and his mother, to his royal father and brother, in
their greatest CKtremities. But it seems the popish party then
thought the Earl had forfeited all title to gratitude and equity.
It was under this load of difficulties, that he first projected the
new glorious pile at Chatsworth, as if his mind rose upon the de-
pressions of his fortunes: for he now contracted with workmen
to pull down the south side of that good old seat, and to rebuild
it on a plan he gave to them, for a front to his gardens, so fair
and august, that it looked like a model of what might be done in
after ages. When he had finished this part, he meant to go no
farther, till, seeing public affairs in a happier settlement, for a
testimony of ease and joy, he undertook the east side of thr

344 ^RAGE OF ENGLAND.

quadrangle, and raised it entirely new, in conformity to the south,
and seemed then content to say, " that he had gone ha!:
through, and would leave the rest for his heir." In this resolution
he stopped about seven years, and then brgan to lay the founda-
tion for two other sides, to complete the noble square ; and these
last, as far as uniformity admits, do exceed the others by a west
front, of most excellent strength and elegance, and a capitol on
the north side, that is of singular ornament and service. And
though such a vast pile (of materials entirely new) required a
prodigious expense, yet the building was bis least charge, if :e-
gard be had to his gardens, water-works, statues, pictures, aud
other the finest pieces of art, and of nature, that could be ob-
tained abroad, or at home. One of the first rooms he finished,
was the chapel, which he made not only as decent, but as splendid,
as any in a protestant country. This, with the apartmeuts, and
all the other glories of the house, an a -subject of surprize and ad-
miration. It will bear the report, that when the Marshal Tallard
came hither, with some of his fellow prisoners, by invitation of
the Duke, and was nobly entertained lor several days, he is said to
have parted with this compliment : '• my Lord, when I come
hereafter to compute the time of my captivity in England, I shall
leave out the days of my enjoyment at Chatsworth."

At this place the Earl kept himself retired for the most part
of the few years of King James, thinking the farthest retreat from
the court to be, at that time, the fittest place for a good subject.
Here was Ins refuge from Westminster aud Hounsluw, from a set
of judges, and a standing army. He heard, with indignation, of
the proceedings above, and the great advances made tow
French monarchy, and a lloman religion. He was satisfied in his
judgment, that a Prince, governing by law, deserved allegiance,
and the utmost of his people ; but he could iicvcr di-

gest the hard notions of a passive obedience to i e. to

any monarch, or their ministers, who should bend a legal consti-
tution to their own will and pleasure, till they broke up, and
c ht.ngcd the foundation of it. His care was, it possible, to pre-
serve a legal monarchy in the protestant line, upon the true esta-
blishment of laws and fundamental constitution. He had no
other view of safety, but from the Prince of Orange; and there-
fore be helped to draw the eyes of the nobility and gentry the
same way. He writ his mind freely to an English friend at the
court of the Hague, that their la>>t and only hopes were from
; anJ ti. -a as ury much in those deep and secret

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 345

measures, which were taken to invite over that prince. But
while he was waiting, with impatience, the effects ofitj he found
dangers and difficulties big enough to try a noble spirit.

The King, upon the first alarm from Holland, or rather from
France, had a jealousy of this Earl, above any other peer, and sent
for him to court, that he might have the stricter guard upon him.
His Lordship excused his attendance, because he knew the mean-
ing of it. After this, his kinsman, the Duke of Newcastle, was.
desired to go down to Chatsworth, to invite the Earl into the
King's service : but his Lordship heard the Duke's discourse of
the fatality of civil war, and of the loyalty of their family the
Cavendishes, and some other suggestions of interest and honour,
with seeming attention, and all civilities, without making any re-
turn or answer, but in general expressions. When his noble
guest was gone, he concerted other measures with the Earl of
Danby, the Lord Delamere, Sir Scroop How, and some few
others of greatest quality and interest in those parts. They had,
at first, an eye upon the Prince's landing in the north, and, when
disappointed of those hopes, they still continued their prepara-
tions, and waited for him with impatience. In the mean time,
the Earl treated with many of his friends and neighbours ; but he
found them reflecting on the Duke of Monmouth's attempt, and
bearing in mind the western inquisition. Lie had the hearts and
wishes of many who dared not to stir their hands. Some ex-
pectances were not answered, and even some promises were
evaded. When the Prince was driven back by a storm, and the
Kino- was doing some fair things to please the people, his Lord-
ship was then in danger of being delivered up, or, at least, of
being left alone. He did, however, keep himself and servants,
and some few of his fastest friends, in a readiness and silent pre-
paration. They talked over the scene they had laid in feigned
words and phrases 5 and when any suspected company seemed to
understand them, they fell into other inventions of secresy and
reserve.

As soon as he heard of the Prince's landing in the west, ne
began to move, and resolved to run the utmost hazards for his
cause. Lie marched first, with a small retinue, to the county
town of Derby, and invited many of the gentry, and entertained
those who adventured to come, at his open table, with freedom of
discourse. He called out the mayor and commonalty, and read
to them the Prince's declaration, and made a favourable com-
'menf on it ; and delivered to them a copy of the declaration made

346 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

by himself, and the nobility and gentry with him, " that they
would, to their utmost, defend the protestant religion, the laws of
the kingdom, and the rights and liberties of the subject.

While his Lordship was in town, a messenger came from
London, with a letter in the heel of his boot, so much soaked in
water and dirt, that it could h dly be made legible : the contents
were to signify the return of King James from Salisbury, and the
advance of the Prince's army towards London. This occasioned
great joy ; but, in the midst of it, another courier arrived, with an
account directly contrary, and left the wisest of them in suspence,
and the rest in consternati •'- . The King's party made their ad-
vantage of it, and began to ioim a plot of securing the Earl and
his company, if they had not left the place with greater expe-
dition.

From thence his Lordship marched to Nottingham, where
the people were well affected; and the nobility and gentry soon
made a number and figure very considerable. The Earl, at the
head of them, thought fit to unite them in a declaration of their
sense and resolution ; which was accordingly made, and (on
November 22d, 1688) unanimously subscribed on this professed
principle j " we own it rebellion to resist a King that governs by
law ; but he was always accounted a tyrant that made his will the
law ; and, to resist such a one, we justly esteem no rebellion, but a
necessary and iust defence." This declaration was thought to be
80 equitable and honourable, that many others came daily into it,
and were formed into regular troops, and made the appearance of
a confederate army. A regiment of horse (the fourth) was
formed, whereof his Lordship was colonel, and was one of the
first that went to Ireland, in l68g. When her royal highness the
princess Anne was persuaded to forsake her father's palace, she
went from London with the Lord Bishop, the Earl of Dorset, and
a small train of ladies, on Sunday night, November 25th, deter-
mining to go directly to Nottingham. Jn her journey a rumour
was industriously spread, that a party of the enemies would in-
tercept her; upon which the Earl marched out, with a good
body of horse, and, at some miles distance from the town, met
her royal highness, with great respect and joy, and conducted her
to the castle (from whence the noble owner, the Duke of New-
castle, had withdrawn) and kept tables at his own expence, and
provided all the other accommodations of a court, and a standing
council. When his stock failed, he accepted of some contribu-
tions, and, at last, borrowed the public money in such a manner,'

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 347

as to satisfy the collectors, and please the country. When a
copy of the association came, he readily went into it, and was
followed by those who were most hearty in. the cause. When
some were so cautious as to decline it, he waved their refusal
with great temper : but when they afterwards, on a nearer pros-
pect of success, offered to subscribe, he then checked them for
their former wariness, and said, there was now no need of their
doing it.

The Princess was extremely satisfied with her reception ; but
desiring to be nearer to his royal highness Prince George, pro-
posed to go toward Oxford : whereupon the Earl of Devonshire,
and his noble train, were a guard to her royal highness, and, by
easy and most convenient stages, conducted her safe to Oxford,
where she was soon after met by her most affectionate consort,
the Prince. When the Earl of Devon had delivered up his royal
trust at Christchurch, he was solicitous to do more, that the im-
portant work might be finished, and the fruits of it remain to
posterity : so, with a private friend or two, he hastened early
next day to London ; and hearing the Prince of Orange was come
as far as Sion House, he resolved to meet him the next morning,
and came thither to the Prince, as he was taking coach, and was
received by him with all the marks of affection and esteem.

He was among the lords spiritual and temporal, assembled in
their house at Westminster, on December 2.5th, and was forward
and leading in the address to the prince, to take upon him the
administration, till the meeting of a convention then summoned.
At the opening of that convention on January 22d, 1688-9, he
was one of the first peers in the order, for " a day of public
thanksgiving to Almighty God, for having made his highness, 'he
Prince of Orange, the glorious instrument of the great deliverance
of this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power." And again,
in the address of the lords and commons, " to desire the Prince
to continue in the administration of public affairs, civil and mili-,
tary, and the disposal of the public revenue, for the preservation
of our religion, rights, laws, liberties, and properties." In the
following debates, he was for completing and securing the
wonderful revolution. He argued boldly for the sense of the
commons of England, ** that King James had not only endea-
voured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the
original contract between King and people) but, having violated
the fundamental laws, and withdrawn himself out of the king-
dom, had abdicated the government; and the throne was thereby

34S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

vacant." When a majority of lords were at first against this
vote, lie entered his protestation with about forty other peers;
and, after a free conference, he encouraged the leading commons,
and helped to convince some lords, how reasonable it was to agree
■with them. When this point was at last carried, he had the
pleasure to see a greater majority with him in the final resolution,
H that the Prince and Princess of Orange should be declared King
and Queen of England, &c." He was zealous in the declaration
of the lords and commons, for vindicating their antient rights and
liberties ; and distinguished himself in every vote to fix the throne,
and prevent a relapse into slavery.

For these eminent and faithful services, he was admitted one
of the privy-council, on February lith, and, on March l6th,
HJ88-9, was constituted lord lieutenant of Derbyshire. Also, for
a nearer relation to the court, was made lord steward of their
Majesties houshold : and it must be remembered to his honour,
that when a person offered him a very large sum for the liberty
of filling up the places in his gift, and would have brought a list
of three names for each place, that his Lordship might choose
any one, he rejected the offer, justly scorning a bribe, and hating
the tempter. He was, indeed, averse to any act that had the least
appearance of dishonour, and so nice a regard to every thing that
was just, that when, for the entertainment of his friends, he bad
an assembly at his house, he sent for the groom porter, and his
servants, that tho*e who were disposed to play, might have no
suspicion of bt ing ill treated. On April 3d, 1 689, ne w;,s elected
a knight companion of the most noble older of the garter, and,
on May 14th following, installed, with great splendor.

At the coronation, on April 11th, 10S(), he was made lord
high steward of England for that day, and carried the regal
crown next to the bible and the King's person ; his daughter as-
sisting in bearing up her Majesty's train. In this solemnity, his
person, port, and habit, were so very graceful, that they really
adotned the procession, and made the regalia more illustrious.

In the following parliament, his Lordship complained of his
grievance, and had it referred to a committee, who, on April 22d,
came to this report, * " their lordships are of opinion, that the
proceedings against the Earl of Devonshire, in the court of King's
Bench, in Easter term, in the 3d of King James II. upon an in*
formation for an assault 14x511 Mr. Culpepper, wherciu his Lord.

1 Journal of the Houic of Lords

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 349

ship's plea of privilege of parliament was overruled, and he was
lined 30,000/. and thereupon committed to the King's Bench in
execution, was a great violation of the privileges of the peers of
this realm. Their lordships are likewise of opinion, that those
judges who sat in the said court, when the said judgments were
given, and the said commitment made, should be required to at-
tend at the bar of this house, to answer for the great offence
which they have committed thereby." Hereupon the house or-
dered, " that the clerk of the crown office, in the King's Bench,
should bring into this house the records of that office, wherein
the proceedings against the Earl of Devonshire were entered ; and
that the keeper of Newgate should bring, in safe custody, to the
bar of this house, Sir Robert Wright; and that Sir Richard
Holloway, and Mr. Justice Powel, should attend the house on the
day appointed."

Accordingly, on Monday, May (5th, they severally attended,
and acknowledged their crime, and begging the Earl of Devon-
shire's pardon, the house came .to this resolution, " that the
court of King's Bench, in overruling the Earl of Devonshire's plea
of privilege of parliament, and forcing him to plead over in chief,
it being the usual time of privilege, did thereby commit a manifest
breach of the privilege of parliament ; and that the fine of
30,000/. imposed, by the court of King's Bench, upon the Earl of
Devonshire, was excessive and exorbitant, against Magna Charta,
the common right of the subject, and the law of the land." And
on May 7th, the house heard the judges, what cases and prece-
dents there were in the laws, for the commitment of a peer ®f this
realm, in execution for a fine. And on May 15th, their Lord-
ships heard the persons who had given judgment against the Earl,
what they could say for themselves, to justify their proceedings j
and the King's council, upon a week's notice, did give their at-
tendance, but did offer nothing therein. Whereupon, after full
consideration, their lordships did affirm their former judgment ;
and did further declare and adjudge, " that no peer of tills realm,
at any time, ought to be committed for non-payment of a fine to.
the King."

When he had obtained this right and honour to be done unto
himself, and his fellow peers, and to his and their posterity, he
was as much concerned for redressing the injuries done unto the
commons, and to the particular sufferings among them. He pro-
moted the repeal of several attainders, and helped to ^prevail in
the house of lord*, to appoint a committee to examine who were

350 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

the advisers and prosecutors of the murders of the Lord Russell,
Colonel Sidney, Sir Thomas Armstrong, Mr. Cornish, and others.
He was so averse to all manner of injustice and oppression, that
he was always ready to protect and deliver the very enemies of
the government from any illegal hardship. He remembered his
master, King William's saying, " that he came over to defend
the Protestants, and not to persecute the papists." Those Roman
catholic gentlemen who lived near him in the country peaceably
and quietly, he treated as neighbours and friends, and they bore
a great respect to him, and shewed it by attending his funeral in
a very decent manner. Yet, in all public debates and consults,
the Duke was a steady and magnanimous opposer of popery and
French power : he hated the very name of a tyrant j his pen was
never sharp, but on that subject, as may be seen in his poem,
intitled, " An allusion to the Bishop of Cambray's Supplement of
Homer. h

On January 18tb, 169O-I, he embarked at Gravesend with
his Majesty, who appointed a splendid congress at the Hague,
where his Grace outshined most of the Princes there. His plate
and furniture were so magnificent, that the sight of them drew
a greater concourse of people to his house, than to any other
palace. ' He invited several of the sovereign princes to dinner,
and the King to be incognito among them. In our Gazette, No.
2642, is the following relation :

Hague, March 9th. " On Monday last my lord steward
treated the Elector of Brandenburg, the Landgrave of Hesse, the
Prince de Commercy, &c. with great magnificence, and the King
was pleased, unexpected, to do his Lordship the honour to be one
of the company. The Elector of Bavaria was not there, but has
invited himself some other day."

At the siege of Mons, in March, 1691, he waited upon his
Majesty to the camp, and returned to England, without any com-
plaint of the trouble or expence, landing with his Majesty at
Whitehall, on April 13th, N. S. following, Mons having sur-
rendered to the French on the 10th.

On May 12th, 1694, he was created Marquis of Hartington,
and Duke of Devonshire; the preamble to his patent setting
forth, " That the King and Queen could do no less for one who
bad deserved the best of them : one who, in a corrupted age, and

* So far is almost entirely in the words of Bishop Kennet.
1 Exact relation of the entertainment of King William at the Hague.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. -351

sinking into the basest flattery, had constantly retained the man-
ners of the antients, and would never suffer himself to be moved,
either by the insinuations, or the threats, of a deceitful court :
but, equally despising both, like a true asserter ot liberties, stood
always for the laws ; and when he saw them violated past all
other redress, he appealed to us ; and we advising with him how
to shake off' that tyranny, he, with many other peers, drawn over
to us by his example and advice, gave us the greatest assistance
towards gaining a most absolute victory without blood ; and so
restoring the ancient rights and religion, &c." This dignity,
with his garter and white staff", and justiceship in eyre, and lieu-
tenancy, was as much honour as an English subject could well
enjoy.

He was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of
Derbyshire, on King William's accession, having, on the death of
his father, been left out of the commission, for not approving of
the measures of the court. King Charles constituted Robert Earl
of Scarsdale lord Lieutenant j and King James appointed Theo-
philus Earl of Huntingdon.

At the death of Queen Mary, on December 28th, 1694, the
Duke expressed his own grief, and the public loss, in an ode com-
posed by him, with great passion and judgment. '

He was chosen, in 1697, recorder of the town of Notting-
ham.

When, after the Queen's death, the administration of the
government, in the King's' absence, was to be intrusted in the
hands of his subjects, the Duke was one of those lords justices of
England for seven successive years, a continual honour that
happened to no one other peer, save to him and Dr. Thomas
Tenison, archbishop of Canterbury.

In the case of Sir John Fenwick, he had a conviction of his
guilt, and therefore an abhorrence of bis person} and yet so
tender was he of the forms of law, and so averse to any extraor-
dinary judicial proceeding, that, for fear of leaving a precedent
that might hereafter be misunderstood, or misapplied, he could
not come into that bill : for, without regard to the authority of
others, he always followed his own judgment 5 as he did emi-
nently in another bill, " for the resumption of estates in Ire-

• Dryden's flattery on this occasion was, as usual, gross. Dr Kippis ob.
serves that, " his Grace had merit enough, without its being necessary on ac-
count of his writing a few copies of easy verses, to dub him with the adventi-
tious title of an excellent poet". See Park's R, and.N. A. vol. iy. p. »j.

J52 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. *

land," which lie opposed with great resolution, declaring, upon
honour, " that he^ would never recede from a report in that
matter." At the funeral of King William, his Grace, and the
Duke of Somerset, were the two supporters to his royal highness
George Prince of Denmark, the chief mourner.

Upon the accession of Queen Anne to the throne, he was
continued in his high office, and other stations ; and served the
Queen with a grateful reverence to the memory of the King.

At the splendid coronation of the Queen, he was a second
time lord high steward of England for that solemn day, and bore
the crown between the Dukes of Richmond and Somerset, till he
presented it at the altar.

In parliament he was active for securing the protestant suc-
cession, for declaring war against France and Spain, and sup-
porting her Majesty in her alliances, to carry on the common
cause of Europe. He was one of the commissioners, on the part
of England, to treat of an union between the two nations. In
April, 1/05, he waited on the Queen to Cambridge, and was there
created doctor in law, with his son, the second Duke, and many
others of the nobility and gentry.

After a severe indisposition, that would not yield to the art of
the best physicians, he sunk extremely in his body, without any
alteration in his mind and senses ; and, with a full prospect of
death, and a Christian preparation for it, he departed, about nine
in the morning, on Monday, August 18th, 1707, in Devonshire
House, Piccadilly, in the sixty-seventh year of his age, k and was
buried in the church of Allhallows in Derby, on Friday, Sep-
tember 1st.1

The following inscription which he ordered to be put on his
monument, shews his political principles :

WlLLIELMUS DUX DEVON.

Bonorum rrincipum Fidclis Subditus;
Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis.
He valued no other political character.

fc All this also from Kennct
1 The famous Dr. White Kcnnct, afterwards Bi&hop of Peterborough,
preached his funeral sermon, and published it with memoirs of the family
annexed, from whence the greater part of this article is taken, though in the
late editions of Collins it was not acknowledged There is a further character
of the Duke in the sermon itself, which is not inserted for want of room. The
preacher was calumniated as recommending a death-bed repentance, which
he dcuicd. See Nichols's Edition, 1797, Treface, p via.

DIKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 353

" His bearing a relation to most of the noble families in Eng-
land, gave him, as he thought, a larger share in the common
care and concern for the privileges of the peers, and the rights of
the people. His frequent discourse was to commend the consti-
tution and laws of this kingdom; and to affirm, " that as he
always had, so he ever would endeavour to defend and preserve
them." He seemed to be made for a patriot : his mien and as-
pect were engaging and commanding : his address ami conver-
sation were civil and courteous in the highest manner. His
speeches on any important affair were smooth and weighty. As a
statesman, his whole deportment came up to his noble birth, and
his eminent stations : nor did he want any of what the world
calls accomplishments. He had great skill in languages, was a
true juJge in history, a critic in poetry, and had a fine hand in
music. He had an elegant tas'e in painting, and all politer arts,
with a spirit that was continually improving his judgment in
them; and in architecture, had a genius, skill, and experience,
beyond any one person of any one age; his house at Chatsworth
being a monument of beauty and magnificence, that perhaps is
not exceeded by any palace in Europe." '"

By the I^ady Mary, his wife, daughter of James Duke of Or-
mond, before mentioned (which Lady died on July 31st, 17K),
aged sixty-eight, and was buried in Westminster Abbey) his Grace
had three sons and a daughter, Lady Elizabeth, married to Sir
John Went worth of Broadsworth in com. Ebor. Bart. His three
sons were,

First, Wilham, second Duke of Devonshire.
Second, Lord Henry Cavendish, a gentleman distinguished for
his gnat merits, who was elected" for the town of Derby, in 1005
and 1(K)8; and died, very much lamented, on Friday, May 10th,
1700, in the twenty-seventh )ear of his age, leaving by his wife
Rhoda, daughter of William Cartwright, of Aynho in com.
Xorthamp. Esq. one daughter, Mary, born January 30th, l(K)b,0
married to John, late Earl of Westmoreland, and died his widow
July 2()th. 17/S. aged eighty years. The said Rhoda, surviving,
died on January 21th, 1720-30.

Third, Lord James Cavendish, of Stayley Park in Devonshire,
who was elected >' to parliament for the town of Derby, in the
12th year of King William; as also in another parliament the

m Kcnnct in his Sermon " Not. Parliament y jj6.

u Collin Plate > Not. Parliament p ij6

VOL. I. 3 A

.354 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

year following, and in two other parliaments, in the reign of
Queen Anne : he was likewise chosen for the said borough in the
first year of King George I. and in all the following parliaments,
Jill he was made auditor of the revenue in Ireland, in February
1/41-2, whereby he vacated his seat in parliament. His Lord-
ship married Anne, daughter of Elihu Yale, Esq. governor of
Fort St. George in the East Indies, who died on July 8th, 1721.
By her Ladyship (who died on June 2/th, 1734) he had issue one
son, William, and a daughter Elizabeth, who died August 4th,
1779) ' married, in February 1732, to Richard Chandler, Esq.
son and heir apparent to Edward Chandler, lord bishop of Dur-
ham. And the said William also married Barbara, daughter of
the before mentioned Edward, lord bishop of Durham, and died
on June 30th, 1751, without issue ; and Lord James Cavendish,
his father, deceasing on December 14th, 1751, the said Richard
Chandler, Esq. by act of parliament in 1752, changed his name
to Cavendish.

William, second Duke of Devonshire, was trained to
the public service from his youth. In l6g2, he served, as a vo-
lunteer, under King William, in Flanders.

As soon as he came of age, he was returned a member of the
house of commons; and on the peace concluded at Ryswick, he
made a tour to France. He was elected one of the knights for
the county of Derby, in 1G95 ; as also in two other parliaments,
in 1698 and 170O3 and one of the knights for Yorkshire, in 1702,
1705, and 1707, when he succeeded to the peerage. While he
was Marquis of Hartington, her Majesty constituted him captain
of the yeomen of her guard ; and succeeding his father in his
honours, the Queen likewise conferred on him his places of dig-
nity and trust, with this most gracious expression, " that she had
lost a loyal subject and good friend in his father, but did not
doubt to find them both again in him."

His Grace was declared lord steward of the household, on
September 6th, and sworn of the privy council, on September 8th,
1707. On October 29th following, he was appointed lord warden
and chief justice in eyre, of all the forests, parks and chaces, &c.
beyond Trent 5 as also Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of
the county of Derby. On May 10th, 1708, he was again sworn
of the privy council, according to an act of parliament on the

1 See an account of Bishop Chandler's family in Gent. Mag. for 1793,
P «»*»■

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 355

union with Scotland, which h;s Grace industriously promotfd,
when he was one of the commissioners for that purpose.

On the change of the ministry, in 1 ~ 10, he resigned his places;
but having been elected a Knight of the most noble order of the
Garter, he was installed at Windsor, on December 22d the same
year.

At the demise of the Queen, his Grace was in the same power
and trust with her successor, being one of the regents of the king-
dom, nominated by his Majesty, pursuant to an act of parliament
for the better securing the protestant succession ; and was de-
clared lord steward of the King's household, and sworn of the
privy-council.

On July 5th, 1/lG, he resigned his office of lord steward of
the household, and the next day was declared lord president of
the council; from which high office he retired in April, 1717»
when several of the nobility and other persons voluntarily quitted
their places. On June 1 lth, 1/20, his Majesty designing to visit
his dominions in Germany, he declared his Grace one of the
justices of the kingdom, during his absence, in which most
honourable trust he was continued when his Majesty's affaira
called hiin abroad ; and on March 2/th, 1725, was again declared
lord president of the council. Likewise, on May 31st, 172", he
was a fifth time declared one of the lords justices of the king-
dom.

His Grace was again made Lord Lieutenant and Custos Ro-
tulorum of the county of Derby, and declared lord president of
the council October 4th, 1727;.also, in June following, again
appointed one of the lords justices, during his Majesty's absence;
and, on November 17th following, chose one of the governors of
the Charter House.

His Grace married the Lady Rachel, daughter of William
Lord Russell, and sister to Wriothesley Duke of Bedford ; and by
her (who died on December 28th, 1725) had issue,

First, William, third Duke of Devonshire.

Second, Lord James Cavendish, who, in 1730, was consti-
tuted colonel and captain of a company in the third regiment of
foot guards ; also, in 1738, colonel of the thirty-fourth regiment
of foot, and died member of parliament for Malton, on No-
vember 5th, 1/41 .

Third, Lord Charles Cavendish, who was elected member
for Heytesbury, in Wiltshire, April 15tb, 1725. In 1727, he
was chosen for the city of Westminster, and the year after, ap-

356 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

pointed one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber to the Prince of
Wales. In 1/34, he was chosen for the county of Derby. He
married, on January 9th, 1/27, the Lady Anne Grey, third
daughter of Henry Duke of Kent, and by her (who died at Pucke-
ridge in Hertfordshire, on September 20th, 1733) had issue two
sons, Frederick and Henry. His Lordship was a well known
member of the Royal Society, one of the trustees of the British
Museum, and one of the council or the Free British Fishery. He
died. . . .

Fourth, Lord John Cavendish, who died on May 10th,
1723.

Lady Mary Cavendish, eldest daughter, died on June 15th,
1719, unmarried. Lady Rachel, married to Sir William Morgan,
of Tredegar in com. Monmouth, Knight of the Bath. She sur-
vived him till June 18th, 1780, when she departed this life, aged
upwards of eighty years ; by him she had issue a son and heir,
William Morgan, of Tredegar, Esq. who died in 1763, S. P. ;
and a daughter Elizabeth, the wife of William Jones, third son
of ... . Jones, of Llanarthy in com. Monmouth, Esq. S. P. 1779.
Lady Elizabeth, married to Sir Thomas Lowther, of Holker in
com. Pal. Lane. Bart, and died anno 1737- Lady Catherine, and
Lady Anne, died unmarried ; as did Lady Diana/ on February
12th, 1721-2.

His Grace departed this life in Devonshire-house, in Picca-
dilly, on June 4th, 1 729, and was buried in AHhallows church in
Derby.

William, third Duke of Devonshire, served in Parlia-
ment, whilst he was a commoner, for the boroughs of Lest-
withiel and Grampound in Cornwall, and for the county of
Huntingdon,

On May 23d, \TiQt he was constituted captain of the band of
gentlemen pensioners, and attended, in that character, at the coro-
nation of his late Majesty, who, on his accession to the crown,
continued him in the same post. Succeeding his father in his
honours, he was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotu-
lorum of the county of Derby, on November 2d, 1727, and was
sworn of his Majesty's privy-council. And on June 12th, 1731,
was declared lord keeper of the privy-seal, and sworn of the privy-
council, the 15th following, and took his place at the board as
keeper of the privy-seal.

In April, 1733, his Grace was constituted lord steward of his
Majesty's household. And having been elected one of the knights

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 357

companions of the most noble order of the garter, was installed at
Windsor, on August 22d, the same year.

On March 31st, 173/, his Grace was declared in council,
lord lieutenant general, and general governor of the kingdom of
Ireland. His Grace continued lord lieutenant of Ireland, till Ja-
nuary 3d, 1/44, when the place of lord steward of his Majesty's
household was again conferred on him. His Grace was one of
the lords justices for the administration of the government, during
his Majesty's absence, in 1/41, 1743, 1745, and 1/48; continu-
ing lord steward of his Majesty's household, till June 1/49;
when choosing to retire to his noble seat at Chatsworth, he did
there, for the most part, reside, and departed this life on De-
cember 5th, 1/^5, and was buried at Allhallows, Derby.

Coxe has recorded that, " while he was lord lieutenant of
Ireland, he gave a striking instance of prudence and firmness. On
the introduction of a new coinage, Swift, elated with his former
triumphs in the affair of Wood, and anxious to embarrass the
measures of government, distributed inflammatory hand bills,
ordered the bells of the cathedral to be muffled, and endeavoured
to excite a ferment among the people. The Duke on his arrival,
informed of .these seditious attempts, sent an aid-de-camp to un-
muffle the bells, and to threaten Swift with an arrest should any
riot be excited. The turbulent dean was intimidated ; a peal of
loyalty was rung at the cathedral, and perfect tranquillity pre-
served. The Duke was a man of sound judgment, and unbiassed
integrity ; and Sir Robert Walpole, who often confidentially con-
sulted him on difficult questions, used to declare, that, on a sub-
ject which required mature deliberation, he would prefer his sen-
timents to those of any other person in the kingdom. Mr. Wal-
pole also paid a just tribute to the character of his noble friend,
whose talents were more solid than brilliant. Calling one day at
Devonshire House, which was just finished, and not finding him
at home, he left this epigram on his table :

Ut dominus, dumus est; non extra lulta eclumnis
Marmoreis spltndet ; quod tenet, intus habet.

His Grace was, at this period, lord steward of the household, and
held a place in the cabinet : disgusted, however, with the feuds in
the cabinet, and perplexed with the jealous disposition of Newcastle,
and the desponding spirit of Mr. Pelham, he resigned his office
in lJ4g, and withdrew to a dignified retirement at Chatsworth,
prepared, on all occa-ious of importance, to give his support to

358 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

government. He was succeeded in his high station by the Duke
of Marlborough."

On March 27th, 1/18, his Grace married Catherine, daughter
and sole heir of John Hoskins, of the county of Middlesex, Esq.
by which Lady (who survived till May 8th, 1777) he had issue
four sons, and three daughters.

First, William, fourth Duke of Devonshire.

Second, Lord George Cavendish, to whom his late Majesty
was godfather, and who was elected, in 1751, for Weymouth;
and in several parliaments was chosen for the county of Derby.
In October, 1761, he was appointed comptroller of the household,
and sworn of the privy- council, on February 15th, 17G2, but did
not long enjoy the office of comptroller. And on June I7tb,
1766, was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of
the county of Derby. He died, unmarried, May 2d, 1794, being
then M. P. for the county of Derby.

Third, Lord Frederick Cavendish (to whom his royal highness
the late Prince of Wales was godfather) who taking to a military
life, was, on March 21st, 1752, appointed lieutenant, with the
rank of captain, in the second regiment of foot guards. In May,
1758, his Lordship was nominated aid-de-camp to his late Ma-
jesty; in November, 1760, constituted colonel of the thirty-
fourth regiment of foot; promoted to the rank of major general,
on March 7th, 1761, and advanced to be lieutenant general on
April 30th, 1770 ; general 20th November 1782 ; and field marshal
on July 30th. 1796'. On his brother being called up to the house
of peers, he was elected in his place one of the knights for the
county of Derby; also to several parliaments for the town of
Derby ; and died, unmarried, October 2 1st, 1S03.

Fourth, Lord John Cavendish,' elected in 1754, member of
parliament for Weymouth; in 1761 for Knaresborough ; and to
subsequent parliaments for the city of York, and elected for the
county of D< rby, in the room of his brother Lord George, de-
ceased. On March 27th, 1782, he was appointed chancellor of
the Exchequer, and one of the lords of the. treasury, which he
held only till July following ; and was again appointed to those
situations April 5th, 1783, which he held only to December fol-
lowing. He died unmarried, December 19th, \~g6.

Lady Carolina, to whom his late Majesty was godfather, mar«

' The Poet Mason was his tutor at Cambridge ; and addressed one of
his elegies to him.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 35$

ried to William Ponsonby, Lord Viscount Duncannon, son and
heir of Brabazon, Earl of Bessborough, of the kingdom of Ireland,
of whom under the title of Lord Ponsonby.' Her Ladyship died
January 20th, 1760.

Lady Elizabeth, married, in September, 1742, to the honour-
able John Ponsonby, Esq. second son of the said Earl of Bess-
borough ; by whom she was mother of William Brabazon Pon-
sonby, created Lord Ponsonby I8O65 and of the Rt. Hon. George
Ponsonby late Lord Chancellor of Ireland ; and Lady Rachel,
married, on May 12th, 1748, to Horatio Walpole, Esq. son and
at length successor to the Rt. Hon. Horatio Walpole, Baron of
Woolterton in Norfolk ; now Earl of Orford. She died May 8th,
1805.

William, fourth Duke and seventh Earl of Devon-
shire, of his family, was at the general election, in 1747, returned
one of the knights for Derbyshire ; and called up to the house of
peers, on June 13th, 17'51, with precedency, according to the
patent granted his ancestor, on May 4th, 1605, being the fifteenth
Baron, when he took his seat among the lords. On July gth,
1751, he was appointed master of the horse, and three days after
sworn of the privy-council. On March 30th, next year, he was
nominated one of the lords of the regency, during his Majesty's
absence : and in January, 1754, was constituted governor of the
county of Cork in Ireland, and also, in February following,
lord high treasurer of that kingdom, in the room of the last Earl
of Burlington. On March 27th, 1755, he was declared lord
lieutenant and governor general of Ireland j first commissioner
of the treasury, on November 16th, 1756; and lord lieutenant of
the county of Derby, on December 15th, that year. His Grace
was installed Knight of the Garter, on March 27th, 1757 ; and
having, in May that year, been appointed chamberlain of the
household, he r esined his place in the treasury. Being conti-
nued in the chamberlain's oihce, at the accession of the present
King, he in that quality assisted at the royal nuptials, and the
coronation. He in 1702, resigned all his employments in England
depending on the crown ; but retained those of lord high trea-
surer of Ireland, and governor of the county of Cork in that
kingdom, to the time of his decease, which happened on October
2d, 1764, in the forty-fourth year of his age, at the German Spa,
whither he had gone about a month before for the benefit of his
health, and was buried at Allhallows, Derby. His Grace was
also Fellow of the Royal Society, one of the governors of th<?

360 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Charter House, president of the London Hospital in Whitechapel
Road, and one of the governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
He married, in March, 1748, Lady Charlotte, the third and
youngest, but only surviving, daughter and heir of Richard Boyle,
Earl of Burlington and Cork, and by her Ladyship (who died on
December 8th, 1754, and was buried at Allhallows, Derby) had
issue three sons, and one daughter ; viz. William, now Duke of
Devonshire; Lord Richard Cavendish, born on June 19th, 1751,
and elected in two parliaments for the town of Lancaster 3 he
died at Naples September 7th, 1781, where he went for the re-
covery of his health. His Lordship was at the general election,
1780, chosen member for Derby.

Lord George Augustus Henry, born on Feb. 27th, 1754, and
elected in several parliaments for Knaresborough in Yorkshire; and
since for the county of Derby. He married, March 27th, 1782, at
Trinity chapel, Conduit-street, Lady Elizabeth Compton, sole
daughter and heir of Charles, seventh Earl of Northampton, by
whom he has had issue, first, William, born Jan. 10, 1783, M. P. for
Aylesbury, 1806: second, George Henry Compton, M. P. for
Aylesbury, 1807, and captain in the seventh dragoons; third,
Elizabeth Dorothy, born June 12th, 1786, died September
17th, 1786; fourth, Anna, born November 11th, 1 787 ; fifth,
Elizabeth, born March 13th, 1792, died May 26th, 1794;
sixth, Henry Frederick Compton, born November 5th, 1789;
seventh, Charles Compton, born August 28th, 1793 ; eighth,
Mary Louisa, born March 6th, 1 795, died June 7th, 1795 ; ninth,
Carolina, born, April 5th, 1797 J tenth, a daughter, born April
23d, 1803.

And Lady Dorothy Cavendish, born on August 27th, 1750, and
married on Nov. 8th, 1766, to his Grace William Henry Caven-
dish Bentinck, the present Duke of Portland ; she died May 1794.
William, the present and fifth Duke, and eighth
Earl, of Devonshire, was born on December 14th, 1748 j and
was one of the six lords (eldest sons of peers) who supported his
Majesty's train at his coronation, on September 22d, 1761 j on
March 1st, 1766, his Grace was constituted lord high treasurer of
Ireland, and governor of the county of Cork in that kingdom.
His Grace married June 6th, 1774, Lady Georgina Spencer, eldest
daughter of the Right Honourable John Earl Spencer, by whom
he has had issue, first, Georgina, born July 12th, 1783, married,
March 21st, 1801, George Viscount Morpeth, son of Frederick,
Earl of Carlisle, K. G. ; second, Henrietta, born August 12, 1805;

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 36l

third, William George, Marquis of Hartington, born May 21 st,
179O. His Duchess died in March 1806. His Grace is a Knight
of the Garter.

Titles. William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, Marquis of
Hartington, Earl of Devonshire, and Baron Cavendish of Hard-
wick.

Creations. Baron Cavendish of Hardwick, in com. Derb. by
letters patent May 4th, 1605, 3 Jac. 1. Earl of Devonshire, August
7th, 161 8, 16 Jac. I. Marquis of Hartington, and Duke of Devon-
shire, May 12th, 1694, 6 William and Mary.

Arms. Quarterly. 1. Sable, three harts heads caboshed, Argent,
attired, Or, Cavendish. 2. Per bend embatteled Arg. and Gu.
Boyle. 3. Cheeky, Or and Az. a fess Gules, Clifford. 4. As first.

Crest. On a wreath, a snake noue, proper.

Supporters. Two harts, proper, each gorged with a garland
or sprig of roses, Argent and Azure, attired, Or.

Motto. Cavendo Tutus.

Chief Seats. At Chatsworth, in the county of Derby ; at
Hardwick, in the same county ; and at Chiswick, in Middlesex.

362 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

SPENCER, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.

The family of Spencer, who were made peers by James I. by the
title of Lord Spencer of Wormlelghton , and were afterwards made
Earls of Sunderland, obtained the Dukedom of Marlborough, -
by marriage with Lady Anne, second daughter and coheir of John
Churchill, the celebrated Duke of that title. It will therefore
be proper first to give the Churchill pedigree.

Churchill Family.

I shall give an account of this ancient house from Dr. James
Anderson's Genealogical Tables, edit. 2. p. 580-1. a

The patriarch of the family, according to that reverend and
illustrious antiquary, was Gitto de Leon, of a noble family in
Normandy, who lived A. D. 1055, and had two sons, Richard
and Wandril. Richard, the eldest, was Lord of Montalban, and
progenitor of the present noble house of Leon in France, by his
wife Yoland, Countess of Luxemburg.

Wandril de Leon, the second son, was Lord of Courcil, b

n

and by marriage with Isabella de Tuya, was also father of two
sons, Roger de Courcil, and Rouland de Courcil, ancestor of the
Courcils of Poictou, from whom those of that name, in Normandy
and Anjou, are descended.

Roger de Courcil, eldest son of Wandril, came into Eng-
land, in 1066, with William the Conqueror, and was rewarded
for his services with divers lands in Somersetshire, Dorsetshire,

a The Duke of Marlborough is inserted by Anderson, as Duke of Mindel-
heim in Swabia ; and afterwards in exchange, Prince of Nellenburg in Upper
Austria. The present compiler copies it on his authority ; but it is extremely
deficient in reference to original documents, and is therefore suspicious.
" Baronagium Genealog. MS.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 363

and Devonshire (as appears by Doomsday-book) part whereof
was the Lordship of Churchill B in Somersetshire, which was an-
ciently written Curichil, Cheuchil, Chirchil, &c. and was so de-
nominated from being the habitation of his family. This Roger
de Courcil wedded Gertruda, daughter of Sir Guy de Torbay, and
by her had three sons ; first, John de Curichil ; second, Hugh
Fitz Roger, Lord ofCorfeton in Dorsetshire, who marrying the
sister and heir of ... . Bond, Lord of Fisherton, his offspring as-
sumed that surname, and bore the arms of that family, viz. salle,
afess, Or; and third, Roger Fitz Roger, whose son, by Mabel,
heiress of the family of Solerys, or Solers, taking that surname,
from him are sprung those of the name of Solers.

John de Curichil espoused Joan de Kilrington, and by her
was father of

Sir Bartholomew de Chirchil, a great warrior, and cele-
brated in antient songs, who held the castle of Bristol for King
Stephen, and died fighting in his cause. This Sir Bartholomew
wedded Agnes, daughter of Ralph Fitz Ralph, Lord of Tiverton ;
and by her had a son,

Pagan de Cherchile, father of Roger de Cherchile, who had
free warren in his lands of Cherchile, in the reign of Edward I. d
and left a son,

Elias de Churchile, who in 8 Edward II. grants ■ to John
Bampfield his meadow called Pleynford in Clifton, married Do-
rothy, a daughter of the antient family of Columbers, and by her
had three sons, John, Giles, and William. John, the eldest, a
witness to a charter of Thomas Bampfield, in 5 Richard II. f and
also mentioned in a charter, 11 Henry IV. wedded Jane, daughter
and coheir of Roger Dawney of Norton, by Juliana his wife,
daughter and coheir of William de Widdehere, and by her was
father of two daughters, Margaret, wife of Andrew Hillersdon of
Devonshire ; and Agnes, married to Thomas Giffard, of Theu-

c This is contradicted by Collinson, Hist- Som. vol iii. p. 580, who says
it is not mentioned among Roger de Curcelle's possessions in the Domesday
Book ; for that it then formed part of the manor of Banwell- In the time of
Edward III it belonged to the family of Cogan. Sir John Churchill bought
it in the time of Charles II, of Richard Jenyns, Esq.

u Cotemporary with whom was Richard de Churchille, who in 14 Edw.
V. was a witness to the agreement made between the brethren of the hospital
of St. John Baptist in Bath, and Thomas de Hereford, one of the burgesses of
Bristol, concerning a house in Reedclive, in the suburbs of Bristol, of the fee
of Berkeley Rot. Term. Pasch. 14 Ed, I.

c Sir William Pole's MS. of Charters. f Ibid, p- 34, aad 269.

364 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

borough in Cornwall, who had with her the lordship of Churchill,
and other lands. Giles, the second son, had the lordship of
Yampton and Lineham in Devonshire, which went at last, by an
heiiess, to the family of the Crokers.

William Churchile, the third and youngest son of the above
mentioned Elias, was seated at Rockbear, in Devonshire, and had
a son,

Giles Churchill, Esq. who was father of

Charles Churchill, Esq. who was engaged by Thomas
Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire, in the cause of Edward IV. and
adhering to that monarch, when the Earl deserted his party, by
his Majesty's interest obtained, in marriage, Margaret, daughter
and heir of Sir William Widville. By that Lady, who was a near
relation of Edward's Queen, he left

Thomas Churchill, Esq. his heir, who, by his wife Grace,
daughter and coheir of Thomas Tylle, of Tylle House in Corn-
wall, Esq. was father of

William Churchill, Esq. who espoused Mary, eldest daughter
of Richard Creuse, of Wicroft castle in Devonshire, Esq. and by
her had three sons, Roger Churchill, his heir ; William, who was
of Corton in Dorsetshire j and John Churchill, Esq. who was
seated at Muston, in the same county, and left a son, William
Churchill, Esq. his heir, who by his last will, I dated March 12th,
1599, ordered his body to be buried in St. Peter's church at Dor-
chester, and constituted John Churchill, Esq. his son and heir,
sole executor, who having wedded Eleanor, daughter of John
Meller, of Kyme in Dorsetshire, had by her nine sons and four
daughters, from whom a numerous progeny is descended, as ap-
pears in Hutchins's History of Dorsetshire, vol. i. fol. 397.

Roger Churchill, Esq. eldest son and heir of William Churchill,
above mentioned, was of Catherston in Dorsetshire, and by his
wife Jane, daughter of William Peverell of Bradford, Esq. and
relict of Nicholas Meggs, Esq. had a son,

Matthew Churchill, of Bradford, Esq. who took to wife
Alice (daughter of James Gould, of Dorchester) by whom he was
father of a son,

Jasper Churchill, of Bradford, Esq. who married Elizabeth,
daughter of John Chaplet, of Harringston in Dorsetshire, Esq. and
by her left two sons, John Churchill, Esq. and Jasper Churchill,
Esq. father of Sir John Churchill (an eminent counsel in the

* Ex Reg. Mountaguin Cur. Prserog Cant. p. x qu «co

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 365

reign of Charles II.) who died 1685, and by Susan his wife,
daughter of Edmund Prideaux, Esq. left four daughters, his co-
heirs. He bought the manor of Churchill of Richard Jenyns,
Esq. but dying greatly in debt, this estate, among others, was
sold. h

J?)hn Churchill, of Mintern in Devonshire, Esq. eldest son of
Jasper Churchill, of Bradford, Esq, was of the society of the
Middle Temple, and by his knowledge in the law, increased
his fortune very considerably, as well as by his marriage with
Sarah, one of the daughters and coheirs of Sir Henry Winstan, of
Standon, in Lincolnshire ; and of his wife Dionise, daughter and
coheir of Sir Thomas Bond, Knight. By that Lady he had a son,

Sir Winstan Churchill, who was born in 1020, and, at the
age of sixteen, was sent to St. John's College in Oxford ; ' but
took no degree, as his private affairs did not permit him to stay
long there : and soon after he left the university, he married Eli-
zabeth, daughter of Sir John Drake, of Ashe in Devonshire, Bart.
and of Eleanor his wife, daughter and coheir of John Lord Boteler,
of Bramfield in Hertfordshire, by his wife Elizabeth, sister of
George Villers, the great Duke of Buckingham. Having been a
strenuous partizan of the royal cause, during the civil wars, he
suffered by sequestration, &c. with other loyalists : and his Lady
was obliged to take shelter at her father's house at Ashe, where
she bore all her children. Sir Winstan was returned to the first
parliament after the restoration, for Weymouth, k and received the
honour of knighthood, A. D. 1663. He was one of the first
Fellows of the Royal Society ; one of the commissioners of the
court of claims in Ireland, l664j ' eldest clerk comptroller of the
board of green cloth, at the deTath of Charles II. in which office
he also continued under James II. in whose reign he served in
parliament for Lyme Regis ; m and to whom he dedicated his
Book, entitled " Divi Britannici : leing a remark upon the
lives of all the Kings of this isle, from the year of the world 2855,
unto the year of Grace, 1660. Lond. 1675." A work which shews
him to have been well read in the ancient historians. He died
March 26th, 1688, and was interred in the church of St. Martin
in the Fields, Westminster; having had, by his wife aforesaid,

h His arms, a lion rampant debrused •with a bexdlet, impaling Prideaux, are
on the wall of Churchill-church. Collinson, ut supr.

1 Wood's Ath vol. ii. k Willis's Not Pari, p 455-.

1 Cox's Hist of Ireland, vol ii. p. 6. m Willis, p 434..

366 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

four daughters and seven sons, whereof Winstan, the eldest j
Montjoy, the fifth ; Jasper, the sixth, died young ; Theobald, the
seventh, having his education at Queen's College in Oxford, and
commencing M. A. on June 13th, 1683, was in luly orders,
and dying on December 3d, l6S5, was buried in St. Martin's.

Of -the daughters, Dorothy, Mary, and Barbara, died in their
infancy: and Arabella, the eldest, born on March l6th, 1648, n
was mistress to James II. when Duke of York, by whom she had
James Fitz James, Duke of Berwick, one of the most celebrated
warriors of his time; Henry Fitz James, commo.dy called the
Grand Prior, on whom his father, in France, conferred the title
of Duke of Albemarle 5 Henrietta, wife of Henry Lord Walde-
grave; and . . . . , a nun. The said Arabella was afterwards the
wife of Colonel Charles Godfrey, master of the jewel office, &c.
and one of the clerks comptrollers of the green cloth. She died
at Bath, February 23d, 1714, leaving by him two daughtefs,
Charlotte, married to Hugh Boscawen, Viscount Falmouth; and
Elizabeth, to Edmund Dunch, Esq. of Wittenham in Berkshire,
of whose coheirs, one married the late Sir George Oxenden,
Bart. ; aud another to Robert, 3d Duke of Manchester.

George Churchill, third son of Sir Winstan, was born on Fe-
bruary 29th, 1663-4, and having chosen a maritime life, com-
manded a squadron, A. D. 1689, in the service of King William,
and distinguished himself, under Admiial Russell, in the naval
engagement which began off La Hogue, on May 19th, 1692. In
1702, the first of Queen Anne, he was appointed one of the
council, in naval affairs, to Prince George of Denmark, lord high
admiral ; to whom he was one of the lords of the bedchamber
for twenty years ; and in that reign was made admiral of the blue.
He served in parliament for St. Alban's, in 1685, 1 James II. and
was one of the representatives for th3t borough in every succeed-
ing parliament, till 17 10, when he departed this life, unmarried,
on May 8th, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Charles Churchill, fourth son of Sir Winstan, was born on
February 2d, 1656, and at thirteen years of age was page of
honour to Christian V. King of Denmark. At the revolution,
he was made colonel of the third regiment of foot, in the room of
Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and on August 3d, 1692, acted as
brigadier-general at the battle of Steinkii k. He likewise assisted
at the battle of Landen, on July 29th, 1693, where he took his

11 Ex. Regist. Eccles de Musburg.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 367

nephew, the Duke of Berwick, prisoner, and by King William
was made a major general of foot, and afterwards lieutenant ge-
neral. He was also, by that Prince, made governor of Kinsale
in Ireland. He was constituted lieutenant governor of the
Tower, on May 27th, 1702, and had a share of the laurels gained
at Blenheim, or Hockstet, on August 2, 1 704. He was likewise
governor of Brussels, and Guernsey ; and in 1707* got the com-
mand of the second regiment of foot guards, being then general
of foot. In 1702, he married Mary, daughter and sole heir of
James Goulde, of Dorchester, Esq. and dying on December 29th,
1714, had sepulture in Mintern church, in Dorsetshire ; ° but left
no issue by his wife, who took Montagu Earl of Abingdon for her
second husband.

John Churchill, Duke of Marlborbugh, the second but
eldest surviving son of Sir Winstan Churchill, is said to have been
born, at seventeen minutes after noon, on May 24th, 1650. In
his youth, he was page of honour to James Duke of York, by
whose favour his father got him an ensign's commission in the
guards. In 1671, he served at Tangier against the Moors ; and
being in the army sent next year, under the Duke of Monmouth,
to the assistance of Lewis XIV. of France against the Dutch, sig-
nalized himself at the siege of Maestricht. In 1679, he attended
the Duke of York into Flanders, and next year into Scotland.
He likewise, in 1682, accompanied that Prince in the voyage
to that kingdom, when the Gloucester frigate, on May 5th, struck
on the Lemon and Oar Sand ; and was one of those persons for
whose preservation his royal highness was particularly solicitous.
On December 21st following, he was, by the interest of the Duke
of York, dignified with the title of Lord Churchill, of Eye-
mouth in the county of Berwick, in Scotland; and next year, being
then a general officer, he got the command of the first regiment of
dragoons, at that time newly raised. The Duke of York suc-
ceeding to the crown, on February 6th, 1684-5, nominated him
ambassador to the court of France, v on March 5th following^
and constituted him one of the lords of the bedchamber, in which
quality he walked at his Majesty's coronation, on April 23d,
1685.

On May 14th ensuing, he was created a peer of England, by
the title of Baron Churchill, of Sandridge in Hertfordshire;

• Where is a monument for him with a long inscription
* Burnet's O T. yoI. i p 623.

368 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

assisted in defeating the Duke of Monmouth at Sedgemore, on
July 6th following, being next in command to Lewis Duras, Earl
of Feversham j and the same year was appointed colonel of the
third troop of life-guards. When the Prince of Orange landed,
in 1685, he was amongst the first who went over to his highness ;
and in the convention, voted for the vacancy of the throne, and
for filling it with the Prince and Princess of Orange.

Burnet gives the following character of him j and of his con-
duct on this occasion : " He was a man of a noble and graceful
appearance, bred up in the court with no literature : but he had
a solid and clear understanding, with a constant presence of mind.
He knew the arts of living in a court beyond any man in it. He
caressed all men with a soft and obliging deportment, and was
always ready to do good offices. He had no fortune to set up on :
this put him on all the methods of acquiring one. And that went
so far into him, that he did not shake it off, when he was in a
much higher elevation : nor was his expense suited enough to his
posts. But, when allowances are made for that, it must be ac-
knowledged, that he is one of the greatest men the age has pro-
duced. He was in high favour with the King. But his Lady
was much more in Princess Anne's favour. She had an ascendant
over her in every thing. She was a woman of little knowledge,
but of a clear apprehension, and a true judgment, a warm and
hearty friend, violent and sudden in her resolutions, and impe-
tuous in her way of speaking. She was thought proud and in-
solent on her favour, though she used none of the common arts of
a court to maintain it. For she did not beset the Princess, nor
flatter her. She staid much at home, and looked very carefully
after the education of her children. Having thus opened both
their characters, I will now give an account of his Lordship's en-
gagements in the revolution ; for which he has been so severely
censured, as guilty both of ingratitude and treachery to a very
kind and liberal master. He never discovered any of the King's
secrets ; nor did he ever push him on to any violent proceedings.
So that he was in no contrivance to ruin or betray him. On the
contrary, whensoever he spoke to the King of his affairs, which
he did but seldom, because he could not fall in with the King's
notions, he always suggested moderate counsels! The Earl of
Galway told me, that when he came over with the first compli-
ment upon the King's coming to the crown, he said then to him,
that, if the King was ever prevailed on to alter our religion, he
would serve him no longer, but withdraw from him. When he

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 369

saw how the King was set, he could not be contented to see all
ruined by him. He was also very doubtful as to the pretended
birth. So he resolved, when the Prince should come over, to go
in to him j but to betray no post, nor do any thing more than
the withdrawing himself, with such officers, as he could trust
with such a secret. He also undertook, that Prince George and
the Princess Anne would leave the court, and come to the Prince*
as soon as was possible." ^

After their being declared King and Queen, on Ash-Wed-
nesday, February 13th, 1688-9, Lord Churchill was called to the
council table, and appointed one of the lords of the bedchamber to
King William. On April gth, J 689, two days before the coro-
nation, he was advanced to the rank of Eael of Marlborough,
and sent that year to command the English forces in the Nether-
lands, under Prince Waldeck, general of the Dutch troops. Being
employed in Ireland, A. D. 169O, in conjunction with the Duke
of Wirtemberg, he reduced Cork and Kinsale;r and, in 1691,
served the campaign in Flanders under King William. In 1692,
he was excepted from the benefit of the pardon offered by King
James, in his declaration published before the affair of La Hogut,
when that unfortunate monarch had a prospect of being restored j
and soon after falling under King William's displeasure also, was
divested of all his employments, ■ and for a short time kept pri-
soner in the Tower, on a forged accusation. * However, in June,
1698, being again received into William's favour, he was re-ad-
mitted of the privy-council, and appointed governor to William
Duke of Gloucester. u His Grace was also, that year, nominated
one of the lords justices, during his Majesty's visit to Holland ; as
he was likewise in 1699, an(l *700. When King William wa3
forming the grand alliance, he declared the Earl of Marlborough,
on June 1st, 1701, general of foot, and commander in chief of all
his forces in Holland j and also, on the 28th of that month, con-
stituted him ambassador and plenipotentiary for the negotiations
carrying on at the Hague. Queen Anne succeeding King William,
on March 8th, 1701-2, appointed his Grace, on the 15th, captain
general of all her forces in England, x and of those employed

q Buvnet's O T. vol i p. 765 r Ibid, vol ii p. 60.

* Ibid p 90, 91- Burnet says it was in resentment to the motion of the
Princess Anne, for an augmented allowance, which the court attributed to
Lady Marlborough's instigation.

1 Ibid p. ic2, 104- u Ibid p aio. * Ibid p 313.

VOL. I. - B

370 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

abroad in conjunction with her allies, and on the 28th, sent him
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the states ge-
neral, y But the following inscription on the monumental pillar
erected at Blenheim, near Woodstock, in the county of Oxford,
sets forth his Grace's political transactions and military achieve-
ments, in the end of King William's reign, and while employed
in Queen Anne's : and for illustrating the dates, &c. according
to old style (which is that used in the inscription) notes are sub-
joined.

" The Castle of Blenheim was founded by Q. ANNE,

In the fourth Year of her Reign,

In the Year of the Christian iEra 1705 j

A Monument design'd to perpetuate the Memory of the

signal Victory

Obtained over the French and Bavarians,

Near the Village of Blenheim,

On the Banks of the Danube,

By JOHN Duke of MARLBOROUGH :

The Hero not only of his Nation, but his Age j

Whose Glory was equal in Council and in the Field :

Who by Wisdom, Justice, Candour and Address,

Reconciled various, and even opposite Interests j

Acquired an Influence, which no Rank, no Authority can give,

Nor any Force but That of superior Virtue.

Became the fixed important Center,

Which united in one common Cause

The principal States of Europe ,

Who by military Knowledge, and irresistible Valour,

In a long Series of uninterrupted Triumphs,

Broke the Power of France,

When raised the highest, when exerted the most ,

Rescued the Empire from Desolation ;
Asserted, and confirmed the Liberties of Europe.

" Philip, a grandson of the house of France, united to the in-
terests, directed by the policy, supported by the arms of that
crown, was placed on the throne of Spain. King William the
Third beheld this formidable union of two great, and once rival,
monarchies. At the end of a life spent in defending the liberties

y Ibid p. 310,311.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 3/1

of Europe, he saw them in their greatest danger. He provided
for their security in the most effectual manner. He took the
Duke of Marlbokough into his service:

" Ambassador extraordinary and Plenipotentiary,
To the States General of the United Provinces,
The Duke contracted several alliances before the death of King
William. He confirmed and improved these. He contracted
others, after the accession of Queen Anne j and re united the
confederacy, which had been dissolved at the end of a former
war, in a stricter and firmer league.

" Captain general and commander in chief
Of the forces of Great Britain,
The Duke led to the field the army of the allies. He took with
surprising rapidity, Venlo, z Ruremonde, * Stevenswaert, b Liege.
He extended and secured the frontiers of the Dutch. The enemies,
whom he found insulting at the gates of Nimeguen, were driven
to seek for shelter behind their lines. He forced Bonne, Huy,
Limbourg in another0 campaign. He opened the communication
of the Rhine, as well as the Maes. He added all the country
between these rivers to his former conquest. The arms of France,
favoured by the defection of the Elector of Bavaria, had pene-
trated into the heart of the empire. This mighty body lay ex-
posed to immediate ruin. In that memorable crisis, the Duke of
Marlborough led his troops with unexampled celerity, secresy,
and order, from the ocean to the Danube. He. saw ; he attacked ;
nor stopped, but to conquer the enemy. He forced the Bava-
rians, sustained by the French, in their strong intrenchments atd
Schellenberg. He passed the Danube. A second royal army,
composed of the best troops of France, was sent to re inforce the
first. That of the confederates was divided. With one part of it
the siege of Ingolstadt was carried on. With the other the Duke
gave battle to the united strength of France and Bavaria. On the
second day of August, 17Q4, he gained a more glorious victory e
than the histories of any age can boast. The heaps of slain were
dreadful proofs of his valour. A marshal of France, whole legions
of French, his prisoners, proclaimed his mercy. Bavaria was sub*
dued. Ratisbon, Augsbourg, Ulm, Meminghen, all the usurpa-
tions of the enemy, were recovered. The liberty of the Diet, the

z September 25th, 1702 a October 6th. b Ibid.

£ In May, August, and September, 170;. <■ July 2d, 1704.

e At Blenheim, or Hockstet.

372 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

peace of the empire, were restored. From the Danube the Duke
turned his victorious arms towards the Rhine and the Moselle.
Landau, Treves, Traerbach, were taken. In the course of one
campaign the very nature of the war was changed. The invaders
of other States were reduced to defend their own. The frontier
of France was exposed in its weakest part to the efforts of the
allies.

" That he might improve this advantage j that he might push
the sum of things to a speedy decision, the Duke of Marlbo-
rough led his troops early in the following year once more to the
Moselle. They, whom he had saved a few months before, f neg-
lected to second him now. They, who might have been bis
companions in conquest, refused to join him. When he saw the
generous designs he had formed frustrated by private interest, by
pique, by jealousy, he returned with speed to the Maes. He re-
turned ; and fortune and victory returned with him. Liege was
relieved ; Huy re-taken j the French, who had pressed the army
of the States General with superior numbers, retired behind in-
trenchments, s which they deemed impregnable. The Duke
forced these intrenchments, with inconsiderable loss, on the
seventh day of July, 1705 He defeated a great part of the army,
which defended them. The rest escaped by a precipitate retreat.
If advantages proportionable to this success were not immediately
obtained, let the failure be ascribed to that misfortune, which
attends most confederacies ; a division where one alone should
judge ; h a division of powers, where one alone should command.
The disappointment itself did honour to the Duke. It became
the wonder of mankind, how he could do so much under those
restraints, which had hindered him from doing more.

" Powers more absolute were given him afterwards. The in-
crease of his powers multiplied his victories. At the opening of
the next campaign, when all his army was not yet assembled ;
when it was hardly known that he had taken the field, the noise
of his triumphs was heard over Europe. On the 12th of May,
1706, he attacked the French at Ramillies. In the space of two

f The Dutch, who insisted upon returning to their own frontiers,
e At Tirlemont
h When his Grace was about to attack the French at Overysche, on
August 7th, 1705, the Dutch Deputies, who accompanied the army, opposed
his design, and would not let their troops engage : which the Duke highly re-
sented ; but was afterward pacified, upon M. Buys, the Pensionary of Am-
sterdam, being sent to apologise for the Deputies' conduct.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 373

hours their whole army was put to flight. The vigour and con-
duct, with which he improved this success,, were equal to those,
with which he gained it. Louvain, Brussels, Malines, Liere,
Ghent, Oudenard, Antwerp, Damme, Bruges, Courtray, surren-
dered. Ostend, Menin, Dendermond, Aeth, were taken. Brabant
and Flanders were recovered. Places, which had resisted the
greatest generals for months, for years ; provinces, disputed for
ages, were the conquests of a summer. Nor was the Duke con-
tent to triumph alone. Solicitous for the general interest, his
care extended to the remotest scenes of the war. He chose to
lessen his own army, that he might enable the leaders of other
armies to conquer. To this it must be ascribed that Turin was
relieved ; the Duke of Savoy re-instated ; the French driven with
confusion out of Italy.

" These victories gave the confederates an opportunity of car-
rying the war, on every side, into the dominions of France. But
she continued to enjoy a kind of peaceful neutrality in Germany.
From Italy she was once alarmed, and had no more to fear. The
entire reduction of this power, whose ambition had caused, whose
strength supported, the war, seemed reserved for him alone, who
had so triumphantly begun the glorious work.

" The barrier of France, on the side of the Low Countries, had
been forming for more than half a century. What art, power,
expence could do, had been done to render it impenetrable. Yet
here she was most exposed ; for here the Duke of Marlborough
threatened to attack her.

" To cover what they had gained by surprise, or had been
yielded to them by treachery, the French marched to the banks
of the Schelde. At their head were the Princes of the blood, and
their most fortunate general, the Duke of Vendosme. Thus
commanded, thus posted, they hoped to check the victor in his
course. Vain were their hopes. The Duke of Marlborough
passed the river in their sight. He defeated their whole army. '
The approach of night concealed, the proximity of Ghent favoured
their flight. They neglected nothing to repair their loss, to defend
their frontier. New generals, new armies appeared in the Nether-
lands. All contributed to enhance the glory ; none were able to
retard the progress of the confederate arms.

" Lisle, the bulwark of this barrier, was besieged. A numerous
garrison, and a Marshal of France, defended the place. Prince

' At Oudenarde, on July n, 1708.

3;4 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Eugene of Savoy commanded, the Duke of Marlborough
covered and sustained the siege. The rivers were seized, and the
communication with Holland interrupted. The Duke opened
new communications, with great labour, and much greater art.
Through countries, overrun by the enemy, the necessary convoys
arrived in safety. One alone was attacked. The troops, which
attacked it, were beat. k The defence of Lisle was animated by
assurances of relief. The French assembled all their force. They
marched towards the town. The Duke of Marlborough
offered them battle, without suspending the siege. They aban-
doned the enterprize. They came to save the town. They were
spectators of its fall.

" From this conquest, the Duke hastened toothers. The posts
taken by the enemy on the Schelde were surprized. That river
was passed the second time ; and, notwithstanding the great pre-
parations made to prevent it, without opposition.

" Brussels besieged by the Elector of Bavaria, was relieved.
Ghent surrendered1 to the Duke in the middle of a winter re-
markably severe. An army, little inferior to his own, marched
out of the place.

" As soon as the season of the year permitted him to open
another campaign, the Duke br sieged and took m Tournay. He
invested Mons. Near this city the French army, covered by thick
woods, defended by treble intrenchments, waited to molest, nor
presumed to offer battle. Even this was not attempted by them
with impunity. On the last day of August, \~0§, the Duke at-
tacked them in their camp. n All was employed, nothing availed
against the resolution of such a general, against the fury of such
troops. The battle was bloody. The event decisive. The woods
were pierced. The fortifications trampled down. The enemy
fled. The town was taken. ° Doway, Bethune, Aire, St. Venant,
Bouchain, underwent the same fate, in two succeeding years.
Their vigorous resistance could not save them. The army of
France durst not attempt to relieve them. It seemed preserved
to defend the capital of the monarchy.

•* The prospect of this extreme distress was neither distant, nor

k At Winnendale, on September 28th, 1708, by major general Webb, who
conducted the convoy.

1 December 19.
m Invested on June 16th, and surrendered on July 3cth, and its citadel
on September 3d.

o At Ma'p!aquet, or BUregnic* ° September list-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 375

dubious. The French acknowledged their conqueror, and sued
for peace.

" These are the actions of the Duke of Marlborough,

Performed in the compass of few years ;

Sufficient to adorn the annals of ages ;

The admiration of other nations,

Will be conveyed to the latest posterity,

In the histories even of the enemies of Britain.

The sense, which the British nation had

Of his transcendent merit,

Was expressed

In the most solemn, most effectual, most durable manner.

The Acts of Parliament, inscribed on this Pillar,

Shall stand

As long as the British name and language last,

Illustrious Monuments,

Of Marlborough's Glory

And
Of Britain's Gratitude."

On December 14th, 1/02, he was created Marquis of Blan-
Jbrd and Duke of Marlborough,!' soon after his return from
the Low Countries, in which he was, on November 5th, surprized
by a French party from Guelder ; but not being known, and pro-
ducing an old French pass, granted on a former occasion to his
brother, the general, and which the enemy not strictly examining,
he was permitted to proceed on his voyage to the Hague, where
he arrived on the 7th, a little after the report of his being taken
had reached that place, and was congratulated on his escape, by
the States, and the ministers of those powers in amity with them.
In consequence of an address of the house of commons, on Ja-
nuary 10th, 1704-5, to the Queen, to consider of some proper
means to perpetuate the memory of his services, her majesty
granted to him, and his heirs, the royal manor of Woodstock, and
hundred of Wotton, in Oxfordshire, and, on the 28'.h, gave her
assent to an act corroborating that grant.

His Grace having no prospect of heirs male, after the death of
his only son, and being desirous of having his honours and digni-
ties, together with the manor of Woodstock and house of Blen-
heim, settled on his posterity, an act for that purpose obtained

f Burnet's O- T. vol. ii. p 327.

376 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

the royal assent, on December 21st, 1/06; and, on January 28th
ensuing, the like sanction was given to another act, for settling on
him, and his posterity, a pension of 5,dOO/. a year; although,
when the Queen, on December 10th, 1/02, intimated, to the
bouse of commons, her intention of granting the title of Duke,
together with a yearly pension of 5,000/. out of the post office, to
him and his heirs male, and desired the concurrence of that as-
sembly, such heats arose, that the proposal was then dropt. The
Emperor Leopold, in consideration of the eminent services per-
formed by the Duke of Marlborough to the Germanic body,
created him a prince of the empire, in l/04j'i and his son, the
Emperor Joseph, on November 12th, 1/05, N. S. bestowed on
his Grace the principality of Mindelheim in Suabia, of which he
got investiture, on May 24th, 1706: but that province being re-
stored to the Elector of Bavaria, with his other dominions, by the
peace of Rastadt, Charles VJ. Emperor, grauted his Grace, in
exchange, the county of Kellenburgh in Upper Austria, and
erected it into a principality. On December 30th, 1711, his
Grace was divested of all his offices dependent on the British
crown, as his Dutchess had been of hers some time before ; the
profits of their places amounting, at a moderate computation, to
the yearly sum of 62,325/. besides the Duke's emoluments by the
war. " This," says Burnet, " was thought very extraordinary,
after such long and eminent services. Such accidents, when they
happen, shew the instability of all human things. The only thing
pretended to excuse it was, his being considered as the head of
those, who opposed the peace, on which the court set their
hearts." r

His Grace having obtained leave to go beyond sea, embarked
with his family at Dover, on November 30th, 1712,* and re-
turning to England, on August 1st, 1714, was, by King George I.
on September 24th following, reinstated l captain general of his
Majesty's forces, master of the ordnance, and colonel of the first
regiment of foot guards, and appointed one of the privy-council.
But in 1716, Coxe says, " Marlborough also was among the dis-
satisfied. Soon after the death of Queen Anne, Bothmar says of
him, ' he is not pleased that he is Dot of the regency, and that
there is any man but the King higher than him in this country j'u

1 Burnet's O. T vol. ii. p. 385.

' Ibid. p. 588- Sec also Coxc's Sir R Walpole, vol. i. p. 29, 3*

* Jbid p. 614, 61$. • Coxe, vol.i. p. 61.

u Macphcr&on's Papers, vol ii p 640-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 377

and his disgust was not diminished after the King's arrival : for
although he was appointed commander in chief, yet he did not
enjoy the smallest share of power or confidence. George the
First never forgot, that during the campaign of 1/08, when he
commanded the imperialists, Marlborough had contrived, that no
troops or supplies were sent to the Rhine, but that the whole
force was destined for the army in Flanders, by which arrange-
ment he had been obliged to act on the defensive, and could not
distinguish his command by any successful operation against the
enemy. In consequence of this disinclination, Marlborough,
though commander in chief, could not obtain even a lieutenancy
for a friend ; and he not uufrequently requested Pulteney, who
was secretary at war, to solicit in his room, adding, but do not
say it is for me, for whatever I ask is sure to be denied." x

He enjoyed his places, however, till his death, which happened
at Windsor, on June l6th, 1"22, having some years survived his
mental faculties ; and on August 9th ensuing, his corpse was,
with very great magnificence, interred in Westminster Abbey,
from whence it was afterwards removed to W'oodstock.

His Grace married Sarah, daughter and coheir > of Richard
Jennings, of Sandridge in the county of Hertford, Esq. by Frances,
daughter and coheir of Sir Gifi'ard Thornhurst, of Agnes Court,
in Kent, Bart, son and heir of Sir John Jennings, K. B. 1616, son
and heir of John Jennings, Esq, by Anne, daughter of Sir William
Brounker, son and heir of Ralph Jenyns, Esq. of Churchill, com.
Somerset, who died 1572, by Joan, sister and coheir of Sir Ralph
Bowlet, of St. Albans, com. Hertf. Knight. Her Grace died
1744. " This favourite Duchess," says Lord Orford, " who like
the proud Duke of Espernon, lived to brave the successors in a
court, where she had domineered, wound up her capricious life,
where it seems she had begun it, with an apology for her conduct."
It was entitled, An account of the conduct of the Dowager Duchess
of Marlborough, from her first coming to court to the year 17 10.
London, 1/42. Sir David Dalrymple also published The opinions
of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, 17SS, 12mo. ■ By her he had
one son, John, l>orn on January I3tb, 1689-9O, and died of the
small-pox, at Trinity College in Cambridge, on February 20th,
1702-3 j also four daughters, viz.

x Coxe ut supr vol i. p 81.
y The other coheir married Talbot, whom James II. made Duke of
Tyrconnel.

» Park's K. ami N A vol iv- p. 190.

3/8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The Lady Henrietta, married to Francis Earl of Godolphin, who
by the act of parliament, before taken notice of, succeeded as
Duchess of Marlborough. And her Grace departing this life, on
October 24th, 1/33, in the fifty-third year of her age, was in-
terred in Westminster Abbey, on November 9th following, near
her father-in-law, the Earl of Godolphin. She had issue William
Marquis of Blandford, who had all the advantages of education at
home, and travelled through most parts of Europe for his greater
accomplishment. He was M. P for Woodstock. He married
on April 25th, 1729, Maria Catherina, daughter of . . . . D'Jong,
of Utrecht, and sister to the Countess of Denbigh, by whom he
had no issue. He died at Oxford of an apoplectic fit, August
24th, 1731. Her titles therefore on her death devolved on her
nephew, Charles, Earl of Sunderland.

Lady Anne, second daughter, was married to Charles Spencer,
Earl of Sunderland, and died on April 15th, 1716, by whom she
had issue Charles, Duke of Marlborough, as successor to the said
Henrietta, Duchess of Marlborough.

Lady Elizabeth, third daughter, was first wife of Scroop
Egerton, first Duke of Bridgewater, and died on March 22d
1713-14, without surviving issue.

The Lady Mary, was the wife of John, late Duke of Mon-
tague, of whose descendants I shall treat in their proper place.

Spencer Family.

This family claim a descent from the antient Baronial family
of De Spenser, of whom Robert De Spenser came over with the
conqueror, and was, as his name imports, steward to that monarch.
At the time of Domesday Book, he had four lordships in War-
wickshire, one in Gloucestershire, fifteen in Lincolnshire, arid
seventeen in Leicestershire.

But those principles of authenticity and integrity, by which
the Compiler has professed his resolution that this Work should
be characterized, impose upon him the painful task of observing
that this descent is bv no means established by satisfactory

proof.

These pretensions indeed are by no means of late date ; and
they seem to have a sort of equivocal sanction from Dugdale.
But Dugdale's doubts are sufficiently obvious to those, who know
his manner, and examine both parts of his work.

It would be, after all, an idle sacrifice of truth to flattery and
vanity, if we were to be too delicate in stating our opinions upon

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 379

such a subject. The present family of Spencer are sufficiently
great; and have too long enjoyed vast wealth and high honours,
to require the decoration of feathers in their cap, which are not
their own. Sir John Spencer, their undisputed ancestor, and the
immediate founder of their fortune, lived in the reigns of Henry
VII. and Henry VIII. ; and three hundred years of riches and
rank may surely satisfy a regulated pride.

n Of this family," says Dugdale, " which do derive their de-
scent from a younger branch of the antient Barons Spenser, of
whom I have in the first volume " of this work already spoke,
was John Spenser, Esq. (son to b John Spenser of Hodenhull, in
com. Warw. as it seems.) Which John, having purchased0 that
great lordship of JVbrmleighton, situate on the southern part of
that county, began the structure of the fair manor house there, d
in 22 Hen. VII." e

It must here be observed, that Dugdale himself having written
the history of Warwickshire, it was particularly within the limits
of his research, to have ascertained and authenticated this descent
beyond a question, had it been as stated.

I will now simply repeat the pedigree, as formerly given, ac-
companied by a few observations in the notes. But must forbear
incumbering this article with the whole detail of the main branch
of the antient house of De Spenser, which will indeed more
properly occur under the Barony of Le De Spenser, which is
now enjoyed by Sir Thomas Stapleton, as heir general of that
family.

Robert Le De Spenser, already mentioned, was father of

William Le De Spenser 5 after whom was

Thurstan Le De Spenser, the King's steward, a powerful man,
father of

Almaric, Steward to Richard I. father of another

Thurstan, sheriff of Gloucestershire, J 9th, 20tb, 22d, Henry
III. who died before 124Q j who by Lucia . . . . , left

Sir Geffrey, who died about 1251, leaving two sons, Sir Hugh,
and Grffrey. Sir Hugh, f the eldest, was a great Baron, and

* But in that first volume, Dugdale never hints at this branch ; nor at
any ancestor for them.

•> H. 15, in Offic Arm f 3 a.
c Esc. super Dcpop- 9 and 10 Hen. V 1 1 1. d Ibid.

• Dugd. Bar vol ii p 418-
f Dugdale guesses tliis Hugh to have been son of Thomas, and grandsoa
of Hugh. Baronage, vol- i p 391.

380 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

father of Hugh, Earl of Winchester, and grandfather of Hugh,
Earl of Gloucester, from whom descends the present Lord Le De
Spenser.

Geffrey Le De Spenser, * second son, is stated to have been
Lord of Marcheley, in Worcestershire j and to have died 121'2,h
father of

Sir John Le De Spenser, whose guardianship was committed
to Emma his mother. He was of full age, 40 Henry III. at
which time being stiled son of Geffrey, and holding 60/. per
ann. in com. Leicester, and 15/. in com. Southampton, he» was
called to receive the honour of knighthood. In 1256, Pope Alex-
ander IV. directs his bull to^the Bishop of Salisbury ; k wherein
he sets forth that John De Spenser, by petition, prays, that he
may build a chapel, and have a chaplain in his manor of Swale-
field, which he is ready to endow, his said manor lying in a
forest, in which he lived, and that it was unsafe for him and his
family to go to the mother church, by reason many thieves har-
boured in the said forest, and for inundations in winter ; which
matter the Pope refers to the said bishop to determine.

This Sir John, ' and others of this family, took part with the
Barons in their wars against Henry III. and was taken prisoner
at the battle of Northampton j on which account the manors m
of the said John, viz. Castle Carlton, and Cavenby, in com. Line,
which he held in right of his wife, were extended by the King ;
but when the Barons had taken that Prince prisoner, at the battle
of Lewes, on May 14th, 1264, the said John, by mutual" agree-
ment, was released; for by the King's wiit to Roger de Mor-
timer, dated on June 4th, 1264, he was ordered to bring him,
among other prisoners (taken in April last, at Northampton
fight) to ° London, in order to his being set at liberty. He died

( No Geffrey is mentioned by Dugdale But Hugh De Spenser afterward*
Earl of Winchester, had a grant of free Warren in his lordship of Marteley,
co- Wore x6 Edw. I. and it descended to his heirs, in whose possession it was
23 Edw. Ill- Dudg Bar vol i p 390- Nash's Worcestershire, vol. ii p. 166.
* The authority cited for this is, Visitat. com. Northampt. in Coll. Arm.
anno 1617. But it must be obvious, that such books ire no authority for facts
beyond memory of the Hcrald'i time, unless authenticated by references to
original documents.

1 Lib- MS . in Bibl- Cotton Claud c. a. is here cited.

k Rymcr's Feed- torn, i p. 610.

> Brady's Hist of England, p 643.

* Esch incerti temp. R. Hen III- No. 190, in Turr Load.

* Brady, ut supra. * Rymcr's Feed. vol. i p. 791.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH 381

in \2"J4, and by? inquisition taken next year, at Gertre, in com.
Leicester, he is found to die possessed of the manor of Beransby,
and the moiety of Wigan de la Mare, with several other lands ;
as also the hundred of Beaumaner, held of Hugh De Spenser in
socage, and of the house and park there. Likewise by another
inquisition, dated the same year, taken at his manor of Marteley, i
in com. "Wigorn, he is said to die possessed of that manor, with
the advowson of the church held in chief of the King, which his
father had by gift of King Henry. He had also restitution of his
manors of Castle Carlton, and Cavenby ; for by two several in-
quisitions the same year, he is said to die possessed of them, in
right of his wife Joan ; but having no issue of her body alive, he
held them only by the courtesy of England j and John de Merieth
entered on the same as his right, by the death of Joan, daughter
of Robert de Lou, late wife of the said John De Spencer, cousin
of the aforesaid John de Merieth, whose heir he is, and at that
time thirty years old.

This Sirr John De SpenseV, by Anne, his second wife, had
two sons, viz. Adam, who died young, and William Le De
Spenser, his heir, styled of Belton, and one of the jury at an s in-
quisition taken at Bredon, on June 8th, 1300", concerning the
right of electing a prioress of Langley, in com. Leicester. He re-
sided at Deftbrd, ' in com. Wigorn, and died possessed thereof
about 1328," as appears by an inquisition taken at Pershore,
which likewise shews that John was his son and heir, and of full
age.

Which John was in the retinue of John of Gaunt, nominal1
King of Castile, in his voyage to Spain, and on that account had
the King's letters of protection for one year, bearing date March
6th, 1380. He was afterwards Esquire of the body to Henry V.T
Keeper of his great wardrobe, and attending him in his warlike
expeditions, was with him at the siege of1 Roan.* He had
issue by l) Alice his wife (daughter and heir of Giles Deverell.)

p Esch 3 Edw I. No 2 1 Not mentioned by Nash,

r Vincent's Haronagc, in Offic Arm No. 20 Visit. Com Northampton.
in diet Offic anno 1617 These arcliablc to the observation already made.
■ Monast Angl vol i p 481 b
' Nash is very defective in his history of this manor
■ Esch.anno j Edw III. ■ Rymer's Feed torn vii p 500.

, Ibid, vol ix p 171 z Lib. MS. in Musaeo A hmol No 1120

' So far the authorities seem on tin: whole to establish the fact of the em-
inence of this branch.

*> Visit com. Northampton prxd. See the observations before made.

382 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Nicholas his son and heir,c who by d Joan his wife, daughter
of Richard Polard, of Kent, had issue two sons, Thomas ; e and
William, who, by his wife . . . . , daughter of Gilbert de Clare,
had one son John, who married f Alice daughter and heir of
William Livesay, and died without issue, in the year 1456.

Thomas, the eldest son and heir of Nicholas, was father « of
Henby Spencer, of Badby in com. Northampton, Esq. as appears
by a u receipt, ' dated 13 Henry VI. for subsidies then paid to
that King.

Which Henry took to wife Isabel, daughter and coheir of
Henry Lincoln, from whom proceeded four sons, John, Thomas,
William, and Nicholas; and died about k 16 Edward IV. his last
will and testament bearing date 1476, wherein he appoints his
sons, John and Thomas, executors, and Isabel his wife overseer.
The seal affixt had the arms the family now bear, viz. quarterly
in the first and third a fret, over all, on a bend, three Escallops. l
He was succeeded by his eldest son,

John Spencer, of Hodnell, Esq. who is mentioned in several
deeds of feoffment with Sir Edward Rawleigh, of Farneborough,
Knight, and others ; particularly in 13 and 19 Edward IV. when
he sealed with the arms of his mother and wife together, being
both heiresses; viz. on a cross, five stars of six points (his
mothers) ; m and a cheveron between three cinqfoi/s, his wife's,
who was daughter and heir of ... . Warsted ; by whom he had

e Original proof wanting-

* Visit com Northampton- prsed and Vincent's Baron, praed

• Original proof wanting f St. George's Baronage, MS predict.

« Original proof wanting. k Visit, com- Northampton praed.

1 Query, whether this receipt is cited to prove that Henry was son of

Thomas ?

k Visit com Northampton, praed.
1 If this fact be ascertained, it is a strong one.
» There is something singular in this circumstance. A person entitled to
an antient paternal coat does not commonly abandon it for the obscure arms
of his mother. There is much more in the use of arms, than light or interested
critics in genealogy admit- When carried up to such a period as to be beyond
memory, it operates in the nature of prescription, and is of a directly opposite
nature from a late assumption, where the want of authority is fatal to the
right. Even in the weakest weight which can be given to it. it operates as
mntient fretension ; and a neglect of acknowledgment of the right by the
Heralds' College, is of all arguments against it the most absurd and ignorant }
at every intelligent and liberal member of that college well knows.

The first Lord Spencer of Wormleighton quartered with the coat now
used, Ax. a fen ermine between fix tea mews beadt erased Arg a coat granted to
the name of Spencer in 1504 i »nd, I suspect, to this very family. The ad.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 3S5

two sons; first, William hereafter mentioned; second, John.
Spencer, of Hodnell, in com. Warwick, Esq. who died" anno
1498, and was buried at Hodnell; he held lands in eighteen
several lordships ; as appears by his last will and testament, dated
on September 15th, i486; by which he appoints his body to be
buried in the chancel of the parish church ofHodenhull, and con-
stitutes his nephew, John Spencer, of Snitterfeild, Esq. son of his
brother William, one of his executors ; entailing his lands on him
in default of issue male of his own son Thomas (from whom the
Spencers of Hodnell) and in default of issue of him, the said John,
to the heirs male of Thomas, the said John's late brother, of whom
hereafter.

William Spencer, Esq. (eldest son and heir of John) was, in
1 Henry VII. seated at Rodburne in Warwickshire, and having
married Elizabeth, sister to Sir Richard Empson, Knight, had
issue a daughter, Jane, wife of Stephen Cope of Hanwell in Ox-
fordshire, Esq. and two sons, Sir John (of whom hereafter, as heir)
and Thomas.0

The said Thomas bad issue, William, who had the estate at
Badby p in Northamptonshire, whose son, Thomas Spencer, q was
of Everdon in the same county, and dying on August 17th, 1576,
had sepulture there. He married his cousin Dorothy, third
daughter of Sir William Spencer of Althorpe (the Duke of Marl-
borough's predecessor) and by her was father of five sons, r
Thomas, Antony, William, John, and George, who all died young
except William, who married Elizabeth, daughter of .... Milney,
but died without issue ; also seven daughters, Ursula, Ursula,
and Elizabeth, who all died young, so that the other four
daughters s became coheirs to the said William, their brother, viz.
Dorothy, wedded to George Cope, Esq. second son of Sir John
Cope, of Canons Ashby in Northamptonshire, and after his de-
cease to Gabriel Pulteney, of Pulteney in Leicestershire, Esq.

mission of such a grant would operate very strongly, though not decisively,
against this descent. It has sometimes happened that the Heralds have per-
suaded a careless man, entitled to an ancient coat, to purchase a new one !
n Reg. Horn in Cur. Praerog. Cant. Qu. 4.
0 On the whole, the pedigree from Sir John Le De Spenser by Alice
Deverell down to this point, must be admitted to be very bare of proof, un-
satisfactory, and suspicious.

p Ex Stemmate, prasd. 1 Ibid-

r Inscrip- Turn, apud Everdon, in Bridges-

, Ex Stemmate, praed and Bridges's Hist. Northampt.

384 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Susan, married to John Temple, Esq. of Stow in Buckingham-
shire ; Mary, the wife of Richard Wallop, of Byebroke in
Northamptonshire, Esq. and Catherine, married to Thomas
Browne, Esq.

Sir John Spencer, eldest son, was denominated of1 Snitter-
-feild, in com. Warwick ; having acquired that estate in right of
his wife Isabel^ one of the daughters and coheirs of Walter
Graunt, Esq. ; and in 12 Henry VH. being wrote of that place,
was one of the executors to his cousin, John Spencer, of Hoden-
hull. On September 3d, 1506, he purchased the great lordship
of u Wormleighton, in com. Warwick, and soon after began the
structure of a fair manor house there.

He was knighted by Henry VIII. and by his last will and
testament x it appears, that he was possessed of a very large
estate j was a noble house keeper ; had a great reverence for the
clergy; was very liberal to his poor neighbours, as also bountiful
to his tenants and servants. He in a manner rebuilt the churches
of Wormleighton, in com. Warwick, and Brington, and Stanton,
in com. Northampton, and gave thereto vestments and chalices :
and his other bequests to religious houses, and for reparation of
churches, are very numerous; as are also his charities to his
servants, and others ; whereby it is evident that he had a noble
spirit, tempered with the greatest humanity. He was likewise so
honest and just, and of so pious a disposition, " that he requires
his executors to recompense every one that can lawfully prove, or
will make oath, that he has hurt him in any wise, so that they
make their claim within two years, though (as is recited) he had
none in his remembrance ; but he had rather charge their souls,
than his own should be in danger : and requires his executors to
cause proclamation thereof to be made once a month, during the
first year after his decease, at Warwick, Southampton, Coventry,
Banbury, Daventry, and Northampton."

By this testament, which is dated April 12th, 1522, " hex
bequeaths his body to be buried in the chancel of Brington church,
in com. Northampton, before the image of our blessed Lady j and
that his executors cause a tomb to be made as nigh the wall as
they can behind the place of sepulture."

He lies buried, according to his appointment, in the church of
Brington, z in com. Northampton, as appears by a monument,

* Reg- Horn, praed. u Dugdale's Warwickshire, p 405.

x Ex Reg. vocat. Manwaring in Cur. Praerog Cant Qu 24.
j Ibid * In which parish his seat of Al thorp stands.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 385

now remaining on the north side of the south chancel, shewing
the figures of a knight in armour, and his lady in the dress of the-
times, lying on their backs, under an arch of free stone, curiously
adorned with carvings. At his feet, against the wall, is the in-
scription in capitals, setting forth his marriage and issue : by
which it appears, that he died April 14th, 1522, having married
Isabel, daughter and coheir of Walter Graunt of Snitterfeild, in
Warwickshire, Esq. by the daughter and heir of Humphry
Rudingc, of the Wich in Worcestershire, Esq. ; by whom he had,
first, Sir William Spencer ; second, Anthony, who died without
issue ; third, Jane, wife of Richard Knightley, Esq. son and heir
of Sir Richard Knightley, of Fawsley in Northamptonshire,
Knight j fourth, Isabel, married to Sir Nicholas Strelly, of Strelly
in Nottinghamshire, Knight; fifth, Dorothy, married to Sir
Richard Catesby, of Legers Ashby in Northamptonshire, Bart.

Sir William Spencer received the honour ofa knighthood,
A. D. 1529; and in 23 and 24 Henry VIII. wasb sheriff of
Northamptonshire. His last will bears date June 1/th, 1532,
whereby he bequeaths his body to bec buried at Brington, in such
manner as his executors shall think fit : orders his father's will to
be complied with in every article, not then performed : appoints
Dame Susan, his wife, Sir Nicholas Strelley, Knight; Anthony
Cope, Esq.; Walter Smith, Esq. ; and two others, his executors;
and that they take care of John, his only son, then very young;
he lies buried according to his desire ; and a fine altar tomb,
erected to his memory, is now standing against the north-east
wall of the north d chancel, or burial place of this family, round
the verge whereof is this inscription in old characters :

Hie Jacent Dominus Willus Spencer Miles, & Una Suzanna
uxor ejus qui oliit xxii° Die me's Junij Anno D'ni Millimo
CCCCCXXXIL quorum Aialus propitietur Deus. Amen.

Over the said tomb, on a tablet under an arch, is likewise an
inscription, whence it appears that he died 1532, having married
Susan, daughter of Sir Richard Knightley, of Fawsley in North-
amptonshire, Knight, and had issue, first, Sir John, only son ;
second, Isabel, married to Sir John Cotton, of Lanwade in Cam-

a Nomin. Equit in Bibl. Cotton. Claud c 3.
" Fuller's Worthies in com. Northamp.
' Ex Reg. Thome, in Cur. Praerog. praed. « Ex Autog.

vol. 1. ' 2 C

386 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

bridgeshire, Knight; third, Jane, e wife of Sir Richard Brugis,f
of Sheffbrd in Berkshire, Knight ; fourth, Dorothy, married to
Thomas Spencer, of Everdon in Northamptonshire, Esq. ; fifth,
Anne, wife of Sir John Goodwin, of Winchendon in North-
amptonshire, Knight, which Anne died without issue; sixth,
Mary, wife of Thomas Boles, of Walington in Hertfordshire, Esq.

Sir John Spencer, the only son, was*? sheriff of Northamp-
tonshire, in 5 Edward VI. and elected one of the knights of the
shire in parliament for that county in the '' 1st of Queen Maiy.
He also served in the 4th and 5th of Philip and Mary, and the
year following was again sheriff of that county, as also in 13 Eli-
zabeth; and, in the 15th year of the reign of that Queen, was by
writ appointed (with other justices of prime quality in the county
of Northampton) a ! commissioner to enquire after such persons
as acted contrary to an act of parliament, 1 Elizabeth, entitled,
" An act for the uniformity of the common prayer, and service of
the church, and administration of the sacraments." He was a
great ceconomist, yet kept a plentiful table, according to the old
English way, as is manifest from his last k will and testament,
bearing date January 4th, 1585 ; wherein he orders hospitality to
be kept in his houses at Althorp, &c. by his heir, after his decease,
according as he had done ; bestowing likewise several legacies on
his servants. It also appears, that he delighted in retiredness ;
was an encourager of industry ; and so much averse to an inac-
tive life, that though he possessed a great estate, he employed his
thoughts on husbandry, as of most profit and advantage to his
country ; for at his death he had numerous flocks of sheep and
other cattle in his grounds and parks of Althorp and Worm-
leighton.

This Sir John Spencer, , in his last will aforesaid, requires his

e She was, after Sir Richard's decease, the third wife of Sir Simon Har-
court, of Stanton Harcourt, the present Earl Harcourt's ancestor, but without
issue.

f He was son of Henry Bruges, uncle to John, first Lord Chandos. He
was also of Luggershall in Wilts, where he was buried ; and had a son An-
thony Bridges of Shefford, Esq.

c Fuller's Worthies, in com. Northampt.

h MS. penes Browne Willis, Arm.

' Rymer's Feeder, torn- x. p. 724, 715.

k Reg Spenser, p. 1. Qu. 1 in Cur. Praeror. praed.

1 Edmund Spenser, thePoK-r, claimed alliance to this family. See his

dedication of Muhpotmos to Lady Carey ; and of the Tears of the Muses to

DUKE OF MALRBOROUGH. 397

executors to bury him in a decent manner without pomp (after
the worldly fashion) in the church of Brington, where his late
wife, Dame Catherine Spencer, lieth buried. Also, that they
give, before his burial, 40Z. in alms, and cause a tomb, such as
they think fit, to be placed where he and his said wife lie buried.
Accordingly I find one erected to his memory, neatly painted,
gilt "and adorned with arms (in the middle of two others) in the
burial place of this family, between the m south chancel and north
chancel, representing, under an arch of elegant workmanship, em-
bellished with roses, lozenges, &c. of different colours, the pro-
portions of a knight in armour, with his lady, in the habit of the
times, lying on their backs, and their hands elevated j over them
the atchievement of the arms of the family ; and at their feet,
against the wall, is an inscription, shewing his marriage and
issue.

He died November 8th, 1586, having married Katherine,
daughter of Sir Thomas Kitson, of Hengrave in Suffolk, Knight,
by whom he had issue ; first, Sir John Spencer, Knight ; second,
Thomas Spencer, of Claredon in Warwickshire, Esq.; third, Sir
William Spencer, of Yarnton, com. Oxford, Knight; fourth,
Richard Spencer, of Oifley in Hertfordshire, Esq. ; fifth, Edward
Spencer, who died without issue; sixth, Margaret, married to
Giles Allington, of Horseheath in Cambridgeshire, Esq. and after-
wards to Edward Eldrington, Esq.; seventh, Elizabeth," married
to George Lord Hunsdon ; eighth, Katherine, wife of Sir Thomas
Leigh, of Stoneley in Warwickshire, Knight ; ninth, Mary, mar-
ried to Sir Edward Aston, of Tixhall in Staffordshire, Knight;
tenth, Anne, ° wife of William Lord Monteagle, who had no
issue by her ; and afterwards married to Henry Lord Compton ;
and lastly to Robert Sackville, son and heir of Thomas Lord
Buckhurst, lord treasurer; eleventh, Alice, '' married to Ferdi-
nando, Earl of Derby, and then to Sir Thomas Egerton, Knight,
lord keeper of the great seal.

Lady Strange. Todd's Life of Spencer, Ixxv, lxxvi. " The nobility of the
Spencers," says Gibbon, " has been illustrated and enriched by the trophies
of'Marlborough ; but I exhort them to consider the Fairy Queen, as the most
precious jewel of their coronet" Gibbon's Life.
m Ex Autog.
" See Todd's Spenser, i- lxxv. She was a learned lady.
•Spencer dedicated to her, his ** Mother 'Hubbard's. Tale." Ibid,
lxxx.

v For her Milton wrote his Arcades She lies buried under a superb
monument at Harefield in Middlesex, ot which see an engraving in Lysons's

388 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Thomas Spencer, the second son, mentioned in the preceding
monumental inscription, built a fine house on his estate of Cla-
verdon (or Claredon) and for his hospitality was the mirror of the
country, i He died the 8th day of November, 1580, and lies
buried in Claverdon church, where is a stately monument erected
to his memory. By his wife Mary, daughter of John Cheek,
Esq. he had Alice, his only child and heir, who was married to
Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlcote in Warwickshire, Knight.

The third son. Sir William, of Yarnton, in com. Oxon. re-
ceived the honour of knighthood from Queen Elizabeth, 1592,
and died December 18th, 1609, leaving by his wife Margaret,
daughter of Francis Bowyer, of Middlesex, Esq. who died June
19th, 1608, two sons, and five daughters. Sir Thomas, his eldest
son, was made a Baronet, June 29th, l6ll, and was famous for
his hospitality, and charity to the poor. He married Margaret,
daughter of Richard Brainthwait, serjeant at law, who re-married
Richard Butler, Viscount Mountgarret, and died 1655. He died
1622, leaving, first, Sir William ; second, George; third, Eliza-
beth, wife of Sir Wdliam Russel, of Strensham in Worcester-
shire, fourth, Katherine, wife 'of Sir Henry Montague, after-
wards Earl of Manchester ; fifth, Mary, wife of Sir Maximilian
Dalyson, of Haling in Kent, Knight; sixth, Alice, wife of Sir
Thomas Colvile, of Newton in Cambridgeshire, Knight; seventh,
Margaret, wife of Sir John Woodward, of Evesham in Worces-
tershire, Knight; Sir William Spencer, eldest son, married
Constance, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, in War-
wickshire, Knight, (who re-married Sir Edward Smith, Knight),
and had issue Alice, wife of Francis Keyt, of Mecleton in Glou-
cestershire, Esq.; and Sir Thomas, his only son, who married
Jane, daughter of Sir John Garrard, of Lamer in Hertfordshire,
Bart, and had nine children, of which five died in his lifetime ;
viz. Thomas, Thomas, Jane, and Margaret, all infants; and
William, who lived to the age of twenty-six years, and died un-
married, September 13th, 1683. Four survived him, all daughters
and coheirs ; first, Jane, married to Robert Spencer, Lord Vis-
count Ty veot, of Scotland ; second, Constance, wife of George

Middlesex, p 108. She died 1637, having had by Ferdinando, Earl of Derby,
three daughters his coheirs, Lady Anne, wife of Grey Brydges, Lord Chandos;
Lady Frances, wife of John Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater ; and Lady Eli-
zabeth, wife of Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon-

<) Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire, p. 497, 41)8.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 3hy

M.irwood, Esq. only son of Sir Henry Marwood, of Busby in
Cleaveland, Yorkshire, Bart. ; third, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Samuel
Gcrrard,of Brafferton in Yorkshire, Knight, re-married to Erancis
Basket, of Cornwall, Esq. ; and Kalherine, married to John
Dormer, of Ascot in Oxfordshire, Esq. and afterwards to George
Mordaunt, Viscount Avalon. Sir Thomas died April 30th, l/l'J,
aged seventy-four. r

Sir Richard Spencer, of Oflley in Hertfordshire, Knight,
fourth son, married Helen, daughter and coheir of Sir John
Brocket, of Brocket H.ill, Knight, by Helen his wife, daughter
and coheir of Sir Robert Lytton, of Knebworth-place in Hert-
fordshire, Knight; and from this Sir Richard Spencer the Baro-
nets of his name, in that county, were descended, but now ex-
tinct.

Sir Jons Spencer (eldest son and heir of Sir John) was*
knighted in 1568, the memorable year of the Spanish invasion.
He died on January gth, 1500, and a fine1 tomb is. erected at
Brington in memory of him, curiously embellished with painting
and gilding ; the figures of him and his lady lying in the same
manner as his fit her and mother; and over them an arch (curiously
adorned with roses) supported by eight pillars, viz. two at each
corner, four of which are pyramidical, and painted, the other four
black marble, and of the Corinthian order. At the head against
the north wall, is an inscription, shewing his marriage, issue,
and death.

He married Mar)', sole daughter and heir of Sir Robert
Catelin, lord chief justice of the King's Bench, u by whom he had
only Sir Robert. He died January Oth, 1509-

Sir Robekt Spencer, tihst 1x)rd Spencer, his only son,
was Sheriff" of Northamptonshire in the 43d of Elizabeth, before
which time he had received the honour of knighthood ; and,
when King James ascended the Throne, was reputed to have by
him the moit money1 of any person in the kingdom; which,
together with his great estate, noble descent, and many excellent
accomplishments, rendered him so conspicuous, that he was pro-
moted, by letters patent, * bearing date July 21st, 1003, to the

' Collins's Baronetage, 17:0, vol i- p 305,3:5
• Catal MS Milit. , Ex Autog.

u She secondly married Sir Robert howler. Knight, anil died January 5th.
1619.
» Fuller'! \Vorthies( piacd. , Ll>'\<l"b Memoirs of the LoyaluU, p. 431.
1 iV. Jac 1 ;• 14

3gO PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

dignity of a Baron of this realm, by the title of Lord Spencer,
of Wormleighton, the ceremony of his a creation being performed
at Hampton Court. Soon after which, the learned Camden,
writing his Britannia, makes this honourable mention of him,
viz. b " Althorp, the seat of the noted family of Spencer, knights,
allied to very many houses of great worth and honour, out of
which Sir Robert Spencer, the fifth knight in a continued succes-
sion, a worthy encourager of virtue and learning, was by his
most serene Majesty, King James, lately advanced to the honour
of Baron Spencer of Wormleighton."

And another c author, who wrote in those times, gives this
account of him : " Spencer (like the old Roman chosen dictator
from his farm) made the country a virtuous court, where his fields
and flocks brought him more calm and happy contentment than
the various and mutable dispensations of a court can contribute :
and when he was called to the senate, was more vigilant to keep
the people's liberties from being a prey to the encroaching power
of monarchy, than his harmless and tender lambs from foxes and
ravenous creatures."

This Lord Spencer, in 1603 (by commission bearing date at
Woodstock, on September 18th,) was appointed ambassador to the
present d Frederick, Duke of Wirtemberg, with the habit and en-
signs of the most noble order of the garter. He was received
with the highest respect and honour by the Duke, who had made
great preparations for his reception. His highness sent for his
three sons, with their tutors, from the castle of Tubing (where
they followed their studies) to be present at the installation ; like-
wise ordered the vice-president and twelve assistants of his ducal
consistory, with all the principal and most noble persons of his
court, to attend ; appointing an English lord, with the Lord Ben-
jamin Buningkshausin, one of his privy-council, to be principal
contrivers, directors, and managers of all things that should
belong to the setting forth the solemnity.

The state and magnificence of this investiture is set forth by
Mr. Ashmole ; who observes, that the Lord Ambassador Spencer
(who represented the Sovereign) and the elect Duke, were so
richly attired, glittering with gold and jewels, that they attracted
the admiration of all the spectators.

a Camden's Annals of King James,
b Britan. in com. Northamp.
c Wilson's Life of King James, in History of England, vol. ii.
<t Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p 411, &c

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 391

The Duke omitted nothing that might tend to the satisfaction
of the lord ambassador and his train. He shewed them the prin-
cipal places of his dukedom, as Waltebuch, the university of
Tubing, &c. entertained them with comedies, music, and other
diversions ; and on their return to England, he accompanied the
Lord Spencer as far as Asperg, taking leave of him with the
greatest demonstrations and expressions of affection and esteem.
On his arrival in England, he was received, by his Prince, with
particular marks of distinction, for his noble carriage and beha-
viour in his embassy.

I do not find that he bore any employment at court ; but he
constantly attended his duty in parliament, and on all proper oc-
casions, appeared a loyal subject to the King, as well as a good
patriot and a maintainer of the liberty of the subject. He had ex-
cellent parts, which were improved and cultivated by a close ap-
plication to the service of his country, and knowledge of men and
business, whereby he grew into the esteem of the greatest men of
that age. His quick apprehension and readiness of thought was
very remarkable, as will hereafter appear ; and in the debates in
parliament, as few spoke better, so none had a more favourable
attention ; on which account he was nominated in most com-
mittees on public affairs and conferences with the commons, as
appears by the e journals of the house of lords.

Our historian informs us, that some debates arising in the
parliament, A.D. 1621, relating to the King's power and prero-
gative, this f Lord Spencer stood up boldly for the public liberty
(with the Earls of Oxford, Southampton, Essex, and Warwick) ;
and speaking something in the house of the actions of their great
ancestors, Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, Earl Marshal of
England, a great stickler for the prerogative, displeased with the
arguments used, replied, " My Lord, when these things were
doing, your ancestors were keeping sheep" (alluding to the nu-
merous flocks kept by his grandfather s) : to which the Lord
Spencer, with a spirit and quickness of thought peculiar to him,
immediately answered, " When my ancestors were keeping sheep
(as you say) your ancestors were plotting treason." This caused
such a heat, that Arundel, as the aggressor, was sent to the Tower,

e Journal Piocerum in Bibl Medii Templi-
f Echard's Hist- of England, vol i. p 955.
E And surely, as it strikes the present Compiler, sneering at his pedigree :
a most illiberal burst of temper. Lord Arundel was, in truth, a very proud
and insolent man.

392 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

but soon after acknowledging his fault, and offering to make his
submission, was discharged.

In the same h year, he, with thirty-two other lords, petitioned
the King, " for that many of his subjects of the realm of England
had been honoured with titles and dignities in Scotland and Ire-
land, by which all the nobility in this realm, either in themselves,
their children, or both, rind they are prejudiced ; they therefore
pray they may challenge and preserve their birthrights, and that
no more notice may be taken of those titles than the law of the
land doth ; and that they may be excused, if in civil courtesy they
give them not the respect or place as to noblemen strangers,
seeing that they being their countrymen, born and inheritanced
under the same laws, their families and abode among them, have
yet procured their translation into foreign names, only to their
injury." ' But this their petition the King took ill, and k repri-
manded the Lord Spencer, as being a chief promoter of it.

In the parliament following, that met at Westminster, on
February 19th, 1623 4, he only staid a few days, obtaining ' leave
(on March 1st) of the house to be absent; but in the succeeding
parliaments, to the time of his death, he was in most committees
on public affairs, a constant maintainer and promoter of the ma-
nufactories, trade, and liberties of the realm, an opposer of all
arbitrary grants, monopolies, or other indirect practices; and,
finally, was seasoned with a just tincture of all private and public
virtues. He lived a widower thirty years (his lady dying August
1/th, 1597, in childbed), and departing this life on October 25th,
1627* was buried in great splendor with his ancestors and lady at
Brington, under a noble1" monument at the head of his grand-
father, under a like arch equally adorned, but supported by four
pillars of the Corinthian order. The figures of him and his lady
are likewise in the same posture, be in armour, with a helmet on
his head ; she in the dress of the times, veiled to the knees. At
their feet, under the arch, on a black marble tablet, is the me-
morial of his marriage and issue, in gold letters : by which it ap-
pears that he married Margaret, daughter and coheir of Sir
Francis Willoughby, of Wollaton in Nottinghamshire, Knight, by
whom he had issue four sons and three daughters ; viz. first,

h Wilson's Life of King James, aforesaid.

1 See Memoirs of James's Peers; p. 129, ijo-

k Camden's Annals, in Hur of England, p. 658.

' Journal Procer prsed ■ Ex Autog

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 3g3

John Spencer, Esq. who died at Blois in France without issue;0
second, William Lord Spencer, who married Lady Penelope, eldest
daughter of Henry Earl of Southampton ; third, Richard Spencer,
Esq. $ fourth, Edward Spencer, of Boston in Middlesex, Knight,0
who married Dame Mary, p widow of Sir William Reade, of Os-
terley in the same county, Knight | fifth, Mary, married to Sir
Anderson, of Penly in Hertfordshire, Knight ; i sixth, Elizabeth,
married to Sir George Fane, of Buston in Kent, *Knight, r who
died without issue ; seventh, Margaret, who died unmarried."
His Lordship died October 25th, 1627 ; and Margaret, his wife,
August 17 th, 1597.

In the inscription, notice is taken of the deaths or marriages
of all the children of Robert Lord Spencer, except Richard, the
third son, who was of Orpington in Kent, and married Mary,
daughter to Sir Edwyn Sandys, of Northbourn-place in the said
county, Knight. He died November 1st, 1661, aged sixty-eight,
she October 26th, 1675, in the sixty-ninth year of her age, and
are both buried at Orpington, as are likewise Richard their fourth
son } also two of their daughters and coheirs, viz. Margaret, wife
of John Venables of Agdon in Cheshire, Esq. who died March
9th, \6j5-6, and Mary, wife of William Gee, of Bishops Burton
in Yorkshire, Esq. who died November 15th, 1/02; and whose
descendant of the same name still possesses Orpington.

William second Lord Spencek, aforesaid, was Knight of
the x Bath, at the creation of Piince Charles, on November 4th,
1616 ; and was elected, all the while he was a commoner, one of
the knights of the u shire for the county of Northampton, in three
several parliaments in the reign of James I. and in two others
called in the first year of the reign of Charles I. He inherited
his father's excellent conduct, as well as his honour and estate, as
we are fully informed from the inscription on his monument.
He died in the forty-fifth year of his age on December 19th, and
was buried at* Brington, the 27th of the same month, 1636.
Penelope, his Lady (eldest daughter of Henry Wriothesley, Earl

n He died August 6th, 1610, aged 19, and is buried at Wormlcighton.

• He died without issue February nth, 1655, aged 61 buried at Brington.

p She was daughter of John Goldsmith, of Wclby in Suffolk.

n She died July 10th, 1658, and was buried at Tring in Hertfordshire

' She died in 1618, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

» She died December 6th, 1636, and is buried at Brington.

» Catal Nobil. &c per T- W. London, 8»o 1642.

• MS. B Willis, praed. « Reg. Eccl paroch. Brington.

3Q4 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of Southampton) whom he left with child, remained a widow one
and thirty years (having sepulture at Brington, on July l6tb,
1667) leaving a very shining character, for her constancy of mind,
prudent conduct, unaffected piety, and love to her deceased Lord ;
for whom she erected a noble and stately ! monument of black
and white marble, now remaining at Brington, the figures of a
Baron and Baroness, in their robes of state, lying on a black
marble tomb, their hands lifted up in a praying posture j and over
them an arch of black and white marble, supported by eight
black marble pillars of the Corinthian order, with white capitals. u

He had by this Lady six sons and seven daughters.

Of his sons, Henry succeeded in the honour and estate.

Robert, second son, x baptized on February 2d,. 1628, was
created a peer of Scotland, by the title of Viscount Teviot, A.. D.
16S6, by King James VII. and having married Jane, daughter of
Sir Thomas Spencer, of Yamton in com. Oxon. Bart, died with-
out issue.

William, third son, was seated at Ashton Hall in com. Lan-
caster, and died without issue, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of
Dutton Gerrard Lord Gerrard.

Richard, fourth son, baptized on October 3d, 1631, depart-
ing this life unmarried, was buried at Brington, on February 11th,
1653.

Thomas and John, the fifth and sixth sons, died young.

Of the daughters, Elizabeth, born on February 16th, 1617,
was married at Brington, on December 4th, 1634, to John Craven,
Esq. who was created Lord Craven, of Ryton in com. Salop ; and
after his decease, to Henry Howard, third son to Thomas Earl of
Berkshire ; and lastly, to William Lord Crofts.

Mary was baptized on February 20th, 1621, died on July 12th,
1622, and was buried at Brington.

Anne was married to Sir Robert Townshend, second son of
Sir Roger Townshend, ancestor to the Marquis Townshend.

Katherine was baptized on October 17th, 1624, and died un-.
married.

Alice, baptized on December 29th, 1625, was wedded to
Henry Moor, Earl of Drogheda, of the kingdom of Ireland.

Margaret, baptized on July ipth, 1627, was the third wife of
Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury.

t Ex Autog.

* The inscription may be found in Bridges, &c.

* Reg. Eccl. Brington, pracd.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 395

Rachel, born after her father's decease, was baptized on July
19th, 1637, and died young.

A curious antiquary hath evidently made out, that the said
Lady Penelope (their mother) eldest daughter of Henry Wrio-
thesley, Earl of Southampton, was in sundry ways extracted J
from the Kings of England, Scotland, France, Hierusalern, Spain,
Portugal, and Navarre.

Henry, third Lord Spencer, and first Earl of Sun-
derland, the eldest son of the said Lady Penelope, and William
Lord Spencer, was born2 at Althorp, and christened on No-
vember 23d, 1620. He had from his youth a a forward inclina-
tion to learning, and being under an austere tutor, the quickness
of his apprehension, and solid judgment, far above his years, led
him to the exercise of all generous recreations. He had his uni-
versity education b at Magdalen College, in Oxford, before he was
sixteen years of age; and in l0"36, King Charles and his Queen
honouring the university with their presence, it was his Majesty's
pleasure there should be creations in several faculties. Where-
upon the secretary of state having delivered to the chancellor
the names of those nominated by his Majesty, a convocation was
celebrated on August 31st, and the degree of master of arts was
conferred on the Lord Spencer.

At nineteen years of age, the Earl of Southampton, his guar-
dian, and the Lady Penelope, his mother, contracted with Robert
Earl of Leicester, c for the marriage of his daughter, the Lady
Dorothy Sidney, with his Lordship, who being in his minority,
he, with his mother, the Lady Penelope, petitioned his Majesty,
to give special directions for his letters of privy seal, ordering his
judges of the court of Common Pleas, to admit the Lord Spencer,
by his guardian, to suffer a common recovery of his manors and
lands, that he might be enabled to settle a jointure on the said
Lady Dorothy, d And the King was graciously pleased to give
directions accordingly.

The marriage was consummated at Penshurst, on July 20th,
1639, as Robert Earl of Leicester writes in his journal (now re-
maining there) and that in August following, he returned to his

y So are great numbers of the nobility !

z Ex Regist. Eccl. de Brington, in com. Northamp.

a Lloyd's Memoirs of the Loyalists, p 4Ji-

h Wood's Fasti Oxonienses, vol. i. p. 886, 887.

1 Ex Autog. apud Penshurst. d Ibid.

396 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

embassy in France, and his wife followed him thither, with his
new son-in-law, and his daughter, his wife, who arrived, before
Michaelmas, at his house in Paris : whence they all returned to
England in October, 16-1-1.

She was a Lady of uncommon beauty, virtue, and merit, with
all accomplishments ; and, under the name of Sacharissa, is highly
celebrated by the famous Waller in his poems. The Lord, her
husband, had also an excellent understanding, joined to a fine
person, and was distinguished for his early judgment of men and
affairs; and an entire love was between them, manifested by
letters in the evidence room at Penshurst, the residence of the
late Earls of Leicester.

He took his seat in the house of peers, A.D. 1641, imme-
diately after his return from beyond the seas 3 and his eminent
abilities made him courted by all parties to be in their interests.
But his natural love of the liberties of his country, which his an-
cestors had asserted, soon determined him to fall in with them,
who were then thought to be detecting the indirect practices of
those counsellors that bad violated the laws, wherein he so far
concurred, as to be e nominated by them their Lord Lieutenant
for the county of Northampton. Yet he had an unquestioned
duty to the crown, and reverence for the government, both in
church and state ; for when he saw they were throwing off all
obligations to conscience, and the laws of the land, he courage-
ously declared in parliament f (the last words he spoke there),
" That they might have been satisfied long before, if they had not
asked things that deny themselves ; and if some men had not
shuffled demands in'o their propositions, on purpose that they
might have no satisfaction."

Being determined to follow his Majesty, and pursue his mea-
sures, as far as he found them consistent with the rights of his
country, he, though very young, prudently made a disposition of
his estate, before he set out for his seat at Althorp with his
Lady and family, having then a son and a daughter, Robert and
Dorothy.

Lloyd, who has given some confused account of his Lordship,
relates, 8 " That he brought 15,000/. and 1,200 men to his Ma-
jesty's relief, and to the Earl of Northampton his countryman's

e Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion, vol. i. p. 652.
f Lloyd's Memoirs, p 4J1. e Ibid, p, 4ja

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 397

assistance, adding his council, and personal service." It is certain
he followed his Majesty to York, and from thence to Notting-
ham, where his standard was erected, on August 22d, 1642. From
thence he marched with the King to Shrewsbury,' where he
wrote the following most remarkable letter, the greatest part of
it in cypher, and decyphered by his Lady, bearing date at Shrews-
bury, September 21st, 10'42.

" My Dearest Hart,

" The King's condition is much improved of late ; his
force increaseth daily, which increaseth the insolency of the pa-
pists. How much 1 am unsatisfied with the proceedings here, I
have at large expressed in several letters. Neither is there wanting
handsome occasion to retire, were it not for gaining honour. For
let occasion be never so handsome, unless a man resolve to fight
on the parliament's side, which, for my part, I had rather be
hanged, for it will be said a man is afraid to tight. If there could
be au expedient found to salve the punctilio of honour, I would
not continue here an hour. The discontent that I, and many
other honest men, receive daily, is beyond expression. People
are much divided j the King is of late very much averse to peace,
by the persuasions of 202 and 111. It is likewise conceived,
that the King has taken a resolution not to do any thing in that
way before the Queen comes ; for people advising the King to
agree with the parliament, was the occasion of the Queen's re-
turn. Till that time no advice will be received ; nevertheless
the honest men will take all occasions to procure an accommo-
dation j which the King, when he sent the late messages, did
heartily desire ; and would still make offers, but for 202 and 111,
and the expectation of the Queen, and fear of the papists, who
threaten people of 342. I fear the papists' threats have a much
greater influence upon 83 (King) than upon 313. What the
King's intentions are to those that I converse with, are altogether
unknown ; some say, he will hazard a battle very quickly j others
say, he thinks of wintering} which, as it is suspeoted, so if it
were generally believed, 117 (Sunderland) and many others,
would make no scruple to retire ; for I think it is as far from gallant,
either to starve with the King, or do worse, as to avoid fighting.
It is said the King goes on Friday towards Chester, for a day or
two, leaving his forces here ; which are 0,000 foot, 1,500 dra-

' Sidney Memorials, vol. ii, p 657.

3()8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

goons, and above 2,000 horse. There are 4,000 foot more raised,
they say, 2,000 by my Lord Strange, 1,000 by Sir Thomas Salis-
bury, and 1,200 by Sir Edward Stradling j all which will be here
within a few days. This is a lightening before death.

" I am yours, &c.

" Spencer."

The Earl of Clarendon relates, ' that some carriage horses and
waggons, which were prepared for the service in Ireland, and lay
at Chester to be transported with the Earl of Leicester, Lieute-
nant of that kingdom, were brought to Shrewsbury by his Ma-
jesty's order, which increased the necessity the King was in for
money; and that the papists were treated with for a supply,
■which they complied with : whereupon the King with his army k
marched from Shrewsbury, on October 12tb, and from thence to
Birmingham, where the Lord Spencer wrote another letter to his
Lady, on the 14th, and sent it by a servant to her at Althorp;1
acquainting her, " that he believed he should not have time nor
opportunity so send more than another letter to her, before he
came to London, which would be as soon as so great an army
could march so many miles. And that not only 243 (papists)
but most men believed, the King's army would make its way
there, though Lord Essex's army was five times as many as they
were. And that the King was so awed by 243, that he dares not
propose peace, or accept it. But if that be offered by the parlia-
ment, he and others would speak their opinion, though concern-
ing the late treaty, they were threatened by 243. That he had
above an hour's discourse with the King about the treaty, which
he would be glad she knew, but it was too long with cyphers,
and unfit without ; else he had no commerce with his Majesty,
since they came from Nottingham : thanks her for her care in
supplying him with money ; and that he gave six score pounds
for a horse j an argument he might want the sooner, but if he
had been in danger of that, he would have ventured his body upon
a worse horse. If he durst write freely of all things, she should
have more from him, for he could truly say of his writing in
characters, as a great man of this kingdom said of his speaking ;
" that he never knew what he meant to speak, before he spake,
or what he had said, after he had spoken, &c."

' Hist of Rebell. 8vo. vol ill. p. 35, 36. •= Ibid, p 41-

1 SidneyState Papers, ut antea, p. 667, 668-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 399

The King, by quick marches, having seldom rested a day in
any place,™ came, on October ^2, to Edgecote, a village in Nor-
thamptonshire, within four miles of Banbury ; and the next day
was the battle of Kineton, or Edgehill, from the King's rendez-
vous on it, so famous in history ; and the Lord Spencer, with other
noblemen, as volunteers, charged in the King's guards of horse.
Lord Clarendon has observed," " At the entrance into the field,
the King's guards of horse, either provoked by some unseasonable
scoffs among the soldiery, or out of desire of glory, besought the
King, 'That he would give them leave to be absent that day from
his person, and to charge in the front among the horse, the which
his Majesty consented to.' They also desired Prince Rupert, ' to
give them that honour which belonged to them;' who accordingly
assigned them the first place; which may well be reckoned among
the oversights of that day; though they performed their parts
with admirable courage. ° For Prince Rupert having routed the
enemy's horse, pursued them so far, that whilst most thought the
victory unquestionable, the King was in danger of the same fate
which Henry the Hid had at the battle of Lewes against his
Barons; when his son, the Prince, having routed the horse, fol-
lowed the chase so far, that before his return to the field, his
father was taken prisoner."

Whitelock, in his account of that battle, given by the Parlia-
ment generals, recites, B " The greatest body of the King's horse
was in his right wing, commanded by Prince Rupert, who furi-
ously charged the left wing of the Parliament's horse, whom he
routed, and pursued to Kineton with great slaughter. Both armies,
horse and foot, performed their parts with great valour and bra-
very, till night parted the fight." On both sides were lost be-
tween 5,000 and 6,000 men; but Lord Clarendon relates, ** That
on Wednesday morning, when the King drew his army to a ren-
dezvous, he found his numbers greater than he expected ; for very
many of the common soldiers, who out of cold and hunger had
been missing, then joined him, so that there were not lost above
300 men."

The Lord Spencer marched with his Majesty to Oxford, and
though he had not, nor would accept of, any command in the
army; yet attending on the King's person, without any other
obligation than honour, he always engaged with the most for-

n> Clarendon, p. 44. n Ibid. p. 44, 45. ° Ibid, p 48.

1 p Memorials, p 61.

400 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

ward, in every action, or siege, where his Majesty was present.
His Lordship was also intimate with Prince Rupert, and was with
him at the taking of Bristol; having a little before for his approved
loyalty, and others his great merits, beeni advanced to the degree
and dignity of an Earl, by the title of Earl op Sunderland, by
letters patent, bearing date at Oxford, on June 8, 1643; at which
time of bis creatiotr;' he was said to be allied to all the nobility
then at court, except Duke Hamilton.

By a letter to his lady, dated at Oxford, on August 9, at sun-
set, 1(J4J, his Lordship informs her, "That the King's sudden
resolution of going before Gloucester, had extremely disappointed
him; for when he went from Bristol, on Monday morning, he
resolved to be at Oxford the 9th of August ; upon which his Lord,
ship, and two or three gentlemen, agreed to meet his Majesty
there, and to take Bath in their way, which tbey did accordingly;
whereby they missed his Majesty, being gone thai morning towards
Gloucester, and would be before it the next morning, where he
intended to wait on him. That the King's going to Gloucester
was, in the opinion of most, very unadvised. The Queen unsa-
tisfied in it; so is all the people of quality. You will receive two
other letters from me by this messenger, one of which I wrote
before my going hence, the other at Bristol," &c.

In another letter to her ladyship, dated from the camp before
Gloucester, on August 25, he thus expresses himself:

" MY DEAREST HART,

" Just as I was going out of the trenches, on Wednes-
day, I received your letter of the 20th of this instant, which gave
me so much satisfaction, that it put all the inconveniences of this
siege out of my thoughts. At that instant, if I had followed my
own inclinations, I had returned an answer to yours; writing to
you, and hearing from you, being the most pleasant entertain-
ment I am capable of receiving in any place; but especially here,
where, but when I am in the trenches (which place is seldom
without my company) I am more solitary than ever I was in my
life: this country being very full of private cottages, in one of
which I am quartered, where my Lord Falkland did me the honour
to sup. Mr. Chillingworth* is here with me at Sir Nicholas Sel-
wio's, who has been this week at Oxford; our little engineer comes

, fat i9 Car. I. ' Lloyd's Memoirs, prard.

• A famous divine-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 401

not hither so much out of kindness to me, as for his own con-
veniency ; my quarters being three or four miles nearer the leaguer
than my Lord of Devonshire's, with whom he staid till he was
commanded to make ready his engines with all possible speed. It
is not to be imagined, with what diligence and satisfaction (I mean
to myself) he executes this command ; for my part I think it not
unwisely done of him to change his profession; and I think you
would have been of my mind, if you had heard him dispute last
night with my Lord Falkland, in favour of Socinianism; wherein
he was, by. his Lordship, so often confounded, that really it ap-
pears, he has much more reason for his engines, than for his opi-
nions. I put off my writing till last night, out of hopes that
somewhat here would have happened worthy of your knowledge}
and you see what good company made me defer it last night, at
which time I was newly come from our leaguer, whither I thought
to have gone this morning; but I have got such a kind of small
boil, in such a place, that I cannot ride without pain, so I cannot
with modesty make a more particular description. I find that
we had only an alarum, which they gave to hinder our working,
not daring to sally any more, being so well beaten the last time:
our galley will be finisht within this day or two, and then we shall
soon dispatch our mine, and them with it. Many of the soldiers
are confident, that we shall have the town within this four days,
which I extremely long for; not that I am weary of this siege, for
really, though we suffer many inconveniences, yet I am not iil
pleased with this variety, so directly opposite, as the being in the
trenches with so much good company, together with the noise and
tintamarre of guns and drums, with the horrid spectacles, and
hideous cries, of dead and hurt men, is to the solitariness of my
quarter: which often brings into my thoughts, how infinitely
more happy I should esteem myself, quietly to enjoy your com-
pany at Althorp, than to be troubled with the noises, and engaged
in the factions of the court, which I shall ever endeavour to avoid,
&C.1 When we were at Bristol, Sir William was there, but I
hear he is now lately gone to Hereford, for which I envy him,
and all others, that can go to their own houses; but I hope ere
long you will let me have your company, the thought of which is
to me most pleasant, and passionately desired by yours, &c."
In another letter from Oxford, September 10, 1643, but four

« This is a most beautiful and interesting letter, and does the writer high
honour.

VOL. I. 2D

402 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

days before the fight at Newberry, where he was slain, his Lord-
ship gives his Lady this account:

" Since I wrote to you last from Sulbey, we had some hopes
of fighting with my Lord of Essex's army, having certain intel-
ligence of his being in a field convenient enough, called Ripple
Field, towards which we advanced with all possible speed; upon
which he retired with his army to Tewxbury, where, by the ad-
vantage of the bridge, he was able to make good his quarter with
500 men against 20,000. So that though we were/so near as to
have been with him in two hours, his quarter being so strong, it
was resolved on Thursday, as he would not fight with us, we
should endeavour to force him to it, by cutting off his provisions}
for which purpose the best way was, for the body of our army to
go back to Evesham, and for our horse to distress him. Upon
which, I and others resolved to come for a few days to Oxford,
where we arrived late on Thursday night, there being no proba-
bility of fighting very suddenly. As soon as I came, I went to.
your father's, where I found Alibone, with whose face I was
better pleased, than with any of the ladies here. This expression
is so much a bolder thing than charging Lord Essex, that should
this letter miscarry, and come to the knowledge of our dames, I
should, by having my eyes scratcht out, be cleared from coming
away from the army for fear; where, if I had stayed, its odds if
I had lost more than one. Last night very good news came to
court, that we yesterday morning fell upon a horse quarter of the
enemy's, and cut off a regiment. And my Lord of Newcastle
hath killed and taken prisoners two whole regiments of horse and
foot, that issued out of Hull ; which place he hath hopes to take.
By the same messenger last night, the King sent the Queen word,
he would come hither on Monday or Tuesday; upon one of which
days, if he alters his resolutions, I shall not fail to return to the
army. I am afraid our setting down before Gloucester, has hin-
dered us from making an end of the war this year, which nothing
could keep us from doing if we had a month's more time, which
we lost there, for we never were in a more prosperous condition :
and yet the divisions do not at all diminish, especially between
142 and 412, by which we receive prejudice. I never saw 83
[King] use any body with more neglect than 100 [Earl of Hol-
land] and we say he is not used much better by the Queen. Mrs.
Jermyn met my Lord Jermyn (who, notwithstanding your intel-
ligence, is but a Baroft) with whom I came to Woodstock, who
told me she would write to you, which I hope she hath done; for

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 403

since I came here, I have seen no creature but your father and my
uncle,- so that I am altogether ignorant of, the intrigues of this
place. Before I go hence I hope some body will come from you ;
however, before I go hence, I shall have a letter for you. I take
the best care 1 can about my ceconomical affairs. I am afraid I
shall not be able to get you a better house, every body thinking
me mad for speaking about it. Pray bless Poppet for me, u and
tell her I would have writ to her, but that, upon mature delibera-
tion, I found it uncivil to return an answer to a lady, in another
character than her own, which I am not yet learned enough to do.
I cannot, by walking about my chamber, call any thing more to
mind to set down here; and really I have made you no small com-
pliment in writing thus much, for I have so great a cold, that I
do nothing but sneeze, and my eyes do nothing but water, all the
while I am in this posture of holding down my head. I beseech
you present his service to my Lady, who is most passionately and]
perfectly Yours,

Oxford, Sept. 16, 1643. Sunderland."

The aforesaid letters x are inserted, as they set forth some
particulars of those times not so well known ; and as they shew
his Lordship was a person of observation and address, as also a
very affectionate and tender husband. And his sentiments were
so just, that the Earl of Clarendon, Whitelock, and others, agree
•with his Lordship, that the undertaking of the siege of Gloucester
was the ruin of the King's army, which might have marched to
London without opposition.

The march of the Earl of Essex for the relief of Gloucester,
^nd the means that contributed to it, are at large related by the
Earl of Clarendon, who, throughout his history, is not particular
in reciting the days of many remarkable actions. But > Whitelock
tells us, that on the third and fourth of September, the King drew
off his carriages, and removed the siege. His Majesty, on Sep-
tember 5, went over Severn towards Bristol; and Lord Essex the
day following entered Gloucester. It is needless to recount the
movements of both armies, till the battle of Newberry, which fell
out1 on September 20, and lasted from about six in the morning,

u His daughter, after Marchioness of Halifax-
* Collins, or his editor, had no occasion to make an apology for these
letters- If he had inserted an hundred such, no reader of taste would have
4oni plained •

J Memorials, p 69 % Ibid. p. 70

404 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

till ten or eleven at night. It is observed by the same author,
who had his intelligence from the account sent by the Earl of
Essex,* " That the Parliament soldiers had the pillage of the dead
bodies, and that both parties fought with great manhood and ani-
mosity, especially the King's horse, who yet were worsted, and
the Earls of Sunderland, and of Carnarvon, who commanded part
of them, were slain in the fight." The Earl of Clarendon b gives
this account: " The King's horse, with a kind of contempt of the
enemy, charged with wonderful boldness, upon all grounds of
inequality, and were so far too hard for the troops of the other
side, that they routed them in most places, till they had left the
greatest part of their foot without any guard at all of horse. But
then the foot behaved themselves admirably on the enemies part,
and gave their scattered horse time to rally, and were ready to
assist and secure them on all occasions." ifHere fell (says the
noble c author) the Earl of Sunderland, a lord of great fortune,
tender years (being not above three and twenty years of age) and
an early judgment ; who, having no command in the army, at-
tended upon the King's person, under the obligation of honour;
and putting himself that day in the King's troop a volunteer, be-
fore they came to charge, was taken away by a cannon bullet :"
which however, as Lloyd relates, d did not wholly take his life
away 3 " but through the chinks of a wounded body, expressed
those holy thoughts, that went as harbingers of his soul to hea-
Ten." His Lordship's body was carried to Brington in Northamp-.
tonshire, and there buried.

On September 2S, 1643, e a black box and a desk, of the Earl
of Sunderland, were opened at the Earl of Leicester's lodgings,
in Queen's college in Oxford, in the presence of the Earl of Lei-
cester, Mr. John Harvey, Mr. William Ailsbury, Dr. Henry Ham-
mond, Mr. Crook, and Mr. Smith, and two of Lord Sunderland's
chief servants, Wingfield Catlin, and Hugh Pennant. At which
time Hugh Pennant had delivered to him four pounds, to redeem
the Earl's watch, taken from him after his death in battle.

Robert Earl of Leicester, his Lordship's father-in-law, bemoans
his death, in a very remarkable letter, he wrote to his daughter,
dated at Oxford, on October 10, 1643, and published among the
Sidney Memorials, vol. ii. p. 271, 272 . He therein tells her Lady-
ship, '* I know it is to no purpose to advise you not to grieve ;

• Memorials, p. 70. b Hist, of Rebel. 8to. vol. in. p. 347*

s Ibid p. 349. d Memoirs of Loyalists, p. 43a.

* Ex Autog. apud Penshurst.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 405

that is- not my intention ; for such a loss as yours cannot be re-
ceived indifferently by a nature so tender and so sensible as yours;
but though your affection to him whom you loved so dearly, and
your reason in valuing his merit (neither of which you could do
too much) did expose you to the danger of that sorrow which now
oppresseth you; yet if you consult with that affection, and with
reason, you will see cause to moderate that sorrow; for your affec-
tion to that worthy person may tell you, that even to it you cannot
justify yourself, if you lament his being raised to a degree of hap-
piness, far beyond any that he could enjoy upon the earth, &c.
and your reason will assure you, that besides the vanity of bemoan-
ing that which hath no remedy, you offend him whom you loved,
if you hurt that person whom he loved ; remember how appre-
hensive he was of your dangers, and how sorry for any thing that
troubled you, &c. I know you lived happily, and so as no body
but yourself could measure the contentment of it. I rejoiced at
it, and did thank God for making me one of the means to procure
it for you, &c."

Lloyd gives this further account, f that " he was virtuous, be-
cause it became him ; was above vice, as well as without it ; a
good patriot, promoting trade, manufactures, and the privileges of
his country; a good neighbour, beloved of all ; a discreet landlord,
a noble housekeeper; a friend to the learned; and an exemplary
master of a family." From the amiable, and deserved character,
so justly attributed to his Lordship, it may be reckoned, consider-
ing the few years he lived, that his death was a great loss to his
country. I

He left his lady great with child, who was delivered of a
daughter, named Penelope, h but it died soon after its birth. I
have before mentioned, that he had a son Robert, and a daughter
Dorothy, on whom he settled 1 0,000 1, on her marriage. She
was, in 1656, married to Sir George Savile, Baronet, afterwards
created Marquis of Halifax. He, * with the Lady Dorothy, his
wife, gave a general release, dated on January 2, 1 656-7, to Robert
Earl of Leicester, Dorothy Countess Dowager of Sunderland, and
other trustees, for the said 10,000 1. Which Dorothy Countes*
of Sunderland, lived to a very great age, and was buried by her
Lord at Brington, on Feb. 25, 1683-4. She was but 23 years of

t Memoirs, ut antea.
, I think I have seen a most beautiful portrait of this admirable and
heroic nobleman at Penshurst, that storehouse of historical and poetical ideas.
" Ex Scrip apud Penshurst. ' Ibid-

405 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

age, k when she had the hard fortune to lose her beloved Lord,
end entertained no thoughts of marriage for a considerable time,
living retired, a rare example of all christian virtues; her house
(as Lloyd ' observes) being a sanctuary to the loyal sufferers, and
learned clergymen, till finding the heavy load of house-keeping
too troublesome, she thereupon went to her father at Penshurst,
and with his consent took to her second husband, m on July 8th,
1052, Robert Smythe, of Sutton at Hone and Bounds in Kent,
Esq. son and heir of Sir John Smythe, Knight, (by Isabella, his
wife, daughter of Robert Rich, first Earl of Warwick) son and
heir of Sir Thomas Smythe, uncle of Thomas Smythe, created
Lord Viscount Strangford, who had to wife Barbara, daughter of
Robert Sidney, the first Earl of Leicester. The Countess of
Sunderland also survived her second husband, by whom she had
issue, Robert Smythe, Esq. governor of Dover Castle in the reign
of Charles II. whose son Henry was father of Sir Sidney Stafford
Smythe, late lord chief baron of his Majesty's Court of Ex-
chequer.

Robert, second Earl of Sunderland, only son and heir
of the last lord, was from his youth of a manly disposition. Dr.
Pierce, who was his tutor, gave him this character : n " his
choice endowments of nature, having been happily seasoned and
crowned with grace, gave him at once' such a willingness and
aptness to be taught, that reconciled his greatest pains with ease
and pleasure ; and made the education of his dear lord, not so
much his employment, as his recreation and reward."

On his return into England, after his travels, his bright parts
and abilities made him soon distinguished, and rendered him uni-
versally beloved and esteemed. And his Majesty, King Charles,
observing his noble and polite behaviour, appointed him his am-
bassador extraordinary to the court of Spain, in 1671. The Earl
of Arlington, secretary of state, writes to Sir William Godolphin,
envoy in Spain, from Eusfon Hall, on October gth, 1671 : ° " we
have here my Lord Sunderland, whose preparations are making
at London, with all possible speed, for his embassy into Spain,
whither he goes under the character of his Majesty's extraordinary
ambassador."

His Lordship p set out for Dover, on November 22d, and by

k Ex Scrip, apud Penshurst. I Memoirs, p. 433-

m Ex Regist. Eccles. de Penshurst. " Lloyd's Memoirs, ut antea-

0 Arlington's Letters, volii- p 3;$

f Bishop Rennet's Life of King Charles 1 1, in Hist of Eng vol. iii. p. 309.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 407

letter from Madrid, dated January 24th, (O. S.) 1671-2, informs
the Earl of Arlington, "> " that he arrived there the 9th of Ja-
nuary, N. S. and, with Sir William Godolphin, had their first
audiences of their Catholic Majesties the lfJth ; and, on the 22d,
bad their first conferences with the Conde de Peneranda."

It appears from his Lordship's and Sir William Godolphin's
letters that he left his Countess, and the main part of his family,
in England, till he saw whether his negotiations would succeed.
And by letter from Madrid, on February 28th, O. S. 1671-2, to
the Earl of Arlington, concludes, r " that in the humour they are
here of supporting the Dutch, I believe nothing we can offer,
will be at all valued by them -, and if the King should think of
making no new propositions, it would be a very unseasonable
time for my wife to begin a journey in. Therefore I beg the
favour you will please to direct her."

The Earl of Sunderland, after leaving Madrid, resided some
time at Paris, as ambassador extraordinary to the French King.
And Sir William Godolphin, in his letter on December 7th,
16/2, complaining of exhausting his private fortune, says,' " I
cannot but believe that my case is singular, and that my Lord
Sunderland is better supplied at Paris ; if not, he needeth it less.
That the ambassadors, in the courts of Vienna, Paris, and Madrid,
had 100/. per week j from which rule they had been pleased to
depart in my case only, as if my estate were so much greater, than
either Mr. Montague's, or my Lord Sunderland's." And com-
plaining further of his want of equipage, and not making his
public entry, he recites, l " my Lord Sunderland is gone, and
free from the ways which this court taketh of revenge, though he
suffered sufficiently when he was here, most of the grandees re-
fusing to pay the visits he gave them, pretending they could not
visit him as ambassador, till he had made his public entry."

In 1673, the Swedes offering their mediation for a general
peace, ■ his Majesty appointed the Earl of Sunderland, Sir Lionel
Jenkins, and Sir Joseph Williamson, his plenipotentiaries for the
treaty ; which was of short continuance, for the Emperor seizing
the Elector of Cologne's plenipotentiary, the French looked on it
as such a violation of the passports, that they set it up for a preli-
minary, before they would enter on the treaty.

< Letters and Negotiations in Spain, vol. ii. p. 134. 135

r Letters, &c ut autca, p 166.

• Ibid, p 173. l Ibid. p. 174.

u Bishop Burnet's History of his own time, 8vo. toI. i. p- 354.

408 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His Lordship continued abroad till the beginning of the year
16/4, being followed by Sir Lionel Jenkins, and Sir Joseph
Williamson, the other plenipotentiaries at Cologne, * who arrived
from thence at Whitehall, on May 10th, 1674. And this account
was published in the Gazette. y ""Windsor, May 27th, 1674,
This day Robert Earl of Sunderland was, by his Majesty'?
favour, admitted into the privy-council ; and having taken the
usual oaths, took his place at the board."

His Lordship continued in England, till July, 1678, when he
was again sent ambassador extraordinary to the French King,* on
Mr. Montague's coming into England, without his Majesty's
leave ; a which occasioned his cabinet to be searched, b on some
private intelligence concerning him, given to the King by Olive-
crans the Swedish secretary. There being a close friendship between
the Earl of Danby, lord treasurer, and his Lordship, his first letter
was addressed to him from Paris, on August 2d, (O. S.) l6j8.
He therein informs him, c " the courier, your Lordship dispatched
from London the 28th of July, arrived here on Wednesday morn-
ing. The same day I went to St. Germains, where I represented
to his most Christian Majesty, how impossible it was for the King,
my master, to accept of any expedient for the peace, without the
absolute restitution of the towns so long in question, &c."

There are other letters to the Earl of Sunderland from the
Earl of Danby, which shew the artifices of the French, in pre-
vailing on the States General to sign a separate peace, and the
King's resentment of it.

His Lordship in answer, from Paris, on August 22d, 1678,
plainly shews his opinion of the French, and their shuffling deal-
ing with us, and his assiduity in his negotiations. <J

The last letter I find of his Lordship's, during his abode in
France, is to the lord treasurer, dated on October 8ih, O. S.
1678, e wherein he acquaints bimj *f That he had with all the
care imaginable let the French King know, that it is impossible
for his Majesty to make the declaration, which is so much de-

x Pointer's Chron. vol i. p 346.
y History of England, vol. iii. p. 3*9.
z Burnet, vol. i. p. 422.
* Letters to and from the Earl of Danby, p 106.
b See an account of this transaction in Burnet, and article Leeds in this
Volume.

c Letters to and from the Earl of Danby, p. zSq-
* Ibid, p.298,299. e Ibid- p. 203,204.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 40g

sired here; and how much he is courted to enter into the con-
trary alliance, and have made the propositions your Lordship's
letters directed me to do. To which I can obtain no answer, but
that the chief thing towards procuring the satisfaction of Sweden,
is the King's declaring himself for it, &c. I said all that was
possible to let him understand, that very advantageous proposi-
tions were made to the King : that the power of the Prince of
Orange was as considerable as ever : that the business of Sweden
could never be accommodated, if the King should- join with the
confederates : and several things to fortify all that, which I am
confident he sees very plainly, and desires extremely to secure the
friendship of our master, &c. After this I told him, that I had
asked leave to go into England for a short time, which I hoped to
obtain. He said, he should not be sorry that I made such a
journey, because he hoped it would contribute to the establishing
a correspondence, that might be of advantage to my master and
to him. This being the state of affairs here, I beg of your Lord-
ship to ask leave of the King that I may go into England for a
month, or less, as he shall think fit. I am sure it cannot preju-
dice his business, and I hope it may be some advantage to it ; for
one cannot write a great many little tilings, which are often im-
portant to the greatest, &c."

Whilst his Lordship remained at the court of France, it was
the critical time of the treaties at Nimeguen, which ended in a
separate peace betwixt France and Holland; and at last with
Spain also. Whereby his negociations required great assiduity;
and he acquitted himself to the satisfaction of his own Sovereign,
as well as to the King of France; insomuch, as Sir William
Temple recites, f he was sent for over from the Hague to come
into the place of secretary of state s in Mr. Coventry's room, and
to enter on it about the same time with Lord Sunderland, who
was, on February 9th, 1 6/8-9, brought into the place of Sir
Joseph Williamson, who had, on November 18th, 1678, been
committed to the Tower by the house of commons, for signing k
commissions to popish officers, and warrants for dispensations to
them to continue in their commands, and to be passed in muster
without taking the oaths of allegiance, &c. according to a late act.
As Lord Sunderland came then to be at the head of the admi-
nistration, I shall briefly recite Sir William Temple's observations

f Memoirs, part u. p. 385, 387. e Burnet, vol. i. p. 454.

» Hist, of Eng. vol Hi. p 354.

410 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

on that critical time.' ¥ On his arrival in England, the latter
end of February, he found the King had dissolved the parliament
that had sat eighteen years, and a new one called ; and that to
make way for a calm session, the Duke of York embarked, the
day after his arrival at London, for Holland ; Lord Shaftesbury,
Lord Essex, and Lord Halifax, had struck up with the Duke of
Monmouth, resolving to make use of his credit with the King,
and support it by theirs in the parliament. He found the lord
treasurer (Earl of Danby) and lord chamberlain (Earl of Arlington)
two most admirable emblems of the true, and so much admired,
felicity of ministers of state. The last grown out of all confidence
and credit with the King; and thereby forced to support himself
by intrigues with the most discontented against lord treasurer's
ministry, whose greatness he so much envied ; and who was in
much worse condition himself, though not so sensible of it; for
he had been very ill with the late parliament, on account of trans-
actions with France, which though he had not approved, yet he
durst not defend himself from the imputation, for fear of expos-
ing his master. He was in danger of being pursued by his ene-
mies in parliament for having made the peace, and endeavoured
to stifle the popish plot, and yet sat very loose with the King,
who told Sir William several reasons of that change, whereof
one was, his bringing the business of the plot into parliament,
against his absolute command. And to complete the envied state
of this chief minister, the Duchess of Portsmouth, and Earl of
Sunderland, were joined with the Duke of Monmouth, and Earl
of Shaftesbury, in the design of his ruin."

On February 22d, the King acquainted the parliament k wit h
the removal of the Earl of Danby from the office of lord trea-
surer. He was put out to make way for the Earl of Essex, who
was brought into the treasury by the Duke of Monmouth, and
the Earl of Sunderland, ! as recited by Sir William Temple : and
that Lord Sunderland, in compliance, was resolved to bring Lord
Shaftesbury again into court, being his near relation (his wife,
then living, being his father's sister) and was in confidence with
the Duke of Monmouth, and Lord Essex. Sir William Temple
did not join with them, though he kept a good understanding
with the Earl of Sunderland ; and refused to be secretary of state
(so that Sir LionelJenkins succeeded Mr. Coventry) though often

i Memoirs, part. ii. p 388, et seq.
k Pointer's Chron Hist vol. i. p. 256. • Memoirs, part iii- p. 13.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 411

and earnestly urged to it by Lord Sunderland, m as himself relates.
Sir William projected the King's establishing a new council, of
such a constitution as might gain credit with the parliament, and
thereby give ease and quiet both to the King and his people.
" And his Majesty coming to a resolution, first to communicate
it to three or four, he could most rely on, in point of judgment,
secrecy, and affection to his service, ordered Sir William Temple
to communicate the whole scheme to the Lord Chancellor Finch,
Lord Sunderland, and Lord Essex; but one after another; and
with charge from him of the last secrecy; and bring him word of
their opinions on it, and, if they concurred with his, to appoint
them to attend his Majesty-the next morning. When they were
acquainted with it, they all received it with equal amazement and
pleasure : and Lord Sunderland approved it as much as any.
The day after they attended his Majesty, and had a very long
audience, upon which no difficulty arose, but two that were
wholly personal. Sir William had proposed Lord Halifax to be
one of the council, and thought his Majesty had been contented
with it; but at this meeting he raised new difficulties, and ap-
peared a great while invincible in them, though all joined in de-
fence of him : and at last told the King, they would fall on their
knees to gain a point, they all thought so necessary for his service.
And then his Majesty consented. The other was concerning
Lord Shaftesbury, whom the King had not thought on before;
but after Lord Halifax had passed, the King said these was-
another, who, if he was left out, might do as much mischief as
any, and named Lord Shaftesbury; to which the three lord*
agreed; and concluded farther, that he would never be content
with a counsellor's place among thirty, and therefore proposed
to add one to the number, and make him lord president. Sir
William desired his Majesty to remember, that he had no part in
Lord Shaftesbury's coming into his council or his affairs, and that
his Majesty and the lords had resolved it without him, and was
still absolutely against it. The King laughed, and turned his
anger into a jest, and went on with the constitution intended."
And at Whitehall, on April 21st, 1679, n tney met his Majesty
in council ; who the same day told his two houses, that he had
established a new privy-council ; and had made choice of such
persons, as were worthy and able to advise him ; and was re-

bi Memoirs, part Hi p 17, 18, 19, 20 to 63.
» Appendix to Temple's Memoirs, part iii. p if

412 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

solved, in all his weighty and important affairs, to be advised by
them.0 "And it was received with general applause in the
country, with bonfires in the city, and the same in Ireland : in
Holland the actions of the East India Company rose upon it very
much, &c."

Lord Sunderland (as said before) was desirous of having Sir
"William Temple secretary of state in Mr. Coventry's place ; but
the ill opinion Sir William had of the Earl of Shaftesbury's being
employed, made him decline it : 9 yet, on his Lordship's desiring,
by Mr. Sidney, that they three might join together in perfect
confidence, and distinct from any others, in the course of the
King's affairs, he was willing to embrace it. " This confidence
(says he) had not run on above a fortnight, when Lord Sunder-
land asked me if I were willing Lord Essex should be received in
it, which I consented to, though with intimation to Lord Sunder-
land of the opinion I had (for some time of late) of Lord Essex.
So we met for a while once a day by turns, at each of our houses,
and consulted upon the chief affairs that were then on the anvil,
and how they might be best prepared for the parliament or the
council. But matters growing very untoward, by the practices of
Lord Shaftesbury and Duke of Monmouth, and the ill humour of
the house of commons about the business of religion ; I proposed
to Lords Sunderland and Essex to receive Lord Halifax into all
our consultations, who was unsatisfied by observing where the
King's confidence was; and by being admitted, would both enter
him into credit with the King, and give us more ease in the
course of his affairs. Lord Essex received the overture with his
usual dryness : Lord Sunderland opposed it a good deal, and said,
I should not find Lord Halifax the person I took him for; but
one that could draw with nobody, and still climbing up to the top
himself. However, I continued resolute in pressing it, and at
length it was concluded ; and we fell all four together into the
usual meetings and consultations. \

" The chief matters before the King, at that time, were, first
the satisfaction of his people, by falling into measures with the
parliament, that might enable him to look abroad in such a figure
as became the crown of England ; and was necessary for pre-
venting a new invasion of France, upon Flanders or Holland,
which looked very desperate. The second was on instances made
from the States, about a new guarantee to be given upon the late

♦ Memoirs, praed. p. 22, 23. * Ibid. p. 28, 29, 30, 31, et seq.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 418

general peace by his Majesty ; particularly to Spain in the busi-
ness of Flanders. The third was giving some ease to Scotland,
where the humours began to swell, and we conceived could be
done no way so easily as by the removal of the Duke of Lauderdale,
too much hated both here and there, to be fit for the temper his
Majesty seemed resolved to use in his affairs. For this last, we
could not on any terms obtain it of the King, by all the argu-
ments used (jointly and severally) by us all four : the King say-
ing none of us knew Scotland so well as himself.

" For the second, we easily agreed on the measures that
seemed necessary, for the satisfaction of the States, and the safety
of Flanders ; being all four of the committee, where all foreign
affairs were consulted, &c. For the first, which was the most
important, we found it more perplexed than we could imagine.
Both houses of parliament seemed to have no eyes, but for the
dangers of popery, on the Duke of York's succession to the
crown ; which humour was blown up by all the arts and intrigues
of the Duke of Monmouth and Lord Shaftesbury. The King
seemed willing to secure them against those fears, without chang-
ing the laws in point of succession. The council thereupon, with
great earnestness and endeavour, agreed on heads to be offered
the parliament, commonly enough known ; which were agreed to
by all the council, except Lord Shaftesbury, and I (Sir William
Temple) on different grounds. Lord Shaftesbury's was plain,
' That there could be no security against the Duke, if once in
possession of the crown.' And being well infused by his and the
Duke of Monmouth's friends in the house of commons, occasioned
their sullen rejecting all expedients offered them by the King.
During all these transactions (saith Sir William Temple) i Lord
Sunderland, Lord Essex, Lord Halifax, and I, continued our
constant meetings and consultations, and with so much union,
and so disinterested endeavours, for the general good of his Ma-
jesty's service, and the kingdom's, that I could not but say to
them at the end of one of our meetings, that we four were either
the four honestest men in England, or the greatest knaves ; for
we made one another at least believe, that we were the honestest
men in the world.

" But after the houses of parliament rejected the expedients
offered by the King and council, Lord Shaftesbury finding him-
self neither in confidence with the King, nor credit in the council,

H Memoirs, part jii. p 37, et. seq.

4M PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

inflamed the house of commons to that degree, as made the lords
(before mentioned) cast about which way to lay the storm. At
length Lord Sunderland1' told me, that Lord Essex and Loid
Halifax were of opinion, that it was necessary to take in the
Duke of Monmouth, and Lord Shaftesbury, into the first digestion
of affairs, considering the influence they had on the house; and
for this end to agree with them in the banishment of the Duke,
either for a certain term, or during the King's life j and desired
to know whether I would fall into it with them, and join in bring-
ing it about with the King. I told Lord Sunderland, positively
I would not : &c. This was peremptory, and so it ended : the
three lords fell into meetings and consultations with the Duke of
Monmouth, and Lord Shaftesbury."

The Earl of Sunderland being so much concerned in all coun-
cils, this brief abstract, from Sir William Temple, could not pro-
perly be omitted, as it shews his Lordship's disposition and en-
deavours, both for the King's ease and quiet, as well as the satis-
faction of his people. But such was that conjunction, as Sir
William Temple'8 observes, that it lasted little more than a fort-
night, the Duke of Monmouth and Lord Shaftesbury endeavour-
ing to be at the head of all affairs, by prevailing on the house of
commons to bring the King into necessities of yielding all points
to them. So that the three Lords agreed on proroguing the par-
liament, as the only remedy left in the present distemper ; and
communicating their thoughts to Sir William Temple, he was of
the same opinion ; and they were to propose it to the King and
council. And in this resolution (says Sir William) we parted,
and appointed to- meet again two days after, for the fixing it with
his Majesty. And going into the country, and returning the
third morning early, he found Lord Sunderland had called or sent
several times to his house the night before, and left word he must
needs speak with him. As soon as he came to town, he sent im-
mediately to Whitehall, but found his Lordship was gone with
the King to the house of peers. Whereupon he went to Lord
Essex, as nearest him, and asked whether any thing new had
happened} who told him, that the King had found there were
remonstrances ready prepared in the house of commons to inflame
the city and nation, on the points of plot and popery ; and that

r Burnet says, " Sunderland at first declared for limitations, and against th*
exclusion " vol. i. p. 456

» Memoirs, part iii. p 40, 41, et seq.

DUKE OF MARLEOROUGH. 415

their three Lordships having upon it consulted with his Majesty,
he had resolved the parliament should be prorogued that morning,
upon the King's coming to the house ; and that it could not be
allowed time, by a debate of council. Accordingly the parlia-
ment was prorogued, with great resentment of both houses, and
*uch rage of Lord Shaftesbury, that he said on it aloud in the
house, he would have the heads of those who were the advisers of
the prorogation.

On stories being raised of Sir William Temple1 being a man
of arbitrary principles, Lord Sunderland, on the knowledge
thereof, u " thought that he, who had such a part in the King's
affairs, ought to stand as well as he could with the house of com-
mons (where endeavours being made for impeaching him there,
for making the general peace) pressed him to suffer several things
he had formerly written, and of which copies had run, to be then
printed (as they were) under the title of Miscellanea. He thought
(says Sir William) by that publication, men would see I was not
a man of the dangerous principles pretended ; and I might assure
the world, of being author of no books that had not my name.
Lord Halifax, commending them to me in general, told me as a
friend, that I should take heed of carrying too far the principle of
paternal dominion (which was deduced in the Essay of Govern-
ment) for fear of destroying the rights of the people. So tender
was every body of those points at that time."

After the Earls of Sunderland, Essex, and Halifax, x had no
commerce with the Duke of Monmouth and Lord Shaftesbury,
Sir William Temple came again to their meetings and consulta-
tions, wherein they were unanimous, as he observes, " and con-
sidered how to make way for a better tempered session of parlia-
ment, after the short prorogation made. They also concluded
measures with Holland in all points, to the satisfaction of their
ambassador ; and thought of such acts of council, as might ex-
press his Majesty's care for suppressing popery, even in the in-
tervals of parliament."

There had been a perpetual appearance of ill humour, at

1 Memoirs, part iii. p. 44. ■ Ibid. p. 46.

x Burnet says, " they were called The Triunrverate. Lord Essex applied
himself to the business of the treasury, to the regulating the King's expence,
and the improvement of the revenue. Lord Halifax studied to manage the
King's spirit, and to gain an ascendant there by a lively and libertine conver-
sation. Lord Sunderland managed foreign affairs, and had the greatest credit
with the Duchess of Portsmouth " Burnet, voli p 4^6.

416 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

council, between Lord Shaftesbury and Lord Halifax, which often
broke into spightful repartees between them j y and the Duke of
Monmouth had broken all measures with Lord Essex. And the
term of the prorogation of parliament being near, all agreed the
session could not conveniently begin before October, and a day
was appointed to consider of it in council. " The Duke of Mon-
mouth (says Sir William 2) was greater than ever: Lord Shaftes-
bury reckoned on being so too, at the meeting of the parliament,
and at the cost of those he took to be the authors of the proroga-
tion : Lords Essex and Halifax looked upon themselves as most
in danger, and aimed at by Lord Shaftesbury's threats, and out of
all measures with the Duke of Monmouth. This induced a con-
sultation among us, whether considering the distempers of the
present parliament, the best course were not to dissolve it, and
have another called in October j wherein the three lords and I
agreed ; and the King was perfectly of the same mind. So his
Majesty ordered the Chancellor to draw up a proclamation for
dissolving the parliament, dated July 12, 1 679, and calling another
to assemble in October following." Which parliament was pro-
rogued to January 26, a at which time the King made a short
speech to the two houses, and then commanded the Lord Chan-
cellor to prorogue them to the 15th of April next, 1680.

It is related by Bishop Burnet, b that about this time the
Prince of Orange had projected an alliance with France; and that
the Earl of Sunderland entered into a particular confidence with
the Prince, which he managed by his uncle, Mr. Sidney [after-*
wards Earl of Romney] who was sent Envoy to Holland.

Sir William Temple recites, c " Lord Sunderland was struck
with the boldness of the Lords' presentment [of the Duke] in
Westminster-hall, and the consequence of such men being so
desperately engaged in an attempt they were like to be seconded
by the humour of the nation, on the alarms of popery; which
made him conclude the King would not be able to support the
Duke any longer, but be forced to separate his interest from him
And he believed the King was of the same mind. Mr. Godolphin
fell into the same thoughts with Lord Sunderland, both of the
thing itself, and of the King's mind in it: so as upon the debate
in Council, concerning the Duke's stay, or going back into Scot-
land before the Parliament met, they joined absolutely in the

y Memoirs, part ill. p. 51. t * Ibid, p 55, &c.

a History of England, vol. iii- p. 365.
*> Hist of his own time, 8vo. vol ii p. 114 c Memoirs, p. 114, 115, nS-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 4)7

reasons and advices of his going away: and though the rest of the
Council were generally of the contrary opinion, yet the King con-
cluded thereon against the Duke's will and his friends."

The Duke went away, d and the Parliament met on October
21, 1680. " The Dutchess of Portsmouth declared openly for
the exclusion of the Duke ; e and so did Lord Sunderland, and
Mr. Godolphin. Lord Sunderland assured all people, that the
King was resolved to settle matters with his Parliament on any
terms, since the interest of England, and the affairs of Europe,
made a league against France indispensably necessary at that time;
which could not be done without a good understanding at home.
Lord Halifax assured me [Bishop Burnet] that any limitations
whatsoever, leaving the title of King to the Duke, might be ob-
tained of his Majesty. But that he was positive and fixed against
the exclusion, which was in a great measure imputed to his ma-
nagement, and that he wrought the King up to it."

The bill passed the House of Commons, and was brought up
to the Lords. ' The Earls of Es>-ex and Shaftesbury argued most
for it, and the Earl of LTalifax against it ; and in conclusion it
was thrown out upon the first reading, the whole bench of Bi-
shops being against it. The Commons, inflamed at the fate of
their bill, addressed the King to remove Lord Halifax from his
Councils and presence for even The King was resolved and de-
clared against the bill, which induced several to form expedients,
whereof one was drawn by Bishop Burnet, to be managed chiefly
by Littleton, then in commission of the Admiralty, " That there
should be a Protector declared, with whom Regal Power should
be lodged, and the Prince of Orange to be named." Lord Halifax
and Seymour liked it ; " but," says the Bishop, " I wondered to
find Lord Sunderland did not go into it."

Sir William Temple recites, s "The King's quarrels to Lord
Sunderland were chiefly two; first his voting in the Lords House
for the bill of exclusion, not only against the King's mind, but his
express command. And I remember, when I spoke to him of
it, as what the King must resent, and what I was confident he
would be steady in, he told me it was too late, for his honour was
engaged, and he could not break it. The other was a memorial
sent over by Mr. Sidney, the King's Envoy at the Hague, and
given him by Pensioner Fagel, representing the sad consequences

d Hist cf England, p' 371 ' Bishop Burnet, prase! p. 116.

* Ibid p. n3, 119. B Vide his Memoirs, from p 140 to 148.

VOL. I. 2 E

418- PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

abroad of his Majesty's not agreeing with his Parliaments ; th&
danger of his Allies, and of the Protestant religion ; and there-
upon, seeming to wish that the King would not break with them,
though it were even upon the point of the bill of exclusion. This
was believed to be directed and advised by Lord Sunderland to-
Mr. Sidney, his uncle; as a matter that would be of weight to
induce the King to pass the bill ; and was laid before the foreign
Committee. But Lord Sunderland protested to me (says Sir Wil-
liam Temple) that he knew nothing of it, till he received a copy
from Mr. Sidney, who sent the original to the other Secretary. I
thought he could not understand the King so illy as to believe that
would be a motive to him to pass the bill, or that it could have
any other effect, than to anger him at the Dutch, for meddling in
a. matter thai was domestic, not only to the nation, but to the
Crown, Besides, I observed the style to be of one that under-
stood little of pur constitution, by several expressions, whereof
one was, ' why the King should not prevent such consequences,
when he might do it by a stroke with a pen;' which shewed the
author thought our acts of parliament had been passed by only
the King's signing them. And the whole cast of it made me be-
lieve it certainly came from Pensioner Fagel. However,, the.
King, as well as some of the Committee, believed this was of
Lord" Sunderland's forge; and that many of the heats in the
House of Commons had been encouraged and raised to such
height, by his seeming to favour them, which they might think
he would not do, unless he believed the King would at length
comply with them."

Sir William Temple also relates, " That during the session,
there was an outrageous quarrel between Lord Sunderland and
Lord Halifax, [who married his sister] not only on their dividing
in businesses of the Parliament and Council, but likewise on Lord
Sunderland's entering into new commerce and measures with Lord
Shaftesbury; as Lord Halifax told him. But Lord Sunderland
told him another reason of their quarrel, which he said broke out
the same night a debate arose at Council, concerning the address
of the House of Commons against Lord Halifax, wherein Lord
Sunderland had been of opinion, the King should not yield to it :.
but after Council, Lord Halifax went to Lord Sunderland's lodg-
ings, where they fell into discourse of what had passed ; and Lord
Sunderland told him, that though he had given his opinion in
Council, as he thought became him ; yet if such an address should
ever be made against himself, he would certainly desire" leave of

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 419

(he King to retire, as it would be for his service. Upon which
Lord Halifax fell into such a passion, that he went out of the
room, and from that time they hardly lived in any common
civility where they met. The refiners (saith Sir William) thought
Lord Halifax, who saw himself topped by Lord Sunderland's cre-
dit and station at Court, resolved to fall in with the King, on the
point then in debate about the bill of exclusion, wherein he found
the King steady, aqd that Lord Sunderland would lose himself;
so that falling into confidence with the King upon such a turn,
he should be alone chief in the ministry without a competitor.
At least the reasoners on this matter could find no other ground
for such a change in Lord Halifax's course, after what he had so
long steered, and so lately in being the chief promoter of the
Duke's being sent away to Scotland, just before the meeting of
the Parliament. These were the reasons, that Lord Sunderland's
and Lord Essex's names, and mine, were struck out of the Coun-
cil." And on February 2, l680-l,h Edward, Earl of Conway,
was sworn Secretary of State in his Lordship's place. The King
had dissolved the Parliament, on January 18, and ordered the Lord
Chancellor (Heneage, Lord Finch of Daventry, afterwards Earl
of Nottingham) to issue writs for the calling of a new Parliament
to beholden at Oxford, on March 21 following.

Thereupon the heads of the University of Cambridge sent to
Sir William Temple, ' to know whether he would stand again for
their election ; who going to the King to know his pleasure, what
answer to return, his Majesty said, " as things stood, he thought
it as well for him to let it alone ;" which he said he would do.
* When I left the King (says Sir William) I went to Lord Sun-
derland, and told him what had passed; who took this as the first
Certain sign of his Majesty's having fixed his resolution, and left
off all thoughts of agreeing with his parliaments, and of his having
taken his measures another way, for the supply of his treasures in
the ill condition they were in ; and that if there were any thoughts
of agreeing with the next parliament, the King he was sure would
have been glad to have had me in the house. He said upon it in
some passion, that he now gave all for gone, and that he must
confess I knew the King better than he had done."

The meeting of the parliament at Oxford being contrary1' to
the views of the anti-courtiers, the Duke of Monmouth, the Earl

* History of England, vol. iii p 3801 381.
4 Vide Memoirs, p 136, 237, 238. k Hist of Eng p 383, 384.

420 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of Shaftesbury, with several other lords, petitioned the King, that
he would be graciously pleased to order it to sit at Westminster j
and Lord Essex delivered the petition ; but Lord Sunderland re-
fused to sign it, and his Majesty persisted in his resolution of
holding the parliament at Oxford. It accordingly convened there,
on March 21 ; but the lords and commons disagreeing on the im-
peachment of Edward Fitzharris, and the bill for excluding the
Duke of York from his succession to the Crown being read, in the
house of commons, the first time, on the 28th, and ordered a
second reading, the King, on notice thereof, coming that day to
the house of peers, dissolved the assembly, and immediately set
out for Windsor, to prevent being insulted by the armed multi-
tude which the discontented members had brought with them.
In order to satisfy the people concerning the dissolution of this
and the preceding parliament, his Majesty, on April 8 that year
(1681), published a declaration, in which he enumerated several
reasons, viz. their entire neglect of the public, and falling into
factions ; their issuing arbitrary orders for taking his loyal subjects
into custody, for matters that had no relation to privilege of par-
liament ; their declaring many eminent persons enemies to the
King and kingdom, without any order or process of law, without
any hearing of their defence, or any proofs so much as offered j
their resolves against any person that should lend him money, or
buy any tally of anticipation, thereby endeavouring to reduce hira
to a more helpless condition than the meanest of his subjects j
their taking upon them to suspend the laws and acts of parlia-
ment, by voting against the prosecution of dissenters. This decla-
ration was ordered to be read in all churches and chapels : and
addresses of congratulation, from all ranks of people throughout
the kingdom, were presented to his Majesty for his deliverance
from the designs of his enemies, with promises to stand by him,
with their lives and fortunes in preservation of his royal person,
and in defence of his government in church and state.

King Charles II. after that called no parliament j and in order
to strengthen his administration, re-admitted the Earl of Sunder-
land into the privy-council, on September 20, 10*82 ; and, on
January 31 ensuing, constituted him principal secretary of state,
in the place of the Earl of Conway, who had succeeded his Lord-
•hip, as before related.

" The Earl of Sunderland," soys Burnet, " had been disgraced
after the exclusion parliaments, as they were now called, were
dissolved: but the King had so entire a confidence in him, and

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 421

Lady Portsmouth was so much in his interests, that upon great
submissions made to the Duke, he was again restored to be secre-
tary this winter: Lord Hyde was the person that disposed the
Duke to it : upon that Lord Halifax and he fell to be in ill terms ;
for he hated Lord Sunderland beyond expression, though he had
married his sister. From Lord Sunderland's returning to his post,
all men concluded, that his declaring as he did for the exclusion,
was certainly done by rhe direction of the King, who naturally
loved craft and a double game, that so he might have proper in-
struments to work, by which way soever he had turned himself
in that affair. And that his Majesty was the more desirous to
have his Lordship again near him, that he might have somebody
about him who understood foreign affairs. Jenkins understood
nothing} but had so much credit with the high-church party,
that he was of great use to the court. Lord Conway was so very
ignorant of foreign affairs, that his province being the north,
when one of the foreign ministers talked to him of the circles of
Germany, it amazed him: he could not imagine what circles had
to do with affairs of state."

The Earl of Sunderland, on his re-admission, was tender of
opposing the measures of the Duke of York, who1 was restored
by the King to his place in the council, and to his offices of
profit and honour, without any scruple that it was against the law
to hold them. Yet Bishop Burnet recites,"1 "That the King
growing uneasy with the Earl of Rochester in the year 1684, he
was glad to send him from the court, and consented to the Duke's
request of making him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On which
Lord Sunderland represented to the King, that though it had
been customary for the Lords Lieutenants to be generals of the
army, as well as governors of the kingdom, it was too much in
one person, as thereby the giving commissions brought the army
into their dependancej and therefore he proposed there should be
a general of the army independent on the Lord Lieutenant, and
who should be a check upon him. He moreover told the King,
That if he thought it was a good maxim for the government of
Ireland, he ought to begin it when a creature of his Own was sent
thither, who had not such a right to dispute points of that kind
with him, as antient noblemen might pretend to: and such was
the Earl of Sunderland's ascendancy, that his Majesty agreed to
the proposal."

i Hist, of England, p. 415. ■ Hist of his own Time, vol. I p. 601.

422 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The bishop also relates," That Lord Sunderland, not long
before the King died, formed a new scheme, that very probably
would have for ever broken the King and the Duke. Yet how it
was laid, was so great a secret he could never penetrate into it.
But it was laid at Lady Portsmouth's, and Lord Godolphin was
also in it. The Duke of Monmouth came over secretly j and
though the King did not see him, yet he went back very well
pleased with his journey; but he never told his reason to any,
that he knew of. Mr. May, of the privy-purse, told the bishop,
a design would break out, with which he himself would be well
pleased. " And told him, he knew by the King's way, things
were not yet quite ripe, nor he thoroughly fixed on the design.
That with which they were to begin was, the sending the Duke
to Scotland. And it was generally believed (says the Bishop)
that if the two brothers should be once parted, they would never
meet again. The King spoke to the Duke concerning his going
to Scotland; and he answered, that there was no occasion for it:
upon which the King replied, that either he must go, or that he
himself would go thither. His Majesty was observed (says the
Bishop) to be colder and more reserved to the Duke than ordinary.
But what was under all this, was still a deep secret. ° He had,
for these last three years, directed all our councils, with so abso-
lute an authority, that the King seemed to have left the govern-
ment wholly in his hands : yet it is related by all our historians,
that had the King lived a few months longer, the Duke would
have been sent from court."

On the demise of King Charles II. the Earl of Sunderland was
one of the privy-council, that signed the order for proclaiming
the Duke of York King of England, by the name of James II.
and employments ending with the life of the late King, his suc-
cessor, by proclamation, >' signified his pleasure, that all men
should continue in their places till his further order. Bishop Bur-
net recites, h f< That the Earl of Sunderland was looked on as a
man lost at court ; and so was Lord Godolphin. But the Earl of
Rochester, upon his advancement, became so violent and bois-
terous, that the whole court joined to support the Earl of Sunder-
land, as a proper balance to the other. And the Queen was made
to consider the Earl of Rochester as a person that would be in
the interests of the King's daughters ; so she saw it was necessary

» Hist of his own Time, vol. i. p 604. * Ibid, p 6o$.

, Hist, of Enfland, vol. i p 410 s Hist of his own Time, vol i. p 6u.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 423

to have one in a high post, who should depend wholly on her, and
the Earl of Sunderland was the only person capable."

His Lordship was one r of the Commissioners appointed to hear
and determine the claims concerning services to be performed at
the King's coronation.

On December 4, 1685, the King" in council declared the Earl
of Sunderland (principal secretary of state) lord president of the
council, and his Lordship took his place at the board the same
day. " The King," says Burnet, " after he had declared that he
Would be served by none but those who would vote for the repeal
of the Tests, called for .the Marquis of Halifax, and asked him
how he would vote in that matter. He very frankly answered, he
would never consent to it : he thought the keeping up of those
laws was necessary, even for the King's service, since the nation
trusted so much to them, that the public quiet was chiefly pre-
served by th.it means. Upon this the King told him, that though
he would never forget past services, yet since he could not be pre-
vailed on in that particular, he was resolved to have all of a piece.
So he was turned out ; and the Earl of Sunderland was made
lord president, and continued still secretary of state." l

By those titles of lord president of the council, and principal
secretary of state, he" was, A.D. ]6sG, in the commission of
ecclesiastical affaiis But his Lordship, in that commission, was
seldom at their meetings, and did all in his power to soften any
rigorous proceedings. He declares in his letter, on March 23,
lOSp, x " 1 can most truly say, and it is well known, that for a
good while 1 defended Magdalen College, purely by care and
industry; and have hundreds of times begged of the King, never
to j^rant mandates, or to change any thing in the regular course of
ecclesiastical affairs j which he often thought reasonable, and
afterwards, by perpetual importunities,, was prevailed on against
his own sense. Which was the very case of Magdalen College j
as also of some others."

At a chapter of the Garter, held on April 2(5, 1687, his Lord-
ship was elected a knight companion of that most noble order ;
and personally installed at Windsor, on May 23 following; being
placed the twentieth knight in succession, in the sixteenth stall in
the chapel of St. George at Windsor. 1

r History of King James's Coronation.
« Jlistory of England, prxtl p 440 l Burnet, vol i p 654,

HUtory of England, pn»J. p 451- * rbid p 501.

> I'Mi's Hist and Aniiq oj Windsor, p 30a

424 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

On July 2 the same year, the King dissolved his parliament,
finding they could not be brought to a compliance, in taking off
the penal laws and tests.2. The Earl of Sunderland gives this
account thereof, in his letter of March 23, l6Sg: "The great
trial was to take off the penal laws and the tests; so many having
promised their concurrence towards it, that his Majesty thought
it feasible ; but he soon found it was not to be clone by that par-
liament, which made all the catholicks desire it might be dissolved ;
•which I was so much against, that they complained of me to the
King, as a man who ruined all his designs, by opposing the only
thing that could carry them on. Yet I hindered the dissolution
several weeks." &c. And as to Ireland, which was then under
Tyrconnel's violent government, his Lordship could not prevent
it ; for in his said letter he thus expresses himself: a

" Lord Tyrconnel was so absolute in Ireland, that I never had
the credit to make an ensign, or keep one in, nor to preserve
some of my friends, for whom I was much concerned, from the
last oppression and injustice ; but yet with care and diligence,
being upon the place, and he absent, I diverted the calling a par-
liament there, which was designed to alter the acts of settlement.
Chief Justice Nugent, and Baron Rice, were sent over with the
draught of an act for that purpose, and were there furnished with
all the pressing arguments that could be thought on to persuade
the King, and I was offered forty thousand pounds for my concur-
rence: which I told to the King, and shewed him, at the same
time, the injustice of what was proposed to him, and the preju-
dice it would be to that country, with so good success, as he re-
solved not to think of it that year, and perhaps never. This 1 was
helped in by some friends ; particularly my Lord Godolphin, who
knows it to be true, and so do the judges before, named, and
several others." As to his Lordship's having any hand in ad-
vising the reading of the King's declaration, in the churches, of
his dispensing power, for refusing of which seven bishops were
tried, he gives this account :

" In the midst of preparations for a new parliament, and
whilst the corporations were regulating, the King thought fit to
order his declarations to be read in all churches ; of which, I most
solemnly protest, I never heard one word till the King directed
it in council." And giving an account of what drew on the peti-
tion of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the other Lords the

z History of England, p 495. • Ibid. p. 499

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 425

Bishops, and their prosecution, his Lordship says, " That he was
so openly against it, that by arguing continually to shew the in-
justice and imprudence of it, I brought the fury of" the Roman
Catholicks upon me to such a degree, that I was just sinking, and
I wish I had then sunk : but whatever I did foolishly to preserve
myself, I continued still to be the object of their hatred ; and I
resolved to serve the public as well as I could : which I am sure
most of the considerable protestants then at court can testify."

When the French King advertised King James of the Prince
of Orange's intended descent in England, and ottered the assistance
of his forces, his Lordship advised the King not to accept of them.
And on that event, Bishop Burnet b has given this account : " The
King of Fiance, when he gave advertisements of the preparations
in Holland, offi red King James such a force as he should call for j
twelve or iit'teen thousand were named, or as many more as he
should desire. It was proposed they should land at Portsmouth,
and should have that place to keep the communication with France
open, a::d in their hands. All the priests were for this, and most
of the popish lords. The Earl of Sunderland was the only man
in credit that opposed it. He said, the offer of an army of
4O,(JO0 men might be a real strength ; but then it would depend
on the orders that came from France. They might perhaps (with
other succours) master England ; but they would become the
King's masters at the same time : so that he must govern under
such orders as they should give; and thus he would quickly be-
come only Viceroy to the King of Fiance. Any army less than
that would lose his Majesty the affections of his people, aud
drive his own army to desertion, if not to mutiny." The Earl of
Sunderland, in his own vindication, says, " French ships were
offered to join with our fleet, and they were refused. Since the
noise of the Prince's design, more ships were offered, and it was
agreed how they should be commanded, if ever desired. I
opposed to death the accepting of them, as well as any assistance
of men : and can say most truly, that I was the principal means
of hindering both, by the help of some lords, with whom I con-
sulted every d3y, and they with me; to prevent what we thought
would be of great prejudice, if not ruinous to the nation."

When King James was convinced of the intended invasion of
the Prince of Orange, he began to think of reconciling the hearts
of his people to him.

fc Historv of his own Time, vol i p 76-.

426 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

" These advices were suggested by the Earl of Sunderland,
who saw the King was running violently to his own ruin. So,
as soon as the Queen admitted men to audiences, he had some
very long ones of her. He represented to her, that the state of
her affairs was quite changed by her having a son. There was
no need of driving things fast, now they had a succession sure :
time would bring all about, if matters were but softly managed.
He told her it would become her to set up for the author of
gentle counsels, that she might by another administration lay the
flame that was now kindled. By this she would gain the hearts
of the nation, both to herself and to her son. She might be de-
clared Regent in case the King should die before her son came to
be of age. He found these advices begun to be hearkened to.
But that he might have the more credit in pressing them, he,
who had but too slight notions of religion, resolved to declare
himself a papist. And then, he being in the same interest with
her, and most violently hated for this ill step he had made, he
gained such an ascendant over her spirit, that things were like to
be put in another management. He made the step to popery all
of the sudden, without any previous instruction or conference :
so that the change he made, looked too like a man, who, having
no religion, took up one rather for to serve a turn, than that he
was truly changed from one religion to another. He has been
since accused, as if he had done all this to gain the more credit,
that so he might the more effectually ruin the King. There wa3
a suspicion of another nature, that stuck with some in England,
who thought that Mr. Sidney, who had the secret of all the cor-
respondence that passed between the Prince and his party in Eng^
land, being in particular friendship with the Earl of Sunderland,
the Earl had got into that secret: and they fancied he would get
into the Prince's confidence by Sidney's means. So 1 was writ
to, and desired to put it home to the Prince, whether he was in
any confidence or correspondence with the Earl of Sunderland,
or not ? For, till they were satisfied in that matter, they would
not go on -, since they believed he would betray all when things
were ripe for it j and that many were engaged in the design.
The Prince upon that did say very positively, that he was in no
sort of correspondence with him. His counsels lay then another
way; and if time had been given him to follow the scheme then
laid down by him, things might have turned fatally ; and the na-
tion might have been so laid asleep with new promises, and a
different conduct, that in a slow method they might have gaine4

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 427

that, which they were so near losing by the violent proceedings
in which they had gone so far."

To this purpose, the King declared in council, on August 24th,
1G88, that a parliament should meet on November 2/th : and to
reconcile the Archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops, to the
King, his Lordship wrote the following letter to the Archbishop
■of c Canterbury.

f'dMY Lord,
" The King thinking it requisite to speak with your Grace,
nnd several others of the bishops, who are within a convenient
distance of this place ; his Majesty commands me to acquaint
you, that he would have you attend him upon Friday next, at tea
in the morning.

" My Lord,

" I am your most faithful, &c.

" Sunderland P/*"
Whitehall, Sept. 24th, 16S8.

And to give satisfaction to. the nation, this was published in
the Gazette: " Whitehall, September 30th. Several of my
lords the bishops having attended the King on Friday last, his
Majesty was pleased, among other gracious expressions, to let
them know, ' That he would signify his pleasure for taking off
the suspension of the Lord Bishop of London, which is done ac-
cordingly.' Lord Sunderland, in his letter, gives the following
account of that and other salutary measures from his Lordsbip'*
advice : " upon the first thought of the Prince of Orange's coming,
I laid hold of the opportunity to press the King to do several
things, which I would have had done sooner j the chief of which
were, to restore Magdalen College, and all other ecclesiastical
preferments, that had been diverted from what thty were intended
for : to take off my Lord Bishop of London's suspension : to put
the counties into the same hands they were in some time before :
to annul the ecclesiastical court : and to restore entirely all the
corporations of England. These things were done effectually, by
the help of some about the King ; and it was then thought I bad
destroyed myself, by enraging again the whole Roman Catholic
party to such a height as had not been seen : they dispersed libels

c History of England, p *>ig-
* Bishop of Rochester's Letter to the Earl of Dorset, p. 21.

428 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of me every day j told the King that I betrayed him ; that I
ruined him, by persuading him to make such shameful conde-
scensions : but most of all, by hindering the securing the chief of
the disaffected nobility and gentry, which was proposed as a
certain way to break all the Prince's measures : and by advising
his Majesty to call a free parliament, and to depend upon that,
rather than upon foreign assistance." e

Bishop Burnet f agrees in the same relation. " In England,
the court saw now it was in vain to dissemble, or disguise their
fears any more. The Earl of Melfort, and all the papists, pro-
posed the seizing on all suspected persons, and sending them to
Portsmouth. The Earl of Sunderland^ opposed this vehemently.
He said, ' It would not be possible to seize on many at the same
time ; and the seizing on a few would alarm all the rest : it would
drive them in to the Prince, and furnish them with a pretence
for it : he proposed rather that the King would do such popular
things, as might give some content, and lay that fermentation
with which the nation was then distracted : this was at that time
complied with : but all the popish party continued upon this to
charge Lord Sunderland as one in the King's councils, only to
betray them ; that had before diverted the offer of assistance from
France, and now the securing those, who were most likely to join
and assist the Prince of Orange. By their importunities, the
King was at last prevailed on, that he turned him out of all his
places."

His Lordship closes his letter in his own vindication, whilst
he was employed under King James, as follows :

" At last accusations of high treason were brought against
me, which, with some other reasons relating to affairs abroad,
drew the King's displeasure upon me ; so as to turn me out of
all without any consideration : and yet I thought I escaped well,
expecting nothing less than the loss of my head j as Lord Mid-
dleton can tell, and I believe none about the court thought other-
wise : nor had it been otherwise, if my disgrace had been de-
ferred a day longer, all things being prepared for it. I was put
out the 27th of October ; the Roman Catholics having been two
months working up the King to it, without intermission, besides
the several attacks they had made on me before j and the un-
usual assistance they obtained to do what they thought necessary
for the carrying on their affairs ; of which they never had greater

' Hist, of England, p. 5*0- f Hist, of his own Time, p 512-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 429

hope than at that time, as may be remembered by any who were
then in London, &c."

Immediately after bis Lordship's dismission from King James' a
service, he thought the situation he was in required his with-
drawing out of the kingdom for his own safety ; so that about the
time of the landing of the Prince of Orange in England, his
Lordship landed in Holland j where he wrote the letter so often
quoted, discovering the designs of the Romish party, and others,
for the subverting of the protestant religion, and the laws of the
kingdom, licensed on March 23d, lQSg. And there h- resided
till after the settlement of the crown on King William and Queen
Mary j but so prejudiced were many against his Lordship, that
he was s excepted out of the act of indemnity and free pardon,
which King William signed on May 23d, 169O. And in 1692,
when King James formed a scheme for a descent into England,
and was come to La Hogue to embark, he sent over a formal de-
claration, h wherein the Earl of Sunderland was, with other noble-
men, excepted from the offer of pardon.

However, about that time, King William, who knew the
great abilities of the Earl of Sunderland, consulted with him on
the measures necessary to be taken in his government. And
before his Majesty went abroad, in the beginning of the year
l6(j3, having made some alterations in his offices, by giving the
great seal to Sir John Somers, making Sir John Trenchard secre-
tary of state, and Mr. Montague (afterwards Earl of Halifax)
Chancellor of the Exchequer ; it is ascribed by Bishop Burnet, '
to the great credit the Earl of Sunderland had gained with the
King, who had now got into his confidence, and declared openly
for the Whigs. These advancements (says the Bishop) had a
great effect on the whole party ; and brought them to a much
better opinion of the King. But as the employing of them had a
very good effect in the King's affairs, so a party came to be
formed, that studied to cross and defeat every thing laid by
Seymour and Musgrave.

And when the King returned to England, in November fol-
lowing, the Bishop further relates, k " that he saw the necessity
of changing both his measures and his ministry} he expressed
his dislike of the whole conduct of the sea, and named Russell for

e Bishop Rennet's Life of King William, in Hist, of England, vol. iii.

h Ibid, p 639. ' i Hist of his own Time, vol. u. p. ics.

x Ibid p 123, 124-

430 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

the command of the fleet next year. He dismissed the Earl of*
Nottingham, and brought the Earl of Shrewsbury again into the
ministry, making him secretary of state, to the general satisfac-
tion of the Whigs. But the person, that had the King's confidence
to the highest degree, was the Earl of Sunderland, who by his
long experience, and his knowledge of men and things, had gained
an ascendant over him, and had more credit with him, than any
Englishman ever had. He had brought the King to his change
of councils, by the prospect he gave him of the ill condition his
affairs were in, if he did not entirely both trust and satisfy those,
who, in the present conjuncture, were the only party, that both
could and would support him. It was said, that the true secret
of this change of measures was, that the Tories signified to the
King plainly, that they could carry on the war no longer, and
that he must accept of such a peace as could be had. This was
the most pernicious thing that could be thought on, and most
contrary to the King's notions and designs; so the Whigs were
now in favour again, and every thing was done to put them in
good humour."

In 1695, the King made a progress into the North, and staid
some days with the Earl of Sunderland at Althorp, which was
(says bishop Burnet) ' the first public mark of the high favour he
was in. The Bishop afterwards gives some account of his Lord-
ship's endeavours for reconciling the Whigs and Tories in sup-
port of his Majesty's government ; but they proved ineffectual,
on a difference between Queen Mary and her sister, the Princess
Anne of Denmark. The Duchess of Marlborough gives the fol-
lowing account of his Lordship's interest with King William, and
of his good disposition to the Princess : " On" the death of the
Queen, the Princess, by advice of Lord Sunderland, wrote a letter
to the King, expressing her great affliction in the loss of the
Queen, &c. and her earnest desire to wart upon his Majesty, Sec.
Quickly" after this letter, the Princess, with the King's consent,
and at a time when he appointed, waited on him at Kensington,
and was received with extraordinary civility. The person who
wholly managed the affair between the King and Princess, was
my Lord Sunderland. He had, upon all occasions relating to
hex, shewed himself a man of sense and breeding ; and before

•Hist, ofliis own Time, vol. ii p 127.
The conduct of the Dowager Duche;s of Marlborough, p. tol.
■ Ibid p no, in.

DUKE OF' MARLBOROUGH. 431

there was any thought of the Queen's dying, had designed to use
his utmost endeavours to make up the breach j in which however,
I am persuaded, he could not have succeeded during the Queen's
life. Her death made it easy to him to bring the King to a re-
concilement ; and he also persuaded his Majesty to give the
Princess St. James's house. And some other favours were
granted to her Royal Highness, at his Lordship's request. ° When
the Duke of Gloucester was arrived at the age to be put into
men's hands, and his Highness's family was settled, the King (in-
fluenced in tnis particular by my Lord Sunderland) sent the
Princess word, that though he intended to put in all the pre-
ceptors, he would leave it to her, to chuse the rest of the servants,
except one, who was to be deputy governor, and gentleman of
the Duke's bedchamber. This message was so humane, and of
so different an air from any thing the Princess had been used to,
that it gave her an extreme pleasure,"

*' In 1695, he supported the motion for the council of trade,
in opposition to the court, which many wondered at," says
Burnet. " But he was afraid of the violence of the republican
party, and would not venture on provoking them." p He also the
next year supported the fund upon the land bank ; and when the
error appeared, his excuse was, that he thought it would engage
the Tories in interest to support the government."^

In 1697, the King more publicly expressed his favour to his
Lordship, by appointing him, on April 19th, Lord Chamberlain,
in place of the Earl of Dorset j and three days after his Lordship
was sworn at Kensington of the privy-council, and took his place
at the board accordingly. Also the same day, his Majesty, in
council at Kensington, declared his Lordship one of the lords
justices of England for the administration of the government
during his absence. And on June 4th following, his Lordship,
as Lord Chamberlain, sent an order to prevent the prophaneness
and immorality of the stage.

The major part of the house of commons, after the peace of
Ryswick, in 16Q7, were jealous of a standing army, and disliked
the King's offering his opinion in the point. The managers for
the court in the house of commons had no orders (says Bishop
Burnet r) to name any number of men to be kept up, so they

• The conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, p. 116, 117-

p Burnet, vol ii- p- 163- 1 Ibid- P- !7r-

r Ibid p 207. •

432 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

came to a resolution of disbanding all the forces raised since 1680,
which reduced them to 7,000 men to be kept in pay in England.
" The court was struck with this, and then tried to raise the
number to 15,000 horse and foot. If this had been proposed in
time, it would probably have been carried ; but the King was so
long on the reserve, that when he thought fit to speak out his
mind, he found it was too Jate. This gave the King the greatest
distate of any thing that had befallen him in his whole reign.
During these debates, * the Earl of Sunderland had argued with
many on the necessity of keeping a greater force ; and he was
charged (says the Bishop) as the author of the counsel of keeping
on foot a standing army, so he was often named in the house of
commons with severe reflections. The Tories pressed hard upon
him, and the Whigs were so jealous of him, that he, apprehend-
ing that while the former would attack him, the others would
defend him faintly, resolved to prevent a public affront, and to
retire from the court, and from business ; not only against the
entreaties of his friends, but even the King's earnest desire that he
would continue about him. Indeed (says the Bishop) upon this
occasion his Majesty expressed such a concern and value for him,
that the jealousies were increased by the confidence the court
saw the King had in him. During the time of his credit, things
had been carried on with more spirit and better success than
before : he had gained such an ascendant over the King, that he
brought him to agree to some things, that few expected he would
have yielded to : he managed the public affairs, in both houses,
with so much steadiness, and so good a conduct, that he had pro-
cured to himself a greater measure of esteem, than he had in any
of the former parts of his life : and the feebleness, and dis-
jointed state we fell into after he withdrew, contributed not a
little to establish the character, which his administration had
gained him."

The Bishop mentions not the time of his Lordship's resigna-
tion, but the Gazette, No. 3353, gives the following account of
it: " Kensington, December 26th, l6g7. The Bight Honour-
able the Earl of Sunderland having desired his Majesty's leave to
resign the office of lord chamberlain of his household ; his Lord-
ship accordingly delivered up the white staff this evening."

King William was so dissatisfied with the disbanding of the
forces, especially with being obliged to send home his Dutch

' Burnet, yoI. ii. p zoJ-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 4S3

guards, that, on February 1st following, when he passed the bill,
he made a memorable speech, which did variously affect the
commons, who returned no address of thanks ; but it was not ad-
vised by the Earl of Sunderland ; for his Lordship, after his resig-
nation, went directly to his seat at Althorp, and there spent the
remainder of his life, without coming to council, or troubling
himself with public affairs.

Burnet l sums up his character in the following words : " Lord
Sunderland was a man of a clear and ready apprehension, and a
quick decision in business. He had too much heat both of imagi-
nation and passion, and was apt to speak very freely both of
persons and things. His own notions were always good, but he
was a man of great expence. And in order to the supporting
himself, he went into the prevailing counsels at court : and he
changed sides often with little regard either to religion, or the in-
terest of his country. He raised many enemies to himself by the
contempt with which he treated those who differed from him.
He had indeed the superior genius to all the men of business that
I have yet known. And he had the dexterity of insinuating him-
self so entirely into the greatest degree of confidence with three
succeeding princes, who set up on very different interests, that
he came by this to lose himself so much, that even those, who
esteemed his parts, depended little on his firmness." u

His Lordship married the Lady Anne Digby, second and
youngest daughter to x George, second Earl of Bristol, Knight of
the Garter (by Anne his wife, daughter of Francis Russell, Earl of
Bedford,) and sister, and at length heir, to John Digby, Earl of
BristoL who died in 1698, without issue. She was a Lady dis-
tinguished for her refined sense, subtle wit, admirable address,
and every shining quality. His Lordship had issue by her three
sons, and four daughters :

1 Burnet, vol-i. p. 354.

u It is impossible to contemplate a character of such uncommon flexibi-
lity of principles with tolerable satisfaction- If weattributc Lord Sunderland's
conduct to love of power, or love of money, or both, we can find no excuse for
it. Abilities thus abused by a man, who possessed rank and fortune, and
every requisite to make him independent, excite the indignation of every vir-
tuous bosom. He retired at last to Althorp ! But not till the game of public
life was up; and his perpetual tergiversation had blunted all the arts of in-
trigue ; and his just fear of punishment for his demerits made the road of
ambition too dangerous any longer to be trod by him ! Regret probably im-
bittered the short remainder of his days : for what consolation could such a
man carry with him into the pure and virtuous shades of a country life ?
* Ex Stemmate de Famil Digby.

vol. 1. 2 F

434 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

First, Robert Lord Spencer, born 1664, who was, in August,
1687, y sent to Italy, envoy extraordinary to his highness the
Duke of Modena, to make the compliments of condolence, in
their Majesties' names, on the death of the Duchess of Modena,
the Queen's mother j and, on his return, z died at Paris, on Sep-
tember 5 th, 1688.

Second, Charles, third Earl of Sunderland ; and, third, Henry,
who died within an hour after he was baptised.

Lady Anne, eldest daughter, born on June 24th, 1666, at
Chiswick in Middlesex, was the first wife of James, Earl of
Arran, of the kingdom of Scotland, afterwards Duke Hamilton,
and Duke of Brandon ; and died in I69O.

Lady Elizabeth was married, a on October 30th, 1684, to
Donagh Maccarty, Earl of Clancarty, of the kingdom of Ire-
land.

Lady Isabella died unmarried, in 1684 ; and Lady Mary died
aged five years.

His Lordship departed this life, at his seat at Althorp, on Sep-
tember 28th, 1702, b and, on October 7th following, was buried
with his ancestors at Brington, c leaving his Lady surviving, who
died on April 16th, 171 5, d and on the 26th of the same month
was buried by him. He was succeeded in honour and estate by
Charles his only son and heir.

"Which Charles, third Earl of Sunderland, as soon as
he came of age, v/as chosen e for two several boroughs, Heydon
in Yorkshire, and Tiverton in com. Devon, in that parliament
called in 1695, and taking his seat for the latter, was afterwards
elected for the same to four succeeding parliaments, whilst he was
a commoner.

In the beginning of the year l705,f his Lordship attended
Queen Anne, and her royal consort, to Newmarket : and her
Majesty, with the Prince, appointing the lrjth of April for visiting
the University of Cambridge, the Earl of Sunderland, with
several other noblemen then present, had the degree of doctors in
law conferred on them.

y Hist, of England, vol- iii p 496.

» Ex Collect T. Miller, MS. a Ibid.

■» Ex Regist. Eccl de Brington.

See Park's R. and N. A vol iv- p 5 where is a portrait of him.

d Ex Regist. Eccl de Brington-

* Willis's Notitia Pari, vol ii p. 386.

f Annals of Queen Anne, year 4th p iz-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 435

On June 26th, the same year, I his Lordship embarked at
Greenwich for Holland, being appointed her Majesty's envoy ex-
traordinary and plenipotentiary, to make the compliments of con-
dolence on the death of the Emperor Leopold, as also of congra-
tulation to his successor the Emperor Joseph ; and to endeavour,
by the Queen's mediation, to compose the differences between his
Imperial Majesty and his subjects in Hungary.

His Lordship, after taking a view of the army, and conferring
with the Duke of Marlborough, '• arrived at Vienna, on August
26th, N. S. And when the compliments of condolence and con-
gratulation were over, his Lordship, with the Dutch plenipoten-
tiaries, had conferences with the imperial ministers, and the
Hungarian deputies, to remove several difficulties that retarded
the negotiation of peace between them, till October 26th, when
they set out for Tyrnau, the place appointed for the treaty ; and
were received there with all the demonstrations of joy, and marks
of respect, by Count Berezini, and the chief of the Hungarians.
The imperial court had appointed Presburg for the place of treaty,
and with difficulty they brought both parties to agree, that the
imperial commissioners should continue at Presburg, and the
Hungarians at Tyrnau j and that a place, within an equal distance
of those towns, should be for their meeting together. After
several conferences, his Lordship, with Mr. Stepney the British
envoy, set out from Tyrnau, for Presburg, where they conferred
with the imperial commissioners, on a proposal for a cessation of
arms ; and his Lordship after set out with Mr. Stepney for Vienna,
to attend the Duke of Marlborough's arrival, leaving the Dutch
ministers to carry on the mediation. His Grace came to Vienna
on November 12th; and* on the 19th the Earl of Sunderland
had his audiences of leave of the Emperor and Empress ; also the
next day of the Empress Dowager, and the Arch Duchesses. His
Imperial Majesty presented his Lordship with his picture set with
diamonds; and the Duke of Marlborough at that time had a
grant, from the Emperor, of the lordship of Mindelheim in Suabia,
which was erected into a principality.

His Grace, accompanied by the Earl of Sunderland, proceeded
to the court of Berlin ; their Imperial and Prussian Majesties
having given orders, in their respective dominions, that they
should be accommodated suitably to their high rank in their

« Annals of Queen Anne, year 4th, p.»l.
» Annals, pr*d. p. 94- ' Ibid> P- 9*-

436 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

journey. The Duke went the night of their arrival to court, and
had a conference with the King of Prussia. The next day he
presented the Earl of Sunderlaud to his Majesty, the Prince Royal,
and the King's two brothers, who received his Lordship with all
imaginable marks of esteem. They afterwards supped with his
Majesty, the Prince Royal, and the King's brothers; and also
dined with them the next day at the great chamberlain's. His
Grace renewed the treaty, for 8,000 men to be employed in
Italy; and adjusting some difficulties, set out with the Earl of
Sunderland from Berlin, on December 3d, N. S. in the evening.
The King of Prussia presented his Grace with a sword, enriched
with diamonds; and the EarJ of Sunderland with a diamond ring
of great value.

On their arrival at Hanover, they waited on his electoral
Highness (afterwards King George I.) the Electress Dowager,
&c. j and were received with marks of distinction, due to their
quality, and extraordinary merits. They presented his Grace
with a fine calash, and six horses ; and the Earl of Sunderland
with a set of horses.

From Hanover they proceeded to the Hague, and after his
Grace had settled several important affairs with the States Ge-
neral, he embarked k with the Earl of Sunderland at the Brill,
and arrived at St. James's on December 30th. His Grace, on the
meeting of the parliament, had the thanks of both houses, for his
great services in the last campaign, and for his prudent negotiations
with her Majesty's allies; as he had also, at the end of every
campaign, during his command, for every signal success.

The campaign that year was attended with various fortune ;
the brave Prince Eugene, with an army almost wholly unpro-
vided of cloaths, arms, ammunition, or provisions, had kept the
French army, under the Duke of Vendosme, from compassing
their great designs. Therefore the Duke of Marlborough, and
the Earl of Sunderland, when at Vienna, being sensible of his
services and wants, had convinced his Imperial Majesty of the
necessity of supplying him with forces and money: so that, on
their return, the imperial ministers in England presented a me-
morial to the Queen, desiring a loan of 250,000/. sterling, for
supply of the army in Italy, on security of all his lands, rents and
revenues whatsoever, within the province of Silesia ; as also the
fecurity of the states of that province. Whereupon her Majesty,

k Annals prjed. p n6.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 437

by her letters patent, bearing date February 26th, 1705-6, the
4th year of her reign,1 recommended to her loving subjects the
speedy making of the said loan, as a matter acceptable, &c. and
of the greatest advantage to the war in general. Accordingly
books being opened at Mercers chapel, on March 7th, for taking
subscriptions towards lending the said 250,000/. at eight per
cent, pursuant to the said letters patent, his Royal Highness Prince
George sent his subscription of 20,000/. the Duke of Marlbo-
rough, 10,000/. the Earl of Godolphin, Lord High Treasurer,
5,000/. the Earl of Sunderland, 2,500/. &c. whereby, in five days,
the whole subscription was fully completed.

On April 10th, 1706, his Lordship m was appointed one of
the English commissioners for treating on an union with Scot-
land : who, on their meeting, agreed to appoint a committee of
eleven on each side, and of them, any six to have power to adjust
the several points in debate ; and his Lordship, at a meeting of
the English commissioners, n on May 1st, was nominated one of
the committee of eleven before mentioned, with power to adjourn
themselves. He also ° set his hand and seal to the articles agreed
on by the commissioners of both kingdoms, for the union, on
July 22d, 1706. On December 3d, the same year, his Lordship p
was sworn of her Majesty's most honourable privy-council, and
one of her principal secretaries of state, in the room of Sir Charles
Hedges.

" The leaders of the Whigs," says Coxe, ** perceiving that
the Queen favoured the Tories, forced Charles Earl of Sunder-
land, into the office of secretary of state, in the place of Sir
Charles Hedges, in direct opposition to the avowed wish of the
Queen, and in contradiction to the secret inclinations both of
Godolphin and Marlborough." 1

In 1708, a new privy -council being settled, according to an
act passed for rendering the union of the two kingdoms more
entire and complete, his Lordship, r on May 10th, was sworn
thereof ; and in 1709-10, at the trial of Dr. Henry Sacheverel, he
was s one of the sixty-nine peers, that pronounced him guilty,
when fifty-nine voted him not guilty.

Dr. Sacheverel had so favourable a sentence, as to be at liberty

• Annals, ut antea, p. 126, 127. "> Annals, year 5th, p 12.

n Ibid p 2o- ° Appendix in Annals, year 5th, P25.

t Annals, p. 491. 0 Coxe's Sir R. Walpole, vol. i. p. 23.

Pointer's Chron. Hist. vol. ii p 592, 593 ' lbid- P- 63°-

43t PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

to sojourn where he pleased ; and his itinerant processions, through
several parts of the kingdom, causing riots and disorders, the Earl
of Bradford, Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire, laid before the Earl
of Sunderland a representation of several gentlemen of the said
county, concerning the tumults, seditions, &c. on that occasion.

His Lordship laying it before the Queen and council, he was
ordered to return an answer} and, in consequence thereof, on
April 10th, 1710, wrote to the Earl of Bradford, " that her Ma-
jesty expressed her dislike to those riotous and seditious proceed-
ings, &c. by which the public peace is broken : and that it was
her Majesty's pleasure, that his Lordship, and that gentlemen of
the county, should effectually prosecute the offenders, with the
utmost severity of the law." Which letter of the Earl of Brad-
ford's, with his representation, and the answer thereto, being pub-
lished in the Gazette, l it gave such offence to the high-church
party, that they used all endeavours to get his Lordship removed
from his place of secretary of state.

The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, in the account of her
own conduct, u gives the following relation of their inveteracy :
" About the beginning of June, the design of turning out Lord
Sunderland began to be talked of. Lord Marlborough was now
abroad, at the head of the army. As soon as the news reached
him, he wrote a very moving letter to the Queen, representing
the very ill consequences it would necessarily have upon all affairs
abroad, to have his son-in-law, against whose fidelity nothing
could be objected, and in whom the allies had so entire a confi-
dence, turned out of her service in the middle of a campaign :
and begging it, as a reward of all his past services, that she would
at least delay her resolution, till the campaign was ended. I was
likewise (says the Duchess) urged by some friends, to try to say
something to divert, if possible, such a stroke ; because it was
given out, that the Queen would do this chiefly on my account,
that I might feel the effects of her displeasure, in so sensible and
tender a point. No consideration, proper to myself, could have
induced me to trouble the Queen again, after our last conver-
sation: but I was overcome by the consideration of Lord Marl-
borough, Lord Sunderland, and the public interest, and wrote in
the best manner 1 could to the Queen, June 7th, 1710} begging,
for Lord Marlborough's sake, that she would not give him such a
blow, of which 1 dreaded the consequence j putting her in mind

1 Annals year 9th, p 187,181,189 ■ Page 1^3, 154

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH, 43Q

of her letter about the Duke upon the victory at Blenheim, &c."
Her Grace likewise wrote x a second letter to her Majesty, con-
cluding, " that she begged it on her knees, &c." And gives Y
this further account : " whether my interfering in this matter,
hastened the execution of the design, I cannot say. Certain it is,
that it did not retard it, for Lord Sunderland was presently after
dismissed from his office. On which occasion several great men,
who wished well to their country, and who feared Lord Marl-
borough might in disgust quit the service, wrote him a joint
letter, &c." Which letter runs thus : z

" My Lord, June 14th, 17 10.

" We should not have given your Grace the trouble of this
joint letter, but for the great concern and uneasiness in which we
find you, on account of my Lord Sunderland, by your letter of
the 20th to my Lord Treasurer, which he has communicated to
us. That letter, as moving and as reasonable as it was, has not
hindered the seals from being taken this morning from my Lord
Sunderland. No wonder then if the utmost endeavours which
could be used to prevent it, and the strong arguments which have
been made of the ill consequences that must attend such steps,
both at home and abroad, have met with little success. We find
ourselves so much afflicted with this misfortune, that we cannot
but be extremely sensible of the great mortification this must give
you at this critical juncture, when you are every moment hazard-
ing your life in the service of your country j and whilst the fate
of Europe depends, in so great a degree, on your conduct, and
good success : but we are also as fully convinced, that it is im-
possible for your Grace to quit the service at this time, without
the utmost hazard to the whole alliance. And we must therefore
conjure you, by the glory you have already obtained, by the many
services you have done your Queen and country, by the expectation
you have justly raised in all Europe, and by all that is dear and
tender to you at home, whose chief dependance is upon your suc-
cess, that you would not leave this great work unfinished, but
continue at the head of the army. This we look upon as the most
necessary step that can be taken to prevent the dissolution of this
parliament. Your Grace's compliance with this our earnest re-
quest, would be the greatest obligation to us, and all that wish

* Vide her Conduct, p. 255, 256.
j Ibid. p. 257. * Ibid p. 257, 358, 259.

440 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

well lo our country. And you may depend upon it, the contrary
will be the greatest satisfaction to your enemies. We are, my
Lord, your Grace's most humble and obedient servant,

" Cowper, C. Devonshire, Godolphin, Orford, Somers,
" Halifax, Newcastle, H, Boyle."

The removal of the Earl of Sunderland had an immediate
effect on the funds and the public credit at home ; whereby it
gave an alarm to all the courts in the grand alliance. But being
charged with no error or blemish on his character, that his re-
moval might not appear too ungracious, her Majesty, as a testi-
mony of her satisfaction with his services, was pleased to send
notice to his Lordship, a " that she designed to grant him 3000/.
per annum, to be settled upon him for life." On which his Lord-
»hip, with a generosity and integrity hardly paralleled, answered,
" he was glad her Majesty was satisfied he had done his duty j
but if he could not have the honour to serve his country, he would
not plunder it." To recount by what means the ministry wa&
totally changed, is no part of what I am treating.

Four days after King George I. made his entry into the city
of London, he thought proper to make some removes among the
great officers, that were in the last ministry of Queen Anne j and
was pleased to appoint the Earl of Sunderland Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland, in b the room of the Duke of Shrewsbury, on September
24th, 1714. On the 27th of the same month, his Majesty dis-
•olving his privy council, and appointing a new one to meet on
October 1st, his Lordship0 was then sworn thereof, and took his
place at the board. The year after, his Lordship was much
indisposed in his health, which not permitting his going over into
Ireland, d he resigned the governments thereof, on August 23d,
1715.

Five days after his resignation, he e was constituted lord privy
leal j and on February 10th, 1715-16, had f a grant of the office
of joint vice treasurer of Ireland, with Henry Earl of Rochester.
On April 15th, 1716, his e Lady (daughter of the Duke of
Marlborough) deceased, which was a sensible grief to his Lord-
ship.

In May, 17 16, he was elected one of the governors of the

a Annals, ut antca, p 230.

b Pointer's Chron. Hist- part iii. p. 777.

• Ibid p. 779. 0 Ibid- p 850- e Ibid. p. 85!.

1 Ibid p 895. « Ibid, p 91CK

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 441

Charter House, a trust to which none of late have been chosen,
but of the prime nobility, and chief officers of state. Also, on
July 6th the same year, he was constituted sole vice treasurer of
Ireland ; and in September attended the King to Hanover, com-
missioners being appointed for executing the office of lord privy-
seal during his Lordship's absence.

" The principal person," says Coxe, " who fomented the
disunion in the cabinet, was Charles Earl of Sunderland, whose
father, Robert, is so notorious in the annals of this country, for
his great abilities and consummate treachery. He had married
Anne, second daughter of the Duke of Marlborough, and had
served under his father-in-law, both in a military and diplomatic
capacity. The origin of the misunderstanding between him and
Townshend, may be dated from the death of Queen Anne. At
that period, Sunderland, as the great leader of the Whigs, and in
consideration of his services to the Hanover family, was led to
expect that he should be placed at the head of the administration,
and become the person, under whose auspices the new cabinet
was to be formed. Bothmar had represented him as a man who
had always shewn more attachment to the King than any other.
He had first recommended Sunderland to be Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland, and Townshend to be secretary of state ; but on Sunder-
land's expressing his desire to have that office, Bothmar proposed
that Townshend should be provided in another place. This ar-
rangement was first suggested on the 13th of August, yet on the
31st of the same month, Bothmar expressed his wishes to Robe-
thon, that it might be given to ^ownshend, although Sunderland
had asked for it. In fact, the King was at this period influenced
by Bothmar, Bothmar was wholly governed by Townshend, and
the new administration was principally settled by him. Although
Sunderland was received with singular attention by the King on
his arrival, yet it is remarkable, that his name does not appear
among the lords justices added in the list communicated by
Bothmar to the seven great officers of the realm. The aspiring
Sunderland, under whom Townshend had hitherto acted a sub-
ordinate part, could not brook this preference; though he did
not openly shew his disgust, yet he scarcely took any active part
in defending the measures of government. He who was before
accustomed to make a conspicuous figure in every debate, seems
to have remained almost uniformly silent; and from the acces-
sion of George the First, till the beginning of 1717, his name
seldom occurs in the proceedings of the house of lords. He had

442 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

been nominated Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, which he considered
a species of banishment, and as a place far below his expectations.
Soon after the death of the Marquis of Wharton, he was appointed
privy seal. But his promotion to this high office did not remove
his disgust. '*

Having resigned the office of lord privy seal ! to the Duke of
Kingston, his Majesty was pleased, on April 12th, 1/17, to ap-
point his Lordship one of his principal secretaries of state ; k and
on the 16th he was sworn in council, and took his place at the
board accordingly.

On March l6th, 1717-I8, the King was pleased to declare
his Lordship lord president of the privy-council, and thereupon he
took bis place at the board accordingly. On March 21st follow-
ing, his Majesty appointed him first commissioner of the treasury.
His Lordship was then known to be the first in the King's favour
and confidence, and so continued to the time of his decease.

At this time he projected the famous peerage bill. His views
were to restrain the power of the Prince of Wales, when he came
to the throne, whom he had offended beyond all hopes of for-
giveness, and to extend and perpetuate his own influence by the
creation of many new peers. The bill was extremely unpopular,
and though it passed the lords, was rejected in the commons by
the influence and eloquence of Walpole. '

On resigning his place of lord president of the privy-council,
on February 6th, 1718-19, his Lordship the same day was ap-
pointed, by his Majesty, groom of the stole, and first gentleman
of his bedchamber. Moreover the King, on May 9th, 1719, de-
claring, in council, his intentions of leaving die kingdom for a
short time, he was nominated, by his Majesty, one of the lords
justices, in whose hands he thought fit to entrust the government
during his absence.

At this time Sunderland felt himself involved in great diffi-
culties, and overtures were made to Walpole and Townshend ; in
consequence of which a partial coalition took place. m

There was then a war with Spain, and the late Duke of Or-

k Cox's Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole, vol. i. p 80.
1 Coxe says, that on this resignation he was made treasurer of Ireland
tor life Ibid 107.

1 The intrigues by which, in conjunction with the Hanoverian junto* he
got this office away from Lord Townshend are fully detailed by Coxe, vol i.
p 96, 104 On that occasion Walpole also resigned

1 Coxe, vol. i. p. 119 Ibid. p. 13s.

DUKE OF MALRBOROUGH. 44S

mond was spirited up to make an attempt to land in England or
Ireland ; and was in the fleet fitted out by the Spaniards for that
purpose, which sailed from Cadiz on February 23, O. S. but were
so entirely dispersed by a storm, on March 18, about 50 leagues
to the west of Cape Finisterre, as put an end to their designs of
an invasion. However, some of the lords of Scotland, who had
been attainted, and were to act in concert with the Duke, landed
in the Highlands with a few Spaniards, and gave some trouble ;
though they, with their party, were defeated at Glenshiel, on
June 10; but the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Earl of Marishal,
with his brother James (the renowned Marshal Keith) the Earl
of Seaforth, Loid George Murray, &c. who had come over from
Spain, got safe to the continent, after skulking some time in Scot-
land. When that affair was over, his Lordship, about the end of
October, set out for Hanover, to wait on his Majesty, by whom
he was most graciously received at his arrival there.

At a chapter of the Garter, held at St. James's on Nov. 30
following, he was elected into that most noble order; and installed
on May 24, 1/20.

On June 11, 1/20, he was again declared one of the Lords
Justices, for the administration of government during the King's
absence that year ; but in the beginning of September, his Lord-
ship set out from his house in Piccadilly for Hanover, where he
was received by his Majesty with great marks of distinction. In
1721 he was involved in the disgrace of the South Sea scheme;
but was acquitted by the exertions of Walpole. °

His Lordship continued at the head of affairs till April 1721,
when his Lordship resigned his employments. " The death of
Earl Stanhope, and the accusation of Sunderland, opened the way
to the re-establishment of Townshend and Walpole in their
former places : for although Sunderland had been acquitted by a
considerable majority, yet the public opinion was too unfavour-
able for him to be continued in the office of first lord of the trea-
sury. The negociation for settling the new administration had
been intrusted, by Devonshire and Townshend, to the manage-
ment of Walpole; and it was not without great difficulty, that
Sunderland, who maintained the most unbounded influence over
the Sovereign, had been induced, or rather compelled, to consent
to the proposed arrangement, and particularly to relinquish the
disposal of the secret-service money; but he at length acceded.

• Cckc, p. 153.

444 3 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Townshend had been previously appointed secretary of state on
the death of Stanhope. Methuen was made comptroller of the
household ; Walpole first lord of the treasury, and chancellor of
the exchequer; and a new board, consisting of his confidential
friends, was nominated at his discretion." P

He continued in favour with his Sovereign till the day of his
death, on April ig, 1722, and was buried among his ancestors at
Brinton.

" Although Sunderland," says Coxe, " had resigned all his
official employments, yet he still retained his influence at court,
and never heartily coalesced with the new ministers. He had
obtained the appointment of Lord Carteret to be secretary of state
in the place of Craggs, who died on the 16th of February; and
the presidentship of the council for Lord Carleton, in preference
to the Duke of Devonshire, who was supported by all the in-
fluence of Townshend and Walpole. He fomented a division in
the cabinet, and carried several points in opposition to the other
members. The conduct of Sunderland at this period, is involved
in so much mystery, as to leave his character open to every sus-
picion. It is impossible to ascertain to what fatal purposes he
meant to employ his ascendancy over his Sovereign, or to what
extremes he might have been driven by his disgust against the
Prince of Wales. He intrigued with the Tories, and made over-
tures to Bishop Atterbury. He proposed, at a time when the
ferment occasioned by the South Sea scheme was at its extreme
height, to dissolve the parliament; and induced the King to
sanction his views, by persuading him that there was not money
enough in the treasury to secure the return of a Whig majority,
and that the Tories, under his influence, would screen the pro-
jectors of the South Sea scheme, and suppress all inquiry on the
subject. But this dangerous and insidious proposal was overruled
by the sagacity and intrepidity of Walpole., who represented the
extreme danger and impolicy of the measure, and took on himself
the charge of finding the sums necessary to support the Whig
majority. Sunderland did not dare to avow any intimate con-
nexion with, or preference of the Tories, and was obliged to yield
to these arguments and assurances ; but the Pretender and the
Jacobites, certainly, at this time, entertained the most sanguine
hopes. Sunderland became a great favourite with them and the
Tories; his health was constantly drank by them, and they af-

f Coxe, p. 159.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 445

fected to be secure of attaining, by his means, the accomplish-
ment of their wishes. Not all the services which Walpole had
performed to his King, to his country, not even his merit in
screening Sunderland from the rage of the house of commons,
could expiate the crime of having superseded that ambitious and
domineering minister at the head of the treasury, who dreaded
his abilities and popularity, and who saw in him a rival not un-
likely to supplant him in the confidence and favour of the sove-
reign. Sunderland, jealous of his growing power, determined
either to remove him from his situation in the house of commons,
or again to obtain his dismission. Under the semblance of favour,
he requested the King to create him postmaster-general for life;
a lucrative office, which if he had received would have incapaci-
tated him from a seat in parliament, and if he refused, would
tubject him to the resentment of his sovereign. Contrary, how-
ever, to his expectations, George inquired if Walpole had desired
it, or was acquainted with it : Sunderland replied in the negative:
" then," returned the King, " do not make him the offer. I
parted with him once against my inclination, and I will never
part with him again as long as he is willing to serve me." This
unexpected demur suspended the designs of Sunderland j and his
death, which happened on the 19th of April 1722, prevented hit
attempts to remove Walpole, which, considering his influence
and ascendancy, might have been finally successful. *>

His Lordship was distinguished by his encouragement of learn-
ing, and learned men ; and very much enlarged the library of his
family, by purchasing all valuable books that were r published.
It has been argued that, " his integrity in the public service cannot
more evidently appear, than by his not making any addition to hit
estate, though he was prime minister for several years."

His Lordship first married, on January 12, 1 694-5, Lady
Arabella, youngest daughter and coheir of Henry Cavendish,
Duke of Newcastle, and by her Ladyship, who departed this life,
June 4, 1698, had an only daughter, Lady Frances, married to
Henry Howard, son and heir to Charles Earl of Carlisle, and died
July 27, 1742.

His Lordship by his second Lady, Anne, second daughter and

1 Coxc's Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole, vol. i p 16;, 166.
' I believe the Sunderland library is now at Blenheim But he has been
imitated by his preat grandson, the present Karl Spencer, who is supposed to
possess the iiche.-.t colic ti m, , a;:icularly of caih punted works, in England

446 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

coheir of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, had issue four
sons, and two daughters,

J . Robert Lord Spencer, born on December 2, 1700, and died
on Sept. 12, the year following.

Ti. Robert Lord Spencer, afterwards Earl of Sunderland, who,
after a polite education, set out on his travels, and landing with
King George I. at Helvoetsluys, on May 12, 1719, continued
beyond the seas, till May 18, after the death of his father. Hi«
Lordship, afterwards going again beyond the seas, was seized at
Paris with a fever, which after eleven days illness put a period to
his life, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, on November 27,
17295 and his corpse being brought over to England, was interred
among his ancestors at Brinton. Dying unmarried, his honours
and estate devolved on his next brother, Charles, late Earl of
Sundeiland, Duke of Marlborough, &c. But before I treat of his
Grace, I shall proceed to give an account of his younger brother
and sisters ; and of his father's third marriage.

The Honourable John Spencer, the fourth son of the Earl of
Sunderland, born on May 13, 17O8, shall be treated of fully under
the title of Earl Spencer.

Lady Anne Spencer, eldest daughter of the Earl of Sunder-
land, by his second marriage, was married to William Viscount
Bateman, of the kingdom of Ireland, and of Shobdon-Court in
Herefordshire. Her Ladyship died February 19, 1769, and was
interred at Great Yeldham, in Essex.

Lady Diana Spencer, second and youngest daughter, was mar-
ried to his Grace, John Duke of Bedford, but died on September
27, 1/35, leaving no issue.

The third wife of the Earl of Sunderland, which he married
on December 5, 1717»* was Judith,' daughter and coheir of Ben-
jamin Tichborne, Esq. brother to Henry Tichborne, Lord Farrand
of the kingdom of Ireland, grandson of Sir Henry Tichborne, Knt.
one of the Lords Justices of Ireland, temp. Carol. I. fourth son of
Sir Benjamin Tichborne, of 1 ichborne in com. Southampton, Knt.
and Bart. By that Lady (who secondly married Sir Robert Sut-
ton, ■ of Broughton in com. Lincoln, Knight of the Bath) he left

• Ex. Collect Rob. Dale, Richmond Fecial.

' Her stttSV married Daniel Pulteney, a statesman of some eminence,
grandfather of the present Countess of Bath.

" Father of the late Sir Richard Sutton, Bart, and of Miss Isabella Sut-
ton, on whom Mrs Elix Carter wrote a beautiful elegy, which is printed
among her Poems-

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 447

issue one son, born on October 5th, 171 8, named William, who
died under inoculation for the small pox, on April 21st, 1722,
and was buried at the same time with his father at Brington ; also
a daughter, Lady Margaret ; and a posthumous son, baptized on
October 19th, 17'22, named George; but they both died in their
infancies ; and their mother died in May, 1/4.9.

Charles, fourth Earl of Sunderland, 8rc. the third but
eldest surviving son, before mentioned, at the death of William
Marquis of Bland ford, only son and hrir of Francis Earl ofGodol-
phin, and his wife Henrietta, Dutchess of Marlborough, on
August 24th, 1731, succeeded to the title of Marquis ot Blandford;
also to an annual rent charge of 8000 /. per ami. pursuant to the
will of his Grace, John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, and
at the decease of Henrietta, Duchess of Marlborough, on Oc-
tober 24th, 1733, succeeded to the title of Duke of Marlborough,
&c. as heir to the Lady Anne Churchill, his mother, second
daughter and coheir to the said John Duke of Marlborough.

His Grace inclining to a martial life, his Majesty was pleased,
on March 30th, 1 /38, to constitute him colonel of the thirty-
eighth regiment of foot; and on September 10th, 1739," colonel
of the first regiment dragoons.

On January 26th, 1738 9, his Grace was appointed Lord
Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the counties of Oxford and
Buckingham ; also soon after made one of the lords of his Ma-
jesty's bedchamber ; and on May 6th, 1740, constituted captain
and colonel of the second troop of his Majesty's horse-guards.

At a chapter of the most noble order of the garter, held at the
palace of St. James, on March 20th, 1/ 1 1-2, his Grace, having
been first knighted by his Majesty, was elected one of the knights
companions of that most noble order; and, on April 21st follow-
ing, was installed at Windsor.

On February 20th, 1741-2, his Majesty conferred on his Grace
the second regiment of foot guards j and, on February 26th the
year after, his Grace was promoted to the rank of brigadier-ge-
neral of his Majesty's forces.

In 1743, when the late King put himself at the head of the
army, his Grace went over with his Majesty, and had the com-
mand of the brigade of foot guards, which remarkably distin-
guished themselves at the battle of Dettingen, ou June J*.
1743.

x Millan's succession of Colonels.

448 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND

On October 25th, 1744, his Grace resigned his regiment of
foot guards, having that year, on the decease of Sarah Duchess of
Marlborough, succeeded to the Duke of Marlborough's estate.

On the breaking out of the rebellion, in 1745, his Grace was
constituted major-general of his Majesty's forces ; and on Sep-
tember 15th, 1747, lieutenant-general of the forces.

In 1749, he was declared lord steward of the King's house-
hold j and thereupon, by his Majesty's command, being sworn of
the privy-council, took his place at that board as lord steward of
the household, on June 12th, that year. On April 17th, 1750,
his Majesty in council declaring his intention of leaving the king-
dom for a short time, was pleased to appoint his Grace one of the
lords justices, for the administration of the government during his
absence. And on July 1 2th following, his Grace, with the Duke
of Richmond, and the Duke of Portland, by commission from hit
Majesty, installed his Royal Highness George Prince of Wales, a
Knight of the most noble order of the Garter. At the decease of
the Duke of Richmond soon after, his Grace was chosen to suc-
ceed him, as one of the governors of the Charter House, on Sep-
tember 27th the same year.

On March 30th, 1752, when his Majesty declared his re-
solution of visiting his dominions in Germany, he was again
nominated one of the lords justices during his Majesty's ab-
sence.

His Grace, with the Duke of Cumberland, and the great
officers of state, were commissioners for opening the session of
parliament at Westminster, on May 31st, 1754; also in another
commission for putting an end to the session, on June 5th, fol-
lowing, when they prorogued it to Thursday August 8th.

His Majesty was pleased, on January 7th, 1755, to grant to
his Grace the office of keeper of his Majesty's privy- seal. On-
December 23d following, his Grace resigned that office, and wa»
constituted master-general of the ordnance.

On April 26th, 1755, his Grace was again appointed one of
the lords justices for the administration of the government, during
his Majesty's absence.

The late King having, in 1758, resolved on an expedition
against the French in their own territories, his Grace was con-
stituted commander in chief of the land forces destined for that
service; and sailing from St. Helen's, on June 1st, with the fleet
under Commodore Lord Viscount Howe, arrived on the 5th, in
the bay of Cancalle in Brittany, where the debarkation of the troops

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 44y

was completed on the 7th; when the Duke published a mani-
festo, acquainting the inhabitants of Britany, that the descent on
their coasts was not made with an intention to make war on
them, unless found in arms ; and assuring them, that all, who re-
mained peaceable at home, should be unmolested, and might
follow their usual occupations ; and that, excepting the customs
and taxes which they paid to the King, nothing would be required
of them, either in money or merchandizes, but what was abso-
lutely necessary for the subsistence of the army ; and that for all
the provisions they should bring in, they should be paid ready
money. His Grace, at the same time, notified, that if, on the
contrary, the inhabitants should remove their effects and abandon
their dwellings, they should be treated as enemies, and their
towns, houses, &c. destroyed by fire and sword. The Duke, at
landing the troops, gave strict orders against plundering : but
notwithstanding, the first night did not pass without some scenes
of horror and inhumanity. However, a stop was soon put to
such acts, by the offenders being brought to immediate justice :
and it redounds very much to his Grace's honour, that no descent
was ever attended with less licentiousness in the invaders, or with
less injury to the poor inhabitants of the country invaded, than
in this where he commanded. His Grace, having, on the 7th,
conducted the main body of the army to Parame, little more than
a mile from St. Malo, ordered them to pitch their tents there,
and in the evening detached a party to reconnoitre that city, in
the harbour of which they burnt most of the naval stores, one
man of war of fifty guns, one of thirty-six, all the privateers,
some of which were of thirty, and several of twenty and eighteen
guns, and in the whole upwards of one hundred ships, notwith-
standing they were under the cannon of the town. The Duke,
finding it impracticable to attack St. Malo, with any prospect of
success, and being credibly informed that an army, greatly supe-
rior in number to that under his command, was marching against
him, decamped with his forces on the 10th, and reimbarked on
the 12th, having destroyed the naval magazines and ships at St.
Malo, the chief objects of the enterprize. After he put to sea, he
attempted to land at Havre de Grace and Cherbourg, but being
prevented by unfavourable winds, he returned to St. Helen's, on
July 1st; and waiting on his Majesty at Kensington, on the 4th,
was most graciously received.

On July 25 tb, that same year, his Grace was appointed com-

vol. i. « ©

450 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

mander in chief of all the British forces intended to serve in Ger-
many under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick ; and, on August
29th following, constituted general over all and singular the foot
forces employed, or to be employed, in his Majesty's service : but
his Grace did not long enjoy those places ; for he died of a fever,
on October 20th, 1758, at Munster in Westphalia, from whence
his corpse was brought to England, and buried at Woodstock.

His Grace, on May 23d, 1732, was married to Elizabeth,
daughter of Thomas Lord Trevor, and by her Grace, who died
October 7th, 1761, had issue,

First, George, the present Duke of Marlborough.

Second, Lord Charles Spencer, born on March 31st, \J40,
who was, at the general election in 1761, returned one of the
knights for the county of Oxford, as he has been to every parlia-
ment to 179O5 and again in I7(j0. On January 2yth, 1763, his
Lordship was declared superintendant of the King's gardens in
England, and out ranger of Windsor forest ; and resigning those
offices, was appointed comptroller of his Majesty's household, and
sworn of the privy-council, on April 20th following. In Sep-
tember that year, he was elected Verdurer of Whichwood forest
in Oxfordshire : but in August 17^5, he laid down the post of
comptroller of the household. On February 13th, 1770, he was
appointed one of the lords commissioners for executing the office
of lord high admiral of Great Britain ; and December 7, 1779* aP-
pointed treasurer of his Majesty's chamber. In 1782, he was ap-
pointed one of the vice treasurers of Ireland; and in 1801, joint
postmaster general, when he vacated his seat for Oxfordshire; and
the Marquis of Blandford was chosen in his room. His Lordship,
on October 2d, 1762, married Mary, only daughter of Vere
Beauclerck, Lord Vere of Hanworth, by whom he had issue a
daughter Elizabeth, wi10 died an infant ; and two sons, first,
John, born December 21st, 1767, married, February 5th, 1790,
his first cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the present Duke of Marl-
borough, by whom he has issue. He was elected member of
parliament for Walton, 1801 ; and again, 1802; and vacated his
seat May 12th, 1804, on being appointed receiver general of the
county of O-xford ; second, William Robert, appointed in 1797,
one of the commissioners of stamp duties, which he still re-
tains, y

y He is distinguished for his literary talents and poetical genius.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 451

Third, Lord Robert Spencer, born on May 8th, 1/47. I"
I76S, elected member of parliament for Woodstock ; and in
1770, appointed a commissioner of trade and plantations; and
having vacated his seat in January 1 77 1 , was chosen for the city
of Oxford, to which he was re-elected in 1774, 1780, and 1784.
In 179O, and 17.06, he was elected ("or Wareham. in 1782, he
was made one of the vice treasurers of Ireland.

Fourth, Lady Diana, born on March 24th, 1734, and married,
on September yth, 1757, to Frederic Viscount Bolingbroke and
St. John, which marriage being dissolved by act of parliament,
on March 10th, 176a, her Ladyship, two days after, was married
id the Honourable Topham Beauclerk, only son of the late
Lord Sidney Beauclerk, fifth son of Charles, first Duke of St.
Albans, by whom she was left a widow, March 11th, 1780, with
two daughters and a son ; of whom Elizabeth married, April 8tb,
1787, George Augustus, the present Earl of Pembroke, and died
March 25ib, 1703 ; and Charles George Beauclerk, the son,
married. April 20th, 1700, Charlotte, daughter of William
Ogilvie, Esq. by the Duchess Dowager of Lcinster.

Fifth, Lady Elizabeth, born on December 20th, 1737, and
wedded on March 12th, 1750, to Henry Earl of Pembroke, by
whom she is mother of the present Earl of Pembroke.

Gborgb, thikd Duke op Marlbokoiuii, was born on
January 20th, 1 738-0; and, upon returning from his travels,
was made a captain in the twentieth regiment of foot, but after-
wards resigned. In April, 17OO, his Grace was appointed Lord
Lieutei ant and Custos Rotulorum of Oxfordshire, and continued
in those offices by his present Majesty, at whose coronation, he
carried the scepter with the cross. On November 22d, 1762,
being then lord chamberlain of the houshold, his Grace was
sworn of the privy-council j and upon his resigning the cham-
berlain's key, was on April 22d, 1763, appointed lord privy-seal,
but in August, 1765, quitted that place. In 1768, he was chosen
one of the elder brethren of the Trinity House. At a chapter of
the most noble order of the Garter, held at St. James's, December
12th, 1768, his Grace was elected one of the knights companions
of that order, and was installed at Windsor July 25th, 1771.
His Grace is also one of the governors of the Charter House j
president of the RadclifTe Infirmary near Oxford ; high steward
of the corporation of Woodstock, and LL. D. j and Lord Lieute-
nant of Oxfordshire.

452 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His Grace, on August 23d, 1762, wedded Lady Caroline
Russell, daughter of John Duke of Bedford, by whom he has
issue, George, Marquis of Blandford, born March 3d, 1766; of
whom under the title of Lord Spencer of Wormleighton. Lord
Henry John, born December 20th, 177°> elected member of par-
liament for Woodstock 1790; secretary of legation at the Hague;
made envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the court of
Stockholm, July 13th, 1793; in March 1795, made envoy ex-
traordinary at the court of Berlin, where he died July 3d same
year j third, Lord Francis Almeric, born December 26th, 1779 J
elected member of parliament for Oxfordshire 1806, and again
1807; married, November 25th, 1800, Lady Frances Fitzroy,
fifth daughter of the Duke of Grafton, and has a son born Oc-
tober 13th, 1802 ; fourth, Lady Caroline, born October 27th,
1763, married, March 10th, 1792, Henry Viscount Clifden, of
Ireland, (now Lord Mendip) and has issue ; fifth. Lady Eliza-
beth, born Dec. 20, 1764, married her cousin John Spencer, Esq.
and has issue 3 sixth, Lady Charlotte, born October 18th, 1769,
married, April 16th, 1797, the Reverend Edward Nares, Vicar of
Biddenden, Kent, son of Judge Nares, and died January 10th,
1802, leaving issue; seventh, Lady Anne, born Nov. 5th, 1773,
married, December 10th, 1796, the Honourable Cropley Ashley,
brother to the Earl of Shaftsbury, and has issue j eighth, Lady
Amelia Sophia, born September 8th, 1785.

His Grace has for many years passed much of his time in a
studious and learned retirement.

Titles. George Spencer, Duke of Marlborough, Marquis of
Blandford, Earl of Sunderland, and of Marlborough, Baron Spencer
of Wormleighton, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge.

Creations. Baron Churchill of Sandridge, in com. Hertford,
May 14th, ]685, 1 Jac. II. Baron Spencer of Wormleighton, in
com. Warwick, July 21st, 1603, 1 Jac. I. Earl of Marlborough,
in com. Wilts, April 9th, 1689, 1 William and Mary ; Earl of
Sunderland, June 8th, 1043, 19 Car. I. and Marquis of Bland-
ford, in com. Dorset, and Duke of Marlborough aforesaid, De-
cember 14th, 1702, 1 Anne.

Arms. Quarterly, first and fourth quarterly, Argent and
Gules, in the second and third a fret, Or; overall, on a bend,
Sable, three Escalops of the first 5 for Spencer. Second and
third, Sable, a lion rampant, Argent ; on a canton, of the last, a
cross, Gules; for Churchill.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 453

Crest. In a ducal coronet, Or, a gryphon's head between
two wings erect, Argent, gorged with two plain collars, Gules.

Supporters. The dexter, a gryphon party per fess, Argent
and Or; sinister, a Wyvern, Argent, their wings expanded, each
collared and chained, Sable 5 and each collar charged with three
escalops, Argent.

Motto. Dieu defend le droit.

Chief Seats. At Blenheim, near Woodstock, and at Blandford
Lodge, near Charlbury, Oxfordshire.

464 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

MANNERS, DUKE OF RUTLAND.

The nobility of this family, in right of the heiress of Roos, whom
they married in the reign of Henry VI. is as old as the con-
quest.

With regard to their descent in the male line, it is the opinion
of the famous a Camden, and other antiquaries, that this family
had denomination from a place of their own name, b and in all
probability from the village of Manor, nearc Lanchester, in the
bishopric of Durham ; it being evident, that the ancestors of his
Grace the Duke of Rutland were of great note, for many ages
past, in the northern parts of this realm.

" Though none of this family arrived to the dignity of peer-
age, until the reign of King Henry VIII." says Dugdale, " yet
were thev persons of great note in Northumberland for many
ages before : for in 25 Henry II. Henry de Maners paid lxxx.
marks'1 for livery of his father's lands in that county." e

But this Henry is not mentioned in the following pedigree.

The first of this noble family, that occurs, is f Sir Robert de
Manners, Lord of the manor of Ethale (now Etall), in Northum-
berland, father of Giles de Manners, whose son Robert was
father of another Giles, who had a son, Sir b Robert de Man-
ners, who married Philippa, daughter of Sir Bartholomew de

* Remains, p 12*.

* It is somewhere mentioned in the Percy pedigree that they took their

name De Maneriis as stewards of the manors of that great family. But this

might be said to gratify the Percy claims of superiority.

« Index Villaris, poji-

d Rot Pip. 25 Hen II. Northumb. e Dugd. Bar. vol ii. p. 296-

' Mr. Edmondson's Baronagium Genealogicum.

* Ex Lib MS. Gcnealog. in Bib. Lambeth, p. 112, uj.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 433

Mont Boucher, Knight, and had issue Sir Robert de Manners,
I and heir, who had to1' wife Hawise, daughter of Robert
de Muschamp, Baron of Waldye, and by her was father of Eu-
stace de Manners, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Hugh
Proffia, Knight ; their son and heir was Sir Robert de Manners,
Knight, who in the reign of Henry III. was a witness to the'
charter of Alexander, King of Scots, to Sir William Swinburne ;
and in 5 Edward I. wask summoned to meet the King at Wor-
cester, on the Octaves of St. John Baptist, with horse and arms to
go against Llewellen, Prince of Wales, and his adherents, accord-
ing to the service he owed for two knights fees in the county of
Northumberland ; but being infirm, Sir Robert Talebois served
for him. This Sir Robert Manners ' espoused Agnes, daughter
of Sir David Coupland, Knight, and had issue another Sir Robert
Manners, who was not knighted before 1278, (5 Edward I. for in
that year the King directing his praecipe dated at Westminster,
June 26th) to the sheriff of Northumberland, to constrain all
persons in that county, who held 20/. per annum, or a knight s
fee of that value, in chief, to take upon them the order of knight-
hood at Christmas, he was then returned among others who had
not been knighted.

He married ■ Helen, daughter of Alan or Adam de Heton,
and by her had four sons, Robert de Manners of Barrington, in
Northumberland, who died without issue ; William de Manners,
who then became heir; Sir John de Manners, and Adam de
Manners, who both deceased without progeny. William de.
Manners, .above mentioned, married Ellen or Jennet ta, daughter
of David Baxter ot Derby, and departed this life, A. D. 1349,
leaving a son, Sir Robert de • Manners.

Which Sir Robert de Manners, in l" Edward II. was return-
ed into chancery among the principal persons of the county of
Northumberland, who were certified to bear arms by descent
from their ancestors. And in 1 Edward IN. signalized himself
in the defence of Norham Castle, whereof he was governor ; of
which Mr. Barnes, in his history of Edward IN. page 3, gives
this account: " The Scots, encouraged by fornwr successes, and
despising King Edward's youth, on the very night of that day

» MS Baronage by Sir H. St C corse, Knt.

i Inter Cart. D Will. Swinburo, Bait

k MS ia Bibl Anrtit, Ar. Nutat B. 5. p. ics.

• Gcneal. in MS pneU. p MS Baron, poevict.

•• Mr Edmondion't Baronagiuni p'Xit ct

456 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

whereon King Edward was crowned, intended to take Norham
Castle, between the marches of England and Scotland, by sur-
prize j and so well they managed their design, that about sixteen
of them had already mounted the walls. But the captain, Sir
Robert Manners, being warned of the matter before hand, by
one of his garrison, who was a Scotsman, had so well provided to
receive them, that of those who had mounted, he took five or six,
and put the rest to the sword, their companions below upon this
disappointment retiring."

In 2 Edward III. he was ° constituted one of the conservators
of the truce made with the Scots, for all hostilities to cease in the
county of Northumberland from January 25th, till Midlent
Sunday, with power to punish all infringers of the same.

In 8 Edward III. the King appointed him to take seisin of
the county of Selkirk, and of the King's forest of Selkirk and
Etrick; and grants him the'' custody of the premises, and of the
sheriffdom of Selkirk, and wardenship of the forest of Selkirk and
Etrick. And the year following, for his services against the
Scots, he had a 1 grant of two parts of the town of Paxton, which
came to the King by the forfeiture of Alexander de Chesholme,
and a third part of the royalty of Bradewater near Tweed.

In 14 Edward III. he r served in parliament for the county of
Northumberland ; and he with Lord Thomas Grey, of Werk, ■
were commanders of those forces which encountered and defeated
the Earls of March and Sutherland ; who, taking the advantage
of King Edward's being at the siege of Tournay, destroyed the
country almost as. far as Durham.

In 15 Edward III. the King1 grants licence to his beloved
and faithful subject, Robert de Manners, to strengthen and em-
battle his dwelling house at Ethale, in Northumberland, with a
wall made of stone and lime, and to hold the same to him and
his heirs for ever. And on April 3d that year, in consideration
of" his fidelity, probity, and circumspection, was commissioned
with others, to treat with David de Bruce and his adherents about
a peaee. On May 20th, next year, he was nominated in another
commission for preserving the truce with thatx prince j and on
-December 1st, that year, 1342, he was, with others, empowered
to punish violators of the truce.

• Rymcr's Feed torn iv. p. 335. P Ibid p 617.

« Esc 9 Ed III. n 66 r Prynn's 4 Part of brief Regist. p. 179.

• Barnes's Hist, of Ed III. p. 199. l Pat 15 Ed III. p. i.m 15.

■ Rymci's Feed torn iv. p. 305, 306. * Ibid. torn. v. p. 367, 396.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 457

In 17 Edward III. y being governor of Norham Castle in the
county of Northumberland, the King orders the sheriff of Berwick
upon Tweed to enter on the lands of such persons in those parts,
who were not resident there for the defence of the kingdom ;
but, that Sir Robert de Manners, having been in the castle of
Norham a considerable time, for the safeguard of the same, and
the parts adjacent to Scotland, should be exempted from any
seizures of his lands. The same year z this Sir Robert de Man-
ners was appointed one of the guardians of the marches in Nor-
thumberland, and other parts of Scotland, to the East, with
power to redress such grievances as had happened contrary to the
truces agreed on with Scotland. In 1346, when King David, by
the solicitation of Philip VI. the French King, had broke the
truce, whilst King Edward was besieging Calais, and with a great
army had wasted the county of Northumberland, and come as
far as Durham, Sir Robert de Manners was among those nobles
and others who raised forces to resist him, and on October 17th,
gave him that greata overthrow at Nevil's Cross near that city,
called by our historians the battle of Durham, wherein King
David himself was taken prisoner 5 and Sir Robert de Manners
had no small share in the honour of it : for the same year the
King signified his commands to him, that for the avoiding the
escape of prisoners taken in that battle, and elsewhere in the
North, hisb pleasure was, that they should be carried to the
Tower of London ; and therefore orders him to deliver to the
constable of the said Tower, before the feast of the Epiphany,
William Baily, and all such prisoners as were in his custody.

He c died on Monday the eve of Michaelmas day, in 1355,
leaving John de Manners, his son and heir, a year and three
weeks old. Aliva (or Joane) his wife,d daughter and heir of
Sir Henry Strother, of Newton Glendall, Knight, survived him j
it being found, by inquisition taken at Newcastle upon Tyne, in
the county of Northumberland, on Thursday before St. Bartholo-
mew's day, anno 1358, that the said Robert e was seised of a full-
ing-mill, and one carrucate of land in Ethale, the which he
granted fifteen days before his decease to John de Wyrkfall,
vicar of Neuton, for ever ; to the intent he settle the same on the

r Rot. Scot. 17 Ed. III., m 5. * Rymer's Foed. torn, v p 367, 396

» Barnes's Ed III. p. 381, 38*. b Rymer's Foed.tom. v. p 533. 534.

t Esc 29 Ed- Ill- n. 26. * Ex Stem- praed.

• Esc. 32 Ed. Ill- n- 44.

438 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

mid Robert and Aliva, and the heirs of the said Robert : but the
said Sir Robert died before the said settlement could be perfected,
viz. Monday before Michaelmas day, 29 Edward III. whereupon
the said John continued in possession six weeks after his decease,
and then enfeoffed the said Aliva therein for her life, with re-
mainder to the right heirs of the said Robert. They also found,
that the premises were held in chief of the King, by the service
of a fourth part of a knight's fee, the mill yearly worth 40s. and
the land 13*. 4d. and that it was not to the prejudice of the King,
if be granted the same to the said Aliva for life.

Which Aliva died on August 3d, in 36 Edward III. as ap-
pears f by inquisition taken at Berwick, July 3d, 37 Edward III.
whereby the jury found that she held no lands within the King's
dominions in Scotland, but that she held for life, as the inheri-
tance of the heir of the said Robert de Manners (under age, and
in the wardship of the King) a third part of the manor of Paxton
in the county of Berwick, and a third part of the fisher)- in Tweed
water (belonging to the said manor) of the prior of Durham :
that the said third part of the lands used to be worth yearly five
marks, though tlx n worth no more than forty shillings : that the
third part of the fishery in time of peace was worth twenty marks
yearly, though then no more than 10/. That John de Manners,
son of the said Robert and Aliva, was eight ye.ir» of age, and that
John del More, of More, Lane, late the husband of the said Aliva,
received the issues and profits of the third part of the lands and
fisher)' of the aforesaid manor.

Also, by s inquisition taken at Alnwyk, Sunday before St.
Lukes day, anno 36 Edward III. the jury found, that the said
Aliva held for life (as the inheritance of the heir of the said
Robert) one carrucate of land in the said town, as her dower, as
also a third part of the manor of Elhale, whereunto belonged a
capital messuage, then in ruins (being probably demolished by
the Scots) three husband lands in the hands of tenants at will,
paying yearly 40s. and three husband lands lying waste (as un-
tenanted) the herbage whereof was worth 13*. 4d. per annum.
The rents of the cottagers were yearly worth 9*. a third part of
a water mill annually worth 20*. And the premises arc held of
the King in chief by Knight's service. Also, that she held in
dower 4s. per annum issuing out of a husband-land in Cossay.

Which John, son and heir of the said Sir Robert Manners,

' lac. |7 14 III n tit • Ibid

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 459

bad also the honour of knighthood conferred on him, and both ho
and his wife were dead before the 4th year of Henry IV. for in
the same year it was found, by ll inquisition, taken April 26th,
1403, at Newcastle upon Tyne, that Alice, who was wife of Sir
John Manners, Knight, held at her death two parts of l6s. rent,
issuing out of a tenement belonging to the prior of Tynmouth,
in the said town of Newcastle ; and that Richard de Goldesbo-
rough, Knight, and Joan his wife, held the other third part as
her dower, with remainder to the said Alice, who died on St.
Stephen's day last, and that William de Whytchestre was her son
and heir, and above thirty years old. And by another1 inquisi-
tion taken at Newcastle, on the feast of the purification of the
Virgin Mary, in 4 Henry IV. the jury found, that Alice, who
was the wife of Sir John Manners, Knight, died seised of two
parts of the manors of Seton de-la- Vale, Chollerton, and North
Dissington, and two parts of a fourth of the manor of Hertlaw,
and also of a fourth part of the said manor, likewise of the rever-
sion of a third part of the said manors of Seton de-la -Vale, Chol-
lerton, and North Dissington, and of a third of a fourth part of
Stertlawe manor, with divers other lands, which Joan, the wife
of Sir Henry de-la-Vale, Knight, held in dower, the remainder
whereof was in William de Whytchestre of Whytchestre, son and
heir of the said Alice.

Whereby it appears, that she was the widow of William
Whytchestre, and afterwards wife to Sir John de Manners, who
had issue by her John his son and heir, Robert de Manners of
Barrington, John de Manners, and Gilbert de Manners.

Which John was constituted k sheriff of the county of Nor-
thumberland in 1413, and in the reign of Henry VI. he, and
John his son, were accused of the death of William Heron, Esq.
and Robert Atkinson, and prosecuted for the same by Sir Robert
Umphreville, Knight, and Isabel, then the widow of William
Heron ; so that an award was made, bearing date September 28th,
1430, by John, then prior of Durham, and Thomas, prior of
Tinmouth, to whom it was referred (by the persons in each part
concerned) that the said John de Manners, and John his second
son, should cause 500 masses to be sung for the health of the soul
of the same William Heron, within one year then next ensuing,
and pay unto Sir Robert Umphreville and Isabel, to the use of

» Esc 4 Hen. IV. n 27. '' Ibid.

" Rot- Pip. 1 Hen. V. m 3-

460 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

her the said Isabel, and her children by the said William Heron,
200 marks.

This Sir John Manners received the honour of knighthood
before the J 2th year of Henry VI. when on a complaint of the
commons in parliament of the violation of the laws of the king-
dom, ' he was among the principal knights of the county of
Northumberland, who swore to maintain the King's laws for
themselves and retainers, and were returned into Chancery. And
with him was also returned Robert de Manners, Esq. his son and
heir. He departed this life on September 6th, 1438, the afore-
said Robert de Manners, his son and heir, being at that time thirty
years old and more, as the m inquisition shews, taken after his
death at Whityncham in the county of Northumberland, when
the jury found that Sir John Manners^ Knight, died seised of the
manor and town of Ethale in the said county, wherein there was
a capital messuage demolished, and nothing worth, and the lands
much impoverished by the invasions of the Scots.

This Sir John Manners n was buried in the church of the
Augustine friers in London. He married Anne, daughter of Sir
John Middleton, Knight, ° and had issue by her, beside the said
Robert, John de Manners, Esq. second son, before mentioned,
who was buried in the p body of the collegiate church of St. Mary
at Warwick, under a stone inlaid with brass, representing him
standing in armour on a lion procumbent, and round the verge of
the said stone and at bis feet, are these inscriptions cut in brass,
in characters of the time.

Hie Jacet Johannes Maners, Armiger, quondam Serviens No~
lilissimi Comitis Warwici, & Salusberie, Domini Ricardi Nevylle,
& Anne de Bella campo uxoris ejusdem comitis predicti, qui oliit,
.... die mensis Junij Anno Domini mcccc lxxxxii. cujus anime
propitietur Deus. Amen.

At his feet.
For the love of God and in the Day of Charitie
Pray for the Soule of John Maners now eodid this lyff,
Which lieth berid under this Ston her as ze may see,
Whom Jhu Crist brynge to Hevyn into everlasting lyffe,
Where is everlasting blysse and never schale be no stryffe,
Who prayeth for his Soule God of his Grace them send
Hevyn blysse to be their raed at their last end.

I Fuller's Worthies, p 42, 51a " Esc. A- 17 Hen VI. n. iS.

• Stow'* Surrey of London, Edit. An- 1683, p 186.

• Mr. Edmondton't Baronag ium pned. > Dug- Antiq. of Warn. p. 348

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 46l

Sir Robert, the eldest son and heir, was sheriff of North-
umberland ; and, in consideration of his special services performed
in the marches towards Scotland, had, in 27 Henry VI. ai joint
grant with Sir Henry de Percie, Knight, of all the goods and
chattels of Sir Robert Ogle, Knight, who was then outlawed.
And the year following, he was, with Humphry Stafford, Duke
of Bucks, John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and r others, conser-
vators of the truce then made with the Scots ; as s also in 29
Henry VI. for that truce, agreed on between the Kings of
England and Scotland, to last from August 15th, 1451, to August
15th, 1454.

This Sir Robert married Joane daughter of Sir Robert Ogle, l
and by her was father of another Sir Robert Manners, who, in
31 Henry VI. u was also one of the conservators for a new truce,
agreed on to commence from May 21st, 1453, to the same day
in the year 1457. In 33 Henry VI. he was x sheriff of the
county of Northumberland, and in 38 Henry VI. v one of the
knights of the shire returned for the said county, to the parlia-
ment then held. In the same year he was one of the conser-
vators of the truce, concluded with the Scots, to continue for
three years from July 6th, 1460.

In 1461, the first year of Edward IV. in consideration of his
true and faithful service done to the King himself, as well as to
his father,7- he had a grant for life of twenty marks per annum,
issuing out of the manors of Locre, Newcham, Newslede, Shen-
how, and Elyngham, in the county of Northumberland ; which
manors came to the King by the forfeitures of Henry, late Earl
of Northumberland. In the a 3d and b 4th years of Edward IV.
he was sheriff of the county of Northumberland, (before which
time he had received the honour of knighthood.) Which c office,
until the reign of Edward VI. was of great power and trust, the
sheriffs never accounting to the King in his exchequer, but re-
ceived the issues and profits to their own use, with all debts, fines,
and amerciaments, within the said county, and all emoluments
accruing from alienations, intrusions, wards, marriages, reliefs,

1 Rot Pat A. 27 Hen VI- p 1 m 20

r Rymer's Feed, torn xi p 253- ' I bid p 293.

1 Mr. Edmondson's Baronagium prajd- u Ibid, p 334

R. Fin. 33 Hen. VI m 22. > Prynn's Brcv. Pari. vol. i p. 66

z R. Claus. A. 1 Ed. IV in 12 • R Fin A. 3 Ed- IV. m. 2-

" Fuller's Worthies, p 512 c Ibid p. 314.

462 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

&c. which was chiefly to encourage them to be on their guard
against the Scots.

In the said 4th year of Edward IV. he was in such favour with
Richard Nevile, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury (the greatest
Peer in England, and surnamed the King Maker) that ind con-
sideration of his services done, and to be done, he granted him an
annuity of twenty marks out of the revenues of his lordship of
Barnard Castle, during his life ; and the next year was consti-
tuted deputy toe Richard, Duke of Gloucester (then admiral of
England, Ireland, and Aquitain) for ail the sea coasts in the
bishoprick of Durham, from the mouth of Tese, to that of Twede :
and was again sheriff of the county of Northumberland, in the f
3d year of Richard III. s He married Eleanor, eldest sister and
coheir of Edmund, Lord Roos, who died October 13th, 1503, at
Enfield in Middlesex, and daughter of Thomas, Lord Roos, by
Philippa his wife, eldest daughter of John Lord Tiptoft, and
Lord Powys, sister to John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, and
Knight of the Garter, and coheir to her nephew Edward Earl of
Worcester j whereby he greatly increased his estate, and, among
other possessions, had the antient seat of Belvoir Castle, in
Lincolnshire, built by Robert de Todenei, a noble Norman, on a
stately h ascent, overlooking the beautiful valley adjacent (thence
by him called Belvoir, from the fair view of the country there-
abouts) and became the chief seat of that great barony, bestowed
on him by William the Conqueror. Which seat and barony, in
the reign of Henry III. devolved on Robert de Roos, a gre;.t
Baron, by marriage with Isabel, daughter and heir of William de
Albini, the fourth of that name ; descended from the said Robert
de Todenei : and from the Lord Roos it came to Sir Robert Man-
ners, by his marriage with the eldest daughter and heir of that
noble family, as is before related. And he was also possessed of
Helmesley (alias Hamlake) castle in Yorkshire, and Orston
castle in the county of Nottingham, with divers other manors and
lands belonging to the said Lord Roos, who was lineally descended
from William, Lord Roos, of Hamlake, who died in 10 Edward II.

* Ex Autog olim apud Haddon. * Ibid.

f Fuller's Worthies, p 314.
* In the Percy article, it is said, upon the authority of the Sion evidences,
that in 1480 he had the office of Master Forester to the Earl of Northumber-
land, " an office," there stated to have been " of great dignity."
k Li-land's I tin vol i- fol 114-

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 46s

and was one of the competitors for the kingdom of Scotland,
being great grandson of Robert, Lord Roos, and Isabel his wife,
natural daughter of William, King of Scotland : but a more par-
ticular account of the great families of Albini and Roos, is reserved
for the article of Baroness Roos. h

The said Sir Robert Manners had issue two sons, ' George,
and Edward Manners ; and three daughters, Elizabeth, married
to Sir k William Fairfax, of Steeton Castle in com. Ebor. Knight,
a justice of the Common Pleas, son to Sir Guy Fairfax, a justice
of the Court of King's Bench, from whom the Lord Fairfax of
Cameron in Scotland is descended ; Dorothy, married to Thomas
Fairfax, son of Sir William ; and Cecily, wedded to Thomaa
Fairfax, Esq. a serjeant at law, brother of the said Sir William.

Which George Manners had the title of Loud Roos, in
1487, ' aftcr the decease of his Tnother, who was also lineal heir
to the baronies ofVaux, Trusbut, and Belvoir. In 1497, m he
was in that expedition into Scotland, when Alton, between Ber-
wick and Dunbar, was taken; and, for his conduct and bravery,
knighted by the Earl of Surry, general of the army.

In 14 Henry VII. the King having called together the three
states of the kingdom for their asM-nt to the ■ peace made with
France, at Estaples near Boulogne, November 3d, 14QI, this Sir
George Manners, with Thomas Lumlty, Esq. were the two spe-
cially deputed by the lords and commons of the diocese of Dur-
ham, to meet the King on that arduous affair, and they gave their
assent thereto. In 5 Henry VIII. on that expedition made by the
King himself into France, he was, in consideration of his loyalty,
care, and industry,0 commissioned with Thomas, Marquis of
Dorset, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, and others, to review the forces
that were going under the command of the said Marquis of
Dorset. Before the end of which year, being with King Henry
VI IL at the siege off Therouene and Tournay, he there fell sick
and died. His last testament bears date three days before his

* Sec also Dr. Thoroton's Nottinghamshire, folio 115, and Wright's An-
tiquities of Rutlandshire, folio 8, and Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. i. p aa.
I Mon. Ang. vol i p. 719. k Inland's Collect, vol i p 911.

1 By what right could this be, as his uncle Edmund Roos, Lord Roos,
did not die till 1508 ?

m E. MS in Bibl Cotton ClaudiuSi c 2.

■ Rymer'sFoed torn xii p 710, 711- ° Ibid torn. Xiii. p.364.

p Weever's Funeral Monum. p. 4*8.

464 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

death, viz. October 30th, 1513, wherein he orders^ his body to
be buried next unto the place where he shall happen to die, or
elsewhere, at the direction of his executors, who were Anne, his
Lady, and Sir Thomas Lovel, Knight. He bequeaths to each of
his daughters, unmarried, 300 marks, to be paid at the time of
their marriage, or within four years after, if the husband be not
twenty -one years of age, or at such time as the husband came of
age. He requires his feoffees to suffer his executors to receive
the profits of his lordships, manors, lands, and tenements, called
Helmesley, Storthwaite, Haugh, Cowhouse in Grane, Harom,
Ravinsthorp, Boltby, and Turneham Halle, in the county of
York, except in Storthwaite, which is appointed part of his wife's
jointure. Also, that the feoffees in his lands, &c. which Sir
Robert Manners his father held, and took the profits (except the
manor of Barington, in the county of Northumberland) make a
grant of 20/. issuing thereout yearly, to each of his younger sons
for life, with a clause of distress. And that his son Thomas
Manners, and Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir Robert Lovel,
Knight, and the heirs of their bodies, take the profits of the
manors, lands, and tenements, called Pokley, Bindlowc, Howsom,
Oswoldkyrk, and Ampleford, in the county of York; and that
they stand seised of the same, to the use of the said Thomas
Manners and Elizabeth his wife, and the heirs of their bodies.

He married Anne, sole daughter and heir of Sir Thomas St.
I>eger, Knight, by Anne, bis wife, daughter to Richard Duke of
York, and sister to Edward IV. which last Anne was first mar-
ried to Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, by whom she had no
issue. r Which Sir Thomas St. Leger founded a chantry in the
north cross isle of the royal chapel of St. George in Windsor
Castle, • wherein he and the Duchess his wife lie buried. Also in
the said chantry lieth intombed this George Manners, Lord
Roos, and Anne his Lady, with this inscription cut in black letters
in brass, round the verge thereof, as here exhibited.

Here lyelhe buried George Maners Knyght Lorde Roos who
decescd the xxvii daye of Octobre in the yere of our Lorde God
MVCXIII. and Lad ye Anne his wyfe, daughter of Anne Duchess
of Exelur, suster unto King Edward the fourthe and of Thomas

* Fcttyplace, Qu. 24. in Cur Praerog. Archiep. Cantuar.

• Sandford's Gcneal Hist of the Kings of England, p. 395.

• See an engraving of their figures in brass, as they exist in the Rutland
chapel there, in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. i p. 41.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. -ur,

Sentlynger, Knyght. The wyche Anne decessed the xxi day of
Apryl in the yere of our Lord God, MycXXVI. On wlwse
soulls God have mercy. Amen. l

They had issue u five sons, Thomas, Sir Oliver, Anthony, Sir
Richard, and John, as also six daughters 3 Anne, wife of Sir
Henry Capel, of Raynes in Essex, Knight ; Eleanor, married to
John Bourchier, Earl of Bath ; Elizabeth, to Thomas, Lord Sands
of the Vyne; Catherine, to Sir Robert Constable, of Evcringham,
in the county of York, Knight ; Margaret, first married to Sir
Henry Strangeways, and secondly, to Robert Heneage, Esq.
auditor of the duchy of Lancaster ; and Cecily, who died un-
mairied.

Oliver" was knighted by Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk,
at Roy in France, having been at the taking of the towns of Bray
and Montdedier.

But of the said younger sons, Sir Richard Manners, Knight,
who in 15-17 had a grant of several manors and lands in the
counties of Leicester, Salop, Stafford, and Worcester, only left
issue, having married first Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert
Dimock, of Scrivelsby in com. Line. Knight, and widow of
Richard Vernon, of Nether Haddon, in the county of Derby,
Esq. by whom she had issue Sir George Vernon, whose sole
daughter and heir, Dorothy, was wife to Sir John Manners, lineal
ancestor to his Grace the present Duke of Rutland ; but the
said Margaret died 1550, and was buried at St. Catherine Cree
church, London, y without issue by the said Sir Richard Manners,

who married, secondly, widow of Sir William Coffyn,

younger brother to Richard Coffyn, of Portledge in Devon, and
by her was father of John Manners, Esq.

The eldest son Thomas Manners, Lord Roos, and piest
Earl of Rutland, in June 1520, 12 Henry VIII. waited on
the King and Queen at their meeting Francis I. the French
King, r and his consort, in the vale between Ardres and Guisuesj
and had in bis retinue two chaplains, two gentlemen, eighteen
servants, and twelve horses.

In 14 Henry VIII. he a was constituted Warden of the East
Marches towards Scotland*} and in 10' Henry VII I. b had special

t A print of this monument is in Nichols's Leicestershire, ut supr.

« Weever's Fun. Monuments, p. 418 * Stow's Annals, p fit.

, Strype, H. in- p f

i MS in Bibl Joh Anstis, Arm. not B 5 p 380

* Ex Autog apucl Belvoir. b Pat. 16 Hen. VIII p. 1.

VOL. 1. 2 H

466 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

livery of all the manors, castles, and lands, descended to him
from the Lady Eleanor, his grandmother, sister and coheir to
Edmund, Lood Roos j and also from Isabel, the other sister and
coheir to the said Edmund.

The year following, on April 23d, at a chapter of the garter c
held at Greenwich, being then Lord Roos, he was elected a knight
of that most noble order ; but the King, after breaking up of
that chapter, being certified that the said Lord Roos had never
been knighted, whereas the statutes of the most noble order re-
quire, that whoever is a companion in it should (at least) be a
Knight Batchelor, he immediately called them back to the
chapter, declaring the election of Lord Roos to be void, for the
cause aforesaid, and ordered the badges of the most noble order to
be taken from him. And they being on that declaration taken
from him, his Majesty did (as the register sets forth) with his
drawn sword create him a knight; and proceeding immediately
with the companions to a new election, the Lord Roos was pre-
sently again unanimously elected a companion of the order, and
declared so by the King ; who commanding it, all the badges
were restored to him, by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and
he was placed in the stall appointed him, by the Lords Fitzwalter
and Bergaveny. The same year the King, at his royal palace of
Bridewell, creating divers nobles, this Thomas, Lord Roos, was
then, in consideration of his high descent, d advanced to the dig-
nity of Earl of Rutland, by letters patent bearing date June
18th, 1/ Henry VIII. a title which none but the royal family had
ever born. And by reason of his descent from the sister of Ed-
ward IV. had an augmentation to his ancient arms j e Or, two
Bars, Azure, and a Chief, Gules (as they appear on his father's
tomb in St. George's chapel) ; which Chief was augmented to
quarterly, Azure and Gules, and in the first quarter, two Flower
de Luces, Or ; in the second, a Lion passant, guardant, Or; the
third as the second, the fourth as the first. And seven days after
his creation, viz. June 25th, he was installed one of the knights
companions of the most noble order of the garter.

In 21 Henry VIII. he had summons f to parliament as Earl of
Rutland, and on July 13th, 1530, the year following, was one of
the great men who s subscribed that declaration, then sent to

c Anstis's Regist. of the Garter, vol i. p 369.

* Stow's Annals, p 526. <= Sandford, piaed p 395.

f Rymer's Foed. torn xiv. p. 302, &c.

« Herb. HUf of Hen VI 11- p. 306.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 467

Pope Clement VII. whereby he had intimation, that unless he
did comply with King Henry in that affair of his divorce from-
Queen Catherine, his supremacy in England would be much en-
dangered. And when the parliament met again after Easter, in
23 Henry VIII. he was h one of the lords, who, by the King's ap-
pointment, with the lord chancellor, declared to the commons,
" how that the marches between England and Scotland were
very little inhabited on the English side, but on the Scottish side
were much peopled, dwelling even on the border ; by reason
whereof they invaded England divers times, to his subjects' great
hurt j wherefore the King intended to make dwelling houses
there, and divers new piles and stops, to hinder the Scotch inva-
sions : but as this could not be done without great costs, they
prayed the commons to grant the King some reasonable aid
towards it."

In October 1532, 24 Henry VIII. he' was at the interview
between King Henry VIII. and Francis I. the French King, at
Sandingfield, from whence they rode to Boulogne, and thence to
Calais. In 25 Henry VIII. k he attended in his barge Queen Anne
(mother of Queen Elizabeth) on her coming from Greenwich to
her coronation, June 1st, and was one of her judges in 1536. In
which year, 28 Henry VIII. on that insurrection in Lincolnshire,
under Dr. Makerel, prior of Barlings, occasioned by the dissolu-
tion of the lesser monasteries, and certain injunctions in matters
of religion, he ' received command to require them, by proclama-
tion, on peril of their lives, to return to their due obedience ; and
raising a great power, he was very instrumental in quelling that
rebellion. And soon after, on that insurrection in Yorkshire,
called " The Pilgrimage of Grace," he1" offered his service in
order to the suppressing thereof, which he performed.

In 1539, 31 Henry VIII. he " was appointed by the King,
lord chamberlain to Queen Anne of Cleves, and sent from Green-
wich to attend her before her marriage. In 32 Henry VIII. he
was ° constituted Chief Justice in Eyre of all the King's forests
beyond Trent. And in 33 Henry VIII. in consideration of his
services, p had a grant of the manor of Muston in the county of
Leicester, part of the possessions of the dissolved priory of Osul-

" Hall's Chron, fol. 203. i Stowe's Ann. p. 560

* Hall's Chron. fol. 213. ' Herb. Hist, of Hen VIII. p 411
■» Ibid. p.'4i3- n Hall, p. 238

• Pat. 3a Hen. VIII. p. 3. t Pat. ^ Hen. VIII. p. 2.

468 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

veston in that county; likewise of the manors ofWaltham and
Croxton in the same county; as also of the manors of Upwell,
Out well, Elme, and Emnithe, in the counties of Norfolk and
Suffolk, part of the possessions of the late dissolved monastery of
Nun Eaton in the county of Warwick. Also of the manor of
Braunston in the county of Northampton, part of the possessions
of the abbey of Lilshull in the county of Salop, and the manors of
Bellesdale and Helrnesley, with the rectory of the church at
Helmesley, part of the possessions of the late dissolved monastery
of Kirkham in the county of York, with divers lands in Brandes-
dale in the said county of York, sometime belonging to the
abbey of Rievaulx.

In 1,142, being constituted i warden of the Marches, he ac-
companied v the Duke of Norfolk (then general of an army con-
sisting of twenty thousand men) in his invasion of Scotland, Oc-
tober 21st, where they staid eight days expecting the enemy, and
at their return burnt twenty towns and villages.

His last will bears date August 10th, 1543. He bequeaths
to Oliver Manners, one of his younger sons, his manor of How-
some, with the appurtenances. To John Manners, one of his
younger sons, his manor of Thornton in Craven, with the ap-
purtenances in Thornton in Craven, Earesby, and Kelbroke, in
the county of York. To Roger Manners, his son, the manor of
Linton upon Ouse, with the appurtenances in Linton, and Yolton,
in com. Ebor. To Thomas Manners, his son, his manor of
Turnham hall, and Cliff, in the parish of Hemmyngburg, with
the appurtenances. To his three daughters, Elizabeth, Frances,
and Catherine, 60l. per ann. each, until they be married, and
toward their marriage 1000/. each. He settles on his eldest son
Henry, Lord Roos, and Margaret his wife, the manor of Melton
Ross, in com. Line, and all his lands in Melton Ross, Beckby,
Kernyngton, Barnaby, Ulceby, Wrawby, Glamford Bruggs,
Elsham, and Wotton ; the manor of Orston, and the Sooke, and
all the lands, &c. in Orston, Streton, Kneton, Scarrington, Car-
colston, Thurverton, Staunton, and Dalington, in the county of
Nottingham, as her jointure : and constitutes his executors,
Eleanor, Countess of Rutland, his wife, Sir Richard Manners,
Knight, his brother, Sir John Chaworth, Knight, Augustine
Porter, Henry Digby, and Robert Thurston, Esqrs. s

q Pat 34 Hen. VIII. p !. r Herb, ut antea, p. 483

» See a fuller extract containing a more ample enumeration of his pos-
sessions in Nichols, ut sup. vol i. p. 43.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 46g.

He died on September 20th, J 543, and was buried in the
chancel of the church at Botsford (near Belvoir Castle) in com.
Leic. where a monument is erected 10 his memory. *

He had to his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Robert
Lovel, Knight, by whom he had no issue. But by Eleanor before
mentioned, daughter of Sir William Paston, of Paston in Norfolk,
Knight, (which Lady died 1551, and is buried at St. Leonard,
Shoreditch, London u) he had issue five sons, and six daughters.

Henry, his successor.

Sir John, second son, ancestor to his Grace the present Duke
of Rutland, of whom I shall hereafter treat.

Roger, third son, seated at Uffington, x in com. Line, one of
the esquires for the body to the Queens, Mary and Elizabeth,
and dying in 1587, was buried in the church of Uffington. y He
gave four scholarships to Corpus Christi College in Cambridge,
and was a great benefactor to the chapel.

Thomas, fourth son, z who after many valiant services per-
formed by him for his Prince and country, both in Ireland and
Scotland, where he was knighted, and witnessed by sundry great
wounds he therein received, died about the age of fifty 5,< in June,
15yi, and was buried at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, London. He *
married Theodocia, daughter of Sir Thomas Newton, Knight,
and left issue Charles his son and heir, and two daughters, Anne,
wife of William Vavasor, of Haslewood in Yorkshire, Esq father,
by her, of Sir Thomas Vavasor the first Bart, of that family : °
also Eleanor, wife to Thomas Poutrell, of West Hallam in Derby-
shire, Esq. without issue.

Oliver, fifth son,c died in his younger years, anno 1563, about
the age of twenty, yet not before good proof made of his valour
and forwardness in the seivice of Newhaven against the French,
where he caught the plague, of which he died shortly after ; and
was also buried in Shoreditch church, d near his mother Eleanor,
Countess of Rutland, who died anno 1551, as the inscription on
a monument there erected to their memory, shewed.

t See an account of it in Nichols, p. ioi-
■ Stow's Survey of London, p. 471, and Nichols, p. 44.
x In 1576 he obtained so much of the lands of Patshull, com. North-
ampton, as had not been before granted. Nichols, p 44.

y See his epitaph, ibid. ■ E Collect. The. Meller-

- Stow, ut supra. 1, Nichols, p. 45.

c Rymer, torn. xv. p 96.
It s eems by the inscription at Uilington, that hedied there. Nichols, p 44.

■ r

7

470 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

The six daughters of the said Thomas, Earl of Rutland, Were,
Gertrude, married to George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury ; Anne,
to Sir Henry Nevil, Earl of Westmorland ; Frances, to Henry
Nevil, Lord Abergavenny j Catherine, to Sir Henry Capel, of
Raynes in Essex, Knight, ancestor by her (who died on March
t)th, 1572) to the present Earl of Essex; Elizabeth, to Sir John
Savage, of Rock Savage, Knight, from whom the late Earls Rivers
descended ; and Isabel, who died young.

Henry, second Eakl of Rutland, the eldest son, in 1546,
was one of the English Noblemen e who weie present when
Francis I. the French King, took an oath to observe the articles
of peace concluded on the confines of Ardres and Guisnes, June
7th, between his commissioners and the commissioners of the
King of England. In 1547, he with 3000 men, took and sacked
Haddington in Scotland. f In 2 Edward VI. he was constable of
the Castle of Nottingham, and chief justice of Shirewood forest ;
and the year after constituted warden of the East and Middle
Marches towards Scotland. And the council not thinking it ne-
cessary to keep the town of Haddington in Scotland, as the gar-
rison coind not be victualled but with a great power to conduct
the carriages in safety (the enemy being ready to distress them
on any opportunity) the Earl of Rutland wass ordered thither to
see the fortifications razed, and to conduct the men and ordnance
into England. Whereupon he marched with three thousand
Almains, and as many Borderers, in September 1540, and not
only executed his commission, by destroying the town and bring-
ing away the artillery, but made wide waste in his passage by
ruin and spoil, returning to Berwick without any encounter. In
1551, he h accompanied the Marquis of Northampton into France,
on a solemn embassy to Henry II. and to present him with the
ensigns of the most noble Order of the Garter. In 6 Edward VI.
he was at a muster in Hyde Park before the King, at the head of
an hundred men of arms in yellow and blue, his standard a pea-
cock and pencils.

On the accession of Queen Mary, being suspected of having
favoured the Lady Jane Grey, he was committed to the Fleet,
but soon after discharged ; and was one of the lords who attended
on Philip, Prince of Spain, at his landing at Southampton, July
19th, 1554, in order to his nuptials with the Queen, which were

e Ex Autog apud Belvoir. f Nichols, p. 45.

e Hey ward's Lifeof Edw. VI- b Ibid,

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 4;t

celebrated at Winchester on the 25th. Jn 1555 he completed
the noble design, which had been far advanced by his father, of
rebuilding the family mansion at Belvoir, and making a nobler
structure, than ever if had been before. ' In 3 and 4 of Phil, and
Mar. he was k made captain general of all the forces then de-
signed to pass the seas, and also of the whole fleet : but at the
siege of St. Quintin in Picardy, served only as general of the
horse.

When Queen Elizabeth came to the crown, she ' constituted
him Lieutenant for the counties of Nottingham and Rutland ;
and on April 23d, 155g, being elected a Knight of the most noble
Order of the Garter, he m was installed at Windsor, on June 3d
following. And in the 3d of Queen Elizabeth, being president of
the North, he" was commissioned with the Archbishop of York,
the Bishop of Durham, and others, in confidence of their ap-
proved piety, wisdom, and prudence, to examine such persons as
did not conform to the religion established, and to administer to
them the oath appointed to be taken by act of parliament, in the
first year of her reign.

By his last will and testament,0 bearing date July 5th, 1560,
he bequeathed his body to be buried in the parish church of Bots-
ford, if he should die within the realm 3 and appointed that a
tomb suitable to his estate should be made there. He bequeathed
to his daughter Elizabeth a thousand pounds for her portion, and
30Z. per annum for her maintenance until her marriage, or age
of twenty-one years. To John, his second son, he gave his manor
and rectory of Helmesley, sometime belonging to the monastery
of Kirkham, as also his manors of Roos, and Holderness, and
fee farm of 40/. per annum, issuing out of the city of York,
during his life. To Edward Lord Roos, his eldest son and heir,
all his armour, ammunition, and weapons : and ordered that all his
goods, chattels, jewels, plate, and household stuff, which could be
left unsold, to be divided betwixt his wife and the said Edward
his son, when he should arrive at the age of twenty-one years :
and by a schedule annexed, increased the portion of his daughter
Elizabeth, five hundred marks, if she should marry with the con-
sent of his wife, and George, Earl of Shrewsbury his brother-in-
law, and of his brother John Manners, or any two of them,

1 Nichols, p 45. * Ex Autog.apud Bclvoir.

, Hollingshed, p i J33. * Ex Collect. Tho. Mell

Rymer's Feed, torn xiii, 611. u Ex Autog apud Bel voir.

472 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

whereof his wife to be one. He also gave 200/. to be distributed
among his household servants, as his wife should.judge conve-
nient : and dying * on September 1/th, £SB, lieth buried at
Botsford. ,Sa:>-

He married two wives, i first, Margaret, daughter to Ralph
Nevil, fourth Earl of Westmorland, who died )55Q, and was
buried at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, London, r by whom he had
issue two sons, Edward, and John, successively Earls of Rutland,
also a daughter, viz. Elizabeth, married to Sir William Courtnay,
of Poudcrham Castle, in com. Devon. His second wife was
Bridget, daughter of John, Lord Hussey, of Sleford, in com.
Line, widow of Sir Richard Morrison, of Cashiobury, in com.
Heitf. Knight, who surviving without any issue by him, was
afterwards married to Francis, Earl of Bedford, and dying on
January 12th, 1600, set. /5, was buried at Watford in Hertford-
shire.

Edward, third Earl of Rutland, his eldest son, was in
several eminent employments, which are thus set forth in the in-
scription on his monument at Botsford, where he lies buried. In
ann. 1569, H Elizabeth, he was sent into the north parts, the
Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland being then in re-
bellion, and made lieutenant to Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex
(then lord general of her Majesty's army) also colonel of the foot,
and- one of the council in that service, being then but twenty
years of age, and in ward to her Majesty. In the year 15/0, he
travelled into France. In the year 1582, he was made lieutenant
of the county of Lincoln. In the year 1584, 'Knight of the
Garter. And on July fjth, 1586, as chief commissioner for her
Majesty, concluded a league of stricter amity with the Scottish
King's commissioners at Berwick upon Tweed. ' Camden, in his
History of Queen of Elizabeth, Book iii. p. 127, relates, that the
Queen designed to make him Lord Chancellor on the death of
Chancellor Bromley, but that he died six days after him, being a
profound lawyer, and a man accomplished with all polite learning.
He died at his house at Ivy Bridge, in the Strand,, London, on
April 14th, 1587, in the thirtieth year of his age, l leaving issue

p I nscrip. Tumuli, i Oct 21, Strype, and Nichols.

r Chauncey's and Salmon's Histories of Hertfordshire, and the epitaph
is in Nichols, p 46.

« Holinshed, vol. iii. p 155.
t See an abstract of his will in Nichols, p 46,47 Ex Registr. Spencer,
qu 79 in Cur. Prerog. Sec also his epitaph in Nichols, p 101.

DUKE OF RUTLAND . 473

by Isabel his wife, daughter of Sir Thomas, Holcroft, of the Vale
Royal Abbey in Cheshire, Knight, one sole daughter Elizabeth,
who at the age of thirteen became Baroness Roos, and married
Sir William Cecil, Knight of the Garter (commonly called Lord
Burghley) son and heir apparent to Thomas, Earl of Exeter, by
whom he had issue William Cecil, who had the title of Lord
Roos, and died in Italy, June 27th, 1618, without issue; for his
mother dying at the house of her grandfather Sir Thomas Hol-
croft, in Tower street, London, on April Uth, 15Q\, ann. 33 Eli-
zabeth, was buried on May 19th following, in St. Nicholas chapel,
Westminster Abbey ; he being at that time but one year old, was,
at her funeral, after the service of the church, proclaimed by the
title of Lord Roos, of Hamlake, Truslut, and Belvoir, against
Francis Manners Earl of Rutland; but on his death without
issue the said barony of Roos reverted to the Earls of Rutland.

To this Earl Edward succeeded John, fourth Earl of Rut-
land, his brother and heir male. In the reign of Queen Eliza-
beth, he was u made constable of Nottingham castle, and x lieute-
nant of Nottinghamshire. By his last will, * made when sick,
February 23d, 1587, he orders his body to be buried in the parish
church ofBotsford, in com. Leices. under such tomb as his ex-
ecutors shall think fit to erect ; who were the Countess his be-
loved wife, Roger, Lord Roos, his son and heir apparent, his
loving uncles John Manners, and Roger Manners, one of the
Esquires for the Queen's body, his loving brother Sir Francis
Rode;, one of her justices of the common pleas, and his loving
cousin Sir George Chaworth, Knight, and supervisors, the Lord
Burghley, high treasurer of England, and the Earl of Leicester,
lord high steward of her Majesty's household.

And2 dying February 1 following, was buried at Botsford, a
leaving issue by Elizabeth his wife, daughter to Francis Charlton,
of Apetey castle, in com. Salop, Esq. Roger his son and heir,
Francis and Sir George, successively Earls Rutland; and Sir
Oliver Manners, knighted at Belvoir castle, April 23d, 1603, by
James I. who was entertained there on his first coming from Scot-
land. His daughters were Bridget, married to Robert Tyrwhitt, fc
ofKctleby, in com. Line. Esq. Frances, to William, Lord Wil-

u Ex Autog apud Belvoir. " Ibid.

> Ex Regist. Rutland. Qu iin Cur. Prerog. Cant.

* Inscript. Tumuli * See his epitaph in Nichols, p 101.

» See her Epitaph in Topographer, vol i p. 113.

474 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

loughby of Parham ; whose son Francis Lord Willoughby of
Parham, died 1666, leaving Elizabeth his coheir, married to
Roger Jones Viscaunt Ranelagh, whose coheir, married Thomas
Earl Coningsby, whose coheir, Lady Frances, married Sir Charles
Hanbury Williams, K. B. whose coheir married the Hon. Captain
Robert Boyle Walsingham, whose sole heir Elizabeth, wife of
Lord Henry Fitzgerald, was confirmed Baroness Roos, 1806;
Elizabeth, to Emanuel Scroop, Earl of Sunderland, but died
without issue; and Mary, who died unmarried.

Of which Rooer, fifth Earl of Rutland, it is evident,
from the epitaphc on his tomb at Botsford, that in anno 1595,
37 Elizabeth, he began his first travels into divers parts beyond
the seas, as France, Italy, the Grisons, and the Low Countries,
where he continued three years : that he went voluntarily the
island voyage, and was colonel of foot in the Irish wars, in 1598 1
that he was Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, in the first year of
James I. that the same year he went ambassador to Denmark, to
the christening that King's first son, and with the Order of the
Garter to the King himself.

To which I shall add, that in 42 Elizabeth, he was made d
constable of Nottingham castle, ande chief justice of the forest of
Shirewood j and for his valour in the island voyage, had the
honour of knighthood conferred on him by the Earl of Essex ;
with whom he contracted such a friendship, that he engaged
with the Earl in his insurrection, and thereupon was f committed
to the Tower ; but by the .favour of the Queen was not brought
to his trial, though both he and the Earl of Southampton were
imprisoned till the accession of James I. who in 1603, the first
year of his reign, made R him steward of the manor and soke of
Grantham, besides the employments conferred on him, as before
related. He was also h constituted, in 6 Jac. I. chief justice of
Shirewood forest.

This Roger married Elizabeth, daughter and heir to the
famous Sir Philip Sidney ; but died without issue, June 26th,
1612 ; his wife survived him only two months, ' leaving Francis
his brother and heir.

The memorable actions of which Francis, sixth Earl of

c Nichols, p. 101. * Pat 42 Eliz. p. 14.

f Ex Auto&. apud Belvoir. f Camden's Annals.

* Ex Autog apud Belvoir » ibid.

' Mem. of James's Peers, p. 278.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 475

Rutland, are thus set forth on his monument at Botsford.k At
ten years of age, ann. 1598, he began to travel in France, Lorrain,
and divers parts of Italy, where he was honourably received by
the Princes themselves, and nobly entertained in their courts. In
his return through Germany he had the like honour done him by
Ferdinand, Arch Duke of Austria, at Gratz; and by the Em-
peror Matthias, in his court at Vienna j by Count Swartzem-
bourg, lieutenant of Javarin in Hungary; by Count Rossem-
bourgh, at Prague in Bohemia ; by the Marquis of Brandenburgh,
the Dukes of Saxony, and other German Princes in the court of
Berlin. In 1003, he was made Knight of the Bath, at the coro-
nation of James I. in 1612, lieutenant of Lincolnshire, and justice
in Eyre of all the King's forests and chases on the North of
Trent. In 1616, Knight of the most noble Order of the Garter j
being the same year one of the lords who attended King James,
by his Majesty's special appointment, in his journey to Scotland j
and in 1623, had the command of his Majesty's great ships and
pinnaces, to bring Prince Charles out of Spain ; which service he
happily performed.

To which I shall add, that succeeding his brother as Earl of
Rutland, and as the title of Lord Roos, then claimed, and actually
enjoyed, by William Cecil, could not justly be made use of by
himself, as heir male, by reason the said William Cecil was son
and heir of Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir to Edward, late
Earl of Rutland, who had that title by right of descent from
Eleanor his grandmother, sister and heir to Edmund, Lord Roos,
he procured a special patent, ' bearing date July 22d, 14 Jac.
whereby, he then possessing the land and barony of Hamlake, it
was declared that he should be accepted, and called Lord Roos,
of Hamlake; and that his son and heir should also enjoy the
same name and title. And dying at Bishop's Stortford, in com.
Hertf. on December 17th, anno 1032, was buried at Botsford :
having married two wives, viz. Frances, daughter and coheir to
Sir Henry Knevet, of Charleton in com. Wilts, Knight, widow of
Sir William Bevill, of Kilkhampton, in com. Cornub. Knight, by
whom he had issue an only daughter and heir, Catherine, first
married to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham ; and, secondly,
to Randulph Macdonald, Earl (afterwards Marquis) of Antrim ir
Ireland.

k Nichols, p. ioa. ' Pat. 14 Jac. I. p. 13.

476 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His second wife was ra Cecily, daughter to Sir James Tufton
of Hothfield, in com. Cantij, Knight and Baronet, sister to
Nicholas, Earl ofThanet and widow of Sir Edward Hungerford,
of Farley castle, in Wiltshire, Knight. Which Lady was n buried
in St. Nicholas's chapel in Westminster abbey, September llth,
1653; and he had by her two sons, Henry and Francis, who
both died in their childhood, ° the latter on March /th, 1619, and
was buried in Westminster abbey.

To Earl Francis succeeded Sir George Manners, Knight,
seventh Earl of Rutland, his brother and heir male, knighted
in Ireland, in 15QQ, by Robert, Earl of Essex, for his valiant be-
haviour against the rebels. He married * Frances, daughter of
Sir Edward Cary of Aldenham, in com. Hertf. Knight, sister to
Henry, Viscount Falkland, and widow of Ralph Baesh of Stan-
stead Abbat, in com. Hertf. Esq. and departing this life at his
house in the Savoy, London, 29 Martij, anno 16-11, without issue,
was buried at Botsford 1 with his ancestors} whereby the Earl-
dom of Rutland, and his other titles, devolved on John Manners
of Nether Haddon, in com. Derb. Esq. son and heir to Sir George
Manners, Knight, son and heir of Sir John Manners, second son
of Thomas, the first Earl of Rutland.

Which Sir John Manners married Dorothy, second daughter
and coheir to Sir George Vernon of Nether Haddon, r in the
county of Derby, who died in Q Elizabeth, seized of thirty Lord-
ships and manors ; a«d, for his magnificence and hospitality, was
called King of the Peak

The said Sir John Manners was knighted at Worksop, in
Nottinghamshire, on April 20th, 1603, when he waited on
James I. on his arrival from Scotland. He departed this life at
Nether Haddon, on June 4th, l6li,» was buried at Dakewell in

m J 8 in Offic Arm fol 36, a ■ Ex Regist Eccles

o From the effects, as was supposed at the time, of witchcraft; in conse-
quence Margaret and Philippe Flower were executed, March nth, 1619. Sc«
the particulars in Nichols, p 49

t> J. 8 in Offic Arm fol 73, a * See his epitaph, Nicho s, p 102.

r A most curious and venerable old mansion still remaining in the po -
session of the Duke of Rutland, but uninhabited.

* An upright alabaster monument with figures and shields of arms, in
the quire or side ayle, in Bakcwell church, in Derby :

u Here lyeth John Manners, of Haddon, Knight, fecond son to Thomas
Earl of .Rutland, who died the 4th of June, 161 1- And Dorothy, his wife,
•neof the daughters and heirs of Sir George Vernon, of Haddon, Knight,

DIHCE OP RUTLAND. 477

Derbyshire, ne.tr his Lady, who died before him, 00 Jane 24th.
1584.' They had mue three sons and a daughter, Sir George
Manners, born anno 1573} John, born anno 1576, and died
1390;" and Sir Roger Manners, of W hit well, in com. Derb.
who was knighted at Theobalds, June 2d, 1613, and dying un-
married at Nether Haddon, anno 1650, was buried at Whitwell.
The daughter was Grace, married to Sir Francis Fortescue, of
Salden, in com. Bucks, Knight of the Bath.

Sir George Manners, the eldest son, was married on April 2d,
1594, to Grace, ■ second daughter of Sir Henry Pierpont, > Knight,
and sister to Robert, Earl of Kingston, by whom he had issue
John, his son and heir, who was eleven years old at the visitation
of Derbyshire anno 1611, and succeeded to the earidom of Rut-
land; Henry, born May 14th, 1(JCX), died at Haddon, 16I8 ;
Roger, born December 30th, 1609, died at London \&tf, and
was buried in the chapel of Lincolns-Inn ; Elizabeth, married
April I4tb, lfjl6, to Robert Sutton, of Averham, in com. Not.
afterwards Lord Lexington ; Eleanor, married on October ad,
I(i22, to Lewis Watson, Lord Rockingham, and died October
7th, KJ71) ; Frances, to Nicholas Saunderson, Viscount Castlcton
in Ireland \ Dorothy, born March 19th, 1608, and married to
Sir Thomas Lake, of Cannons in Statimore, in com. Middlesex,
Knight ; and Mary, born January 1st, 1612, wedded to Sir Sack-
ville Crow, of Llanhern, in com. Caermarthen, Bart.

The said Sir George Manners was knighted at Bel voir castle,
April 23d, 1603, by James I. on his first entrance into the king-
dom from Scotland ; and departing this life at Ayleston in Leiccs-

who departed this life the 14th day of June, in (he twenty-sixth year of the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1584 See rol iii Antiq Repertory.

1 Inscription on monument in third vol. of the Antiq Repertory-

■ In Bakewcll church com Derby, m the quire or side ayle, is a small
monument with this inscription :

•• Here lieth buried John Manner*, gentleman, third son of Sir Joha Man.
iters, Knight, who died the xvith day of July, in the year of our Lord Cod
1590, bcint; of the age of fourteen years." Antiq Repertory

' I he monumental inscription or this Sir George Maancrs, is pnatod in
the third rol of the Antiq. Repertory, where Grace is called the socostd
daughter.

' In GotTs Notes, a Funeral Book, is a sketch in a losenge of the arm*
with twenty quarterings, impaling the arm* of Pscreputnf with eghtces
quarterings for the Lady Manners, who died at her lodgings a I levt.itrrrt,
in February 1650. ami buried at -in Detby»hinj she was tl

of Pierepoint.

4;8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

tershire, oh April 23d, 1623, wa3 buried near his father at Bake-
well, and succeeded in his estate by John his eldest son.

Which John, eighth Earl of Rutland, born at Ayleston,
on June 10th, l604, was sheriff of Derbyshire, z in 9 and 11
Car. I. and onea of the knights for that county in 15 Car. I.
On the death of George, Earl of Rutland, in 1641, he succeeded
him in that honour: he was married, in 162S, at Barnwell
castle in Northamptonshire, to Frances, daughter of Edward,
Lord Montagu of Boughton, and by her had four sons, whereof
George, Edward, and Roger, dying young, were buried at Bake-
well ; so that John, the third son, only survived him. He had
also seven daughters ; Lady Frances, born at Nether Haddon,
married to John Cecil, Earl of Exeter; Lady Grace, born at
Haddon, wedded to Patricius, Viscount Chaworth of Ardmagh in
Ireland, and secondly, to Sir William Langhorn, of Charleton
in Kent, Bart. ; and dying in the sixty-ninth year of her age,
February 15th, 1699, was buried at Charleton, where a monu-
ment is erected to her memory, on which is the following in -
scription.

To the pious memory of the Right Honourable the Lady Grace,
Viscountess of Ardmagh, second daughter of the Right Honourable
John Earl of Rutland, and in second marriage wife of Sir William
Langhorn, Bart, who exchanged this life for a better the 15th of
ttIoj in the 60th year of her age. Her mortal remains are here
deposited, in hopes of a bletsed resurrection, whose admirable en-
dowments, conspicuous virtues, nobleness of mind, conjugal affec-
tion, sincere and exemplary piety, were illustrious instances that
the wise King required no impracticable accomplishments in his
perfect matron.

Lady Margaret, born at London, married to James Cecil,
Earl of Salisbury j Lady Dorothy, born at Bel voir, married to
Anthony, Lord Ashley, son and heir of Anthony, Earl of Shaftes-
bury j Lady Elizabeth, born at London, married to James Lord
Annesley (son and heir of Arthur) Earl of Anglesey ; Lady Anne,
born at London, married to Scroop, Lord Viscount How ; and
Lady Mary, who died at twelve years of age, anno l66y.

This noble Earl, in the course of our unhappy civil wars, had
the good conduct to disengage himself from the extravagancies of
those times, though he sat in the house of peers at Westminster.

" Fuller's Worthies in com Dcrb. * E. Collect B. Willis, Arm.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 479

He was in the list of those nominated and recommended by the
house of commons to the King, on February 12th, 1642, as tit to
be intrusted with the miiitia of the kingdom, wherein they de-
sired the concurrence of the house of peers. He was likewise
nominated, in 1643, to go on an embassy to the Scots, to desire
they would advance with an army for the relief of the parliament ;
but, as Lord Clarendon relates, the Earl of Rutland thought it so
desperate a cure, that pretending an indisposition of health, he
procured a release. And soon after being appointed, with the
Earl of Bolingbroke and others, commissioners for executing the
office of Lord Chancellor of England, he was, as the before
mentioned noble author writes, so modest, as to think himself
not sufficiently qualified for such a trust ; and therefore excused
himself in point of conscience. In 1646, it was voted b by the
lords and commons, that the Earl of Rutland should be chief
justice in Eyre of all his Majesty's forests and chases beyond
Trent. In 1647, when the treaty in the Isle of Wight was set on
foot, for an accommodation between the King and the parliament,
for the settlement of the nation, he c was by the house of lords
appointed one of the commissioners for that end. But the army
resolving to change the whole frame of the government, thii
treaty had no effect ; and the abominable murder of the King
soon after following (wherein, to the honour of the peers, none of
them were concerned) the Earl of Rutland lived retired until the
restoration of monarchy and episcopacy. In 1649, d the parliament
ordered his castle of Belvoir to be demolished, and that the
damage he thereby sustained, e should be referred to the council
of state ; but what reparation they made him, I don't find : for
the question being put, whether they should pay him 1500/. in
consideration thereof, it passed in the negative. His Lordship, in
the reign of Charles II. was true to the establishment in church
and state, and lived in great honour and esteem for the most part
at his country seats, and was, on February 14th, 1660, appointed
Lord Lieutenant of the county of Leicester. In 1068, he com-
pletely repaired and restored Belvoir castle l He departed this
life at Haddon, on September 29th, 1679, and was buried at
Botsford, near his Lady, who died on May 19th, 1671.

b Whitlock's Memoirs, p. 333. e Ibid, p z8j.

<t See a full detail of occurrences at Belvoir Castle at this period in
Nichols, p 51, 58 ,

e Whitlock's Memoirs, p 386, and 191. f Nichols, p. $9

480 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

John, ninth Earl and first Duke of Rutland, his only
surviving son, born at Boughton in Northamptonshire, May 29th,
1638, was elected one of the knights for the county of Leicester,
in that parliament after the restoration of Charles II. under the
title of John Lord Roos. He was on July 7th, l6*77> constituted
Lord Lieutenant of the county of Leicester, which county he re-
presented until he was called up to the house of peers by writ of
summons to parliament* April 29th, 1679, 31 Car. II. by the
title of Baron Manners of Haddon, in com. Derb. and was intro-
duced May 2d following. And on the decease of his father in Sep-
tember ensuing, became Earl of Rutland. In the year 1&58, he
married the Lady Anne, eldest daughter and coheir of Henry
Pierpont, Marquis of Dorchester, by whom he had a daughter,
the Lady Frances, who died an infant, February 7th, 105Q, and
was buried in the church of St. Martin, near Stamford. After
which his Lordship travelling beyond the seas, had cause at his
return to live in separation from his Lady j and anno 1666, was
from her lawfully divorced, by sentence of the court Christian :
also, anno 1668, was divorced? from her by act of parliament, h
and the children which she bore disabled by that act from inherit-
ing any lands or honours from the said John, or John Earl of
Rutland, his father ; and his Lordship enabled to marry again ;
and that the children by such other nuptials should inherit.
Bishop Burnet relates, in his History of his own Times, that " an
accident happened at that time, that made the discoursing of
those matters the common subject of conversation. The Lord
Roos, afterwards Earl of Rutland, brought proofs of adultery
against his wife, and obtained a sentence of divorce in the spiri-
tual court: which amounting only to a separation from bed and
board, he moved for a bill dissolving the bond, and enabling him
to marry another wife. The Duke and all his party apprehended
the consequences of a parliamentary divorce : so they opposed
this with great heat, and almost all the bishops were of that side :
only Cosins and Wilkins, the bishops of Durham and Chester,
were for it. And the King was as earnest in the setting it on as
the Duke was in opposing it. The zeal which the two brothers
expressed on that occasion, made all people conclude that they
had a particular concern in the matters. The bill passed : and

s The Marquis of Dorchester printed several speeches and letters on the
subject. See a curious letter in answer by Lord Roos in Nichols, p. 59, 60.
k Par Regist.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 481

upon that precedent some moved the King, that he would order
a bill to be brought in to divorce him from the Queen. This
went so far, that a day was agreed on for making the motion in
the house of commons, as Mr. May1 of the privy purse told me;
(who had the greatest and the longest share in the King's secret
confidence of any man in that time ; for it was never broke off,
though often shaken, he being in his notions against every thing
that the king was for, both France, popery, and arbitrary govern-
ment ; but a particular sympathy of temper, and his serving the
King in his vices, created a confidence much envied, and often
attempted to be broke, but never with any success beyond a short
coldness :) but he added, when he told me of this design, that
three days before the motion was to be made, the King called for
him, and told him, that matter must be let alone, for it would
not do. This disturbed him much ; for he had engaged himself
far in laying the thing, and in managing those who were to un-
dertake the debate." k

His Lordship married, secondly, in 1671, at Ampthill in Bed-
fordshire, the Lady Diana Bruce, eldest daughter of Robert, Earl
of Aylesbury, and widow of Sir Thomas Shirley, of Stanton
Harold, in com. Leic. Baronet, by whom he had a son, Robert,
born at Belvoir, July 15th, 1672, and dying the same day, was
buried at Botsford, with his mother, who deceased in child bed
of him. He thirdly, on January 8th, 16/3, was married at
Exton, in com. Rutland, to Catherine, daughter of Baptist Noel,
Viscount Campden j and by her, who died January 24th, 1732-3,
had two sons, and two daughters, the Lady Catherine, born May
19th, 1675, and in September 1692, married to John, Lord
Gowerj and Dorothy, born September 13th, 1681, espoused to
Baptist Noel, Earl of Gainsborough, and died January 29th, 1722.
The sons were John Lord Roos, born September 18th, 1676, his
successor, and the Lord Thomas Baptist Manners, who was born
on February 12th, 16/8, died on June 29th, 1705, unmarried, and
was buried at Botsford. l

This noble peer, as he was master of a great fortune, kept up
the old English hospitality, at his castle of Belvoir, affecting a
rural life, and for many years before his death never came to
London. Also when he married his eldest son to a daughter of
the Lord Russel, there was an article in the settlement, that she
should forfeit some part of her jointure, if ever she lived in town

1 Baptist May. ' k Burnet's Hist. O. T. vol. i p. 263.

1 MS. Peter Le Neve Norroy.
VOL. I. 0 1

482 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

without his consent : yet on experience of her admirable temper,
and exemplary behaviour, as well as the excellent judgment of
his son, he afterwards permitted them to live where they thought
convenient.

But though his Lordship declined appearing at court, yet her
Majesty Queen Anne, in consideration of his great merits, and
the services of his ancestors to the nation, was pleased to advance
him to the titles of Marquis of Granby, and Duke of Rutland,
by letters patent, bearing date 29th Martij, 1703, 2 Queen
Anne.

His Grace died at Belvoir castle, aged seventy-two years, seven
months, and twelve days, on January 10th, 1710-11, and was
buried with his ancestors at Botsford ; and from the sermon m at
his funeral, we have this character of him : " He was of unble-
mished morals, of a nature generous and noble, yet in all his be-
nevolence and hospitality, not the least appearance of vanity or
ostentation. He was loyal to his Sovereign ; a patriot of his
country ; and not only a true lover of the established church, but
a liberal patron to its sons the clergy : he was constant and steady
in his temper, having a religious sense of his word and honour,
being not forward to promise, but certain to perform what he had
promised, which made his friendship valuable ; he was not only
courteous and affable to all men, but his justice, to those with
whom he was concerned, cannot be too much imitated and com-
mended. His hospitality and charity were also equally great, and
had an appearance of the old English ways and customs. To
conclude, he was a very courteous and obliging neighbour to all
the gentry round him, and by them equally honoured and re-
spected ; a kind and indulgent parent to his children, and grand-
children, whose good he always studied ; a generous and noble
master to his servants j and among his other virtues, ought not to
be forgot his singular humanity, and love of doing good, on the
meanest and most accidental occasions, even to the poor that sup-
plicated at his gate : before his death he enlarged the hospital
first founded by his ancestors, and endowed it for the maintenance
of more poor brethren, crowning his end with honour." n

m Entitled, * The Hope of Christians, an argument of comfort for their
death, a sermon preached at the funeral of John Duke of Rutland, by Henry
Felton, B. D. of Queen's College, Oxford " Dr Felton was a celebrated
divine and critic, author of " The Dissertation on the Classics," and died
1740.

" See a fuller extract in Nichols, p 61 6*.

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 483

John, second Duke of Rutland, his eldest son, bearing
the title of Lord Roos, was elected knight for the county of Derby
in 1700, and knight for the county of Leicester in the last parlia-
ment called by King William. In 1705 and 1708, he was chosen
a member for the town of Grantham, and for the county of Lei-
cester, in I71O, and till he took his seat in the house of peers, on
the death of his father; when on November 14th, 1712, he was
constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county
of Rutland.

His Grace, on the accession of George T. was constituted
Lord Lieutenant, and Custos Rotulorum of Leicestershire ; on
October 16th, at a chapter held at St. James's, was elected Knight
of the most noble Order of the Garter, and installed at Windsor,0
December 9th following, 1714. He married on August 17th,
1693, to his first wife, Catherine, second daughter to William,
Lord Russell, the celebrated patriot who was beheaded in l£Sg, I'/uiL £./ //
and sister to Wriothesley, Duke of Bedford. By which Lady,
who died in childbed October 31st, 1/1 l,q and was buried at
Botsford on November 10th following, he had issue five sons and
four daughters.

First, John, third Duke of Rutland.

Second, Lord William Manners, born November 13th, 1697,
who was elected member of parliament for the county of Lei-
cester, in 17J4, 1722,and 1727; and for Newark, in 1734, 1741,
and 1747. And on July 25th, 1727, was appointed one of the
gentlemen of his Majesty's bed chamber, having served him in
the same post when Prince of Wales. He was killed by a fall
from his horse April 23d, 1/72. r

Third, Lord Edward, born March 25th, 1699, who died
young.

Fourth, Lord Thomas, who died on June 11th, 1723, in the
20th year of his age.

0 Pote's Antiq of Windsor, p. 307.

» Some interesting particulars on this subject are preserved in the Letters
of Rachel, Lady Russel.

1 The Rev. William Burscough, afterwards Bishop of Limerick, who
died 1755, aged eighty, preached her funeral sermon, in which he gave her a
high character. See extracts in Nichols, p. 63-

r He had several natural children, of whom John married Lady Louisa
Tollemache, and was father of Sir William Manners, Bart. Duchess of St.
Albans, Lady Heathcote, &c — and Russel Manners was a general, &c.

484 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Fifth, Lord Wriothesley, born October 15th, 1711, died
young.

Lady Catherine, married on October 17th, 1726, to the Right
Honourable Henry Pelham, Esq. only brother to his Grace
Thomas Duke of Newcastle, and died his widow, and ranger of
Greenwich Park, February 18th, 1 780, leaving coheirs of whom
Katharine was wife of Henry Clinton Duke of Newcastle ; and
Frances was mother of the late Lord Sondes.

Lady Rachel, who died of the small-pox, March 5tb, 1720-
21.

Lady Frances, married in September, 1732, to Richard
Arundel, of Allerton Mauleverer, in Ebor. Esq. second son to John
Lord Arundel of Trerice, and died November 29th, 1769.

Lady Elizabeth, married to John Monckton, Viscount Gal-
way, of the kingdom of Ireland, and died March 22d, 1 729 30.

His Grace, on January 1st, 1712-13, married, secondly, Lucy,
daughter of Bennet Lord Sherrard, Baron of Le Trim in Ireland,
and sister to Bennet Sherrard, first Earl of Harborough, and by
her, who died October 27th, 1751, aged sixty-six, and was buried
at Botsford, had issue six sons and t»vo daughters.

First, Lord Sherrard Manners, who was elected member for
Tavistock 1741, to the ninth parliament of Great Britain, and died
in January, 1741-2, unmarried.

Second, Lord George Manners, who died December 16th,
1721, aged seven years, and was buried in Henry Vllth's chapel
in Westminster Abbey.

Third, Lord Robert Manners, Member in several parliaments
for Kingston-upon-Hull, of which town and its citadel he was
lieutenant governor. He died 3 1 st May, 1/82, at his house in
Grosvenor square.

On December 15th, 1747* he was appointed aid-de-camp to
his Majesty j also was lieutenant governor of Hull, and colonel
of a regiment of foot. In October 1750, he was constituted
colonel of the forty-fourth regiment of foot j on March 26th,
1751, removed to the command of the thirty-sixth regiment of foot,
and on September 6th, 1765, he was appointed colonel of the
third regiment of dragoons. On February 15th, 17 57, appointed
a major general j on August 25th, J 759, promoted to the rank
of lieutenant general j and May 25th, 1772, advanced to that of
general. His Lordship, on January 1st, 1756, wedded Miss
Mary Digges, of Roeharapton in Surry, and by her had three

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 485

30ns, Robert, a lieutenant general in the army, colonel of the
thirtieth regiment of foot, member of parliament for Great Bed win
1/84, and for the town of Cambridge, 17Q0, 179(5, 1802, 1806,
1 807 5 John James, and George : also two daughters, Mary, born

November 20th, 1756, and married January 31st, 1771, to

Nesbitt, Esq. and Lucy, born January 2d, 1758.

Fourth, Lord Charles Manners (twin with Lord Henry), con-
stituted colonel of the fifty-sixth regiment of foot, on December
27th, 1755, and made major general, September 15th, 1759 3 in
which station he died, December 7th, 1761.

Fifth, Lord Henry Manners, who died in November 1745.

Sixth, Lord James.

Seventh, Lady Carolina, married September l6th, 1734, to
Henry Harpur, Esq. eldest son and heir to Sir John Harpur,
Bart, secondly, on July 18th, 1753, to Sir Robert Burdet, Bart,
and died November 10th, 1769.

Eighth, Lady Lucy, married in October 1742, to William
Graham, Earl of Belford in England, and Duke of Montrose in
Scotland, and died June 18th, 1788.

His Grace died of the small-pox, in the forty-fifth year of his
age, on February 22d, 1720-21, and was buried with his an-
cestors at Botsford. To whom succeeded his eldest son and
heir,

John, the eleventh Earl and third Duke of Rutland,
born October, 21st, 1696, took the oaths on May 7th, 1721, before
his Majesty, as Lord Lieutenant of the county of Leicester. On
November 10th, 1722, he was elected a Knight of the most noble
Order of the Garter, and installed at Windsor, on November 13th
following. On July 17th, 1727, he was sworn of the privy-
council to his late Majesty ; also, at the same time, made chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. On September 30th following,
he was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum for the
county of Leicester; and on October 11th ensuing, at his Ma-
jesty's coronation, carried the scepter with the cross. His Grace,
in 1736, resigned the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster,
and was in no other place, till his Majesty was pleased to con-
stitute him lord steward of his household, January 14th, 1755;
and his Majesty, April 26th following, declaring his intentions of
leaving the kingdom for a short time, nominated his Grace one
of the lords justices for the administration of the government. At
the funeral of Frederic Prince of Wales, April 13th, 1751, his
Grace and the then Duke of Devonshire, were supporters to the

486 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Duke of Somerset, chief mourner: and on January 23d, 1756, be
was elected a governor of the Charter House in room of the said
Duke of Devonshire. On the accession of his present Majesty,
October 25th, 1760, his Grace was continued a privy counsellor,
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Leicester,
and in the office of steward of the household, until he resigned it
on being made master of the horse, which he resigned in October
1766; at the coronation of their Majesties, September 22d, 1761,
his Grace carried the Scepter with the cross before the Queen.
He was also one of the governors of the Charter House. His
Grace died May 29th, 1779* **• eighty- three, and was buried at
Bottesford,

His Grace, on August 27th, 17 17, married Bridget, only
daughter and heir to Robert Sutton, Lord Lexington, and by her
(who died June 16th, 1734, in the thirty-fifth year of her age)
he had issue five sons and six daughters 3 of which the following
lived to maturity.

First, John, Marquis of Granby, born January 2d, 1720-21,
who was elected member for Grantham in three parliaments,
aud in those following of 1754, 1761, and 1768, for Cambridge-
shire. In the rebellion in 1745, his Lordship raised a regiment
of foot for his Majesty's service ; and March 4th, 1755, was pro-
moted to the rank of major general of his Majesty's forces. In
May 1758, his Lordship was appointed colonel of the royal regi-
ment of horse guards, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant
general on February 5th, 1759. On August 25th ensuing, he
was constituted commander in chief of all his Majesty's forces,
then serving in Germany in his Majesty's army, assembled or to
be assembled there, under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. As
his Lordship's martial achievements, before and after his being in-
vested with that command (which continued till the war was
concluded by the late peace) would far exceed the limits of this
work, and will be recorded to posterity in the annals of Europe ;
let it be sufficient to observe, that he not only shared the fatigues
and dangers of the troops under his command ; but moreover,
when the British forces were but in very indifferent quarters
(which was not owing to any defect in his Lordship's conduct) he
procured provisions and necessaries for the private soldiers at his
own expence, his table being at the same time open to the officers.
On September 15th, 1/59, be was appointed lieutenant genera
of the ordnance ; and Prince Ferdinand being elected a Knight
of the Garter, his Lordship was nominated first plenipotentiary

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 487

for investing his serene highness with the ensigns of the order ;
which he performed in October that year, with all the magnifi-
cence that a camp would admit of, and entertained the new
knight and his retinue, with a sumptuous dinnen His Lordship
was declared a privy counsellor on May 2d, 1760; and resigning
the office of lieutenant general of the ordnance, was on May 14th,
1763, constituted master general of that department. On Feb.
2 1 st, 1764, he was declared Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotu-
lorum of Derbyshire. On August 13th, 1/66, his Lordship was
constituted commander in chief of his Majesty's land forces in
Great Britain ; but on January 1770, he resigned his employ-
ments, and died at Scarborough universally lamented, October
19th, 1770* and was buried at Bottesfnrd, with his ancestors.
He mairied, September 3d, 1750, the Lady Frances Seymour,
eldest daughter of Charles Duke of Somerset, by his second wife,
the Lady Charlotte Finch : and by her, who died January
25th, 1760, he had John, Lord R003, born August 27th, 1751,
and died June 3d, 176O; Charles, late Duke of Rutland, born
March 15th, 1754; another son born May 1st, 1779 J Lady
Frances, born March 24th, 1753, and married July 9th, 1772,
to the Right Honourable George Earl of Tyrconnell, from whom
being divorced by act of parliament in 1/77) she remarried
on October 28th following, to Philip second son to David Lord
Newark, and died 1792; Lady Catherine, born March 28th,
.1755, and died January 4th, 1757 ; Lord Robert, born February
6th, 1758, died of the wounds he received in an engagement,
September 1st, 178I, in the West Indies, on board his Majesty's
ship the Resolution, of which he was captain, the 23d of January,
1782 ; and by own desire was buried in the sea the day following.
A monument, by Nollekens, has been ordered at the national ex-
pence, for him, Captain Blair, and Captain Bayne, of which see
an engraving in Nichols, p. Q5. And Lady Caroline, who died
an infant, in January 1757-

Second, Lord Robert Sutton, to whom Lord Lexington left
his estate, born February 21st, 1721-2, was one of the lords of the
bed-chamber to his Royal Highness the late Prince of Wales (in
which quality he assisted at his funeral procession on April 13th,
1751) and, on April 20th, 1754, appointed master of his Ma-
jesty's harriers and fox hounds, which he soon afterwards re-
signed. In the ninth parliament of Great Britain, he was elected
knight for the county of Nottingham, which he continued to

488 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

represent till his death, November 19th, 1/62, when he was
colonel of the regiment of royal foresters.

Third, Lord George, born March 8th, 1722-3, baptised April
10th, following, his Majesty King George the first, and his
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales (afterwards King George
the Second) being his godfathers, member for Grantham in several
parliaments, and after the death of his brother Lord Robert, took
the surname of Sutton, first married, in December 1749, Diana,
daughter of Thomas Chaplin, of Blankney, in com. Line. Esq. by
whom he had seven sons, and six daughters ; first, George, born
August 1st, 1751, M. P. for Newark, 1774, and for Grantham
from 1780, to 1802 ; he died 1804 without issue. Second, John,
born July 12th, 1752, married, April 1778, Miss Manners, by
whom- he has a son and a daughter : he is in possession of the
Lexington estate. He had formerly a company in the foot
guards, and was member of parliament for Newark, on the death
of his father 1783, and again 1784. Third, Robert, born January
5th, 1754. Fourth, Charles Manners Sutton, D. D. born Feb.
14th, 1755 ; Dean of Peterborough 1791 ; Bishop of Norwich
1792 j Archbishop of Canterbury 1804 5 married Mary daughter
of Thomas Thoroton, Esq, by whom he has had, first, Mary, born

*^. V*~ March 2d, 1779 ; second, Charles, born January 29th, 1 780 j third,
*f* '*' ^""jTj Henry, born January 31st, 1781 j fourth, Diana, born February

7^,,.^ /Wyl5th, 1782 j filth, Francis, born February 5th, 1783, a captain
\y in the second regiment of foot guards ; sixth, Louisa, born August
17th, 1785 j seventh, Charlotte, born Dec. 4th, 17665 eighth,
Frances, born December 21st, 1787} ninth, Anna Maria, born
October 30th, 179O; tenth, Isabella, born December 5th, 1791 j
eleventh, Catharine, born July 8th, 1 794 ; twelfth, Rachel, born
October 6th, 1795; thirteenth, Caroline, born May 12th, 1797,
Fifth, Thomas, born February 24th, 1756, appointed solicitor
general 1802 ; a baron of the exchequer 1805 j appointed lord
chancellor of Ireland, and created Lord Mannbrs 1807; mar-
ried Miss Copley, sister of Sir Lionel Copley. Sixth, William,
died an infant. Seventh, Francis, lieutenant in the eighty-sixth
foot, died at Tobago 1781. Eighth, Diana, married, April 21st,
1778, Francis Dickens, Esq. late member for Northamptonshire.
Ninth, Harriet, died an infant. Tenth, Louisa Bridget, born 1761,
married Edward Lockwood Perceval, Esq; Eleventh, Charlotte,
married, 1789, Thomas Lockwood, Esq. Twelfth, Mary. Thir-
teenth, Harriot. This Lady dying, April 23d, 1767, his Lord-

DUKE OF RUTLAND. 489

Bhip married, secondly, Mary, daughter of Pearte, by whom

he had a daughter, born August -1th, 1 771. His Lordship died
January 7, 1/83.

His Grace was succeeded, 1779, as fourth Dukb of Rut-
land, by his grandson Charles Marquis of Granby, born March
"l5th, 1754, member of parliament for the University of Cam-
bridge 1774, elected K. G. 1782, appointed lord lieutenant of
Ireland February 21th, 1784, in which office he died October
24th, 1787, aet. thirty-four, having married, December 26th, 1775,
Lady Mary Isabella, only surviving daughter of Charles Noel
Somerset, fourth Duke of Beaufort, by whom, now living, he
had, first, John Henry, present Duke ; second, Lord Charles So-
merset Manners, born October 24th, 178O, member of parliament
for Cambridgeshire, and captain in the tenth dragoons; third,
Lord Robert Manners, born December 21st, 178I, member of
parliament for Leicestershire, and captain in the tenth dragoons ;
fourth, Isabella, born September 28th, 1776, married Richard
Norman, Esq; fifth, Catharine Mary, born June 17ih, 1800,
married Cecil Forester, of Ross Hall, Shropshire, Esq. member
of parliament for Wenlock, 1796', 1802, 1800', 1807; sixth,
William, born Mary 1st, 1783, died April 22d, 1/93.

His Grace was succeeded by his eldest son John Henry,
fifth and present Duke of Rutland, born January 4th, 1778,
married April 22d, 1799, Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of
Frederic, Earl of Carlisle, K. G. and has had issue Lady Caroline,
born May 25th, 1800, died December 1804; Lady Elizabeth,
born January 1802 ; and a son, Marquis of Granby, who died at
a few days old, I8O7. He was elected K. G. 1803.

Titles. Johr£$fanners, Duke of Rutland, Marquis of Granby,
Earl of Rutland, and Baron Manners of Haddon.

Creations. Earl of Rutland, June 18th, 1525, 17 Henry
VIII. Baron Manners, of Haddon, in com. Derby, by writ of
summons to parliament, April 29th, i679, 31 Car- '!• Marquis
of Granby, in com. Nottingham, and Duke of Rutland, March
29th, 1703, 2 Queen Anne.

Arvis. Or, two bars, Azure, a chief, quarterly, of the second
and gules, the first and fourth charged with two FUurs Jc Lis, of
the first, and the second and third with a lion passant guardant of
the same; which chief was antiently gules, and the charge
thereon is an honorary augmentation, shewing his descent from
the blood royal of Edward IV.

490 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Crest. On a chapeau, Gules, turned up ermine, a peacock in
pride, proper.

Supporters. Two unicorns, argent, their horns, manes, tufts,
and hoofs, Or.

Motto. Pour y Parvenir.

Chief Seats. At Bclvoir Castle, in the county of Lincoln, of*
which see a particular account in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. i.
p. 69 ; and Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, a curious old mansion, de-
scribed minutely by King, in his Dissertation on Antieut Castles.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 491

HAMILTON, DUKE OF BRANDON.

The Hamiltons are by the male line descended from the great
House of Douglas. I shall therefore fitst give an account of that
illustrious family from Crawfurd's Peerage of Scotland.

Douglas Family.

" This family is a very great and ancient one in Lanarkshire, of
which there is a particular history wrote by a very learned pen,
who equalizes them to any of the ancient Roman families, and
gives them the preference to all other in Europe, those of crowned
heads excepted. They have been particularly famous for great
generals, there having been more of this name, than any other
that is to be met with in history ; neither was it their native
country alone that was indebted to their valour, but they signa-
lized themselves in most places of Europe, and particularly in
France, where tliey have had great commands and titles, as Duke
ofTurrin, Count de Longoville, &c. In short, this family ex-
ceeded all the rest in the kingdom, for the number of nobility
and gentry of their own name, according to those old lines,

So many so good as of the Douglasses have been,
Of one sirname was ne'er in Scotland seen.

The origin of this illustrious house is derived from one Sholro,
who in the reign of Solvathius King of Scotland, anno Christi
770, having been the principal man that routed Donald Bane and
his forces, who invaded the country, and being a Dou-glass, or a
black pale man, as these words signify (says my author) both in
old British and Irish, the King royally rewarded his services, and'
made him a grant of large possessions in the county of Lanerk,

4Q2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

which either he or his successors called Douglass, and from thence
took the sirname of the family. This Sholto was the father of
Hugh, of whom there is nothing memorable. He was succeeded
in his inheritance by his eldest son Hugh II. whose younger
brother William, being sent by Achaius King of Scotland, pur-
suant to his league with Charlemaign, with 4000 choice men into
Italy against the Lombards, he performed many glorious actions,
and became the root of the family of Scoti at Placentia.

But to leave the family of the Scoti in Italy, William is sup-
posed to be the son of Hugh Lord of Douglass, and the father of
John, who was the father of William, the next lord of the family,
who is witness among others to the charter of King William,
whereby he confirmed the lands of Dalgarnac given by Adger the
son of Dovenald, to the church of the holy cross at Edinburgh,
in the former part of that reign : he left issue two sons, Archi-
bald, who succeeded in the lordship, and Bricius, first prior of
Lismahagoe, afterwards bishop of Murray. a

Archibald, first of the name, married one of the coheirs of the
Barony of Crawfurd Of the same sirname, b and was succeeded by
William III. the father of Sir Hugh de Douglass, who lived in the
time of Alexander III. and did signalize himself at the battle of
the Largs, where the Scots obtained a glorious victory over the
Norwegians, anno 1263. He married Marjory, daughter of Alex-
ander, and sister to Hugh Lord of Abernethy ; c but having no
children by her, at least that survived him, his brother William,
for distinction called the Hardy, succeeded him. In the time
of the war with England, upon all occasions he distinguished
himself in the service of his country. In 12Q5, he was chosen
governor of Berwick, then in the hands of the Scots, which he
defended with great resolution and courage ; but afterwards fall-
ing into the enemies hand, he died there prisoner, anno 1303, d
leaving issue by ... . bis wife, daughter of Keith of that Ilk,
James Lord of Douglass, and Hugh: also by Margaret, daughter
to Ferrars Earl of Derby, of the kingdom of England, e Archibald,
Lord of Galloway, of whom the family descended, and John, pro-
genitor to the Earl of Morton.

■ Chartulary of the Episcopal See of Murray, and the Chronicle of
Welross.

•> Simson's Essay on the Family of Douglass-
Charta penes Duccm de Douglass. a Mr Hume.

e Mr. Simson.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 4Q3

Which James Lord Douglass, commonly called the Good Sir
James, laid the foundation of the grandeur of the house of Dou-
glass : he was famous all the world over for his valour and glo-
rious actions in the service of his country, for which his memory
will still be honoured : he entered early into the service of King
Robert Bruce, and in 1313 f he assaulted and took the castle of
Roxburgh from the English, and the next year he commanded
the left wing of the Scots army, at the famous battle of Bannock-
burn, where he behaved so well, as to merit the honour of knight-
hood in the field, 3 after which, he was constituted warden of the
Marches towards England,11 and entering Cumberland, wasted
that county. In consideration of his good services before that
time performed, he bad a grant of the castle, village, and forest
of Jedworth, ' then erected into a free forestry, " Cum indicta-
raentis latrociniorum et ministration em earundem in omnibus
terris suis infra regnum nostrum j et si aliquis de hominibus suis
per justitiarios nostros fuerint judicati, volumus quod dictus Jaco-
bus, haeredes sui, et eorum ministri habeant liberam earundem
ministrationem cum omnibus libertatibus, commoditatibus ad
predicta indictamenta pertinen. in feudo et haereditate perpetuo,
salvo tantum communi auxilio pro defensione regni nostri con-
tingenti :" and the seisin is declared to be the giving him the
King's ring with the emerald stone.

An author reckons this illustrious person to have been in fifty-
seven battles and rencounters against the English, thirteen times
victorious against the Saracens, and other infidels, thrice as often
as he had been years in action, which were about twenty-four,
from King Robert Bruce's coronation, 1306, to the time of his
death, in 1330, which happened fighting against the Saracens,
the enemies of our faith. Now though what is above recorded
of this noble Lord were alone sufficient to preserve his memory,
yet cannot I omit adding this epitaph which Mr. Hume gives
him.

Quicquid sors potuit mortali in pectore ferre,
Vel facere, hoc didici perficere, atque pati.

Prima ubi luctando vici, sors affuit ausis

Omnibus : et quid non pro patria ausus eram ?

f Abercrombie's Martial Achievements.
* Barber's Life of King Robert I. » Abercromby.

1 Gharta penes ducem de Douglass, data 6 May 13 19, alia data apud
Berwick 8 Nov 1329.

494 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Hosti terror ego : nullus me terruit hostis :

Consiliis junxi robora dura meis.
Praelia quot numerat, titulos, actosq ; triumphos

Brucius, bine totidem pene trophaea mihi.
Qua jam signa feram ? major quaerendus et orbis,

Atque bostis j famam non capit iste mcam.
Arma Saraceno objeci prope littora Calpes

Herculeae, bic tellus me male fausta tegit.
Heiculea Graecis memoretur gloria ludis,

Fallor an Herculea stant potiora mea.

Sir James was succeeded by bis brotber Hugh, but an un-
active man, of whom there is little on record, having no issue of
his own body. In 1343, he resigned the lordship of Douglass, iu
favour of Sir William his nephew (son of Archibald Lord of
Galloway, who was slain at the battle of Halydonhill, so fatal to
the Scots, anno 1333,) whereupon he obtained from King David
Bruce a charter, " De omnibus terris reditas et possessiones per
totum regnum Scotiae, de quibus quondam Jacobus Dominus de
Douglass avunculus suus et Archibaldus pater suus obicrunt ves-
titi, cum regalitatc et libera warena, integreet honorifice, una cum
ducatuhominum Vicecomitatum de Roxburgh et Selkrig." In the
year 134(3, he was warden of the East Marches toward England,
and accompanying King David to the Battle of Durham, he was
taken prisoner with his sovereign, k but was soon afterward re*
leased. In 13.57, ne was one °f tne commissioners on the part of
Scotland, authorized to treat with the English about the redemp-
tion of the King, l and among other nobles bound to Edward III.
for a hundred thousand pound sterling ransom, in which deed he
is designed Williehnus Dominus de Douglass miles. Much about
the same time he was dignified with the honour of Earl of
Douglass ; for I find him intituled Willielraus comes de Douglass,
when he is joined in commission with divers lords to treat with
English commissioners about King David's inlargement. m This
Earl was deeply engaged on the French side, in the memorable
battle of Poictiers (where John King of Franee was taken prisoner
by the Black Prince) and very narrowly escaped, being then am-
bissador from King Robert II. to the French court, where the
ancient alliance betwixt the two crowns was renewed and con-

k Hume. i Rymcr'» Foedera Angli*

Rymer.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 495

firmed. As for his works of piety, I have only discovered, that
he gave in pure alms to the abbey of Melross, and the monks
serving, and perpetually ta serve God there, the patronage of the
church of Cavers, with its tithes, for celebrating divine service
there, according to the tenor of a special ordination by him made,
viz. for certain priests, who were to perform that service for the
good estate of his sovereign Lord King David, and of himself,
during his life, and for the health of his soul, and his ancestors
and successors after his departure hence ; and which donation the
said King ratified in the 30th of his reign.

He married, first, Margaret, daughter of Donald, sister, and
at length sole heir of Thomas Earl of Mar, n by whom he had
James his son and heir, and Isabel, a daughter, after the death of
her brother Countess of Mar, who became first the wife of Sir
Malcolm Drummond of/Cargill, who in right of her was entituled
Lord Mar, ° and thereafter of Sir Alexander Stuart, Knight, in
whose favour she resigned the said Earldom, anno 140 i, " Causa,"
says she, " matrimonii contracti inter dominum Alexandrum
Senescal et nos dictam Isabellam," i' which honour he enjoyed till
his death.

This Earl William's second marriage (having divorced his
former wife) was with Margaret, daughter of Patrick Earl of
March, q by whom he had Archibald Lord Galloway, afterwards
Earl of Douglass : and his third and last was Margaret, daughter
and heir of Thomas Stuart Earl of Angus, by whom he had
George Douglass, first Earl of Angus of that name. He departed

n Here I take the liberty to differ from Mr. Hume, who says, this Earl's
first marriage, was with the Earl of March's daughter, and that he had by her
James Earl of Douglass, killed at Otterburn, which is a mistake, for I have
seen a mortification by Margaret Countess of Douglass and Mar, to the church
of St- Mary of Garrioch, for the soul of William Earl of Douglass, her hus-
band, and James Earl of Douglass her son and heir : also there is a confirma-
tion by the same Earl James to the monks of Melross of the church of Cavers,
wherein he is designed Comes de Douglass et Mar: moreover, it is to be
considered, that upon the decease of Earl James, Isabel his sister, of the
whole blood, succeeded him in the honour of Mar, when the Earldom of
Douglass devolved upon Archibald their brother of the half blood.
u Charta penes Ducem de Douglass-
p Charta in Rotulis Roberti 1 1 1.

i This is with greater probability, than that he was brother by the sam*
mother to James Earl of Douglass, killed at Otterburn ; for when he suc-
ceeded to the honour and estate of Douglass, he made no claim to Mar, which
descended to Isabel, Earl James's sister, as is above narrated.

4g6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

this life in 1384, and was interred in the abbey church of Mel-
ross, according to Mr. Winton, whose words are these,

To Douglasdale as I heard say,
And sickness took him by the way,
And there he dyed in short space,

To Melrose then they took his body,
And there it buryit right honourably.

This Earl was succeeded by James his son, between whom
and Sir Henry Percy there were glorious feats of arms performed
in honour of their country. He was killed at the battle of Otter-
burn, 31st of July 1388, fought betwixt him and Sir Henry
Hotspur, son to the Earl of Northumberland, an encounter, says
one, managed with that unparalleled courage on both sides, tli3t
it was hardly to be matched in history, and was the occasion of
an old rhime, of which this is a part,

It fell about the Lammas tide,
When yeoman win the hay,
The doughtie Douglass gan to ride
In England to take a prey.

Mr. John Johnston, our famous poet, has endeavoured on hit
part, to perpetuate his memory by the following elegy :

Quaeritis 6 quid agam ? en animam jam ago : fata meorum
Hac sequor. Innumero hue vulnere facta via est.

Nesciat hoc hostis : sequitor quam quisq ; secat spem,
Atque aliquis nostri funeris ulter ades.

Finiit, et subito redivivo funere surgens
Mars novus iutonuit, victor et ultor obit.

This heroic Earl was married with the Lady Isabel Stuart,
daughter to King Robert IF. r but dying without lawful issue, he
was succeeded in the Earldom by

Archibald Lord Galloway, his brother, commonly called Archi-
bald the Grim. In 1381, he was sent ambassador to France,
which negotiation he managed with success and honour. This
Earl added to his ancient patrimonial inheritance the lordship of
Bothwel, in Vicecomitatu Lanerici, by marriage of Elizabeth,

» Hiitory of the Royal Family of Stuart, anno 1710.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 4Q7

only daughter and sole heir of Thomas Murray, Lord of Bothwell,
and thereupon had an augmentation to his ancient arms, vie.
Azure, three mollets within a double tressure, Or. He founded
the collegiate church of Bothwell, establishing maintenance for a
provost and eight prebends, out of the lands of Osbairnstoun and
Nether Urd, who were continually to perform the offices of the
church for the soul of him and his successors, of the date 10th
October 13g8, s and departing this life in the month of February
1400, t he was interred at Bothwell church, without any epitaph
on his monument, leaving issue by the said Elizabeth his wife,
Archibald his successor, and a daughter Marjory, married to
David Prince of Scotland, elder brother to King James I.

Which Archibald was a nobleman of great valour, and much
addicted to arms. In 1401, he had a command in the South
against the English, ravaged the country as far as Newcastle,
carried off the stores, and then returned home without any manner
of loss.

This Earl was in such esteem for his conduct, valour, and
other bright qualities, that he was made captain general of all the
forces then designed to be transported into France, in behalf of
the French against the English, where he did such signal service
to that crown, that King Charles VII. invested him in the Duchy
of Turrin, and to his heirs male for ever, and made him Marshal
of France : u he had the chief command in the battle of Vernoil,
where he lost his life, August 7th, 1425, and was interred in St.
Gratian's church in Tours.

This Earl had issue by his wife Margaret, daughter of King
Robert III.

Archibald, who succeeded him.

James, Lord Abercorn.

Margaret, married to William Earl of Orkney.

Elizabeth, to John Stuart Earl of Buchan, constable of France,
and chamberlain of Scotland.

Helen, to Alexander Lauder of Hatton.

Mary, to Sir Simon Glenddining of that Ilk. *

Archibald, next Earl of Douglass, his son, was a person of
great accomplishments either for peace or war : I find him in
1424, appointed to go upon a solemn embassy into England to
treat upon the redemption of King James I. Henry, bishop of

« Spotiswood's Practiques. ' Simson. " Hume

* Simson-

VOL. I. 2 K

4fl3 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Aberdeen, and Sir William Hay of Erroll, were appointed to ao»
company him, and to be his colleagues : the first mention of his
martial actions is in 1420, the first of the government of Murdack
Duke of Albany, when he, with his brother-in-law, John Earl of
Buchan, were sent into France with 7000 auxiliaries, wherewith
they performed many signal services against the English : he
gave way to fate on the 26th June 1438, and was buried in the
church of Douglass, with this epitaph on his monument,

Hie jacet Dominus Archibalds Douglass Dux Turronia:,
Comes de Douglass et Longovi/le, Dominus Gal/ovUice, et Annan-
due, locum tenens Regis Scotice, oliit 26° Junii, anno Dom.
Millesimo quadringentesimo Trigesimo octavo.

This Earl had no issue by his first wife Matilda, * daughter
of David Earl of Crawfurd : but Eupham Graham, z daughter of
Patrick Earl of Strathern, his second wife, bore him two sons, viz.
William, who succeeded him; second, David, and Margaret a
daughter, first Countess of Douglass, and thereafter the wife of
John Stuart, Earl of Athole, uterine brother to King James II.

To Archibald Earl of Douglass succeeded William his son, a
youth of great expectation, of an high spirit and a sweet dispo-
sition j but the vanity of his followers, and his own want of expe-
rience, led him into several misdemeanors, and being on his
journey to a designed parliament, he was met, and sumptuously
entertained by William Lord Crichton, then chancellor, who
minded him of the greatness and merit of the family, and his
own duty to the crown ; the Earl in return acknowledged his
fault lay in his youth and ignorance, blamed his evil counsellor.*,
eluded his dependents, promised obedience for the future, and
gave all the marks of a sincere and generous resolution : but after
all this, he was invited to the castle of Edinburgh, and being set
at the King's table, was suddenly removed, and instantly mur-
dered, in the sixteenth year of his age, together with his younger
brother David, and Sir Malcolm Fleeming of Cumbcrnald, his
friend, anno 1441.

To William last mentioned, succeeded James Lord Abercorn,
his uncle, for distinction called the gross Earl, of whom I find
nothing remarkable, save that he was warden of the Marches
toward England, in the reign of King James II. He married
Beatrix Sinclair, daughter to the Earl of Orkney, who bore him
six sons, viz. William, who succeeded him. James Douglass,

j Simson. ■ Ibid-

DUKE OF BRANDON. 499

Knight, who took to wife Mary, one of the two daughters and
coheirs of James Dunbar Earl of Murray,- in right of whom he
came to possess that honour. Sir Hugh Douglass, fourth son,
was Earl of Ormond. John Lord Balveny, and Henry the
youngest -} also four daughters.

First, Margaret, married to James Earl of Morton, and had
issue.

Second, Beatrix, to the Lord Aubignie.

Third, Janet, to Robert Lord Fleeming, ancestor to the Earls
of Wigton.

Fourth, Elizabeth, to Wallace of Craigie in Vicecomitatu de
Aire. a

This Earl died the 24th of March 1443, and was interred at
Douglass church : upon his tomb ye may read this epitaph,

Hicjacet magnus et potens Princeps Jacolus Comes de Dou-
glass, Dominus Annandia et Gallovidies, hiddalics, et Jedburgh
forestice, et Dominus de Balvenia magnus Wdrdanus Regni ScoticR
versus Angliam, &c. qui ob'iit vicesimo quarto die mensis Martii,
Anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo quadragesimo tertio.

William, son and heir of the former Earl, being unwilling that
so great an inheritance as the Earldom of Douglass was, should
be divided, married Margaret, daughter of Archibald, and sister
and heir to William Earl of Douglass his cousin, " a marriage,"
says one, " made him as much hated by his friends, as feared by
his enemies." This Earl prosecuted revenge on Chancellor
Crichton, as the author of his cousin's death with more violence
than success : his affectation of a mighty pomp and splendour,
procured him envy; his contempt of the courtiers begot hatred,
and incurred him their displeasure. They improved his failings,
magnified his designs, and plotted his ruin; his power and haughty
conduct rendered him suspected to his sovereign King James II.
whose hand and dagger put a period to his life in Stirling castle,
the 13 th of February 1452.

James succeeded to William his brother in the Earldom ; he
took up arms against his Prince ; and coming to a battle, he was
entirely routed by the Earl of Angus, the King's lieutenant, anno
1455. Retiring then to the court of England, he was entertained
by King Edward, who made him one of the Knights of the most
noble order of the Garter j but invading the kingdom again with
the Duke of Albany, assisted from England, anno 1483, he was

• Simson.

500 TEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

taken prisoner, and confined in the abby of Lindores, where he
took upon him religious orders, and continued in devotion till his
life's end, which happened to fall out on 1 5th of April 1488. He
was interred before the high altar, under a marble stone, to which
was affixed a tablet of brass b containing this inscription,
Hie Requicscunt

Ossa Jacobi quondam Comitis de Douglass, inclyti hujus Mo-
nasterii Monachi, qui post varia vitce discrimina oliit in summa
pace quindecimo die Jprilis, anno Domini millesimo quadringente-
simo octogesimo octavo.

This Earl is thus characterized by a good historian, c who
says, "he was a nobleman of a majestic presence, valiant, learned,
and wise, but of a resolute and precise temper, yet somewhat over
distrustful of his own power, and other performances, and if he
had been either a more resolute adventurer, or a more complying
and submissive subject, he might have made peace on his own
terms." I shall conclude with Mr. Hume's epitaph on him, as
follows,

Quid rides rasumque caput, cellaeque recessum ?

Quodque cucullatis fratribus annumeror ?
Si fortuna volvente vices fiet modo princeps

Plebeius j monachus saepe monarcha fuit.

Englished,
Why do you laugh to see my shaven crown ?
My cell, my cloister, and my hooded gown ?
This is the power of that sovereign Queen,
By whom monks, monarchs, monarchs monks have been.

This principal branch of the illustrious family of Douglass,
thus expiring, I shall at present confine my memoirs to the house
of Angus, the next great family of the name, who, though infe-
rior to that of the old Earls of Douglass, yet exceeded most others
for royalties, greatness, number of vassals, and military glory.
They had many privileges inherent in their family, as, that the
Earls of Angus should have the first place and vote in parliament
or council, that he should carry the crown in riding of parlia-
ments, to be the King's hereditary lieutenant, and to have the
leading of the van of the army iu the day of battle ; all which

k Sir James Balfour's Peerage of Scotland MS penes me
c Mr Simson-

DUKE OF BRANDON. 501

were confirmed by King James VI. to William Earl of Angus
anno 15gi. "

George Douglass, first Earl of Angus, was only son of William
first Earl of Douglass, by Margaret his third wife, daughter and
heir of Thomas Stuart Earl of Angus : he was invested in this
honour upon his mother's resignation by a charter, of which this
is a part,

" Robertus Dei gratia Rex Scotorum, &c. sciatis nos dedisse
et hac Charta confirmasse Georgio Douglas totam et integrum
Comitatum Angusie, cum Dominio de Abernethy jacent. in Vice-
comitatu de Perth et Berwick, etheredibus masculis corporis dicti
Georgii ; quibus deficientibus Alexandro Hamilton militi et Eli-
zabethae Stuart sponsae suae sorori dicte Comitisse Angusie &c.
Test. Waltero Episcopo sancte Andreae, Joanne Episcopo Dun-
kelden. Cancellario, Joanne Comite de Carrick Senescallo
Scotiae primogenito nostro, Roberto Comite de Fife et Montieth
Custode Scotiae, filio nostro. Apud Edinburg decimo die Aprilis,
anno Regni nostri decimo nono, anno Dom. 138Q."

This George, in the year 13QJ, married the Lady Mary Stuart,
daughter to King Robert III, d by whom he had William his
suceessor, Sir George Douglass, Knight, and a daughter Elizabeth,
married to Sir William Hay of Lockharr, e ancestor to the present
Marquiss ofTwedale. All that I have found in history of this
Earl, is, that he accompanied the Earl of Douglass to the battle of
Homildon, where he was taken prisoner, and there falling sick,
he died anno 1402, his Lady re-marrying with Sir James Kennedy,
Knight ; after that she became the wife of Sir William Graham
of Kincardin, whom surviving also, she was a fourth time married
to Sir William Edmiston of Duntreath. f

William, second Earl of Angus, in the year 1423, was sent to
England one of the hostages for the ransom of King James I. his
uncle, s at the solemnity of whose coronation he had the honour
of knighthood conferred on him, an honour much more valued in
ancient times than we have since found it to be : and in the year
1424, he was one of the peers that sat upon the trial of Murdock

<s The original contract extant in the writes of the family of Douglass.

e Charta penes Marchionem de Twedal ad annum 1409
f Charta Jacobi II. Willielmo Edmiston de Colodin militi et Mariae Co-
mitisbae Angusiae sponsae suae amitae nostra? de terris de Duntreath, anno
1452, penes Dominum Duntreath.

b Rymer's Fcedera Anglias.

502 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Duke of Albany,1' and the 2gth of the said reign he was appointed
warden of the middle Marches toward England, and the next
year after, had a special grant of all the manors, castles, and
lands descended to him from his ancestors, in as ample manner
as they held the same.

In 1436, the English making several incursions upon the
borders, under the command of the valiant Percy, he was sent
against them, where he destroyed several towns upon the Marches,
and routed them at Piperdeen. He departing this life the follow-
ing year 1437, ' left issue by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir
William Hay of Locherret, k my Lord Twedale's ancestor, James,
who succeeded in the honour.

Which James, in the second of James II. was one of the
conservators of the peace with England, ' a truce being then
concluded betwixt the two realms. He married the Lady Jean
Stuart, daughter to King James I. but dying without issue, he was
succeeded both in his honour and estate by

Sir George Douglass, his uncle, m a man of great parts, and
much esteemed for wisdom, loyalty, and valour. The first
notice of him, is in the year 1449, that he was one of the commis-*
sioners on the part of Scotland, who met with several English
Lords at Berwick, and there concluded a league of stricter amity,
as they termed it, betwixt both nations ; and soon after he was.
constituted warden of the East and Middle Marches. n In 1457,
the 20th of James II. he was sent against the Earl of Douglass,
then in rebellion, which he successfully quelled ; in consideration
of which special service so performed by him, he had a grant of
the lordship and barony of Douglass. Finally, he indents with
Henry VI. of England, then dispossessed of the crown by Edward
Duke of York, that for the Earl's assistance towards his restora-
tion, he obliges himself in verlo principis, that he shall erect to
his Lordship and his heirs, as much land betwixt Humber and
Trent as shall amount to two thousand merks sterling a year ;
and at the same time by a bold enterprise, he relieved Monsieur
Brisack and the French troops under his command, then besieged
in the castle of Alnwick, in the sight of the English army, and

h History of the Royal Family put forth in 1710. * Simson.

k Dispensation by William Bishop of Glasgow, for William Douglass
Earl of Angus, to marry Margaret, daughter of Sir William Hay of Locherret,
in the year 1425, in the writes of the family of Y ester.

1 Mr. Rymer's Fcedera Angliae. U1 Mr. Hume. n Ibid,

DUKE OF BRANDON. 503

Wrought them safe into Scotland, but after all his great and loyal
terviccs, he gave way to. fate, well advanced in age, November
14th, 1402, and was buried with his ancestors at Aberncthy
Hi-, wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Andrew Sibbald of
Balgony in Vicecomitatu de Fife, by whom he had Archibald
the next Earl, George Douglass of Bonjedward,# and three
daughters,

Jean, married to William Lord Graham, p

Elizabeth, to Sir Robert Graham of Fintrie, and had issue.

Margaret, to Sir Duncan Campbel of Glenurchie, ancestor to
the Earl of Breadalbin.

Archibald his son and heir succeeding, commonly designed
the Great Earl, he made a considerable figure in the reigns of
James III. and IV. In 14S8, he was one of the associating Lords
who at Lawder Bridge, in presence of the King seized on Thomas
Horail and Robert Cochran, the mean favourites of that Prince,
and caused them to be executed as the authors of the mismanagement
of the public affairs, though I don't find he was in the lrince's
army at Bannockburn, where the unfortunate King lost his life.
In the 24th of James IV. anno 14<)2, he was made warden of the
Marches, also one of the King's privy council, and the next year
constituted Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, then void by the
decease of Colin Earl of Argyle, from which he was removed in
1498, George Earl of Huntly being put in his stead.

His first wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Lord Boyd,
Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland, by whom he had three
sons;

First, George, master of Angus.

Second, Sir William Douglass of Braidwood, who was killed
at Flowdon, of whom and his descendants more will be said after-
wards.

Third, Gavin Douglass, third son, devoting himself to the
service of the church, was put into orders about 14<j3 : his first
preferment was to the rectory of Heriot, and then to the pro-
vostry of St. Giles, Edinburgh, in which station he continued till
the year 1515 ; he was promoted to the episcopal see of Duukeld,
then void by the death of Bishop Brown, where he exercised hw
episcopal function till death took him away, anno 1522.1

0 Simson's Notes on the family of Douglass.
t Charta Williclmi Domini Graham, et Jcanac Douglass, spon&ae sua*
C orgio Graham eorum filio de tcrris de Calendar.
1 Viuc EpiscoporumDunkcldcn, MS penes 111c This was thecelebratcd poet-

504 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His second wife was Catherine, daughter of Sir William
Stirling of Keir, in Vicecomitatu de Perth, r who bore him a son,
Archibald Douglass of Kilspindy, * and three daughters : first,
Marjory, married to Cuthbert Earl of Glencairn ; second, Eliza-
beth, to Robert Lord Lyle, justice general of Scotland, in the
reign of King James IV. ; third, Janet, to Robert Lord Herris,
anceslor to the Earls of Nithsdale.

But it is requisite here to observe, that George, master of
Angus, married Margaret, daughter of John, first Lord Drum-
mond : his children by her were three sons :

First, Archibald, who succeeded his grandfather ;

Second, Sir George Douglass, who by Elizabeth his wife,
daughter and sole heir of David Douglass of Pittendrich, l bad
issue David, afterward Earl of Angus, James Earl of Morton,
regent of Scotland, in the minority of King James VI. ; Elizabeth,
married to Sir John Carmichael of that Ilk, and Mary to Sir
<5eorge Auchinleck of Balmanno, u in Vicecomitatu de Perth.

Third, William, prior of Coldingham, afterwards promoted to
be abbot of Holyrood House, anno 1622, upon the promotion of
George Crichton to the episcopal see of Dunkeld.

Also six daughters ; Elizabeth, married to John Lord Yester,
progenitor to the Marquis of Twedale j Janet, to John Lord
Glammis, ancestor to the Earl of Strathmore ; Janet, to Sir
James Douglass of Drumlanrig, ancestor to the Duke of Queens-
bury ; Alison, married first to Robert Blackader of that Ilk, in
Vicecomitatu de Berwick, and secondly, to Sir David Hume of
Wedderburn, in dicto Vicecomitatu ; Margaret, to Robert Craw-
furd of Achinnaims, in Vicecomitatu de Renfrew. This George
behaving himself .very gallantly at Flowdonfield, there lost his life,
with two hundred gentlemen of his name and family, fjth Sep-
tember 1513 ; which disaster so affected his aged father, that he
retired from the world to prepare himself for death, which he was
sensible was approaching, and it happened in the beginning of the
next year 1511.

To Archibald, the great Earl of Angus, succeeded Archibald
his grandson, a person of great accomplishments, either for peace
or war. This noble person in his youth travelled into France and

' Remarks upon the family of Angus, by David Simton. • Ibid.

1 Cturta in Rotulis Jacobi quinti ad annum Ifjg
■ Manuscript History of the House of Angus, in the custody of Sir Robert
Douglas* of Glenbcrvy, Bart.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 505

other foreign parts, where he received great honours from the
Princes themselves of these respective countries, particularly from
Henry II. of France, who made him a Knight of the most noble
order of St. Michael. About the time of his return, anno 1515,
Scotland was then afflicted with the death of King James IV.
who left his son very young, and the regency to the Queen
mother, who for her better support married this Earl.

Upon the resignation of the government by the Duke of
Albany, he together with the Earls of Arran, Lennox, and Argyle,
by a special act, were made counsellors to the young King
James V. anno 1521, and the year after constituted Lord High
Chancellor of Scotland ; he held the office till the year 1528, at
which time, upon a disgust taken against him by the King, he
was removed and outlawed, whereupon he retired into England,
where he was nobly entertained by Henry VIII. and taken into
the number of his privy-council, where he sojourned fifteen years,
till the death of King James V. anno 1542. Then returning
home, he was parliamentary restored to his estate and titles of
honour, and at the fatal battle of Pinkiefield he commanded the
van guard of the army against the English, where he behaved very
worthily, and living peaceably the remainder of his days, he de-
parted this life at his castle ofTantallon, in the year 155/, aged
sixty-four, and was interred at Abernethy.

This gallant Earl married thrice, his first wife being Margaret
Hepburn, daughter of Patrick Earl of Bolhwellj by her he had no
children. Next, he had the honour to marry Margaret of
England, widow of James IV. of Scotland, eldest daughter of
Henry VII. and sister to Henry VIII. Kings of England, who
bore him one daughter, the Lady Margaret Douglass, married to
Matthew third Earl of Lennox, mother by him of Henry Duke
of Albany, Lord Darnly, &rc. father of James VI. first monarch of
Great Britain. His third wife was Margaret, daughter of John
Lord Maxwell, by whom he had a son James, who died in his
childhood. To Archibald, Earl of Angus, succeeded

Sir David Douglass of Pittendrich, his nephew, who did not
live long to enjoy the honour : he departing this life in 1558,
leaving issue by Margaret his wife, daughter of Sir John Hamilton
of Clidesdale, brother to James Duke of Chatlerault, widow of
Sir John Johnston of that Ilk, a son Archibald, who succeeded
to the honour ; also two daughters,

Margaret, married to Sir Walter Scot of Bucleugh, and after
his death to Francis Stuart Earl of Bothwell.

50<5 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Elizabeth, to John Lord Maxwell, afterward Earl of Morton.

Which Archibald, for his virtuous endowments, was sirnatned
the Good Earl. He married first, Margaret Erskine, daughter of
John Earl of Mar. Next, Margaret, daughter to the Earl of
Rothes, but by neither of these had he any issue ; thirdly, Jean,
daughter of John Lord Glammis, who bore him a daughter Eliza-
beth, who died a maid.

The first time I find this Earl in public business, is in 1573 ;
he was constituted sheriff of Berwick, and one of the wardens on
the borders, which he exercised with an universal reputation for
five or six years, justice never being better administered.

Upon the fall of his uncle, the Earl of Morton, the King grew
jealous of him, whereupon he retired to England, where he was
bountifully entertained by Queen Elizabeth, and there he had op-
portunity to contract a friendship with the famous Sir Philip Sidney,
very much to their mutual satisfaction. But after some years,
i pon better information, his Majesty not only restored him to his
F rmer favour and familiarity, but appointed him lieutenant on
the borders, which he defended with great reputation for several
years ; but at last being seized with a sickness, which was thought
to be sorcery, he languished under his distemper till about the end
of July 1588, at which time he gave way to fate, with the cha-
racter of being a good man in all respects, well versed in learning,
and though endowed with many excellent qualities, his piety was
allowed to be the reigning virtue in him. He was interred at the
collegiate church of Abernetby ; upon him I find this epitaph,

Morte jacet saeva Angusius, spes ilia bonorum,

Terror malorum maximus :
Cui, laude et luctu mentis, pia turba parentatj

Patrem, Parentem ingeminans.
Par studium impietas siraulat : quern carpere livor

Vivum solebat, mortuum
Aut veris scquitur lacrymis, aut gaudia fictia

Celat pudenda ; et laudibus
Saltern non fictis os pene invita resolvir,

Scque arguit mendacii.
O laus ! O veri vis ! O victoria ! honosque

Cunctis triumpbis clarior !

Englished,
Angus by cruel death lies here,
The good man's hope, the wicked's fear,

DUKE OF BRANDON. 507

The praise and sorrow of the most

Religious, who, as having lost

A father, mourn, most men are known

To find a woe if they have none.

Envy, accustomed to wrong

His guiltless life, employs her tongue

Now a loud trumpet of his fame,

And weeps, if not for grief, for shame,

Enforc'd to give herself the lie,

O power of truth ! O victory !

By which more honour is obtain'd,

Than is in greatest triumphs gain'd.

The male line of George, master of Angus, terminating in this
Earl, the honour and estate, by reason of the entail upon the
heirs male, devolved on Sir William Douglass of Glenbervy.

Glenbervy is a Barony in the shire of Kincardin, which was
the possession of the Melvils. As far back as the time of Alex-
ander II. Philip de Melvil, Knight, executed the office of sheriff
of Aberdeen, in the beginning of that reign. * In his line the
Barony continued till the 8th of James III. anno 1468, * and then
determined in Elizabeth, daughter, and at length sole heir of
Alexander Melvil of Glenbervy, married to Sir John Achinleck
of that Ilk, an ancient family in Airshire, z by whom he had
James, his son and heir, who marrying Giles, daughter of Sir
John Ross of Halkhead, Knight, a left a daughter Elizabeth, his
sole heir, whose ward and marriage falling to the King, James IV.
he assigned it to Sir William Douglass of Braidwood, Knight,
son to Archibald Earl of Angus, b anno 1492 : whereupon there
happened a contest betwixt the said Elizabeth and James Achin-
leck of that Ilk, her cousin german, about the right of succession :
the matter at length, after long dispute, was referred by both
parties to certain noblemen, who determined the Barony of Glen-
bervy to the said Elizabeth, and Sir William Douglass her hus-
band, whereupon he took the coat of Achinleck, viz. a cross ioa-
batfled, sable, into his achievement. He was killed at the fatal
battle of Flowdon, anno 1513, leaving issue by the said Eliza-

x Chartulary of Arbroth.

y Charta in Rotulis Jacobi III. ad annum 1468.

z Charta in Rotulis dicti Regis.

» Charta penes Ducern de Douglass. b Ibid.

508 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

beth his wife, Archibald his son and heir, on whom King James
V. conferred the honour of knighthood. His first wife was
Agnes, daughter of William Earl Marishall, by whom he had
William his son and heir: also by his second marriage with
Mary, daughter of Sir Alexander Irvine of Drum, he had two
sons;

First, James, a clergyman, parson of the parish church of
Glenbervy, grandfather by Robert Douglass of Kilmonth, his
eldest son, of the right reverend Dr. Robert Douglass, Bishop of
Dumblain j he was born anno 1626, and had his grammar educa-
tion in the country, from whence being sent to the university of
Aberdeen, he proceeded to the degree of master of arts ; continu-
ing to pursue his theological studies with great assiduity, he com-
menced preacher about the year 1650, but what was his first
ministerial charge before he was parson of Renfrew in the West,
does not occur to me. From thence, after some years stay, he
was removed to the provostry of Bothwell, and not long after
that, to the deanery of Glasgow, and parsonage of Hamilton,
where he continued to exercise his ministerial function, till Dr.
Robert Lawry, who bad presided over the episcopal see of Brechin,
from the year 1671, to the year 1682, departing this life, Mr. Dou-
glass was consecrated in his room, and on the 29th of June 1684,
translated to the see of Dumblain, where he continued in the ex-
ercise of his episcopal function till the year 1689, he was de-
prived of his bishopric ; after which time he made conscience
to live peaceably under King William's government, and that of
Queen Anne, and arrived to the uncommon age of eighty-seven,
exercising himself daily in works of devotion and piety, patiently
waiting till the great change came of translating him from this
world, to the state of endless felicity in the other- c

Second, John Douglass, second son.

To Sir Archibald Douglass of Glenbervy, succeeded Sir
William, his son and heir, to whom the honour of Earl of Angus
devolved, anno 1588.

This Earl, while a private gentleman, accompanied Queen
Mary in her northern expedition, anno 1562, and was active in
the fight at Corrichie, where Alexander, Earl of Huntly, was
slain. Upon the turn of the reformation, in the memorable year

c Debrett's Peerage, i?oz, deduces the descent of Sylvester Douglas,
lately created Lord Glenbervie of Ireland, from this Robert Bishop of Dum-
blaine.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 509

1560, when both the doctrine of the church, and authority of the
Bishop of Rome was parliamentary abolished j he did eminently
signalize himself by his firm adherence to, and zealous profession
of the Protestant religion, of which he was a very great promoter,
and of consequence was a mighty supporter of King James VI's.
authority during the administration of the regents Murray, Len-
nox, Mar, and Morton j which in that Prince's minority, very
much to his detriment, he maintained, assisting both with his
money and counsel ; but having no opportunity of signalizing
himself by arms, we hear no more of moment concerning him,
till the time of his death, which happened April ]4th, 1591,
leaving a numerous family by Giles his wife, daughter of Sir
Robert Graham of Morphie, in Vicecomitatu de Kincardin.

First, William his successor in the honour.

Second, Sir Robert, who got his father's paternal estate of
Glenbervy, and was created Baronet, by King Charles I. the 30th
of May l6'25, being the sixth in number of precedency in that
honour. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Auchin-
leck of Balmanno, by whom he had Sir William his successor,
and Dr. George Douglass, rector of Stepney, ancestor to Sir
Alexander Douglass of Glenbervy, Bart.

Third Son, Gavin Douglass of Bridgeford.

Fourth, John Douglass of Barras.

Margaret, eldest daughter, married to John Forbes of Moni-
musk, in Vicecomitatu de Aberdeen -, Elizabeth, the second, to
Sir Alexander Gordon of Cluny j Jean, the third, to James
Wishart of Pittarow, in Vicecomitatu de Kincardin ; Sarah,
fourth and youngest, to Sir Alexander Strachan of Thorntoun,
Bart, j and after his death, to Sir George Auchinleck of Bal-
manno.

William, his eldest son, succeeded in the honour, was a noble-
man well versed in the antiquities and history of his country, es-
pecially in that part relating to genealogies ; and from the Scots
history, and the documents of his family, he wrote a chronicle of
the Douglasses, a much more elaborate work than that put out in
the year 16*44, dedicated to the Marquis of Douglass. This Earl,
in the latter part of his life, made defection to the Romish faith,
which put him so much under the King's displeasure, that with
leave he retired into France, where he spun out his time in the
devotions of that church till his death, in the year 1616. His
wrife was Elizabeth, daughter of Lawrence Lord Oliphant, by
Margaret his wife, daughter of George Earl of Errol, by whom

610 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

he had three sons, and two daughters : William Lord Angus, hit
successor; Sir James Douglass, afterwards Lord Mordingtounj
Sir Francis Douglass of Sandilands, Knight.

Mary, second wife of Alexander Earl of Linlithgow ; Mar-
garet, to Sir Alexander Campbel of Calder, in Vicecomitatu Mo-
ravise, and had issue.

To this Earl succeeded William his son, who as he was master
of a most plentiful fortune, so he kept up the old Scots hospita-
lity and grandeur at his castle of Douglass, where he usually re-
sided, having perhaps a more numerous family and attendance
than any nobleman in the kingdom. King Charles I. constituted
him chief commander or lieutenant on the borders,. d and created
him Marquis of Douglass on the 17th of June 1633, the day im-
mediately preceding his Majesty's coronation. Upon the com-
mencing of the civil war, in that reign, I do not find this noble
lord engaged much on either side, but kept himself out of the
broils of these times, as much as any of his quality in the king-
dom, till the year 1645, perceiving the hard usage of the King, and
the miseries that threatened his native country, he took up arms
in defence of both, and joining his forces with those under the
command of the great Marquis of Montrose, his Majesty's captain
general in Scotland, he accompanied him to the battle of
Philiphaugh, where he behaved himself with great valour and ad-
mirable courage. Upon the loss of the day, he had the misfortune
to be taken prisoner 5 and notwithstanding all the disadvantages
and dangers he lay under from the usurping powers of these
times, continued steady in his loyalty to his Prince, King Charles
31. though in exile, to the frequent hazard of his life, and de-
triment of his fortune, Oliver Cromwell imposing a considerable
fine upon him in the year 1654.

His first marriage was with Margaret, daughter of Claude
Hamilton Lord Paisly, sister to James, first Earl of Abercorn, by
whom he had two sons and four daughters.

First, Archibald, Lord Angus, who upon the breaking out of
the civil war, in the reign of King Charles I. was on the parlia-
ment's side for some time ; but afterwards disliking the service,
and finding things carried on to extremities, he left them, and ap-
peared very forward to testify his loyalty to King Charles II. at
whose coronation, which was solemnized the first of January
1651, his Lordship was constituted Lord High Chamberlain for

* Mr, Simson.

DUKE OF BRANDON. >51l

the day. He married, first, Anne, daughter of Esme Stuart
Duke of Lennox, by whom he had James, who succeeded his
grandfather ; secondly, Jean, daughter of David Earl of Weems,
by whom he had Archibald Earl of Forfar, and Margaret, fourth
wife of Alexander Viscount of Kingstoun. This Lord died in the
prime of his age, anno 1655; his wife surviving him, re-married,
with George Earl of Sutherland.

Second, James, the second son, whose genius leading him to
the wars, he went over to France, wbere he signalized himself in
the service of Lewis XIV. on every occasion that offered, and
more particularly at the siege of Doway, where he was killed, his
death preventing his being honoured with a marshal's batton.
Besides these sons, he had also three daughters 5

Jean, married to William Lord Alexander, son and heir of
William first Earl of Stirling.

Margaret, to Sir John Hamilton, who was created Lord
Bargany by King Charles I.

Grisel, the third, to Sir William Carmichel.

His Lordship's second wife was Mary, daughter of George
Marquis of Huntly, by Henrietta his wife, daughter of Esme
Duke of Lennox, by whom he had William, created Earl of Sel-
kirk, \646, and afterwards Duke of Hamilton in 1661, in conse-
quence of his marriage with Lady Anne, sole daughter and
heir of James Hamilton, first Duke of Hamilton, of which mar-
riage, and the issue, I shall treat presently.

Secondly, George, created Earl of Dunbarton by Charles II.
March 9th, 1675 ; who died at the court of St. Germains 1692,
leaving George, second Earl of Dunbarton, a title now extinct.

Third, Colonel James Douglass, who died unmarried. Also
five daughters.

First, Henrietta, married to James Earl of Annandale.

Second, Catherine, married to Sir William Ruthven of Dou-
glass, com. Berwick.

Third, Isabel, wife of William Duke of Queensbury.

Fourth, Jean, married to James fourth Earl of Perth.

Fifth, Lucy, to Robert Earl of Nithsdale, and all had issue.

The Marquis died in the Spring of 1660. Of James, his grand-
son, who succeeded him, and died in 1700, and of his issue, an
account will be given under the article of the present Lord
Douglas.

512 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Hamilton Family.

The following is principally from Crawfurd's Scotch Peerage.

" As this illustrious and most noble family is the first of the Peer-
age of Scotland, so it is one of the most considerable, whether we
respect the nobleness of its extraction, the multiplicity of its
branches, or the grandeur of its alliances ; and though they are
not of so long a continuance in this realm, as some others men-
tioned in this work j yet it is sufficient to say, that this noble
house has been established by an undeniable and uninterrupted
succession of full five hundred years, and had the honour to be
graced with the intail of the crown, and imperial dignity of this
realm, two hundred and sixty years ago, which was ratified in a
full assembly of the three estates of parliament, to which all of
them set their seals.

•I must acknowledge I have not had the honour to peruse the
more ancient writs of the family of Hamiltoun, wherefore I am
obliged to rely upon the account given me from Mr. Hamilton of
Wishaw, an antiquary of no little fame, who says, " That Sir
Gilbert Hamilton, the first of this illustrious race who trans-
planted himself from the kingdom of England, was extracted
from the ancient Earls of Leicester, of whose grant his progenitor
had lands in that county, called Hamilton, from whence they
assumed a sirname, and that the occasion of his coming to Scot-
land is delivered by historians after this manner : Sir Gilbert (say
they) at the court of Edward II. chanced to talk with honour and
respect of the great merit of King Robert the Bruce, whereupon
one John del Spencer gave him a blow, which arrogant treatment
he resented so highly, that encountering him the next day, he
killed him ; and to avoid punishment, fled to Scotland, where he
was well received by King Robert : who to make amends for
what he had forfeited on his account at home, generously re-
warded him with the Barony of Cadzow, in the county of Lanark,
then an appendage of the crown." He was a very brave man,
and to him are ascribed a vast many great exploits, particularly,
that he distinguished his valour and conduct in the decisive battle
of Bannockbum, (which happened on the 25th of July 1314), so
eminently, that he was knighted in the field, and got a gift of
divers lands. My former author further informs me, that he was
matched with a lady of the family of the Randolphs, raised in
that reign to the honour of Earl of Murray, by whom he had
two sons, Sir Walter his successor, and Sir John Hamilton of

DUKE OF BRANDON. 513

Rossaven, Knight, of whom sprung the family of Prestoun in Vic.
tie Edinburgh, and its branches. To Sir Gilbert's memory this
epitaph was composed by a famous author :

lure ego deserui patriam, veteresque penates,

Nempe fidem, jus, fas deserit ilia prius.
Jam nova jura libens inii sub rege benigno,

Qui profugo patriam, qui potiora dtdit.
Hinc res, atque decus, fortunaque laeta secuta est,

Hinc regum thalamis nobilitata domus.
Esto, solum verti, at patriam inveni, haec dedit, auxit,

Quae modo perdideram : quae potui, ilia dedi.

Sir Walter, his son, was a man of great fame and character j
he had several military commands in the service of Robert I.
which he performed with great diligence and success, in consi-
deration whereof, he had by that Prince's grant a charter of the
Barony of Cadzow, to be held in as ample manner as Sir Gilbert
his father held the same : also in the ninth of the same reign, to
reward his great merit and acceptable services, he had a grant of
the Barony of Machanshire in the county of Lanark, which for-
merly belonged to John Cumin, Knight. Further, in 1324, the
King bestowed on him the lands of Kinneil, Larber, Brimage,
and Auldcathie, in the shire of Linlithgow ; and the very same
year the lands of Kirkinder and Kirkowen in the county of
Wigtoun, for good services done and to be done by him, as the
charter bears. Thus by his Prince's bounty and favour arriving to
great wealth and honour, he strengthened his family by a very
noble alliance, taking to wife Isabel, daughter of William Earl of
Ross, e and neice to the King by her mother, by whom he had
two sons who survived him, Sir David, and Sir John Hamilton,
from whom the families of Innerweek, Ballincrieff, and the pre-
sent Earl of Haddingtoun are descended.

To Sir Walter Hamilton succeeded Sir David his son, who
served King David II. in his wars against the English. He was
with the King at the unfortunate battle of Durham, anno 1348,
where he was taken prisoner with his master, f but paying a
ransom he was released. That he had great esteem from that
King, is plain enough, for in the fortieth of his reign, he had a
special grant of all the lands which belonged either to Sir Gilbert

e Wishaw's Account of the Family of Hamilton.
t Mr. Rymer's Foedcia Angliie.
VOL, I. 2 L

5U PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

his grandfather, or Sir Walter his father, in any part of the
realm ; « und at the same time the King was pleased to discharge
for ever to him and his heirs, a feu-duty that had been formerly
payable to the exchequer out of the Barony of Cadzow } a sign
of the prevalency of his interest at that Prince's court, where men
of merit were only employed. In the 4th of King Robert II. anno
1373, he had summons to parliament, and appends his seal to the
act recognizing his Majesty's title to the crown, and in settling
the succession upon all the King's children 'lawfully begotten,
either by Elizabeth Mure his first wife, or Euphame Ross then
his Queen. h What is further remarkable of this Sir David is,
that according to the devotion of that age, when donatives to the
church could sanctify and merit for any person, he gave in pure
and perpetual alms to the cathedral church of Glasgow an an-
nuity of ten merks Stirling out of the Barony of Kinneil, for the
support of a qualified person to celebrate divine service at the altar
of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in the said church, pro salute animae
Roberti quondam Regis Scotiae, necnon pro prosperitate sere-
nissimi Principis Domini David Regis Scotiae, ac etiam pro salute
animae suae, et animarum omnium antecessorum et successorum
suorum in perpetuum. i My former worthy author k informs me,
that this Sir David dying in 1373, left issue by Margaret bis wife,
daughter of Walter Lesly Lord of Ross, by Euphame, daughter
and heir of William Earl of Ross, David his successor, and Walter
progenitor of the branch of Camskeith, in Vic. de Air l and its
cadets.

Which Sir David attained the honour of knighthood from
King Robert II. in the 7th of whose reign he had a grant of the
lands of Botbwell Mure, in the county of Lanark, m and by other
acquisitions, he raised a great fortune. Marrying Janet, daughter
of Sir William Keith, marshal of Scotland, R by her he had five
sons and a daughter.

Sir John, who continued on the line of the family.

r The Charter is dated 17th September 1369.
h Acts of Parliament still extant in the records, where he is mentioned in
both

J Chartulary of Glasgow in the hands of Alexander Baillic, of Castle-
carry.

k Mr William Hamilton of Wishaw.
1 From writs in my hands, I find that Hamilton of Camskeith is now,
4716, represented by Alexander Hamilton of Grange in Airshire

»> Wisluw's account of the Duke of Hamilton's family, MS.
D Penes Eundcm.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 515

Sir "William, the second son, was ancestor of the Hamiltons
of Bathgate, in Vic. de Linlithgow. °

Sir Robert, the third, from whom the family of Bruntwood
and Udstoun did descend, out of which branched the Hamiltons
of Barncluth, the Lord Belhaven, Rosehall, Pcncaitland, and
Wishaw.

George, the fourth son, was author of the family of Boarland,
in Vic. de Air.

David, the fifth, who fixed his residence in the county of
Stirling, where he acquired a fair estate by the marrying one of
the coheirs of Galbreath, a great Baron in those parts, and became
the root of the Hamiltons of Bardowie, who still continue there.

Elizabeth, only daughter, married to Sir Alexander Fraser,
Thane of Cowie and Dores. p

But to return to Sir John Hamilton Lord of Cadzow, who ap-
pears to have been of special account, but living in a time of no
great action under Robert III. a peaceable Prince, I could not
procure any memoirs of him proper to be inserted here. His
wife was Janet, daughter of Sir James Douglass of Dalkeith,
ancestor to the Earl of Morton. By her he had

Sir James his successor.

David, who first founded the family of Dalserf, in Vic. de
Lanark, of whom the Hamiltons of Llackburn, Allarshaw, Lady-
land, Green, and others derive themselves.

Thomas, of whom descended the house of Raploch, out of
which issued the Hamiltons of Torrence, Stanhouse, Woodhall,
Aikenhead, Dechraont, Barns, and several flourishing branches in
the kingdom of Ireland, of which the Earl of Clanbrassil was the
head.

Having done with the younger brothers, I proceed with"Sir
James Hamilton of Cadzow, the eldest son, who in 1411, with
David his brother, obtained letters of safe conduct from Henry
IV. to come into England, as far as the castle of Calthorp, in the
county of Lincoln, yet on what occasion is not said : i and twelve

o This from Wishaw's account of the family of Hamilton. Etiam Charta
penes Alexandrum Baiilie de Casrlecarry, ad annum 1407.

p Charter by Sir Alexander Fraser, Thane of Cowie and Dores, with
consent of Elizabeth Hamilton his spouso, to Alexander Fraser his son, of
the lands of Dores in the year 1400, and is presently in my hands by the
favour of Sir Peter Fraser of Dores-

, Mr Rymer's Fcedeia Angliae ad annum 141 1.

5l6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

years after, when the sum of forty thousand pound Sterling wa3
agreed on as the ransom of King James I. he was sent into,
England as one of the hostages for the payment thereof, i an
evidence he was then looked upon as one of the most considerable
Barons of Scotland. Soon after which, King James conferred on
him the honour of knighthood, and called him to his privy-
council. In the reign of King James II. when our constitution
of parliaments came to be modelled according to the frame they
are now in, this noble person was in the eighth of the same King,
anno 14-15, entered among the lords of parliament, all his lands
being then erected into a lordship in all time coming, to be called
the lordship of Hamilton. r

Also in 1449, he was joined in commission with John, bishop
of Glasgow; Andrew, abbot of Melross 3 Patrick Cockburn, pro-
vost of Edinburgh ; Peter Young, dean of Dunkeld, to treat with
the English touching a peace betwixt the two nations, which they
concluded. * Upon the rebellion of the Earl of Douglass, he was
with the Earl of Angus sent to command against the rebels, by
whom they were entirely routed : in consideration of which
6ignal service, he was rewarded with the Baronies of Drumshar-
gard and Carmonock, with the heritable sheriffship of Lanarkshire,
then in the crown, by the forfeiture of the said James Earl of
Douglass. l This noble Lord founded, and amply endowed the
collegiate church of Hamilton in 1451, which was ratified and
approved by the Pope's Bull, which he went to Rome in person to
procure, being accompanied with James Lord Livingston, and
Gavin Hamilton, provost of the collegiate church of Bothwell,

*> Mr. Rymer's Fcedera Anglic ad annum 1423-
I Charta penes D de Hamilton See a translation of this charter at length
in Pinkerton's Scotland, vol i p 395. «* The obscurity;'' says Pinkcrton,
" attending the reign of James II. the important service which the house of
Hamilton rendered to that Prince, its subsequent connection with the royal
family, and ambition latterly to reach the diadem itself, will apologise for its
insertion '*

" At the time of this erection,'' says Pinkcrton," the house of Douglas*
was in the plenitude of its power; and the Hamiltons having been ever at-
tached to that great family, the source of favour becomes evident ; nor is it
matter of surprise that Lord Hamilton at first followed Douglas, against his
Sovereign After the fall of that house, and the marriage with the Prin.
cess, the Hamiltons were to become one of the most potent families in Scot-
land ; and in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, that of Argylc could
alone contest the superiority." •

• Rymer's Feeders,
t Cliarta penes D de Hamilton.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 5:7

having got a safe conduct from Henry VI. to pass through
England." He was likewise a benefactor to the University of
Glassgow, then founded by bishop Turnbull, by his charter of
troniiption, bearing date the 14th of January 145Q, * which he
did not long survive, departing this mortal life in the year 1 160, >'
though I cannot meet with the day and month. His first wife
was Janet, daughter to Sir Alexander Livingston of Calendar j *
by her he had

First, James, his successor Lord Hamilton.

Second, Andrew, first of the Hamiltons of Silver Town Hill,
in Vic. de Lanark.

Third, Gavin, provost of the collegiate church of Bothwell,
ancestor of the family of Orbistoun, of whom also Haggs, Kil-
brachmont, Dalziel, Monkland, Bothwel Haugh, Parkhead, and
Bar.a

Fourth, John Hamilton of Whisleberry, b in Vic. de Lanark.

His second wife was Euphame, daughter of Patrick Graham
Earl of Strathern, Countess Dowager of Douglass, by whom he
had a son and two daughters,

Sir John Hamilton of Shawfield, in Vic. de Lanark.

Mary, married to William Earl Marishal.

Elizabeth to David Earl of Crawfurd, afterwards Duke of
Montrose.

James, Lord Hamilton, was succeeded by James his son, who
was constituted one of the lords of the privy-council, anno 1440;
in which station he continued, till from some mistake he entered
into that memorable league with the Earls of Douglass, Ross,
Crawfurd, Murry, and Orraond, wherein they solemnly swore

■ Rymer's Foedcra.

* Charta Mortification-!* Jacobi Domini Hamilton Acidemia Glasguen.
de quatuor acris terras Montis Columbarum, ac etiam Tcnementum in Magno
vico ex parte oriental i loci Fratrum prcedicatorum The Reddendo is, Quod
omnes Magistri et Successorcs eorum singulis diebus fine piandii aut coense
cum universis studen- orabunt pro animabus Jacobi Domini Hamilton et
huphemiar sponsas suae, heredum et successorum suorum in pcrpetuum. The
Charter moreover has this clause, that he makes the donation above specified,
Ob salutem ammarum omnium, a quibus bona aliqua habui dirccte aut in-
directc, et hactenus rcstitutionem non feci.

1 Wishaw's Notes on the family of Hamilton- » Ibid.

» This Gavin Hamilton, provost of Bothwell, I am told, was an aged
man before he entered into orders, and long before had been married and had
children, of whom came Orbistoun and its cadets.

k Dr. Baillie's Notes on the family of Hamilton.

518 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

never to desert one another during their lives ; that injuries done
to any one of them, should be considered as done to them all j
that they should concur against whatsoever persons within or
without the realm, and spend their lives, goods, and forties, in
defence of each other. But when Sir James Hamilton discerned
their violent purposes against the King, he severed himself from
them, and returned to his duty, whereupon ensued the ruin of the
Earl of Dougla-s, who persisted in his rebellion. In the reign of
King James III. he was no less considered and valued than he had
been by the former King; for in 1471, when a treaty of peace
was set on foot with the English, he was one of those noble per-
sons who met the Lord Howard and other commissioners on the
part of the King of England, and treated of a league and amity
betwixt the two nations. Then after on the 6th of March 14/2,
he was with William bishop of Aberdeen, David Earl of Craw-
furd, John Lord Darnly, and Archibald Whitelaw secretary of
state, by a commission under the great seal;, appointed to treat
with the ambassadors of England upon a lasting peace betwixt
the two realms. His excellent qualities, and heroic virtues,
gained so much upon his sovereign King James III. that he was
pleased to bestow upon him his sister, the Lady Mary Countess of
Arran, c in marriage, the greatest honour an}- subject was capable

c Here it will, I apprehend, be neither improper nor ungrateful to my
reader, to offer some considerations to obviate that assertion of George Bu-
chanan, -and other historians who have copied and translated from him, who
in.siiiuate. that the Lady Mary, the King's sister, was forced by her brother to
marry J<»mes Lord Hamilton, when Thomas Boyd Earl of Arran, her hus-
band, was alive : and this is generally believed by every body who reads
George Buchanan's History, and inquires no more about it, but depends on tur
affairs as wrote by him, who indeed, to do him justice, was a very learned
and polite person, and has wrote the History of Scotland not much inferior in
Style to the best Roman authors 1 shall here offer "what I have observed in
relation to this affair. A!l histories commend the Lady Mary's affection to
her husband, and tell us, that she could not be prevailed with to forsake or
desert him when he. fell into disgrace, but transported herself with him into
foreign parts to share with him in his misfortune*, and sojourned with him in
Denmark and Flanders for some time, till ..he understood from Scotland that
her presence and solitira.ion with her brother might prevail with him to suffer
my Lord Arran to return home to his native country, and accordingly she
came to Scotland: but the King continuing inexorable, and the Lady detained
from going abroad, the poor unfortunate Earl of Arran soon after died of
grief at Antwerp : she continuing a widow till 1474, is then, I find, married
to James lord Hamilton Moreover, I am told by Mr Hamilton of Wishaw,
that the contract of marriage is still preserved among the archives of the

DUKE OF BRANDON. 519

of. With this most virtuous Lady he lived in all conjugal affec-
tion, till on the (jth of November 1479, he departed this life, ° leav-
ing issue James his successor, and a daughter Elizabeth, married
to Matthew Earl of Lennox, grandmother by him of Henry Lord
Darnly, Duke of Albany, father of King James VI. first monarch
of Great Britain. Also, according to Tinkerton, a younger son,
Sir Patrick Hamilton, the most eminent of the Scotish knights,
who distinguished themselves at the tournaments at the marriage
of Margaret of England ;e and who was slain, 1520. f

Which James being a nobleman endowed with all the great
qualities suitable to his high birth, began early to distinguish
himself in the public service in the reign of King James IV. ;
for when he was very young, his Majesty called him to his privy-

family, but I have not seen it ; but there is a charter in my hands dated the
1 2th of July 1474, to James Lord Hamilton and the Lady Mary Stewart, the
King's sister, of the lands of Kinneil, &c Moreover, I think the testimony
of Mr. John Ballenden, archdean of Murray, who was cotemporary with
the Lady, whom we find alive in 1515, and for ought I know lived much
longer, ought to be regarded He at the command of King James V translated
Hector Boethius' History of Scotland into English, printed in the year 536,
under this title, " The History and Cronicles of Scotland completed, and
newly corrected and amended by the reverend and noble clerk, Mr Hector
Boeis Canon of Aberdeen, translated by Mr- John Ballenden, archdean of
Murray and canon of Ross " And there he says, book xii- cap 5, " The first
daughter of King James II. was married to the Lord Boyd, of whom was
begotten a son, whilk was slain by the Lord Montgomery, and a daughter
married to the Earl of Cassils ; and after the death of the Lord Boyd, this
daughter of King James 1 1 was married on the Lord Hamilton, and tiiat way
the house of Hamilton is decorit in the King's blood.'' I say, I think the
authority of this learned and ingenuous author should determine any man of
judgment more than a posterior party-writer, such as every one knows George
Buchanan was. with all deference to his character otherways- For every body
may perceive, who reads his book, that he takes all opportunities to blacken,
and misrepresent this nohle family, sometimes with very great inconsistency
with himself, as a judicious historian ; and if this be not sufficient to disprove
this part of Buchanan's history, take also the testimony of a very ingenious
foreign historian Ralph Holinshed ; who wrote a History of Scotland, wherein
he says, " that after the death of the Lord Boyd, the daughter of King
James II was married to the Lord Hamilton " But how far will not an author
depart from truth, who is the devoted servant of any party, as Buchanan was,
who wrote the latter part of his history to serve a particular turn, well enough
known ?

0 Obituary of Glasgow in thechartulary of that metropolitan see, in the
han'ls of Alexander Baillie of Castle Carrie, a gentleman well known in the
antiquities of his country, and who was at great pains to make considerable
collections very useful for illustrating the history of the kingdom,
c Pinkerton, vol ii. p 45. f Ibid.

620 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

council, and in 1503, sent him to England to conclude his mar-
riage with Margaret, eldest daughter to Henry VII. Soon after
which, the said King being sensible of his great merit and emi-
nent services, was pleased to give him the Earldom, and create
him Earl of Arran on the 10th of August 1503 ; wherethe re-
markable expressions used by his Majesty, as the just motives of
bestowing the honour, are sufficient to illustrate those of his pos-
terity, and are thus set forth in the preamble of his patent.

'* Sciatis nos, propter propinquitatem sanguinis inter nos et
dilectum consanguineum nostrum Jacobum Dominum Hamilton,
et pro suo gratuito servitio nobis impenso et impendendo, ac pro
suis magnis laboribus et expensis factis et sustentatis pro nostro et
Regni nostri honore, tempore contractus Matrimonii nostri in
facie Ecclesiae solemnizati apud nostrum Monasterium Sanctae
Cruris prope Edinburg. ac cum avisamento et consensu nostri
Concilii, ac trium nostri Regni statuum ; pro tempore praedicto
mature avisatos et ex nostra expressa scientia ac proprio motu de-
disse, concessisse, et hac presenti charta nostra confirmasse eidern
Jacobo Domino Hamilton totum et integrum Comitatum de
Arran jacen, in Vicecomitatu de Bute, &c. s

« Charter of erection of the Earldom of Arran in favour of James Lord
Hamilton, in the public register of charters. This may likeways serve to cor-
rect the mistake of those historians, who say, that when James Lord Hamilton
married the sister of King James III he got with her the Earldom of
Arran, which marriage I have made evident, was in 1474, and yet this grant
of the Earldom of Arran was not to him, nor his son for twenty-nine years
after the marriage of his father and mother. From this we may remark how
George Buchanan, and other historians who copy from him, arc to be relied
on, who took materials and vouchers of their histories from other authors who
have wrote before them, and never looked into the national records, where
proper materials for a historian are to be found. For I cannot imagine that
Mr Buchanan ever gave himself the trouble to turn over one roll in the
public archives of the kingdom, otherwise he could not but have discovered
the error of Robert Ill's illegitimacy, and many other things relating both
to the royal family, as well as to this noble family I now write of: for since
the time of King Robert the Bruce, the records are pretty full, so that if dili-
gently perused, they would have rectified many very gross errors all our old
historians have fallen into, whom Buchanan, as to the history, has followed
exactly ; for he only turned their books into that ornate Latin style we now
read his history of Scotland in For I cannot imagine Buchanan saw the re-
cords, otherwise he could not have been so wicked, or so perverse an histo-
rian as to have concealed matters of fact so evident there, and of such im-
portance to the royal family, except ye suppose, (as indeed many doj that he
was well pleased to find that any before him had wrote of the illegitimacy of
King Robert III. and thereby to make it a precedent for the succession of
another bastard to the crown, who was his patron, in prejudice of the lawful

DUKE OF BRANDON. 521

His Lordship being now higher in dignity, the year following
had the command of the forces sent from Scotland to the assist-
ance of Christian II. of Denmark; which service he happily per-
formed with conduct, diligence, and fidelity. Having gone thus
successfully through this affair, his royal master again intrusted
him with the command of the four thousand men sent into France
to the assistance of Lewis XII. where he acquired immortal
honour : and when that service was over, he returned home h
richly rewarded by that Prince, besides a pension during life.
While he stayed in France the death of King James IV. happened
in the unfortunate battle of Flowdon ; then he returned home to
settle the disturbed state of his native country, which ordinarily
falls out in all minorities, and stood fair to have been elected re-
gent to the young King. Many, says my author, gave their voices
for him, as being nearest in blood to the King, and a man affect-
ing peace more than others, and every way sufficient for such a
charge ; but he generously and justly yielded his pretensions to
his cousin german, John Duke of Albany, who was as nea'r to the
King in the male, as his Lordship was in the female line. Upon
the Duke's promotion to the supreme government, his Lordship
was named captain of the castle of Edinburgh, * provost of that
city, and long after, to the great offence of Angus, warden of the
Matches toward England. k

heirs. And James Duke of Chatlerault being then the presumptive heir of the
crown failing of Queen Mary and her young son King James VI, I believe
Mr. Buchanan had a particular view to that in his malicious and false asper-
sions against that most noble and worthy lord and his family, both in his
history, and in another scurrilous pasquil he wrote, entituled, " An Admo-
nition to the true Lords," and which is the most false, and most scandalous
writing that ever flowed from the pen of any man of the least worth, which
shall be answered elsewhere, to the conviction of any who will allow them-
selves to believe truth, all clearly made out from original writings, acciden-
tally come into my hands-

h Pinkerton says that in his passage back from France through England,
he was detained in Kent, by Vaughan, an officer of Henry, and detained a
prisoner till near the end of the year See Pink. Hist vol. ii- p. 62. This
historian gives a melancholy tale of his employing the fleet under his com-
mand to burn Carrickfergus in Ireland Ibid p. 90-
' Drummond's History.

k «.< when Albany assumed the regency, the most powerful peers in Scot-
land were Ang :s, Huntley, Arran, Home, Argyle, and Lennox Angus was
yei youns; and unexperienced ; Huntley continued to be regarded as the chief
leader in the north of Scotland, till his death in 1524; Arran, though pos-
sessed of large estates and vassalage, and strengthened by his connection with
the royal blood, was a nobleman of mean talents ; and Dacre considers Home

522 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Thus far from Craufurd : the remainder of this Peer's history
is derived from Pinkerton.

As early as 1514, a dtadly enmity broke out between Arran
and the Earl of Angus, who had married the Queen Dowager
Margaret. It proceeded to such a height that they collected
large bands of their followers, and ravaged each other's posses-
sions. ' The former soon afterwards laid an ambuscade to destroy
his mortal foe j but it failed. ra In 1515, Home being treacher-
ously trepanned by Albany, for being in arms against him, and
being committed to the custody of Arran, his brother-in-law,
Arran was persuaded to contrive his escape, and to accompany
him to England Albany, the regent, revenged Arran's defec-
tion, by seizing his castles ; but being met at that of Hamilton
by the mother of the rebel Earl, a venerable matron, the sacred
relique of a former age, being a daughter of James II. he received
her with much respect, and promised a free pardon, if her son
would return to his duty. Arran accordingly came to Edinburgh,
and resumed- his allegiance to the regent; this Earl's character
resembling in weakness and irresolution, that of his son and suc-
cessor, the first regent during Mary's minority. n In 15 1Q, being
lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and provost of Edinburgh,
there was a bloody fray in that city between his party and that of
Angus.0 In 1524, he joined himself to the supporters of Queen
Margaret, * and soon after elicited, perhaps with the Queen's
connivance, a continuance of the French alliance :i but was in
the same year employed to hold a confe.rcnce with Norfolk on the
part of England. r In the following year he was reconciled to
Angus, though it is said that Margaret wished to prolong their
dissention.' But this reconciliation was hollow, Arran remained
firmly attached to Margaret, and shared her resentment against
her brother Henry, whose confidence he had never won, and
whom he had irritated by his pride during his short-lived power.
Arran, though he had retired to his estates in the west, resolved to
have recourse to prevent the ratification of the treaty of peace
with England, in 1526. But. James himself, accompanied by

in the same h>ht, and undervalues his power, though so much exalted hy
some of our historians : his unresisted fall shews that what influence he
ever possessed rested chiefly in the favour of his late sovereign " Pinkerton*
•vol ii p 136

' Pinkerton, vol ii. p. 125- ™ Ibid p ia6.

■ Ibid p. 151. • Ibid. p. 179. ' Ibid p. 236.

* Ibid, p.244 • Ibid. p. 251. ' Ibid. p. a6j.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 52S

Angus, Argyle, and Lennox, and about .5000 men, advanced
against the rebels and defeated them. *

In this year Margaret ruined her influence by her divorce
from Angus, and her marriage with her paramour Henry Stuart ;
and Arran abandoned her desperate cause to join the chancellor,
his relation, and Angus; who carefully endeavoured to preserve
his attachment. Every thing now yielded to the power of the
Douglases ; and the young monarch became a cypher in their
hands. Lennox prepared for a decisive effort to redeem his sove-
reign. He raised a force of ten or twelve thousand men, and ad-
vanced to Stirling. Arran was sent to oppose him, with the hope
that as he was Lennox's uncle, he could detach him from the en-
terprize ; but this hope not only failed, but increased his rage.
Nothing was now left to be done but to fly to arms. When the
shout of Douglas ! arose on the approach of Angus, the troops of
Lennox fled. On advancing into the field, Arran was found
weeping over the body of Lennox, his slaughtered kinsman, upon
which he had spread his scarlet cloak, and exclaiming with
anguish, " the wisest, the best, the bravest man in Scotland has
fallen !" u Offices were now crowded upon the house of Douglas j
and Arran advanced in years, and stung with repentance for the
death of Lennox, left the court and abandoned the government
wholly to Angus. x He died in 1530.

His first wife was Beatrix, daughter of John Lord Drum-
mond,>' by whom he had only one daughter Margaret, married to
Andrew Stewart Lord Lvandale and Ochiltree, z and after her
death, Elizabeth, sister to Alexander Lord Hume, lord high cham-
berlain of Scotland ; but being divorced from her, a he was again

* Pink- vol. ii. p 271. « Ibid. p. 281. x Ibid. p. 28J.

1 Charta in Rotulis Jacobi IV.

■7, My Lord Strathallan's historical account of the family of Perth, penes
Jo Drummond, M D.

• This is fully made evident from the process of Divorce at the instance
of the said James Earl of Arran, as it was led and deduced before Mr. Patrick
Coventree, and other judges delegate for that Effect, in 1513, and is still
preserved in the charter chest of the family, whereby it appears she had been
formerly married to Sir Thomas Hay who then was alive, and so could not be
married to any other man This, by the by, is sufficient to correct the mis-
take of the author of a history of the church of Scotland, called Knox's His-
tory, who makes James Duke of Chatlerault born in unlawful wedlock, in
regard Elizabeth Hume his father's first wife was alive; but that author had
not access to : ee or know of this divorce, otherwise I have more charity for
him than to think he would have transmitted a falsehood to posterity. Thus
far Crawfurd ; but sec Pinkerton, vol. ii pi79-

524 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

enabled to marry, so he next tcok to wife Janet, daughter of Sir
David Beaton of Crich in Vic. de Fife, comptroller in the reign of
King James IV. widow of Sir Robert Livingston of Easter Weems,
by whom he bad,

James, Earl of Arran.

Helen, married to Archibald Earl of Argyle.

Jane, to Alexander Earl of Glencairn.

This Earl was succeeded by

James his son. In 1536, when he was but a very young man,
he was one of the lords who attended King James V. by his
special appointment in his voyage to France, when he espoused
Magdalen, daughter to Francis I. b afterwards in 1539, "when the
foresaid King had a Prince born to him by Mary of Lorrain his
next Queen, he had the honour to stand godfather to him. c His
Lordship was very forward in offering the King his service
toward the suppressing the incursions of the English, under the
command of Sir Thomas Wharton, and had the command of that
body which was sent to defend the east border, where he soon
heard" the mortifying news of the loss of the army at Solway,
which was not long after attended with the death of that monarch,
who yielded his last breath on the 14th of December 1542 : then
my Lord Arran was, by the unanimous consent d of parliament
chosen protector to the young Queen Mary, and governor of
Scotland, which was ratified by an act of the three estates, in
which, " the lords spiritual and temporal, and commissioners of
burgs, declare James Earl of Arran Lord Hamilton, second person
of the realm, and nearest to succeed to the crown of the same,
failing of our sovereign lady, and the bairns lawfully to be
begotten of her and none others ; and by reason thereof tutor
lawful to the Queen's grace and governor of the realm, and he to
use the said office in all things until the perfect age of our said
sovereign lady., and all the leiges of this realm, to answer and
obey the said Earl as tutor lawful to her grace, and governor fore-
said, in all things concerning the said office, conform to the act
made hereupon." e

b Drummond's History of King James V. c Ibid.

d At the instigation of those nobles who wished for a reformation of re-
ligion, says Robertson, and who dreaded the severity of his competitor Car-
dinal Bcatoun

• The original of this act is in the custody of the family of Hamilton,
bearing date 13th of March i/;43» to which all the seals of the noblemen, pre-
lates and burroughs are appended, which I have seen, and from which I took
this note.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 525

As soon as the Earl was in possession of the government, he
sent the Earl of Glencairn, Sir George Douglas, William Hamil-
ton of Sanquhar, James Learmont of Balcomy, and Mr. Henry
Balnaves of Hall Hill, secretary of state, unto England, in order
to treat, both about a peace, which was become necessary, by
reason of the King's death, and other concurring circumstances,
and a match betwixt the infant Queen and Edward Prince of
England. Accordingly a peace, or at least an abstinence, as it
was then termed, and a marriage betwixt the Queen and Prince
Edward were agreed to, and ratified by a great majority in the
parliament, which met at Edinburgh in August 1543. But Ro-
bertson says this compliance with the schemes of England dis-
gusted the nation.

Robertson gives the following character of him.
" He was in almost every thing the reverse of Cardinal Bea-
toun. He was neither iafected with ambition, nor inclined to
cruelty. The love of ease extinguished the former ; the softness
of his temper preserved him from the latter. Timidity and irre-
solution were his predominant failings j the one occasioned by his
natural constitution, and the other arising from a consciousness
that his abilities were not equal to his station. With these dispo-
sitions he might have enjoyed and adorned private life j but his
public conduct was without courage or dignity, or consistence.
The perpetual slave of his own fears, and by consequence the per-
petual tool of those, who found their advantage in practising upon
them. But as no other person could be set in opposition to the
Cardinal, with any probability of success, the nation declared in
his favour with so general a consent, that the artifices of his rival
could not withstand his united strength."

The remaining history of this Peer's life is the history of Scot-
land during that period j and as it has been ably detailed by
Robertson and other authors, who are in every one's hands, it
would be a waste of time as well as room to repeat it here.

I shall only observe, that by his mean concessions to the com t
of France, he obtained the title of Duke of Chatelherault in that
kingdom, in 1549 > an& tnat by tQe intrigues of the Queen
Dowager, Mary of Guise, he weakly resigned the jegency to her
in 1551 ; that in 1565, having joined Murray's faction, he was
driven into France j from whence he was sent back in 1569 to
strengthen the Queen's faction, and was made her lieutenant
general ; and after various other fluctuations, died at home Ja-
nuary 22d, 1575.

525 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

This noble Duke married Margaret, eldest daughter of James
Douglas Earl of Morton, by whom he had i^sue,

James Earl of Arran, his eldest son, a gentleman of the highest
expectations, who gave early proofs of inheriting all the virtues of
his ancestors to an eminent degree, but he became defective in
his understanding, and thereupon retired from the world, dying
without succession, anno 1 609.

Lord John, thereafter Marquis of Hamilton.

Lord Claud, progeni*or to the Marquis of Abercorn.

Lord David, who died a young man.

Lady Margaret, married to Alexander Lord Gordon, son and
heir of George Earl of Huntly, sans issue, and after his death to
James Lord Fleming, ancestor to the Earl of Wigton.

Lady Anne to George Earl of Huntly, lord high chancellor of
Scotland, progenitor to the present Duke of Gordon.

Lady Jean, married to Hugh third Earl of Eglingtoun, but
had no succession.

His successor, as aforesaid, James Earl of Arran, his eldest
son, being non compos mentis, John, his next brother, repre-
sented the family.

This noble Lord was born in 1532, and had by the bounty
of King James V. the commendatory of Arbroath abbey, one of
the richest benefices in Scotland, bestowed on him, anno 15-41, r
by which title he was designed for some time after. We hear
not much of his conduct till the breaking out of the civil war in
Queen Mary's time, anno 1567, that he most faithfully adhered
to her Majesty's interest, and upon her imprisonment in the
castle of Lochlevin, his Lordship with several others entered into
an association, wherein they promise " To use their utmost en-
deavours by all reasonable means to procure her Majesty's free-
dom and liberty, upon such honest conditions as may stand with
her Majesty's honour, the commonweal of the whole realm, and
security of the whole nobility, who at present have her Majesty
in keeping. Whereby this our native realm may be governed,
ruled, and guided by her Majesty and her nobility, for the com-
mon quietness, the administration of justice, and weal of the
country. And in case the noblemen, who have at present her
Majesty in their hands, refuse to set her at liberty upon such

f Charta in Bibliotheca Juridica MS. a Culielmo Wilson Clerico Sessionis
deputato, Facultati Juridica; donata, codemque in Regni hujus Antiquitatibu*
haud parum versato.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 52?

reasonable conditions, as said is, in that case, we shall employ our-
selves, our kindred, friends, servants and partakers, our bodies
and lives ;u set her highness at liberty, as said is ; and also to con-
cur to the punishment of the murther of the King her Majesty's
husband ; and for sure preservation of the person of the Prince,
as we shall answer to God, and on our own honours and credit;
and to that effect shall concur every one with other at our utmost
power. And if any shall set upon us, or any of us, for the doing,
as aforesaid, in that case, we promise faithfully to espouse one
another's interest under pain of perjury and infamy, as we shall
answer to God."

My Lord Hamilton's most loyal and firm adherence to the
crown was very dear to h'm, for the contrary faction who were
masters of the young King, prosecuted him and his family with
the utmost severity, for no other reason but because they owned
Qdeen Mary's authority, and therefore in one of their parliaments
held in October 1579, both he and his brother Lord Claud were
forfeited. My Lord John, to avoid the storm that threatened him,
fled on foot in a seaman's habit into England, and from thence
made his escape into Fiance, where he was kindly entertained by
James Beaten Bishop of Glasgow, then ambassador at the French
court for Queen Mary ; here he had great great offers made him
by the house of Guise, if he would change his religion, and em-
brace popery j but such was the goodness of God toward him, that
he persevered in his religion, which though it lost him the favour
of the French court, it preserved him the peace of his conscience,
which he ever afterward reckoned one of the most signal favours
of heaven toward him. Notwithstanding the hard usage his
Lordship met with, he continued true and faithful to the Queen
to the last, of which her Majesty was so sensible, that when that
severe and unparalleled sentence of death was passed on her in
England, she took a ring off her finger and gave it to one of her
servants, and ordered him to carry it to her cousin Lord John
Hamilton, and tell him that, " that was all she had to witness
her great sense of his family's constant fidelity to her, and their
sufferings for her interest, and desired it might be still kept in the
family as a lasting evidence of her kindness to it." s

This noble Lord in the course of his exile sojourned in divers
foreign parts, till some time after King James IV. came to manage

s This Ring is still preserved w th a due regard in the family to this day,
and I haye se;n it in my Lady Duchess of Hamilton's custody.

528 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

by his own councils, that he returned to Scotland, and on the 1st
of November 1585, together with several other Lords and Barons,
petitioned the King to redress certain grievances of the nation, h
representing to him in a humble manner, " that the hard han-
dling by partial persons about his Majesty, had compelled them
upon plain necessity, and for their last refuge to take the boldness
to come into his presence in arms for the surety of their lives and
lands j" adding, " that they were ever humbly minded to serve
his Majesty, and obey him hereafter, as became dutiful and loyal
subjects." To which the King replied, " that though their en-
terprize was treasonable, yet in respect of their necessity, and in
hope of their good behaviour in time coming, he would remit the
crime." And further directing himself to my Lord Hamilton, he
said, " My Lord, I did never see you before, and must confess,
that of all this company you have been the most wronged, you
were a faithful servant to the Queen my mother in my minority,
and when I understood not, as I do now, the state of things,
hardly used." Hereupon a parliament was called, wherein the
act of forfeiture of the Hamiltons was repealed, and the family
again restored to all the titles of honour, estate, and precedency,
lost either by the attainder of himself, or of James Earl of Arran,
his brother; and the same year his Lordship was sworn of the
privy-council, and constituted captain of his Majesty's castle of
Dumbarton. The King placing great confidence in the fidelity
of this Lord, was pleased in 1588 ' to give him a commission
under his privy seal to be ambassador extraordinary to accomplish
the marriage betwixt his Majesty and the Princess Anne of Den-
mark, and this with full consent of his privy-council ; but his
Lordship declining that honour by reason of his age, and the King
himself going in person to Denmark, his Majesty named my
Lord Hamilton lieutenant of the South of Scotland, which great
trust he discharged fully to his Majesty's satisfaction, and the ex-
pectations he had conceived of him. The royal favour toward his
Lordship did not stop here, but the King, in memory of his long
and faithful services, was pleased to raise him to the degree and
dignity of Marquis of Hamilton with great ceremony on the 19th
of April 1599, k continuing ever afterward without any the least
interruption in great esteem with that Prince, who gave him fre-

h Sir James Melvil's Memoirs.
Writes of the privy seal in the public record,*-
k Sir George Mackenzie's Heraldry.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 529

quent visits at his palace of Hamilton, and treated him with the
same respect the Queen his mother had done the Duke of Chat-
tlerault, and called him always father. To conclude, this noble
person died in the highest favour with Prince and people, the 12th
of April 1604, ' and was interred among his ancestors in the col-
legiate church of Hamilton, leaving a son and a daughter behind
him by Margaret his wife, daughter of John Lord Glamis, ancestor
to the Earl of Strathmore, James his successor, and Margaret,
married to John Lord Maxwell, ancestor to the late Earls of
Nithsdale.

John Marquis of Hamilton was succeeded by James his son,
who was born in 1589. After his accession to the honour, he
was appointed one of the lords of his Majesty privy-council, and
afterwards preferred to be one of the gentlemen of the bed
chamber 3 and that he might the better support his character, his
Majesty was pleased to dissolve from the crown the abbey lands,
with the patronages and tithes of the monastery of Arbroath in
Forfarshire, and to erect them into a temporal lordship in favour
of my Lord Marquis, and that especially in consideration of his
father's faithfulness and sufferings for Queen Mary, by his
royal charter bearing date the 5th of May 1608.™

Besides this vast augmentation of his fortune in lands, he like-
wise bore several great offices in that Prince's reign, as lord high
steward of his Majesty's household, and lord high commissioner
to the parliament which began on the 25th of July 1621,"
wherein the five articles of Perth assembly were ratified, and
after having surmounted all the difficulties that occurred in that
ticklish juncture, he put a period to that session on the 27th day
of August ensuing. His Lordship highly meriting for his services
to the crown, his Majesty was pleased in recompence thereof, on
the l6th of June 1619, to create him a peer of England by the
honour of Earl of Cambridge (a title that had only been borne
by very illustrious persons, all of the royal family of England :)
and as a further instance of his royal favour, to admit his Lord-
ship into the mo-.t noble order of the garter, and accordingly he
was installed at Windsor /th of July 1(523. From henceforth
living in the highest favour with his Prince, whose affection and
esteem he had a greater power over than any man of that time,

1 Charta in Cancellaria, S- D- N. R.
m Charta in Rotulis Jacobi VI ad annum 1608.
■ Mr. Calderwood's History of the Church of Scotland. ' •
VOL. I. 2 M

530 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

says one, the Duke of Buckingham only excepted, he departed
this life at London in the prime of his age the 3d of March 1625,
aged thirty-six years, to the great grief of the King, who prophe-
tically apprehended, that as the branches were now cut down, the
root would quickly follow j for the Duke of Lennox died the
l6th of February preceding, and his Majesty's death happened
on the 27th of March ensuing.

He married Anne, daughter of James Earl of Glencairn, by
whom he had issue three sons and three daughters.

James Duke of Hamilton.

William Duke of Hamilton.

Lord John Hamilton died young.

Lady Anne, married to Hugh Earl of Eglington, and had
issue.

Lady Margaret, to John Earl of Crawfurd, and had issue.

Lady Mary, to James Earl of Gtueensbury, but had no issue.

James Marquis of Hamilton, his son, was born on the 19th of
June 1606; he had his education in Scotland till, in the fouiteenth
year of his age, he was sent for to court, and married to the Lady
Mary Feilding, daughter of William Earl of Denbigh, by Susanna,
sister to Grorge Duke of Buckingham. After which he went to
the University of Oxford, where he continued during the time it
was judged necessary his Lord-ship should follow his studies
there.

The next qualification for a young nobleman, was to ac-
complish himself with travelling into foreign countries, which he
did into France, Spain, and several other parts beyond sea, Dr.
James Baillie of Carnbrew accompanying him as his governor, who
faithfully discharged the trust reposed in him.

Upon King Charles's coming to the crown he was sworn of
his Majesty's most honourable privy-council in both kingdoms ;
and that he might have a nearer relation to the court, was con-
stituted gentleman of the bed chamber, and on the 18th of June
1628, preferred to be master of the horse, then void by the death
of the Duke of Buckingham. ■ Neither are we to forget that his
Majesty was pleased to honour his Lordship with the dignity of
the most noble order of the garter, anno 1630, at the baptism of
King Charles II. where my Lord Marquis had the honour to re-
present the King of Bohemia as one of the godfathers at the
font.

• Pr- Burnet's Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 531

In 1629, his Majesty taking into his consideration the state of
the Kins <>t" Bohemia his brother-in-law, was pleased from the
entire confidence he had in the Marquis to allow him to treat
with Gu stsvtw Adolphus, King of Sweden, for raising an army of
six thonsand men to join that monarch in his expedition into
Germany, to be employed against the royalists, for the recovery of
the Palatinate, p And it is more remarkable, that this Lord
should be intrusted wirh so great a command, because he was but
then twenty three years of age ; but that enterprize ending with-
out so much advantage as was expected from such an army to the
prot- stant cau?e: neither his absence, nor want of thorough suc-
cess in his negoeiation, diminished in the least his master's esteem
of him ; for upon his return to court, he was received with all the
respect that could be given a subject.

Upon the first insurrection in Scotland, anno 1638, occasioned
by the pressing of the Liturgy, he was sent down as his Majesty's
high commissioner to the general assembly of the church, with
instructions to compose and appease the disorders of the nation,
then in a great ferment ; but in that judicature my Lord Marquis
not being able to carry what the King designed, he according to
order dissolved the meeting, and inhibited them to sit any longer
under pain of rebellion, which was all his Lordship could do.
Next year he was intrusted with the command of the fleet sent
down to reduce the Covenanters to their duty to the King ; his
Majesty himself being at the head of six thousand land forces,
advanced as far as Berwick, but by the Marquis's mediation and
good offices with the King, a treaty was set on foot, and a pacifi-
cation ensued.

This Peer, like his great grandfather, makes such a particular
figure in the general histories of his time; and his actions are so
minutely detailed by Lord Clarendon, as well as in the large
volume of memoirs of him and his brother, written by Bishop
Burnet, that I must refer the reader to those works for a full ac-
count of him. Lord Clarendon indeed, who perhaps was a little
prejudiced against him, speaks very bitterly of him, as the follow-
ing extract will prove.

" The Marquis of Hamilton had more enemies and fewer
friends in town or country, than either Laud, Strafford, or Cot-
tington. His interest in the King's affection was at least equal,
and thought to be superior to any man's j and he had received as

* Dr. Burnet makes out this fully

532 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

invidious instances and marks of those affections. He had more
outfaced the law in bold projects and pressures upon the people,
than any other man durst have presumed to do, as especially in
the projects of wine and iron ; about the last of which, and the
most gross, he had a sharp contest with the Lord Coventry (who
was a good wresler too) and at last compelled him to let it pass
the seal : the entire profit of which always reverted to himself,
and such as were his pensioners. He had been the sole manager
of the business of Scotland, till the pacification ; the readiest man,
though then absent, to advise the pacification ; and the most visible
author of the breach of it. Lastly, the discoveries between the Lord
Mackey and David Ramsey, by which the Marquis was accused of
designing to make himself King of Scotland, were fresh in many
men's memories, and the late passages in that kingdom had re-
vived it in others ; so that he might reasonably have expected as
ill a presage for himself from those fortune tellers, as the most
melancholic of the other : but as he had been always most careful
and solicitous for himself, so he was most likely to be apprehen-
sive on his own behalf, and to provide accordingly." « On April
I2tb, 1(343, he was created Duke of Hamilton.

When it was agreed to, that an army should be raised for the
relief of. his Majesty, his Grace was appointed general, and it
having been levied with all the diligence imaginable, entered
England about the 8th of July 1648, consisting of twelve thousand
foot, and five thousand horse, and next day had the town of
Carlyle delivered to them from Sir Philip Musgrave, r and after
some days stay there, he marched to Kendal, and thence to Preston
in Lancashire, where he was so closely pursued by Cromwell's
horse, under Lambert, that on the 20th of August l6'48, his whole
army was routed, and his Grace put to the necessity of rendering
himself prisoner upon articles of capitulation at Exeter in Stafford-
shire, to the Lord Grey of Groby, 5 from whence he was carried
to Ashby, where he continued, till, the beginning of December, he
was sent prisoner to Windsor, where he had the society of the
Earls of Norwich and Holland, and the Lord Capel, common
sufferers in the same cause with himself, where they were all kept
in close restraint till the murder of the King. The Dcke then

i History of the Rebellion, vol. i p. 152.
r The Life or" James Duke of Hamilton,
v The capitulation is set down at length in Dr. Burnet's Memoirs of the
Dukes of Hamilton, and Peerage of England.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 533

perceiving his own danger, attempted to make an escape, l in
which he had so well succeeded, that he was out of his enemies'
hands full three days ; but being impatient to be at a greater dis-
tance from them, he was apprehended as he was taking horse in
Southwark, and taken prisoner to the Tower, from whence he
was^n the 6th of February l64g, brought before that monstrous
high court of justice, whose hands were still reeking in the
blood of their sovereign. Mr. Steel and Mr. Cook, council for
the parliament, exhibited a charge of high treason against him,
" that he the Earl of Cambridge had traitorously invaded the
nation in a hostile manner, and levied war to assist the King
against the kingdom and people of England, &c." In his defence
he used all the lawful means in the world, and insisted upon the
right and privilege of the kingdom of Scotland; that it had not the
least dependance upon the kingdom of England, but was entirely
governed by its own laws; that he being a subject of that king-
dom, was bound to obey the commands thereof, and the parlia-
ment of that kingdom having thought it necessary to raise an
army for the relief of their King, and constituted him general of
that army, it was not lawful for him to refuse the command
thereof; and whatever misfortune he had undergone with it, he
could not be understood to be liable to any punishment but what
a prisoner of war was bound to undergo. He was told, that the
rights and laws of the kingdom of Scotland were not called in
question, nor could be violated by their proceedings against him,
who was a subject of England, against which he was charged
with rebellion and treason, that they did not proceed against him
as Duke Hamilton of Scotland, but as Earl of Cambridge of
England, and they would judge him as such.

. His council, Mr. Hales, Mr. Chute, and Mr. Parsons, de-
fended him with great learning and judgment, as may be seen
in Bishop Burnet's Memoirs of his life at large ; but all arguments
in his favour signified nothing; he was borne down with the
torrent of the times, and together with the Earls of Holland and
Norwich, the Lord Capel, and Sir John Oven, had sentence of
death pronounced against them to lose their heads. To conclude
the fate of this great person, he was, on the 0th day of March
1649, brought to Westminster, the place appointed for his ex-
ecution, and ascending the scaffold with a composed and un-
daunted courage, he spoke of his devotion to the church of Scot-

* Life of James Duke of Hamilton.

534 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

land and the protestant religion established by law, and professed
in that church, of his loyalty to the King, whose restoration and
prosperity he heartily prayed for, and affection to the welfare and
happiness of the kingdom as matters unquestionable. After which,
with a marvellous tranquillity of mind, he delivered his head to
the block, which severed it from his body at one blow, which,
together with the body, was conveyed by sea into Scotland, and
buried in the church of Hamilton, according to his own order.

His Grace, by Mary his wife aforesaid, daughter of William
Earl of Denbigh, besides three sons and a daughter who died in
their childhood, had two daughters who survived him, Lady
Anne Duchess of Hamilton, and Lady Susanna, married to John
Earl of Cassilis.

James Duke of Hamilton being thus impiously cut off, leav-
ing no sons behind him, his estate and honour did descend to
William Earl of Lanerk, his brother ; he was born on the 14th of
December l6l6, " being deprived of his father in the ninth year
of his age: his mother, a lady among the most eminent in all
virtues, redoubled her care of his education in the schools and
university at home, and then his brother the Duke sent him
abroad x to qualify him by travel and otherways for the service
of his country, continuing beyond sea till his twenty-first year, *
anno 1637. His Majesty King Charles I. conceiving an extraor-
dinarily good opinion of him, was graciously pleased, as a distin-
guishing mark of his favour, by letters patent bearing date the
31st of March 1639, to honour him with the titles of Earl of
Lanerk, Lord Machanshire and Polmont j z and William Earl of
Stirling, secretary for Scotland, giving way to fate iu the begin-
ning of the year 1640, a the King discerning my Lord Lanerk
adorned with all the qualifications he judged necessary for the
discharge of that employment, was pleased to promote him thereto,
an office his Lordship discharged with eminent sufficiency, and
the general applause of all men for some years after, though it is
remarkable he was but aged twenty-four years at his promotion.

The cruel and bloody civil war hastening on, my Lord Lanerk
used his utmost endeavours to allay the unhappy difference*

u Life of William Duke of Hamilton.

* Bishop Burnet's Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton. r Ibid

* Diploma Gulielmi Comitis de Lanerk in Rotulis Car- I ad annum
i6jo.

» Lives of the Officers of State, MS. penes me.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 535

which had arisen between his Majesty and his subjects of both
kingdoms, and bent all his thoughts to mediate a peace to the
honour and safety of the king, and the welfare and happiness of
the kingdom In the convention of estates which met on the
22d of June 1 43, b his Lordship acted with his usual zeal for
the public good ; but discerning that the royal party in that as-
sembly had not authority or power enough to cross any thing
that was done to the prejudice of the King, c and that a direct
protestation against the convention in that conjuncture of time
was to destroy themselves to no purpose, his Lordship and other
loyal peers did give in a declaration, and took instruments both in
the King's name and their own, d which was all that could be
prudently done in that season ; soon after which my Lord Lanerk,
for reasons, and from motives that history is altogether silent in,
and which is not clear enough to this time, put the King's
signet, with which he was intrusted as secretary, to the procla-
mation for the general rendezvous of all men in the kingdom
from such an age to such an age, whereby the army was presently
formed, which afterwards joined with the parliament of England
against the King, the fatal consequences of which are so well
known, that they need not be told.e This action was not
thought capable of any excuse, and was afterwards very much
represented to his disadvantage, and was the first cause of the
King's jealousy, both of the Duke his brother, and his Lordship,
and thereby their sincerity and affection to his Majesty's service
came to be very much called in question ; but the Earl of Lanerk
presuming he had enough to excuse himself of any disloyalty, as
soon as the convention was over, went with his brother the Duke
to wait on the King at Oxford, f being confident that when he
should be admitted to speak with his Majesty, he would give
him satisfation in that affair. * Upon their arrival there, both
the brothers were put under a confinement ; but the Earl per-
ceiving h that they were not likely to obtain a trial for clearing
their innocence, and discovering the forgeries of their accusers,
and his Lordship fearing a long and cruel imprisonment, he made
his escape by means of Sir James Cunningham, and presently re-
paired to London. After some stay there, returning to Scotland,

b The Bishop of Dunkeld's Memoirs of the Civil War.

• Earl of Clarendon's History, and Bishop Burnet's Memoirs compared.

d Burnet's Memoirs. e Clarendon's History.

f Guthrie's Memoirs, R Clarendon's History.

>> Burnet's Memoirs

536 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

he easily found means to make his peace with the estates by
taking of the covenant, ' whereby he came to have a great influ-
ence on their counsels and did not a little contribute to moderate
the fury of the leading men of that side, to hearken to proposi-
tions for peace and accommodation with the King.

After this we hear not much of the conduct of the Earl till
1646 ; when the king came to the Scots army at Newark, he was
with other two lords sent commissioner from the committee of
estates with an humble offer of their duty to his Majesty, and of
their sincere intentions to serve him, and withal to give him as-
surance that the preservation of his sacred person, and his just
power and greatness, was and should ever.be dear to them. Here
my Lord Lanerk used all the persuasions, and all the importu-
nities he could with his Majesty, to give satisfaction to the desires
of his subjects, and as a preparation to this, that he would send
his positive orders to the Marquis of Montrose to lay down his
arms, extirpate prelacy out of England as he had done in Scot-
land, and to agree to such propositions as should be brought from
the two houses in England. The first proposal he graciously
condescended to j to the next, he returned this answer, "That
when he was satisfied in his conscience of the lawfulness of what
they desired, then and never till then would he grant their de-
mands." As for the message from the English parliament, it was
so high, that his Majesty could not grant it, for my Lord Clarendon
says, " It contained such an eradication of the government of the
church and state, that the King told them, he knew not what
answer to make to them, till he should be informed what power
or authority they had left him and his heirs, when he had given
all to them which they desired."

On that ominous day, 16th of January l647> when the great
transaction came to be debated in parliament about the disposing
of his Majesty's person, who was in the hands of the army,
whether they should leave him in England to the two houses, yea
or not, thus was the question stated, against giving up of the
King, my Lord Lanerk argued strenuously, and spoke against it,
as the most barefaced violation of their faith and allegiance to de-
Hver up their native Prince, who had put himself ioto their hands
against his will and consent, into the custody of such as would
put bis sacred person in imminent hazard; but to the eternal in-
famy of the majority of that convention it was carried, to deliver

' Guthrie's Memoir*.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 337

up the King, whereat his Lordship was so perfectly overwhelmed
with the horror of so sinful and shameful' a deed, that he ex-
pressed his dissent from it in so passionate a manner, that it would
be to do him wrong to omit to give it in his own words : " as God
shall have mercy on my soul," said he, " at the great day, I
would rather choose to have my head struck off at the 'cross of
Edinburgh, than give my consent to this vote," and then adds,
" that this was the blackest day that ever Scotland saw." k

As the Earl of Lanerk had from the very beginning of the
war been always disposed to peace, so shortly after this, by his
dexterity and influence, a treaty was set on foot betwixt the King
and the parliament of Scotland, his Lordship, with the Earls of
Lauderdale and Loudon being appointed commissioners for that
end, in pursuance of which laudable design they repaired to hia
Majesty as soon as he was at the Isle of Wight, and undertook to
invade England with an army to restore him to his just rights ;
and in order to this they proposed to him many conditions which
would be necessary for his Majesty to perform towards the nation,
without which it would not be easy to induce them to be so una-
nimous in an engagement for him, as was necessary for such an
enterprise. They required that the Prince of Wales should be
present with them, and march at the head of their army. That
such a number of Scotchmen should be always in the court, of
the bed chamber, and all other places about the persons of the
King, Prince, and Duke of York. That Berwick and Carlyle
should be put into their hands. They demanded moreover, that
as soon as his Majesty could with freedom, honour, and safety, be
present in a free parliament, to confirm the solemn league and
covenant by act of parliament, ' providing that none who was
unwilling should be constrained to take it. They likewise obliged
his Majesty to confirm presbyterian government in England for
three years, and after the expiration of that time, such a govern-
ment shall be determined by his Majesty and the two houses of
parliament as was most agreeable to the word of God. That an

k Bishop Burnet's Memoirs. " I wish latest posterity may not forever havfc
cause to remark, with equal sorrow and regret, the same ominous day three-
score years, viz sixteenth of January one thousand seven hundred and seven,
on which the late treaty of union betwixt the two nations was ratified and
approven by act of parliament, whereby alas ! Scotland is now no more. Well
may Scotchmen, who think on the transactions of that day say with the poet,
" Quis taliafando temperet a lachrimis " Crawfurd-
1 Clarendon's History.

53S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

effectual course shall be taken for the suppressing of all heresies,
and all principles and practices contrary to the principles of Chris-
tianity. This agreement his Majesty was pleased to sign the 26th
of December 1647, "' and to oblige himself on the word of a King
to perform his part of the treaty, as the commissioners also en-
gaged themselves, upon their honour, faith, and conscience, and
all that is dear to honest men, to endeavour to the utmost of their
power that the kingdom of Scotland should engage to perform
what was on its part to be performed.

Any body who reads this treaty, in which his Majesty's con-
cessions are so full, could scarcely have thought that any party
would not have been perfectly pleased with it, and so all would
indifferently concur in that dutiful, loyal, and generous design of
relieving the King, then made a close prisoner by Oliver Crom-
well and the officers of the army : but the rigid clergy and the
lords of that side, not only declared against the engagement as
unlawful and sinful, " and all the persons who advanced and pro-
moted it as deserters of the covenant, but also raised what force
they could in the western counties to oppose it, which at last came
to be formed into a kind of an army under the command of the
Earls of Eglintoun, Lowdoun, and some of the leading clergy, °
whom for respect to their character, as churchmen, I won't name.
Against this illegal insurrection, the committee of estates ordered
some troops to be levied, which the Earl of Lanerk was chosen to
command ; but his Lordship was so sincerely and thoroughly de-
voted to preserve the peace of his country, and to accommodate
matters calmly and without blood, that he brought the matter to
an agreement very much against his mind, and to his prejudice j
yet so violent and perfidious, beyond what can be imagined, were
these times, that though my Lord Lanerk complied with them in
their own terms, in whatever they demanded, yet knowing his
Lordship to be a thorough paced loyalist, and that his principles
were quite opposite to their designs, they resolved to be rid of
him at any rate : and therefore, without the least pretence of any
breach of any article of their treaty, they put him under a restraint,
resolving to send him to their brethren in England, who had by
this time barbarously murdered the King, to be punished as an
incendiary, that is, to have his head cut off j wherefore he thought
it his most advisable course to get out of the sight of the cala-

The Earl of Clarendon in his History has the substance of the treaty
■ Bishop Guthrie's Memoirs. • Ibid.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 539

inity of his country, ami to retire beyond sea, which he did into
Holland, with an offer of his service to King Charles II. " And
brought with him," says the I>ord Clarendon, "a heart and affec-
tion clearer and less clogged with scruples and reservations lor the
King's service, than any other of the nation had." When his
Lordship arrived at the Hague, he first came to know that be was
Duke of Hamilton by the slaughter of his brother; this sad news
afflicted him so much, that he kept his chamber for some days,
without so much as waiting on the King, who sent a gracious
message to him to condole for the loss of his brother : and all the
lords, and other persons of quality about the King made their
\isits of condolence to him with all civility. His Grace stayed in
the Netherlands till the King and commissioners from Scotland
had agreed to the terms on which they would make him their
King: my Lord Duke being very instrumental to prevail upon
his Majesty to submit to the most rigid terms the kirk required
of him. At the same time, in the end of 1 640, his Majesty was
pleased to acknowledge and recompense the Duke's loyalty and
merit, by bestowing the garter on him as a distinguishing mark
of h:s royal favour. He accompanied his Majesty to Scotland
anno 1050, but his enemies would not permit him to come to
court; so having given his Majesty the best advice he could, with
his leave, he retired to the isle of Arran, where he stayed till the
parliament met at Stirling in 1051 ; then his Grace Mas suffered
to come to court, being we'eomed by the King, and nearest in his
confidence. So soon as the army was raised for restoring ths
King, my Lord Duke raised a troop of horse for his Majesty's
service on his own charge, with which he marched to the fatal
battle of Worcester the 3d of September l(J5 1 ; charging the
enemy very vigorously, he received a shot in his leg, whereby he
fell into the enemy's hands, and on the 1 1th of September died of
his wounds, and thereby prevented the being made a spectacle
as his brother had been, which the pride and animosity oi his
enemies would no doubt have caused to be, having the same pre-
tence for it by his being a peer of England, as the other was.
The Earl of Clarendon having furnished me a character of this
noble. Duke in his history of the (isil war, I shall presume to in-
sert it in his words. " He w:;*," »ays that noble Lord, " a man
not interior in wisdom and parts of understanding to the wisest
men of the nation, of gnat honour, courage, arid sincerity in his
nature, and, which was a rare virtue in the men of that time, wis
still the same man he pretended to be, and in truth was in all re-

540 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

spects a very accomplished person, of an excellent judgment, and
clear and ready expression ; and though he had been driven into
several unwarrantable actions, he made it very evident he had
not been led by any inclination of his own, and passionately and
heartily run to all opportunities of redeeming it ; and in the very
article of his death he expressed a marvellous cheerfulness, that he
had the honour to lose his life in the King's service, and thereby
to wipe out the memory of his former transgressions, which he
always professed were odious to himself."

He married, in 1637, Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of James
Maxwell Earl of Dirletoun, by whom he had a son James, who
died an infant ; also four daughters,

Lady Anne, married to Robert, third Earl of Southesk, and
had issue.

Lady Elizabeth, to James Lord Kilmaurs, son to the Earl of
Glencairn, and again to Sir David Cunningham of Robertland,
sans issue.

Lady Mary, to Alexander Earl of Callendar, after his death
to Sir James Livingstoun of West Quarter, and last of all to James
Earl of Finlater.

Lady Margaret to William Blair of that Ilk, in Vicecomet. de
Air, and had issue.

Upon the decease of William Duke of Hamilton, without
issue male of his own body, the estate and honour of the family,
did devolve1 on his niece the Lady Anne, eldest daughter of James
Duke of Hamilton, a lady, who for constancy of mind, evenness
of temper, solidity of judgment, and an unaffected piety, will
leave a shining character, as well as example to posterity, for her
conduct as a wife, a mother, a mistress, and in all other condi-
tions of life. Her Grace married William Douglas Earl of Sel-
kirk, eldest son of William the first Marquis of Douglas, by
Mary his second wife, daughter of George Marquis of Huntly,
who by the marriage articles yielded to change both his surname,
and the surname of all his children to Hamilton, whereupon he
was by King Charles II. raised to the dignity of Duke of Hamilton
for his own lifetime, f by letters patent, on the 20th of September
1660.

In 1666, he was appointed president of the Scotch convention,
but during the major part of that reign, remained in opposition,
disapproving of much of Lauderdale's conduct ; notwithstanding

* Charta in Rotulis Car. II ad annum 1660.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 541

he had the ord? r of the garter conferred on him in lG82. He
was more in favour with James II but he concurred in the revo-
lution ; and was president of the Scotch convention, which p'aced
the crown on William III.

He died at Holy rood house, April 18th, \6g4, aet. sixty. " At
this time," says Burnet, " two great men died in Scotland ; the
Dukes of Hamilton and Queensbury : they were brothers-in-law,
and had been long great friends ; but they became irreconcilable
enemies. The first had more application, but the other had the
greater genius ; they were incompatible with each other; and
indeed with all other persons ; for both loved to be absolute and
to direct every thing." •>

Burnet had before given this character of him : * He was a
son- of the Marquis of Douglas, made Earl of Selkirk, and had
married the heiress of the family of Hamilton, who by her father's
patent was Duchess of Hamilton : and when the heiress of a
title in Scotland marries one not equal to her in rank, it is ordi-
nary at her desire, to give her husband the title for life: so he
was made Duke of Hamilton. He then passed for a soft man,
who minded nothing but the recovery of that family from the
great debts under which it was sinking, till it was raised up again
by his great management. After he had compassed that, he
became a more considerable man. He wanted all sort of polish-
ing: he was rough and sullen, but candid and sincere. His
temper was boisterous, neither fit to submit nor to govern. He
was mutinous when out of power, and imperious in it. He wrote
well, but spoke ill : for his judgment when calm was better than
his imagination. He made himself a great master in the know-
ledge of the laws, of the history, and of the families of Scotland ;

•> B In 1671," says Burnet, M my acquaintance at Hanvlton, and the
favour and friendship I met with, from the Duke and Duchess, nude me
offer my service to them, in order to the search of many pa| ers, that were
very carefully preserved by them : for the Duchess's uncle had charged her to
keep them with the same care, as she kept the writings of her ettate; since
in these a full justification of her father's public actings, and of his own,
would be found, when she should put them into the hands of one that could
id them in order, and in a due light She put them all in my hands, which
I acknowledge was a very gTeat trust ; and I made no ill use of it. I found
there materials for a very large history I writ it with great sincerity, and I
concealed none of their errors I did indeed conceal several things that related
to the King: I left out some passages, that were in his letteis ; in some of
which was too much weakness, and in others too much craft and anger- I
got through that work in a few months " Burnet's O. T. vol i p. 298

542 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

and seemed always to have a regard to justice, and the good of his
country : but a narrow and selfish temper brought such an habi-
tual meanness on him, that he was not capable of designing or
undertaking great things." r

By Anne, his Duchess aforesaid, he had issue James, Earl of
Arran, who succeeded him ; Lord William, who died in France,
a bachelor; Charles Earl of Selkirk ; John Earl of Rutherglen ;
George Earl of Orkney ; Lord Basil, a gentleman of singular ac-
complishments, and of an affable and generous disposition, which
procured him a general esteem, and he had undoubtedly appeared
an ornament to his country, had not death prevented it in the
bloom of his life, anno 1701. He married Mary, only child and
heir of Sir David Dunbar, of Baldoon, in the county of Wigton,
or Galloway, in Scotland, Bart, and by her had two sons, and two
daughters, viz. Mary, wedded to John Murray, of Philiphaugh,
Esq. ; and Catharine, to Thomas Cochran, Earl of Dundonald.
Lord Basil's two sons were William, who died young, and Basil,
who married Isabella, daughter of colonel Alexander Mackenzie,
third son of Kenneth, Earl of Seaforth, and by her had Dunbar,
afterwards Earl of Selkirk, and who resumed the surname of
Douglas; Basil, who died young; Mary wedded, in 1745, to
Ronald Macdonald, Esq. then the younger of Clanronald ; and
Elizabeth, who died young.

Lord Archibald, the seventh and youngest son of William and
Anne, Duke and Duchess of Hamilton, was, on August 8th, 1710,
appointed captain general and governor in chief of the island of
Jamaica. On March 25th, 1746, he was appointed master of his
Majesty's royal hospital at Greenwich, and one of the commis-
sioners or governors thereof. Lord Archibald married Lady Jane,
daughter of James Hamilton, Earl of Abercoin, and by her had
three sons, whereof Frederick was one of the chaplains in ordi-
nary to his Majesty; Archibald, who died 1744, in the seven-
teenth year of his age, is buried in Westminster abbey ; and Sir
William Hamilton, K. B. many years his Majesty's minister at
Naples, and well known for his taste in the arts, and his splendid
publications on Roman antiquities, who married, first, January
25th, 1/58, Miss Barlow, of South Wales; and secondly, Mrs.
Emma Hart, who is now his widow. He died without issue,
April tith, 1803, act. seventy-four. And a daughter Elizabeth,

' Burnet's O T. vol i p. 103.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 543

married to Francis Lord Brooke, afterwards Earl Brooke, and Earl
of Warwick, and mother of the present E;irl.

William and Anne, Duke and Duchess of Hamilton, had also
three daughters, Lady Catherine, married to John Dake of Atholl ;
Lady Susan, married first to John Cochran, Earl of Dundonald,
and afterwards to James Hay, Marquis of Twedale ; and Lady
Margaret^ married to James Maule, Earl of Panmure.

James, Earl of Arran, born April 11th, 1(358, who succeeded
his father in the dukedom, having, after his education in the uni-
versity of Glasgow, spent some time in travel, on his return, dis-
covered so much good sense, agreeable humour, and pleasant wit,
that he soon became distinguished by Charles II. who appointed
him one of the gentlemen of his bedchamber, and continued him
till his death. He also was appointed his Majesty's envoy extra-
ordinary to Lewis XIV. King of France, A, D. 1683, to congratu-
late him upon the birth of his grandson, Philip Duke of Anjou,
after King of Spain. He continued some time in France, and
served two campaigns under the King as aid de-camp (the late
Dauphine of France, and he, being sworn aid-de-camps at the
same time) where he gained an universal good character. During
his abode in France, England was unfortunately deprived of their
Prince: but his successor James II. continued to have the same
regard for the Duke (then Earl of Arran) and named him his
envoy extraordinary to the court of France ; and after his return
to England, made him knight of the most noble and most ancient
order of the Thistle, or St. Andrew, in Scotland, master of the
wardrobe, and on July 25th, 1685, colonel of the royal (now first)
regiment of horse. He continued with that unfortunate Prince
to the last ; and though he highly disapproved of his administra-
tion, yet, on the revolution, he freely declared his opinion, that
the irregularities committed were not sufficient to dissolve his al-
legiance ; and therefore when he was called to a meeting of the
peers of Scotland, then in London, to concert measures in that ex-
traordinary juncture, he strenuously opposed the addressing the
Prince of Orange to take on him the government of the country,
delivering his opinion in the following words, s " I have all the
honour and deference for the Prince of Orange imaginable j I
think him a brave Prince, and that we owe him gieat obligations
la contributing so much for our delivery from popery ; but while

« Miscellany Collections of the year 1689

54 i PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

I pay those praises, I cannot violate my duty to my master ; I
must distinguish between* his popery and his person ; I dislike the
one, but have sworn and do owe allegiance to the other, which
makes it impossible for me to sign away that which I cannot for-
bear believing is the King my master's right ; for his present ab-
sence from us in France, can no more affect my duty than his
longer absence from us has done all this while ; and the Prince
desiring our advice, mine is, that we should move his Majesty to
return and call a free parliament for the securing of our religion
and property, which in my humble opinion, will at last be found
the best way to heal all our breaches :" and at the same time,
with several other lords, proposed the calling back King James,
and that a free parliament might redress the grievances of the
nation : and his notions in this great affair, with bis obligations
to King James, had such an effect on him, that he retired from
public business for several years ; and being suspected of holding
correspondence with the court, after its removal to St. Germains,
was twice sent to the Tower, but discharged without any prose-
cution. In 1698, at the request of the nobility and gentry of
Scotland, who thought themselves much prejudiced by the treat-
ment they met with in relation to the settlement at Darien. he
was prevailed on to take the oaths to the government, and appear
in that affair. On August 20th, 1697, the Duchess, his mother,
made a surrender of her titles in his favour (he being then Earl
of Arran only) and a patent was signed, which bears date at Loe,
August 10th, 1698, creating him Duke of Hamilton, &c. with
precedency by his grandfather's creation, July 12th, 1643, in the
same manner, as though he had succeeded thereto by his mother's
death. After the conclusion of the union,1 which he vehemently
opposed, he continued in Scotland till the time of the intended
invasion of the Pretender, in 1 708, when, amongst many others
of the nobility of that nation, he was taken into custody of mes-
sengers, and brought to London, but was set at liberty on his
giving bail, which was soon after discharged; and he imme-

' Burnet says, " The jealousy of the Presbyterians took such root in many,
that no assurances that were oilercd could allay their fears: it was infused in
them chiefly by the old Duchess of Hamilton, who had great credit with them »
and it was suggested, that she and her son had particular views, as hoping,
that, if Scotland should continue a separated kingdom, the crown might come
into their family, they being next in blood, after King James's posterity."
Burnet's O. T vol ii p. 459.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 545

cKately returned to Scotland, and by his interest, got himself, and
six more of his friends, elected peers to sit in the house of lords,
contrary to the united interest of the then ministry. On October
11th, 1710, he was made Lord Lieutenant of the county palatine
of Lancaster, Custos Rotulorum for the said county, and ranger
of her Majesty's forests there, and admiral of the sea coasts ; and
December 13th, the same year, sworn one of her most honourable
privy-council.

The next year he was created a peer of Great Britain, by the
title of Duke of Brandon, in com. Surf, and Baron of Dutton,
in com. Cest. by letters patent, u bearing date September 10th ;
bu,t his Grace's right thereby to a seat in the House of Peers was
not allowed, that assembly having resolved that no peer of Scot-
land was capable of being created a peer of Great Britain.*

On the death of the Earl Rivers, in 1712, he was, August
29th, that year, constituted master general of the ordnance, and
soon after elected one of the knights companions of the most noble
order of the garter, and installed at Windsor October 26th, the
same year. And though his Grace met with considerable oppo-
sition, and had a precedent against him, yet he prevailed with the
Qneen to allow him to keep both orders 5 her Majesty being so
well satisfied with the reasonableness of it, that she was pleased
to declare, she would wear both orders herself. In 1/13, he was
appointed ambassador extraordinary to the court of France ; but
before he could set out for that kingdom, he was in a duel with
Charles, Lord Mohun (whom he slew on the spot) unfortunately
killed, November 15th, not without suspicion of being stabbed
by Maccartney, Lord Mohun's second ; which occasioned a pro-
clamation to be issued, for the apprehending the said Maccartney,
and five hundred pounds were offered by the government for that
service, to which the Duchess promised a farther reward of three
hundred pounds. The peers of North Britain gave a public testi-
mony of their great regard to the memory of the Duke, by unit-
ing in an address to her Majesty, that she would please to write
to all the Kings and states in alliance with her, not to shelter the
infamous man who was suspected to have committed this ex-
ecrable fact, but to cause him to be apprehended, if he should re-
tire within their dominions, and to send him over to Great Britain

u The preamble to which may be seen in Crawford's Peerage of Scot,
land, fol. 216.

* See a full account of this dispute, in Burnet's O. T. vol. ii. p, 587.
VOL. 1. 2 N

546 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

that he might come to public justice : but general Maccartney,
having taken refuge at Hanover, and taking his trial at the court
of King's Bench, June 13th, 1716, was acquitted of the murder,
and only found guilty of manslaughter, by direction of the court.
The occasion of the duel being, that his Grace and Lord Mohun,
having married two ladies who were near relations, both nieces to
Charles, Earl of Macclesfield, and having been at law some time
for an estate, they met on the 13th of December, at Mr. Orlebar's
chambers in the Rolls, where, upon the examination of Mr.
Whitworth, who had been steward to the Lady Gerrard and the
Macclesfield family, the Duke happening to say, " He had neither
truth nor justice in him 5" Lord Mohun replied, " He had as
much truth as his Grace j" upon which, a challenge was carried
by lieutenant general Maccartney, f Lord Mohun's second, who,
according to the positive oath of colonel Hamilton, the Duke's
second, (and the general opinion,) wounded the Duke in the side
after Lord Mohun fell, which wound was supposed the immediate
cause of the Duke's death. z

" He was considered," says Burnet, " not only in Scotland,
but here in England, as the head of his party." He adds, '* I
will give no character of him : I am sorry I cannot say so much
good of him, as I could wish, and I had too much kindness for
him to say any evil without necessity."

His Grace had to his first wife Lady Anne, daughter to Robert
Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, by whom he had two daughters,
Lady Anne, and Lady Mary, that died young; and this Lady
deceasing, at his Grace's house of Kinneil in Scotland, in 1690,
was buried at Hamilton.

He married to his second wife Elizabeth, daughter and sole
heir to Digby, Lord Gerrard of Bromley, with whom he had a
very considerable estate in Lancashire and Staffordshire. His
children by her were Lady Elizabeth, who died young j Lady
Catherine, who died that day seven-night the Duke her father
was killed ;

James, Duke of Hamilton and Brandon.

Lady Charlotte, who wedded Charles Edwin, Esq. and wa6

y See Lysons's Environs, vol. iv. p. 47
z General Macartney was employed by George I- on the breaking out of
the Preston Rebellion, in bringing over the 6000 Dutch forces ; and after-
wards surrendering himself and taking his trial at the bar of the King's Bench,
was found guilty of man-slaughter. He died in Kensington square, in July

DUKE OF BRANDON. 547

one of the ladies of the bed chamber to the late Princess Dowager
of Wales, she died February 5th, 1777, aged seventy-four.

Lord William, who married in 1732, Anne, a daughter of
Francis Hawes, Esq. and dying without issue, at his house in
Pall Mall, July Uth, 1 734, was interred, with great solemnity,
in the burial place of his ancestors, at Hamilton ; his Lady sur-
viving, in May 1735, was married to William, second Lord Vis-
count Vane.

Lady Susan, married, in 1736, to Tracy Keck, of Great Tew
in Oxfordshire, Esq.

And Lord Anne (so named after Queen Anne) who by his
wife, Mary, daughter of ... . Pownell, left a son.

Which James, third Duke of Hamilton, and second Duke
op Brandon, on September 24th, 1726, was appointed a knight
companion of the ancient order of St. Andrew or the Thistle. On
the accession of his late Majesty, 1727, he was appointed one of
the gentlemen of his bed-chamber.

His Grace married to his first wife, Lady Anne, daughter to
John Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald in Scotland, and by her (who
died August 14th, 1724, in the eighteenth year of her age) had
a son

James, fourth Duke of Hamilton.

His Grace secondly married, in \7^7 > Elizabeth, daughter
and coheir of Thomas Strangeways, of Melbury-Sandford, in the
county of Dorset, Esq. ; but she died November 3d, 1729, with-
out issue, and is buried at Mel bury, aforesaid.

His Grace thirdly married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of
Edward Spencer of Rendlesham, in Suffolk, Esq. by whom he
had two sons,

Lord Archibald, now Duke of Hamilton.

And Lord Spencer, lieutenant colonel in the foot guards, died
March 29th, 1791, set. forty-nine, at Paris, unmarried.

Also a daughter, Lady Anne, married, in 17^1, to John Chi-
chester, Earl, afterwards Marquis, of Donnegal in Ireland, mother
of the present Marquis.

His Grace departed this life in March 1742-3, and his widow,
on December 24th, 175 1, was remarried to the Honourable Richard
Savage Nassau, second son of Frederic late Earl of Rochford j
her Grace died March 9th, 177 1. His Grace was succeeded by
his eldest son,

a Of whom See Peiine Pickle.

548 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

James, third Duke of Brandon, and fourth Duke ofHamilton^
ice. who married, February 14th, 1752, Elizabeth, second daughter
of John Gunning; Esq. by his wife Bridget, daughter of John,
Lord Viscount Mayo, of Ireland, and sister to the Countess of
Coventry, by whom he had issue,

James George, fifth Duke of Hamilton.

Douglas, the late Duke of Hamilton.

And a daughter, Lady Elizabeth, born on January 26th, 1753 j
and married on June 12th, 1774, to Edward Smith Stanley, Lord
Strange, now Earl of Derby ; she died March 14th, 1797 .

In March 1755, his Grace was elected a Knight companion
of the most ancient Order of the Thistle : and departed this life,
January 10th, 1758, in the thirty-fourth year of his age, at Great
Tew, in Oxfordshire j leaving his Duchess a widow, who on
March 3d, 1759, took to her second husband general John Camp-
bell, afterwards Duke of Argyle : her Grace was lady of the bed
chamber to the Queen, and Baroness Hambleton in her own right,
and died December 20th, 1790.

James George, fifth Duke of Hamilton, and fourth Duke
of Brandon, was born February 18th, 1755 ; and on the decease
of Archibald, Duke of Douglas, December 1st, 1761, succeeded
to the titles of Marquis of Douglas, Earl of Angus, &c. but de-
parted this life on July 7th, 1769, b unmarried, and is buried with
his ancestors in the chapel of Hamilton palace, being succeeded
in titles and estates by his only brother,

Douglas Hamilton, the fifth Duke of Brandon, and
sixth of Hamilton, &c. His Grace was born July 24th, 1766, and
on November 25th, 1777> was appointed to the office of keeper
of his Majesty's palace of Linlithgow, and the castle of Blackness
in Scotland ; on April 5th, 1778, his Grace was married by a
special licence, to Elizabeth, daughter of the late Peter Burrell,
Esq. who re-married, August 19th, 1800, Henry, late Marquis of
Exeter. He died without issue August 19th, 1799, and was suc-
ceeded by his uncle,

Lord Archibald Hamilton, seventh Duke of Hamilton, and
sixth Duke of Brandon, born July 1740, who married, May
25th, 1765, Lady Harriet Stewart, sister to John Earl of Gallo-
way, by whom he has issue,

First, Alexander Marquis of Douglas, called up to the house

b In this year his claim to the Douglas estates was decided against him
on an appeal to the House of Lords. See title Doug/as of Douglas in vol. viii.

DUKE OF BRANDON. 549

of peers as Lord Dutton; born October 3d, 1767, married,
April 24th, 1810, Susan Eufemia, youngest daughter of William
Beckford, Esq. of Fonthill, Wilts, by Lady Margaret, daughter of
Charles, fourth Earl of Aboyne.

Second, Lord Archibald, born March 16th, 1769, M. P. for
Lanarkshire.

Third, Lady Charlotte, born 1772, married, June 24th, 1800,
Edward Adolphus, now Duke of Somerset.

Fourth, Lady Susan, born July 1774, married, August 4th,
1803, Viscount Fincastle, now Earl of Dunmore.

Titles. Archibald Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, and Duke
of Brandon, Marquis of Hamilton and Douglas, and Baron of
Dutton ; and Duke of Chattelherault in France, being the tenth
of his family who has possessed that Duchy.

Creations. Baron of Dutton, in com. Cest. 10th September,
171 1, Q Queen Anne; Marquis of Hamilton, 19th April, 1599,
32 James VI. j Marquis Of Douglas, June 17th, 1 633 ; Duke of
Hamilton, 12th April, 1643, 19 Car. I. and again 10th August
I698, 11 Will. III. Duke of Brandon, in com. SufF. September
10th, 1711, 9 Queen Anne; and Duke of Chattelherault, ....
1549, by Henry II. King of France.

Arms. Four grand quarters : first quarterly, first and fourth
Gules, three cinqfoils, pierced, ermine, for Hamilton; second and
third Argent, a ship with its sails furled up, Sable, for the Earl-
dom of Arran : second grand quarter, Argent, a human heart
crowned with an imperial crown, proper, and on a chief, Azure,
three mullets, Argent, for Douglas : third grand quarter as the
second : and the fourth as the first.

Crest. Out of a ducal coronet, Or, an oak fructed proper,
having a frame saw transversely fixed in the body of it, of the
first.

Supporters. Two Antelopes, Argent, armed and gorged with
ducal coronets, Or; chains affixed to the coronets, and their
hoofs, of the second.

Motto. Through. .

Chief Seats. At Hamilton, in the county of Lanark, and at
Kinniel, in the county of Stirling.

END OF VOL. I.

T. Bonsley, Printer,
Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London,

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA,

DUKE OF CORNWALL.

Voi^I. p. 39.

On February 5th, 1811, the royal assent was given by a commit
gion under the great seal to an act, appointing his Royal Highness
the Prince of Wales Regent (under temporary restrictions) of
the British empire.

The progress of this important step was as follows :
The British parliament, which lay under prorogation, had
met on November 1st, ISIOj on which day a proclamation was
issued by the King in council, stating it to be his Majesty's plea-
sure, that it should be further prorogued. This proclamation,
which was not of itself sufficient for the prorogation of parliar-
ment, was to be followed of course,, by the usual commission,
signed by the King, and read in the House of Lords by commis-
sioners appointed for that purpose. But the royal sign manual
was not to be obtained. The parental and tender heart of the
King was wrung with inexpressible grief and anguish, at the
protracted sufferings which terminated November 2d, in the death
of his youngest and favourite daughter, the Princess Amelia. His
whole soul was absorbed in the sufferings and fate of his amiable
.daughter, who had always returned his parental affection with
exquisite sensibility and duty. He could not think or speak of
.any thing else. The powers of* his understanding were impaired -t
and the mental malady, under which he had laboured jn 1 788,
returned. Committees were appointed by both houses of parlia-
ment for the examination of physicians, who were .examined ac-
cordingly on the state of his Majesty's health. In this, and other
necessary points, they were guided in their proceedings by the
precedent of 1788. On December 20th, the House of Commons
passed a bill, appointing his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales
Regent of the kingdom under certain limitations, during the in-
disposition of his Majesty, On the 28tb, the Lords acceded t$
vol. 1 % o

552 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

the resolution of the Commons. a In the following month, the
mode of proceeding chalked out by this bill was argued with
much warmth by the opposition, who urged the mode of Address
in preference.

On this occasion the Speaker did himself honour by the fol-
lowing constitutional speech.

" The Speaker (Mr. Abbot) said, that after strong protesta-
tions made by gentlemen on this question, and which were so
disparaging to the character of the proceedings adopted by that
House, he confessed he could not prevail on himself to give a
silent vote on this question. In the earlier stages of these pro-
ceedings, he had abstained from offering himself to the notice of
the House, because he did not think he could have thrown any
new light on the subject, and therefore did not wish to enter ge-
nerally into the debate. But now the question was brought to
such a state that, from respect to the House, he felt it necessary to
give the opinions which occurred to him. First, he would take
notice of the assertion made at the first meeting of the House,
that it was not to be considered as a House cf parliament, and that
it was a matter of doubt whether the meeting was legal. He
hoped an assertion of that kind would never be heard in that
House without due reprobation ; and he considered it as a most
mischievous thing to say, that its members were not the lawful
representatives of the people. It was most clear from the reason
of the thing, and the usages of the constitution, that where any
impediment arose in the exercise of the government, new and ex-
traordinary powers devolved upon the House of Commons : it
then became the right and the duty of the House to fill up the
chasm in the constitution. The task was difficult and hazardous;
but from the peculiar state of public affairs, duties and powers
devolved upon the House, which must remove every doubt as to
the legality of its proceedings. This course of proceeding was
fully justified by precedent. At the time of the Restoration, the
two Houses of Parliament, surrounded as they were by difficulties,
did for a time wield the sceptre of the absent monarch, for the pur-
pose of enabling that monarch to resume his throne. They passed
acts and caused money to be issued for the public service ; and
what they did then was afterwards confirmed by law. Similar
proceedings took place at the Revolution, when the two Houses
appointed a new king. He therefore felt convinced, that the pre-

a Ann. Register, 1810. History, p. 267.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 553*

sent proceedings were just and right; and that no other could be
so effectual for the purposes the two Houses had in view. He
would now content himself with expressing his approbation of the
opinion given twenty-two years ago by the then Speaker of the
House. In the course of these debates, it was agreed on all hands,
that the Houses had the right of filling up any vacancy in the
throne. If the throne was full, the Houses could not proceed to
electa second king; but in a state of affairs like the present,
where in the vacancy there was a living monarch, it was the
right and duty of the House to provide in the manner recently
done, and not by Address. The House should take that course
which it must have done in the appointment of a regency while
the king was in perfect health-; and on that ground he thought
the great seal might be used as an instrument obedient to the
will of Parliament, which had the right to command it when
there was no other power that could exercise it; for the great
seal was not merely an instrument for the use of the king, but
one that was to be used for the benefit of the people. He did
not think that the rash inconsiderate expressions of fiction, fraud,
and forgery, applied to this proceeding, had any foundation in
truth ; for in the body of the instrument, purporting to come from
the king, it was stated to be by the advice of the privy-council ; it
was made out by responsible ministers, and confirmed and ordered
by Parliament. At all events, it was justified by the necessity of the
case. The House was now arming the Regent with a shield that
was impenetrable, and with a sword that was irresistible. It was
much better that an act should be done which would be contem-
poraneous, and have all the forms of solemnity, than any proceed-
ing by Address. For these reasons he would support the resolui
tion, as a proceeding most beneficial to the country, and most
conducive to the security of the monarchy." b

On February 2d, 1811, the resolution authorizing certain
lords to apply the great seal to a commission for granting the
royal assent to the Regency Bill, passed the Lords ; and on Fe*
bruary 4th, it passed the Commons.

On February 5th, the Lord Chancellor, Earls Camden and
Westmoreland, and the Duke of Montrose, took their seats in the
Lords as Commissioners; and the Commons being in attendance
at the bar, the Lord Chancellor said :

<' My Lords and Gentlemen, in execution of the commission

h Gent. Mag. i3n> Part I. p. 165.

554 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

which has now been read to you, we are commanded by his Royal
Highness the Prince Regent to express in the strongest manner
how deeply he laments, not only in common with all his Majesty's
loyal subjects, but with a personal and filial affection, the great
national calamity which has been the occasion of imposing upon
his Royal Highness the duty of exercising in his Majesty's name
the Royal authority of this kingdom. In conveying to you the
sense, which his Royal Highness entertains of the great difficulties
attending the important trust which is reposed in him, his Royal
Highness commands us to assure you, that he looks with the
most perfect confidence to the wisdom and zeal of parliament,
and the attachment of a loyal and affectionate people, for the most
effectual assistance and support; and his Royal Highness will on
his part exert his utmost endeavours to direct the powers with
which he is invested to the advancement of the prosperity, wel-
fare, and security of his Majesty's dominions."

February 6th, 1811, being the day appointed for sweariug in
the Prince of Wales as Regent, about a quarter before two o'clock,
all the Dukes, and a very numerous assemblage of privy-coun-
sellors met at Carleton-House. The whole of the magnificent
suite of state apartments were opened, and the illustrious persons
were all ushered into the gold room (so called from the style of
the ornaments) ; almost every privy counsellor in town was pre-
sent, and they were above an hundred in number. A message
was brought from the Prince to the President of the Council, Earl
Camden, desiring his attendance on the Prince in an adjoining
room, according to the usual form, to communicate to him offici-
ally the return to the summons, &c. After his return, the Prince
approached in grand procession, preceded by the officers of his
council. They passed through the room where the privy coun-
sellors were assembled, through the circular drawing-room, into
the grand saloon (a beautiful room in scarlet drapery, embellished
with portraits of all the most distinguished admirals who have
fought the battles that have given us the dominion over the seas) :
and here the Prince seated himself at the top of the table, his
royal brothers and cousin seating themselves on each hand accord-
ing to seniority, and all the officers of his household, not privy
counsellors, ranging themselves on each side of the entrance to
the saloon. The Prince then spoke to the following effect: —
" My Lords, I understand that by the act passed by the Parlia-
ment appointing me Regent of the United Kingdom, in the name
and on behalf of his Majesty, I am required to take certain oaths.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 553

and to make the declaration prescribed." The Lord Privy Seal then
rose, made his reverence, approached the' Regent, and read from
a parchment the oaths as follows ; the Prince with an audible
voice pronounced after him : " I do sincerely promise and swear,
that I will faithfully execute the office of Regent of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, according to law, the power
and authority, vested in me by virtue of the said act ; and that I
will in all things to the utmost of my power and ability consult
and maintain the safety, honour, and dignity of his Majesty and
the welfare of his people. So help me God." And the Prince
subscribed the two oaths. The Lord President then presented to
his Royal Highness the declaration, mentioned in an act made in
the thirtieth year of King Charles II. intituled, " An Act for the
more effectual preserving the King's person, by disabling papists
from sitting in either house of parliament ;" and which declaration
his Royal Highness audibly made, repeated, and subscribed. The
Lord President signed first, and every one of the privy counsellors
in succession signed the instrument as witnesses, and the same
were delivered into the hand of the keeper of the records. The
Lord President then approached the Regent, and had the honour
to kiss his hand. The Royal Dukes followed, and afterwards the
Archbishop of Canterbury ; and all the rest according to the order
in which they sat at the long table, advanced to the chair on both
sides. During the whole ceremony, his Royal Highness main-
tained the most dignified and graceful deportment; and there
was not the slightest indication of partiality of behaviour to one
set of men more than another. The ceremony being closed, a
short levee took place in the drawing room, when his Royal High-
ness addressed himself to the circle ; and afterwards he gave an
audience to Mr. Perceval, who had the honour of again kissing his
hand as first Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer."c

In February, 1812, the temporary restrictions on the powers
of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent expired; on which oc-
casion additional acts regulating the household, and making other
necessary arrangements, were passed.

P. 39. Her Royal Highness the Princess Amelia died No-
vember 2d, 1810. '* She was born August 7th, 1783, and was
from early youth of a very tender constitution, being frequently

c Gent. Mag. p. 178, 179.

556 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

attacked with severe indisposition. In her person she was tall
and slender, and her air was most graceful and prepossessing.
Illness had impressed its marks on her countenance and scattered
lilies over her checks. In her manners she was so mild, elegant,
and amiable, as to win every heart. The frequency of her indis-
positions prevented her from studying as deeply as her eldest
sisters, yet, she cultivated the line arts with great success. In
music and painting she was a proficient. She met with few
rivals on the pianoforte, and displayed a classical taste, both in
her selection and execution of pictures. A model of filial piety }
her love for her father was revealed in all her actions, and was so
tenderly expressed a few days before her death, as to occasion the
unfortunate illness under which he still continues to labour. Dig-
nified, though condescending; benevolent without ostentation)
lively, though a prey to sickness, which usually quenches the
spirits as well as the health of youth, she was beloved by all those
who lived within the sphere of hearing of her virtues. Some
symptoms of the illness which terminated her existence, having
revealed themselves early, her Royal Highness tried the effects of
sea-bathing, and derived much benefit from that practice. Her
favourite amusement was that of riding, in which she was con-
spicuous for her elegance and skill. Exercise however, and all
the resources of the medical art, could not delay the fatal hour.
Her disorder began to gain ground in an alarming manner upwards
of two years ago j and when the first jubilee of his Majesty was
celebrated, she was lying on the bed of sickness, with but little
hopes of recovery. Towards the middle of last summer, how-
ever, she regained strength enough to sit up in her apartments,
and to take a short walk into the garden. About a month before
her decease, her Royal Highness was attacked with St Anthony's
lire, which brought on a relapse, which afforded her an oppor-
tunity of displaying the noblest christian faith and fortitude,
duting weeks of prolonged agony, uncbecred by any ray of hope.
During the last few days, her strength had been rapidly wasting
away ; and she closed her eyes as in a kindly sleep. It would be
injustice to the memory of this excellent Princess, to ascribe all her
patience and fortitude to the natural frame of her mind, as the
habit of devotion to which she had been trained and bred by pa-
rental example, and the true principles of religion which regu-
lated the whole of her conduct, strengthened the amiable and
gentle qualities of her disposition, and made her submit with

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 557

meek resignation to the divine will through the whole of the
severe probation which she was to endure in this life, to prepare
her for a better." d

DUKE OF YORK.— P. 42.

In I8O9, his Royal Highness was accused of corruption in the
administration of his office as Commander in Chief, for which
purpose a motion was made in the House of Commons by Mr.
Wardle, on January 27th, " that a committee be appointed to in-
vestigate the conduct of the Commander in Chief with respect to
promotions," &c.

The Secretary at War expressed an unfeigned pleasure, that an
opportunity was afforded of instituting an effectual inquiry into
the grounds of the calumnies so industriously circulated against
this illustrious personage.

Sir Arthur Wellesley bore testimony to the discipline of the
army under his command, and for which the country was solely
indebted to his Royal Highness.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer said, that he could state,
upon the authority of the illustrious person himself, that the most
ready course of prosecuting the inquiry would be the most
agreeable to him; and that he deprecated nothing so much as a
course that would impede the final result.

The question that a committee of the whole house be ap-
pointed, was agreed to, item con. And the house resolved itself
into a committee on February 1st, and began to hear evidence :
which was continued on February 3d, 6th, 10th, 13th, 14th, 15th,
l6th, 17th, and 22d ; and on March 8tb, the order of the day
was moved for taking the evidence into consideration, which was
continued on March 9th, 10th, 13th. 14th, and 17th, when the
following motion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer was carried
by a majority of eighty-two.

" That this house having appointed a committee to investigate
the conduct of his Royal Highness the Duke of York, as Com*
mander in Chief j and having carefully considered the evidence,
which came before the said committee, and finding that personal
corruption, and connivance at corruption, have been imputed to

d Otridge'6 Ann. Reg. Nov. 7, 1810, p. 406, 407.

6SB PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

his Royal Highness,* find it expedient to pronounce a distinct opt-*
nion upon the said imputation^ and are accordingly of opinion
that it is wholly without foundation."

On March 20th, the subject being resumed, the Chancellor
of the Exchequer stated, " that on' the preceding Saturday, after'
the decision of the house had been known, his Royal Highness
the Duke of York, of his own immediate and spontaneous motive,
waited upon his Majesty and tendered (o him his resignation of
the chief command of his Majesty's army j and that his Majesty
had been graciously pleased to accept of that resignation. The
motives which evidently influenced the mind of his Royal High-
ness in taking that step appeared to him, the Chancellor of the
Exchequer, to be of a nature so honourable and proper, thac he
Was sure when he had stated them to the house, the house would
think of them as he did." The Right Hon. Gentleman then pro-
ceeded to read, from a paper he held in bis hand, extracts, of
which the following is a copy. " The house having, after a most
attentive and laborious investigation of the merits of certain alle-
gations preferred against his Royal Highnessy passed a resolution
of his innocence, he may now approach his Majesty , and may
venture to tender to him his resignation of the chief command of
his Majesty's army, as his Royal Highness can no longer be sus-
pected of acting from any apprehension of the result, nor can be
accused of having shrunk from the full extent of an inquiry,
which, painful as it has been, he trusts shall appear, even to those
who have been disposed to condemn his conduct, to have been
met with that patience and firmness which can arise only from a
conscious feeling of innocence. The motive which influences
him arises from the truest sense of duty, and the warmest attach-
ment to his Majesty, from which he has never departed, and which
his Majesty has., if possible, confirmed by the affectionate and
paternal solicitude which he has shewn for the honour and wel-
fare of his Royal Highness upon this distressing occasion to'him :
to him as a'most kind and indulgent father, as a generous Sove-
reign, his Royal Highness Owes every thing} and his feelings
alone would have prompted him to forego all considerations of
personal interest in the determination he had taken. It would
not become him to say, that he should not quit with sincere re-
gret a situation in which his Majesty's confidence and partiality
had placed him, and the duties of which it had been his most
anxious study and pride, during fourteen years, to discbarge with

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 55a

Integrity and fidelity; whether he might be allowed to add, with
advantage to his Majesty's service, his Majesty was best able to
decide." e

Thus ended this extraordinary affair, in which after so many
days and nights of anxious inquiry, his Royal Highness received a
clear, unqualified, and unconditional acquittal by the House of
Commons. Then it was, that with the spirit becoming his illus-
trious character, he seized the first moment to tender his resigna-
tion as Commander in Chief; an office, which by the acknow-
ledgment of all parties, he ably, faithfully, and diligently ad-
ministered for the benefit of the public during fourteen years.

On May 25th, 1811, his Royal Highness was re-appointed
Commander in Chief, to the great joy of the army, and of all
tho.e well affected persons, whose candid minds had enabled
them to appreciate the anxious care, impartiality, kindness, and
talent, with which his Royal Highness had performed the labo-
rious duties of that most important station.

DUKE OF CLARENCE.-P. 43.

On December 24th, 1811, his Royal Highness the Duke of
Clarence was appointed Admiral of the Fleet, in the room of
Sir Peter Parker, Bart, deceased.

DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.— P. 45.

His Royal Highness is a General in the army. On May 3 1st,
1810, a most atrocious attempt to assassinate his Royal Highness
was made by one Sellis, a valet of his Royal Highness, who,
though he deeply wounded and maimed the Duke, did not suc-
ceed in taking away his life. The wretch returned back to his
room, and cut his own throat. A coroner's inquest was held on
the body of Sellis, who returned a verdict of felo de se. See
Otriclges Ann. Reg. 1810, Chronicle, p. 26l.

DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE.— P. 47.

His Royal Highness is a General in the army. In April, 181 1,
he was elected Chancellor of the University of St. Andrew's, vice
Lord Melville, deceased.

e Gent. Mag. 1809, p. 34c, 341.

560 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.— P. 48.

His Royal Highness William Frederick, second and pre-
sent Duke of Gloucester, was raised to the rank of General
in the army, April 25th, 1808; and was elected Chancellor of the
University of Cambridge, IS 11, in the room of the Duke of
Grafton, deceased.

DUKE OF NORFOLK.— P. 50.

P. 95. See the Memoir of the Earl of Surry by Mr. Alex-
ander Chalmers, prefixed to his Poems, in the late collection of
the English Poets, in which many events of this accomplished
nobleman's life are set in a new light. The public are anxiously
expecting Dr. Nott's long announced edition of the Earl's Sonnets
and Poems.

P. 127. The claim of Sir George Jerningham, Bart, to the
Barony of Stafford, is at present pending in the House of Lords.
See Vol. IX.

Charles, eleventh and present Duke of Norfolk, was
appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county
of Sussex, on the death of the Duke of Richmond, 180/.

DUKE OF SOMERSET.— P. 144.

P. 202. His Grace the present Duke, has purchased the
magnificent seat and estate of Bulstrode in Bucks, of the Duke of
Portland.

DUKE OF RICHMOND.— P. 203.

P. 210. The Honourable George Napier, husband of Lady
Sarah Lenox, died in October, 1803, leaving eleven children by
her, of whom two sons at least are in the army ; and Colonel
Napier has distinguished himself by his great bravery and numerous
wounds. At the battle of Corunna, January, I8O9, he was left
among the dead, and so by mistake returned.

P. 211. Charles, fourth and present Duke of Rich-
mond, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in the room of

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 561.

the Duke of Bedford, which high office he sti'l holds. He has
also been honoured with the Order of the. Garter. f

His Grace's issue are,

First, Lady Mary, born August 15th, 1790.

Second, Charles, Earl of Marsh and Darnley, born August 3d,
1/91, appointed Captain in the ninety-second Foot, July 14th,
1812 j and on the staff of the Earl of Wellington in Portugal.

Third, Lady Sarah, born August 22d, 1792.

Fourth, Lord John George, born October 3d, 1793.

Fifth, Lady Georgiana, born September 30th, 1795.

Sixth, Lord Henry Adam, born September 6th, 1797; a
midshipman on board his Majesty's ship Blake, fell from aloft
while assisting to furl the sails, in the harbour of Port Mahon,
Minorca, and was drowned, February 25th, 1812. He was
buried under one of the bastions of fort Philip the last of the
month, at the same time and in the same grave with Grey M.
Brydges, a midshipman of the Malta, who died of a fever at Port
Mahon the same day.

Seventh, Lady Jane, born September 5th, 1798.

Eighth, Lord William Pitt, born September 20th, 1799, now
at Westminster school.

Ninth, Lord Frederick, born January 24th, 1801, also at
Westminster school.

Tenth, Lord Sussex, born July I lth, 1802.

Eleventh, Lord Arthur, born in October, 1 80(5.

Twelfth, Lady Louisa Madelina, born October 2d, 1803.

Thirteenth, Lady Charlotte, born December 4th, 1804.

Fourteenth, Lady Sophia Georgiana, born July 21st, I8O9.

FITZROY, DUKE OF GRAFTON.— P. 213.

P. 220. Augstus Henry, third Duke of Grafton, died
March 14th, 181 1, aet. 76. For one year, (1765) his Grace held
the office of Secretary of State, and the next was appointed
First Lord of the Treasury, which high station he held till
January 28th, 1770. It has been boasted, that the virulent letters
of Junius drove him from the helm. But this is probably giving
them too much weight. It is less unlikely, that they should have
given a tincture to the rest of his Grace's life. To their bitter

f The sign manual to dispense with the statutes in regard to installation
was granted March 31st, i8u.

562 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

point and sarcasm, to their degrading taunts, and poisonous hatred,
no cultivated mind could be insensible. The Duke had com-
menced his political career under the auspices of Lord Chatham,
whom his acceptance of the premiership, and subsequent admi-
nistration, turned^into a warm enemy. Candour must admit,
that his Grace's talents and acquirements were far above the com-
mon ; and the remainder of his life was spent in a qualified and
honourable retirement becoming his rank and functions ; for,
while he much addicted himself to a country life amidst his books
and the sports of the field, surrounded by a numerous family, he
was not inattentive to public affairs, or his parliamentary duties
on great occasions, when he uniformly displayed those Whig
principles on which he had commenced his career. In religion
he was supposed to have inclined towards the Dissenters ; and
was generally believed to have taken an active part about thirty
years back in some theological controversies of the day. He had
the honour to be celebrated by the muse of Gray in the beautiful
Ode on his installation to the Chancellorship of Cambridge; and
in his latter days, Bloomfield, who sprung from the neighbour-
hood of Euston, was soothed by his kindness, and found a flatter-
ing access within bis doors. In the poems of this delightful bard
of nature may be found many passages drawn from the scenery
of tfre Duke's property. The Duke is said to have been amiable
in private life, though somewhat reserved and haughty, of which
the appearance was increased by his saturnine countenance, t His
Lordship's issue by his first Lady, Anne Liddel, were,

First, Lady Georgiana, born May 8th, 1757, married, June
8th, 17/8, the late Right Honourable John Smyth, Esq. of Heath
in Yorkshire; late Master of the Mint, and for many years
member of parliament for Pontefract; and died January 18th,
1799, leaving issue by him, who died February 12th, 1811, John
Henry Smyth, Esq. elected member of parliament for the Univer-
sity of Cambridge, June, 1812, in the room of Sir Vicary Gibbs,
made a judge, whose wife, Caroline, died in Bruton-street, Lon-
don, May 29th, 1811. Her second son, John Smyth, Esq. late a
lieutenant colonel in the foot guards, married, in November, 1811,
Sarah, eldest daughter of Daniel Wilson, Esq. of Dallam Tower
com. Westmoreland.

Second, George Henry, Earl of Euston, present Duke.

g A long memoir of the Duke, a little tinctured by party views, is to be
found in the Monthly Magazine, 181 1.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 56a

Third, a son, born January 20th, l/6l, died soon after.
Fourth, Lord Charles, born July 14th, 1/64, appointed a
lieutenant-general in the army, January 1st, 1805 j colonel of
the forty-eighth regiment of foot; and member of parliament for
St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, for which he has sat in several par-
liaments. He married, first, Miss Mundy, daughter of Edward
Miller Mundy, Esq. member of parliament for Derbyshire ;
and by her, who died August 9th, 1797> had issue Charles Au-
gustus. He married, secondly, March 10th, 1/99, Lady Frances
Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert, Earl of Londonderry.

His Grace's issue by his second wife, Elizabeth Wrottesley,
were,

Fifth, Lord Henry, born April 19th, 1770. in holy orders,
married, October 2d, 1800, Caroline, youngest daughter of the'
late Admiral Pigot, and has issue.

Sixth, Lord Augustus, in the royal navy, died 1 799.
Seventh, Lord Frederick, born September l6th, 1774.
Eighth, Lady Elizabeth, born October 19th, 1775, married,
July 4th, 181 1, the Honourable William Fitzroy, uncle to Lord
Southampton.

Ninth, Lady Louisa, born July 13th, 1777* died February
17th, 1806.

Tenth, Lady Augusta, born February 17th, 1/79, married,
November 19th, 1811, the Rev. G. T. Tavell.

Eleventh, Lady Frances, born June 1st, 1730, married, No-
vember 25th, 1800, Lord Francis Almeric Spencer, youngest son
of the Duke of Marlborough.

Twelfth, Lord William, born June 1st, 1782, a captain in
the royal navy, and member of parliament for Thetford.
Thirteenth, Lord John, bom September 24th, 1785.
Fourteenth, Lady Caroline, born July 5th, 1/8 J, died May
28th, 1803.

Fifteenth, Lady Harriet, born April 28th, 1784, died April
15th, 1804.

Sixteenth, Lady Isabella, born November J/th, 1786.
His Grace was succeeded by his eldest son,
George Henry, Fourth and present Duke of Grafton,
who was born January 14th, 176O, and, till his accession to the
peerage, represented the University of Cambridge in several par-
liaments. In the administration of Mr. Pitt, whose friendship he
enjoyed, he held many high situations, as lord of the Admiralty,
Treasury, &c.

5J54 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

His Grace married, November 16th, 1784, Lady Charlotte
Maria, second daughter of James, second Earl Waldegrave, by-
Maria, Duchess of Gloucester } and by her, who died February
1st, 1808, has had issue,

First, Henry, Earl of Ens ton, born February 10th, 1790,
a lieutenant in the seventh light dragoons, who married at Lis-
bon, on June 20th, 1812, the youngest daughter of Admiral
Berkeley.

Second, Lord Charles, born February 23d, 1791, an ensign in
the first regiment of foot guards. •

Third, Lord William, born January 20th, 1794.

Fourth, Lord Hugh George, born May 2gth, 1795 ; died
April 26th, 1797.

Fifth and Sixth, Richard James, and Richard William, died
infants.

Seventh, Lady Maria Anne, born November 3d, 1785, mar-
ried Sir William Oglander, of Nunwell, in Hampshire, Bart.

Eighth, Lady Georgiana Laura, born January 15th, 1787 •

Ninth, Lady Isabella Frances, born May 6th, 1792.

His Grace is hereditary ranger of Whittlebury Forest, and
hereditary receiver general of the profits of the seals in the courts
of King's Bench and Common Pleas ; lord lieutenant, vice-ad-
miral, and custos rotulorum of Suffolk ; and recorder of Thetford.

DUKE OF BEAUFORT.— P. 222.

P. 242. Lord Charles Henry Somerset (the Duke's next bro-
ther) is joint paymaster of the forces.

Lord Arthur John Henry, sixth brother, married, June 23d,
1808, Elizabeth Boscawen, eldest daughter of George, late Vis-
count Falmouth, and has a son, born in March, I8O9.

P. 243. The issue of the present Duke are,

First, Henry, Marquis of Worcester, born February 5th,
1792, a lieutenant in the tenth regiment of light dragoons.

Second, Lord Granville Charles Henry, born Dec. 27th, 1792.

Third, Lady Charlotte Sophia, born April 25th, 1795.

Fourth, Lady Elizabeth Susan, born June 23d, J798«

Fifth, Lady Georgiana Augusta, born October 8th, 1 800.

Sixth, Lord Edward Henry, born June 17th, 1802.

Seventh, Lady Susan Caroline, born May 10th, 1804.

Eighth, Lady Louisa Elizabeth, born May 10th, 1806.

Ninth, A daughter, born in August, 1808.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 563

Tenth, A. daughter, born August 18th, 1811.

On June 4th, 1803, his Majesty, by letters patent, confirmed
to his Grace the Barony of Botetourt, with its due place and
precedence.

BEAUCLERK, DUKE OF ST. ALBANS.— P. 244.

P. 251. Lord Amelius Beauclerk was promoted in 1811 to the
rank of rear admiral.

DUKE OF BEDFORD.— P. 262.

The present Duke's issue by his first wife, are,

First, Francis, Marquis of Tavistock, born May 13, 1788,
member of parliament for Peterborough ; married, August 8th,
1808, Lady Anna Maria Stanhope, daughter of Charles, Earl of
Harrington, by whom he has a son, born June 30th, 180Q.

Second, Lord George William, born May 8th, I7g0, a cap-
tain in the twenty-third dragoons.

Third, Lord John, born August 19th, 1/92.

His Grace's issue by Georgiana, his present Duchess, are.

Fourth, Lord Wriothesley, born May 14th, 1804.

Fifth, Lord Edward, born April 24th, 1805.

Sixth, Lord Charles James Fox, born February 10th, 180/.

Seventh, A son, born October 23d, 1808.

Eighth, A daughter, born June 23, 1810.

P. 296. Lr-rd William, his Grace's younger brother, is mem-
ber of parliament for Tavistock. Lady William, his wife, died
August 8th, 1808.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.— P. 302.

P. 356. Lord Charles Cavendish, died April 28, 1783, xt.
ninety, and was buried at Derby.

Feb. 24th, 1810, died at Clapham Common, the Hon. Henry
Cavendish, (son of Lord Charles Cavendish, who was brother to the
third duke,) one of the most eminent chemists and natural philo-
sophers of the age. He left funded property to the amount of one
million two hundred thousand pounds; of which are bequeathed
seven hundred thousand to Lord G. Cavendish, two hundred thou-
sand to the Earl of Besborough, and the remainder in legacies to
other branches of the Devonshire family. This gentleman, although

566 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

not much heard of in the common paths of life, was well known
and highly distinguished in the scientific world. He had studied
and rendered himself particularly conversant with every part of Sir
Isaac Newton's philosophy ; the principles of which he applied
near forty years ago to an investigation of the laws on which the
phenomena of electricity depend. Pursuing the same science on
the occasion of Mr. Walsh's experiments with the torpedo, he gave
a satisfactory explanation of remarkable powers of the electrical
fishes; pointing out that distinction between common and animal
electricity, which has since been amply confirmed by the brilliant
discoveries in galvanism. Having turned his attention very early
to pneumatic chemistry, he ascertained, in 1/60, the extreme
levity of inflammable air, now called hydrogen gas. On this
discovery many curious experiments, and particularly that of
aerial navigation, have been founded. In the same paths of
science, he made the important discovery of the composition of
water by union of two airs ; and that laid the foundation of the
modern system of chemistry, which rests principally on this fact
and that of the decomposition of water, announced soon after-
wards by Mons. Lavoisier. So many, and such great discove-
ries, spread his fame throughout Europe, and he was universally
considered as one of the first philosophers of the age. Among
the labours of his latter days, is the nice and difficult experiment
by which he determined the mean density of the earth ; an ele-
ment of consequence in delicate calculation* of astronomy, as
well as in geological inquiries. Even in the last year of his life,
at the advanced age of seventy-seven, he prepared and described
improvements in the manner of dividing large astronomical in-
struments; which, though not yet executed, promise very great
advantages. These pursuits, together with reading of various
kinds, by which he acquired a deep insight into almost every
topic of knowledge, formed the whole occupation of his life, and
were, in fact, his sole amusement. The love of truth was suffi-
cient to fill his mind. From his attachment to such occupations,
and the constant resource he found in them, together with a shyness
and diffidence natural to his disposition, his habits had, from early
life, been secluded. His manners were mild, his mind firm, his
nature benevolent and complacent; he was liberal, without being
profuse, and charitable without ostentation. He possessed great
affluence, which was to him rather matter of embarrassment than
of gratification; but however regular about its improvement, lie
was regular as to its management and direction. He was bora

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 567

October the 10th, 1 731 3 and his remains were interred in the
family vault in All Saints, Derby.

On Saturday, March the l/th, Mr.1 Professot Davy, in his
lecture at the Royal Institution, introduced the following charac-
ter of Mr. Cavendish : —

"About 1766, Mr. Cavendish published his first papers on
the subject of air. He examined with more accurate instruments
than Black, the elastic fluids from the alkalies ; and he ascer-
tained that the same substance was perfected during the combus-
tion of charcoal. He perfected the pneumatic apparatus, and
soon discovered two new elastic fluids, inflammable an, and
muriatic acid air. Mr. Davy said, in the next lecture, he
could exhibit some experiments of our illustrious countryman
of later date, and of still higher importance 5 but he could
not, on this occasion, pass by the circumstance of his recent
loss without a digression, which might enable him to offer a
feeble tribute of respect to the memory of so great a man :
of all the philosophers of the present age, Mr. Cavendish com-
bined, in the highest degree, a depth and extent of mathematical
knowledge, with delicacy and precision in the methods of expe-
rimental research. It might be said of him, what perhaps could
hardly be said of any other person, that whatever he has done,
has been perfect at the moment of its production. His processes
were all of a finished nature : executed by the hand of a master,
they required no correction ; and though many of them were
performed in the very infancy of chemical philosophy, yet their
accuracy and their beauty have remained unimpaired amidst the
progress of discovery ; and their merits have been illustrated by
discussion, and exaked by time. In general, the most common
motives -which induce men to study, are the love of distinction,
of glory, and the desire of power 5 and we have no right to
object to motives of this kind: but it ought to be mentioned, in
estimating the character of Mr. Cavendish, that his grand stimu-
lus to exertion was evidently the love of truth and of knowledge,
unambitious, unassuming, it was often with difficulty that he
was persuaded to bring forward his important discoveries He
disliked notoriety ; he was, as it were, fearful of the voice of
fame. His labours are recorded with -the greatest simplicity, and
in the fewest possible words, without parade or apology ; and it
seemed as if in publication he was performing not what was a
duty to himself, but was a duty to the public. His life was de-
voted to science, and his social hours were passed amongst a few
vol. t. 2 p

568 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

of his friends, principally members of the Royal Society. He
was reserved to stiangersj but where he was familiar, his con-
versation was lively, and full of varied information. Upon all
subjects of science he was luminous and profound, and in discus-
sion wonderfully acifte. Even to the very last week of his life,
when he was nearly seventy-nine, he retained his activity of
body, and all his energy and sagacity of intellect. He was
warmly interested in all new subjects of science ; and several
times in the course of last year witnessed, or assisted in some ex-
periments that were carried on in the laboratory of the Royal
Institution. Since the death of Newton (said Mr. Davy, if he
might be permitted to give an opinion) England has sustained no
scientific loss so great as that of Cavendish. But it is to be regret-
ted less, since, like his great predecessor, he died full of years and
of glory. His name will be an object of more veneration in
future ages than in the present moment; though it was unknown
in the busy scenes of life, or in the popular discussions of the
day, it will remain illustrious in the annals of science, which are
as unperishable as that nature to which they belong; it will be
an immortal honour to his house, to his age, and to his coun-
try."— Ann. Reg. 181 1, p. 376, 377.

Mr. Frederick Cavendish, {younger as it seems) brother of
Henry, died at his residence at Market Street, com. Hertford,
(or rather in that part of the place which is in the parish of
Studham, com. Bedford), where he had spent the last forty years
of his life. He was educated at Peter-house, Cambridge, where,
in 1752, he fell from an upper window into the area of the court,
and coming down on his head, received a most serious injury, the
effects of which were ever after discernible by a deep indentation
in his forehead : his life was for some time endangered, and his
health so much affected by this accident, that he could not return
to the university, and many of his succeeding years were spent
in retirement. Lady Anne, his mother, was in bad health on
her marriage, and went shortly after to Nice, for the benefit of
the waters. Henry was born at Nice; but his mother returning
to England, Frederick drew his first breath in the country of his
ancestors. He is supposed to have been born about 1731 ; and
if so, was more than eighty at his deaih. On the death of his
brother Henry, unmarried, a considerable real estate devolved on
him, which, on his own death, reverted to the Duke of Devon-
shire ; while his personal property descended to his maternal first
cousins, the Earls of Ashbumham and Biidgewater, and the

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 569

Honourable Francis Egerton. He died single. His person was
athletic and manly j his countenance handsome j and he had, to
a late period of life, the appearance and manners of a high-bred
gentleman, though certainly of the old school. He was buried,
March 9th, in the family vault at All Saints, Derby.i

P. 356. Lady Anne Cavendish died unmarried, August 17th,
1780, aged seventy years.

P. 3,0O. William Cavendish, eldest son of Lord George, M.P.
for Derby, and colonel of the Derbyshire militia, died January
15th, 1812, aged twenty-eight, by a fall from his curricle, in
Holker Park, Lancashire, returning from a shooting excursion,
in company with a younger brother, and his late tutor. He
pitched on his head, and never spoke afterwards. He was a mild,
quiet, amiable, and accomplished man. He left several children.

George Henry Compton Cavendish, his next brother, M. P. .
for Aylesbury, major of the seventh dragoons, was unfortunately
drowned oft* the Manacle Rocks, near Falmouth, on his return
from Portugal, in January, I6O9.

Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish, third son of Lord
George, a captain in the 103d regiment, was married October '
24th, 1811, to Sarah, daughter of the late William Fawkener,
Esq. clerk of the privy council.

P. 360. William, fifth Duke of Devonshire, died at
Devonshire House, Piccadilly, of water in the chest, aged sixty-
three. He was born Dec. 24th, 1748; succeeded his father,
Oct. 2d, 1764; and married June 5th, 1774, Georgiana Spencer,
(who died in 1806,) sister of the present Earl Spencer, and the
Countess of Besborough ; by whom he had issue Georgiana, mar-
ried to Viscount Morpeth ; Henrietta, and William George, Mar-
quis of Hartington, lately come of age, who succeeds to the fa-
mily honours and possessions.

His Grace married secondly, Lady Elizabeth Forster, daughter
of the late Earl of Bristol, who survives him.

In public life his Grace was always a proud support to the
whig interest, and a firm adherer to the principles maintained by
Mr. Fox j but his own habits were retired, and he is said to have
assisted rather by his fortune than his own personal exertions.
He rarely expressed bis sentiments in Parliament, and was always
considered a steady adherer to the monarchial form of our con-
stitution. He was of a grave turn in private life, yet not insen-

i Gent. Mag. 1812, Part I. j>. 289-291.

570 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

sible of humour, and of a very hospitable temper: he was fond
of society of men of wit and distinguished talents j and the
company whom he assembled at his magnificent seat at Chats-
worth, as well as at Chiswick, and in town, would have
been conspicuous in any age for parts and information. The
indisposition of this nobleman commenced about a fortnight pre-
vious to his dissolution : the first attacks were spasms in the
chest, succeeded by a difficulty of respiration, which continued
more or lessviolent until his death. During the last week he could
rot rest in bed, and for five nights he sat up in a chair. The day
preceding his demise his Grace was considerably better ; he was
able to walk in the front of his house, and afterwards made a
hearty dinner j but, on the 29th, there were indications of ex-
treme danger, when Sir Walter Farquhar and all the medical
men attended; and about six o'clock at night, while the sur-
geon was preparing to open a vein, he fell back, and expired
without a groan, in the arms of the Duchess. His Grace dying
unexpectedly, the body was opened by Mr. Home, the surgeon,
and other medical gentlemen who attended him in his illness, and
upwards of three pints of water were found in his chest, which
caused his death.

His remains were removed on the 5th instant, to be interred
in the family vault, in All Saints, Derby, attended to the stones
end by the twenty-one carriages belonging to his Grace's family
and friends, at the head of which was that of the Prince Regent,
by whom the loss of the Duke is much regretted, the warmest
friendship having subsisted between them.

The following character of this nobleman is given in a respect-
able provincial journal:

'• The late Duke of Devonshire was universally respected for
the simplicity of his manners, the liberality of his principles, and
the benevolence of his disposition ; he was known to deserve the
esteem of the rich, and the blessings of the poor; but the world
could not know how well he deserved the admiration of the wit,
the scholar, and the poet. It has been repeated in all languages,
and believed in all countries, that nobility and opulence throw a
false light round their possessors, which magnifies their merits
and diminishes thrir defects to common observation, but the ge-
neral admission of this theory often leads to a practical conclusion
entirely opposite, particularly on the subject of intellectual endow-
ments. When a person of great rank and wealth is praised for
his learning, or for his genius, the hearers are instantly on their

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 571

guard against the illusions of that false light, and at onee ascribe
the panegyric to a dazzled judgment, or an interested motive. —
The Duke of Devonshire, however, has been praised, be-
cause he was appreciated by authorities which none can
dispute. The vouchers of his extraordinary understanding are
amongst those who now stand the highest in public estima-
tion for taste, ability, and independence; and the remembered
opinions of the illustrious dead confirm the testimonial: it cannot
be supposed that a coronet or a crown, an estate or an empire,
could influence the literary suffrages of a Fox, a Burke, or a Gib-
bon. To those who enjoyed the intimacy of the Duke of De-
vonshire, a single doubt of his mental superiority could never
occur: he had apprehension, judgment, and perspicuity, in their
very highest degrees : his ideas were uncommon, and often took
most unforseen directions; but, as there was no obliquity in their
course, they were easily followed, even by slower capacities; we
can pursue with our eyes the flight of the eagle, though we have
no wings to imitate his velocity. It was impossible to meet with
a clearer mind, a mind more freed from every species of preju-
dice; he came armed at all points into the field of argument,
looked round to the banners of truth, and to the side where they
were, or appeared to be, he alone gave his powerful co-operation.
Literature, ancient and modern, were his favourite subject of dis-
cussion ; his memory was eminently retentive and exact. Com-
paratively with some other scholars, he had perhaps read little,
but he had ' read well.' He was complete master of Virgil,
Horace, Juvenal, and Martial, both for construction and quota-
tion. His knowledge of Shakespeare was almost proverbial
amongst his associates ; to know Shakespeare as thoroughly as the
Duke of Devonshire was an admitted encomium. In one faculty
he was, probably, without a rival— in poetical criticism. The
greatest masters of the lyre might have been elated by his ap-
plause, and benefited by his advice; no beauty, no blemish could
possibly escape him. He was himself a most elegant poet. Some
beautiful lines on the death of Lord Nelson, are published in Mr.
Clarke's life of that hero, (see p. \6\ ;) and bis epitaph upon the
late Earl Spencer is universally admired. His humour in conver-
sation was often original, and always inoffensive; his ' friendly
sneer' disarmed an antagonist, but disarmed him without a wound.
It was to be lamented that timidity, or a sort of unambitious pas-
siveness, made him too often silent in general company: but even
then some share of shrewdness and intelligence would betrav, to

572 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

an accurate observer, how much remained concealed j some gold
dust on the surface indicated the mine which was within. In
feeling, gentleness, and all the noblest charities of our nature,
he was never surpassed j perhaps he was never equalled in the
perfection of his temper. He was a happy man, as he lived in
the uncontrolled enjoyment of intellect and beneficence, the two
noblest sources of human pleasure ; and, with no fears of death,
he would have wished for longer life, that be might have done
more good. Where he is now gone he has all to receive, and
nothing to give. Whatever affection and gratitude may engrave
upon his tomb, they will scarcely find a nobler eulogy than his
own upon Lord Spencer.

" " All posterity should know

How pure a spirit warm'd the dust below!"

Leicester Journal.
The following is the substance of his Grace's will. All the
estates in Great Britain acquired by purchase, (except estates in
Cumberland) and paternal estates, to go according to settlement
made thereof, dated 1773. All furniture, plate, pictures, curi-
osities, &c. to the Duke's son, the Marquis of Hartington, or to
such other persons, in case of his death during the testator's life,
as should succeed to said estates by virtue of said settlement.
Confirms settlement already made to the Duchess of Devonshire
of 4000/. per annum, bequeaths her 2000/. and all her para-
phernalia. Estates of the Duke's maternal grandfather, the Earl
of Burlington, devised by his will in 1758, after the Duke's
death, to his sons in tail, with general remainders ; remainders to
his daughters, with cross remainders in tail. Bequeaths the in-
terest of 20,000/ to his daughter, Lady Georgiana Morpeth ; and
after her death, the principal as she shall by will appoint, or to
her executor or administrator; but in case of the Earl of Bur-
lington's estates devolving upon her, by virtue of his said devise,
the same is to cease, and said 20,000/. devolve to the said Mar-
quis of Hartington, by virtue of said settlement of 1773. A simi-
lar bequest to his daughter, Lady Henrietta Elizabeth Cavendish j
10,000/. already settled upon her as a marriage portion, one year
after the Duke's death, with interest. Estates at Penrith, and
elsewhere in Cumberland, to be sold according to deed of sale,
enroDed in Chancery, and the produce thereof subject to a mort-
gage debt thereon of 30,000/, to go to the Duke's, heir in said
deed of settlement of 1773 as aforesaid, the Marquis of Harting-
ton, the present Duke, to whom also the residue of the Duke's

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 573

personal property is bequeathed. A proviso is made in the will
for payment of legacies, should any be .left by codicils ; but no
codicils were made. Lord Fitzwilliam, and the Duke's brother,
Lord George Henry Cavendish, were intrusted with the educa-
tion of the Marquis of Harrington, in case of testator's death
during his minority. — Proved the 15th instant by th^ present
Duke, the deceased's said brother, and John Heaton, of Old Bur-
lington street, Esq. the executors.— Effects above 250,0002. and
under 300,000/. Duty paid on the probate, 3000/." Gentleman s
Magazine, Aug. 1811. p. 188.

His Grace was succeeded in his titles, and immense estates by
his only son,

William Spencer, present and sixth Duke of Devon-
shire.

His Grace was born May 21st, 1790; on August 19th, 1811,
he was appointed lord lieutenant of the county of Derby 5 and
high steward of Derby.

P. 36l. The crest here given is that which the family usesj
but Mr. Naylor has assigned a stag on the wood-cut.

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.— P. 362.

P. 450. William Robert, second son of Lord Charles, is mar-
ried to a German lady of rank, and has issue. Lady Charles Spen-
cer died January 30th, IS 12.

P. 451. Lord Robert Spencer, married October 2d, 1811, Hen-
rietta, widow of the honourable Edward Bouverie, M. P. for
Northampton, daughter of Sir Everard Fawkener, K. B.

P. 452. Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough died Novem-
ber 26th, 1811.

Line 23, after " Honourable Cropley Ashley," add, " Now
Earl of Shaftesbury."

DUKE OF RUTLAND.

P. 488. Colonel Sutton, eldest surviving son of the late Lord
George, has several sons, Robert Frederick George, and Thomas,
&c. of whom the second is in holy orders; and one is a master
and commander in the royal navy, — Also a daughter, Georgiana,
married to a second son of the first Sir Richard Sutton, Bart.

Charles Manners Sutton, Esq. eldest son of the Archbishop of

5^4 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND.

Canterbury, is M P. for Scarborough, a barrister at law, and has
for some time held the appointment of Judge Advocate. He
married July 8th, 181 1, Charlotte, daughter of John Dennison,
Esq. of Ossington, Notts.

Mary, eldest daughter of the Archbishop, married May 19th,
1806, the honourable and reverend Hugh Percy.

P. 489. Lord Charles Manners was, on August 1st, 1811, ap-
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 23d dragoons.

Lord Robert Manners was, on May 2, 1811, appointed lieute-
nant-colonel of the 2d regiment of foot.

•

T. Density, Printer,
BvU Court, tlttt ■Street , Lvndvn,

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