Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news,
1938

Place of Publication: State College, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1938

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg229.8

1938

'p

Pennsyi(vaiua State
Horticultural Association News

PUBUSHED to THE ASSOCIATION

Issued Quarterly at State College. Pa. Subscription Included in Aniraal Dimmi of 9t.0t

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa.

Vol. XV.

State College, Pa., March, 1938

No.l

Proceedings of the

Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting

Farm Show Buildings Harrisburg, Pa.

January 18 and 19^ 1938

, >-

The Progressive Orchardist
Plans and Plants for the Future

Fruit Growing Still Remains One of the Most
Profitable and Dependable Branches

of Agricultural

StatiBtics show that millions of fruit trees have died in the past few
years from disease and low winter temperatures, other millions are in a
weakened condition to the point where they are improductive and un-
profitable. Again they show new plantings of fruit trees to be far below
normal and have been for more than ten years.

Are You Planting

To Maintain Your Production 10 Years - 20 Years from Now?

PLAN TO PLANT THIS YEAR

Keep your orchards on a profitable basis by selecting the best varieties
obtainable in newer and better fruits such as:

BLAXTAYMAN The "COLORA^* Red York

RICHARED DELiaOUS CORTLAND

YELLOW DELICIOUS GALLA BEAUTY, Red Rome

GOLDEN JUBILEE VEDETTE

ELBERTA HALE HAVEN

SHIPPERS LATE RED GAGE ELBERTA

We wfll have The Phenomenal "Fisher^ Peach for d^very

FaU 1938.

These varieties are proving and maintaining their leadership.

WE SPECIALIZE IN

Apple and Peach Trees— Strawberry Plants-
Grape Vines and Raspberry Plants

We offer one of the most up-to-date and practical Ustings of new aad
improved fruits available to the planters today.

Bountiful Ridge Nurseries

PRINCESS ANNE, MARYLAND
Service Dependability Satisfaction

•It •

i:

» r-

Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Associotion News

PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION

iMUPd Quarterly at St.ite ( oINki-. Pa. Annual Puts. Including Subscription. $2.00

EnteitHl rus sufo-ul-cl;.ss n^aiter at the I'o-^t Oil)'* ut Stat. Cxjiktfe, Pa.

Vol. XV.

State College, I^a., March, 1938

No. 1

4 >

Proceedings of the

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania

for 1938

<^

I ii

Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting
Held in Harrisburg, Pa., January 18-19

19 3 8

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Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Associotion News

PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION

iMuiid Quarterly at State College. Pa. Annual Due*. Includins Subscription, $2.M

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State OoUefire, Pa.

Vol. XV.

State College, Pa., March, 1938

No.1

Proceedings of the

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania

for 1938

f%^

Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting
Held in HoTTisburg, Pa., January 18-19

19 3d

— 8

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State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania

OFFICERS FOR 1937

President
Vice President
Secretary

R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas
J. A. Runk, Huntingdon
J. U. Ruef, State College

Treasurer C. B. Snyder, Ephrata

Executive Committee: The above named officers and C. J. Tyson, Gardners;
H. M. Anderson, New Park; J. Eric Linde, Orefleld; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg.

STANDING COMMITTEES

Legislation and Representatives on A^cultural Council: C. J. Tyson. Ch.;
H. S. Nolt, Columbia; R. T. CrisweU, Chambersburg, (RepresentaUve on Tax
Conmiittee).

State Farm Show and Exhibition: John Ruef, State College, Ch.; Paul
Thayer, Carlisle; R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg.

Insect Pests: H. N. Worthley, State College, Ch.; H. E. Hodgklss, State
College.

Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby, SUte
College; K. W. Lauer, Harrisburg.

Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Balthaser, Wemersville;
R. H. BeU, Harrisburg.

True-to-Name-Trees: F. N. Fagan, State College, Ch.; G. L. Baugher,
Aspers.

Inspection Fund: D. M. James, Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, Ch.; M.
E. Knouse, Peach Glen; C. J. Tyson, Gardners; Norman Davidson, Chambers-
burg; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg.

— 5 —

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

B. J. GILLAN

notwithstLS to us ft h^«*L^°'^''"'*"'"H Association-
ences both SJ^t anVins^tisfacrr/^'' "' ""^"^ ^^P^'"
thSr l.W^ sometimes wonder why prominent growers snend

S;L*p"cG,iSlrSgZe% "h'^'P'"^ .others, but'Xs
sess and enjov mtW^lhthiZ "*>^«ver, if we were to pos-

for and deserved wp'^^-htK'^ ^^' "^^ '^''"""^"y earned, paid
enjoy more t^atwW?^ ^^ "*'^^^' ""educated pests We

for more than the money in it ' '^ *^°*'"^ ^™'t

S. W. Fletcher Direftn^ «f p^ " ¥® cooperated with Dr.
State College of A^kutnrp.f-'^^ ^* *^« Pennsylvania
members of an adv& r^^;^^?^?*'"^ f ^^^ powers as
members of theS2ulT^fu\^^ T^^'' ^'t^ ^^e staff
program of inveStinn f », ? Horticulture in developing a

of the fru"t inS^ Thi. tr"^'" '^'\' *^ neatest nefds

tion on preLSeTsin JprobS^^'"'"' '''""'*' '•^^"'* '" «<="

Francis Reiter _ ah^^u

Harry Backus Allegheny County

Harry Anderson _ ^"f County

Martin Slade \ ^^^^ County

H. T. Hershey Frank in County

Nelson Lewis _.' ■; ^*'"'^ County

Guy L. Hayma'n V.V rf '?* S''"'"^

Other association membe'i-s^w^Te^ap^TntldT''' •
advisory capacity in the nroo-ram ^f^*^ , . *? ^^^"^ '« »"
by the research workers ft the Arlr''-.,**'^''^ conducted
Arendtsville. Adams Countvnfl.*^*''''"^ Laboratory at
a plant pathologist, and a gmoTS S h" ^"tomologist,
work out from the laborato^y^n Kklfn ah'" ^I)^,^'^ *«
Cumberland Counties. ^lanknn, Adams, York and

ate?f„rtuSomewhI[ CmXf '/"*«'""''"« *«- ^evi-
attendance was th^ largestTn ve^r^ t.Fu^V''^^ ^^^^s- The
State College and at tht U^jf ^' •^*^ ^* **»« meetings at
and Adams^ C^Snty ^Tie^^^T"' ^"I '"*« ^ra^klin
Franklin County as^socia^o^n^a'C^ <^mSlnd^e5X til^

— 6 —

manner in which they took care of 450 growers on the two

day trip. , . , , . . i.u

The selling of apples has been and is a problem, but the
association has cooperated in every way possible to make
Appalachian Apples Inc., and its advertising program a suc-
cess. It is to be hoped that Pennsylvania growers will con-
tinue to support this program not only with the present num-
ber of signers but with a decided increase as the program
continues. The advertising of our product should not be a
one season event but an annual procedure with every grower
cooperating to the utmost. . y^ -.

The association cooperated with the Middle Atlantic Fruit
Growers' Conference in Washington, D. C. The meeting was
called with the belief that "In union there is strength", for
fruit growers of the Middle Atlantic States to promote closer
cooperation by discussion of the actions of federal and local
states, regarding transportation rates, federal regulations,
combatting disease, pests, etc. A permanent organization
was set in operation by the directors on January 12th with
officers elected and plans for financing.

Visiting the annual Farm Products Show serves three pur-
poses for the average grower — an inspection of the fruit dis-
play, the contacting of commercial concerns dealing in ma-
terials and equipment used in fruit production, and attend-
ing the annual meetings. But if one takes in the show, it is
impossible to avoid observing what other lines of agriculture
are doing for the boys and girls. Last year while making a
tour of the buildings, I obtained the impression that as fruit
growers we were doing little to arouse the interest of boys
and girls in fruit production. As you know, the first fruit
judging contest is being held in the building this year. The
secretary informs me that five teams are entered with the
following counties represented: Allegheny, Adams, Franklin,
Indiana, and Lehigh. After the county eliminations several
of the counties listed the winners as associate members of
the county societies with all privileges of the adult members.

I realize that fruit growing is interesting but also that it
is hard work. As an avocation there should be a let up and
time for a good time. We have made arrangements for a
banquet, free from speeches or subject matter talks. It is
hoped that all will be present to make this event a high light
of the annual meetings.

SECRETARY'S REPORT

I do not expect to make a speech and thus use up time al-
lotted to speakers on a program intended to be of assistance
to the members of this association. But I do want to take
the opportunity to express my appreciation for the coopera-
tion and suppoi-t received from association members when-
ever assistance was requested. It is the desire of the execu-

— 7 —

tive conunittee that the State P^fgf Sl^ft^^^^^^^^
Pennsylvania shall be an ^^^^^ZdlZ^r^mv'ith ov-
i^L'T:Z7'S.T^Sl^eS^ests oAhe fruit

industry can be benefitted. membership of 870 and

paid to January 1st. This is noj- "^^ w" members

but is due to the increased actiyittTcoXted manuf actur-
who secured new members, f^f even contacted ma
ers relative to ^king advertismg space m the ^^j^^
"News Letters." Let *is be a sian, g^^^.^

"Every fruit grower in Pe^^'l'^;3v this would not be im-
Horticultural Association .^^^^J^^^^^the affiliated
SS^soSf S iSrs'a^ff SSi conducted the sum-
mer tour during the latter Pa^ «* i^'y; .^s but is also grate-

and for service to the growers.

TVie New Hi - Bar Weed Hog

The" h fra„.e with ^^^^'^^^^^^^T^^J^a't^^L';''^^^^^
^^^r^^Lr.^'^^: XrSIng sizes reach far under the
branches. \

Sizes

8' 9 "

to

20' 3"

Four
Special
exten-
sion
sizes

, . , ,.i.EXmL^"hf PERFECT 'or1ha"%ultivator. Cultivate
^oTr^ofchLl m^f HI^B^ wa^faster, thoroughly at lower cost. Aslc

for Bulletin WHS. ^ .«.-•■ ■

DUANE H. NASH

HADDONFIEI.D " District Representative NEW JERSEY

TREASURER'S REPORT 1937

C. B. SNYDER

Financial Statement State Horticultural AssociaUon

C. B. Snyder, Treas.

1937 RECEIPTS

Jan. 21, Cash Balance on hand $

Feb. 2, John U. Ruef, membership

Feb. 10, John U. Ruef, membership

Feb. 10, Lane. Co. Fruit Growers

Feb. 27, State Bee Keepers Association

Mar. 9, John U. Ruef —

Apr. 8, Lane. Co. Fruit Growers

Apr. 9, John U. Ruef

May 29, John U. Ruef

June 16, John U. Ruef

Aug. 2, John U. Ruef

Oct. 20, John U. Ruef

Jan. 3, 1938, John U. Ruef

255.94
115.00
100.00

40.00

9.75

200.00

18.00
200.00
200.00
100.00
200.00
100.00
200.00

Secretary's account at Bank, receipts

$1,738.69
268.72

12,007.41

1937 DISBURSEMENTS

Feb. 2, Himes Davis Printing Co., Dec. News Letter $

Feb. 24, Geo. H. Rea, Speakers Expense to Harrisburg

Mar. 4, Himes Davis Printing Co., 100 letter heads

Mar. 17, Himes Davis Printing Co.

Mar. 17, E. A. Bathurst, stenographic work

Mar. 10, Martin K. Fry, Printing 200 vouchers ___-

May 8, Himes Davis Printing Co., printing proceedings

June 7, Martha M. Rockwell, stenographic

June 7, Himes Davis Printing Co., 750 envelopes __

June 16, Himes Davis Printing Co., June News Letter

Aug. 3, Martha M. Rockwell, stenographic

Aug. 3, Himes Davis Printing Co.

Sept. 9, Himes Davis Printing Co.

Oct. 20, Himes Davis Printing Co.

Nov. 16, Martha M. Rockwell, stenographic

Dec. 20, Philipsburg Ledger Co., printing annual program

Jan. 7, 1938, Sylvia Meeker, stenographic

110.50
19.50
7.69
18.88
6.00
2.00
370.24
112.00
27.65
95.14
28.50
9.95
135.00
13.05
17.25
146.40
9.00

Cash Balance on hand

Secretary's Expenditures

Cash on hand

$1,128.75

. 609.94

$1,738.69

. 122.53

146.19

— 8

$2,007.41

University Ave. N. Y. City Apartment Bonds $ 200.00

On Saving Account at Bank S^c ia

Cash Balance in Ephrata and State College B. ^^^-^^

Total Assets $1,594.73

We have audited the accounts of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania as submitted by the treasurer, Mr. Snyder, and found

them to be correct. _. ^ .. ,^

(Signed) Auditmg Committee.

L. M. Schantz, Chairman.
— 9 —

No4AA ifou oan Sp^us^

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J

REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES

— ID-

RESOLUTIONS

In as much as death has removed from our midst one of
our prominent active members, Mr. Robert Eldon, be it re-
solved that we express our sincere regret and sympathy.
A copy of this resolution is to be sent to the family and m-
corporated in the minutes.

In view of the certain curtailment of apples in the export
trade and in view of the competition of other fruits, due to
extensive advertising, be it resolved that this association go
on record in favor of :

1. Removal of the poorer varieties and trees that are no
longer profitable.

2. A law regulating the sale of inferior grades ol apples
in the fresh fruit market.

3. The cooperative support of all members in the advertis-
ing of Appalachian Apples.

In view of the increasing damage caused to the apple in-
dustry by cedar trees giowing within an orchard area, be it
resolved that this association strongly appeal to the State
Department of Agriculture to place the eradication of cedar
trees on an area basis similar to that employed m the eradi-
cation of tuberculosis in cattle.

Due to burdensome tax on gasoline used exclusively for
all farming operations, be it resolved that this association
urge the removal of this tax or refund the amounts paid in
taxes.

These resolutions were approved.

H. W. Skinner,
Chairman, Resolutions Committee.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

Your Legislative Committee has no important activity to
report for this between sessions year. We have co-operated
with other state associations in supporting some and pro-
testing against other federal legislation affecting fruit grow-
ers.

At the last session of the State legislature bills were in-
troduced, supported by your committee and later enacted in-
to laws whereby farmers are exempt from buying licenses
for tractors, trucks, or automobiles when operated on public
highways between two pieces of land owned or operated by
the same farmer. The farmer is required to secure from the
Department of Revenue Form T49, answer all the questions
fully, and file the paper with the Department. No fee is re-
quired. It is pointed out that no vehicle registered under

— 11 —

this act is permitted to perform any errand that would take
it off the direct road between the two farms or fields, how-
ever short the errand might be, without bearmg regular li-
cense plates. ^ ^ ^ ^i. •

*^ C. J. Tyson, Chairman

PACKAGE STANDARDIZATION

President Gillan appointed the following men as members
of the Container Standardization Committee, after a lengthy
discussion from the floor:

Bentz Kauffman, Chairman; W. E. Grove, H. W. Skinner,
Frank Gillan, Henry Baugher. J. Eric Linde, H. F. Hershey.

The committee went into session and recommended that
the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania adopt
a one bushel net box for growers using the count pack, speci-
fications to be drawn up by the National Wood and Box Asso-
ciation and a bushel and a fifth box for the fill and face pack,
both boxes to meet the domestic and export specifications,
and further recommends that the committee meet with the
committees of the three other states, Maryland, Virginia and
West Virginia in order to standardize these boxes for tne
four states.
The recommendation was presented and approved.

RICE, TREW & RICE CO

MAIN OFFICE
BIGLERVILLE, PA.

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE

PACKAGES

FRUIT JUDGING CONTEST

After considerable discussion at the
the members of the executive committee
tinuation of the essay contest sponsored
cultural Association during the past few
ated a fruit judging contest to be held
the Farm Show at Harrisburg.

summer meetings,
favored the discon-
by the State Horti-
years and inaugur-
in connection with

The contest was set up to include the placing of three
plates each of fifteen standard commercial varieties and the
indentification of fifty apples of the fifteen varieties. The
contest met with approval in a number of the counties where
elimination contests were held. The county horticultural
associations appointed a committee to work with the con-
testants and make arrangements for the trip to Harrisburg.

Five counties entered teams in the judging contest; name-
ly: Adams, Allegheny, Franklin, Indiana and Lehigh.

The final results in the judging contest were as follows:

County

Team

Wilson Shenot
Merle Wasson
Clem Ebel, Jr.
Allan H. Tyson
Arthur W. Kuntz
Wilmer J. Stoner
Joseph Hess
William Weaver
Joseph Rahauser
John Linde
Harold Krumanocher
LeRoy Lilly
Lewis Nibert
Lawrence Nibert
Wayne McHenry
Perfect team score — 7950

Allegheny

Adams

Franklin

Lehigh

Indiana

Score

7132

6612
5999
5858
4702

Placing

First

Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth

12

The individual high scores were made by the following
contestants :

Wilson Shenot 2422 First

Merle Wasson 2358 Second

Clem Ebel, Jr. 2352 Third

Joseph Hess 2285 Fourth

Wilmer J. Stoner 2230 Fifth
Perfect Score for individual — 2650

All contestants are to be congratulated and the association
wishes to express its appreciation to the coaches and all
members or individuals who assisted in every way possible
to stage the fruit judging contest.

— 13 —

For Vigorous Trees
and Big Yields

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10^6^4 Fertilizer

The correctly proportioned complete orchard fertU-
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Based upon Pennsylvania State College recommenda-
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Manufactured and distributed cooperatively for use,
not for profit!

Order now from your local Farm Bureau Co-op.

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau
Co-operative Ass^n., Inc.

3607 Derry St., Harrisburg, Pa.

— 14 —

TRUE-TO-NAME FRUIT TREE COMMITTEE REPORT

During the summer of 1937 your committee, with the help
of Professor H. W. Upshall of The Horticultural Experimen-
tal Station, Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada, conducted a
nursery tree identification school in Canada. Professor
Upshall devoted two days to the Pennsylvania nurserymen,
instructing them in tree identification of peach and cherry
varieties in the nursery row. Leaf and growth characters
of the different varieties make it possible to identify many

of them.

The nurserymen attending the 1937 school expressed the
opinion that much good is being derived, not only for them-
selves but also for the fruit growers of the state.

One Pennsylvania nurseryman has studied his sweet
cherry varieties so carefully in past years, that he was able
tx) correctly name all but one variety found in the nurseries
visited. This one variety he had never seen before.

Your committee expects to conduct a school in the Penn-
sylvania nurseries during the summer of 1938 to strengthen
the work with stone fruits, as well as to review the apple and

pear variety study.

F. N. Fagan,
George L. Baugher,
Committee.

-MECHUINETS-

MICROSCOPIC WETTABLE

SULPHUR

The 95% Sulphur Fune^icide

That Films Right and Sticks Tight

An Ideal Companion to

The "Leaf-Like" LEAD ARSENATE

Offering
Better Control More Economically

MCCHIfIND BROS- CHEMICAUS

oivisiaM or bkmkiiau chkmicau coMffAinr
CAMDEN* H-}'

— 15 —

THE MANUFACTURE OF FOOD MATERIALS BY THE
FOLIAGE OF APPLES AS INFLUENCED BY SPRAY-
ING AND SOME OTHER CONDITIONS

A. J. HEINICKE, CoraeU University, Ithaca, N. Y.

As every fioiit grower knows, a large leaf surface is needed
for the development and maintenance of a good bearing sur-
face and for the production of heavy crops of high quality
fruit. The leaf surface is indispensible since it provides the
materials used for building shoot and fruit tissues and for
furnishing energy for the growth processes. Of course, fer-
tilizer elements such as phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen,
and many others are also essential for growth and fruiting,
and such nutrients must be applied if lacking in the soil.

The following table indicates the relative amounts of plant
food and nutrient required each year by a mature apple tree
producing 25 bushels of fruit.

Table 1. Plant Food and Nutrient Required by a Mature Apple Tree
Producing 25 bushels of fruit (pounds per year).

New

Item lieaves Tissue Fruit Total

Dry V^eight 65.8 197.4 202.5 465.7

Carbohydrate 62.5 187.5 192.4 442.4*

Nitrogen 1.4 1.9 0.6 3.9

Potassium 0.8 1.2 1.5 3.5

Phosphorus 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5

♦An additional 100-125 pounds is used to furnish energy for growth

processes.

It will be noted that about 95% of the dry weight is made
up of carbohydrates which includes starch, sugars, and re-
lated materials. This food is built up in the green leaf tissue
with the aid of sunlight from the chemical elements found in
water and in air.

If we as fruit growers are interested in the possibilities
and limitations of our cultural practices, we must consider
the life history of the plants we deal with. It is important
that we know something about the activity of the leaf sur-
face especially with respect to the rate of food manufacture
under fluctuating natural conditions, as, for example, on
clear and on cloudy days, in periods of drouth or excess rain,
or with unusually high or low temperatures. We need to
know also how the photosynthetic activity of the foliage will
be influenced by such orchard factors as soil conditions, fer-
tilizers, spraying, pruning, and thinning.

The structure of the leaf

It might be well to recall at the outset some of the facts
about the structure and function of the leaf, with which you
are more or less familiar. The leaf consists of a thin gi-een
blade supported by a network of veins or ribs which unite to

— 16 —

form a midrib. The leaf is attached to the stem by means
of the petiole which is an etension of the midrib, and which
contains the tissues thru which water and food materials are
conducted.

A cross section of the leaf shows that the interior of the
leaf blade is composed mainly of a large number of cells,
most of which contain many small bodies. The material in
these bodies gives the leaf its characteristic green appear-
ance and is known as chlorophyll, or leaf color. Chlorophyll
is responsible for the peculiar power of the leaf to build up
carbohydrates from raw materials contained in air and wa-
ter. The energy for the chemical changes involved is fur-
nished by sunlight and the process is therefore called photo-
synthesis.

Large cells just beneath the upper surface and at right
angles to it are arranged parallel to one another, and they
form the palisade layers. The cells just above the lower sur-
face of the leaf are loosely arranged and provide a relatively
large amount of air space. The veins and midrib are made
up of the conducting tissues which supply the leaf with wa-
ter and also permit the elaborated food to be removed from
the leaf blade of the stem.

The entire leaf is covered by a thin layer of cells which
form a kind of skin. On the underside of the leaf there are
many openings through this layer. These openings, called
stomates are extremely small, and an average leaf may have
from 1/2 to 2 million. As a rule the stomates are closed at
night, and they are wide open early in the morning. They
seldom remain open all day long, however, and when the
weather is hot or dry they may be closed 2 or 3 hours before
noon. The adjustment of the size of the opening of the
stomates is governed by delicate physical chemical reactions
and it is also influenced by the available water supply. When
there is a water deficit the stomates tend to close very early.
So long as the stomates are wide open water vapor escapes
freely, but water is conserved when they are closed.

Since the stomates afford a direct connection between the
interior of the leaf and the surrounding air they are of spe-
cial importance in the process of photosynthesis. Relatively
large amounts of air can pass in and out of the leaf even
though the stomates are only partly open, but when they
are closed tightly, movement of air is inhibited. An abund-
ant supply of air is required for photosynthesis, since it pi"0-
vides the carbon dioxide which is one raw material used in
the process.

Determining the leaf activity

By determining the composition of air with respect to car-
bon dioxide and water before and after it leaves a closed

— 17 —

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New York

Chamber containing the leaf surface and if we If o w how
much air has been supplied, we can calculate the rate ot pho-
tosynthetic activity of the foliage at any hour of the day.

This has been done at Cornell for the past several years
for individual leaves and for the foliage of entire trees of
bearing age. The following table gives some idea of the
amount of carbohydrates produced during different months
and at different times of the day.

Table 2 Average Production of Carbohydrates PerDay by a Mature
TEDie ^. A^ve ^^^^ Different Months and at Different Periods of

the Day (In pounds).

Entire 4:30 A.M.

9:30 A.M.

1986

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Day

3.2S
3.90
3.37
3.02
1.70

0.90
1.18
0.84
0.72
0.30

9:30 A.M.
2:30 P.M.

1.52
1.94
1.73
1.64
1.10

2:30 P.M.
7:30 P.M.

0.86
0.98
0.80
0.66
0.30

Avg. 3.06 0.79 1.55 0.72

The mature tree used in the above calculations contained
about 150,000 leaves having an area of 4,183 sq. ft. Since
normal air contains only about 3 parts of C02 m 10,000, and
since the leaf extracts only about 10% of the available sup-
ply, something like 500,000 cu. ft. of air are required to fur-
nish the raw material needed for 1 pound of carbohydrate
A gas tank having a capacity of 5,000,000 cu. ft. would hold
only enough air for about 10 pounds of carbohydrates, just
about one day's supply for a full grown apple tree.

Some factors influencing the rate of photosynthesis

There is considerable difference in the rate at which the
foliage from a given tree removes carbon dioxide from the
air on different days during the growing season and at dit-
ferent hours of the day. Some of these differences are clear-
ly associated with weather conditions.

As a rule the leaves are most active on bright, clear but
cool days, and they are least active when there are heavy.

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— 19 —

clouds. Table 2 shows that the P^otos^thetic a^^^^^^^^^
much greater on the average from 9^0 A^. to 2 .30 F M^
than in the early morning or afternoon 'Riere '^rh^fol
much more sunlight dunng the middle of ^1^^,.^^^-. ^^^
lowing table also indicates how fluctuation m light influences
thTaSy during the middle period on successive days.
Se SessioS cfcal is an abbreviation ff ,.f {-^^^nsTv
per cm2 for the period and is a measure of light intensity

SrCO? indicates the amount of carbon dio^V^lllT ""

the tree in grams. This tree was about 1-12 full size.

Table 3. AssimUation and Light 9:30 A.M.-2 :30 P.M.
Days.
Date Light Assimilation

on Successive

Sept.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

GrCal

73*

325

106*

276

160*

238

81*
208

GrCo2

51.5
93.5
62.0
83.9
55.6
83.8
49.2
83.6

Date

Sept.

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Light Assimilation

GrCal GrCo2

304 99.4

282 91.3

261 82.0

197 76.7

42* 41.0

34* 36.3

85* 65.9

241 94.7

♦Relatively poor light.

During the middle part of a clear day there is more light
than the leaf needs, but on a cloudy day there is usually not
enough light for the entire foliage of the tree to carry on
mSum activity. The occurrence of a number of dull days
TsTce^ion during a critical period in eai;ly sumjner might
well be a detennining factor in bringing about internal con-
ditions in the tissues of the tree that would P/i^f?"^^^/. ™
ence the type of vegetative growth or the m^^^^^^Zl^^^^^
buds for next year's crop. The injuiy from blight oi f rom
other diseases or insects may be Profoundly influenced also
by the condition or status of the tissue of the tree which is
so largely determined by the rate of photosynthesis.

Apple leaves are likely to be more active in Photosynthesis
during the relatively cool days of early spring and late fall
than during the very hot days of midsummer. While exces-
sivelv high temperature in itself may be injurious to the leat
tissue, it piK)bably exerts its greatest influence on the rate
of food manufacture through its effect on transpiration The
loss of water from the leaf on cool days is only a small trac-
tion of that lost when it is warm and when the atmosphere
shows a high evaporating power. For example, a matui'e
tree lost 108 gallons of water on a clear day at a mean tem-
perature of 85oF; on a cool, clear day the same tree lost 67.4
gallons, and on a partly cloudy day only 25 gallons. Very
little water is lost during very cloudy or rainy weather.
When the tree loses more than the normal amount ot water
for a given temperature and light mtensity, it usually pro-
duces less than the expected amount of carbohydrates for

— 20 —

those conditions. When there is little moisture available m
the soil, the leaf tissue is likely to suffer for water, but the
shortage of water in the leaf may occur even though there
is an abundance of soil water.

High temperatures also greatly increase the rate of respi-
ration which involves a utilization or burning up of some of
the carbohydrate material. .This loss results in a smaller
net gain from photosynthesis on warm days than on cool
davs The tree will respire more than twice as much f^d
at^SO-F than it does at 50<>F. The following data ind cate
how temperature may reduce the amount of food available
for the tree. The temperatures are given in Farenheit and
the amount of food manufactured is shown by the grams ot
carbon dioxide absorbed by the entire tree each hour.

Table 4. Influence of Temperature on Rate of Apparent Photosyn-

ifl<i« Temp. GrCo2Hr. Light units

piir OF per tree (GrCalCiii2)

la 74 64.2 347

II 86 46.0 346

2a
2b

8a
Sb

80
96

70
90

74.1
57.6

62.4
50.6

302
358

220
219

Low temperatures in the fall are especially fayoraWe for

development of good color and high ^^?\'^yj^,^^'^^^^^
given amount of light much more food is available toi these
purposes at low than at high temperatures.

Influence of Fertilizer on Leaf Action

The leaves on different trees and on different pai'ts of the
same tree may show a marked difference in their ability to
m^ufacture food. Generally speaking the darker green
leaves are the most efficient in manufacturing food ; e. g. an
average of 50 deteminations with light green foliage indi-
S a rate of only 4.1 mg. per hr. per 100 cm^ while the
dark <neen leaves at the same time showed an average rate
of 121 mg.^r hr. per 100 cm^ approximately 3 times as

rapid.

The green color of the leaf, as you know, may be influenced
by the nitrogen supply. Where "it'^gen application causes
the foliage to be darker green it usually brings about a
marked increase in the efficiency of the leaves in producing
food This is indicated by data in Table 5. Before njtro^en
fertilizer was added to the starved trees A fdB growing
in sod, they produced about the same amount of food each.

— 21 —

From Aug. 22 to Nov. 3, however, tree A, which received ni-
trogen on Aug. 4, produced about twice as much food as B
which remained as an unf ertihzed check.

Table 5. Fertilizer added to N. Starved Trees Increases Food Pro-
duction by Leaves.

Average rate Total food

Interval photosynthesis for mature tree

1934 (MgCo2Hr2l00cm2) (pounds)

A* B* A B

July 24- Aug. 4
Aug. 22-Sept. 1
Sept. 1-Oct. 10
Oct. 11-Oct. 22
Oct. 22-Nov. 3
Aug. 22-Nov. 3

10.6

9.8

12.8

9.9

15.3

8.9

17.7

7.9

7.2

0.0

45.1 41.8

270.4 140.3

♦Both trees in sod. Nitrogen applied to A on Aug. 4; B remains as
check.

Light green foliage may also be caused by soil conditions
unfavorable for extensive root development or by injuries to
the different parts of the tree. Any cultural condition which
results in a dark green color until the end of the season, en-
ables the leaf surface to function to its fullest capacity when-

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— 82 —

ever weather conditions are favorable. Photosynthesis may
be carried on until the day before the leaves are frozen if the
leaves remain green.

The efficiency of the leaf depends also upon the rate at
which the food is utilized by other parts of the tree. It the
food is not used for shoot growth or for fruit development,
it tends to accumulate in the leaf blade and as a result there
is a reduction in the rate of photosynthetic activity. Such
an accumulation of food is also caused ^V ringing The
leaves on ringed branches produce only about 30-507o as
much food per given area compared with foliage on normal
blanches During the year the tree i^ bearing a crop of
fruit, the foliage produces more food than in an <>" year.
But as shown in Table 1, the fruit may require f «}"ch food
as all the other permanent parts of the tree As the leaves
grow older they likewise tend to lose their efficiency m man-
ufacturing food.

Spray may influence leaf efficiency

Certain spray practices may have a profound influence on
the IbUity of the leaves to manufacture carbohydrates. Un-
der certafn conditions leaves sprayed with lime sulphur may
reduce the efficiency of the foliage to a considerable extent.
For example the average rate of Photosynthesis before
sDrayIng in two lots of comparable trees was 32.8 and 33^
MgCO2Hrl00Cm2 respectively for A and B. Txyo days after
refnectively for A and B. Two days after spraying with lime
su Sur 1 lo II lot A was only 53% as ^^^^l^^^^l^T^y^l^
ed lot B. This reduction may occur ev^n though there ^ no
vioihle bumine or injury of any kind. The following lapie
Tndkates™ the foliagJof an entire tree reacts to spraying
with lime sulphur.

Table 6 Manufacture of Food by Foliage of Baldwin Apple Trees
Table b. ^^^^^^^^^^ t,y Lime Sulphur Spray.
Period Percentageof

jg37 normal rate

7-11 ^iJ?

12-16 90.5

17-21 ^^-^

22-26 72.0

27 31 1010

Aug. 1- 4 102"

The amount of reduction in the efficiency of the leaves by
lune sulphur depends largely upon the condition of the foh-
ape at the time it was sprayed, as well as upon the tempera-
tSe and water supply t^ the tree A ^veak tree growing on
poor soil is particularly susceptible during ^ot weather ana
Say show as much as 90% reduction^ Trees that have dark
Sfeen foliage may show only 10-25% reduction. Some oils

— 23 —

used for summer spraying may have a similar influence in
reducing photosynthesis. Certain sprays such as dry mix
and some dusts apparently have no influence on photosyn-
thesis. They are usually not the most effective fungicides
or insecticides. No spray material has been found which in-
creased the efficiency of the apple leaves above normal.

Spraying, of course, is necessaiy because in all likelihood
the diseases or insects would cause a much greater loss of
food to the tree. Obviously, any injury which eliminates a
part of the leaf surface would tend to reduce the total
amount of food that could be manufactured. It is important,
however, that those who are concerned with the development
of our spray practices should keep in mind that while the
spray material must be effective in controlling insects and
diseases without causing obvious spray injury to the fruit
or foliage, it is also necessary that the materials should not
interfere with the proper functioning of the leaf. The invis-
ible spray injury may influence the cmp by retarding the
development of size or the color and quality of the fruit, and
in some cases by aggravating the tendency toward alternate
bearing.

Conclusion

In this discussion the object has been to call attention to
the important function of the leaf in building up carbohy-
drate food which is fundamental in the gi'owth and fruiting
of the tree.

Table 7. Vital Matters in Fruit Production Influenced by Leaf
Activity.

Amount of shoot, wood, root growth

(Carbohydrates equal 95% of dry weight)

Increase in leaf surface

Flower bud formation

Set of fruit

Size - color - quality of fruit

Maturity of woody tissues

Resistance to winter injury

Food materials for opening buds

Practically all of our cultural practices may have an influence
on the ability of the leaf to provide additional food. It must
be recognized, however, that certain weather conditions may
have an even greater influence than anything the gix)wer can
do in determining the rate of photosynthesis. In general our
cultural practices should be such as to favor the development
of a large leaf surface early in the season and to keep the
foliage supplied with water and nutrients so it can function
efficiently in manufacturing carbohydrate food whenever the
weather conditions permit.

— 24 —

SOILS IN RELATION TO FRUIT GROWING

JOSEPH OSKAIVIP, Department of Pomology, New York State
College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.

In our studies of fruit soils in New York during the past 7
or 8 years we are impressed with the variability of the soil
within small areas, and by that I mean differences which
may exist from tree to tree in an orchard. We feel rather
sure that the irregular behavior of individual trees in an
orchard is often due in large measure to soil differences.

The survey records show that orchards on good fmit soil
often yield twice as many bushels of fruit as those on poor
soil. Differences such as these should be highly significant
for anyone intending to plant an orchard. It is also signifi-
cant to the owner of an established orchard for the manage-
ment can be more effectively directed if soil conditions are
known.

It should be made clear that this discussion has to do with
the behavior of apple trees under the soil and climatic envir-
onment found in New York. The reaction of fruit plants to
a particular type of soil will change as the climatic conditions
accompanying the particular association changes.

In general we have a satisfactory and rather well distri-
buted rainfall during the growing season. The relative hu-
midity is comparatively high so that water loss thru trans-
piration and evaporation is not as large as in many sections
to the south and west.

The Situation in One Orchard Area

The question is often raised as to how a better knowledge
of the soil might affect the fruit area. To illustrate what
may be found when we come to classify the soil in an orchard
area, I have chosen a block of 13,582 acres in one of our im-
portant fruit counties. Table 1 shows that there were some-
what over 3000 acres of orchard in this tract. 57% of the
orchards were favorably located, 39% were on marginal soil
and 4% on soil unfit for finiit growing. The question natur-
ally comes to your mind, were 43% of the orchards located
on marginal and unfit soil because all the good land had been
planted ? No, there were 5,025 acres of good fruit soil m this
area. Fruit gi'owers on these better soils were making some
money even during the depression years whereas on the un-
favorable soils with lower yields they were fighting a losing
battle.

As farmers become more conscious of the importance of
soil in fruit growing and as the knowledge of differentiatmg
fruit soils improves, we believe it not impossible to attain a
situation where 85% or more of the plantings will be located
on favorable soil. The distribution of orchards on different

— 25 —

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26 —

soil groups will of course vary with the particular area.
There are some areas where more than 85% of the orchards
are already on favorable soil.

Table 1. Soil and Orchard Distribution in the Hilton Area, Monroe
County.

Occupied by Orchard

Soil Glass-

Soil distribution

orchard Distribution

Acres

Percent

Acres

Percent Percent

Favorable

5025

37

1761

35 57

Marginal

6141

45

1217

20 39

Unfit

2416

18

126

5 4

13,582

100

3,104

100

The Orchard Soil Studies

The fruit soil investigations have been carried on in sam-
ple areas in the leading fruit sections of the state. A farm
to farm survey was made of the yield and treatment of the
orchards by varieties and age. Orchards receiving compar-
able care were then selected for more detailed studies of tree
growth, stand of trees, depth and distribution of root system
and character of soil. The soil profile and rooting habits
were determined by deep excavations beneath the trees. A
very careful description was made of the changes in the tex-
ture, structure, color and acidity of the soil with increasing
depth and a record was kept of the size, location and distri-
bution of roots in these different soil layers. This proved to
be one of the most interesting and valuable parts of the
study. Tree roots are very sensitive to soil conditions and
depth of rooting is closely correlated with production.

Soil samples were taken of all horizons from the surface
downward and various other field and laboratory determina-
tions were made.

Soil Texture Significant

One of the most informing of the determinations made
was the mechanical analysis of the horizons of the soil pro-
file. This gives a numerical measure of the texture of the
different layers making up the surface, subsoil and deep sub-
soil. It is a determination of the size of the soil particle and
among other things gives a clue to the rate of movement of
water thru the soil. The figures given in Table 2 have been
arrived at by a short cut method which is sufficiently accur-
ate for our purpose. The coarse and fine sand are listed un-
der combined sand. The coarse silt is listed separately and
under total colloids appears all the smaller particles, — fine
silt, clay, fine clay, and colloidal material.

After considerable experience one can learn to judge by
the feel, the relative amounts of sand, silt and clay in a soil
with some accuracy. A high portion of sand or a low content

— 27 —

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— 28 —

of colloids in a soil means that water is going to percolate
thru it rather rapidly, while a high proportion of colloidal
material gives a soil thru which water moves very slowly.

In table 2 the total colloids and acidity expressed as pH are
given for 3 profiles which represent important soil groups.
The acidity is included here because in this case where the
parent material from which the soil was fonned is calcareous
it does have a relation to texture and drainage conditions.
The first profile,— a sandy soil with only 11% colloids in the
surface soil, and half that at lower depths, allows a very
rapid penetration of water. This free drainage has served
to leach out the carbonates in the soil, which have been car-
ried away in the drainage waters, leaving the soil rather
acid.

The pore spaces between the soil particles are occupied
either by water or air. As water moves thru this soil rapidly
it is displaced by air and hence such a soil is often spoken of
as being well aerated. This has an influence on its color.
The oxygen of the air combines with the iron compounds in

Table 2.

Texture and

Reaction of

Typical

Soil Profiles.

Sou

Depth

Combined

Coarse

Total

Horizon

In.

Sand

sut

Colloids

pH

A

0-9

77

12

11

5.30

B

9-30

84

7

9

5.88

C

30-84

88

6

2

5.25

Al

0-10

28

41

31

5.81

A2

10-24

32

40

2S

5.75

Bl

24-36

27

48

25

6.66

B2

36-60

15

43

42

8.29

C

60-72

9

12

79

8.12

Al

0-9

28

29

43

6.20

A2

9-13

32

38

30

5.40

B

13-24

20

28

52

5.45

C

24-56

6

9

85

8.05

the soil imparting a brown color much as metallic iron takes
on a brown color from rust when exposed to the air. A char-
acteristic of such a soil profile therefore is a rather uniform
brown color of all the horizons. Trees root 6-8-10 feet deep
or deeper on such soils. The roots are rather smooth sur-
faced and are a bright shade of brown. Trees are large for
their age and productive, with few vacancies in the orchard.

It is possible, however, to have a deep sandy soil that is
water-logged, because of an obstruction of impei-vious ma-
terial which dams up the water over a clay substratum which
may be several feet from the surface. The effect of this
water-logging is to exclude the air from the soil so that there
will be grayish horizons where little aeration has existed and
other parts of the profile will be highly mottled gray and
brown due to uneven oxidation. Trees root 2-3 feet deep de-

— 29 —

pending upon the seriousness of the water-logging. The
roots are inclined to be rougher of surface and much darker
in color than on well drained soil. Trees are small for their
age, low in yield and vacancies are numerous.

In a sandy soil or even one of loam texture the color of the
profile is an excellent guide to drainage conditions.

Let us look at the second or silt loam profile shown in
Table 2. Here is a soil of medium, rather uniform texture
in the first 3 feet. At the depth of 3 to 5 feet, however, the
soil becomes considerably heavier and below 5 feet the total
colloids rise to 79%. This soil is moderately permeable in
the surface 3 feet, which provides sufficient volume to absorb
the usual rainfall without water-logging. It will be observed
that where the B 2 clay layer comes in at a depth of 3 feet
drainage is slowed up and the pH is 8.29, which indicates
free carbonates. This is a good fruit soil where the topo-
graphy is gently rolling so that surface drainage is fairly
rapid.

The third profile shown in table 2, unlike the soil above
where a heavy clay horizon C comes in at 5 feet, has a heavy
clay layer C at a depth of 2 feet. It will be noted that this
horizon is calcareous and free carbonates at this depth
(2 feet) are characteristic of slowly drained heavy soils
where the parent material is calcareous. The topography is
usually nearly level to undulating so that surface drainage as
well as internal drainage is slow.

The gray layer and mottling are not always well developed
in heavy textured soils as changes occur rather slowly in
them. The level topography, the proximity of heavy clay to
the surface, and in certain soils the presence of free carbon-
ates at a shallow depth are all valuable guides in spotting
this kind of condition.

Ground Water Measurements

An excellent way to determine the drainage conditions in
any field is by means of ground water measurements. Such
records can be obtained from test wells 4 feet deep made
with an ordinary soil auger. They should be distributed
over the proposed site so as to include the varying conditions
of elevation and soil texture. Four test wells per acre are
more accurate than a lesser number. The observations are
best made during April and May and at frequent intervals
before and after rains. The distance from the soil surface
to the free water surface is measured with an ordinary car-
penter's rule. Ground water ordinarily disappears by July
as evaporation increases at the higher temperatures and as
vegetation becomes vigorous and draws on the soil moisture.

— 30 —

If ground water persists within a foot or two of the surface
during the critical blossoming and fruit setting period, the
normal functioning of the roots is interfered with and the
tree suffers accordingly.

Unless the records cover a season normal or above in pre-
cipitation they may not have full significance. For this
reason two season's results are desirable and hence time and
patience are required. Well drained soils contain almost no
ground water in the surface four feet ; in those imperfectly
drained, ground water will be found at about the 2-foot level
for a month or more in May or June ; while the poorest drain-
ed soils will be water-logged within a foot of the surface.

Artificial Drainage

The most frequent barriers to good drainage observed in
our State is a relatively level surface and a heavy clay sub-
soil. Such areas can be avoided when new plantings are
made, but there is a considerable number of existing or-
chards in such areas. Will tile draining solve the problem ?
The data available on this point are meagre. Fortunately
we have an excellent comparison at Cornell with the Mcin-
tosh variety. The soil has been mapped as the Dunkirk silty
clay loam in the soil survey of Tompkins County. An area,
however, which includes about half the orchard is relatively
level and underlaid at a depth of about 18 inches by a heavy
clay subsoil. The rest of the orchard is the true Dunkirk
silty clay loam having a rolling topography and a silty clay
profile of relatively uniform color and texture.

Table 3. Artificial Versus Natural Drainage

20-year-old Mcintosh Orchard

Drainage
Topography

3 in. tile 2 feet
deep, 40 ft. apart

1% slope

No tile

Natural drainage

5% slope

Soil

Clay loam

Silt loam

Subsoil

Heavy clay

Silty clay

Depth to ground water 2
weeks before bloom

12 inches

18 inches

Average yield of 18 trees
during a 12 year period

6.9 bushels

10.4 bushels

When this orchard was planted several years ago, the
heavy portion was tile drained every 40 feet between each
row of permanent trees. These were 3-inch tile laid about
24 inches deep. In Table 3 is given the average yield of the
tres in these two portions of the orchard. It will be seen
that the trees on the soil without artificial drainage, which
was naturally fairly well drained, produced on an average
from their 9th to 20th year 50 per cent more fruit than those
trees where the heavier soil was tile drained. Both of these
lots of trees were in the same orchard with the same treat-

— 31 —

INSURE

YOUR

FRUIT
CROP

AGAINST

You control your orchard and vineyard fertilization, pruning, spray-
ing and thinning. You do not have control of Hail Storms, and Storms
do visit the fruit districts of Pennsylvania.

One storm can destroy a crop which involves a large investment in
labor and materials. Why carry all the risk yourself? Your fruit crop
production investments deserve hail loss protection in a reliable com-
pany writing Hail Insurance.

Certified Hail Insurance for Pennsylvania Fruit Growers can be
secured from the following companies.

RAIN AND HAIL DEPARTMENTS OF THE

Aetna Insurance Company

Aetna Underwriters Department

World Fire and Mai'ine Insurance Company
Piedmont Fire Insurance Company

Insurance Company of North America
AUiance Insurance Company

Philadelphia Fire and Marine Insurance Co.
National Security Fire Insumnce Company
Central Fire Insurance Company of Md.

Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company
Constitution Underwriters Department
Sentinel Fire Insurance Company

New England Fire Insurance Company
Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Co.

Protect your Crop Production Costs with one of our Hail Policies
designed for your particular needs.

Adequate Hail Insurance on your Crops will safeguard your credit.

See your Local Agent representing one of the Companies or write

GARNET L. BOOKER

SUPERINTENDENT EASTERN DIVISION
Rain and Hail Department

90 John Street, New York City

32 —

ment except that the trees where the tile were installed had
a heavy application of barnyard manure the last 10 or 12
years which the other trees did not receive. How much
worse these trees would have been without the tile and ma-
nure we cannot say.

The difficulty was that the tile drains in this case which
were laid in accordance with what is commonly considered
good agricultural drainage practice, were not functioning in
this heavy soil sufficiently rapidly to lower the ground water
to the extent that prevailed in the naturally better drained
soil, without artificial drainage. The average of the ground
water readings is indicated in Table 3. I think we can say
pretty definitely that under such conditions as these, drain-
age as ordinarily practiced is not satisfactory for orchards.
Draining wet spots in otherwise good orchard land, however,
is practical, as is the drainage of cei-tain sandy soils thru
which water moves freely.

It is interesting to note that the Baldwin trees on this
heavy soil have been dying rapidly during the last 10 years,
while only one Mcintosh tree is partially dead. From what
I know of Grimes and Stayman, I would guess that they
might react much the same as Baldwin to a wet soil.

Structure of the Subsoil Important

There is a class of soils derived from glacial till deposits
which have been largely uninfluenced by any other natural
forces except weathering. Another large gix)up of soils have
been the result of reworking these glacial soils by glacial
stream or lake waters and redepositing them in the form of
water sorted material. The water sorted soils contain most-
ly rounded gravel and stone and are usually several feet deep,
while the glacial till soils are characterized by shaiT> angular
stone and gravel and are often underlaid at a depth of 2 or 3
feet by a subsoil very compact in structure, which tree roots
scarcely penetrate. This results in shallow rooting and low
yields. Sampling with a soil auger will not reveal the true
nature of this material as it bores up loose and friable on the
auger. It is necessary either to make an excavation or use a
soil tube.

Obviously the presence of shale or bed rock at depth of 2
or 3 feet limits root penetration. Some soils are character-
ized by such shallow areas of small extent which are difficult
to map out in a soil survey. Where the soil is shallow, trees
will be small, fruit often undersized in dry years, in contrast
to adjacent trees on deeper soil, of large size and with excel-
lent production.

What Constitutes a Good Fruit Soil

We have been considering some of the things which defin-
itely limit the usefulness of a soil for fruit purposes. Table 4

— 83 —

summarizes the effect on yield of these different soil condi-
tions in one of our orchard areas in western New York. The
figures are for Baldwin orchards averaging about 50 years
old. It is the older trees with their greater need for root
penetration and expansion that are most susceptible to the
soil environment.

A good fruit soil should be deep, that is it should be com-
posed of sufficiently permeable soil material that water and
tree roots can find their way thru it to a depth of at least
4 feet. The best fruit soils afford a congenial medium for
rooting to a depth of 8 feet or more. Such soils are relative-
ly uniform in structure, texture and color thruout the pro-
file. The color is usually some shade of brown and fairly
uniform in the surface two feet or deeper. A slight amount
of mottling or irregularity in color is characteristic of cer-
tain types of good fruit soils, but highly mottled soils are
seldom satisfactory.

This matter of depth is more important than either fer-

Table 4. Average Annual Yield of Old Baldwin Trees on Different
Soils in Wayne County, New York.

Soils Average annual yield

Bushels

Deep, sandy, gravelly loam, well drained 10.6

Deep silt loam, well drained 9.5

Silty clay loam, imperfectly drained 5.5

Sandy loam, imperfectly drained 4.9

Glacial till loam, no compaction 9.5

Glacial till loam, very compact subsoil 3.7

Glacial till loam, shale or bed rock at 3 feet sie

tility or moisture holding capacity of the upper layers, under
the climatic conditions prevailing in New York State. Some
of our best fruit soils are considered infertile and droughty
for farm crops, but the tree roots are able to occupy such a
large mass of soil and contact such a moist substratum at
lower depths, that excellent results are obtained.

The Soa Profile and SoU Moisture

Soil moisture is so important that it seems worth while to
consider these soil conditions, typified by the profiles we have
been discussing, from the angle of soil moisture relation-
ships.

One of the most important single factors in determining
a suitable soil moisture supply in the orchard is the charac-
ter of the soil itself. With the rainfall and climatic condi-
tions commonly found in New York, most any system of
orchard soil management will give satisfactory moisture con-
trol on a good fruit soil. A good fruit soil is more a question
of physical condition of the soil than of the chemical consti-
tuents which make up the soil. Good depth, drainage and
aeration are primary requisites, even though the soil may
be low in fertility. Fertility can be supplied but it is well

— 84 —

nigh impossible to materially alter the physical condition of
the lower subsoil and it is in the region of the subsoil that
unfavorable conditions are met. It is these conditions that
affect the depth of rooting and the depth of rooting is close-
ly associated with the moisture supply available to the tree.
Shallow rooted trees often have their roots confined to the
surface 2 or 3 feet, because of a water logged soil, a very
compact hardpan development or the presence of bed rock.
Where the roots of a mature apple tree are confined to such
a limited space it takes only a short time for them to ex-
haust the soil moisture in such a restricted mass of soil and
the trees are sure to suffer for moisture any week in the
summer when at least an inch of rain does fall. Although we
consider the rainfall pretty well distributed in our State, we
know that a regular supply of an inch a week cannot be
counted on. Hence shallow rooted trees are almost sure to
suffer for needed soil moisture most every year, with a cor-
responding reduction in size of tree, size of crop and size of

fruit. , . -

These points are well illustrated in Table 5 which repre-
sents a young Mcintosh orchard, part of which is on a fav-
orable fruit soil of glacial till origin where the trees are root-
Table 5. Sou Moisture on Shallow and Deep Phases of a Gravelly
Loam Sou of Glacial Till Origin.

Soil Moisture Per cent Fruit Vohime c c.

Shallow Shallow Deep

Date Bain soil DeepSoU SoU soU

1936 inches 0-24 In. 0-24 In. 24-48 in.

Mays - — 26.7 28.9 21.7 --- ----

June 16 4.8 19.6 25.9 19.8 17 W

June 30 1.1 13.7 20.0 16.2 87 »

July 13 0.2 8.4 12.2 10.8 51 g

July 27 4.3 18.4 25.1 18.2 78 88

Aug. 25 3.6 18.3 21.5 13.6 143 161

W.P.* 8.4 7.9 7.9

Depth of rooting shallow soil 24 in. — deep soil 48 in.

Average trunk girth shallow soil 29 in. — deep soil 42 in.

Average yield shallow soil 5.2 bu. — deep soil 10.4 bu.
•W.p. — wilting percentage, or the point at which the tree is unable

to draw more moisture from the soil and wilting ensues.

ing 4 feet deep and in another portion of the orchard bed
rock restricts the depth of rooting to 2 feet. This affords an
excellent opportunity to study soil moisture and tree behav-
ior under these two contrasting set of conditions in the same
orchard where the trees are receiving the same care. While
these conditions may seem extreme the shallow rooting is
the significant thing and essentially the same results would
be obtained whether the shallow rooting were due to water-
logging in the spring or to the very compact structure of the

subsoil. .

Several fruits were tagged on each tree and their growth
measured at frequent intervals. The finiits on trees on both

— 35 —

A STATEMENT to Pennsylvania Apple Growers:

m PENNSY? vT?iT^'^l'i7 ^^ **" "'^ ^^^"'^t °^ A^PLE ADVERTISING done
are fhe fac J:^^ ^^'' '"^°^ ^^ APPALACHIAN APPLES. In? He?l

feT^^of?/?'--''''^^'^^^ ^^ Appalachian Apples, Inc., this season (Since

l^ ok-!^^^!pJ??^' newspaper and radio advertising _ « 4 n^d nn

to Philadelphia. S.865 "store sets" of display __!_: ^ o'?^!'??

In Pittsburgh, newspaper advertising ?'«5*A2

In Pittsburgh. 2.835 "store sets" of display" ^'^^IJ^

In Scranton. Harrisburg. Johnstown, AltoonaroThVrs" ^ '^^

newspaper advertising ' ,^o««

1.760 "store sets" of display":.::;::::::::;::::::::::::;; m^

TOTAL PENNSYLVANIA, excluding publicity, overhead "

representative's expenses, etc .______' . $10 445 00

TOTAL PAID IN BY Pennsylvania's 205 members to

APPALACHIAN APPLES. Inc.. to Feb. 8. 1938 _ 8 038 00

|o a^^l^^lf °«>- ^1^^^^^^^^

fn^^n ? Because Philadelphia and Pittsburgh are heavy^^nloacT' markiTi

g™we™:-Baltimore. Washington, New ^rk,""crin„tt ja'°k,o^Xf oSi?

A FEW PARTIAL RESULTS of the 1937-38 season's work, to date:-
'■ ^Z7m> gro'cery sZ^s" """"^ °' ^PP^"^'-- Apples advertising placed

I la d^r/fhftfr fhe'-diSJ- rer^i ^l^^^XZ ^-'^^'^

^' SESirJJ^^^P^T^f^^?,''^^^^^ ^^^ INTELLIGENT BUYING AND
and'toutl''^ '''^'^''^^ ^'^""^"^^ '"^^^^^^y ^^<>"^ grocers Of the Eas^

In brief, a steady, sane, proved program for Increased Markets for Apples, by

Appalachian Apples, Inc.

Office, Martinsbuig, W. Va. ^®""- Directors:^

Carroll R. Miller, Manager S: ^1' Skinner, Chambersburg

^ Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown

H. M. Weigel, Aspers
WUliam Schleferstein, Leesport
Harry M. Anderson, New Park

— 36-.

shallow and deep soils grew normally during the period of
ample rainfall up until June 30. Then there came a period
of 2 weeks, when only a trace of rain fell and the moisture
in the soil was drawn down to 8.4 per cent or the same as the
wilting percentage given in the bottom line of the table. At
this moisture content the trees were suffering, for the wilt-
ing percentage is the point at which the tree is unable to
obtain more moisture from the soil and wilting ensues. At
this same time trees on the deep soil were well supplied with
moisture thruout the 4 foot section, as the soil moisture was
well above the wilting percentage.

The effect of this two weeks of dry weather was to slow
up the fruit growth on the shallow soil and altho rains occur-
red later, the best that the fruit could do was to resume its
normal rate of growth — it never made up what had been lost
and at picking time was distinctly smaller than the fruit
from trees in the same orchard on the deep soil. This effect
of stunting the growth of fruit is characteristic, — the loss in
size is a permanent loss. The size of the trees and the yield
were also reduced as given at the bottom of the table.

Where fruit trees are rooting deeply : 6, 8, 10 feet or more,
the volume of soil from which water can be drawn is enor-
mously increased and even tho the soil may have less water-
holding capacity than a shallower soil, it may not be pulled
down to the critical point. This is well shown in Table 6,
where after two weeks without rain the soil is still above the
wilting percentage at all depths. Moreover in this soil there
is a moist strata below 6 feet which fluctuates little in mois-
ture content thruout the summer.

Table 6.

Date

1936
July 6
July 19
Aug. 19
W.P.*

Soil Moisture
Origin.
Rain

Inches

2.17

0.0

1.32

on Deep Sandy Loam Soil of Lacustrine

Soil Moisture Percent

0-12 in. 12-24 in. 24-36 in. 36-48 in. 48-72 In. 72-96 In.

7.1 6.6 6.6 13.5 21.1

6.0 6.0 6.1 10.2 20.1

6.5 5.6 5.4 7.1 20.1

4.0 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7

5.7
5.3
5.9
4.9

Average depth of rooting Old Baldwin Trees 87 in.
Average annual yield Old Baldwin Trees 12.3 bu.

*W.P. — Wilting percentage or the point at which the tree Is imable
to draw more moisture from the soil and wilting ensues.

We know from experiments that in such a case even tho
the soil above were dried out, the roots contacting the mois-
ture at 6 feet would keep the tree supplied with moisture.
Of course in sections where droughts are a probability and
particularly if they last thru two seasons and dry up the
subterranean supplies of water, particular conditions like
this might be rare, but the effects of deep rooting would still
be very important.

— 37 —

Bo Ymtr Ttees Bcoduce
Emit lilce This ?

FERTILIZE THEM WITH-

GRANULAR 'AERO' CYANAMID
EARLY THIS SPRING

-AND HARVEST A

PRIZE-WINNING CROP

-m THE FALL

Every ton of Granular AERO Cyanamid con-
tains 420 pounds of nitrogen, which feeds the
trees evenly throughout the growing season;
and. in addition. 1400 pounds of lime, which
sweetens the soil and keeps it healthy.

Write £or Leaflet F-142

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY

30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA NEW YORK, N. Y.

PROBLEMS CONFRONTING PEACH GROWERS

F. P. CULXJNAN, Senior Pomologist, U. S. Bureau of
Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.

Records of total peach pix)duction for the United States
show that Pennsylvania ranks among the leading peach
growing states of the country. In the season just past, this
State not only produced its second largest commercial crop,
but, according to estimates, it was first in total production
among the freestone peach states outside of California. This
position was made possible because of the relatively light
crop in Georgia, where a mild winter and early spring frosts
reduced the crop. In the past ten years there has been fairly
regular annual production in your State. In discussing the
subject of problems confronting growers, I take it that
methods of increasing yields are not of greatest importance
or concern to you. While there has been some reduction in
the number of trees here, as in other states, there is also
some replanting. Much of the acreage set to new varieties
is to replace orchards which have gone out on account of age
and injury following cold winters of more recent years. In
addition, of course, there is some new planting. When grow-
ers are replanting there is always interest in new varieties,
both from a commercial standpoint for shipment to distant
markets, and also for more local home use or nearby mar-
kets. While there have been quite a large number of new
varieties introduced during the past five years, not many of
them have yet gone through test winters to determine their
hardiness, and thus their commercial possibilities. Hence it
is not so easy to answer the question frequently put to us —
If you were planting an orchard today, what varieties would
you plant?

Among the older varieties, there is no outstanding com-
mercial freestone coming in ahead of Golden Jubilee. A few
varieties introduced in recent years look very promising at
this time, but they will require further testing. It is true
that some of the New Jersey varieties, such as Marigold and
Sunbeam, have a place in special localities where local mar-
ket conditions may be a factor. In addition, early ripening
sorts, such as Mayflower, Early Wheeler, Mikado, and
Greensboix), are planted to suit similar conditions. The
Golden Jubilee is one of the best early Freestones, and where
it can be well grown it is of good quality and size. Under
some conditions it tends to soften along the suture and does
not make a satisfactory variety for long distance shipment.

During recent years, a number of varieties of promise
coming in after Golden Jubilee and ripening up to the
Elbei-ta season have attracted attention. These are, in order
of ripening at our station during the past season, Golden
Globe, Maxine, Eclipse, Golden East, Vedette, Halehaven,

— 39 —

— 38 -

July Elberta, Valient, and Veteran. The last variety ripens
about a week ahead of Elberta. Of this list at this time the
Halehaven appears to be one of the most promising intro-
ductions. It may not prove to be any hardier in bud, if as
hardy, as South Haven, but because of its firmness of flesh,
^od color, and desirable shipping qualities it will doubtless
replace the South Haven variety. The Canadian variety Ve-
dette, which ripens at about the same season as Halehaven,
u^r^f ^^F^ ^"*I\*y- Under our conditions it is not quite
so highly colored. The Valiant has shown up as a very prom-
ising variety with us, while the Veteran, of about the same
size, IS a little hardier m bud. The latter variety has the ob-
jection that the flesh in some seasons is inclined to cling
slightly to the stone. These varieties ripening after Golden
Jubilee are all yellow-fleshed varieties. White-fleshed vari-
ties of good quality are the Cumberland, ripening just ahead
of, or with. Golden Jubilee, Belle of Georgia, an old variety
ripening just ahead of Elberta, and White Hale, a firm-flesh-

f1?J'^*^ \'^T^- ""^^L ^^^ •^'°^« °f the Elberta season,
i-lberta is still the important midseason commercial variety
for this State. It may be that before long, as the result of
breeding investigations, a variety superior to Elberta will be
found. So far, however, considering all of its commercial at-
tributes we do not have a variety of its season to take its
place. I do not suppose that many of the growers here are
interested in peach varieties ripening after Elberta. Brac-
kett coming very close after Elberta, and Salberta, a few
weeks later, have been grown to a limited extent. It is quite
impossible m a d'scussion of varieties to go into the merits
of many others vhich have been found more or less satisfac-
tory for special conditions. I have tried very briefly to cover
ciaTpl'antIn' s ^''-'^''^ "^i^ht be interested for new commer-

.rrowtrllj"''^ "''^*° consider some of the factors affecting

dea nnf\o '"l^l''"^''Jir f f™'*" ^his discussion win
deal not so much with .nethods of increasing yield per tree
lish'^d «btaimng better size and quality of t!-ees now estab!

Fertilizers and Tree Vigor

In nearly all peach-growing sections of the eastern United
States peach trees will not make satisfactory growth un els
there are fairly liberal supplies of available nitrogen in thl

TM™f ^f P""9Pally through cultivation of the soil
This continual stirring of the soil, resulting in the break-
down of the organic matter and the release of soluble nu-

In most of our ^^ If .^'^^ "itrogen requirements of the tre"es.
in most ot^our soils, however, sufflc ent nitrogen for the hp.it
tree growth cannot be obtained through cuTtiVatLn alone!

— 40 —

Growers have also supplied the nitrogen requirements of
peach trees with applications of barnyard manure. Under
such a treatment peacn trees do very well, but this source of
nitrogen is no longer available in sufficient quantities and the
peach grower must rely upon annual applications of some of
the inorganic sources such as nitrate of soda, sulfate of am-
monia, or cyanamid. There has been considerable experi-
mentation to determine the proper amounts and time of ap-
plication for the most efficient use of these materials. I as-
sume that in this state a large amount of the nitrogen used
in one or more of these nitrogen fertilizers is applied in the
spring. The certainty of annual crops cannot be predicted
with the peach to as great an extent as with the apple. It
may be good economy, therefore, to wait and see how the
buds survive the winter temperature. We know that when
nitrogen is applied to peach trees in the fall some of it is
taken into the roots and stored there. In early spring an
increase in nitrogen content can be determined in the new
twigs. In some of our experimental studies we have also
found that the nitrogen is taken up readily in the peach any
time during the growing season. This is especially notice-
able where nitrogen is applied to starved trees and where
the color change in the foliage may be observed within a
week's time after the application. When nitrogen from in-
organic sources was firgt used on peaches there was much
speculation as to its effect on the color of fruit. Observa-
tions were reported that nitrogen decreased color and that
too much nitrogen produced peaches of poor quality. There
has been considerable experimental evidence in recent years
to show that applications of a readily available form of ni-
trogen, if applied while trees are in bloom, or even three to
four weeks later, will not seriously affect color of the fruit.
On the contrary, in order to obtain satisfactory terminal
gi'owth and to produce vigorous leaves, which are so essen-
tial in producing color of fruit, nitrogen is needed. As
will be pointed out later, heavy applications of nitrogen, with
severe pruning, may result in a heavy vegetative growth and
result in poor color, largely through the shading effect of the
foliage. An adequate, healthy leaf surface on a peach tree
is one of the most necessary requisites for good color.

While nitrogen is the element in fertilizer resulting in
greatest growth, and the one most frequently required by
peach trees, there are some soil areas on which peach trees
have shown a response to potassium. These areas are found
largely in the soils of coastal plain regions. At the present
time these areas are not very widespread, but some peach
orchards in these areas have been benefited by applications
of potassium nitrate or other fertilizers containing potash
salts.
To date, fertilizers containing phosphoinis have not shown

— 41 —

PRODUCTS

GOLD BOND (Palmer)

High Calcium Hydrated

1''

SPRAYING and DUSTING LIME

the spiay o, clog nozzle. Less than 1% magnesium oxide.

BIG YIELD

SPRAYING LUMP and PEBBLE LIME

"'I'uiSf r '""'"",*■ ^''"" ""'^ <l"'*='^ ^'^ting. Particularly
suited for use m lime sulphur and Bordeaux mixtures.

GOLD BOND AGRICULTURAL HYDRATE

Convenient and quick acting.

BIG YIELD AGRICULTURAL GROUND QUICK LIME

High in oxides and quick acting.

National Gypsum Company

Buifalo, N. Y. (Successors to Universal Gypsum & Lime Co )
Orlanda. Va. Plant. Phone 77 York, Pa. Plant. Phone 5447

— 42 —

I

any marked benefit on peach trees. Its use in connection
with the fertilization of cover crops, or other crops grown on
the land, has evidently been sufficient to supply the needs of
the tree.

Soil Management

Most of the commercial peach orchards are grown under
some system of cultivation. During the past few years there
has been an increase in the amount of cover crops used and a
reduction in the number of summer cultivations. The ques-
tion is frequently asked, can peaches be grown in some sys-
tem of grass culture? Past experience seems to have indi-
cated that peach trees have not done so well in permanent
sod as apple trees. This is probably due to the fact that the
peach requires a large amount of available nitrogen for best
growth and also a fairly constant supply of moisture. Most
of our peach orchards are not located on sites with deep soils
which provide a good reservoir for soil moisture.

During the past five years we have been carrying on some
studies to determine the amount of cultivation necessary for
the best growth and development of peach trees. We hope
from these studies to be able to develop proper soil manage-
ment practices for the peach. We are interested in knowing
we can satisfactorily grow a young peach orchard with a
minimum amount of cultivation. We have had in mind two
things ; 1, the increase in the fertility of the soil through the
use of cover crops and the resulting nutrients made available
through the breakdown of these cover crops, together with
their effect in maintaining the organic matter content of the
soil, and, 2, the effect of these cover crops on moisture and
nitiates as they affect growth and production of the trees.

We have two orchards in these experiments, one located on
a sassafras gravelly loam soil, and the other on a sandy loam
soil. The trees in both orchards are now six years of age
and have been in differential cover treatments for the past
five years. In these experiments we have used a double
cover crop system consisting of summer covers of soybeans,
buckwheat, crotalaria, and weed gi'owth, followed by a win-
ter cover of rye and vetch. In addition, single annual covers
of lespedeza and sweet clover have been grown, while other
plots have been maintained with no summer cover but a win-
ter cover of rye and vetch.

In the lespedeza plot only one discing has been given, and
that one in the late winter to disc the dry residue into the
soil to facilitate reseeding. The sweet clover has been main-
tained as a biennial, being clipped once the first summer, and
once or twice in the second summer, allowing it to reseed in
the second year. It has usually been disced in July or Aug-

— 43 —

ust of the second year and reseeded. In the five years of this
experiment there have been two crops of biennial sweet
clover.

The rye and vetch cover was disced under in mid to late
April which m the latitude of Beltsville, Md., is about at the
time the trees are in bloom. One or two discings were then
given between April and June 1, when the summer covers
were seeded. These summer covers are disced up in late Aug-
ust, or after harvest, and are followed with a seeding of rye
and vetch for the winter cover. At the time of seeding the
summer and winter cover crops 250 pounds per acre of a
5-8-5 fertilizer were drilled in with the seed. A similar
amount was drilled in the plots of sweet clover and lespedeza
early in the spring. This fertilizer was applied primarily for
the growth of the cover crop, while the trees received what
was considered to be an adequate application of nitrogen,
consisting of a half pound of nitrate of soda in the first year,
and increased to three and one-half pounds in the sixth year
broadcast around the tree under the spread of the branches.

The best growth to date on the six-year-old trees has been
made on the plots receiving only a winter cover of rye and
vetch. The trees receiving summer covers, particularly soy-
beans, have made satisfactory growth, but the trees are
somewhat smaller.

In the five years of this experiment there have been three
years m which we had protracted periods of dry weather
during the growing season. Moisture samples taken during
the season showed that the cover crops reduced the moisture
m the soil under the lespedeza and sweet clover to a lower
V^^'^La "«^er cultivation or some of the summer covers,
in 1936 we had little summer rainfall. The moisture in the
first two feet of soil m the lespedeza plot was reduced both
by the trees and the cover crop to the wilting percentage for
a four weeks period in late June and July, and again in Aug-
ust for a three weeks period from August 1 toAugust 21.
This last period was the time of final fruit swelling Under
a heavy growth of sweet clover the moisture was reduced
more than under lespedeza. After cutting the sweet clover

rP^.tlTfL'* ""V.^^I^l A"^"'^ '"^ ^^^^' the soil moisture
remained above that of the lespedeza plot for the remainder
of the dry period, m contrast with the lespedeza and legume
sod plots. The soil moisture under cultivation alone or under
soybeans did not reach the wilting percentage until mid Aug-
ust, when with continuing drought trees and cover crops be-
whiwJL -i-^^ appears, therefore, that on these plots in
which the soil moisture was allowed to accumulate as a re-

ITrf^^'^^r, * f ^ "^^-u^^ ^^^^^^ *h^ ^^^^ ^as seeded, it was
?l?af .t^^ 1 "* ^^^ '^'^*'?^ percentage until much later than
that under lespedeza and sweet clover.

It IS true, of course, that the growing peach trees will re-

— 44 —

quire nutrients as well as moisture, and it is quite likely that
a cover crop competing with the tree will also deprive it of
some of the available nitrogen. This nitrogen is only tem-
porarily tied up, because it will be released to the tree when
the cover crop is disced under and decays in the soil. Ni-
trate determinations made on these plots, however, indicated
that the differences in moisture content were very much
greater than differences in the nitrate content.

We recognize that there are sites on which it may be nec-
essary to maintain more or less of a permanent cover, or at
least some growth of grass or weeds, where erosion is a prob-
lem. Certainly it would not be a good orchard practice to
continue summer cultivation on a soil type and site which
was very subject to erosion. It may be better to keep the
orchard in some grass cover, even at the risk of reduced
gro\vth, than to sacrifice a considerable amount of top soil to
erosion forces. In this state I assume that there are years
in which your summer rainfall will supply ample moisture
for the needs of the growing cover crop and the tree. In dry
periods the cover crop may be mowed to reduce to a mini-
mum this competition with the trees for moisture. These
experiments on which I have just reported have also shown
another very interesting thing. The buffer row, that is, the
row next to a cultivated plot, has been benefited by the culti-
vation received on one side. This suggests the possibility
of alternating middles of sweet clover or some grass cover
with some summer cover where the soil is stirred more fre-
quently. By this alternation of sod or grass and cultivation
it should be possible to obtain fairly satisfactory growth of
the tree.

I think we can be quite safe in saying that it is not neces-
sary to cultivate the peach orchard as frequently as has been
done in the past in some of our important peach-growing sec-
tions. There are certain definite advantages in the use of
cover crops in the peach orchard. Where soils are not of
sufficient depth to store large quantities of water in winter
and early spring, and thus are not able to support the growth
of the tree and cover crops during the summer months, cer-
tainly a winter cover should be used, not only for its bene-
ficial effect in preventing erosion, but also for its nutritional
value to the trees when disced under each spring. The cover
crop also serves a very important function in utilizing min-
eral elements, particularly nitrate nitrogen, and thus reduces
the leaching of these materials from the soil in winter. It is
a conservation process, since these materials are made avail-
able to the tree upon decay of the plants. Experimental evi-
dence indicates that we probably cannot expect to increase
the organic matter content of the soil, but if by soil manage-
ment practices we are able to maintain the level of organic

— 45 —

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— 46 —

matter originally present in the soil, or prevent its too rapid
destruction and loss, the use of cover crops will be quite well
worth while.

In the experiments reported here we have been able to
grow a young peach orchard during the first six years of its
age with quite satisfactory results under a system of double
cover-cropping. Cultivation has been reduced to a minimum
and soil erosion on fairly steep slopes has been prevented.
In this connection, I should like to point out another very im-
portant use of cover-cropping in addition to its nutritional
value. That is its aid in facilitating water penetration and
preventing run-off.

The Old Peach Orchard

The problem in the old peach orchard is somewhat differ-
ent from that in the young orchard. If considerable top soil
has been lost by years of cultivation, it may be rather diffi-
cult to obtain a good stand of a cover crop. Whatever the
cover crop used, it should be seeded in time to obtain a fairly
good top growth before being checked by cold weather. Fer-
tilization of the cover crop to obtain a good growth is quite
important. The same feiiilizer practice that has been found
necessary to obtain the best growth of the cover used when
grown outside the orchard should likewise be used to obtain
the best growth of this cover when used in the orchard. A
good gix)wth of cover has been obtained in old peach or-
chards where a fertilizer high in nitrogen and phosphorous
has been used at the time of seeding. If erosion has been
rather severe in an old peach orchard the use of mulching
material brought into the orchard might well be considered
as a means of preventing further erosion and thus aid in
moisture conservation through the effect of the mulch.

Much has been said about the effect of these cover crops
on moisture. It has already been pointed out that moisture
is one of the important factors affecting the size and quality
of peaches. From what has already been said about the im-
portance of moisture during the period of final swell, it must
be apparent that the orchard practice that is followed in the
peach orchard should be one to conserve moisture during the
period when peaches are making the most rapid growth.

It is not uncommon in the years of a heavy peach crop to
hear growers make the statement that they could have made
10 to 15 cents a bushel more on their peaches if the size and
color had been better. In some years it is not entirely the
grower's fault that the fruits are not larger. He may have
thinned the fruit, fertilized the trees, and performed all the
other orchard practices to the best of his knowledge, but lack
of rainfall was the principal cause of smaller fruit. There
are some factors that are outside of the grower's control.
There are other things that he can do to help improve size

— 47 —

and quality when weather conditions are favorable These
are some of the factors that I should now like to discuss with

Growth Rate of Fruit

^x}{ ^^ measure the growth rate of the peach fruit we find
that there are three definite stages in its development. From
the time of blossoming, for a period of approximately 60
days for Elberta the young developing fruit grows very rap-
idly, prmcipa ly m length and suture diameter. Then there
is a period when the peach begins to slow down in growth
which IS usually spoken of as the pit-hardening stage, be-
cause. If we cut into the peach, we find that the inner flesh
which later becomes the pit, begins to harden. During this
period, while growth is slow, there is some increase in size.

riaA^ •^'''u ^^?? '^ reached in which the peach increases
markedly in cheek diameter. This is the period that is com-
monly spoken of as the final swell. From the gi'ower's stand-
point this seems to be the most important period, since all
ot the cultural operations which have been done up to this
time will determine the degree of final swell. This is the per-
lod m which a critical moisture shortage may result in a
large monetary loss to the grower if the peaches do not reach
proper commercial size.

As the peaches increase in size or volume during these
various growth phases, the ultimate size will in large part
be determined by the number of fruits carried on the tree
under conditions favoring abundant blossoming and a heavy
set, volume increase during the first gi'owth stage may not
be so great as where the set is lighter. A heavy set of fruit
on a peach tree constitutes a considerable drain on the nu-
trients ; hence, if too many fruits are allowed to develop
there may not be sufficient nutrients to take care of the
growth of all the fruits and at the same time provide for ade-
quate shoot growth and the production of leaves ; conse-
quently, near the end of the first growth period we frequent-
ly notice a heavy shedding of fruits in what is commonly
spoken of as the June drop. On fairly vigorous trees there
usually are too many fruits remaining on the tree after the
June drop. It is apparent under these conditions that even
with a fairly liberal supply of nitrogen and good soil cultural
conditions, including ample moisture, peaches will not make
desirable commercial size. Under conditions favoring a
heavy load of fruit, the leaf area is usually inadequate, to
manufacture food materials necessary for the best enlai'ge-
ment of all of the fruits.

Leaf Area and Size of Fruit

The relationship of leaf area to size and quality of fruit
IS one of the important factors, therefore, to be considered.

— 48 —

We know from our experiments, in which the number of
leaves on the peach tree are adjusted to the number of fruits
produced on the branch, that those fruits on branches with a
larger leaf area will be of better size and better color at the
end of the season. In the experiments where we have ringed
branches of peach trees, thus allowing all of the food manu-
factured by the leaves on the ringed branch to be utilized in
the growth of the peaches on that branch, we have found
that peaches grown with a leaf area of 10 leaves per fruit are
not as large as those grown with 30 leaves per fruit. A 10-
leaf ratio would coiTespond with that of a heavily loaded, or
possibly an unthinned, Elberta peach tree. Not only is the
size of the fruit smaller on those limbs with a small leaf area,
but the quality (that is, the flavor, juiciness and texture) is
not so good as that of the peaches on branches with a larger
leaf area.

In this matter of thinning the question of time logically
comes up. Is it better to do the thinning earlier in the sea-
son and remove the large number of fruits that normally
would develop, and thus allow the energies of the tree to be
diverted into the production of shoots and leaves, or should
the grower delay the time of thinning until he can be assured
of the number that will eventually set ? We have been carry-
ing on some experiments during the past few years to study
the effects of early thinning on increase in size of fruit, leaf,
and shoot development and fruit bud formation. These
studies indicate that on the early-ripening varieties reduc-
tion in the number of fruits before the June drop has greatly
increased the size of the fruits at the end of the first swell.
Not only has this early thinning had an effect on the size of
the fruit but there has been an increase in shoot growth and
leaf size resulting fix)m this early thinning. It is question-
able, however, whether the benefit derived in a single season
from this increased fruit size will compensate for the cost
of removing a large number of fruits that would fall in the
June drop. The June drop is very largely prevented by early
thinning. With many of the early-ripening varieties, how-
ever, this early thinning may prove economically worth
while. With later ripening varieties, it is usually the prac-
tice to wait until after the June drop and then to remove
many of the small-sized and imperfect fruits. As will be
noted from the slow increase in size during the second
growth phase, thinning may be done any time during that
period without affecting the growth rate during the pit-hard-
ening stage. Experiments have shown that if thinning is
delayed until the period of the second growth stage, it may
be done any time during this period, and still give the same
beneficial effect on final size over fruit on non-thinned trees.
It should be recognized that in the last analysis the num-
ber of peaches to remove from a tree will depend upon the

— 49 —

size of the tree and its beaiing capacity. If the tree has the
bearing capacity of only one to two bushels only the number
of peaches that will develop into 21/4 or 21/2 inch size should
be left to make up this amount of fruit. When the tree sets
uniformly heavy, it is possible to thin to a distance of 6 to 8
or 8 to 10 inches. In most cases, however, this cannot be
done satisfactorily, so that the leaf area and bearing capa«
city of the tree should be taken into consideration. It might
be that following a freeze all of the live blossom buds are
found at the base of terminal shoots. In this case it may be
necessary to leave all of these fruits, even though only an
inch or two apart, or even touching, if the leaf area is suffi-
cient to take care of this set.

To come back now to the effect of leaf surface, which we
were discussing, we find that if the fruits have not been
properly thinned, and if the tree is carrying too heavy a load,
the final swell will not be sufficient to produce large peaches.
The fruits will not only be smaller but will also be of poor
color. If the trees have been grown in grass and dry weath-
er occurred during this period of final swell, or if the organic
matter content of the soil is low, and the moisture-holding
capacity of the soil is also low, there may not be sufficient
moisture to take care of the developing fruit. This brings
up the question of what the grower may do in the way of
soil management practice, which has already been discussed,
to provide conditions favorable for the development of size
and quality in fruit.

Finally, in considering the factors affecting quality in
peaches, we cannot omit the variety from consideration. At
the present time the Elberta variety is the most important
freestone variety grown commercially in this county. While
this variety has been severely condemned because of its poor
quality, there are certain years, at least, when its quality
could be much impix)ved by the proper cultural practices. An
Elberta peach that is grown on heavily loaded trees and pick-
ed prematurely for shipping is not a very desirable market
pix)duct. On the contraiy, however, there are many thous-
ands of bushels of Elberta shipped which are of fairly high
quality for this variety. Some of the newer varieties ripen-
ing ahead of Elberta are of intrinsically higher quality.
Such varieties as Golden Jubilee, Haleshaven, Vedette, and
Valiant, would be listed in that class. Those of you who have
good roadside markets, or have an outlet in cities close by
where the haul to market is not too great, might well con-
sider the desirability of supplying the public with higher
quality fruits of some of the newer varieties.

— 50

WHAT "APPALACHIAN APPLES" IS DOING

CARROLL R. MILLER, Sec'y-Manager, Martinsburg, West Virginia

Mr. President and Guests : I will present a few statistical
results at the stai-t to indicate the work and methods of
Appalachian Apples. You are all rather familiar with it;
many of you know it intimately ; so I will not rehash at much
length the fact that it is a voluntary association of the apple
growers of the four states— Pennsylvania, Maryland, Vir-
ginia and West Virginia ; that the fee is one cent per bushel
on U. S. Utility or better grades ; that it is controlled entirely
by the growers through the state horticultural societies.

Appalachian Apples this season has placed 36,000 "store
sets" of apple display material in fifty-three cities of the cen-
tral east and the south. We are now working in New Eng-
land—Boston, New Haven and New York where we have
very heavy unloads of apples. Each of these store sets con-
tains fifty-seven pieces. With 42,000 apple recipe books dis-
tributed, a total of two million pieces of apple advertising
have been placed. Three of these store sets cost us one dol-
lar, and we put them only where careful usage is assured.
Most grocers also stage special displays of apples during the
time they are using our materials ; and the organized gi'ocers
have featured apples splendidly in their advertising.

While we work with the grocers and "the Trade" in each
city, we are educating them slowly but surely to the uses of
apples ; their real sales and display values ; the profit that
lies in handling GOOD apples ; the varieties that are best to
buy, season by season, in order to meet consumer demands.
The apple has remained a comparatively neglected item by
the grocer, which is our fault. Gi-owers of other fruits and
vegetables, manufacturers of canned and processed foods,
have been teaching the grocers and the public the merits ot
their foods for years. They have also told the gi'ocers how
to handle their products. You growers must teach these
things about apples to the grocers. Nobody else will do it
for you. You must do it steadily, consistently, continuously,
by a trained group. ,

I wonder if you realize fully the importance of this mar-
ket-development work. It stands out now as the most im-
portant job in apple-production. And it is the one on which
we are putting the least money and work. Without protit-
able prices, year in and year out on the average, the grower
cannot buy the equipment and supplies he must have to raise
good apples. Without good apples, the already declining de-
mand for apples will slip away much faster. We must have
additional consumers and markets for our apples.

The King of Fruits used to rule almost without competi-
tion. After the summer months, except for a few pears, it
was "apples or nothing" in the fruit line for the housewife.

— 51 —

Apples+Refrigeration=Profits

COMPLETE INFORMATION ON OUR LOW COST SYSTEMS ON

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Estimates furnished no obligation.

WHETHER LARGE OR SMALL-REFRIGERATING YOUR
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h

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— 52 —

Today, because of changed conditions in fruit and vegetable
growing, and improved transportation under refrigeration
and by truck, the United States Market News Report, for ex-
ample, listed the other day thirty-one fresh fruits and vege-
tables arriving in the Baltimore market. This is about the
year-round average. Thirty fruits and vegetables are now
competing with apples all the time. Mostly they are better
— and more honestly packed — than apples.

Getting back to what Appalachian Apples has done this
season to promote public consumption of apples : — We have
used newspaper advertising in generous quantities in twen-
ty-eight newspapers of fourteen cities ; have carried on radio
programs in four regions — Atlanta, Washington, New York,
and Philadelphia; have secured a tremendous acceptance of
our apple publicity. We have in the office four great tomes
of clippings, from 3520 dailies of the central East, South and
Midwest, which have a total circulation of just under thirty-
seven million copies. This publicity ranges from single
apple recipes to full-page articles in rotogravure sections
of the great eastern dailies, and to magazine covers. The
N. W. Ayer & Son Advertising Agency, Philadelphia, is do-
ing most of this publicity work for us. Since they are doing
our advertising in newspapers and radio mostly, we have
used many lesser avenues of promotion, such as fairs, festi-
val, "Big Apple" dance promotion, etc.

It is noteworthy that we have expended almost one-third
of both our funds and efforts this season right in the state of
Pennsylvania, with its ten million inhabitants. We have
placed nearly 14,000 of our total 36,000 "store sets" in Penn-
sylvania: 8,865 in Philadelphia; 2,870 in Pittsburgh; 960 in
Scran ton; 780 in Harrisburg; and others in smaller cities.
We had our heaviest advertising expense in Philadelphia, in
"The Bulletin" and "The Record", and on Radio Station
KGY; a heavy campaign expense in Pittsburgh, using the
"Press and Sun-Telegraph." We used "The Times" in Scran-
ton, and the giocer-service work in Harrisburg and several
smaller Pennsylvania cities.

So much for our methods and our work. You will want to
know something of results secured for your one cent per
bushel. The apple-selling season is young yet, and we have
not begun actively to check for results secured. That will
come later. But we have some outstanding results already.
The American Stores in Philadelphia, for instance, sold Nine
Carloads more apples through their stores during our Appal-
achian Apples campaign in Philadelphia, December 9-23,
than during the same period last year, with no campaign.
The exact figures — 10,448 bushels sold during the campaign,
against 6,024 bushels the same two weeks last season. We
have many such scattered instances as this already at hand.

— 53 —

H^u "^^uv f axon's work will be checked in due time and re-
sults published m the Annual Report of Appalachian Apples.

We have found out a lot of things in our two years of ac-
tive, day-by-day \vorking with the Trade and grocers in all
these cities of the East and South. We want to tell you some
of the things these grocers and the Trade would tell you if
you could call on them. First, we want to tell you what your
cu s are doing to your market for your better grades. We
will outline this, step by step, just as it happens

Your U. S. One Apples are selling, delivered, and whole-
sale, let us say, for $1.50 per bushel. The grocer who buys
them must have a fifty per cent mark-up, to cover his W
ness cost and a profit, so he must sell at $2.25 per bushel, or
41/2 cents per pound— four pounds for IScT

"dmnl~^P,^r''^^!i .^^^^^ *^^"' ^^^^^^ down with

drops , culls and ''dirties." The trucker bought them from
one of your growers for 25 cents a bushel ; 200 bushels of
them You got $50 from that load and thought you had done
a rather smart sales job. (Maybe you sold for 15 cents a
bushel and got a $30 check that pix)ved worthless!)

ar.^^^^^"^^ ^^^ trucker has $50 invested in that load of
apples; some gasoline and truck-depreciation, and a couple
of days time. If he can get $100 out of the load it will be a
money-maker for him. Maybe he brought a load of green
vegetables North; and just wants a "pay-load'' back toTeb
with expenses. He sells gladly for $100. The Trocer who
buys them pays 50 cents a bushel. Now this grocer Tlso
h^it^r ^ ^^H ?f ^^"^ niark-up. He prices these culls to

,.;lr u ^1?^ ^^^. -..^^^ ^^0^^^ is two doors east of the
KsfJr'lS"^^' '^' ^^^ ^' ^' ^"^ ^PP^^^' P^-i^^d "4

U ?i!if ij'^!}^^'^'^^' marketing, strolls along critically. There
cei?',%'STr'\8"^^ ^''''^' '' ^'' ^'' ^^^' '^' ^^h^^' ^--

in Se ?Ic?''''^ ^" ""^ *^'' ^^'''^' ^^^ '^'^ ^^ '^ '' ^^^^-^"^ yo"

fhp^TT^Q housewife is a particular friend of the grocer with
me u b. One apples, she may ask him, "How come vou ask
¥kTi^'/^"' pounds than that grocer asks for ten po'Lnds?"
The grocer can tell her the facts and point to quality but
that IS long and tedious. Most women don't bother to' ask

?^f ±J ^^ ^^^ '^^'^^ r^^"^ ^^ ^^^^^^ such "price values"
The good apple grocer knows this, fully. So what does he
do? He hails the next trucker he sees who is loaded with

rUl il ' f^^ ^^^ • ^^ h^s to in order to stay in busi-
ness. It's simply meeting competition.

— 54 —

%*

And, the next time the wholesaler's salesman comes in and
asks the good apple grocer about selling him some more of
those U. S. One apples at $1.50, the grocer begins to swear.
He winds up by saying something like this : You bring the
price of those U. S. One apples down to 75 cents a bushel
and I'll buy some. I can move some on their quality at that,
against this "10 lbs. for 15c" stuff; but don't try to stick me
with any more apples that I have to sell "4 lbs. for 18c" ; not
while this "10 for 15c" stuff is around.

So — No sale, on U. S. One's; and the wholesalei-'s stock of
good apples stays on the floor, beginning to spoil. When he
(the wholesaler) is approached next by the apple jobber, re-
ceiver, or broker, he growls, profanely. "Look on the floor
there what your blankety-blank $1.50 apples are doing to
me! Whenever you get me 17 cent apples, I'll buy some
more. And not until !"

So, the receiver wearily calls up his Martinsburg or Win-
chester or Chambersburg apple-handler and says, "Can you
make me a car here at 90 cents? I think I can coax a man
to take them. Nothing stirring at $1.50."

And that, Mr. Grower, is exactly the way your culls affect
your market price for your good apples. The Culls get the
price ! It's like water seeking always the lowest level.

Your market was "busted wide open" ; not by too many
apples, but by too many culls. The Law of Supply and De-
mand set the price at $1.50. "Culls" kicked the bottom out
of that; set the market at 75 cents.

The fifty dollars you received for that truckload of culls
knocked 75 cents a bushel off the 480 bushels in your load of
U. S. Ones. Total knock-off, $360. Subtract the $50 for
your load of culls, result $310 loss. Now multiply that by
the number of carloads you shipped this season, to get the
total cost of your cull business to you.

Here are some other broad results of this apple advertis-
ing work, as done by all the associations over the nation, in-
cluding Appalachian Apples :

1. The price level this season has been almost exactly the
same as for the 1935 crop. This yeai-'s crop was 20% larger
than 1935's, which in itself was a big crop. When thirty-
four million of bushels are piled on top of a big crop, it is
natural to expect much lower prices. Then, too, this year
we have run head long into the "recession", and buying of
apples apong with everything else has been curtailed. In
spite of all this, the price level has remained the same as in

— 55 —

lu^^ ^^^u' ^^® P^®^ several weeks, anyway. I have not
checked this for several weeks.) Certainly then somi new
powerful force has been at work in this season^s H W^

H^ftv thf ^^'' ^'^ ^?"'" ^^' b^^" *h^ advertising ?he pu£
c^nL^ f ocer-service work, and the aid of the Organized
Grocers, which we secured for your apples. ^^^<^"izea

2. The Public's acceptance (consumption) of annles has
S.\^o%f r'^'S'V' year in history, k aie reSng r^
^c fv, '^^'"^^^fu^ ^'''''". ^" <iuarters and sections: the groc-
ers, the Trade, the specialists. Up until December 1st 162

S' onP S''' '' T^^^ ^"^ ^^^^ P"^ intrSeTchtn^^^^^
milHnn K ^ ?'*vf'!?i^^'*- ^^'^ ^^^^<^^ ^^ the same date, 84
million bushels had been marketed. The movement this sea-
son has been about double last year's.

3. The active aid of more than 50,000 of the largest vol-
ume grocers of the United States was secured, in the Na-
tional "Apple-A-Day'' Campaign which the chain stores are
putting on for us, and the similar campaigns which the vol-
untary and independent grocery organizations are joining

V!ftt ^I?u^'-^ ^^""^ ^^""^^ "^ "^^"y thousands of dollars
worth of their own newspaper, handbill, poster and radio ad-
vertising, featuring apples at their own expense. They have
maintained splendid displays of apples; have pushed them

fL^^.on/^lT'^l^-i ^f ^ ^f '"^t ^^ ^^'^' "^^"y hundreds of
thousands of bushels of apples have been pushed across the

counter into consumers' hands which otherwise would not
have found a consumer outlet. We owe the chains, the or-
ganized grocers a tremendous debt of gratitude. Your own
f^f ^lu ' Appalachian Apples, organized and mobilized
the other apple advertising associations of the nation, and
the executives of the chains and other grocer organizations,
to secure this tremendous help. ^txun^,

fritndfwfth^i^.V^ "^^""^ T^^ emphasize. We must make
for annir. fn ft^ pTr'' ^^ '^^"^ P^^^^"^^ representative
IZ fFt' ^"^ ^^^i^^^^''^' ^"^ ^"^y representative. If we do

t^nJ'^n!^ ^""^^^ t^"' "^^ ^'^^ "^ ' '^ he does not know any^
thing about apples, he cannot be a good representative He
IS human; and probably a little smarter in a business way
than the apple grower. He has to be. The average grocer
only stays m business four years. Competition if tfrrific
He has many, many problems. Make friends with him
Teach him about apples. Recognize that he mult have a
good profit on apples, or he will not push them No man
V.':hn%^ v' something in which there is little or no pi^fit
You don't. You put no time nor effort on selling your culls
because there is no profit in them. You put your fime on selS

— 56 —

, h

ing your packaged good fruit, where the chance of profit lies.
The grocer does the same thing. Unless apples will fur-
nish him a profit, he shoves them into the background ; or-
ders only enough to supply those customers who demand
them. But if profits are "long" in apples, he will push them.
So, wish the grocer a good price and a fair profit, for your
own good.

The Trade tells us that the ** jumble packed" crate is arriv-
ing on markets "slack". This pack apparently does what it
was designed to. It lessens bruising ; but it runs into an-
other equally serious flaw. It arrives too slack to be attrac-
tive to customers. Possibly you can devise "racking or
something to overcome this ; but it must be overcome before
the "jumble pack" can be a success.

In closing, I would emphasize that this apple-market devel-
opment is a long-time job. We cannot expect to remake the
nation's habits in one year, or two. It will be three years
more, probably, before we will begin to receive the full bene-
fits of this work which was started two years ago. But we
do feel that we have helped the apple market this season
very substantially; that the price levels would have been
lower, noticeably, without this work by the several apple ad-
vertising associations of the nation, including your own
Appalachian Apples.

Cork Insulation

WE SPECIALIZE IN THE PROPER CONSTRUCTION OF

Cold Storage Houses

FOR APPLE, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS

United Cork Companies

239 Fourth Ave.
Investment Bldg.

Pittsburgh, Penna.

— 57 —

DO PENNSYLVANIA ORCHARDS RESPOND TO

POTASH TREATMENT?

B. D. ANTHONY, state College, Pa.

For many years we have discussed the relation of cultural
practices and nitrogen fertilization to orchard^oS h^
Pennsylvania. Recently questions have been railed af to
the importance of fertilizer materials other than niWn
Jnvpt''l"*'™P ?'°^'"^ throughout most of the state and Ke
cover crops m many orchards, the use of phosphorus ha^
given as large response as we have secured from nH~

STe^t^wf '/'?."'*"• '* ^^' ^^^''"^ « common prSe
in the state for fruit growers to use superphosphate alon^

with some form of nitrogen. Very large sum^ of money havf
been used m advertising potash, and much potash hZ beJn
used m orchard fertilization. Have fruit g^^M^rs £ a fi
nancial return from this outlay ? "'

t;J^ ?iF^}% ^^^ responds so slowly to changes in soil condi

cessL^t '?ir"*Tl^. ''''' /fertilizerf aro usuairnt
hfrf ^ A ^® u*"^ rehable results. Consequently we have
had to draw heavily upon experiments dealing with fipTd

^^XtZt'ttj" ""T' Pi^*T °^ the'Sle AorS
Si f^A? K^ *PP'^ orchard. We have been the more

Sps?a cSd of frn?f f !i'" *^^ "'"^^^ ^« ^r« ^«^in^ two
mer for anZ?!/rf ^"""u^ T^*" """P- We look to the for-
f^t f V, ^- ™i"ediate cash return, but we look to the latter
for the ultunate production of our trees.

Plols for"oviI. ^r.' ^* .^*^*t ^°"^^« the Jordan Fertility
fiwn,e «f fTfw ^ ^ f "t"*^ ^^''^ been used to study the re-
sponse of field crops to certain fertilizer trpatmarXt ri. «:

report covering fifty years resulVs tTs stateT "AltJoui
potash did not increase yields when applied alone' it was usfd

Kriracid "'*Wn.K'= ""*^ "1^ ^''^ nitrogen and phos
C were with th»?'*^ ^% remembered that these fertilizer
lesis were with the usual four-year rotation in which a miv
ed clover and timothy sod was turned under

HorticIi'lJJrVlt'*Sl r^n ' «>nducted by the Department of
1937 onlv onp hi v.^"^^^ ^^ throughout the state up to
nobi^h Tr, 10^ ^**T" ^^y suggestion of a return from
potash. In a 12-year test started in one of the Tv^nn «v

tZ%lKL7u?ti>\Z«!Lrt?eX'Sr '''- "'"'^'^ ^'

Recently from other states there have been several re-

— 58--

I

lighter, sandy, gravelly, water-laid soils. An area showing
most serious injury from potash deficiency is that around
the western end of Lake Ontario on soils that were deposited
when that area was under a glacial lake. I had never seen
a case of injury from potash deficiency in Pennsylvania until
the summer of 1937 when C. 0. Dunbar, Pomologist at the
Arendtsville Laboratory, called my attention to several
peach orchards in Adams, York, and Franklin counties show-
ing abnormal growth conditions.

In southern York County, almost on the Maryland line, in
a seven-year old orchard of several varieties of apples inter-
planted with peaches, approximately a third of the peach
trees had no crop and showed abnormal growth conditions.
In the rest of the orchard the growth and yield of the
peaches semed normal. The apple trees were slightly small-
er in the area where the peaches were affected but the leaves
showed none of the marginal leaf scorch and mottling com-
monly associated with potash deficiency.

On the affected peach trees the leaves were pale, olive
green in color with the edges bordered with red but with
only an occasional leaf showing any marginal disintegration.
Nearly all leaves were crinkled along the midrib and with
the two sides rolled upward and inward toward the midrib
with the under surface of the leaf exposed and showing
much li^ht red to pink discoloration. In extreme cases the
leaves vvere rolled into a tight cylinder. Terminal growth
was nearly normal in length but very slender. Similar ab-
noimal conditions were found in a second orchard about a
half mile away from the first orchard.

The soil is probably Chester clay loam, an important Pied-
mont soil of southeastern Pennsylvania. An analysis by Dr.
Thomas of the Maryland Experiment Station showed it to be
low in organic matter and deficient in almost everything ex-
cept calcium and magnesium, being high in both of these.

The area in which the peach trees seemed to be normal
had been under a com wheat-hay rotation before the orchard
was planted, but on at least one occasion had been planted to
potatoes and during that year had been fertilized with a com-
plete fertilizer containing a liberal amount of potash. The
area showing abnormal trees also had been in the com-
wheat-hay rotation, but had never been planted to potatoes.
The orchard has been fertilized with nitrogen only. Cyana-
mid at the rate of 3 to 4 pounds per tree was applied during
the winter of 1936-37.

The orchard has been cultivated each year with a cover
crop sowed about July first. During the summer of 1937 the
difference in the cover crop in the normal and abnormal parts
of the orchai'd was not great. In both cases the cover woi^d
be considered satisfactory although much of it was weeds.

— 59 —

The owner reports that differences in tree growth did not
appear until 1933, two years after the orchard was planted.
When this orchard was first called to our attention it seem-
ed reasonable to assume that some deficiency factor was res-
ponsible for the discolored, rolled leaves and absence of crop,
but there seemed no clue pointing to any one element ^o a
series of treatments was planned fontainfng as ma^y as ^s^
sible of the elements which have been used to correct abS^r-

ZlJ^fX ?.T.*^ °" -^"^i ?' 1937. groups of five peach
trees with rolled leaves each had one of the followine' ma-
worked in?ntvf'* ^" ^<=rle under the outer branX! Zd
woiked into the ground to a depth of about two inches:

Zinc sulphate lib. per tree

Copper sulfate snow

-_. . ^ , 8 oz. per tree

Nitrate of soda 2 14 lbs. per tree

with 3 lbs. sulfate of potash
Nitrate of soda 2 1^ lbs. per tree

Nitrate of potash 3tbs. per tree
Sulfate of potash 3 lbs. per tree
Magnesium sulfate lib. per tree
Borax (20 Mule Team)

_, 5 oz. per tree

Borax (20 Mule Team)

« ,^ Soz.

Sulfur (325 mesh) 3tbs.
Ammonium alum 8oz

per tree
per tree
per tree

The night following these applications there was a rain of
wef BecL;"'nf%fi-'' '^' 'f°'''^^ '"""th wis unu^aHy
later than ufual ' ''''"* ^''^''' *^°"*^""^<^ ^'''"^^^hat

tr3® ^''^* change in the appearance of any of the treated
trees was noted on July 21. when the trees receiving the pot-
ash treatments showed leaves of a darker green color Aho

5rdTnS\he''ni^f' ''"'ir^ ?'^^*^ «f P^t^'h showedle s
lowing of the new leaves than trees w th nitrate of notash

Dettei than those which had rece ved nitrate of notash
Both were decidedly better than untreated trees Trees fer:

Sow^hffa'^'^^.";''^^ "' ^'^'^^ ^"'^ ^"'f^t« «f StaJh d?d not
?»fT * favorable change in appearance evident with sul-
fate of potash alone. No other treatment showed any im-
provement; If anything, trees receiving borax, ma^esium
sulfate and copper sulfate looked worse than untrStreeT

V,- v,'^"?"^* ^•' '^y® '•"^^^^ after the application, the trees
which had received sulfate of potash were nearly nonnal in
appearance especially the new growth. Even the older
leaves which had been rolled and discolored when the potash
was applied were now green and to a considerable extent had
t attened out to more normal shapes. The nitrate of potash
« ntt'fr'^f^ intermediate between thoi;e which had received
sulfate of potash and those untreated. The check trees and
all other treatments showed no improvement or a continuing
development of the leaf trouble. ^."""uuuig

t.£f ^"??*,^'>' ^'■^^^ ^'''<=*» ^»<J received either potash
treatment looked nearly normal but close examination show-

— 60 —

.

V..*

ed more rolled leaves on the nitrate of potash trees. From a
hillside 300 yards away the potash treatments could be pick-
ed out.

September 15, ten weeks after the applications, the nitrate
of potash trees still showed a considerable proportion of the
older leaves rolled with some discoloration while the trees
which had received sulfate of potash had large leaves of a
healthy green color with very little crinkling. No other
treatments showed improvement.

On October 15, after heavy frosts on the 9th and 14th,
many of the leaves were still on the potash-treated trees
while they were loose and falling rapidly from the other
trees.

In November, terminal growth was measured and fruit
buds counted by Mr. Dunbar. Terminals on trees which re-
ceived potash were about the same in length as those with-
out potash but they were considerably thicker in diameter.
There were twice as many fruit buds per terminal on the pot-
ash trees as on the others. Terminals on some untreated
trees had no fruit buds.

The response of these trees to potash applications by mid-
summer was so pronounced that orchards in other sections
were examined for further indications of potash deficiency.
Early in July, J. U. Ruef, Extension Pomologist, had noted
a young peach orchard which was not growing nonnally.
This was on one of the highest fruit farms in western Adams
County, about 15 miles southwest of Gettysburg at an ele-
vation above 1000 feet. This particular block of peaches
was planted in 1936 on a Porters shale soil which has suffer-
ed serious erosion because of the steep slope. In preparing
this field for planting the peach orchard, the land was ter-
raced and the trees planted on the contour with one row on
the terrace and three rows between terraces.

All but one row of these trees showed the same deforma-
tion, rolling, and discoloration of leaves as were observed in
the first orchard reported. There was considerable varia-
tion from tree to tree, some being much worse than any seen
in York County. The trees in a row planted on one of the
large terraces seemed perfectly normal and were at least
twice as large as the adjacent trees showing leaf rolling.

The grower's attention was called to these trees by Mr.
Ruef, and on July 15 he applied two pounds of 3-12-6 fertiliz-
er to each tree except the one normal row, and harrowed it
into the soil.

On August 10, when Mr. Dunbar and I visited this orchard
there were no signs of recovery from this application of com-

— 61 —

plete fertilizer made more than three weeks before. The
next day, August 11, every other tree in half the orchard re-
ceived a half pound of muriate of potash which was hoed in-
to the ground for four to five feet around the tree. In the
other half of the orchard, every other tree received half a
pound of sulfate of potash. Again the row which seemed
normal was untreated.

The first indication of any response was seen September
first, when the leaves of a few of the potash treated trees
showed a darker green than the untreated trees. By Sep-
tember 10, nearly all the treated trees had darker leaves
with somewhat less rolling, especially near the tips of the
longer branches. Recovery, however, was not as complete
as m the York County orchard where the potash was applied
July 2. No differences could be detected between the sulfate
and the muriate.

The one normal row in this orchard was so different from
the other trees that it could be picked out from the opposite
hillside a quarter of a mile away. The previous winter this
row had received a heavy application of barnyard manure.
Neither the complete fertilizer nor the potash was used on
this row. No sign of potash deficiency has shown at any
time. On October 18, following a heavy freeze, the leaves
were still green on this row while nearly all the other trees
v/ere bare.

During the latter part of the summer many peach or-
chards in York, Adams, and Franklin Counties were care-
fully scouted. Only one was found which showed marked
symptoms similar to those in the two orchards discussed.
This was on a sandy colluvial soil of low fertility on the west
side of South Mountain. No work was attempted in this or-
chard.

In this south-central area of the state cases of potash de-
ficiency in peach orchards are apparently rare. It has not
been a common practice to use potash in the peach orchard
fertilization program. The fact that a heavy potash appli-
cation in the first orchard described seems to have supplied
enough potash for normal peach tree growth for at least
seven years, and the ability of a heavy application of manure
m the second orchard to supply enough potash to prevent
any deficiency symptoms from developing, suggest that the
usual farm practices in this area have built up a moderate
potash reserve.

These cases of potash deficiency are noteworthy because
of the severity of the injury, the rapidity with which recov-
ery followed potash applications when used alone and the ap-
parent blocking eflfect of nitrogen when used with the potash.

— 62 —

T

r

i

'I

W.ork in other states has shown that peach trees take up
much more potash than do apple trees of similar size. Eng-
lish workers report that on soils deficient in potash certain
varieties of plums will show serious injury several years be-
fore the apples among which they are interplanted show in-
jury. Both at the U. S. D. A. Horticultural Field Station at
Beltsville, Md., and at the New Jersey Experiment Station at
New Brunswick, peach trees growing in pure sand and fed
controlled nutrients quickly showed leaf discoloration and
rolling similar to those described when potash was removed
from the elements supplied, and recovery was quick when
the potash supply was restored. However, under field condi-
tions, even in cases of severe potash deficiency, surface ap-
plications of potash have usually been fixed in the upper soil
layer and it has taken several applications before there has
been deep enough penetration to reach the tree roots and
check injury.

It is commonly reported that when one element is deficient,
increasing the supply of the other necessary elements accen-
tuates the deficiency symptoms of the lacking element. This
is probably what happened when potash was used with ni-
trate and in a complete fertilizer.

A word more should be said of the performance of the ma-
nured row in the Adams County orchard. Not only did this
manure contain potash in a readily available form, but its
decay probably unlocked some of the potash in the soil which
previously had been in an unavailable form. The Ohio Ex-
periment Station has recently found as much as 1000 pounds
of available potassium at a depth of 24 inches under a long-
continued straw mulch when there was less than 175 pounds
under annual cultivation.

Crops growing on the land take potassium from the soil
and, when they are turned into the land and decay, this po-
tassium is released in a veiy available form. In a bulletin
just published the New York Experiment Station reports
that a combination of legume and cereal crops in ix)tation
will keep an amount of potassium in circulation equivalent to
the annual application of 300 pounds of muriate of potash.

Do Pennsylvania orchards need potash ? Of course, if pot-
ash deficiency signs appear in the trees. But again, tree res-
ponse is liable to be too slow an indicator. If potash is so
low in the soil that applications increase the cover which we
can grow in the orchard, by all means use potash ; at first
perhaps as much as 200-300 pounds used alone and then small
amounts in a complete fertilizer. If the orchard cover is
heavy and occasionally is worked into the ground, it is quite
doubtful if potash applications will pay.

— 63 —

— 64^

NOTES ON INJURIOUS INSECTS

H. E. HODGKISS, State CoUege, Pa.

A review of insect occurrence and damage in orchards in-
dicates that during 1937 several relatively unimportant spe-
cies of insects were destructive to tree fruits over rather
wide areas. Some of the better known kinds, also, merit pre-
sentation. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint fruit
growers with the vagaries of these insects, to suggest where
suppression practices may be useful and to present data on
the comparative values of insect control in apple orchards

The topics selected for discussion are:
1. The apple seed chalcis.
Scarring of peach fruits.
The apple maggot.
The pear psylla.

Supplements for codling moth control.
Records of insect control.

The Apple Seed Chalcis

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

This insect is indirectly a source of trouble for fruit grow-
ers. The adult does not feed on the apple but the larvae de-
velop withm seeds of apples. They eat the inside of the seed
completely. Damage to fruits occurs when the adult forces
Its ovipositor through the skin and flesh of small sized fruits
and into the seeds. The entrance hole in the seed coat closes
so that it cannot be detected. The path of the ovipositor
through the flesh may be traced by a fine discolored line
which extends from the surface to the seed capsule. These
in themselves do not result in lowering the value of the
apples. The important factor is a deformation of the mature
apples due to depressions that occur around the point where
the ovipositor was introduced. These may appear like needle
punctures or the apples may be seriously deformed if the in-
festation of the insects is large. In one orchard 47 per cent
of a crop of Golden Delicious apples were heavily infested.

Ordinarily malformations due to seed chalcis are noticed
on small sized fruits of crabapples and the fruits of natural
apple trees. This year we found the damage on the follow-
ing varieties of cultivated apples in addition to natural
fruits:— Ben Davis, Canada Red, Cortland, Crab Apples,
Delicious, Golden Delicious, Greening, Grimes, Jonathan,
Macintosh, Rome, Snow, Spy, Stayman, Strawberry, Wagen-
er. Wealthy, Winesap, and Winter Banana.

Control, if necessary, may be obtained through orchard
sanitation. Collecting and destroying the fruits when thin-
ning apples or during harvest will aid in keeping the insect
m check. The removal of natural apples or other kinds of
wild pome fruits will aid to eliminate the damage.

— 65 —

Scarring of Peach Fruits

A deformation of peach fruits commonly referred to as
"cat-facing-" was quite common last year in widely separate
peach orchards. In Franklin county and in Lehigh county
the injured peaches were only along the outer borders of the
orchards adjacent to woodland. The injury was noticeable
for a distance of ten rows in from the woods. In Lehigh
county approximately 25 per cent of the peach fruits in the
area stated was injured. Peach growers in Carbon, Juniata,
Lycoming, Snyder and Union counties reported that similar
injuries were prevalent in their orchards. In Clinton county
two species of plant bugs Lygus vanduzeei Knight and Lygus
omnivagus Knight were active late in June.

In Franklin and in Lehigh counties the injuries were caus-
ed by several species of stink bugs and plant bugs (Miridae).
The stink bugs (Pentatomidae) have been recognized for
years as being the outstanding cause of the deformity on
peaches and on pears. Miridae have been suspected of some
damage to peaches although the attacks of L. invitus on
pears have been known to be destructive to pears.

Since the attacks of the Mirids on peach are caused only
by the adults the only means of control is to eliminate as
much of the succulent native tree growth on which the
young nymphs feed. The most serious injury to peaches by
the stink bugs has been observed in protected locations near
woods or where the hibernating adults can obtain suitable
wmter protection. The adults are difficult to kill and there
appears to be no insecticide which at this time can be recom-
mended as a control measure against these insects.

Apple Maggot

The apple maggot appears to have increased in area of
spread and insect abundance during the last ten years. It
has become more abundant each year in Western Pennsyl-
vania. Its importance has increased in orchards where fruits
are destined for the export trade.

Attempts have been made in recent years to time sprays
accurately for the control of the pest.

Our system of combatting it is well illustrated by the work
conducted in the G. E. Templeton Estate orchard near Kit-
taning, Armstrong county. Here in 1934 the fruit cix)p was
almost a total loss although the owner had attempted to fol-
low our suggestions for its control. Beginning in the
Autumn of 1934 different lots of infested apples were pre-
pared for trap cages in order to time the emergence of flies
during the next summer. Records from these cages were
taken mid used to time spraying periods in 1935, 1936 and
1937. Demonstration sprayings were conducted which were
coincident with the timing periods in order to teach those

— 66 —

interested how thorough spraying functions as a control
measure. Arsenate of lead was used as the insecticide at
the rate of three pounds in 100 gallons of spray. Since 1935
the drop apples of susceptible varieties have been gathered
and removed from the orchard. The infestation was re-
duced somewhat in 1935. In 1936 most of the apples were
marketable. In 1937 only an occasional injured apple was
found even in the most susceptible varieties.

The Pear PsyDa

The pear psylla seems to have been unusually severe dur-
ing 1937. One grower stated that his trees including leaves,
fruit and bark were covered with sooty fungus which de-
velops on the sticky fluid that results from the work of the
psylla nymphs. This is the specific indication of damage
from the insect and while many adults or nymphs may be
working on pear trees during the summer the blackening of
fruits and leaves is objectionable only after the insects have
developed to numbers that result in a severe drain on the
vitality of the trees.

The pear psylla was abundant in Carbon, Chester, Clinton,
Delaware, Monroe, Montour, Northumberland, Schuylkill
and York counties. A demonstration of its control was stag-
ed in Schuylkill county. A similar demonstration was car-
ried on in York county. The grower stated that for the past
three years his trees including leaves, fruit and bark were
covered with a black sooty fungus growth caused by this in-
sect. Most of the fruit was also unmarketable. This year
the grower followed our advice and made a thorough spray-
ing with a three per cent miscible oil spray in late spring
while the trees were still dormant. Following this there was
an application of concentrated lime sulphur and 40 per cent
nicotine sulphate made just as the flower buds were separ-
ating in the cluster. The orchard was visited several times
during the summer and examinations of the trees made
without finding even a single psylla.

The psylla is not a difficult insect to control. Three plans
are available: (1) Spray the trunks and lower branches of
the trees with a spraying oil in the spring as soon as the
early high temperatures draw the adult psyllas to the cen-
ters where they cluster in large numbers. (2) Spray the
trees as the blossom buds develop into a "cluster bud" condi-
tion but while the blossom buds of varieties like Bartlett
have not entirely separated in the cluster. Eggs have been
deposited previous to this time and being about ready to
hatch they can be killed by using lime sulphur solution dilut-
ed at dormant strength.

Since the stems of pears are somewhat susceptible to
burning when the foliage develops pear growers should ac-
quaint themselves with the proper period to avoid unneces-

—67 —

tf2. Iw""^ *'^**'? ^l^"'^ °^ y**""? fruits and at the same
time obtam a satisfactory kill of the eggs. (3) Spra.rthe

eS a'nifo.*^ ^rt ^^""" "y"P^« be^^n to develop usto|
nwJ^ nicotine sulphate-soap combination or nicotine sul-

as the"S/Si'"'^ 'P'^^- "^^ application should be mide
nvrnlfhi '^t'^'^n''^"? ^Z^^ f^"" *he stem and expose the

Spt wifwt '^'" '!J*''^ '* ^*''«^ f'^'' tl»e "quid to^me in
contact with them. Any one of these plans if pronerlv used

will control the pear psylla. It is advisable howl^^ in most

instances to use either (1) and (2), (2) and (3). or 1) ^d

(3) to msure a complete destructioA of the insect^

Supplements for Codling Moth Control

»<=f^S^i«^P'? ^?^^^ '" ^*^*'"s county was particularly inter-

int^\hrl^ ^^'^J \ri'°*^ *^^ ^^^ arsenate than the or-
dinary three pounds that are recommended Pre-sea-son

S W^k7„T4'^''^P^"^ r^ •'^"'""^ by June 15. T^^o X"
cent blocks of Stayman trees about 18 years of age were se-

hall ner?entT?rrV ^t.harves? in 1936 TacTK
M^J St *^®"* °^ V^^ ^'■"'ts injured by codling moth One
block of trees received five pounds of lead arsenate- thi

siravs*^'?^.^^" >• ' "^ lead arsenate in eacS of four cover

lead ar^P^fl q'^"* applications were with three pounds of

same worfaien. '^"^''"'^ ^^' ^"' "" ^^^ ^^""^ ^^ ^y the

The resists of this comparison were taken at harvest

S- cenTTn&in the^r"''^ '" ^.^l^^f P^""'' bfo^k and 4.2
per cent injury m the three pound b ock. Samnles collertprl

imVunied to"t&f ""^'' '""^^ f' ''^ Khe rSue
C and 021 Irffnc 'Z,^'" r^^i^^.^PP'^s in the five pound

Cmberll .i^/rii*^ '^^."J ^^^ *'^'"^« P"""*! block On
ixovemoer n six trees were taken at random in each hln^t

^iid bWvt '^^^^^ '"^ ^^^"^^ ^^th larvae In the five

T^^f^ taken from the six trees in the three pound block
In other words the additional material was nolSwhile

f irini,^''^ '• ^^^^^^^ the program combined a thorough and
timely spraymg, made possible by bait pail records of moth^

uiJr^^^^^^^ banding all trees with chemically treated
bands and the screening of all picking crates and bSs
The program was followed in 1936 and 1937 and the S'
tion at the close of 1937 is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparisons of Codling Moth Control

^'iS^nlf^* Average Number Of Total Number of

Year h£^ Larvae OoUected Moths taken In

1935 166 Per Tree in Bands Bait Pails

1936 616 1^1

1937 2lO ^il 724

In extreme Southeastern Pennsylvania codling moth was
not considered to be important three years ago except in
orchards. The past two years have shown that there has
been a constant and general increase over the entire terri-
tory. In an orchard in Montgomery county at harvest 1936
there was a fruit infestation of codling moth of 51 per cent.

The program for 1937 was :

1. The placing of all picking crates and baskets in a

storage cellar, the three windows of which were
screened.

2. A definite spraying program using four cover

sprays for codling moth at the rate of three pounds
of lead arsenate in each cover spray.

The results of this program were outstanding. On July 8,
1937 with the storage still closed there were counted a total
of 283 living and dead codling moths at one window. On
November 10, 1937 the average number of larvae per tree
banded was 46. Counts of apple infestation at harvest indi-
cated that there was an infestation of 6.5 per cent which was
a reduction of 44.5 per cent due to the program. This work
is to be continued.

The scraping and banding of apple trees has come to be
recognized as a definite aid in fighting codling moth. In
Adams county 90,000 trees were scraped and banded out of
a total of approximately 450,000 bearing apples in the coun-
ty. What is happening under these bands is illustrated by
a survey made in five counties in the Autumn of 1937 after
all apples were out of the orchards.

Table 2. Results of Banding for Codling Moth.

Total Number Total Number Average Number

)unty

of

of Larvae

of Larvae Per

Trees

Collected

Tree

Adams

43

754

17.53

Dauphin

6

127

21.16

Franklin

16

740

46.25

Montgomery

19

811

42.68

York

8

458

57.25

Total

92

2890

31.41

The codling moth has been the most serious depredator
of apples in the regions of extensive apple growing since
1930. The records taken in 349 apple orchards in 51 counties
this year show that 210 of the orchards were sprayed com-
pletely according to our spraying information with an aver-
age codling moth damage to fruits of 1.5 per cent. In 125
other orchards where only part of the suggestions were used
the codling moth damage to fruits was 13.2 per cent. In 14
unsprayed orchards the loss due to codling moth was 34.4
per cent. These percentages may be compared to the aver-
ages of the last eight years which were, complete spraying
2.1 per cent; incomplete 11.7 per cent; and unsprayed 40 per
cent.

— 69 —

Values in Insect Control

The value of insect control to apple growers was empha-
sized by figures obtained in 360 orchards in 51 counties
which was a representative cross section of the apple indus-
try. The orchards were selected at random. Some of the
owners had followed the suggestions exactly, others had
used only part of them or the spraying job had been poorly
done, and a few orchards were unsprayed. In 160 complete-
ly sprayed orchards the insect injuries totaled 3.3 per cent;
in 186 partly or poorly sprayed orchards the insect injuries
were 15.3 per cent; while in 14 unsprayed plantings the aver-
age insect damage was 68.2 per cent.

This system of measuring results was started by us in
1928. The average insect injury from 1928-1937 inclusive,

in 1,052 completely
sprayed orchards was 4
per cent; in 1,501 incom-
pletely sprayed orchards,
18.6 per cent; and in 137
unsprayed orchards 63.9
per cent.

In earlier reports in-
sect damages have been
expressed also in terms
of monetary valuations.
This year the insect loss-
es in 160 completely
sprayed orchards am-
ounted to $32,070 out of
a yield valued at $1,459,-
721. In 186 incompletely
sprayed orchards having
a yield valued at $1,060,-
199 the insect losses am-
ounted to $104,039. The
apple trees in 14 un-
sprayed orchards yielded
22,560 bushels of apples
of which 12,412 bushels
valued at $6,206 were de-
stroyed by insect at-
tacks.

Joi
CLOSER
CLEAN ER
PRUNING

PORTER
POINTCUT

Cuts suckers on the POINT, with
Bmall handle-opening. Cuts limbs up
to 1'4' in the THROAT, with fuU
handle^openingr and patented slide-
shift gives 50% to 100% increase in
cutting power. Both blades have sharp
cutting edges; preventing injury to
bark and permitting; blades to be
placed close up to the main branch,
the best place for the cut. SPUR on
upper blade supports lower blade;
resists tendency to cross edges. Eas-
ily handled: ruggedly built; the 20'
length No. 120 seUs for S5.00.

A^ your dealer. If he cannot supply,
order direct from us, or write for circular
FPa of FORESTER loppinc shears
aad the new HKP Pole pruner.

H. K. PORTER, Inc., Evi

The Bolt CUi - -

— 70 —

REFRIGERATION FOR FRUIT STORAGE

By F. G. HEGHLER

Every fruit grower is interested in keeping his fruit in the
best possible condition until it can be (drofitably sold and to
do this at the lowest possible cost. The production and mar-
keting of quality fruit involves many problems, the answers
to which you know much better than I do. I am not a horti-
culturist but, having been reared on a farm and having been
in rather close touch with rural conditions, I have an appre-
ciation of the problems and I hope that a discussion of some
phases of fruit storage from an engineering viewpoint may
be helpful.

It is unnecessary to discuss the advantages of proper stor-
age conditions with this audience. You all know that fruit
is a living organism which during the ripening process in
storage gives off carbon dioxide and water vapor with the
liberation of heat. Low temperatures retard this ripening
process and prevent softening of the fruit. For most varie-
ties of apples a temperature slightly above 32°F., the freez-
ing temperature of water, seems to give best results and to
insure keeping the fruit in prime condition for the longest
time. Different varieties of apples behave differently, but
tests have shown that each bushel of apples will give off the
following amount of heat expressed in B. t. u. per 24 hours.

storage temperature 85oF. — 165 to 385 B. t. u.
Storage temperature 40oF. — 27 to 44 B. t. u.
Storage temperature 32oF. — 16 to 22 B. t. u.

The very rapid decrease at the lower temperatures is appar-
ent and shows why low temperatures are desirable. This
also suggests the importance of cooling the fruit as rapidly
as possible after picking in order to arrest the ripening pro-
cess. We shall return to this question later in the discussion.

Rapid cooling and the maintenance of low temperatures
make mechanical refrigeration a necessity and this brings
us first to a consideration of the construction of the storage
itself in order that the required temperatures may be econ-
omically maintained.

In designing fruit storages it is customary to allow 2V2 cu.
ft. of volume per bushel of apples, which is the fruit for
which faiTO storages are usually built. The inside height
of the storage room is usually 10 or 12 feet, depending on
the height to which the fruit is to be stacked and on the
method chosen for cooling the room. About 40 feet is a con-
venient width and one often chosen for moderate-size stor-
ages. On this basis the size of a room for 10,000 bu. of
apples would be 40 x 621/2 x 10 feet, allowing the necessary
space for aisles and clearance along the sides, top, and be-
tween the packages for free circulation of air.

The kind of construction will depend largely on the avail-

— 71 —

ability of materials and on the need for keeping first cost as
ow as possible Almost every kind of materialirbeen sat-
isfactorily used, but It should be remembered that generally
L biT^f ^K^ %^* the shorter the useful life of the Structure
^if n ^^1 \ Sometimes, of course, the availability of local
materials, such as seconds or culls of building tile, brick, etc
makes it possible to build a permanent structure at a moder:

^honlH hp ^/fif'l^^'u ""i t^^«;aterial used the workmanship
should be of the highest quality to insure a satisfactory job

.vw rM^^"" structure is often the cheapest and when piW
erly built and maintained will give years of service. Howl
ever, because of its greater permanence and reduced fii-e haz-
^vffow^ T"^ construction using stone, brick, tile, or con-
crete blocks is to be preferred.

Insulation. No matter what kind of structure is used it

h~r ^^ '^?". ^"s^^^t^d if mechanical refrigeration is to
be used. The minimum amount of insulation that should be
used tor an apple storage for a temperature of 33 to 35 de-
grees IS 4 inches of corkboard or its equivalent. This is in
addition to the usual wall construction. Doors of adequate

tTroSh^.P'"^^^'^^"^ ^''^""^'^ ^' ^^^ ^«^d ventSn
through the storage when opened. A vestibule or anteroom

IS desirable for all refrigerator doors. It is difficult to build
a satisfactory home-made refrigerator door, and, while rath-
Zn^rXTr: ^^^/^^^^rcial product is a good investment.
Scept tt^^^ '''* ''^^^'* openings should be provided

All materials used in the construction of a building offer
some resistance to the passage of heat and might, therefore

meanf™f^'-'?'i^^^*^"^^ ^^ P^'^^^^^^' howevV iSatTon
S^r unit fH^w^^ ^^'""^ ^ re atively high heat resistance
per unit thickness. For example, cork is universally regard-
ed as a good insulation and is the yardstick by which all
other materials are compared, while concrete, for which we
?i!!l?P"^^'"^*^^y 40 inches to provide the same heat le^

t^n Tn^Ln/''(^'l^^^^'I^'^ ^^ corkboard, is a poor insula-
thp h JLf -f ""^^ the ighter and more porous the material
the higher Its insulating value. There is one apparent ex-

alumZm fo^-f ^'T^^ statement. For example,Tee L of
aluminum foil can be arranged to give a very hiffh thermal
resistance although aluminum itself has a thermal cond^c

o7£?sr ^ fhT W.'? '^"' "^ ^^•^^^^^- TheTxplanation,
ot course, IS that in this case we are dealing with the transi

in\t^c"^l principally by radiation and not!>y conduction as
m the case of cork and concrete. This sue-e-ests the imnor

t'':^.^ ^ ^^r "?^ knowledge of the thref me Lds of h^^^^
importance of each under different conditions, so that mater-
lals may be used to best advantage

Types of Insulation. Insulation for use in cold storage
construction is available in various forms and in a g^t vl!

— 72 —

riety of materials. The principal structural kinds are : loose
fill or bat types to be poured or fitted into place ; blanket or
flexible sheet type, usually made of vegetable or mineral fi-
bers enclosed between sheets of strong paper ; rigid or board
type, made of granular material compressed and baked or of
fibres felted together with or without an artificial binder;
thin sheets of metal which are effective only if the surfaces
are bright and exposed to air spaces. The raw materials
from which these insulations are made include wood bark,
wood fiber, sugar cane fiber, straw, cornstalks, hair, sea-
weed, kapok, licorice roots, peat, asbestos, gypsum, rock,
rubber, glass, vermiculite, aluminum, steel, etc. Common
building materials like wood, stone, brick, tile, concrete, etc.,
which are used primarily for structural purposes, are not
classed as insulation.

Properties of A Good Insulation. A good insulation should
have the following properties:

(1) High insulating value.

(2) Resist moisture absorption.

(3) Fire resistant.

(4) Neither attract nor harbor vermin or rodents.

(5) Reasonable in cost and easily applied by available
labor.

(6) Odorless.

(7) Permanent for the anticipated life of the structure.

Many of the materials now available do not meet all of
these requirements and it is the builder's problem to select
the one that will give the maximum return per dollar of first
cost and that adequately meets all of the requirements that
are important. For cold storage work good insulation and
moisture resistance are perhaps the most important. Many
materials have a high insulating value when dry, and it is
well to remember that practically all values given in the lit-
erature and used for design puiT)oses are for dry materials.
Unfortunately when used for cold storage insulation it is
difficult to keep the material dry. Because of the difference
in temperature and humidity inside and outside there is a
movement of air thix)ugh the wall unless it is perfectly seal-
ed. This air caiTies moisture with it; the warmer the air
the more moisture it can carry. As it passes through the
wall from a warmer to a colder zone its ability for carrying
moisture gets less and less until at the dew point it is just
saturated and any further lowering of the temperature will
result in the condensation of some of the moisture. If the
temperature falls below 32°F. frost will form. Both water
and frost are destinictive to the insulating value of the ma-
terials and if allowed to remain may cause chemical or physi-
cal breakdown and decay of the structural frame. When a

— 73 —

storage is used continuously, or for the greater part of the
year, the accumulation of moisture in the wall may become
serious because of the difficulty in drying out the walls in the
short time available. Obviously the fill type of walls are
most adversely affected by moisture. The solution might be
to adopt the commercial cold storage construction of a solid
masonry outer wall insulated with rigid board type of insul-
ation laid m asphalt to exclude moisture. Economically such
a construction may not, however, be justified for farm use
and a compromise solution must be found. A good grade of
building paper with an asphalt or metal foil covering and
well lapped and cemented at all joints is helpful in prevent-
ing moisture penetration if applied on the outside. At the
same time the outside of the wall should not be sealed in any
way. ''

Air spaces as usually used in walls are not very eflFective
insulation, neither do they prevent moisture condensation.
If the usual air space ina2x4or2x6 wall is divided into a
number of narrow spaces % inch to 1 inch wide by inserting
a sheet of insulation or waterproof paper between the studs,
the insulating value will be much improved but we will still
have moisture condensation.

Where mechanical refrigeration is used the floor of the
storage needs insulation as well as other parts of the struc-

Fruit Trees

In the leading best Varieties Fresh dug from the
Nursery Rows which insures best growing and
long lived trees.

Write your order to the Nursery and have them
shipped to you or come with your Truck or Car
and get them.

Write for Catalogue for lowest prices.

ADAMS COUNTY NURSERY & FRUIT FARMS

H. G. Baugher, Prop.

ASPERS, PA. ADAMS COUNTY

— 74

ture. The kind of insulation to use depends on the kind of
storage. For an apple storage we believe that 2 or 3 feet of
screened steam cinders are adequate and they have the ad-
vantage of making it easier to maintain the proper humidity.
The chief criticism of this construction is the lack of a good
smooth floor such as is provided by a concrete floor. With a
concrete floor 4 inches of corkboard insulation, or its equiva-
lent, should be used under the floor.

The following table gives the relative insulating value of
some common materials. The values, except where other-
wise indicated, are for dry materials. It should be remem-
bered that the arrangement of a material in a wall often
affects its insulating value greatly and that moisture in a
storage wall is destructive.

Relative Insulating Value of Materials

Material

Approximate
Weight

lb ./CO. ft.

8-10

6

132

38

110

Corkboard

Regranulated Ck)rk

Brick, common

Cinders, dry, screened

Cinder Concrete

Cinder Blocks (8"), one air space

Cinder Blocks (12"), one air space

Concrete Blocks (8"), one air space

Concrete Blocks (12"), one air

space

Concrete 140

Hollow Clay Tile (4")

Hollow Clay TUe (6"), two air

cells
HoUow Clay Tile (8") two air

cells

Flexible, blanket insulation
Rigid Board Insulation
Flaked Gypsum
Mineral Wool
Plaster Board (%*)

Sawdust, dry

Shavings, dry

Stone

Stucco, cement

Soil, dry

Soil, wet

Wood

1-10

10.20

24

2-10

50

10

8

135

28-45

Thickness required
for insulation
equivalent to
1" of corkboard
Inches
1.0
1.2
16.5
4.0
17.3
16.5
20.4
26.6

81.9
40.9
13.3

12.8

16.0

0.9

1.1

1.6

1.0

4.7

1.7

1.7
42.0
40.0

4.0
16.5

3.3

One air space is equivalent to 0.3 inches of corkboard.

Metallic insulation with one surface facing an air space ia equivalent

to 0.5 inches of corkboard.

Refrigeration. The choice of a refrigerating system is
often a difficult problem and the layman usually finds him-
self hopelessly at sea when he tries to compare various re-
commendations and proposals. At the present time for the

— 75 —

tory to use direct exDansion Ih.. F^^- ^^ J^s* as satisfac-

rect expansion system fh^Ltu ^^^^^^ ^^^^e. In the di-
js allowed to eW^^^^^J^l^i^^^^^^ren^m^ refrier^t

in or adjacent to the storage roo^f^L'' FT <=«''s placed
the system its name. In tl^ cSh^ ^^/P^'^d, which gives
a vapor, that is, boils at lu^l "® refrigerant changes to
sary comes froi^ the storJ.1 ^^^P^rature ; the heat nices
cooling. The v™por passeTfo T' '"^'"^^'^^ « the deshed
where it returns to tfe HquS stat.T'""'"'"^ ^"'^ condenser
agram ready to pass through tht ^^ ^^^^"^ "P heat and is
lieve.s that at presen U" fLSe'Cn ^^'^^- ^^e author bl
above IS the most satisfactory systCt"" '^'*^'" «« «"t«ned
of course, well aware that miv^.^ -n" ^°^' S^^nera use. He is
"air-conditioning-' st.st<fmfK^ "^'^ "»* ^^ree. The so-caHeH
tems of this tyil have !"somTc«t^""* ^"PPOrters ^d sys^
Developments in this fill/^T ^^^^ ^'^^° excellent results
past few years Lid wiS io douhf^Tf ^"'"^ J^P'*^ durfnj he
come. Since these systems do n„?ni'r^ ^°'' «°"« """e to
tions properly included under at .&•""• ^" "^ the func-
not be so classified. Generlllv [h^^*^'*'*''"."*^' ^^^y should
coolers combining a refriSL^^^''^ adaptions of un t
cu-culating air through the stZ-" - '^ ^ ^^" "^^"""^
for humidification. ToTe air is usufuv^H "^"^ .^"^^ provision
passed over a direct expansion rS *^''^^° ^^^^ the room,
the room, thus maintaiiSng i mor. -^5 *'°''' ^<^ returned to
ment through the room -fhe n^l^ 'if ^^'^'""^ air move-
seems to be outside o"' aS adface^l^'if "°? ^"^ ^^e unit
makes it convenient fn,- TJl .'*?jacent to the storage Thi«

short. In somedesilis duXafe u"slJ^f ^j-^^ ^onnectSl
in the rooms while in others fhl .f^-^ distribute the air
the room near the ceiling at Lp^ff " ^^''^'^ ^lown into
another near the floor Tnf^- ^^"* ^"d withdrawn from
small amount of fresh „.v^ *•"! '"^^^^^^ «f economy onlv^
usually f>idetoS^?Jlf,^^;^^f. ^'^'^""t^h pro';;isTon^ i^
temperatures are right. ^* *™^^ "'^en the outside

betwS°The\^e?fTmTo!iifafa^ri"f*'- ^'^^''^ '« ««le choice
other fluids commonly used enrh/^^''^^'^"* or some of the

Freon, because of its rehftl;,! i '^ ^^ Y"^^- For air system.s

cause the Press ureri^q uSt^^^^'" ^^^^^

relatively low, is likely to be t£nw''^^^J^^"««'-ation are

pansion pine coil svQfU^ "® choice. For the dirPPt al

definite advantages. freezing are required it has

Experiments have shown ^h^4- *

— 76 —

age period. Nevertheless there appears to be a tendency to
use higher temperatures of from 35 to 38 degrees in air stor-
ages. This permits the use of a higher refrigerant tempera-
ture m the cooling coil so that frosting of the coil is avoided.
In this case too, moisture removed from the circulating air
merely condenses on the coils and runs off, thus avoiding the
necessity of periodic defrosting.

While air movement in a fruit storage is desirable, exces-
sive air motion should be avoided because it increases mois-
ture removal which may cause fruit to shrivel. Frequently
some provision must be made to add humidity to keep fruit
in good condition. A humidity of about 85% is usually re-
commended. A good hygrometer to indicate the relative hu-
midity in the storage is very helpful to the operator in main-
taining the desired conditions ; next to a thermometer it is
probably the most essential instrument in any fruit storage.
In the direct expansion coil system air movement within the
storage is usually a minimum and fresh air is usually obtain-
ed by opening doors or ventilating flues with or without fans.
If the building is properly designed so that through drafts
can be obtained by opening doors at opposite ends when out-
door conditions are favorable, adequate ventilation can be
obtained. When the outside temperature approximates that
of the storage during the winter, the relative humidities are
usually not greatly different so that drying is minimized
when the doors are opened for ventilation. Controlled tem-
perature and humidity with adequate ventilation are all es-
sential for any successful cold storage.

Size of Equipment Required. It has frequently been the
experience of fruit gix)wers planning a cold storage installa-
tion to receive proposals in which the equipment recommend-
ed for a certain job varied between wide limits, sometimes
as much as 100 per cent or more. Such variations are gener-
ally due to a lack of precise information regarding the re-
quirements to be met. Suppose A and B each have storages
of 10,000 bu. capacity, of identical construction and insula-
tion. Assume, however, that A wants to fill his storage at
the rate of 1000 bu. per day while B plans on 500 bu. per
day ; further assume that A wants to move the fruit directly
from the orchard into storage regardless of possible high
outdoor temperatures while B is willing to stack the fruit in
an open shed where it can cool off over night before it goes
into the storage. Obviously the requirements in the two
cases are entirely different although both storages are the
same. It can be readily seen, therefore, that, unless the re-
quest for bids definitely fixes the rate at which the storage
is to be filled, the temperature at which the fruit goes into
storage, the temperature at which the storage is to be held,

— 77 —

thi fSal^tSerlture tVS!"/^ *" ^''-"^ht down to
water avILbirthIre k n„^"i*^ temperature of condensed
be based orequiSnt of tiff**" *** ''''^''^ *^« proposals to
best manufacturm ire incl^npH fl^K '^^T^^' ^ome of our
order to protect their own vf,*/".^* ''i*^®'' conservative in
ment with a margin of slfetlT^^i*'?'}. ^^ P^^Posing equip-
question regSg the accurkcv^r."^7i?^''^ *^«^« ^« ^^
the faithful adherlnc7trthpr/t.L fin- '*'*'"^^^^"™«'^ or
hand instances have been hvLJ^i^^ '^""'£- 9" t^^^ "ther
order to quote an artr»Pf i,,I *^^* *^^ °^ attention where in
woefully Kslze^d uttprif r l^f^ installation has been
age conditions '^'^ ""^'^'^ *« P>"°duce cold stor-

per^tUlrgSally '^Si^^^'T/l^ ^"'^^ *° ^ '«- *«-
refrigeration c^Svwhif^fii ^"^'* .'■^?'^^«s additional
the installation MdwMph^ adds materially to the cost of

each ye^I D^n^g the Seiterirt A^°"/ ^^"^ «""«
very little refrigeration ffneeded^ TM **"* k,**"^*^? P^"°«'
times met by inst^lW two .t^ff /^is problem is some-
handle the pLk load wLn^,^^-*^ °^ sufficient capacity to
times one uKn taki clre "f ^Z ~"^""°"«iy- At other
ating not more?han 16 h^urs per Lv^ Th^^ when oper-
can be materially reduc'eH S;^easSrffi„radirn^

TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF SPRAYS USE

SPREAD-OL

ROTPKn^'?'^*™? 0"' PYRETHEUM, NICOTINE OR

Write for descriptive folder.

Silmo Chemical Corn.

VINELAND

NEW JERSEY

— 78 —

tage of the lower air temperatures at night to pre-cool the
fruit before putting it into storage. The value of this is
shown by the following data: the specific heat of apples is
about 0.9, a bushel of apples weighs 48 lbs., assume that the
fruit comes from the orchard at 75° and that by storing out-
side over night this can be reduced to 65°. Under these con-
ditions the heat removed from 500 bu. of apples would be :

500 X 48 X 0.9 (75-65) equals 216,000 B. t. u.

The capacity of a machine to remove this heat would depend
entirely on the rate at which the cooling is to be done ; if in
12 hours the equivalent tonnage rating is II/2 ; if in 24 hours
only % ton, assuming continuous operation, but in any case
a very sizeable item. Where lower night temperatures can-
not be depended upon for cooling, the use of a precooler room
adjacent to the storage may be advisable. This is cooled to
an intermediate temperature by a separate unit operating
at high capacity and efficiency; a second handling of the
fruit into the storage is necessary. If two units are used one
should have twice the capacity of the other to provide flexi-
bility and lowest operating costs. Because of the many vari-
ables involved, it is difficult to fix the size of machine requir-
ed. Roughly, however, under average conditions and for a
well insulated storage, about 1/2 ton of refrigerating capacity
per 1000 bu. capacity will be satisfactory. On this basis a
10,000 bu. storage would have a 5 ton machine. This would
take care of 500 bu. of apples per day and permit cooling
them to 35° within 24 hours and also take care of heat leak-
age into the storage.

Automatic Controls. Automatic control of the operation
of the refrigeration system is highly desirable and the addi-
tional cost is usually warranted. Developments in this line
have been rapid in the past fev/ years, particularly for units
using Freon where several rooms are handled with one unit.
Like all other mechanical devices, however, automatic con-
trols require careful attention and occasional servicing.
Never, unless the storage is visited at least daily, put sole
reliance in one automatic control. An independent warning
signal that will give an alarm if the temperature should drop
dangerously low — or get too high — should be installed. The
added assurance will give the owner a better night's rest. If
the owner has the time and the inclination, very satisfactory
results can be obtained by manual regulation; in this case
the machine would be provided with independent safety con-
trols to protect the unit but not the contents of the storage.

Landscaping and Painting. The value of landscaping the
fruit storage is often overlooked; grass, shrubbery, and
trees not only have an aesthetic and sales value, but they ac-

— 79 —

tually reduce the refrigeration load during warm weather
In the same way paint is not only a preserfativ™it redu(^s
nio/^uU"?*^ '"• «ie summer provided the proper colors^!
used. White paint absorbs the smallest amountof heat from
the sun. much less than most other colors and conslderlblv
less than aluminum paint. Aluminum S on the other
hand is much better than white paint for the inside of the
storage because it transmits less heat at thiVtemnerature
and also because it gives an attractive finish ^^"'P^^^*"'^

WHEN SHOULD APPLE TREES BE PRUNED'*

F. N. FAGAN, State CoUege, Pa.

to^m-^thX! M^* ^ i?"^ %^ ""^^ ^^ ^PPle orchards
be a ^ihiVnt fi^°'*^ question of pruning the trees will still
oe a subject for discussion. This has been thp ph^p in thl

Zls'tZHitT^''''Z-^^r'' HkirconJlnue in fSturl
years. Much has been published on the subject For manv

n^ h^Pvi Tif-^'*'''^T.' ^^^""^ '^ ^^^ ^s t^ d« summer prun-
mg, however, this practice never developed to any extent As

mv^ers increased their plantings to a la^er numLi of trels

of"lS "SnVr.h"^^' '^^ ^'^^"^. P---^ be^-e more'
wa^sriir'p in ^ ^^^J "T'^^ ^^^ judgment and training
was hcai ce. An owner of a large number of trees was forced
to begin pi-uning as soon as apple hai-vest was over in the
fall, If he expected to get over his trees before the rush of
spring work began the next season. During the last fifteen
years an increasing amount of fall and early SerpiuS

and 19?. t""' ^"^ "^' "^'^^ '^' '^^^'^ wintTrs of iS!
and 1935-36 was any great number of questions raised re-

t^'l'lefr'"' a' ff^'f i^ -^^-ing the wo'rk at ?his s^'o^
the yeai A few of the older gmwers questioned the late
fall prunmg but they were in the minority. It S5 to l<^k
as if the minority was right. ^ ^ ^

tn^fl?£*^^-lu\^^^''^ mentioned, severe winter tempera-
w Lt''''^.'^/^^ ^^^^y snowfalls put a sudden stop to fall
and early winter prumng work in a number of orchards and

DurTn^th^^nnf ^^' ^"'^"."^^^^ ^^' ^«"^^i«^ earinS
^ nnfffi? f ^u""^"^'"^ powmg seasons these owners began

t^ be fouSd ifthp ri^^t '"T'^^.r^^"^' ^^^^^^^ t^^^s ^ere
innpfn ?i^ ^ n ^H ^^"""i^^ "^'^^^'^ *^e t^ees had received prun-

aofu^3^ ^^ ^"^ Ti^ ^'^"^^^' b^^^^^ the low temperatures
occuned. They noted not only winter injuiy to the cam-

Si'^dfe n^\^'''r^. ^."^^ ^^^^'^^ ^^ ^0 healfng, but

extent t^^^^ hlni^V'*"-''^ ^"^"^ ^^^ P^^^^"^ ^^ ^ ^^^ter
Sn^ng "^^ received fall and early winter

^u^foZi^w^l^ seen enough examples of this winter in-
jury following the hard winter of 1933-34 to cause him to

— 80 —

question very seriously the advisability of doing any fall,
early winter, or even midwinter pruning. If man could pre-
dict what kind of temperatures were to follow November and
early December, then fall and early winter pruning would be
safe. Man cannot do this, however.

Besides this "time of pruning*' question, the writer won-
ders whether there has not been developed a trend to over-
prune bearing apple trees. It is true that it is necessary to
do some apple tree cutting in order (1) to keep trees within
working range of height, (2) to keep the spread of branches
from reaching from row to row, thus blocking driveways be-
tween rows, where various orchard tools are used, (3) to
keep the trees from becoming so bushy that good spraying
and thinning cannot be given, and make picking nwre econ-
omical. The writer brings this amount of pruning, rather
than overpruning idea, up for some thinking. Have we been
doing more pruning than is needed to meet the needs of
items 1, 2, and 3, and by so doin^ reducing total yields? Will
the amount of pruning to meet 1, 2, and 3 still produce crops
gi-ading a 85% to 95% U. S. No. 1 pack? The writer be-
lieves it possible.

The cost of pruning bearing apple trees is rather high. It
may be that total production cost can be reduced some if we
give this pruning question some serious thoughts.

*This article appeared in the December issue of the State Horticul-
tural Association News, but is being repeated in order to incorporate
the questions and anffw^ers following the discussion on pruning.

Question 1. What is the effect of painting wounds soon
after cutting?

Griest

Answer: Most wound paints or dressings do not stick or
adhere well to fresh cuts. In most cases the dressings will
adhere better if the wound surface is permitted to dry for a
day or two before applying paint or dressing.

Question 2. What materials would you suggest as wound
paints ?
R. J. Gillan

Answer : A good white or red lead paint made without a
'*dryer". Several makes of tree wound paints are on the mar-
ket made with asphalt as a base. Many of these compounds
are very satisfactory.

Question 3. Which ones stick best on wet wood? What
about durability of compound ?

Griest

Answer: The cold water asphalt compounds seem to
spread over and adhere better to the wet cut than the lead
paints.

— 81 —

A Safener for Lime Sulphur^Lead
Arsenate Spray Combinations

"MAGNETIC" CATALYTIC SULPHUR

For years Apple Growers have
been asking for a pix)duct that
will prevent the damaging re-
action when Lead Arsenate
and Lime Sulphur are com-
bined. In answer to this de-
mand, Stauffer has perfected
"Magnetic" Catalytic Sulphur
which, when added to this
spray combination neutralizes
the injurious chemical com-
pounds that damage your
crops.

Lead Arsenate and Lime Sul-
phur ordinarily react when
used in the same spray tank
and form injurious soluble
arsenical compounds and black
lead sulphide sludge. *'Mag-
netic" Catalytic Sulphur effec-
tively retards this reaction.
It speeds up the normal Lime
Sulphur set and acts as a
spreader and sticker. The
80% pure Sulphur in "Mag-
netic" Catalytic Sulphur also
helps to control scab.

OTHER STAUFFER PRODUCTS

-Swan" Brand nuatine SulDhnr ..11°*^"* ^ Pyrethrum Sulphar Dust

uaunif Buipnnr 'Magnetic" Cryolite-Sulphur Dust & Spray

^maVi^^-v^P. ^"^"^'CAL COMPANY
NATIONAL SULPHUR DIVISION

420 Lexington Ave., New York City

Freeport, Texas

— 82 —

Question 4. Would protection be sacrificed if painting
were delayed until wood had dried ?

Rittenhouse

Answer: Yes, to some extent. But when pruning is done
in the true dormant season there is little danger, for even
then the wounds can be painted before any growth begins.

Question 5. Is it advisable to cut limbs two inches or
more in diameter to stubs two feet long, and cut closely in
spring?

Worthingrton

Answer: Yes. The short stubs in the case of larger
branches would offer protection against winter damage. The
stubs to be removed in the spring period after danger of low
winter temperatures had passed.

Question 6. What experience have you had with Sher-
win-Williams tree paint ?

Voss

Answer: Have had no experience with this make but
would be surprised if it did not prove satisfactory.

Question 7. Any objection to lamp black?

Voss

Answer: We can see no objection to lamp black being
added to a wound paint. A black brush grafting wax con-
taining lamp black has given good results.

Question 8. Were early pruned trees injured?

Musser

Answer: Yes, trees pruned before the low temperatures
showed more damage in many locations than trees not prun-
ed until the following spring period. (Musser) This was
true in our apple orchard.

Question 9. Is there any information on chemical con-
tent of wood as related to winter injury.

Loop

Answer: There likely is a difference but we have no in-
formation along this line that would lead us to believe there
is much we can do about it.

Apple trees that produced extra heavy ci-ops in
the falls of 1933 and 1935 in many cases were winter dam-
aged more by the low temperatures of 1933-34 and 1935-36
than the trees that had been light croppers in the same
years.

Trees of low vigor or poor growth were dam-
aged more than trees of normal or good growth.

— 83 —

Griest

Answer: No, not until after the damage had been done.

tioSs"pr*^1?"- '^'^'^ ^" ""^■t'^^™ ^werB in colder sec-
Gillan

doneTthe iSTeriod^'^AMe.' f '^''' P^T'"« ^« ^''^^^
the recent pr^ticf orPeLylJ^^'^^^^^rr *'^'' ^^ '^^"

?a™re''* "^^ "''"'' ^''' ^"'"^'^^ ^^^' °" «=«'°r?

prot\rU?nl£rShlKu!^i &i-,S ^-

an?2;e"dit\'ain^tK™Ti^ch\"?d^ ^"""^"^ "« -'^*«<'
Linde

litttTinter l™e''c'^nlH''K^"f- ^"^ ™ "^"^ '««=^tions very
been pruned beTorf the lowM^""^ V *^^t^ t^^* ^ad nS^
orchards, while much dL.l ^^'"P^^tures had visited the

ed before thebw "tfmSmK^ecS^lf ""^ °" ^''^^^ P'"-
^.^Question 14. Would summer pruning change the situa-
Linde

ha^lTorbeen J^^tccessftilZ: wP'"'?.' /T'"^^ P'-'"'^"^
doing summer pTu^ng' ""^ """''" ^°^^^^

Question 15. What about late spring •>
Lmde '

pr^nlnrafterthl bSs Urand^h. T ^. satisfactory, but
fold would be a ulue'tZte for mos't 'g^owfrT" '''"" """

saSedS ''• '^''"'•^ ^^^^^ P""-'"^ of peaches be in the
Bingham

— 84 —

Question 17. What is the effect of early pruning of
peaches ?

Griest

Answer : The early winter pruning of peach trees has not
been very satisfactory with us. We would rather do this
work in late winter or early spring. We can tell then more
about the way the fruit buds have come through the winter.

Question 18. Is it advisable to leave brush on the
ground?

Bingham

Answer: In most cases it is not advisable to cut the
brush into short pieces and leave it on the ground.

— 85 —

1937 Membership List

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCLVTION
OF PENNSYLVANIA

Name

Abraczinskas, Andrew
Acme Veneer Package Co.
Adam, J. N.

Adams. B. F, Secy., Peninsula
Horticultural Society

Adams Fruit Packing &
Distributing Co.

Allen, Howard G. & Sons

Allen, S. Guy

Allison, C. K.

Address

Catawissa, R. D. 2
Orchard Park, N. Y
West Chester, R. 5

Dover, Del.

Allison, H. W. Estate

Alpha, William H.

American Cyanamid Co.

American Lime & Stone Co

Anderson, H. M.
♦Anderson, H. W.

Anderson, Ralph W.

Anwyll, Harry L.

Armstrong, Howard
•Atkinson, D. W.

Bache, Carter

Backus, H. E.

Bailey, M. V.

Balderston, Robert

Baldesberger, W. P.

Balmer, Clayton G.
Balthaser, G. W.
Baltzley, S. L.
•Banzhaf, W. H.
Bare, John H.
Barnard, C. P.
Baron, W. E.
Barr, I. C.
Barr, James J.
•Bartram, Frank M.
Bartram, G. Maurice
Baugh & Sons Co.

•Baugher, George L.
♦Baugher, H. G.

Beach, F. H., Secy., Ohio
State Horticultural Society

Bear, Jacob R. ^

Bear, John W.

Bear, Paul A.

Beaverson, Bertha
•BeU, R H.

Bell, S. G.

• Life Member.

Biglerville
New park
New park
Pittsburgh City Home

& Hospital

Mayview
Shippensburg
Lakeville

30 Rockefeller Plaza, N. Y. City

Bellefonte

New Park

Stewartstown

Fawn Grove

Harrisburg

Dallas, R. 3

Wrightstown

78 W Broad Street, Nanticoke

North East

Pennington, N. J.

Falrhope Farm, Glen Mills

Bridgeville, R. D. 2

Manheim, R. l

Wernersville

Gettysburg, R. D.

Muncy

557 Penn Ave., Sinking Spring

Kennett Square « *- &

McKean

Greencastle, R. 2

Narvon

Kennett Square

Vv'est Chester

20 S. Delaware Avenue

Philadelphia
Aspers
Aspers
Ohio State University

Columbus, O. '

York, R. D. 5
York R. D. 5
Mount Wolf, R. D. 4
York, R. D. 7
Bureau of Plant Industry

Harrisburg
West Middlesex

County

Columbia
Chester

Adams

York

York

Allegheny

Franklin

Wayne

York

York

York

Dauphin

Luzerne

Bucks

Luzerne

Erie

Ches.-Del.

Allegheny

Lancaster

Berks

Adams

Lycoming

Berks

Chester

Erie

Franklin

Lancaster

Chester

Chester

Adams
Adams

York
York
York
York

Dauphin
Mercer

Name

Bence, W. A.

Bender, L. J.

Benn, Robert P.

Benner, B. E.

Benner, H. G.

Bennett, Henry

Berlew, George

Bethany Orphans Home

Bickle, F. C.

Bickle, Philip M.

Bingham, W. O.

Bingham, A. H.

Black, H. M.

Black, John W.
•Blaine, George W.
♦Blessing, David H.

Blevins, Lee

Boak, J. A. & Sons

Bock, Walter N.

Bohleyer, Weller

Bolan, H. S.
♦Boles, McClellan T.

Bollinger, George H.

Boltz, Mrs. Maude
♦Boltz, Peter R.

Borland, Stacy

Bountiful Ridge Nurseries

Bovard & Baldwin

Boyd, Paul C.
♦Boyer, John F.
Boyer, Ira C.
Boyer, Jay

Boyertown Fruit Farms
Brace, Harold G.
Brahm, G. W.
Bream, D. M. Co.
Bream, John
Bregger, J. T.

♦Breidenbaugh, H. L.

Breidenbaugh, Herbert

Bricker, Dr. E. B.
♦Brinton, H. C.

Browdowsky, Rudolph

Brossman, Rudy J.

Brown, Bert C.

Brown, C. Earl

Brown, Fred J., Jr.

Brown, H. W.

Brown, M. G.

Brown, J. Turner

Brown, Norman C.

Brown, Robt. M.

Brubaker, Daniel A.

Brubaker, Levi H.

Brubaker, Norman B.

Bruckart, Albert O.

♦ Life Member.

Address

315 S. 5th St., Indiana

AUentown, R. D. 4

Bangor, R. D. 5

Iron Springs

Coopersburg, R. F. D.

Bamesboro, R. D. 2

Dallas, R. D. 3

Womelsdorf

Fayetteville, R. 1

Chambersburg, R. 7

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

Idamar, R, D.

Aspers

North East

Newville, R. D. 1

Stewartstown

New Castle, R. 4

Crafton, R. 8

Troy

Arendtsville

Hanlin Station

New Castle, R. D. 3

317 N. 9th St., PottsvUle

Lebanon

Indiana, R. D. 7

Princess Anne, Md.

655 E. Washington St.,

New Castle
Delta

Middleburg, R. 4
Middleburg, R. 3
Mt. Pleasant Mills
Boyertown
Dallas, R. D. 3
Fayetteville, R. 1
Chambersburg
Orrtanna
209 W. Main St.,

Waynesboro
Boyertown
Utitz

Martinsburg
Hanover
Moscow
Mohnton, R. 2
Marion Center, R. D. 3
Chambersburg
Box 5, Reading
Box 576, Allentown
Fawn Grove
New park

Waynesboro, R. D., Box 285
McDonald
Ephrata, R. 2
Lancaster, R. 1
125 W. Orange St., Lititz
741 First St., Lancaster

— 87 —

County

Indiana

Lehigh

Northampton

Adams

Bucks

Indiana

Luzerne

Berks

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Indiana

Adams

Erie

Cumberlauid

York

Lawrence

Allegheny

Bradford

Adams

Washington

Lawrence

Lebanon
Indiana

Lawrence

York

Snyder

Snyder

Snyder

Berks

Luzerne

Franklin

Franklin

Adams

Franklin

Berks

Lancaster

Blair

York

Wayne

Lancaster

Indiana

Franklin

Berks

Lehigh

York

York

Franklin

Allegheny

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

I

Name

Surkholder, c. L.

Bu5hey, J. B
Bushman, w m
Campbell w c

Coaches, Peter °-
Coates, w. B
Coble, ValUe
Cochran a. rxr

Address

J^khannock

B^IerviJir'*^' layette, Ind

^cKnig-htstown r T^ .
Jamestown, a b i * ^

Staunton, Va.

County

J-uzerne
A-ancaster

Adanas
Adams
J^ercer

^oe. J. B.
^offroad, L. c

Coon. Harvey
Coon, Sam ^
Cooper, c. a.
Cope. F. R.'^ir

S^'-sen, Isaac*

Cox, J. w

Crawford Bros.
Creamer, s. o.

Cnssman,'wm

Cnsweu. r. t.
Crone, A. R.

)-rossman p o
•Crouse,E:5S-

Crowelj A jL ^
•CummWs • tJ'^
Cutaway L-JefP^ F.

CutJer tL ^'^^'^ Co.
♦no ' -Joseph S
^avenport Fi.^^'
^avidson i^^S'^'^e

^avis, E.Ng
lip HU^S, s.
^eaJ. R. E

^eemer, a. p
• ^^e Member.

franklin
Luzerne

^ontg-omerir

l^^vrence

Wayne

J-ackawanna
Pauphin^^

Lehigh

Chester
^diana
Adams
Erie

pancaster

^diana

Luzerne

^ackawanna

S^fbersburg-
Shickshinny, I. 3

Cherry Tree R n

Gardners ^- •^•
^orth Girard
l^evv HoUand. r 2
S^eJocta. R. 3 **• ^
Wyoming-, r. j^

Dimock^'^^^ ^ve.. CoHipoiia An'^r^'^

Wyoming r n s, 1^^^^"^

JJartinsburg r' n o L^f^^^^

^ew C&<itif'y?" ^- 2 Luzerne

^107 W iCto ^- ^- i J^awrence

Indiana " ^<=kiwaiaui

^ New York att ^'''°'- St..
Marion Center r^ r.
J^ertztown. R^^j^- Indiana

Berks

Name

Dennis, A. J.

Dennis Brokerage Co.

Detwiler, D. E.

Dibble, Samuel E.

Dickenshied, F. S.
♦Dickinson, B. M.

Difenderfer, Geo.
♦Dill, Robert

Ditzler, Paul

Diven, J. L.

Dixon, Chas.

Dixon, Billie

Druck, Albert

Duncan, Miss Eleanor C.
♦Dunlap, James M.
♦Dunlap, R. Bruce

Diehl, J. M., Secy.-Treas.,
East Central Fruit Growers
Production Credit Assn.

Eastern States Farmer's

Exchange
Ebel, Clem H.
Ebersole, Amos R.
Ebling, Aaron
Eddinger, A. G.
Edgerton, J. Russell
E^dminston, William
Eichner, Michael
Elbell, Geo. H.
Enck, Warren
Erb Bros.
Esheman, John E.
Etter, Frank L. & E. C.
Evans, Roland

Address

Zionsville, R. 1

204 Franklin St., N. Y. City

Penn Rim

Shelocta, R. 1

Zionsville

5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh

741 Walnut St., Allentown

North East

Gardners, R, 1

Livermore

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

Hellam, R. 1

323 E. King St., Shippensburg

Shippensburg, R. D. 2

Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg

J

49 N. Jonathan St.,
Hagerstown, Md.

♦Evans, W. H.
Everhart, W. J.
Fagan, F. H.
Farley, A. J., Secy., N. J.

State Horticultural Society New Brunswick, N. J

Springfield, Mass.

Mars

Elizabethtown

Reading, R. D. 2

Hillcrest Avenue, Shavertown

Westtown

New Wilmington, R. D.

Wexford

Rossiter, R. D. 1

Biglerville

305 E. Front St., Lititz

Florin

Chambersburg, R. 3

Longwood Farms,

Kennett Square
Plains ville
York, R. 3
State College

County

Lehigh

Indiana

Indiana

Lehigh

Allegheny

Lehigh

Erie

Adams

Indiana

Franklin

Franklin

York

Cumberland

Cumberland

Dauphin

Franklin

Allegheny

Lancaster

Berks

Luzerne

Chester

Lawrence

Allegheny

Indiana

Adams

Lancaster

Lancaster

Franklin

Ches.-Del.
Luzerne
York
Centre

Feldman, Chas. S.
Felty, G. B. O.
Fenstermacher, P. S.
Ferguson, Geo. K. S.

Ferguson, T. W.

Fetterman, J. Gordon

Fisher, Fred

Fisher, Fred

Fisher, Isaac
♦Fletcher, S. W.

Flinchbaugh, H. H.

Flinchbaugh, J. J.

Flora Orchard Co.

Forry, S. E.

Frantz, S, P.
♦Freed, A. J.

• Life Member.

Chambersburg, R. 6
Millersville
Allentown, R. 3
Baltimore Paper Box Co.,

Key Highw'y, Baltimore, Md.
Fairview
Media

Wemersville
Franklin, R. D.
Gordonville
State College
Logan ville
Logan ville
Wrightsville
Ephrata, R. 1
Tmcksville, R. D.
Racine

Franklin

Lancaster

Lehigh

Erie

Delaware

Berks

Venango

Lancaster

Centre

York

York

York

Lancaster

Luzerne

Beaver

— 89 —

Name

♦Freed, W. A.
French, A. L., Secy., N. H.

Horticultural Society
Frey, H. E.
Fry, John L.

Funk, Sheldon
Gackenbach, C A.
Gantert, Theo.
Garber, Henry F.
Gardenhour, G. W.
♦Garrahan, R. H.
Garrettson, Donald
Garrettson, Robert
Garvey, Dr. T. Q.
Gaul, Franklin P.
Gay, Arthur
Gehr, Harvey J.
Geiger, Clinton
Geiger, Samuel
Gelwix, John M.
General Chemical Co.
Getz, Kenneth
Gibson, C. V.
Gibson, G. Meade
Gibson, Ira E.
Gibson, W. F.
Gillan, R. J.
Gillan, C. F.
Gillan, G. G.
Glick, Jonas R.
Goldman Package Mfg. Co.
Goldsborough, E. L.
Good, Harvey
Good, Walter
Goodling, G. A.
Gorman, James
Gosart, Chas.
Goshorn, Taylor L.
Gossert, W. E.
Gramm, H, V.
Gray, E. G.

Graybill, C. W.

Graybill, Floyd

Graybill, J. H.
•Griest, Frederick E.

Grimshaw, Harry

Gross, H. S.

Group, Foster C.
♦Grove, W. E.
♦Grove, W. E.

Guyton, T. L.

Haas, William
Haase, Alfred H.
Haase, Herman
Haberman, Mrs. T. C.

♦ Ldf e Member.

Lancaster

Address

Racine

Hennicker, N. H.

Red Lion No. 2

c/o C. K. Whitner & Co.,

Reading
Boyertown
Orefield, R. 1
152 N. Front St., Reading
Mt. Joy, R. 3
Smithsburg, Md.
Kingston
Aspers, R. 2
Flora Dale
443 W. Chestnut St.
Host

Dallas, R. D. 1
Waynesboro
Nefifs

Schnecksville, R. 1
Chambersburg
1 S. Broad St., Philadelphia
North Girard
Connoquennessing
Mercer, R. D. 1
Blairsville, R. 1
Yoe

St. Thomas
St. Thomas
St. Thomas
Gap, R. D. 2
Glassboro, N. J.
Shepherdstown, W. Va.
Lancaster, R. 8
East Earl
Logan ville

9 Hillside Ave., Freeport, N. Y.
Box 261, Shavertown
Box 47, Quincy
Waynesboro, R. D. 1
St. Thomas, R. 1
American Fruit Grower,

Hagerstown, Md.
Middleburg, R. 4
Richfield
Manheim, R. 1
Flora Dale
North Girard
York, R. D. 10
Gardners

120 N. 6th St., Chambersburg
York Springs
Sherwin-Williams Co.,

Bound Brook, N. J.
Coplay, R. D. 1
Narrowsburg, N. Y.
Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1
Baden

County

Beaver

York

Berks

Berks

Lehigh

Berks

Lancaster

Luzerne

Adams

Adams

Lancaster

Berks

Luzerne

Franklin

Lehigh

Lehigh

Franklin

Erie

Butler

Mercer

Indiana

York

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Lancaster

Lancaster
Lancaster
York

Luzerne
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin

Snyder

Snyder

Lancaster

Adams

Erie

York

Adams

Fr€uiklin

Adams

Lehigh
Wajme
Wa3m«
Beaver

Name

Hackenburg, Grant
♦Haddock, John C.
Hafer, Fred
Hafer. Harry D.
Hafer, John A.
Hafer, Quigley
Hafer, Roy
Haim. S.

Hames, Robert B. 3rd
Hall, Joseph
♦Hall, L. C.
Hann, Jesse

Harrisburg Stencil Works
Harrison's Nurseries
Hart, A. L.

Hartman, Clem A.
Hartman, Ernest
Hartman, Scott W.
♦Hartman, L. E.
Hartman, M. T.
Harvey, Clyde
Harvey, H. R.
Hassinger, Sam
Hassinger, H. C.
Haudenshield, Chas.
Haudenshield, Crist L.
Hausman, CJeorge B.
♦Haverstick, Paul E.
Hawkins, E. B.
Hayes, S. B.
Hayman, Guy L.
Heacock, O. J.
Hege, H. P.
Hehnly, J. H.
Heinz, Henry
Heisey, S. A.
Heller, Alex
Helmbrecht, Frank
Hempstead, Walter
Henderson, John G.
Henderson, Lowrie
Herr, C. H.
Herr, I. H.
Herr, J. Z.

Address

Middlebiu-g, R. 1
Wilkes Barre
Waynesboro, R. 1
Fayetteville, R. 1
Chambersburg, R. 5
Chambersburg
Fayetteville, R. 1
Trout Run
Hereford, Box 56
Orrtanna
North Girard
Hunlocks Creek
4 N. 5th St., Harrisburg

Berlin, Md.

Hardie Mfg. Co., American
Hotel, Reading

Cashtown

Biglerville

Palm

Clay

Gettysburg

Northbrook

Foxburg

Middleburg, R. D.

Beavertown

Noblestown Road, Crafton

Mt. Oliver No. 6, Pittsburgh

Coopersburg, R. 2

Lancaster, R. 3

Delta

Enon Valley, R. 1

Northbrook

Biglerville

Fayetteville. R. 1

Hopeland

Narrowsburg, N. Y.

Greencastle, R. 4

Trout Run

East Springfield
River St., Honesdale
E5dri

Stoneboro, R. D.
Lancaster, R. D. 6
Lancaster, R. D. 6
Elizabethtown College,
Elizabethtown

Herrick, R. S., Secy., Iowa

State Horticultural Society
Hershey, H. S.
♦Hershey, H. F.
Hess, Fred E.
Hess, F. M.
Hess, Paul G.
Hess, Ray B.
Hess, R. C.
Hess, T. S.
Hetrick, A. W.
Hetrick, J. Frank

• Life Member.

Des Moines, Iowa

East Petersburg

Hamburg

Nescopeck, R. D.

601 Main St., Waynesboro

Waynesboro, R. 1

Waynesboro, R. 2

Waynesboro, R. 2

Wapwallopen, Box 27

Beavertown

Beavertown

— 91 —

County

Snyder

Luzerne

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Philadelphia
Adams
Erie
Luzerne

Berks

Adams

Adams

Montgomery

York

Adams

Chester

Clarion

Snyder

Snyder

Allegheny

Allegheny

Lehigh

Lancaster

York

Lawrence

Chester

Adams

Franklin

Lancaster

Wayne

Franklin

Lycoming

Erie

Wayne

Indiana

Mercer

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lcmcaster

Berks

Liizeme

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

FrankUn

Luzerne

Snyder

Snyder

Name

Hicks, William

Higgins. W. A.

Hildebrandt, John A.

Hildebrandt, John E.

Hile, Anthony

Hileman, W. Carl
♦Hill, William D.

Hinnershitz, C. Walter

Hoffman, D. M.

Hoffman, H. L.

Holtzapple, Frank P.

Hood, T. C.
♦Hoopes, Wilmer W.

Hootman, H. D., Secy., Mich.
State Horticultural Society

Hoover Bros.

Hoover, Wm.

Horn, W. H.

Homberger, J. W.

Horner, Winfield G.
♦Horst, J. Morris
♦Hostetler, Abram

Hostetter, C. N.

Hostetter, Dr. J. E.

Houck, Dallas

Houser, Jacob R.

Howard, P. H.

Howatt, Mrs. Maude

Hubbard, E. Stuart

Huber, C. H.

Huber, Herman

Huber, Edwin B.
*Huey, S. R.

Hughes, J. N.

Hunt, N. M.

Hykes, E. S.

Ide, Silas C.

Imswiler, John S.

Ingham, M. M.

Irvin, W. M.

Jackson, C. E. Co.

James, D. M.

James, J. E.

Jefferson, Thomas H.

Jersey Package Co. Inc.

Johnson, John

Johnston, R. S.

Johnston, Rolland G.

Johnston, M. E.
♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C.

Joseph, W. H. & Son

Kams, J. H.

Kaufifman, A. L.

Kauffman, C. B.

Kauffman, J. B.

Kauffman, C. E.

KeU, A. T.

Keim, Milton W.

♦ Life Member.

Address

Honesdale

Dallas, R. D.

Dallas, R. D. 2

Dallas, R. D. 2

Curwensville

New Castle, R. D. 3

North East

1255 Buttonwood St., Reading

Biglerville

Butler, Star Route

Selinsgrove, R. 2

Saltsburg, R. 1

West Chester

East Lansing, Michigan

New Wilmington

Blacklick, R. D., Box 116

Chambersburg, R. 10

Denver, R. D. 1

Gettysburg, R. D.

Lebanon, R. 3

Johnstown, R. D. 3

Washington Boro

Gap, R. D. 1

New Castle

Lampeter

Dover, R. D. 1

Coopersburg, R. 2

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Gettysburg

Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1

232 S. Main St., Chambersburg

New Castle, R. D. 3

Mercer, R. D. 1

New Castle, R. 4

York, R. D. 5

Sweet Valley, R. 1

West Chester

New Castle, R. 5

Marion Center

Chambersburg

Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg

Box 143, Hagerstown, Md.

Wycombe

Bridgeton, N. J.

New Wilmington

New Wilmington, R. D. 1

Hereford

Connoquenessing

Dallas

119 Fulton St., New York City

Chambersburg

Bird-in-Hand, R.D.I

Bird-in-Hand

York, R. D. 7

Majichester, R. 1

Mars, R. 1

Boyertown, R. 2

— 92

County

Wayne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Clearfield

Lawrence

Erie

Berks

Adams

Lawrence

Snyder

Indiana

Ches.-Del.

Lawrence

Indiana

Franklin

Lancaster

Adams

Lebanon

Cambria

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lawrence

Lancaster

York

Lehigh

Adams

Wayne

Franklin

Lawrence

Mercer

Lawrence

York

Luzerne

Chester

Lawrence

Indiana

Franklin

Bucks

Lawrence

Lawrence

Berks

Butler

Luzerne

Franklin

Lancaster

Lancaster

York

York

Allegheny

Berks

Name

♦Keller, Paul J.

Kellow, George H.

Kendig, Dr. J. S.

Kerchner, Harvey T.
♦Kessler, George W.

Ketner, Jacob B.

Kibler, T. F.
♦Kister, U. G.

Klein, Jack

Kleppinger, B. M.

Klipple, J. W.

Knappenberger, Thomas

Knelly, Willis
Knouse, M. E.
Koch, C. H.
♦Koehler, Paulus E.
Kovacs, Rudolph
Krebs, H. B.
Krick, Charles E.
Kuhns, Victor
Kyle, B. Wm.
Lacoe, Nelson
♦Landis, D. M.
Landis, Harry
Landseidel, L. A. & Son
Lapp, John F.
Latshaw, J. E.
Lau, Rev. I. M.
Lau, L. B.
Lau, L. E.

Laudenslager, Martin
LeBoutillier, Chester
Lehman, Elias
Lehman, George
Lehman, S. S.
Lengle, Paul H.

Leiberknecht, M. P.

Leibhart, Lloyd

Leibhart, Samuel H.

Lemmon, D. R.
♦Leonard, F. E.

Lepole, Walter

Leslie, Lee C.

Lewis, Nelson H.

Lewis, Norman

Lewis, S. V.

Lightner, E. S.

Linde, J. Eric

Linville, Arthur S.

Livingood, Mrs. Stella

Long, D. Edward

Long, J. C.
♦Loop, A. I.

Loop, H. S.

Loose, H. H.
♦Lord, John

Lothrop, C. L.

♦ Life Member.

Address

Alder Rim Orchards, Tyrone

Scranton, R. 1

Salunga

Lenhartsville

Tyrone

Wemersville

North Girard

Ettcrs

145 Dock St., Philadelphia

Coopersburg, R. D. 2

Clarks Summit, R. D. 2

Zionsville, R. D. 1

Sugarloaf R. 1

Peach Glen

McKeansburg

826 Washington Ave., Monaca

Orefield

Mercersburg

Reamstown

Allentown R. 3

Zionsville

Clarks Summit, R. D.

Lancaster, R. 7

Girard

Clarks Summit, R. 2

Ronks, R. 1

Marion

715 Manor St., York

East Berlin, R. 2

East Berlin, R. D. 2

Orefield, R. D. 1

Wayne

York No. 5

Hellam, R. 1

Girard

Pine Grove

Mt. Wolf, No. 1

Wrightsville, R. 1

Wrightsville, R. 1

North Girard

Carlisle, R. 1

Akron

2732 N. 45th St., Philadelphia

Pittston, R. 1

Pittston, R. 1

Wyoming, R. 1

York, R. D. 11

Orefield, R. 1

Media, R. 2

Robesonia

Fayetteville

340 E. Liberty St., Lancaster

North East

North East, R. 2

Menges Mills

Wyoming, R. 1

Chipman Chemical Co.,
Bound Brook, N. J.

— SB-

County

Blair

Lackawanna

Lanc€U3ter

Berks

Blair

Berks

Erie

York

Lancaster

Lehigh

Lackawanna

Lehigh

Luzerne

Adams

Schuylkill

Beaver

Lehigh

Franklin

Lancaster

Lehigh

Lehigh

Lackawanna

Lancaster

Erie

Lackawanna

Lancaster

Franklin

York

York

York

Lehigh

Ches.-DeL

York

York

Erie

Schuylkill

York

York

York

Erie

Cumberland

Lancaster

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

York

Lehigh

Delaware

Berks

Franklin

Lancaster

Erie

Erie

York

Luzerne

Name

Lott, R. C.

Lott, William M.

Loucks, Walter

Lowry, C. W.

Lucabaugh, J. W.

Luce, D. H.

Ludt, John F.

Lusk, Fred F.

L.utz, H. W.

McDannel, Edgar C.
♦Mcaelland, J. B.

McClelland, W. C.

McClure Bros.

McClure, Frank

McCormick, C. M.
♦McCormick, James

McE>onald, R. C.

McElhaney, Jos.

McElholt, Ray
♦McFarland, J. Horace

McFarland, Rev. K. W.

McGlnnis, C. R.
♦McGreorge, Mrs. Katherine L.

Mc Henry, Clarence

McHvaine, J. S.
♦McKee, J. M.

McKeehan, James

McKibben, E. S.
♦MacNeal, William H.

McNitt Fruit Farm

McPherson Bros.

McPherson, Roy P., Secy.,
N. Y. State Horticultural
Society

McWhorter, O. T., Secy.-
Treas., Oregon State Hor-
ticultural Society

Mack, J. S.

Mackey, Earl

Maloney Bros. Nursery Co.

Marcks, Miss Vema

Markey, Miss Henrietta

Martin, Wade

Marvil Package Co.

Matthews, W. H.

Mattern, Jos. C.

Maurer, J. Edward

Mauger, Maiuice

Mayer, L. E.
♦Mayer, Guy S.

Mecartney, J. L.

Mechling, Edward A.
*Meehan, S. Mendelson

Meister, Kenneth G.

Mellinger, Jacob D.

MeUor, Wm.

Merring, Guy

* Life Member.

Address

Grettysburg

Gardners

454 Linden St., York

Mount Alto

Hanover, R. 6

Harborcreek

Telegraph Bldg, Harrisburg

New Wilmington

Carroll, Ohio

Biglerville

Canonsburg

Mercer, R. D. 6

Quarryville

New Castle, R. D. 1

Knox Ave., New Castle

Harrisburg

Shlppensburg, R. 3

Franklin, R. D.

Home

Harrisburg

New Wilmingtou

523 Oley St., Reading

Orrtanna

Indiana

Fayetteville

c/o Dairyman Corp. Sale,

Century Bldg, PitUburgh
Honesdale
Fayetteville
Parkesburg
Milroy
Bridgeton

LeRoy. N. Y.

Corvallis, Oregon

Brush Valley

Orefield

I>ansville, N. Y.

401 Chestnut St., Emaus

York. R. 2

Indiana

Laurel, Delaware

Box 313, Salem, Ohio

310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg

Selinsgrove, R. 1

Boyertown, R. 2

Boyertown

WUlow Street, R. 1

State College

Moorestown, N. J.

Newton Square

Chambersburg, R. 6

Lancaster, R. 8

Wayne

Cortez

— 94 —

County

Adams

Adams

York

Franklin

Adams

Erie

Lawrence

Adams

Washington

Mercer

Lancaster

Lawrence

Lawrence

Dauphin

Franklin

Venango

Indiana

Dauphin

Lawrence

Berks

Adams

Indiana

Franklin

Wayne

Franklin

Chester

Mifflin

York

Indiana
Lehigh

Lehigh

York

Indiana

Lawrence

Blair

Snyder

Berks

Berks

Lancaster

Centre

Chester

Franklin

LanccuBter

Delaware

Wayne

Name

Metzler, Harry R.

Miles, H. C. C, Secy., Conn.

Pomological Society
MiUard, H. E.
♦Miller, Amos
Miller, Blaine
Miller, C. Clayton
Miller, C. E.

Miller, Carroll R., Secy.,
W. Va. Horticultural
Society

Miller, Crist

Miller, Clement R.

Miller, Frank

Miller, Frank M.

Miller, Harvey

Miller, H. W.

Miller, J. J.

Miller, John W.
Minnich, C. S.
Misiewicz, Ben

Mitchell, E. B.
Mitterling, John T.
Mohring, F. H.
Mohr, Frank J.
Mohrman, Dick
♦Moon, Henry T.
Moore, M. A.
Moorhead, Douglas
Morris, Robert
Morse, Carl
Morton, M. C.

Moss, Harvey

Mount Breeze Orchard Co.

Mowery, Harold F.

Mowery, N. E.

Moyer, Lee
Murray, George R.

Murphy. P. J.
Murray, Edward A.
Murtolf, C. J.
Musselman, C. H. Co.
Musselman, I. Z.
Musser, Irvin W.
Musser, W. E.
♦Myers, Levi M.
Myer, Reuben
National Sulphur Co. Inc.

Nece. H. J.
Neely, P. A.

♦ Life Member.

Address

Paradise
Milford, Conn.

Annville
Hanover, R. 4
Indiana, R. 4
Marion

820 Mulberry Ave.,
Hagerstown, Md.
Martinsburg, W. Va.

Marion

Orefield

Lake Ariel

Waynesboro, R. 4

Loganville

Paw Paw, W. Va.

Wood Refrigerating Co.,

1539 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh
Ephrata, R. 2
Reading, R. 2
409 E. Washington St.,

Nanticoke
Harrisburg, R. D. 2
Mt. Pleasant Mills
North Girard
Fogelsville
Narrowburg, N. Y.
Morrisville
Lititz

North East
Erie, R. D. 2
New Wilmington
Davison Chemical Corp.,

Rouse Bldg., Baltimore, Md,
Dallas, R. D. 4
Fayetteville, R. 1
12 E. Coover St.,

Mechanicsburg
40 W. Main St.,

Mechanicsburg
Freeburg
298 Philadelphia Ave.,

Chambersburg
White Haven
Punxsutawney, R. D.
Gardners
Biglerville
Orrtanna
Mount Joy
New Bethlehem, R. 3
Bowmansdale, R. 1
Lititz, R. 5
420 Lexington Ave.,

New York City
Fairview
Mercersburg, R. 1

— 95 —

County

Lancaster

Lebanon
York
Indiana
Franklin

Franklin

Lehigh

Wayne

Franklin

York

Allegheny
Lancaster
Berks

Luzerne

Dauphin

Snyder

Erie

Lehigh

Wayne

Bucks

Lancaster

Erie

Erie

Lawrence

Luzerne
Franklin

Franklin

Cumberland
Snyder

Franklin

Luzerne

Indiana

Adams

Adams

Adams

Lancaster

Clarion

York

Lancaster

Erie
Franklin

Name

Neidel, John Jr.
Neiman, Otto
Nelson, Corbett D.

Newman, H. W.

Newman, H. H.

Newton, O. A. & Son Co.

Niagara Sprayer &
Chemical Co.

Nibert, Wm.

Nicodemus, EJd

Niles, Ben E., Secy., Ky.
State Horticultural Society

Nitchman, C. H.

Nolt, Harrison S.

Northrup, H. J.

Noss, J. A.

Ober, Dr. H. K.
♦O'Connor, Haldeman

Omwake & Oliver

Owens, Henry K.

Oyler, George

Oyler, William

Oyler, H. J.
•Page, C. M.

Palmer, Aaron H.

•Pannebaker, William M.
Panovec, Victor
Paradise Orchard
Parker, Captain H. B.

Parker, R. C.

Paschal, John
Paschke, D. C.
Passmore, Norman S.
Passmore, S. S.
Patterson, James W.
Paxson, Edw. M.
Paxson, Samuel L.
Pence Fruit Farm
Pennock, (Jeo. S.
Pennypacker Co.
Peters, C. W.
Peters, A. D.
Peters. Jos. E.
Petton, S. B.
Pheil, Clifton
Pinckney, Will
Poff, Leroy
Poor, D. W.
Porter, H. K. Inc.
Powers, R. A.
Prather, E. M.

•Pratt, B. G.

* Life Member.

Address

Oil City, R. 1
Dover, R. D. 3
711 Evesham Ave.,

Baltimore, Md.
New Castle, R. D. 4
Fayetteville
Bridgeville, Del.

Middleport, N. Y.
Indiana, R. D.
Waynesboro

Henderson, Ky.

Aspers

Columbia

Dalton

New Castle, R. 5

College Ave., Elizabethtown

13 N. Front St., Harrisburg

Greencastle

25 N, Russell St., York

McKnightstown

Arendtsville

Gettysburg, R, D.

Etters

Lancaster Co. AlmshouBe,

Lancaster
Virgilina, Va.
Easton, R. D. 2
618 W. Market St., York
261 Newbury St., Boston,

Mass..
333 Morris Ave., Rockville

Center, N. Y.
Kennett Square
North East
Glen Mills, R. D. 1
Mendenhall
Apollo

Lumberville, R. D.
Doylestown, R. D.
Star Route, New Bethlehem
165 W. Essex Ave., Lansdowne
Emaus
Biglerville
Scotland
Fayetteville
Erie, R. D. 1
St. Thomas
East Springfield
Hiunmelstown, R. D. 2
Narrowsburg, N. Y.
6 Ashland St., Everett, Mass.
Hartwood Farm, Sharpsburg
Dept. of Horticulture,

Nashville, Tenn.
Pratt Chemical Co.,

50 Church St. N. Y. aty

— 96

County

Venango
York

Franklin

Lawrence

Franklin

Indiana
Franklin

Adams

Lancaster

Lackawanna

Lawrence

Lancaster

Dauphin

Franklin

Adams
Adams
Adams
York

Lancaster

Northampton
York

Chester

Erie

Delaware

Ches.-Del.

Indiana

Bucks

Clarion

Ches.-Del.

Lehigh

Adams

Franklin

Franklin

Erie

Franklin

Erie

Dauphin

Wayne

Allegheny

Name

Address

County

:

Pratt, Lee

Chambersburg

BYanklin

Prinn, J. K.

Oak Lane, Philadelphia

Pugh, George C.

Chambersburg, R. 3

Franklin

Quigle, Harvey

Bendersville

Adams

Quigley, Ford F.

Chagrin Falls, Ohio

Raffensberger, Charles

Biglerville

Adams

Raffensberger, H. B.

Arendtsville

Adams

Rahauser, Joseph

Greencastle

Franklin

Raine, J. Tom

Fairview

Erie

•Rankin, Charles C.

The Kenilworth, Alden Park,
Germantown

Rapp, Dr. Ira M.

235 N. 6th St., Reading

Berks

Raynor Bros.

Salisbury, Md.

Reckard, R. W.

Brookline

Ches.-Del.

Reist, Clarence J.

Paragon Nut & Fruit Farm.

Landisville

Tiancaster

Reist, Henry G.

1166 Avon Road, Schenectady,

New York

Lancaster

Reiter, F. G.

Mars

Allegheny

Reiter, Raymond

Mars

Allegheny

Renfrew, R. N,

Fayetteville, R. 1

Franklin

Rhine, H. L.

McClure

Snyder

Rice, Daniel

EUiottsburg

Perry

Rice, John

Penn Rim, R. D.

Indiana

Richards, Frank E.

Clarks Summit, R.2

Lackawanna

Richardson, W. T. & Son

Whiteford, Md.

York

Rick, John M.

EUwood City, R. 1

Lawrence

Rick, Charles M.

431 Windsor St., Reading

Berks

•Rick, John

West Leesport, R. 1

Berks

Riley, Raymond G.

North Girard

Erie

•Rinehart, E. S.

Mercersburg

Franklin

Rinn, J. aoid

Indiana

Indiana

Ritter, Arthur

Allentown, R. 3

Lehigh

Ritter, Astor

Allentown, R. 3

Lehigh

Ritter, Ernest

Winfield, R. D.

Snyder

Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S.

Lorane

Berks

Rittenhouse, S. B.

Lorane

Berks

•Roberts, Horace

Moorestown, N. J.

Roberts, J. Earle

220 Dock St., Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Robinson, Walter D.

EUiottsburg, Box 14

Perry

•Rohde, WUliam

Johnstown

Cambria

Rohrer, Geo. H.

Dryville

Berks

Romig Brothers

Downlngtown

Chester

Romig, E. B.

McKnightstown

Adams

Root, J. W.

Manheim, R. D. 1

Lancaster

Rose, C. S.

Utitz

Ijancaster

Rosensteel, L. C.

Edri

Indiana

Ruhl, Dr. H. F.

Box 236, Manheim

Lancaster

•Runk, J. A.

Huntingdon

Huntingdon

Russell, Harry C.

Castle Shannon

Allegheny

Ruth, Charles

422 Ridge St., Emaua

Lehigh

Rutt, B. T.

Hummelstown, R. 2

Dauphin

Rutter, Mrs. Walter R.

New Holland, R. 2

Lancaster

Sachs, Edward H.

Biglerville

Adams

Sahli, Elmer

Gibsonia

Allegheny

Salsgiver, Andrew

Indiana, R. 7

Indiana

Sankey, H. S.

New Wilmington, R. 1

Lawrence

• Life Member.

— 97 —

Name

Sanford, Donald

Satterthwaite, Lewis P.
♦Satterthwaite, Frederick G.
Schantz, H. A.
Schieferstein, William
Schoelkopf, Carl
SchoU, W. J.
Schoonover, W. E.
Schreiber, Harry F.
Schantz, L. M.
Schrope, John
Schuldt, J. Carlton
Schultz, August
Schultz, Chester K.
Schwitters, H. E. & Son

Seachman, Grcorge E.

Seaman, George
♦Searle, Alonza T.

Seitz, John B.
♦Settlemeyer, C. T.

Shaffer, Harry

Shaffer, Albert

Shaffer Bros.
•Shenk, H. L.

Shattuck, J. H.

Shatzer, P. R.

Shaw, R. C.

Shearer, Walter J.

Sheadle, Misses Adele & Lydia

Shearer, J. W.

Sheble, Earl

Shenk, D. W.

Shenot, C. P.

Shenot, Edward

Sherwood, Earle D.

Shoemaker, Lewis
Showers, Lloyd
Shriver, Gteorge
Sidle r, Anton
Siegfried, A. H.
Sierer, Clark
Sillman, L. E.

Siimo Chemical Co.
Silvis, A. M.
Simmons, Daniel
Simmons, S. L.
Skinner. H. W.
Slade, J. E.
Slade, Martin
Slaybaugh, Glen
Smedley, S. L. Jr.
•Smedley, S. L. Sr.

• Life Member.

Address

Dow Chemical Co., Midland,
Michigan

Newtown

Yardley

538 Hamilton St., Allentown

Leesport

Wernersville, R. 3

Barto

Dallas, R. D. 3

Zionsville

Orefield, R.D.I

Hegins

Elizabethtown

Wyoming, R. 1

Barto

375 Washington St.,

New York City
Windsor, R. D. 1
Honesdale
Honesdale
Rohrerstown
Wilmore, R. D.
Penn Run
Cherry Tree
Gravity
Lancaster, R. 7
Erie, R. D. 6
1307 Scotland Ave.,

Chambersburg
Stewartstown
Vinemont

Jersey Shore, R. D. 4
Vinemont
Hamburg, R. 2
Lancaster, R. 7
Wexford
Wexford
517 Rossiter Ave.,

Baltimore, Md.
Catasauqua
Bethel
Bendersville
York, R. D. 9
Selinsgrove
Mt. Pleasant Mills
547 Frederick St.,

Hagerstown, Md.

Vineland, N. J.

Shelocta, R. 2

Pittsburgh (10), R. D. 6

Pittsburgh (10), R. D. 6

Chambersburg

2303 Allen St., AUentown

Biglerville

Gettysburg, R. 5

Newtown Square

Newtown Square

County

Bucks

Bucks

Lehigh

Berks

Berks

Berks

Luzerne

Lehigh

Lehigh

Schuylkill

Lancaster

Luzerne

Berks

York

Wayne

Wayne

Lancaster

Cambria

Indiana

Indiana

Wayne

Lancaster

Erie

Franklin

York

Berks

Lycoming

Berks

Berks

Lancaster

Allegheny

Allegheny

Lehigh

Berks

Adams

York

Snyder

Snyder

Franklin

Indiana

Allegheny

Allegheny

Franklin

Lehigh

Adams

Adams

Delaware

Delaware

Name

Smith, A. Woodward
Smith, B. E.
Smith, demon
Smith, G. C.
Smith, James E.

Smith, G. E.
Smith, Lawrence J.
Smith, Leonard R.
Smith, Roland M.
Smith, S. A.
Smith, W. A.
Smith, Wm.
Smith, Wm. H.
Smith, Wm. M.
Smith, W. & T. Co.
Snavely, The Misses

♦Snavely, H. H.
Snyder, Fry & Rick
Snyder, C. B.
Snyder, Elmer R.
Snyder, Fred
Snyder, (5eo.
Snyder, John B.
Snyder, Dr. J. C.

Snyder, Simon R.
Spangenberg, M. T.
Soergel, Alfred
Spessard, H. W.
Spiegelmyer, S. W.
Sprankle, Kemp
Stable, Carl
Stark Bros. Nurseries &

Orchard Co.
Starry, Norman D.
Stauffer, T. H.
♦Stear, J. R.
Steele, Emory
Steele, Harold

Stegner, Chas. B.
Stein, Geo. E. & Son
Stein, Henry
Steininger, E. B.
Stitt, L. P.
Stone, Leon
Stonebraker, H. W.
Stoner, James
Stoneroad, S. A.
Stoner, Harry S.
Stoudt, Mrs. UUie K.
Stover, Jacob E.

♦Strasbaugh, E. F.
Strasbaugh, S. E.
Straub, W. D.

* Life Member.

Address

County

Blairsville, Box 76

Indiana

Pittston, R. 1

Luzerne

Nesoopeck, R. 1

Luzerne t

North East

Erie

Four Oaks Farm,

Bethlehem, R. 4

Lehigh

Bethlehem, R. 4

Lehigh

Box 222, South River, N. J.

Garden St., Mt. HoUy, N. J.

Marion Center, R. 2

Indiana

Yoe

York

Trucksville, Box 36

Luzerne

Berwick, R. D. 1

Luzerne

144 Front St., Catasauqua

Lehigh

Orefield, R. D. 1

Lehigh

Geneva, N. Y.

Westmont Fruit Farm,

R. 5, Lebanon

Lebanon

Willow Street

Lancaster

Reading, R. D. 2

Berks

Ephrata, R, 1

Lancaster

Florin

Lancaster

Avonmore, R. D. 1

Indiana

Dallas, R. 3

Luzerne

Yoe

York

Washington State College,

Pullman, Wash.

Ephrata, R. 1

Lancaster

Waymart

Wayne

Wexford

Allegheny

Chambersburg

Franklin

McClure

Snyder

Punxsutawney, R. 1

Indiana

Manchester, R. 1

York

Louisiana, Missouri

York Springs

Adams

LitiU, R. D. 1

Lancaster

Saltsburg

Indiana

Plymouth, R. D.

Luzerne

114 W. Wesley St.,

Jackson, Mich.

Titusville

Venango

Wrightsville, R. D. 1

York

Woodville

Allegheny

Troxelville

Snyder

Blairsville, R. D. 2

Indiana

Dalton, R. 3

Jjickawanna

Indiana, R. D. 7

Indiana

LiUtz, R. 5

Lancaster

New Providence

Lancaster

Orrtanna

Adams

Hamburg, R. 1

Berks

Sprlngwood Farms,

York, R. D. 2

York

Orrtanna

Adams

Guernsey

Adams

Middleburg, R. 3

Snyder

99 —

Name

Strawbridge, N. G.
Strawser, A. A,
Strjckler, D. A.
Strong, T. M.
Strype, Fred C.

Staufflet, Fred
Sutton, C. D.
Sutliff, Dana
♦Swank, Luke H.

Swartz, D. H.

Swartz, Emma

Syling, E. S.

Tarbert, D. F.

Tate, S. C.

Taylor & Ck).

Taylor, Chaa.

Taylor, H. E.
*Taylor, Ralph S.

Thayer, Paul
♦Thomas, Charles L.
♦Thomas, Edwin W.

Thomas, W. W.

Thomford, C. F. B.

Thompson, Ivan

Thompson, Maurice

Titus Nursery Co.

Townsend, E. W. & Sons

Trefethem, Winthrop N.

Trexler, T. A.

Trimble, Edward

Turner, Frank

Tiurell, Elmore
♦Tyler, W. D.
♦Tyson, Chester J.

Tyson, Chester J. Jr.

Tyson, Donald C.
♦lyson, Edwin C.
♦Tyson, WUliam C.

Van Riper, Frederick E.

Vierheller, A. F.

Vincent, C. L.

Vite, J. C.
Vogel, E. H.
Vosler, E. B.
Voss. Walter
Wagener, D. D. & Co.
Wagner, Charles E.
Wagner, Harvey
Wagner, R. K.
Wagonhurst, Anna
Walker, S. B.
Walker, William
Walter, MarUn
♦Walton, Robert J.

♦ Life Member.

Address

Fawn Grove

Mt. Pleasant Mills

Hagerstcwn, Md.

Blairsville, R. D. 1

103 Lafayette St.,
New York City

Fogelsville

Franklin

Shickshinny, R. D.

Swank Hardware Co.,
Johnstown

Clymer, R. D. 1

Spring Grove

New Castle, R. 7

Dallastown, R. D. 1

Erie, R. D. 5

West Chester, R. D.

Biglerville

Biglerville, R. 1

West Chester, R. D.

Carlisle, R. D. 6

King of Prussia

King of Prussia

150 Bayway, Elizabeth, N. J.

Kennett Square

Clarks Summit

Clarks Sununit, R. D.

Waynesboro, Va.

Salisbury, Md.

Elizabeth Farms, Lititz

Selinsgrove, R. D.

Indiana, R. D.

Franklin, R. D.

Noxen

Dante, Va.

Gardners

Gardners

Gardners

Flora Dale

Flora Dale

Allendale, N. J.

Md. State Hort. Society,

College Park, Md.
Washington Hort. Society,

Pullman, Wash.
Rossiter, R. 1
Lancaster, Box 35
Hunlock Creek, R, D.
North Girard
Easton, R. D. 2
McClure

232 Main St., Emaus
New Florence
Bechtelsville, R, D.
Coplay

New Castle, R. 1
Biglerville
Hummelstown

— lOO

County

York
Snyder
Adams
Indiana

Lehigh

Venango

Luzerne

Cambria

Indiana

York

Lawrence

York

Erie

Chester

Adams

Adams

Chester

Cumberland

Montgomery

Montgomery

Ches.-Del.

Lackawanna

Lackawanna

Lancaster

Northumberl'd

Indiana

Venango

Wyoming

Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams

Indiana

Lancaster

Luzerne

Erie

Northampton

Snyder

Lehigh

Indiana

Berks

Lehigh

Lawrence

Adams

Dauphin

Name

Ward, M. R.

Warden, Claude

Watson, R. L.

Way, D. H.

Weaver, E. A.

Weaver, J. B.
♦Weaver, Abram

Weaver, Wm. S.

Weber, Nelson
♦Weigel, H. M.
♦Weimer, E. A.

Weinberger, J. H.

Welshans, D. D.

Welshans, M. O.

Welty, S. N.

Wenger, G. P.

Wemig, Charles M.

Wertsch, Edwin
♦Wertz, D. Maurice
♦Westrick, F. A.

Wheeler, C. B.
♦Whisler, Edgar

Whitcomb, Paul

White, Corry

White, J. G.
White, J. W.
White. Mrs. L E.
Whiting, John
Wickersham, C. T.
Widders, J. B.
Wieland, Carl
Wierman, C. H,
Wilhelm, L. J.
Williams, Luther S.
Wilson, Charles S.

Wills, V. A.

Wilson, David
Wilson Farm
WUson, H. W. Co.
Wilson, J. G.
Winter, J. D.

Address

County

Winner, G. B.

Wink, Edwin T.
Winter, M. L.
Wise, Harvey
Wishard, W. H.
♦Wister, John C.

♦Witherow, R. T.
Witman, John
Wolfe, Charles D.

♦ Life Member.

East Springfield

Erie

Shavertown

Luzerne

Connoque nessing

Butler

Port Matilda

Centre

Fayetteville, R. 1

Franklin

Terre Hill

Lancaster

Scalp Level

Somerset

Macungie

Lehigh

Orefield

Lehigh

Aspers

Adams

Lebanon

Lebanon

Zionsville

Lehigh

Jersey Shore, R. D. 3

Lycoming

Jersey Shore, R. D. 3

Lycoming

Hellam, R. 1

York

402 S. State St., Ephrata

Lancaster

York, R. D. 2

York

Stevens, R. 2

Lancaster

Waynesboro

Franklin

Patton, R. 2

Cambria

Himlocks Creek, R. 2

Luzerne

Etters, R. 1

York

York, R. D. 4

York

Dallas, R. 3

Luzerne

Boyertown

Lehigh

Indiana

Indiana

Jermyn

Luzerne

New Bedford

Tiawrence

East Springfield

Erie

Lancaster, R. D. 3

Lancaster

Box 145, Paradise

Lancaster

Bendersville

Adams

Sharon, R. D. 2

Mercer

Indiana, R. D. 1

Indiana

Oliver Farm Equipment Co.,

58 W. Keller St.,

Mechanicsburg

Supplee-Wills-Jones Milk Co.,

1515 N. 26th St., Phila.

Bridgeton

York

Wilkinsburg, R. 1

Allegheny

950 University Ave., New York

Aspers

Adams

Minnesota Fruit Growers'

Assn., 786 Eustis St.,

St. Paul, Minn.

American Cyanamid Co.,

30 Rockefeller Plaza,

New York City

Lenhartsville, R. D. 1

Berks

Hellam, R. D. 1

York

Commodore, R. D.

Indiana

132 W. Main St., Waynesboro

Franklin

Clarkson & Wister Sts.,

German town

Philadelph

Pimxsutawney

Jefferson

Box 316, Reading

Berks

U. B. Quincy Orphanage.

Quincy

Franklin

— 101 —

Name

Wolfe, Joseph
Wolfe, P.
Wolfe, Walter
Wolff, F. B.
Wolfinger, Don L.
Worley, Edwin
Worley's Nursery
Worthington, Harvey C.
Worthington, H. R.
Wotring, Oscar A.
Wotring, Dewey
Wright, Everett, Secy.,
Indiana Hort. Society
Yerger, C. R.
Yiengst, E. W.
Yoat, A. J.
Yocum, A. H.
Yoder, Ira L.
Yohe, George S.
Yohe, Rev. Jay W.
Young, A. T.
Young, Junius
Young, Miles
Young, R. C.
♦Youngs, L. G.

Zarfoss, J. W.
Zeigler, E. Calvin
Zeigler, J. A. C.
Zook, Amos F.
Zook, I. F.

♦ Life Member.

Address

Allentown, R. D. 1

46 Oxford St., Wilkes Barre

Dallas, R. D. 2

Lima

Chambersburg, R. 1

Mohnton

York Springs, R. D. 1

West Chester, R. D. 2

West Chester

Orefield

Schnecksville, R, 1

Lafayette, Indiana
Apollo, R. D. 3
Gardners

Punxsutawney, R. D. 3
344 S. 5th St., Reading
Middleburg
Spring Grove
Fayetteville
North East, R. D. 3
Narrowsburg, N. Y.
Narrowsburg, N. Y.
Chambersburg, R. 10
North East

Elizabethtown

529 W. Market St., York

York, R. D. 8

Lancaster, R. D. 5

Curryville

County

Lehigh

Luzerne

Luzerne

Delaware

Franklin

Berks

Adama

Chester

Chester

Lehigh

Lehigh

Armstrong

Adams

Indiana

Berks

Snyder

York

Franklin

Erie

Wayne

Wayne

Franklin

Erie

Lancaster

York

York

Lancaster

Blair

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Officers 5

President's Address , 6

Secretary's Report g

Treasurer's Report 9

Reports of Special Committees

Resolutions ll

Legislative Committee 11

Package Standardization 12

Fruit Judging Contest 13

True To Name Fruit Trees 15

The Manufacture of Food Materials by the Foliage of
Apples as Influenced by Spraying and Some

Other Conditions — A. J. Heinicke 16

Soils in Relation to Fruit Growing — Joseph Oskamp 25

Problems Confronting Peach Growers — F. P. Cullinan 39

What "Appalachian Apples" is Doing— Carroll R. Miller 51

Do Pennsylvania Orchards Respond To Potash

Treatment? — R. D. Anthony 58

Notes On Injurious Insects — H. E. Hodgkiss 65

Refrigeration For Fruit Storage— F. G. Hechler 71

When Should Apple Trees be Pruned? — F. N. Fagan 80

Membership List — 1937 86

The talk given by Dr. H. W. Thurston will appear in the Jime issue
of the News Letter.

H

— 102 —

— 103 —

LIST OF ADVERTISERS

PAGE

Adama County Nursery and Fruit Farms 74

Allen Refrigerating Company 28

American Agricultural Chemical Company 26

American Cyanamid Company ^ 38

Appalachian Apples, Inc. 36

Barrett Company, The 64

Bountiful Ridge Nurseries ^. inside Front Cover

Booker, Garnet L. 32

California Spray Chemical CorporaUon 10

Davison Chemical Corporation 22

Dow Chemical Company 46

East Central Fruit Growers Production Credit Association 19

Mechling Bros. Chemicals 15

Myers, F. E. and Bros. Company, The 4

Nash, Duane H. _ _ 8

National Gypsum Company 42

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Co-Operative Ass'n., Inc. 14

Porter, H. K. Incorporated _ 79

Pratt, B. G -Z7.V.VBa'ck"^ver

Rice, True and Rice _ 12

Silmo Chemical Corp. __ yg

Stauflfer Chemical Company 82

United Cork Companies 57

Warner Company Ig

Waynesboro Nurseries inside Back Cover

Wood Refrigerating Company 52

;

;

104 —