"\W«." '11 V. o' ,.:;f:^2r^^^. oi 'j »•»'• ''A?nV, f> " ^ _ %" ^. •(» » • .So \. .•^f^=='. ..^„*c^^ ■*1 ' »• ,'vtr^: •<^'^.„ •'>,^° ' %• too ■'■fiiV *a r "Sa ° -^S 0 » » > ^' ^.•: • «SSo° . »vAr; >^^'^ -vr-^^ '>// ^ ^ ".U flO^oft" •. i>'„''/i^t'J/AoJ «o l:^ihv ^0 » • . o « » » qOuTu ^# ■ i" i/£> '^^^>.— -*f> •..O.OO/V •yn'. *».-iiaA„.«/ -^ n- . .--.'sr'"^**-**^.-^ .^;-^*'- ••■*^-'r \>.o » Vr^' . X '■''*^''' -v*^-- 'i'"^^".! ' — ^' .^%^.,4^-..,,jt!iCro»-*<^<»-^*'***^^ '^■nf „^is-«^ ;»fefr«^'*r-- MICROFILMED 1998 Penn State University Libraries University Park, PA 16802-1805 USAIN STATE AND LOCAL LITERATURE PRESERVATION PROJECT: PENNSYLVANIA Pattee Library Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from The Pennsylvania State University Libraries COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified In the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user maizes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This Institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in Its judgement, fulfillment of the order would Involve violation of the copyright law. Master Negative Number CONTENTS OF REEL 95 1) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 1 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.1 2) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 2 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.2 3) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 3 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.3 4) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 4 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.4 5) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 5 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.5 CONTENTS OF REEL 95 (CONTINUED) 6) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 6 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.6 7) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 7 MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.7 Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 1 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1924 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg095.1 <2076226> * Form:serial 2 lnput:HHS Edit:FMD 008 ENT: 980309 TYP: d DT1: 1924 DT2: 19uu FRE: a LAN: eng 037 PSt SNPaAg095. 1-097.5 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State University, Pattee Library, University Parl<, PA 16802-1805 090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 95.1-97.5 $cmc+(service copy, print master, archival master) $s+U1V4X1924-U14V1X1936+U16V1X1939-U22V1X1945 245 00 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news $bProceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for ... $cpublished by the Association 246 39 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news 246 30 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for ■ • • 260 State College, Pa. $bThe Association 300 V. $bill. $c23 cm. 362 1 Began in 1 924 500 Description based on: Vol. 1, no. 4 (Mar. 1924) 51 5 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1 929- also called 65th annual meeting- 533 Microfilm $mv. 1 ,no.4-v. 14,no. 1 ,v. 1 6,no. 1 -v.22,no. 1 (1 924-1 936, 1 939-1 945) $bUniversity Park, Pa. : $cPennsylvania State University $d1998 $e3 microfilm reels ; 35 mm. $f(USAIN state and local literature preservation project. Pennsylvania) $f(Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm) Archival master stored at National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD : print master stored at remote facility This item is temporarily out of the library during the filming process. If you wish to be notified when it returns, please fill out a Personal Reserve slip. The slips are available in the Rare Books Room, in the Microforms Room, and at the Circulation Desk 650 0 Fruit-culture $xPeriodicals 650 0 Fruit-culture $zPennsylvania $xPeriodicals 710 2 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania 830 0 USAIN state and local literature preservation project $pPennsyIvania 830 0 Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm 590 590 Microfilmed By: Challenge Industries 402 E. State St P.O. Box 599 Ithaca NY 14851-0599 phone (607)272-8990 fax (607)277-7865 www.lightrmk.com/challind/micro1.htm IMAGE EVnLUflTION TEST TARGET Qn-3 1.0 1^ 2.8 16.3 ■ 10 II 4.0 IS. ^ u 1.4 2.5 ?7 I.I 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.25 150mm // /IPPLIED A IIVMGE . Inc ^^^ 1653East Main street \i Rochester, NY 14609 USA := Phone: 716/482-0300 Fax: 716/288-5989 ^ 4S % Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News VOL 1 STATE COLLEGE, PA., MABOH, 1924 »^«>- * Proceedings of the Stale Horticultural Assodation of Pennsylvania for 1924 SIXTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING HELD IN HARRISBURG JANUARY 22-24. 1924 /- V I* Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News Published "by the Association iMued Quarterly »t State College. Pa. Subscription, 60c Entered as second class matter at the Post Offlce at State CoUege, Pa.. Nov. 27, 1923 Acceptance for maUing at special rates of postage provided for In section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized November 27, 1923 Vol. 1 STATE COLLEGE, PA., MABCH, 1924 No. 4 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1924 u^. found by the examinations made in the autumn of 1923, reached a maximum of about 1,500 to the square yard. The injuries to sod in lawns, golf courses and pastures, during the past season, were noticeably more severe than those of previous seasons, and the damage to fruit and shade trees resulting from the attacks of the adult beetles was in the aggregate greater than occurred during any previous year. This is, however, offset to a certain extent by the fact that in the vicinity of Riverton, N. J., where fruit and shade trees were properly and thor- oughly sprayed according to directions, excellent protection of the foliage was secured in many cases ; the injury to ripen- ing fruit, however, was more severe, even where spraying was done in a thorough manner. Progress in control of the insect has been made during the past season. Under experimental conditions, killing of the beetle amounting to something over 50 per cent was secured, but it remains for another season's work on a large scale under satisfactory field conditions to show whether this relatively high average of kill can be maintained in ordinary practice. The introduction of the foreign parasites has been pushed vig- orously with highly satisfactory results. At least one species *of parasite was recovered in the field in numbers sufficient to indicate beyond any reasonable doubt that this species is estab- lished, although, of course, only in very small numbers. It is an encouraging fact, however, that this species is apparently actually established, and proves that the theory of importation, rearing, and distribution of native enemies from Japan is both practical and highly desirable. Several other species of parasites were also imported during the year from Japan, and released in the heavily infested territory of New Jersey, but, of course, it is too soon to secure any evidence as to whether or not they will succeed in establishing themselves. On the whole, however, the results of the parasite work during the year just past have been decidedly satisfactory, and plans are being made to extend the foreign parasite work, and to push this work even more vigorously in the future. The Oriental Fruit Moth This insect is another foreign pest which has become established in this country. Its early history is quite similar to that of other foreign pests which have been introduced and established. It is supposed to have been brought over origi- nally on flowering cherry trees planted in the City of Wash- ington, D. C. It has apparently spread from the point of original introduction during the past five or six years, so that now it occurs in greater or less abundance in a number of states adjacent to Washington, D. C, including Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and ];>ossibly — 6 — others. In Pennsylvania, during the 1923 season, the insect made its first appearance in numbers great enough to cause commercial loss to fruit growers. The estimated loss runs as high as 75 per cent, and reports of 20 per cent damage are quite common. Thus far reports indicate that the pest occurs in numbers sufficient to cause actual commercial damage in Adams, Berks, Bedford, Bucks, Chester, Cumberiand, Dauphin, Delaware, Fulton, Franklin, Lancaster, Montgomery, and York Counties. The greatest damage as reported thus far has occur- red on peach, but in individual cases severe damage to apple and quince has been noticed. Detailed studies of the life history and habits of the insect under Pennsylvania conditions have not been made, but in a general way the life history of this insect is as follows : Life History. Eariy in the spring the overwintering lar- vae pupate in their cocoon and emerge as moths at about tne time the peach is in blossom. These moths lay the first brood eggs on the leaves of the peach. The young hatch in a^w days and cut their way into the center of the developing twig where they feed, cutting away the interior, usually for a dis- SS oflrom one to one and one-half inches. Upon^^^f^^^ the hard wood the larvae leave the injured twigs and go to other twigs. There are probably five broods in a s^ng %season^ A part of the second and all the following broods for the mo?t nart feed in the fruit of peach, qumce and apple On Tefr^t of peach and quince there is little evidence of the rSned^con^^^^^^ of the interior. Injury to apple resembles theso-called^'side worm'* injury. Control Measures. No satisfactory method of control under Pe^ns^vania conditions has as yet been developed^ Son:rder^^^^^^ has been made of the --^t unf r^^^^^^^ conditions, and such recommendations as can be made are h^Tuvok the Virginia work. For the Present ^ower^^^^^^ have had or who fear that they are likely to have trouble fr'om this' insert, will do well to follow the -ntr^^^^^^^^^ ^xrnr. >.olnw kpeninff in mind, however, that the dates as sug- fel eVat'baK vWnia conditions and may not confom exactly to common practice in Pennsylvania. For Peaches, five sprays are recommended, following the commonly recom- i^^dKd accepted spray program for V^'^^^^^-^J^^^, vania as to materials, with the addition of 40 per cent mco S^UIal: (o? its equivalent), diluted at the rate o^ one p^rt of nitotine to 800 parts of spray material. Spray as lollowa. First spray, shuck fall — May 8 to 18. Snd spray. May 29 to June 6. Average date June 3. Sd sp^ayfjune 24 to July 1. Average date June 28. Fourth spriy, July 9 to July 14. Average date July 12. Fifth spray. August 1. 1 In the Virginia work, the basis for the recommendations is the coincidence of the egg-lajdng period of the insect with the proper time for spraying peaches. The nicotine kills the egg and the newly hatched larva, and it is obvious, of course, that in order to secure satisfactory results, the time of appli- cation of the spray must coincide with the egg period and the period of the newly hatched larva. Sufficient investigation has not yet been made, under Pennsylvania conditions, to deter- mine definitely that the commonly accepted time for spraying peaches will coincide with the egg and newly hatched larval stages of the insect, but for lack of definite information on this point, and as an emergency measure, the program given above is recommended, with the hope that by the end of another season definite information will be available on this and other important points in the life history of the insect. In small plantings, a partial control may be secured by pulling off and burning the infested twigs as soon as they are noticed in the spring, while early picking of quinces may prove to be of some protection in the case of this fruit. 8. L. Smedley, Jr.: The county supervisors of Delaware County have made an appropriation of $2,000. This is only a drop in the bucket, but may help. Russell Worthington: With reference to the oriental moth, Mr. Wetherby of New Jersey was out in the orchard one night and he noticed these moths flying around his lantern, so he got several lanterns and put them around his orchard, with small cans of kerosene underneath them. The next morning there were great quantities of moth m the kerosene. He has 55 acres of orchard, and he has put electric lights all through it, at the present time and he hopes to be able to control these moths. C. H. Hadley: The State of New Jersey during the past year has carried on very extensive experiments on the moths and their control, and they have failed to note any particular attraction on the part of the moths to light. In the case which has been mentioned, I feel that there is some mistake. THE UTILITY OP DUST AND SPRAY MIXTURES POR ORCHARD TREATMENT P. J. PABBOT, Geneva, N. Y. Since it has been demonstrated that certain injurious insects and plant diseases are vulnerable to dust mixtures, there has been a steady increasing interest on the part of fruitgrowers, as well as of students in the field of injurious insects and plant diseases relative to the practical value of this system of treatment in combatmg the more important — 8 — orchard pests. In discussing the subject assigned to me it is the intention to confine my remarks largely to the experiments conducted under the direction of our Experiment Station. It should, therefore, be kept clearly in mind that the writer is dealing with conditions that exist in the State of New York and, while some of the statements may apply pretty well to Pennsylvania, they may not fit entirely local conditions in your state. Anyone who is acquainted with the orchard industry in our state can hardly fail to be impressed with the great variety and importance of the pests that attack the different fruits. A system of treatment in order to prove satisfactory for the needs of most growers must take into consideration some very definite requirements, foremost of which in the case of apple orchards are the following : 1. Control of the San Jose scale, leafroUers, red spider, thrips, etc., by means of semi-dormant or delayed-dor- mant applications of strong mixtures of lime-sulphur solution, or a commercial miscible oil, or a home-made oil-emulsion. 2. Control of various fruit and leaf-eating insects, of which the codling moth is probably of the greatest importance. 3. The protection of fruit and foliage from plant diseases, notably the apple scab. 4. Control of various fruit- and leaf-sucking insects such as red bugs, rosy aphis, green aphis, etc. To crystallize discussion on problems that appear to be of chief interest and importance, this paper deals with the fore- going considerations, noting particularly the results of such experiments with dust and spray mixtures in combating spe- cific pests as seem necessary to show clearly the general trend of our studies. Comparative Efficiency of Delayed Dormant Applications of Dust and Spray Mixtures One of the conspicuous defects of dusting as a method of combating the various pests of fruit trees is the lack of reli- able data relative to the control of the San Jose scale. There are, unfortunately, only a few materials displaying a fair rate of toxicity which can be applied in dust form, and at the present time the most promising substances are various granu- lar preparations containing sulfides of different basic elements commonly known as Soluble Sulphur, Dry Lime Sulphur and B. T. S. As generally sold these are too coarse for dust appli- cations, but with special treatment it is possible to reduce — 9 — greatly the size of the particles, thus making the matenals better adapted for dusting. The sulfides considered in this report were specially prepared for our experiments. The ap- pUcations were made to large Baldwin and Greening trees heavily infested with the San Jose scale. As pointed out at previous meetings, dust mixtures applied as a dormant appli- cation when the bark of the trees is dry are not very efEective. For this reason in this series of experiments all treatments with dust preparations were made when the bark of the trees was moist. The comparative effectiveness of dust and spray mixtures applied to 50-year-old Baldwins are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. EPPECTIVENESS OF SXTLPIDB DUSTS AND VARIOUS SPEAYS IN CONTROLLINO THE SAN JOSE SCALE Treatment Amount Per Tree Number of Fruits Counted Percentage Spotted with Scale Dust, Soluble sulphur M « M *< Dry Lime-sulphur M l< « tl " B. T. S. " B. T. 8. Spray, Lime-sulphur (1-8) Miscible oil (6.6-100) Bed Engine oil (3-100) Paraffin oil (3-100) 15 lbs. 25 15 25 15 25 25 gals. 25 " 25 " 25 " 1,134 794 800 521 1,662 834 6,795 2,164 1,656 1,996 98.0 97.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 100.0 41.0 8.00 7.00 10.00 The foregoing data agrees very closely with the results of experiments during 1921 and 1923, all of which indicate that the sulfide dusts as manufactured at present do not afford efficient protection to bearing apple trees. These results lead to but one conclusion; that lime-sulphur solution or oil sprays (in case of badly infested old apple orchards) still stand as the most efficient materials to combat the San Jose scale. Home-Iilade Oil Sprays In this connection it may not be amiss to refer to the home- made red engine oil emulsion for scale control. The rapid de- velopment of the San Jose scale in apple orchards in this state and the reports of the efficient control of the pest with home- made oil-emulsions in the fruit-growing regions of the Missis- sippi valley have prompted many inquiries from our orchard- ists relative to the adaptability of this new spray for this area. The mixtures used in the Station experiments were pre- pared according to the directions of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- mology, which are as follows: Bed Engine Oil, Diamond Paraffin Oil, or oil of similar grade - - - 2 gallons Water J ^^"^^ Potash fish-oil soap 2 pounds These materials were placed in an iron kettle and heated until the contents came to a boil. After boiling for a few minutes the kettle was removed from the fire and the^ entire mixture was emulsified by pumping the liquid twice while still very hot back into itself. The stock emulsion contains 66% per cent of oil. For spraying purposes the dilute mixture should contain 2 per cent oil, and to make a spray of this strength 3 gallons of the stock material were added to 97 gallons of water. The cost of the materials, purchased at Geneva, was as follows: oil, 30 cents per gallon; soap, 6 cents per pound, making the total expense for these two items 66 cents for 3 gallons of stock emulsion. As this quantity is sufficient for 100 gallons of dilute spraying mixture, the cost is approxi- mately % of a cent per gallon. These figures do not represent the total cost as labor and equipment for making the spray need also to be taken into consideration. As has been demonstrated in the past with other oil mix- tures, the spray prepared by the new formula displayed a high rate of toxicity against the San Jose scale. In the tests with old apples severely infested with the San Jose scale, the initial killing of the insect was considerably greater than that of the sulphur sprays and apples from the oil-treated plats at the time of harvesting showed less evidence of reddish discolo- ration. In determining the merits of the new spray for orchard treatment the question of safeness should not be overlooked, especially when oil mixtures are involved. The only indica- tion of injury in our tests was a slight retardation in the opening of the apple buds. This was quickly outgrown, how- ever, and during the summer there was no appreciable differ- ence in the appearance of the trees in the plats sprayed with oil as compared with those treated with other materials. It is, of course, evident that more experience is needed before we can say with any degree of assurance what are the effects of rei>eated treatments on apples, pears and other fruits. Our experience with other oil sprays in the past suggests that apples and pears will probably show accumulative effects of successive applications less rapidly than the stone fruits. In calling attention to the danger of injury from the contin- uous use of oil mixtures, especially of home-made oil-emul- sions, it should be pointed out that the foregoing formula calls for a different kind of oil besides a smaller volume than the mixtures used in previous experiments. What the new spray — 10 — 11 — .1 i will do along this line can only be determined by experience. The extent of damage from oil sprays, especially home-made emulsions, depends on the grade of oil, kind of water, care exercised in preparing the mixture, judgment exercised by the grower relative to the conditions for treating the trees, standard of spraying, etc. With proper equipment the preparation of the emulsion is a comparatively simple matter, no great amount of skill being required. However, we had some trouble with the emul- sions breaking down in the spray tank. The exact cause of this we were not able to determine. The term **red engme oil" is a trade name used by several refiners of oil for sup- posedly the same kind of a product. Our experience shows that '*red engine oil'' purchased from different firms does not always emulsify with the same ease, hence a word of caution : A grower contemplating the preparation of oil emulsions should try a sample first or be sure of the quality of the material before he places an order for a large supply. The recent publicity given to this oil spray in horticul- tural journals and newspapers tends to exaggerate its merits since the public, on the whole, delights in novelties. In this connection growers need to be reminded that, generally speak- ing, oil sprays lack fungicidal properties and are therefore not complete substitutes for lime-sulphur solution. If the San Jose scale is not a serious problem or if it is being effectively controlled with lime-sulphur it is not wise to abandon present spraying practices with respect to the sulphur inixtures. If, however, the scale has the upper hand, which is not infre- quently the case in old apple orchards and spraying with lime- sulphur is not giving satisfactory results, then a late dormant application of the new spray or one of the leading commercial miscible oils for a year or two is worth serious consideration. Control of the Codling Moth with Dust and Spray Mixtures With the possible exception of the leafroUer (Cacoecia argyrospila) there has been no marked difference in the effec- tiveness of standard dust and spray mixtures in combating the common fruit- and leaf-eating caterpillars of apple orchards. Of this class of pests the interest of our growers largely centers on the control of the codling moth. For those who spray the treatments usually provided in spray schedules for the codling moth greatly reduce injuries by this insect, often to negligible proportions, although the degree of benefit may vary greatly, according to the standard of spraying practices of individual growers and to seasonal fluctuatipns in the number of insects. Thorough and careful 12 — spraying each year with the aim of keeping the pest to unim- portant numbers is the best safeguard against the large losses during years when the insect is superabundant. All the treat- ments customarily made to prevent wormy apples, namely, tne calyx spray, the -cover- sprays when apples are growing rapidly, and the August spray, if carefully applied, serve two distinct objects: (1) to keep the apples free or largely free of worms; and (2) to reduce the extent of the carry-over of the pest in the orchard, which largely determines the degree of infestation during the following year. The accumulative benefits due to rigid adherence to high standards are large, as casual observations of well-sprayed and neglected orchards show. If important losses occur they are strong evidence of faulty work or neglect which can best be corrected by the adoption of proper spraying practices. This statement do^ not apply with equal force to orchards, especially during years of small crops and severe outbreaks, which are in close prox- imity to neglected or poorly sprayed plantings or m the neigh- borhood of packing sheds where the accumulation of fruit con- tainers and cull apples favor a large carry-over of the insect. In such situations measures to improve the sanitary conditions would prove a valuable supplement to the usual spraying program. . n i? -j A word about cover sprays during the period of rapid development of young apples. If not inconsistent ^vith the control of apple scab, more pains should be taken than has generally been the case to time the application of the cover sprays with reference to the hatching of the eggs or entrance of the worms into the fruit. In the past the time of applica- tion of the cover sprays has been determined largely by condi- tions with respect to apple scab, which perhaps was wise be- cause this disease is usually more important than the codling moth. "While this procedure has worked fairly satisfactorily during moat years, it is open to serious criticism that the appli- cations may not be made at a time when the worms are about to enter the apples. This is a critical period for a thorough coating of spray materials, and if there is any one refinement of our spray practices that needs emphasis at this time it is, perhaps, a more intensive employment of cover sprays, espec- ially during certain seasons, on account of the difference in the abundance of codling moth "worms". Some practical suggestions relative to the selection, mixing, and employment of spray materials are as follows : « j * Powdered lead arsenate should be light, fluffy, and free from grit to the touch. If it is coarse, reject it. In combi- nation with lime-sulphur or bordeaux mixture, finely divided lead arsenate seems to adhere as well as the paste form. While different brands vary somewhat in their physical prop- erties, the arsenical content is quite uniform. — 13 — I. , V ; IS J •; With respect to dosage, practices vary greatly with indi- vidual growers, ranging from 21/2 to 3 pounds of powdered lead arsenate to 100 gallons of spray mixture. To use less is hardly advisable. i^ • ,n.^ Mixing lead arsenate with lime-sulphur may result m the breaking down of a certain amount of the arsenical. The longer the mixture stands the greater the extent of the reaiist Blixtores (Powdered lead arsenate used in spray mixture at rate of 3 lbs. to 100 gals. Other materials as indicated). MATERIAL Nomber of Trees in Plot M M The Geneva Experiments Spray, Lime-sulphur ♦** Lime-sulphur with casein spreader Wettable sulphur (16 lbs. sulphur, 4 ozs. glue) Wettable sulphur (16 lbs. sulphur, 1 lb. calcium caseinate Dust, Sulphur-lead-arsenate 90-10 " Sulphur-lead-arsenate 90-10 with glue sticker " Sulphur-lead-arsenate 90-10 with casein sticker Check, No treatment 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 Average Number of Apples Per Tree Percentage of Wormy Apples 1,478 5.04 1,082 5.21 1,863 2,689 3,067 3,613 2,749 2,144 4.58 2.65 7.11 9.56 11.92 27.9 The Fungicidal Efficiency of Dust and Spray Mixtures In the field of plant diseases much progress has been made relative to our knowledge of the susceptibility of such diseases as apple scab, leaf-curl, brown rot, etc., to dust mix- tures containing sulphur or copper compounds as their chief fungicidal constituents. To fruitgrowers in Pennsylvania no phase of these efforts is, perhaps, of greater interest than the activities with respect to the control of apple scab, a disease which is presumably as important here as it is in our state. Generally speaking, orchardists in the Hudson River Val- ley have little doubt of their ability to protect their plantings as scab is usually not so difficult to combat; but in the great apple belt in the western area of the state the control of this disease, especially during seasons favorable for its develop- ment, is the cause of great concern to most growers. In tlds area the delayed dormant, pink and calyx applications are to a large extent routine sprays; but in all subsequent efforts there is a growing tendency to time the treatments with refer- — 16 ence to meteorological conditions and development of the apple scab, special instructions being given by the Agricultural Col- lege, which are generally disseminated among the orchardists through the local Farm Bureau. Today, much emphasis is being laid on the importance of making applications in advance of rains and, if there is little leeway relative to time, it is no small task, especially for the owner of extensive plantings, to carry out the operations according to instructions. While dusting makes a strong ap- peal because of its low cost for maintenance and operation of the machine and convenience of manipulation, the ability to cover a large acreage quickly, even though the cost of mate- rials is greater than that of spraying, is a feature of dustmg that has done much to direct the attention of owners of large plantings to this new system of orchard treatment. There is no question but that spraying, if well done, is effective; but orchardists with extensive plantings are generally reluctant to purchase a sufficient number of spraying outfits for their acreage and are disinclined or are unable to secure a large enough crew of capable workmen to conduct the necessary spraying operations. . With the introduction of dust preparations for scab con- trol there has been, as you perhaps know, considerable discus- sion relative to the merits of dust and spray mixtures. As with spraying, applications of dust mixtures have given var- iable results, largely due to such factors as differences m seasonal conditions, location of orchard, susceptibility of vari- ety, skill of operator, etc. In the Hudson River Valley where scab is not so generally feared as in other areas of the state, dusting appears to have given more general satisfaction than in the western apple belt ; although even here, the number of orchardists who dust or who spray in part and dust in part is gradually increasing. However, a certain amount of uncer- tainty is still attached to dusting, there being some doubt of its actual efficiency during seasons when scab is virulent. ^ With most of the spraying experiments at our Station, provision has also been made for parallel tests of dust mix- tures. These are to be conducted for a long term of years and will, we hope, shed light relative to the utility of dust pre- parations for the treatment of the different orchard fruits. The data relative to scab control secured during the past two years are briefly summarized as follows: The North Rose Experiments The data here tabulated represents the results obtained from the third year of experimental effort in a Greening orchard on the farm of E. W. Catchpole and Sons, North Rose, N. Y. Dust mixtures were used at the rate of 4 pounds per — 17 — lit tree and spray mixtures at the rate of 7 1/3 «^}1«^ J^^,^^^^^^^ Kve applications were made with the ^ception of Plat 2 wUch ?e^ceived 14 treatments of 2 pounds each approximately one week apart. The data are presented in Table 6. Table 3. Effectiveness of Dust and Spray Appllcatlcma In Controlling Apple Scab TREATMENT Percentage of Scabby Applei During Check, No treatment Dust, 90-10, no nictoine, 6 applications Dust, 90-10, no nicotine, 5 applications Dust, 90-10, no nicotine, 14 applications, 2 lbs. weekly Dust, 90-10, with nicotine, 6 applications Dust, 90-10, with nicotine, 7 applications Dust, 90-10, with nicotine, 5 applications Dust, Dehydrated copper sulphate, 6 applications Dust, Dehydrated copper sulphate, 5 applications Spray, Lime-sulphur, 6 applications Spray. Wettable sulphur and glue, 5 applications The Hall Experiments These experiments were conducted in a Greening orchard on the farm of Wilson and Jones, Hall, N. Y. Spray mixtures were used at the rate of 10 gallons per tree Five applications were made during the season. Dust mixtures were used at the rate of 2, 4, and 5 pounds, respec- tively, per tree, as indicated in the accompanying tables. Dusts were applied at weekly intervals and according to the spray schedule. Tests were also made of such ** spreaders as calcium caseinate and glue, and the amounts specified refer to the quantity incorporated in 100 gallons of the spray mix- ture. In all the experiments with the ** wettable sulphur sprays, using either sublimed or ground sulphur and with or without lime, calcium caseinate was used as the spreader at the rate of 1 pound to 100 gallons of spray. The data are given in Table 4. 18 Table 4. iSffectlveiiess of Dust and Spray AppUcattons In Controlling Apple Scab TREATMENT Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dnst, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Dust, Check, Lime-sulphur Lime-sulphur with 1 lb. calcium caseinate Lime-sulphur with 2 lbs. calcium caseinate Lime-sulphur with 4 ozs. glue Lime-sulphur with 16 ozs. glue Wettable sublimed sulphur, 8 lbs. Wettable sublimed sulphur, 8 lbs. and lime hydrate 8 lbs. Wettable flour sulphur, 16 lbs. Wettable flour sulphur, 8 lbs. 90-10, 5 lbs. regular schedule 90-10, 5 lbs. regular schedule with calcium caseinate sticker 90-10, 2 lbs. weekly 85-15, 5 lbs. regular schedule 85-15, 2 lbs. weekly 79-13-8, lime, copper, 2 lbs. regular schedule with calcium caseinate sticker 80-10-10, lime, copper, 4 lbs. regular schedule with calcium caseinate sticker 85-10-5, lime, copper, 4 lbs. regular schedule 79-13-8, lime, copper, 4 lbs. regular schedule 77-13-10, lime, copper, 4 lbs. regular schedule 77-13-10, lime, copper, 4 lbs. weekly 77-13-10, lime, copper, 2 lbs. regular schedule 77-13-10, lime, copper, 2 lbs. weekly Green copper, arsenic, lime, 4 lbs. regular schedule Green copper, arsenic, lime, 2 lbs. regular schedule Green copper, arsenic, lime, 2 lbs. weekly Except calyx spray of lime-sulphur, lead arsenate and nicotine Check, No treatment Percentage of Scabby Applet During 1922 2.12 4.82 37^3 32.13 19.81 33.18 46.59 1923 0.67 0.81 0.46 1.44 0.35 2.08 2.03 1.43 1.44 1.65 0.55 0.54 1.55 88.30 12.17 1.35 4.68 5J2 18.89 9.47 9.61 22.66 86.69 p I The Oeneva Experiments These experiments were conducted in a Rome orchard on the Station grounds at Geneva, N. Y. Dust mixtures were used at the rate of 5 pounds per tree and spray mixtures at the rate of 15 gallons per tree. Five applications were made on all plats. The data are given in Table 5. — 19 — s H \\v Table 6. EflecUveness of I>ast and Spray AppUcationB in Ckmtrolllng Apple Scab TREATMENT Check, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Spray, Dust, DuBt, Dnst, No treatment Lime-sulpbur Lime-sulphur with calcium casemate Wettable sulphur, lime and 3 ozs. glue Wettable sulphur, lime and 8 ozs. glue Wettable sulphur, lime and 1 lb. calcium caseinate 90-10 90-10 with glue , 90-10 with calcium caseinate Percentage of Scabby Apple* During 1923 92.10 1.88 0.77 A cf,.^v nf the foregoing data shows that both dust and T^lavpd an almost total loss of fruit from scab, the ditterence fn effectWen^^^^^^^^ dust and spray mixtures for two sue- Sssfve ;^^^^^^^^^ been very slight. Then agam etoanMhe^ r^^^^^^ ^^ j, r ^'y^HrXrd a'nfshS very distinctly the value of the delayed dormant application. ^^^^ ^^ ^^^, In the Tyson orchard the plot in ^ ^^^^^ mant spray was omitted f "T"^^^ "^y*" mi,, ^lot in which the than the one which received ^^ . f P"*^. ^^f g 2% more scab pre pink application was omitted ^owediz^^^ ^^ than the plot sprayed 7 t^^^^^'.^f ^''^P^o^ 7ere omitted layed dormant and the pre P^^^^.^^PPl^hTSwh^^^ received So^ The plotTwhich the delayed dormant spray was omit- ted ;gav^^^^^^^^ over twice as much scab as the plot which "^"^if^rJlv. points which should be noted in regard to theL experiments. "^The pink spray, which has always been considered to be the important scab spray, ^f w^i^^^^^^ should be considered as such, was given m all of the plots The delayed dormant applications were ^^^fj^lf^^^^l 19 when the first leaves were about one-fourth of an men long and had not started to spread. The pre P^^^ffiVere made when the center buds and ^^/f ^^^^^^1/,'^%?^,^ j^^^^^^^ showing pink but before the stems had separated. It is inter- eSral?o to note that an examination of the scab fungus withki the leaves on the ground showed that many spores, although not all by any means, were mature and ^^^dy ^o per- form their mission as soon as the rains occurred which would cause them to be expelled from the old leaves. In this connection the statement should be made that spraying to control apple scab is not a matter of waiting until the buds or the leaves are in a certain condition. It is ot tne utmost importance to keep down initial infection, that is, scab on the first leaves which appear and on the sepals or the hrst blossom parts which appear. Recent work in Wisconsin proves that sepal infection is very common in that state and by pre- venting it the disease can much more easily be kept under control later with the subsequent applications. The important point to remember is that by preventing the early initial inf ec- -^26 — tions you also prevent later secondary infections providing one or two later sprays are given. If the trees can be kept clean of scab until June the writer is of the opinion that no more sprays for scab control will be necessary after that time be- cause the fungus within the leaves in the ground will then be exhausted and there will be no source of infection. Therefore start early in the spring with a delayed dormant application using a good fungicide such as lime-sulphur. If the season gives indications of being a wet one with frequent early rains, a pre pink spray given midway between the de- layed dormant and a late pink, might be of immense value. This spray undoubtedly will not be necessary in some seasons but the period between the delayed dormant and the pink sprays is now considered to be an extremely critical one and a time when the cleanliness of the crop may hang in the balance. A little expense at this time may pay for itself many times over. However, even though the pre pink application is given it should always be followed by the usual pink spray applied just before the blossoms open. This application should nev.er be omitted. In other words plan to give the maximum amount of protection to all new growth as it appears and to make the applications before, rather than after, stormy periods. Question: What formulas did you use? R. C. Walton: Last year we used lime-sulphur altogether on the delayed dormant, and we used the regular dormant strength, depending on what it tested, in the neighborhood of one to eight. Question: Did the omission of the dormant or pre pink spray show the greater effect on the scab? R. C, Walton: The omission of the delayed dormant gave nine per cent more scab than the plot which received all sprays. The omission of the pre pink gave seventeen per cent more. There is more foliage out at that time. The omission of both the delayed dormant and the pre pink gave 24 per cent more scab. Question: How many growers applied both the pre pink and the pink sprays? R. C, Walton: Quite a number, approximately forty. H, C. Brinton: How long is it safe to delay the dormant spray? Professor Parrott: I will answer from the standpoint of the grower and not from the standpoint of the plant disease specialist. In New York, where the Rosy Aphis is bad, we like to put the spray on about the time when the leaves begin to open, and possibly project about half an inch. In order to get the Rosy Aphis, that is the critical period. fflr — 27 — r!i; i i H an inch before applying the spray. PEACH YELLOWS REPORT - 1923 W. A. McCXJBBIN Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry, Harristorg Tn iqs-? Peach Yellows inspection was carried out by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry, Department «* Agn- rXu/e Tn 14 counties - the southeastern part of^^^^^ onvcrma 417 orchards containing 48i,bl4 trees, v^""'"^,. 10fi98 ?r 221% was marked for Yellows (and little peach). Se CO "espoiding figures for 1922 were 14 counties, 422 orch- uTi\fi 442 507 trees 11,052 marked, or 2.5yo. ""^"'^^11^^^^^ of Yellows in trees of various ages in an the^orchards inspected are as follows :- 1 y^^J^J^^'^^^ \ 2 vears 38% • 3 years, .67% ; 4 years, 1.62% ; 5 years, d.bu/c , 6 years, 4 6?% ; 7 yeak, 3.74% ; 8 years, 4.96% ; 9 years and ""^^^ Of^the 417 orchards inspected 86 or over 20% had no Yel- lows; 187 or almost half had less than 1% ; 301 or about three- quarters had less than 5%; 367 or about 6 orchards out of 7 had less than 10% ; 30 had over 20% ; and 6 had over 50%. Yellows inspection was begun about July 15 and continued till the end of September with a few scattered inspections added in October. There were seven men who took part in this work of whom three were altogether employed on it dur- ing the period mentioned, the other four inspecting on a part time basis. 4. v i^ In order to accumulate data on the age of trees at whicti Yellows is most prevalent records were kept of the ages of all blocks of trees examined and the number of Yellows found m each. The necessity of a second inspection is well shown by the additional trees which were marked for disease in nearly all cases where it was possible to go back a second time. The * first inspections are usually made too early to enable one to mark doubtful cases or early stages, and the practise of mak- ing a later visit seems to be a necessity if the Yellows inspec- tion is to fulfill its function. The comparatively numerous cases where Yellows has been found in young orchards leads us to urge special care and dras- tic measures in the early period of orchard growth. There — 28 — has been much suspicion that Yellows trees m young orchards Scate diseased nursery stock. In nearly all cases of this kind however, there was better ground for ascribing such early outbreaks to the presence of diseased trees nearby, and there seems to be little cause for blaming more than a small i^ercent^^^^^^^^ any on the nurseries. While nursery m^^^^^^^^^ o propagation are not always above criticism, yet the facts at hand point to old diseased orchards as the main source of Yellows in Pennsylvania peaches. One would expect that a disease transmitted by bud or knife in propagating would appear afterward in a goodly number of trees at the same time in a planting made from the nursery row. Our inspec- tion does not disclose clear indications of any such conditions, and in general it seems safe to conclude that while cases ot in- fected nursery stock are entirely possible they are not common. The decrease in Yellows in the state since inspection was begun in 1920 has been marked. The drop in the amount of disease in 1923 that might have been expected did not occur, though the percentage of disease was mater- ially less in 1923 than in the previous year. This apparently discouraging feature is in part explained by the fact that about 25 new orchards were included in this year s inspection, and in many of these there was so high a percentage ot Yel- lows that the general average was not lowered as it otherwise would have been. This point is outstanding in Dauphin and Cumberland counties. In these counties 18 new orchards were inspected, and the records in Table 2 indicate 17 orchards with more than 20% and 6 with more than 50%. ^ On the other hand many young orchards showing little or no disease as yet were also included this year for the first time, and these would tend to reduce the average percentage. Even with these points duly considered it cannot be over- looked that the outstanding factor in reducing Yellows in the state is the prompt removal of Yellows trees as soon as the disease is evident. The success that has attended prompt removal in individual cases is certain evidence that if the axe is used quickly and mercilessly all over the state the Yellows disease will soon cease to be an important problem in the peach industry of Pennsylvania. -, i. xi. The inspectors were asked to make special records ot those orchards in which the owners had been careful to remove Yel- lows trees promptly. The amount of Yellows in such orchards in comparison with those where the trees have been allowed to remain is a startlingly clear indication of the success that we can look for when all orchard owners take the same wise action. The fruit growers are coming more and more to value this inspection and there have been a vastly increased number in 1923 who had done a good job of inspection and removal before our inspectors appeared. When we get to the point — 29 — where the growers carry out this idea to such an extent that they will defy our men to find a Yellows tree m their orchards, the disease will soon become of little commercial importance to the state. Summary of Inspection Besolts by Counties for 1928 COUNTY No. of Orchards No. of Trees Inspected Marked for Yellows Per cent with Yellows 1. Adams 58 55,949 948 1 i.oy 2. Berks | 42 1 94,175 1,393 1 1.47 3. Bucks 61 54,460 573 1.05 4. Cumberland 39 1 22,982 697 3.03 5. Chester 13 1 16,113 515 1 3.19 6. Dauphin 41 28,371 1 1,283 4.52 7. Delaware | 10 1 6,090 1 172 2.82 8. Franklin 46 73,743 1,199 1.62 9. Lancaster | 34 32,634 882 2.70 10. Lebanon 19 29,452 1,768 6.00 11. Montgomery | 8 8,200 204 2.48 . 12. Northumberland 5 3,700 298 8.05 13. Perry 2 430 1 0 0 14. York 39 1 57,315 756 1.31 Totals 1 I 14. 1923 417 1 482,614 10,698 2.21 14. 1922 422 442,507 11,052 1 2.5 15. 1921 1 324 1 387,446 17,376 4.45 Number of Orchards with Various Percentages of Disease COUNTY ToUl No. of Orchards Inspected No. with No Disease No. with Less Than 1% No. with Less Than 6% No. with Less Than 10% No. with More Than 20% Adams ( 58 | 14 1 34 50 1 54 | 1 U Berks 42 1 4 1 14 32 1 38 1 2 U Bucks 61 21 30 39 1 43 0 1 0 Cumberland j 39 8 i 18 1 25 33 5 2 Chester 13 1 3 1 8 11 1 0 0 Dauphin 41 13 18 16 29 12 1 4 Delaware ( 10 4 5 7 9 10 Franklin | 46 7 20 37 43 1 0 1 0 Lancaster 34 1 2 1 10 18 1 25 5 10 Lebanon | 19 1 1 2 1 7 1 15 1 3 1 0 Montgomery 8 | 9 | 13 24 | 25 | 0 0 Northampton 5 2 | 2 | 4. | 4 | 0 0 Perry |2 2 2|2|2|0|0 York 1 39 8 | 26 32 | 36 1 0 1923 1 417 86 187 301 | 367 | 30 | 6 1922 1 422 1 79 | | 24 5 1921 1 324 59 | | 41 18 — 30 — Question: How far away from one orchard should another one be to avoid danger of spreading Yellows? W C. McCuhhin: We don't know, because we don't know the cause of Yellows. All we have up to the present tune is experience. This experience is not mine only, but also the experience in other states, that orchards which are 300 or 400 yards distant from another orchard are not in any great dan- cer That does not say that some Yellows may not pass over, but the amount of infection at that distance is likely to be small. Question: How do you determine Yellows on young trees, 2 or 3 years old, before they bear? W. C. McCuhhin: There are certain indications of Yellows which are sure, there are others which are not absolutely cer- tain When the foliage is curled or turned back on the pet- iole and there is no other cause that you can reasonably lay it to, you may be pretty sure that young tree has Yellows. If I had a young orchard which developed anything suspicious of this kind, I would take the unhealthy trees out at once and take no chances on its spreading to other trees. Question: If you remove young trees from an orchard, either one or two years old, that you are sure are infected with Yellows, how soon would it be safe to re-set with other young trees? W. C. McCuhhin: Experience has shown that if a Yellows tree is removed, and you leave the hole there over winter that it is safe to re-plant in the spring in the same spot. That does not guarantee that the tree will not take Yellows. It will have the same chances as other trees around it, which is all you can expect. Question: Is there legislation regulating the removal of Yellows trees? W. C. McCuhhin: The only legislation we have is the gen- eral agricultural inspection which covers the matter thor- oughly. Question: What is the procedure for Yellows removal? W. C. McCuhhin: If the Secretary of Agriculture or his agent finds in any part of the farm any harmful disease or insect, he can order it to be treated, or if it is incapable of treatment he can order it removed. Thereafter one has 10 days in which to remove it, after which time the Secretary of Agriculture or his agent may remove or treat it himself or he — 31 — ii may cause it to be done and charge the costs against the owner. Member: Some years ago, 14 I think it was, I planted 1,200 peach trees propagated by buds from a diseased tree. The tree was on its last legs with Yellows. About 8 per cent of those peaches grew. At the end of 6 years there was not a sign of Yellows in those that grew. Another man who was much interested in Yellows planted 800 and he found that they didn't grow. A recent report from New Jersey indicates they have found that peaches from a Yellows tree, if they grow at all are likely to produce healthy trees. Question: Has the condition of the soil anything to do with the spread of the Yellows? W, C. McCubbin: Yellows has been known in this country for over 130 years. About 40 years ago it became very severe and the United States Government, and some of the state experiment stations, made many experiments on the theory that it was the soil or the fertilizer or something of that kind. They got absolutely no results to indicate that soil had any- thing to do with it. Question: One of the State College men indicated that the stock is infected before we get it from the nursery. W. C. McCubbin: Nursery methods are such that infec- tion can be carried that way, and in all probability in some cases it is, but not nearly as often as is commonly supposed. We don't find young orchards with any large percentage of Yellows, that is up to 2 or 3 or 4 years. Usually they find the disease in bearing orchards with an old orchard which has been infected right beside it but I see no evidence to convict the nurseries of spreading Yellows on any large scale. Sheldon W. Funk : I disagree with Mr. McCubbin on that one point. I believe nurserymen are doing the best that they can under their conditions, but I have seen the stock trees from which they take their buds, and have found those stock orchards polluted with Yellows. I have gone out into the different counties of Pennsylvania and seen trees from that particular nursery in which pretty nearly all of the trees which had gotten to be 3 years or more old had Yellows. A number of years ago I bought a block of Carmen and a block of Belle of Georgia. Today, at the age of 6 years, the Carmen, I presume, are possibly half destroyed with Yellows, and I lost at least 113 of the Belles. At the end of 4 years we began to get Yellows in the Elbertas, showing that it had been carried from the Belle of Georgia and from the Carmen. I am fairly satisfied that it came from the nursery stock. — 32 — W. C. McCubbin: I don't dispute Mr. Funk's statement, but I don't think there is a wide-spread transmission in that way. Question: Can the Yellows infection be carried by beest W, C. McCubbin: The only evidence I know of on that I)oint is some work done in New Jersey 2 or 3 years ago in which they had transferred the pollen from a diseased tree to another for crossing the blossoms. No Yellows developed. The conclusion is that pollen does not transfer Yellows. CONTBOL OF THE EUROPEAN RED SPIDER S. W. PBOST, Penn. State CoUege The European red spider was first noted as a pest on apple trees in Adams county, Pennsylvania. Later it was found abundant throughout the state and is now known to be common throughout the eastern part of the United States. During the past five years it has been more or less abundant according to seasonal conditions. Hot, dry weather is very favorable for its development. During such summers, an alarm- ing amount of damage has been experienced. Cool rainy weather, on the other hand, is unfavorable for its development, and in fact heavy rains seem to wash them from the trees. In conducting spraying experiments it seems that high pressure is a valuable factor in the control of the red spider. The injury by the red spiders is confined entirely to the foliage. They have never been known to attack the fruit of the apple. The fruit suffers only indirectly through the injury of the foliage. The vitality of the tree is lessened and a pre- mature dropping of the foliage, and in some cases, a premature dropping of the fruit has been noticed. Figures taken at the experiment station show that the size of the fruit is materially reduced in orchards, where a serious attack of the red spiders occurs. VaJuo of the Delayed Dormant Spray There are two avenues of approach for the control of the red spider. The delayed dormant and the summer applica- tions have given satisfactory control. Various miscible oils applied in the delayed dormant give a high percentage of kill of the eggs. It must be remembered that this insect passes the winter as eggs upon the smaller branches of the tree, and it is these eggs that are prevented from hatching by the de- layed dormant treatment. Lime-sulphur, however, has not given nearly as good results as the miscible oils. This can be seen in the following table. — 33 — m\ II 111 Table Showliig tbe Value of the Delayed Donnant AppUcatlom of Several Standaid Siiray Materials to Kill Bed Spider Egga TREATMENT No. Eggs Coonted No. EggB Unhatehed KiUed Soluble Sulphur 3,231 520 16.1 Miscible Oil | 3,047 2,659 1 87.6 Lime-Sulphur 1,405 326 23.3 Miacible Oil 1,619 858 52.5 Lime-Sulphur 4,886 1,671 34.1 Miscible Oil 2,871 2,049 71.4 While the above table gives favorable results, the delayed dormant spray cannot be relied upon to control the red spider because the small number of eggs that hatch are sufficient to re-infest the trees and produce an outbreak later in the sum- mer. It is an excellent means of starting the year with trees comparatively free from red spider. During favorable years little or no injury will result but should the summer prove to be hot and dry, no doubt they will develop in numbers sufficient to be injurious. As the delayed dormant spray is used quite universally throughout southern Pennsylvania, the possibilities of control measures here are encouraging. Value of Summer Treatmients. Summer applications of various forms of sulphur sprays have proved very satisfactory in keeping the pest in control. The sprays must be continued throughout the summer. The complete spray schedule for apple is usually sufficient to keep the red spider in check. Sulphur and lime dusts, on the other hand have given little or no control. The following tables are presented, which are summaries of field notes for a i>eriod of four years, indicating the nature of the control affected. In these orchards from five to six spray applications were made throughout the summer. The value of sulphur was tried in the liquid and the dust forms. The cost of nicotine through- out the summer prohibited its use. Table lUustratliig the Control of the Red Spider SPRAY APPLICATIONS MATERIAL Katura of Control No. of Y—n Triad Ko. of Orchard! B. T. a Good 1 1 I Atomic Sulphur Good 1 1 2 Soluble Sulphur Dry Mix* Good 2 1 1 Fair 1 1 4 lime-Sulphur Good 1 4 3 *A mixture of Sulphur, Lime and Calcium Caseinate. — 34 — DUST APPLICATIONS • MATERIAL Nature of Control No. of Yean Tried No. of Orchards Sul.-Lead 90-10 Little or no 4 3 Pure Sulphur Some on hot days 1 2 SuL-Lime 50-50 Little or no 1 1 Sul.-Lead, Nic. 2% nicotine 90-10 Little or no 2 2 Pure Lime Some when used heavy 1 1 Question: There was quite a great deal said about the red mite; is the red mite and the red spider the same thing! S. W. Frost: The same thing. Question: Is it an improvement to use oil instead of lime- sulphur for the delayed dormant? g. W. Frost: The use of oil in the delayed dormant is a very good thing ; it cleans up the red spiders to a large degree. When we have a wet year we know that we are going to have scabs, and when we have a dry year we are bound to have a red spider and leaf hopper year. Last summer in our section (Adams county) we had a typical red spider and leaf hopper year, but the year before that we had a typical scab year. Question: Is the European red mite, in Maryland, the same as the red spider? S. W, Frost: The same thing. The red spider is not an insect, it is not even a spider, properly speaking. It is called the European plum mite, the European mite, and the red spider. The President: There are a few committees to be appoint- ed, and I will appoint them now. On the Auditing Committee, I will appoint H. A. Schantz, and Mr. W. A. Hess. On the Nominating Committee, I will name Mr. F. H. Passett, Mr. P. S. Fenstermacher and Mr. H. F. Hershey. On the Resolutions Committee, I will appoint Mr. W. E. Grove, Mr. Sheldon Funk, and Mr. W. 0. Bingham. Adjournment. 1 — 35 — 11 I WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION, JAN. 23 Discussion on Construction, Equipment and Operation of Orchard Packing Houses W. A. Hess: We have only about 40 acres of orchard, and we have a packing house that is situated on the side of a hill, which helps out in several respects. We have a sizing machine, of which there are a number of good types on the market, and lug boxes to bring the apples from the orchard. This house is constructed with an upper story capable of holding about 1,000 barrels. I believe that the saving on buying barrels early much more than pays the interest on the investment for build- ing this house. Question: Do you have a concrete floor in it? W. A, Hess: We have a very heavy wooden floor. We have a concrete base where we shake the apples, as it is im- portant that you have a very solid place to shake them down. We have room for about two cars of culled apples. We dump them out on the level, and then the incline of the hill makes a level place to drive over with the load. The President: The Chair at this time would recognize the Honorable W. A. Haines, a member of the House of Repre- sentatives. He is also a member of the Committee which was appointed by the House and Senate at their last session to investigate the needs of the farmer, and I think he can ex- plain what they intend to do to help horticulture. W. A. Haines: I shall take but a few moments of your time to set forth just a few facts with relation to the creation of this Commission. It exists by virtue of a resolution adopted by the last session of the Legislature. Its function is to con- sider ways and means that may in some manner alleviate the depressing and unfavorable conditions that have been facing Pennsylvania agriculture, and devise some method by which the farmer can receive a reasonable profit for his labor, and to report at the next session of the General Assembly, either in the form of recommendations or legislation, or both. The pur- pose of the Commission is to serve the people, and wherever enough interest seems to be shown that would indicate a need for it, to arrange meetings in different parts of the state to discuss what may be proper for the Commission to consider and embody in the report. We invite the participation of all farm organizations, and individuals as well. I am convinced, however, that perhaps the fruit grower may not have suffered as much as the man who has been interested in other lines of farming. I want to thank the Chair for this opportunity of presenting this matter to you. The President: This is an opportunity that probably has never come in such concrete form before, — the Legislature has come to the farm organizations and asked them what they want. This deserves our consideration and our co-oi>era- tion. THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPEBATION OF THE FARM STOBAQE L. M. MARBTiB, Canton, Pa. In the Penn State Farmer of November, 1923, there ap- pears an excellent article by Dr. Fletcher calling attention to the opportunity open to the Pennsylvania apple grower of selling his crop direct from his orchard by wagon or truck. This method of marketing undoubtedly affords the largest profit to the apple grower. By it you save : — Cost of shipping package, Cost of packing, Cost of freight. Cost of commission handler, and you obtain the same market price from the retail grocer to whom you sell which he would pay to the wholesaler to whom the commission handler would sell. This method of distribution, however, necessitates storing on the farm. In no other way is orderly feeding out of your crop throughout the season possible. It brings the apple grower face to face with the necessity to provide such a stor- age, in order that he may reap the largest profit. We will, therefore, consider a storage adapted for the farm, a storage which can be built at a minimum cost, and which yet you can depend upon for holding your apples throughout the entire winter and into the spring. As the easiest and most inexpensive method of handling the crop we will also consider holding the apples in slatted crates just as they come from the orchard and selling in this same crate, taking back the crate. Frost Proof. The first essential for such a storage is that it be frost proof. Whether above ground or below ground the storage room should be frost proof. It should not require artificial heat to maintain temperature during cold winter weather. Storage Cellar. The simplest form of a frost proof stor- age is a cellar. The temperature of the earth three feet below the surface of the ground, never gets down to freezing. --36-~ — 37 — A cellar protected from frost at the ceiling and well under the ground on all four sides will not freeze. It will remam at the temperature of the earth. It is often convenient, however for structural reasons, to build the cellar in the form of what is termed a bank cellar, where one side of the ceUar and one or both ends of the cellar are cut into a bank and the other side is exposed. This is the type of storage room which we will consider. Walls. We will first consider the construction. The wbIIb should preferably be of stone, and as the cellar will be 9 or 10 or 12 feet high, the walls will probably be from 18 to Z^ inches thick. They can be built solid, without requiring nnd- die air space, as there is no disadvantage in allowing the humidity of the earth to pass through the wall and control the humidity of the cellar. This is indeed a decided advan- tage in cellar construction for fruit storage. ^ If stone is not easily secured, interlockmg hollow tile is the next choice of building material. Concrete should be avoided, because a concrete wall tends to dry out the fruit. Floor. The floor is preferably earth vnth concrete truck- ways. The use of an earth floor assists in the maintenance of the desired humidity and prevents shrinking and shriveling of the fruit and loss of flavor. Ceiling. The character of the ceiling will depend upon the type of building selected, whether to serve simply as a one- story cellar or whether the cellar is the foundation of a two or more story building. It is often convenient to build a ware- house or a workroom on top of the cellar. If the cellar is to be a one-story cellar with nothing built over it, the ceiling should preferably be of reinforced concrete. The span of the ceiling, or roof as it then becomes, will usually be such as to require pillars or supports. These pillars or supports should preferably be of fabricated iron with iron beams extending the length of the cellar and supporting the roof. Concrete can be used for this purpose, but it takes up too much room. Wood should be avoided on account of the danger of dry rot. The roof should be water-proofed with asphalt or other suitable material and covered with three feet of earth, so as to make it frost proof. If one or more floors of the building are to be built above the cellar, a concrete ceiling is not necessary, although it is good practice. An ordinary plank floor can be used for the first floor above the cellar, insulating the floor from the cellar by cork insulation. Two inches of solid cork set in hot asphalt is sufficient insulation. If ground cork is used the thickness of the ground cork should be 4 inches. Insulation of the ceil- ing of the cellar is very important. A non-insulated ceiling — 38 — will cause damage. Control of the temperature is much more certain and drying out of the cellar is apt to take place unless the ceiling is thoroughly insulated. Dndns. Care must be taken to locate the cellar on a well drained piece of ground and to thoroughly ditch and drain outside the cellar wall. Interior drains running through the cellar should also be provided, so that by no possibility can there be any water standing on the cellar bottom. Dimensions. It is preferable to make the cellar long and narrow, as this assists in the control of the temperature of the cellar by the earth. Dimensions such as, 25' long X 12' wide x 8' high, 40' '* xl6' *' xlO' *' 80' ** x24' ** xl2' *' 120' ** x30' '* xl2' " may be used. A 12 ft. high ceiling is to be preferred, although 10 ft. is sufficient if 12 ft. cannot be provided. Not necessary to Bank the Exposed Side of a Bank Stor- age Cellar. The exposed side of a bank storage cellar need not be banked up with earth. In a cellar of considerable size the earth banking requires the movement of a great amount of earth. A construction which will give good satisfaction is formed by using furring strips with double board construction and building paper between. Both sides of the walls of the cellar should be thoroughly pointed before double boarding. False Floor. For the storage of the apple crates a false floor composed of 12 in. plank, set 1 in. apart and supported on wooden saw horses 12 or 16 in. above the cellar bottom may be used. The false floor should be made so that it can be taken up in sections and the cellar cleaned after each storage season. In the care of the cellar it will be found that whitewashing once a year is very important. Ventilation. For the ventilation of apple storage cellars it has been customary to use ventilating shafts in the roof, two, three or more shafts being provided in accordance with the length of the cellar, the shafts being usually from 12 to 24 in. in diameter and set at intervals of from 10 to 15 ft. We have found better success in a uniform and thorough cellar ventilation obtained by the use of a large open door in the exposed end of the cellar, where the cellar is built so that the ground level on the outside of the cellar is on the same level as the level of the cellar bottom and the door opens clear to the ground. By a large open door we mean a door at least 7 or 8 ft. wide and 7 or 8 or 10 ft. high. The opening should be large. It is meant that the air movement through the door should be ;i I — 39 — ii •i ii 1 1 !!i m in volume, — in a large mass. The mass movement of air through a large opening is very different from the movement of air through a number of small openings and it is the move- ment of air in large volumes which we desire to obtain. Earth Temperature Controls Storage Temperature. The temperature of a storage cellar closely follows the temperature of the surrounding earth. Since the temperature of the earth is controlled by the temperature of the air, the temperature of the cellar is a mean of the temperature of the outside air extending over a period of days. The temperature of the cellar does not fluctuate, however, as does the temperature of the outside air. During the fall and until cold weather the temperature of the cellar, following as it does the tempera- ture of the earth, will allow the formation of a strong ventila- tion current whenever the outside air is 5 or more degrees lower than the temperature of the cellar. Throughout the nights this will result in strong and rapid and more or less continuous air movement. Through the day, when the tem- perature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of the cellar, a very limited air movement will take place, as there will be no inclination for the warm air, which is lighter, to displace the heavy air of the cellar. Some movement, how- ever, takes place at all times and during the colder nights a very thorough and complete ventilation of the cellar takes place. The cellar opening should be thoroughly screened to keep out mice and rats and also to prevent thieving. When the weather becomes cold it will be necessary, first to close the door during the night and leave it open only during the day and finally to close the cellar doors entirely. In climates where the winters are usually warm, where the temperature of the outside air is not continuously below 30° for more than two or three days at a time, by watching the weather and opening the doors whenever outside tempera- tures permit, sufficient air movement may be obtained to prop- erly ventilate the cellar without the use of a fan. For climates, however, where the winters are rigorous, and where frequently for days and even weeks at a time tem- peratures below freezing may be expected, it is not safe to rely upon the possible ventilation of the cellar by opening the doors. For such climates, the cellars should be provided with forced draft ventilating systems, distributing the air through tile underneath the cellar floor, and provided with suitable means for tempering the ventilating air before it enters the storage room. It would be manifestly unsafe to blow zero air directly upon the apples. With a cellar built in the manner stated, with stone side walls, reinforced concrete ceiling fully frost proofed, false floor and apples stored in crates upon the false floor, with a large open door in the exposed end of the cellar and forced draft ventilation where necessary, loss of apples from rot and mould is practically done away with. Whenever the apple is punctured, as by a crow peck, or bruised so that the skin is broken, it will go down in cellar storage, but the adjoining apple which it touches will not be affected if it has a tight skin. A much greater danger of loss is from rats and mice. Mice damage is apt to be very severe in cellar storage unless constant precautions are taken. It will be found convenient to have an operating room at one end of the cellar or directly connected to it in some way for the sorting of the apples as they are taken out of the cellar for sale, and for doing such other work as comes up from time to time in connection with an apple cellar. This build- ing or room can be any desired dimension. It may be heated if desired, and thus afford means of tempering the air used in the ventilation of the cellar during cold spells. It should not be necessary to depend upon artificial heat to maintain the temperature of the cellar above freezing, which for apples may be set at 29°, although they do not actually freeze until a temperature as low as 28i/^° is main- tained for a period of hours. It is, however, unsafe to intro- duce ventilating air direct from the outside, untempered, when the outside temperature is below 15°. Cellar Temperatures Through the Season. The cellar tern- peratures will rise to 60 or 65 or 70° during the summer, depending upon the location of the cellar. In Northern Penn- sylvania the temperature during the storage season will be somewhat as follows, varying, of course, each year with the season : September, October, November, December, January, February, March, April, May, 60° 55 50 45 to 40 40 to 35 or 30 35 to 30 35 to 30 35 to 40 or 45 45 to 50 In bank cellar storage it h preferable to break the storage just as soon as the frost leaves the ground. After the ground breaks up the fluctuations in temperature are apt to be large and this will have a bad influence upon the fruit, which at this time is thoroughly matured. — 40 — — 41 — ( if li Supplemental Eefrigeration. Now as to the maturity of the fruit in cellar storage and as to the need for an insulated construction of the storage room and the use of ice to keep down the temperature of the room during the fall and until cold weather sets in. Fruit will mature in a storage cellar almost as rapidly as it will in the outside air. We have found by actual test that in our storage cellar, apples got sott as quickly in the first four to six weeks of storage aa if they had been stored at 68^ The maturing processes are not checked until the storage temperature gets down to 62, , ana not then unless the fruit is placed at 32° the same day it is picked. We are now conducting an experiment to determine the effect of storage at 30°. From the experiment as far as it has proceeded it appears to be the fact that where storage is at 30° the fruit can be held four or five days, or even in some cases ten days out of storage between tune of picking and time of placing in storage, without affecting the control of the maturing processes by the low temperature at which the fruit is held. This, however, is cold storage and we are not considering cold storage at this time. For cellar storage, — for storage without refrigeration, — control of temperature during the fall by the use of ice with an insulated construction does not seem to possess sufficient value to justify its cost. Any construction using insulation and some artificial means for cooling at once negatives ventilation with fresh outside air. A great benefit arises from thorough and continuous ventila- tion with fresh outside air and this benefit we believe more than counterbalances the possible holding of fruit slightly harder during the fall if stored at a temperature of from 40 to 45°, the lowest temperature which can be obtained with an ice cooled storage. Preserving the Waxy Coating. The apples as they are picked from the tree are shiny. They glisten. This is caused by a coating of wax, the thickness of which varies with the season, but which is always present on matured fruit. With thorough ventilation which implies the prevention of the accu- mulation of moisture in drops upon the apple during any of the time which it is held in storage, this waxy coating is not interfered with and the bright, shiny, living appearance of the fruit is maintained. Much of the value to be derived from ventilation lies in the preservation of this waxy covering. It is a protection. The waxy coating furnishes no lodging for rots and moulds. I feel also that the maintenance of the waxy coating adds to the freshness of the taste of the fruit although this has not been absolutely determined. It has, however, been determined by experiment that the maintenance of the waxy coating throughout the entire storage period is of value not only to the appearance of the fruit, but to the fruit itself. — 42 — While in cellar storage the apples reach full softness within a relatively short time after they are placed in storage, this does not affect the length of term during which they will remain fresh and bright and salable. Full softness for most varieties is reached withm eight weeks after picking, but the apples according to variety will hold well into the spring before breakdown takes place. The early Fall apples, such as Wealthy, should not be stored at all, and if stored should be disposed of before December. Later apples, such as Wagon- ers, will usually hold through February and well into March. The long keepers, such as Baldwins, should be in good condi- tion when the winter break-up occurs, however late that may be. Not only should the apples keep hard and firm throughout the storage period for the variety, but there should be no shriveling and wrmkling of the skin. The skin should be tight. Importance of Good Color in Storage Fruit. One more point should be stated, and that is that for storage it is of great importance that the fruit be allowed to take on all of the color which the season will permit before picking. Fruit does not become mature until it is thoroughly blushed. Ripe fruit will keep better than green fruit. It will keep better because it is finished. The growing process is complete. It has re- ceived all that the tree can give it. It is ready to leave the tree when you pick it from the tree. The green fruit is im- mature and will shrink and shivel and go to pieces much more quickly in storage. It is important that you store no fruit which has a punc- tured skin. Any fruit which is wormy or which has a crow peck, or which has any other form of skin mutilation should be laid aside and sold direct from the orchard and not put in storage. It is impossible to keep any fruit in storage which IS not perfect fruit. In a properly regulated storage it is possible to keep rots and moulds from spreading so that one defective apple will not harm its neighbor, but the defective apple itself will be sure to go down and become a mush long before the storage term is through. Store nothing but perfect fruit, Store nothing but fruit which is thoroughly blushed, Store in ventilated crates. Store on a false floor above the cellar bottom. Ventilate throughout the entire storage season. These are the rules for successful cellar storage. Question: Do you mean to let that door stay open all the day, regardless of whether the air is warmer outside the cellar or not? L. M, Marble: Yes, sir. — 43 — '"1 !J Question: Open when it is warmer outside? L. M. Marble: Yes. It does seem strange. I have had it very hotly debated, but there is no use of trying to dodge a poSt like^hat, so we have installed a recording thermom^^^ which traces the line of temperature as well as the line of humidity. We leave the door open all day right along. We found the temperature of the cellar, even when we use a fan drawing enough volume of air to fill the cellar 8 or 10 times an hour, would not rise one degree. You must remember that the earth is the chief element of your temperature control in a bank storage, and the temperature of that body of earth back of your stone wall you cannot change. The air that comes into the cellar changes its temperature, and your cellar temperature remains just the same. You cannot lower that temperature any way I know of by putting air through it. I have tried all sorts of ways, but you have just got to take the temperature which you get and be satisfied with it. In September (in my section of the state) that temperature will be from 60 to 65 degrees ; in October it will be around 55, on occasional days 50, or perhaps 45. In November it will go down to around 50 ; in December it will come down to 45. When the end of the year comes your cold weather comes, you have your frost outside and so your cellar temperature will go down to 40, and when you have your cold snaps it perhaps will go down to 34, perhaps 32, rarely lower. I don't think I have had a case where it came down lower than 32. In February it will probably go up to 35 to 37 ; in March it will reach 40 to 45 ; and in April when the frost is breaking and leaving the ground it will go up to 50 to 55, and by that time your apples have got to be moved, because they won't hold any longer. Question: With the large open door you don't have any ventilating pipes in the room? L. M. Marble: Not necessarily. The air goes in at the top of the door and comes out at the bottom of the door. We have traced the course of the air with smoke, and it goes through the cellar and comes back again. It makes every part of that cellar clean and cool and fresh. Question: Do the apples bring as good a price out of farm storage as cold storage? L. M. Marble: It depends upon how you handle your crop. We are talking about a farm storage, and selling your apples out of your cellar throughout the winter. The apples are not suitable for long-distance shipments, they are too soft for that, but my own experience has been, that I get a better price for — 44 — my apples, and I am getting it today, than I was when I put them in cold storage in Elmira, my nearest cold storage point. Considering the cost of cold storage, your net profit is larger. Your price depends upon your competition, but if you have a perfect quality product, as is possible, no cold storage man can offer ai^y better. Question: In using a fan for ventilation, do you run that fan continuously day and night regardless of the outside tem- perature ? L. M, Marble: That is my practice. It is not necessary, but I like the results I am getting, and I am willing to be guided by my results. Question: How large is your fan? L. M, Marble: 42-inch diameter. It has enough capacity, when run at full speed, to change the air in that cellar every 3 minutes, but we run it so as to make about 4 changes per hour. That is enough. Question: How much horsepower does it take? ^ L. M. Marble: About half a horsepower, perhaps a third. It is easy to run with a kerosene engine. I probably would use a one horse or two horsepower unit. That is the smallest size for sale, and it would be ample. I have run it for one winter with a kerosene engine, and it works all right. Question: Do we understand that you draw this cold air supply directly from the outside? L. M, Marble: When the air gets down to a certain tem- perature you cannot allow the fresh air to come in. Your point is that I am using fan circulation to draw the air con- stantly through the cellar, and have not stated that I temper that air. I am glad you brought that out, because where you are using a fan for continuous ventilation, it is necessary to temper your air whenever the outside air gets down below about 15 degrees. In my case I have a room outside of the cellar, right next to it, where I have a stove, and the air in that room is warm. I have the windows arranged so that during the cold snaps, I either draw the air entirely from the warmed room, or partly from the outside and partly from the warm room, or entirely from the outside, so that I can get any degree of temperature that I want. It is not very expensive to keep a stove going, and it does not take very much time. I don't use the stove to heat the cellar, it is not necessary for the cellar is frost-proof; I simply use enough heat to temper the air so that it won't enter the cellar any colder than about 25°. — 45 — Question: Do you supply moisture to the air? L. M, Marble: It is not necessary. When I started these experiments I provided a humidifier, which is a sort of cham- ber filled with a fine spray of water through which we drew our air. I fixed it so that I could keep the humidity about 80 degrees. I found, however, that the apple does not shrivel even when the humidity of the cellar continuously, week after week, is lower than 70 per cent. The apple is in its tight, firm skin with the waxy coating, its luster is bright, it is shiny, and the dry air does not seem to dry that apple out, it does not shrivel. I have a thousand bushels in storage now ; they are not shriveled, and they won^t shrivel during the normal storage period of the variety. If you keep the apple much longer than I suggested, then it will shrivel. If I had any Wealthy, they would be shriveled by this time, but the Wagener, Northern Spy, and Baldwin don't shrivel, provided the apple is well blushed. If you have green apples, they will shrivel after a little while, because the skin is not perfect, it is not finished. They will start to shrivel and go down about this time, but not if they were thoroughly blushed. . Question: When using the second story, for instance, for a packing house, don't you think that a double floor with pai)er between would be sufficient to insulate the cellar? L. M. Marble: I would not advise it. It might do, but I prefer very much to be sure on that point. Two inches of cork is not very expensive ; if laid in hot asphalt it will give a perfect insulation. Question: How many apples will your cellar hold, and how many dollars will it take to build it? L. M, Marble: My cellar is 125 feet long by 25 feet wide, by 12 feet high. It has 24-inch stone walls, it has a reinforced concrete ceiling, and you can pile the apples 5 or 6 crates high. That is about as high as you want to handle them. You could pile them higher if you wanted to. If we fill that cellar entirely full it vnll hold about 10,000 bushels. It would cost around 60 or 70 cents a bushel of content to build the cellar. If your cellar is going to hold 10,000 bushels, I presume it will cost you $6,500 or $7,000. That is the first cost, and after the cellar is built, it does not cost you anything. Question: Do you store your apples in crates? L, M. Marble: I prefer them. If you build them stoat they will last you a number of years. Question: How do you support that concrete roof? L. M, Marble: Reinforced concrete, and we have steel col- umns. If you are going to make a substantial building, you — 46 — will need steel columns with a steel girder the length of the cellar to hold the middle part of your roof. You can use concrete pillars if you want to but they take up too much room. Wood is not to be advised. Question: Why 12 feet high? L. M. Marble: 1 want air above my apples as well as under them. I want to store them 6 or 7 crates high, and if you figure it out you will find that 12 feet is just about what you want. You can use 10 feet, if you want, but you can get more apples in a 12-foot cellar and get more for your money. If you have a 12 or 15-inch air space beneath the floor to start with, a 2-inch floor, then you have a little more than 6 feet clear space, and you can store more apples and can get more for your money if you use the higher ceiling. Question: How about rats and mice? L, M. Marble: You will have trouble if you don't keep a cat. If you keep a cat or two you won't have any trouble, because your false floor leaves plenty of space for the cat to get under it, and the rats and mice will run underneath the floor before they climb up. Question: You would recommend that the false floor be perforated? L, M. Marble: I would recommend your false floor to be put up in this fashion. Use saw-horses, just the ordinary saw- horse built 12 to 15 inches high, and then use 2-inch planks, 6 inches wide, or 8 inches wide. Just lay them on these saw- horses with an inch air space between, and then every summer you can take your floor up, take your saw-horses out, and go ahead and clean up that cellar, giving it a good layer of kalsomine, making it clean and sweet. Question: With the fan, in what direction do you send the air current, away from the door or up towards the door? L. M. Marble: The door is in one end of the cellar, the fan is in the other end, and the fan draws the air through. While your door is open, that is where your air comes from, goes through the cellar and out at the top. When the door is closed then the fan can draw the air from the underground and distribute it over the cellar and it goes out over the fan. Question: In constructing your cellar, using concrete walls, if you have spring water running through to offset the drying effect of the concrete, would that have any effect on the waxy coating of the apples ? L. M, Marble: No. The humidity of the cellar will run up to 95 probably, and sometimes in cold snaps it will run down to 55. The average will be perhaps 75, according to how cold the weather is. — 47 — f Question: If spring water could be introduced would that be satisfactory in offseting that drying effect? L. M. Marble: I never have tried concrete walls in my cellar. I have tried them in other places. I know how a concrete floor acts because I have tried that. The concrete wall may act all right if you offset it enough, but I prefer to use stone, or interlocking tile, and I would recommend those two. Question: With large enough stone, would that counteract the effect of the concrete ? I mean a lot of large stone in the concrete. L, M, Marble: If you are going to build a concrete wall you will find there is a certain limit to the amount of stone mixture you can put into it. I know you can put pretty large stones into the mixture, but I would prefer, and I would recommend the solid stone wall or interlocking tile. Question: Would you say something about the handling of the apples from the orchard to the storage cellar, especially in regards to this feature: Is there any advantage in keeping those apples in a cool place protected from the sun until the temperature drops, until the months of October or November? L. M, Marble: The ideal way to hold apples, if you have the facilities, is to hold them in an open shed, protected from the sun, but with the full sweep of the air on them, until you have to bring them inside for fear of irost. They keep best that way. But if you are picking a large orchard in the mid- dle of October and are afraid of a cold snap and have several thousand bushels of apples, you will have to move some of those in right away. If it is possible for you to leave your apples in the open under a shed they will hold much better that way, than if you put them in any cellar you can make. Question: May I ask about a storage room with a door at each end, — would you advise keeping that open or closed? L. M. Marble: T would open a door at one end, where the prevailing wind comes from, where you would have no sun, leaving it open all day long. I would not have the doors at both ends open all day long, although I don't think it would be very harmful. Question: Do you store apples as soon as they come off the trees, or do you grade them? L, M. Marble: I store apples as they come off the trees. I like to have my apples pretty free from injury, and if your apples have much injury you had better not store them. 48 — Question: Does it make any difference in. which direction the door opens in your storage room? L, M. Marble: I don't think so. I would suggest that you put a thermometer in your cellar and see what takes place. I don't think you will have any change in temperature in your cellar at all, but you may have, and if you have too much change, regulate your practice in accordance with it. Question: Why does not ventilation lower the tempera- ture of the cellar? L. M, Marble: -Watch your thermometer. I don't think you will fiind any difference in temperature. I didn't in mine. I tried every way to get it down, it stays just about so. I thought I surely could move it when I made a change of air every 3 minutes in a cellar containing 35,000 cubic feet of air, and I moved 35,000 cubic feet of air through that in 3 minutes time. I thought I was going to make some change in the temperature of that room, but I didn't. Question: I think you stated your building is 5 times as long as vdde, and half as high as wide. Would that be the ideal proportion? L. M. Marble: If I were building a cellar 40 feet long, I would make it 20 feet wide. If I were building a cellar 60 feet long I would still make it about 20 feet wide. If I were building a cellar 100 feet long I would make it 25 feet wide. If I were building a room 125 feet long I would make it 30 feet wide, because you get a little more capacity for the length of your room. You want to make your building long and nar- row because then you get a better temperature control from the earth. The President: Someone asked to have Doctor Fletcher describe his storage house. S. W. Fletcher: We built a storage house in accordance with plans by Mr. Marble. The building is 72 feet long and 36 feet wide, built into a hillside, soil on the two sides and part of the third side. The walls are of masonry two feet thick, and instead of having ventilating flues on top, and small intakes below, we have only two big doors twelve feet wide and twelve feet high, one on the front, and one on the side. Those doors are kept open during all the fall months day and night. We pick our fruit as late as we dare so it will go into the cellar as cold as possible. Until severe weather comes the doors never are shut. We have iron grating to keep intruders out, and wire netting to keep the mice out, but otherwise they are open all the time. The temperature during November and December in that cellar averaged 38 degrees. Since the cold weather has come we have closed the doors, ii 1. — 49 — but every day except in zero weather they are opened slightly so that there is always a change of air to some extent. Dur- ing the last 6 weeks the cellar temperature has not varied one degree from 30. The conditions are certainly as good as I could ask. Question: What condition causes sweating of apples in common storage, and what effect has it upon the apples ? L. M. Marble: Sweating of apples in common storage is caused by lack of ventilation. It has the effect on the apple of penetrating the waxy coating, and when that happens the apple will go down. An apple in storage is fighting for its life against rots and moulds, and it is a continuous conflict. When the apple sweats and water is on it in drops that fur- nishes the best foundation for rots and moulds and the apple goes down pretty quickly, if there is any weakness in it at all. The only cure for sweating that I know of is ventilation. If you have ventilation you will have no sweating providing the air can get to the apples. That is why I don't store apples in bins. Ventilation would not be of any help at all to bin apples. You have got to put your apples in ventilated crates where the air can get at them and then you won't have the sweating. THE PROBLEM OF THE CLOSE PLANTED OBCHABD 0. J. TYSON, Plora Dale When Dr. Fletcher asked me to prepare a paper on some of the fruit growers problems I replied that next to the one big problem of producing income in excess of expenses, the problem that was bothering me most was that of the bearing orchard which had been planted too close. My observation of many commercial orchards of twenty years and older leads me to believe that others are finding that their trees have been planted much too close. This does not refer especially to filler trees, which are a problem in themselves and which, when removed as they must be sooner or later, are apt to leave an orchard with plenty of room for air, light and growth. It does refer to the orchard which has been planted thirty by thirty feet under conditions where forty by forty feet would have been little enough. I know of some large planting of apple trees twenty-five by twenty-five feet which are almost past producing real good fruit and I have seen trees planted thirty-five by thirty-five feet in deep fertile soil which are nearly as badly off, so the location, soil and variety enter into the problem. The Cause. The filler trees were planted deliberately with the intention of taking them out later and I hope we can have — so- some discussion. Do they actually pay? Should they be re- moved all at once? What is the best and cheapest method of removal? But why did we plant our standard trees so close that within twenty years they would be crowding? It is fairly simple. We are imitative creatures. We do as others do. Those of us who did question and investigate, before the days of large commercial plantings in this state, found old trees of medium size growing in sod, with not much pruning or spray- ing, planted from twenty-five to thirty-five feet apart and apparently not crowding. We measured the distance and planted our young orchard, up hill and down, deep soil and thin, Stayman, Rambo, York and Jonathan all the same dis- tance, I suppose to prove how little we really knew ! Next we started a program of intensive cultivation, fertilizers, cover crops, pruning, spraying to grow the largest and best possible trees, and now we have our problem. Why is it serious for trees to crowd in the orchard? Is it not possible to feed and cultivate sufficiently to keep the trees growing? Probably, but the problem is in the top as well as in the roots. An apple tree growing out alone will bear fruit from bot- tom to top and because of its greater circumference, the lower one-third will bear most of the fruit. Crowd the same tree into an orchard, so close that the sun cannot strike the lower third of the surface, and very soon the growth has slowed down and fruit buds are no longer formed. The bearing surface is reduced by just that much. Such fruit as does set, fails to grow and color and later much of it is bruised or knocked off by teams, sprayers and other machinery. If the tree is kept growing by feeding and cultivating, it is forced up into the air after more sunlight and soon the tree is too high to spray properly and the fruit which it bears is out of reach for eco- nomical picking. But you know most of this already. The Remedy. What is the remedy? How many of us have nerve enough to pull out healthy trees, twenty to twenty- five years old, simply because they are crowding? I fully believe that in some cases this is the only solution and that it will actually pay to remove half the trees. Usually this should be done by removing diagonal rows leaving the trees in a thirty by thirty foot orchard, approximately forty-three feet apart. It is possible and practical to do this removal by de- grees. First selecting the diagonal rows which are to come out and removing part of the top each year by very heavy prun- ing and cutting back and allowing the adjoining trees to grad- ually occupy the space. During the period of removal the doomed tree will bear some of the best fruit of its whole life. This plan can be followed for several years, each year remov- ing more of the top until not enough remains to pay for the space occupied. — 51 — Of course the standard trees should be thoroughly pruned and if some of the lower branches are removed and the re- maining ones well thinned out they can be stimulated back into bearing of good fruit. The real solution of this problem is to be found in plant- ing farther apart and the grower who is about to set out an orchard is much less likely to sett too close and probably less likely to set fillers than the man who planted to to fifteen years ago. The tendency today is much less in the direction of **How many trees will an acre hold?'' and more in the direction of '*How much room can a tree occupy to the best advantage r' It is not possible to set a rule for planting distance, too much depends on soil, location and variety. Stayman, Bald- win and Summer Rambo should probably never be planted closer than 40 ft.; Yorks, Grimes, Rome, 35 ft.; Duchess, Wealthy, Transparent, 25 to 30 ft. But bear in mind that un- der some conditions, even these distances may be too close. F. J, Heacock: Mr. Tyson suggested the cheapest way to remove the trees from the orchard. I should be very much interested in learning that way. I pull them out with a tractor, but I have not tried to pull trees 24 inches across. We hook on with a heavy log chain, put the chain up as high as you can, straighten out your chain until there is just a bit of slack. The first pull will show you where the tree is tight, and you can take the axe at that point and cut it loose. The second pull will bring it out. The President: It seems to me that the most important lesson that we may get from Mr. Tyson's paper is a note of caution in future planting, not to plant too close. PROBLEMS IN MARKETING PENNSYLVANIA FRXHT Discussion Ijed by Porter B. Taylor, Pennsylvania State Bureau of Markets P. R. Taylor: Many of you have not sold the 1923 crop of apples yet, so that you have a real problem in marketing now. Those of you who sold in the fall would seem to have an advantage. There have been a number of cooperative pack- ing associations started in 1923. A committee representing this Association met with similar committees from the three states to the south of us, and prepared what are known as the United States Apple Grades. They have not yet been adopted in Pennsylvania, simply because we wanted to make sure that they are right. They will be adopted in the very near future, however, and will be effective for use in 1924. The question has been raised as to what protection those who pack and — 52-- mark their fruit under these grades, and have it inspected, have against other individuals who use these grade terms, but who may not put the quality of fruit in the package. The law provides penalties amounting to as high as $500, in ex- treme cases, for violations. Perhaps we had better hear of the work of the several new cooperative associations that have been put in operation during the past year. I will call first on Mr. R. J. Gillan, of St. Thomas, to tell us of the work of the Mt. Parnall Coopera- tive Association at St. Thomas which has marketed something like 70 cars during the past year. Central Packing House in Franklin Coimty R, J, Gillan: Our association at St. Thomas started this season. We have 11 different orchards represented, with a membership of about 20. Our farthest orchards are about 5 miles away from our packing house, which is merely a large bank barn that was leased ; it is located on the Lincoln High- way. We have from there a haul of about 3 miles to our railroad loading station. Our object in locating the packing house on the Lincoln Highway instead of at the depot was on account of the roadside market. We have a good outlet for peaches, particularly from the southern sections of Bedford and Somerset counties. The fact is they have trucks coming from Pittsburgh and ligonier, and all that section, taking 50 to 100 bushels of peaches. We grow apples and peaches mostly. We have around 1,500 acres in the organization, probably three-quarters of it in bearing. The trees run in age from one to 25 years. We haul our fruit to the packing house in trucks, and most of the growers do their own transporting to the packing house. The packed fruit is hauled to the railroad station in commercial trucks hired by the association. We were unfortunate the past year in that we had a very bad hail storm on the 4th of July, which caused a considerable higher expense in packing the fruit, as almost all of the fruit that went through the packing house was nicked. We also were handicapped by not having enough orchard boxes. It was our intention to get a manager other than from our own community, but after this storm we thought we would employ someone locally, which we did. We also have the disadvantage of too many varieties. I think we have around 50 varieties of apples, and 4 or 5 varie- ties of peaches. Perhaps 90 per cent of the peaches, however, are Elbertas. With the shortage of boxes and the number of varieties there was considerable confusion many times. Any- body thinking of operating a central packing house of any kind had better bear these two things in mind. We used Fed- — 53 — eral inspection on our apples and peaches and It^-fJ/^ » whole we can say that it is entirely satisfactory. We had and ^m haTe a few'^^laims; I think that this inspection is worth lots to us towards getting our claims. Question: Did you move all of the 50 varieties through the packing house? R. J. Gillan: We had them in the packing house because we had to. P R Taylor: We will now hear from another cooperative group, even smaller than the one at St. Thomas, reported by Mr. H. G. Baugher, of Aspers. Central Packing House in Adams County H G Baugher: Our cooperative packing house is operated by 3 members only. I think we can operate a packmg hou^e iL as well with 3 members as with 20 or 25. It worked out tery satisfactorily. Our apples were picked in bushel baskets in the orchards and hauled to the packing house with wagons or with trucks. The wagons had springs. They were received on a platform 20 by 70 feet. Our packing house is 40 by 70 feet with this platform the entire length of the building^ Any packing house should have a big platform. This platform wiU hold from 5 to 6,000 bushels. Our boxes are all marked with our names, and we divided up this platform into 3 spaces, giving each member something like 22 feet. Every time that member would come in with his fruit his platform was empty, ready to receive his load. If he didn^t have it full he could unload at any time. That is one of the essential points in a central packing house, to be able to unload when you get there. Question: Does the platform have a roof? H. G. Baugher: Yes. That is very necessary. From there our apples go through the grader. We have three sizes, 234 to 21/2 inches, 2V2 to 3 inches, and 3 inches and up. My opin- ion is that it would be profitable, if you have good-sized apples, to carry the grade sizing beyond 3 inches. Most of our pack was in barrels. Our early stuff, like Jonathan, was packed in boxes. We were able to get the buyers to come to our pack- ing house, and accept the goods on board cars in all our early stuff, and in part of our late varieties, such as York Imperial. This' I think is very important; then there is no comeback about what was shipped. We packed about 50 carloads. The 3 members feel sure that we have received more for our fruit than if we had packed it separately. P. R, Taylor: In the southeastern part of the state, close to Philadelphia, we have a pretty heavy fruit production. In — 54 — many localities in Montgomery and Chester counties, and in certain parts of Bucks county, there is sufficient local produc- tion to take care of many of the smaller towns and cities. In that field there seems to be an excellent opportunity for a certain type of cooperative effort, which is distinctly different from that which is open in the Adams, Franklin, Cumberland and York county territory. We will be interested in two or- ganizations that operated in that district this last year. .The first one is the Pennsylvania Fruit Packing Company, whose packing house is located at Collegeville, and which was operated this year for its second season. During the past year the growers around West Chester have gone ahead with an organization that they intended to go into last year, but de- cided to hold back because of the relatively light crop in 1922. I would like to call upon Mr. Russell Worthington to report on the West Chester central packing house. Central Packing House in Chester County Russell Worthington: As the Fruit Growers' Cooperative Association of West Chester is composed of only 7 members and has really been functioning for less than one year, and has sold less than 8,000 bushels of apples to date, it is quite gratifying to us to know that someone outside the boundaries of our own county has already heard of us, possibly through our advertising. The conditions which led to the formation of our coopera- tive are about as follows : We have in Chester county a large number of orchards (with even a larger number of varieties) the majority of which are less than 15 years of age. These orch- ards, under good care, will, of course, increase their output many times over within the next 10 years. We are favored by having at our very door, as it were, local markets within a radius of 25 miles, which could very readily consume all of our increasing volume of fruits, if we growers could only com- bine our efforts and put on the market throughout the year a uniform and dependable product. Previous to this year, from the beginning of the packing season until the last of the individual growers fruit was all sold out soon after the holidays, it was a daily scene, especially in West Chester, to see from two to half a dozen growers chasing each other around the streets trying to sell to the same stores their loads, which were composed, for the most part, of all varieties and grades. The result was very unsat- wfactory both to growers and consumer. There was no uni- foraiity of the all too many varieties offered and the fruit was sold out mostly before February, leaving our markets open to outside shippers. — 55 — ' ReaUring these conditions, seven of ns decided to unite our efforts, so with the help of our Farm Bureau the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Harrisburg and State College, we fin- aUy organized the Fruit Growers Cooperative Association of West Chester, incorporated in 1922. Finances. To ward off causes for the failure of so many Cooperatives we have properly financed our organization by issuing Certificates of Indebtedness, paying 6 per cent interest. We have secured an honest, wide awake manager. To help out the manager, our president has appointed several com- mittees, one on finances, one on publicity and advertising, one on purchasing supplies, and still another on packing and stor- age of fruit. Each committee is prepared to assist the man- ager along the specified lines for which it was appointed. The board of directors meets one to four times a month, depending on the season of the year, thus keeping in close touch with the operations. Mr. Fox, of State College, has helped us work out a system of accounts which we hope will prove adapted to our needs. Equipment. We were very fortunate in securing suitable packing quarters on the ground floor and under the same roof as the storage plant in which we store our apples. This room was provided for our use free if we bore the cost of flooring, putting in lights, power, and telephone. We purchased a se^ ond-hand Pease grader from one of our members and rented four small hand trucks, each holding 14 bushel hampers. On these we moved the packed fruit to the elevator at the end ol the room. For the delivering of our fruit to the stores a Ford truck was purchased by the Association. For a uniform pack- age for all growers to use in hauling the apples from the orchard we ordered the regular, slatted bushel crates, but the manufacturer failed to deliver same in time, so each grower used his own containers. For those having crates, an opening was cut into the wall, a platform erected outside and a chute built through on which the boxes were slid down into the packing room, making a very handy arrangement. It was early decided, first, that only varieties on which a pool of 100 bushels or more could be raised, would be accepted at the plant, yet some few other varieties did get in. Second, that the standard bushel hamper was to be our storage package. Third, each grower was to haul his own fruit to the packing plant,' the distance varying from 2 to 9 miles. Fourth, the As- sociation was to buy and pay for all hampers. Fifth, the pack- ing season was to begin with the first picking of Smokehouse. Sixth, we were to use the three U. S. Standard Grades — Fancy, No. 1 and No. 2. Each grade was divided into quarter- inch sizes — 3 inch, 23^ inch and 21/2 inch, etc. — 56-— Orading Experiences in 1923. We started packing Smoke- house September 21st and finished with Yorks November 3d. During this period we handled nearly 16,000 bushels of apples of the following 18 varieties : Smokehouse, Grimes, Jonathan, Stayman, Paragon, Romes, Delicious, Nottingham Brown, Stark, Old Winesap, King David, Baldwin, R. I. Greening, Hub- bardson, York, Ben Davis, Plyes Red Winter and Missing Link. Stayman, which was our largest variety, numbered 5,785 bushels, or 39 per cent of the whole. These graded 50 per cent 3 inch size, two-thirds of which were fancy grade. Of the entire pack, all varieties, 45 per cent graded 3 inches; 35 per cent, 2% inches; 9 per cent, 2i/^ inches; 11 per cent, 2^4 inches, leaving 2,323 bushels, or 15 per cent, of culls. The number of culls was entirely too large. Most of these came from the lower quality varieties, as Ben Davis and Yorks. Our main varieties, as Stayman, Rome, Grimes, Jonathan, De- licious, ran less than ten per cent culls. Some varieties, with some growers, ran as low as 5 per cent culls. Our main trouble was in finding reliable help for our packing crew, which numbered 12 to 15. Repeated advertise- ments in the local paper only brought in unexperienced young fellows and girls. Sales Methods. Each grower sending in fruit was given a receiving ticket for each load, containing his name, date, the variety and the number and kind of containers delivered. When this fruit was graded a grading out slip was issued in his name, having also the date, variety and the number of bushels of each size and grade packed out. After that, the fruit loses its identity and goes into the general pool for that variety. After all the fruit of a given variety is sold the grow- er receives a proportionate share of the net returns, according to the number of bushels of each size and grade which he contributed to a given pool. Each grower receives the same price in any given pool no matter whether the apples were sold at a good price or given away at the Farm Products Show for advertising purposes. Advice Based on Experience. Looking back over our first season in the cooperative packing house, we admit that every- thing was not run on greased wheels. No one knows of our weaknesses better than we do ourselves ; and we are now work- ing to eliminate as many of them as possible so that another season will find us better prepared. Perhaps our experiences and our findings may help those of you who are thinking of working cooperatively another year. First, at the present time our Cooperative handles only fall and winter apples. Another season we may handle sum- mer apples and peaches. This would give us a much larger volume of business, thus reducing our overhead. — 57 — !irn^ted to the Government inspector^^^ which there was some contention. In two of the ^^^^'^'^'^^^^ were found to be right, and in one we ^fX^'^^^'^^'ll^T^t from those three experiences, the value of the i^ection^^ Last year was a declining market, and this year s ^^f .^^^^J^^^ still more declining. When the market ^^vancjs there i^^ much complaint about your fruit or ^^^F. P^^^^^^^^ market declines they can find a lot of things. ^Having ha^^^^ experience last year, I was one in Adams county that made ap- STon f or having stationed within Adams county a perj^- nent inspection arrangement, so that practically all ourjruit could have Pennsylvania and Federal inspection. Except for the packing of 2 carloads of Baldwins, which were off color, aU our fruit went out as U. S. inspected fruit. I can cite three instances that will perhaps show the value of that inspection service from a financial standpoint. A carload of apples was shipped to New Haven, Connecti- cut, and the report came back that they were frozen. We had had at this end Federal inspection, and we felt as though they were not frozen at this end. We looked up our calendar, looked up the weather records, and asked for Federal inspec^ tion at New Haven. The inspectors reported that the apples were in satisfactory condition, that they were not frozen What was the reason? A declining market. It happened that the buyer of that fruit did not know that at this end there had been a Federal inspection. Now, in the absence of any inspection I would have had a carload of fruit at New Haven rejected. The usual procedure would be some correspondence by wire, perhaps by telephone, a reduction of 25 or 50 cents a barrel, or more, and I would have lost $50 or $80, or more. A car of Yorks was shipped to Jacksonville, Florida, at packing time. The man wired back to the sales agency that he wanted a 50-cent reduction, that the apples were not 3-inch apples, they were small, many were spoiled, many were bruised, they were everything but right. Another Federal inspection down there proved that he was a crook and he had to either take that car or stand a lawsuit, because two inspec- tions showed that that fruit was all right. A car of apples was shipped to New Orleans, which had an inspection on this end, and an inspection on that end. The inspection on this end graded them as U. S. No. 1. The in- spection on that end graded them as U. S. No. 1, except that the fruit was much over ripe. The conclusion of the deal has been that the railroad company has to pay this claim, because we had specific evidence that on this end the fruit was not — 60-- over ripe^ and on that end it was much over ripe. They ac- cepted the claim, believing that they had no opportunity of combating testimony which is practically official. As I under- stand a United States inspection is practically official testimony in any court. n. S. Standaxd Grades for Apples W. E, Orove: Last fall the states of Virginia, West Vir- ginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania agreed on uniform grades, which also meet the approval of the United States Department of Agriculture, so that we can have the United States inspec- tion on fruit. In defining grades the hardest question is the color requirements. Some years ago New York State defined grades and they had their color requirements too high, so that in one year when apples were of poor color they ran into difficult complications. In the grades adopted by these 4 states, the color requirements are lower, so that the grade rules are workable. The grades are called U. S. Fancy, U. S. No. 1, U. S. No. 2, U. S. No. 3. You will notice they are not using the terms A grade, B grade or C grade. It seems to be a fixed policy that the United States grade on any commodity is by number rather than by letter. U. S. No. 1 consists of apples of one variety, which are firm, mature, free from blemishes, except those incident to proper packing, and each apple in this grade shall have the amount of color specified for that variety in a table of color percentages. There is a tolerance of 10 per cent by weight. In my section the largest pack is of York Imperial. The color requirement of U. S. No. 1 on Yorkes is 15 per cent. That means that every apple of that variety must have 15 per cent color. Color means that portion of the surface of an apple which shows a good shade of red characteristic of the variety. It does not mean 15 per cent of your apples must have some color, but it means every apple in that barrel must have 15 per cent of its surface of the usual York Imperial color, so that you will have a good color throughout. You can get a circular from our State Bureau of Markets which describes these grade requirements of different varieties. Our experience with these grades this year has been satis- factory. We believe it will be to the advantage of the fruit mdustry of this state if more fruit is put up under these re- quirements. As to the value of the Federal inspection, the 4 or 5 inspectors stationed in Adams county have been a benefit, and the service will be wanted in the future. P. R. Taylor: Standard grades, to be worth anything, must have inspection back of them. The inspection in some states, and in some districts has been anything but satisfactory. I didn't receive a single complaint of the inspection service this — 61 — ir year We ha.d only 2 cars that were rejected at the other end Jut of about 285 inspected. I think that record wil stand up against any record in any other state as to the quahty of the Section as a commercial proposition. This work is bound to grow until we have established the reputation of mspected, graded Pennsylvania apples. Apple Week. Our Pennsylvania growers should take more interest in -Apple Week^, which is the week beginning with Hallowe'en. -Weeks'' for advertising all kinds of pro- ducts have become so frequent that many people are heartily sick of it, but on the other hand, the money value of such advertising that can be secured by t^e Pennsylvama fniit grower in Pennsylvania, particularly m his near-by markets can hardly be measured in dollars and cents. We can count on the fullest cooperation of the city press and our home- town papers, but we need more help from the growers. 1 would suggest to you, Mr. President, if it meets with your approval, that a committee be appointed, or that some present committee be given the task of working out plans for Apple Week" in Pennsylvania in a way much more satisfactory tnan at the present time. The opportunity is here. It will take a little money in the communities, but with your county horti- culture associations, which are getting pretty numerous now, we have an agency that can do that work well. What Should a Bushel of Apples Weigh? Question: Is there anything in the law which relates to .hampers, as to the increase of weight? What are the authori- ties going to do about hampers at the present time, so that they will contain a full bushel? I would like to see the manu- facturer do what the law requires. P R. Taylor: There was a resolution offered in one of the county organizations, asked for my removal from my present position because I had allowed the weight of apples to be increased from 45 pounds to 48 pounds under the present weight per bushel law. If a man is not prejudiced he can take any weights per bushel the law requires and find that they are practically a farce for commodities which are uni- formly sold in a package based on cubical contents. You cannot mix these two measures. You cannot mix volume and weight, and you might just as well stop trying to do it. ^ Three years ago, we arranged with the Bureau of Weights and Measures officials of the state to have a minimum weights and measures law, the so-called Commodity Act. This stipu- lates that any fruits or vegetables packed m Pennsylvania standard containers shall be exempt from the weights provid- ed by this law. That list of commodities includes grain and coal, as well as fruits and vegetables. That is the law in Penn- — 62 — sylvania at the present time. Incidentally, I didn't have any- thing to do with the increase to 48 pounds from 45 pounds. Every man knows that there is no weight that ever can be uniformly applicable to the 600 or so varieties of apples. I asked the sealers of weights and measures to take samples, about a month ago, to determine just how much the apples do weigh. They took over 1,000 weights throughout the state. About 75 per cent of them were on heaped bushels, and 25 per cent were on stroked bushels, that is, just level full, and which nobody figures as a full bushel of apples. As was to be expected, there was a tremendous variation between the 55 varieties weighed. The tests were made late in December and early in January, when the fruit has lost some of its weight. The general average of all varieties was 461^ pounds per bushel. That being so, how under the sun can I make any defense of the 48 pounds at all, for the same reason that I don't believe any more than you do that the law of Pennsyl- vania requires a man to put 56 pounds of peas in the shell in a bushel when nobody living could put more than 28 pounds into jt. Standardization of Packages Question: According to you a 14.quart peach basket would not be a legal basket? P. R. Taylor: For what? Question: Peaches, because it would not hold the weight. P. R. Taylor: This organization has gone on record year after year, in favor of the standardization of those packages which are not standard at the present time, like the bushel and quarters, and the splint market basket that we have in the western part of the state. Now, the question is, how to get It into practice. Everybody believes in getting rid of the 40 or 50 varieties of hampers. The round bottom bushels are not as bad, because they have been largely controlled by a few individuals who were manufacturing and selling through one agency. The splint market baskets are perhaps as bad or worse than the hampers, but some of the 12-quart baskets that I have seen used by growers have actually held 13 quarts. That proposition will require action by Congress. Last year It passed the House and was defeated in the Senate by 2 men. They represented 2 states, Mississippi and New Jersey. Mis- sissippi held out for the 28-quart hamper so that they could ship seven-eighths bushels of cabbage and call it a bushel. They admitted that is the only reason that they wanted to do It. New Jersey held out for the 20.quart or five-eighths bas- ket. The bill was defeated by a filibuster in the Senate. There were but a very few Senators against it, but they never could get It to a vote. — 63 — t M if •. ^flt I At the present time the Vestal Bill is before the Senate and the House. It is on a little different basw than it has ever been before. The New Jersey people want the 20-quart bl^ket, and the Mississippi people the 28. The idea w^ de- veloped that they could compromise on a 24-quart basket Samples were KOtten and submitted, and I understand that fhTMissirsippi people are favorable, but New Jersey is very strongropZed to it. When the proposition was put up to Sem af th^December meeting «« .t^eir Horticultural Society I mderstand there was a near rot. I* /^^^^^X? the teS Atlantic Gty district favored the 16-quart, and that the tern^ t^rv suDPlying the New York City market favors the 16-quart basket^Wat the 20-quart was strongly favored m the rest "' TamIS going to read a letter which I received this °'*'"^^ou will be interested in knowing that the New Jeraey Horticultural Society at i1^ meeting in Trenton on l^t Fnday nassed a resolution favoring the present hamper and basKet bm. The Atlantic County Board of Agriculture passed a sim- Uar resolution sometime ago and the Executive Committee oj Se Burl ngton County Board of Agriculture has a so approved the m At a meeting of the Gloucester County Board of A^cu turfon January 12, a secret ballot was taken resulting £ a vote of 106 opposed to the bill and 94 in its favor I am informed that this close vote was i '* Control of Alibis .Through laws passed at the instance of the sportsmen and enforced by the officers of the Board, the foreign bom in our midst are prevented from possessing firearms or dogs of any kind. Through these laws the killing of thousands of valuable insect destroying birds is prevented every year, because unfor- tunately many people of foreign nationalities have been in the habit of killing birds of all sizes and descriptions in their native land for food. This is true particularly of natives of Southern Europe, where they claim that if the birds are not killed during their migration they pass on to other countries and they get no benefit from them. By controlling the possession of firearms by aliens, the peace and safety of every community has improved, and many court cases, entailing large expenditures which in turn would have to be borne by the general public, are avoided. — 72 — Local Uarket for Produce Many of our rural people benefit financially through the presence of sportsmen from distant points. The natives of our sparsely settled counties look forward to the hunting sea- son as a time when they can find a local market for their pro- ducts furnish board guides, etc. As an example of what fro- quently happens, a bank cashier recently wrote us as follows : "We fully realize what game protection will do for our county, for now we derive much benefit from the money spent every fall by the gunners from a dis- tance. The good hunting we now have is a great asset and many of our people from the mountain dis- trict receive from the gunners of other sections While boarding them during the open season, amounts equal to or even greater than their farm crops are worth. One case of this kind came to the writer's attention last fall when we sent a notice of a note soon maturing. The reply was ■) — 80 — — 81 — rfJjgMi^l^ i^i !i.» 11 M The question now is how to mamtain our increase of this wild life and still not work a serious hardship to farmers. Thus we have to consider the general interest of the pubUc who wish to enjoy the wonderful recreational possibilities of the state, of the sportsmen and hunters and of the farmera. If we are justified in the assumption that the state assume the responsibility for material damage by wild life, which it pro- pagates, stocks and protects, then we might consider possible ways that this can be administered. The Game Commission has been the officially established body for administering wild life regulations and has certwnly labored earnestly and seriously with definite results. This Commission should have liberal powers to use its discretion in connection with corrective measures. Society m general cer- tainly does not desire that game, such as deer, elk, rabbit and bear, be protected to the point where they become seriously destructive to agriculture. The Oame Commission should have the opportunity of using its judgment whether to reduce the amount of game or pay damage. An equitable method of rai^ ing the money with which to pay damage is one that would have to be worked out in fairness to all parties. If destructive game is maintained entirely for the interest of hunters then the remuneration might properly come from hunters' fees. If the population as a whole are interested m maintaining such numbers of wild life, then a portion of the expense might well come from general appropriations. There are a number of ways that wild life may be reduced : 1. Change conditions of protection by longer hunting sea- son, by open season, by permitting the farmer to kill game at any time where damage is being done. In case of rabbits, this latter option would be all right; in case of deer, we believe it undesirable. 2. Removal of game by trapping or killing. This we believe should be done by the Game Warden and not by the farmer. The farmer should not be put in the position of meeting the animus and ill-will on the part of the public that goes with the killing of deer in particular, even though they be on his own property. If a neighbor's animal gets on to adjoining farm and does damage a farmer does not kill it but puts it out or shuts it up and has recourse for the damage from the neighbor. To kill the neighbor's animal would result in a life time of ill-will. Experience proves that the situa- tion is decidedly similar if the farmer kills a deer which is the state's property and in which the general public feels an ownership. He is likely to be the subject of local ill-will and possibly reprisals. His right to do such killing, however, should be recognized in case the game warden refuses to act. 3. By fencing out the deer on the farm. In Germany the practice of fencing in the wild life is followed. This would hardly be possible under our forest conditions. ^' m^- ^^* stocking sections where damage is likely to be done. This applies particularly to stocking with rabbits in orchard sections. 5. By recognizing the rights of the farmer to kill any game doing material damage where evidence of such damage i& present even though that particular animal might not be doing damage. This remedy we consider undesirable, in the ^^.^^^^,^^^^' <^wing to the criticism it brings on the farmer withm his community. Possibly in the case of rabbits it is a fairly satisfactory remedy. 6. Finally, payment for damage done under proper pro- tection as to appraisal, and this only to be followed as a last recourse, to correct immediate losses; with a recognition that It does not offer a cure for the seat of the trouble, which would be the reduction of the amount of wild Ufe. Action by the last Legislature in this state indicates that there IS a growing feeling that the state should assume respon- rSi 1 Lq"""* "^^i ^'^^J ^^ ^indicated by the passage of House Bill 1203 providing for the cooperative building of fences to keep out deer, the cost to be on a 50-50 basis ; also House Bill ^yy, providing for damage done by bears to livestock, poultry or bees, to the extent of $6,000. . , ^ '^^®. ^^^^ Code also makes additional provisions giving the Commission more power to control conditions, such as pro- vidmg for removal or protection from bears ; providing for removal or protection from female deer during a special short season m cases where no other eflfective means of control is devised or where the sexes are unbalanced ; giving the Board power to remove birds and animals in neighborhoods when they are becoming a nuisance. The provision of this section permitting property owner or resident to kill game when tound doing damage appears to be restricted in its limitations, apparently requiring the farmer to catch the animal in the actual act of doing damage. This is impractical. In conclusion we would emphasize that the wild life prob- lem IS one of interest to all the people of the state. We have great possibilities for enjoyment and recreation that come by our state being wisely stocked with wild life, but there IS a point of conflict when certain types of wild life become stocked m excessive numbers and work an injustice by de- stroying farm crops and orchards. We believe the only way to work this out is for the Game Commission, the organiza- tions representing the farmers affected, and the Department ot Agriculture, to study this question in all its aspects and then make such adjustments and provisions as will most nearly har- monize where there is a conflict of interests 82 — 83 — i 'la i 4. THE GAME LAWS AS THE FEUIT QEOWEE SEES THEM J. A. BXTNE, Hnntiiigdon I am placed in an embarrassing position tonight because I realize that I am speaking from a biased standpoint. Mr. Gordon and I, personally, have no fight on this problem. There was a time when I felt that we had. Mr. Gordon and the Game Commission have been absolutely square with me. I went into a community in Huntingdon county where there was no deer problem ten years ago, but we are exper- iencing today a very serious problem. The Game Commission, representing the sportsmen of Pennsylvania, having fostered the protection of the deer, is responsible. Pennsylvania needs deer for hunting ; it also needs apples ; and I believe it needs a great many more apples than it does deer. I believe in game conservation. I didn't use to hunt deer, but I do now. In our community we organized a local club of 15 people. We shot our quota of deer in 3 days. The first few days of the season Huntingdon county killed, I think, 600 deer this year. I don't know how many others. I have an orchard of 150 acres. At the end of the first 5-year period there were 525 trees, by actual inventory, de- stroyed by the deer. There are 5 years lost to start with. At the end of 7 years we re-planted those 525 trees, and at the end of the eighth year, we re-planted 300 trees more. Since that time we have not done any re-planting. To be brief, I had 4,250 trees actually lost by deer from various plantings and re-plantings. Now, what is a fair value per annum per tree ? A Member: One dollar a year a tree. J. A. Runk: That was pre-war; you cannot do it for one dollar now, but even so that is $4,250. Those trees should be 10 years old today, and what should they have produced per annum for the next 10 years if the deer had not destroyed them? We have 4,425 crops that we won't get. A Member: $8.00 a year per tree. J. A. Runk: Putting it at $5.00, and adding to that the $4,250 which I named before, and I have suffered, and will have to suffer in the next 10-year period to the extent of $26,675.00 plus the dissatisfaction and the heart-sickening effect of having to go among those orchards and see them devastated as they are today. Do you wonder that I have some feeling in this matter? It is demoralizing to an industry. I went into our section of the state as a pioneer, and I have demonstrated that we have orchard possibilities in central Pennsylvania. We have good markets, we have highways, we have the main line of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, and we have every facility which is con- — 84 — ducive to fruit growing; we have the land areas, elevation, and all those local conditions which should induce young men to enter the industry. But the attitude of the sportsmen, and the sportsmen's organizations, is such that I cannot recom- mend anybody to go into fruit growing. It is impossible to start an orchard m our section of the state because of the deer depradation. I cannot plant a young tree and get by with It. I have planted 200 to 300 every year and they are entirely destroyed. I talked damages for many years before I could get a hearing at Harrisburg. Now, I receive better treatment. I was one of the agitators who was responsible for the fencing law. I was one of the four who was granted a fence a few months ago. I have a solid block in the orchard and we can fence it with one continuous line of fence at a nominal figure, compared with other projects in which the orchard is divided by driveways, into blocks, which doubles the amount of wire required. I wish that every orchard man that has suffered as I have could fence his orchard. I believe tnat IS one of the solutions of the problem. A reputable farmer came to me and said that he counted ^5 deer pasturing on his wheat field at a time this fall when every step they made their hoofs plowed into the ground up to 4 or 5 inches. Now, that is serious. He is one of the Amish A • ^ Kishacoquillas Valley, near where I live. When the Amish become aroused on this question, I want to warn you. Mr. Gordon, when they get on your trail you better have a camp out m the mountains where you can hide. Recently the Commission has cooperated in every way that they possibly could, but I want to say emphatically, that where deer are so plentiful as in our community there is only one solution of the problem and that is an absolutely open season If the Commission wants to be fair to the agricultural interests you will some day grant an unconditional open sea- son for deer in certain communities. When it comes to a point where the sportsmen's interests and the agricultural interests of the state conflict as they have in our community, and in Adams and in Franklin counties, then it seems to me that the agricultural and the fruit industry must come first, and the sportsmen s organizations and the amusements must be subordi- nate Why? Because our interests represent the livelihood ot the people They represent a big financial investment. Ihey represent years of constructive work. How many of you have built up an orchard and gone through the struggle of carrying the orchard for the first 10 or 15 years? I see some n,M a^f'ence who know what it means. I don't believe that the pleasure which the sportsmen get out of hunting deer on my land balances what I have suffered. The sportsmen do not help me to pay my taxes. They don't help me build my — 85 — JH^i^,' fences. They do just the opposite. In the past they have cut our wire fences down, and it gets under your hide. Then they go away to the city and forget me for the rest of the year. Perhaps I am prejudiced! What should be the game laws, as the fruit growers see them? An absolutely open season on deer, as m Wisconsin In Wisconsin they permit the farmer or fruit grower to kill deer, unconditionally. Mr. Gordon says, ''Kill the deer; shoot the deer,'' but — you must see the deer actually destroy the trees. Well, deer know when you go out with a gun, and it is impossible to catch them doing it, especially at night, when most of the damage is done. If you shoot them when they are not doing damage, one of the game wardens will visit you with a little affidavit, and you have either to swear falsely, perjure yourself, or make yourself liable to law, because the game wardens are good detectives, they go right after you Also you get a lot of notoriety and criticism locally. I stand emphatically on the proposition that the game commission s representatives should do this killing and this trapping m my community, when an industry is at stake. We trapped and we got 5 deer in the trap the first night; 2 or 3 crawled through the wire fence, and 1 or 2 got away through the process of the trapping, and 2 of them jumped into the fence and broke their necks. That got us a lot of notoriety from the sportsmen and pseudo-sportsmen. They were more con- cerned than they would have been if 2 of the children of the community had died from automobile accident, and it gave me a lot of notoriety and ill-feelmg. It hurt my local sales of fruit. If the Commission wants to do the fair thing to the farmers and the fruit growers you will remove these deer yourself, not place that odium on the individuals who suffer. The game warden is much better equipped to go in and trap deer, or to kill deer, so as to control the game, than the local men are. We cannot afford to allow deer hunting, and the sentiment that goes along with it, to limit the fruit growing industry of Pennsylvania. Howard Chase: We have heard a great deal about deer; now I am going to say a few words about the elk. The state of Pennsylvania, through its Game Commission, has purchased and turned loose in the eastern part of this state, I don't know how many elk, — one would be too many. I know one man that was chased into an apple tree when an elk went after him. He had a revolver in his pocket, but he said he was afraid to kill that elk because he knew he would be cited before the authorities under the law. With all due respect to our Game Commission, that turned them loose in the state, elk should be exterminated. — 86 — .okJ. \^^ *^^^ morning's press that in Chester county wW. .r^^ ^''""^ ^J'"'^'^ ^^^'^ ^y ^^^ Commission on lands where the farmers desire them and permit hunting. Is this a particular kmd of rabbit that has been trained to stay oJ the farms on which they are turned loose? Is that permit a contmuous permit or only a verbal one? Seth Gordon: It is a verbal application. pnnlST'^.^^f i ^i ^^^^ ^^^^^y ^«^ is it? Where a man applies for trout fry for his waters, he has to certify that those waters are to be public fishing ground for all time .r.A rl ''?1?^.T''^^ ^^™^^ ^^^^ ^^«^e to me for miles ali^Z^ '^'^' ^'' ^^\"' ^^"^^ ^^^ ^ l^t of elk back there, damaging my property, what shall I do about them?" I said km them.' ' "^^ • ^^'^ '^^ ^" ^^' ''^ ^^^'^ ^^'^ to ^PPrTr'^^^fiw 'u^? Statement has been made that rabbits or wfthfn f? i'*''/'^''"*'^ ^''y ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ they are not wanted. Za \iy! ^^^ ^l^ "^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ *^^- ^' M. Wertz's orch- ard, rabbits have been distributed. The attitude of the Game Commission is not at all satisfactory to the fruit grower Pub- nnf nVT^'^'V'''' ^^^A ^'^^^.'^ '' ^^'^^^y determmed by the atti- npn^^ff A ^^""^ Commission, and if the Game Commission ?w i-if "^ encourages such things, contrary to local desires, ten! ^''^''-n P^i^'' sentiment to such an extent that the Commission will suffer very much. There was a remark about the hunting giving a lariro nmnber of men recreation. Just about the tiL^that Ve garS ?npln^T>5'i^' ^'.r^^ "" ^^^^ '^' «tate are up agaiEt Ir^r.^^^'^ ^ believe that every sportsman could be profitably employed and would be welcomed by the fruit growers and to thf J.n;fi'*'"^Ti?'^i ^T^ ^""^'^^ ^^^ M'*- Gordon referred hoo5 tSr •" *" ^''^ backbone of the nation. In my neighbor- hood there is a man whom I would term a real sportsman, if deer hunting makes a real sportsman. He will not work aU Sn IT '"""'P* ^'^r *^* ^"'^t^^ ^^^^o'^. J«st so that he tTshS d^^7 r^** *^ buy himself a gun and ammunition frn«? K. -S ^mf ^ '^'^ * '**^*y ^o'^e established 150 yards S h»lf '°f • ^^*-* '"^'^ ^'l* **" ^^"^^ t« ^y buildings and tW h^il '^ dozen pigeons. He is a typical sportsmai, and the backbone of this nation! and KT*'-^ ^^ ^"^^ i": P^^'P'* '"^y^'^g ™° down farms felfow, IV^ ^^T *''^'i.''^' '^'^ *^« ^^^^- I am one of those feUows. I have a farm that was worth, about 12 years ago, — 87 — I m far more as a game reserve than as a farm. Since that I have grown 60 bushels of oats to the acre, and 125 bushels of ears of com ; my wheat crop has averaged as high as 24 bushels on 30 acres of the farm. I ask you, was that farm worth more for the deer to run over, or for my sportsman neighbor to himt on, than it is now? Am I worth more to that community than he is? If not, I want to move out. Several years ago I had our representative come in our community and look at the damage that was being done. He said, "I will take the matter up." Finally, he got us a hear- ing before the Game Commission, and my neighbors sent me to represent them. They treated us very well. After the hearing was over, one of our state senators said. If 1 were you I would shoot those deer and rabbits that are destroying your property." I said, "Yes, if you can catch them at work." He replied, "Oh, no, you can shoot them anyway. I said "The law does not allow you to kill them unless you see them do it." "Well," he said, "I would shoot them any- how." I replied, "I am bringing up two boys in Adams county, and I teach those boys to be law-abiding citizens, not law breakers. We have come up here to ask you people to give us a reasonable and just law, and then we want to abide by that law. We don't want to break it." I was told finally by the chairman of the Legislative Game Committee, "I know these men have a grievance, but if we go into this matter and give them a law to protect them, what will the sportsmen of my county do to me?" Today I would not attempt to plant an apple orchard any distance from my buildings and expect to get anything out of it. Every year our oats field has big patches that are cut right to the ground; they chew it off as fast as it comes up, and our wheat fields are the same way. The hunters come right into the buildings and do as they want to, and are in- sulting when you order them out. My wire fences are torn down. Some of our neighbors go out to hunt, one or two by themselves, and if they happen to run across a camp, they are chased out. Some of the campers have even shot over their heads to scare them off. This is on private land, mind you, not state land. It is not safe for us to be out near the build- ings to feed our horses; it is not safe for us to pasture our cattle in the field during the hunting season. However, these sportsmen are, as Mr. Gordon says, "the backbone of the nation"! They should have these two weeks of hunting, so that if we happen to get into war again we will have good marksmen, and somebody to defend us ! We are allowed to kill the deer if we actually see them destroy something. What are we supposed to do ? Notify the game warden, and they come and kill the deer and take it away and we don't get it. Is that a square deal? I would — 88 — like to know how they expect a farmer to take time to hunt these deer. They seem to forget that the deer does most of d'eerT^Jht'" w; y!^' 'T^" T'^ "" ^^^ ^^^ ^'^^ch the aeer at night. We have got to sleep sometimes. Member: Can the Game Commission stock any county in the state with any kind of game they please, at any time? It appears so. The farmers must organize, as the hunters have organized, and regulate the hunting question in their own community. We have done it in Washington county. Geo. H. Lincoln: In our community, in Lackawanna county we don t have so much trouble with the deer, as we have with two other pests, the rabbits and the sportsmen. About eleven years ago I bought my farm. About the 10th of November a lot of fellows came up the road: They had a tag on their shoulders issued by the state of Pennsylvania. They walked into my orchard. I went out and said to them, "Gentlemen there IS a trespass sign that you walked by. I don't want to be rude, but this is private property. You are within 100 feet of my home, in my orchard." One man said to me, "You go **' • ,, Eighty-five per cent of the sportsmen that have been on the farm m eleven years have used the same words or worse. There is a piece of woodland near my orchard and on two occasions during November I have had to leave my orchard and go to my house for safety. I don't want to die, — not yet, not until this matter is settled right. If the farmers were as aggressive as the Pennsylvania State Game Commis- sion in the interests of the sportsmen their condition would not be what It 18 today. The first time this thing ever started with this association was last year when a letter was read from this platform from me to the convention. A committee was ap- pointed to wait on the Game Commission. Mr. Gordon said Gentlemen, the interests of the 500,000 sportsmen of Penn- sylvania must first be considered." The Pennsylvania State Game Commission represents that they want to cooperate with the farmer. I wrote to the Com- niission stating that the rabbits had done me at least $150 00 ot damage for each of the last six years. They replied that if the rabbits were too plentiful they would gladly trap them and take them away where they were wanted. About three weeks ago I had a letter from the Commission saying that they had information that I had posted my land and they could not see how it was fair for me to ask them to trap rab- Dits and take them away, if no hunting on the property is permitted. f t' j We have sportsmen coming along with dogs at their heels and tags on their backs, that are a disgrace to the State of Pennsylvania. They think the tag is a special license from the totate of Pennsylvania to do as they dam please. To cut wire — 89 — ( . I ^gjgj^^jgjggE;; fences if they want to. Has the State Game Commission ever tried to purify the state of that element? There are twelve sets of farm buildings in a mile and a quarter on the road I live on. It is unthinkable to have the state licence hunters to hunt around our buildings. Hunting is all right m its place, but in a thickly settled region, within one mile of a great industrial center like Scranton it is altogether wrong. 8. W. Fletcher: I never knew of a difference of opinion as serious as this apparently is but could be settled if both the parties concerned meet to talk it over frankly. With that purpose in view I make this motion: Resolved, that the Chair appoint a committee of five, of whom the Chair shall be one, to meet with similar committees from the state-wide sportsmen's organizations of Pennsylvania, together with representatives of the State Game Commission and of the State Department of Agriculture, before the next session of the Legislature, for the purpose of endeavoring to arrive at a solution of the game question in its relation to agriculture, that shall be fair to all concerned. The motion was duly seconded and agreed to. Seth Gordon: This has been one of the most interesting meetings I have attended for a long while. Many of these problems, the most serious ones, are local. If our friend from Scranton will get his friends in Lackawanna county to meet with the local Camp of the United Sportsmen, and explain the situation, when they come to Harrisburg there won't be much trouble. The thing to do is to get your problem solved at home. Don't blame the Game Commission. The Game Com- mission is your friend. R. T, Criswell: A little less than a year ago the Chair appointed D. M. Wertz, R. E. Atkinson and myself a commit- tee to interview the Game Commissioners with regard to the rabbits. We were also appointed by the Horticultural Society of Franklin county. We interviewed the Game Commission and it agreed that it would be desirable not to have any more rabbits liberated in Franklin county. It is a fact that they have been sent into Franklin county this year. Mr. Hess said that they had been liberated in the next field to Mr. Wertz' orchard. I would like to know why they were sent into Franklin county after we had agreed otherwise. Seth Gordon : The question that you raised at that time was presented to our board, and we were directed to instruct our ofllcers not to place any rabbits near orchards or where they were not desired. Orchards of 12 or more years in age hardly ever are damaged by rabbits. Several years ago we made a number of examinations and we found that over 90 per cent of the claims for rabbit damage were really mice. In your — 90 — Franklin county situation, what are the facts? Were you not zationT ^^^ together with your local sportsmen's organi- Commer^; ^^'^w;6ZZ: We had a meeting with the Chamber of Seth Gordon: Did you reach any conclusion? R. T. Criswell: No. Seth Gordon: Our officers are not supposed to put any rabbits in places where they are not desired. If it is done I want to know about it. The great majority of farmers that were mentioned by our friend from Lackawanna and others really like to have rabbits brought in. We have more demands from farmers than from any other class of people. BUSINESS SESSION REPORT OF THE SECRETARY S. W. PUSTCHEB ^ The publications of the Association were admitted to the privilege of second class mailing rates on November 27 1923 with the understanding that no advertising matter woild be included m the Proceedings. This will save the Association between fifty and seventy-five dollars a year in distributing the Proceedings and the three other issues of ''The Pennsvlva- nia State Horticultural News". The summer trip of 1923, in the western part of the state, was particularly enjoyable, and the Association is under obli- gation to our members and the county agents who planned the itmeraiy and attended to local arrangements. Our asso- ciation for three days with members of the Ohio State Horti- cultural Society was particularly pleasant and profitable. We are invited to participate in a summer trip arranged by the American Pomological Society on August 4 and 5, 1924, this being part of a long itinerary through many states, arranged by that society^ The schedule calls for an inspection of orch« ards between Franklin, Adams, York, Lancaster and Chester counties. I recommend that this program for the summer trip be approved by the Association. ^ Prom time to time, the Association has expressed its dis- satisfaction with the method of collecting and analyzinir fruit ro?L?r^'"'- f '^l *l^' ^'''^^^ ^ committenL ai' tK. ^^.f^^^P^^ate with the State Bureau of Crop Estimates. A«ln?oT f Si'"' effect agreed to secure from members of the -Association, full and reliable data. I regret that the number th«f Ti, '^^"'^f;^ ^^^ responded to this appeal was so small that the results were decidedly disappointing. It is for the — 91 — ££S£ I interest of this Association that the crop estimates report shall accurately reflect commercial conditions in the state, hence I urge that the members cooperate with the Crop Estimates Committee more fully during the coming season. The marked improvement in our fruit show last year over preceeding years is a matter of congratulation. We need and must have more space, however, in order to display the fruit in a more attractive way. I believe we should utilize this opportunity to advertise Pennsylvania apples more widely, and suggest that one of the best means of doing this would be for the Association to buy a quantity of fancy apples, pack them in cartons of a size that can be easily mailed, and sell them to Farm Products Show visitors. Our paid membership is now 724, as compared with 620 a year ago. The gain is largely through increase in the mem- bership of county horticultural societies, of which there are now fourteen that are affiliated with the Association. One hundred and thirty-eight of the 724 members hold life mem- berships. Very few have taken life memberships in recent years, and it is a question for the Association to consider whether it will be wise to continue this feature. The roster of counties which have the largest paid mem- bership in the State Association is as follows : Franklin 77 York 70 Lancaster 61 Luzerne 42 Chester 42 Adams 41 Lawrence 35 Berks 32 Lehigh 30 Allegheny 28 The question has arisen whether a group of fruit growers, organized primarily for cooperative buying and selling is eligi- ble for membership in the State Association. I have taken the position, that it is, provided educational meetings are held, the State Horticultural Association being purely educational in scope. This matter will need to be considered by the Asso- ciation. The Association will need more money the coming year. The State Department of Agriculture has found it impracti- cable to continue to supply a stenographer to report our meet- ings. This necessitates the employment of a reporter at a cost of not less than $150. If we can boost our membership to one thousand, we can stand this. That is the goal of the Association for 1924. Cash balance 2-17-23 From 3- 3-23 3- 3-23 3-3123 4-21-23 5-14-23 5-14-23 6- 9-23 6- 9-23 8-18-23 8-18-23 9-19-23 10-20-23 12-24-23 1-19-24 1-19-24 TREASURER'S REPORT EDWIN W. THOMAS, King-of -Prussia Receipts January 24, 1923 _ * ^^ . . H. A^ Schantz, Annual Dues...::;:::;::::: ^ o^H^ S. W. Fletcher, Annual Dues "'"'' ^^^'^^ D. Maurice Wertz, Refund of Premium"" Interest on $100 Liberty Bond Annual Dues Interest on $500 Liberty Bond:;;: in«9 Interest on $200 Liberty Bond.. 4 ofi fl w ^®*^^®r» Annual Dues „ *""■ 402*00 ^ w '^^^^\^^' ^^^' '"^ ^^^"^^^ Proceedings : 120:27 Q w i?*''^''' ^^^' ^^ Annual Proceedings 45 00 a W. Fletcher, Annual Dues.... ^ ooon Interest on $100 Liberty Bond... *"' o 10 Interest on $500 Liberty Bond. in«^ Interest on $200 Liberty Bond " a%a 8. W. Fletcher, Annual Dues :""~ "*" fin no Interest on Life Membership Fund "*"" 171.00 7.50 2.12 1.90 $1,128.41 2- 5-23 4- 5-23 4- 5-23 6- 9-23 6- 9-23 8-14-23 8-14-23 1-19-24 Disbursements To Torsch & Franz Bad^e Co. <» 27.00 162.91 H. A. Schantz J - ^ J2.73 c. c. Debenham .;:::.::.::::;*"' i??? 8. W. Fletcher, Sundries.... "" ~ " — — 167.33 Auditors' Report $1,128.41 Jan. 24, 1924 ^^yJ^r^^lUX ^r ^^^^^^^^ the accounts, bills and W Thn^L ^ Horhcultural Association of Pennsylvania, Edwin W Thomas, Treasurer, and find the same correct. Receipts and cash balance carried over from last year, $1,128.41. ^*^««^P^s ana casn Disbursements $961.08. Cash on hand ^ Liberty Bonds '" """ ' 167.33 Life Membership FunZ " "* " -' ^^^'^^ 62.08 Total Assets. H. A. SCHANTZ .$1,029.41 XL. A. eUMANTZ ) WILLIS A. HESS 1 ^^^itors ^-.v.^JJ.^'^A*'''''.*^^ °'^**^'' ""^ *^^ summer trip, in cooperation with the American Pomological Society was referred to the executive committee with power. — 92 — — 93 — yggl^gyuMl^v-jpygy^ jlll i'l BEPOBT OF THE LEGISLATIVE OOBOnTTEE F. S. FEKSTEBMACHEB, Allentown, Chairman With reference to the acts passed by the last Legislature, affecting horticulture, I will quote them briefly. Act No. 93, The Derrick Daylight Saving Law, making it unlawful to observe any other than standard time in Pennsyl- vani&a Act No. 179, changing the legal bushel weight of apples from 45 to 48 pounds. It was bad enough as it was, and we don't want to make it any worse. The revised game code, Act 228, provides for an open or extended season on deer, bear and rabbits upon petition of 200 citizens, under the rules of the Game Conunission. It also authorizes the Game Commission to kill or remove game from any section, if in its judgment, such game becomes a nuisance. Land owners or tenants are granted the right to kill game whenever it is doing damage on the property regardless of season or time. Act No. 270, fencing for deer, providing the property owners will pay for the cost of such fence on a fifty-fifty basis. For this purpose the sum of $20,000.00 has been set aside by • the Game Commission. Another bill provided for a tax commission of seven, ap- pointed by the speaker of the House, Senate and Governor, and whose findings should be of great importance to the agri- cultural interests of the state with respect to the burdens of taxation. — D4 .v-.w REPOET OP EXHIBITION COMMITTEE Variety Delicious Delicious York Stayman Stayman Jonathan Borne Winesap FRUIT AWARD LIST, 1924 P. K. FAQAN, Cliaizman CLASS 1. BARBELS OF APPLES Name axid Address Springwood Farms, York A. H. Siegfried, Selinsgrove Springwood Farms, York S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Springwood Farms, York . S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Oouaty Flaoe York First Snyder Second York First Delaware First York Second Delaware First Delaware First Delaware First CLASS 2. BABBELS OF APPLES Black Twig Springwood Farms, York York Delicious Delicious Grimes Stayman Stayman York York Borne Borne Grimes Winesap Winesap CLASS 3. BEST EXHIBIT APPLES BUSHEL BOX E. F. Kauffman & Son, York Daniel Bice, New Bloomfield E. F. Kauffman & Son, York E. F. Kauffman & Son, York Daniel Bice, New Bloomfield James E. Smith, Newport B. E. Briggs, Nescopeck Daniel Bice, New Bloomfield B. E. Benner, Iron Springs E. F. Kauffman & Son, York Daniel Bice, New Bloomfield S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square First York Stripe Daniel Bice, New Bloomfield Black Twig E. F. Kauffman & Son, York Winesap Winesap Baldwin York York Grimes Stayman Stayman Borne Borne Jonathan Jonathan Delicious CLASS 5. BEST APPLES BOUND BUSHEL BASKET S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square D. G. Duncan, Shippensburg B. E. Briggs, Nescopeck D. K. Sterrett, Shippensburg Springwood Farms, York Springwood Farms, York E. F. Kauffman & Son, York S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square E. F. Kauffman & Son, York S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square B. T. Crifiwell, Chambersburg S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square York First Perry Second York First York First Perry Second Perry First Luzerne Second Perry First Adams Second York First Perry First Delaware Second n:ed in class 3 Perry First York Second EL BASKET Delaware First Franklin Second Luzerne First Cumberland First York Second York First York First Delaware Second Delaware First York Second Delaware First Franklin Second Delaware First — »5 CLASS 6. BEST APPLES 1 BUSHEL HAMPER Variety Winesap Stajman Stayman Delicious Delicious Rome Grimes Grimes Jonathan Jonathan Name and Address S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square D. K. Sterrett, Sbippensburg E. F. Kauffman & Son, York E. F. Kauffman & Son, York S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square E. F. Kauffman & Son, York S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square E. F. Kauffman & Son, York Comity Delaware Cumberland York York Delaware Delaware Delaware York Delaware York CLASS 7. BEST APPLES ROUND BUSHEL BASKET NOT MENTIONED IN CLASS 3 T. King Stark Sharon Fruit Farms, Newport Springwood Farms, York Perry York Black Twig Smokehouse Wolf River Wolf River Oliver Arkansas Black Paragon Paragon Ben Davis Ben Davis Red Doctor Winesap Winesap Fall Rambo Fall Rambo Hubbardston Hubbardston CLASS 8. BEST APPLES BUSHEL HAMPER NOT MENTIONED IN CLASS 3 E. F. Kauffman & Son, York York S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Delaware CLASS 9. BEST PLATES R. E. Briggs, Nescopeck Masonic Home, Elizabethtown R. E. Briggs, Nescopeck W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas Masonic Home, Elizabethtown Crawford Brothers, Fayetteville Gillan Brothers, Chambersburg Mount. Breeze Orch. Co., Chambersburg S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Eagle Mount Orchards, Chambersburg D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro Eagle Mountain Orchards, Chambersburg North Western Greening Masonic Home, Elizabethtown North Western Greening Rhode Island Greening Rhode Island Greening T. King T. King Fameuse Fallawater Fallawater Black Twig Stark Stark Twenty-Oz. Twenty-Oz. Gano Gano D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro Emerson-Rusterholtz, Fairview R. E. Briggs, Nescopeck L. B. Rusterholtz, Fairview G. G. Close & Son, Lawrenceville L. B. Rusterholtz, Fairview Paul Lingle, Pine Grove R. E. Briggs, Nescopeck H. S. Stoner, Orrtanna Paul Lingle, Pine Grove L. F. Graver, Lehighton C. H. Koch, McKeansburg R. E. Briggs, Nescopeck Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield R. E. Benner, Iron Springs — 96 — Luzerne Lancaster Luzerne Franklin Franklin Lancaster Franklin Franklin Franklin Delaware Perry Delaware Cumberland Franklin Cumberland Lancaster Franklin Erie Luzerne Erie Tioga Erie Schuylkill Luzerne Adams Schuylkill Carbon Schuylkill Luzerne Perry Adams Place First First Second First Second First First Second Second First First Second First Second First Second First First First Second First Second First First Second First Second First Second First Second First Second First Second First First Second Second First Second First Second First Second Variety York Stripe York Stripe Smith Cider Dominie Dominie Smokehouse Smokehouse Winter Banana Winter Banana Paradise Paradise Pewaukee Pewaukee Bellflower Bellflower Opalescent Opalescent Ewalt Maiden Blush Jonathan King David Name and Address Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield Mt. Breeze Orchard Co., Chambersburg Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield Oaniel Rice, New Bloomfield Charies E. Miller, Smithfield Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield Paul Lingle, Pine Grove Tressler's Orphan Home, Lloysville D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro Tressler's Orphan Home, Lloysville R. E. Briggs, Nescopeck Dickenshied & Weinberger, Zionville S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Dickenshied & Weinberger, Zionville Ira Echman, Sunbury D. H. Way, Port Matilda Eagle Mt. Orchard Co., Chambersburg Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield County Perry Franklin Perry Perry Fayette Perry Delaware Perry Schuylkill Perry Franklin Perry Luzerne Lehigh Delaware Lehigh Northumberland Center Franklin Perry Perry Place First Second First First Second First Second First Second First Second First Second First Second First Second Second Second Second First York York Grimes Grimes Delicious Delicious Jonathan Rome Rome Mcintosh Mcintosh Stayman Stayman Northern Spy Northern Spy Baldwin Baldwin CLASS 10. COMMERCIAL CLASS D. K. Sterrett, Shippensburg Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield S. L. Smedley, Jr., Newton Square Masonic Home, Elizabethtown Masonic Home, Elizabethtown Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield R. E. Benner, Iron Springs Paul Lingle, Pine Grove Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield Paul Lingle, Pine Grove C. H. Koch, McKeansburg Paul Lingle, Pine Grove H. S. Stoner, Orrtanna C. H. Koch, McKeansburg Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield G. W. Hartman, Harrisburg Cumberland Perry Delaware Lancaster Lancaster Perry Adams Schuylkill Perry Schuylkill Schuylkill Schuylkill Adams Schuylkill Perry Perry Dauphin First Second First Second First Second First First Second First Second First Second First Second First Second CLASS 12. PLATE PEARS Masonic Home, Elizabethtown Lancaster CLASS 14B. BLACK WALNUTS Clarence Blouch, Jonestown Lebanon CLASS 14F. SHELLBARKS Clar^J'/.p^n^"'*'!; ^^^^ig^tstown Adams Clarence Blouch, Jonestown Lebanon CLASS 15. COUNTY ASSOCIATION EXHIBIT Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale, Sec. Adams Lewis Rothrock, New Bloomfield, Sec. Perry The fnlin ^^"^^ger, Pottsville, Sec. Schuylkill Third Grade ^^^^^""'^ ^^^«® ^^ COMMERCIAL PACKS, UNDER THE U^ Po« XT , ^- ®- STANDARD GRADES XI. a Fancy No. 1. The Mt. Parnell Cooperative Fruit Assn. , St. Thomas, Pa. — 97 — First Second First Second First Second Third REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMBnTTEE B. D. ANTHONY, Ohalrman Is it a mistake to plant more fruit trees? Are we not already facing an over-production of apples and therefore why should we be interested in varieties for new plantings? These are not the opinions of your committee. We are strongly of the opinion that if this state produces well-grown fruit of the right sorts we can increase our sales way beyond the present production. When an orchard is planted we must look ten to twenty years in the future. Our period of intensive planting is ten years past and the same is true in nearly all of our com- peting states. We should be making plans now for a moderate planting in order to keep the industry at a proper level. Pew competing states can produce fruit cheaper than we can and our marketing situation is so favorable that we can get a liv- ing price when many of our competitors are selling at a loss. Pennsylvania should not slow up her planting; she has only made a good beginning. Two years ago your General Fruit Committee, under the direction of Dr. Fletcher, undertook a study of fruit varieties for this state. Last year this study was continued. These reports will be found in the last two ** Proceedings'* of this Association. In 1920 the State Department of Agriculture and the Department of Horticulture at State College jointly made a careful study of the apple industry of the state. The report covering this was published by the Department of Agriculture at Harrisburg as Bulletin 369. Through these investigations more than 1,500 of our growers have been asked their opinion of many of our fruit varieties. Your present Fruit Committee drew up a tentative list of desirable varieties from the information then at hand and sub- mitted this list to 150 growers in various parts of the state. The changes suggested by these growers have been made and the lists are now before you. They are not in any way to be considered as infallible. They are simply presented for your study, to be changed from time to time as we get better varie- ties or change our opinions about some of the old ones. Fruit Regions of the State Pennsylvania covers too wide a climatic range for it to be possible to make recommendations covering the state as a whole. We must make at least five districts and, as time goes on, some of these will need to be subdivided further. A map showing the outlines of these districts can be found on page 49 of Bulletin 369 to which we have previously referred. • — 98 — Tree Fruits Beoommended for Planting in Pennsylvania APPLES SoWheastem Kegion. (East of York CSly and south »f North Mountam) Staymaa, Smokehouse. Grimes Some dI ondary varieties ••; varieties of limited value • ' Keglon Yellow Transparent Oldenburg (Duchess) Williams Summer Bambo Maiden Blush Wealthy Mcintosh Smokehouse Grimes Jonathan Delicious B. I. Greening Wagener Baldwin Stayman Northern Spy York Bome Stark The following additional varieties, because of their aual ity, are worthy of a place in the home plaX^nly Thev mr xv Z Harvest, Fanny, Gravenstein, Jefferis Fall Pinnin — 99 — s. *• S.E. •• N.E. • W. 0. • « •• • • • •** •• • • • • •• •• • ••• • • • ••* ••• •»# «•♦ *•• ••* ••• •• •• • •• •• •• ••• ##♦ • # •• • «•• ••« •*• ••• ••• ••• •• ♦♦♦ • *•• •• ••• # ••• •* ••• •• ••• • • ••• • 1^ PEACHES Leading varieties for commercial planting arranged ac- Region •TAX V/X X J 8. S.E. N.E. W.-S. of W.Erie 0. Admiral Dewey Greensboro • *«• Erie ••• Shore • • ** Carman « • •• Hiley Champion Belle of Georgia Rochester •• •• • • • • • •• « •• « « Hale ««« • • * • Elberta ««• ♦#♦ •*« *•• ««• «•• Crosby Fox •• •• Salway Smock • • «• • «• * Iron Mountain • • •« PEARS The three leading commercial varieties throughout the state are: Bartlett, Seckel and Kieffer. Additional varieties of high quality for home use arranged in season of ripening are : Tyson, Clapp Favorite, Bosc, Sheldon, Clairgeau, Angou- leme (Duchess), Winter Nelis. ^ PLUMS Commercial plums which may be recommended are, in order of ripening : Red June, Shiro, Burbank, Lombard, Brad- shaw, Reine Claude, (Green Gage) Italian Prune, German Prune, Shropshire Damson. The following are of high quality and worthy of trial in the home plantings of the state, arranged in order of ripening : Abundance, Tragedy, Hand, Miller Superb, Pacific, Pearl, Ten- nant, Washington, Agen, Imperial Epineuse, Jefferson, Golden Drop, Late Mirabelle. CHERRIES Only three sour cherries are of commercial importance: Early Richmond and Montmorency, both with light juice, and English Morello, with dark juice. The following sweet cherries are recommended for com- mercial planting: Yellow Spanish and Napoleon (Royal Ann), for light cherries; Black Tartarian, Schmidt, Lambert, and Windsor, for dark cherries. In addition to these, the following sweets are worthy of tnal for the home plantation: Early Purple, Coe, Ida. Elton, Bmg, Centennial, Republic. ^ The following '^Duke'*, or hybrid, cherries should be tned in the home plantings: Empress Eugenie, May Duke, Abbesse d'Oignies, Nouvelle Royal, and Reine Hortense. — 100 — ^ ^ The Southern Region covers Adams countv and thp «^ jommg counties and is the car-lot shipping teLit^^ th; t'hfl' Jo^? Southeastern Region lies east^f^hTa^d^out^^^^^ the 1,000 foot contour line on the south side of NortrMoun tam. It IS an mtensive local market area. The Nor heSei Region lies to the north of this and east of sSnbunr and^ Lycoming and Tioga Counties. It is both a whSe and a Here fruit is of less importance and the orchards are scSed' anT mS^'f "• ' '"'"^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^s but th mLy ^ ^ Because we have orchards which are planned to ^pH fmif Iktf nl Vi.. \^^ ^f" necessary to make two different S different'"'*"^ """^ °' ''^ *"« '^'^^^^^ «^ <>'<^^-^^^ -« Apple Varieties for the Southeastern Region Th^^I, T^r -^ *"^ °'^* ^^6' seventeen placing it fourth Though Delicious was placed fifth by fourteen ""3' we will prob. of Lake Erie " "'' " '"a»m«'i by the waters that XT™ le'Sit' rr/r °' ''l' ^^o™ K"*'"" '<">- fit into a plan of local mark^tWTi,- y,f ^«t'f ,which will Apples for the Home Plantation be th^o7outhly a^hime tT '^ 'T'^^^<^''' Pl«'^*^««'^ '^"^t location" bl7wL?e col't*';,!^™^' '° w^""^ '' *^^* around our house and fo^^r Z^^t^Z TeJZ — 103 — be bound by such narrow limits. The list which is suggested contains names which will bring back to many a man pleas- ant memories of the old trees around the home place and of the apples mother used to tuck into the lunch basket. Are we of this generation planting equally fine sorts around our homes to give to our children that same pleasure, the memory of which has come to mean so much to us? Peaches for Pennsylvania Southern and Southeastern Regions. The peach varieties selected by the growers from these two sections furnish a remarkable example of the influence of type of marketing upon the choice of varieties. The climate of the two regions is nearly the same and the same varieties could be grown in both. Eleven varieties are on the list for the Southeastern Region and nine others were suggested by various growers. The grow- ers have selected this wide range of varieties in order to give them a steady supply of high quality peaches throughout as long a period as possible. In the Southern Regions the grow- ers have recommended only four chief sorts — Elberta, Hale, Belle of Georgia and Hiley — with the possible addition of Iron Mountain and Salway if the grower wishes to extend his season. Peaches for the Other Regions. Except along the shore of Lake Erie and a rather limited area in the valleys of the Ohio and its tributaries, peach growing in the rest of the State is a precarious business and a grower should make a most thorough investigation of his climatic conditions before planting any considerable acreage. In both the Northeastern and Central Regions there are found spots, usually on a hill- top or hill side overlooking some broad valley, where profitable orchards are possible, but these places are limited. The varie- ties the growers have suggested are mostly those which are somewhat winter hardy. In the peach growing sections around Pittsburgh the growers have not yet selected a satisfactory list of varieties. Elberta is the chief sort with Greensboro, Carman, Champion, Belle of Georgia and Salway found in many orchards. Roch- ester and Hale are being tried in some of the newer orchards. The favored situation of growers along the south shore of Lake Erie enables them to grow almost any of our commercial sorts. The greater part of the plantings here is Elberta with a scattering of Greensboro, Carman, Champion, Belle of Geor- gia and Crosby. The success of Rochester and Hale in some of the newer plantings promises to put these in the commercial list. — 104 — Other Fruit in Pennsylvania rathe? w?dfw?.?f' P^?^\^^^ ^^^^^ Shiro and Burbank, are ratner widely grown in the state. Of the European nlunKT P^ne^at^^^^^^^ ^T ^^^"'^' '''''''' ^rZZTo^e^n S sS. PrnL • r""^^ .^^^^^/ ^^ *^^ E^i^ section the cS oriS T. W^^ ^''''''u '^ ^^^^"" ^^^^^ plantations. Our £ thr^ast^sC ^^^' T' '^^'""^'^ ''''' ^l^ieh we m ine east should learn more about as they offer nromi^P of 0lwt:^l "^^""'T '^ ^^^ '''' ^- loc J-m2ket us" ' state eL V K^ '5'^'r ^'' ^"^^^ ^^ ^^y ^^«^ber in the Thes; fveZefonW^^^^ Montmorencv and English Morello. 1 nese are used only for canning and from the larger orchards S th?i T""^"^ ^"'^ ^^'''^^ '^ the tannery. M^ny growers in the state are awake to the value of the sweet cherrv fi^ inv .r'^/' \^/ '^^ ^*^^^t "^^ ^^ the trees tenlsfo dfscoura^e f.L n f?"'!^^" P^^?*^^- ^^^^g the sweet cherrTestWe IS no outstanding variety. Those mentioned in the iSt are aU found m commercial plantings. The -Duke- chSes the hybrids between the sweet and the sour cherries apDar;^^^^^ are httle grown They should be tried Ta sLKcaK there are several which are promising. ^ i?r.. 'In ^^?^^ \^ respectfully submitted by your General list of varieties to be recommended by this Association. COMMITTEE . I F. H. FASSETT, J. S. "WALKER P. B. BOLTZ, W. O. BINGHAM, E. D. ANTHONY, Chairman. BEPORT OF PEACH YELLOWS COMMITTEE B. T. OEISWELI^ Chambereburg. Chairman the JeZlt^TSrW ""a ^Mn I^"°^« ^^ '""^ "^^'^ ^^t^^est crrZ *• , • "• ■^- McCubbin on the Peach Yellows Tn spection conducted by the Department of Agriculture Trin; some d'£ultfeft?'^ ''r^' *!!** ^'^^"^•^ cJSdZtS some d^culties this work has been highly satisfactory. seconH^L^!^?^ *^** ^^^^^"^ suggests that in its option a second inspection, as far as this can be given would h^ « nurseries are concerned in the spread of Yellows Dromnt1v"''^t "^T "* '"spected orchards to cut down promptly — by promptly we mean within a few davs In trees marked for destruction by the inspector ^«y«-«" We also urge that the work of this committe be continued The report was accepted and the committee coSed — 105 — 1 REPORT OF CROP ESTIMATES COMMITTEE SHELDON FUNK, Boyertown, Chairman At our last annual meeting this organization passed a reso- lution asking for the appointment of a committee to formulate some better system of reporting the apple production of Penn- sylvania. This committee worked in cooperation with the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Agriculture. Through the Bureau of Statistics we sent out some six or seven hundred circulars to growers asking for their estimated normal production on a number of the principal varieties. This was followed up with the monthly report on all of these varieties. The hope of the committee was that if enough growers coope- rated we would not only get the percentage of production, but we would also get the estimated number of bushels of Stayman, York and other leading varieties. We got about 200 replies, but these dwindled down until at last we had as low as 61 reports. It became evident that as far as the number of bushels was concerned our figures were of no value. Last year there was considerable sentunent here that tbe percentage estimates were unfair, and the desire was ex- pressed that the estimates be based in number of bushels. I am sorry to say this committee did not get the full support of members ; the number reporting was so small that the bushel estimates were of no value. At first we intended that we would report separately the counties from which we receive ten reports. Finally they cut It down to five, and then to three or we would have had no counties to report. If this Association wants to have reliable statistics on fruit production the members must cooperate better than this. There are one or two points that I would like to bring out on the percentage basis. The estimate on August first was fifty-six per cent of a full crop. On December first when we had the actual crop production, it showed that those counties had an actual production of seventy-five per cent, or nine- teen per cent more than had been expected on the first of August. On August first Adams and Franklin counties esti- mated a crop of sixty-five and a half per cent, but on Decem- ber first they had an actual crop of ninety-six and a half per cent, or thirty-one per cent larger than was estimated on August first. The director of the Bureau of Statistics has done all that he could do. He is willing to do still more, but you fellows are not willing to spend five minutes once a month to send in the reports. Now, then, gentlemen, if it is not worth five — 106 — minutes^ work once a month it is not worth anvthin.. v. The report was accepted and the commlllee continued. SEPOST OP JOIHT OOMMITraE OH STAHD- AKOIZATIOH OF PACK orasna i. iyson, rte. dm., cmn^, rn?: S'Si:'. SendeTfro'ti K"„f S ""f, ^"■ outcome of these conferences Onitf^ ^f T''^^*/ • '^^''* *^« changes were sneee^ldJ^fL, ^ * number of important by th'e UniTeyStSDep'arSmenr'' '"' ""' ^"* ^"*« '''''' The report was accepted and the committee continued. REPORT OP RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE The resolutions committee has the following report pertL wTo^ W^ ^^V'^f. i^iP^rtance of the work being done SSmfnt nf «^r'*J^^*'°'' "^ *>« J^P^^^^^^ Beetle aid the State College and th<.^f«tf n ^ ^^ ^^^° recommend that s.rS„E Z 'fStaTelSiSol," ""^ *» '"°""«' — 107 — I I RESOLVED, That the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania strongly endorse the standardization of fruit and vegetable packages as proposed by the Vestal Bill H. R. 4085, and urge its immediate adoption. Copies of this resolution shall be sent to the Senators and Representatives from Penn- sylvania and also copies to Representative Vestal, Chairman of the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, and Sena- tor LaFollette, Chairman of the Committee on Manufactures, of the Senate. 3. We are convinced that the work of the Plant Disease Survey is of great benefit to the agricultural interests of the country in obtaining prompt information regarding outbreaks of diseases and by its constant reports enabling us to keep tab on well known diseases, thus supplying data of distinct value for our market and other activities. We have been par- ticularly impressed with the effective assistance given in recent years by the Plant Disease Survey to our State Department of Agriculture in locating the areas in our state in which the Potato Wart disease occurs. In our view the activities of this service should not be curtailed, aiid we respectfully urge that the U. S. D. A. appropriation bill relating to this branch of the service of the B. P. I. include the following : "For investigation of plant disease and pathological col- lections, including the maintenance of the Plant Disease Sur- vey, $127,000, of which $50,000 shall be used for the further development of the Plant Disease Survey service*'. Copies of this resolution to be sent to the following mem- bers of the appropriation committee of the House of Repre- sentatives, Washington, D. C: Sydney Anderson, Edw. W. Wason, W. W. Magee, James B. Buchanan. Upon motion duly made and seconded the foregoing reso- lutions were adopted. Resolution Number Four : We record with deep regret the death, on November 15, of a most valued member, Mr. John C. Schmidt, of York, Pa. He was a man who was vitally interested in horticultural advancement, in addition to large merchantile interests, and was the owner of the farm upon which the York Imperial apples originated. Many members most pleasantly remember him as host to this association at the one hundredth anniversary of the introduction of this variety. The above resolution was unanimously adopted by a rising vote and the secretary was instructed to send a copy of the resolution to the family. COMMITTEE ' SHELDON W. FUNK, W. O. BINGHAM, . W. E. GEOVE, Chairman, — 108 — BEPOET OP THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE F. H Fassett: We beg leave to make the following renort- First Vice President, H. C. Brinton, Hanover, Penna Second Vice President, S. R. Huey, New Castle Sa Secretary, S. W. Fletcher, State Cdlege, P^na Treasurer, Edwin W. Thomas, King of^PrS, Penna COMMITTEE P. H. FASSETT, Chairman, P. S. FENSTEBMACHEB, H. F. HEESHEY. namS' t^r fhTf''- ^ ^^i'^ '"^ nomination these gentlemen's names for the vanous offices mentioned, and move that th^ nomanations be closed; and I further moVe that the sec?etl^ The motion was duly seconded and agreed to. The President: It is a little too late to say anvthine mTl IT^T'^'V '''' ^^"^^ '''''' y«" taveTestow?ft me I feel it is an honor to serve this association and esne cially when reelected to serve the second term ^ Howard Chase: Mr. President, our by-laws provide that the edandtha?::? ^ /'^ "'^ -embersMps shaHbe invel current eSeniVc! ""*'"''* secured thereon shall be used for current expenses. Some years ago there seems to have been some money borrowed from the life membership fund ? therefore move that the executive committee be directed to take such action as, in their opinion, is expedient to have the life membership fund returned as soon as may be practrcable The motion was duly seconded and agreed l^"''"'''^^^^- ^n,,.;^^ .-7 / • **• *^^ president declared the meeting ad- journed until tomorrow morning at 9:00 o'clock. BIEETINO OP THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE American Pomological Society, through PrankUn Adam, and other counties of southeastern Pennsylvank The Secretary was directed to prepare a revision of tho Consmution and By-laws, to be pres'ent'ed at thTn'ext a^-' n* ti?^* Treasurer was directed to credit $700 of the assets of the Association to the Life Membership Fund in Darti^l^ payment of the sum withdrawn from tL fund some ylara ago to meet current expenses. ^ — 109 — THUBSDA7 MORNING SESSION, JAN 24 CULTURAL METHODS IN NEW JERSET PEACH ORCHARDS O. p. I.EWIS, IUv«rton, N. J. I had a very interesting time last night listening to the disciission of the game laws. We thought we had a pretty live issue in New Jersey over the game laws, but ours is dead compared to what it is here, apparently. We have appointed a committee which is working now with the game men, and I believe there is some good going to come out of it. The south- ern counties of New Jersey, at least, would say "amen" to everything that was said here last night. Most of my talk today is going to be on growing quality fruit. I cannot announce that as the goal of agricultural methods m New Jersey, because in New Jersey, like every other state, the general agricultural processes do not neces- sarily tend toward quality fruit. There was a time when any grower with most any kind of fruit was making money, so it got to be merely a question of how many cars they could raise. This tended to build up quantity production, instead of quality. The last few years we are fast getting away from the quantity idea. These charts were prepared by the manager of our Fruit Growers Cooperative Association. Here are two cars ; one is a car of No. 1 peaches, and the other a car of No. 2 peaches. The gross sales of the No. 1 car were $694, and the total expenses $321. The net to the grower was $373. On the No ^ car the gross sales were $460, the .total expenses $305, and the net to the grower was $155. The question is, how many baskets of each grade will it take to cover expenses on each car. You see how many more baskets of No. 2 peaches it takes to cover the necessary expenses of the car. That illus- trates how unprofitable it is to grow No. 2 peaches under prevailing market conditions. Under certain conditions you can make money on the No. 2 peaches, but usually you can make money only on the No. 1 peaches. Peach Pruning for Qtiality Frtdt Now comes the question of how we are going to get our i^,n^' °A^V^^-- ^ '"• ^ .^'" t^'^^ ^^'^ '^P »nder five heads, pruning fertilization spraying, conditioning and harvesting! Those are the methods that particularly influence quality fruit. — 110 — in th^L'dliKeSS No?[h"t'- r' '^^^ ^'"^i ^-'^ f- '^ fT^'' '^^' '''' '^^'^ earrrto maturi^^ Then they thinned down to that number. In that way thev Question: Do the North Carolina growers jrain anvthin and the grower L apt Jir A ,*''''*'' ^'^ '"^ *'^*''S« «f th« picking and then go salT basket ' **''"• ''^'^ "'''' ^'''^ '""^^^^ ^^^^^^ Question: What about planting alfalfa in peach orchards? C. P. Lewis: I would not advocate it in oeachefi hut wo are doing it successfully in apple orchards ' Question: Our experience is that alfalfa will eventuallv die out under shady trees. eventually ^« ^* ^i. ^^"^' ^* ^'" "8^^* "»i.^ SiS norbT'Tr''*"*"!""'^ ''^"^''^ ^t this Vme, and perhaj tTeL oln expete'^'"'w'V^ '^' ^"^""^^^ ^''^ expected to pT;^ turS Cc aSon will Jo'iStTthir^ T'^ ?'* '''' ^'''^^'■ last night when wTwere having thTl-'"' ?* ^"'""^*^ *« "^^ that thk i«> nr,!r«7!k • "^^I'^g the discussion on game laws HOW OAH THE EAPIDLY DEOLDIIHO RASPBEBBT nroOSTOY OP PEHHSyLVAlOA BE SAVED? OEOBaE M. DAEEOW V. S. Department of Agriculture alone^lrg^td^hif ?27i' r''- ''^^"'^^"^ ^'^ Pennsylvania Sections in New EnSandJh J w'''''^ '"' "i'^'' '^'''"^ «*«*««• under c«"„ coSitLrt e".«rma,?'? ""^ "? ""^ — 115 — l\ plants. In other sections, possibly of this state, it may not be particularly serious, but on the raspberry it is probably ser- ious in most sections and may be the most serious disease in the fields of most growers. In 1921, I set several thou- sand Cuthbert raspberries at my home near Washington. The following year it became necessary to transplant about one- half of these, and fully 95 per cent were found to be affected with crown gall, and the 5 per cent that showed no visible infection were undoubtedly all affected with the disease. A small number of plants of other sorts growing with them showed little or no disease. The plants, as they were origi- nally received from the nursery, seemed to be only slightly affected and those showing disease were discarded, yet un- doubtedly nearly all were already affected with crown gall. This simply means that at the present time we have not enough information about the control of this disease in the nursery nor enough information to judge the value of stocks of raspberries in the nursery. I know of no remedy except a definite test of stocks from different nurseries under uniform conditions and a certification of stocks after such a test. My own plantation never produced sufficient fruit to be commer- cially profitable and has been destroyed. Another disease common in black raspberry fields in Penn- sylvania is anthracnose and it is often sufficiently serious to make plantations unprofitable. The cankers caused by this disease near the base of the canes are a familiar sight. Recent mvestigations indicate that this can be controlled by spraying and, in general, a dormant spray applied just before growth starts m the spring has given sufficiently satisfactory control. Later sprays have very frequently injured the plants severely, so severely m some cases that the entire crop was lost, and until the strength of later sprays has been thoroughly worked out, it cannot be safely advised. MoMic Diseases. The mosaics, of which there are at least three affecting the raspberry, constitute a third type of dis- ease. These are serious in all parts of eastern United States, and have been so serious as to threaten the entire industry in certain sections. In the Hudson Rivery valley in the large raspberry district, it is reported that there are no plants free from these diseases, to be found. In other sections, some fields may be nearly free from them, others may be nearly all affect- ed. This year at our experiment station at Bell, Md., plants "^Tu^^^^^i.*^^.^^^^ ^^ *^"^^' supposedly free from mosaics and by October m one case practically 900 out of 1,000 plants were diseased. To illustrate its seriousness to growers, one field of black raspberries in Connecticut was visited the last part of July of this year and some 2 weeks before this every plant m the field had been infected with a mosaic disease. One kmd of mosaic disease kills the plant rather quickly, that — 116 — as J examnir' thL*" ^' ^'^''''^ ''' ''^^'^ *« t^ese diseases, !n!oL if t'- * ^^^ ^^^" proven that the mosaic diseases are dSed ^aSirr '"^^ '^"^^ P^^"* "««' which feed on a oiseasea plant and then move to a healthy plant infeptino- it somewhat ^ mosquitoes infect humans with mal'aria wf ^n not know however, whether the aphis Uve oX part Z tt St'thon.hTh-''"-''^ '""^ *^^ ^^«* «^ the year onrmelther mSate from fit .'' «f P««ted, nor do we know when they fT5 11 r ^^% raspberry to another plant. We do know moniy aitected with mosaic diseases. It has been proven thut one of the mosaics is the same on the raspberry as on th^ wJ^ ^ ^r^^^ ^^^ common knowledge of everv rasn ni.. !3."*' ^ Successful grower must learn personally to reeoi? t^at S, ff^^*"""! ^^-^^'^ ^''^'^ effecting the ?aspberi? s^' le« forLe/p °Th''"^ '"".t^ '^ ^* " '««^ before he goTs o cro^ Sll pnfi, ' ""^^"^ *^^* ^^ °i"st be able to tell what raspW^^'T*^^"^^'/!**"^"^ ^'^ ""^"y insects that injure the raspberry. Two of these are becoming serious generallv On^ 0 ctrd 'l^smaTl^St^ wh-fl?^ "' *'^ .reenh!use"a^![of^?: leavel t:kL7it ^dtS SeS t^e^ ^if^ — 117 — J cult to learn to recognize the presence of this insect from the appearance of the leaves. Just recently a new red spider, called the European fruit mite, has been found to be a serious pest of the raspberry. It differs but slightly from the other but seems to be more serious. A characteristic injury has been regularly associated with this insect, dwarfing of the branches, especially notice- able in mid and late summer, on the new canes. Control of these two insects has not been worked out on the raspberry but methods worked out for other fruits can probably be adapted to the raspberry. Second. The grower must be able to recognize the injury of the ''common red spider'' and the ''European fruit mite'\ Successful orchardists know such points about their work, and their spraying program is arranged accordingly. Third. A successful grower must know the source of disease-free stock and must know where to secure stock that will give him at least an even chance to succeed in growing the raspberry. At present, one section of Ohio has had care- ful inspection and rogueing of diseased fields for several years, and it is possible to secure clean stock of certain varieties in that section. Sections in other states are being rogued and will undoubtedly be able to furnish clean stock soon. Fourth. Control of diseases and insects must be learned by each grower. This means a knowledge of the particular practice which has been found most advisable in the control of each trouble. Other troubles of raspebrry growers are connected with cultural practices. I can illustrate this best by comparing methods. Plants of the black raspberry are usually set in early spring and the canes made that year trail on the ground and are called "creepers''. The next year the new canes are higher and arch somewhat. Growers call them "first year low". Then the third year they are "first year high" and the fourth "second year high", referring to the height of the bush. The fourth year they come into full bearing and from 2,000 to 3,000 quarts per acre are harvested. In Connecticut, however, a Mr. Smith grows the black raspberry. A careful selection of plants IS made when he sets a field. The plants are "creep- ers" the first season but the next year a crop of 4,000 quarts per acre is secured from them. The new canes grow upright and a full crop is harvested the following year — a crop of 8,000 and more quarts per acre. As soon as the crop is gath- ered the bushes are pulled out and the field planted to some other crop. That is, raspberries are planted in the spring of 1923. In 1924 the first crop is gathered, in 1925 the second, and the bushes are then dug out. Two crops of 4,000 and 8,000 quarts pay this grower well. He gets such yields by — 118 — into full bearW «= ' ? '^r^'^^^V' should bring his plantation crops ^ ^' "l^^'^'y ^« possible and get maximum RaspfeTmusT TSiT^^' '"^ «^"'"« '^''' ^^^ Packed. marLtersatS?actonV^ Mi'^^'-'l*^" ""' '^''^ ^^^^ *« be and unless thevSn if I^^ ^'''^^''^ ^""^ ""^^^^^ *» the acre cent more berrit^ ,.«« iff ^ T j^* "®^ "^ pickers. Fifty per Tiers Than wUhout ?hem ""rttT' '''^^ ""''^ smtablJcar- hand carriers A nlw ", • . ^ ^"".^ '"^'^y ^^P^^ of waist and marLti^hungoneaX<,idrh* "^"'''\ T.'""^ P^'^^^^ «° t^e enabff fLr\LTrrtf ^"^1"'' '^^ '^*'«* P^^^^'^g Oriental Peach Moth and Japanese Beetle ^^^Q^estion: Has your loss been severe on the Oriental peach year^' We^dfdn 't T'7 ^t^'^ ^^'' ^^^^' ""^^ ^^ ^^<^^ last Z^mI "^^.?- '^'1 ^ dozenT/er^em cSs a^d l^ZrlZ sfo/rrm'aTar ''^'' "^* '- ^"^ *^« -'^- -^ Question: Do you use anything at all for it? ever h J' ^jTf^' ^?' ''?*^^"^- ^* ^« **»« "^os* serious pest we til . i" ^^ ^\^ .''^*"'"*^ enemies do not control it it iHoin^ to put the peach business on skids all over this tendto^^ ^ Questton: Is the worm worse on early or late varieties? it was' less ''•■ ^* ^^ """''" ^° *^" ^^^ '^* y^''^' t^s year ,•« ir.^T^'J'^'' ^ r"'*^ ^^^ t« ^^"o^ what additional expense as involved in combating the Japanese beetle in your orchard? »,,« w u "'!f,-* '^^^ Japanese beetle worried us about 3 vears coMroE Jt'?^ ''"^'^Z ^°^ ^'^y ^ore because he can b^ controlled by spraying. Two years ago I went on a vacation just before harvesting season of the early appfes I Jt a telT phone call on the 4th of July that the bee fes we^re eatii.r" F.^rf f ? "P- ^ ^"'"P^d *" ^^' °^a«hine and got home Thf r^enat $TeTl}f ^'T^ T --"-g«--t ^7*0 use' a supplv L^ i f V "r ^""^^ ^^^'^ °^1- We did not have meantime tW hJ^ ^.f J ^^ V^° *° ««* ^^at, and in the SamiS ttttt '""'"^ °° l^^ "^'•'y ^PPl««- When we 1 to on hiJi 4x?" ^''^''l ^PP'*' t^^'-^ w^J-e anywhere from I to 100 beetles. We got the Soya bean oil sprav on h„t ft w^ not a successful control, so we started right ?J wUh ars^* nate of lead, 4 pounds to 50 gallons of watlr and Lot S fair control on the early apples ' ^ ^"^* out ^Bu? iiu t''*''' ^'* I" '* '' ""^^^ty ^^'^ to drive them settled Tn« ^ '""^ ^^V^"'" 'P^^y «" ««r'y. before they settled. Just as soon as they came out of the ground w appleT W^W ' thickly covered with lead, both pfX and «n?f^" . ^ v^""^ an orchard on each side of the golf links and that is where the beetles were the worst, where the eroSnd was not cultivated. They came up on top of the gJSun?, aSd — 123 — i the golf links looked black. I shook a tree and while three- quarters of the beetles flew away, the quarter that fell on the ground made it look absolutely black. Now, that may sound ridiculous to you, but you could not see the ground at all. Those trees were right beside our orchard, yet you could hardly see a beetle on the sprayed trees. This shows just what our lead is doing, and I don't have any hesitation at all in saying that the beetle is not a menace to any well cared for orchard. Question: How have you overcome the bumf C, P. Lewis: We didn't use arsenate of lead, 4 pounds to fifty gallons on peaches. We only used it 2 pounds, and used lime with it. S. W. Fletcher: As to the Oriental peach moth, what do you propose to do next year? C. P. Lewis: We don't propose to do anything except sit tight. There is no real control as yet unless the parasite will take care of it. The tobacco spray does not give control when you have a heavy infestation. It is not practical in big orchards, because it will have to be applied every day or every 2 or 3 days. Our hope is that the parasites will take care of it. COST OF BRINOINO A PENNSYLVANIA OBCHABD INTO BEARING J. A. BUNK, Huntiiigdon I would have hesitated to give you my figures had Mr. Lewis not already given you his. I planted in the spring of 1913 a 150-acre orchard in Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. I was a pioneer in that section, and had I known then what I know today with regard to the cost of bringing an orchard into bearing I would not have started it. Some of you have bought orchards, and you have not gone through the struggle of bringing one into bearing. My orchard will be 11 years old in the spring of 1924. My records are crude, but I have had to pay the bills and I know how much money I have used. The cost is more, I am frank to say, than I could sell the orchard for today. When you hear in Penn- sylvania of a 10 or 15-year orchard being valued at $300 or $400 per acre, and offered for sale at that figure, some of you question that valuation. I started with 150 acres; approximately 85 acres of that were interplanted with peach, 35 acres were interplanted with sour cherry. Following up what Mr. Lewis has said, if you want to bring an orchard into bearing don't expect a part of the farm to carry the orchard; make it a straight orchard proposition. I held approximately 50 acres of my orchard open with the idea of intercropping, and that intercropping has lost me a lot of money. — 124 — 7^ / We paid out $101,195.89. Every cent of that money has been used for the upkeep of the orchard. There were a few mistakes made which I would not incur again. We have sold from the orchard $49,800 worth of fruit. We should have sold more but for the last 3 years in central Pennsylvania we have had severe frosts, and it has cut down our sales. The deer problem has limited our income considerably. This leaves a deficit of $51,395.89. In addition to that we have a mortgage of between $17,00 and $18,000, and we have perhaps a couple thousand dollars outstanding indebtedness, making the total net investment in that 150 acres today $68,395. Divid- ing that amount by 150, the number of acres, we have the net cost per acre of that orchard at 10 years approximately $455 an acre. If there are any young men here that are contemplating starting orchards in Pennsylvania be sure you have a good bank account, or unlimited credit because it is a man-sized job, and it requires more than the ordinary amount of back- bone to put it over. Those of you who can buy a good orchard, at 10 or 15 years of age, at $150 to $200 an acre have easy sailing in com- parison with the man who starts an orchard and carries it through himself. Sheldon W, Funk: After listening to the discussion on this subject this morning, which seemed to indicate that the fruit grower at the present time is close to bankruptcy, I was ready to start figuring once more to see whether I had not made any mistakes. The figures that I will give you are on a proposition of 425 acres, about 325 of which are planted. Of these 8 acres are 17 years of age, about 5 acres are 8 years of age, and the balance range from 1 to 6 years. We inventory the place at the actual cost of land, buildings, trees, labor, etc. That is, if a bam costs me $10,000, after 6 years it is still inventoried at $10,000. I don't know of any satisfactory way of estimating the actual worth of a tree, so bear in mind that we are not figuring increased valuation. In our inventory we allow 25 per cent depreciation each year on tractors and trucks and 10 per cent on all tools and equipment. Ten per cent is not enough on tools, I would like to figure 20 per cent, but the Government won't allow me. The trees are only inventoried at the cost of the nursery stock. During the 6 years we have shown a net operating profit ranging from 6 to 40 per cent on our investment. My salary is figured in the inventory. We have shown a profit each year with the exception of 1921 when we froze out entirely, and we had a net operating loss of 30 per cent ; but taking all of the years together, we have shown a net operating profit of 9 per cent on our investment. — 125 — ' . i( THURSDAY AFTEBNOON SESSION, JANUABT 24TH MISTAKES IN TBAININO FBX7IT TBEES F. N. FAOAIT, Pennsylvaala State College • The need of more careful work in selecting frame work branches of fruit trees made itself very pronounced at our Station some seven years ago, when the experiment apple orchard first began to produce an average yield per tree. The workers who planned and planted our experiment orchard took great care in securing varieties true to name in the various fertilizer and cultural method blocks. Nursery trees were planted and top-worked at once to Stayman Wine- sap, York Imperial and Baldwin. The common top-working methods were used with good results as far as set of scions is concerned. The common length of scion is about six to ten inches. The distance between buds on these scions is about one to one and one half inches apart. The average grower would hesitate to do much pruning on these scions during the first two or three years of growth. This orchard came under the management of the present workers about six years ago, when the trees began to produce their first real crops of fruit. The frame work branches were bunched and forming poor crotches, and branches were begin- ning to wedge each other. Bolting and wire trussing have been used to save the trees from breaking. At the same time as much corrective pruning as possible has been done each year. Bracing is expensive and is not permanent. If a fruit grower had to do this work on a thousand trees he would be impressed with the need of correct tree training to avoid this expense and the loss of many trees. Six years ago we planted another orchard of 3,000 trees, using one year whips. We made up our minds not to let such poor heads develop in this new orchard. The usual method of training was followed. At planting time the whips were cut back to thirty inches. Each year they have received a light thinning out of branches. Frame work branches have been selected as they have developed. We thought we were getting some well shaped trees and believe we have succeeded about as well as the average grower who follows this method. We do not, however, have the perfect trees we would like to see. Not being satisfied with the results, we decided, in the spring of 1923, to start a training project, using the buds on the one- year whip as the basis for better frame work branches. Fifty Mcintosh and fifty Stayman Winesap one year whips were planted. The plan was to remove all buds on the one year whips except those that occured where frame work branches would be desired. 126 Beginning with the bud as a starting point for training is not a new idea in pomology. The method has long been used by gardeners in Europe. Especially is this view point in evi- dence in espalier training. However, little is found in Ameri- can literature along this line. We did not feel sure of our ground after our first year's experience. We realize that in removing all buds on a whip except the three to five desired for development into branches, we reduce the total leaf surface on each tree during the first yearns growth, and likely in the next two or three seasons also. This might seriously reduce the rate of development of the entire tree. The de-budding of the whips took place a few days after planting, and before any growth started. The trees were not cut back and the terminal bud was permitted to remain. In removing the buds a dull knife was used; the buds were not cut off, but merely flipped off by placing the cutting edge of the blade into the angle the buds form with the trunk, and then with a slight turn outward with the blade, the buds were removed. The work was not tedious, and the rapidity with which it can be done makes this operation practicable. Nearly every bud selected has developed into a branch. The exceptions are rare. We wondered whether secondary buds would develop at the nodes where the buds had been removed. In a few cases this has occurred, or the heart of some buds may not have been completely removed. From these, a few branches have developed where frame branches were not desired. We believe we see a mistake in our methods. No heading back was done on the whips, but we now feel that the taller whips, six to seven feet long, might well have been headed just above the top bud selected. In our future work under this project, we will do this. We are pleased with the growth that the de-budded trees have made. The contrast is plainly seen when comparing them with the check trees not de-budded. No trunk measurements have been taken at this date and no twig length growth. The angle of the branch and its strength of tie to the main trunk, can only be determined after years of growth. The first year's results, however, are encouraging. Question: Does the wire rust rapidly t F. N, Fagan: Very little. Eventually it will have to be replaced. Question: Could you do the de-budding before you plant the trees? F. N. Fagan: You could, but I would not advise it. ,,, 'H v4' E ''Am — 127 — Question: Have you ever tried to insert a bud where you waat a branch? F, N, Fag an: No, but I imagine it would work on young trees. Question: Will this work on peach trees? F, N. Fagan: We don't know, but we are interested enough to try to find out. Question: Do you think that a close crotch is as serious on the peach tree as it is on the apple? F, N. Fagan: Yes, I do. I think the average peach orchard is really worse off from improper training with bad crotches, than apple orchards. Question: How many branches would you suggest on a peach tree? F, N, Fagan: Not over 3 or 4. This picture shows an old Baldwin tree in Western New York. You could not lie down on the ground under it any time and take a nap because about the time you doze off the sun would hit you in the eye. That tree is properly pruned. Pruning does not necessarily mean taking out large limbs with a saw. It may mean thin- ning out merely small twigs with a pair of 8-inch hand shears. The beat pruned orchard that I have ever seen is an orchard of 120 acres of bearing trees at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, pruned entirely with pocket shears. Question: How many trees like that could one man care for? F. N. Fagan: They had 3 regular men at that farm, and the 3 regular men and Mr. Marshall did all the pruning GROWING STRAWBERRIES FOR THE LOCAL MARKET GEO. M. DABBOW XT. S. Department of Agriculture The strawberry may be used in a variety of ways by the Pennsylvania farmer. Orchardists may use it as an intercrop from the time their trees are planted until they come into bearing. The famous apple orchards of Hood River, Oregon, and Watsonville, California, the peach orchards of the Castle- berry, Ala. section and many of the peach and apple orchards of New Jersey were brought into bearing by the use of the strawberry as an intercrop. The market gardener may use the strawberry as one in a succession of cash crops which brings him an income early in the season and gives employment to his help at a certain — 128 — season. If a wagon is regularly sent to market or a house to house sale is made the strawberry is, for many, the first crop which establishes their market for the season. The poultryman often uses the strawberry as a side line to his business for it is an intensive crop which brings in large returns per acre and the greater part of the labor in caring for a strawberry field and in harvesting comes after the heaviest spring work with chickens is over. Farmers growing a variety of crops use the strawberry as a cash crop according as it fits in with the regular work on his farm. A combination of strawberries with wheat or some small grain which will furnish mulch material is especially de- sirable. Even those living in suburban places, with large gardens, may use the strawberry as a source of extra money. Few, however, in Pennsylvania raise the strawberry as an only source of income and it would rarely be good management to do so. Location and Soil. Strawberries often are grown within the village and city limits, and many miles distant in the country. They are delivered on foot, sent by team, auto, by electric line or railroad and each method may be satisfactory according to conditions. They are grown and succeed on al- most every soil type and slope to be found in Pennsylvania. Almost the only condition to be met in the selection of a soil, is that the soil shall have been in hoed crop for two years pre- viously to rid the soil of white grub infestation. Probably a crop needing heavy applications of fertilizers and intensive cultivation will leave the land in best condition for straw- berries. Varieties. One variety in the last few years has come rapidly into favor and now heads the list as a variety for local market — that is the Howard 17 (Premier). It is very early and ripens over a long period. It is of good quality, attractive, and the plant is remarkably healthy. Under most conditions Howard 17 will be the most profitable sort to grow. Where overhead irrigation is used the Chesapeake is the lead ing sort for with ample water supply it yields very large crops of the finest berries. Planting and Cultivating. The plants should be set as early m the spring as possible and usually about 2 feet apart m the rows, with the rows 31/2 feet distant. Cultivation should be as thorough as for potatoes, but should be continued till late autumn. Training. For most conditions a matted row of plants about 18 inches wide should be grown. The Howard 17 vari- ety makes its runners comparatively early and makes few run- ners in late fall. For this reason it is desirable to have a — 129 — good matted bed of plants formed by September 1st. An ideal bed should have the plants spaced about 6 inches dis- tant. This is difficult to secure and will require experience in order to determine the cheapest method for a particular region. In some sections discs are attached to cultivators to cut oflE late formed runners. A sharp hoe is, perhaps, most commonly- used. In other sections all runners are spaced and the tips pressed into the soil, by hand. This is the common practice in California where Japanese grow the strawberry and very large yields are secured. It is also the practice south of Boston where the Marshall is largely grown. This work must be started in June or early July and continued through August, going over the fields at least every two weeks or about five times, and later as often as may be necessary to cut off later runners. Fruit Bud Formation. The formation of fruit buds for the next year's crop begins in September and continues throughout October at least. Before winter the fruit buds are all formed in the crown of each plant and are ready to open into flowers as soon as warm weather comes in the spring. Even the number of flowers per plant is decided in the fall and it has been determined that the crop depends largely upon the growing conditions during the early fall. Particular attention should, then, be paid to cultivation in August and September, the fields being kept free from weeds by fre- quent cultivation and when necessary an ample moisture sup- ply maintained. Mulching. Perhaps the biggest and yet the most impor- tant problem of the strawberry grower is to secure a supply of mulch for his berry field. In Pennsylvania the mulch should usually be put on in December after the ground has frozen. It is needed to protect the plants from freezing and thawing in winter and early spring, to conserve moisture dur- ing the spring, to keep the berries clean and to protect the pickers. Its value to the grower will vary from year to year. Sometimes it will barely pay for itself in increased yields and in better fruit, while in other years it will double the income from a field. In the well-known strawberry section about Bowling Green, Ky., the growers commonly raise wheat also for its straw. The straw from as much as three acres of wheat is used on one acre of berries. Wheat straw is generally con- sidered best for mulching purposes and where available it should be used. Oat and rye straw are also used, also wild hay and marsh hay. Some sections use pine needles and it is upon such materials that it will be necessary to depend largely. In early spring a field to which mulch has been applied should be gone over to loosen the mulch where it is too thick. — 130 — Sometimes it may even pay to place a large part of the mulch from the rows to the alleys between the rows, for a heavy mulch over the plants will often delay the season of ripening a few days. If placed in the alleys the mulch checks evapora- tion and may be as effective as if over the plants. In places where a heavy mulch is available, growers some- times cover their beds when in bloom, on nights when a frost is expected. A hay rake is used to pull the straw from the alley to the top of the plant. The experience which many Maryland and at least some Pennsylvania strawberry growers had in 1921 and 1922 has led many to ask about frost pro- tection. At our experiment station in Maryland in 1922, we covered a considerable area in late evening by this means. However, when we use the Howard 17 variety we have far less injury from frosts than when other sorts are used. When our crop was damaged by frost in 1921, this was one of two sorts which endured the frost and gave us a full crop, yet it is one of the first to blossom. Renovation of Fields. After a field has fruited, growers in many sections renovate their fields, cultivate and care for them and secure as large yields from the second as from the first crop. Whether it is practicable for the grower for local markets to do this will depend upon the condition of his soil his plants, and his rotation. If his soil is fertile with a good supply of humus, if his stand of plants is good, and if keeping his field over for a second crop will not interfere with his rota- tion system it may pay to do so. The cost to be charged against the second crop will be considerably less than against the first crop. The cost of renovation of a field is much less than the cost of plants, setting and maintaining a young field up to July when the old field is renovated. Just as soon as the crop is picked the field should be mowed over. The old leaves are cut off and new ones come out, which make thriftier plants. Just why, we do not know, but tests have shown that the plants grow better if the old leaves are cut off than if they are left on. After the leaves are dry the usual practice is to burn the leaves and mulch in the field. This saves labor in removing the mulch and is thought to keep the field freer of insect pests and diseases. Burning should be done quickly and only when dry. In some cases where mulching material is difficult to secure or expensive it will pay to stack it to one side and use it for the following crop. In a few instances the straw may be so broken up that it can be plowed under. After the mulch has been burned or removed the usual practice is to bar off — that is, to plow under one side of each old row. About 10 to 12 inches should be left. When the rows have a good stand it is usually more desirable to plow under a little over one-half of each row than to bar oflf a part — 131 — of each side. The rows tend to move to the spaces where the alleys were and the older plants are destroyed. Next, a spike tooth harrow with the teeth set to slant backwards is used but either at right angles across the rows or diagonally across. This levels the field, tears out some of the plants left but leaves enough plants. After this it may be advisable to run a cultivator down the alleys to fit the soil still more. The method to be followed may be varied to suit conditions. Some will prefer to plow the furrow on top of the strawberry and harrow it down later. Others may prefer to use a cultivator only to narrow the rows. After leveling the field hoes should be used to clean out weeds and thin the remaining plants. The distance between plants will vary with conditions, probably 12 to 18 inches being usually satisfactory if very severe drouths are not com- mon. In the course of a week after the above work has been completed new growth will appear. With frequent cultivation a good matted bed will be made by autumn and a full crop harvested the next spring. The number of times such a renewal of a plantation is to be practiced, depends on the fertility of the soil. In the Bowl- ing Green, Kentucky, section where strawberries are grown on a heavy silt soil three and four crops are often harvested from the same field before it is plowed up and the last crop will average about as large as the first. On the lighter soils this would not likely pay. Question: Can the soil get too sour for strawberrieet G. M. Barrow: The blueberry soils in New Jersey are the most sour soils in the United States, and still strawberries grow on them. There is no soil that is actually too sour. There may be soils that it may pay to use lime on, where the soil is in poor physical condition, and to get a growth of clover, but lime actually injures the strawberries, so that in such cases only small amounts should be used. Question: Is bone meal satisfactory fertilizer? 0. M. Barrow: Yes, about half ton to the acre. Question: Is chicken manure advisable for strawberries? 6. M. Barrow: We use chicken manure chiefly with the other berries; it is fine on currants and gooseberries. Question: How deep do you put on the mulch and how late do you let it remain? G. M. Barrow: Two or three inches, when settled. In the sprmg wherever the leaves don^t seem to be pushing through the mulch in good shape it needs to be lifted, or pulled into the alleys. 132 — wl,..?ff ■ ^T"""-' About 18 inches wide. I have seen fields wJ M ' ^^^ "^r" ^ i''^ ^'^^- S«™« g'-o^ers in Delaware It I, rtth '"• ^^""""l ^ ^""* ^'^'' «"*^ ^'^y successfully flZ T "" ^"'^ y'*'' •'^^ 8^* ^ ^'K^ier grade of berries irom the narrow rows. Question: What do you think of the Gibson? n, ^ \Oarrow: It is one of the best varieties in sections of Oregon New York state, and probably the northern part of this state. It IS not as high quality as Howard 17. It has good shaped berries, and is liked by the canners. I doubt « >s as productive or as early as the Howard 17. Our How- ard 17 have been producing the best early berries, and a larger crop of late berries than any late one we have. It is a verv the^Gibso^ ''*"^*^' ^"*^ '* ^^^ ^'^'^ ""''*' '^^^ '^^^ ^P"** *^*° Question: How about the Chesapeake? 1 1*^' ^- ^fr*"""'-' ^* '« * ^«^y healthy variety, and partic- ularly desirable under irrigation, but outside of irrigation it ordinarily does not make enough plants. "gauon it «.r,/ ^«'»i>e'-- It is the most perfect berry, and brings 10 cents a box more than any other variety. G. M. Darrow: Particularly under irrigation. In New Jersey the mam pipes underground are laid as for any overhead irrigating, btit they use just one rod of overhead pipe, which is carried down the field and left at one positioJ for 3 or 4 hours, then moved. It reduces the expenses of overhead irri- gation very materially, and some of the most successful grow- ers ot strawberries are now using that method. PEOBLEMS IN THE CULTURE OP SMALL FRUITS PAXIL THATEE, State College Statistics show that there are only two-thirds as manv raspberries produced in the State of Pennsy vlnia as Siere be'miV'r ^^\ ^'?'- 'T'' ^'"^^^^ f«^ raspberries cannot be met by buying berries from Ohio, New York New Jersev Delaware or Maryland, because each of those state! hZ/e duced their raspberry production as much or more than the' t W k"* P^'^^^yl^^pJ^- The only states that have increased their berry production in the last decade have been the New England states slightly. Iowa and Minnesota, very slightlT fes'l^ttT'" ^T '"""''^''^ ^''^^^^ the Logan-- tSh «w T^^ ^^^ raspberry. The eastern part of the United States does not produce more than half as many rasp! — 133 — berries per capita as it did 10 years ago. If we get some of these better varieties, and disease-free plants, there is a splen- did opportunity in the berry line right now. Member: No one will tell me where to get the plants that are disease-free. I set out a large block of berry bushes, and 2 weeks after I set them out 25 per cent had orange rust. Whom am I going to buy from? Paul Thayer: Mr. Darrow told you this morning that the best place to get raspberry plants was from that area in Ohio where the Government has had a man at work rogueing patches for the past 3 years. New York state has areas of raspberry patches that they are rogueing, and we are taking up the same work in Pennsylvania. In a year or two we are going to get some sources of plants here in Pennsylvania that are practically free from disease. Twice we had trouble with our mulch. I am never going to use rye straw again. It is so coarse that it does not go on thick enough, you cannot leave enough on to mulch the berries, and it does not protect the ground nearly as well as wheat straw. See that your wheat straw and oat straw has been well threshed, so that the grain in it will not come up and bother you. The same thing will apply to tim- othy. I don't know of any case of a crown gall having been transferred from the raspberry to the apple or peach, but we did have what appeared to be a very clear case of the trans- fer of crown gall from the raspberry to the grape, in a plan- tation we had in Ohio. WHAT IS THE BEST LEGUMINOUS SOD FOR AN APPLE ORCHAED? R, D. Anthony: Alfalfa sod in apple orchards has more than doubled in acreage in the last 3 years. Sweet clover has found friends here and there. Mr. Bell in Allegheny county has both sweet clover and alfalfa growing in his apple orch- ard and he likes sweet clover better than the alfalfa. I have yet to find a fruit grower with either alfalfa or sweet clover in his orchard who didn't like it. The President: Will sweet clover re-seed itself if it is cut at the proper time? R. D. Anthony: This orchard of Mr. Bell's was seeded about 5 or 6 years ago, and he still has a good stand. The first year he let it go to seed. When you mow it there are always some plants that you don't get under the trees and at other places, and there is always seed forming. — 134 — WHAT HAS BEEN THE EXPERIENCE WITH ROADSIDE MARKETS? i^ing the highways. It was not particularly satisfacto^ of m^L^ty'^frL'^K^'''''^'' ^'^^^^^ «»«« t^e full length tL HigSwavha^ t «r ^^ T^^ *r* «™^^'- t*'^* "^^s along they^^fXef^LVroir^^^^^^^^^ ^"^ '"^ «°- -- I fpJ\'hftT'^'"'' '^^^ ^""^ "« t« the close of the program attended thl'*" T'' *^' "P^"'«" °* the people who have ^d profiSb e T wf h*'"* *^'^ ^"^t ^'^'^ ^^'y interesting sis Sl^ied "' ^''" ^''^ '' ^' ""'''■ The meeting NEW JEBSET DRY MIX Convenient, Safe and Effective as a Summer Pnngidde A. J. PABLEY New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station onlfn^If ?^ Sulphur Lime developed by the New Jersey Agri- W t?l f.f-""^'"^^***^*''' ''' 1^22 and recommended for the fhT,f«Tf ^^*'' ^*' f^^"" 8^''^'"*1 satisfaction throughout reports on Drt TT ^"""l^'t' ^'' '''' ^'''^'- F^^^^^ble reports on Dry Mix have also been received from a number of fruit growing districts outside of New Jersey, includ^ngMass. ?ndZr%,r'^- York, Delaware, Virginia, PeAnsy Sf, QHo whiX Drv M*^""' ^^'^hig^'^ r ^ ^'•^«°'^- The readines^ ^th which Dry Mix has been adopted by fruit growers in New th«Tfi; ^""f "i*^'^ P*""*^ °* the count^, indicfte very clearly that the standard summer fungicides in common use at the present time are not entirely satisfactory. In other wori tZ sd? bXd T^'^f I ''' ^r'^^"^ '^' ««"^«thiSg bettt; TW n S . me-sulphur and concentrated lime-sulphur Tnat Dry Mix will go a long way toward meeting the demand th^ nt^"r 'T^^' ^''''^'''^' '' "°^ ^^ established fact On the other hand, it is not fool proof, or effective against a 1 the JmeT FoTthT. ''''' '''''' '''' '''^'^''' '^''' grown in New Jersey ii or this reason growers who used Dry Mix this vear for the first time should not give the material al7the cred t f or a smooth, clean crop of fruit in an orchard that produced a large amount of scabby fruit last year. In manv Srict^ drr weather during the period when scab iniLSn Jou Id S mally occur, was partly responsible for the high percentage of — 135 — iTjI ■•"'<,SSli 5i 1^^ clean fruit. Nevertheless, Dry Mix has shown itself to be an effective summer fungicide for tree fruits fully equal to self- boiled lime-sulphur and on a par with concentrated lime-sul- phur solution 1 to 50 for all applications after the pink bud stage of the apple. The following table shows the data on scab control secured in connection with a spraying experiment carried on in the orchard of Mr. Laton M. Parkhurst, at Hammonton. Variety Treatment Total Fruits Per Cent Free From Scab Per Cent Scabby FmiU Delicious « 44 44 1 2 3 Check 590 1,479 2,124 273 87.3 85.5 78.4 22.0 12.7 14.5 21.6 78.0 Wineeap M 1 2 8 Check 364 1,255 247 404 99.2 96.0 100.0 43.4 0.8 4.0 56.6 10 1 294 t( 2 813 ti 3 343 u Check 381 95.4 95.8 96.3 54.8 4.6 4.2 3.7 45.2 Jonathan 1 2 8 322 1,270 1,480 96.9 97.1 92.3 3.1 2.9 7.7 Treatment 1 — Concentrated Lime-Sulphur 1 to 40 at pink bud followed by Concentrated Lime-Sulphur 1 to 50 during the bal- ance of the season. Concentrated Lime-Sulphur 1 to 40 at pink bud, Dry Mix Sulphur Lime during the balance of season. •Dry Mix Sulphur Lime throughout the season starting with the pink bud application. Treatment 2 Treatment 3 All treatments included a dormant application of con- centrated lime-sulphur 1 to 9, and all summer treatments, starting with the pink bud application, included powdered arsenate of lead 3 pounds to 100 gallons of mixture. The above figures indicate that Dry Mix is fully as effec- tive as concentrated lime-sulphur as a summer fungicide for apples provided its use starts ^vith the petal fall application. The figures also indicate that concentrated lime-sulphur 1 to 40 is slightly more effective against scab than Dry Mix when both are applied at the pink bud stage. The fact that con- centrated lime-sulphur 1 to 40 is more effective than Dry Mix when used for the pink bud application, combined with the fact that it seldom if ever burns the foliage or causes russet- ing of the fruit at that time should be siifficient to convince the apple grower that the concentrated material and not Dry Mix is the proper mixture to use at that particular time. The chief reason for substituting Dry Mix for concentrated lime- — 136 — sulphur as a summer fungicide for apples is the fact that th. wWo I !l ^ ^l/.^^^ application or later. In many orchards t^rnnl^^^ P.7 ^'"^ ^^^ Concentrated lime-sulphS7were used throughout the season during the past summer one mL^ure did not cause any more or less injury than thp nVhpr. w again we have an unusual conditio^ Sat is not t^^^^^^ of thP Home-made Versus Commercial Dry Mix ««., '^^^^ chief objection to Dry Mix is its high cost in comoar m,n with summer strength concentrated lime-sulphur ThL cot:mTat"d'St :S"''^*'^ ^°"P^™- ^« malebetJeeS S r^tSfn„ r 1 ^^?'" *"** ^°°^^ commercial form of Dry mercial concentrated lime-sulphur and inlet costs less Tf ." tJ^rmo^ftf/^-S "^'' ^^*' *^^ concentrated mate iir Fur thermore, the difference m cost between home-made Drv MW and commercial Dry Mix is so great that eTerTgrower who pretends to practice economy should make it a prafuelto mix ^th?nTh.T'""^. ^' ^ "«* ^ ^"««^"»t operation anl^eU Thl foTr- "^ TirT"''^^^' *™^t S'-^^'crs' organization The following table shows the comparative cost of lon gallons of several spray mixtures, exclusfve of labor Commercial concentrated lime-sulphur, 1 to 40 « ^n rZ^f ""^ concentrated lime-sulphur,' 1 to 50. .' --' H Commercia concentrated lime-sulphur 1 to 40 plusKavso" «n |=eS BT^n^tra-'^ - ^« ^'^ ^5r:::::::::::::: f, Self-Boiled Lime"ulp3 ^^'""""' ^"'P*"" ^'°"') 50 iom!!^''^^ ^'^ ^i^' ^-^-^^ (CommonSuTphur' Fiour) it Home-made Dry Mix, 2-4-50 (Superfine sSlphur) . . il "^ ingre^d^enL^"'"' """'" ''' ^"''^ "P"" '^' following'prices of Superfine sulphur H^ P" P*"'"^ Lime " ^ ?*"■ Pound CommercialDr^' "Mix H P*' P<»'°^ The Dry BEx Formula The standard formula for preparing Dry Mix is as follows : Sulphur o J, Hydrated lime ? P"""^' Calcium casei^ate.::::::::::::::::::::: 8 Ss spray mixfnr? «^^°'"'*' T '^®*^*""* *° '"^ke 50 gallons of cfeafed Jo m.%^^ '°*^''^ proportionately increased or de- creased to meet the requirements of any spray tank. — 137 — ' * Materials Sulphor. A high grade of superfine dusting sulphur has been recommended for use in preparing Dry Mix, but there is every reason to believe that a good grade of commercial ground sulphur flour will make just as effective a mixture. The com- mercial sulphur flour is not only cheaper but easier to handle than the superfine material, and, therefore, its use is highly desirable. Lime. It is very important that fresh hydrated lime, free from grit and dirt be used in preparing Dry Mix. The grade of lime designated as ** finishing lime'* will be found more sat- isfactory than any of the lower grades. Low grade lime usu- ally contains grit that clogs nozzles, and strainers, and wears out pump cylinders. Pull details covering the preparation and use of Dry Mix are given in New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Bul- letin 379. If you do not have a copy of this bulletin, and you are interested in Dry Mix, ask your County Agent for one or write to the Experiment Station at New Brunswick. Reoommendations 1. Dry Mix Sulphur Lime is recommended as a substitute for self-boiled lime-sulphur and Atomic Sulphur, as a summer fungicide for tree fruits. 2. Beginning with the petal fall application Dry Mix is recommended as a substitute for concentrated lime-sulphur on apples except where such diseases as blotch, bitter rot and cedar rust are serious. 3. Dry Mix is strongly recommended as a substitute for concentrated lime-sulphur for use as summer fungicides on varieties of apples that are easily russeted. 4. Home-made Dry Mix is recommended in preference to the commercial forms because of the great saving involved. MOSAIC TYPE OF RASPBERRY DISEASES W. S. EBOUT, Penn State CoUe^e Due mainly to degenerate diseases such as Mosaic, East- em Blue Stem, and Leaf Curl, the raspberry plantations of Pennsylvania are rapidly dying out. Indeed the situation is becoming so acute that in many localities thirty to forty cents a quart is considered a very reasonable price for the fruit. In the brief time that I have, I wish to call your attention to some lantern slides showing the characteristic symptoms of these diseases, and secondly I shall state briefly what the Department of Plant Pathology Extension of the Pennsylvania Agricultural College is doing to eradicate these diseases from the raspberry plantations. — 138 — Mo«uc occurs on both the black and the red raspberries and on blackberries. It possibly causes more loss to the Penn- ?f JoTk 7«P*>f^y industry than all other diseases combined It can be told by the smallness of the leaves and their mottled condition. A plant once infected usually dies in two or three years. Eastern Blue Stem (Rosette) occurs on- black raspberries and some varieties of blackberries. It does not occur on red raspberries. It is recognized by the gradual stunting and re duction of vigor of the plant. The canes and laterals often show bluish or purplish streaks. The tips of the leaves are recurved or bent under. ^ Leaf Curl is found on red, purple, and some black varieties of raspberries The leaves of the suckers and the fruiting Tanes are much darker green than normal and the midveins of the nt „'?.., "^ downward through its length. A similar bend- ing ot the mam lateral veins causes a downward curling of the entire margui of the leaflets. ^ tK. ^° e^dicate disease of this type it is necessarv to remove l.riiT'^'n ?'""*1 ^y ™«""'"8 «'' ««'««* « '•esistant strain or thTSnt^^r"^ l^ PI'* y^**"' ^«^king through the oiHce of the County Agent, we have rogued out these degenerate dis- thHtl^ ^'''S!'" '^ f '^^^^ P^*«^^« '" ««^«" diff'-ent counties of Z ^, Ji:^\f 152^- «^*- *« ^'-^^y ^'^^ ^ plants in„ I'^^ T- "'''■^ ^PmJ^' "** aphids are responsible for spread- S^'RW T''^f/n..^V'' f " ^^ controlled by using one pint of Black Leaf 40", plus three pounds of lime in one hundred EXPERIENCES WITH LUBRICATINO OIL EMULSION SPRATS IN OHIO — 1923 F. H. BEACH, Ohio State TTnlvenity (Presented at the Snnimer Meeting, Flttsbtirgh) ..J^'T^^}^'' ^PT« *** ^^23 approximately 3,000 acres of orchards m the southern Ohio Rome Beauty belt were sprayed with lubricating oil emulsion for control of San Jose scale. Both commercially prepared and home-made oil emulsions were used. Vei7 satisfactory results were secured from both at from one-third to one-half the cost of an application of dor- mant strength lime-sulphur. in a;f'i™^'^?.U'^^^^*^^ *" *^^ amount of scale was observed ^.^o ?'!!! Ohio during 1920. 1921 and 1922 until in some orchards the problem became a critical one. Blocks of Ben uavis, Gano and Grimes were often found seriously infested. — 139 — Sf i Several contributing factors brought this condition about, such as, 1. Unintentional carelessness in spray methods. Tips of branches, especially in tops of trees, missed often due to improper use of spray guns. 2. Dilutions too weak due to too much guessing at the capacity of measuring buckets and the amount pre- pared in the spray tank. 3. Insufficient covering due to windy and rainy weather and lack of systematic thoroughness in method of ap- plication. 4. Climatic conditions favoring the increase of scale and probable scarcity of parasites and predaceous enemies. The recent scourge of San Jose scale in the more southern apple growing regions of Arkansas, Missouri, southern Illinois and southern Indiana and the stories of the bitter fights being waged by orchardists there, together with the evident increase of scale in southern Ohio, brought the Ohio growers around to the point of a campaign against scale in the spring of 1923. Largely in the interest of economy, the Extension Department of Ohio State University urged several practical, large scale tests of lubricating oil emulsion which had saved the day in the Ozark section. The growers were enthusiastic over giving the oil emulsion a trial, particularly after hearing a talk by A. J. Ackerman at the last winter meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society. Mr. Ackerman, who is Entomologist for the United States Department of Agriculture at the Ben- tonville, Arkansas, field laboratories, has carried on extensive experiments comparing the lubricating oil emulsion spray with other dormant sprays in the control of San Jose scale. In his talk he gave enthusiastic endorsement for the oil emulsion spray and this crystalized the effort to test this material under Ohio conditions. In Lawrence county, which is the leading apple county of the southern Ohio Rome Beauty belt, a group of growers built a home mixing plant and prepared the emul- sion by cooking with live steam. Other growers secured lub- ricating oil emulsion from the Toledo Rex Spray Company, Toledo, Ohio. The Rex Oil Emulsion is prepared following the Government formula. Following is the formula used in preparing the stock solution recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture : Red Engine Oil (such as Diamond Paraffin or Nabob) 1 Gal. Potash Fish Oil Soap 1 Lb. Water - % Gal. The materials are put together in a kettle and heated until the boiling point is reached. Just before boiling a brown scum appears. As the boiling begins the brown scum begins to dis- appear. At this point the cooking is stopped and the material is pumped twice while still very hot at a pressure of 60 pounds. This completes the preparation of the stock solution. In pre- paring large quantities it is convenient to use a 200 gallon gal- vanized cooking tank and place in it a 50 gallon barrel of oil, 50 pounds potash fish oil soap and 25 gallons water. In emul- sifying large quantities a power sprayer can be used for pump- ing the oil emulsion. The disc plate can be taken out of the spray gun. The hot oil is hard on packing and hose and it is best to use rather old hose for this purpose. The stock solu- tion can be kept in barrels until ready for use. However, pre- caution must be taken against freezing which occurs at about 15° F. If the stock solution is allowed to freeze, it cannot be emulsified again. The stock solution is used at the rate of 3 gallons to make 100 gallons of spray which gives a 2% emul- sion. In using oil emulsion some difficulty is encountered where lime-sulphur has previously been used in the spray tank and where it is necessary to use hard water. Soft water or rain water is preferable for making this spray. If the spray tank contains a deposit of lime-sulphur it should be thoroughly scraped and cleaned out and the pump line cleaned with a strong solution of caustic soda or lye. If the water is too hard to make a good emulsion the difficulty can usually be overcome by diluting with weak Bordeaux of a 1/4-^/4-50 strength. Many growers dilute with a weak Bordeaux throughout the applica- tion thinking that it gives a more satisfactory emulsion. Lubricating oil emulsion is pleasant to handle and because of this most operators do a very good job of spraying. It has excellent spreading qualities. In fact growers who have had experience with it think that it goes about 25% farther per unit of spray than lime-sulphur solution. Using lubricating oil emulsion has so far shown that dan- ger from spray injury if the dormant application is delayed until after the blossom buds begin to show, is practically over- come, whereas, injury from dormant strength lime-sulphur often results when applied during the delayed dormant period. In fact, there have been several applications of 2% oil emul- sion made on apple at various times during the summer this year and so far there has been no case of injury reported to foliage or fruits. However, there are reports of minor injury from summer applications from other states when the appli- cation is made with the temperature around 90° F. or more. There is no question but what the lubricating oil emulsion spray can be used to excellent advantage in holding scale in check during the growing season. We have also had reports of its use as a summer spray on cherries, peaches and plums with- out injury. It has injured grape foliage. — 140 — — 141 — The Extension Department of the Ohio State University made tests last spring in Lawrence county, Ohio, comparing the effectiveness of commercially prepared and home-made lubricating oil emulsion with dormant strength 1-7 lime-sul- phur solution. On experimentally sprayed trees no evidence was secured that lime-sulphur was less effective than the oil. Where trees were drenched thoroughly, complete control was secured with all sprays. It was observed that under practical methods of application from 2% to 4% of the scale insects remained alive after the application with oil emulsion. Because of the very satisfactory showing which the oil emulsion made last spring it is expected that a large quantity will be used during the coming year. The fact that the oil emulsion costs but from one-third to one-half as much per unit of dilute spray as lime-sulphur is a great advantage. The oil emulsion is also pleasant to use and can be safely applied over a longer period in the spring than can lime-sulphur. It is not necessary to handle as much of the concentrated stock solutions in the case of using the oil emulsion. Considering that the oil emulsion is giving perhaps more satisfactory killing of scale with practical methods of application, Ohio growers feel that they have found a dormant spray which is going to meet their needs and fit their pocketbooks better than anything else they nave previously used. — 142 — VEGETABLE OBO WEBS' SECTION BEPOBT OP ANNUAL MEETINO, JAN. 22, 28, 1924 This report of the program of the Vegetable Growers' Section of the State Horticultural Association is not complete. On account of no available funds to have the entire proceed- ings taken down in short hand, the round table discussions and exchange of experiences had to be omitted. The follow- ing program represents the papers that were submitted. W. B. NISSLEY, Sec. INSECT CONTBOL PBOBLEMS ON TBUOK CBOPS J. L. HOBSFAIiL, Penn State CoUege The Boot Maggot on Cabbage. Corrosive sublimate has consistently furnished control of the Root Maggot on cabbage during the three years in which this material has been tested at the Bustleton Field Laboratory of Pennsylvania State Col- lege. The purchase of material in quantity lots and the stand- ardizing of the method of application have reduced the total cost of treatment to sixty-five cents per 1,000 plants. At this low cost the grower, who is unable to forecast the severity of infestation for the coming season because of the necessity for early treatment, can well afford to make the application as an insurance against possible loss. The following method of application has resulted in cut- ting labor costs for this treatment to a minimum. Previous to the time of application, the corrosive sublimate was weighed and placed in packages containing six and one-fourth ounces each, sufficient for fifty gallons of solution. Several barrels, placed at the end of the field, were used for holding the solu- tion. These were filled from a pipe line in the field or from other barrels on a wagon. The powder was dissolved in a pail of water and this solution was then added to the barrel of water. One man mixed the material, always keeping one bar- rel mixed in advance of that which was being used. He also carried pails of solution to the men in the field, thus saving the time which would be consumed by each worker returning to the barrel to fill his pail. Each worker in the field carried a wooden pail and a home-made dipper. The dippers were constructed by nailing quart cans on the end of two-foot sticks. One row of plants was treated at a time by the worker who poured about five ounces of solution on the soil about the stem of each plant. One dipper full of material was sufficient to treat about five or six plants. The treatment should be ap- plied from one to five days after the plants are set in the field. If the grower observes many flies about the stems of the plants and an abundance of slender white eggs in the soil close to the stem, a second treatment at the same strength should be — 143 — "J i I ■t; applied about ten days after the time of the first treatment. When It IS desired to make up a small quantity of solution for treating garden plots, the grower may use one ounce of corro- sive sublimate powder to eight gallons of water. Since the material is poisonous, care should be taken not to get the solu- tion into the mouth. Aphid Control. The control of aphids on low-growing crops by the use of nicotine sulphate, 1-500, in liquid sprays IS easy of accomplishment provided the correct spraying equip- ment is used. It is essential to use a sprayer which will main- tarn a pressure of at least two hundred pounds to the square inch. It is important that a low-hung boom be employed in order that the spray may strike the aphids on the under sur- face of the leaves. Our work has demonstrated the fact that the modified Nixon type of boom, when set so that the nozzles barely clear the ground, will furnish satisfactory covering of insects on low-growing crops. There are certain vegetable crops such as radishes and seedling cabbage upon which it is advantageous to use nicotine dust for control of aphids and flea-beetles. At the Bustleton Laboratory, we have used home-made nicotine dusts for a per- iod of four years and have obtained results which are entirely satisfactory. This dust is simple in its preparation and may- be made by the grower in a mixer constructed from a ten or twenty-five gallon barrel. The ends of the barrel should be remforced and a length of three-fourths inch piping inserted through holes bored in the center of the barrel-heads. The pipe projects far enough from each end of the barrel to rest in grooves in the uprights of a wooden base and form the axle upon which it turns. Additional lengths of pipe and elbows are used to form a crank on one end of the axle. A hinged door was constructed in the side of the barrel to provide for loading and unloading the mixer. When ready to mix, round stones are placed in the barral with the ingredients of the dust and the barrel is turned slowly. Use an amount of stones which will equal at least one-half the weight of the dust. Re- volve the mixer for a period of five to ten minutes in order to msure a thorough mix. A dust containing two per cent actual nicotine may be made by using forty-seven and one- half pounds of hydrated lime and two and one-half pounds of S?o rn,rl? f^ i^^ P'r. ''^^^■- P«"'- ^^' "^i^^tine sulphate wih Z\f • • "^■' ^t'^-^^.^* ^" thoroughly. Place this with the remainmg lime and the rocks in the keg and turn *«9f If'^*'' i"'A^^^- 1^^ **"«* '"^y be mixed at a cost of $8.25 per hundred pounds. It may be applied with any bel- lows hand duster or with a good traction duster. The nico- tane dust has greatest killing power if applied on hot days when the plants are dry. ' * — 144 — TIMELY HINTS ON PLANT DISEASE CONTEOL WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEED BED DISINFECTION DB. W. S. BEACH, Penn State CoUege There are certain diseases of vegetables that eventually become common in all trucking localities. The parasitic fungi causing these diseases are harbored in the soil or in plant refuse, and when intensive cropping is practiced they grad- ually accumulate to such an extent that large losses occur from the damping-off of seedlings, the decay of vegetables in stor- age, and from heart-rots, foot-rots, * * drop ' \ etc. in the field. Particularly rapid is the increase in prevalence of these dis- eases when several crops a season are grown in a given field followed by pit or trench storage in winter, or when a con- siderable area is devoted to cold frames. The succession of crops is so close that there remains no period of the year at which the fungi can not develop in some degree. General farming land when first used for vegetables, experiences little loss from fungi, and although a few harmful fungi have existed to a limited degree in such land and become destructive with intensive culture, yet most of the fungi peculiar to vegetables are introduced. The introduction of parasites may occur in several ways. More and more instances of diseases carried by seeds are being revealed, and the list of diseases known to be disseminated in this manner is already lengthy. It is difBcult to understand the rapid world-wide spread of certain diseases except that they be seed borne. Black rot and black leg of cabbage, to- mato wilt and celery late blight are familiar examples of dis- eases carried on the seed. Another important means of dissemination of vegetable diseases is the traffic in seedlings, cuttings, bulbs and roots which have become infected in the seed bed, in the potting soil or in other ways. The writer in his experience in the Phil- adelphia trucking region has observed more cases of such dis- semination than any other. The transference to new places of all the worst fungi of lettuce, cabbage, celery, tomatoes and rhubarb has been noted many times. This is an outstanding means of local distribution of parasites among truckers in a limited region, for there is no inspection service except the care and understanding of the trader. Still another source of diseases are manures. Manure from stables where animals are fed on grains and forage grasses should contain no parasites dangerous to vegetables. But manure composed largely of garbage, such as that derived from the pens of garbage-fed hogs, is naturally apt to carry the infection of diseases causing the spoilage of fruits and veg- etables. Likewise any vegetable refuse from the markets or — 145 — I « packiQg sheds is liable to harbor new parasitic fungi. The fertility value of vegetable waste is very low aside from the risk of disease. On the individual farm, there is a parallel distribution of diseases from field to field by the agencies already mentioned as well as by infected tools, workmen's feet, dashing rains wind, etc. ' ^ It is apparent that the exclusion, control and eradication of infectious organisms is a problem that the intensive truck farmer must ultimately face, and to understand the origin and development of the difficulties is the first step in their solution. Exclusion is 'a matter of inspection or disinfection, which may be accomplished in the case of many seeds for example, but this point will be merely mentioned in the pres- ent discussion. That which is obviously dangerous such as garbage manure or vegetable waste may be avoided or de- stroyed. The rest of this paper aims to dwell upon the prob- lem of the farm already seriously infested with parasitic fungi. In his experience with vegetable diseases, the writer has been more and more impressed with the number of ways in which changes in the rotation of crops, the use of equally val- uable substitute crops, as well as earlier marketing, as much as possible from the row, would avoid many of the severe losses. Crops may be planned with the aim of preventing the fungi from having unusually favorable conditions for de- velopment, as IS the case when very susceptible crops are grown repeatedly in the same field, or when a few such crops form a rotation. Bacterial soft rots are greatly favored by the re- peated growth and storage of carrots in trenches. Bunch carrots or relatively mature carrots marketed from the row however, give little chance for the accumulation of the soft rot mfection. The repeated growth of lettuce can not be followed more than two or three years before Sclerotinia lihertiana, the drop'' fungus, destroys the greater part of the crop. Moreover, if celery alternates with the diseased lettuce and IS stored, the same fungus may cause heavy loss in the trench. On small truck farms, the winter keeping of celery and car- rots becomes increasingly hazardous, and marketing during the fall must be the final resort. Thus celery, lettuce and car- rots form a bad combination of crops if storage rots and let- tuce **drop" are to be held in check. It has been found for Pennsylvania conditions that if crops, immune or less susceptible from the standpoint of these storage rot organisms, are grown, the infection becomes suffi- ciently reduced by natural dying out in a period of two years as to permit the growth once more of the more susceptible crops. Recourse to grains, pasture and hay would be the best way to bring about such a reduction in the infectious organisms, but this is scarcely advisable even for the larger — 146 — vegetable farms. Yet the interspersing of sweet corn, aspara- gus, rhubarb, radishes, onions, spinach, bush beans, cabbage, bunch beets and bunch carrots will hold lettuce **drop^' and the storage rots fairly well in check. It is advisable to elimi- nate, or at least shorten, the period of pit or trench storage in badly diseased fields. The importance of the healthy seed bed can not be too much emphasized where the growing of seedlings for planting large crops in the field is intended. In Pennsylvania, seedlings are grown extensively in cold frames and in greenhouse benches or plats. The soil in such locations is especially apt to become contaminated by the fungi causing damping-off. Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia lihertiana, Pythium and Botrytis sp. are the most destructive species observed in the Philadelphia region. Often a rather satisfactory way to avoid loss is to move the cold frames to a new location or to change the green house soil evei^ other year. In addition to the labor entailed, this may not be effective on many small farms for the reason that no soil sufficiently free of infestation is available, and then some form of sterilization is more advisable. The insur- ance of soil sterilization is the more urgent on account of the close proximity of the plants, the greater dampness and the opportunity for a few points of infection to contaminate a large number of seedlings in a seed bed. A diseased seedling seldom recovers when removed to healthy soil and becomes a menace to adjacent plants. On the other hand, a healthy seed- ling is comparatively safe even if transplanted to old truck fields, especially in the spring. The great opportunities for rapid disease dissemination in seed beds is an important reason for the precaution of seed disinfection. The per cent of seed bearing infection may be quite low usually, but the proximity of plants in the seed bed allows the chance for the majority to become contaminated. To sterilize seed bed soil, there are two practical methods, steaming and formaldehyde treatment. With the results of experimental work conducted at the Bustleton Research labor- atory as a basis, the latter method will be discussed in some detail as it is better adapted to considerable areas of cold frames, and in addition some rapid methods of application have been found practical. While steam is somewhat more efficient in destroying infection and a little cheaper, the best steam equipment, including a 25-horse-power boiler and in- verted pans with appliances, can sterilize little more than 1,000 square feet in a 10-hour day. Moreover, the interior strips of a large block of cold frames can not be reached with a steam outfit without the removal of some of them. On the other hand, nearly every farm now has hose and water equipment that may be readily adapted to the formaldehyde method. — 147 — Formaldehyde, as hitherto applied, has been mixed with the full quantity of water required to drench the soil. A gal- lon of solution to the square foot is necessary to carry the disinfectant to a sufficient depth, and the problem of spread- mg so great a quantity of water evenly is difficult when the consumption of time and labor is to be kept at a mmimum In greenhouses it is practical to construct an elevated tank in which the solution can be prepared and gravity allowed to carry the solution to the benches through a hose. In the case of cold frames or relatively small areas outside, distance is a tactor, haulmg is usually necessary on account of the previous mmng of the solution, and common practice has been to spread tne solution with watering-pots or sometimes from spray tanks But in all much time and labor is required. In order to reduce the excessive labor, certain short-cut methods have been tried with satisfaction in Philadelphia county, and it has been possible to treat eight to ten thousand square feet a day with most of the burdensome labor elimi- nated. To sterilize effectively, four pints of the commercial 40 per cent formaldehyde solution (formalin) is required for 50 square feet. This quantity has usually been mixed hitherto with a barrel (50 gallons) of water, and makes a 1-100 dilu- tion. For the purpose of experiment, this same amount of formaldehyde has been mixed with less water, as little as eight gallons, making a 1-16 dilution, and been used. This stronger solution is spread on 50 square feet with watering- pots, requiring one-sixth the labor taken if a 1-100 dilution were used As soon as this solution is evenly spread, more water to drench the soil and carry the disinfectant to the proper depth may be supplied from a hose or from Skinner irrigation. When a 1-16 dilution is used, two men can work together advantageously, one with the hose and the other with a barrel and a watering-pot. This 1-16 dilution makes ap- proximately one 3-gaIlon watering-pot of solution to each 3 x 6 foot sash. The water should be broken into a spray as it comes from the hose, and should be added to the soil no faster than It can soak into the earth. For this reason it may be T!aTI ^'^ •T'' ^ ^^''^^ ^''^^ *^« «"• three times in order to add the requisite amount of water. «nii k" *''^**^"» ^«" Y'^^ formaldehyde, it is important that the soil be as loose and dry as possible. The ground may be plow- nlvS ff''''^ ?^ treatment and may be leveled enough to prevent the water gathermg in depressions. Formaldehyde m commercial form is a gas dissolved in water, and experi- ments have shown that the gas permeates the soil less readily than water If the soil is too wet or is packed, the gas re- mains mostly near the surface even though the water perme- ates deeply enough. Under these conditions, therefore, the — 148 — lower strata of soil may be incompletely sterilized If the soil IS dusty, ,t is advisable to work through the so 1 w^th a tW ".'. 7Z^' ^fT ^l '^' ^^t^'- ^« ^^d«d in order Zsel that no dry spots have been left. tn «lt^*I\f'' important point m formaldehyde sterilization is to allow the disinfectant time enough to escape from the soil completely before anything is planted. Fonialdehyde being a poison will do injury to seeds or seedlings if any of it re- mains in the soil. Usually ten days outside and two weeks m the greenhouse is sufficient for this, provided that the wh L T^ u^'^?- '"' «"l«^ated two or three times mean- while. The cultivation can begin as soon as the soil has dried enough to permit this without destroying the tilth. Koo« „^"- !f *'*** ^? ^^'^ ^*h°'" «»^"e method has thus far been carried out only with lettuce soil in cold frames with the purpose of controling "drop" and Rhizoctonia infection whch ThrL'trf^^i! 'T '^ '''^^''^' ^^''' '^'y ^'^ transplanted This method has been compared with formaldehyde steriliza- tion where the usual MOO dilution was used. In a period of 5 1^ ^fw-' I ^""u^^^ '■^'"'*^ °* ^«""«s treatments with the 1-100 dilution has been a decrease of "drop" to losses of 1 to L^ Tn^'iv.^^ compared with 8 to 35 per cent on unsterilized ZL Ik . ,T^ "* ^^^ 1*^.°'" "^^^'^^ °i^tl^«.? f^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ P^^* ^^ t^^ greenhouse, in order ' «?«iS^ "^ L^ '^^'^ ^^''''^y ^^^^^b- Cultivation should be started using the same methods as in celery When the seedlings are an inch and a half tall thev are use plants of a uniform size. To the average plant grower 2lt cSnr^ Tr ^ T'\' '^ '^^''> »>^^ the morf space that can be afforded to each plant, the better and sturdier the — 162 — plants will be. This will result in a surer and earlier crop. The transplanted seedlings are left in the greenhouse for about a week until they are well established, and then shifted into the cold frames. My frames are double ones eighteen inches deep, and heated with a two inch hot water flow pipe, running along the ridge or center and an inch and a quarter return pipe on each side, two inches below the sash. This extra heat is only used in extremely cold weather. Before the flats are placed in the cold frames, the frames are filled ^vith hot manure and well tramped down to a depth of six inches. This will furnish heat enough for the plants in ordinary weather. At night the sash are covered with burlap mats, which are removed in the morning. Toward spring, the plants are gradually hardened off. This is done by gradually exposing them to a lower tem- perature by blocking up the sash for a few nights and finally by removing them altogether. Early Tomatoes In our climate, for my early tomato crop, the seed is sown about February 25th. The soil is sterilized with a formalde- hyde solution (one gallon formaldehyde to fifty gallons of water). The soil is put through a screen, five meshes to the inch, and filled into flats, the same as for cabbage. Rows are marked out — two inches apart and one quarter of an inch deep. The seed is sowti in these rows, twenty-five to thirty seeds to the inch. Before covering, the seed is slightly pressed down into the soil with a straight edge. This insures a more even germination. Then it is sanded and leveled off. They are given a fair watering with luke warm water and then piled up, five or six high, in a warm place. The top flats are cov- ered with four or five thicknesses of paper to keep them from drying out. They are not disturbed for three days. This will give time for the seed to soak up and start germination. My greenhouse is heated by hot water. The hot water coils are under the beds. On these coils I lay a row of empty flats. The flats containing the seeds are placed on top of these empty flats and covered with four or five thicknesses of paper. The reason for placing the seed flats above the heat pipes is that at this stage of germination, more bottom heat is required. This is essential for an even stand. They are looked at two or three times a day. As soon as the seed has germinated and started to heave up the sand, they are removed and placed on top of the greenhouse bed. The sand is removed from the sprouted seed by the same method as used with cabbage. Then they are given a light watering — just enough to settle the remaining sand around the seed. — 163 — As a general rule, no more watering is necessary. Even should the plants wilt, water should be applied very sparingly — and then only between the rows. I believe that a tomato plant will thrive in the seed bed with less moisture than any other plant. In a day or two, they are shifted to a cool part of the greenhouse, so as to make a slow, sturdy growth. Here cultivation should be started. When the plants are an inch to an inch and a half high they are transplanted into flats, one and one-half inches each way — always keeping in mind to plant only uniform plants After transplanting they are given a light watering. With tomato plants, watering must be done very sparingly, as too much water and heat will cause them to grow spindly. I find that the best temperatures are 50 degrees at night and 70 degrees in the day. They are left in the greenhouse for about two weeks and then shifted into the cold frames ^ From the 5th to the 10th of April, the second transplant- ing IS made. They are then taken from the inch and a half flats and transplanted into flats 4 inches each way, and placed back into the frames. If the room can be afforded, it is advis- able to allow even more space for each plant. Toward spring they are hardened off, using the same method as for cabbage. A week or so before planting time each plant is blocked off by running a butcher's knife between the rows. This will give each plant a block of nice fibrous roots at planting time. — 164 — AFFILIATED COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES The following County Horticultural Societies are affiliated with the State Horticultural Association, under Article II of the Constitution. ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Beorganlzed March 10, 1922 OrnCERS President, C. A. Griest Guernsey Vice President, W. E. Grove York Springs Secretary, Edwin C. Tyson Flora Dale Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams Gardners MEMBERS •Adams, Wm. S Aspers Bream, W. A Gettysburg Boyer, W. W Arendtsville •Baugher, H. G „ ^ Aspers Baugher, G. L^ „ ^ Aspers Bittinger, C. H ^... R. D. 6, Hanover Benner, B. E „ ^ ^...Virginia MiHs Boyer, E - ^ ^ BiglerviUe •Grouse, E. A ^ Gettysburg •Cation, W. R » _ Orrtanna Dock, Miss Mira L » .....Fayetteville •Eldon, Robert M » « ^...Aspers Eshelman, S. C Gettysburg, No. 5 Frost, 8. W ^ Arendtsville Fraim, Merritt L „ ^ „ Aspers •Griest, C. Arthur ^ ^ -...Guernsey •Griest, Frederick E - - Flora Dale •Garretson, Eli P - Biglerville Gardner, L. M., Jr - „._ York Springs •Grove, W. E - « York Springs Huber, Charles H Gettysburg •Hartman, George R „ Biglerville Jacobs, Daniel C - - Gettysburg, No. 5 •Keller, S. C « Gettysburg, No. 5 •Keller, PauL — ^ Gettysburg, No. 5 Knab, Mrs. George N New Oxford •Large, Katherine S ^ Orrtanna Large, Mrs. E. S Orrtanna Musselman, C. H Biglerville Miller, E. M „ Hanover Minick, W. L ^ Waynesboro Prickett, Josiah W. Biglerville Peters, Jno. B ^ ..."....Gardners Raffensperger, Charles E Arendtsville ^ice, A. E : ^ ^ Biglerville Biddlemoser, H. E ^ McKnightstown — 165 — lii Spangler George E Gettysburg Snyder E Bane Jack's Mountain Stock 6. M _._ id^^i,,^ Srasbaugh E. F Orrtanna Stoner, H. 8 _. . Orrtanna •Tyson, Edwin C ::::-;••• "FiojrDale •Tyson, Chester J _ ..Z.Flora Dale •Tyson, Wm. C Guernsev Trostle, Francis "Gardners Wolfe, C. A _ _._: IZIII w"''''^^^ -::::irenSe Weaner W C ...jVspers ^'*''«' ^. E Gettysburg ^i>«°° Bros _.._ _ ^3 f BEDFORD COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Organized January, 1924 OFFICEBS President, F. J. Heacock j>^. . rice President, A. C. Richards " New Paris Treasurer, A. A. Hyde .... m. nu • flii^.-x>«^,.. TT r, -A - - . . Manns Choice Secretary, H. C. Elder . - . . . Cumberland Valley, Bt. 1 MEMBEBS Neff Richards _ □ , „, . =• ^- M<=^^b« ":=::zzz^;^^^^^^ H. D. Drenning _.... "" '""^'"'^ ^^'B^ii/'^'^W n vf -n, • — - Bedford, Rt. 3 ;• X' ^n -•■- - - -Bedford, Rt. 4 1. A. Miller _. -CK V. 2. E. A. Rose ' - " Rfi'^^'^o"^ E. 8. Furry JZ" " K«w tt [^' ^^ ^ Clayton Smith ZZ BpdfnrH S'."'! J. O. Beckner ~ Bedford Et. 4 J. A. Crilly -- OsterhuTg J. T. Slick. ; "**" " ^-- ^^^^J J. C. Bowser ZZ: ~" Wolf b"'^ i 1 ^Z^ZZZ ==i^^rd^ nil A. L. Wright :;*': - ~ -•.-.•Schellburg James Drenning "*"" •ii;A'''i.°Po L. H. Jennings^.....ZZ:r:'""* " ^^ifh * ^ THE BERKS COUNTY FEUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1922 OFriCERS President, Sheldon Funk Secretary, W. W. Livingood Boyertown. Robesonia MEMBERS Derky, D. W — ^„ _ ^ Sewanee Bertolett, M. L ^ ^ ^ Mt. Penn Bridenbaugh, John H Reading, Liberty Bank Bldg. Deiner, W. S Boyertown, R. D. 2 DeLong, Cletus Y ^ Mertztown, R. D. 2 Doty, H. M ^ ^ Stony Creek Mills Doty, Richard - ^ ^ Stony Creek Mills Funk, Sheldon ^ JBoyertown Gerhard, Owen S Clayton Haring, S. A ^ Reading, 901 N. 11th St. *Hershey, H. F „ ^ ^ Hamburg, R. D. 3 Hinkle, Jacob E ^ ^ ^ Oley, R. 1 Johnson, Dr. E. E. S « ^ ^ Hereford Kruppenbach, Harry H^ _ Robesonia Lenhart, Richard L Reading, Kline, Eppihimer Co. Livingood, W. W « ^ Robesonia McGinncs, C. R Reading, 1507 Colonial Trust Dldg. Markely, N. S ^ Shanesville Mayer, L. E^ » ^ Boyertown Melcher, Bennett A ^ Bally Melcher, George W _ Bally •Rick, John Reading, 434 Oley St. Rittenhouse, J. H.. ^ Lorane Rittenhouse, Samuel ~ Lorane Rohrer, G. H _ Mertztown Shearer, Walter J ^ Vinemont Sheble, Earl ^ „ ^ Hamburg Shultz, Adam S - Hereford Shultz, Chester ^ Barto Strohmater, Herman A Gouglerville Schmick, Wilson E - Hamburg Uibel, Geo. D^ ^ Reading, Boys' High School Wertz, Samuel H Leesport Yoder, C. L -...Boyertown, R. D. 1 — 166 — — 167 — ii;i : CHESTER-DELAWARE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1921 OFPICEBS President, Frank B. Wolfe Lima Vice President, Ralph Taylor West Chester Sec.'Treas., Herbert C. Barker West Chester MEMBEBS Barker, Herbert C^ ^ ^ West Chester Barnard, C. P _ Northbrook *Bartram, George & Son.._ »._ ^ ^...West Chester Bird, Anna C^ ^ „ Brandywine Summit Campbell, W. S — Phoenixville, Et. 4 Crowell, A. & T ^ Avondale Darlington, Hibbert ^ ^...West Chester Dickey, Samuel...„ » ^ ^ Oxford Dodge, Geo. P ^ ^ East Dowingtown Dunlap, George P., Hillwood Fruit Farm Glen Riddle Hayman, Guy L Northbrook Hayward, Charles E — ^ — Westtown Ivins, William A ^ _ Media Kelly, Margaret...^ Zlwest C^iester Keech, M. H ^ West Chester Linvill, Arthur „ ^ Media Lippincott, S. A ^ Dowingtown Malone, Mary ^ Brandywine Summit Nolan, John V Malvern Parker, Caroline R — West Chester Passmore, N. S — Chester Heights ^^n •^''' ^V ^; o - W^«^ Chester Phillips, Charles S ^ Ocopson Ray, J E. S _ ^...West Chester Romig Brothers „ ^ Downingtown Sargent George ^ Qjen Mills Scott AH. _ Wallingford Smed ey, S. L — ^ ^ Newtown Square Smedley, 8. L., Jr .. Newton Square Smedley, Walter — ^ ^ Media Thomas, Carl ^ _ West* Chester Vandergrift, William West Chester Waker, James... Westtown Welsh, George A _ at/.^i-^ Wolff, F. B.:...... ::..:::::.::.:::': •**' ^^i Worthington, RusselL IZVweBt'chester CUMBERLAND COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Organized 1922 OFFICERS President, U.W Allison Shippensburg, R. D. Vice President, Dr. C. S. Basehoar - . . . . Carlisle Secretary, Galen H. Gates Shippensburg Treasurer, James Dunlap Shippensburg, R. D MEMBERS Allison, Herbert ...Shippensburg, R. D. Angle, H. M Shippensburg Barbour, Baettie ^ Shippensburg Basehoar, Dr. C. S — ^ Carlisle Berry, Dr. E. S ^...Shippensburg Boyer, Elton Biglerville Brinkerhoff, H. J ^ Lees Cross Roads Bushman, H. M ^ Carlisle Cameron, John...- ^ Carlisle, R. D. 1 ' Dennis, R. M ^ ....Carlisle Duncan, D. G _ Shippensburg Dunlap, James M Shippensburg, R. D. Gates, G. H ^ ^...Shippensburg Heberhg, Herbert Newburg Henry, Harold. ^ Shippensburg 'Leonard, Frank .^ Carlisle, R. D. Miller, C. M ., ^ Newville Mowery, N. E ^ Shippensburg Stough, Mulford ^ ....Shippensburg Worst, D. C ^ Carlisle, R. D. — 168 — FRANKLIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Organized January 21, 1922 orncERs President, R. T. Criswell Chambersburg Vice President, J. W. Reiciiard Waynesboro Treasurer, D. Edward Long Chambersburg Secretary, C. Frank Gillan gt. Thomaa Assistant Secretary, R. J. Gillan gt. Thomas MEMBERS Alexander, W. M. & Son ^ Dry Run Amberson, P. N ^ Waynesboro Barkdoll, A. E Smithburg, R. 3., Md. Barr, I. C ^ Greencastle, R. 2 Benedict, F. W Waynesboro Benedict, H. M Waynesboro, R. No. 1 Bingham, A. H ^ gt. Thomas Bingham, W. O ^ gt. Thomas Bikle, Philip ^ Chambersburg, R. No. 11 Bream, D.M Chambersburg Brereton, O'Hara D „ _ Edenville Burgner, F. A...^ ^...Chambersburg Burgner, S. A ^^ Chambersburg — 169 — Ill li> Cordell, D ^ St. Thomas Crawford, J. B „ » Fayetteville Crawford, T. H ^ Fayetteville Criswell, R. T ^ „ « Chambersburg Davison, Norman _ - Chambersburg Diehi, E. W „ 8t. Thomas Diehl, Edgar B > ^ St. Thomas Diffenderfer, C. B ^^ ^ _ Edenville Doan, J. T. „ ^ Chambersburg, R. 2 Duke, D. R Chambersburg Duke, B. F ^ ^Chambersburg Gehr, Harvey J Waynesboro, R. No. 1 Gelwix, Dr. John M....> Chambersburg Gillan, C. Frank St. Thomas Gillan, G. G....^ ^ ^ ^.St. Thomas Gillan, R. J ^._ ^^ St. Thomas Gramm, H. V Edenville Heisey, S. A. & Bro Greencastle, R. No. 4 Hess, Daniel » ^ -...Waynesboro Hess, Paul G «...Mont Alto, R. No. 1 Hess, Ralph C ., ^ Waynesboro Hess, Ray B - Mont Alto, R. No. 1 Hess, S. S Waynesboro Hess, Willis A.- Mont Alto, R. No. 1 Horn, W. H^ ^ Chambersburg, R. No. 10 Jefferson Cooperage Co _ -Ranson, W. Va. Krebs, H. B Mercersburg Kams, J. H « Chambersburg Knode, J. H ^ ^ Chambersburg Lambert, J. M — Chambersburg, R. No. 6 Landis, D. L., Jr^ Chambersburg, R. No. 1 Latshaw, J. E _ Marion Long, D. Edward — Chambersburg Long, W. G Fayetteville McAllen, R. W ^ __ Fannettsburg Mcllvaine, J. S Fayetteville, R. No. 1 McLaughlin, S. O ^ _ Fort Loudon Miller, Clayton ^ Marion Miller, D. L^ — _ Waynesboro Minehart, T. Z ^ Chambersburg Minich, W. L. — Waynesboro Mish & Croft ^ ^ st. Thomas Nelson, D. H ^ _ ^ ...Chambersburg Nicodemus, E. A^ _ Zullinger Newcomer, J. W — Waynesboro, R. No. 1 Omwake Brothers Greencastle Orr, B. G Chambersburg Phiel, Earl C- _ St. Thomas Pomeroy, Ralph S - Chambersburg Rahauser Brothers ., ^ _ -...Greencastle Rearick, J. W Chambersburg Reisner, J. E ^ ^ Shippensburg Reed, Fred B „ ^ Chambersburg Reichard, Charles W ^._ .....Waynesboro Renfrew, R. M...... ^ __ „ -.Fayetteville Rhoades, J. M „ ^ ^ Marion Rinehart, R. J ^ Mercersburg Ritchey, Maurice „ Chambersburg Rogers, A. L - ^ ^ Chambersburg Sharpe, Walter K -...Chambersburg 170 — Shatzer, H. C ^ ^ Edenville Shetron, W. F Chambersburg, R. No. 6 Shields, Charles E « Roxbury Shields, Ira M Chambersburg, R. No. 5 Shockey, Luther P -.Chambersburg, R. No. 9 Skinner, H. W - ^ Chambersburg Smith, G. Walter - Smithsburg, R. No. 1, Md. Smith, F. Arthur - ^ Chambersburg, R. No. 10 Smith, J. H ^ ^ Chambersburg ^Snowberger, A. I Waynesboro, R. No. 1 * Stear, J. R „ _ Chambersburg Stevenson Brothers - ^ Midvalo Tolbert, Henry Chambersburg, R. No. 11 Weaver, Edward A _ Fayetteville *Wertz, D. Maurice Waynesboro Wingert, J. K- ^ Chambersburg Wishard, W. H ^._ Chambersburg, R. No. 9 Witherspoon, D. Erskine - Chambersburg, R. No. 9 Young, J. P Chambersburg, R. No. 8 Zullinger, T. A ^ Chambersburg HONORARY MEMBERS C. H. Hunt, Secy. Chamber of Commerce Chambersburg J. H. Knode, County Agent Chambersburg Albert Lent, Assistant County Agent Chambersburg We held four meetings throughout the year, all of them business meetings, and. at all of them educational addresses were delivered by speakers from either State College, the Agricultural Department of the Commonwealth or the U. S. Agricultural Department. Probably the most interesting of these meetings was that held after a picnic lunch in the Frank- lin Furnace Gap on July 17th when we were making our annual orchard tour. The Honorable F. P. Willits, Secretary of Agriculture, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and Dr. S. W. Fletcher addressed us at this meeting. During the day we visited the Dixon-Diehl, Lambert, Brereton, Bingham, Gillan Brothers and Heisey orchards, likewise the new coop- erative packing house of the Mount Parnell Cooperative Fruit Association. Our Society had a successful year and we are looking forward to the accomplishment of more good things for the fruit growing industry of Franklin county. R. T. CRISWELL, President — 171 — INDIANA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Organized February, 1924 OFFICEES President, T. C. Hood Saltsburg, R. D. Sec.'Treas, H. W. Stoxebraker Indiana, R. 7 MEMBERS Brown, Bert C Marion Center Brown, R. A Homer City, R. 2 Caldwell, E. P Marion Center Clark, Fred E Indiana Diven, W. C ^ Livermore Elbel, Geo. H Rossiter, R. 1 Fyock, Frank Rochester Mills, R. 1 Hamilton, R. W Home Hood, T. C Saltsburg, R. D. Irwin, S. B Punxsutawney, R. 1 Keith, C. W „ Barnesboro McHenry, Clarence ^...Indiana Rosensteel, L. C —..Edri Snyder, Fred Avonmore, R. 1 Stonebraker, H. W _ ^ _ Indiana, R. 7 Wise, Harvey > ^ _ ^ Commodore, R. D. LANCASTER COUNTY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS ASSOCIATION OFFICEES President, Elmer R. Snyder .... First Vice Pres., L. B. Huber Second Vice Pres^ Elmer J. Weaver Third Vice Pres., J. W. Root Fourth Vice Pres., Elias H. Vogel Secretary, T. Warren Metzger Treaswer, S. E. Forry .... Elizabethtown Lancaster, R. 5 Ronlu Manheim, R. D. 1 Lancaster, R. D. 3 Lancaster, Farm Bureau Ephrata, B. D. 1 MEMBEBS Barr, Frank S - .^ Narvon Betz, W. E^ « ^ ^ _.^tevens, R. 2 Bollinger, Jacob Lititz, R. 1 Borry, E. E ^ Stevens, R. 2 Brossman, J. F ^ — Ephrata Brossman, Morse ^ Mohnton, R. 2 Brossman, Rudy — ^ _ ^...Ephrata Brubaker, J. C^ ^ Lititz, R. 1 Bucher, E. B..._ — ^ Ephrata, R. 1 Burkholder, A. Z » ^...Ephrata, R. 1 Ditzler, Jacob W » ^ _ Lititz, R. 5 Enders, John F ^ ^ ^...Columbia, R. D. Fair, Frank «^ „ Elizabethtown, R. 1 Felty, Or. B. O « ^ ....MUlersville Flory, Paul B _ Pequea Forry, S. E > _ — Ephrata, R. 1 Furlow, Eber » Hopeland Gise, W. H Lancaster, R. 5 Good, Martin B^ 54 S. Franklin St., Lancaster Hacker, E. S^ - Ephrata Harnish, 0. H - . Leola Herr, C. H Lancaster, R. 2 Herr, David S - Lancaster, R. 7 Hershey, C. Maurice. ^ ^ -...Gordonville, B. 1 Hershey, Hiram S East Petersburg Hess, Francis P Lancaster, R. 7 Hostetter, Dr. J. E ^ - Gap, R. 1 Huber, L. B. Lancaster, R. 5 Kaufifman, A. L ^ Ronks, R. 1 Lepole, Walter Akron Longenecker, J. E _ „ ^ Mt. Joy Metzger, T. Warren - « Lancaster Moore, M. A « ^ _ ^...Lititz Nolt, Harrison S — Columbia, R. 1 Peris, Roy N....- ^ ^.._ Florin •Reist, John G - ^ Mt. Joy Root, J. W _ _ Manheim, R. 1 Ruhl, H. F ^ _ « Manheim Smith, Geo. K ^ _ Akron Suavely, Henry B^..- ^ Lititz, R. 5 Snyder, C. B Ephrata, R. 1 Snyder, Elmer R - Elizabethtown Stauffer, T. H ^ ^ Lititz, R. 4 Stolfus, Isaac M ^ „ Ronks, R. 1 Vogel, Elias H » Lancaster, R. 3 Wenger, Monroe P.. Denver Wenger, G. P > ^ Quarryville, R. 1 Wertsch, Edwin « Xititz, R. 5 Widders, J. B ^ - Lancaster, R. 3 Witmer, J. B _ - Lampeter Zimmerman, H. 8 - La Park — 172 — — 173 — LAWEENOE COUNTY FRUIT GBOWEBS ASSOCIATION I i Organized 1914 OrnCEES Tresxdent, S. E. Huey New Castle, B. Vice President, C. F. Harbison New Castle, B. Becy,Trea8., J. A. Boak New Caatle, B. MEMBEES Bavard & Baldwin ^ Newcastle Bell, Russell „ ^ West Middlesex Benson, B. J^ ^ ^ New Castle, R. 8 Blair, T. W _ ^ ^ New Castle, R. 4 Boak, J. A _...New Castle, R. 4 Boak, J. E _ — ^ — Newcastle, R. D. 4 Bolph, Irwin _ _ _ _ Newcastle Brown, O. P „ ^ Newcastle, Broyles Ave. Buchanan, S. W „ New Wilmington Boyd, J. H ^ 461 E. Washington St. New Castle Cox, J. W ^..J^ew Castle, R. 3 Cummmgs, J. W.. New Wilmington Curry, Edward > New Castle, R. 1 Drake, William — ....Volant, R. 3 Friday, G. P.. „ ^.New Castle, R. 1 Fullerton, A. H > ^ Edenburg Gebhart, W. J...... ^ ....New Castle, R. 8 Harbison, C. F New Castle, R. 7 Hartzel Chas..... „. New Castle, R. 1 High Hill Fruit Farm. ^ ^ Pulaski Hopper W. C New "castie, R. 4 ^Houk, J. B ^ ^ ^ New Castle, R. 8 Huey, S. R _ ^ New Castle, R. 3 Hunt, Norman New Castle, R. 4 2"°*» f • *^ - —.New Castle, R. 4 Hunt, Lewis ^ _ New Castle, R. 4 Johnston, J. B. ., New Wilmington, R. 1 Johnston, J. H : New Wilmington, R. 1 Johnston, R. 8 ^ jjew Wilmington, R. 1 Kildoo, Samuel New Castle, R. 4 Kyle, David. j^ew Castle, R. 8 Leslie, Merl — ^.New Castle, R. 8 McClure, Frank ^ J^ew Castle McMillan, R. S - 916 iLrton* St," New Castle ^ass, J. B New Castle, R. 3 Nass, J. A New Castle, R. 5 Offut, N. A ^^ ^ Volant, R. 1 Patterson, Geo. W „ East Brook Reynolds, Amzi ...JTew Wilmington, R. 63 Shirk and Baker „ West Middlesex Wilson, A. O : Volant Young, Fred. ^ .....JJlwood City, B. 1 Resolution Adopted by Lawrence County Fruit Growers Association WHEREAS, The legal weight of a bushel of apples has been increased from 45 lbs. to 48 lbs., thereby virtually tak- ing from the grower, without remuneration, one-fifteenth (1/15) of his crop; THEREFORE, Be it resolved that we, the members of Lawrence County Fruit Growers Association, do hereby peti- tion the Secretary of Agriculture of Pennsylvania to investi- gate as to who was responsible for this change, and if he finds anyone in his staff who is working against the interest of agriculture, that he remove him from office. A similar resolution was adopted by the Lawrence County Pomona Grange last fall and carried to the State Grange in Pittsburgh in November. It met the hearty approval of the State Grange, and was reported out of committee and referred to the Committee on Legislation for further investigation. Our local committee has investigated and reported that there is no uniform weight for a bushel of apples among the states. I talked with members of the Legislative Committee at the State Grange and they were favorable. State Master McSparren was also strongly in its favor. Hoping that this resolution may find favor in our State Association and that the weight of a bushel of apples may get back to earth by our next Legislature. J. A. BOAK, Sec. — 174 — — 175 — THE LEBANON VALLEY COOPERATIVE FRUIT GROWERS OrPICEES President, Irwin Lonoenecker Vice President, J. R. Heilman Secy.'Treas., H. Meyer Snavely Palmyra Lawn Lebanon MEMBEBS* •Boltz, P. R ^ ^ — « Lebanon, R. 3 Bucher, Alvin ^.. JMyerstown, R. 4 Cassidy, John B „ > ^ Lebanon, R. 2 Freeman, W. C ~ >^ ^ _ Cornwall Heilman, Albert - ^ Cleona Heilman, J. R^ ^ _ _ „ Lawn Hertzler, D. R ^ .Richland Hoke, Arthur _ „ _ Cornwall *Horst, J. M Lebanon, R. 3 Keiser, Carl « „ ^ ^ Cornwall Krall, W. O — ^ Myerstown, R. 4 Liske, C. E _ « -...Lebanon, R. 4 Longenecker, Irwin ^-Palmyra Meek, John ^ ^ _ ^ -...Jonestown Meyer, D. H Annville Meyer, E. J - _ « Lebanon, R. 8 Miller, Albert D - - ^ Lebanon, R. 3 Moyer, Joseph - ^ Lebanon Rabel, Amos...- — Lebanon, R. 6 Rank, William...- - - « ^ -...Lebanon Reist, A. E - ^ Palmyra, R. 2 Snavely, H. Meyer. ^ Lebanon Snavely, Misses - Lebanon, R. 8 Supiot, A. V ^ ^ ......\.Cornwall Trump, Chas....- ^ ^ Lebanon Winters, Cyrus. ^ Lebanon, R. 8 Wolff, PauL ^ ^ ^ Myerstown Yingst, John - ^._ ^ Lebanon, R. 5 Generally, the apple and peach crops were good through- out the county, with fair prices being realized. Daring the second week in December we held the best apple, corn and potato show ever held in the county, with the local Chamber of Commerce and several other organizations cooperating in a splendid manner. Our present membership numbers about thirty paid up members. During the year we incorporated and will in the future be known as ** Lebanon Valley Cooperative Fruit Growers, Inc." At a meeting held on the evening of the 15th of January, a board of seven directors for the new organization was elected as follows : P. R. Boltz, D. H. Meyer, John Meek, H. Meyer Snavely, A. E. Reist, J. R. Heilman and Irvin Longenecker. The board elected the following to serve as officers for the year 1924: Irvin Longenecker, Pres., J. R. Heilman, Vice Pres., and H. Meyer Snavely, Secy.-Treas. At the meeting held recently a resolution was adopted asking the local county commissioners to appropriate the sum of $1,000 to help cover expenses in the fight on the Japanese beetle. IRWIN LONGENECKER, Pres. Report for 1923 All of our meetings held throughout the year just closed, were well attended, thus showing an interest on the part of the members. Several events occurring during the year, are worthy of note. We had an interesting tour of the county in August, at which time the following orchards were visited: Cornwall orchards, Cornwall, Pa., W. C. Freeman, pro- pnetor ; orchards of P. R. Boltz, near Jonestown ; orchards of Eugene Meyer, north of Lebanon; orchards of D. H. Meyer, near Annville, and orchards of A. E. Reist and Longenecker Bros., near Palmyra. The noon luncheon was enjoyed at the home of the Misses Snavely, near Cleona, where we saw a fine vineyard and potato patches. — 176 — — 177 — LEmOH COUNTY HOETICULTXJEAL SOCIETY Organized March 16, 1923 OFFIOEBS President, F. S. Dickenshied Vice President, H. A. Shantz Secretary, A. L. Hacker Zionsville Allentown, Lentz Bldg. Allentown, 517 Hamilton St. MEMBEBS Bender, L. J ^ Allentown, B. 4 Benner, H. G _ ^ ^._ Coopersburg Billmcyer, H. W „ Quakertown, B. 2 Carey, C. D ^ „ Orefield Dickenshied, F. S _ _._ Zionsville Everett, E. B ^ ^ — ^ Orefield, B. 1 Fenstermacher, P. S ^ 214 N. 8th St., Allentown Gackcnbach, C. A ^ _ ^ X)refield, B. 1 Hacker, A. L ^ Allentown, 517 Hamilton St. Hottenstein, Ira ^ 141 N. 10th St., Allentown Ihn, Harry ^.1147 Second St., Catasauqua Keppinger, B. M „ — Coopersburg, B. 2 Knoppenberger, Thos ^ Zionsville, B. 1 Linde, J. E : ^ ^ Orefield, B. 1 Marsh, H. C ^ Allentown, 517 Hamilton St. Mill, H. S Allentown, 622 N. 6th St Monosmith, S. B Weisel Mohr, Frank > ^ ^ ^ Fogelsville Schantz, H. A Allentown, Lentz Bldg. Schantz, Louis M ^ ^ Orefield, B. 1 Schantz, M. P A^llentown, 1610 S. Albert Shoemaker, C. 0 ^ ^ w. Catasauqua Shoemaker, D. W ^ ^ w. Catasauqua Schrciber, H. F « _ Zionsville Scholl, Winfield J > ^ -Coopersburg, B. 2 Schmick, Casper ^ Zionsville Smith, Wm — ^ Orefield, B. 1 Snyder, O. E » — ^ Allentown, B. 3 Weaver, W. S^ Quakertown, B. 2 Weinberger, J. H ^ Zionsville Wolf, Joseph _ Fullertown LUZERNE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OrganljEed Feb. 16, 1923 OFFIOEBS President, Howard Lewis Pittston B. D. Vice President, Arthur Gat Dallas' B D Secretary, Percy L. Yost Sugarloaf' B*. d! Treasmer, Adam Stock Wyoming, B. D. MEMBEBS Bronson, Marvin „ ^ ......Dallas, E. D. Blackmar, C. W Wyoming, B. D. Brown, Edward — — ^ ^ 3uttonwood Coon, John « ^ ^ Wyoming, B. D. Coon, H. F _ Wyoming, B. D. Ellsworth, Oliver ^ Dallas, B. D. — 178 — ^ Frantz, S. P...... Dallas, B. D. Gay, G. E. & Son Dallas, B. D. 3 Gay, Arthur Dallas, B. D. Hess, Fred E Nescopeck, B. D. Hess, S. S., Manager ., Freeland Ide, S. C .-...Sweet Valley, B. D. Johnson, C. F Kis-Lyn Kauffman, Harry .Drums Katchen, G. W ., Shavertown Moore, A. C.... Kingston, 45 Eley St. Parrish, Elmer D Dallas Pierce, Harry W Wilkes-Barre, Lock Box 196 Bebennack, Jacob Dallas, B. D. Bozell, H. E J>ittston, B. D. Buggies, F. L Dallas, B. D. Schoonover, W. E Dallas, R. D. Seely, Walter E Nescopeck, B. D. Stock, Adam ..„ Wyoming, B. D. Wheeler, C. B -...Hunlock Creek Williams, David Wilkes-Barre, Box 251 Williams, John « White Haven Winter, J. H „ Dallas Winters, B. J Dallas, B. D. 3 Yost, Percy L.. ., « Sugarloaf, B. D. PERRY COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Reorganized in 1923 OFFIOEBS President, Daniel Bice Sec-Treas, L. F. Bothrock New Bloomfield New Bloomfield MEMBERS Adair, Frank ^ Landisburg Clegg, W. 8 « _ New Bloomfield Jones, H. L^ — Newport Nickel, C. C ^ Loysville Bothrock, L. F .,..- „ New Bloomfield Bhinesmith, H. B ^ „ New Bloomfield Bitter, Geo. H ^ Loysville Bice, Dana „ New Bloomfield Bice, Daniel » « New Bloomfield Shanor, Geo. E^..:. Duncannon, B. D. Sharon, 8. A» — . ..„ Newport Schuchman, Geo. W Shermansdale Stewart, Geo. W New Bloomfield •Stewart, John. — _ Landisburg Stewart, William « ^ ., Landisburg Zeigler, C. E Duncannon Walker, M. C - ., ...Newport — 179 — WAYNE COUNTY FRUIT OBOWEBS ASSOCIATION Organized 1916 OFFICEBS President^ Bert 8. Hull WayTnart First Vice Pres., W. H. Bullock Honesdale Second Vice Pres., Homer Bonear Honesdale Secretary, T. H. Olver Honesdale, B. 4 Treasurer, Amasa Ketes Beach Lake BiEMBEBS Avery, Fred. - — -Honesdale, R. 3 Bonear, Homer. Honesdale Bullock, W. H _ Honesdale Emery, Harvey Waymart, E. 2 Erk, Geo^ ^ Seelyville Gregory, James Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Hicks, William ^ Honesdale, Star Route Hull, Bert S ^ Waymart Keyes, Amasa ^ Beach Lake Kinsman, E. E ^ Honesdale, R. 2 Lincoln, Geo. H Clarks Summit Mohrman, Richard Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Murray, Philip — Honesdale Olver, T. H ^ Honesdale, R. 4 Pohle, E. H ^ -...Honesdale Schmidt, Joseph ^ ...Hawley, R. 1 Seaman, Geo — ^ .....Honesdale Simons, R. B ^ ^ -...Starling Stephens, J. A. - Honesdale Van Gordor - - ^ ^ Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Woodley, 8. E - « — Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Beport of Annual Meeting W. H. Bullock, whose subject was ''Insects of the Orch- ard'*, pointed out that the damage done by insects amounted to millions of dollars annually. The San Jose scale had been somewhat subdued but is returning again in mighty force and orchardists should take precautions to keep it down. He espe- cially emphasized the injury caused by the Apple Red Bugs, outlined their life, history, and time of spraying to kill them. In most seasons, this is done in the Petal Spray and the Cluster Spray with nicotine sulphate. J. J. Jaquish, County Agent of Wyoming county told of the success the spray rings had been in his county and stated that too many should not be included in the organization. He pointed out the advantages that spray rings would be in Wayne county as it is the poor fruit that is really causing the over production. It was voted that a committee be appointed to look after a demonstration orchard, and a committee to look after spray nng association. — 180 — R. S. Snyder, orchardist specialist of State College, dwelt on production and marketing. This was followed by a talk by William Lynn, on ''Grading, Packing and Marketing Fruit. ' ' A resolution was adopted protesting against the antago- nistic spirit and methods of the Penn Game Commission toward the fruit growers and farmers of this state of Pennsylvania, especially the importation of rabbits and liberating them, as they are one of the most contemptible pests that we have to contend with. T. H. OLVER, Secy. YORK COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OFFICERS President, C. P. Kibbler First Vice Pres., L. E. Hartman Second Vice Pres., C. M. Wernig Secretary, J. Bentz Kauffmann Treasvrer, Howard Anderson York - - ay York York, R. D. 7 Stewartstown MEMBERS Allen, H. G ^ ^...New Park Anderson, H. M „ _ New Park •Anderson, H. W ^ Stewartstown Anderson, Ralph W Fawn Grove Auchey, Claude, ^ Hanover, R. 3 Bear, Arthur B ^ York, R. 10 Bear, Jacob R ^ York, R. D. 10 Bear, Jno. W York, R. D. 10 Beck, C. F York, R. D. 9 Beaverson, E. S^ ^ York, R. D. 7 Boyd, Guy H ^ ^ York, R. D. 6 Boyd, Stephen G ^ York, R. D. 6 Brandt, Emory W ^ ^ York, Box 666 •Brinton, H. C ^ Hanover, R. D. 6 Dnick, Albert - Wrightsville, R. D. 2 Flora, Wm. — ^ Wrightsville Gable, A. P > York, R. D. 6 Houston, M. T.... ^ — Wrightsville, R. D. 2 Hykes, 8. W York, 1300 N. George St. Jacobs, David ^ ^ Manchester Kauffman, A ^ York, R. D. 7 Kauffman, C .....York, R. D. 7 Kauffman, E. F.. York, R. D. 7 Kauffman, J. B York, R. D. 7 Kibbler, C. P .....York, 527 W. Market St. King, Geo ^ York, R. D. 2 Knisley, R. A ^ _ „ Yoe Lau, L. B ...East Berlin, B. D. 2 Lau, Lu E ^ East Berlin, R. D. 2 Lau, R. E _ _ York Lehman, Elias ^ York, R. D. 5 Leiberknecht, H. F ^ York, R. 3 Linn, Harry ^ Seven Valleys — 181 — Loose, H. H Menges Mills Markey, Elmer J — York, R. D. 2 Markey, Melvin York, R. D. Martin, A. C ~ - Muddy Creek Forks »Miller, Amos E ^ Hanover Moore, Edward Mount Wolf, R. D. 1 Raby, J. B., Jr - York, R. D. 6 Raver, Erwin C ~ York, R. D. 9 Schmidt, Mrs. Jno. C^ - 900 S. George St., York Schmidt, Henry D ~ York, Box 666 Sener, L. G ~ Hellam, R. D. 1 Sidler, A ^ - York, R. D. 9 Smith, S. A ~ — ~ - Yoe Snyder, Lloyd G ~ ^ Seven Valleys, R. 1 Stein, Geo. E ^ Wrightsville, R. D. 1 Stoner, Benjamin - Hellam Stock, McClean ~ — York Stony Brook Fruit Farm ~ ~ York, R. 7 Swartz, Samuel — Spring Grove Tarbert, D. F -.Dallastown, R. D. 1 Weaver & Leas - York, R. D. 9 Weber, G. G - York Weaver & Leas - ~ York, R. 9 Wernig, Chas. M ^ York, R. D. 9 Winter, M. L ^ hellam, R. D. 1 Z€igler, J. A. C ^...York, 1018 W. Locust St. STATE HO&TIOnLTUBAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA** MEMBERSHIP LIST xfame Post Office Oonnty Adair, Frank Landisburg Perry •Adams, W. 8. Aspers Adams Alburger, A. D. Bustleton Philadelphia Alexander, W. M. & Bon Dry Bun Franklin Album, James N. Erie, Pittsburgh Ave. Erie Allen, H. G. New Park York Allison, Herbert Shippensburg, R. D. Cumberland Amberson, P. M. Waynesboro Franklin Anderson, H. M. New Park York •Anderson, H. W. Stewartstown York Anderson, Ralph W. Fawn Grove York Angle, H. M. Shippensburg Cumberland Anthony, B. D. State College Center •Anwyll, Harry L. Harrisburg Dauphin Artley, O. K. Linden, R. 1 Lycoming ♦Atkinson, D. W. Wrightstown Bucks Atkinson, B. £. Wrightstown Bucks Atwater, 0. G. 40 Rector St., New York City •Atwater, Bichard M. Chadds Ford Chester Auchey, Claode Hanover, R. 3 York Avery, Fred Honesdale, R. 3 Wayne Badesberger, W. P. Bridgeville, B. 2 Allegheny Baggs, William H. 2100 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh Allegheny Baird, A. T. Lock Haven Clinton •Banzhaf , W. H. Muncy Lycoming Barbour, Beattie Shippensburg Cumberland Barkdoll, A. E. Smithburg, R. 3, lid. Barker, Herbert 0. West Chester Chester •Barlow, Thomas W. Fort Washington Montgomery Barnard, C. P. North Brook Chester Barr, Frank 8. Narvon Lancaster Barr, L C. Greencastle, B. 2 Franklin •Bartram, Frank N. Kennett Square Chester •Bartram, G. Manrice West Chester Chester •Bartram, George West Chester Chester Basehoar, Dr. C. 8. Carlisle Cumberland •Baugher, George L. Aspers Adams •Baugher, H. G. Aspers Adams Bayard, E. 8. Pgh., Natl. Stockman & Farmer, Allegheny --182 — * Life Members. ** Including members of Affiliated County Horticultural Societies. Please notify the Secretary of any errors in name or address. This list includes only thos* who paid does in 1028 or 1924. — 183 — " > - r NanM Post Office Comity Bavard & Baldwin New Castle Lawrence Bear, Arthur B. York, E. 10 York Bear, Jacob B. York, B. 10 York Bear, Jno. W. York, B. 10 York Beaufort Farms Harrisburg Dauphin Beaver, James Mifflinburg Union Beaver, James Harrisburg Dauphin Beaverson, £. 8. York, B. 7 York Beck, C. F. York, B. 9 York Beck & Piatt White Deer, B. 1 Union Bedell, G. H. c-o Natl. Stockman & Farmer, Pgh., Allegheny •BeU, E. H. State College Center Bell, Bussell D. West Middlesex Lawrence Benedict, F. W. Waynesboro, B. 1 Franklin Benner, B. £. Iron Mills Adams Benner, H. G. Coopersburg Lehigh ^Bennett, Eugene B. Easton, B. 3 Northampton Benson, B. J. New Castle, B. 8 Lawrence Berry, Dr. E. 8. Shippensburg Cumberland Bender, L. J. Allentown, B. 4 Lehigh Berky, D. W. Sewanee Berks Bertolett, Dr. M. L. Mt. Penn Berks Betts, W. E. Stevens, B. 2 Lancaster Bikle, PhiHp M. Chambersburg Franklin Bingham, A. H. St. Thomas Franklin Bingham, W. O. St. Thomas Franklin Bird, Anna W. Brandywine Summit Delaware Bittinger, 0. H. Hanover, E. 6 Adams Bixler, £. Stanley Easton, 126 S. 3d St. Northampton Billmeyer, H. W. Quakertown, E. 2 Lehigh Bingham, C. A. Cleveland, Ohio, 405 Erie Bldg. *Blaine, George W. 126 S. 3d St., Easton Erie •Blair, Charles P. Monaca Beaver Blair, T. W. New Castle, E. 4 Lawrence •Blessing, David H. 4 N. Court St., Harrisburg Dauphin Black, M. C. Allison Park • Allegheny Blackmar, C. W. Wyoming, E. D. Luzerne Boak, J. E. New Castle, E. 4 Lawrence Bolph, Irwin New Castle, Boyles Ave. Lawrence Boak, J. A. New Castle, E. 4 Lawrence Bock, W. H. Crafton, E. 8 Allegheny •Boles, McClellan T. Hanlin Station Washington Bollinger, Jacob li. Lititz, E. 1 ^9 Lancaster •Boltz, Peter B. Lebanon, E. 3 Lebanon Bonear, Homer Honesdale Wayne Borry, E. E. Stevens, E. 2 Lancaster * Life Members. — 184 Name Post Office Comity Bowker Insecticide Co. M. D. Leonard, 49 Chambers St., New York Bowser, J. G. Wolfsburg Bedford Boyd, Guy H. 435 Park St., York York Boyd, P. C. Delta York Boyd, J. H. 431 E. Washington St., New Castle Lawrence •Boyer, John i:'. Middleburg Snyder Boyer, W. W., & Bro. Arendtsville Adams Boyer, Elton Biglerville Adams Brandt, Emory W. York, Box 666 York Bream, D. M. Chambersburg Franklin Bream, W. A. Gettysburg • Adams •Breidenbaugh, H. L. Boyertown Berks Breidenbaugh, John H. Beading, Liberty Bank Bldg. Berks Brereton, O'Hara D. Edenville Franklin Brewer, H. C. Washington, D. C. Bricker, E. B. Lititz Lancaster Briggs, Franklin H. Warrendale Allegheny •Brinton, H. C. Hanover York •Brinton, William P. Christiana Lancaster •Brinton, 8. L. West Chester Chester Brossman, J. F. Columbia, E. 1 Lancaster Brossman, Morse W. Mohnton, E. 2 Lancaster Brubaker, J. 0. Lititz, E. 1 Lancaster Brannon, H. P. Shippensburg, E. D. Cumberland Brinkerhoff, H. J. Lees Cross Eoads Cumberland Brinser, E. 0. Middletown Dauphin Brinton, Eobert F. West Chester Chester Brinton, W. H. Parksburg, E. 2 Chester Bronson, Mar\dn Dallas, E. D. Luzerne Brooke, E. G. Schwenksville Montgomery Brooker, J. A. Wexford, E. 2 Allegheny Brossman, Eudy Ephrata, B. 4 Lancaster Brown, Bert C. Marion Center Indiana Brown, Edward Buttonwood Luzerne Brown, 0. P. New Castle Lawrence Brown, E. A. Homer City, E. 2 Indiana Bucher, E. B. Ephrata, E. 1 Lancaster Bucher, Alvin Myerstown, E. 4 Lebanon Bullock, W. H. Honesdale Wayne Burgner, F. A. Chambersburg Franklin Bushman, H. M. Carlisle Cumberland Butt, James Dimock Susquehanna Buchanan, S. N. New Wilmington Lawrence Burk, Paul H. Biverside, N. J. Burkholder, A. Z. Ephrata, E. 1 Lancaster Carey, C. D. Orefield Lehigh * Life Members. — 185 — Name Oftssidy, John B. •Cation, William B. CaldweU, E. P. Campbell, Willard 8. Campfield, W. 8. Chapin, Irvin •Chase, Charles T. •Chase, Howard A. Cherrington, Ira C. Chase, T. M. Chester, Frank D. Clark, Fred E. Clegg, Wm. 8. Clemson, J. W. Comley, Rnlniid B. Coon, John Coon, H. F. •Cooper, C. A- Cope, F. B., Jr. •Corcoran, J. Paul Cordell, D. Coursen, I. H. Cowen, W. H. Cocklin, J. A. Cornwall Orchards Cox, J. W. Crawford, J. B. Creasy, Luther P. Criswell, B. T. •Crouse, E. A. Crowell, Samuel B. •Cummings, J. P. Cummings, J. W. Curry, Edward Currie, W. E. Craighead, E. M. Crilly, J. A. Cushman, G. B. •Davenport, Eugene Deiner, W. 8. Decker, B. M. Deardorf, Chas. Dennis, B. IC. DeLong, W. D. DeLong, Cletus Y. DeWitt, Elmer Post Oifioe Lebanon, B. 2 Orrtanna Marion Center Phoenixville 8taunton, Va. Shickshinny Bala Union League, Phila. Bloomsburg Buckfield, Me. Chester Springs Indiana New Bloomfield Halifax Bustleton Wyoming, B. D. Wyoming, B. D. Ooanty Lebanon Adams Indiana Chester Luzerne Chester Philadelphia Columbia Chester Indiana Perry Dauphin Philadelphia Luzerne Luzerne 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Allegheny Dimock New Albany St. Thomas Wyoming, B. 3 Boaring Spring Mechanicsburg Cornwall New Caatle, B. 3 Fayetteville Catawissa, B. 1 Chambersburg Gettysburg Edgemont Sunbury New Wilmington Ne^ Castle, B. 4 New Castle, B. 1 2012 N. 3d St., Harrisburg Imler 30 Church St., New York Plymouth Boyertown, B. 2 East Stroudsburg Ortanna Carlisle 51 N. Fourth St. Beading Mertztown, B. 2 Wyoming, B. D. Susquehanna Bradford Franklin Luzerne Blair Cumberland Lebanon Lawrence Franklin Columbia Franklin Adams Chester Northumberland Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Dauphin Bedford Luzerne Berks Monroe Adams Cumberland Berks Berks Luzerne * Life Members. — 186 — Name Post Office Cotinty Dickenshied, F. S. Zionsville Lehigh Dickey, Samuel Oxford Chester •Dickson, B. M. 5711 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh Allegheny Diehl, Ed. B. St. Thomas Franklin Diffenderf er, C. B. Edenville Franklin Diehl, D. W. W. Bedford, B. 4 Bedford Diehl, E. W. St. Thomas Franklin Diven, W. C. Livermore Indiana •Dill, Bobert Northeast Erie Dock, Miss Mira L. Fayetteville Adams Doan, J. L. St. Thomas Franklin Dodge, Geo. P. Swan Hotel, Dowingtown Chester Dohan, John P. Darling Chester Doty, H. M. Stony Creek Mills, B. D. Berks Doty, BLchard Stony Creek Mills, B. D. Berks Drenning, C. B. Bedford, B. 4 Bedford Drenning, H. D. Bedford, B. 3 Bedford Drake, William M. C. Volant, B. 3 Lawrence Druck, Albert Wrightsville, B. 2 York Duncan, Peter S. HoUidaysburg Blair Dudley, 0. P. Bustleton Philadelphia Duke, D. B. & B. F. Chambersburg Franklin Dulles, John W. West Chester Chester Duncan, D. G. Shippensburg Cumberland •Dunlap, James M. Shippensburg Cumberland •Dunlap, B. Bruce HoUidaysburg . Blair Eagleman, J. G. Geigers Mills Berks Egolf, J. W. Schellburg Bedford Eisenbrown, Bobert W. Gouglerville Berks Elbel, Geo. H. Bossiter, B. 1 Indiana Elder, H. C. Cumberland Valley, B. 1 Bedford Elder, George K. Lewistown, Maine . •Eldon, Bobert M. Aspers Adams Ellsworth, Oliver Dallas, B. D. Luzerne Emery, Harvey Waymart, B. 2 Wayne Enders, J. F. Columbia, B. 2 Lancaster •Engle, Enos B. Harrisburg Dauphin •Engle, John G. Marietta Lancaster Erk, George Seelyville Wayne Eshleman, 8. C. McKnightstown Adams *Espe, Augustus G. Perrysville Allegheny ♦Evans, W. H. Plainsville Luzerne Evans, Boland W. Glen Mills Delaware Everett, E. B. Orefield, B. 1 Lehigh Fagan, F. N. State College Center Fair, Frank Elizabethtown, B. 1 Lancaster * Life Members. — 187 — Name Post Office Ck>imt7 •Fasaett, F. H. Fellenbaum, A. H. Felty, G. B. O. Fenstermacher, P. S. Fetterman, J. Gordon •Filbert, B. J. Fisher, E. J. f^tzgerald, Chas. L. Finn, A. O. Fleming, T. H. Flory, Paul B. ♦Fletcher, S. W. Flora, Wm. H. ♦Ford, A. E. Forry, S. E. ♦Fox, Cyrus T. Fraim, Merritt L. Free, W. A. ♦Freed, A. J. ♦Freed, W. A. Freed, Henry L. Friday, G. P. Frantz, 8. P. Freeman, W. C. Friend Manufacturing Co. Frost, 8. W. Fry, Chas. Fry, John L. Furry, E. 8. Fullerton, A. H. Funk, Sheldon Furlow, Eber 8. Fyock, Frank Gable, A. P. Gardner, L. M., Jr. Garrahan, C. E. ♦Garrahan, R. H. Gates, G. H. Gackenbach, C. A. Galbreath, Dr. J. W. Garber, Henry F. Gay, G. E. & Son Gay, A. H. Gebhart, J. B. Gefrorer, Henry Gerhard, Owen S. Meshoppen Gardners Millersville Allentown Media Fox Chase Wyoming Adams Lancaster Lehigh Delaware Philadelphia 944 W. Fourth St., Williamsport Lycoming Dowingtown Clifford Andalusia Pequa State College Wrightsville Glen Riddle Ephrata, R. 1 Reading Aspers 534 W. James St., Lancaster Racine Racine West Main St., Lansdale New Castle, R. 7 Dallas, R. D. Cornwall Gasport, N. Y. Arendtsville Reanistown c-o C. K. Whitner & Co., Reading New Enterprise Edenburg Boyertown Hopeland Rochester Mills, R. 1 York, R. 6 York Springs Kingston Kingston Shippensburg Orefield, R. 1 1923 Chestnut St., Philadelphia Mt. Joy, R. 3 Dallas, R. 3 Wyoming, R. D. New Castle, R. 8 Glen Mills Clayton Chester Susquehanna Bucks Lancaster Center York Delaware Lancaster Berks Adams Lancaster Beaver Beaver Montgomery Lawrence Luzerne Lebanon Adams Lancaster Berks Bedford Lawrence Berks Lancaster Indiana York Adams Luzerne Luzerne Cumberland Lehigh Philadelphia Lancaster Luzerne Lnzerne Lawrence Delaware Berks * Life Members. — 188 — Name Post Office Oonnty Gebhart, W. J. New Castle, R. 8 Lawrence Gehr, Harvey J. Waynesboro, R. 1 Franklin Geigley, Amos W. Ortanna Adams Geigley, G. W. Ortanna Adams Gelwicks, Dr. John M. Chambersburg Franklin Gillan, C. F. St. Thomas Franklin Gillan, G. G. St. Thomas Franklin Gillan, L. G. 137 Main St., Mt Holly, N. J. Gillan, R. J. St. Thomas Franklin Gise, Willis H. Lancaster, R. 5 Lancaster Glass, S. J. Bulger Washington Goldsborough, H. B. Shepherdstown, W. Va. Goodling, Geo. York, B. 9 York ♦Good, C. W. Waynesboro Franklin Good, Martin R. 54 S. Franklin St., Lancaster Lancaster Good, 8. H. & Son Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Goshorn, Taylor L. Quincy Franklin Grabert, 0. P. Allison Park, R. 2 Allegheny ♦Greist, C. A. Guernsey Adams Grimes, Eugene Lima Delaware ♦Greist, Frederick E. Flora Dale Adams ♦Grove, W. E. York Springs Adams Guyton, Thomas L. Harrisburg, Dept. of Ag. Dauphin Uaberman, Mrs. T. 0. Baden Beaver Hacker, A. L. 517 Hamilton St., Allentown Lehigh Hacker, E. 8. Ephrata Lancaster Hadley, C. H. Bu. Plant Industry, Harrisburg Dauphin ♦Haddock, John C. Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Hager, Mrs. Mary W. Lancaster, R. 8 Lancaster Haines, Robert B., 3d 130 East Main St., Moorestown, N. J. Haines, Dr. W. A. Bristol Bucks ♦Hall, L. C. Fairview Erie Hamilton, R. W. Home Indiana Harbison, C. F. New Castle, R. 7 Lawrence Hardt, C. W. 2245 N. 2d St., Harrisburg Dauphin Haring, 8. A. • 901 N. 11th St., Reading Berks Harnish, C. H. Leola Lancaster Hartman, Aaron Lebanon, R. 8 Lebanon ♦Hartman, D. L. Cly York Haver, John C. Jefferson Greene ♦Hartman, L. E. Etters York Hartzell, Chas. New Castle, R. 7 Lawrence ♦Hartman, William Etters York ♦Haverstick, Paul E. Lancaster Lancaster ♦Hawkins, Charles A. Delta York Hawkins, E. B. Delta York * Life Members. — 189 - Name Post Office County Hayward, C. E. Westtown Chester Hayrnaziy Guy L. Northbrook Chester Hazlett, J. P. Coopersburg Lehigh Heacock, F. J. Bedford Bedford ♦Heard, B. E. Buffalo, N. Y. Heberling, Herbert Newburg Cumberland Heilman, Albert Cleona Lebanon Heilman, J. B. Lawn Lebanon Heisey, 8. A. & Bro. Greencastle, R. 4 Franklin Henry, Harold Shippensburg Cumberland Herr, C. H. Lancaster, R. 2 Lancaster Herr, David S. Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Herr, Wesley U. Salona Clinton Hershey, C. Maurice Gordonville, R. 1 Lancaster •Hershey, H. F. Hamburg Berks Hershey, H. S. East Petersburg Lancaster Hertzler, D. B. Richland Lebanon Hess, Daniel Waynesboro Franklin Hess, Francis P. Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Hess, Fred E. Nescopeck, R. D. Luzerne Hess, Paul G. Mt. Alto, R. 1 Franklin Hess, Ralph C. Waynesboro Franklin Hess, Ray B. Mt. Alto, R. 1 Franklin Hess, S. 8. Freeland Luzerne Hess, 8. 8. Waynesboro Franklin Hess, WiUis A. Mt. Alto Franklin Hewitt, Geo. F. 234 MacClay St., Harrisburg Dauphin Hicks, William Honesdale, Star Route Wayne Hickin, F. W. Rittman, Ohio Hickin, V. Rittman, Ohio High Hill Fruit Farm Pulaski . Lawrence Hile, Anthony Curwensville Clearfield ♦Hill, William D. Northeast Erie Hilles, Edith Glen Mills Delaware Hinkle, Jacob E. Oley, R. 1 Berks Hinkley, H. 0. Elysburg Northumberland Hochberg, Wm. H. Verona, R. 1 Allegheny Hopper, W. C. New Castle, R. 4 Lawrence Hoke, Arthur W. Cornwall Lebanon Horn, W. H. Chambersburg, R. 10 Franklin ♦Horst, J. Morris Lebanon, R. 3 Lebanon ♦Hostetler, Abram Johnstown Cambria Hostetter, J. E. Gap, R. 1 Lancaster Houk, J. B. New Castle, R. 8 Lawrence Houston, M. T. Wrightsville, R. 2 York Howe, Homer B. Benton Columbia * Life Members. Name Horsfall, J. L. Hotteustein, Ira Houser, J. C. Howard, T. H. Hoffman, H. L. Hodil, J. W. Hodil, Emory E. Hood, F. C. ♦Hoopes, Wilmer W, Huber, Chas. H. Huber, Levi B. ♦Huey, 8. R. ♦Huff, Burrel R. ♦Huff, L. B. Hull, Bert 8. Hunt, Norman Hunt, Lewis Hunt, 8. J. Hunt, 8. W. Hunt, V. C. Hyde, A. C. Hykes, 8. W. Ide, 8. C. Ihn, Harry Ink, James Irvin, 8. B. Ivins, William A. Jacobs, David Jacob, D. C. Jennings, L. H. Johnson, C. F, ♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Johnston, J. B. Johnston, J. H. Johnston, R. S. Johnson, A. W. Johnson, C. 8. Johnson, Dr. E. E. 8. Jones, Howard L. ♦Jones, J. F. ♦Jones, 8. Morris Jordan, George 8. Karns, J. H. Kaufman, Harry Kauffman, A. & 0. Kauffman, J. B. Post Office Bustleton 141 N. 10th St., Allentown Bedford, R. 3 1301 Poplar St., York Butler Glenshaw, R. 1 Glenshaw, R. 1 Saltsburg, R. D. West Chester Gettysburg Lancaster, R. 5 New Castle, R. 3 Greensburg Greenburg Waymart New Castle, R. 4 New Castle, R. 4 New Castle, R. 4 Portersville, R. D. Bedford, B. 4 Manns Choice 1300 N. Geo. St., York Sweet Valley 1147 Second St., Catasauqua Canton, Ohio Punxsutawney, R. 2 Media Manchester Gettysburg, R. 5 Schellburg Kis-Lyn Dallas New Wilmington, R. 1 New Wilmington, R. 1 New Wilmington, R. 1 Freeport » Ortanna Hereford Newport Lancaster West Grove Hall Tobacco & Chem. Co., 212 Chambersburg Drums York, B. 7 York Comity Philadelphia Lehigh Bedford York Butler Allegheny Allegheny Indiana Chester Adams Lancaster Lawrence Westmoreland Westmoreland Wayne Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Bedford Bedford York Luzerne Lehigh Jefferson Delaware York Adams Bedford Luzerne Luzerne Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Armstrong Adams Berks Perry Lancaster Chester 6th Ave., N. Y. Franklin Luzerne York York * Life M«inb«r«. — 190 — 191 — Name Post Oflica Oountj Keech, M. H. West Chester Chester Keith, C. W. Barnesboro Indiana Keiser, Carl Cornwall Lebanon •Keller, 8. C. Gettysburg, B. 5 Adams •Keller, Paul J. Gettysburg, B. 5 Adams Kelly, Margaret West Chester Chester •Kessler, George W. Tyrone Blair Kemery, C. H. West Chester Chester Kepplinger, B. M. Coopersburg, B. 2 Lehigh Kejes, Amasa Beach Lake Wayne Kibbler, C. P. 572 W. Market St., York York Kildoo, Samuel New Castle, B. 4 Lawrence King, Geo. York, B. 2 York King, K. C. Morrisville Bucks Kinsman, E. E. Honesdale, B. 2 Wayne Kistler, J. M. Stroudsburg Monroe •Kistler, U. G. Etters York Kitchen, G. W. Shavertown Luzerne Klauser, W. J. 430 W. King St., York York Kleppinger, B. M. Coopersburg, B. 2 Lehigh J^nab, Mrs. Geo. N. New Oxford Adams Knisley, B. A. Yoe York Knappenberger, Thos. Vinesville, B. 1 Lehigh Knaper, John Dallastown York Knobel, E. M. Sunbury, B. 1 Northumberland Knode, J. H. Chambersburg Franklin Koch, C. H. McKeansburg SchuylkiU •Koehler, Paulus E. Monaca Beaver Kraybill, P. B. Bheems Lancaster Kruppinbach, Harry Bobesonia Berks Kuhn, C. E. Cashtown Adams Kunkel, N. J. Orwigsburg Schuylkill Kyle, David New Castle, B. 8 Lawrence Lachman, John Mt. Oliver Sta., Pittsburgh Allegheny Landifl, Grayville G. Lancaster, B. 3 Lancaster •Large, Katherine S. Ortanna Adams Lambert, J. M. Chambersburg, B. 6 Franklin Landis, D. L., Jr. Chambersburg, B. 1 Franklin •Landis, D. M. Lancaster, B. 7 Lancaster •Landis, Israel Lancaster Jjancastor Large, Mrs. E. 8. Ortanna Adams Latshaw, J. E. Marion Franklin Lau, Rev. L M. Catawissa Columbia Lau, L. B. East Berlin, B. 2 York Lau, L. E. East Berlin, B. 2 York Lau, B. E. York York * Life Members. — 192 NaoM Post Office Oomity •Lawrence, Schuyler 109 Main St., Towanda Bradford Lehman, Elias York, B. 5 York Lenhart, Bichard L. Kline, Eppiheimer & Co., Beading Berks •Leonard, F. E. Carlisle, B. 1 . Cumberland Lepole, Walter Akron Lancaster Lesher, H. V. Northumberland Northumberland Leslie, Merl New Castle, B. 8 Lawrence Leslie, George B. Arnold Westmoreland Lewis, H. G. Pittston, B. 1 Luzerne Leiberknecht, H. F. York, B. 3 York Leonard, G. F. Louisville, Ky. Lewis, B. D. Wyoming, E. D. Luzerne Lienhard, Edward Lehighton, B. 2 Carbon Lincoln, Geo. H. Clarks Summit Lackawanna Lippincott, W. A. Downingtown Chester •Lightner, William A. Landisburg Perry Linde, J. Eric Orefield Lehigh Linn, Harry Seven Valleys York Linville, Arthur 8. Media, B. 2 Delaware Liske, C. E. Lebanon, E. 4 Lebanon Livingood, W. W. Bobesonia Berks Lloyd Bros. Hazleton Luzerne Long, D. Edward 213 Trust Bldg., Chambersburg Franklin Long, W. G. Fayetteville Franklin Long, W. W. Eighty Four Washington Longenecker, Irwin Palmyra Lebanon •Loop, A. I. North East Erie Loose, Erwin M. Menges Mills York Loose, H. H. Menges Mills York •Lord, John Wyoming, B. 1 Luzerne Lovett, B. P. Fallsington Bucks Loy, W. G. Newport Perry Loper, D. L. Norristown Montgomery Lute, H. 8. Barnesboro Cambria Lutz, W. J. Berwick, B. 1 Columbia Lynn, W. C. Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg Dauphin •Macneal, William H. Parkesburg Luzerne McAllen, B. W. Fannettsburg Franklin McCabe, H. Dallas Beynoldsdale Bedford •McClelland, J. B. Cannonsburg Washington •McCormick, James Harrisburg Dauphin McClure, Frank New Castle, B. 3 Lawrence •McFarland, J. Horace Harrisburg Dauphin •McGeorge, Katherine L. Ortanna Adams McGowan, P. A. Williamsport Lycoming McGinnes, C. B. Beading Bucks * Life Members. — 193 — Name McHeniy, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. ♦McKee, J. M. 'McLanahan, J. King McLaughlin, S. O. McMillan, W. L. McMillen, B07 McMullen & Patterson ♦Maffet, Miss M. A. Marble, L. M. Markey, Daniel Marsh, H. C. Marter, R. A. Markeley, N. 8. Markey, Elmer J. Markey, Melvin Marsh, G. T. Martin, A. C. •Martin, J. O. Matthews, W. H. Malone, Mary 8. Mason, A. Freeman Mason Drug & Chem. Go. Mauger, Maurice •Mayer, Guy 8. Mayer, L. E. Meek, John W. Mechling, E. A. •Meehan, 8. Mendelson Melcher, Bennett A. Melcher, George W. •Mendenhall, J. Howard Mesta Brothers •Metzger, Dr. A. H. Meyer, Charles L. Meyer, D. H. Meyer, E. J. Meyer, Henry T. Miller, Albert •Miller, Amos Miller, A. D. Miller, Clayton Miller, D. L. Miller, E. M. Miller, H. D. Miller, Harvey Post Oflloe Indiana Fayetteville, B. 1 State Dept. Agr., Harrisburg Hollidaysburg Fort Loudon 916 Morton St., New Castle Miten St., New Castle 19 Dundaff St., Carbondale Ckmnty Indiana Franklin Dauphin Blair Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Lackawanna 264 S. Franklm St., Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Canton York, B. 9 517 Hamilton St., Allentown Bradford Shanesville York, B. 2 York, B. D. Walbrook Apts., Baltimore, Md. Muddy Creek Forks Mercersburg Salem, Ohio Brandywine Summit Agr. Exp. Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Hancock, Maryland Bradford York Lehigh Allegheny Berks York York York Franklin Chester * Life MemtMjrft. Boyertown Willow Street Boyertown Jonestown Moorestown, N. J. Germantown Bally Bally Glen Mills Finleyville, B. 1 LaFayette 1519 Frick Dldg., Pittsburgh Annville Lebanon, R. 3 Lewisburg Lebanon, R. 3 Hanover, R. 4 Lebanon, R. 3 Marion Waynesboro Hanover Sinking Springs Logan ville — 194 — Berks Lancaster Berks Lebanon Philadelphia Berks Berks Delaware Washington McKean Allegheny Lebanon Lebanon Union Lebanon York Lebanon Franklin Franklin York Berks York Name Miller, C. M. Miller, I. A. Mill, H. 8. Mills, Elmer 8. Minehart, T. Z. Minnich & Brother, D. N. Minich, Homer B. Minnich, C. S. Minnich, W. L. Miflh & Croft Mitchell, J. C. Mitchell, A. J. Mohr, Frank J. Morris, Mary W. Morrow, Harry 8. Moore, John P. Moore, N. A. Mohler, David G. Mohrman, Henry Monosmith, 8. B. Morgxin & Wilson •Moon, Henry T. Moon, R. Barcley Moore, A. C. Moore, Edward Mowery, N. E. Moyer, Joseph Moyer, Samuel •Muller, Adolph Murray, Philip Musselman, C. H. Musselman, Ivan Z. Musselman, John Muth, Harvey W. Muttart, B. F. Musser, W. E. Myers, C. E. •Myers, Levi M. Nass, J. A. Nass, J. B. Nelson, C. D. Newcomer, J. W. Newman, Harry Nickle, C. C. Nicodemus, Ed. Nissley, W. B. * Life Members. Post Office Newville Fishertown 622 N. 6th St., Allentown Camphill Chambersburg Chambersburg Lititz, R. 2 Leesport Waynesboro St. Thomas Hanover Pittston, R. 1 Fogels ville West Chester Wilkensburg, R. 1 Kennett Square Lititz Ephrata Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Weisel Norristown, R. 2 Morrisville Morrisville 45 Ely St., Kingston Mount Wolf, R. 1 Shippensburg Lebanon Hershey Norristown Honesdale Biglerville Ortanna Ortanna Allentown, R. 3 Schwenksville New Bethlehem State College Siddonsburg New Castle, B. 5 New Castle, B. 3 Chambersburg Waynesboro, R. 1 New Castle, R. 4 Loysville Waynesboro State College 195 — Oounty Cumberland Bedford Lehigh Cumberland Franklin Franklin Lancaster Berks Franklin Franklin York Luzerne Lehigh Chester Allegheny Chester Lancaster Lancaster Bucks Montgomery Bucks Bucks Luzerne York Cumberland Lebanon Dauphin Montgomery Wayne Adams Adams Adams Lehigh Montgomery Clarion Centre York Lawrence Lawrence Franklin Franklin Lawrence Perry Franklin Centre Name Nolan, John V. Nolt, Harrison 8. *0'Conner, Haldeman Offut, N. A. Olver, T. H. Olweiler, F. L. Omwake Brothers Orr, B. G. Orton, C. B. •Page, C. M. Parrish, E. B. Patteridge, C. N. Paxson, Ed. W. ♦Pannebaker, William II. Parker, Caroline R. Parrish, Elmer D. Passmore, N. S. Patterson, Geo. W. Patterson, James A. Patterson, W. J. Peck, William H. Peris, Roy N. Perrigo, A. H. Penn. Frt. Pkg. & Sales Co. Pennsyl, A. 8. Pennsylvania Farmer Pershing, Theodore Peters, John B. Phillips & Bemer Phiel, Clifford Philip, Geo. Phillips, Chas. 8. ♦Pierce, H. W. Pierce, E. F. Primm, J. K. Prickett, J. W. Price, J. 8. F. •Pratt, B. G. Preston, J. Albert Pohle, Edw. Powers, H. W. Powers, J. M. Powers, B. A. Pollock, G. B. Pomeroy, Ralph 8. Pusey, Fred 0. Post Office Malvern Columbia, R. 1 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Volant, R. 1 Honesdale, R. 4 28 S. Poplar St., Elizabethtown Greencastle Chambersburg State College Ely Dallas, R. D. Richland Lumberville Virgilina, Virginia West Chester Dallas Chester Heights East Brook Stewartstown 51 Water St., Pittsburgh CO Thirdt Natl. Bnk., Scranton Florin West Chester Collegeville Wolfsburg, B. D. Philadelphia Pineville Gardners McAlisterville St. Thomas South Hills, Pittsburgh Pocopson Wilkes-Barre Kennet Square Chestnut Hill Aspers Glen Mills Pratt Chemical Co., New York, Wernersville Honesdale Pres. Ave. & New St., Lancaster 441 W. James St., Lancaster Glenshaw Wyoming, B. 3 Chambersburg Lima Ooimty Chester Lancaster Dauphin Lawrence Wayne Lancaster Franklin Franklin Centre . York Luzerne Lebanon Bucks Chester Luzerne Delaware Lawrence York Allegheny Lackawanna Lancaster Chester Montgomery Bedford Philadelphia Bucks Adams Juniata Franklin Alleghennj Chester Luzerne Chester Philadelphia Adams Delaware N. Y. Berks Wayne Lancaster Lancaster Allegheny Luzerne Franklin Delaware * Life Members. Name Post Office County Babel, Amos Lebanon, B. 5 Lebanon Baby, J. B. York, B. D. 6 York Rakestraw, W. L. Kennett Square Chester Rankin, R. R. Elizabeth, B. 1 Allegheny Raffensperger, Chas. E. Arendtsville Adams Rahauser Brothers Greencastle Franklin Randolph, W. C, Jr. Monroe, Va. Rank, Wm. Lebanon Lebanon *Rankin, Charles C. West Chester Chester Ray, J. E. 8. West Chester Chester Rearick, J. W. Chambersburg Franklin Rebennack, Jacob Dallas, R. D. Luzerne Reed, Fred B. Chambersburg Franklin Reichard, Chas. W. Waynesboro Franklin Reif, Jacob L. Camp Hill Cumberland Reisner, J. E. Shippensburg Cumberland Reist, A. E. Palmyra, R. 2 Lebanon •Reist, John G. Mount Joy Lancaster Beiter, G. P. Mars Butler Renfrew, B. M. Fayetteville Franklin Reynolds, Amzi New Wilmington, R. D. Lawrence Rhoades, J. M. Marion Franklin Rhinesmith, H. B. New Bloomfield Perry Bice, A. £. Biglerville Adams Bice, Daniel New Bloomfield Perry *Rick, John 430 Oley St., Reading Berks Riddlemoser, H. E. McKnightstown Adams •Rinehart, E. S. Mercersburg Franklin Risser, A. H. Bainbridge T^n caster Risser, H. N. Marietta Lancaster Rice, Dana L. New Bloomfield Perry Richards, A. C. New Paris Bedford Richards, Neff Schellburg Bedford Riedy, L E. 926 Washington St., Easton Northampton Ritter, Geo. H. Loysville Perry Ritchey, Maurice Chambersburg Franklin Rittenhouse, Dr. J. 8. Lorane Berks Rittenhouse, 8. B. Lorane Berks Roberts, J. Moorestown, N. J. •Boberts, Horace Moorestown, N. J. Boberts, J. Earle 220 Dock St., Philadelphia Philadelphia *Bobin8on, A. Blaine North East Erie •Rohde, William Johnstown Cambria Boher, Geo. H. Mertztown Berks Bohlfing, F. F. Hummelstown Dauphin Bomig Brothers DownLngtown Chester * Life Members. — 196 — — 197 VtlM POft Offl08 CMNBUr BoBe, E. A. Bedford, B. 3 Bedford Bosensteel, L. 0. Edri Indiana Boot, J. W. Manheim, B. 1 I^ncaster Boae, Wm. J. No. 2 Pomfret Apts., Carlisle Cumberland Bossier, Clias. Crafton, Box 64 Allegheny Bowe, O. a Millersburg Dauphin Bozelle, H. £. Pittston, B. D. Luzerne Buhl, Dr. H. F. Manheim Lancaster •Bunk, J. A. Huntingdon Huntingdon •Buflh, Perry M. Sycamore, B. 1 Greene BuBsell, 8. W. Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg Dauphin Saeger, Oscar J. N. First St., Lehighton Carbon Sanville, Florence L. West town Chester Satterthwaite, Fredk. G. Fallsington Bucks Satterthwaite, Lewis P. Newtown Bueka Saul, K. B. 1335 Land Title Bldg., Phila. Philadelphia Schmidt, Mrs. J. C. 900 S. George St., York York Schantz, IL P. 602 Hamilton St., Allentown Lehigh Schantz, H. A. 602 Hamilton St., Allentown Lehigh Schantz, L. M. Orefield, B. 1 Lehigh Schneber, Hany E. Old Zionsville Lehigh Schwinderman, H. P. Wexford Allegheny Schnick, Casper 0. Zionsville, B. 1 Lehigh Schmick, Wilson E. Hamburg Berks Schoemaker, G. 0. Catasauqua Lehigh Schoemaker, D. W. Catasauqua Lehigh Shoemaker, Seth W. CO- International Correspondence School Scranton Lackawanna Schultz, Chester K. Barto Berks •Schuyler, Lawrence 109 Main St., Towanda Bradford Scholl, Winfield J. Coopersburg, B. 2 Lehigh Schreiber, H. P. Zionsville Lehigh Schrope, John H. Hegins SchuylkiU Schuchman, Geo. Shermansdale Perry Schultz, Adam 8. Hereford w Berka •Searle, Alonza T. Honesdale Wayne Seely, Walter E. Nescopeck, B. D. Lucerne Sener, L. Q. Hellam, B. 1 York Sergeant, Geo., Jr. Glen Milb Delaware •Settlemeyer, C. T. Wilmore Cambria Sergeant, Geo., Jr. Dowingtown, B. 2 Chester Shatzer, H. C. Edenville Franklin Sharon, 8. A. Newport Perry Shaner, Geo. E. Duncannon, B. D. Perry Shaflfer, B. E. Schellburg Bedford Shoonover, W. E. Dallas, B. D. Lnzeme * Life Members. — 198 — Name Post Offloe • Ooiinty Shook, W. B. Bittman, Ohio Shockey, Luther P. Chambersburg, B. 9 Franklin •Shallcross, Frank B. Frankford Philadelphia •Shank, H. L. Conestoga Stage, Lancaster Lancaster •Sharpe, Miss E. M. Accotink, Virginiii i Sharpe, Walter K. Chambersburg Franklin Shearer, Walter J. Vinemont Berks Shealer, Harry Stevens Lancaster Shenot, C. P. Wexford Allegheny Shenot, E. N. Wexford Allegheny Sheble, Earle Hamburg Berks Sheller, Charles W. West Chester Chester Shetron, W. F. Chambersburg, B. 6 Franklin Shields, C. E. Roxbury Franklin Shirk & Baker West Middlesex Lawrence Shirk, Ira J. Mifflintown, B. 2 Juniata Sidler, A. York, R. 9 York Siegler, Franklin Takoma Park, Washington, D. C. Simons, B. B. Starlight Wayne Simmons, 8. L. Mt. Olive, B. 6, Pittsburgh Allegheny Skinner, H. W. Chambersburg Franklin Slick, J. T. New Paris Bedford •Smedley, Samuel L. Newton Square Delaware Smedley, 8. L., Jr. Newton Square Delaware Smedley, Walter Media Delaware Smith, Clayton Bedford, B. 4 Bedford Smith, Geo, K. Akron Lancaster Smith, C. M. Lewistown Mifflin Smith, Edwin Royersford, B. D. Montgomery Smith, G. E. Bethlehem, B. 4 Lehigh Smith, G. Walter Smithsburg, B. 1, Md. Smith, J. Arthur Chambersburg, B. 10 Franklin Smith, James E. Newport Perry Smith, Wm. Orefield, B. 1 Lehigh Smith, J. H. Chambersburg Franklin Smith, Leonard B. Burlington, N. J. Smith, 8. A. Yoe York Suavely, Henry B. Lititz, B. 5 liancaster •Suavely, H. H. Willow St., Lancaster Lancaster Suavely, H. Meyer Lebanon, B. 8 Lebanon Suavely, The Misses Lebanon, R. 8 Lebanon Snowberger, A. L Waynesboro, R. 1 Franklin Snyder, C. B. Ephrata, R. 1 Lancaster Snyder, Lloyd G. Seven Valleys, R. 1 York Snyder, 0. E. Allentown, R. 1 Lehigh Snyder, E. B. Jacks Mt. Adams * Life Memben. — 199 — • 1 KaaM Post Office Ooiiiity Snyder, Elmer B. Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown Lancaster Snyder, T. 8. Brodbecks York Spangler, Qeo. E. Gettysburg Adams Stark Brothers Louisiana, Mo. Starkey, 8. H. Bustleton Philadelphia Stauflfer, T. H. Lititz, R. 4 Lancaster ♦Stear, J. R. Chambersburg Franklin Stahlman, Dr. T. M. 1111 Westinghouse Bldg., Pgh. Allegheny Staub, A. C. £. Berlin Adams Stauffer, W. G. Quakertown, R. 2 Lehigh Stein, Geo. E. Wrightsville, R. 1 . York •Stem, Dr. J. C. Lemoyne Cumberland Steininger, S. I. White Deer Union Stephens, J. A. Honesdale Wayne Stevenson Bros. Midvale Franklin Stewart, William Landisburg Perry Stewart, Geo. W. New Bloomfield Perry Stitzer, 0. E. Miffllinburg, R. 1 Union Stock, Adam Wyoming, R. D. Luzerne Stock, G. M. Idaville Adams Stock, McClain Security Bldg., York York Stolfus, Isaac N. Bonks Lancaster Stoner, Benjamin Hellam York Stoner, H. S. Ortanna Adams Stough, Mulford Shippensburg Cumberland Stockwell, Rev. G. E. Wyoming, R. D. Luzerne Stoner, E. N. Wilkinsburg, R. 1 Allegheny Stonybrook Fruit Farm York, R. 7 York Strohuster, Herman A. Gouglersville Berks ♦Strasbaugh, E. F. Ortanna Adams Strode, A. Darlington West Chester Chester Stonebreaker, H. W. Indiana, R. 7 Indiana Supiot, A. V. Cornwall Lebanon •Swank, Luke H. Johnstown Cambria Swartz, Samuel Spring Grove York Swartz, Samuel L., Jr. Spring Grove York Syder, Fred Avonmore Westmoreland Surface, H. A. Selinsgrove Snyder Tarbert, D. F. Dallastown, R. 1 York Taylor, Portor R. Bureau of Markets, Dept. of Agriculture, • Harrisburg Dauphin •Taylor, Ralph 8. 325 N. Matlack Ave ., West Chester Chester Thayer, Paul State College Centre * Life Members. 200 Kame Post Office Ooimtj Thomas, Oarl West Chester Chester Thomas, Charles E. Wayne, B. 1 Delaware •Thomas, Charles L. King of Prussia Montgomery •Thomas, Edwin W. King of Prussia Montgomery Tice, L. 1m Annville Lebanon Tolbert, Henry Chambersburg, B. 11 Franklin •Trexler, Harry 0. Allentown Lehigh Trostle, Francis C. Gardners Adams Trump, Chas. Lebanon, R. 5 Lebanon •Tyler, W. D. Danto, Virginia •Tyson, Chester J. Flora Dale Adams •Tyson, Edwin C. Flora Dale Adams •Tyson, William C. Flora Dale Adams Uible, Geo. D. Reading Berks Uncle Peter's Fruit Farms, Inc., Mt. Carmel Northumberland Updegraft, P. H. Valley View Schuylkill Varian, Ralph H. £. Canton, Ohio Voris, Chas. W. Muncy, B. 3 Lycoming Vogel, E. H. Lancaster, B. 3 Lancaster Wagner, A. H. New Chimberland, B. 1 York Wagner, Chas. E. McClure Snyder Walker, James P. Westtown Chester Walker, M. 0. Newport Perry •Walton, Bobert J. Hummelstown Dauphin Watts, Gilbert a Bellwood Blair Watts, B. U State College Centre •Weaver, Abram Windber Somerset Weaver & Leas York, B. 9 York Weber, G. G. York York •Weigel, H. H. Harrisburg Dauphiji Weinberger, J. H. Zionsville Lehigh •Weimer, E. A, Lebanon Lebanon Weinschenk, W. H. New Castle Lawrence Welsh, Geo. A. Moylan Chester Welshams, W. 0. ft Sons Jersey Shore, Box 60 Lycoming Wenger, G. P. Quarryville, B. 1 Lancaster Wenger, M. P. Denver Lancaster Wemig, Chas. M. York, B. 2 York Wertsch, Edwin Lititz, B. 5 Lancaster Weaner, W. C. Bendersville Adams Weaver, Wm. F. Macumgie Lehigh Wertz, E. P. Broad Branch Boad, Washington, D. C. •Wertz, D. Maurice Waynesboro Franklin * Life Members. 201 — H ! Kame •Wertz, Geo. M. Wertz, 8. H. Wehmer, Wm. H. Weidnor, H. E. Wempler, Wm. G. •Westrick, F. A. Wheeler, C. B. Wherley, Clarence B. Whisler, A. K. •Whisler, Edgar •White, Arthur H. White, C. L. White, Theo. J. Wible, E. E. Williams, David L. •Williams, Irvin C. Williams, John Williams, J. M. Wilson, G. O. Wilson, G. E. & Sons Wilson Bros. Widders, J. B. Wingert, J. K. Winter, J. H. Winter, M. L. Winters, B. J. Wise, Harvey Witmer, Jacob B. •Wiater, John C. •Witherow, R. T. Witherspoon, D. Erskine Witmer, John B. •Wolfe, Charles A. Wolf, John Wolf, Joseph Wolflf, Frank L. Wolff, F. B. Wolff, Paul •Woods, Edward A. Worst, D. C. Worthington, Russell Wohlber, Stephen Wright, Allen * Life M»inb«ri. Post Office Johnstown Reading, B. 2 Allison Park, R. 2 Gardners Bustleton Patton, R. 2 Hunlock Creek, R. D. 740 W. Poplar St., York Etters Etters, R. 1 Pulaski 261 8. 3d St., Philadelphia Darling Gettysburg Wilkes-Darre, Box 251 Royersford White Haven Beech Creek, R. D. Volant Wilkensburg, R. 1 Aspers Lancaster, R. 3 Chambersburg Dallas, R. D. Hellam, R. 1 1440 Wyoming Ave., Forty Fort Comodore, R. D. Pequea, R. 1 Germantown Punxsutawney Chambersburg, R. 9 Lampeter Aspers York, R. 6 Fullerton N. Girard Lima Myerstown Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh Carlisle West Chester 3064 Mt. Troy Rd., N. Side Pgh. Spring City — 202 Ooontj Cambria Berks Allegheny Adams Philadelphia Cambria Luzerne York York York Lawrence Philadelphia Chester Adams Luzerne Montgomery Luzerne Clinton Lawrence Allegheny Adams Lancaster Franklin Luzerne York Luzerne Indiana Lancaster Philadelphia Jefferson Franklin Lancaster Adams York Lehigh Erie Delaware Lebanon Allegheny Cumberland Chester Allegheny Chester liama Post Office County Wright, A. L. Spring Hope Bedford Yahner, A. J. Patton Cambria Yerger, C. B. Apollo, R. 3 Armstrong Yiengst, John Lebanon, R. 5 Lebanon Young, A. F. North East Erie Yoder, Chauncey L. Royertown, R. 1 Berks Young, Fred Ellwood City, R. 1 Lawrence Young, J. P. Chambersburg, R. 8 Franklin •Youngs, L. G. North East Erie Yost, P. L. Sugarloaf, R. D. Luzerne Zeigler, J. A. C. 1018 W. Locust St., York York Zeigler, C. E. Duncannon Perry Zimmerman, H. 8. La Park ft Lancaster Zimmerman, W. H. 3441 York Rd., Philadelphia Philadelphia Zook, I. F. Curryville • Blair * Life Members. — 203 — OENEBAL INDEX Page Agricultural Council of Pennsylvania — C. J. Tyson 114 Agricultural Commission — W. A. Haines. ~ —- — 36 Apple Orchard, Leguminous Sod for - ^ 134 Apple Scab, Delayed Dormant and Pre-Pink Sprays for, — B. C. Walton. - 25 Apples, Weight of a Bushel ~ 62 Business Session.. ....•..•••.• a^X Central Packing House in Franklin County — E. J. Gillan 53 Central Packing House in Adams County — H. G. Baugher — 54 Central Packing House in Chester County — H. R. Worthington. — 55 Co5peration in a Local Market — H. C. Brinton. — — 59 Cost of Bringing an Orchard into Bearing — C. P. Lewis 121 Cost of Bringing an Orchard into Bearing — J. A. Bunk. 124 Cost of Bringing an Orchard into Bearing — Sheldon Funk. 125 County Horticultural Societies, Reports of, Adams — — - - — — — • — —• ^••- -~..~ — . ^^^ Bedford — — — - - - - ^^^ Berks 167 Chester-Delaware ...^ - - - - - ^^8 Cumberland - -- - ^^9 Franklin - : - - - ^^^ Indiana — - ~ ~ ^'^ 172 Lancaster — — — ~ — — ...— • •*•* Lebanon . — - — - ^*" Lehigh ~ - — - - - 1^8 Luzerne — —......— — — .-..«...~ ..— ~ — -• j. i o Perry — - ~ - ^^9 1 fin Wayne ....—...............— .~...~..«— —••••••••— —•— — — —..~. ....—— xow jL orK ...............^...-.....•.•..•...•••.••••— •••••••••—••-•••—•••—-—-•••••••••••— •••••••**••*"••"* -^"-^ Dry Mix Spray, New Jersey — A- J. Farley — - 135 Dust and Spray Mixtures — P. J. Parrott ~ ~ 8 European Bed Spider — S. W. Frost - 33 Game Laws Session. - - ~ 65 Relation of Sportsmen and Fruit Growers — Seth Gordon 65 Damage Through the Operation of the Game Laws — J. M. McKee-..., - - 77 The Game Laws as the Fruit Grower Sees Them — J. A. Runk.. 84 Discussion. - - ^^ Grades, U. S. Standard for Apples — W. E. Grove - 61 Hail Insurance .......^.........«..^..........» — l-*-* Japanese Beetle ~ ~ ^23 Japanese Beetle and Oriental Fruit Moth — C. H. Hadley - 5 Markets, Roadside ~ 135 Pftge Marketing Pennsylvania Fruit — Porter E. Taylor 52 Mistakes in Training Trees — F. N. Fagan 126 Oriental Fruit Moth — C. H. Hadley 6 Oriental Fruit Moth — C. P. Lewis « „. 123 Packages, Standardization of, — P. R. Taylor..... 63 Packing Houses, Discussion. _ 36 Peach Orchards, Cultural Methods in — C. P. Lewis 110 Peach Yellows, Report of Inspection for 1923 — W. A. McCubbin.. 28 Peach Yellows, Discussion _ _ _ 31 Problem of the Closely Planted Orchard — C. J. Tyson _... 50 Raspberry Industry of Pennsylvania — How Can It Be Saved! — Geo. M. Darrow ^ 115 Raspberry Diseases — W. S. Krout « 138 Report of the Secretary. _ _... 91 Report of the Treasurer _ 93 Report of the Legislative Committee « 94 Report of the Exhibition Committee « 95 Report of the General Fruit Committee ^ 98 Report of the Peach Yellows Committee..... « 105 Report of the Crop Estimates Committee 106 Report of the Committee on Standardization of Pack. 107 Report of the Resolutions Committee. 2Q7 Report of the Nominating Committee _ ^09 Report of the Executive Committee 209 Shipping Point Inspection — W. E. Grove 60 Small Fruits, Problems in Growing — Paul Thayer 133 Spray and Dust Mixtures — P. J. Parrott 8 Spraying and Dusting, Discussion _ 23 Spray, New Jersey Dry Mix. ., _ _.. 135 Sprays, Home-made Oil — P. J. Parrott 10 Sprays, Lubricating Oil — F. H. Beach 139 Storage Cellars, Construction and Operation of — -L. M. Marble.... 37 Storage Cellars, Discussion on. _ 43 Strawberries, Growing for Local Markets — Geo. M. Darrow 128 Varieties of Tree Fruits Recommended for Planting _ 99 Vegetable Growers' Section Insect Control — J. L. Horsf alL 143 Disease Control — W. S. Beach. _ _ 145 First Impressions of Pennsylvania Vegetable Growing — W. T. Tapley 150 Results of Vegetable Demonstrations — W. B. Nissley 157 Growing Early Vegetable Plants — C. E. Garrahan 160