Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 9 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1932 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.2 I I ^, P4f Penni ^tiia "State Horticultutaf ^As^gciStion News Vol. IX State CoOegeJPai.'March, 1932 No.l Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1932 ^ C V, * Seventy-third Annual Meeting Held in Harrisburg, January 19-21 THE PLACE TO BUY YOUR SPRAY MATERIALS » » » Twenty years in the Insecticide business. We manufacture and distribute a complete line, as follows : **Hy-Grade" Lime-Sulphur Solution **Hy-Grade" New Process Oil— 90% Paraffine Oil ,^ ^ ^ , 10% Special Soap (no water) Recommended by U. b. Oovt. Entomologists Sunoco Spray Nicotine Sulphate, 40% and 50% Nicotine. We specialize hi this material. Special price Paradichlorobenzene (Peach Borer Destroyer) Sulphurs (all grades) Wettable Sulphur (for Summer spray) Jersey Dry Mix (for Summer spray) Koppers Flotation Sulphur (for Summer spray) Arsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Bordeaux Mixture Casein Spreader Copper Sulphate (Blue Stone) all grades Lime, high Calcium, especially fine for spraying purposes, approved Oxo Bordeaux SULPHATE AND COPPER DUSTS (all standard formulas) For Peaches, Apples, Potatoes, Vegetable Crops, etc. Cyanamid, carrying 22% Nitrogen; exclusive representatives- reduced price Natural Chilean Nitrate (Champion Brand)— largest distributors — reduced price Carload lots direct from Eastern Ports; less carload from Hagerstown Before purchasing elsewhere, get our prices HAGERSTOWN SPRAY MATERIAL CO. fHagerstown Sulphur Worksl Hagerstown, Md. SOUTHERN CHEMICAL CO. Winchester, Va. Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News Published by the Association Issued Quarterly at State Collese, Pa. Subscription, 50e Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State Coliese, Pa. Vol. IX State College, Pa., 0\iarch, 1932 No.l Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1932 ^ Seventy-third Annual Meeting Held in Harrisburg, January 19-21 THE PLACE TO BUY YOUR SPRAY MATERIALS » » » Twenty years in the Insecticide business. We manufacture and distribute a complete line, as follows: •*Hy-Grade" Lime-Sulphur Solution **Hy-Grade" New Process OU— 90% Paraffine OU ^^ « ^ -* 10% Special Soap (no water) Recommended by U. S. Oovt. Entomologists Sunoco Spray ^, , ^, Nicotine Sulphate, 40% and 50% Nicothie. We specialize in this material. Special price Paradichlorobenzene (Peach Borer Destroyer) Sulphurs (all grades) Wettable Sulphur (for Summer spray) Jersey Dry Mix (for Summer spray) Roppers Flotation Sulphur (for Summer spray) Arsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Bordeaux Mixture Casein Spreader Copper Sulphate (Blue Stone) all grades Lime, high Calcium, especially fine for spraying purposes, approved Oxo Bordeaux SULPHATE AND COPPER DUSTS (all standard formulas) For Peaches, Apples, Potatoes, Vegetable Crops, etc. Cyanamid, carrying 22% Nitrogen; exclusive representatives- reduced price Natural Chilean Nitrate (Champion Brand)— largest distributors — reduced price Carload lots direct from Eastern Ports; less carload from Hagerstown Before purchasing elsewhere, get our prices HAGERSTOWN SPRAY MATERIAL CO. {Hagerstown Sulphur Works] Hagerstown^ Md. SOUTHERN CHEMICAL CO. Winchester, Va. Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News Published by the Association Issued Quarterly at State Collese, Pa. Subscription, 50c ■ Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State Collese, Pa. Vol. IX State College, Pa., SMarch, 1932 No.l Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1932 ^ Seventy-third Annual Meeting Held in Harrisburg, January 19-21 FOR EVERY AGRICULTURAL PURPOSE A SPRAY OR DUST Green Cross Lead Arsenate Gives greatest deposit over 9 other competing brands of LEAD ARSENATE, Facts shown in recent research conducted by Washington State Experiment Station. Exhaustive Wash. State Test Shows 'WCkS'' in Lead 50 55 (.0 fvS 70 75 .^) ^5 W 95 100 1 2 3 4- 5 6 LUCAS I 7 8 9 10 Why not have the BEST- - it costs no more! INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES Vineland, New Jersey Philadelphia Boston New York Pittsburgh . Chicago State Horticultural oAssociation of Pennsylvania Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1932 OFFICERS FOR 1932 President R- T. Criswell, Chambersburg Vice President 1^- G. Reiter, Mars Secretary R. H, Sudds, State College Treasurer <^- B. Snyder, Ephrata Executive Committee: The above officers and C. J. Tyson, Gardners; Sheldon Funk, Boyertown; and H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. STANDING COMMITTEES Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural Council: C. J. Tyson, Gardners, Ch.; H. S. Nolt, Columbia; W. W. Livingood, Robesonia. State Farm Products Show and Exhibition: H. S. Nolt, Columbia, Ch.; J. L. Mecartney, State College; Paul Thayer, Carlisle. Insect Pests: T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg, Ch.; H. N. Worthley, State College; H. E. Hodgkiss, State College. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby, State College; K. W. Lauer, Harrisburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Ch.; F. E. Griest, Flora Dale; T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg. True-To-Name Trees: F. N. Fagan, State College, Ch.; F. M. Trimble, Harrisburg; G. L. Baugher, Aspers. SPECIAL COMMITTEES Peach Rates: Sheldon Funk, Boyertown, Ch.; C. E. Raffensberger, Biglerville; H. W. Skinner, Chambersburg; S. E. Linde, Orefield. Inspection Rates: Paul Thayer, Carlisle, Ch.; M. A. Slade, Biglerville; H. A. Shank, Lancaster; E. A. Meyer, Biglerville; E. A. Nicodemus, Waynes- boro. Shenandoah-Cumberland Four State: R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg^ Ch.; E. A. Nicodemus, Waynesboro; C. E. Raffensperger, Biglerville; G. A. Stuart, Harrisburg. — 4 — PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg, Franklin County When this Association convened in this room a year ago, there was some concern about what the coming year had in store for us. There was some anxiety over business and financial conditions. But who among us had any thought that the year 1931 would be as disastrous in a business way as it has been? In 1930 the drought caused fruit growers and other farmers enormous losses. A large crop in 1931, for the most part of high quaUty fruit, has been disposed of or will be disposed of at either an actual loss or practically no profit in many instances, although compared to other lines of farming the fruit industry has been less unprofitable. Compared to other sections of the country, Pennsylvania probably was hit as hard as any other state in the marketing of its peaches but it is faring better in the disposition of its apples than most other states. Compared to manufacturing enterprises, retail stores, and other businesses, the fruit industry in Pennsylvania has probably been better during the past year than the bulk of them. We should, there- fore, be encouraged to stem the tide of adversity, feeling con- fident when this depression has run its course and the necessary financial readjustments have been made, that we shall find our business again on a profitable basis. Whether in adverse or prosperous times the production of fruit and vegetables in Pennsylvania is economically sound and we should confidently expect that they will be profitable over a period of years, what- ever adversities we may go through in a particular season. Our present difficulties have been brought about largely by our own follies. Surely when the wheels of industry stop by reason of production being in advance of current needs we might conceivably have a gleeful holiday and make merry over leisure while we were still enjoying the fruits of our past industry did we but manage properly. With our facilities for production it is possibly entirely practicable for us to so arrange our affairs that we could still enjoy prosperity when we can lay aside our tools. The problem of how to accomplish this is one for all of us to think about and work upon. — 5 — xn SECRETARY'S REPORT R. H. Sudds, State College, Centre County Our meeting place this year is again in the South Office Building, and from the indications of the 1931 Farm Show we have not been unwise, after all, in taking this room. The Show Building last year was and still is not altogether i^al as a meet- ing placi; it is not accessible under the present traffic conditions. We also think there will be fewer interruptions here, so we are back in the same place. , , , i . ^ i • i Our memberships have fallen off shghtly, but not alarmingly. Last year we had 805 members, whereas this year there are 763— not a very great drop, after all. M. A. Moore, Lititz, wins the new membership prize. In regard to our financial condition, you will see from the report of our Treasurer, Mr. Snyder, that we are in very good shape. While the revenue may be lower this year, we are, nevertheless, in sound condition. Concerning pubUcations, I promised you last year that we would have bigger and better ones; this has been fulfalled. I had hoped to expand our pubUcations during 1932 so that you would get it every two months. But, in view of the advertising situation— you know commercial concerns have been pretty well affected by the financial conditions— it has been necessary to postpone that for perhaps a year or so. Our news letters are carried mostly by the advertising in them, and it is necessary to have advertising so that we can pubUsh such a large number of pages. In regard to advertising, be sure, when you write to advertisers in our pubUcations, that you mention haying seen the ad in the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association pub- lication. The advertisers like to know if they are getting some return for the ten dollars per page which they spend. I have been unable to coUect advertising bil s for last year s program and proceedings from R. W. Doebler TurbotviUe; this advertiser is indebted to the Association to the amount ot $20 I have written him about it repeatedly, but I can^t get an answer— why, I don't know. There is nothing wrong with his advertising material. i j i. oi. x r« n In 1933 the famous experimental orchard at fetate college, planted by J. P. Stewart, wiU be 25 years old. There wiU be several celebrations held there at that time; the nature and extent of these is not yet settled. At least one of these attairs should be held there by this Association. Progress announce- ments wiU be made from time to time. ,_ . , i u Mr CrisweU did not teU you, in his report, that he has been very active, attending at his own expense various fruit meetings at Washington and New York. He is also working on freight rates for export apples that go from this state to seaports, and he will also attend a future meeting in regard to the quarantines and embargoes on foreign plant products. — 6 — TREASURER'S REPORT, 1932 G. B. Snyder, Ephrata, Lancaster County Receipts 1931 Jan. 22 Cash balance on hand $ 58.24 Jan. 22 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 76.00 Jan. 23 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 235.25 Jan. 23 Wm. J. Noll, membership 3.00 Feb. 12 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 143.25 Mar. 4 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 224.00 Mar. 21 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 121.00 May 9 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 123.30 May 9 D. M. Wertz, refund of premium 6.25 July 6 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 66.00 Oct. 5 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 46.00 Oct. 20 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 52.00 Oct. 26 Interest on $500 Liberty Bond 21.25 Oct. 26 Interest on two $100 Apartment Bonds 12.00 Oct. 26 Interest on $100 Certificate in Bank 4.00 Nov. 14 D. M. James, for B. S. Flora adv 2.00 Nov. 10 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 13.00 Nov. 11 Titus Nursery Company 10.00 1932 Jan. 7 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 32.50 Jan. 12 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 46.00 Jan. 14 R. H. Sudds, memberships and adv 40.00 $1335.04 Disbursements 1931 Jan. 26 Mary E. Bowmaster, expense to Harrisburg meeting $ 15.80 Jan. 29 E. C. Auchter, expenses to Harrisburg meeting 11.66 Jan. 31 C. H. Gould, expenses to Harrisburg meeting 35.62 Feb. 7 J. R. Magness, expenses to Harrisburg meeting .... 13.49 Feb. 11 Dunmire Printing Co., Printing 10.29 Feb. 18 Mary E. Bowmaster, stenographic services 70.00 Feb. 21 Dunmire Printing Co., Post cards for dues notices 10.65 Feb. 25 Dunmire Printing Co., Printing Proceedings 465.50 Apr. 23 Dunmire Printing Co., 500 stamped envelopes 13.96 June 4 Dunmire Printing Co., 2000 Envelopes for News Letters.. 16.00 June 25 Mary E. Bowmaster, Stenographic service 7.00 June 25 Dunmire Printing Co., Printing News Letters 108.00 July 6 F. G. Jacoby, Treasurer's bond premium 7.50 July 23 R. H. Sudds, Expense to Apple Grade Conference, Washington, D. C 27.08 Sept. 8 Mae Corson, Stenographic services 3.00 Oct. 5 Dunmire Printing Co., Printing News Letter 126.00 Oct. 19 Dunmire Printing Co., Bill and Letter heads 13.45 Oct. 21 Dunmire Printing Co., Printing 13.96 Oct. 26 Mae Corson, Stenographic service 2.00 Dec. 16 Oskamp Nol ting Co., 1 loving cup_ 15.46 Dec. 17 Dunmire Printing Co., Envelopes for 1932 Program 5.75 Dec. 19 Mary E. Bowmaster, Stenographic service 20.00 1,012.17 1932 Jan. 19 Cash balance in bank .•. 322.87 $1,335.04 — 7 — Two $100.00 Mortgage Bonds $ 200.00 One Liberty Bond 500.00 One Bank Certificate 100.00 Cash Balance «5J2.»7 $1,122.87 We, the undersigned auditing committee, have duly examined the accounts of C. B. Snyder and found them correct as stated above. W. W. LiviNGOOD, Chairman Rev. I. M. Lau M. E. Johnston REPORT OF THE INSECT PEST COMMITTEE "Like the poor, the bugs are always with us; sometimes it is one or two kinds, but more often it is quite a collection of msect species", says the program. This sentence pretty well sum- marizes the insect condition as it occurs in the orchards of the state year after year. There are certain old timers that seeni to persist and hold their numbers; in spite of the combmed efforts of orchardists and entomologists, they continue each year to take a toll from our profits Not only is the loss occa- sioned by the poor grade of fruit produced, but a much heavier loss is incurred by the cost of spray appUcations in material and labor. As a whole, 1931 was not especially unusual in the amount of damage caused by insects, although certain species did considerable damage in restricted localities. Because of the closeness of money, many orchardists were forced to omit certain important orchard practices and thus leave their orchards open to a heavier loss than usual. The information as to the occurrence and damage caused by the horticultural insects has been furnished by the various agencies with which the members of this committee are asso- ciated. Professor Hodgkiss has furnished a very complete report for the greater part of the state. This record cannot be given in all its detail, but it will serve as a basis of all that is to follow. Fifty species are recorded as doing damage to horticultural crops, thirty-two of which were found in apple. The rosy aphis, green aphis, codhng moth, red spider, San Jose scale, scurfy scale, oyster shell scale, tree hoppers (several species), tent caterpillars and fall webworms are rather general over a large part of the state, and caused damage in certain locaUties. The apple and thorn skeletonizer, an insect fairly new to this country, was found doing considerable damage in Forest and Crawford Counties. As implied by the name, the larvae of this moth skeletonize the leaf of the apple, sometimes completely browning the leaves of the tree. Round-headed apple tree borers, flat-headed apple tree borers and certain bark beetles were found locally through the state and caused considerable — 8-- U damage. The bark beetles tend to follow in orchards which have suffered from lack of fertilizer or water, and in the areas where the drought was severe in 1930 will likely continue to cause loss. The pistol case bearer appeared in several orchards in different parts of the state and caused severe loss in spite of attempts at control. The cigar case bearer was evident in the northeastern counties. A general infestation of the canker worm occurred through the western counties. However, they were not as numerous as in 1930, and did not cause as much defohation as in previous years. The plum curcuho which we all remember so well in 19^0 and which gave promise of being a major pest this year, did not occur in large numbers except in a few restricted localities m the northeastern counties; its cousin, the apple curcuho, was reported as occurring locally and much less in number than it has in the last five years. The codhng moth,— one of the old offenders and a pest which seems to be always with us and ever ready to jump right in and cause a great loss if we for one moment hesitate in our spray appUcations or try to economize by picking out only such trees as may give promise of a crop, — was present in 1931, living up to its reputation. The reports coming to the committee indi- cate that this insect was present in force all over the state, and that it was severe in certain commercial orchards, including parts of Frankhn, Adams, York, and Cumberland Counties, causing as much as fifty per cent wormy fruit in a few instances. Al- though we have talked about this insect for years and have felt at times as though we knew something about its control, it still stands out as the major pest in the apple orchard. Reports from all parts of the state show that the number overwintering in the orchard is about one-half that of this time last year. This should not be interpreted to mean that we are to let up in any way in our fight to control this insect. Along with these, certain leaf rollers were general in the western and northwestern counties. The red-banded leaf roller and a few similar species did very considerable damage in the central and eastern counties in September and October. Another old timer which has lain more or less inactive for some time, although it has been known to occur each year in restricted localities, is the ^^railroad worm'' or apple niaggot. It is reported as severe in Luzerne, Wyoming, Bradford, North- ampton and parts of Cumberland and York Counties. Im- portance of controlUng this insect is of special interest to those growers who are interested in the export trade, particularly to England. Some of our growers experienced inconvenience this past season in having their fruit returned to them after it had been sold for export trade due to government inspectors finding the maggot. The leaf blister mite occurred in a scattering infestation over the state, not occasioning any great loss in any particular locality. _9 — Leaf hoppers of one species or another occurred in outbreak proportions in the southeastern apple growing section. The num- bers became quite abundant in the later part of the growing season. An interesting new insect has come to our attention many times the past season. It is one of the giant hornets which has been introduced into this country recently. It is now found in certain localities east and north of the Susquehanna River; recently it has been reported from State College. This insect has rather peculiar habits and is probably most often noticed in its habit of gnawing off the bark of certain trees. Outstanding of these are the smaller twigs of lilac. The females are equipped with a stinger which is quite fierce in its proportions and just as efficient as it looks. The committee would hesitate to say that this would some time become a major pest, but it may cause considerable damage to nurseries and to young trees in the orchards. Of the two red bugs, the one we entomologists call MaUnus, assumed outbreak proportions in the northeastern counties and was generally abundant in several localities. Its cousin, Mendax, was comparatively scarce all over the state. Certain stink bugs were found feeding on the fruit of apple and peach in Beaver, Lawrence, Fayette, and Erie Counties. In the east, the Japanese beetle did very considerable damage to the early ripening apples in the Philadelphia area. In the nuseries, the San Jose scale continues to be the major pest of the apple stock. In the western half for instance, one- half of the nurseries inspected had rather severe outbreaks of this insect. In the eastern nurseries, the apple tree borer did some damage and certain other borers were responsible for heavy losses to other fruit and ornamental stock. The San Jose scale not only increased in nurseries but also in orchards. We said something like this last year in our report, but we believe there was more marking of fruit due to this scale this year than there has been in Pennsylvania the past ten or fifteen years. We attribute this entirely to faulty spray applications. A late survey of the orchards in the southeastern part of the state shows an unusual number of aphids and red spider eggs on the trees. This may point to a severe outbreak of these pests in 1932. Peach Orchards. — Reports from all over the state indicate that in general the plum curculio was less important this year than it has been for some time, although certain local outbreaks were reported from the eastern part of the state. The peach lecanium scale was very abundant in the central and southern counties. This is another insect which will multiply at an alarming rate if complete spraying is not practiced. Peach tree borers were found to be severe all over the state in untreated orchards. These borers also did considerable damage in the nurseries to small trees. Certain bark beetles of the shot-hole borer variety were found in orchards in low vitality due to the drought of the preceding year. — 10 — YOU v/vr u "A CLEAN FRUIT CROP AND A GOOD TREE LEFT" The days of desperate remedies are gone. No longer does the doctor dress the babies' cuts with Iodine. No longer do they dip sheep in carbolic acid. And today the best fruit growers use NIAGARA KOLOFORM Many times more toxic than ordinary sulphur sprays. Burning and russetting reduced to the minimum. No Abrasion to cut pumps and valves. Easy to mix and easy to apply. The man that uses Koloform will tell you that he gets a clean fruit crop and has a good tree left. NI AG \RA KOLODUST Now that orchardists are actually dusting in the rain, when control emergencies arise, they are realizing that the use of Kolodust is a climax in economy and the only really safe material they can use. ^ NIAGARA COPODUSTS There is a lot of difference between Niagara Copodust and ordinary copper lime dusts. A noted plant pathologist once said that only about 20% of the so-called Mono- hydrated Copper Sulphate (Dry Copper) on the market was fit to use. Name sent on request. Niagara Copodust are made from the very best dried copper (not burnt copper) and they are also treated with a material to make a greater percentage of colloidal copper and stronger Bordeaux membranes. Ask for a demonstration NIAGARA SPRAYER & CHEMICAL CO., Inc. MIDDLEPORT, N. Y. — 11 — I Reports on the Oriental fruit moth indicate that in all the areas except in the northwest, the insect did about one-half the damage in 1931 as it did in 1930. Counts of fruit grown near Harrisburg gave an average of nearly fifteen per cent wormy fruit in the varieties up to and including the Elberta. There was about twice this amount in varieties ripening later. Some injury to apples was reported for this species. The mite which caused the silvering of the peach leaves was generally abundant throughout the state and caused consider- able damage. These mites are rather small and difficult to see, and seem to be on the increase in their severity. In the Phila- delphia area, the Japanese beetle occurred in sufficient numbers to cause damage to the early fruit. Pear Orchards. — Green aphids, codhng moths, pear slugs, and pear Psylla were general wherever pears were grown in the state. The slugs caused complete browning of the leaves on unsprayed trees in many cases. Round-headed borers, bark beetles, blister mites and the pear midge were also abundant in certain restricted localities. Curculio and San Jose scale were not reported as doing a great damage in any of the commercial pear orchards. The red spider and plant bugs caused concern to some growers. Cherry Orchards. — There was a general outbreak of aphids, and reports came in from all over the state of the damage caused by this insect. Weather conditions and parasites are the con- trolling factors determining the abundance of this species. By the middle of summer, the parasites were on the job and many colonies were completely killed out. The leaf slugs were present and defoUated many unsprayed trees. Both the peach tree borer and certain bark beetles were present in some localities. The cherry maggot was very scarce, and only a few reports were received of damage by this insect. Webworms appeared to be unusually numerous this season, and fed very extensively on unsprayed cherry foliage. Grapes. — The usual grape insects were present in the vine- yards. In unsprayed vineyards the grape berry moth caused a heavy loss. There was a general outbreak of the leaf hopper throughout the state, and it was especially heavy this year in the eastern part. In the early part of the year, the grape flea beetle occurred abundantly in the eastern counties. Cane galls and Phylloxera were local and reported occasionally. The Japanese beetle caused trouble to local grape plantings in the Philadelphia district and probably will cause a great deal of concern when once it is established in large numbers in the grape- growing districts of the state. To Summarize: The horticultural interests of the state suffered from the attack of several insects in 1931. Codling moth and San Jose scale took a heavy toll in poorly sprayed orchards. San Jose scale was the major pest of fruit nursery stock. The plum curculio was not present in the large numbers expected at this time last year. The Oriental fruit moth for — 12 — the most part, was about one-half as numerous as m 1930. Certain leaf feeders such as the pear slug, cherry slug and web- worms were present in numbers, and caused severe defoliation in unsprayed orchards. ix r xu • • 4. « + As has been stated, this report is the result of the joint effort of your committee and the men associated with it. T. L. Guyton, Chairman. H. N. Worthley. H. E. Hodgkiss. CONTROL OF CEDAR APPLE RUST BY THE ERADICATION OF RED CEDARS K. W. Lauer, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Dauphin County The Bureau of Plant Industry of the Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Agriculture has been active during the past two years in protecting apple orchards from cedar apple rust. This disease is known among pathologists as an alternate host disease m that it passes a part of its life on each of two different plants before it completes its life cycle. The hosts or carriers of cedar apple rust are the common red cedar and certain varieties ot apples. The fungus passes back and forth regularly from one host to the other spending the summer on the apple where it does the greatest amount of damage. When red cedar trees are numerous in the vicinity ot an apple orchard the damage caused by the disease is frequently so severe that it ruins the apple crop entirely. Severely infested orchards often show the foUage so badly damaged that the trees appear at a distance to be almost as brown as though the leaves were badly scorched. The disease is known to have been so severe in several instances that it completely defohated the trees by August These trees put out a new set of leaves the same year but were unable to survive the rigors of the following winter. Any reduction in the normal healthy leaf tissue not only hinders the development of the fruit but also the growth of the tree. An interesting fact of this disease is that certain varieties are very susceptible to the disease while others are highly resistant. A few of the susceptible varieties are York, Jonathan, Wealthy, Rome, Smokehouse, Ben Davis, and Grimes; Stayman, Dehcious, Baldwin and Northern Spy are resistant to leaf injury but susceptible to fruit infection. It appears that most of our common varieties are susceptible to either leaf or fruit infection and in several cases to both. R. S. Kirby reports both Summer and Winter Rambo and Smokehouse as being very susceptible to fruit infection. He also found the Delicious, Rome, Golden DeUcious, York, Paragon, Stayman, Northern Spy, Mcintosh, Wealthy, Winter Banana, and Yellow Transparent as being subject to fruit infection. The department of agriculture is interested in protecting orchards from cedar apple rust by having the red cedars in the — 13 — immediate vicinity of the orchard removed. Removal of such trees can usually be brought about through the cooperation of the orchard owner and the neighboring cedar tree owners with the department. Orchard owners whose trees are suffering damage from this disease should get in touch with this depart- ment. Under an amendment of 1929 to the Plant Pest Act, the department is authorized to compensate cedar owners for the loss of any cedar trees removed at the direction of the depart- ment to protect apple orchards from the cedar apple rust fungus. During 1930 and 1931, 60,242 red cedar trees were removed as a protection to ten different orchards containing 17,244 apple trees. These orchards were located in Adams and Franklin Counties. The cedar trees removed belonged to sixty-four farmers who were paid a total of $1,469.88 for the loss of their trees. Cedar trees removed under this plan remain the property of the owner. The cost of removing cedar trees over this two- year period averaged $.0852 per apple tree protected or less than nine cents per tree. In one year the increased returns to the grower would be paid many times over even though his infection before the cedars were removed was less than 5 per cent. A REPORT OF FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH CHEMICALLY-TREATED BANDS FOR CODLING MOTH CONTROL H. N. Worthley, State College, Centre County Records of codUng moth catch in bait pails show a great scarcity of adult codUng moths in August of 1931 as compared with the same month in 1930. In consequence, the late pene- tration of larvae into the fruit which was of such great concern in 1930, was almost absent in 1931, and the natural population of hibernating larvae is much lower now in most orchards than it was a year ago. However, many orchards contained such large numbers of moths of the overwintering generation of 1930-31 that damage was severe, and the codUng moth popula- tion in many plantings still remains at a dangerous level. For instance, a hasty survey in October of 1931 in five commercial orchards in the Biglerville section revealed an average of 83% injured fruit, 21% wormy fruit, and 34 worms per hundred apples. Barring the operation of natural agencies, the writer feels that in these orchards and doubtless in many others, a reasonable spraying schedule must be temporarily supplemented with other artificial means of kiUing the codling moth, before the infestation will be reduced to the point where spraying alone can be depended upon to produce satisfactory results. — 14 — Treated bands very effective in 1930.— As a measure to supplement spraying in heavy codling moth infestations, the use of chemically-treated bands for trapping and killing cocoon- ing larvae has seemed to offer much promise. The Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1931 contain an account of the work of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station with chemically-treated bands in 1930. The results reported at that time were of a preUminary nature, being based on an early examination of one-sixth of the total number of bands employed. In order to complete the record, and to indicate the final effect of the bands on larvae wintering in them, table 1 has been prepared. Table 1. — chemically-treated bands for codling moth control State College, Pa., 1930-1931 Bands Tested No. 16 16 8 8 Total larvae caught No. Moths Emerged Per Cent Moth Control Type Summer 1930 Spring 1931 Summer 1930 Spring 1931 Beta-naphthol red en- gine oil aluminum stearate double-dip- ped 8360 9221 4562 2129 4 9 6 315 0 1 6 1057 99.7 99.3 99.1 100.0 Beta-naphthol red en- gine oil double dip- ped 99.9 Beta-naphthol red en- gine oil (commercial) Untreated 99.7 t The percentages of moth control given in Table 1 are based on a comparison of the percentage of moth emergence from the treated bands with that from the untreated bands. All the bands employed were almost completely effective in preventing the emergence of moths. Types of bands tested in 1931.— The trials of 1930 were so encouraging that this phase of our codUng moth experimental program was enlarged in 1931. Five different types of band were obtained from E. H. Siegler of the Federal Bureau of Entolomogy. These were supplied in widths of four, three and two inches. The bands manufactured in Pennsylvania under the ''Govern- ment formula'' developed by Siegler were tested, as were two types of band manufactured in Indiana under formulae developed at the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station. A report having been received that the use of tar oil winter wash for scale and aphis control had shown results against hibernating codling moth larvae led us to try bands soaked in this material. Table 2 explains the constitution of these various bands, and gives the designations by which they will be reported in this paper. — 15 — Table 2. — types of codling moth band tebted-1931 All bands of single-faced corrugated strawboard i Gov't No. 1 Single-dipped, 4", 3", 2" width Gov't No. 2 Double-dipped, 4'', 3", 2" width Gov't No. 3 Single-dipped, 4", 3", 2" width, 0.5 oz. aluminum stearate added Gov't No. 4 Double-dipped in roll, 3", 2" width Gov't No. 5 Single-dipped in roll, 3", 2'' width Penna. (Comm'l) Double-dipped m roll, 4", 2" width . , Above bands treated with 1 lb. beta-naphthol dissolved in 1.5 pints red • ••j Indiana Beta. Single-dipped in roll, 4" width Indiana Alpha. Single-dipped in roll, M' width, 1 cake para wax added Beta—betanaphthol / 1 lb. in 1.5 pints Alpha— alphanaphthylamine \ diamond paratfin oil ... ^ , , Tar Oil. A commercial winter wash. 2" bands soaked in undiluted wash The effectiveness of the bands and the abiUty of bands of the various widths to trap the larvae were tested on a total of two hundred thirty trees located in three different orchards, namely; the experimental block of the department of zoology and entomology at State College, the orchard o/ F^ed Greist at Floradale in Adams County, and the orchard of E. A. Nicodemus at Waynesboro in FrankUn County. The bands were examined (without disturbing) at intervals throughout the season when protruding dead larvae, pupae, and empty pupal skms were picked off and recorded. They were removed from the trees in November, at which time all dead individuals found between the band and the tree were recorded. They were then kept in the screened insectary at State College until late December, when they were torn apart for the completion of the record. Sound living larvae from the various types of band have been allowed to spin new cocoons in untreated strawboard. Moth emergence records will be obtained from these in the sprmg. Wide bands versus narrow bands— Some demand has been created, particularly in the middle west, for a four-inch band, the claim being made that longer, darker tunnel afforded causes more larvae to remain within the shelter of the wide band. In order to test this point, and following a suggestion made by Siegler, bands of the same treatment, but of different widths were compared in the following manner. The tree-trunk to be banded was measured with a piece ot cord, which was then doubled to determine half the circum- ference of the trunk. A piece of wide band was cut to this measure and fastened to the east half of the trunk, and a similar piece of narrow band to the west half of the trunk, the ends of the two bands meeting on a north and south Une. The next tree in the series had the wide band to the west and narrow band to the east, and so on until the series was completed. By this means it was thought to avoid errors due to any uneven load of fruit in different portions of the tree, and any possible tendency on the part of the larvae to seek shelter on — 16 — <>^ the more protected side of the trunk. A catch of larvae no greater in one half-band than in the other (a 50-50 ratio) would indicate that band-width was not an important matter. The size of the difference in numbers of larvae caught in the two halves would be a measure of their relative attractiveness to the cocooning larvae. One hundred sixteen trees were banded for these comparisons. In few cases did the wide half catch more than sixty percent of the total larvae trapped. In one case the narrow half caught fifty- six percent, leaving forty-four percent for the wide band. Within these limits the various combinations tested showed consider- able variation, with the narrow half in the lead on some trees, and the wide half on others. A summary of the results at State College is given in table 3. Table 3. — catch of codling moth larvae in paired half-bands of different widths State College, Pa., 1931 Total larvae Larvae per linear inch of band Type of band per tree 4" half 2" half Gov't No. 1 255 5.8 4.6 349 7.8 8.0 Gov't No. 2 310 ' 7.5 5.9 226 7.3 3.8 Gov't No. 3 316 7.6 4.6 432 9.3 5.8 Penna 235 4.0 5.3 94 2.8 1.5 Untreated 83 3.0 0.7 94 1.8 1.1 Average 5.7 4.1 Per cent of total (4" vs. 2") 58 . 1 41.9 Per cent of total {M' vs. 2-2^0 54^ 45^6 In the ten trials reported in table 3, the narrow half-band led by a narrow margin in two cases. The average of all trials showed a 58-42 ratio in favor of the wide band. Similar tabu- lation of the results obtained at Floradale gave a 53-47 ratio, while at Waynesboro the ratio was 47-53, the narrow half in the lead. Trials with four-inch versus three inch, and three- inch versus two-inch bands, were even less conclusive, and will not be reported. In examining the records for hints regarding the reasons for the variations noted above, it was soon noticed that the number of larvae trapped by the bands was different in the different orchards, and that the more larvae trapped, the greater the preference for the wide band. To make this point clear, table 4 has been prepared. Of the three records given in table 4, only that obtained at State College appears to show any real preference on the part of the larvae for the four-inch band. Here there were over two hundred larvae per band, while at Floradale and Waynesboro there were less than one hundred larvae per band. The record — 17 — ii If strongly suggests that it is not the greater darkness of the four- inch tunnelfbut the fact that more larvae can get into it without crowding, that determines the superiority of the wide band. Table 4 —codling moth population determines need for wide bands 4" vs. 2" bands, 1931 ^^^^^^ % in Ave. larvae % wormy Locality wide half per band fruit ^^^^^ Notes State College 58.1 239.4 73.1 ^^^^''^^'''^ ^'^- Last 2 sprays omitted; Floradale ... 53.3 84.2 20.0 light crop, trees t ioraaaie_ «^^ well-scraped. Well-sprayed ; big trees Waynesboro 47.2 45.0 9.5 ^l^J^.^^^l moved in July The kind of single-faced corrugated strawboard employed in making codling moth bands contains thirty-six holes per toot When apphed to the tree-trunk seventy-two tunnels per toot are provided. However, the most effective bands kill larvae before they have time to spin cocoon to obstruct the tunnel, and after death they shrivel and dry up. One live arya and four or five dead ones have been taken from a single tunnel. The writer does not recall finding more than three cocoons in the same two-inch tunnel, so that narrow bands treated with a slow-acting material would accommodate fewer larvae than ttie same width of band impregnated with a mixture that will kill the larvae before they spin up. With bands treated with the Government formula it is doubtful if wide bands will be neces- sary unless two hundred larvae per foot of band are ex- pected. It might be mentioned that on the five well scraped trees reported last year as catching 96% of all the larvae on the trees the larvae were present at the rate of one hundred eigtity- six per foot of two inch band. Where larger numbers of larvae are expected, a second two- inch band placed beside the first should be about as effective as a single band of four-inch width, as indicated in the comparison given at the bottom of Table 3. ^^ \r ^ ^•4. How good are the different materials tested?— Mortality records from the half-band series of treatments were kept, and were supplemented by similar records from an additional one hundred fourteen trees on which whole bands of the ditterent types were used. The results were not greatly different in the different localities, so they have been combined, and are pre- sented in table 5. , , ,,^ i. r Insofar as the bands prepared under the ^'Government tor- mula'^ are concerned, results in 1931 check closely with those obtained in 1930. The addition of aluminum stearate to the formula (Govt. No. 3) and double-dipping (Govt. Nos 2 and 4 and Penna.) increased the effectiveness of the bands. At b lora- — 18 — \>i dale and Waynesboro Govt, bands 2 and 4 were torn apart in November, so that a width comparison could be sent to Mr. Siegler. At this time a high percentage of larval control was not evident. At State College late in December Govt, band No. 2 showed 98.1 percent control of larvae. Table 5. — effectiveness oi All widths ' TREATED BANDS, 1931 All localities Type of band Total larvae trapped Summer- Moths emerged No. % -1931 Moth Control % Mid- winter — Living larvae No. % 1931-32 Control of larvae % • Govt. No. 1 .- 3235 16 0.49 98.1 719 29.8 61.5 Govt. No. 2 .. 2368 5 0.21 99.2 324 18.3 77.0* Govt. No. 3 .. 2733 4 0.14 99.4 154 7.6 90.4 Govt. No. 4 .. 1336 1 0.07 99.7 141 14.1 82.3* Govt. No. 5 .. 1323 7 0.54 97.9 248 25.1 68.7 Penna .. 5595 19 0.34 98.7 726 17.4 78.1 Indiana Alpha... .. 3235 22 0.67 97.4 979 41.4 48.0 Indiana Beta .. 3025 101 3.30 87.0 1396 61.4 23.0 Tar Oil 885 18 2.03 88.1 541 81.9 0.0 Untreated 563 143 25.39 335 79.7 •Examined in Januarv. November. Other bands examined in late December and In the prevention of mid-summer moth emergence alphanaph- thylamine in the Indiana formula gave results approximately equal to the single-dipped ''Government formula^ ^ bands, but the Indiana Beta band did not approach the others in effective- ness. In addition, the Indiana bands seemed to lose strength as the season advanced and contained many living larvae at the time of the final examination. Tar oil as used gave unsatisfac- tory results. Amount of material in band influences eifectiveness. — In the preparation of bands, the corrugated strawboard is run through a hot bath of the chemical dissolved in oil, or a roll of the strawboard is dipped in the bath. Upon cooling, the chemical crystallizes out. In bands prepared under the ''Government formula*' a greasy mixture of oil and chemical incases the whole band. This layer is built even thicker by running or dipping the bands again (double-dipping). In the Indiana bands, doubtless due to the less viscous oil used, and to its later evaporation, no greasy layer is in evidence. The bands appear to have soaked up the oil, leaving a powdery coating of crystals on the surface. This makes them lighter and easier to handle than the bands treated with red engine oil. — 19 — II When it was discovered that the Indiana bands had not main- tained their effectiveness, it was thought that this fact might be accounted for by the amount of the chemical mixture deposited fn the bands "Accordingly measured lengths of various four- iSch bands were weighed, in duplicate, and compared with the weight of untreated strawboard. The results are given in table 6. Table 6— amount of chemicals in treated bands. Type of band Weight-Grams Grams chemical •' ^ per foot per looi Govt. No. 4, 4" 63.0 44 2 Govt. No. 3, 4" »»1 32 4 Govt. No. 1,4" f-^ 26.4 Penna., 4' ... |§ f 3.3 Indiana Alpha, 4" f^- ^ Untreated, 4".- '^'^ :^:^ Granting that a uniform grade of strawboard was used in all baS, the^ight-hand column in table 6 g>ves a '•ough ^^ea « the weight of chemicals deposited per foot of band. The fagures are rubfect to some error due to the fact that the lengths used were remnants, and had lost some of the coating in handling Unfortunately, no Indiana Beta band was available. This loss seemed greatest in the most heavily treated bands. 1 he Fenn syrania^and is double-dipped, and prepared according o the Government formula. Its lower weight is doubtless due to the type oHed engine oil used. That in the Government bands in 1931 S called Niantic oil, and evidently gave the heavier coat ing Efficiency of the bands seems to be determined by the amountof the chemicals deposited in them. The results seem rS ate that the extra expenditure for the heavier coating^ is not iustified by the small increase in the control of mid-summer moths afforded. However, only 65% of the normal amount o^ rain fell at State College in the period from July 1 through November 30, so that the bands can be said to have si^ered onlv 65% of the normal amount of weathering With normal or exlsfve weathering, and the possibility of a partial th^^^^^ hrood of codling moth such as occurred in the southern part 01 Se state In l5, the bands used should offer the most promise of maintaining their efficiency throughout the season Do all the worms on the tree get into the band?— In the report last year figures were given to show that ninetj-six per- ppnt of all larvae were taken under the bands. Ihis seemea eLonaWe, since cage experiments in New Jersey have shown over ninety percent of the moths emerging from under the ?Jugh bark of the trunk. However, in Indiana, reports state that "more than half and sometimes as many as 80 Percent of the larvae can be trapped. In view of this wide variation eight of the banded trees at Greist's were examined carefully during the summer for pupal skins, and were gone over very thoroughly in November, at the time the bands were removed. — 20 — I' In all, 530 individuals were removed from the eight trees, of which 388, or 73.2 percent, were in the bands. The favorite cocooning places outside the bands seemed to be the narrow crotches that could not be scraped clean, and pruning scars and cankers among the upper branches, together with bark scales on the trunk and main branches that had not been removed, or had loosened up after the scraping, which was done in June. All these shelters were more abundant at Floradale than at State College. Apparently the thoroughness with which other favor- able hibernating places can be removed from the trees will determine to a large extent the proportion of the total population trapped by the bands. With a highly effective band, control of the moth population of an orchard will vary from 70 to 95 percent, depending upon the smoothness of the trees. What is the place of treated bands in the codling moth control program? — The decision to use chemically-treated bands in addition to spraying and packing house sanitation rests, of course, with the individual grower, and should be based on a thorough knowledge of the codhng moth situation in his own plantings. The experience of the Experiment Station with the codling moth and with the practice of banding, may justify the following suggestions. First — determine the amount of wormy fruit. If this does not run to fifteen per cent or more of the crop, banding is not likely to catch enough worms to justify the expense (See table 4). Banding should not be considered for young, smooth-barked trees, but only for trees large enough to have rough, scaly bark. Second — re-examine past spraying operations to determine how these may be improved from the standpoint of timeliness, thoroughness, and use of proper materials. If the best job possible has been done to no avail in cleaning up the codling moth, banding may be considered. It should be understood, however, that chief reliance must be placed on spraying, and that bands are a supplement, to aid in the reduction of heavy infesta- tions. Third — if '^plague spots'^ such as packing sheds, storage cellars, and cider mills, exist in the orchard, and have compli- cated the problem of codling moth control, consider the advis- ability of banding fifteen or more rows about such spots. If banding is decided upon, the course of economy would suggest a 2-inch band applied in June, and a second 2-inch band to be placed above the other in August, if the numbers of larvae present are large. Trees may be prepared for banding at any time before June. Be careful and thorough in removing every possible flake of loose bark. If many hibernating larvae are found, catch the scrapings on a sheet, and gather and burn them. In June apply the bands snugly about the trunks, corru- gated side against the bark. The cost of banding. — No extensive figures relating to the expense incident to the banding of trees are available. At Floradale the tree-trunks averaged nearly four feet in circumfer- — 21 — ^ ence Two hundred fifty trees required one 1000 foot roll of band, and took one man eighty-one hours to scrape. Placing bands on two-hundred fifty well shaped trunks of this size should be less than a day's work for two men. On this basis the total cost for banding in a similar orchard should not exceed five dollars per acre. SOME TESTS OF SPRAY MATERIALS AGAINST SAN JOSE SCALE AT THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE H. N. Worthley, State College, Centre County During the fall of 1931, while making fruit counts in con- nection with codling moth control experiments in Franklin and Adam Counties, the writer was surprised to find considerab e amounts of scale-marked fruit in various widely-scattered apple orchards. The situation, while not serious, seemed threatening, and led to a decision to bring the matter to the attention of this ^"^Habits and Injury.— In early fall scales in all stages of development will be found on the bark of limbs and twigs, and if numerous, on the fruit. Winter temperatures kill the older and younger scales, those about one-third grown remaining ahve These continue growth in the spring, becoming mature at about apple-blossom time. Two forms of scales may be seen The female scale is nearly circular, 1/12 inch in diameter, with a raised nipple at the center, while the male scale is oval, l/^& inch long, with a nipple near the larger end. These ash-grey scales cover and protect the living insects beneath. 1 he adult males are tiny, two-winged yellow flies. These seek out the plump, sac-like yellow females, which remain beneath the scale covers, and which after mating, produce living young over a period of about a month. The young scale insects are like tiny yellow lice. They crawl about for a time and then settle down to feed. At the first molt the females lose eyes, legs and feelers, becoming mere yellow sacs fastened to the tree by their thread- like mouth-parts. The successive molted skins mixed with a waxy secretion, form the protecting scale. There arc probably four complete generations of scales pro- duced each year in Pennsylvania, and each maturing female in the spring will, under favorable conditions, have progeny num- bering millions by fall. The pumping of sap by all these tiny beaks is a great drain on the trees. As late as 1922, during an outbreak of San Jose scale in Illinois, one thousand acres of mature apple trees were killed outright. Infested fruit ha^ a mottled appearance, due to a red area about each scale. Ihe scales are most abundant about the stem and calyx ends ol the ControL— Lime sulphur, 1.03 specific gravity (dormant strength) has been the standard remedy for San Jose scale for — 22 — c. p. o. ■^i^T (Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Patent Office) SAVES TWO-THIRDS NICOTINE COST The efficiency of C. P. O. is demonstrated by the repeat orders received each year. ^ FRUIT GROWERS Use 6 pounds C. P. O. SOLID 1/3 pint BLACK LEAF 50 100 gallons WATER to control ROSY and GREEN APPLE APHIS, also LEAFHOPPER on Apples, Pears, Grapes and many other fruits. This spray costs about 1 cent a gallon. VEGETABLE GROWERS To control plant lice and many other insects attacking vegetables, such as Potatoes, Turnips, Radishes, use the above formula. A special formula, containing C. P. O., controls the Harlequin Cabbage Bug (Terrapin or Lincoln Bug) without the addition of any insecticide. NURSERYMEN Use C. P. O. as a spreader and activator for nicotine to control JUNIPER SCALE, EVONYMUS SCALE, PINE NEEDLE SCALE, RHODODEN- DRON LACE BUG, RED SPIDER and most other soft-bodied sucking insects. PRICE LIST C. p. O. SOLID C. P. O. LIQUID 450-lb. barrels $45.00 55-gallon drums $44.00 250-lb. half-barrels 27.50 30-gallon drums 27.00 100-lb. kegs 12.00 10-gallon drums 10.00 (F. O. B. Philadelphia, Containers Included) Manufactured only by Crystal Soap and Chemical Co., Inc. 6300 STATE ROAD, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. Ask us about COLLOIDAL CRESYLIC ACID, the improved Cresylic Acid used in delayed dormant sprays to control Aphis and Red Mite by destroying the over-wintering eggs. — 23 years. Outbreaks due to neglect, and calling for drastic action have resulted in the use of dormant spray oils which, when Drooerly applied at 2 percent or more of actual oil have given as Tod or\eUer control than lime sulphur With oils as we as lime sulphur, only those insects hit by the spray will be killed, so thorough application must be the rule. ^^^ to the enormous reproductive powers of this insect, a very high kill is demanded in the dormant or delayed dormant spray. i^ ^f iu^ In most discussions of scale control no mention is made of the effect of materials used in the foliage sprays in killing the crawhng and newly-settled young. That the summer apphcations may be verv important in scale control will be shown. Expertaients with dormant sprays.-In 1931 single rows of badly-infested mature apple trees were sprayed with a series of dormant and delayed dormant combination sprays. Count trees of Grimes and Stark were selected, and the percentage of living scales was determined by the examination of two thousand scales on two and three year old wood both before and after treat- ment. The results appear in Table 1. Table I.^control of san jose bcale in delayed dormant application State College, Pa., 1931 Row Treatment 1 2 3 4 Lime sulphur, 1.03..- Lead arsenate, 3 lbs., nicotine sul., 1 pint... % Live Scales Before Diamond parafl&n oil, 4 gals, in^l Bordeaux, 8-8-100 / "Dendrol" spray oil, 4 gals.| with Bordeaux substitute f "4840" spray oil, 4 gals, with^ flotation sulphur, 20 lbs J Diamond paraffin oil, 4 gals.—] blood alb. emul. Lime sulphur, 1.008 15 6 Check-rows 1-5, Grimes. Tar oil winter wash, 5 gals.— \ dormant I Check-row 6, Stark. 50.3 36.6 45.1 54.1 47.8 47.7 51.5 52.2 After Per Cent Reduction 4.35 0.00 2.90 2.05 3.50 48.6 7.29 47.1 91.4 100.0 93.6 96.2 92.7 0.0 85.8 9.8 The spray combinations used were prepared as follows: Row 1. The standard delayed dormant spray. , , . , Row 2. Two pounds of copper sulphate were dissolved m two gallons of water, and the solution stirred into four gallons of raw oil. In another container two pounds of quicklime were — 24 — ^•>. slaked in two gallons of water. The two mixtures were com- bined with stirring, pumped over twice with a bucket-pump, and added to a 6-6-100 Bordeaux mixture in the spray tank. Row 3. The Bordeaux substitute (a copper-lime mixture thought to be less injurious to fruit than Bordeaux) was run through the strainer into about ten gallons of water in the tank, with the agitator running. Four gallons of ''Dendrol" miscible oil were added, with water to make one hundred gallons. Row 4. Twenty pounds of the flotation sulphur paste were thinned with water, and worked through the strainer into five gallons of water in the spray tank, with agitation. Four gallons of the miscible oil were poured in, and water added to cover the paddles. After about three minutes agitation water was added to make one hundred gallons. Row 5. Three ounces of a mixture composed of one part dark powdered blood albumen and two parts fullers earth was made into a paste with water and added to five gallons of water in the tank, agitator running. Four gallons of raw oil were added. As the tank was filled to one hundred gallons, lime sulphur concentrate to make 1.008 specific gravity (about 2.5 gallons) was added. The sprays above were applied on April 17, with the trees in a typical delayed dormant stage of development. Row 6. A commercial tar oil winter wash, five gallons per hundred, as a straight dormant appUcation on April 8. None of the oil sprays caused more injury to the buds than the standard delayed dormant spray used on row 1. Bordeaux mixture and the Bordeaux substitute as used in the later foUage applications, caused severe russeting of the fruit. It appears in Table 1 that the oil sprays as used gave better control than Ume sulphur, with the exception of tar oil winter wash. Subsequent to the counts a few living scales were found in row 2. The scale population was high, some trees being visibly weakened by the scale attack. The mature trees used received about eight gallons of spray per tree, with every effort at thoroughness of appUcation. Ten to twelve gallons per tree should have been used to insure the highest degree of control. Experiments with foliage sprays.— The same rows of trees noted in Table 1 received five foliage apphcations, a different combination spray being used in each row. All drop fruit throughout the season, and all picked fruit, from certain count trees showing a good set, was scored for scale injury. The results appear in Table 2, as per cent of scale-marked fruit. It is apparent in Table 2 that the Bordeaux sprays, in which copper replaced sulphur as the fungicide, allowed San Jose scale to develop practically unchecked. Many of the fruits in ro>ys 2 and 3 were incrusted with scales at picking time. As shown in row 4 flotation sulphur was much less effective than lime sulphur in holding down the scale. The percentage figures are some- what misleading, however, for in row 4 there were relatively few scales per apple as compared with rows 2 and 3. That the Ume — 25 — i Table 2.— effect op foliage bprays on san jose scale Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 Materials in 5 foliage sprays Lime sulphur, 1.008 Lead arsenate, 3 lbs *Bordeaux, 8-8-100 Lead arsenate, 3 lbs ♦Bordeaux sbustitute Lead arsenate, 3 lbs Flotation sulphur, 20-100 Lead arsenate, 3 lbs Lime sulphur, 1.008—- Lead arsenate — casein, 3 lbs. ; Hyd. lime, 3 lbs As row 1 ♦Checks Grimes 4.6 67.4 83.8 52.5 7.6 80.0 Jona- than 69.1 75.2 Ben Hur 3.0 55.4 57.2 Rome 73.8 41.0 York 77.7 41.8 33.7 89.8 sulphur used in row 1 should have produced such a high per- centage of scale-free fruit is evidence of the beneficial effect of this material. In row 6, summer strength lime sulphur followed tar oil winter wash, which failed to control scale in the spring. Under these conditions it could not be expected to hold the scale in check. Incidentally, the difference between rows 1 and 2 should convince any grower that his success in hghting ban Jose scale will not be affected by any failure on the part of his neighbors to secure control. . ax x Summary.— In a series of San Jose scale sprays at btate College in 1931 dormant oils gave better control than winter strength lime sulphur, while tar oil winter wash failed to kill a satisfactory percentage of scales. Following a satisfactory dor- mant kill of scales liquid lime sulphur in the five fohage applica- tions held scale in check, while flotation sulphur and copper sprays failed. Following an unsatisfactory dormant kill of scale, liquid Ume sulphur failed to prevent scale increase. 1 he vast difference in the amount of scale-marked fruit on adjacent trees receiving different spray materials is convincing proof that the individual grower need not fear the effect on his own plantings of scale infestations in neighboring orchards. OLD IDEAS OF INSECT CONTROL IN A NEW SETTING H. E. Hodgkiss, State College, Centre County. Insects exert an important influence on man. The attraction often is irresistible. A natural reaction is to ward off the con- dition Consequently the occurrence of insects creates an atti- tude of hate— a desire to destroy them. This warfare progressed for centuries in a somewhat blind, haphazard fashion. Indi- vidual attempts to combat invasions of the pests were as a rule unsuccessful, consequently such experiences led to collective — 26 — efforts which were more productive although their greatest hindrance was the lack of information on the growth and seasonal activities of the insects. The accumulation of such facts was slow but the realization of the tremendous problem became the incentive to organized effort which is a comparatively recent development. Our knowledge of insect suppression has grown tremendously during the past three decades. The successful conduct of most of the battles against fruit insects has won the confidence and aroused new interest on the part of growers toward insect control. The intrinsic worth of many of the repressive measures is now a subject for starting perennial argu- ments and these are indicative of a healthy condition that has developed within the industry. There are two schools of thought with respect to suppressive practices. One is that economy in insect control is obtained through the use of a minimum dosage of the insecticide and a maximum amount of the liquid in the form of a spray to the tree. The second theory employs maximum dosages and mini- mum amounts of material per unit concerned. Two phases of the situation often overlooked in discussing insect suppression valuations are; (1) that insofar as the insects are concerned the presence of the pests on a plant is a menace, and (2) that the job is to remove the menace before it becomes serious enough to endanger the crop. Costs of insect suppression are relative and decrease proportionately with the yield. True economy is obtained by preventing the multiplication of the insect hordes ordinarily present in an orchard. The precise system to use is not the objective. Whether the practice is designated right or whether it is considered to be wrong is an item in the procedure. The purpose is to obtain control. The past few years may go down in entomological history as one of the most turbulent periods in modern fruitgrowing. These experiences are in accord with the spirit of the times. The old order of things appeared to be entirely turned aside. There was a concerted urge for easier means of securing protec- tion from insects. ^ If the purpose had been what it appeared to be these efforts would have been worthwhile. The unfortunate result of this agitation, however, has been to unsettle the con- fidence which had been developed by years of experimentation and fortunate experience with insect control practices. We are beginning to observe the results of these fads in an increasing difficulty to control particular species of insects in apple plantings. Now is an appropriate time to stop and take stock of the present situation. It is not too late to orient our- selves and try to discover why we are unable to rid the orchards of insects that for nearly three decades were easily suppressed. Fifty species of insects were listed during 1931 as attacking pome and stone fruits and grapes. I have selected three of these for the purpose of this discussion. The San Jose Scale. — The San Jose scale was outstanding in its superabundance particularly in the Cumberland valley, — 27 — lower Susquehanna river areas, and in the western tier counties. The reason for this was not obscure. The long period of com- parative freedom from scale damage to fruits lulled many growers into a false sense of security. During recent years these men neglected the very essence of protection and saug*^* to gain economy in initial spraying costs by either omitting the scale strength appUcations of proven insecticides or tailing to remember that the insect thrives on the newer growth of the outer and inner branches and in the tops of the trees. The con- dition in rather restricted areas is so serious at the present time that important questions are arising as to the effectiveness ot ^"^MStTnsectSdes advocated for the destruction of the San Jose scale are efficient when they are diluted correctly and if the trees are covered thoroughly. Where the applications are incomplete the amount of protection obtained frona the use of any of these materials is relatively small. Those of us who went through the period when the whole aspect of fruit production was changing on account of the tremendous destructiveness of the San Jose scale reaUze the extent of the reahgnments in apple growing that took place until effective control measures were devised The San Jose scale can he controlled. Whether or not history will repeat itself depends upon the attitude of the individual grower to this particular problem and the degree of his determination to suppress the insect. The Rosy Apple Aphis.— The rosy apple aphis is somewhat periodical in its abundance and destructiveness. It appears to build up in numbers during extended periods of dry weather and under this condition often reaches the proportions known as an outbreak. On account of its alternation of food plants the increase varies directly according to the numbers leaving the summer host and returning to the trees. A rather dry warm autumn is conducive to the concentration of migrating adults on the trees with a proportional increase in egg laying individuals and consequently the numbers of eggs deposited may be large Eggs of the rosy apple aphis are not ofte'n detected by the fruit grower although his attention may be directed to an abund- ance of those of other species deposited on the bud spurs, or on the succulent growth of terminals, or in the centers of the trees. Such observations have been responsible for an interest in sup- pressive measures through appUcations designed as ovicides. The economy of an ovicide for this purpose was recognized long before the standard control practice was devised. The results of experiments on the use of insecticides for egg killing are well known although perhaps they have escaped the attention ot many in this audience. It may therefore not be out of place to call attention to some of the earlier investigations conducted in the eastern fruit growing area in an attempt to find a suitable ovicide for this purpose. xu xt v i^ A series of experiments was conducted at ^^^^^^"^ r^^^^^ Agricultural Experiment Station during 1905 and 1906. i here — 28 — was a rather high per cent of kill by certain common insecticides. The outstanding ones were the lime sulphur wash and commer- cial spraying oils. Field experiments using these substances did not result in an appreciable reduction of damage and for this reason further efforts were designed against the young nymphs at the hatching period. More recently an extensive series of experiments was conducted in New Jersey and as a result of these tests the conclusion was reached that the most effective means of control was through the use of the standard practice. However, these and later experiments at the New Jersey Experi- ment Station brought out the fact that one-half of one per cent cresyUc acid ''running approximately 95 per cent active agent'' when added to an oil emulsion resulted in an appreciable kiUing of aphid eggs. Within the last two years an emulsified tar oil has been tried out rather extensively and trees sprayed with this compound seem to have been relatively free from aphis attack in early spring. While these products appear to be efficient the costs are rather high. The range of usefulness of ovicides seems, therefore, to depend to a large extent on their availability as substitutes for standard materials in the control of red spider or the San Jose scale when the buds are dormant. Further investigations of this phase of the problem are necessary before definite statements can be made with respect to the values of these newer materials or their combinations. A goodly number of growers applied some type of an insecti- cide as an ovicide at the time of the delayed dormant period of bud development in 1931. Many of them expected by this practice to secure control of the rosy aphis, San Jose scale, red spider and the apple red bugs. On account of the outbreak of the rosy aphis the practical value of a number of these materials when used by orchardists was rather easily determined. Since the opportunity presented itself we collected a considerable amount of data on infestation conditions. These figures have been correlated and are presented in this paper in order to give apple growers a clearer view of the state wide conditions with respect to suppression valuations. No attempt is made to discuss the relative merits of the insecticides. Comparisons are used chiefly to point out some of the reasons for the failures in insect suppression. The figures are tabulated as averages per tree. Approximately 100 orchards were examined in late June or early in July after the peak of rosy aphis development occurred on apples and before the injured foUage had dropped. When the records were analyzed it was found that the materials em- ployed comprised four different kinds of insecticides. There were eight brands of spraying oils, two types of sulphur com- pounds, and three brands of nicotine sulphate (40 per cent nicotine). These preparations are commonly known to growers under several commercial brand names. The figures are arranged in Table 1. — 29 — Table 1.— compamsons of materials psep as ovicides or aphicides |i|^ Time of Application Average infestation per tree 1 1 Material Leaf Clusters Fruit Clusters Fruits Injured Termi- nals L. S.— Nicotine .— Del. Dor. No. 32.9 No. 25.3 No. 52.8 No. 20.6 Oil Del. Dor. 1628.4 1348.6 3487.5 400.4 Calcium Sulphide .- Del. Dor. 3864 2493.7 7452 . 2 434.3 Sodium Sulphide . .. Del. Dor. 5909 1874.6 7082 . 7 373.7 Codling Moth Suppression.— The carry-over of codling moth larvae due to the tremendous outbreak during the summer of 1930 created infestations which many apple growers were unable to suppress. Fortunately the second brood apparently was of small importance although adults emerged in large numbers during the first week in August. Five pojson sprays were suggested last year. The first was at the petal fall, i tie fifth was early in August. Fewer growers applied the full com- plement of sprays than at any time during the last four years. Consequently the losses in blemished fruits caused by these failures were considerable. Some growers left off essentia sprays and these men experienced losses directly proportional to the degree of importance of the spray omitted. Other nien apparently were able to omit the final cover spray if the earlier applications had been timely and were thoroughly applied. Spraying Information.— In order to gauge the correctness of the spraying information annual counts are made in a number of orchards at harvest. These as a whole represent a fair cross- section of the insect conditions in the state. The orchards are selected at random and this year some 300 places were visited at harvest. These records were separated into three groupings and the figures computed on that basis indicate that the average loss was, in completely sprayed orchards, 4.5 per cent; in partly or poorly sprayed plantings 15.7 per cent; in unsprayed orchards 67.1 per cent. THE RELATION OF OLD IDEAS TO NEWER METHODS OF INSECT CONTROL In connecting the data for 1929 and 1930, we sensed that there was developing in the minds of a considerable number of apple growers a doubt as to the need for strict attention to the fundamental principles of insect control. Counts made during 1931 showed that this attitude had a practical bearing on failures to secure reasonable control of particular species such as codling — 30 — i\ moth, the apple red bugs and the rosy aphis. The survey of orchard conditions was made at critical periods in the develop- ment of fruit injuries and on account of the superabundance of the codUng moth and rosy aphis we have selected the figures related to these species as a basis for comparisons of insect sup- pression practices. The Selection of Insecticides. — In a number of orchards direct comparisons were obtained of insecticides used for the rosy aphis. The owners are reputed to use great care with respect to timing, mixing and applying sprays. The demon- strations, therefore, are indicative of the maximum benefit which may be expected from the insecticides. The data has been arranged and charted for the convenience of this discussion. Table 2 includes comparisons of lime sulphur with or without nicotine in combination, and unsprayed trees. Table 2. — comparisons of insecticides used as aphicides Material Time of Application Conditions with respect to rosy aphis Orch. Leaf Clusters Fruit Clusters Fruits Injured Terminals No. 1 L. S.— Nicotine None Early Del. Dormant No. 20 224 No. 104 434 No. 269 504 No. 68 Unsprayed 203 2 L. S.— Nicotine L. S. Del. Dor 3 26 2 767 3 2599 0 160.5 3 L. S.— Nicotine L. S. Late 539 1307 269 1185 269 2370 447 Del. Dor 342.5 Table 3. — comparisons of insecticides as aphicides Material Time of Application Conditions with res 1 jpect to rosy ' aphis Orch. Leaf Clusters Fruit Clusters Fruits Injured Terminals No. 4 Oil None Del. Dor No. 8104 5723 No. 2700 1849 No. 8130 5547 No. 234 Unsprayed 131 5 Oil Oil L. S. Dormant 874.5 1229 1966.5 2274.5 2805 9588.5 198 Del. Dor 558 5 Oil L. S. Oil- Nicotine Del. Dor 1229 64 2274.5 . 34.5 9588.5 23 558 Del. Dor 0 6 Oil Oil Del. Dor Del. Dor. and Pink 4616.2 272.7 2077.4 260.5 12641.2 1180.5 985.6 243.6 — 31 h * \l^ Comparisons of spraying oil with and without either hme sulpffsolution or nicotine, and unsprayed trees were made in offer orchards. In order to avoid confusion in evaluating the treatments these figures have been arranged in a separate chart, '^ The^standard poison for codling moth is arsenate of lead There are a number of commercial brands of this material which are being used by apple growers in Pennsylvania. Each Sd is reputed to exhibit a greater effectiveness against codling mSth thaS any of the other compounds. Recent investigations Tthe Washington Experiment Station indicate that there are differences in the condition of the deposits on fruits and that oE factors such as coverage and weathering are important and require equal consideration. No essential differences in control were found between any of the brands tested Spreaders or modifiers are often used with arsenate of lead to reduce burning of the foliage and fruits in extremely hot weather Such materials should not be applied in early summer unless growers are prepared to clean the fruit at harvest. Timing of Applications.— The proper timing of sprays in relation to the efficiency of insecticides has received much a ten- tion in past seasons and since this factor entered into the analyses of the practices it has been considered a P^Per subject for your consideration. The most of the orchards visited were treated either with one material or with a combined spray. I" ^any ot them the times at which the insecticides were applied differed soSwhat and the counts disclosed rather interesting differences n suppression. In Table 4 the lime sulphur was used in the proportions recommended for the respective periods and nicotine sulphate (40 per cent nicotine) was added at the rate of 1 pint in 100 gallons of the dilute lime sulphur. lAB Material Time of Application Conditions with respect to rosy 1 1 aphis Treat. Leaf Clusters Fruit Clusters Fruits Injured Terminals No. 1 L. S.— Nicotine Early Del. Dor. No. 302.5 No. 1750 No. 6212.5 No. 187.5 2 L. S.— Nicotine Del. Dor 5 26 67.2 17 3 L. S.— Nicotine T^ate Del. Dor 447 418 2432 142.5 4 L. S.— Nicotine Pink 1273.5 933 5598 381 5 L. S.— Nicotine Calyx 2205.8 1901.8 7690.2 458 > 'J — 32 — — 33 — 7Bw»w*i^r«' Table 5 is a comparison of spraying oils ^PP^f^ according to the recommendations of the compounder at different periods either wHh ov without a fungicide. Nicotine was used as a follo"p spmy with lime sulphur as the fungicide in most instances. Table 5.-comparisons of the timing of sprays for the rosy apple aphis Conditions with respect to rosy aphis Treat. No. 1 Material Time of Application Oil Oil Oil Late Del. Dor. Leaf Clusters Oil Nicotine Del. Dor. Pink No. 46 Fruit Clusters Oil Nicotine Del. Dor. Pink 1.1 No. 63.4 Fruits Injured No. 190.7 Terminals 1.7 2.1 Del. Dor. Calyx Oil Oil— Fungicide Del. Dor. Through Season... 160 3.7 No. 83.5 1.2 4.6 163.2 1.5 3.5 536.9 1.1 3.8 208.4 6.9 Some interesting conditions as regards ,^hf/!^;^^ o the applications for codling moth were recorded ^^ h™t J 9I orchards In 55 orchards where the last spray was omitted the injured W^ averaged 7.2 per cent. The last two sprays were left off in 20 orchards with an average damage of 10 per jent^ Omitting the last three appUcations in 16 orchards increased the average loss to 15.6 per cent of the apples harvested. The Value of Proper Methods in Insect Control.— It is oftTn stated that insecticides of determined jnent do ^^^^^^ control of the rosy aphis even when ^^^\'^\^''^^ It is recognized that such conditions do exist. Under-equip 1 ABLE I Time .-^(0 vy* u» »».» » Kind of job Average infest 1 ation per tre je Treat- ment Leaf Clusters Fruit Clusters Fruits Injured Termi- nals Nicotine Oil 4% Del. Dor. Del. Dor. Del. Dor. Del. Dor. Good Poor Good Poor 31 762 35 6303 15 4783 210 8575 39 8452 1050 31500 2 1057 35 3026 34 — 1 ment, lack of thoroughness in application or improper machinery often enter into this situation. Comparisons were made of nicotine and spraying oils applied either according to standard recommendations or the recommendations of the compounders of the materials as to the timing and dilution of the insecticides. The manner of application is illustrated in Table 6. Codling moth injury in 96 orchards in which the full number of sprays was applied was 2.6 per cent. In 180 plantings where at least one of the applications was omitted or where the oper- ation was poorly done the damage was 9.9 per cent. Thirteen of the places visited were unsprayed and in these the losses amounted to 36.2 per cent. Importance of Efficient Machinery. — In collecting the data it was observed that different types of machines were being used and that these apparently factored in the variability of control. Where spraying oils were applied for aphis suppres- sion by means of a stationary outfit, using a non-rigid distributor the number of injured apples averaged 149 to each tree. Portable outfits using a non-rigid distributor were somewhat less efficient and where these were used the dwarfed apples averaged 4086 per tree. Portable outfits, having semi-rigid distributors were operated in some plantings and in these the dwarfed apples averaged 13,620 to each tree. Efficiency in operation was outstanding in some orchards and enabled some men to control codling moth with a minimum number of applications. Data taken in several orchards showed that losses due to codling moth entries where the stationary outfit, non-rigid distributor was used did not exceed 1.2 per cent; with portable outfits, non-rigid distributors, 3.5 per cent; with portable outfits, semi-rigid distributors 8.7 per cent. Comparisons of Valuations in Insect Control. — This same system of evaluation was used to ascertain the comparative effectiveness of the recommended practices in the insect control program. The figures collected indicate the conditions found in the 300 orchards in which counts were made and these represent a fair cross-section of the state wide conditions with respect to the control of the more important species of insects which caused damages during 1931. If the percentages of insect injury are applied to the estimated total apple production for 1931 of 14,000,000 bushels the mone- tary values of following a definite system of insect suppression are ascertained. These comparisons indicate that the potential insect losses amounted to $4,697,000. Insect losses due to a faulty program of spraying would have been as much as $1,099,000. If a complete program had been followed in all the orchards the insect losses would have been reduced to $315,000. The difference between complete and partial treat- ment was $784,000. A Comparison of Programs for Insect Control. — The question often is raised as to how completely the control prac- tices are followed by fruit growers. The industry is often sep- — 35 — !« arated into two groupings which for convenience in comparing Se practices may be stated as (1) the commercial a^^^^^^^^^ general Both of these categories contain a number of orchardists X Jught to be considered in the other grouping^ However Tthe distinction is made according to the numbers of men ihose business is the production of ^^.-'^ -^^^^Zf^^^^ basis for making the choice. Approximately 92 per cent ot tne growers wW business is apple production applied seven fohage fornvs and 75 per cent of them made eight apphcations as was s^gge steS in the spraying information^ The average of the insect control in this area amounted to 95.5 per cent. The area in which orcharding is conductedchiefly by men whose principal interest is in other farm ^P^r^^^f,.^^^^^^^^^ standing comparison. The records indicate that about 95 per cenf or more of these farmers applied four early sprays After She first cover spray fewer men followed the plan and only about 70 oer cent of them applied the second cover spray. Under ILsrcondTtions the amount of insect control was 84.3 per cent The chart Table 7 indicates the relative response to msect control JractS^^ state and is presented as being a basis fo™^^^^^ at a conclusion as to the underlying causes of serious insect "^^ Appk^'Sowers often lose sight of the purpose of an insect contrS prog^^^^ They most often are thinking in terms of the ri'Kprays applied and not of the -mbe^;;^^^^^^^^^^ damaging fruits during the growing season. The sprays are Table 7.— a comparison of insect control programs ^^ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Xff^' cl^ ^ ^iL COVER SPRAYS J n^ h>^^' ^^ K^ k"^ h^T l2Mn bu J41 ^ SPRAY APPLICATION — 36 — timed and the insecticides are suggested for use during effective periods for the suppression of these pests. The omission of one or more treatments most often results in an incomplete degree of suppression and a corresponding loss in numbers of perfect apples. Such fruits may be marketable but the practice insures a gradually increasing carry-over of the insect infestation. This condition exists in restricted areas where the insect suppression practices are not uniform. It has been pointed out that the selection of suitable insecti- cides, the proper timing of sprays, and the practicing of correct methods of making the apphcations factor not only in the con- trol of the rosy aphis and the codling moth, but also enter into the suppression of all apple infesting insects. It is important to note that under our present methods of fruit growing efficiency in distributing the spray is of equal significance. Our earlier ideas of insecticidal materials and their effective- ness for particular purposes have been revised and may yet be further improved. The underlying principles of the selection of suitable materials, the proper timing of sprays, thoroughness in making the applications, and the use of efficient machinery have not changed and can not be disregarded. The solution of our apple insect problems of past years was not obtained by new insecticides alone. Those of the present will be settled only when the great body of fruit growers accept the fundemental ideas of insect suppression and develop the practical apphcation of them under the new situations. Mr. J. R. Stear: I was very much interested in the differences of control that Professor Hodgkiss brought out from different times of applying the delayed dormant spray. I would like to ask Professor Hodgkiss this question: Can you tell me how many days there were between what you call an early delayed dor- mant, a delayed dormant, and a late dormant? Professor Hodgkiss: This work not having been experimental, there is no record of the number of days difference in these. These figures which I have quoted are the results of check-ups in the various orchards, and are determined, largely by the interpretation, by the fruit-growers, of the different spraying periods as we recommended them. What I have been trying to do is to point out these conditions and indicate to growers the program that they ought to follow, to increase the amount of insect-free fruit. 'THE FUTURE OF SPRAY RESIDUE REMOVAL IN PENNSYLVANIA" H. G. Ingerson, John Bean Manufacturing Co., Lansing, Mich. A brief review of the status of residue removal in states with codling moth conditions and climatic conditions similar to Pennsylvania, may help you to understand better why I believe — 37 — v™, m»v have this problem some time. The residue situation fs'LTacurinthe'latltudes similar to »uthe,nP«^^ Si ii rtctt rt'ro, *tiiae"7hrs|« that determines the amount of spray material on the fruit and SluJftS'se'verity of the residue P-ble™ I do not mean that all of the fruit growers 1-°/ -f.^lt^Jr-^^^^^^^^^ a wsrtn rSuH^f rth^ ~ ~^ -^^^^ ing into the marketing problem m part of this country. Consider briefly the status of residue removal in states closely adiacent to Pennsylvania: Most of you know that this matter fiJt be arSe acute^n southern New ^f «fy^.^,\\^ Slem of Wpw Tersev growers have been confronted with the problem oi ^VcodLrmoth infestation requiring very thorough spray applications continuing well into the late summer- Jn 1927 the first fruit washers were put into ^^"-^ ^f ^\'^,?,7*'^^Jent t7me' These have been added to each season until at the present time, a considerable proportion of the growers are equipped to remove reSes TheV have even found it necessary to wash the summer' varietTes such as Starr, Transparent Dutchess. Dela- waThas not had quite as serious a codUng moth problem and in general avoided the necessity of residue removal until the 1931 SS The northern counties of Maryland adjacent to Penn- !^.t!?ni<. have used fruit pohshers for a number of years and in IVsrand 1931 Sailed several fruit washers. I am sure I am correct when I state that the codling moth is no respect or of stSe hnes and what I say here as applying particularly to central and southern Pennsylvania, applies with much more force to the entire Shenandoah-Cumberland section of Mary- and Virginia and West Virginia. Virginia has used fruit ckaning eqS pment for several seasons, perhaps leading in the Dercentage of^fruit passing over cleaners of some type among fheFastem states This is easily understood when we realize h'at^'arS a^6§% of the crop during some seasons is exported ■md therefore must meet the world tolerance of .01. i he same iril condition applies to the section of West Virginia included general conuuiun .w ivi^nv of the drv tvpes of cleaners in this same general fruit belt, ^^lany ol tne ary lype h-.vo been in use for several years and in 193U and iy'*\>'Ou s^derable nimber of washers were put into service. Sou hern SRwher "conditions are quite similar to ^^itions m s^^^^^^^^^^^ Pennsylvania, avoided the residue problem unt the past season, Mrowine severe losses from late broods of codling moth in 1930 and rheaTcarryV^ into 1931. Quite a goodly volume of — 38-- H fruit cleaning equipment was put into service this past season. To go a little farther west, but where conditions were still some- what similar to southern Pennsylvania the fruit sections of southern Indiana and Illinois have turned to fruit cleaning equipment as the surest way of producing fruit free from objec- tionable residues. I could continue and give you the status in all the other Eastern states but this will serve to show how fortunate you are in Pennsylvania to have avoided the necessity of this program up until this time. I think most of those present know the present situation in Pennsylvania*. There have been a few of the fruit dry cleaners or polishers in use in the southern parts of the State for several seasons, but they have been used not so much for residue removal as simply to improve the market appearance of the product. FRUIT WASHING IN PENNSYLVANIA In the summer of 1930 I was surprised to visit a fruit packing house near Easton and find a commercial fruit washer in service there. Inquiry brought out the fact that this washer was installed not to remove spray residue, but rather to remove coatings of cement dust from the harvested fruit, the orchard being located in a section of cement factories. With a few exceptions, this constitutes the fruit cleaning equipment now in use in Pennsylvania. Following this summary of conditions in the states adjacent to Pennsylvania, we will now consider the features that will influence future policies in this matter. Our old enemy, the codling moth, is at the bottom of this fruit cleaning program. Let's see what the present status, so far as codling moth infestation and control is concerned. STATUS OF CODLING MOTH INFESTATION IN PENNSYLVANIA. When I was in attendance at your meeting three years ago, one of the leading growersf in addressing the Association stated *A check up on the arsenic residue analyses made on Pennsylvania apples in 1931 shows the following facts: Apple orchards or lots of fruit analyzed 278 Samples analyzed which exceeded the domestic tolerance of .012 19 Shipments held up until arsenic was removed 14 Counties in which the bulk of the samples were collected 15 (These samples were collected from practically all of the large orchards in the state which export fruit or sell in carload lots into interstate shipments. The bulk of the samples were col- lected in Adams and Franklin counties with a good many from Cumberland, York, Erie, Lancaster, Lehigh, Berks, Centre, Wyoming, Perry, Bedford, Dauphin, Lycoming and Fulton counties.) Number of washers in the state 6 Approximate number of mechanical brushes or wipers 50 — 60 Collected by Federal-State inspectors, analyzed by the Bureau of Foods and Chemistry, Harrisburg. Data from D. M. James, Bureau of Markets. fR. E. Atkinson, Bucks County, 1929 Proceedings, Page 88. — 39 — that failure to control codling moth was simply a matter of cSelessT^ Continuing, he said, ^1 am sure that our Seff rom co^dUng moths are less than one-tenth of one percent. Slfwas at%he end of the 1929 growing season. I venture that even with thorough spraying, he might po^^^^^^^^ ha^e a verv different report for the seasons of 1930 and 1931. What Ire the factors that have caused codUng moth to build up to sich great proportions and do such unusual damage during 1930 and 1931Y I think our entomologists all agree that a combmation of mild winters and hot, dry summers, accounts for this con- diti^i. The mild winters allow thousands of codhng nupth to live over for the next season, that under more severe conditions Tould die The long, hot summers affect the codling moth Tpulauin in several ways: More broods develop under these SS conditions but more especially a much greater number Tetrw W. S. Hough, Virginia, has shown that when high temperatures exist during the egg-laying per od 20% more of the young worms make entrance to the fruit if the tem- Trature is Ibovf 80 degrees, than occurs with temperatures below this point. Without attemptmg to predict what the Sance of this winter may do to codUng moth, we certain y know that up to this time, conditions have been unusually favorable to the big brood of worms which went into winter quarters at the end of the past season, to live over and be ready for business with the setting of the 1932 crop. A SUGGESTED CODLING MOTH PROGRAM FOR 1932 I think we should face this matter squarely and recognize that we have an epidemic condition of codling moth Population in at least a few of the Pennsylvania orchards as we go into the \932 SSln. Some growers tU to the weather or Providenc^ to give them a reasonably clean crop fpr 1932 No orchard prolram is stronger than the weakest link and if failure to Krol codling moth is the limiting factor in your Profitable orchard operations, I am sure you are gomg to meet this epi- demic with strong-arm methods. Some of you are using treated bands and in this way reduce the emergence of codling moth a certa n amount.* Some of you will use bait pails or traps a^ the time of moth flight and in this way get rid of a certain nercSge of moths. These measures are no doubt necessary SJerf much worth-while but in the Ught of the present knowledge, the chief dependence will be put upon arsenic sS fo^ moth control. Experience in heavy infesta- tions has shown the absolute necessity of very thorough spraying agTnst the first brood of worms, which begin to hatch from two to Zee weeks after petal fall and continue for several weeks. In ceSn parts of the State and in certain individual orchards careful thorough spraying against this first brood combined with one application in early July for second brood, has, with *See H. N. Worthley's 'Treated Bands for Codling Moth Control." both in the 1931 Proceedings and in this issue. — 40 — normal weather conditions and normal codling moth population, kept your crops reasonably free from codling moth injury. What you will do in 1932 along these hues will be determined to a large extent I am sure, by what you have done and what results you have secured in the past two seasons. The apple industry in Eastern states as well as the West face this threat of heavy losses from codUng moth in 1932. I shall not attempt to tell you how many spray appUcations you shall make or when you shall make them— Your spraying service will give you this information. I know that many of the growers present will agree right now that they would be glad to take the necessary steps to meet any residue problem if they could be assured of controlling codUng moth satisfactorily and then could remove any objec- tionable residue at nominal cost. Work along these Unes has been carried on in the Winchester, Virginia Field Station, Branch of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, under the direction of W. S. Hough. Hough reported at the Virginia Meeting that under 1931 conditions, he could apply three applications of arsenate of lead, adding one pint of fish oU soap for each three pounds of arsenate of lead, making the petal fall, three and five weeks appUcations without having excess of residue. He continued by saying that if codling moth population is high it wiU require one or two sprayings in July in which case, residue is likely to result. He further stated, '4f a thorough application is made after July First the fruit wiU need to be washed, to meet the requirements.'' Professor Hodgkiss of Pennsylvania reported to your meeting last year in connection with his discussion of the Pennsylvania spray schedule and methods,— 'The Umiting factor in codUng moth control was the last or July application. Orchardists who omitted this spray had losses which were as high as 35.2 percent of the matured fruit. Where the treatment was used in conjunction with the earlier applications, the amount of damage was smaU and did not exceed 3.8 percent. The average for the area was 1.6 per- cent.'' I am not sure what recommendations are being made by your spray service as to the use of stickers in the early season appUcations. I do know, however, that in the other sections with conditions somewhat similar to southern Pennsylvania, that an increasing number of the better growers are using fish oU with arsenate of lead as a sticker in their first brood appU- cations with splendid success in the way of increased control of first brood worms. The early part of the season the fruit is growing very rapidly and every young worm which enters the fruit at this early stage may mean two or three hundred descendants, for late season entrance after the time of effective spraying is over. Therefore, we should do everything possible in the way of improving our spray material combinations, our methods of appUcation and timing of these early season sprays to reduce this first brood to the very minimum. — 41 — Now when we come to spraying for second brood, and at least in some years in the Southern counties of the state, a third brood, we need to consider carefully what our program shall be. Shall we put on one July application and hope for a clean crop? Or shall we make one or two additional applications and be sure of a clean crop so far as worms are concerned? Before making this decision we should consider the other angle of the spray residue problem, to which we shall now turn. For the purpose of the balance of this discussion I shall assume that you have made one or more second brood applications of arsenate of lead and that you have the residue problem to meet. WHY SHOULD WE REMOVE RESIDUE? Some of you may feel that the requirements of the Govern- ment on the amount of residue allowed on fruit are unreasonable. However, when we reaUze that this regulation is only one small part of the general program of the careful guarding of the public health and that many phases of this program effect the health of our own famihes, we will be more ready to comply with the requirements. Some of you are saying that you have eaten apples covered with spray material for twenty years and are still alive. True, arsenic poisoning from the amounts on sprayed fruits is not quick acting and we never hear of any deaths from this cause. The same thing is true of the slow progress tubercu- losis but we all appreciate the need of ordinary precautionary measures and not a one of us present would knowingly drink milk from tubecular cattle. A number of years ago the ripe olive industry of California was careless in some of its packing methods and cases of poisoning occurred which were directly traceable to ripe olives. The publicity given this matter in the general press was a blow to this particular industry from which it has not even as yet recovered. We can all remember a similar happening in connection with the oyster industry. Some twenty or more years ago some injurious materials were used in the preservation of foods in canning and in other ways. The present pure food laws were set up to guard the health of the American public against these injurious materials. The appli- cation of these laws to fruits and vegetables is not new simply that conditions in our industry have in recent years brought the necessity for considering these requirements. The purpose of these laws is to make all food materials safe not only for strong healthy persons, but for invalids and children, I am con- fident that there is not a fruit grower at this meeting that would offer fruit for food purposes if he knew that it contained even a slightly injurious amount of any material. The govern- mental departments are authorized to determine the foods that are injurious and to see that practices are changed or steps taken to remove these objections. All parties in any way inter- ested in the fruit industry have been very careful to keep this entire matter in its proper place. — 42 — iT \ The amount of residue you will have on your fruit following these summer appUcations will depend on a number of factors No doubt many of you think it will depend very directly on the amount of rainfall following the appUcations. True, this will have a slight bearing on the amount of residue but careful records kept for the past six or seven years in New Jersey, Virginia and other eastern states that have been studying this matter, show that this is one of the least important items enter- ing into the residue situation. Ordinarily rain water does not remove appreciable amounts of arsenate of lead. If it would, we would be in a sorry plight, for as soon as a rain came following spray application our trees and fruit would be unprotected and we would need to go right back with another coating. These arsenate materials are not soluble in water, in fact, the govern- ment has set up just as rigid instructions on the percentage of arsenic that can be soluble in water in the manufactured spray materials, as they have on the amount of arsenic that could be present on apples for consumption, and the insecticide manu- facturers have had to comply with these objections the same as we as growers must now comply with the requirements on market fruit. It is true that the atmospheric conditions together with rainwater have a slightly solvent effect but chemical analyses have shown this to be very slight. The effect of rain in adding size to each individual fruit no doubt accounts to a large degree for the apparent difference in amounts of residue following rainy periods and preceeding rains. In the season of 1931 the fruit sections of Southern Indiana after experiencing something of a drought in the early part of the growing season, in the latter part of August and the early part of September had a very great excess of rainfall coming in the form of violent downpours as well as all-night soaking rains. The men conducting work in that state saw the opportunity to collect some valuable data on this matter of the effect of rainfall on spray residue and made a very complete series of analyses of fruit picked before these heavy rains and directly after, and the differences in residue content were very slight indeed. VARIETIES DIFFER IN RESIDUE CONTENT Different varieties are constantly showing different amounts of residue, these differences being quite closely correlated with the texture of the skin of the fruit. Smooth skinned varieties such as Duchess, Wealthy, and Jonathan will retain less residue than rough skinned varieties such as Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening. Under Virginia conditions in 1931, Stayman and Ben Davis sprayed on the same dates as York and Winesap, showed less residue than these latter varieties even when they were harvested earlier. The shape of the variety no doubt has some bearing on the amount of residue. The area of the calyx basin and stem cavity compared to the balance of the surface is no doubt a determining factor. However, we have our varie- — 43 — ties and we are not going to change them because of the amount of arsenic that they will retain. The factors that are within our control are the spray materials that we use, the amounts we use and the time of apphcation and removal. . SPRAY MATERIAL COMBINATIONS USED EFFECT THE EASE OF THEIR REMOVAL Whenever codling moth population builds up many growers demand of the experiment stations new and better spray ma- terials. W. S. Hough presented a paper at the 1931 Virginia Meeting entitled, ^^Can CodUng Moth be Controlled by Arsenical Sprays?'' I shall quote here Hough's conclusion,— ''In conclu- sion let me repeat that lead arsenate can be relied upon to con- trol the codling moth. The number of appUcations, however, will have to be increased in some instances until the infestation is cleaned up. The adherence of lead arsenate may be increased by the addition of one pint of fish oil (eight ounces) for each 100 gallons of spray containing three pounds of lead arsenate*. During the season of 1931 our experience with substitutes for lead arsenate in July sprays resulted in severe injury to the fruit where one and two gallons of summer oils were used per 100 gallons of water and severe injury to the foUage where four pounds of Barium fluosiUcate per 100 gallons were used." Arsenate of lead alone and in combination with sulphur mix- ture is not especially difficult to remove. Lime added to these mixtures aids the removal of residue and apparently also reduces the possibility of its killing effect on chewing insects. Arsenate of lead combined with casein spreaders is somewhat more difficuly to remove than with the spreader left out. Arsenate of lead combinations with oils or oil soaps are difficult to remove and require a fair knowledge of removal methods. These are the materials that spread the coating of arsenate of lead evenly over the fruit and foliage and are the ones that are apparently giving the best control of codling moth. I think, therefore, that our removal program should be based on the removal of these materials. TIME OF REMOVAL Little difficulty has been experienced in the East even with these lead and oil combinations where the cleaning was done at harvest time. A few weeks of storage however, makes the removal of these materials very difficult as apparently the coating of wax which the fruit lays down in storage covers the spray material and all and after this waxing occurs, strong washing solutions must be used and in some cases heated solu- tions must be resorted to. I would emphasize therefore, that there is great desirability in residue removal right at the harvest time. *"They" say the combination of the common sort of fish oil with lime sulphur makes sensitive stomachs do nose dives and tail spins — even strong ones wabble a bit. (Secretary) — 44 — ^ EXTRA SPRAY NEWS EXTRA New Development in Arsenate of Lead Production IMPROVED PROCESS INCREASES KILL- ING POWER More reason than ever before for specifying and using NuREXFORM arsenate of lead this year. Another definite improvement in the prod- uct has been made that increases the killing strength* Through Rex Research Fellowship at Mellon Institute of Industrial Research an- other improvement of processing has been developed. Recent improvements make NuREX- FORM even more desirable than in the past. While our label states * 'Arsenic Oxide (AS2O5) content 30%'* NuREX^ FORM now contains not less than 321^% . . . this is the killing agent. NuREXFORM stays in suspension longer. What does this mean to you? In the first place all the NuREXFORM that you put into the tank gets on the trees . . . none settles to the bottom becoming a hard, useless cake to be scraped out and thrown away . . . wasted. NuREXFORM does not clog up the screens and nozzles, thus saving much time that is often necessary to clear up these obstructions. These two savings alone justify your using NuREXFORM. Many fruit growers report 20% more sound fruit with NuREXFORM than with ordinary lead. Users say less than 1% wormy fruit and with the new NuREXFORM intelligent spraying should result in a worm free yield. Although NuREXFORM costs slightly more per pound . . . results considered it is the most economical arsenate of lead you can use. Let us send you more com- plete information. The TOLEDO REX SPRAY COMPANY Toledo, Ohio Other REX Materials Include Rex Lime and Sulphur Solution Rex Dry Lime Sulphur Rex Oil Emulsion Rex Bordo Mixture Rex 85-15 Sulphur-Lead Mixture Rex 90-10 Sulphur-Lead Mixture Rex 80-10-10 Sulphur-Lead Dust Mixture Rex Copper Dusts Rex Sul-Powder Rex Calcium Arsenate 40% Nicotine Sulphate Sulphur IMPROVED % DRY ARSENATE OF LEAD DRYARSENATEOFLEAD^ 9^^^t»lkm,^ttmi^*A^m%it I P<»*«*< •M>« •««••■ •M •«■ *>*» m^i-^ .».^ »A**f..^.— "• •— J2POI$ON|( THE TOLEDO ftEX SPRAT CO. T«i«**. •M*» t ft^mm ttm** 1 — ■: M — 45 — CHEMICALS FOR RESIDUE REMOVAL A lot of work has been done by different Eastern experiment stations the past few seasons in trials of chemicals for fruit washing purposes. These materials range all the way from commonly used weak solutions of hydrochloric acid to rather complicated chemicals known in the industry as de-gumming materials. If the practice is followed of washing at harvest time I think that weak solutions of hydrochloric acid will be most generally used for some time to come because of our quite complete knowledge of how to use this material success- fully and its low cost. I would say that this material at the present time is as generally used for fruit washing when washing is necessary as arsenate of lead is used for control of chewing insects. OTHER RESIDUES TO BE REMOVED The past two seasons have been generally ^^^^^orable to aphis outbreaks in the Eastern fruit sections. If in 1932 the spring is wet and cold, we will no doubt have our usual amounts of scab and aphis infestation. Following this aphis infestation we will have a certain percentage of our fruit covered with the black, sooty fungus that grows in the honeydew. While this fruit is oftentimes in the sections of the trees where it does not color sufficiently to meet the U. S. No. 1 grade, yet in many cases, it would meet the No. 3 requirements except for this coating of aphis residue. This material can be removed satis- factorily at the same time that spray residue are being removed The same thing holds true for the specking lollowing the leat hopper infestation which is often serious in certain sections in dry summers and falls. This was so serious in certain orchards in the Shenandoah section in 1930 that some fruit washing equipment was installed to remove this leaf hopper residue even when the spray residue was not a serious factor. There is one other phase of this residue removal or washing operation that I should mention. Along with the washing process goes the drying. While there is a difference of opmions as to the necessity of drying so far as storage quality of packed fruit is concerned, there is no difference of opinion as to the desirabihty of the fruit being dry for the packing operation both from the standpoint of appearance of the fruit and the efficient work of the packing house crew. With these dryers as regular part of the packing house equipment fruit can be picked in the early morning with the trees wet with dew or following rain, brought into the packing house wet, put through the dryer and be ready for immediate packing. You all know how rushed the late harvest season is and how many times you would Uked to have put your packing crew to work on mornings following rains and heavy dew but you have had to hold ott until it was ten or eleven o'clock and the fruit was dry. Ihis one feature is going to be of great value especially to the larger — 46 — orchardists where the harvest period is all too short and every hour gained is a real help. SUMMARY I have tried to bring to you from the experiences of the past few seasons in all the Eastern fruit growing sections and my reasons for believing that the Pennsylvania growers if so directed by the spraying service may pursue a more aggressive program of spraying to reduce codling moth losses and that this possible increased spraying activity if carried out may require spray residue removal. I have tried to show the importance of early season spray applications and suggested the use of more effective stickers to be used in combination with arsenate of lead with these early season applications. I further state that with the epidemic of codling moth infestation it is my belief that one or more midsummer sprays may be applied at least in some areas of the Southern part of Pennsylvania and this will be done in a few cases with the knowledge that residue removal will be required. I have pointed out the main factors effecting the amounts of residue and have tried to assure you that even with the use of the most effective spray combinations, residue can be satisfactorily removed if done at harvest time and with materials and equipment now in general use. Senator Pratt (Georgia): Will calcium arsenate adhere as well as lead arsenate? Mr. Ingerson: I would rather pass this question on to some- one else. Professor Worthley, the question is asked concerning the comparative adherence of calcium arsenate over arsenate of lead, so far as rain-removal is concerned. Professor Worthley: We have made no analyses, but I would be inclined to suppose that it would be somewhat similar. Our best way of judging that would be the control figures in the final analysis. We do know that calcium arsenate will often defoliate apple trees; it is not safe to use on them. John Runk: I have in mind scarcity of water. How much water does it take to remove this residue, and how much water does it require to operate this washer? Mr. Ingerson: The water used in the washer is primarily used in the machines to rinse off the acid or the other materials that have been used to remove residues, and also to remove arsenic. The usual recommendation in that line — a safe recom- mendation— is two gallons of water for each bushel of apples washed. In some cases they have been safe with less than that, but two gallons of water per bushel of apples washed is a safe program to follow. Professor Worthley: I should like to make a point con- cerning curculio. Probably most everybody realizes that insect conditions change from year to year in the^ same locality and that in different parts of the state, in the 'same year, insects will be different. Professor Hodgkiss will back me up in the — 47 — statement that the curcuUo situation is more mjurious in some parts of the state than the codUng situation is. And it s true the curcuUo spraying is largely an early seasonal problem. That is not to say that codhng moth will not become serious in that section; it is not to say that some sections which are now quite bad with codUng moth will not, in another five years, feel that they have it under control and not need to spray excessively for control. We have other pests coming in— there always will be Take, for instance, the case bearer. We don t know what problem we may have to face within the next few years, because the case bearer is working north and is proving to be a tough customer wherever it is found in abundance. I think we all realize that the amount of arsenic that is going to be necessary to apply to apples, on an average, is not going to be reduced in the next few years. And, under certain con- ditions of infestation, it is quite possible that there will be excessive arsenate which it will be necessary to remove. We have had the hope, here in Pennsylvania that in general we could get away without washing because of the increased cost of washing. We feel, however, that the bug man should not be made the goat on the washing proposition, because in many cases it is not only arsenical residue that counts, but generally cleanliness of the fruit. As an investigator in insect control I would be tickled to death to see the whole state covered with washing machines for this reason: It would mean that I could plan experimental work in insect control without worrying what shape the growers would be in, from the point of arsenical residues. As I mentioned yesterday, in one heavily infested orchard, codhng moth population was high— in Adams County with four cover sprays following petal fall, all of our treatments showed excesses of arsenic that, under the law, would have to be removed before sale, with the exception of one plot where the spraying was confined to first brood and the application went on to the second of July. If washers were conimon, investi- gators wouldn't have to think of substitute materials for arsenate of lead that have not proved to be successful for supplementary measures for arsenate of lead. We could say— they have already said this at some stations— put on the arsenical sprays that are going to be necessary to control your particular pest, and, it that gives you excess residue, wash! So far we haven t been quite ready to say that in Pennsylvania, because it seenis to us that the percentage of cases in which the spraying schedule has left dangerous residues has been too low to make a general recommendation of the adoption of washers a reasonable one. The problem is not going to be less in the coming years, however, than it is now. Mr. Ingerson: I am glad Professor Worthley has given the feehng of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station and men. My purpose in explaining the situation in all the states around Pennsylvania was* partly to point out how fortunate yo^ nave been up to this time in being able to avoid this thing. And 1 — 48 — know full well that you have been following your extension service, and that they have been striving to help you and advise the thing which was proper. ROADSIDE MARKETING C. J. TYSON, Gardners, Adams County My experience with roadside marketing has not been very long, nor compared with that of other members, very extensive. It started in the fall of 1928 and never has run more than $200.00 per week. The best average was eight weeks in 1930 which totaled $1,200.00 and ten weeks in 1931 which totaled a little over $1,500.00. Needless to say it took three times as much produce to make the same average in 1931 as in 1930. Getting into roadside marketing was accidental with me. I never thought I wanted to bother with it, especially over week- ends and at the end of the day when we feel that we have earned some rest. We are located on a fairly well traveled concrete road between Carlisle and Gettysburg, thirty miles from Harris- burg. Our orchard lies on both sides of the highway and does its own advertising so that we soon found ourselves bothered at all hours with people asking if we had apples for sale. It became a question of turning everyone down or concentrating our retail selling as to time and place. In the fall of 1928 we set out some apples around the entrance to our lawn — no room for display — no safe parking space on either side of the road and a generally messy appearance. With cars parked on both sides of the road and only a single lane between it was a miracle that no bad accidents occurred. In that year we learned from experience some basic things which we had known more or less as theories and which those of you who have been selling at the roadside will recognize as funda- mental. Probably the first essential is plenty of room both for display of your produce and for parking of cars. You cannot make a lot of apples and miscellaneous produce look well in a crowded space nor can you create the impression of volume — a funda- mental in good merchandising — if you have no room to display your wares. Parking space for plenty of cars and trucks will always help. You can hardly have too much. Parking should, of course, leave the entire paved road-way clear for traffic. Parking on both sides of the road is very desirable and when this is not possible ample space for turning should be provided on one side. If possible, parking space should be provided on each side of the stand. Regular customers like to pull in and stop approach- ing the stand. Transients who are attracted by the stand itself, will often stop if there is room to park after passing the stand. So much for the location. Now we feel that we have learned a few things about roadside marketing as it applies to our own — 49 — conditions, always subject to change for afto t^^^^^^ y^^^^ growing apples I am ready to admit that I know very little ^^We do not like to sell on Sunday. We like our rest and any- how we do not believe in it. Under our conditions our ^^^^^^^ sails would not amount to much if we refused to sell on Sunday -too many of our regular customers work every day in stores, '^We fin'our fruit for display into one-half peck peck one-^^^^^ bushel and bushel baskets. Our people buy the same apples hPtter in baskets than in crates. We rarely give the basket wftf the pSSse filling everything into heavy p^^^^^^^ Most buyers prefer to carry bags rather ^^^f^^baske^^^^^^ cars. Occasionally packed-up bushels are sold in the bajets^ We mark each package on display with a plain price tag^ We lose some customers who read the prices from their cars Zd driveTi. Usually these are bargain hunters and would not become valued customers. We encourage all to get out of Xircar^and examine the fruit at close range We are much mo e sure of making sales in this way than when we attempt Tdescribe and prici the goods through the car ^Jow^ j^ Our stand is located in the orchard. It is not pretentious it looks hkrwhatiS^ farmer^s outfit. We sell our own fruit prtaar ly If we are short any variety which is in demand we 5o S hesitate to buy it if we can and when asked do not h^^^^^^ to tell our customers. They seem to appreciate the /e™ We have sold peaches, apples, quinces, Pears crab apples and anv surplus of flowers and vegetables which our garden producel We have not grown vegetables especially for the stand. I doubt whether we have traffic to warrant it. I have not mentioned the by-products. u ^ r.^ .>larifvinff We sell sweet cider with fair success. We have ^o clarify ng or steriUzing equipment. Our People do not like benzoated cider so we sell it while it is sweet and when it starts to turn Se consign it to the vinegar barrel. I hope to be better eqmpped 'Te make apple butter which our customers tell us is the best they ever ate and they come back repeatedly to buy it 1 ms gives us an opportunity to sell more apples so we value the butter business for two reasons. We sell in quart and half ^^M we^have no permanent building adjacent to our stand. We have used tents for our surplus supplies A roomy, correctly built, ventilated or refrigerated storage close to the roadside is a most important part of its equipment and we are hving in hopes. ROADSIDE MARKETING F. G. REITER, Mars, Allegheny County Roadside marketing presents its advantages and its Problems and we have experienced both. If you are a small grower and — 50 — can be in direct contact with your customers, you can really get out of roadside marketing all the pleasure and profit there is in it. You may have the difficulty at times of not having sufficient quantities of certain products particularly in demand. If you are a large grower and have not had experience in road- side marketing, you will find there a project entirely different from wholesale selling. However, if you are in a location where you can develop roadside marketing, it should prove quite advantageous and profitable. In selling wholesale to large stores, dealers, or produce yards, your fruit must be firm and not showing ripeness, while for roadside trade, fruit must be ripe; ready to eat from the hand or it is not in demand. You can often take soft peaches, ripe plums or apples that could not be sold wholesale and get much more than market value by direct selling. If your supply of this ripe fruit is large, make your price more attractive and you will wonder where all the customers came from. I do not mean by ripe or soft fruit that you can sell fruit beginning to decay. If you consider quality important in the wholesale market you will find it much more important in direct selling. In roadside marketing you must set a high standard of quality and win the confidence of your customers by keeping up to that standard if you hope to develop a large trade. The two principal complaints I hear in roadside marketing are lack of uniformity and quality in the products and price not in line with the market. The first one I feel is most important. We should be most particular about the quality of our products; have them as near uniform as possible. When the products are uniform and well packed we must display them to advantage in a building or surroundings that are neat and attractive. To get customers to stop, we should have things just a little different, just a little more attractive and after they have stopped you must be salesman enough to sell them. Now as to price. I think .the producer is entitled to all the price for his product the quality demands, but no more. If your price is high and your quality low your customers will not come back and your business will not flourish. You will always find a few customers holding out for price but the majority of people are wiUing to pay a good price for a good product and will come back if they get fair treatment. The greatest problem we find in seUing direct is to have a sufficient quantity of the product most in demand and not an oyer supply of the same product or other products at other times. Here the wholesale and roadside marketing go hand in hand, but the difficulty is that should you hold over too large an amount for retail trade and allow it to become too ripe, it cannot be sold on the wholesale market except at a sacrifice. The principle of roadside marketing is ideal. To furnish direct to the customer, tree ripened fruit, fresh vegetables and other products in the best possible condition is really a step forward in marketing. However, we must always keep in mind — 61 — the viewpoint of the consumer and by working for^iis interest DrS our owj,. There has opened up in our district, several fofdSLTaXets where many of the Products w^- PU-f^^^^^^^ at the Pittsburgh wholesale terminal. While this^^ not lair romnetition as whatever is done at roadside markets m tne cSunity Veflects in a way on all in the business, yet we do no?^rke tlis competition seriously The od saying s^^^^^^^ cood ^^You can't fool all the people all of the time, aiKl it is our iob to win our customers with quaUty and service. Having S many Tears experience in roadside marketing, we believe it is He Jy practical and profitable outlet for our products. SOME FRUIT GROWERS' PROBLEMS H. M. ANDERSON, New Park, York County Today almost everyone seems to be immersed in proble^^^^^ hard for him to solve. I know of few sights that are more nathetrc than that of a man with a dependent family who is Eut of fuXand cannot find work; probably few situations are "Tho'liTaTd?^^^^ fellow men are in that position and have been for some time. Beside their troubles ours seem slight, but the fruit grower has his problems, past, present and future. Many of our worst problems of the past have been pretty defiSy solved for us. For instance, yellows, borers, and b?own rJt In the peach orchard can be readily controlled if we iMnw instructions My first commercial peach orchard was wted out bTy^^^^^^^^^ before it had paid its cost but last year less rharone-quarter of one percent of my trees showed signs of '"^ Scab "" codling moth and aphis in the apple orchard can be almost as effectively controlled if ^e everlasti^^^^^^ them In fact our production is pretty efficient, one ot our bigSst problems is now keeping production m line with con- '"^Manrgrowers always have a ^^bigger acreage^^ P/S^^^^o^o'S seem to figure that if 20 or 30 acres will normally net $2 ,000^00 or SaS oS'?hen 200 or 300 acres will net «20,000J0 or $3^^^^^^^^^^^^^ I know of no more fallacious reasoning. In the first place very few of us are 200 or 300 acre men. Again, where large plantings arl made it is usually necessary to plant upland and low land and the grower finds himself saddled with acres of boarder trees- just as most dairymen find themselves with boarder cows. AUo? the large peach orchards and some of the apple orchards with which I am familiar have considerable acreages that bear only when everybody has a crop, and the markets are glutted. SomeTry fine crops of fruit last year did not pay for marketing, ^'\fX|roTe^^^^ cut out unprofitable orchards or parts of orchards, think how profitable the remaimng acreage wou d become Another solution of the glutted market problem would — 62 — be the keeping of second grade fruit at home, but I am too close a student of human nature to believe that we would ever agree to do that and do it. Sometimes I think that if "varieties to plant" were discussed from a different viewpoint it would stop some unwise planting, and help the demand to catch up with the supply. For instance, Stay man somehow is especially subject to scab and it frequently loosens and falls before it is well colored or because it cracks so badly when dry spells are followed by rain and warm weather. There is a real problem that has, I fear, no satisfactory answer. I always lose some Stayman by cracking and some years I have lost thousands of bushels; many others have had similar losses, and if a satisfactory remedy can be drawn out here I am sure it will be a great benefit to many of us. I have heard recently that the use of a complete fertilizer instead of nitrate alone is very beneficial, and I mean to try it next spring. The six weeks of warm weather preceeding Christmas created a real problem for those of us who had apples in common storage. The immediate solution was rapid marketing; the ultimate solution will probably be cold storage, but in the meantime I have bought a 24-inch fan and will probably buy another and drive them with electric motors at night and on frosty mornings. This equipment with careful control of ventilating outlets would have paid for itself last fall and left a nice profit. Because of hot weather in peach harvest and over-production most peach orchards are now polluted with mummied peaches that are covered with millions of brown rot spores. Many of these peaches are still on the trees and there is going to be a real brown rot problem next spring if there ever was one. We are going to need more frequent and more thorough spray applications than for many years. Another problem to be solved next spring by many of us is an infestation of red spider resulting from the past two dry sum- mers. Red spider is epidemic only after dry seasons. In passing through the Yakima Valley last August I saw the worst and most extensive infestations of red spider that I ever hope to see, and they told me that it is always a menace there. I have never before found it necessary to use oil on peach trees to control it, but feel that I certainly must do so next spring. And then the fruit grower has some important moral problems to face. I will mention that of Sunday sales at this time. I do not believe that the Lord ever intended us to work seven days in the week. History tells us that no nation that has ignored the Sabbath, or tried to eliminate it, has continued to prosper, and generally speaking, that is true of individuals as well. You are famiUar with God's dealing, with his chosen people; how he prospered them, and tinae after time in their pride and arrogance they forgpt Him. To bring them back He visited adversity upon them and in their adversity they repeated and were reinstated. Yes, prosperity and depression date back thousands of years— times must be hard occasionally to keep — 53 — hiimanitv within bounds, and I suspect that we will continue to have adveSy when we need it, and prosperity when we can stand it throughout the future. In the meantime I want to voice the conviction that if there are a lot less Sunday sales Ind other forms of Sabbath desecration, and more cons.demtion for our fellow man, we will be more nearly ready for the pros- perity to which we all look forward so hopefully and so con- fidently. MY ORCHARD EXPERIENCE THIS YEAR HARRISON S. NOLT, Columbia, Lancaster County Anv fruit grower who was able to make expenses much less profit is a rial orchardist. One of the most important experi- ences we had this year was the old, old story of thmning. Our SteLron friends have been lecturing and preachmg to us for Tearrrhow thin fruit, but we are afraid yet we wi" thin too hard I learned this year that Yellow Transparent should be tid very early. Ordinarily we are taught to wait until the ji drop to thin but as the fruit set was unusually heavy it was nSary to thin much earlier, and the results were we had too many small apples and they could not develop size. In our 'TaTwXrraS t^'^.,1 Any ot us who ,ai|ed .o put on all the sprays were told we were the losers. Even a ?ear such as this with low prices a ew bushels of fancy fruit which went to the cull pile, would help to pay that high spray "^f'S^one row of Smokehouse which did not get the late summer spray and as a result we had quite a few which were not peS T know we lost a lot more first class fruit than that one Say would have cost. We know what the old standby materials \Zln\2m^ nicotine, and lead, will do; we growers can not affordt^o experiment' with the newer materials which m^^^^^ clever salesmen are selUng us. That is the job of State College^ I had some interesting experiences in prumng. We have a block of five year old apple trees makmg nice g^ hk^^were them bore a lot of apples this past summer. When they were planted we tried to buy all large size one year trees, but with some of the varieties we had to take two year old trees instead We tried the debudding method on the one-year trees leaving a few extra Umb and during the first few years Pruning them lightly, taking out only a few crossing hmbs those causing the trees to be out of balance. This winter we are pruning them harder and shaping up the trees, selecting the best hmbs and strongest crotches for the framework of our future trees /The two year trees which were headed in the nursery row did not make any more growth and are not as nicely shaped; the one j^ear tree? have now more fruit buds and are in better condition to bear heavy loads of fruit in the future while their yield this summer was heavier than we usually have on trees of that age. — 54 — Do we always know when is the best time to pick our fruit? We picked our Smokehouse four times this fall. Some of the first were put in cold storage and were a bit too green when picked. When they were taken out they scalded badly in a short time. The last picking hung too long, losing the real Smokehouse taste. This season particularly the apples hung very well on our trees allowing them to ripen nicely. However, we allowed a second picking of Stayman to hang too long, resulting in a little water core; there was also a sHght trace of it in our Delicious. Then the next question came up. What shall we do with our fruit; shall we sell or store in cold storage, or at home? We did some of each. I had a few early apples ripening in the height of the peach season; as they were too small, they were given away. Up until this time our county consumed practically all the apples we grew, and we had a good local market. However, this year we found we had too many apples at home and had to look for markets in Philadelphia and elsewhere. This put us in competition with our neighboring states and the price was ruinous. Just a few days ago, I head an experienced commission man say, *'We have only two grades of apples this year — first and fourth. All the fruit that does not grade No. 1 will be placed in No. 4, and the price we get for anything but No. 1 fruit is anything but satisfactory.'' Again, I know we were spoiled the past few seasons by having such a good export market. That market wanted a small apple, while our consuming public wants better apples. They have been educated to it by our western growers bringing in their fancy fruit. I am sure if we had left half of our apples in the orchard this year, we would all be better off. We would not have the expense of harvesting which is a great deal more than pulling them off and leaving them drop. We put too much of that before-mentioned fourth grade fruit on the market. What happens if a person buys fruit because it is cheap and the top of the package looks nice, and the fruit is not in its prime, some unripe and some overripe? That customer will become disgusted with apples and will turn to citrus fruits ; then you and I must suffer, because we discouraged consumption. Don't forget the honest pack. I have heard that discussed every year I have come to these meetings. A glimpse at the exhibit of commercial classes at the show building this year will tell you what I mean. I learned considerable the past few days in the show room. The fruit on exhibition there is just as fine as any one could wish and less western fruit is offered for sale there than other years. Our people will eat Pennsylvania apples if we give them the quality. — 55 — Our experience with peaches was very similar to apples Best size and quaUty will always sell even though we do not get much cash fo? it. But think of the fun one gets from selhng nice clean fruit with no complaints from customers because of . small, wormy or knotty peaches. SOME ORCHARD OBSERVATIONS GUY L. HAYMAN, Northbrook, Chester County It is one thing to observe but we find it quite another thing to reduce those observations to intelhgent writing Your secre- tary told me to talk about anything, but to bear down on eSom cs, or marketing, or some vital phages of our business^ Presumab y, these observations are to cover the crop year just passed! We shall try to cover the two phases of production and "" W?1oUow as closely as possible the college spray service, taking chances here and there, in making certain omissions On the whole, however, I should say we are about 90 per cent regular. Our personal observations as to results obtained last summer may conflict somewhat with counts «^ade by Messrs^ Hodgkiss and Kirby, but I am probably looking at the job from another ang^e. ^^^ ^^^^ .^ evidence than anytime since 1925. It was far from serious but annoying just the same, becond, bitter rot, while not an economic factor, showed up more than ever before. Third, peaches showed entirely too much brown rot. Fourth, nicotine sprays seemed ineffective m controlling aphis and leaf hopper. Aphis were not very destructive, but the leaf hopper has us very much concerned Fifth a slight trace of scale now and then, with codhng moth almost perfectly con- trolled and comparatively little curcuho mjury Sixth, the brightest spot in the peach deal was the very shght damage from Oriental moth. , u „^-. r-^^A Tni+o Observations during the past few weeks show more red mite than we care to see, probably due to omission of oil sprays last year On December 6, while prumng Dehcious, we found a water sprout with a few live leaves and a bunch of green aphis. The wettest weather in two years caught us during the apple bloom, but Rome seemed to be the only variety seriously affected as to polUnation. Under John Ruef's guidance, bouquets were placed in Stayman and DeUcious The set on both varieties whUe not heavy, was quite satisfactory. Weather conditions, considered, we were well pleased. From a production standpoint, Stayman proved a great dib- appointment. Early russeting, growth cracks in perfectly clean apples, and dropping all summer, reduced the set from about 65% to 30%. Size and color were not up to par and sphtting continued until harvest. Leaves were seriously injured by eaf hoppers, and in spite of a satisfactory twig growth and leat — 56 — KOPPERS FLOTATION SULPHUR CONSTANTLY INCREASING SALES PROVE IT IS GIVING SATISFAQORy RESULTS KoppERS Flotation Sulphur controls Apple Scab without injury to foliage ... no russeting even with the most susceptible varieties. KoppERS Flotation Sulphur controls Peach Brown Rot and leaves a beautiful finish on the ripened fruit. KOPPERS Flotation Sulphur, in addition to the present paste form, is also available in a dry wettable form for use in liquid sprays and a dry powder to be used as dust. KOPPERS PRODUCTS COMPANY PinSBURGH, PENNA. Ik — 57 development, the late season found the leaves pale and lacking in vitality. Perfectly beautiful apples could not be packed because of cracked surfaces. It is suggested that this general unsatisfactory condition was a sort of drought hand-over,—! hope that is the correct diagnosis. As usual we were too stingy with our thinning, where real hard thinning should have been The freeze of April 30 reduced our peach crop to almost 50% of normal and as things turned out, that proved to be a blessing. Following the practice of former years, we refrigerated our peaches picked at the week ends. The results were saddening and as we now feel, peaches will never again be stored. Our peaches have been marketed for years about as follows: One- third at home in a retail way; one-third wholesale more or less directly and the balance consigned to Phila lelphia, Chester, or Wilmington. It has always been possible for us to fix and maintain our own retail prices but last summer we had nothing to say about it. Our philanthropic friends in Delaware caused us no end of trouble. Early in the season, truck peddlers with Delaware peaches had established a retail price of three baskets for $1.00, and later developments made even that price seem like robbing in the eyes of the buying pubUc. The retail trade which we have taken years to develop has been of little advantage to us this season, and in some respects has been a positive nuisance. We entered the apple harvest expecting a poor market, and we have not been disappointed. It may be interesting to give our marketing experiences with our individual varieties. Wealthy was moved promptly and did fairly well. Smokehouse, usually a best seller, dragged along, with hot weather and disinterested buyers making the deal barely staisfactory. Jonathan went for export in mid-September, ten days too early for color The price of $3.40 per barrel at our station made this probably the best deal of the season. The same buyer was wilUng to pay $3.10 for Grimes to be shipped September 10, but we preferred to mess around with our cold storage peaches and passed the deal by. That was the dumbest trick of the year. Dehcious have moved well until two weeks ago. The market demand is now 100% Stayman and other varieties must be shipped in against the tide, whenever a break presents itself. Winter Banana, usually a fair seller, has been almost hopeless. Men who last year paid $2.00 for large Bananas, this year treated them as a joke. Almost half our Romes were carried in common storage at home. Usually we sell them from January to March with little difficulty. Our last load went out on January 8 and they were too ripe to be very attractive. The common storage has failed us this year and we are thankful our best fruit was not stored there. Our Philadelphia market has indicated that it is done with common storage stock for this year. Two weeks ago, three inch Stayman from cold storage brought $1.50, while a comparable — 58 — pack from an excellent grower^s common stock sold for 90 cents. These apples were sold at the same time by the same commission house. I am advised that on Monday the difference had stretched from $1.65 to 75 cents. You may be interested to hear of a consignment of Summer Rambo, which a commission man received last week from the Cumberland Valley. I am told that they sold a day or two ago for 25 cents per bushel. An innovation noted on the Philadelphia market this winter is the appearance of two boys with a Chevrolet truck hauling oranges in bulk from Florida, returning with apples. They make two round trips weekly, covering 5200 miles every seven days. We are informed that a similar service operates between Baltimore and some Florida point on a 35-hour basis. These are just some indications of the physical obliteration of distance. My final observation is a hope that 1932 brings you all less worry and more profit than the year just passed. OUR STATIONARY SPRAY PLANT J. H. WEINBERGER Zionsville, Lehigh County At our 1928 meeting Dr. Fletcher gave us a paper on ^^Our Competitors in the Pacific North West'^ in which he concluded a brief history of their extensive and ever increasing use of stationary spray plants with this statement, *'I am convinced that the stationary spray system will gradually supersede the portable outfit in the East as well as in the West." At that time three-fifths of the 2500 apple growers of the Wenatchee district were using stationary spray plants and out of 343 installa- tions in 1927 only 18 were portable. Since quite a few of us are still using the latter, a further discussion of the problem may be justified and of interest to some of you, notwithstanding the fact that this is the fifth consecutive year we have done so. In reviewing these and other papers on the subject, I find our experience for the first year in close agrement with that of others. The plant our secretary asked me to describe is a combined stationary spray and irrigation system, intentionally designed for both purposes within the limits possible. Instead of designing for a minimum size of pipe consistent with reasonable friction losses, it was my object in designing this plant to determine upon the maximum size of pipe ppssible that would still afford sufficient velocity in the pipe to prevent settlement of spray material. In addition to this the pumps were duplicated, the power plant increased and a second pipe line laid from the plant to a point 2000 feet distant where it feeds into the spray system for distribution. The extra cost incurred in order to use the system for irrigation purposes was $1800.00. We find it convenient to use these pumps alternately in spraying and — 69 — there is a factor of insurance delay against due to pump trouble. Provision to drive the pump with a tractor has also been made, at slight extra cost, in order to guard against delay due to engme The pump installed has sufficient capacity to provide for the spraying of 140 acres of fruit in a two or two and one-half day period. An irregular area of 80 acres was piped last sprmg, all of which is included in a rectangle approximately 1500 feet wide and 3500 feet long. The spray plant is located at a creek on one of the short sides of the rectangle. The tract is rolhng with a general elevation of 125 to 200 feet above the creek level at the plant. The trees range from 17 to 32 years in age. A two-inch main line, centrally located, extends from the plant through the tract for a distance of 2800 feet where it is divided into two one-and-a-quarter-inch branches both of which are later reduced to one inch and come to dead ends at the last laterals. At 200 foot intervals every fifth tree row, three- fourths inch laterals are run from the main line m both directions to the edges of the orchard. A shut-off valve has been placed on each lateral close to the main and several valves have been placed on the main Hne to limit the flow to certain areas. An outlet valve or hydrant with snap-ons for hose connections has been placed at alternate trees along the laterals. All pipes were laid to grade so as to drain to outlets. All of the laterals which were temporarily laid along tree rows on the surface. The combined plant outfit consists of two 40 gallon Friend force pumps and a 100 gallon rotary tank filling pump mounted tandem on an eyebar frame with a 1000 gallon tank which is equally divided. Each pump is clutch connected to a drive shaft which also drives the agitator. The pump shaft is belt driven by a second-hand automobile engine. This outfit is substantially housed in a one and a half story building, the upper story of which is constructed to carry a season's supply of lime sulphur if necessary. The building is located at a bank which makes it possible to roll the hme sulphur barrels into the attic over a short trestle. The operator while fining the tanks stands on a platform which is level with and an extension of the top of the tank. The lime sulphur is dumped into a trough in the floor above by rolling the barrel over it, from which it drains into a tank mounted several feet above the tank floor. From this it is tapped into vessels and measured for use. All the other material needed to make up the spray mixture is stored on the platform. When the full capacity of the pump is used up it requires a refill about every 12 minutes. This period varied from 15 to 22 minutes, depending ^Poi^.^^^ size of disks used and the general working conditions, with eight men spraying. Method of Spraying.— We start spraying near the plant, one gun to a lateral and work away from it to the far end. Finally when the main contains enough spray material to com- plete the spraying, plain water is pumped into the main. This — 60 — avoids waste of spray material which may thus be limited to that held in the laterals to about two per cent of the total used. We spray with an approximate pressure of 400 pounds at the nozzle. This requires a pump pressure of 450 pounds when the sprayer is close to the plant, varying up to 550 pounds when farther away. Ten trees are sprayed from each hydrant with a 100 foot hose, using the long system. This system requires more hydrants than the square system but less dragging of hose and less hose length. By proper procedure the sprayers in our layout move only 50 feet of hose while spraying. Kind of Pipe. — We used copper alloy pipe because of its probable long life. Our bids indicated only a slight advance for the copper alloy pipe over plain black pipe. Weathering tests on iron pipe and plates demonstrate that a small percentage of copper in iron tends to make it rust resistant and under any conditions extends its life. Size and Length of Hose. — It is not economical to use a 3/8 inch hose. It consumes too much pressure. In the discus- sion on Mr. Farley's paper*, a member brought out the fact that in a test the pressure was reduced 50 pounds at the nozzle attached to a 200 foot hose when a 3/8 inch hose was substitted for a 3^inch hose. The tables indicate an even higher difference. Another member in discussing the same paper asked the question, *What is the relative cost of putting in enough pipe lines so that one man spraying by himself carries only 100 feet of hose?" To anyone contemplating a stationary plant this question is most important. The papers of former years indicate hose lengths in use varying from 75 to 225 feet with one, two or three men to a single hose and gun. When cover crop growth rises with a rising thermometer a hose longer than 100 feet handled by one man is liable to slow him up due to fatigue. We applied nine sprays this year with this plant; on the first, second, third, and fourth the average of all the sprayers for the job was 30 trees per hour. The cover crops were low and there was very little or no foliage. The trees have an average spread of about 30 feet and an average height of 20 feet. On the fifth (petal fall), sixth, and seventh sprays the same men averaged 24 trees per hour. Increased foliage and cover crop conditions slowed them up. On the eighth and ninth sprays with the foliage very heavy and the temperature high they averaged 21 trees to the hour. In the last two sprays three thirty-second-inch disks were used, on all other one-eighth. If we had located our laterals 400 feet apart we could have saved $650.00 in the first cost of laterals and hydrants but in the nine sprays of the season we would have incurred an extra operating expense of $240.00 for labor to drag hose. This at six per cent represents an investment of $4000.00. In less than three years that saving in first cost would be dissipated in wasted labor. •^K^ n^S *1929 Proceedings, Page 70. — 61 — Velocity, Friction and Pressure Losses.— It is generally considered good practice to design for a velocity of 2.5 feet a second. It is necessary to maintain this velocity at all times in actual practice. A continued low velocity of less than one and a half feet a second will settle heavy material such as arsenic while too high a velocity will cause undue pressure losses. It is of first importance to have a definite plan in mind, design for it and then chart it for a guide in operation. Timeliness in Spraying.— Our technical advisors have im- pressed upon us the importance of shortening our accustomed period of spraying. In response some of us have sacrificed both quality and economy in our attempt to gain time, by using large disks or multiple brooms to pour on large quantities of material in a hasty, indifferent way. True economy is practiced by having sufficient equipment and employing enough labor to put on the least amount of spray material that will give you complete coverage in the desired time. We formerly used two 250 gallon tank portable sprayers, with 12 gallons per minute pumps driven by five horse power engines capable of maintaining 325 pound pressure on the pump gauge with two leads of hose operating. These sprayers were horse drawn by teams respond- ing to verbal direction from one of the men spraying. With this equipment four men were able to spray the orchard now piped in a period ranging from 4.5 days (180 hours labor) for the early sprays to 6.5 days (260 hours labor) for the later sprays. The sprayers were refilled at tanks so located as not to require more than a one-fourth mile trip. Using the stationary spray plant with eight men spraying and one man operating the plant, the same orchard was sprayed in 10 hours (90 hours labor) for the early sprays, ranging to a period of 15 hours (135 hours labor) for the later sprays. Almost as much labor was required to lay and bury the pipes. The stationary plant con- sumed 40 per cent of the gasoUne required by the portable spray outfits. By this method of spraying each man is by himself on a lateral where he does not get the drift of another, nor does he skimp his work in order to catch up with a moving sprayer. The additional pressure caused the spray to break into a finer mist for close work and it enabled the men to reach and hit what they aimed at in the tops. Occasionally we could not reach the tops of trees on windy days in other years, and found it necessary to return to finish a spray. That was not the case this year. Cost of Plant.— The total cost of piping 80 acres, including a pump and engine to provide for 140 acres complete, excluding the building was $2,607.55. Pipes and fittings $19.00 per acre; laying and burying $4.37 per acre; engine, pump and accessories $5.25 per acre, making a total for the complete plant of $28.62 per acre not including the building. — 62 — Sunimary of Advantages.— Better protection against insects and diseases; better job of spraying; cheaper in operating although some material is wasted; saves cover crops from being destroyed; avoids bruising growing fruit; a reduced loss in depreciation of outfit; pleasanter spray conditions for those engaged at it. CAREFUL HANDLING OF FRUIT IN PREPARATION FOR STORAGE OR MARKET G. W. PECK, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York I am going to present a few thoughts concerning the handling of apples which seem to me important if we here in the East are going to meet successfully increasing competition from apples from other sections, as well as from other fresh fruits and vege- tables. The careful handling of fruit throughout harvesting and pack- ing operations and care in handling the barrel or box or basket after it is packed is equally as important as any one of the orchard practices which the most successful growers maintain in their orchard business. Certainly it is true that the most success- ful growers see to it that their fruit is carefully handled. None of you, I am sure, attempt to grow apples in a commercial way without giving particular care to the control of insect and fungous troubles. In the packing operations insect and fungous injured apples are graded out*. An apple with a few scab spots or one with curculio stings or with limb rub is fully as valuable as one showing bruises or stem punctures as the result of care- less handling. At packing time these bruises and punctures may be hard to detect. Many of them occur in picking or in allowing the graded fruit to run into the barrel or basket. It takes some little time for these bruised spots to become discolored and give the apple a bad appearance, therefore the packer never sees them. The barrels are headed or the baskets covered and they go to storage or market, but when they are exposed for sale these bruises show up to disadvantage. Frequently decay will have set in where fruits were punctured or bruised. There is no other defect which will condemn a package in the eyes of a prospective buyer as quickly as the presence of fruit showing decay. For a few years at our New York Horticultural Society meet- ings at Rochester and Poughkeepsie, barrels and bushels of packed apples have been taken at random from the packs of various growers, dealers, and associations, then placed on dis- play. The packages are opened and each one graded by Federal inspectors. Some of you who have attended these meetings and have seen this exhibit will agree that the most serious defects, *Even though fruit dajnaged in that way appears too often in the show. See the footnote under the Partial List of Fruit Prizes. — 63 — taking the exhibit as a whole, were bruises, stem punctures, press marks, and decay. A very high percentage of this daniage, which seriously reduces the value of a package, could be ehmi- nated with little or no additional cost to the owner if proper steps were taken to enforce careful handling of the fruit in every operation from the time it leaves the tree until the fruit is packed. In these exhibits at Rochester and Poughkeepsie I believe we can see a marked improvement in the past year or two in the matter of bruising. Each year more growers are coming to reahze that careful handling and proper packing of their truit are fully as essential as care in keeping defective apples from the package. And your question is, how are you to get the average help to handle apples carefully? It is my beUef that at the present time there is enough help available to come fairly close to doing as they are told; and by the way, the help are not always the ones to blame. There is many a grower who gives little consideration to the way his fruit is handled by his men or by the way he himself handles it. It costs little, if any, more to handle an apple carefully in every step, from the time it leaves the tree until it is packed and placed in storage or on the car or truck than it does to handle it carelessly. And certainly fruit showing press marks, stem punctures, rim cuts and bruises will never sell for as much money as fruit of equal quality in other respects but with these defects not present. If any one doubts this statement all you have to do is to spend a little time at some market where pro- duce is being sold from the car in small lots. Four years ago, I had an opportunity to watch this for a period of two nionths in Detroit. I was engaged at this time in inspection work with the Merchants^ Dispatch, Incorporated. Each day from thirty to over a hundred cars of perishable fruits and vegetables were received. At that time quite a number of cars of apples in bushel baskets were coming in from Western New York and quite a good many from Michigan. From the very first day I was impressed with the fact that the buyers wanted quality, not only in apples but in every other line of produce. A very good car of apples carefully handled and packed and free from defects would frequently be sold out before we could get around to make an inspection of the load. Well, those were the cars that seldom a claim against them so it didn't make much difference whether we got a record of them or not. But the car showing bruises, stem punctures, press-marks or rim-cuts, scab, worms, decay or any other serious defect or a combination of them all, was always the one to sit around for three or four days or a week before all the load could be disposed of. It requires a lot more selling effort to dispose of such fruit and always prices on such a car would be below the market. I expect that all of you have occasion to take your meals at various restaurants and hotels from time to time. Being on extension work in New York State I live on the road a good — 64 — share of the year. Isn't it a remarkable thing, how many of the restaurants and hotels take perfectly good food and spoil it in the process of getting it ready for the table? The same thing, exactly, applies to too many growers in the fruit business' Every effort is spent in pruning, fertilization and spraying in growing a crop with high quality and then through carelessness in the process of harvesting and preparing it for market this high quality is ruined. You will agree that the buyer and con- sumer are fully as able to find and appreciate high quality in a pack of apples as you or I are able to locate and appreciate a good meal. The buyer remembers the brand or the pack which stands for dependable quality, just as you or I don't forget the restaurant that served the good food. Each crop of apples represents considerable of an investment not only in the orchard itself but in spraying equipment, orchard tools, spray materials, fertilizers, labor, packages, harvesting and packing equipment. As yet, however, comparatively few growers and handlers of apples in general have come to fully appreciate that this fruit must be carefully handled at every step from the time it leaves the tree until it is placed in storage or on the car truck if it is to present an attractive appearance on the market and successfully meet the increasing competition from other fruits and fresh vegetables. Careful handling is equally as important as careful grading out of other defects from the pack The grower who is eliminating both these troubles from his pack IS the one whose crop is in demand. He has comparatively little competition. Such a grower has little to worry about so far as the future of the fruit industry is concerned. A year ago I had a number of our New York State growers tell me it was one of . the best years they had ever had. Less than two months ago a man in the Hudson Valley told me that this was going to be his best year. In every instance these were our very best growers. They grow their crop well, harvest and handle them carefully, and put up an absolutely dependable pack. The trade is quick to recognize dependable quality in a pack of fruit and a grower has nothing to lose while such a reputation is being made. I venture to say there are growers in this audience whose fruit going on consignment to the New York or other large market is frequently sold before it reaches destination, for 50 cents to a dollar or more per barrel, above the market. I know a number of instances where this has been the case with some of our New York growers. Certainly this reputation for a fine pack is a valuable asset. There is no good reason why a lot more growers might not enjoy this reputation and incidentally very materially increase the profits from their orchards. I appreciate that careful handling is only one of the things that goes to make up a fine package of apples. Good color and size and freedom from blemishes all enter into it. I would like to give you the results of some work which I did with Mcintosh in 1927 and in 1928. Each year I harvested, for this purpose, around twenty-five bushels of fruit. Each year — 66 — lip all the fruit used in this work was harvested from the same tree. With one lot of Mcintosh each apple was allowed to drop into the picking basket from six to ten inches. With another lot, each apple was dropped from twelve to fifteen mches, while with others they were very carefully handled and except for an occasional apple they were not allowed to drop or bruise m the operations of picking or packing. In the operation of grading the carelessly picked apples were emptied and packed without any particular care to prevent bruising. They were handled about as the average grower handles them. The carefully picked apples were carefully handled in every operation. One lot was run over a Rex sizing machine. The apples were graded and packed and placed in cold storage the same day they were harvested, and each year the middle of January they were taken out of storage and sent to the Horticultural Society meetings at Rochester where they were on display. The following table gives the average of the two years results in the different methods of handUng. And, by the way, it is not patched up to prove my contention that apples should be carefully handled. 1 he percentages give exactly the condition in which we found the fruit. INFLUENCE OF CARE IN HANDLING McINTOSH APPLES Harvested— Graded— Packed— Stored on Same Day Withdrawn Middle of January Method of Sizing machine machine machine by hand Method of Handling careless careless careful careful each Apple Dropped inches 12—15 6—10 —00 —00 % of Fruit s Showing Degree Blue mold Bruises 35 28 00 00 27 17 10 3 Serious Serious Slight negligible On both years when these experiments with Mcintosh were conducted, there was at least a dollar a bushel difference January 15 in the market value of these carefully and carelessly handled apples. , , . , This topic of '^Careful HandUng^' would not be properly covered without having something to say with reference to press marks in barreled apples and rim cuts in baskets. A very high percentage of the serious bruising and crushing of fruit at the tail end of the packed barrel could be avoided. A high percentage of the packed barrels of apples show unnec- essary damaging press marks in varying degrees. It seems to be the common belief that if a barrel is filled to an inch or an inch and a half beyond the staves and the head pressed m a tight pack in insured. As a matter of fact, such barrels are almost sure to be slack— and show decay— after the fruit has remained in storage for a considerable time. If, in filUng the barrel with fruit, it has been properly racked down three or — 66 — TREXLER FARMS DISTRIBUTORS FOR National 25 Track Tractors Bean Sprayers and Dusters Boggs Graders Everite Water Pumps Prater Hammer Mills Champion Potato Machinery Lowell Hand Sprayers and Dusters General Chemical Co. **Orchard Brand" Insecticides and Fungicides Chipman Chemical Co. "Atlacide'' For Eradication of Canada Thistle and Noxious Weeds **Nichols'' Brand Bluestone Orchard Tools, Ladders and Packages DEALERS FOR Case and New Idea Full Line of Machinery A Complete Line of All Carried in Stock Warehouse at Levans on AUentown-Slatington Highway Mail Address OREFIELD, PA. Phone Allentown 3-6657 MALONEY BROS. NURSERY CO., Inc. DANSVILLE, N. V. DANSVILLE'S PIONEER NURSERY FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND ORNAMENTALS WRITE FOR OUR FREE CATALOG — 67 — ■Hi 1 all the fruit used in this work was harvested from the same tree. With one lot of Mcintosh each apple was allowed to drop into the picking basket from six to ten inches. With another lot, each apple was dropped from twelve to fifteen mches, while with others they were very carefully handled and except for an occasional apple they were not allowed to drop or bruise in the operations of picking or packing. In the operation of grading the carelessly picked apples were emptied and packed without any particular care to prevent bruising. They were handled about as the average grower handles them. The carefully picked apples were carefully handled in every operation. One lot was run over a Rex sizing machine. The apples were graded and packed and placed in cold storage the same day they were harvested, and each year the middle of January they were taken out of storage and sent to the Horticultural Society meetings at Rochester where they were on display. The following table gives the average of the two years results in the different methods of handhng. And, by the way, it is not patched up to prove my contention that apples should be carefully handled, ine percentages give exactly the condition in which we found the fruit. INFLUENCE OF CARE IN HANDLING McINTOSH APPLES Harvested— Graded— Packed— Stored on Same Day Withdrawn Middle of January Method of Sizing machine machine machine by hand Method of Handling each Apple Dropped inches careless careless careful careful 12—15 6—10 —00 —00 % of Fruits Showing Blue mold 35 28 00 00 Bruises 27 17 10 3 Degree Serious Serious Slight negligible On both years when these experiments with Mcintosh were conducted, there was at least a dollar a bushel difference January 15 in the market value of these carefully and carelessly handled apples. , , , , i This topic of ^^ Careful HandUng^' would not be properly covered without having something to say with reference to press marks in barreled apples and rim cuts in baskets. A very high percentage of the serious bruising and crushing of fruit at the tail end of the packed barrel could be avoided. A high percentage of the packed barrels of apples show unnec- essary damaging press marks in varying degrees. It seems to be the common belief that if a barrel is filled to an inch or an inch and a half beyond the staves and the head pressed in a tight pack in insured. As a matter of fact, such barrels are almost sure to be slack— and show decay— after the fruit has remained in storage for a considerable time. If, in filling the barrel with fruit, it has been properly racked down three or — 66 — TREXLER FARMS DISTRIBUTORS FOR National 25 Track Tractors Bean Sprayers and Dusters Boggs Graders Everite Water Pumps Prater Hammer Mills Champion Potato Machinery Lowell Hand Sprayers and Dusters General Chemical Co. "Orchard Brand" Insecticides and Fungicides Chipman Chemical Co. "Atlacide" For Eradication of Canada Thistle and Noxious Weeds "Nichols'* Brand Bluestone Orchard Tools, Ladders and Packages DEALERS FOR Case and New Idea Full Line of Machinery A Complete Line of All Carried in Stock Warehouse at Levans on Allentown-Slatington Highway Mail Address OREFIELD, PA. Phone Allentown 3-6657 MALONEY BROS. NURSERY CO., Inc. DANSVILLE, N. Y. DANSVILLE'S PIONEER NURSERY FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND ORNAMENTALS WRITE FOR OUR FREE CATALOG — 67 — four times, and has been properly tailed so that each fruit on the end takes a part of the pressure as the head is forced in there is no reason why the apples shou d stand more than a quarter of an inch beyond the ends of the staves Very little bruising will result of this is done and the fruit will hold better and longer in storage, and fewer slack barrels will result. Much of the shrinkage in barreled apples going out of storage could be eliminated if they were properly packed when they went in, and promptly stored after picking. ^u «e o It is not uncommon to find from a peck to even as much as a quarter of the contents of a barrel so badly bruised and crushed that this part of the package is practically worthless due wholly to the fact that too much fruit was forced into the tail in heading. It should not be necessary to mention that the corrugated side of paper caps should be placed away from the fruit. In some packs a lot of them get in the barrels wrong side up, giving the fruit a washboard effect which detracts from its appearance. Any such condition is likely to impress a buyer that he may expect the same carelessness to prevail m the pack. Rim cuts in baskets are largely taken care of by the use of over- size caps. If the baskets are filled too high, and the outside rmg stands too high, rim cuts are likely to happen in the operation of putting on the covers or handUng the basket in loading and unloading. Fastening the cover at four points not only helps very materially in preventing rim cuts but it holds the tace intact. Baskets should be carefully racked down and should not be over full. If baskets are so full that the face takes all the pressure of the covers and the weight of packages above those in the lower layers of a loaded truck or car or in storage are likely to show more or less bruising and crushing, i His is particularly true with tender varieties and fruit somewhat over- ripe. I would not want you to gain the impression that I am advocating less than a bushel of fruit in a bushel basket. A slack package will likely show every apple in the bushel or barrel with more or less serious bruising if it is shipped for any great distance and handled two or three times before it is opened. If the barrel and the basket are properly racked the contents will be held in place without over-filling and comparatively little bruising or press marks will result. Over-filling of a pack- age certainly will not take the place of racking in the process ot fining. Racking is an important operation, and one too frequently neglected or forgotten, or an operation considered not necessary. The package looks alright before the head is pressed in or the cover put on, but when it comes out of cold storage or is opened up on the market after having been handled a number of times is where neglect of this operation in packing shows to disad- vantage. . . .,1 There are just two or three other points in connection witn the handUng of apples which have a very distinct bearing on their keeping quality and market value. These do not have to do with particular care in handUng, however, but are closely associated with it. — 68 — Good size and good color are important qualities which have a marked influence on salability and price. Some growers experience difficulty in attaining these trade demands and particularly in the matter of color. Where everything in the line of good cultural practices is properly carried out, and where color and size are not of the best, it would seem that, in some orchards at least, growers might well delay harvesting oper- ations for a few days. Experiments with Baldwin and Dehcious have shown that prior to full maturity these varieties increase in size at the rate of about a cubic centimeter a day. At this time, too, fruit takes on color rapidly and particularly so if weather conditions are favorable with cool nights and bright clear days. Except with a few varieties such as Mcintosh and also except for severe wind storms the loss in the few apples which drop is more than made up in increased size in those remaining on the trees. Usually a high percentage of the drop apples at this time have ripened somewhat early due to some defect. I appreciate that in this connection a grower with an orchard in an exposed position may suffer serious loss from winds. In fact the loss from wind is occasionally severe in orchards with the most sheltered location. With Mcintosh and to a lesser degree with some other varieties the loss from dropping may be severe with little or no wind. In general, however, the tendency with many growers seems to be to start harvesting operations before best size and color have been attained. With varieties which tend to scald badly in storage it seems quite essential to allow them to attain full maturity and good color before harvesting in order to reduce this possible injury. The stage of maturity on its keeping quality either in cold or common storage. Immature and overmature fruit will scald much more and show more decay in storage or when held for a few days after being withdrawn than will fruit harvested at a hard-ripe, properly matured stage. The following table gives the results of experiments with Rome Beauty carefully con- ducted by U. S. D. A. These percentages are the average of four years work. Similar results have been obtained by Carrick at Cornell with this and other varieties. For varieties which tend to scald badly in storage the use of shredded oil paper will be found of practical value in reducing this injury. Experiments mdicate that about two pounds per barrel, distributed through- out the package is the proper amount to use. Shredded oil paper will not correct the results likely to follow from failure to store promptly, or from harvesting the fruit in an immature or overmature state, or from carelessness in any of the handUng operations. For long keeping apples should be placed in cold storage just as soon after they are harvested as possible. Lowering the temperature quickly not only very greatly increased the life of the fruit but holds in check such diseases as apple scab, Jonathan spot, Baldwin spot, blue mold and internal breakdown. Fruit — 69 — KEEPING QUALITY OF Af PLES AS AgFECTED BY MATURITY Date withdrawn Jan. 10 Jan. 10 Condition at Harvest Feb. 17 Feb. 17 Mature Immature Bad Scald Day withdrawn April 1 April 1 May 7 May 7 Mature Immature Rome Be 0.0% 0.0% Bad Scald 10 Days Later Decay Day withdrawn auty 1.7% 49.9% Mature Immature Mature Immature 0.0% 20.5% 1.0% 48.9% 3.5% 58.9% 5.4% 70.5% 10.4% 81.5% 0.0% 0.1% Decay in Ten Days 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% 17.8% 81.6% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.4% 1.6% 9.8% 2.7% 18.0% held in the orchard or packing shed at comparatively hign tern- peratures for a few days after picking will not hold nearly as long in storage or present the bright appearance when taken out, as when stored promptly. , , A very high percentage of the decay, blue mold fungus which shows on apples coming out of storage is the result of stem punctures and bruises. Seldom will this fungus enter an umn- ^""fn cTndusion I would like to suggest that as an inexpensive means to make the apple business somewhat naore profitable we give greater care in the various operations of handling. SOME MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN THE ORCHARD R. D. ANTHONY State College, Centre County Within recent years the results of studies conducted in a number of states have compelled us to revise some of our ideas about soil moisture relations. The abnormally dry conditions during the last three years have made it especially desirable that we become famihar with these newer ideas and their influence upon orchard practice. , The fact that some of our eastern fruit growers have attempted to irrigate some of their trees also seems to justify our consider- ing the general problem of moisture relations at this time. We might add, in passing, that several of these temporarily irriga- Son outfits hastily riiged up when the drought of 1930 became so severe proved very profitable investments. , , ^ , , I think that most of us have been taught that a dust mulch was necessary to break capillary action and thus conserve soi moisture. Now, soil scientists tell us that the movement of soil moisture by capillary action is so slow that the effect of culti- vation in stopping the capillary rise practically is negligible except when the soil is close to the water table, a condition which is seldom found in our Pennsylvania orchards. — 70 — To understand this principle and its effect upon orchard practices let us see what happens following a summer rain during which an inch has fallen. The upper part of the soil has become saturated. This excess rapidly drains downward due to the action of gravity but, if the soil was very dry before the rain, this downward movement stops at about 4 to 8 inches, depend- ing on the condition of the surface of the soil at that time. When this gravity movement has ceased, the amount of water remain- ing in the soil is called its ^^field capacity'^ a term with which we shall need to become familiar. If the soil is somewhat damp when the ram begins, the downward movement of water by gravity may extend for several feet. Its lower extent marks the lower hmit of the area that is holding moisture at its field capacity; a rain does not partially wet a soil. If the entire column of soil is at field capacity before the rain, all the water taken m by the soil moves downward until it reaches the water table. As soon as the rain ceases, two other forces begin to remove water from the soil. Evaporation takes place from the surface and in a week may remove a considerable part of the moisture m the upper 4 or 5 inches. After that time surface evaporation IS very much slower and is negligible below 6 or 8 inches Below the surface 8 inches the chief force which decreases the soil moisture below the field capacity is the action of plant roots. Again, at this point, we have had to remodel our ideas We used to think that capillary action could bring sufficient naoisture to the plant to supply its needs; now we have to think of the plant roots as growing out into new soil to get additional water when the moisture in the original root area is used up. With this the case, we can see how important it is that a tree should have the ability to make a rapid root growth and also have available unoccupied soil holding a maximum supply of water into which its roots may extend. A small amount of the water which the tree takes up from the soil IS retained by the tree and used in growing new wood or fruit but most of it is lost through the leaves by transpiration A tree transpires from 300 to 500 pounds of water for every pound of dry weight which it produces. The rate of loss by transpiration is influenced chiefly by the dryness of the air, the temperature, and the abihty of the plant roots to secure water. Thus fruit trees growing in the dry air and high summer temperatures of southern California require much more water than in New York or Pennsylvania. Different soils are able to hold different amounts of water at held capacity. In the spring at State College, after we have had favorable conditions of rain and snow fall, the Hagerstown silt loam m the Experiment Orchard will hold water equal to about 30 per cent of the dry weight of the soil. Fruit trees can make httle use of water in excess of the field capacity; in fact, their roots may be injured if the gravity water drives out the soil oxygen for too long a period. Not all of the — 71 — water that is in a soil at its field capacity can be \is^ f Mr. Hershey: They didn't this year, although we had a few such trees. They are pruned pretty hard; they will stand a heavy set. Mr. Hershey (continuing): I don't know if cross-poUinatioji had any effect on the quality of the Delicious or not, but we have had better apples, snappier apples this year than we have ever had before, even when the trees had only a few apples, half a bushel or a bushel on them. Question: What objection would you have to placing the bouquets on the ground? Mr. Hershey: I don't think the bees will work through them as well as they should. We have had lots of limbs, quite — 102 — close to the buckets, that you could see right in around the bucket that the pollination was much better than farther away from the buckets. There may be other methods. I know some people use barrels, put a lot of bloom in them; but it's not a great deal of work to put the bloom up there if you have got good, active fellows. They will soon take it off. Question: Did the bees prefer Grimes Golden? Mr. Hershey: I don't know that they do. They certainly worked in the Transparent block; it was full of bees. I don't believe that they are very partial to any one kind of bloom. Question: Did you have to cut up many trees to get blossoms? Mr. Hershey: We cut up the Transparent, and we are sorry we didn't cut them up more. STORING PEACHES AND APPLES AT THE ORCHARD SHELDON FUNK, Boyertown, Berks County We put in the cold storage plant back in 1925. We have operated it ever since, and I have learned a few things about the operation of cold and common storage. But before I take up that subject, I would like to say just a few words along another line; that is that I believe I express the sentiment of the fruit growers of Pennsylvania when I say that I believe that at the present time State College should pay particular attention to anything that means the cutting of costs in the production of apples and peaches. I believe we have got to cut corners where- ever we possibly can. I, personally, no longer try to compete with the western fellow who is putting up the boxed apple. / firmly believe that we in Pennsylvania are commercial growers, that we are not supplying fruit to that extra high-class consuming market, but that we are producing fruit for this great army of middle class people who want good fruit, but donH particularly care whether it is U. S. No, 1 or Extra Fancy. I believe it's up to us to cut costs, to cut corners wherever we possibly can. And I am sure that sometimes the men at the College run across something, some ways by which, possibly, the results will not be quite as good, but we can get sufficiently good results with just a little less cost. And it is right along that line that I would like to present this subject of storing peaches and apples at the farm, or at the orchard. Different conditions in the country, in the growing sections, naturally make more difficult storage, handling, and marketing conditions. We have such districts as Adams and Franklin Counties, where there are large quantities of apples and peaches grown ; and the same thing is true in New York State where the natural thing has been the development of commercial cold storage plants, and, undoubtedly, that is the best proposition there. But then, again, there are a great many districts in Pennsylvania, — this is true in Berks County and in many other counties — where such a great quantity of fruit is not produced, — 103 — in which ihe erection of a commercial ^^/dstorage plant wou^^^ not be a commercially profitab e Proposition It is under those ^V^ndifions that we find a particularly fine place for this home storage of peachrsand apples. And by "home storage" I mean not only common storage, but also cold storage, so that I would like to treat it from that standpoint. While a great many of you men have your own common storage Dlants whfcMs very good, I'm sure that if you ever put in a cold storac^^lant you would find that it was one of the best invest- mentf vou ha?e ever made, because it works right along with S common storlge plant so very nicely. Some of you may saf thatthS is not I good time to bring up a cold storage propo- sSon because it is a lather expensive venture; I know that cost has been the' factor which has prevented a great many men from going into the cold storage proposition The cost will, nXrallv vary greatly, depending upon what type of storage ^ou conSruct,^and whether or not you have a suitable building to begin with If you are going to construct a new building naturS your costs are going to be considerably higher But I bSJvou can figure on a cost of somewhere between one and wo dollars per bushel; that is, an initial ^o^f^ ^oVa co?d between one and two dollars per bushel capacity for a com ^* There are quite a number of refrigerating systems; I shall say onlv a word about them, because I don't know enough about ?£ toTay more. I ha^e an ammonia direct expansion; some men use the Bryant system; I don't doubt that it is a very Sfactory one. Just within the last few years, there has been a new system introduced which looks very good to me I know of several growers in Pennsylvania who have mstalled them, and I believeTt is the coming system, for under that plan we do away with all the coils which are on the roof of the room or on the sides of the room in the older system, BL-nl'^in the taken over the coils placed in one corner of the building in the Bryant, and there is a very much better circulation of air m that way, and much better ventilation than under the old types of refrigeration. Anybody interested in refrigeration would natSally look into that, and I am not going to spend any more time on that subject. Now. when it comes to operation of the storage you are gomg to have a great variation, the cost dep^^^ing upon how m^^^^^ overhead you have. In my own case the monthly cost of oper- ation per bushel runs between one-third of a cent and one cent That is the actual cost of current consumed My man who takes charge of all the sales and does the work hves right there. He attends to the cold storage; and it requires very little atten- tion, with practically no overhead cost to me. Now I do^ t figure interest on investment, but the cost will range between one-third of a cent and one cent per month During the peach season it was jammed to the doors— everything it would hold, and we were running as hard as we could run, and then the cur- — 104 — rent bill averaged about one cent per bushel on peaches during the hot months, at the present time it isn't running over two- thirds of a cent per month. Question: What capacity have you? Mr. Funk: I have 15,000 bushels capacity. I have two units, a 2-ton automatic unit and a 4-ton hand control; the idea being that when we are bringing stuff into storage we run the two units as hard as we can. After we have it cooled down to the proper temperature, we throw off the 4-ton machine and let the 2-ton run ahead as long as it is necessary. I was rather interested in what Mr. Hayman said this morning relative to the storage of peaches, and 1 was wondering what the trouble was that he had with his peach storage this past year. We have been storing peaches for quite a number of years, all grades, all sizes,— and our results have been uniformly successful. I have been more than pleased with our results on the storage of peaches. Question: How long do you storage peaches.^ Mr. Funk: Ordinarily we don't figure on holding peaches more than four weeks. We put peaches in just as we need a place for them. Elbertas will start a Uttle before Labor Day; I find the market is usually glutted Tuesday following Labor Day. The result is that we put such stuff in the storage house in order to relieve the market on Tuesday following Labor Day. We usually store pretty heavily then. The peaches may be coming along pretty fast, and if the picking gangs happen to run ahead of the packing gangs, and I find that we are going to get an accumulation of stuff in the packing house, instead of slowing down the picking I merely send trucks into the orchard and let them haul the field-run stuff directly into the storage bouse just as it comes out of the orchard. This past season, they filled up the rooms so rapidly we couldn't get the temperature down fast enough, and in such a case stuff will go bad every time. Put it in as fast as you can, but pull your temperature down; don't let that temperature get up to 40 degrees or 45 degrees and stay there for two or three days. It may run up to 45 when you are putting in the stuff, and I have had it run up to 50, but get it down to 35 mside of a couple of days, or you will lose the peaches. Question: Wasn't it rather mean packing or sorting after you took them out of storage? Mr. Funk: We had to be careful not to bring them out too fast. It was necessary to take out not more than twenty-five bushels at a time and run those over the grader, because if you let them lie around in hot weather, they will sweat very fast, making a bad looking pack. The best type of peach to store is the good, hard first-pick peaches. But it may be that you have a market for them; if you have, sell! Put something in for which you don't have a present market. Another nice thing about a cold storage plant on your own place is that it works so nicely for anything else that you may — 106 — be growing. In my case we grow several hundred bushels of pears. And we have, perhaps, a hundred or two hundred bushels of plums and the like. Now you know it is the finest thing in the world to be able to take this stuff into the cold storage house, if you don't happen to have the time or a market to sell it today. Let the plums and pears stay there until you are ready to sell them, — until the other people have sold and you find a good market. Now there is one thing I want to say about that peach situa- tion this afternoon before I leave it, and that is we were just a little bit lucky this fall with our weather conditions, — that is one gamble that you are taking to storage peaches. A peach is a hot weather fruit; your market is gone just as soon as the weather turns cold. We had a very warm fall, and it certainly helped move peaches this year, — some of them were held for as long as five and six weeks. Question: Do the peaches lose flavor in two weeks? Mr. Funk: They begin to lose flavor not in two weeks, but in four weeks — just as soon as they begin to turn brown at the stone, they begin to dry; when they begin to turn dry they need to be moved. You must get them out. They will not turn dry in three weeks. Question: Do you drive trucks right into the cold storage plant? Mr. Funk: We go in with hand trucks. The time you run up your temperature is when you try to put two cars, for instance, in a room of 5,000 bushels capacity. If you take a room of that size and put two cars of hot peaches in it in one afternoon, you are liable to find that is too much unless you have a very large equipment so that you can pull down the temperature quickly. Question: Is there any taste or smell from the storage given to the fruit? Mr. Funk: Absolutely none, unless the ammonia gets out; that will affect the flavor. Question: Do you have humidity to maintain. Mr. Funk: My humidity works out well, just by chance. We have coils running overhead. When you are holding a 35 degree temperature and stop refrigerating, a drip will result. The ice will melt off the coils and there will be plenty of moisture — the humidity is very good. That's one thing that I think was partly due to the fact that we had better results this year in our own storage — because of the humidity. I find, where a cement floor is used, the air feels a little too dry. In other words, with dry air there may be a temperature of 32 or 33, but it doesn't seem as cold as when there is a higher humidity. Then it may be actually two or three degrees higher by the thermometer, yet you think it is very cold. It is because of that high humidity, which is very essential. If I had a cement floor in a storage room, I think I would cover it over with something else. I would use sodium silicate, which would close up those pores, or put on something like Amiesite. — 106 — Question: I understand commercial houses have circulating air? Mr. Funk: They have humidity controlled circulating air. Along that line I want to add a word about apple storage. We work apples in very much the same way. We put in early apples, and cold storage is a splendid thing to have when early apples come along. If the market is a bit slow, you can put them in and by holding them a little while you can often get better prices. Two years ago I had about half my Duchess, all of my Wealthy, and all of the later stuff that followed, until the following April but that was not a good proposition. Never- theless, it usually works out very nicely in the keeping of all those early and summer apples. We feel that we must have storage for everything that we want to hold for any length of time, up to Stayman. Beginning with Stayman we use the common storage, but everything up to and including some of the Stayman we try to put in cold storage. The condition of apples when picked has considerable to do with the keeping qualities. A green Smokehouse will not hold up, but let a Smokehouse first get good color and it will keep a long time — we just cleaned up the last Smokehouse a week to ten days ago; they came out in splendid shape. I had those apples in a room that was running somewhere between 35 and 40, but they came out in good condition; whereas, if they had been green they would not have been in good condition. So I think it is always going to pay us, on most varieties, to pick anywhere from two to three times. We usually pick about three times, and I feel that is a yery profitable operation. Question: Did you say you had trouble with Smokehouse and Summer Rambo last year? Mr. Funk: I had very little trouble with Smokehouse this year. But last season we had a lot of trouble with breakdown; I learned a lesson on Summer Rambo, and we watched them and got them out before they started. But why it is that Summer Rambo acts that way I don't know; it is more than I can understand. We have had a lot of trouble with it. Question: Speaking of picking them three times; do you pick by the hour? Mr. Funk: Yes, everything is done by the hour. We store everything orchard run, — that is another nice thing about having our own plant right at our own place. You bring them out of the orchard and put them right in; you pay no attention to packing or grading until you have them all in. It helps to utilize your labor; it distributes that labor cost very much more than if you have got to run them through the packing house and pack them out regardless of packing conditions or regardless of money. That is another place we can cut costs by having a storage house right on the place. Question: How far is it from the orchard to your storage house? — 107 — Mr. Funk: The storage house is probably a mile or a mile and a half away— two miles, possibly, from the farthest part of the orchard. We now store almost entirely in baskets. I like the stave baskets— sometimes called an "export tub.'' That is a ventilated stave basket, the finest thing I know of for storage. Now I know a lot of men use crates, and possibly they will keep just a Httle better in crates than they will in baskets; but my objection to the crate is that you have an added over- head, you don't sell them in crates; whereas, in baskets, you can get rid of baskets and don't lose that package, even if it is getting poor. And then, again, the crates take up so much room. When your place is limited you are still two-thirds filled up. Question: How do you arrange your baskets? Mr. Funk: Just the same as you load in a car. Question: Do you put a lid on? Mr. Funk: We put a Ud on and pack them down the same as you would in a car. I put everything in this year without caps, thinking that we would get better results, but it was a failure. Hereafter I am going to use caps, they cut off a certain amount of ventilation, but I find that the drivers invariably make the baskets a little too full, and then, in handling them, cut a few apples; and you usually have two or three rotten apples right on top. Put on a cap, and you overcome that. Question: How cheap would commercial storage have to be to compete with a home storage plant? Mr. Funk: I could not give you definite figures on that, but it would have to be considerably less than now. Of course, you can't blame these cold storage men; they have a tremendous overhead that I don't have. They have an office force, and they have a day and a night man — may be more than one day and one night man. You see, they have a big overhead that I don't have. Question: What kind of floor have you? Mr. Funk: I have concrete, cork, and wood in two rooms, and concrete, cork, and Amiesite in another room. I said I put that Amiesite on the concrete,but I put the cork on top of the concrete and then Amiesite on top of that. Mr. Tyson: I might make a brief report of the Legislative and Agricultural Council Committee. We haven't had any definite work referred to us in legislative lines, and, so far as I recall, nothing of direct interest to this Association has come up in legislative lines in the last years. We all certainly are-y and in this respect I lap over into the organization of the Agri- cultural Council — much interested in keeping in touch with other farmers of the state — other rural people — in matters which do touch legislation. And, while previous legislatures have not progressed as far as we should have liked to see them, we still have hopes. One of those questions — the outstanding one, possibly, in the minds of people today — is the question of taxation; and the Agricultural Council, composed of three — 108 — H representatives from each of the agricultural interests of the state, particularly those meeting here during this week, has had it particularly in mind. Another of their activities has been the development of the rural electrification — the spreading of, the extending of electric lines into the country— and trying to see to it that those lines are made to reach farmers on as reason- able a basis as possible. Apparently a good deal has been accomplished in that direction, even though many of us still feel that it costs too much to get electric current in outlying places — certainly, we still feel that some of the rates are too high. But this organization, with the committee, has spent a great deal of time on the subject and have handled the specific claims of a great many of our country people; it certainly has been responsible for many of the improvements that we have seen taking place over the last few years. In the matter of taxation, the Agricultural Council has a committee that has been working for several years, and during that time has conferred with a large number of local and state- wide associations organized for the study of the tax situation. And I feel sure that it is only a matter of time, and that the studies made by these committees are going to result in a plan whereby most of us, at least, can get power lines, and when that time comes it certainly will be reflected in legislative action. HOW THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CHECKS UP ON ARSENICAL RESIDUES D. M. JAMES, Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, Dauphin County I desire to mention for your information the way that the State Department of Agriculture has been assisting in the spray residue check-up work, that is, to assist growers to know where they stand on arsenate spray residue. Through the cooperation of the Bureau of Foods and Chemistry and the Bureau of Markets, we worked out a system in these last two years, which has done very nicely, and we have not had any serious difficul- ties. As far as I know, there have been no Pennsylvania apples in difficulty because of excessive spray arsenate. Probably some of the growers, particularly those outside the commercial districts, who are not famiUar with this method we have worked out, may wish in the next year, if we go about the same way of handling it, to make use of this service. The way we have handled it is like this: We send out our shippmg point inspectors between the peach and apple seasons, about ten days to two weeks, when there is Httle inspection work to do. Last year we had about twenty-five men who covered prac- tically the entire commercial district, mostly through Adams, Franklin, and York counties, including the larger growers in other districts. Now they collected orchard samples of the apples, and these were sent in here to Harrisburg and were analyzed within a few days— last year there was so much rush — 109 — that it took a week to ten days to catch up one time. But, as the shipments had not started, this was no serious handicap, because an orchard inspection was made before the shipment started. The growers who ran high on arsenic were notified, and if later on we took a single sample and it was found to be too high, they were cautioned about exporting those apples without wash- ing or brushing. There were only six washers in the state that we know of; there are a good many brushes which may take off some arsenic, although they are not effective if there is much. Now in the past season, we analyzed 278 samples, and of these 19 were found to exceed the domestic tolerance, which is slightly higher than the export tolerance*. There were 14 shipments held up until the arsenate was removed, and I might say I don't think any of these were held long enough so they couldn't be shipped later. We are trying to cooperate with the fruit growers, to help them eliminate this arsenate residue, and to advise them if their stock will pass the export and domestic tolerance. There has been no expense charge ; the regular force of the Department of Agriculture has been able to put on this service, without creating any excitement or doing any advertising. It has been carried on quietly, but it has been rather thorough, and we have found it to be effective. Question: Do you make the examination in Harrisburg? Mr. James: We will examine the samples that are sent in, but we can't consider that an official test for an export certificate. One of our inspectors will be glad to examine any apples that are sent in any time; but, in order to give you an export form certificate, we can't do that. We have to collect the samples and know the conditions of the apples in the orchards. Mr. Runk: I spoke to our President yesterday and asked his permission to present a Uttle matter that, perhaps, I am very much worried over — the problem of the itinerant peddler. I don't know what he has done in your community, but in our community he has torn things to pieces. We had trucks coming from New York, we had trucks from Virginia, we had trucks coming in from New Jersey, we had trucks coming in from Delaware and all over the East, hawking and seUing stuff any- where from fifteen to twenty-five cents a bushel. I thought so much about it, and it became such a factor in our marketing problem that I tried to get some information together; I have here some clippings from The Packer and in order to make this very brief I am just going to point out what has been done in some of the states. (Mr. Runk then read a clipping concerning action in Missouri, another clipping concerning Tennessee and fines levied on persons selling without various Ucenses and permits.) The Farm Bureau of Ohio on December 6, 7, and 8, 1931, took this matter up and passed a resolution, which I am not going to take time to read to you, dealing with the problem, *See the complete table on page 39 in this Proceedings. — no- asking for legislation or the study of conditions which would warrant legislation in the future. In the state legislature of Utah a few weeks ago they went after it from the standpoint of carrying diseased and infected fruits in without inspection. I believe our Bureau of Markets here in this state, with which Mr. James is connected, has authority to inspect and control the correct labeUng of fruit, but has nothing to do with the control of the sale. The National League of Merchants, which met in Miami, Florida, just a few days ago, went into this problem very thoroughly. We have reports from a number of different districts in Kansas, especially Troy, Kansas, going into the details of how these trucks are just wrecking the established business interests of the community. This is what is happening in our local, our established channels of trade — we have no movement for lower grades of apples, whereas a few years ago we had demand for truckloads of second grade, or the equivalent of utility grade of fruit. In the National League of Merchants, which met in Florida last week, as I said, they appointed a committee, a standing committee to study and investigate this proposition and take up proposed legislation. The horticultural associations of both West Virginia and Virginia have taken action on this problem within the last few weeks, have established committees to make a study of the situation and to propose legislation in the future. Our legislature will not be in session until a year from now; but if this problem is as serious everywhere in the state — and I have talked with a number of men since I came to the meeting, and they say **We are facing the same thing". I do think we ought to study this problem, not doing anything which will drive the legitimate trucking business to the wall, but instead trying to do something that will drive these itinerant peddlers out of our markets — if necessary, tax them to death. I present this simply as a matter for thought; I have no recommendations whatever to make, other than to stir you up and get you to thinking about it, and to hope that something can be done in the future to take care of our established markets. RESOLUTION WHEREAS the accommodation rendered by the Department of Agriculture, in connection with the use of the meeting room and also the services of Mr. D. M. James and Mr. T. L. Guyton, are very much appreciated. THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that this Association wishes to thank the Department of Agriculture and these gentle- men for their services. H. S. Nolt, Chairman, F. S. Dickenshied, C. H. Bruce. January 21, 1932. — Ill — ORCHARD COVER CROPS F. N. FAGAN, State College, Centre County During the past 23 years your Experiment Station has con- ducted in the orchard at State College, cover crop, culture, and fertiUzer work. Like much similar work little valuable mfor- mation developed in the early periods of the tests. The work at the college has resulted in one general problem ; namely, orchard soil fertility. For fifty years your Experiment Station has con- ducted field fertility tests of farm crops. Much valuable mfor- mation for the orchardist has incidentally developed from this The cover crop system followed at the Pennsylvania State College from 1908 to 1929 was clean culture throughout the summer, seeding the cover crop in late summer. Often the seed was not sown until after August 15 and many times m the case of rye not until September. The covers used in this early period were rye, oats, rape, and millet in the non-legumes, and soy beans, cow peas, various clovers, and winter vetch in the legumes. From 1924 to 1928 the seeding dates of covers were advanced from late August to July 1 in 1928. During this change of seeding dates we noted an increase of cover grown resulting from the longer period of time the covers were able to grow. In the non-legume covers, rye and oats had to be discontinued since they are not suited for hot, dry weather which we generally have in July and August. Very often the other covers such as the clovers, rape, and millets had very little chance to make much growth due to the hot, dry summer weather, when they were not seeded until July. However, whenever we did get a good growth of cover, we noted that tree growth did not seem to be hurt in any way by the fact that growing cover crops were in the orchard during the summer. In fact why did we not ask ourselves the question years ago, ''Why should covers growing in a cultivated orchard hurt tree growth if sod growing in the orchard apparently did not injure tree growth?'^ To be sure, we would naturally have answered this question by saying we keep the grass cut once or twice in the sod orchard. We could also cut cover crops if they grew too vigorously. In 1929 we advanced the seeding dates of covers to June 1 and this practice has been followed each year since that date. What were the results? First, we grew the best and largest covers the orchards have ever had even though 1929 and 1930 were the dryest years the orchards had had since planting in 1908. The covers got the benefit of the soil moisture resulting from the winter snows and the spring rains. Because of this mois- ture still in the soil, the covers could get enough start to weather the dry period of July and August. This was especially true of the clovers, for in the springs of 1930 and 1931 we had fine clover to turn into the soil. Second, we saved the cost of culti- vation for the months of June, July and August. That alone — 112 — is worth thinking about during the present period of economic depression with the accompanying low prices for the harvested fruit. Third, the competition of the cover for soil moisture with the trees, of course, is present when we seed June 1 but we could detect no bad results to tree growth in 1929, 1930 or 1391, nor to the size of harvested fruit. Peaches, apples, cherries, plums and grapes showed no bad results developing from the lack of cultivation in June, July, and August. In fact in the poorer soil blocks of the college orchard we noted that the lack of moisture in 1929 and 1930 killed the cover crops while the trees continued to grow, for in many blocks the covers growing under the branch spread, died while in the middle of the rows the cover continued to grow. This indicates that the tree will care for itself in competition with the cover crops. Fourth, with only this short period of cultivation, that is late April and early May, we reduce the destruction of what organic material we turned into the soil from the year before. Soil Science in the last thirty years has taught us that continued cultivation of the soil tends to hasten the decay of soil organic matter. With the old practice of June, July, and August cultivation, we were destroying what little organic material we had grown in the cover of the preceeding year. Early seeding of covers will continue in the Experiment Station orchards until harmful effects show up, if they ever do; your Station workers do not believe injurious results will follow from such a practice. Early seeding opens up the subject of the best covers to use. The non-legume covers suited for this work are the millets. Sudan grass, sorghum and even corn broadcast. Likely others will develop as time goes on. The legume covers fit well into this system. There is no question at all in the minds of state agricultural experiment station workers and farmers that the growing of clovers on land ever hurt the soil. When we seed clovers early they get enough growth to carry over their life during dry periods of summer and are well rooted to withstand the following winter. Mixtures or one alone of the cheap clovers such as crimson and biennial sweet clover seeded in late May make a good growth and usually winter well. Even during the dry summer of 1930 the sweet clover seeded in late May and early June pulled through and produced a heavy stand in 1931. Soy beans seeded in late May made good covers in 1930. It is needless to say that the lime requirements must be satisfied if one expects to grow clovers and it is also needless to say that a soil where clovers can be grown annually will not become poor from such a practice, where a good standing results. The work at the Experiment Station indicates that it is just as important to fertilize the soil for the benefit of the cover as it is to fertilize the soil for the direct benefit of the trees. There are very few soils in the orchard districts of Pennsylvania where grain or grass will not respond to applications of phosphate fertilizers. — 113 — There are strong indications in the work at State College pointing to the practice of early seeding of covers in young orchards. The more covers grown and incorporated into the soil during the early years of the orchard will tend to offset the smaller amounts one may grow after the t^ees ^J^^P^, f^^^^^^^ of the soil with their roots, and shade the soil with their leaves. In older orchards, covers may make rather a small growth due to low soil fertility, competition with the tree roots for moisture and shading. Mixed sweet and crimson clovers have made good growth in 22- and 23-year-old apple orchards where the trees fully occupy the soil, when seeded before June 1. Even early spring seeding would be satisfajetory in establishing clovers for the first time It is possible to grow alfalfa in older orchards. Millets and Sudan grass seem to make good growth even in older orchards where shading is rather heavy. One must remember, however, that cover crop growth depends, even with early seeding, on soil fertility and water holding capacity of the soil But with early seeding the cover will get the benefat ot the* higher moisture content resulting from spring rains and winter snows. ' 4.^ u^ Heavy covers resulting from early seeding niay have to be mowed down during midsummer to lessen the harvesting diffi- culties. Sudan grass, millet, and the clovers mowed in mid- summer with the cutting bar set high, wiU produce second growth from the stools but still not enough growth to interfere with fruit harvest, except on very stony soils. Any cover that lives over the winter months as alfalfa, clovers, or grasses, may rob the nitrate from the soil in early spring just at the time the trees most need this element, during the period from when the trees are breaking bud through blooming. Heavy stands of covers under the trees can easily be checked but not killed by discing or by the use of a heavy spring tooth harrow. This will prevent the cover from taking as much nitrate from the soil. Where clovers or alfalfa are being used for covers, annual seeding may or may not be necessary following the spring discing or harrowing, depending upon the severity of cultivation. It the operation cuts up the growth to such an extent as to uproot or kill part of the cover, then it would be advisable to broadcast four to six quarts more of seed to the acre. It is weU to remember that native grasses wiU gradually run out legumes if some means ot destroying the grasses, such as discing or harrowing, are not resorted to. By annual harrowing it may be possible to put off for many years the much more expensive job of plowing. From this discussion it will be seen that the purpose of culti- vation in the orchard may be reduced to two main points: First, the checking of any rank growth of cover living over the winter so that the cover will not take nitrates from the soil at the time the fruit tree needs them; second, the preparation of a suitable seed bed to receive the new seed. The main object of a cover crop is to supply organic material to the soil. If it cannot be grown in the orchard, then it may — lu- be grown elsewhere and hauled in the same as manure. By proper handling and fertilization beginning when the orchard is young, there is no reason why enough cover cannot be grown each year to hold a satisfactory organic supply in the soil. This cannot be done by trying to grow non-legume or even legume covers without satisfying such crop's soil and fertility requirements. This cannot be done by following clean cultiva- tion from early spring through June, July, and half of August. Experience with general agricultural crops shows that the need of crop rotation is an established fact. The orchardist may find it desirable to follow a rotation of different cover crops over a period of years. In other words, the continuation year after year of a millet or Sudan grass cover may result in an unfavorable soil condition resulting in a poorer growth of cover which would lessen the annual amount of organic material returned to the soil. What rotation will be needed is a question for the future. I doubt whether with the legume covers this rotation will be necessary but legume insects or diseases may develop to the extent that we will find it necessary to practice rotation systems of covers, taking into the rotation one year of millet, or one of Sudan grass, or one or two years of our native grasses, and back to beans, winter vetch, sweet clover, crimson clover, or mixtures of legumes. Question: Did you use rye as a cover crop? Mr. Fagan: We had to cut out rye and oats for early seeding; they are cool weather plants. When we sow rye and oats early there is rust in both of them, with the result that they do not amount to anything. Therefore, rye and oats have to be dis- carded for seeding around the first of June. Question: Was the soil acidity high? Mr. Fagan: We checked the acidity. The soil has been limed. We are trying to keep the soil reaction at the point where the acidity can not enter as a factor. We have to lime it again this year. Question : If, after meeting the lime requirement and having a good stand, what fertilizer would you be inclined to use with sweet clover seeding, with that history? Mr. Fagan: If you want to use sweet clover under such conditions there is little chance of your having any trouble getting a stand. You will probably have to continue using some nitrate for the benefit of your trees, even though you grow sweet clover. Question: How do you sow cover crops? Mr. Fagan: We generally drill. In the older part, where we can't do that, we broadcast and then harrow it in with a spike- tooth harrow, with the teeth sloped back. A cultipacker is an ideal tool for this and you can get a seeder fitting. They make one with a box seeder — even with the fertilizer attachment — that will fit right back of the cultipacker with the seeding tubes running in front of the rear discs. — 116 - Question: What is the difference in using sulphate of am- monia and nitrate of soda? Mr Fagan : You must keep your ammonium sulphate appli- cations offset with lime as you need them If the soil becomes so acid that you can^t grow a cover, you will then have to ottset the acidity with lime or pulverized Umestone. Question: How about fertiUzing cover crops? Mr Fagan: From past experience we can say that without any fertilizer for the benefit of your cover, a non-leguminous cover is not going to give you enough growth by seeding it in late or mid-summer to keep your soil in good condition, we know we must fertiUze if we are going to use non-leguminous cover crops. We know that soil is not going to become poorer as long as we can grow heavy stands of clover. Question: When should rye be turned in to get the greatest amount of green manure? Mr. Fagan: The soils men say before it begins to get stemmy and too tough to rot up. Question: How long do you let Sudan grass stand before you mow? Mr Fagan : If you get stands of Sudan such as I have seen in places, you will have to mow it because if you don t you couldn't get your pickers to go through. Question: How many years can you keep sweet clover? Mr Fagan: It is a biennial plant. It will grow a large root this year; next year that same individual plant will grow, bloom, and seed. Then that stalk is done for. But, if it makes seed, that seed will come up the following spring to go through the same cycle. Of course very few men let it grow up in a bearing orchard on account of the harvest problem. Under- stand, here's another point that we may run into. By growing such heavy covers through the orchard we may be getting so much stuff in there that we may increase our insect and disease problems. We had it in a part of the college orchard in 1931, where the grasshoppers cleaned off the lower leaves on the apple trees in a tall millet cover crop. Question: With the sweet clover in peach orchards, do you still recommend nitrate for the trees? Mr. Fagan: I would, if the trees were not growing vigorously enough. Question: Do you think you would increase the amount of brown rot with such a heavy cover crop in peach orchards if there happened to be a wet July and August? Mr. Fagan: We have controlled brown rot by spraying and it we had a wet season and the chances of an epidemic of brown rot in the orchard continued to be good, we would probably r^^ the risk of mowing and controlUng the brown rot by spraying. That brings up other orchard economic questions. I wouldn't be sur- prised that, through the drought-affected sections of Pennsylvania, — lie- in the next two or three years, our experiment station workers are going to be asked the question: ''What's the matter with these trees? They are dying off." And if you come up to State College a year from now, maybe two years, you will see parts of the orchard standing there, dead. While in general they pull through year after year there are parts of them with poor cover crops or where no covers have been put in, and where we have added nothing from the outside. Probably we can't grow much cover crop in a bearing orchard. If so, we should take a piece of land outside and and grow a lot of cover crop, mow it and haul it in. Manure is out of the question, but you can grow some other stuff and haul it in there at low cost, then plow it in next spring. Question: Do you consider soy beans a satisfactory and economical cover crop? Mr. Fagan: We have some prices on seed. I received them in December, and they are expensive, — a little more expensive than some of our clovers. They will not winter and furnish something green in the spring. Our soils men say that the green crops plowed down act better in the soil than a dry crop, for the simple reason that your soil bacteria must take nitrate out of the soil to give them energy to break down any dry, strawy material. The bacteria break down the green cover crops more easily. Crimson clover and sweet clover can be purchased this spring at about five dollars a bushel; six to eight quarts to the acre is not a prohibitive seeding. Question: What would happen by discing the soy beans in the fall before they die? Mr. Fagan: They probably would decay a little faster. There would be nothing wrong with it, as far as I can see. Question: Is there any chance of self-reseeding by not discing until spring? Mr. Fagan: They will reseed themselves if seed matures pro- vide they do not germinate the same as some of our other seeds — a little early and then freeze. Question: Which variety of millet will give the rankest growth? Mr. Fagan: We have had pretty rank growth with Japanese, German, and Hungarian millet. I would say most of the millets that we have been growing for hay will succeed in the north. Question: Do you delay the plowing in the spring in order to get some green material to turn under? Mr. Fagan: Until late April or the middle of May. Question: Does a partial discing in the spring prevent the clovers from competing with the trees at blossom time? Mr. Fagan: That is about what it amounts to. If your clovers are heavy, you may want to check them. The difficulty is to keep them ifrom taking the food that you are putting on for the trees. — 117 — REPORT OF INSPECTION RATE COMMITTEE PAUL THAYER, Chairman Carlisle, Cumberland County This Inspection Committee was appointed to see what could ■Sim "gness.to cooperate wij u^ ^ far -^"-f" tt«heTu°l r-niild save a httle money by a rearrangement of the work by ine usf of stite-owned cars instead of using private cars, and that he f-fu thAv oniild afford to reduce the expense somewhat. We put feporfi^^^^^^ concession from the Secretary, and that ""'SZ^Y^L'^m^^^^ and I don't want to take much of yourTme but I do believe that the P^nnf van- ^^^^ Sowers in particular should take some action at this time in Savoring to have the freight rate reduced-and possibly have refrLeratS reduced also. Virginia growers have just cSdTv^^^^^^^^ reduction in freight; bdieve th^^^ instead of peaches being considered first-class, ^^^^^^^^ now shinned out as sixty percent of first-class in Virginia, ims S a 'considerable reduction In studying tl^e case ^^^ some nnints in Virginia, the rate to New York City is not very mucn LeSer thaK points in Pennsylvania-that is, in tlu^lJ^n Pennsylvania' Railroads, natural y do no wan to reduce freight rates more than they must, but, on t he otner L^nTu L^^^^^^ that the railroads are begin-^^^^^^^^^^^ unless they do something and do it pretty nuick^y , t^^^^^ ^tr ; going t.o lose practically all of their peach traffic close to the Wer cities Last year we had men who were wilhng to truck i^rVfdiSator tucks into Boston at the same rate tlmt the "iho^^^^^^^ were charging. And it looks to m^ - th^^^^^^^^ this would be a very opportune time to ^^^^''^l^^^^ Since the Virginia people have gotten it, I see no reason wny Secretary's NoTE-This committee has been continued. Another reduc tion may be effected this year. — 118 — we should not get the same classification. It^s entirely possible that the railroad people would be willing to go along with us in an endeavor to hold some of this traffic that they see they are losing. And I believe that the Pennsylvania growers at this time should take some step in that direction— a reduction in the freight rate and also a reduction in the refrigerating cost. The cost of refrigeration runs from forty-five to sixty dollars — that is, in any case, and I think that is general— and that I feel is really an exorbitant charge. It isn't a great deal more from very much more distant. I should like you to consider that matter. President Criswell: You have heard Mr. Funk's remarks. I think the main thing here is to get a committee authorized to inquire into and take such action as they see fit — even going to the extent of — if necessary — soliciting and raising, by private subscription, among us funds to handle the matter. Will any one make such a motion? Upon the motion of Mr. Greist, which was properly seconded, it was unanimously decided to appoint a committee to inquire into the peach rates and take such action as its members find advisable. Secretary's Note: The peach rate reduction benefits Penn- sylvania; it is in effect March 1. Refrigerating rates are still the same, — Funk says we may get action on them. A FEW FRUIT PRIZES AT HARRISBURG What the Customer Receives Class 73 Commercial Barrel First Places Only Paragon Rome Stayman York Baldwin Stark Ben Davis Class 74 Commercial Bushel Baldwin — Ben Davis— (Gano and Mcintosh no Firsts) — McKnightstown Adams Biglerville Adams Mifflinburg Union York Springs Adams Mechanicsburg Cumberland Karns & Davidson Chambersburg Franklin Guy L. Hayman Northbrook Chester Geo. A. Goodling Loganville York Dan Sherly Cashtown Adams C. J. Tyson Gardners Adams Guy L. Hayman Northbrook Chester H. R. Worthington West Chester Chester W. K. Grove York Springs Adams Rome Geo. Oyler Stayman Arthur Rice N. Spy Mt. Valley Fruit Farm York W. E. Grove Stark N. E. Mowery Smokehouse 119 OTHER PRIZES Class 75 County Exhibits 1st— Delaware; 2nd-Franklin; 3rd— Lancaster; 4th— Chester, and 5th— Snyder. Gabriel Hiester Cup Awarded to FrankUn Co.— Most mem- bers placing. State Horticultural Association Cup awarded to Harrison Nol?ColSrLancaster County,-Best bushel in the show. Tmoortant! The judge observed privately that while bruises and stem punctures may not be the growers' fault, apples do not become sadly polluted with scale or scab except in the orchard. Also! pfckhig off the tiny scale insect itself still leaves the red ring and it is still considered insect injury. If Jou looked over the exhibits, you will know what the judge meant. MARKETING THROUGH CHAIN STORES E. DANA SUTLIFF Shickshinny, Luzerne County I note that the principal part of your prograin this afternoon pertahis to marketing, and there is another word that I would like you to take into consideration with that word "^arketrng And^that other word is '^salesmanship.'^ Now, through the agency of State College and the county agents, we are able to produce good fruit but if we can't get the price for that fruit the work has been in vain. All the work from State College is on the producing end, and the big part of the business is selling, and unC you can sell that fruit profitably, you will have to use red ink in your bookkeeping. Now, what is it that consti- Ses saiesLnJhip? Before I go on with this matter o^^^^^^^^^^^ manship, I want to say that my problem will fit the growers of two to five thousand bushels of apples. I am going to relate a little incident of just a week or two ago, Tsfw a man in the market and I looked his ruit over; nooked the man over. I thought, 'That man won't sell that load of fruit '' I saw him two days later, and I asked mm, ''How dS^^^^^ find the market?" He replied '1 took twen y bushels of apples to market; I worked hard all day, and I sold four bushels; the rest I brought home.; ^ What was the matter Was it that man's fruit? I looked carefully at his fruit; it wasn t graded as it should have been; possibly twenty per cent of his Ipples should have been taken out, and then he would have had a nice product*. But here! I am going to describe that man to vou To start with, that man's hair had grown down to his coat collar. I dare say that his face had not felt a razor for two weeks— possibly longer. The edges of his collar were all frayed ■ *Secretary'8 NoTE-Looks like State College still had some opportunity for missionary work in the production end. — 120 — out; he was wearing a pair of overalls that the ladies wouldn't have wanted with them at the table. He had on an old pair of arctics that were well-stained with barnyard juice. His apples were in old black crates. Could you expect that man to sell apples? If he had come to your door and tried to sell your wife apples, would she have bought? No! I was in a store the other day, when a bright, energetic- looking man selling a specialty came in. In these times you might think that was a hard thing to put across, but I want to tell you how that fellow went at it. We are all susceptible to flattery, and flattery is a valuable asset in salesmanship, if you don't carry it too far. Use such flattery that may be under- stood as a compliment. The first thing that young man did was this: He stood looking at the shelves in that store, and he said to the merchant, "What a neat arrangement you have for your goods!" And he began to talk trade with the merchant, — that is, in regard to different brands of goods. He didn't tell the store man at first what he was representing. But finally he broke the news to him and told him what he was selling. The merchant said to the young salesman, "I don't want to handle that; money is scarce, and I couldn't sell that." However, the salesman, with ingenuity, persuaded the merchant that it was a good proposition, and he placed that goods in the man's store. In contrast with that, on the same day I saw a salesman in another store. He came in with a long face, and he told how hard the times were — they were getting worse and worse. That man was selling staple groceries, and the merchant was actually low on some of the items that that fellow sold. And you could see a different expression on the countenance of that merchant while this salesman was talking to him. Did the salesman get an order? No, he did not get an order! Do not have a good product alone, but first let your appearance be neat and clean! A smile is one of the most valuable assets that there are in sales- manship. And the successful salesman is the one who takes advantage of every opportunity. Another valuable asset to anyone who has anything to sell is the ability to tell a story. Get them from your papers, magazines, and make use of them when you go to make a sale, for they are a big help. Now I am going to get down to the meat of my address — "Marketing Apples Through Chain Stores." We are told today that the chain stores handle forty per cent* of the groceries that are sold at retail. The growth and volume of their business is tremendous. But what about the fruit? Are they selling forty per cent of the fruit? They are not! At least not in the country where I come from. The independent merchant has it all over the chain store in selling fruit. I sell to both, and the independ- ent has a decided advantage. Now there is a reason for that. *Secretary's Note — Chair stores today are handling east of the Mississippi River about 50 per cent of the perishables, according to B. A. Leeper, general manager, National Fruit and Vegetable Exchange. — 121 — ^^1 To start with, you should know how the chain stores are managed; they have their central office, then they have a traveling man that has some fifteen stores that he visits each day. And then thev have the store managers. Now invariably,—! am sate m saving —seventy-five per cent of those store managers are young men and young women from the towns in which those stores are located. They get their training in the store, but they do not know anything about fruit. I know a lot of them to whom an apple is an apple; I know that to the traveUng manager an apple is an apple; and I know that to some of the produce buyers for these big chain stores an apple is an apple,— they do not know apples and they have a lot of undesirable fruit unloaded on them For two years in succession one of the chain stores in our section has had two carloads of Stark apples in October You all know what a Stark apple is. It is all right now, but would you want to eat one in October? No! And neither do the people in town! They take those apples and distribute them around to their stores, and they sit there, and they sit, and they can^t sell them. I have seen York Imperial by the carloads in our market as early as October 5; they would be put out and sold by the chain stores. It is any wonder to you that they are not seUing apples? . ,. i .., r xu u • Now I am going to tell you what I did with one of the chains. Three years ago my son, who does considerable trucking, had about three acres of cauUflower; went to market one day, but came back rather discouraged. He had thirty dozen cauliflower., and he said, ^'Dad, I didn^t bre^k even on that cauhflower I want you to help me.^' I said, -All right. ^^ I thought of the chain stores. I went to the Wilkes-Barre manager, and I said, -Now look here. We have some fine cauliflower; its high quality, and we will stand right back of our product. What I want to do is to take your Nanticoke stores, furnish them cauliflower every other day. I will guarantee the freshness ot it. If there is any carried over two days that shows any signs of deterioration, I will simply take it out and replace it.'' -Well,'' he replied, -that's something new. We have never done anything like that before; but you can try it." So I did They took every bit of cauUflower that we had. I took out from their stores possibly three dozen cauUflower until the season was over. That was something that made them place confidence in me, because they knew that I did just exactly as I had agreed to do. They sold more cauliflower in those few stores in Nanticoke than they did in any of the torty other stores, the manager told me that he had under that branch, and they made some money from it. I am stiU doing business with that same store. They had confidence in me, and I have tried not to betray that confidence; I have kept that up. So finally I made up my mind it would be the easiest way to market my apples. I went to the same general manager. ^ 1 said, -Now I have another proposition to put up to you. You re not getting the fruit trade in Nanticoke; I would like to build — 122 — up that trade and make you some money, — take a car of our fruit, too." -WeU," he asked, -what is your proposition?" I replied, -My proposition is this: I will pack my apples in bushel baskets for you, and I will leave those at the stores. As fast as I learn the requirements in each neighborhood, I wiU guaran- tee the sale of the apples. If any apples deteriorate, I wiU give allowance for them, you to furnish me with empty packages." -WeU," he said, -go to it." Here is something that I found. In a local market such as we have, we need a great many varieties. It took me some time to find this out, but I found that some few stores could seU Greenings; I found about eight out of ten that couldn't sell Greenings — there wasn't any use in putting them off there. I had stores that would take the old GiUiflower as high as ten bushels a week; I had three stores that I left GiUiflower in, and they couldn't seU an apple. So there it was. But, by having a great many varieties of apples, and learning the neigh- borhood, I have marketed practicaUy my entire crop to that chain store ever since. Now, in regard to price, you may think that a chain store is a price-wrecker. They try to handle everything just as reason- ably as they can; but they don't want to handle anything unless they make money on it. Last FaU, as soon as my apples started, I went to them and I said, -Now my apples are started. How about price?" -Wait a minute," the manager said, then got me an invoice of a carload of U. S. No. 1 apples at sixty-nine cents a bushel laid in Wilkes-Barre. I saw the apples; they were aU right, too. I replied, -I can't do it. I can't bring you any apples for less than eighty-five cents." He declared, -It's too much money. We get eight cents for that package; that cuts the price of those apples to sixty-one cents. You are asking us twenty-four cents more, and we are going to give you an empty package. We can't do it this year." It ran along for ten days, then I had a telephone caU, and the manager said, -Start to deUver apples." One of those cars was a car of Stark apples. They took them out to their trade and they couldn't seU them. Now, with the apples,— as you heard one of the speakers remark here this afternoon,— for this wholesale ship- ping trade, they must be hard; whereas, if you have a local market, you can market your apples in season. You can buUd up a reputation on your fruit. One of the stores on Main Street in Nanticoke got a box of western apples before Christmas; on last Tuesday (Jan. 12) that store stiU had haU a box left. They were fancier than mine, I wiU admit, but the salesgirl said, -As long as your apples are in here, the trade wUl take your apples in preference to paying the price at which those western apples are selUng." So that, if you want to seU apples to the chain stores, or to any other store, you have got to gain the confidence of the person who is going to buy your apples. Don't betray that confidence. Another thing: If you are doing wholesale business, don't do a retaU business. When anyone — 123 — stops me on the street and asks me for a bushel of apples, I simply refer him to the nearest store handling my apples. ILLINOIS GROWERS GAIN BY REDUCTIONS IN FREIGHT RATES* Freight rate reducfons on lUinois peaches wi 1 open a new outet for the 1932 crop into interior cities of Pennsylvania, New York and other eastern states, accordmg to the llimois Agricultural Association. This action, sought by organized peach growers of southern IlUnois since early last summer, will mean a reduction of from $23 to $99 a car on freight, opening a market for an estimated 1,000 cars of peaches annually in a territory not reached heretofore. The decision cuts approxi- mately one-third from the former rates on peaches and is effec- tive anywhere on Central Freight Association lines, which extend as far east as Buffalo and Pittsburgh. It has the effect of plac ing IlUnois rates into this territory from 6 to 8 cents below the rates from the southeastern peach belt. Simi ar adjustments are being sought on Unes reaching into the New England states to open additional territory. THE FUTURE OF THE APPLE INDUSTRY HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD Winchester, Virginia When history records the happenings of the year 1931, it will probably be said that it was the worst apple year that we have ever known, but, of course, we apple growers are not m a class by ourselves in that respect. Not only did we have the world- wide depression to contend with, when by the governments estimates we were supposed to have had the second largest crop in our history, but also during the harvesting period we had the collapse of the EngUsh pound, which, insofar as my particular district is concerned, created a very difficult situation for us to meet. And even the weather has been against us, because we had those hot spells during the harvesting season. Then, during December, the warm weather made it possible to market cull apples— apples which otherwise would not have been placed in competition. Notwithstanding these conditions, we in Virginia feel optimistic about the future of the apple industry, because we believe that it is on a sound foundation, insofar as the funda- mentals are concerned. Consider that in 1900 there were 203,000,000 apples trees of all kinds and descriptions in this country, while in the census of 1925 this number has been reduced to 100,000,000— less than half in a period of twenty- five years. So far as commercial trees are concerned, they have *From "State and Federal Marketing Activities", Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. D. A. — 124 — been declining at the rate of about one million trees per year. When you recall the fact that it takes from ten to twelve years for apple trees to bear heavily, I believe that the time is soon coming in this country, when we will have little fear of an over- production of apples, except in a very occasional year, such as, the year that we have just gone through. So we feel that there is a great deal in the future to look forward to, especially by reason of the fact that our crop is cleaned up every year, while producers of corn, cotton, wheat, and some other things, have surpluses carried over from year to year. But notwithstanding this favorable outlook for the future, there are very grave problems that we must meet for the immediate future of our industry. I came here this morning, in the hope that some practical method could be found whereby we could cooperate together in this great Shenandoah-Cumberland region, because I want to say to you fruit-growers that there is no other part of America that has the advantage that we have in the production of apples. We can produce as high a grade apple as any other part, and we have the tremendous advantage of the accessibility to eastern markets and a low freight on seaboard export. When you consider that it costs the far-western apple-growers seventy- five to eighty-five cents a box to deliver their apples in New York City, while it costs us only fifteen cents a box, it gives us an enormous advantage. I think the time has come when we must put up a better grade of apples so as to compete with the apples from the North- west. My brother and I had an experience this year; we were able to sell some fancy Stayman, deli :ered in New York — 15,000 bushels— at a price equal to that paid for extra-fancy Stayman from the North\^est, we paying fiteen cents freight rate, the Northwest paying seventy-five to eighty-five cents, depending upon whether or not there was refrigeration. The chief problem is in our hands to solve, and if we don^t solve it, then we deserve to be forced out of the apple business. I mean that we must grow better apples; that is solely and entirely within our own hands. I have been in the apple business for 28 years, and in that long period I have never made any money on Unclassified or even No. 2 apples. They may pay the carrying charges; they may pay the cost of harvesting and the cost of growing and spraying, but there^s no profit in any apples except No. 1 apples. And, as I view the situation today, from a growing standpoint, the problem that all of us have is to increase very greatly the percentage of No. 1 apples that we produce from our respective orchards; and our profits will be determined by the percentage of No. 1 apples as compared with apples of off-grades. I want, out of my experience of 28 years, to give just a few of the principal ways, in my judgment, of increasing the percentage of No. 1 apples. Now, the difficulty that we all have today in getting No. 1 apples is mainly in color. That is the most difficult problem that we have to solve in our section, especially with the York — 125 — Imperial. And I want to say this to the Pennsylvania apple growers, that while we have speciaUzed in the York Imperial, we are willing to admit that the Pennsylvania York is the finest finished York that is placed on the market; that has been shown time and time again by the fact that you obtain higher prices for Pennsylvania Yorks than we do for Virginia Yorks. Having m mind the object of increasing the color on red varieties, because that is what it is coming to in every market in the world, the most important thing to do first is a thorough pruning; it is to prune more than we have pruned in the past. I don't mean an excessive pruning, to the extent of stripping the trees of the fruit spurs, but I mean that there must be sufficient sunUght let into the inside of the trees, so as to increase the color, because we must bear in mind that the only two things that will bring color to apples are first, maturity, and second, sunlight. And the apples are not going to color where you do not have the proper pruning. So the first thing we should do is to give our trees a thorough pruning. , , , j x i With respect to spraying, that is so thoroughly understood that I will not refer to it, except to say this: That the greatest mistake that I have always made in spraying is to omit any spray that is recommended by the agricultural extension service. When in doubt, spray! That is my advice. Don't omit, by reason of the cost or anything else, a single spray that is urged upon us by those who know better than we do as to when and how to spray for the different pests that we must control. The next great problem confronting us, as I see it, is the treat- ment of the soil, and, as to that, there is very little information available. By that I mean soil treatment so that we can obtain the maximum of production and maximum of quality at the same time. It's a very difficult thing to do, because we know that when we stimulate the trees and bring about increased bearing, we may reduce the color. I am convinced, over long experience with nitrogenous fertiUzers, that while they are necessary to maintain production, yet the use of nitrate of soda and other fertilizers of this kind reduces the color because it extends the growing season of the apple, increases the leaf surface, and to that extent shades the apple and reduces the color. I do not mean that we should not use nitrate of soda. I have used it extensively all through these years. But this year I have determined to reduce the nitrate of soda in the hope that I can obtain a larger percentage of No. 1 apples, insofar as color is concerned, than I have in the past. Then, I believe, we must come to thinning as a regular orchard practice, that we must thin to obtain color and to obtain a uniformity of size. Last year, for the first time, my brother and I attempted to prop all of our trees in our 21 orchards, which I think had a great advantage, lifting up the apples that hung over each other, and bringing color to those that were underneath. In other words, I think that we must put every thought and attention that we have to the idea of, first, growing apples free of insect — 126 — and disease injury, and, secondly, of growing well-colored apples of the red varieties. I think the time has come, by reason of the reduced export demand, that we must expect that we can obtain a fair price only for red apples that are supposed to be red and which present a good appearance when they are offered on the markets on the other side. Now, as I say, the first great problem confronting us is to grow better apples. The next problem is to pack the apples better. I think probably we are among the worst offenders this year in the condition that existed. There is no doubt about it that the apple-growers of the East — I do not say they deliber- ately did it, nevertheless they accomplished it — virtually de- stroyed the European markets for, possibly, a period of thirty to sixty days by dumping on these markets the most inferior apples that could be imagined. In other words, grades of apples that were not marketable in this country were sent to the European markets and England, and those markets were vir- tually destroyed, insofar as any profit was realized by the growers, for the space of sixty to ninety days. Now I think there ought to be some cooperation between us; I believe that all the growers can cooperate together. And I come to you, not for the purpose of criticizing Pennsylvania, because as far as I know Pennsylvania is not especially to be criticized; but I come to apologize for my own state of Virginia, because I think she was more responsible than any other for the situation that occurred this year. There is a great deal to know in regard to packing apples. As for us, we have packed for export for years, and we know that we must pack our apples tightly. No matter how fine the package is, if they arrive slack on the markets abroad, they will not obtain a good price. I have been using shredded oil paper. Even if you do not export the apples, it is a very advantageous thing to do, because it gives a much better appearance to the apples, a refinement, which I think you are compensated for by the increased price. I think it is absolutely essential where you store your apples, because it is the cheapest insurance you can possibly obtain against scald. And today there are scalded apples not in shredded paper, but I have not as yet, seen scalded apples in shredded paper properly used. So far as my brother and I are concerned, we expect to use shredded paper on all of our apples, whether they are shipped immediately to the market or stored for later shipment. Now, of course, the facing is very important, and it is not necessary for me to tell you that. I have always tried to get the best apples of that particular grade for the face, and I do not see any reason to change that practice, although, of course, the apples should not be too much overfaced*. I believe, too, the time has come when we must size our apples in quarter-inch sizes. In the first place, as a selfish ♦See the letter on page 79 from the New York State Bureau of Markets. — 127 — proposition, if we have the grading machinery to do it, it would be a wise thing to do, because there are less apples in a barrel that are uniformly graded than where the sizes vary, so that the holes in between them can be filled up by the smaller sized apples. Mr. Ralston, who represents the Virginia State Horticultural Society, has written us, advising that all of our export shipments be put up in quarter-inch sizes in the future. Now there is nothing else that I can say about the packing of apples. Now, those two problems I have mentioned that lie within our own capacity to solve are, first, to grow good apples, and, second, to pack them better. There is another great problem confronting us, and that is, we must advertise apples to the world and to the American people. Consider that in the past ten or fifteen years, many new fruits have been thrown on the market in competition with apples. Take the tremendously increased consumption of grape- fruit, oranges, plums, and peaches. Some of the oldest of you growers will remember that years ago the apple-growers had virtually a monopoly of the fruit trade, but now we must com- pete not only with other apple-growers, but with these new fruits of very attractive appearance and flavor that are being constantly placed on the market. And I hope that some plan can be worked out, whereby the apple-growers, if we do nothmg more, can advertise the apples from the Shenandoah-Cumber- land region— this production of the milUons of barrels— that we can work out some plan to do that to advantage. I want to tell you of an experience we had in Virginia last year. We got through a plan to assess each apple grower two cents a barrel. We collected, by reason of it, between fifteen and twenty thousand dollars; not all of the money has been collected yet. We used that money to send a representative abroad — Mr. Ralston— who is one of the most capable men we could secure to represent us in Continental Europe. He has done a great deal to smooth over the great difficulties that confronted us this year. We used the balance of it to ;idvertise Virginia apples in the South by means of full-page arlvertisements, and by radio and other means. Of course, Virginia can do very little alone in this matter, and we can accompUsh very much only if all the apple-growers join, but at least the apple-growers of the East and, more especially of this particular section. And I hope that you in Pennsylvania will very carefully give thought to some plan whereby we can cooperate in this and other matters. We passed a resolution at our horticultural meeting held in December, urging that the states in tl e East cooperate for these matters, and requesting me, as president of the Virginia State Horticultural Society, to call a meeting of the presidents of all of the other societies in the East for the purpose of conferrmg about these and other matters. I have written to the different presidents, and we expect to have a meeting very shortly in Washington. I hope very much that we may work together. Virginia doesn't desire to go alone in advertising or anything — 128 — mm else. We realize that all of our fortunes are linked together that we can either succeed as a whole, or fail as a whole; we are prepared to cooperate with you in every practical and feasible way,— p epared to guarantee certain subscriptions or in any other way that this committee of the presidents of the different societies could devise. Now I think it is hardly necessary Tor me to say anything more about advertising in this day and age, when it is the chief medmm of mcreasing the sale of any product, because I believe that the progressive grower of Pennsylvania, if there could be any practical way to bring it about, would cheerfully cooperate Of course, the great difficulty we had in Virginia lay in attempt ing to collect the money from the individual grower. The Western people do not have that, because they have their great selling organizations, and they can assess so much per box for advertising and deduct it from the sales as made. Up to this date we in the East, have not gone into cooperative marketing to the extent that we are able to do that. But there is no reason why this should not be done. In Virginia we had each individual grower sign a statement that he would contribute to the horti- cultural society two cents on every barrel of apples that he marketed, and so far we have had no difficulty whatever in collecting this sum. And we hope very much that we may be able to cooperate with Pennsylvania and work out some solution of this problem. The next great problem confronting us, as I see it, is some way to prevent the loss of our foreign markets. I am going to talk frankly about this matter, and I do not want anything that I say to have a political inference, because while I am a Democrat, I have no desire in any way to mix up politics with my business. Our foreign markets are the greatest single difficulty as I see it, confronting us in the future. I do not mean to infer that these things that have occurred only recently in the restriction of our foreign markets are in retaliation of the tariff restrictions placed m this country. But I make this as a statement of fact, that prior to the last eighteen months that there wasn't a single nation in the world that imposed a single restriction upon the importation of American apples. Within the last eighteen months these things have occurred : The Argentine has virtually excluded barreled apples by the most drastic regulations con- ceivable, with which it is impossible for us to comply. They provide that you must give a certificate that there is not even a suspicion of an insect injury of any character or description; further providing that, if such injury should be discovered, they have the privilege of confiscating these apples and charging us the cost of dumping them into the ocean, or wherever they do put them. And then, furthermore, they require that every individual apple be wrapped in oiled paper. To give you an idea of how this restriction affects an individual grower, such as my brother and I, in the year 1930 we sold 25,000 barrels of Ben Davis to go to Argentina, for four dollars a barrel obtained — 129 — in cash as the apples were shipped. This year we so d one car to KO to Argentina, and we got three dollars and fifty cents a barS aC wrapping each individual apple, after exammmg each apple, to see that there was not a f ^glS,J°/f *„t°?^f ffi character or description upon that apple. The result was that Argentina last year took 250,000 barrels of apples from America, and thS ySarW 5,000 barrels. Now that is the greatest market that our country has for Ben Davis. You are faced with the restrictions that have been placed upon the importation by England, and we may as well face the cold fact that England, within the ^^xttvelve months, v^ill unquestionably put a tariff on apples m addition to the restric- Ss that they have placed, and when that is done, we shal have received, so far as export trade is concerned, the worst Wow that we have ever had, speaking directly of Virginia and '""iS'^^lSi'ts .ity^in the last thirty days placed a tariff on apples, of ten dollars a barrel -practically prohibitive! Spain has completely embargoed American apples; Portugal and Peru and iSy have done the same. France has greatly mcreased the trriff so has Germany. Netherlands has not only increased the tariff,' but has pro^We'd the most drastic regulations with respect to insect infestation. ^ • u^ That is the situation that has occurred in the past eighteen months. Prior to that time throughout the long years we had been able to ship the American apple anywhere without any restriction whatsoever placed upon it I ^^ ^^\^^'''^^^^^^^^ lyze the causes as to why these conditions have come about I am simply stating the facts as they exist, because I, myself have been shipping for years seventy per cent ^J "^^ ^^^P ^^^^ these markets. Let us think for a moment what the export trade means to the apple business. We normally export twenty per cent of the apples grown in this country; twenty Per cent ot them are exported to some foreign nation. If that twenty per cent is forced on the domestic markets, no matter how greatly the crop may be reduced-unless it is a abnormally low crop- t will virtually destroy the profit that we may have in the domestic market All of our prices are determined by export prices. England takes sixty-three per cent of the apples that we export ; Germany takes about twenty-five per cent; France, about ten per cent; and so forth. Now, what can we, as apple-growers, do to relieve this con- dition? I am frank to say, perhaps, we can do httle. i*jere js one thing that has brought about this situation, and I would like to bring it to your attention, because there is something we can do One thing that has brought about these restrictions and retahations, or whatever they are-entirely independent of the tariff-is that the American government ^as been exceed- ingly unreasonable in the importation of (;ther foodstuffs coming into this country— with respect to what is known as the quaran- tine regulations.^^ I had an example not long ago from the — ISO- Argentine— where grapes alleged to have been infected with the Mediterranean fruit fly, were shipped to this country. And these grapes, through the examination, were so unreasonably handled that they were virtually destroyed by opening every package. As you know, grapes thus handled will not keep. Another instance was called to my attention, when a large ship ment of turkeys was made from the Argentine to this country. While these turkeys were in transit, an order came presumably from the Secretary of Agriculture, that the legs of the turkeys had to be cut off before they landed in America, because of the danger of foot and mouth disease, although they were willing to certify that these turkeys had not been within a thousand miles of any foot and mouth disease in Argentina. We had difficulty not long ago with England. We were prohibiting England from shipping potatoes into this country, notwithstand- ing they were willing to pay the tariff, because of some alleged disease, and we denied the request of the English government to have an inspector from this country sent to England to inspect the potatoes before they left there, to assure us that they did not have this particular disease. In other words, we are asking these foreign governments to take our certificates, the certifi- cates of our government, as to the freedom of our shipments from these particular insects and things like the apple maggot that are so damaging, of course, and then we deny to the other governments the same privilege that we ask for ourselves. Entirely independent of the tariff situation, which of course will have to be handled by a general policy as formulated by the American people and not for the benefit or salvation of any particular industry, I believe that we can do much by impressing those in authority that, with respect to this quarantine regula- tion, we can do much by a meeting of the presidents of these different horticultural societies; impressing upon those in authority the great damage that is being done to us by the unreasonable regulations that they themselves have imposed. I hope that your society will approve of a meeting and instruct your president — as I know he will be glad to do — to cooperate with us in these matters. I want to say a word about the general outlook for agriculture. I think it is a great problem for the American people. It affects the apple industry, of course, just as vitally as any other producer of foodstuffs. Wherever you go, over the American nation, you find the farmer, the backbone of our government, suffering from an unreasonable depression. Not only this year, but from 1920 on, the farmer has not made a fair profit on his labor or on his investment. It has been so long since he has made a profit that many farmers would hardly recognize it if they met a profit in the street. Now, the turning point has got to come. I speak as one inter- ested in the future of this country — not entirely from the stand- point of dollars and cents, but from the standpoint of one interested in the stability of our government. And I say, — 131 — Hi,«.,t fpnr of successful contradiction, that the best guardians S\hese fundamental inst^^^ of our government' ^,^«ffJ,^J^ ifoo iVt^lv to he led astray by these new fads and ism s Sat are S brought to the attention of the American people Se those wh? live on the farms, who own their farms and who "^Now rillTS.^CSl£es'lS^t farmers should go to wSgton and aTflvors. That has never been may way o "tl 1™ '"mTLtion of Virginia farmers who are l.i„g J^Ay bAe t™ ;o'^boa*; *r K Ss 1' Ss Thev put that property up for sale, which they should not Se donef becluse t£s £ no%ime to force Properf up f^r sale SrwSrJX^p'irt hL^terTyT/fo? X a^d » five tLuSnJ dollarsrone-half of the r^tg^HownTo see htm Su^: f ;rdru\?erW wU^^^^^^^ was wilUng to sacrifice the property which was worth every Slar of ie mortgage, ^ and would be worth ^t in a^ Jo^^t^^-, ^s'to rtcTuseTetooXis fiYty'ceAts on the dollar and we Sughro'ur own bonds, which are selling on Jhe marked at forty- twofand we saved our company by buying th^se bonds Now that is what is occurring over this land, and I say fhaUhe time has come for you and all of us, regardless of politujl parties f n QPrvp notice on those in authority that we are not abKin^ J^ors but tS^ asking that justice be done us in pro por?[on to the justice done to European nations an^gr^^^^^ ness interests of this country. The time has come tor us to ^iZri ourselves because if we don't there is going to be a disaster fn" h s co^^^^^^^^^^ going to affect every business^n^^^^^^^ what it is or where it is. I think some way should be devised. — 132 — Credit is what the farmer needs today; I don't mean, in connec- tion with that, to borrow more money. I think it would be extremely unwise to make it easy for a farmer who does not owe, to borrow. I think he should be discouraged in every possible way. What I mean is this: That those farmers who are good, worthy citizens should be permitted to renew these loans and, if necessary, have a moratorium on the interest for a certain time, so as to enable them to pay their loans and continue in business. I can not see why that can not be done. We have all these other things being done. Let the federal government make some arrangement with these farm loan banks — release frozen assets in the banks of agricultural communities. Why, they think that land today has no value. Try to borrow! Land! The only thing in the country that can not be destroyed, the only thing that will be here, perhaps, after the cities are gone and the industries have ceased to operate. Land today, is the only thing in the United States that is not worth anything for the purpose of making a loan. Let them go to the farmers and say, ''Here, we recognize this condition that exists today. We recognize that you are in just as bad shape today as Germany is, as these other European nations are, and we are going to give a moratorium to you." Let them say to the farmers, ''We have confidence in your future. We will arrange some way, by governmental intervention and operation, some way to enable you to continued your loans, both in the local banks and by direct loans made from the boards, and, if necessary, reduce the interest temporarily, and in some way include the interest that is reduced in the principal of the loan." I do not mean that that is exactly how it could be carried out, but I know that if these things that are being done for the benefit of other people can be accomplished, then it can be done for the farmers! I am here for the purpose of offering to you, on behalf of the Virginia State Horticultural Society, our cooperation in these problems — not only with regard to the apple business, but also with regard to other matters relating to agriculture. We are all together; we should stand together. This great Cumberland- Shenandoah region has a tremendous possibility in the future of the apple industry. If we should cooperate, — we have never done it heretofore — but if we should, we would be the greatest single force, I think, in the apple industry of America today. And I am here to offer to you the cooperation of the Virginia people, to express the hope that you will join with us, without the idea of any selfish advantage to any of us. We will not ask selfish advantage, and I know that you will not, but rather, join together for the preservation of ourselves. We see every other industry in this country amalgamating and joining, so that today the basic profits of the land are being controlled by single industries cooperating closely together — the oil, the copper indus- try, and everything else. But we see practically no cooperation among the farmers. — 133 — T r.f +.. Kp fr«nk with vou and say that I do not beUeve that the SStion of the fam^^^^^ i° artificial panaceas Sp federal government, under Mr. Hoover, was required to endeavor artElly to hold up the price of certam comrnod^ies w fhev attempted to do an impossible thing. The United everywhere I* J^'^^^b^^/STWireff^^^^^ to stabilize the price ^f^'Z^! T think it was a very unfortunate thing for them to Irmot lecau fl think it wm discredit farm relief in the future -shZddfscourageus,butthat the Farm Board should be con- — snouia aibwui as , thought about the future of the S BoarS ' Let fhe F^JmBofrd, financed by the United Itat"slove?nment, be an agency for the purpose of disposmg of %iltZ£\fZT£:to:'S^^^^^^> as we have and CWna i'lTvTng f or that wheat why would it be - -Po-M^^^^^ fr.r fViP PVrlpral Farm Board to sell direct to tne county ui Si^a^s'mSwheat as they -g^^ ^s je ^t^, VcTur^^^^ n\.'^r^a if Tipppssarv for the payment of that wneat: wi coui&c, ?htrniTm%Tt\ot be pafdln ^f > ^ut we^l^^cl^^^^^^ ThalwouW be a proper adventure in business; it would not be ihat wouia DC a p v panaceas that are Sngleredtf us, which are based on arWial condition. Tf the Fa?m Board sells to China at the regular price of wheat a Lat blocTof Xat which it would not sell, otherwise, and takes t^e risk of payment, it gets that much wheat out of consumption In thfs countr^ I simply cite that thing as one of the oppor- runiiesXt now exist? for the Farm Board to dispose of the -ffen,TtSthit\t:e7nS^^^^^ SJs thl Titl^\^S&^ ^ ^ f a c of t™ soil independent of the human consumption for food of tLse product^ believe that chemistry and agriculture should be murm^^^^^^^ allied in the future than it has been in the ^' But I will not bore you with these opinions of mine, because I fm s mply hereto express the hope that you will cooperate liSujS'that we wan? to cooperate with y-- ^^^^^^^^ to you the best wishes and greetmgs of the fruit-growers oi ^'iWoENT Cuiswell: 1 am sure we very "^^cl^/PP^';;ff^^ the goodwill and offer of cooperation from the Pre^^d^^^^ Virginia State Horticultural Society. I should like to say that vosterdav at a meeting of the Executive Committee of this rstdSn,1h: iSt 'which Governor Byrd ^-^ P^^^^^^ ^s talked over, and your president was authorized to attend any — 134 — conferences and to join with Virginia in any of these problems that it seems wise. However, it might be that a resolution of this Association would be a good thing for record. If you members concur in this thought, let us have a resolution. President Criswell announced that Mr. G. S. L. Carpenter, president of the Maryland State Horticultural Society had arrived and wished briefly to address the meeting. Mr. Carpenter: I am more than glad to be here as a repre- sentative of the Maryland State Horticultural Society, and I am sure that Maryland will join with all of the sister states in producing and working out anything that may be of benefit to the entire industry. Mr. H. a. Shank, Lancaster County, presented a motion that the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association cooperate with the Virginia Society, in accordance with the invitation extended by President Byrd, as well as with Maryland, in accordance with Mr. Carpenter's message. The motion was seconded by Mr. J. Gordon Fetterman, and it carried unanimously.* THE PROPOSED PENNSYLVANIA BRAND On March 2 at Harrisburg, at the instance of Miles Horst of the Pennsylvania Farmer, about 75 representatives of various agricultural organizations met to consider the possibilities of a Pennsylvania label or brand, similar to the New England quality label which goes only on certain better farm products of that section. The State Horticultural Association had about 25 members on hand. The group as a whole agreed that the idea of a Pennsylvania Brand for use on certain grades of farm products was worth- while and a committee composed of two men from each society interested will meet in Harrisburg in the near future to select a brand. Briefly, the idea behind it is this: Pennsylvania farmers pro- ducing several lines of farm products are said to be losing their own markets to an extent varying with the farm product in question. Why not protect our own markets and help sell our surplus in other states by using certain good grades of this perishable produce? The particular grade or grades of apples, for example, in which the Pennsylvania brand could be used, would be deter- mined by this Association; no new fruit grades will be made to confuse anyone. Growers who wished to use this brand on all or part of their stuff — and its use would be purely voluntary — would have to sign in writing a pledge that they would adhere to the grades with the understanding that they would lose their license to use the Pennsylvania brand, as well as their whole supply of labels for obvious continued failures to grade properly ♦Secretary's Note — The Cumberland-Shenandoah Four State Committee here authorized has already met and is actively considering some of the problems of that area. See page 4 for the personnel of this committee. — 135 — under the proposed standards. The Pennsylvania brand labels would cost so much each; probably not a very large sum, which would go for advertising, etc. Each would contain the grower s license number. , , , , .„ , Possible abuse of the brand in many ways would be protected bv a law with teeth in it so that the brand would mean something. Without this backing the brand is useless. Incidentally, this inspection and police work should not increase taxes,— to this, vou can all say a fervent "Amen!" , •„ . • i... ,i Much work must be done before this brand will be in actual use, if the fruit growers and the farmers want it. Suitable legislation must be secured and hundreds of detai s arranged^ Much educational work will have to be done by State College so that prospective users of the brand and consumers under- stand what it means. , . j u j Remember, nobody will have to use this proposed brand, but if they do, they will be required to live up to it, just as in the case of the U. S. Grades in Pennsylvama If, for instance, the users want to market part of their fruit under this label, and part otherwise, it would be perfectly all right. This scheme is not designed to help fruit exports as much as to protect our own markets and to help secure others on a quality basis. It is not designed to make you wealthy but to help move superior products at fair prices. Neither State College nor Harrisburg will push it unless you want it; neither in the first place suggested ' This whole plan is merely begun and we want your reaction to the idea. Write your Secretary, R. H. Sudds, State College giving him your thoughts either for or against it If you don t like it and fail to say so, we will have no way of knowmg your pleasure. If you think it is promising, write also. Your Asso- ciation officers and committee want your opinions. It you respond as you should, the June News Letter will present part of the discussion. Whether you Uke it or not, send at least a card. — 136 — A HISTORY OF FRUIT GROWING IN PENNSYLVANIA 11. The Transition Period (1827-1887) S. W. FLETCHER, Professor of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State College The sixty years from 1827 to 1887 witnessed far greater changes in fruit growing than the 200 years of the Colonial Period. Within the span of a single generation fruit growing was trans- formed from an incidental feature of general farming to a highly specialized industry. THE GOLDEN AGE OF THE AMATEUR The period from 1827 to 1859 was the golden age of the amateur. An amateur is one who grows fruit primarily for his own use and pleasure, not to sell; '*To grow fine fruits, flowers and vegetables is esteemed one of the most laudable under- takings of a country gentleman." The chief impetus to fruit growing before the Civil War was the interest of wealthy ama- teurs, gentlemen who had country seats and employed English gardeners. Such were Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston, who grew over 2000 varieties of fruit on his fifteen acre estate, and WiUiam Hamilton, of Philadelphia, who reported, in 1840, that he had just imported 500 European varieties of pears in one shipment. Marshall P. Wilder ''loved to take his friends through his fruit garden, when he would pick a pear from this tree and from that, slice them carefully, and give each a taste." He was a connois- seur on varieties. Other distinguished pomologists of the amateur period, whose memory we delight to honor, were CM. Hovey, editor of the Magazine of Horticulturey our greatest single repository of early American horticulture, for 34 years, from 1835 to 1868; A. J. Downing, editor of The Horticulturist from 1846 to 1853 and author of 'Truits and Fruit Trees of America" (1845), which had more influence on American pomology than has any other book, before or since; Patrick Barry, successor to Downing as editor of The Horticulturist, and author of "The Fruit Garden"; and W. D. Brinckl^, of Philadelphia, who produced, by hybridi- zation, a number of valuable varieties of small fruits and who was a leader in American pomology for a quarter of a century. These gentlemen made possible the organization of the Penn- sylvania Horticultural Society, in 1827, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in 1829 and the American Pomological Society, in 1852. The First State Horticultural Society.— li was natural that the first State Horticultural Society should be born at Philadelphia. That city had been the commercial and horticultural center of the country for over a century. It was the metropolis of the — 27 — under the proposed standards. The Pennsylvania brand labels would cost so much each; probably not a very large sum, which would go for advertising, etc. Each would contain the grower s license number. . . ^ Possible abuse of the brand in many ways would be protected by a law with teeth in it so that the brand would mean something. Without this backing the brand is useless. Incidentally, this inspection and poUce work should not increase taxes,— to this, you can all say a fervent ^'Amen!*' , .„ t. . ^ i Much work must be done before this brand will be in actual use, if the fruit growers and the farmers want it. Suitable legislation must be secured and hundreds of details arranged. Much educational work will have to be done by State College so that prospective users of the brand and consumers under- stand what it means. j i j Remember, nobody will have to use this proposed brand, but if they do, they will be required to live up to it, just as in the case of the U. S. Grades in Pennsylvania. If, for instance, the users want to market part of their fruit under this label, and part otherwise, it would be perfectly all right. This scheme is not designed to help fruit exports as much as to protect our own markets and to help secure others on a quality basis. It is not designed to make you wealthy but to help move superior products at fair prices. Neither State College nor Harrisburg will push it unless you want it ; neither in the first place suggested This whole plan is merely begun and we want your reaction to the idea. Write your Secretary, R. H. Sudds, State College, giving him your thoughts either for or against it. If you don t hke it and fail to say so, we will have no way of knowing your pleasure. If you think it is promising, write also. Your Asso- ciation officers and committee want your opinions. If you respond as you should, the June News Letter will present part of the discussion. Whether you hke it or not, send at least a card. — 136 — A nnT/^^XT A HISTORY OF FRUIT GROWING IN PENNSYLVANIA II. The Transition Period (1827-1887) S. W. FLETCHER, Professor of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State College The sixty years from 1827 to 1887 witnessed far greater changes in fruit growing than the 200 years of the Colonial Period. Within the span of a single generation fruit growing was trans- formed from an incidental feature of general farming to a highly specialized industry. THE GOLDEN AGE OF THE AMATEUR The period from 1827 to 1859 was the golden age of the amateur. An amateur is one who grows fruit primarily for his own use and pleasure, not to sell; ''To grow fine fruits, flowers and vegetables is esteemed one of the most laudable under- takings of a country gentleman." The chief impetus to fruit growing before the Civil War was the interest of wealthy ama- teurs, gentlemen who had country seats and employed EngUsh gardeners. Such were Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston, who grew over 2000 varieties of fruit on his fifteen acre estate, and WiUiam Hamilton, of Philadelphia, who reported, in 1840, that he had just imported 500 European varieties of pears in one shipment. Marshall P. Wilder ''loved to take his friends through his fruit garden, when he would pick a pear from this tree and from that, sUce them carefully, and give each a taste." He was a connois- seur on varieties. Other distinguished pomologists of the amateur period, whose memory we delight to honor, were CM. Hovey, editor of the Magazine of Horticulturey our greatest single repository of early American horticulture, for 34 years, from 1835 to 1868; A. J. Downing, editor of The Horticulturist from 1846 to 1853 and author of "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America" (1845), which had more influence on American pomology than has any other book, before or since; Patrick Barry, successor to Downing as editor of The Horticulturist, and author of "The Fruit Garden"; and W. D. Brinckl^, of Philadelphia, who produced, by hybridi- zation, a number of valuable varieties of small fruits and who was a leader in American pomology for a quarter of a century. These gentlemen made possible the organization of the Penn- sylvania Horticultural Society, in 1827, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in 1829 and the American Pomological Society, in 1852. The First State Horticultural Society, — It was natural that the first State Horticultural Society should be born at Philadelphia. That city had been the commercial and horticultural center of the country for over a century. It was the raetropoHs of the — 27 — m nation, with a population of nearly 200,000. The only other centers of population in Pennsylvania at that time were Pitts- burgh, (including Allegheny), 25,000, Lancaster, 7000, and Reading, 7000. . ^ The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was organized on November 24, 1827, with fifty-three members. During its early years, and until about 1870, the activities of the Society centered on fruit fully as much as on ornamentals, which now are its chief interest. Then, as now, the Society laid stress on exhibi- tions. The first pubUc exhibition of fruit in America was held in Philadelphia on November 3, 1828. This was the formative period of American systematic pomol- ogy. SeedUng fruits were being brought to pubUc attention in great numbers and there was intense interest in the subject of new varieties. Their merits were debated by different culti- vators, in convention and in print, at great length, and often with much heat. The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society encouraged the introduction of promising seedUngs in Pennsyl- vania and neighboring states, and fostered the exchange of trees and cions. At its meeting on March 18, 1853, the Society described a ^^promising seedling apple'^ this was the York Imperial. Little attention was given to cultural methods and none what- ever to marketing problems. An attempt was made to make the Society a scientific body, by the appointment of Professors of Horticulture, Botany, Chemistry and Entomology. These titles were purely honorary; the Professors served without pay, and were merely expected to prepare ''at least one essay a year on subjects connected with the application Of the science to cultivation.'' This was a generation before the founding of the Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. It is gratifying to record that the mother of American horti- cultural societies is in a flourishing condition, with a member- ship of over 4000, practically all amateurs from the vicinity of Philadelphia. It adheres strictly to the amateur ideals upon which it was founded. With the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, it is the chief exponent in America of the culture of ornamentals for pleasure, not for profit. Would that the Amer- ican Pomological Society, which originally occupied a similar field in fruit growing, had been equally faithful to its trust ! THE FRUIT GARDEN AND ORCHARD HOUSE The fruit garden, as distinct from the orchard, was the domi- nant feature of American pomology until 1850. Dwarf trees, especially dwarf pears, were more popular than standards in the fruit garden. Even in those days of slavish copying of Old World horticulture, comparatively few American gardeners trained dwarf trees against walls or in the intricate geometrical designs so popular in Europe. Dwarfs were grown mostly in the open, and trained in the natural way, like standards. For many years a sharp controversy raged among horticultural — 28 — authorities as to the comparative value of dwarf and standard pear trees. After 1850 it became increasingly evident that dwarf trees could not compete with standards in commercial production, and they gradually disappeared, save in home gar- dens. In the fruit gardens of wealthy amateurs, and for dwarf trees, the Old World practice of ''trenching,'' advocated by Thomas Rivers of England, was followed faithfully by imported EngUsh gardeners. This consisted of digging a trench three feet deep around the tree, at a distance determined by its size, usually from 3 to 6 feet. The trench severed most of the lateral roots, hence it was an effective means of keeping the tree small of stature It also brought tardy trees into bearing the first season after the roots were cut. Orthodox English gardeners filled the trench, each year, with compost in which the new roots could feed. Root pruning and trenching passed out about 1870. Forcing Fruits. — The forcing of fruits under glass was profit- able in Pennsylvania, in a limited way, until southern fruits began to arrive in quantity, about 1875. Forced fruits were grown either in pots or in borders. Detailed directions for the caThe Horticulturist 1871, p. 210. The Horticulturist 21:241, 1866. — 39 The Southern Pacific was completed in 1876 and the Santa Fe in 1885; these gave added impetus to the rapidly expandmg California fruit industry. In 1873, Tobias Martin, a shrewd pear grower of Mercersburg, Pa., gave voice to inspired prophecy: '^California is going to knock the spots out of our pear market.^ His prediction has been fulfilled. Naval oranges were introduced i^^t^ /-^ q?^? "^ from Brazil in 1873 by William Saunders, of the United States Department of Agriculture, previously a Philadelphia gardener. The first train load of California oranges was shipped to Eastern markets in 1882, and the first full train load of deciduous fruits in 1886 By 1887, California citrus fruits flooded the East, to the distress of eastern apple growers. The first full ^^^ipload of bananas arrived in 1857 but the trade did not develop rapidly until after 1881. , , _. The lack of refrigeration in transit, however, was a constant threat to the southern and Pacific coast fruit trade. Distant growers never could be sure that their fruit would reach eastern markets in salable condition. There were ^^^^^ 1^^^,^.^/]^^^^^ 1880, distant shippers became much discouraged Ihen came refrigerator car service, in 1887, and transcontinental frmt growing was established on a more stable basis. Over-Produciion.— The horticultural debacle of 1872 and the years immediately following also was due, in part, to over- production. The tremendous apple plantings of the 50 s were i^ist coming into heavy bearing. More fruit was produced than could be consumed to advantage under the crude marketing conditions that prevailed then. Moreover, a l^rge Percentage of the ^'boom" plantings had been injudicious, with little regard for site and soil adaptations; there was ''an orchard on every farm " Cold storage facilities for fruit were practically non- existent; there were ruinous gluts in the autumn, and a dearth of apples in late winter. Pests had multiplied and there were no efficient means of controlling them. There were numerous laments for "the good old times, when apples grew almost spontaneously, and of unsurpassed quahty. The sad deterioration in apple production in this region (Lan- caster County, Pa.), may be ascribed chiefly to the ravages of insects. It is probable that more than half of the apple trees planted hereabouts are killed by the borer. Curculio, fungi- pests, and codhng moth (principally, perhaps, the latter), destroy the fruit. Whether we are ever able to grow the apple here again depends chiefly on whether we can get rid ot the codUng moth. Very few pear trees remain; bhght has carried them off. Raspberries and blackberries are an uncertain crop, due to rust; and grapes are stricken with mildew and rot. This depressing story was repeated, with variations, year after year. Between 1872 and 1887 "the decadence of horticulture in America'^ was the theme of many sorrowful discussions at horticultural meetings. In 1881 a disgruntled Berks County, Pa., grower reported: "The market was glutted with apples. — 40 — It scarcely paid to haul them from the orchard. Six cents a bushel was paid at the cider mills and distilleries." He derived some consolation, however, from the fact that apple jack sold at $1.50 a gallon. In his presidential address before the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society, in 1876, — the Centennial year at Philadelphia — Edwin Satterthwaite of Jenkintown, discussed the situation frankly: "It must be admitted that the prospects of fruit grow- ing as a business are not encouraging. Rapid and cheap con- nection with all the world has brought us in close competition with the more favorable soils and climates of other states, and the cheap labor of distant lands. At the same time, it is obvious that the depression in the business of fruit growing is not caused entirely by these influences, but is largely due to the general stagnation in business, the blighting effects of which are ruining every enterprise. * * * It is quite evident that there is now more fruit produced and sent to market than can be disposed of at remunerative prices. It is important to know whether this condition arises entirely from excessive production, or partially, perhaps largely, from the general stagnation in business, which has reduced the ability to purchase of the mass of consumers.'' This statement might stand very well for 1932, also! CHANGES IN CULTURAL METHODS The transition period witnessed comparatively few changes in cultural methods; research in the application of the sciences to horticulture did not get well under way until after 1887. Practi- cally all bearing orchards, except of peaches, were in sod. The prevailing opinion was expressed by W. G. Waring, Professor of Horticulture at the ^Tarmers' High School, near Boalsburg, Pennsylvania," — now The Pennsylvania State College — in 1852: ^*The worst enemy of the orchard is the plow." At the 1863 meeting of the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers Society, it was agreed: *^An orchard never should be cultivated in eastern Pennsylvania after it commences to bear." At the 1868 meeting of this society, the statement was made: ^^The finest crops of fruit come where the orchards are not disturbed by the plow." The propaganda for intensive tillage of orchards, which was brought to the East from California, did not make headway until after 1880. There were many ardent advocates of the grass mulch, chief of whom was Thomas Meehan. Some of our present day investi- gators recommend **sod rotations," or temporary sods, in the apple orchard, as one of the most practical means of maintaining the organic content of the soil. This ought to be a good method, for it has the sanction of antiquity. It was advocated a hundred years ago: * ^Another cause of unthriftiness in apple orchards is to suffer grass crops to grow in the orchard for more than two or three seasons, without breaking up the sod. As a general rule, after planting an apple orchard keep the ground for the first — 41 — few years in some cultivated crop; after that if grass crops are grown in it, three seasons at the most should not pass without ^^7S^^^^ after 1887 orchards received very little fertiUzing, except the droppings of Ja;^";;.-^^^^^ in them and infrequent manurmg. Bone dust and wood asnes wereTppS occasionally. In 1856 the Philadelphia Guano . Span? introduced this product from ^^slands m the Caribbean sea '^ and sold it at $40 a ton. It was pronuonced the best fertiUzer for orchards because it contained '^80 per cent of ^^r^ni^ng" applications of the mineral plant foods were advised, but seldom made. At that time the theory of Suizhig was to burn the plant, analyze the ash, and apply as feSzer the materials it contained in largest quantity; hence stress wa^^^^^^ on potash, phosphorus and lime as the essentia SedSs of an orchard f ertihzer. Nothing was said about nitrogen Not until after 1880, however, was there any general rSst in commercial fertilizers; in that year the Western New York Horticultural Society listened to a ^^Report of the Committee on Directions for Applying Fertihzers. ^^.^^ There was httle change in the art and science of pruning The -natural method^' was practiced by most growers. Ihe majority opinion was expressed by Cyrus T. Fox of Reading Pa in 1886- '^So many orchards have been rmned by pruning that my adVice is, don^t. Never learn to prune, and never prune I have yet to see an orchard that has been benefited by the appUcation of the knife.^' In 1868, Thomas Meehan who was far ahead of his time in horticultural science, clearly stated a principle of pruning that now finds wide acceptance and application, as a result of recent research: J'l'^^flJ^^'J tendency to check the growth of the trees, and should be prac- ticed only to gain some other point. ''2 INSECT PESTS INCREASE Insect control was not a critical problem in fruit growing until after 1850, when commercial plantings had become extensive In 1853, Patrick Barry expressed the opinion, ;^The three greatest drawbacks in fruit culture in America are the Pf ^ ^ligh^^ curculio and the plum tree wart.'^ The pest problems ot PenSVant in 1852 were noted by W. G. Waring, of Boalsburg, Center County: ^Caterpillars are not nunierous and are easily destroyed. Aphids seldom injure any shoots but the over- luxuriant. Canker worms and borers are unknown here. Ihe most obnoxious pest in the apple is the worm at the core ; in some seasons, very few summer or fall apples are clear of it^ There has been no blight, but of rank shoots, for years. Ihe curculio is as destructive here as in other places. The plan ot keeping swine in the plum orchard has been tried here, with >Fabmerb' Cabinet 8:164, 1843. iqao « oq »Proc. Pennsylvania Fruit Growers Society, 1808, p. ^rf. — 42 — entire success. The Yellows have swept off thousands of peach trees and those remaining are so weakened by curled leaf in the spring that we rarely enjoy good peaches.''^ The curculio was particularly destructive. Many highly original methods of control were proposed. A. J. Downing relates the experience of *'a cultivator of fine fruit in Queens County, New York, who has actually succeeded in fencing out the curculio. His plum orchard is surrounded by a perfectly tight board fence, 9 feet high, furnished with a tight gate. The trees are loaded with plums, very few having been stung by the curculio; while on a few trees outside, 20 feet distant, the crops are literally destroyed/' 2 No less effective, apparently, were the measures of another energetic cultivator, who '^ paved the ground beneath the trees, for a space 9 to 10 feet wide, lengthwise of each row.'' Jarring the branches, and collecting the curculios on sheets was practiced quite successfully after 1867. The codling moth received special attention after 1860. Con- trol was sought mainly by scraping off the rough bark, keeping stock in the orchard, and by tying a hay band around the trunk to trap the pupating larvae. ^*We direct the attention of all orchardists," said one public spirited fruit grower, in 1871, ''to a simple and practical method of exterminating the codling moth, at an expense of not over $1.50 an acre. About the first of June, take wisps of rags — cotton or woolen — and place them in the lowest forks of the tree, or wind them around the trunk. All the worms, ascending and descending, will crawl in and remain. Now we know where the worms are; how shall we kill them?" He, himself, knows the answer. 'Take a clothes wringer, place an end of the rag in the rollers, and run the rag through. Every worm will be annihilated. "^ Insect Control in 1871, — The status of insect control in the apple orchard, in 1871, was reported by S. S. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., a noted entomologist:"^ Oyster-shell scale. — Paint the limbs with whale oil soap or neat's foot oil. Borers — Cut them out. Cover the base of the tree with tin or paper protectors. Canker Worms — Place a band of sticky material around the trunk. Tent Caterpillar. — Cut out the egg masses in winter; burn the nests in spring. Aphids. — Syringe them with tobacco decoction. Curculio. — Keep livestock in the orchard; jar the limbs and collect the insects on sheets. Codling Moth. — Scrape off the loose bark; band the trees; keep stock in the orchard. After 1870 the depredations of insect pests became very serious. In 1865 the Fruit Growers' Society of Western New 'Proc. American Pomolooical Society, 1852, pp. 80-81. 'The Horticulturist 1:204, 1846. Hjardener's Monthly 13:169, 1871. ^ canning factories in every county in all of our large peach grow- ing districts. If it were not for them, to relieve our markets of surplus fruits, we fear fruit culture would be a very unsatisfac- tory occupation.'' The commercial sun-drying and evaporation of fruits has developed since 1872, mainly on the Pacific coast; they were the salvation of the California deciduous fruit industry of that period. By the close of this period, in 1887, there had been but little improvement in marketing methods. There were no standard grades, no standard packages, and no cooperative marketing. Barrels, baskets and boxes were of all sizes and shapes. The ethical and business standards of growers in grading and packing were none too high; the ' 'stove-piping" of barrelled apples was not uncommon. Growers all too frequently were fleeced by middlemen; there was no market news service. Transportation losses frequently were heavy. The lack of refrigeration in transit was a constant menace to distant ship- pers. The ventilator car, introduced in 1870, was an improve- ment over the box car, but did not give assurance that the fruit would reach distant markets in salable condition. The labor of a year might come to nought because of a seemingly unavoidable delay of a few hours in transit. Then, far more than now, the grower with good local markets enjoyed a great advantage over his distant competitors. The refrigerator car, first used in the meat packing industry in 1869, and adapted to the fruit trade in 1887, destroyed that advantage to a large extent. This period witnessed the rise of the export trade, which is an important factor in the economics of the apple industry. Apples had been exported in limited quantities to the West Indies and to Europe, in ice boats, since 1790, but the trade did not reach any considerable proportions until after 1845. In 1868 the United States exported 15,000,000 bushels, mainly to Great Britain; in 1888, 37,000,000 bushels. These were mainly Baldwin, Yellow Newton and Bellflower. The first mention of York Imperial as an export variety was in 1878. THOMAS MEEHAN Pennsylvania's contribution to the group of distinguished horticulturists of the Transition Period was Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia. He stands out from his contemporaries as did John Bartram, Bernhard M'Mahon and Richard Peters, also of Philadelphia, in the Colonial Period. Meehan ranks with Hovey, Downing, Thomas and Wilder in his contribution to American pomology, more especially in the application of the science of botany to fruit growing. He was recognized as the leading vegetable biologist of his day. Thomas Meehan was an English gardener, a graduate of the apprentice system at Kew Gardens. He came to America in 1848, at the age of twenty-two. For five years he was Superin- tendent of Bartram's Garden, and private gardener to several — 51 — wealthy patrons of horticulture near Philadelphia. In 1853, he established Meehan's Nurseries. He was the sole editor of Gardener's Monthly, published at Philadelphia, during its exist- ence of thirty years, fVom 1859 to 1889. This magazine had an influence on American horticulture not surpassed by any other publication, not even Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture. There were no Experiment Station bulletins then, and but few books; the horticultural periodical was the chief source of information, and the editor spoke with authority. ,, ^ , ^, ^^, Gardener's Monthly was exceptionally free from the personal bias and petty controversies that marred the pages of contempo- rary magazines. Meehan also differed from many editors in that he never used his journal to further his nursery interests He helped to organize the State Horticultural Association of Penn- sylvania in 1859, and participated in every annual meeting for ^^wLrthe Transition Period closed, in 1887, fruit growers were submerged in gloom. In that year, the Committee on Orchard- ing of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania reported: "Fruit growing in Pennsylvania is not a profitable business", and there was no dissent to this from the floor of the Convention. Many orchards were abandoned or cut down. But there were better days ahead. — 62 — STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA MEMBERSHIP LIST— 1931 Name Abbey, J. H. Abildgaard, Wm. Abraczinskas, Andrew Abrams, I. B. Acme Veneer Pkg. Co. Adam, J. N. Adams, C. S. Adams, J. F. Adams, W. S. Adams County Fruit Packing and Dist. Co. Adler, A. and Son Allen, S. W. Allen, S. L. Co. Allen, Howard G. American Lime and Stone Co. Anderson, Ralph Anderson, H. M. Anderson, H. W. Anderson, C. R. Ansbacher Siegel Corp. Anwyll, Harry L. Atkinson, D. W. Atkinson, R. E. Aument, Andrew Baldesberger, W. P. Balmer, Clayton Balthaser, G. W. Banzhaf, W. H. Barnard, C. P. Barnes Hursery & Orchard Co Barr, I. C. Bart ram, Frank M. Bartram, G. Maurice Baugher, G. L. Baugher, H. G. Baumgartel, Wm. E. Beach, F. H. Bean, John Mfg. Co. Bear, JacoV) Bear, John W. Bear, Arthur Bear, Paul A. Beatty, J. E. Beaver, James B. Beaverbrook Farm Beaverson, E. S. Beck, John A. Beck, A. F. Beeman, S. C. Behrens, H. A. Bender, Iv. J. Post Office North Girard John Bean Co., Lansing, Mich. Catawissa Beach Haven Orchard Park, N. Y. West Chester Easterly Dover, Delaware Aspers Biglerville Front & Richmond St., Philadelphia Ottsville 5th & Glenwood Sts.. Philadelphia New Park Bellefonte Fawn Grove New Park Stewartstown 920 Shore Ave., Pittsburgh 50 Union Square, New York City Harrisburg Wrightstown Wrightstown Safe Harbor, R. 2 Bridgeville, R. 2 Manheim, R. 1 Wemersville Muncy Kennett Square Wallingford, Conn. Greencastle, R. 2 Kennett Square West Chester Aspers Aspers Fairacis Farm, Sewicklev Hgts. Columbus, Ohio Lansing, Mich. York, R. 10 York, R. 10 York, R. 10 Mt. Wolf, R. 4 North Girard Mifflinburg Brandywine Summit York, R. 5 White Deer, R. 1 Perkasie, R. 1 Dundee Farm, Sewicklev Hgts. 120 Samboume St., Wilkes-Barre Allen town, R. 4 County Erie Columbia Luzerne Chester Berks Adams Adams Philadelphia Bucks Philadelphia York Centre York York York Allegheny Dauphin Bucks Bucks Lancaster Allegheny Lancaster Berks I^ycoming Chester Franklin Chester Chester Adams Adams Allegheny York York York York Erie Union Chester York Union Bucks Allegheny Luzerne Lehigh Name Benn, Robert P. Benner, Hartford G. Bell, R. H. Bickley, Mrs. Mae E. Billmeyer, H. W. Bingham, A. H. Bingham, W. O. Bishop, Wm. Black, H. M. Black, M. C. Blaine, G. W. Blessing, David H. Boak, Everett Boles, McClellan T. Boltz, Peter R. Bonear, Chester Bonham, Boyd, Jr. Borry, E. E. Bountiful Ridge Nurseries Bovard & Baldwin Boyd, Paul C. Boyer, Jay Boyer, John F. Boyer, W. W. Boyer, J. M. Brace, Harold G. Bream, D. M. Breidenbaugh, H. L. Brenneman, John S. Bricker, E. B. Brinton, R. F. Brinton, H. C. Broomell, J. Howard Brossman, Morse Brown, H. W. Brown, J. Turner Brown, Bert C. Brown, M. G. Brown, Norman C. Brown, S. A. Brown, J. E. Brubaker, J. C. Bruce, R. C., Jr. Bruckhart & Son, J. W. Bruner, W. W. Bucher, F. S. Buck, Warren W. Bullock, W. H. Bupp, Jere Burk, Paul H. Burkett, Peter B. Carpenter, G. S. L. Carroll, Frank B. Carter, E. C, Jr. Carter, Jj. A. Carter, George Catherwood, James C. Cation, W. R. Central Chemical Co. Chapin, Irvin Chase Bros. Co. Post Office County Bangor ^^'^^Tlth Coopersburg ^ .^ ^^^^^^ Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg Quakertown, R. 5 Quakertown, R. 2 St. Thomas St. Thomas Doylestown Idamar, R. D. Allison Park North East 4 N. Court St., Harrisburg New Castle, R. 4 Hanlin Station Lebanon Honesdale Hunlocks Creek, R. 2 Stevens, R. 2. Princess Ann, Md. 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Delta Mt. Pleasant Mills Middleburg, R. 4 Bilgerville Lykens Dallas, R. 3 Chambersburg Boyertown Lancaster, R. 7 Lititz West Chester Hanover Bridgeport Ephrata, R. 4 Box 756, AUentown New Park Marion Center, R. 3 Woodbine, Md. Wavnesboro, R. D. Orefield, R. 1 McDonald Lititz, R. 1 Superba Laboratory, 910 Michigan Blvd., Chicago, 111. Lititz Middleburg, R. 4 Lancaster, 642 Woolworth Bldg. Elizabeth Honesdale York, R. 2 ^ ^^ ^ Buttonwood Farm, Beverly, N.J. Fogelsville Hancock, Md. Neshaminy Allison Park Treesdale Farms, Mars Emaus Gibsonia, R. 3 Orrtanna Hagerstown, Md. Shickshinny, R. 3 Rochester, N. Y. Bucks Lehigh Franklin Franklin Bucks Indiana Allegheny Erie Dauphin Lawrence Washington Lebanon Wayne liuzerne Lancaster Lawrence York Snyder Snyder Adams Dauphin Luzerne Franklin Berks Lancaster Lancaster Chester York Montgomery Lancaster Lehigh York Indiana Franklin Lehigh Washington Lancaster Lancaster Snyder liancaster Allegheny Wayne York Lehigh Bucks Allegheny AUeghenv Lehigh Allegheny Adams Luzerne Name Chase, Chas. T. Clair, H. A. Clark, B. M. Close, E. V. Coates, W. B. Coffroad, L. C. Garber, H. F. Consolidated Paper Co. Cooper, C. A. Cope, F. A., Jr. Couch, H. R. Cowan, W. H. Cornwall Farms and Orchards Cox, J. W. Craig, Albert B. Craighead, E. M. Crawford, J. B. Crawford, Thos. H. Creasy, C. W. Creasy, Luther P. Creighton, Mrs. T. S. Cressman, C. K. Crissman, W. R. Crist, James D. Criswell, R. T. Croft, F. W. Cromley, P. S. Crouse, E. A. Crowell, Samuel B. Crowell, A. & T. Crowell, Ralph T. Cummings, J. F. Cummings, J. W. Curtis, Ellicott D. Daniels, Arthur Davenport, Eugene Dayton, R. S. Dean, Rev. J. W. DeCou, Benj. S. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Detweiler, Ira K. Dickenshied, F. S. Dickey, Samuel Dickinson, B.^ M. Diehl, Ed. B. Dietz, H. J. Dill, Robt. Diven, W. C. Dochat, C. J. Druck, Albert Drumheller, J. R. Duke, D. R. & B. F. Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. Dunlap, James M. Dunlap, R. Bruce Dye, H. W. Eby, Henry R. Eckman, I. W. The Edgerton Mfg. Co. Edgerton, J. Russell Post Office County Bala 610 Walnut St., Perkasie Indiana Lawrenceville Gum Tree New Holland, R. 2 Mt. Joy, R. 3 Monroe, Mich. 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Allegheny Montgomery Bucks Indiana Tioga Chester Lancaster Lancaster Dimock Shelocta, R. 3 Roaring Spring, R. 2 Cornwall New Castle, R. 5 Sewickley 2742 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg Fayetteville, R. 1 Fayetteville Catawissa, R. 1 Catawissa, R. 1 Blue Ridge Summit Barto, R. D. Indiana Walden, N. Y. 12 N. 2nd St., Chambersburg St. Thomas Danville, R. 6 Gettysburg Edgemont Avondale Buckingham Sunbury New Wilmington Bantam, Conn. Lake Ariel, R. 3 Plymouth Woodbourne Orchards, Dimock Adrian Norristown, R. 1 Mertztown, R. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 36 N. 8th St., Lebanon Zionsville, R. 1 Oxford 5634 Station Ave., Pittsburgh St. Thomas Penn Square North East Livermore, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 2 Wrightsville, R. 2 Boyertown, R. 1 60 W. Queen St., Chambersburg 323 E. King St., Shippensburg Shippensburg, R. 2 Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg Middleport, N. Y. Room 2, Court House, Pittsburgh Susquehanna Indiana Blair Lebanon Lawrence Allegheny Dauphin Franklin Franklin Columbia Columbia Franklin Berks Indiana Franklin Franklin Montour Adams Delaware Chester Bucks Northumberland Lawrence Wayne Luzerne Susquehanna Armstrong Montgomery Berks Lehigh Lebanon Lehigh Chester Allegheny Franklin Lancaster Erie Indiana Lancaster York Berks Franklin Cumberland Cumberland Dauphin Sunbury, R. 2 Plymouth, Ind. Westtown Allegheny Northumberland Chester Name Edminson, William Eisaman, G. A. Elbell, Geo. H. Elder, George K. Eldon, Robert M. Eagleman, J. G. Ebling, Aaron Englemen, E. Y. Evans, Roland Evans Brothers Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Everhart, G. W. Fagan, F. N. Fans, David C. Farley, A. J. Fassett, F. H. Fawcett, K. I Feeg, A. C. Felty, G. O. B. Fenstermacher, P. S. Ferrall, Geo. K. Fetterman, J. Gordon Field Force Pump Co. Filbert, R. J. Fisher, Isaac L. Fisher, Fred Flack, M. Raymond Fletcher, S. W. Flinchbaugh, H. H. Flora, Wm. H. Forbes, R. M. Forry, S. E. Foster, C. W. Francis, CD. Frantz, Ira Freed, A. J. Freed, W. A. Fretz, J. Franklin Frey, Harry E. Frey, C. H. Frey, John L. Friday, G. P. & Son Friend Mfg. Co. Funk, Sheldon Gackenbach, C. A. Gardenhour, G. W. Ciarmau, Albert S. (larrahau, R. II. Gay, Arthur (lehman & RoseubergcT Gehr, Harvey .1. (iousl, Edw. A. (iibbon, Ira K. (iibsou, W. F. GiUan, C. F. Gillan, G. C. Gillau, R. J. Glebe, Wm. Glick, Jacob R. Post office New Wilmington East Springfield Rossiter, R. 1 Lewistown, Maine Aspers Geigers Mills Reading, R. 2 Noxen Longwood Farms, Kennett Square Meadow Craft Farm, Glen Mills Plainsville 219 E. Philadelphia St., York S. George St., York State College York, R. 9 New Brunswick, N. J. Meshoppen Lafayette, Indiana Robeson a, R. 1 Millersville Allentown, R. 3 401 Barr Ave., Grafton Media Elmira, N. Y. Fox Chase Soudersburg W'ernersville West Chester, R. 5 State College Loganville Wrightsville Erie, R. 1 Ephrata, R. 1 Girard, R. 2 225 N. 17th St., Allentown Dallas, R. 3 Racine Racine Ottsville, R. D. 1 York, R. 6 North Girard c-o C. K. Whitner Co., Rcadmg New Castle, R. 1 Gasport, N. Y. Boyertowu Orefield, R. I Smithsburg, Md. North Charles St., Manheim Kingston Dallas, R. 3 Soudertou Waynesboro , Zion Hill Hlairsville, R. 1 Voe St. Thuma St. Thomas St. Thomas Delaware Water Gap Lancaster, R. 5 County Lawrence Erie Indiana Adams Berks Berks Wyoming Chester Delaware Luzerne York York Centre York Wyoming Berks Lancaster Lehigh Allegheny Delaware Philadelphia Lancaster Berks Chester Centre York York Erie Lancaster Erie Lehigh Luzerne Beaver Beaver Bucks York Erie Berks Lawrence Berks Lehigh Lancaster Luzernt^ Luzerne Bucks l'>aukliii Bucks IndiauM York rranklin Franklin Franklin Monroe Lancaster If, Name Good, James, Inc. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goshorn, Taylor L. Gould, C. H. Gramm, H. V. Graybill, C. W. Graybill, N. Charles Greenwalt, Edgar Greger, E. N. Greist, C. A. Griest, Frederick E. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Group, Foster C. Grove, W. E. Grubbs, E. B. Gutelius, Ray D. Guyton, T. L. Haag, Arthur M. Haas, W^illiam Haase, Herman Haase, Alfred H. Hacker, A. L. Haddock, John C. Hafer, Ray Haines, Granville E. Halderman, E. N. Hall, L. C. Hann, Jesse Harbison, C. F. Hardt, C. W. Hart, H. V. Co. Hartzell, Floyd R. Harshman, John W. Hartman, Scott W. Hartman, D. L. Hartman, L. E. Hassinger, H. C. Haudenshield, Chas. H. Haudenshield, Crist L. Hausman, George B. Haverstick, Paul E. Hawkins, E. B. Hawkins, Chas. A. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy L. Hays, H. S. Heacock, O. J. Head, J. B. Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Helwig, D. B. Herr, C. H. Herrick, R. S. Hershey, H. S. Hershey, Paul M. Hershey, C. Maurice Hershey, H. F. Hersh, H. H. Hess, Paul G. Post Office County 2111 E. Susquehanna Ave., Philadelphia Lancaster, K. 8 Loganville Qmncy Haydenville, Mass. St. Thomas, R. 1 Middleburg, R. 4 New Windsor, Md. Lenhartsville, R. 1 324 N. Glenside Ave., Glenside Guernsey Flora Dale North Girard York, R. 10 Gardners York Springs Fair iew Mifflinburg Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg 1230 Robeson St., Reading Overlook Orchards, Coplay Narrowsburg, R. 1, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y. 451 Hamilton St., Allentown Wilkes-Barre Fayetteville, R. 1 Mt. Holly, N. J. Doylestown North Girard Hunlocks Creek New Castle, R. 245 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg Hagerstown, Md. Sharpsburg Smithsburg, Md. R. 1 Palm Little River, Fla. Cly Beavertown Noblestown Road, Crafton Mt. Oliver, Pittsburgh, R. 6 Coopersburg, R. 2 642 Wool worth Bldg., Lancaster Delta Delta Enon Valley, R. 1 Northbrook York, R. 2 Biglerville 114 E. Market St., York Narrowsburg, N. Y. Greencastle, R. 4 Catawissa, R. 1 Lancaster, R. 2 Des Moines, Iowa East Petersburg Ronks, R. 2 Paradise, R. 1 Hamburg Steinsburg Mt. Alto, R. 1 Lancaster Lancaster York Franklin Franklin Snyder Berks Montgomery Adams Adams Erie York Adams Adams Erie Union Berks Lehigh Lehigh Luzerne Franklin Bucks Erie Luzerne Lawrence Allegheny Berks York Snyder Allegheny Allegheny Lehigh Lancaster York York Lawrence Chester York Adams York Franklin Columbia Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Berks Burks Franklin Hess, Ray B. Hess, Elmer E. Hess, Willis A. Hetrick, D. W. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl Hill, William D. Hines, Zenas Hoffman, H. A. Hoffman, Frank G. Hoffman, H. L. Hoffman, R. C. Hoff master, J. G. Holt, Herbert Hood, T. C. Hoopes, Wilmer W. Hootman, H. D. Horn, W. H. Home, Davi Horner, J. M. Horst, J. Morris Hostetler, Abram Hostetter, Dr. J. E. Hostetter, H. Herman Howard, P. H. Howe, Homer B. Huber, Edwin B. Huey, S. R. Hunsberger, Howard K. Hunt, M. H. & Son Hunt, N. M. Hunter, James Hutchinson, J. D. Hutchinson, T. G. Huyett, Irwin B. Hydrauhc Press Mfg. Co. Hykes, E. S. Ingham, M. M. Irey, Allen M. James, D. M. Janes, G. T. Jayne, Allen Jefferson, Thomas H. Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Johnston, M. E. Johnston, R. S. Johnston, J. H. Kaiser, Frank A. Karns, J. H. Kauffman, A. L. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, J. B. Keller, L. F. Keller, Paul J. Kelly Bros. Nurseries Kelso, James Kcmery, C. H. Kendig, Dr. J. D. Kerchner, Harvey T. Kerr, F. P. Kerr, S. W. Kessler, Geo. W. Ketner, Jacob B. Post Office Mt. Alto, R. 1 Conestoga, R. 1 Winchester, Va. Beavertown Curwensville New Castle, R. 3 North East Clymer, R. 2 Bridgeville, R. 2 Birdsboro, R. 2 Butler, Star Route Arendtsville Muddy Creek Forks Coopersburg, R. 2 Saltsburg, R. 1 West Chester East Lansing, Mich. Chambersburg, R. 10 York, R. 3 250 Conway St., Carlisle Lebanon, R. 3 Johnstown, R. 3 Gap, R. 1 Lebanon, R. 5 Dover, R. 1 Benton 232 S. Main St., Chambersburg New Castle, R. 3 Perkasie 510 N. Cedar St., Lansing, Mich New Castle, R. 4 Wexford Rear 84 Scott St., Wilkes-Barre New Wilmington Reading, R. 2 Mt. Gilead, Ohio York, R. 10 New Castle, R. 5 Boyertown Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg North Girard West Auburn Wycombe Dallas Connoquenessing New Wilmington, R. 1 New Wilmington, R. 1 1031 Capouse St., Scranton Chambersburg Ronks, R. 1 124 S. Hartley St., York York, R. 7 Selinsgrove Gettysburg, R. 5 Dansville, N. Y. Enon Valley West Chester Salunga Lenhartsvillc 233 Kelly Ave., Wilkinsburg Jacksonwald Tyrone Wernersville County Franklin Lancaster Snyder Clearfield 1 iawrence Erie Indiana Allegheny Berks Butler Adams York Lehigh Indiana Chester Franklin York Cumberland Lebanon Cambria Lancaster Lebanon York Columbia Franklin Lawrence Bucks Lawrence Allegheny Luzerne Lawrence Berks York Lawrence Berks Erie Susquehanna Bucks Luzerne Butler Lawrence Lawrence Lackawanna Franklin Lancaster York York Snyder Adams Lawrence Chester Lancaster Berks Allegheny Berks Blair Berks Name Key, Wm. H. Kibbler, C. P. King, M. G. King, Howard Kintner, G. H. Kister, U. G. Kistler, H. C. Kleppinger, B. M. Klugh, H. E. Knappenberger, Thomas Koch, C. H. Koehler, Paulus E. Koozer, Harry Koppers Co., Labs. Kraus, J. W. Kraybill, S. S. Kreidweis, John Kuhns, Oscar H. Kuhns, Victor Kunkel, Geo. E. Kyle, Wm. B. Landis, H. D. Landis, D. M. Lau, Rev. I. M. Lau, L. E. Lau, L. B. Laub, H. H,, Jr. Laudenslager, John I^audenslager, Martin Lehman, G. E. Lehman, Sylvester Leibhart, Samuel Lemmon, D. R. Lengle, Paul H. Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Lewis, S. V. Lewis, L. A. Lewis, Nelson Lewis, L. N. Linde, J. Eric Linville, Arthur S. Livingood, W. W. Long, D. Edward Long, Clayton Longenecker. Howard G. Loop, H. S. Loop, A. I. Loose, H. H. Lord, John Luginbuhl, R. McClelland, J. B. McCormick, C. M. McCormick, James McDonald, R. C. McFarland, J. Horace McGcor^e, Mrs. Katherinc McGinnis, C. R. McGowan, Howard McHenry, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. McKee, T. C. McKee, J. M. Post Office Verona, R. 1 572 W. Market St., York Mt. Wolf, R. 1 New Castle, R. 7 Mehoopany Etters Lenhartsvillc, R. 1 Coopersburg, R. 2 Harrisburg Zionsville McKeansburg 826 Washington Ave., Monaca Indiana Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh Barnesville Mt. Joy Bridgeville Allen town, R. 3 Allentown, R. 2 Orwigsburg Zionsville Girard Lancaster, R. 7 715 Manor St., York East Berlin, R. 2 East Berlin, R. 2 77 Chestnut St., Lewistown Orefield, R. 1 Orefield, R. 1 Wrightsville, R. 2 York, R. 9 Wrightsville, R. 1 North Girard Pine Grove Carlisle, R. 1 Akron Wyoming, R. 1 Wyoming, R. 3 Pittston, R. 1 County Allegheny York York Lawrence Wyoming York Berks Lehigh Dauphin Lehigh Schuylkill Beaver Indiana Allegheny Schuylkill L ncaster Allegheny Lehigh Lawrence Schuylkill Lehigh Erie Lancaster York York York Mifflin Lehigh Lehigh York York York Erie Schuylkill Cumberland Lancaster Luzerne Luzerne Luzerne 210 Summit Ave., Ligonier Westmoreland Orefield, R. 1 Lehigh Media, R. 2 Delaware Robesonia ^?^,^^ Fayetteville Franklm Corvallis, Oregon Mt. Joy North East North East Menges Mills Wyoming, R. 1 Lancaster Erie Erie York Luzerne 3 Nassau Blvd., Lynbrook, Long Island Canonsburg New Castle, R. 2 Harrisburg Inwood, W. Va. Harrisburg Orrtanna Reading, 523 Oley Street Gei^ers Mills Indiana Fayetteville East Springfield Harrisburg Washington Lawrence Dauphin Dauphin Adams Berks Berks Indiana Franklin Erie Dauphin Name MacNeal, William H. McPherson Brothers McPherson, Roy P. Maderia, A. B. Maflfet, Miss M. A. Maloney Brothers Nursery Marble, L. M. Markey, Elmer J. Marsh, H. V. Martin, A. C. Martin, J. O. Marvil Package Co. Mattern, Jos. C. Mattes, Paul Matthews, W. H. Maule, Norman C. Maurer, J. Edward Mayer, Jj. E. Mayer, Guy S. Mechling, E. A. Meeder, J. V. Meehan, S. Mendelsohn Melcher, George W. Merkel, Floyd Messmer Brass Co. Mesta Brothers Meyer, AUen Meyer Milling Co. Miles, H. C. C. Mill, Erwin Miller, Edward W. Miller, C. Clayton Miller, Frank M. Miller, Carroll P. Miller, L. P. Miller, H. W. Miller, C. M. Miller, Amos Miller, H rvey Miller, Jos. C. Miller, W. C. Minnich, C. S. Mitchell, E. B. Mitterling, John T. Mohr, Frank J. Mohring, F. G. Monosmith, S. B. Montz, Wm. Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. ''Contributing Member" Morgan, J. C. Morhman, Dick Morse, Carl Mt. Breeze Orchard Co. Moyer, B. J. Moyer, Levi S. Murry, Edward A. Musselman, L Z. Musser, H. W. Musser, W. E. Myers, F. F. & Bro. Post Office County Parkesburg Chester Bridgeton York LeRoy, New York Sinking Springs Berks 264 Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Dansville, N. Y. Canton Bradford York, R. 2 York Seven Valleys, R. 2 York Muddy Creek Forks York Mercersburg Franklin Laurel, Delaware 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Blair Emaus, R. 1 Lehigh Box 313, Salem, Ohio Willow Street, R. 1 Lancaster Kratzerville Snyder Boyertown Willow Street Berke Lancaster Moorestown, N. J. North Girard Erie 380 Dorset St., Germantown Philadelphia Bally Berks Hamburg Berks 2700-2706 S. 7th Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. Finleyville, R. 1 Washington Annville Lebanon Annville Lebanon Milford, Conn. Ottsville Bucks Romney, W. Va. Marion Franklin 42 Main St., Waynesboro Franklin Martinsburg, W. Va. Paw Paw, W. Va. Paw Paw, W. Va. Newville Cumberland Hanover, R. York Loganville York Safe Harbor, R. 1 Lancaster Catawissa, R. 1 Columbia Leesport, R. 1 Berks Harrisburg, R. 3 Dauphin Mt. Pleasant Mills Snyder Fogelsville Lehigh North Girard Erie Weisel Bucks Coplay, R. 1 Lehigh Bucks Morrisville Lititz Lancaster c-o M. A. Moore, Lititz Lancaster Girard Erie Narrowsburg, N. Y. New Wilmington Lawrence Fayetteville, R. 1 Franklin Middleburg Blooming Glen Snyder Bucks Punxsutawney, R. D. Indiana Orrtanna Adams Lititz, R. 5 Lancaster New Bethlehem, R. 3 Clarion Ashland, Ohio Name Myers, H. L. Myers, Paul M. Myers, Levi M. Nash, Duane H. Neiman, Otto Nelson, C. D. Newell, Henrietta B. Newman, H. W. Newcomer, Aaron Newton, E. M. Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Company Nibert, Wm. Nichols, Oliver T. Nicodemus, Ed. Niering, Theo. Nissley, D. H. Nolt, Harrison S. Norton, Carlos E. Northup, H. J. Northrup, A. M. Noss, J. A. O'Conner, Haldeman Omwake Brothers Oswald, Francis E. Page, CM. Palmer, Alex S. Panovec. Victor Parker, Capt. H. B. Parks, Milson Pannebaker, Wm. M. Paschal, John Passmore, Norman S. Passmore, S. S. Paxson, Edw. M. Paxson, Samuel L. Peifer, Walter Pennock, Geo. S. Perrigo, A. H. Pherson, J. L. Philip. George Poff, Curvin Poor, D. Vi. Powers, R. A. Pratt, B. G. Rahauser Brothers Raine, J. Tom Rankin, Charles C. Ray, Edgar S. Redinger, Austin H. Ret»d, Merton Reichard, Chas. W. Reid, Vernon & Sons Heilly, R. G. Keinhold, E. C Heist, Allen E. Heist, Henry G. Reiter, F. G. Rhine, H. L. Rhodes, Chesley Post Office Dover, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 8 Siddonsburg 336 Hickory Lane, Haddonfaeld, N. Dover, R. 3 1211 Scotland Ave., Chambersburg Langhorne, R. D. New Castle, R. 4 Smithsbut^, Md. New Wilmmgton, R. 1 Middleport, N. Y. Indiana, R. D. Downingtown Waynesboro Wapwallopen, R. D. 142 E. Chestnut St., Lancaster Columbia, R. 1 Sewickley, Box 160 Dalton Wilkes-Barre New Castle, R. 3 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Cireencastle Orefield Etters Berwick, Nova Scotia Easton, R. D. State House, Boston, Mass. Canonsburg, R. 3 Virgilina, Va. Kennett Square Glen Mills, R. 1 Mendenhall Lumberville, R. D. Lumberville St. Thomas, R. 1 165 W. Essex Ave., Landsdowne West Chester Volant , , ^_.„ 1700 McFarland Road, South Hills County York Lancaster York J. York Franklin Bucks Lawrence Lawrence Indiana Chester Franklin I^uzerne Lancaster Lancaster Allegheny liUzerne I^uzerne Lawrence Dauphin Franklin Lehigh York Northampton Washington Chester Delaware Delaware Bucks Bucks Franklin Delaware Chester Lawrence Allegheny York Pittsburgh York, R. 5 Narrowsburg, N. "i . Glenshaw, R. 1 ^^ , ^. 50 Church St., New \ ork City Greencastle Fairview The Kenilworth, Alden Park Germantown West Chester Oley, R. 2 McKeau Waynesboro McKeaii North. Girard Elizabeth, R. I Palmyra, R. 2 1 166 Avon Hd., Schenectady, N. 1 . Mars Allegheny McClure ^ ^, Snyde,^ Elysburg Northumberland Allegheny Franklin Erie Philadelphia Chester Berks Erie Franklin Eri(^ Erie Allegheny Lebanon II Name Post Office County Rice, Daniel New Bloomfield Perry Richardson, W. T. Whiteford, Md. Rick, John c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading Berks Rick, Charles M. 431 Windsor St., Reading Berks Ridgway, H. W. Ambler Montgomery Rilling, Harvey North Girard Erie Rinn, D. F. Indiana Indiana Rittenhouse, J. S. Lorane Berks Rittenhouse, S. B. Lorane Berks Ritter, Henry A. Coopersburg Lehigh Ritter, Elias Selinsgrove Snyder Ritter, Astor AUentown, R. 3 Lehigh Rinehart, E. S, Mercersburg Franklin Roberts, J. Earle 220 Dock St., Philadelphia Philadelphia Roberts, Arthur McKnightstown, R. 1 Adams Roberts, Preston T. Prospect Hill Fruit Farm, Moorestown, N. J. Roberts, A. J. Moorestown, N. J. Roberts, Byron Moorestown, N. J. Roberts, Emmor Moorestown, N. J. Roberts, Horace Moorestown, N. J. Rhode, W. C. Pikesville, Md. Rhode, William Johnstown Cambria Rohlfing, F. F. Hummelstown Dauphin Rohrer, Geo. H. DryArille Berks Root, J. W. Manheim, R. 1 Lancaster Roth, Edwin Orefield Lehigh Royer, John Akron Lancaster Rozelle, H. E. Pittston, R. 1 Luzerne Ruef, J. U. State College Centre Ruhl, Dr. H. F. Manheim Lancaster Rumsey, Wm. A. Conneaut, Ohio Rumsey, William H. East Springfield Erie Runk, J. A. Huntingdon Huntingdon Rutt, Amos S. Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Rutter, Walter W. New Holland, R. 2 Lancaster Sadler, C. H. 214 Beaver Road, Emsworth Allegheny Salsgiver, Andrew Indiana, R. 7 Indiana Santord, Don Dow Chemical Co., Midland. Mich. Sanville, F. West town, Box 25 Chester Satterthwaite, Lewis P. Newton Bucks Satterthwaite, Frederick Yardley Bucks Scarff's Nurseries New Carlisle, Ohio Schantz, Horace 1736 Hamilton St., AUentown Lehigh Schantz, H. A. Lentz Bldg., AUentown I^ehigh Schantz, L. M. Orefield, R. 1 Lehigh Schieferstein, Wm. Leesport Berks Schle^el, Edwin Orefield, R. 1 Lehigh Schmidt, Jos. G. Hawley Wayne Schmidt, Morris 437 E. Allegheny Ave., Philadelphia Philadelphia SchoU, Paul Fogelsville Lehigh Schoonover, W. E. Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Schreiber, Harry F. Zionsville Lehigh Schuldt, J. Carlton Elizabethtown Lancaster Seachman, Geo. E. Red Lion, R. 1 York Seaman, George Honesdale Wayne Searle, Alonza T. Honesdale Wayne Seifert, H. Springtown Berks Settlemeyer, C. T. Wilmore, R. D. Cambria Shaffer, Frank H. Chmaber of Commerce Bldg., Pittsburgh Allegheny Shaffer, Charles N. Perkasie Bucks Shaffer Brothers Ariel Wayne I Name Shank, H. A. Sharpe, Walter K. Shattuck, J. H. Shaw, R. C. Sheadle, Misses Shearer, E. R. Shearer, Walter J. Sheble, Earl Shenk, D. W. Shenot, Edward Shenot, Henry Shenot, C. P. Sherman, Mrs. Francis Shermeyer, Harry A. Sherwin-Williams Co. Sho waiter, A. R. Shultz, Chester K. Sidler, Anton Siegfried, A. H. Sierer, John Sierer, Clark Simmons, S. L. Simpson, J. A. Skinner, H. W. Skinner, Sam M. Slade, J. E. Slaybaugh, Glen Smedley, W. P. Smedley, S. L., Jr. Smedley, S. L., Sr. Smith, A. Woodward Smith, S. A. Smith, J. R. Smith, William Smith, Lawrence Smith, George K. Smith, Philip S. Smith, G. E. Smith, I^eonard R. Smith, Roland M. Smith, James E. Smith, Wm. M. Snavely, Misses Snavely, H. Meyer Snavely, Ammon Snavely, H. H. Snyder, C. B. Snyder, Fry and Rick Snyder, Simon R. Snyder, Elmer Snyder, T. S. Snyder, C. E. Spangenberg, M. T. Standard Chemical W rks Stauffer, T. H. Stauffer, Wallace Stear, J. R. Stein, Ge .E. & Son Stein, Henry Stephens, A. Woodward Stitzer, G. E. Stonebraker, H. W. Post Office Lancaster, R. 7 167 Lincoln Way East, Chambersburg Erie, R. 6 Stewartstown Jersey Shore, R. 4 Saltsburg, R. 1 Vinemont Hamburg Lancaster, R. 7 Wexford Sharpsburg Wexford Frazer York, R. 5 Cleveland, Ohio Reinhol iS, R. 1 Barto York, R. 9 Selinsgrove Mt. Pleasant Mills Mt. Pleasant Mills Mt. Oliver, R. 6., Pittsburgh Indiana, R. 5 Chambersburg Shepherdstown, W. Va. 25 N. 14th St., AUentown Gettysburg, R. 5 Media Newtown Square Newtown Square Blairsville, R. 1 Yoe Indiana Berwick, R. 2 Box 22 South River, N. J. Akron Laughlintown Bethlehem, R. 4 Farm Bureau, Mt. Holly, N. J. Marion Center, R. 2 Bethlehem, R. 4 Orefield, R. 1 Westmont Fruit Farm, Lebanon Lebanon, 1505 Oak St. Manheim, R. 1 Willow Street Ephrata, R. 1 Reading, R. Ephrata, R. 1 Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown Brodbecks Valley View Hamlin Reading Lititz, R. 4 Quakertown, R. 2 Ligonier Wrightsville, R. Woodville Mooresburg ^,.«,. , 221 E. Chestnut St., Miflflmburg Indiana, R. 7 County Lancaster Franklin Erie York Lycoming Indiana Berks Berks Lancaster Allegheny Allegheny Allegheny Chester York Lancaster Berks York Snyder Snyder Snyder Allegheny Indiana Franklin Lehigh Adams Delaware Delaware Delaware Indiana York Indiana Columbia Lancaster Westmoreland Lehigh Indiana Lehigh Lehigh Lebanon I^ebanon Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Berks Lancaster Lancaster York Schuylkill Wayne Berks Lancaster Lehigh Westmoreland York Allegheny Montour Union Indiana Name Stoner, Bertha Stover, Jacob E. Strasbaugh, E. F. Straub, W. D. Strawser, A. A. Strong, T. M. Struble, Vern T. Strype, Fred C. Sudds, Richard H. Sun Oil Compan Swank, Luke H. Swartz, D. H. Swartz, Emma Swartz, A. D. Tarbert, D. F. Taylor, Ralph S. Thayer, Paul Thomas, Charles L. Thomas, John Thomas, Edwin W. Titus Nursery Co. Tobacco By-Products Co. Treichler, Raymond Trexler, Harry C. Trexler, T. A. Turrell, Elmore Tyler, W. D. Tyson, Chester J. Tyson, Edwin Tyson, WilHam Uncle Peter's Fruit Farm Unger, D. H. Urffer, Charles Valentine, August Vierheller, A. F. Vogel, E. H. Wagener, D. D. & Co. Wagner, J. S. Wagner, Charles Wakefield, E. B. Walborn, Geo. W. Walker, F. W. Walker, William Walp, Charles F. Walton, Robert .1. Wandless, G. II. Way, D. H. Wayne County Farm Bureau Weaver, C. F.' Weaver, Abram Weaver, Wm. S. Webster, Joseph Weigel, H. M. Weicksel, Dr. Amelia Weimer, E. A. Weinberger, J. H. Weinman, R. B. Welshans, D. D. Welshans, M. C. Wenger, Benj. G. Wernig, Charles M. Wertsch, Edwin Post Office Hellam York, R. 9 Orrtanna Middleburg, R. 4 Mt. Pleasant Mills Blairsville, R. 4 Athens ,. , ^.^ 148 L fayette St., New \ork City State Coll ge ^, ., ^ , , . 1608 Walnut St., Philadelphia Johnstown County York York Adams Snyder Snyder Indiana Bradford Clymer, R. 1 Spring Grove Spring Grove Dallastown, R. I West Chester, R. D. Carlisle, R. 0 King of Prussia Dauphin King of Prussia Waynesboro, Va. Louisville, Ky. Coplay Allentown 126 Chestnut St., Sunbury Noxen Dante, Va. Gardners Flora Dale Flora Dale Mt. Carmel Boyertown Coopersburg, R. 2 Coopersburg, R. 2 College Park, Md. Lancaster, R. 3 Easton Black Lick, R. 1 McClure Homer City, Star Route Freeburg Connoquenessing, R. 5 New Castle, R. 1 401 E. 3rd St., Berwick Hummelstown Wexford Port Matilda Honesdale York, R. 9 Scalp Level Macungie West Grove Harrisburg Perkasie, R. D. Lebanon Zionsville Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh Jersey Shore, R. 3 Jersey Shore, R. 3 Ephrata, R. 3 York, R. 2 Stevens, R. 2 Centre Philadelphia Cambria Indiana York York York Chester Cumberland Montgomery York Montgomery Lehigh Lehigh Northumberland Wyoming Adams Adams Adams Northumberland Berks Lehigh Lehigh Lancaster Northumberland Indiana Snyder Indiana Snyder Allegheny Lawrence Columbia Dauphin Allegheny Centre Wayne York Somerset Lehigh Chester Dauphin Bucks Lebanon Lehigh Allegheny Lycoming Lycoming Lancaster York Lancaster Name Wertz, D. Maurice Wertz, George M. Westrick, F. A. Wheeler, C. B. Whisler, Edgar Whitcomb, Paul White, F. Hayes Widders, J. B. Wiland, Carl Williams, Luther Williams, F. W. Wills, F. A. Wilson, Geo. E. Wink, E. F. Winter, L. M. Wister, John C. W^itherow, R. T. Wohlin, Fred Wolf, Frank L. Wolfe, Charles Wolff, F. B. Wolgemuth, Abner Woods, D. A. Woodward, N. H. Worley's Nursery Worthington, H. R. Wotring, Oscar A. Yiengst, John Yoder, Ira L. Yohe, Jay W. Yohe, Geo. S. Young, R. C. Young, June Young, Miles Young, J. Fred Youngs, L. G. Zeigler, John A. Zeigler, Calvin E. Zellers, E. B. Ziesenheim, J. R. Zook, I. F. Zundel, G. li. Post Office Waynesboro Johnstown Patton, R. 2 H unlocks Creek, R. 2 Etters, R. 1 York, R. 4 liverpool, R. 1 Lancaster, R. 3 922 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg Indiana, R. 1 Indiana, R. 4 , , , . 1523 N. 26th St., Philadelphia Wilkinsburg, R. 1 Lenhartsville, R. 1 Hellam, R. 1 Clarkson & Wister Sts., Germantown, Philadelphia Punxsutawney Perrysville North Girard Aspers Lima Mt. Joy, R. 1 Alexandria Mendenhall York Springs West (Jhester Orefield Lebanon, R. 5 Middleburg Fayetteville Spring Grove Chambersburg, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y. Ellwood City, R. 1 North East York, R. 11 529 W. Market St., York Montgomery North Girard Curryville State College County Franklin Cambria Cambria I^uzerne York York Perry Lancaster Dauphin Indiana Indiana Philadelphia Allegheny Berks York Philadelphia Jefferson Allegheny Erie Adams Delaware Lancaster Huntingdon Delaware Adams Chester Lehigh Lebanon Snyder Franklin York Franklin Lawrence Erie York York Lycoming Erie Blair Centre INDEX PAGE 4 Officers and committees, 1932... President's Address Secretary's Report Treasurer's Report Insect Pest Committee Report Cedar Rust Control— K. W. Lauer Codling Moth Bands— H. N. Worthley San Jose Scale Spray Materials-H. N. Worthley 22 Old Insect Control Ideas, New Setting-H. E. Hodgkiss Spray Residue Removal Future in Pennsylvania-H. G. Ingerson 37 Roadside Marketing— C. J. Tyson.- * Roadside Marketing— F. G. Reiter Some Fruit Growers' Poblems— H. M. Anderson My Orchard Experience— H. S. Nolt Some Orchard Observations— G. L. Hayman Our Stationary Spray Plant— J. H. Weinberger ^^ Careful Fruit Handling— G. W. Peck ' Moisture Problems in Orchards— R. D. Anthony Carpenter's Annual Address ''Red" Letter— New York Shippers Modern Spraying Practice— H. G. Ingerson ^^ Pennsylvania Apple Disease Condition— R. S. Kirby 92 Nursery Certification Committee Report Apple Pollination— H. F. Hershey Apple and Peach Storage— Sheldon Funk Legislative and Agricultural Council Committee Report 108 State Arsenic Residue Check-up— D. M. James 1^9 Resolution...- Orchard Cover Crops— F. N. Fagan Inspection Rate Committee Report Some Harrisburg Fruit Prizes Marketing Through Chain Stores— E. Dana Sutliff 12 Peach Freight Rate Committee 1 24 Illinois Peaches Coming to Pennsylvania Future of the Apple Industry, Hon. H. F. Byrd The Pennsylvania Brand History of Fruit Growing in Pennsylvania, Part II, S. W. Fletcher ^^^ (follows page ADVERTISERS PAQB Hagewtown Spray Material Co., Spray Materials, FertUizers Front Cover Lucas Kil-Tone Co.. Insecticides, Fungicides Niagara Sprayer A Chemical Co., Insecticides, Fungicides " Crystal Soap & Chemical Co., Inc., Insecticides 23 Adams County Nursery & Fruit Farms-Fruit Trees. Ornamentals. 33 Toledo Rex Spray Co., Insecticides. Fungicides « Koppers Product* Co., Fungicides -■--•■- --■•";•---• Trexler Farms, Insecticides, Fungicides, Packages. Machmery and Tools 67 Maloney Brothers Nursery Co.. Inc., Fruit Trees, Ornamentals. 67 Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Co.. Inc., Black Leaf 40 77 Sun Oil Co.. Sunoco Oil Spray, Gas and Oil • McCormick & Co., Inc.. Pyrethrum Products -"- ««ar Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Fruit Plants, Ornamentals. Rear Uover B G Pratt Co., Scalecide and Sulfocide Sprays Rear Cover Patronize these firms— They make our publications possible. Mention the Association Proceedings when inquiring. ^ RED ARROW NON- POISONOUS INSEa SPRAY (PYRETHRUM SOAP) i i The most highly concentrated liquid pyrethrum soap spray on the market. Kills both chewing and suckling insects. Non-poisonous — Non-inflam- mable. While Red Arrow will function effectively without additional soap, by conditioning the final spray solution with our RED "A" Liquid Soap, the toxicity of the pyrethnun charge may be materially increased with a reduced cost per spray gallon. PYSOL A concentrated non-poisonous Pyrethrum product compatible with Arsenicals and Bordeaux also adapted for use with hard waters. PYRETHRUM DUSTS RED "A'' PYRETHRUM POWDER— Most finely powdered pyrethrum on the market. Standard toxicity — Size particles uniform. Separated by air-float process. BLACK ARROW INSECT DUST— Compounded for agricultural and horticultural use. Non-poisonous. Standard toxicity. Economical. RED **A" SOAP A liquid neutral potash cocoanut oil product — 40% soap. An insecticide in itself. An activator and spreader for contact insecticides. IMPORTANT: RED ARROW PRODUCTS ARE STANDARDIZED. Tests start with the raw materials and are extended to the finished product when each batch is actually tested on insects. This assures both the manu- facturer and consumer of the uniform killing power associated with our products. McCormick & Co.^ Inc. Standardized Liquid & Dust Pyrethrum Products Baltimore, Nd., U. S. A. MONEY MAKERS t fRAOIMAIIK rhe DELICIOUS Supreme The tried and proven ALL RED DELICIOUS APPLE TRRtC /HARK We^ THE IMPROVED ALL-RED STAYMAN The tried and proven planters* dream of a beautiful solid red Stayman's Winesap apple. Write for information. GALLIA BEAUTY The All Red Rome 'Beauty LOBO THE IMPROVED McINTOSH STARR New Jersey's best early apple GOLDEN JUBILEE THE BEST EARLY PEACH YET INTRODUCED We have thousands of fine one and two year trees of the above varieties grown to meet your most exacting requirements, also a complete variety off all fruits, ornamental shrubs, shade trees, roses, evergreens and azaleas and rhododendrons. STRAWBERRY PLANTS Aberdeen, Blakemore, Premier, and Howard 17, Washington — a new very late variety. Mastodon Everbearing and other standard varieties. We have for spring delivery about 5,000,000 disease free, well rooted, true to name plants. Send for free catalogue today. Get our new 1932 low prices before buying anjrwhere. BOUNTIFUL RIDGE NURSERIES Princess Anne, Maryland RED ARROW NON- POISONOUS INSEa SPRAY (PYRETHRUM SOAP) The most highly concentrated liquid pyrethrum soap spray on the market. Kills both chewing and suckhng insects. Non-poisonous — Non-inflam- mable. While Red Arrow will function effectively without additional soap, by conditioning the final spray solution with our RED "A" Liquid Soap, the toxicity of the pyrethrum charge may be materially increased with a reduced cost per spray gallon. PYSOL A concentrated non-poisonous Pyrethrum product compatible with Arsenicals and Bordeaux also adapted for use with hard waters. PYRETHRUM DUSTS RED "A" PYRETHRUM POWDER— Most finely powdered pyrethrum on the market. Standard toxicity — Size particles uniform. Separated by air-float process. BLACK ARROW INSECT DUST— Compounded for agricultural and horticultural use. Non-poisonous. Standard toxicity. Economical. RED **A" SOAP A liquid neutral potash cocoanut oil product — 40% soap. An insecticide in itself. An activator and spreader for contact insecticides. IMPORTANT: RED ARROW PRODUCTS ARE STANDARDIZED. Tests start with the raw materials and are extended to the finished product when each batch is actually tested on insects. This assures both the manu- facturer and consumer of the uniform killing power associated with our products. McCormick & Co., Inc Standardized Liquid & Dust Pyrethrum Products Baltimore, Md., U. S. A. MONEY MAKERS i TRAOI MARK RMMTtM* tNUt^PATIKrOPriQl rhe DELICIOUS Supreme The tried and proven ALL RED DELICIOUS APPLE THE IMPROVED ALL-RED STAYMAN The tried and proven planters' dream of a beautiful solid red Stayman's Winesap apple. Write for information. GALLIA BEAUTY The All Red Rome 'Beauty LOBO THE IMPROVED McINTOSH STARR New Jersey's best early apple GOLDEN JUBILEE THE BEST EARLY PEACH YET INTRODUCED We have thousands of fine one and two year trees of the above varieties grown to meet your most exacting requirements, also a complete variety of all fruits, ornamental shrubs, shade trees, roses, evergreens and azaleas and rhododendrons. STRAWBERRY PLANTS Aberdeen, Blakemore, Premier, and Howard 17, Washington — a new very late variety, Mastodon Everbearing and other standard varieties. We have for spring delivery about 5,000,000 disease free, well rooted, true to name plants. Send for free catalogue today. Get our new 1932 low prices before buying anywhere. BOUNTIFUL RIDGE NURSERIES Princess Anne, Maryland Here is a new economy spray LATE Delayed Dormant Spray SCALECIDE 1 -50 and SULFOCIDE 1-150 Many apple growers have their orchards so free of scale that were it not for apUs, red mite and a few minor pests, they could omit the dormant spray altogether. This new spray— the late delayed dormant— takes the place of the dor- mant or delayed dormant and the prepink spray as well, at a considerable saving in cost. This late delayed dormant spray has unique advantages. First— Both the advantages of an oil spray and a sulphur spray. Second— Cheaper than delayed dormant lime sulphur— as low as cheap oil sprays. Third— A combination that will kill every aphis you hit, also for red mite and other soft bodied insects hatching at that time. Fourth— Greater safety through the use of weaker dilutions of proven safe materials. Fifth— Application at a time when insects are more easily controlled than at the delayed dormant period. Follow this spray with Scalecide 1 to 100 and Sulfocide 1 to 200 as a pink spray making lime sulphur and nicotine unnecessary and bring your crop up to the blossom period in the finest possible shape at the least cost. You will like these sprays. Write Department D, B. G. Pratt Company, 50 Church Street, New York, for further information of these sprays and new 1932 pnces on Scalecide — the lowest in 15 years. i