Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.13 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1936 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.6 Pennsylvania State orticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION iMued Quarterly at State College. Pa. Subscription Included in Annual Dues of $2.00 Entered as second-class maiter at the Post Office at Stau CcXiege, Pd, Vol. XIII State College, Pa., March, 1936 No. 1 1 Proceedings ot the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting Farm Show Building, Harrishurg, Penna. ■■'^?vtiv' '--'^^r-: January 2D and 21, 1936 ;>■«&>• 'r*.- - ■ -, SPRAYING LUMP HYDRATED PEBBLE High Calcium High Quality Universal Spraying Lump and Pebble Limes — for those accustomed to using these forms of lime — are very high in calcium content, clean and quick acting. They are particularly suited for use in lime sulphur and Bordeaux mixture. Universal Hydrated Spraying Lime is exceedingly fine 98% through 300 mesh screen). There are no coarse particles to prevent proper diffusion of the spray or clog nozzles. Having less than 1% of magnesium oxide, there is little or no waste material or sediment. It has a guaranteed analysis of 73% Calcium Oxide and less than 1% Magnesium Oxide. CAN YOU GROW A GOOD LEGUME COVER CROP? The better cover crops need a sweet soil for best growth. Trees also require calcium in their development. We shall be glad to make complete tests of your soil. This is a part of our service to the orchardist. Of course, there is no obligation. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Sales Office: York, Pennsylvania"" — PLANTS: Oranda, Virginia— York, Pennsylvania v^s^m 'i&^^^^tiHSSii^Ji Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION Issued Quarterly at State College, Pa. Annual Dues, Including Subscription, $5 00 Lntercd as second-cldss mdttfT ,)t th.- Post Office Jt '.tat.- C olU-ge M.i. Vol. XIII State College, Pa., March, 79 J6 A<>. / Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1936 !l f^^' ' ' ' \ - Seventy-serenth oAnnual SMecting Held in Harrisburg, Pa., January 20-21 19 3 6 SPRAYING LUMP HYDRATED PEBBLE Ira High Calcium High Quality Universal Spraying Lump and Pebble Limes — for those accustomed to using these forms of lime — are very high in calcium content, clean and quick acting. They are particularly suited for use in lime sulphur and Bordeaux mixture. Universal Hydrated Spraying Lime is exceedingly fine 98% through 300 mesh screen). There are no coarse particles to prevent proper diffusion of the spray or clog nozzles. Having less than 1% of magnesium oxide, there is little or no waste material or sediment. It has a guaranteed analysis of 73% Calcium Oxide and less than 1% Magnesium Oxide. CAN YOU GI^OW A GOOD LEGUME COVER CROP? The better cover crops need a sweet soil for best growth. Trees also require calcium in their development. We shall be glad to make complete tests of your soil. This is a part of our service to the orchardist. Of course, there is no obligation. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. — Sales Office : York, Pennsylvania ~ '~~~ PLANTS: Oranda, Virginia— York, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION Issued Quarterly at State College, Pa. Annual Dues, Including Subscription, S2 00 LnttTv-d as second-cldss matttr ,u th.- Post (^fhct- Jt IjtjU- ( oll.-i^^- P.i. VoL XIII State College, Pa,, March, 19i6 No. 1 ■ Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1936 ^ Seyenty-seyenth oAnnual Meeting Held in Harrisburg, Pa., January 20-21 19 3 6 .i.',U'-'i;-:i^-ai« mungi f- 4 ' Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION Uum4 OiMrttHy r,;N^//vt^*-. ; -,-s**f ''i/i- V. f^f ' .; SECRETARY'S REPORT With this the 1936 meeting, your secretary completes six years of service to the Association. This is the second longest period one individual has ever held this office; according to S W Fletcher*, the record is held by the late Enos B. ii^ngie, Waynesboro, who was secretary from 1874 to 1895, inclusive and from 1899 to 1908, inclusive— a record which probably will never be approached. The length of time your present secretary will continue to serve you, assuming you choose to reelect him, depends on any promising opportunities elsewhere for his professional advance- ment. When any of these may occur is uncertain but in any event it seems impossible under the conditions existing at the present time for the secretaryship to be located elsewhere than at State College. Ideally, though, this should not be the case, but practically this is true. Our program this year has nearly the irreducible minimum of speakers from the College staff which some of you desired enough to request before the 1934 meeting. Our meetings last year were planned with this in mind, but the heavy snows and drifts affected our attendance. We hope to have a better measure of its desirability this year. President H. F. Hershey has proven himself to be a capable executive who has gone to considerable personal expense and loss of time to represent us at various meetings. He has been a worthy succession in our distinguished line of presidents. Our membership has increased again this past year to a total of 850 from 754 in 1934. While our treasury is low because of heavy expenses in 1935, we are in a sound condition with every pros- pect of continuing so. Nineteen thirty-five witnessed the return of two Association assemblies previously enjoyed by many of you. I refer to the Summer meeting at State College on July 29 and 30, when several hundred people met under the auspices of the College and this Association, and the summer tour of July 31- August 2 from Geneva through western New York to the Vineland area of the Niagara Peninsula in Canada. About 80 people were with us on the trip. A Summer meeting will be held at State College again this year under the auspices of the College and this Association. The dates are Monday and Tuesday, July 27 and 28. We intend to have a bigger machinery and supply exhibit than last summer. The summer tour will be held from Wednesday, July 29 to Friday, July 31. The place is not settled although New Jersey and the Lake Champlain Valley area are under consideration. Suggestions from the members will be appreciated. *Rear of 1934 Proceedings, pages 8-10, inclusive. o&PRA iimo 'prauers Give You kjCowestCost Uniformlg Mdintdined Laadar ^^ ' UNf OP IF vou raise Potatoes or Truck Crops or nave on Orchard, it will pay you to send for our Catalog. Itde- scribesa complete line of Traction and Pow- er Sprayers, including tractor and truck-op- erated models. If in- terested write for Free Catalog today. Field Force Pump Co. Dept. K Elmiro, N.Y. Af akera of Sprayers for More Than 54 Years Uniform High Pressure Guaranteed — 4 — — 5 — t)r S W Fletcher has donated the sum of $25.00 annually to be* awarded as prizes to the young folks in vocational or other country schools for prize essays on horticulture based on theu- own experiences. The details of the awards have not yet been worked out. This money should be known as the S. W. 1^ ietcher award. Since he is leaving within a few weeks for a six months leave to be spent in the United States and Europe, the Associa- tion wishes him and Mrs. Fletcher a pleasant and profitable vacation. Our affiliation with the American Fruit Grower is still in effect Apparently it continues to be satisfactory and the arrangement whereby we give a year's subscription with each annual membership will be continued. However, in the event that this relationship is altered by circumstances beyond the control of the Association, we assume no Uabihty for a refund of dues. We still continue our affiUation with the Eastern Apple Growers Council, through and because of which we have been most active in writing and telegraphing Pennsylvania congress- men this year, which is one reason our treasury is not too full. The Bureau of Markets, through Mr. James, has requested that the fruit inspection fund be handled through their office in Harrisburg in 1936 to expedite the handUng of the expense accounts and other moneys due the inspectors. ' The Association has withdrawn from financing the Pennsyl- vania Quality fruit label. Such orders are now a private grower- printer affair. The National Women's Christian Temperance Union, exactly like the hquor interests it abhors, is guilty of gross misstatement for which it refuses to accept or deny responsibility; the case in question concerns a recent poster originating from the W. C. T. U. National Headquarters in Evanston, Illinois, and which was displayed in December at a local Agricultural Show at West Chester. Under the blazing scarehead, "ALCOHOL," were listed in a line the names whiskey, wine, beer, gin, rum, and the hke with the single and unqualified word, ''Cider" in the center of the line*. Local growers naturally concerned with the pos- sible effect this might have on local sweet cider sales, informed your secretary who wrote the W. C. T. U. headquarters, request- ing the factual basis for this statement — which, quite unfor- tunately for their cause, does not exist. The W. C. T. U. author- ities have ignored completely our communication which is at least a cowardly attitude. I point out this fact to you as an example of how both drys — and wets — alike are sisters under the skin in that both sides are too prone to prostitute the truth whenever it is to their own selfish advantage to do so. ♦If the term had been "Hard Cider," there could have been no question as to its correctness. However, many plant products containing sugar or starch can be fermented successfully to make alcohol in quantity. — 6 — I would like a definite expression of opinion from the Asso- ciation as to whether the present meeting room and its facilities are satisfactory, in their opinions and whether it might be well to make our summer meeting our main assembly of the year, with a better pomological atmosphere and no Farm Show bally- hoo to conflict. The Harrisburg hotel room situation is becom- ing worse annually. This yea^*, we could obtain rooms for our speakers only at the Penn Harris, in spite of trying to make our reservations last January, and we would have had to pay for those rooms beginning Siinday night, no matter if our meeting did not begin until Wednesday. Harrisburg is apparently the only city in the world where the hotels cannot vacate rooms reserved previously. We can consider meeting elsewhere in the city. Our programs and dues collections at the meetings have both suffered at the Show Building. By meeting here, we are losing our identity to build up that of the Show. Our meetings were never as successful as when they were held at the South Office Building. This is no longer available but there are other possibilities. TREASURER'S REPORT 1935* C. B. SNYDER, Ephrata Receipts to January 18, 1936** $ 1,926.10 Expenditures** i 702.29 Cash on hand_ 223.81 Savings Account, Ephrata National Bank 500.00 Certificate in Ephrata National Bank 100.00 Total sound assets $ 823.81 Doubtful assets— two $100 Apartment Bonds, University Avenue, New i^^'^juS^^^* J^^^^ ^^v® ^®®^ surrendered to a reorganization committee of bondholders m these apartments who are trving to save something out of the financial chaos which involved them. Their present value is absolutely unknown and their future worth unpredictable at present. We have audited the accounts of Mr. Snyder and have found them to be correct. Signed: Auditing Committee Herman Haase, M. E. Johnston, A. Woodward Smith. *The full report is omitted because of its great length. Mr. Snyder or the secretary will produce the complete statement on request. **This does not include receipts or expenditures of the Inspection Fund which IS now handled entirely by Mr. Poole, Bureau of Markets, Harris- burg. No salaries are paid any officer of the Association or to Mr. Poole out of the Inspection Fund. — 7 — ' Si ;.^ -fKia;?:^; --■•^Tv^?*' RESOLUTIONS 1. Whereas God in His Divine RuUng has taken from our membership Mr. N. K. Bergner, be it resolved that a mmute of respect to him be entered on our records and that a message of condolence be sent from our Association to his bereaved family. 2 Whereas Mr. Atkinson and Mr. James of the Bureau of Markets have rendered unusual service to our organization by lending us their equipment for the success of these meetings, be it resolved that a vote of thanks be extended to these gentlemen for thpir scrvicGS. 3 Whereas Mrs. Parsons has rendered many years of service as assistant to our Secretary, Mr. Sudds, be it resolved that a vote of thanks be extended to her for her splendid cooperation. 4 In as much as the apple marketing laws of our State are not proving satisfactory, be it resolved that the executive com- mittee appoint a committee to work with the Bureau of Markets to improve the present situation and report at the next meeting. RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE: Harrison S. Nolt, Arthur S. Linville, Frederic E. Griest. NOMINATING COMMITTEE Mr. C. J. Schuldt, Mr. Elmer Snyder, and Mr. George Goodling. REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE Nominations: For President, H. F. Hershey; for Vice President, J. A. Runk: Secretary, R. H. Sudds; for Treasurer, C. B. Snyder; and the Execu- tive Committee to remain the same. It was moved and seconded that the nominations be closed. The secretary was instructed to cast a ballot. MARYLAND STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A Resolution It is with pleasure that we note the attendance of larger num- bers of prominent fruit growers from adjoining states at the meetings of this Society. Their interest is manifested by faithful attendance at our meetings and by active participation in the discussions. Therefore, be it resolved that we assure these growers of a hearty welcome at our meetings always, and invite them to attend again next year, bringing their families and fruit growing friends with them. Passed during the meetings, Jan. 7, 8, 9, 1936. A. F. VIERHELLER Secretary. UNIFORM QUALITY field tested Spray Materials Your profits from orchard and garden depend largely upon the effective control of insects and disease. For safety's sake, use Bowker Chemical Company spray and dust materials — recognized as the highest standard of quality since 1879. Special preparations for each purpose (for fruit, truck and potatoes) are prepared under the direction of skilled scientists and tech- nical experts, carefully tested in the laboratory and in the field, and guaranteed to contain only the highest quality of ingre- dients. Your orders can be filled immediately at our modern factory, or at a warehouse near your farm. Arsenate of Lead Bean Beetle Powder Galcide (Calcium Arsenate) Copper Lime Dusts Derox (Rotenone Dust) Japanese Beetle Poison Liquid and Dry Lime Sulphur Monohydrated Copper Sulphate Powdered Bordeaux Powdered Bordeaux Arsenate Pyrox with Nicotine Pyrox without Nicotine Pyrox without Poison Spray Oils Sulphur Dusts 40% Nicotine Sulphate Potato Powders BOWKER CHEMICAL CO. 50 CHURCH STREET NEW YORK. N. Y. FACTORY, BALTIMORE, MD. — 8 — — 9 — 1 LIME-SULFUR AND LIME-SULFUR SUBSTITUTES IN NEW YORK W. D. MILLS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. I am glad my subject reads lime-sulfur and lime-sulfur sub- stitutes in New York. Since the use of copper fungicides m New York is very limited, this discussion may be confined to sulfur substitutes. This still leaves plenty of room for argument! Conditions vary so greatly between the commercial fruit growing areas in our state that we find it necessary to pubUsh two sets of spray outUnes, one for the Hudson Valley and one for Western New York. It is probable that neither of these schedules would meet your needs nearly as well as those prepared by your experiment station workers. There are at least four alternatives open to the New York fruit grower who wishes to modify the standard lime-sulfur schedule in part or all of his sprays : 1. Substitution of a wettable sulfur. 2. Substitution of dry lime sulfur. 3. Greater dilution of the lime sulfur. 4. Greater dilution of the lime sulfur with the addition of a wettable sulfur. The term wettable sulfur is used to mean the great group of sulfur sprays, which we now have, in which the sulfur is not in a chemical combination and which contain some material which will allow the sulfur to be wet and put into suspension in a spray mixture. Our first wettable sulfur in common use was dry-mix sulfur lime prepared by dry-mixing dusting sulfur, hydrated lime and calcium caseinate or some other wetting agent. There are wide variations among individual materials in this group in their effectiveness against apple scab and in their effects on foUage and fruit, but they have certain characteristics in com- mon. The wettable sulfurs are effective if present on the foUage or fruit when scab infection occurs, but have little or no effect on scab if applied after the scab-rain has occurred. Liquid Ume-sulfur, on the other hand, very frequently prevents the development of scab when applied after the rain is over and infection has already occurred. The wettable sulfurs are much less effective in killing out scab spots already present on the foliage than is liquid lime-sulfur. Dry lime sulfur is inter- mediate between the wettable sulfurs and hquid Ume-sulfur in scab control, having some after-rain effect on scab and some burning out effect on scab spots. While the wettable sulfurs are less effective against scab when not perfectly timed, most of them are less likely to cause serious leaf scorch than Uquid Ume-sulfur and some of them may reduce the amount of injury to the fruit. Dry Ume-sulfur is again intermediate, but under New York conditions more closely approaches the liquid Ume-sulfur in the amount of spray injury. A perfect fungicide would combine high toxicity to the scab plant with no toxic effects on the apple plant. No such divine medium has as yet been discovered. The prevailing practice of the Western New York grower where conditions are favorable for severe losses from apple scab is to use Ume-sulfur 1-40 in the early sprays and then switch to a wettable sulfur for the cover sprays, if and when scab appears to be under control. In the Hudson Valley, where apple scab is usually much easier to control, many of the growers are using Ume-sulfur diluted 1-50 or 1-60 until the danger from scab seems past and then switching to a wettable sulfur. To get a better idea of the value of the schedules in common use in Western New York test plots have been placed in each of the important fruit counties of Western New York. The county Farm Bureaus, leading fruit growers, and several commercial concerns cooperated with the Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, in furnishing orchards, spray materials, supervision, and labor. In 1933 four spray schedules were compared in these tests, namely, Ume-sulfur throughout the season; Ume-sulfur through calyx foUowed by dry-mix sulfur-lime in the cover sprays; Ume- sulfur through the calyx followed by Koppers Dry Wettable (flotation) sulfur in the cover sprays; and Koppers Dry Wettable sulfur throughout the season. The same four schedules were retained in the tests in 1934 with the addition of Kolofog (ben- tonite) sulfur throughout the season. In 1933 where the applications were correctly timed, the incidence of apple scab was not sufficient to draw definite con- clusions as to the relative effectiveness of the four schedules in controlUng scab. In several orchards where the first applica- tion was delayed until after the first scab infection rain, the marked superiority of the Ume-sulfur over the wettable sulfur was demonstrated. In these orchards the tests were discontinued and the grower allowed to spray the entire plot with Ume-sulfur in an effort to save the crops since there were no funds available to recompense him for crop loss. In one orchard in which the first appUcation was made, only a few hours ahead of the scab-rain the superior control of scab by Ume-sulfur over a wettable sulfur applied just ahead of a rain was demonstrated. In 1934 apple scab infection was extremely light and with correctly timed applications only a slight amount of scab ap- peared in any of the treatment rows. Although the percentage of scab was very low, the amount of infection on leaves and fruit was consistently higher with the schedule of bentonite sulfur throughout the season than with the other four schedules under test. Apple scab was severe in the Western New York lake counties in 1935 and considerable more information on the relative fungicidal value of the five spray schedules was obtained in addition to that reported for 1933 and 1934. The findings of — 10 — -- 11 1933 on the apparent poorer control of apple scab on leaves and fruit by a schedule of bentonite sulfur throughout the season were confirmed by the striking increase of scab on both leaves and fruit on the rows receiving this material. Flotation sulfur paste throughout the season resulted m sig- nificantly higher amounts of leaf scab than occurred on the rows receiving lime-sulfur applied throughout the season or lime- sulfur through calyx followed in the cover sprays with either flotation paste or dry-mix sulfur lime. Although the increase in leaf scab with flotation paste throughout the season was significant, there was not a significant increase m fruit scab oyer the lime-sulfur rows. The seasonal schedule of flotation sulfur paste was significantly better than bentonite sulfur in control of both leaf scab and fruit scab. ,, , ,. ,. • xu The substitution of a wettable sulfur for hme-sulfur m the cover sprays resulted in no significant change in the amount of either leaf scab or fruit scab. Spray injury was again serious in Western New York. Leaf scorch was more prevalent and severe than in 1934 on all three varieties tested. A very significant reduction in leaf scorch resulted from the substitution of a wettable sulfur for lime- sulfur after the calyx spray and a still larger reduction from the use of a wettable sulfur throughout the season. This reduction in leaf scorch was less striking in the Baldwin variety in which considerable scorch was found regardless of the spray materials used on these winter injured trees. Deep cheek scald of the fruit was not serious in 1935. The amount of scald varied with the variety averaging 13% on the Baldwin variety, 5% on the Rhode Island Greening and only 1% on Mcintosh. The amount of scald was higher, on the Baldwins and Mcintosh varieties, with lime-sulfur or flotation sulfur than with dry-mix or bentonite sulfur. On Rhode Island Greenings Ume-sulfur resulted in larger amounts of scald than the other four schedules. A study of the effects of continued applications of the five spray schedules on leaf growth was started this season. A method of recording the silhouette of leaves of tagged terminals on moving picture film, at regular intervals in the growing season was devised. The camera was not completed until the petal fall stage, but interesting differ- ences in the growth rate of leaves under the different spray schedules were obtained. The studies on the effects of the schedules on the yield of fruit have been continued. In one Mcintosh orchard the indi- vidual yields of each tree for the past six years are available through the kindness of Professor L. H. McDaniels, of the IPomology Department. Comparisons of the yields of the trees which have received four different spray schedules for the past three years with the yields for the same trees for the previous three years when all received lime-sulfur throughout show an apparently significant increase in yield with a schedule of a FRUIT TREES As Fine As They Can Grow PEACH - APPLE - CHERRY - APRICOT PEAR - PLUM - QUINCE FINEST OF NORWAY MAPLE HEDGE PLANTS - SHADE TREES - NUT TREES RASPBERRIES - BLACKBERRIES - CURRANTS GOOSEBERRIES - ASPARAGUS Adams County Nursery & Fruit Farms H. B. BAUGHER, Prop. ASPERS, PENNA. — 12 13 wettable sulfur throughout the season as compared with lime- sulfur throughout the season, Ume-sulf ur followed by a wettable sulfur after calyx, or the growers schedule, (which was lime- sulfur through the calyx followed by some Ume-sulfur and some wettable sulfur cover sprays). It is hoped to carry this project on to definitely estabUsh the cumulative effects of the schedules since the tendency of this orchard to alternate bearing makes conclusions from six years to be rather premature. Tests of lime-sulfur at various dilutions were made m Bald- win, Ben Davis, and Rhode Island Greening orchards this season. Dilutions of 1-40 with and without hme, 1-50 with Ume, 1-60 with hme and 1-100 plus four pounds of wettable sulfur carrying a new corrective were tested. In counts made in late June the amount of leaf scorch was about the same on all the dilutions, except 1-100 plus the corrective where the leaf scorch was strikingly less than on the other four treatments. The amount of leaf scab was also about the same on all the rows except the 1-100 plus the new corrective where the leaf scab was much more abundant. In August on the Baldwin variety the foliage of the row receiving lime-sulfur 1-40 plus lime was strikingly poorer than the adjoining row receiving 1-40 without the lime. The row receiving lime-sulfur 1-100 plus the correc- tive continued to have far better foliage than the other dilutions in all three varieties throughout the season. The final fruit counts showed significantly more fruit scab on the rows receiving 1-100 plus corrective. This increase was serious in amount in the Baldwin and Ben Davis blocks, but was only an increase from about three to seven per cent on the Rhode Island Greenings. The lime-sulfur dilution tests have only been run one year in Western New York and further tests are needed before definite conclusions can be drawn. COLD STORAGE HOUSE CONSTRUCTION J. M. HORNER, Portland Cement Association, Carlisle Ten and 12 years ago there was a marked interest on the part of the potato and apple growers in the subject of storage cellars. Much data was gotten together and this State did possibly as much experimental work on the subject as was evident anywhere. Common storage houses were built under ground, above ground, and backed into the hillside, all with varying degrees of success. The control of temperature, humidity, and ventilation were and still are the determining factors. There is still interest in storage houses, and each year a goodly number of new cellars and houses are constructed. No one type predominates, but the greatest interest has been in the cellar or bank type, where advantages of ground temperature are to be had. 14 — In further development of the subject of storage, we find a parallel in factory, office, and home building of the present day. Industrial chieftains have learned that if they can maintain a relatively constant atmosphere with regard to ^temperature, humidity, and light that human efficiency is stepped up. This is well illustrated by the new office building just completed in Hershey where there are no outside windows. The interior will be automatically regulated to maintain constant conditions which are deemed most desirable. Our modern homes are auto- matically heated and ventilated and moisture controlled. In the case of apples, we have a living organism, which re- spires and is definitely subject to temperature and humidity. In low temperatures this activity is materially slowed up thereby prolonging the life of the fruit. Common storage has done a good job, but a better one is possible. For this reason we find a growing interest in automatically controlled storage facilities, known as cold storage or mechanically refrigerated storage. The large commercial variety of this type has been known for years and they are used almost exclusively in the large fruit centers. But a number of individual growers have decided it could be done on a smaller scale, and have done it, successfully, at a saving to themselves. The advantages of the refrigerated storage are that fruit can be quickly cooled, and can be held at a uniform desired temperature throughout their storage period, thereby prolonging this period and at the same time it is possible to reduce disease and detrimental influences. Some years ago a cold storage plant was erected at the College by the Horticultural Department. It proved practical and has been a paying investment to the department. Some orchardists have also constructed cold storage plants, while others have taken sections of a common storage plant and have made cold storage rooms in them. I have been interested in this subject from the point of view of construction methods and materials. As in so many types of farm buildings, frame construction has been used, while in com- mercial structures of this kind, permanent materials are invari- ably used. I am interested to know how we can apply the same methods to the smaller plants as are used in larger units. Investigation and consultations lead me to believe that in storage house construction it is advisable to avoid surfaces that will rot, that which aids in the growth of fungus, and that which holds excessive moisture, and that will harbor rodents. Fire safety is another desirable feature. With this in mind, I have checked over a number of cold storage plants and have noted in particular the wall construc- tion, the method of insulation and the floors. From the observa- tion I am convinced that it is possible to build these cold storage plants of durable materials at a figure which compares favorably with less durable types, and at the same time receive the bene- fits which they offer. — 15 — lc/-hf*^\f\].K'-^h^'l'i')i--.^^^^^ '•-: --i:; C^^.^'. -r y-'r r ■■ il'-' '^r.'v '-.-'^'''^Tj-^;^? :'T:''• iii Insulation is probably the most important single factor in a cold storage room. Efficiency in sealing the flow of temperature through the wall is a yearly matter of dollars and cents. The recognized standard of insulation is cork in the board or granu- lated state. Refrigeration engineers are generally satisfied with a 4-inch cork board insulation or its equivalent in cold rooms, unless zero temperatures are to be maintained. In order to cut down costs, numerous insulation materials have been substi- tuted, with varying degrees of success. Sawdust, buckwheat hulls, cinders, straw and shredded fodder are materials used for insulation. Recently I have visited a number of cold storage plants and have been especially interested in the construction of the walls and floors. The most common types of structures have been frame and concrete masonry, particularly the cinder-concrete block. In the case of frame construction, the cold storage plant at State College is a" good example. Studs, 2x6 inch, were used with an exterior finish of siding, paper and H i^^ch insulation board. The interior is paper and pine roofers. The intervening space was filled principally with re-granulated cork. This type construction is equivalent in insulation value to 5.74 inches of cork-board, which is very effective insulation. The initial cost of this construction is generally high. If dried sawdust had been used instead of the ground cork, the cost would have decreased, but the insulation value would also have been lowered to 2.54 inches of cork board. In addition to the high cost of this method, there are also the disadvantages of molds forming on the wet wood surfaces, and the possibilities of eventual rotting. A second wall construction which interested me was an 8 inch hollow cinder concrete block exterior used on the Trexler Or- chards near Sunbury. This cinder block exterior wall was fur- red with 2x6 inch studs upon which paper and sheathing was applied. The space between the studs was filled with dried sawdust. This type wall construction gives insulation which is equal to 2.4 inches of cork board. Had regranulated cork been used the insulation equivalent would have been 5.6 inches in cork board. However, this cold storage plant has the additional advantage of being a cellar type, with earth against the exterior walls to the square. The cost of this cold storage plant was perhaps the most economical of any which I checked. Of course this was due largely to the fact that Mr. Trexler is a skillful mechanic and a good purchasing agent. In the Knouse orchards located at Peach Glen, Adams Co., we find a large cold storage plant built several years ago. In this case, we find a double wall of cinder concrete blocks. The outer wall consists of an 8 inch hollow cinder block, the open cores of which have been filled with fine cinders. The inner wall is a 4 inch cinder block, separated 4 inches from the exterior wall. This interior space was filled with four inches of kiln- PEACH TREES For the Orchardist 250,000 PEACH TREES AS GOOD AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE In a year of extreme shortage of fruit trees we are fortunate to have this fine lot of trees to offer the planters of Pennsylvania and other States. All Leading Varieties at Prices You Can Afford to Buy At Do not wait until the progressive planters have bought all of the better trees and then take what you can get to plant. Plan Your Plantings and Buy Your Trees Early 125,000 FINE ONE YEAR OLD APPLE TREES and A LIMITED AMOUNT OF NICE 2 YEAR APPLE TREES ALL LEADING VARIETIES INCLUDING THE FAMOUS RICHARED AND BLAXTAYMAN The story of Bountiful Ridge Nursery grown apple and peach trees is known in every fruit section of North America. They are hard to equal in quaUty, hardiness and productiveness and price. *'They are What Every Planter Hopes to Plant." SEND FOR OUR COMPLETE SPRING CATALOG AND GIVE US YOUR LIST FOR QUOTATIONS. JUST GIVE US A LIST OF THE VARIETIES WANTED AND GRADES AND QUANTITIES. Announcing A RED YORK IMPERIAL You have seen the fruit at our various exhibits during the past two years. A real Red York that colors a bright cherry red without a trace of stripe. 1^ ull description will be given in our spring 1936 catalogue. About 4,000 trees available for spring deUvery. "Our own Red York originating in Maryland." Write for full particulars. '*A Progressive Nursery Striving to Always Have the Best for Their Patrons." PRINCESS ANNE Bountiful Ridse Nurseries MARYLAND — 16 — — 17 — ''Sii >.'>.>■..-"■■ ..-» dried saw dust. This plant is a hundred feet square, and twenty- seven feet high. The ground floor is a concrete slab laid on a heavy fill of cinders. To further assist in the insulation of this storage plant, the exterior walls have been painted white with a waterproof paint. In checking experimental data, we hnd that this wall with white reflective surface reduces heat flow 9 >^ per cent. The owner of this plant is well satisfied that they have an efficient structure, with very nominal operating costs. The C. H. Musselman Co. of Biglerville, Adams Co. has an immense cold storage plant erected about two years ago, which will hold nearly 140,000 bu. fruit. The walls of this building are 28 inches thick. The exterior section consists of an 8 and a 4 inch cinder concrete block, and the interior wall is also a double cinder block of the same dimensions. These two shells are spaced 4 inches apart into which kiln-dried sawdust has been placed. All floors save the ground floor are of heavy frame construction. In speaking with the superintendent of the plant, he seems to feel that they could have placed permanent con- crete floors in the building, properly insulated, at very little cost over the wood floors. In the case of the larger plants, I found all the upper floors and the roofs of frame construction. It is readily admitted by those who are informed on the subject of the storage of fruits that all interior surfaces exposed to continual dampness might well be of permanent materials not subject to rot and other effects of dampness. We have seen this accompUshed in numer- ous cases in wall construction, and I believe we shall soon see new storage plants with insulated concrete floors and roofs, thereby making a modern fire proof building with nothing to deteriorate or rot out, a building which will be easy to clean and disinfect, and one which will not harbor rodents which become very destructive. In brief, modern fire proof construction which is used on commercial storage plants is just as practical and effective for smaller cold storage installations. Question: Is cinder block better insulation than concrete? Answer: Cinder is better. Question : Is mineral wool safe for insulation? Answer: Mineral wool is fine and so is rock wool. Question: Will rock wool absorb moisture? Answer: It should not. Question : How can we waterproof our storages? Answer: Two types of waterproofing are hot asphalt and asphaltic emulsion. — 18 — You can depend upon Magnetic Spray" Wettable Sulphur to give you a premium crop Your fruit will be extra fancy, with a snaooth velvety finish that will demand top prices. The best Tn vestment vou Tan ,> wk'I*'' buy "Magnetic Spray " #oUow the example of thousands of successful growers wTo Loused It with excellent results, season after season. When a whole year's crop is at stake the best iRnon*» ton good. Be sure-buy "Magnetic Spray"-it consists of 98.5% of thHSest refined Ventilated su^r When you buy a Dusting Sulphur, insist on "Mag- netic" Super-Adhesive be- cause it is effective, eco- nomical and always the same high quality. Write for the name of your nearest dealer and for interesting and val- uable literature. National makes a grade of agricultural sulphur for every purpose. Whether it be Sublimed Velvet, Flowers or Ground Crude, National can supply it. 420L_L ex iii3ton__Avcji ew VoiUyM^^ A D, vis, on of STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO. CHICAGO-LOS ANCELfS-JACKSONVILLE -SAN F(?ANC1SC0 __ FREEPORT. TEXAS — 19 — ■^j:-V'.:«f^.-.. ...-. U. -•^X/**V --y^z^-v' -••:■.■■': ^Ur.'tJ'-y-z'^^^Ji:-' 'w--.i-tfj--xJ'.-^.f:fyk OBSERVATIONS ON ORCHARD SOIL FERTILITY ^ PRACTICES M. V. BAILEY, American Cyanamid Company, Pennington, N. J. To attempt to tell all the individual orchard soil fertility nractices I have observed throughout the eastern part of the Eed States would be a waste of time since many of these practices are quite similar both in their execution and their results I shall, therefore, confine my discussion to generalities, but, at the same time, having individual cases of orchard man- agement in mind. The practices I shall discuss are all in use in the area under consideration and numerous cases can be pointed out. UD- viously it is necessary to divide orchards into two classes: those which are cultivated each year and those which are in more or less permanent sod and receive cultivation only very irregularly. Cultivated Orchards It is not news to you to tell you that excessive cultivation is on the wane. We may find in western New York classic exam- ples of the disastrous effects of continued extreme cultivation. Some orchards in New Jersey have reached the same relative stages of fertility-depletion by many years fewer of continued cultivation. This is largely because the soil was originally at a much lower stage of fertility when the orchards were set. After all, there is nothing strange or unexplainable in these disastrous results of excessive cultivation. Cultivation is a very efficient means of increasing evaporation, aeration, and the destruction of organic matter. It might well be compared to a bank check-writing scheme since it affords a means of quickly mining the natural fertility from the soil. However, past results, in both orchards and bank accounts, have definitely proven that one cannot continue to write checks without occa- sionally putting some money in the bank. The failure of cultivation has been due to the fact that growers have neglected to add organic matter to the soil Where this point is properly taken care of, annual cultivation is practiced successfully. The only practical and economical method of maintaining organic matter is to grow the material right in the orchard. Based on this point of view it seems logical to select those cover crops which produce the largest amount of organic material. Experimental results, as well as actual orchard prac- tices, are beginning to prove this point. In the Hudson Valley of New York, one grower is growing a corn crop in his young orchard and turning the whole crop under. This will probably add organic matter to the soil more rapidly than any procedure known to us today. Experiments show that better results in tree growth and crop production are secured from two cover crops a year, than from — 20 — WARNER COMPANY 1616 Walnut St., Philadelphia ell^Min( ^nxlucl FOR SPRAYING AND DUSTING Use "BELL-MINE" Lime Products For Bordeaux and Spray Mixtures ♦ "BELL-MINE" HYDRATE (when "hydrated lime" is specified) "BELL-MINE" PULVERIZED LIME (when "quick lime" is specified) ♦ AMERICAN LIME & STONE CO. Plant and Main Office, Bellefonte, Pa. Sales Offices, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia — 21 — ;-->fj->^;,;j; only one. In this two-crop scheme, rye is ordinarily grown in the winter, and soybeans or cowpeas in the summer. In the double cover crop areas, the foUage is larger and greener, the fruit buds are more numerous and larger, and the trees are making more growth than in adjacent areas where only one cover crop is grown each year. All of the evidence available points to the fact that the great value of cover crops is due directly or indirectly to the effects of the organic matter they add to the soil. To discuss the need and value of organic matter in the soil would be wastmg your time The well planned experiments at your own experiment station have proven the great value and importance of this material in maintaining orchard soil fertility and in keeping th'^ trees in annual production. Since the principal reason for growing cover crops is to pro- duce large amounts of organic material, the same cultural prac- tices which are found most successful in growing other farm crops are favored by the best orchard men. In the most profit- able orchards, these practices include the use of fertihzer com- paratively high in phosphoric acid. In many areas in the east, potash is also found to be beneficial. The most efficient use of these materials for fertiUzing the cover crop is entirely different from the fertiUzation of the fruit trees themselves. For the trees, nitrogen fertiUzer only is ordinarily used and this is usually spread in a wide band around the trees. In the case of young orchards, a good share of it would not be efficiently used by the trees if it were spread over the entire orchard. For the cover crop, the fertiUzer should be evenly spread over the entire orchard area. Phosphoric acid and potash are not easily leached from the soil and are not moved much after being applied. Accordingly, best results are secured when liberal amounts are broadcast and cultivated into the soil. Reasonably heavy doses, applied once in the three to five years at a time when they can be worked into the soil, are being found most satisfactory. If small doses of phosphate and potash are used, they should be applied just previous to seeding the cover crop and not at the same time or in the same place necessarily as the nitrogen fertiUzer for the trees. In other words, the phosphate and potash should be applied once every four or five years over the entire area and at a time when it could be worked deeply into the soU; the nitrogen should be applied annually as a surface dressing in the late faU or early spring and, in general, need not be broadcast over the entire area, although this procedure is entirely satisfactory and is economical, at least in the case of mature orchards. Where soU acidity is great enough to be a limiting factor in cover crop growth, liming has been profitable. The amount of — 22 — mmm whjlil ^^ Good will ... is that element of vcdue which inheres in the fixed and favor- able consideration of customers aris- ing from an established and well' known and well-conducted business. ^^ 53 SUPREME COURT REPORTER ... PAGE 637 OPINION OF CHIEF JUSTICE HUGHES ^'ESTABLISHED'^ . . . Founded in 1861 C. Wilkinson's Sons is the oldest commission house in Philadelphia. "WELL-KNOWN" . . . Wherever fresh fruits and vegetables are produced, we believe this organization qualifies under the Supreme Court definition. "WELL-CONDUCTED'' • . . Three-quarters of a century of continuous successful business life is proof of sound management. Shippers of Fresh Fniils and Vegetables will find thai good will, which is the basis of all satisfactory business relations, working for them through every member of this organization. We'd like to serve you. (0. waiLiKas^g®S!j (DM (Ralph B. Clayberger) 134 DOCK ST., PHILADELPHIA lime needed may be easily determined by simple soil tests. Its primary value is for the cover crop, but it has at least an mdi- rect effect on the tree. Sod Orchards In orchards not suited to frequent cultivation, a variety of soil fertility practices are being successfully followed. Gener- ally speaking, the problem is that of supplying the trees with extra nitrogen and furnishing the cover crop with whatever is necessary in the way of fertiUzers and lime to produce a heavy yield of organic matter. A great deal has been said and written about the value of the deep-rooted legumes such as sweet clover and alfalfa. ^ We find conflicting reports on these crops and usually a grower's opinion about them depends on the type of soil with which he has to deal. In parts of the Hudson Valley, where they have deep alluvial* soils, these crops do very well because both the trees and the cover have deep and greatly ramified root systems. Trees or crops in such soils are the last ones to suffer from drought injury. However, in regions of shallow soils, such as are found in many sections of the east, these deep-rooted cover crops are not so satisfactory. In the shallow soils, water is often a limiting factor and there is frequently very serious competition between the tree and the cover for this valuable moisture. The Agri- cultural College workers in North Dakota describe sweet clover as ''the most efficient machine yet discovered for exhausting soil moisture." The one exception to the rule of its not being advisable to grow alfalfa on a shallow soil is possibly in the case of a young orchard. It is entirely possible that one could grow alfalfa and sell it from a young orchard for a few years. In the eastern dairy country, where hay is usually a good price, the income from hay might be large enough to pay a grower to sacrifice a little in fruit tree growth. The only damage likely to result would be a retardation of the growth of the young trees and they possibly would be a Uttle slower coming into profitable bearing. Where moisture is ever a problem in the orchard, shallow rooted covers or sods are preferred. A mixture of grasses and ordinary clovers is hard to beat under these conditions. A great deal of confusion has developed as to fertilizer require- ments of sod orchards because many people have thought that the fertilizers recommended for the cover crop would also meet *Alluvial — water laid, either in stagnant or running water, as opposed to residual sorts, those formed by weathering in place. — 24 — all of the requirements of fertilization for the tree itself. As previously indicated, the actual needs of the two are quite different. We know of very few cases where anything other than nitro- gen directly benefits the tree. On the other hand, the cover crops respond to mineral fertilization and should be so fertilized. To attempt to supply the needs of both the tree and cover crops in one application of fertilizer is not the most economical or most effective method. In the management of permanent sod orchards, some of our best growers have taken advantage of the information gained by the fertilizer experiments on grassland for pasture purposes. Better grass is grown by applying occasional heavy doses of phosphoric acid and potash. Satisfactory tree growth is most often limited by a shortage of nitrogen in the tree itself in spring when a crop is setting and the next year's buds are forming and differentiating. This nitrogen for the tree should be applied to the soil in late fall or early spring so that a large part of it may be held in readiness in the tree roots. A heavy sod offers serious competition with the tree for that nitrogen which is not taken up by the tree roots before grass growth starts in the spring. 1. The nitrogen application may be increased enough to meet the requirements of both the tree and the sod. Those who favor PEACH AND APPLE TREES Also a general line of fruit trees and plants in fine condition. We also grow a complete line of ornamentals. Our Landscape and Grading Departments are at your service on large or small jobs. Visit us and see our stock. CATALOG FREE ROOrS NURSERIES, Inc. MANHEIM, LANCASTER COUNTY, PA, Telephone Landisville 163R2 — 25 — i this practice point to the fact that sod cover crops always respond to nitrogen fertiUzation and they beUeve that the best way to grow a good heavy cover is to supply plenty of nitrogen fer- filizprs 2. The sod may be torn up with a spring tooth harrow in early spring. This temporarily puts the sod out of competition for nitrogen for a period of time during which the requirements of the tree are greatest. Such cultivation is thought to be of value to the sod but the expense of doing it each year is con- siderable and the actual need for such a treatment depends somewhat on the actual conditions in the orchard. In a great many cases it is thought to be more economical to buy a few extra pounds of nitrogen fertiUzer for each tree, than it is to cut up the sod. Very successful champions of both schemes may be found. That trees can be successfully grown in permanent sods and made to bear annual crops has been, and is being, demonstrated in so many places that we cannot question the fact. At the same time we see many orchards in sod which are not doing well but the sods are not doing very well either. In other words, if the sod has been correctly managed, both it and the trees will be in satisfactory condition. The term ''sod-bound" is usually applied to such unthrifty orchards. Various reasons have been given for the development of the unsatisfactory conditions of both the sod and the trees. The results of some work done by the golf green specialists offer a very plausible explanation for the difficulty. It is a well-known fact that the grasses grow new tops and roots each year. Obviously, this residue of tops and roots, which remains in, or is returned to, the soil is the only means of maintaining the organic matter with grass sods. To be of value in improving the physical properties of the soil, or in supplying plant nutrients, this material must first decay. If it does not decay, but accumulates in the top inch of soil, a sod-bound condition develops. Experiments very definitely prove that the decay of such material is largely dependent on the soil reaction. If excessive acidity develops, the organisms which bring about the decompo- sition cannot thrive and the dead material accumulates. Top soil full of such material will not absorb rain water readily. In fact, the soil becomes more or less waterproofed and excessive run-off results. It has been found that the run-off has been increased as much as five or six times by permitting such con- ditions to develop. The remedy for such a condition is a light application of lime. The wiser and more economical plan to follow is to prevent the development of this acidity by occasional light applications of lime or infrequent heavier doses of limestone, to compensate for the annual loss of lime which occurs in all eastern soils through leaching. — 26 — WHEN you BUY A SPRAYER you are entitled to your money's Avbrth. There is no reason why you should not get everything needed in a sprayer to do your spraying job quickly, correctly and without costly "time out.** YOU GET THESE NEEDED FEATURES IN BEAN ROYAL ARMORED SPRAYERS t THE ORIGINAL STREAMLINED ARMORED SPRAYER 2. PUMPS DESIGNED FOR HIGHER PRESSURES. 1. PUMPS BUILT FOR GREATER CAPACITIES. 4 STEEL TANK AND. FRAME— ONE UNIT 5. ALL ENCLOSED ROYAL PUMP- DIRT PROOF 6. OHE PLACE TO OIL ON PUMP- NOT A DOZEN. 13. RADIATOR COOLED IS BEST 14. ROLLER BEARING WHEELS— DUST PROOF. 15. HERCULES ENGINE. 16. ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE. 17. SHORT WHEELBASE. 18. SAW TOOTH STRArNER. 19. ADJUSTABLE AGITATOR. 20. FILTERED SPRAYING. 21 SUPERIOR GUN EQUIPMENT 7. ECCENTRIC DRIVE FOR HEAVY DUTY. 8. GENUINE ROLLER AND BALL BEARINGS. 9 A 'NO GASKET" VALVE SEAT- NO THREADS. 10. BEAN FAMOUS PORCELAIN CYL- INDERS. 11. SPECIAL PACKING FOR PLUNGERS. 12. PRESSURE REGULATOR (PLUNGER TYPE» AND YOU GET REAL SERVICE JOHN BEAN MFG. CO. LANSING, MICH. — 27 If satisfactory soil conditions are maintained a good sod can be kept growing without cultivation. But once unfavorable conditions are set up, at least light cultivations become neces- eary to aerate the soil and encourage bacterial activity, i^ er- tiUzation with phosphoric acid and potash, almost without exception, has been found to be helpful in rejuvenating these poor sods. J -r 4.U As was stated previously, best results are secured if the phosphate and potash are worked into the soil at the tune of application. For this reason, many growers apply such ferti- hzers just previous to the spring cultivation or harrowing of the sod. In most orchards this will not be the best time for nitrogen applications for the tree. Furthermore, nitrogen is ordinarily applied in a wide band around the tree, while lime and mineral fertilizers are needed over the entire orchard area. The practice of applying nitrogen fertiUzers in fall and winter has grown very rapidly. The advantages are that the nitrogen is taken up in the fall and stored in the tree, ready for work at the first burst of spring. Spring appUcations are frequently so delayed by bad weather that the nitrogen does not arrive at the points at which it is required until it is too late for the tree to take full advantage of the spring moisture. It is also believed that fall application aids in protecting the tree against winter injury and early-spring frost damage. The growers like fall application also because it gets the job out of the way of the spring rush. Those forms of nitrogen which do not readily leach are pre- ferred for fall and winter applications, particularly in the Hghter soil types. The kind and amount of foliage on a fruit tree is usually a satisfactory guide by which one can judge its thrift and fruit- fulness. However, it is well to be reminded that soil fertility practices are not the only factors which determine the kind and amount of foliage on a fruit tree. Spray programs often influence the appearance of the foliage as much as does the fertihzer practice and soil conditions. The caustic spray solutions so universally used a few years ago are apparently on their way out and rightly so. If a tree has small leaves in inadequate numbers, and fruit spurs are few and undernourished, the spray program should be considered before full blame for the condition is put on the fertihty practice, or lack of organic matter in the soil. Question: What do you consider a reasonably heavy appli- cation of phosphoric acid and potash? Answer: In order to grow a good sod you would think you must put on 75 to 100 pounds of superphosphate but you could use 600 pounds per acre. Question: What do you consider an "extra^* application of nitrogen fertilizer? ; Microscopic Wettable Sulphur the most effective and most economical SUMMER FUNGICIDE equally good for apples or peaches Stabilized Oil Emulsion each year more growers are learning to depend on it for control of red mite and scale, and with Cresylic Acid for control of aphis. * Sulrote ROTENONE SULPHUR DUSTING MATERIAL solves the arsenical residue problem on many crops. Five to ten pounds will dust an acre of beans with duster. EVERY CHEMICAL FOR SPRAYING AND DUSTING MECHUIND BROS- CHEMICAI2 CAMOCNv N-J- Est. 1869 — 28 — — 29 — '«i f7/-t> 0 >•"■ ;,VT^,y-'7r'TV'7.S7 ^''^ ■ Answer: I should say that one to three pounds of nitrogen fertiUzer under each tree is sufficient. Question: How is organic matter added to the soil in the permanent sod orchard? Answer: The organic matter comes from the tops and roots of the old sod. Each year's growth remains there the next year and rots down in place. You cannot get the good out of it until it rots or decays and that is dependent upon the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Question : Is it not necessary to tear up or mix this sod? Answer: It is advantageous and will cause the rotting to take place more rapidly but the extra speed is not always worth the cost. Question: If we grow two cover crops in one season in the peach orchard in a dry year, will it cut down on the moisture supply? Answer: You might do this but it is doubtful. The advant- age gained from the extra organic matter is worth the chance. Question: Would you consider sudan grass a good summer crop? Answer: Yes, it does produce tonnage. Question: What about a mixture of soy beans and sudan grass? Answer: This is good. Question: Have you noticed much tendency to supplant rye with wheat as a cover? Answer: There is some movement in that direction but I see no advantage from it. Rye would grow up quicker but this would be an advantage. • SELLING APPLES HERMAN HAASE, Narrowsburg, N. Y. The 1935 apple crop in the United States was not overly large but prices were poor. Why? In 1934 apple prices were started too high and the commission men lost because apples did not move readily. In 1935 the same commission men were not anxious to take hold with a bigger crop coming. An exception- ally heavy Mcintosh crop on the Hudson demoralized growers and apples were thrown on the market regardless of price. The growers practiced poor and careless packing and the tree run ^'packing" in the new apple crates did not help prices; another factor was poor distribution and dumping all apples into the big market centers like New York. A lot of apples were sent to these markets, that by a little effort on the part of the growers in the lesser apple districts, should have been sold at home. While in the beginning of our orchard we intended to send all fruit to New York, we gradually drifted away from that idea. Consumers in the neighborhood called for apples; we packed honestly but only one size in a basket of U. S. No. 1, — 30 — — 31 fmr- mamaoMsaaii sas^^ isauM iSBmamtrnt Answer: I should say that one to three pounds of nitrogen fertihzer under each tree is sufficient. Qi^estion: How is organic matter added to the soil in the permanent sod orchard? Answer: The organic matter comes from the tops and roots of the old sod. Each year's growth remains there the next year and rots down in place. You cannot get the good out of it until it rots or decays and that is dependent upon the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Question: Is it not necessary to tear up or mix this sod? Answer: It is advantageous and will cause the rotting to take place more rapidly but the extra speed is not always worth the cost. Question: If we grow two cover crops in one season in the peach orchard in a dry year, will it cut down on the moistun^ supply? Answer: You might do this but it is doubtful. The advant- age gained from the extra organic matter is worth the chance. Question: Would you consider sudan grass a good summer crop? Answer: Yes, it does produce tonnage. Question: What about a mixture of soy beans and sudan grass? Answer: This is good. Question: Have you noticed much tendency to supplant rye with wheat as a cover? Answer: There is some movement in that direction but I see no advantage from it. Rye would grow up quicker but this would be an advantage*. SELLING APPLES HERMAN HAASE, Narrowsburg, N. Y. The 1935 apple crop in the United States was not overly large but prices were poor. Why? In 1934 apple prices were started too high and the commission men lost because apples did not move readily. In 1935 the same commission men were not anxious to take hold with a bigger crop coming. An exception- ally heavy Mcintosh crop on the Hudson demoralized growers and apples were thrown on the market regardless of price. The growers practiced poor and careless packing and the tree run ''packing" in the new apple crates did not help prices; another factor was poor distribution and dumping all apples into the big market centers like New York. A lot of apples were sent to these markets, that by a little effort on the part of the growers in the lesser apple districts, should have been sold at home. While in the beginning of our orchard we intended to send all fruit to New York, we gradually drifted away from that idea. Consumers in the neighborhood called for apples; we packed honestly but only one size in a basket of U. S. No. 1, — 30 — — 31 from top to bottom. I believe this practice of honest packing is the foundation of our success. When this season closes we will have moved more than 4500 bushels. We packed 2, 2>i, 2M; 2^ and 3 inch sizes, all machine sized, but sold also a lot of apples at 50 cents per bushels that were utility grades — a kind we generally let run into cider but for which 50 cents was all some people wanted to spend. Did we help our business along? We advertised in six local papers once a week and sent out 400 return postal cards with prices on the two price-classes with the names of the varieties. How did we treat our customers? Of course, we knew a lot of these folks. These trips to get apples from our packing house were often like outings for the whole family came 30 to 40 miles. We had plenty of clean parking space, a clean toilet (very necessary), and water on tap for the use of the visitors. On the packing house floor on one side we had as many as 160 bushels of apples standing ready packed— 2, 2J^, 2^/^, 2^, and 3 inch— with each size marked, four baskets deep, and still further back stacks of our 50 cent apples. To one side there were honey in 3-pound jars and 6- pound labeled square cans, grapes in tills, and baskets of pears. A lot of half-bushel baskets and caps and covers for half and bushel baskets were all stacked up and marked with regulation stamps — Pennsylvania apples, U. S. No. 1 grade, the minimum size, and my name and address. This was done to get customers acquainted with the grade law and with our straight grading, to forget the peddlers and the dishonest practice of lots of growers that hide the little apples in the bottom. This faking in packing is of the greatest possible detriment to the apple industry. On the packing floor we have standing usually two bushel baskets of Mcintosh, sometimes other varieties such as Cortland and Winter Banana, and these are provided with the sign, "Help yourselves." We see to it that everybody, espe- cially children, get their apples for they are our future customers and buyers. When we book future orders, no money is taken that would complicate things when we deliver those orders after November 1. All orders are filed, typewritten, and then the names are kept year by year by my son. Probably potatoes would come in handy to sell. When the season is over, we have usually sold over 1100 pounds of honey. The secret of success is honest grading. Always put yourself in the place of the buyer and in the case of a complaint assume that the buyer is always right and that he must go away per- fectly satisfied. We have had very few complaints and find that our people are very fair. Sundays we have from 30 to 35 cars here and three men selling, taking orders, carrying baskets out, and also — very important — they must answer all the ques- tions the customers may ask about troubles with fruits, flowers, shrubs, and the like. 32 — # Ansbacher dependability is ever new to those who have yet to experience it. But it is as old as the House Of Ansbacher itself* For over eighty years it has been *^on the record," writ bold and large for growers to see and to know. Pioneer farmers knew Ansbacher's as America's first in- secticide, and in their era its dependability sttood out prominendy and alone. Thus there has always been not only this quality leadership in the things that are, but a deeply-rooted interest in the better things that might be created. Towards this end, painstaking research and an ever-broadening practical knowledge of growers' needs have con- tributed the many advanced Ansbacher products which offer proven advantages. Leading com- mercial growers testify to this, and it will pay you, as it has paid them, to become better acquainted with such dependable aids to better harvests as the patented Oxo Bordeaux, Ansbor, Sulcoloid, Ansbacher Oils, Lead Arsenate — in fact all of this broad range of Sprays, Dusts, and Seed Treatments. Ask for your copy of '^Spraying For Results'' Aiisbacher-Hagerstown Chemical Corp. Hagerstown, Maryland Ansbacher-Siegle Corp. Brooklyn, New York MatofHc Wve Claimed It*-- WW •.•.•.••:• .'.•.•,''•• ••iv Wm m i mm 3SS5 *-'''*'-'-*'*••'■**''-*•''*-'''*'-'•'''-'•''''*•'•* ''•-'■^ TT77rT77r^7rrr;f — 33 — NEW SPRAYS FOR DISEASE CONTROL ARTHUR LINVILLE, Media At the outset let me state that the cUmatic conditions in our orchards in Delaware County are perhaps different from most localities in Pennsylvania. We are three miles from the Delaware River and only a few feet above sea level so that the humidity is much more of a problem than in many locations. Contrary to what naturally might be expected, we are told by our exten- sion pathologist that apple scab is less of a problem with rs than it is generally, but we are by no means free from hmt • sulphur burning especially in the late summer sprays. To determine if substitute materials would overcome this burning and give satisfactory disease control, in 1929 we set aside several rows giving each a separate treatment, among which were: (1) Flotation sulphur; (2) five pounds flotation sulphur plus one gallon of lime sulphur; and (3) regularly sprayed with standard lime sulphur. These rows have received the same treatment each year since to see if any residual effect would be observed and to determine the effect on the future bud set but up to this time no effect in either direction has been observed. By thorough and timely applications of the early sprays, it was found that only one summer spray appUed about July 1 (just previous to Japanese beetle emergence) was needed. This elimination of the heavy summer appUcations reduced the burning and need of a lime-sulphur substitute. In 1932 we had our first infection of Bitter Rot. In 1933 bordeaux (4-8-100) was applied under as nearly ideal conditions as it was possible to find but at harvest time, the orchard, espe- cially Grimes, looked like rows of black walnut trees full of nuts in the fall after the leaves have dropped off. We are off bordeaux for life. It then became necessary to find a substitute for bordeaux to combat bitter rot. For one year we have tried red copper oxide and Coposil for two years has been tried. The Coposil has been used throughout the whole season and under many var3dng weather conditions. To date no ill effects on foliage have been observed even when sprayed full apple strength on both peaches and apples in an inter planted orchard. When either of the copper sprays were applied as early as the cluster apple (10 day) spray the russeting was so severe as to make the fruit almost unmarketable. This practice in 1935 gave an increase in the percentage of apples russeted of 11.25 over sulphur-containing sprays and 36.25 over the unsprayed check. The remainder of the fruit from the copper blocks had much poorer finish. Where different sulphur sprays were used the following per- centages of russeted apples occurred: Check 40, lime-sulphur 34 — in all sprays 55, lime sulphur and flotation sulphur 61.2, flota- tion sulphur alone 69. Unfortunately the only row on which red copper oxide was used had this spray applied in both the cluster apple and last summer. Where Coposil was used in the last summer spray, there was less russet than where a sulphur spray was applied. In sooty blotch control the amount present was influenced by the material used in the last summer spray, as follows: Check 15, hme-sulphur 0, red copper or Coposil 0.4, half lime-sulphur and half flotation sulphur 1.0, flotation sulphur alone 1.6. Question : Have you had any experience with oil for summer sprays? Answer : I used quite a bit in 1934 and it was satisfactory as a summer spray. It does have the property of cHnging when mixed with a sticker. This may cause blotching. Oil is used more or less as a codling moth control and since we have no codling moth I can see no use for the oil. Question: Did you use the Coposil spray throughout the season? Answer: Yes, in 1934. In the delayed dormant we used a clean-up spray and Coposil and in that way eUminated one spray. Our control of red mite and aphis has been very success- ful. In 1935 we had some russeting and had to give it up as a summer spray. In 1935 we used Coposil in a combination in 36 — the delayed dormant spray. In our case it was a case of sulphur on the leaves and in a mixture. This particular combmation produced less russeting than anything else. Question: Did you control aphis with the above spray? Answer: I do not know that we had full control of aphis but we are satisfied with it. MY FIGHT AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH E. A. NICODEMUS, Waynesboro My experience with the CodUng Moth has convinced me that it is one of the most persistent of all the pests with which we have to contend in the apple growing industry, and once it is firmly entrenched in an old orchard, nothing but the most strenuous and drastic measures will rout it. I have been growing apples practically all my life and I have tried to follow the spray schedules, yet at times the codling moth has caused us very material loss, especially during the light crop years. In 1933 which was a light year, it looked very much as if the worms were going to put us out of the apple growing business, for so badly damaged was our crop that we did not attempt to pack any U. S. No. 1 apples. In the fall of 1933 I went to State College; when I looked over the crop in the College orchard, I not only did not see a wormy apple but found it just about impossible to find even a stung apple. After looking at my wormy crop all summer, it was a little hard for me to believe that such clean apples could be grown anywhere. Naturally I took the position that the codling moth had never found the College orchard but was informed that the unsprayed trees in that area were badly infested with worms. I have always felt that the man I should follow is the man that is doing a better job than I, so I wanted to know how they did it and just what spray schedule they followed and I was informed that the only schedule they used was to keep the apples thoroughly covered during the first brood, which meant spraying once a week, beginning at petal fall, and continuing until around July 1, and perhaps two more sprays during the last half of July if any of the first brood got by the early sprays. During the winter of 1933-34 we scraped the rough, loose bark from every tree in our 300 acre orchard, and in due time applied treated bands around each trunk, beginning about June 10 and finishing about the 20th. Beginning with the petal fall, we applied six sprays all containing three pounds of lead arsenate to 100 gallons of spray material, finishing around July 1. These sprays were applied about a week apart. At this time or a little later, we had to make the decision as to whether we would stop spraying and take chances with the worms, or apply more sprays and prepare to remove the residue. We decided to apply more sprays and prepare to wash our apples in the worst infested orchard, and we feel now that we made a wise decision. We — 36 — iJiSSmiiimtKm • •• .. V '• • YZ " • • • • • «>• • ■■ '• nvA 7 '. iV. v>.v. ^^*f^\ ^^ ^KtJ 4^'C WERE FERTILIZED EAST YEAk WITH ^w^ X'/-^;:^ WRITE TODAY /,, LEAFLET F-m3 "FERTILIZE YOUR FRUIT THIS SPRING WITH AERO' CYANAMID ¥t: ^ ^^yi • *•%• .> «::?, AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY PRODUCERS OF GRANULAR fERTIllZERS *A«ro' Cyanamid- Ammo PhQ$'*-32% 'A«ro' Sup«r Phosphot* NEW YORK, N. Y. *«•#. us. Pwt. Oft. ATLANTA,6A. THE NON-LEACHING NITROGEN-PLUS-LIME FERTILIZER --37 — applied two more lead sprays around the 15th and 25th of July with the result that we had one of the cleanest crops we ever grew in 1934 as compared to the wormiest crop we ever grew in 1933. . r J x r Notwithstanding the intensive spraymg, we found quite a few worms in some of the bands, and although they were quite a help, we feel sure the heavy spraying was the greatest factor. I might add that we purchased two modern high pressure spray- ers in 1934 and there is no doubt that they were a great help in doing a thorough job. , .,, ,. ux With the same spray schedules in 1935 and with a lighter crop, we still found enough worms to convince us that we can- not let up on our fight. This orchard is past 30 years old and some of the trees have a spread of 30 to 40 feet which makes control much more difficult than in a younger orchard. Question: Do you use guns or brooms for spraying? Answer: Mostly guns; 6 nozzles from tank and 4 on the ground, with 600 pounds pressure. Question: Do you feel that you could cover your trees from riding on the tank? Answer: It might be done but I feel I get better coverage with one man on the ground and one on the tank. OBSERVATIONS ON NEW VARIETIES OF APPLES AND PEACHES FRANK J. MOHR, Fogelsville Each season as the new nursery catalogues come along we find a number of new varieties of fruits Usted and described in glow- ing terms; in fact they are presented faster than we orchardists can try them out. I have planted a good number of these different new varieties, some are now in bearing and have merits, while others are dis- appointments. I will try to give you my experience with a few of these new varieties in their order of maturity together with date of first picking in 1935 in Lehigh County. Peaches For comparison of maturity date, Elberta was picked on September 6. Cumberland: (First picking August 10). This variety is one of the best early white freestones in my collection, very attrac- tively marked with red, oval in shape (much like the Belle of Georgia), buds very hardy, but the tree is not a rapid grower. This variety has never missed a full crop. Golden Jubilee: (First picking August 11). I am sure this variety is quite well known to you by this time. I think it is the superior early yellow freestone in its season and will be a — as- good variety to replace Rochester. However, the buds are not as hardy and fruits not as sweet but far more attractive than Rochester. South Haven and Sunglo: (First picking August 20). Sun- glo is a bud selection of the South Haven. I find no difference between the two, the South Haven being a yellow freestone not highly colored. It is a good canning peach, but for a dessert peach it could be a trifle sweeter. I am told it does not ship well, and therefore I would suggest the Hale Haven instead. The season is the same, it is beautiful in color, a small pit, and very richly flavored. The buds are as hardy as the South Haven and much hardier than the J. H. Hale. Eclipse: (Picking August 23). This is a yellow freestone variety, good color, fruits medium size, quality good, and a bit sweeter than the Slappey which they resemble very closely. Primrose: (First picking September 2). A yellow freestone, shy bearer, a disappointment. Hope Farm: (First picking September 10). White freestone and of poor quality. Roberta: (First picking about 10 days after the Elberta). A yellow freestone, a shy bearer. These last three varieties I pulled as poor varieties. I have 17 more new varieties upon which I hope I can give a complete report as they come into bearing. Apples Early McIntosh: (First picking August 17). This variety is of very good quaUty, attractive color, an annual bearer, and is closely followed by Milton, another of the Mcintosh type. Milton: (First picking August 26 or 4 days after Wealthy). Fruits beautiful pinkish red, crisp, juicy, a bit irregular shaped but of better quaUty than Wealthy. The tree is hardy, but a little upright grower. Cortland: I am sure this variety is now well known. I might say that the quality is not up to the Mcintosh but they hang on the trees better than any of the other Mcintosh seed- lings that I happen to have at this time. Macoun: This is the latest in season of the Mcintosh family. Personally I prefer them to any of the other Mcintosh breeding. The fruit is of dark mahogany red, and remains crisp and juicy long after the other varieties are out of season. However, the tree is a very upright grower which is not in its favor. I hope they will be more spreading as the trees become older. Orleans: A Delicious type, bears very early and regular, fruit more attractive in color than Red DeUcious, and more tart, making it a very fine baking apple. — 39 — Newfane: Another Delicious variety, fruits highly colored, very large, (had some 13 inches in circumference), and of a very good quaUty. Tree is a rapid grower, but came in bearmg rather late. , , j . i j Sweet Delicious: Fruits very large, dark red in color, and quality better than that of Paradise. Starring: This is my "pet'' of the Red Delicious sports. Better in color and keeps longer in common storage. Blaxtayman : Same as Stayman, but of much better color. Wine Delicious: This variety is of the Winesap family. It is a cross between the Turley and Winesap. The fruits are large and a complete red, many trees bore the third year after planting. I believe this variety is full of promise. Developed by Mr. J. E. Markham, Xenia, lUinois, who to my mind is a second Luther Burbank* in developing new, better, and hardier fruits for us fruit growers by cross breeding these new varieties that we already have. I wish you orchard men that are interested in better and hardier fruits would write for a catalog of Mr. Markham's new creations, in which I am sure you will find new varieties that will bring you much pleasure and more money in your pocket. Question : Do you know anything about Red Rome? Answer: No. Question: Do you know anything about the Red Bird Cling peach? Answer: No. We grow no cling peaches. Question: What is the flavor of the Wine Delicious? Answer: The same as Stayman. SPRAYING COSTS AND PRACTICES ON A 200 ACRE APPLE ORCHARD W. D. HILBISH, Painesville, Ohio It was a happy experience for me when I came over to State College to enroll in Dr. Fletcher's School of Horticulture, and to work under him and his fine assistants. I believe that the pleasant atmosphere and cooperative spirit that surrounds the fruit growers in general are radiations from the hearts of our leaders. This is another happy experience for me to come back to Pennsylvania as a part of this program and I consider it an honor to be given this opportunity to talk to the leading fruit growers of this State. I ardently support the work of the Extension Department and Experiment Station in Ohio and I know personally many of the men who are in that work, especially in the horticultural depart- *Capable and unbiased scientific plant breeders are not so sure of Burbank's position in the Hall of Fame. (Secretary's note). — 40 — rmvr um iUik wnmnn mark THIS nationally known trade mark, backed, by a 97 year old quality reputation, on packages of Spray and Dust Materials, is your assurance of most satisfactory results in the control of insects and fungi. GRASSELLI Insecticides are prepared from carefully selected ma- terials, which are properly combmed under the supervision of ex- perienced and capable chemists. You can depend upon uniform chemical and physical properties in Grasselli Insecticides. Endorsed by great numbers of successful growers everywhere, GRAS- SELLI Spray Products assure you dependable orchard protection. Arsenate of Lead Bordeaux Mixture Calcium Arsenate Dutox* Lime Sulphur THE FOUNDED 1839 GRASSELLI Lore* — a contact insecticide Manganar* Sulphate of Nicotine • And many others including a com- plete line of summer oils and dor- mant oils. ELU CHEMICAL CO. Incorporated CLEVELAND, OHIO — 41 — ments I have profound respect for their abiUty and they have been a great help to me in attaining whatever measure of suc- cess I may have had on our orchard, consequently any reference made by me to the contrary is because of a most friendly dis- ^^A^mere description of our spraying system would not be a benefit to many of you for I know it could not be used on all orchards, so I am going to attempt to point out the factors which influence the cost of spraying and m that manner, 1 hope it may be of some value to all of you. In a man's experience there are always some specific instances which stand out prominently as markers which has influenced his decision or line of action, and I am going to tell you of two of these instances in my experience. , ,, ^ , . ^ . , Several years ago in the Spring, one of the Extension Special- ists visited our orchards when the apples were very nicely dotted with Scab spots. Upon asking him what might be done about it his reply was, *^Get a couple more sprayers.'' As far as carry- ing out his instructions were concerned at that time he might just as well have told me to go swim across Lake Erie for we would have sunk in either case. The other instance occurred later that same year when both of our old tractors turned up their toes and quit at exactly the same minute. Now because of those two instances, a stiff upper lip, and some good sound thinking, we learned something about growing apples at low cost, at least as far as investment in equipment is concerned. Manufacturing concerns spend sums of money each year in the study of details of individual operations within the plant, so that greater efficiency may be attained by the machine and the operator, I am doubtful if that study is made to any extent by us on our farms, but I am incUned to beUeve that most of us could well afford to spend more time than we do in the study of those problems, because the way we handle the details either increases or diminishes the efficiency of an operation. The study of those details may be applied to spraying as well as to any other agency. Now let me call your attention* to the principle factors which influence the cost of spraying, but first I want to mention that the degree of control is a result, or the final score, in this annual game which we play with orchard pests. I am not going to mention a specific figure as to what that percentage should be in order to be called successful, but no doubt most of us would be satisfied if it is somewhere in the nineties. A high degree of control is the goal fine to be crossed and when the game is over it is the yardstick with which to measure our spraying efficiency, so it should be constantly associated with spraying cost factors. The Time Period or the length of time in- which our acreage must be covered is the first important influence upon costs — 42 — because the amount of labor and equipment we must use de- pends upon it. Successful control demands an adequate amount of spraying equipment, and eflSciency demands a minimum amount of it, so the first problem arises. It may be possible to use one large spraying unit, long hours, and do a better job of spraying, instead of several smaller ones. It may be possible to use a truck or some other auxiliary in reducing investment cost in spraying equipment. On portable outfits one power unit may be used as advantageously as two. Any investments in detailed equipment which will save time and labor but not over balance that saving advantageously influence costs. Spraying equip- ment is expensive and is not used many days of the year, so, we should keep it busy at the job it was designed to do as many hours as possible during the spraying periods. (Spraying, not hauling water.) With reference to labor which is one of the largest items of expense I am of the opinion that mare thought could be placed on the details of saving energy, time, and steps, thus accomplish- ing the same result with less men and less fatigue. It may be possible to organize our men into groups that function like a football team, every man having a specified piece of Work to do at a specified time. Then the question of being undermanned automatically solves itself because the loss of one person in an organized group acts like a missing cyUnder in a motor. The delegating of responsibilities to responsible men is usually assurance that a given piece of work will not be neglected or forgotten. It also creates in those men a feeling that they are a part of the institution rather than a cog in a machine. The psychological factor connected with labor affects costs in varying degrees and is carefully studied by manufacturing con- cerns for that reason. I am doubtful if it is recognized to any extent on our farms, but it is an important detail, especially in spraying. If a man is mentally comfortable his work resolves itself into a pleasure, and that being true, more work will be done per man. To be mentally comfortable a person must be physically com- fortable, so any possible investments which will make working conditions more agreeable are good expenditures that will be reflected in lower costs, and will remove the mental barrier of working in unfavorable weather conditions, which so frequently prevail in the early spraying period. Spray Material is one of the large cost items and is influenced by the number and variety of pests to be controlled, and this varies according to location and season. By increasing or de- creasing recommended formulas according to the demands of our own orchards will result in some small saving of material, but the more important factor here is the amount of spray necessary to cover a tree of given size with a resulting high per- — 43 -^ ; cent of good foliage and fruit. This depends on the manner in which the tree is pruned, the system of spraying used, and the type of nozzle preferred. u j The last important factor influencing cost is Topography and it is self evident that an orchard on even ground adapts itself to cheaper operations than one on uneven contour. This factor will determine to a large extent what kind of a spraying system may be used. j xi Of the five factors I have mentioned three of them are directly controlled by us, therefore the cost of spraying and the effi- ciency in spraying depends upon the degree of Balance main- tained between Equipment investment. Labor, and Materials. These are some figures from our records which I will speak of later. Cost* Percent No.** Dust Mat'l Equip. per 100 g Control Gals. Lbs. Cost Labor Apl'tion 1931 90 110,000 7,400 $1161.06 $728.15 $0,615 1932 91.3 123,000 8,600 1231.47 749.28 .655 1933 94.6 166,000 9,000 1375.68 705.40 .399 1934 97.3 165,500 7,300 1329.46 565.50 .348 ♦Materials not included. **Gallons applied during season. Now I would hke to point out how the cost factors are gov- erned on our orchards, with some of the details which influence whatever efficiency we may have. These orchards are situated about seven miles south of Lake Erie on a gentle northern slope. The tree rows are long, and if planted in a line would extend a distance of forty miles. Trees average 22 years old. Water supply is at the upper corner of the acreage. Buildings are about the center of the orchards. AH power is furnished by motors. A few years ago it was thought necessary to maintain one spray-outfit for every fifty acres of orchards. One sprayer does the spraying on this 200 acre orchard. This sprayer and a track type tractor compose the spraying unit. The tractor was equipped with presto lights, that once adorned the front end of a truck, now electric lights are used. It has a power takeoff, and a cab, made from a piece of sheet metal, four angle irons, and some canvas curtains. The Sprayer has a 500 gallon tank and a 50 gallon per minute pump, it is equipped with a pressure filter, an emergency tank filler, a rear end step, and on top two securely attached spring seats that were at one time a part of the luxurious appoint- ments of a Ford coach. This unit is the heart of our spraying system and around it revolves all other supi»lemental equipment. These supplements consist of: A 2-ton truck on which is mounted a 500 gallon tank which has a 3-inch spout at the •—44 — bottom for a quick transfer of water. An 1800 gallon overhead supply tank is located at the water supply. It has a 4-inch opening and valve. This tank is supplied by a centrifugal pump and motor mounted below it. A duster is a necessary auxiliary to a spraying system on large acreages and might be classed as spray equipment. Our duster is mounted on a platform cart capable of hauling three quarters of a ton of dust. Its power is furnished by the tractor through the power takeoff, the same as the sprayer. Under actual spraying conditions, at full capacity, five men operate the entire system — a tractor driver and two spray-men for the sprayer unit, a truck driver, and an attendant at the water station. The spray-men ride very comfortably on their spring seats and their brooms are mounted in such a manner that very little energy is required to operate them. The tractor driver is protected from unfriendly drifts of spray by his cur- tained cab. Because of these details the operators of this unit can put in long hours without excessive fatigue. The truck driver is responsible for keeping the spray unit supplied with water. The water station attendant is responsible for main- taining a supply of water in the supply tank, the opening and apportioning of the material for each tank of spray, and for the care of the engine and pump. Rotary Cider Strainer Hammer Mill Pulpers Grape and Tomato Crushers FOR WINE AND CIDER Apple Butter Cookers Evaporators Pressing Racks Cider Cloths Tanks Boilers Conveyors Pomace Pickers Make Big Profits by operating a Farquhar Cider and Wine Press. Built in sizes for Commercial Pressing, Roadside Marketing, the Individual Orchardist and Custom Pressing. . . . Easily operated, Quick Action. Rigid and durable. Built to extract the maximum yield of Juice. Write for Catalog illustrating and describing the Farquhar line of Presses and supplies. A. B. FARQUHAR CO., Limited BOX 170 YORK, PENNA. — 45 — The degree of control secured is represented in figures before given. They are taken from counts made by agents of the state and county extension department during the corresponding years. That control was secured through the use of the spray broom, our present broom contains 16 nozzles and is 4 feet wide. With it the operator creates a cloud of permeating mist which surrounds and floats gently through the tree, coating the sur- faces of the fruit and foliage lightly and evenly, but does not irrigate the ground with expensive spray material. The total number of gallons applied in a year is small considering that the trees are 20 years old. I am sure it will surprise you when I say that 4^-10 gallons is all that these trees have been receiv- ing per application, and at present it seems to be enough under our conditions. Our material formulas are determined by the severity of the pest to be controlled, together with the State recommendations. However it is done with considerable thought, because spray material is cheap compared to an inferior crop of apples. At full capacity, spraying from both sides with 32 nozzles operating, it requires 40 hours to complete one application. Theoretically it can be done in 30 hours, so there still is a 25% efficiency loss. By using two shifts, which is done when neces- sary, the orchard can be covered in a day and two nights, apply- ing about 40,000 gallons. At present the average number of gallons sprayed per hour is 1100, the 500 gallon tank is emptied in 15 minutes, every minute the sprayer is operating 36-40 gallon of spray is expelled, and half of eight trees are covered during that minute. The statements and figures I have given you are based on full capacity and ideal weather conditions. Early in the season these conditions do not often prevail, but with a duster ready to operate upon very short notice, at any hour of the day or night, a method of protection is provided for any condition that might occur. Now I am going to point out some out-standing facts from my figures in the above chart and make some further comparisons. It will be noticed that the percent of control has increased every year, while the cost of application has decreased, this is the result of increased efficiency, which is considerable when reduced to dollars, as the chart below shows. $0,615 per 100 g. Ck)8t of Aprtion 1931 165500 Gal. applied 1934 0 .348 per 100 g. Cost of Apl'tion 1934 .263 0.263 per 100 g. DifF. due to efficiency $436.58 Efficiency gain. According to an Ohio Experiment Station bulletin, their cost per 100 gallon was $0.62 and a recommendation of at least 20 V gallons per tree. Assuming that they are average cost figures for ground spraying, let me show you what my 1934 spray bill might have been compared to what it was. Actual Cost 165,500 Gal. Applied .347* Appli. cost* Assumed Cost 331,000 Gal. Required** .62 Appli. cost $ 565.50 total labor cost 1329.46 total mat'l cost $2,052.20 total labor cost 2,658.92 total matU cost** $1894.96 Total cost. $4,711.12 Total cost. These figures show what the range of spraying costs may be and that they will vary according to the system used. It does not matter what kind of a spraying system you are using, a study of the details involved in each individual oper- ation will result in greater efficiency and thereby an economical use of equipment, labor, and materials. Question: How many trees do you spray? Answer: Approximately 10,000. Question: How many sprays did you apply? Answer : Four sprays and two dusts, — it varies with the season. Question: What pressure do you use? Answer: 400 pounds. Question: How big is your tractor? Answer: We use a McCormick-Deering 20 which is big enough under our conditions. If it were hilly, we would need a larger tractor. Question: Do you spray with wind? Answer: No, not exclusively. Question: How do you get water from the tank to the sprayer? Answer: By gravity. Question: Under what conditions do you use 4 gallons and what conditions 10 gallons? Answer: Where there are a few fillers remaining with the permanents they receive just half. Also the size of discs used reduces or increases the amount of material applied. Question: What is the spacing of your trees? Answer: In the filler orchards, 20 feet in the rows and 40 feet each way in the permanent trees. Question: What i- the size of your broom? Answer: We use a 16-nozzle broom with a width of 4 feet. Question: What is the size of the nozzle which you use? Answer: At the beginning on scab sprays we use a He inch nozzle and let them wear larger. *0.347-plus, is actual cost. **Gallonage and material, double. (20 gal. per tree, compared to 10). 46 — 47 Question: How long do you usually delay on account of wind*** J Answer: We have quit spraying at 10 in the morning and started again at 4, but we do not delay very long. Sometimes we spray when it is a little bit windy. MY EXPERIENCE IN STRAWBERRY CULTURE H. L. DONNELL, Tarentum Some one has said: ^'Doubtless, God could have made a better berry than the strawberry but, Doubtless, God never did."* I have grown the strawberry off and on— mostly on— for 40 years. No other fruit is produced so soon after plantmg and no other fruit is more reliable in annual returns. The straw- berry can be grown in every state in the Union and even m Alaska. The plant itself is interesting as it indicates by its leaf the color, size and shape of the berry. Usually the lighter the leaf the lighter the color of the berry and the darker the leaf the darker the berry. A large leaf indicates a large berry, an irregular leaf an irregular berry, a round leaf a round berry, and a long leaf a long berry. The productiveness of a variety is indicated by the number of serratures or sawteeth on the leaves. The greater the number of serratures the greater the number of berries produced on an individual plant. Where you find the combination of a large leaf and a great number of serratures, you will usually find a very productive variety in number of quarts produced on a given area. The cultural methods of 40 years ago are still considered good cultural practice today. These are: thorough preparation of the soil, early spring planting, clean cultivation, and mulching to prevent winter injury, retain moisture and keep the berries clean and bright. A judicious use of plant food materials is also required. The land should be well drained and yet contain plenty of humus to retain moisture. My experience would indicate that a neutral or even slightly acid soil produces best results. We like to begin preparation the season previous to setting by plowing under green manure crops such as clover, soy beans, wheat and vetch, or rye. There is a proverb which says: *Try all things and hold fast to that which is good.*' This is especially appUcable to the newer varieties of strawberries. We usually try a few of the new varieties each season. In no other way can one be sure he has the variety best suited to his climate, soil and market require- ments. ♦AccordinK to Samuel Fraser in the Strawberry (Orange Judd, N. Y.) ''Some two hundred years ago Izaak Walton, while instructing a disciple in the arts and mysteries of fishing, filled in the time with a discourse on the philosophy of life and in doing so quoted the words of the 'Good Doctor Boteler who said: 'Doubtless, God could have made, etc' " > >> — 48 — FRUIT TREES Good Trees in Better Varieties Scarce We, however, offer in various varieties and sizes more than quarter of a million Apple and Peach. APPLE Being the largest fruit tree growers in Virginia and supplying a large percent of all the trees being planted in the commercial orchards of the State, we naturally are in the forefront, testing and introducing new and improved varieties. Among the new varieties we offer is the LOWRY, an Apple which originated in Virginia and is becoming one of Virginia's most popular and profitable commercial varieties, as well as proving most promising in other States wherever tested. YORKING, A New SoUd Bright Red York, on which a U. S. Patent was granted May 28, 1935, is undoubtedly the outstanding red sport of all times. NEW RED DELICIOUS has almost completely eliminated Common Deli- cious from new plantings. NEW RED STAYMAN, a sport of the Common Stayman, is just as great an improvement over Common Stayman as anyone could desire. We can furnish trees in these popular varieties, as well as in the standard varieties including: Albemarle Pippin Paragon Ben Davis Stayman Delicious Summer Rambo M. B. Twig Winesap N. W. Greening York PEACH At the beginning of the season we had our usual supply of good trees. Our sales have been greater than ever before and fewer Peach are now available than in other seasons. So we urge you to place your order early. DO NOT DELAY. Write now for a copy of our new 44 page Planting Guide and Price List, ofTering one of the most complete lines of plant material in the East. Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. WAYNESBORO, VA. — 49 — rJiitM •na^r'itiuji -i-. I The past season from 1000 Dorsett, 500 Fairfax and 1500 Premier, or a total of 3000 plants set, we lifted 5000 plants for a new bed, sold 600 plants to neighbors and marketed 3252 quarts of fine berries. The rows were four feet apart and the plants spaced 18 inches in the row or six square feet for each plant, or 7260 plants would be required to set one acre Ihe 1500 Premier plants produced 1891 quarts; the Dorsett 744 quarts, and the 500 Fairfax 617 quarts. The first picking of Premier was June 4; the first picking of Dorsett was June 10; and the first picking of Fairfax was June 13. The last picking of all varieties was July 4. Translated into acre yields, the results would be Premier 9152.44 quarts; Fairfax 8958.84 quarts; and Dorsett 5418.16 quarts. While the season on the whole was favorable, quite a few berries moulded underneath the foUage on account .of the ex- cessive moisture and so were lost as far as production records show Had we lifted no plants from this bed and lost none from the heavy rains, all varieties would have shown a greater yield. The comparatively poor showing of Dorsett I ascribe to the heavy rains when the plants were in bloom. Dorsett is i t as strongly staminate as Premier or Fairfax and therefore more susceptible to any influence which interferes with polli- nation. I close with another quotation: '*Be not the first by which the new is tried nor yet the last to cast the old aside.'' Question : What do you use for a mulch? Answer: Preferably wheat straw but rye straw too. I pull it between the rows in the spring. My experience has been that it is better to take mulch off about the first warm days in April. The plants will grow in spite of the mulch and if they are covered after growth starts, the plants are likely to be tender. Question: Does the wind blow your wheat straw? Answer: Yes, it does. Question: Was there any attempt made to space plants? Answer: No, not exactly. We try to place the first runners to make them about six inches apart. I believe Doi-sett, if it were given a little more room, would bear better. But I believe that for Pennsylvania, Fairfax is going to be the best berry. Question : What fertilizer do you use? Answer: I use an 8-24-8. This is a high analysis fertilizer applied soon after setting the plants. On hillsides, I apply fertihzer on the upper side of the row and trust to hoeing to distribute it. AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING SELF-BOILED LIME-SULFHUR SPRAY W. J. SCROLL, Barto At Lenape orchards during the season of 1933, brown rot caused a very heavy loss in peaches. Having used dust entirely on peaches up to this time and feeling that this dusting would not give us sufficiently good control of this heavy infestation, we thought of using self boiled lime sulphur, but we dreaded the job of making it in the barrel or steel drum. Thinking of a different way, we tried a small concrete mixer, which proved a failure, as we could not keep the slaking lime from sticking to the bottom and sides. We then thought of a small mortar box which we had on the place. We tried this box which was about the same dimensions as the new box we are now using, and this method worked out all right. The dimensions of the box we are now using are 18 inches wide, 11 inches deep, and 45 inches long inside measure. We used 10 gallons of water, 32 pounds of commercial sulphur, and 32 pounds of burnt Hme. We placed the full quantity of water in the box, had required amount of lime and sulphur weighed out and placed near the box. For slaking and mixing we used two hoes with straight 4x6 inch blades. To slake lime, each man takes his position at the end of the box. We placed lime in the water in box using hoes to work the slaking lime, paying strict attention to keep the lime from caking on bottom and ends. When violent boiling stops, we add sulphur and mix in the shortest possible time. If boiling is too violent some of the water steams off and more water must be added or mixture will be too stiff and will cause trouble when it is to be mixed with water. The mixing com- pleted, we throw heavy burlap bags over top of box to help to hold the heat, and when the liquid shows in a mark on top of the mixture, we throw it over into a steel drum where we have placed about 15 gallons of water, meanwhile stirring thoroughly. We use this size box and amount of mixture because our sprayers have 200 gallon tanks. We also have a water system in the orchard so that we can fill at different points. We carry a supply of the materials and the necessary equipment on a small truck, then make self boiled lime sulphur where we fill the sprayers. We have not tried making a larger quantity than this, but by enlarging the box it seems to us it would work out all right. We use three men to each sprayer; two of these make up a batch of self boiled, while the third man places the batch left by the preceeding sprayer into the tank, then he greases and oils the pump and engine. During this time the water has been turned into the tank. The making of a batch takes about 10 to 15 minutes. In this way the batch being made while the sprayer is being filled is left for the next sprayer to load. — 50 — — 51 — GROWING SWEET CLOVER J. C. SCHULDT, Elizabethtown After hearing Dr. Anthony and Professor Fagan tell us how beneficial sweet clover is, we began to grow some in our orchard and found it was cheaper than cultivating during the months of May, June, July, and part of August. It gave the orchard a thriftier appearance, it helped to prevent erosion, and it added humus to the soil. In 1931 we cultivated one block of apples, fitted it for a seed bed," and on June 1 sowed 6 to 8 quarts of white sweet clover per acre. On July 19 we ran the mower over this block and clipped the weeds that were growing faster than the clover. It was mowed again at picking time, leaving enough seed to ripen for next year's crop. No cultivating or seeding was done during 1932, 1933 or 1934, but we had a fair stand of clover which we mowed twice each year. In the spring of 1935 we did not have much clover left so we cultivated this block and again fitted it for a seed bed and sowed it on May 16. We found by cultivating the apple orchard once or twice in the spring and sowing sweet clover as soon as possible, we got as good results as we did when cultivated four or five times. With the good results in the apple orchard, we cultivated the peach orchard and seeded it to sweet clover about June 1. By picking time we had to mow this to make it convenient to pick peaches. When we were ready to cultivate the following May, we had a cover crop of from 10 to 12 inches high to turn under, which we again seeded back to clover. We found our peach trees made plenty of growth, yielded well, and the fruit attained a good size. The clover helped to decrease the run-off water thus preventing gullies or ditches which we always had before growing clover; we also had a good quantity of green manure to turn under. Question: Do you sow scarified seed? Answer: Yes. Question: Do you use a nurse crop? Answer: No. This takes care of itself. Question: Do you lime? Answer: Yes, about 800 pounds. Mr. Griest: My best luck in starting sweet clover in the apple orchard is to follow it with oats, possibly in the middle of April, and mow the oats just as it comes in head. — 52 REMODELING A BANK BARN FOR COLD STORAGE J. H. WEINBERGER, Zionsville If anyone contemplates a similar undertaking or even a new construction for cooler purposes, I advise him to obtain Doctor Anthony's Pennsylvania State College Bulletin No. 241* and also Doctor Roy Marshall's Michigan Bulletin No. 143. These bulletins discuss the problems involved, list the materials com- monly used for insulation, give their insulating values, and demonstrate practical applications of them. This particular barn, located in Lehigh County, was con- structed on a three percent slope, making it a real bank barn with the lower story entirely in the ground in the rear. Its outside dimensions are 38 feet by 66 feet by 42 feet to the ridge of the roof. It is a masonry structure 26 feet high to the square of the roof. On the front there was a 12 feet by 66 feet frame overhang set on posts, making the upper room 50 feet by 66 feet. In remodeling, the lower part of the over-hang was enclosed and the floor concreted at the level of the cooler floor for a work and loading room. The building as remodeled con- tains two cooler rooms 38 feet by 31 feet and 50 feet by 31 feet respectively, a room for the cooUng plant, another small work room on the second floor and an attic over the cooler rooms for the storage of empty containers. Access to the attic is direct from the loading platform roof in the rear. The cooler rooms are 22 feet high, with an intermediate slatted floor at the former thrashfloor level. Fruit is set in field crates 8 high below and 10 high on the floor just mentioned. The crates are set in pairs, close in the line, with 3 inch spaces between lines for air circulation. Set in this way the cooler rooms will hold 17000 bushels of apples packed in crates. The cooler rooms are enveloped on sides, ceiling and floor with a continuous shell of mineral wool insulation, equivalent in insulating value to 3 inches of cork board at its weakest points. The stone walls were replastered inside and outside and the wall was given two coats of liquid asphalt wash on the inside. An insulated partition, supported by the middle roof truss, divides the space into two rooms. The larger room extends into the overhang. In order to exclude moisture from the insulating material the inside walls and ceiling were covered with asphalt roofing paper with all joints sealed with liquid asphalt. For appearance sake and to reduce maintenance the exposed wood- work on the outside was shingled with asphalt shingles. One carpenter at 50 cents an hour directing our regular labor at 25 cents and 20 cents an hour did all of the remodeling and msulating except the plastering. The cost, including excavation, concrete platforms, plastering, insulating and all material was 83910 or about 23 cents on the bushel capacity. •Unfortunately now out of print. Your county agent probably has one. U)pies from the personal files of the horticultural staff may be consulted at tne CJollege. — 63 — The diffusers, fan type, are set m the center of each room close to the ceiling on a platform supported by the roof trusses. They are enclosed and when in operation draw air from the lower part of the room through ducts, cool it, and force it out over the top of the fruit to all parts of the room. The entire volume of air in the room is circulated every three minutes. The mercoid thermostat controUing the temperature and operation of the plant is located in the lower part of each room. The greatest variation in temperature while the compressor is running is two degrees, and when the compressor is off there is an even temperature throughout the room. The fans are run continuously. Provision is made in the ceiling over the fans to take in outside air. Thus far I have operated this by hand twice daily. This enables me to control the humidity and to take off the carbon dioxide. I have kept the humidity at and above 90 degrees, and avoided shriveling and scald on unpro- tected apples in storage seven months. ,. r r^ x u ^u At temperatures prevailing during the month of October, the plant will cool a daily charge of 900 bushels of apples. The electric current required last year to cool the apples to 32 degrees to 34 degrees temperature and hold them at that from October to April first was less than four cents a bushel on the quantity stored. •„ t u ^ xu Judging by comparison, this year will be about the same. This is less than one sixth of the charges for similar service in local commercial storages. The plant complete including all electric lighting of the various rooms cost $4900 or about 29 cents on the bushel con- tent of the cooler. As early as December first the market indicated a difference of 15 to 25 cents per bushel between common and cold storage apples. By this date common storage shows considerable waste while there is none in cold storage apples that were clean. Again we find it a considerable advantage in a home cold storage to be able to pack to suit the buyer and to give him a fresh pack. There is no chance for complaint. At these costs of construction, equipment, and operation of cold storage facilities it is a losing proposition to hold apples in common storage later than December first. At the prevaiUng commercial storage rates, this plant if filled once more under similar conditions will have earned its original cost. MY FIGHT AGAINST THE CdDLING MOTH O. J. HEACOCK, Biglerville In 1930 we acquired an orchard in Adams County that was very heavily infested with codling moth. This was our first experience with a heavy infestation and it took one year of heavy loss for us to reaUze what we were up against. During 1931 we began more intensive control measures and each year — 54 — since have further intensified them. Professor Worthley began experimental work on codUng moth control in our orchard in 1931 and has continued this work each year since. This has been most valuable to us. Our results were very disappointing until 1934 when we packed an average of 70 to 75 per cent U. S. No. 1 apples, although part of our orchard was heavily damaged by hail. One block of Yorks that escaped the hail ran 92 percent U. S. No. 1 tree run, which was very encouraging after the injury we had suffered in the previous years. When we started our spray schedules this year, we decided to put on as much spray as we thought necessary and make arrangements for washing. This proved to be a wise step. Our 1935 crop was light and we had some hail damage. How- ever, we packed about the same percentage of U. S. No. 1 apples as in 1934. This was the first short crop year we had been able to put up a U. S. No. 1 pack. This infestation has been brought down through a combination of lead arsenate sprays, scraping of trees and the use of chemical bands. Our sprays have generally been timed from the bait pails and emergence cages run by Prof. Worthley in our own orchard. We have found the following measures important in con- trolling codling moth: 1. Plenty of sprays, properly timed and thoroughly applied, using plenty of pressure. 2. Thorough scraping of trees followed by the use of chemical bands. 3. A washing machine to remove the necessarily large amounts of spray residues. MY EXPERIENCE IN THE CONTROL OF THE APPLE CURCULIO R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg Early in June, 1934, we discovered that in a narrow strip of our orchard adjacent to the mountain, we had a peculiar type of insect injury with which we were not at all familiar. Because of its apparent seriousness, we became alarmed and imme- diately got in touch with our county agent, who in turn con- tacted Mr. Hodgkiss, extension entomologist, and very quickly had him on the scene. After examining a few of the stings on the apples, Mr. Hodg- kiss informed us that it was an apple curculio infestation. He also stated that judging from his experience with similar out- breaks in other orchards of the state, one can ill-afford to lose a great deal of tinie in beginning drastic control measures because it spreads rapidly from one part of the orchard to the other and as it becomes more thoroughly established, control measures are more difficult and costly. — 66 — The following are the control measures recommended by Mr. Hodgkiss and which "we followed precisely: 1 Begin spraying immediately with the regular spray ma- terials recommended by the Spray Service, with the addition of one pound of lead arsenate and two gallons of skimmed milk per 100 gallons. Repeat this every seven days. 2. Begin immediately to pull off all apples which have been stung. Gather all of them up which have fallen to the ground. Repeat this whole procedure in about 10 days. All of these injured apples must be destroyed or kept in a perfectly tight room. 3. Clean up all trash of every kind in the infested area of the orchard and practice clean cultivation if possible. 4. Clean brush, weeds, etc. up in adjacent wood lots or fields. The injury on the apple caused by this insect is of such a nature as to necessitate a very heavy covering of lead arsenate in order to be effective. Hence, that is why the additional amount of poison and frequent applications must be made. In picking the injured apples from the trees and from the ground, we make a special effort to leave none behind because it simply means another curculio for next year. Just to demon- strate to ourselves the value of this procedure in preventing carry-overs for the coming year, we put about 2000 stung apples in a tight box. After about four weeks the box was opened and to our amazement the container was fairly alive with beetles, milling around in all directions. Hence, had these apples not been pulled from the trees and gathered from the ground, the orchard would have fallen victim to a much more serious infes- tation the following year. When harvesting these apples the following autumn, we found that despite the fact we had tried to follow closely every con- trol measure, there were quite a number of stung apples from which the curculio had already emerged. In 1935 we followed the same control measures as 1934, except we began the spray program with the petal fall application instead of in June. This, of course, gave us an added advantage over the previous year and one would naturally expect better control- of the curculio. When we came to the time of picking the infested apples from the trees and the ground in 1935, we found that we had far fewer stings than the previous year. The same was likewise found to be true at harvest time. While this was very gratifying to us, we do not intend to lessen our fight in the least against the curculio for the next year or two, because we are afraid that they might come back stronger than ever as a result of more favorable conditions for development. PROBLEMS OF A ROAD-SIDE MARKETER H. E. BACKUS, North East The three outstanding problems of a road-side marketer, in my opinion, are uniform quality, general uniform prices, and competition of "loss-leader^' city sales. If a road-side marketer maintains a quality pack he will probably have no trouble holding his established trade, other factors being equal, but if this class of business as a whole wishes to enjoy the patronage of the transient, a certain degree of uniform quality must be maintained throughout a given territory. Many marketers do not realize that a hopelessly poor package of produce may destroy friendly relations with a customer, and possibly a goodly number of his friends, not only with the market from which the goods were purchased, but to every other road-side market the consumer passes. Throughout a given section some cooperation should be initiated to maintain fair price levels. Otherwise the lowest prices will sooner or later be the ruling prices. Then there is always the problem of the semi-retired farmer operating a few acres at very little expense. Likewise, this same individual is very apt to be living so much within himself that he fails to become posted on market sales, and his prices are usually below cost, as are those of other types of individuals who cannot or will not figure costs, and are contented to live under domestic conditions contrary to progress and health. On the other hand, prices unreasonably high tend to destroy the friendly feeling that must exist between customer and marketer to insure per- manent trade. How to arrive at a fair sales price is likely to be the most per- plexing problem that faces any retailing farmer. Were he sit- uated like other producers, he could figure costs, add a fair pro- duction profit, then if he were to retail these goods he should be entitled to another 333^ per cent enjoyed by most any mer- chant whose wares are usually not perishable. If such were the case, road-side marketing, comparatively speaking, would prob- ably be termed a "racket' ' but the actual facts point far to the opposite direction. Most city buyers are well-posted, and the lowest price is most easily remembered. This would not be so vicious were it not for the impetus responsible for these low prices. I refer to the disastrous results of perishable goods being used as leaders by certain food monopolies and manipulators who probably sell more produce below than above cost, rather than experience a spoilage loss, and in so doing execute a master stroke of advertising at the expense of the producer. The road-side marketer's answers to this unfair competition are quality and freshness of product, personal touch, courteous treatment, and faultless service. Then, and then only, will he be able to maintain prices fair to himself. I r 1 — 56 — — 67 — FRUIT MARKETING C. B. SNYDER, Ephrata When speaking of marketing fruit, I feel only as a drop in the bucket with my small scale operations as compared to most of the growers present. . ^ u 4.v. We have only 15 acres in apples and 5 acres m peaches, but by following the instructions of Dr. Kirby and other extension men, given by personal visits and through the spray service letters, we cut down the quantity of our fruit and increase the quality. We have made a success in selling direct at the farm practically everything we raise, for customers come for it, most of them bringing their own containers— which amounts to quite an item in the expense account. , i. , r i Our annual harvest is from 1500 to 2000 bushels of apples. Last season we harvested approximately 3000 baskets of peaches which were sold in less than 2000 containers. We reahzed an average price of a fraction less than 92 cents for a 16 quart basket. Over week ends when the market was lacking we put them in storage. In handUng them this way we had very little waste and were able to maintain the price; the few folks who waited for them to get cheaper did without. We sell nothing Sundays. Most of the would-be Sunday customers respect us for keeping the Lord^s Day holy and invariably, with very few exceptions, come back the following week. No money is spent for advertising; our satisfied customers do that for us free of charge. Every person coming during the fruit season, whether he buys or not, is told that he may have all he can eat for nothing. We make a special effort to see that the children get their fill because very generally what the children like the parents will buy. Then the personahty of the seller has a lot to do in placing the sales, and for this reason we are very careful whom we employ for this purpose. Then last but not least our success in marketing is due to good measure and an honest pack. Question: Do you run a roadside stand? Answer: Yes, we sell practically all we raise along the road from our stand. MY EXPERIENCE WITH GRAPES G. L. HAUDENSHIELD, Woodville In stating my experiences with grapes, I want to confine my remarks to one particular acre that I have had charge of at the Allegheny County Home for the past five years. I have found that what is a success in one locality is a failure in another, and so I believe it is up to the individual grower to figure out his own soil requirements and cultural practices. In the follow- ing remarks I will tell how I increased my production from an ordinary crop to 442 bushels, which is lOj^ tons. — 58 — PARADICHLORBENZINE and SCALECIDE is proving to be the most economical and effective treatment— For PEACH BORERS The method consists of diluting J/^ pound of paradichlorbenzine in 1 gallon of Scalecide, then diluting this in 7 gallons of water. This is sprayed on and about the base of the peach trees and mounded. The best time for this apph- cation is in the fall, but the next best time is in the spring. Growers who have used the liquid treatment with cotton seed oil will find the Scalecide treatment costing much less. One of the large experiment stations expects to soon publish the information that J^ pound paradichlor- benzine with Scalecide proved to be as effective as 2 pounds with cotton seed oil in this year's work. Growers who have used only the old method of applying the paradichlor- benzine crystals will readily realize the great economy of the para-scalecide method. Mr. B. M. Kleppinger of Coopersburg, Pa. reported at the New Jersey Horticultural Society meeting last month that he had used the liquid method (with cotton seed oil) for two seasons and had better control than with the old crystal method, with a great saving of labor. Let Scalecide be your dormant sprayl There is no spray or combination of sprays which will do the work of Scale- cide. If for no other reason, use Scalecide for its effect in cleaning up brown rot cankers. Ask for new folder "Peach Trees Need Scalecide." B. G. Pratt Company DEFT. •*D" 50 CHURCH ST. :: NEW YORK, N. Y. — 59 -- In this vineyard of one acre there are 1540 plants. In the year 1931 these plants were trained to the double Kniffen system and were fertilized with 600 pounds of nitrate of soda. They produced 344 bushels of poor quality grapes. The following spring of 1932 I also found that I had a poor crop of wood. Then with an application of 600 pounds of 5-10-5 I produced 261 bushels of better grapes and had good wood for the follow- ing spring. In the spring of 1933, having better wood to work with, we pruned to about 40 buds per plant. Seeing possibilities of a much larger crop, we applied 1000 pounds of 5-10-5 and harvested 442 bushels of fair quality grapes, but again we found that we lacked fertilizer to produce good wood and a crop too. In the spring of 1934, seeing that we needed a fertiUzer of higher analysis, we added enough nitrate of soda and potash to make an 8-10-13 and applied 1000 pounds. Being short of good fruiting wood, our crop dropped to 330 bushels, but of very good quality. In the spring of 1935 we had good wood and again we applied 1000 pounds of 8-10-13. This gave us 441 bushels of the best grapes, of which 75% could have been marketed as Fancy. We also have good wood for this coming spring. In summing up my experiences and practices, I would say that shallow cultivation, a cover crop, and enough fertilizer to produce both a crop of grapes and also good wood for the follow- ing year is very essential for the health of a vineyard. Another thing I would like to bring to the attention of the growers is bud sport selection. We have in our vineyard, as in every other vineyard, outstanding plants as to size of bunches and berry, and I believe that the old standard varieties could be improved in this way. AN APPLE COLD STORAGE WITH AIR DIFFUSION SYSTEM WM. F. HAAS, Coplay During the summer of 1935 we erected a substantial, yet comparatively inexpensive farm type apple cold storage. This is a l^story brick building with gambrel type slate roof. Outside dimensions are 35.5 x 90 feet. The storage room has a floor to ceiling clearance of 13 feet. The capacity is 15,000 bushels of apples when stored in crates. The floor insulation consists of two feet of cinders surmounted by a slatted false floor of wood. For the ceiling, we used 4x8 feet cement asbestos board sheets. These are moisture and fire proof, and are nailed to the 3 x 10 inch ceiling joists. Between joists is a 6 inch fill of regranulated cork. Over the joists is regular tongue and groove flooring for the large general purpose AN IMPROVED SELF EMULSIFYING SPRAf POURS EASILY— -EMULSIFIES READILY Tested and Proved by 12 years of use in Orchards and Parks for SCALE INSECTS and EUROPEAN RED MITE PENNSYLVANIA BRANCHES AND WAREHOUSES Allentown Altoona Ardmore Johnstown Lancaster Lansdale Tamaqua Beaver Chambersburg Blawnox Exeter Brownsville Greensburg Harrisburc — Derry St. and Oberlin Road Lewistown McKeesport Malvern Pen Argyl Marcus Hook Reading Philadelphia— 1608 Walnut St. Pittsburgh — 1400 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. Williamsport York BRANCHES AND WAREHOUSE ADJACENT TO PENNSYLVANIA Cumberland, Md. Frederick, Md. Johnson City, N. Y. Trenton, N. J. Wheeling, W. Va. Youngstown, Ohio For information and prices write to nearest branch or to SUN OIL COMPANY 1608 Walnut St., Philadelphia — 60 — — 61 — dry storage room under the gambrel roof. All this involves nothing new or different in construction methods until we come to the walls. Perhaps the most unique feature of our apple cold storage building is the type of wall construction. We have employed a very low cost masonry cold storage wall. Beginning with the exterior surface, a cross sectional diagram of this wall would show an outer four-inch wall of single brick layed flat, a coat of back plastering, two coats of emulsified asphalt, six inches of granulated cork, an inner four-inch wall of brick, and finally, another two coats of moisture-proofing asphalt on the inside surface of the wall. The total wall thick- ness is 14 inches. The outer and inner brick walls are connected with heavy No. 5 galvanized wire ties. These were made twelve inches long and hooked on both ends. They are laid in the mortar joints every two feet in the wall. The outer wall is also strength- ened at intervals with vertical pilasters. Twin pilasters are used on both the inner and outer walls wherever great load bearing is required, such as the rest for a girder. After the wall is otherwise completed, and the building under roof, the granulated cork insulation is poured into the six inch air space of the double brick wall. This is accompUshed so very rapidly that the labor expense connected with the insulation is negligible. This wall makes highly efficient use of a minimum amount of material and labor. Nevertheless, the wall is attractive in appearance, affords necessary dryness for the protection of the insulation, and possesses ample strength for one story or one and one-half story cold storages. We believe it is the lowest cost masonry cold storage wall possible to build for farm storages. Using cleaned second hand brick, and including all cement, lime, sand, asphalt, cork, and labor, our total cost for this wall was 31.2 cents per square feet. Had we used new brick, and somewhat higher union labor, the cost would have been 42.6 cents per square foot of wall. The total cost of our building was $4800. The refrigerating equipment cost $3200 installed. And the water supply system to supply 25 gallons per minute to the compressor cost $700. Therefore, total costs for the complete cold storage were $8700 or 58 cents per bushel of capacity. Provided we always have the apples to store, we expect this cost to be liquidated in three seasons. The refrigerating equipment in the storage space is of the air diffusion or blower type. The cold diffuser is centrally located within the storage. It is a compact metal cabinet occupjdng a floor space of 4 x 8 feet. Within the cabinet is a very efficient finned copper refrigerating coil over which is a motor driven fan assembly. The motor is 3 H.P. and drives a shaft upon which is mounted three centrifugal fans. These fans circulate — 62 — m 12,500 cubic feet of air per minute. A complete circulation of all the air in the storage is accomplished every three minutes. The fans draw the warm air off the floor and up through the refrigerating coil where the air is cooled. Then the cooled air is gently diffused over the top of the fruit to all parts of the storage space through a large duct. This duct, serving as Or large mid-rib for our cold air distribution system, is of galvanized sheet metal three feet wide and two feet deep. It runs the entire length of the building and is suspended centrally from the ceiling. Every few feet on both sides of the duct are openings from which the cold air is spread out over the fruit. In this way, we secure positive, and yet gentle, circulation of the cold air. Nowhere does the air have to be blown over the fruit for a greater distance than 16 feet, or half the width of the room. Also connected with the diffuser is an outside air intake duct and an inside air discharge duct. These can be adjusted to admit any certain amount of fresh outside air and to discharge a corresponding quantity of room air. We believe we have these adjusted to admit about 50 cubic feet of outside air per minute which is sufficient to completely change the air in the storage at least twice every 24 hours. In this, as well as in other respects, the apple room is genuinely air-conditioned and is at all times fresh and sweet. ENTERPRISE NURSERIES Geo. £. Stein & Son Growers of Quality Nursery Stock WRIGHTSVILLE, PA. R. D. 1 (Nursery located near East Prospect, Pa.) OUR SPECIALTIES Cherry trees on Mazzard roots, Blight Resistant Japanese Chestnut, Flowering and Ornamental Trees. Catalog Mailed upon Request — 63 We have aimed to secure a positive circulation of fresh air to every apple, and the removal from about each apple of the stale gases which initiate scald. No oil paper was used with any of the apples stored, we are depending upon this feature of adequate ventilation to gain freedom from scald troubles. We are leaning heavily upon the experience of Mr. J. H. Wein- berger, Zionsville, who achieved complete freedom from scald in a similar manner last season in his blower type cold storage. These auxiliary ducts, i.e. the air intake and discharge ducts, are also used to defrost the refrigerating coil whenever necessary during the loading and chilUng period. To accomplish this purpose, the main duct in the room is shut off from the diffuser by means of a damper and the auxiUary ducts are opened wide. The fans draw through the coil large quantities of warmer out- side air and discharge it immediately. This permits rapid defrosting and enables more efficient use of the refrigerating equipment during the peak load. This means a more rapid chiUing of the fruit to the desired temperature. The temperature in our storage is maintained between 32° and 34° with a constant relative humidity of 90%. The fans are kept running continuously and even with this humidity there is never any sweating, drips or free moisture anywhere in the room. The machinery room is separate from but adjacent to the storage proper. It is the heart of the system in that it contains the four cylinder low pressure type compressor which is run by a dual speed 7J^-15 H.P. motor. During the loading and chill- ing period the high speed 15 H.P. side is used. After the desired low temperature is reached, the low speed 7H H.P. side of the motor is used for the balance of the holding period. The nia- chinery room is also the brains of the system because it contains most of the automatic controls and protective devices. In the choice of refrigerants, we decided Freon had many advantages over ammonia which up to this time has been the most common gas used for this purpose. Freon was developed recently by the General Motors-Du Pont laboratories in an attempt to produce by chemistry the ideal refrigerant. Freon, the chemical name of which is dichlorodifluoromethane, is a colorless and almost odorless gas. As compared with cer- tain other refrigerants, it is entirely non-inflammable and non- explosive. In fact, its vapor has fire extinguishing properties. It is also non-corrosive, which permits the use of copper coils. This is advantageous because copper has eight times the con- ductivity of steel pipe coils. Freon has other favorable qualities, while at the same time its use involves no sacrifice of efficiency. Most important of all, Freon is a refrigerant gas which has absolutely no effect whatever upon fruits, vegetables, flowers, meats, or other farm products, nor upon man or beast. Should the entire charge of Freon gas escape into the storage room, there need not be cause for alarm, because the gas is entirely harmless. It is non-toxic and non-irritable. To us, it seemed the safest and wisest course to employ a purely non-toxic re- frigerant. Secretary's Note: Not with any idea of disputing Mr. Haas but for the sake of accuracy in such a vital subject is this foot- note added: So far as we know, there is no common refrigerant gas which is not poisonous under certain conditions. As Mr. Haas relates, dichlorodifluoromethane, variously known as Freon, Kinetic 12, and F-12, is not highly toxic normally but may become dangerously so in the presence of an open flame. In this event it may be converted into phosgene, the deadly war gas, of which one part of this gas per million of air is dan- gerous for a long exposure and 25 parts per million are dangerous for even a short exposure. Question: Is it economical in price of electric power? Answer: We have not tried any other power for comparison. Question: How much does electricity cost you? Answer: Our electric current cost $145.00 for the first month but this was reduced considerably the second month. We are on a farm rate and do not pay a fixed charge per horse power. Elberta Crate & Box Company, Inc. Specialists In QUALITY PACKAGE For Every Fruit and Vegetable Grown APPLE BOXES NEW ENGLAND TYPE. N. W. TYPE. BUSHEL TUB BASKETS ' H BUSHEL TUB BASKETS PEACH AND TOMATO LUGS SIX BASKET CRATES FIELD BOXES TILLS AND BASKETS, ALL SIZES Add Special Attractiveness to Your Pack this Season — Use Elberta Packages — YOUR INQUIRIES INVITED Elberta Crate & Box Company, Inc. Bainbridge, Ga. Eastern Sales Office 2201 Boston St., Baltimore, Md. Mills Tallahassee, Fla. Macon, Ga. — 64 — — 65 POLICY AND PURPOSE OF REGULATION OF LEAD & ARSENIC RESIDUES R. E. ATKINSON, Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, Pa. During the summer of 1935, a conference was held in the office of W. S. Hagar, former Deputy Secretary, attended by Dr Brinton of Philadelphia, F. L. Wollard of Baltimore, both of the U S. Food & Drug Administration, and their assistants. Present also were D. M. James and R. E. Atkinson, of the Bureau of Markets, and V. B. Hausknecht, of the Bureau of Foods & Chemistry. , « -r^ a j • • ^ ^• Representatives of the U. S. Food & Drug Administration asked the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture to cooperate with them, and to take the major responsibiUty for sampling the fruit from representative orchards in all major fruit growing counties in the state, in order to effectively enforce the Federal regulation for lead and arsenic tolerance as provided by the Federal Law. It was agreed that Pennsylvania would meet this requirement and that on this condition Federal agencies would not be sent into Pennsylvania to conflict with the work of State authorities. Following this conference there were two or three discussions in Mr. Hagar^s office, with Mr. French present, in which the poHcy of this department was outUned and carefully stated. It was to be the work of the Bureau of Markets to collect sam- ples from representative orchards; these samples to be analyzed by the Bureau of Foods & Chemistry which was to render a report to the Bureau of Markets. This report was rendered in quadrupUcate. One copy was sent immediately to Mr. H. E. Hodgkiss, State College, two copies were sent to F. L. Wollard, U. S. Food & Drug Administration, Baltimore, and one copy was retained in the office of the Bureau of Markets. These copies were always mailed as soon as received from the laboratory of Foods & Chemistry. It was part of the defined poUcy that since the Department accepted no responsibiUty for making the analysis of any individual grower and that the entire responsibiUty was placed with each grower for complying with the law, that no notice should be sent to growers whose fruit complied with the residue tolerance. Notices were sent, immediately upon receipt of the report from Foods & Chemistry, to each grower whose fruit contained excess residue, warning him that this excess must be removed before it could be legaUy sold and shipped. This was done by form post-cards except in cases where special arrangement had been made by the grower for telephone or telegraph, collect. The foUowing figures indicate an increased number of analyses made of 132 per cent, with 17 additional counties covered. In 1932, a total number of samples of 232 was analyzed, with 172 being above the tolerance. In 1935, the figures were 546 and 374 respectively, with one sample being obtained from 66 — ■'•l''L.-i^''t'f'-'i'^^utl/CLx':^iMr\^:iV' mn ggl 210 orchards, 2 from 47 orchards, and 3 from 26 orchards. 4 samples were taken from 9 orchards and more than 4 from 16 orchards, varying from 5 to 14 samples. The situation in 1935 differs from that of 1934 in two im- portant respects: First, the apple crop for the United States was about 40% greater in 1935 than in 1934. Second, the crop in England was the smallest recorded within recent years. This was a fortunate combination of circumstances. Since the heavy crop resulted in a large volume of small apples, and since there is no market for little apples in the United States when apples are plentiful, England fortunately presented a good demand for small apples (2"-234") which it always prefers. Consequently a much larger number of Pennsylvania growers wanted to sell for export. Export sales make chemical analysis imperative. The demand more than doubled the work for our arsenic inspection service and for the Bureau of Foods and Chemistry, both of which were trying to operate within a restricted budget. This explains the demand of certain fruit growers for increased service in 1936. The probabilities are that this condition will not be repeated in 1936. It is almost beyond possibility that Pennsylvania will have as large a crop because the trees were loaded to capacity in 1935, and trees on the average, never bear heavy crops two years in succession. In the second place, following a crop fail- ure in England in 1935, it is natural to expect a larger EngUsh crop in 1936, with lessened demand for American apples. Then it naturally follows that the probable demand for a peak-load on the chemical laboratory will not be as great as in 1935, unless it becomes our policy to extend our sampling work to a larger number of orchards. Suggested Plan for Season of 1936: The establishment of laboratory at Arendtsville, in connection with Research Laboratory of Pennsylvania State College, to be open August 15th, to November 10th. The Department of Agriculture would furnish the equipment, and would select a qualified chemist to conduct the laboratory. His salary would be made up from funds collected by the Horti- cultural Fund from fees charged for analytical work. Samples collected in regulatory work would be analyzed at Harrisburg as in the past. The success of the field-laboratory plan should be under- written by guarantees from the growers who want such a service established. — 67 — MY EXPERIENCE WITH COLD STORAGE H. M. ANDERSON, New Park I have been asked to give my experience with cold storage as for apples and peaches. I built a storage in the summer of 1929. I can store 3500 bushels of apples in this storage, all in one room. . The storage is cooled by two eight-ton compressors, two bnne pumps, and two water pumps. All of the brine pipes are hanging from the top of room in the center. The ventilation is Moore Ventilation system, manufactured by Charles H. Moore Com- pany of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The temperature is con- trolled by a thermostat. The apples are stored in crates mostly or export tubs, tree run with shredded oiled paper. Apples are washed before storing to remove spray residue. Apples are graded and packed as taken out in winter or spring. The storage is located close to the packing house. We have found this method very satis- factory as it insures a good tight pack, no decay and less bruises than fruit packed in fall when stored and it also gets the fruit in the cold room quicker than if packed first. I think all the apples we stored this year would not average more than an hour from time they were picked until they were in the cold room. I think this has much to do with the keeping quaUties of the fruit. Now our storage is used for cooling early apples and peaches, or if we do not want to move them right away, they are held for a short time, but not more than ten days on peaches and less is better, but we find it is very handy to have a place to put peaches over weekends or on days when markets are none too active. We like it very much, and would not like to be in the business without one, especially where we do quite a lot of retail selling. BREAKING UP SOD ORCHARDS AND INCREASING SOIL FERTILITY E. DANA SUTLIFF, Shickshinny I had some orchards that had been in sod for 15 years and as a consequence from heavy fertilization the sod had become so dense around the trees that the trees were not responding as they should and the terminal growth had almost ceased. On th^ advice of the County Agent I purchased a Weed Hog or- chard harrow; early in the spring of 1935 a tractor was hired and 10 acres of the toughest sod was worked over, on May 15th it was gone over again and on the 20th of June buckwheat was broadcast and worked in with the same implement. The results have been most gratifying as the tough heavy sod has almost entirely disappeared. The 1934 crop graded 78 percent U, S, No. 1 and the 1935 crop while nearly double — 68 — ^i^ C ^^ 1z^ ^ ^^^X'c^ /^ ::^ The American market is your market. One of the factors helping to determine the price you receive is the purchasing power of the public. When you buy nitrate of soda, be sure you get Arcadian, The American Nitrate of Soda — rich in nitrogen and made in the U. S. A. When you buy Sulphate of Ammonia look on the bag or the tag for the name of an American producer. When you buy mixed fertilizer, say you want one made from American materials. This habit will help you two ways — you will be getting the best in fer- tilizers and building up the buying power of the people you sell to. The^ ^ >m Company 40 RECTOR ST, » NEW YORK, N. Y. Hopewell, Va. Jackson, Miss. Columbia, S. C. Atlanta, Ga. Raleigh, N. C. San Francisco, Cal. — 69 — in volume graded 92 percent U. S. No. 1. There was some sacrifice in color but not noticeable to any great extent and by this method practically no damage was done to the root system o£ the trees The cost of the tractor was $30.00, seed $10.00, sowing $2.00 or a total expenditure of only $42.00 for ten acres, the trees show increased vigor, a decidedly better crop of apples, and the soil in loose and friable condition. The procedure to be followed in 1936 is as follows: As soon as the ground is dry enough in the spring it will be gone over with the Weed Hog; this will shell the grain from the straw and give a volunteer crop which I am sure will eradicate every vestige of the original sod. This is to be followed with a thor- ough preparation of the soil about the middle of July, limed, and then seeded with legumes. There has been a prevalence of mice in this area treated as above, all protection possible has been given the trees and no visible damage has been evident to the trees or root system as the mice are feeding on the grain. However, I am unable to summarize the final result as yet. From my experience so far I believe this to be a practical meth- od of treatment of old sod orchards with a minimum of expense. Question: Can the spraying schedule be modified so that it will not be necessary to remove spray residue by washing? H. E. HoDGKiss: At present, No! Spraying for codling moth control anywhere in Pennsylvania is now attended by the danger of excessive residues of lead on the picked fruit. The effectiveness and cheapness of lead arsenate has not yet been equaled by experimental materials designed to replace it. In experiments, one cover spray only of lead arsenate has produced lead residues of .014 grains per pound, and in one or two com- mercial orchards the tolerance of .018 grains per pound has been exceeded by a single application. Three cover sprays have produced residues well above the tolerance (.030 grains per pound in some cases), and at least three cover sprays are needed in all sections of the State. At considerably increased cost, summer oil plus nicotine sul- phate might be used were it not for the fact that at least a month must elapse between a spray of sulphur and one of oil. Certain fixed nicotine products used in 1935 tests without oil produced cleaner crops than lead arsenate with less spray injury but with slightly increased worminess. However, these for- mulas are still experimental, and improved products will be tested further in 1936. Although spraying for codling moth control in Pennsylvania produces residues requiring washing treatment, the levels of lead found after five cover sprays did not exceed .060 grains per pound, and were brought below tolerance by washing methods already published by the Pennsylvania Experiment Station in Bulletin No. 318. 70 — CONTROL OF ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH S. W. FROST, Arendtsville • The oriental fruit moth has never been a problem on the apple in Pennsylvania. Many samples supposedly the work of this insect have been examined and invariably proved to be young codling moth larvae or lesser apple worm. We have no infor- mation on the control of oriental fruit moth on apple but un- doubtedly methods used against the pest on peach would work equally well on apple. Numerous control measures have been used against oriental fruit moth on peach and quince. Some of these have value; they are as follows: (1) From a commercial standpoint, spraying and dusting have failed to control the oriental fruit moth, chiefly because there are many broods and the larvae dig into the twigs or fruit before they can be poisoned. Certain contact materials such as nicotine sulphate or summer oil emulsions, applied every two weeks, will give satisfactory control but are expensive and impractical. (2) The introduction of parasites is in its infancy and to date has not proved successful in reducing the oriental fruit moth population in Pennsylvania. A number of years, possibly ten or twenty, are necessary for parasites to establish themselves in peach orchards. (3) Banding was tried but found useless. The habits of the moths, pupating on the peach trees during the summer, present a far different problem than codling moth banding operations on the apple. (4) Cultivation before April 15 has proved an easy and satisfactory method of obtaining partial relief. The majority of the larvae overwinter in the ground and many of these are destroyed by early cultivation. (5) Baits have been valuable in reducing oriental fruit moth infestation. They are especially valuable in isolated orchards or in large blocks where fruit growers cooperate. The cost is less than $8.00 an acre. From 75 to 80 percent reduction in wormy fruit has resulted where baits have been carefully oper- ated. Consult Pennsylvania State College Bulletin No. 301. "Baits for Oriental Fruit Moth,^' for the details. CRESTMONT ROADSIDE MARKET DONALD C. TYSON, Gardners The market is located on State Highway No. 34 between Carlisle and Gettysburg. We began retailing experimentally in 1928 and results caused us to erect a 6 x 10 feet shelter the next year. By 1933 we were encouraged to put up the present build- ing. (A scale model is shown in our booth at the Farm Show). This building, in the shape of a flattened semi-circle, is 70 x 12. — 71 — The space under cover is adequate except during October and November. There is ample parking space and more can easily be provided if necessary. Half of the stand is enclosed and heated during the winter. The market is open every day. Fruit is prepared for sale in a large tent at the rear. Eventually we hope to replace it with a permanent building which will include a cold storage plant and a room in which to make apple butter, tomato juice, etc. Maple syrup is the only non-home grown product offered. We find ready sale for apples, peaches, pears, apricots, quinces, grapes, and berries. There is little demand for vegetables. Of course, apples are the principal product sold. Stayman Winesap is the most popular variety, though we have displayed as many as 18 different kinds at one time. In addition to fresh fruits we sell tomato juice, pickles, relish, jeUies, vinegar, honey, and maple syrup. Sweet cider is in demand at all times. We are particular to use clean rot-free apples of two or more varieties. York Imperial makes the best base of a good flavored cider. Apple butter has been a specialty from the beginning. We use several varieties to obtain a blended flavor. The butter is steam cooked. During the busy season in spring and fall, we use space in local papers. Finally notices are mailed to a carefully compiled list four or five times a year. For the last three years we have shown our products at the Farm Show, and feel that we have gained valuable goodwill by so doing. The market grows in popularity. It helps to move odd varie- ties of small demand in the cities. Cider and apple butter provide a good use for undersized and second grade fruit. In general, we find the results and profits encouraging at Crest- mont Roadside Market. Question: What is the comparison between the wholesale and retail prices which you received? Answer: Our prices are set by the local farmer^s market. Fruit which is wholesaling at $1.15 would retail at $1.35 to $1.40. Question : What size pack do you use? Answer: In the month of October and November 75 per cent of our fruit is sold in bushel baskets. From then on mostly half bushels, pecks and half pecks. In April the demand is mostly for half pecks. Question: It is necessary to work on Sunday? Answer: We do not hke to work on Sunday but we think it is necessary if we are to make a success of our job. Sixty to seventy-five per cent of our sales are on Sunday. When we can stop working on Sunday, we will gladly do so. — 72 JACK KLEIN Wholesale Commission Merchant 113 DOCK STREET PHILADELPHIA Personal Service Prompt Returns Specializing APPLES and POTATOES MARKET 3871 73 — GROWERS* QUESTION BOX DR. S. W. FLETCHER, Presiding Question: Is there anything new in the control of ground mice? Mr Ruef: The damage from mice is heaviest in southeastern Pennsylvania where heavy blue grass sods are maintamed. In one orchard 30 per cent of the trees were girdled last spring. About the best thing to do in a case like that is to rip up the sod in the orchard and follow this with a poisoning campaign, using starch coated wheat with strychnine. Where this was tried this year, it was successful. We have had the best results where we used corn fodder. After the orchard has been disced place the corn fodder five trees apart and scatter them m the section where injury has been most severe, then wait several days and place the bait. Question: Will the wheat sprout by spring? Mr. Ruef: If it were there all winter most of the poison would be washed off. Question : Is there a rat proof storage? Mr. Ruef: No. The best way to control rats is to keep them out. Mr. Abraczinskas: We have used a Fordson tractor to kill rats. We let the exhaust run under the door for about three hours then leave the storage closed for several days. Be sure to air the storage well when attempting to use it after this treatment. Question: Would the above treatment contaminate the apples? Mr. Abraczinskas: Not if you air the storage well. Question: What can be done to prevent over-ripeness in storage? Mr. Fagan: Nothing. Question: Would it be possible to put in 10 or 15 tons of ice on a cement floor in common storage? Mr. Fagan: I do not believe this would be economical. Question: What can be done to insure more careful handUng of apples in commercial cold storages? Answer: Refrain from storing in commercial storages, and build your own storage. Dr. Fletcher: Ten people here have said they have cold storages and all are satisfied with them. Question: Are the manufacturers of cold storage equipment making anything for the small grower? Mr. Fagan: All of the companies who make cold storage equipment are making small machines to take care of very small growers. — 74 — * ; f ' i 'Jy: \ r\ ■>J* ^/L-- s> 1^'mJ^ Better, Faster Orchard Tillage for you with the C/a^-ic Wonder Disker CUT/WVA^' Disk m your cover crops and chop up the toughest sod with this remark- able implement. Cultivate your orchards better, faster and cheaper, with the CLARK "CUTAWAY" Wonder Disker; or use it for subduing brush land, renovating old pastures, etc. Regular model has 8-24 in. disks, cuts %.j A^' reversible gangs, can be pulled easily by a 10-20 tractor. Two Wonder Diskers may be used in tandem with 15-30 or larger tractor. The photograph reproduced above shows the new Extension 10 ft. Wonder Disker with a Regular 6 ft. Wonder Disker pulled behind. Gangs are rever- sible so you can throw soil towards the trees or away from them, thus keeping your orchard level. The forged-edge disks are guaranteed against breaking tor three years. Write for further information today; we will send you com- plete catalog and copy of free book, 'The Soil and Its Tillage." THE CUTAWAY HARROW COMPANY 44 HILL ST., HIGGANUM, CONN. The Cutaway Harrow Co. 44 Hill St., Higganum, Conn. Please send, without obligation, infor- mation about the Wonder Disker also catalog and free book. Name.- Address — 75 -- GROWERS* QUESTION BOX DR. S. \V. FLETCHER, Presiding (^rKSTiox: Is thoiv anything new in the control of ground mice? . Mu \{\ yy The (hiinage from mice is heaviest in southeastern Pennsylvania where lieavy blue grass sods are maintained. In one orchard :^0 per cc^it of the trees were girdled last spring. About the best thing to do in a case like that is to rip up the sod in the orchard and follow this with a poisoning campaign, using starch coated wheat with strychnine Where this was tri(Ml tliis year, it was successful. We have had the best results where wv 'used corn fodder. After the orchard has been disced nlice the corn fodder five trees apart and scatter them in the section wluMv injury has been most severe, then wait several days and place the bait. QrKsTiox: Will the wheat sprout by spring? Mh. HrEF: If it were there all winter most of the poison would l)e washed olf. QrKSTiox: Is there a rat proof storage? Mk. Uikf: No. Thv best way to control rats is to keep them out. Mu Ahkaczixskas: We have used a Fordson tractor to kill rats We let the exhaust run under the door for about three hours then leave the storage closed for several days. Be sure to air the storage well when attempting to use it after this treatment. QuESTiox: Would the above treatment contaminate the apples? Mk. Ahhaczixskas: Not if you air the storage well. CirKsTiox: What can b(^ done to prevent over-ripeness in storage? Mu. FACiAx: Nothing. Qri:sTiux: Would it be possible to put in 10 or 15 tons of ice on a cement floor in common storage? Mk. Facjax: 1 do not believe this would be economical. (QrKSTiox: What can be done to insure more careful handhng of apples in conunercial cold storages? Answkk: Refrain from storing in commercial storages, and build your own storage. Du. Fletcheu: Ten people here have said they have cold storages and all are satisfied with them. (iuKSTiox: XiT the manufacturers of cold storage equipment making anything for the small grower? Mk. Fagax: All of the companies who make cold storage equipment are making small machines to take care of very small growers. — 74 — Better, Faster Orchard Tillage for you with the C/ar-ic Wonder Disker 'oc/TyiTK/^y" Disk in your cover crops and chop up the toughest sod wit h this remark- able implement. Cultivate your orchards better, faster and cheaper, with the CLARK ^'CUTAWAY" Wonder Disker; or use it for subduing brush land, renovating old pastures, etc. Regular model has 8-24 in. disks, cuts b ft. wide, reversible gangs, can be pulled easily by a 10-20 tractor. Two Wonder Diskers may be used in tandem with 15-30 "or larger tractor. The photograph reproduced above shows the new Extension 10 ft. Wonder Disker with a Regular 6 ft. Wonder Disker pulled behind. Gangs are rever- sible so you can throw soil towards the trees or away from them, thus keeping your orchard level. The forged-edge disks are guaranteed against breaking tor three years. Write for further information today; we will send you com- plete catalog and copy of free book, 'The Soil and Its Tillage." THE CUTAWAY HARROW COMPANY 44 HILL ST., HIGGANUM, CONN. The Cutaway Harrow Co. 44 Hill St., Higganum, Conn. Please send, without obligation, infor- mation about the Wonder Disker also catalog and free book. Name.„.. Address. — 75 -- Question: Which cold storage equipment is preferable, blower or coil? . ^, ,, Mr Fagan: We know little about any other than the one we have but I know that both systems are working satisfac- torily in Pennsylvania. , r i .u i r i a Question: Can peaches be sprayed for both leaf curl and lecanium at the same time? i , xu ^ Mr Hodgkiss: My opinion is that in orchards that are heavily infested with both, forget about a combined spray as it will take all of the six per cent oil spray that you can put on to control them. If you are putting on oil only as a protection, that is another question. Question: How can I summer spray a peach and apple orchard without injury to the peaches? Answer: By using flotation sulphur. Question: Can anything be done to prepare for the coming serious attack of Japanese beetles and locusts? Mr. Hodgkiss: There is nothing to be done to guard against the 17 year locusts. We know that contact sprays, if applied often enough will control the locusts but that is not a practical solution to the problem. Orchards planted on land cut over previous to 1919 will have little trouble. The locusts would have gone to other portions of the woodland. One of the easiest ways of getting rid of the larvae in the ground is to turn hogs in to root them out. In commercial orchards such things are impractical. For young trees that were planted on land cut over since 1919, and if 17 years before there was an infestation in that land, I would suggest that you wrap whips of small trees with cheese cloth. The Japanese beetle centers in the Philadelphia area. They are now getting more numerous in the Harrisburg area. Where they are becoming a nuisance in peaches, cherries, etc., we can keep them out by spraying with lime just about the time the beetles are emerging. In other words, whitewash the trees. If they do get out you had better forget them. Lime makes the foliage distasteful to them. Question: What can the Association do to protect growers from deer and grouse? Mr. Runk: To eliminate grouse would mean shooting about a dozen or so of them. Grouse help in the orchard by eating weed seeds at the time of year when few seed eating birds are present. Question: Can a spray schedule be modified to keep from washing? Mr. Atkinson: I have been a fruit grower for many years and now as Director of the Bureau of Markets I must look at the other side. The most important question is: should we wash or should we put on less poison? We have neighbors who are living under the same conditions; some of them have a residue problem and some do not. We should think the thing through clearly. Sometimes there is too much orchard or too many other interests which prevent the grower from making — 76 — - timely sprays and which allow the pests to get ahead of them. If you have an excess of residue, we must tell you to wash. Washing is expensive. We know that there are men in the state who have had bad codling moth problems and who have cleaned them up. It looks as though it is a question of whether it is more economical to prevent it or to correct it afterwards. A number of you got desperate regarding your analyses but we think you can cooperate with us by producing better fruit. I believe with the brains that are represented in the fruit growing industry, the job can be done and we are willing to go the limit. Question: What can be done to insure more careful handUng of apples in commercial cold storages? C. J. Tyson: I have stored apples in commercial storages for a good many years. When I have used houses, built and oper- ated solely for apple storage, I have had very little trouble with rough handling. Many apples, especially in full crop years, have been stored in rooms constructed for meat, butter, eggs and even ice storage. In such houses the apples are often piled too high, the temper- rw m^m mim cu PMN An important advance in pruning eauipment. The perfect all-purpose pruner, designed espe- cially for fruit, nur- sery and horticultural use. Cuts suckers on the point with mini- mum handle open- ing. Patented shift makes it possible to cut large seasoned branches up to 1 % " in diameter with greatest ease. Both blndes have sharp cutting edge. No dull hook to bruise the bark. Cuts heal bet- ter, quicker. Light In weight— 2% lbs. Handy In size— 20" long. Rugged construc- tion. Easy to use in close quarters. Will do the work of an ordinary 30" tool — and do It easier, better and Cil Rn quicker ^■t.^W THIS SPUR PREVENTS BLADE ^CROSSIWC With 24" handle. $4.60 With 27" handle, $4.75 tf your dealer does not earry Porter Prunert and Foresters tend your order direct to us. Please mention dealer's name. Write for eireular. H. K. PORTER, Inc.. Everett. Mass. The Bolt dipper People — B$tabUBhed SO Years* — 77 ature is not even, top and bottom, and freezing or over-heating often occurs. In these houses the men employed m receiving and stacking are sometimes not skilled in apple handling. You are justified in requiring careful handhng and proper stacking not over 9 rows high for barrels and 12 rows high for baskets, each row stripped to distribute weight and help venti- These, as well as uniform temperature top and bottom, of room with a running record open to your inspection, are the things you pay for and you have a right to insist on getting If you find evidence of pressure from stacking, careless hand- ling, heating or freezing any responsible cold storage company will* compensate you for the damage or can be compelled to do so if the evidence is positive. Question : When is the best time to remove and burn poison bands from apple trees? Professor Worthley: From two weeks to a month alter the crop is picked. For a short time after the crop is off worms move into the bands from drop apples and from other places on the trees, and they stay there until the moths begin to emerge at about blossom time the following year. Any suitable weather during late fall, winter, and early spring may be employed in removing and burning old bands. It is probably best, however, to make one job of it within a month after picking time, in order to allow the chamicals to weather out of the bark. Larvae that drop out of the bands should be killed, and cocoons adher- ing to the trunk should be crushed. Question: I shall disc under a rye cover crop in the spring. When should cultivation of this land cease? Mr. Fagan: Cultivation of this land should cease about the last week in May when a new cover should be seeded, such as buckwheat, millet, soy beans, or a combination of these with sweet clover or vetch. Question: Is a tractor of higher power than a ^^Caterpillar 10" needed for orchard work? Mr. Fagan: ''A Caterpillar 10" could handle all the work in many level orchards. It may not be power enough on rolling or steep hillsides to do a perfect job. Question: How much Cyanamid should be applied to an orchard in heavy blue grass sod so that both grass and trees will get enough? Would lack of rain affect the amount nec- essary? Mr. Fagan: If blue grass sod is "heavy", you may not be able to feed through the grass roots at all. Cyanamid applied in late fall (late November) would have a better chance to get to the tree roots through heavy sod than if applied in early spring just after the frost is out of the soil, using a heavy spring tooth harrow of the ''weed hog" type. Then apply the Cyana- mid. This should all be done in early spring at least three to — 78 — four weeks before buds open in the orchard. Four to five pounds per tree square should be a good yearly application. No tree age stated, so much of this answer is a guess. You will not know how much rain the season will bring if this fertilizer is applied as soon as the frost is out of the soil. Question: Will barnyard manure injure peach trees? Mr. Fagan: No, if applied properly. Question: Is the Eastern Apple Box coming into use in Pennsylvania? Should it be included in the Apple Show Pre- mium List? Mr. Fagan: We will see more and more of the Eastern Apple Box in Pennsylvania as the seasons roll by. It should be in- cluded in the Apple Show Premium List within a year or so. Question: Is there a substitute for lime sulphur in summer sprays on apples that is equally effective and causes less injury? Dr. Thurston: The successful use of substitutes for lime sulphur in the summer sprays seems to depend first upon the degree of control of apple scab obtained up to the time of the first use of the substitute. If scab control is satisfactory fol- lowing petal fall, wettable sulphurs in the cover sprays can usually be used with the expectation of only a slight build up in the percent of scab infection. Foliage injury is usually some- what less where these sprays are used, but since injury depends to a considerable extent on other factors, in addition to type of material, there can be no guarantee at present so far as freedom from injury is concerned. Mr. Hodgkiss: From our standpoint, I would say categori- cally no. You do not understand that in some counties we need three covers and in some sections four covers. The reason for this is the infestation and lateness in emergence and it also has a bearing on the number of broods, length of codling moth emergence periods, etc. In most of the southern counties we need four cover sprays and in the north three. In the south- eastern section where the codling moth is heavy, we have to put on cover sprays during the last week in June. We need to catch the end of the first brood and the beginning of the second brood. In regards to residue, if there was a fungicide that was compatible, we might get away with one cover spray but in order to put the summer oil on now you must have at least 20 days to three weeks elapse between the time of hme-sulphur and the time the oil goes on. Question: Can assurance be made that all U. S. grades are just that? Mr. James: No, not under present circumstances. Question: What can be done to insure an honest pack of export apples? Mr. James: Our experience has been that there is an increase in the amount of scale and the requirements say there shall not be an excess of 2 per cent of scale. If we are going to utilize the export market to the fullest extent, we will have to cut — 79 — down the scale infestation. We also have noticed some increase in apple maggots. In those sections where it has come in, steps will have to be taken before it spreads. Question: Should we have a marked package law for apples applied to open as well as closed packages? Mr. Atkinson: I wanted to enforce the apple packing and grading laws but I have not done so. After I studied the law, I decided we did not have a law. It is a law which penahzes Pennsylvania growers for trying to do the right thing. If we inforced this it would let every other state come in and take our markets. In my judgment it is a law that is not a law. We do have a grape law but it does not apply to open packages. Do you want a law that will improve appie marketing conditions in Pennsylvania? Unless we have a law that applies to both closed and open packages and which applies to apples from Pennsylvania as well as other states, it will do little good. Question: What do you have to say on bulk apples? Mr. Atkinson: I think they are bad. Question: How far shall we go in this question? Answer: We are having cheap apples hauled into the markets and this is ruining our markets. New York and Ohio are growl- ing because we send our poor stuff to them. If we passed a law prohibiting the transfer of cull apples, we could keep all of these culls at home and force the neighboring states to do the same. Question: What is the law in marking bushel baskets? Mr. Atkinson led a discussion on this. Closed packages must contain the grower's or packer's name and address, the variety, the minimum size and the contents by volume or count. Question: Should we have a bonding law for commission merchants? Is it the policy to do something about this? Mr. Atkinson: It would eliminate a lot of unscrupulous com- mission merchants. Such a law was passed by both Houses but was vetoed because it was unconstitutional because it is a way of collecting debts. With a few changes this could be made a good law and probably passed. In the last three weeks Senator Rice introduced a new law but this was not merely rewritten. We could not license commission men unless we had an appro- priation and we have none. If commission men are bonded they should furnish the bond, rather than expect the Depart- ment of Agriculture to do it. Mr. Linde: We have plenty of commission men who are taking a cut two ways out of the grower by taking their com- mission and a cut on the sales also. We have good commission merchants who will give you the sales slip as sales are made but others who refuse to do this. There should be a provision in that law to compel commission men to make daily returns to the growers. STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA Membership List — 1935 — 80 — Name Abraczinskas, Andrew Acme Veneer Pkg. Co Adam, J. N. Adams, J. F. Adams Co. Fruit Pack & Dist. Co. Allen, S. Guy Allen, W. F. Co. Allen, Howard G. Allison, H. W. Estate Allison, C. K. American Cyanamid Co. Ammon, John Anderson, Ralph W. ♦Anderson, H. W. Anderson, H. M. Andrews, James Anthony, R. D. *Anwyll, Harry L. Atkinson, R. E. ♦Atkinson, D. W. Bailey, M. V. Bain, J. M. Backus, H. E. Baldesberger, W. P. Balmer, Clayton Balthaser, G. W. ♦Banzhaf, W. H. Barnard, C. P. Barr, I. C. Bartol, Edwin W. ♦Bartram, Frank M. ♦Bartram, G. Maurice ♦Baugher, George L. ♦Baugher, H. G. Beach, F. H. Bean, John Mfg. Co. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul A. Bear, Jacob R. Bear, Arthur Beaverbrook Farm Beaverson, Bertha Beert, F. H. ♦Bell, R. H. Belvins, Lee Bender, L. J. Benner, B. E. Berlew, Geo. Bethany Orphans Home Bikle, PhiUp M. Jr. Bikle, F. C. Bingham, W. O. Bmgham, A. H. Birth, Elmer * Life Members. Address Catawissa, R. D. 2 Orchard Park, N. Y. West Chester, R. 5 Dover, Del. Biglerville New Park Salisbury, Md. New Park Shippensburg Pittsburgh City Home, Pittsburgh 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City New Wilmington Fawn Grove Stewartstown New Park St. Thomas State College Harrisburg Harrisburg, Bur. of Markets Wrightstown Pennington, N. J. King & Front Sts., Northumberland North East Bridgeville, R. 2 Manheim, R. 1 Wemersville Muncy Kennett Square Greencastle, R. 2 Finksburg, Md. Kennett Square West Chester Aspers Aspers Ohio State Hort. Society, Columbus, Lansing, Mich. York, R. 10 Mount Wolf, R. 4 York, R. 10 York, R. 10 Brandywine Summit Y;ork, R. 7 Livermore Harrisburg, Bur. of Plant Ind. Stewartstown Allentown, R. 4 Iron Springs Dallas, R. 3 Womelsdorf Chambersburg, R. 6 Fayetteville, R. 1 St. Thomas St. Thomas Fairmount Springs, R. 2 — 81 — County Columbia Chester Adams York York Franklin Allegheny Lawrence York York York Franklin Centre Dauphin Bucks Bucks Northumberland Erie Allegheny Lancaster Berks Lycoming Chester Franklin Chester Chester Adams Adams Ohio York York York York Chester York Indiana Dauphin York Lehigh Adams Luzerne Berks Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Luzerne I 'i- -; ' ''^i^^it&S^'''^^ '■ "' i''^' -^ ^i3 Name Bishop, Wm. Black, H. M. ♦Blaine, Geo. W. ♦Blessing, David H. Blue HUl Farm Boak, J. A. & Sons ♦Boles, McClellan T. ♦Boltz, Peter R. Bomberger, Norman D. Bountiful Ridge Nursery Bovard & Baldwin Boyer, W. A. Boyer, Jay ♦Boyer, John F. Boyleyer, Weller Brace, Harold G. Bream, D. M. Co. Bream, John ♦Breidenbaugh, H. L. Brenneman, John L. Bricker, Dr. E. B. ♦Brinton, H. C. Broomell, J. Howard Brossman, Morse Brown, Bert C. Brown, M. G. Brown, J. W. Brown, Robert L. Brown, J. Turner Brown, Norman C. Brown, C. Earl Brown, Robt. M. Brown, H. W. Brown, Sam A. Bruner, W. W. Brubaker, Daniel A. Bucher, F. S. Burgner, M. K. Burr, Milton Burrill, Arthur W. Bushnell, W. R. Central Chem. Co. Chapin, Irvin ♦Chase, Charles T. Cherry, C. N. Chipman Chem. Co. Chnstman, Wm. Chumard, Lewellyn Clair, H. A. Clark, A. L. Clark, Kenneth Clemson, Leonard G. Coble, Vallie Cochran, John E. Coffroad, L. C. Columbia & Okanogan Nursery Co., Wenatchee, Conover, C. M. Coon, Sam Coon, Harvey ♦Cooper, C. A. Cope, F. R. Jr. ♦ Life Members. Address Doylestown Idamar North East Newville, R. 1 Bethlehem, R. 4 New Castle, R. 4 Hanlin Station Lebanon Lititz, R. 2 Princess Anne, Md. 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Selinsgrove Mt. Pleasant Mills Middleburg, R. 4 Troy Dallas, R. 3 Chambersburg Orrtanna Boyertown Lancaster, R. 7 Lititz Hanover Bridgeport Ephrata, R. 4 Marion Center, R. 3 Woodbine, Md. Erie, R. 6 Bridgton N^ew Park Waynesboro, Box 285, R. D. Chambersburg McDonald AUentown, Box 576 Painesville, Ohio, Box 143 Paxtonville Ephrata, R. 2 Reamstown Chambersburg Bardane, W. Va. Orefield Lawrence Park Baltimore, Md. Shickshinny, R. 3 Bala 910 Ryan St., New Castle Bound Brook, N. J. Indiana Ariel 610 Walnut St., Perkasie Olyphant Northumberland Halifax Cherry Tree Ephrata, R. 1 New Holland, R. 2 Wash. Aspers Clarks Summit Wyoming, R. 3 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Dimock -,. 82 — County Bucks Indiana Erie Dauphin Lehigh Lawrence Washington Lebanon Lancaster Lawrence Snyder Snyder Snyder Bradford Luzerne Franklin Adams Berks Lancaster Lancaster York Montgomery Lancaster Indiana York Erie York York Franklin Franklin Allegheny Lehigh Snyder Lancaster Lancaster Franklin Lehigh Erie Luzerne Montgomery Lawrence Indiana Wajme Bucks Lackawanna Northumberland Dauphin Indiana Lancaster Lancaster Adams Lackawanna Luzerne Allegheny Susquehanna Name Cosklo, Andrew Couch, H. R. Cover, H. M. Cowan, W. H. Cox, J. W. Crawford, J. B. Creamer, S. G. Creasy, C. W. Creasy, Luther P. Cressman, C. K. Crist, James D. Criswell, R. T. Grossman, P. S. ♦Grouse, E. A. Crouthamel, R. M. Crowell, Samuel B. Crowell, A. & T. ♦Cummings, Joseph F. Curry, W. E. Cutler, Joseph S. ♦Davenport, Eugene Davidson, A. P. Davidson, N. H. Davis, E. N. G. Deemer, A. F. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Derick, F. P. Dibble, Samuel E. Dickenshied, F. S. Dickey, Samuel ♦Dickmson, B. M. Diehl, Ed. B. ♦Dill, Robert Diven, W. C. Dixon, Charles Dixon, Billie Downey, H. E. Druck, Albert Drumm, J. M. Dubbel, S. E. D. R. & B. F. Duke Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. ♦Dunlap, James M. *Dunlap, R. Bruce Dutweiler, Ira K. Dye, H. W. Ebling, Aaron Edgerton, J. Russell Edminston, William *Eldon, Robert M. Elliott, James Enck, Warren Eshleman, John E. Etter, Frank L. & E. C. Evans Brothers *Evans, W. H. Fagan, F. N. Farley, A. J. Farr, N. C. Feeg, A. C. Feldman, Chas. S. * Life Members. Address Carbondale, R. D. Shelocta, R. 3 Bainbridge, Lock Box No. 36 Martinsburg New Castle, R. 5 Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 2 Catawissa, R. 1 Catawissa, R. 1 Barto, R. D. Walden, N. Y. 12 N Second St., Chambersburg Girard Gettysburg Perkasie Eklgemont Avondale Sunbury New Castle, R. 1 Dunmore Plymouth 1421 6th Ave., Beaver Falls Chambersburg Newtown Square Marion Center Mertztown, R. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 Newville, R. 1 Shelocta, R. 1 Zionsville Oxford 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh St. Thomas North East Livermore, R. 2 St. Thomas St. Thomas Chambersburg, R. 1 Wrightsville, R. 2 Mercersburg 232 W. Mam St., Waynesboro 60 Queen St., Chambersburg 323 E. King St., Shippensburg Shippensburg, R. 2 Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg 36 N. 8th St., Lebanon Middleport, N. Y. Reading, R. 2 Westtown New Wilmington, R. D. Aspers Media, R. 2 Biglerville Florin Chambersburg, R. 3 Clarks Sunmut Plainsville State College New Jersey Hort. Society, New Brunswicki^ N. J. North East Erie Robesonia, R. 1 Berks Chambersburg, R. 6 Franklin — 83 County Lackawanna Indiana Lancaster Blair Lawrence Franklin Franklin Columbia Columbia Berks Franklin Erie Adams Bucks Delaware Chester Northumberland Lawrence Lancaster Luzerne Beaver Franklin Delaware Indiana Berks Lehigh Cumberland Indiana Lehigh Chester Allegheny Franklin Erie Indiana Franklin Franklin Franklin York Franklin Franklin Franklin Cumberland Cumberland Dauphin Lebanon Berks Chester Lawrence Adams Delaware Adams Lancaster Franklin Lackawanna Luzerne Centre Name Felty, G. O. B. Fenstermacher, P. S. FerraU, Geo. K. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fick, Earle Fisher, Fred Fisher, Isaac L. ♦Fletcher, S. W. Flickinger, J. Mac. Flinchbaugh, H. H. Flinchbaugh, J. J. Flora Orchards Co. Fogelsanger, Crist FoUmer, Harold W. Forry, S. E. Frantz, Ira ♦Freed, A. J. ♦Freed, W. A. French, A. L. Frey, Harry E. Frey, John L. Frost, S. W. Funk, Sheldon Fyock, John Gackenbach, C. A. Gantert, Theo. Garber, Henry F. Gardenhour, G. W. Garman, Albert S. ♦Garrahan, R. H. Garrettson, Robert Garrettson, Donald Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Geiger, Clinton Gelwix, John M. Gerhard, C. S. Gibson, C. V. Gibson, Ira E. Gibson, W. F. Gillan, G. G. Gillan, C. F. Gillan, R. J. Glaze, Fred L. Click, Jacob R. Goldsborough, E. L. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goshom, Taylor L. Gramm, H. V. Gray bill, N. Charles Graybill, C. W. Graybill, Floyd Graybill, J. H. Grebinger, Herbert Greenawalt, Rev. Geo. A, ♦Griest, C. A. ♦Griest, Frederick E. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Grove, W. E. Guyton, T. L. • Life Members; Address Millersville Allentown, R. 3 401 Barr Ave., Crafton Media 800 N. 11th St., Reading Wemersville Soudersburg State College Fannettsburg Loganville Loganville Wrightsville Shippensburg Selinsgrove Ephrata, R. 1 Dallas, R. 3 Racine Racine New Hampshire Hort. Society, York, R. 6 c/o C. K. Whitner, Reading Arendtsville Boyertown Lorane Orefield, R. 1 152 N. Front St., Reading Mt. Joy, R. 3 Smithsburg, Md. North Charles St., Manheim Kingston Flora Dale Aspers, R. 2 Dallas, R. 3 Waynesboro Neflfs Chambersburg Blairsville, R. 2 Connoquennessing Blairsville, R. 1 Yoe St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Winchester, Va. Lancaster, R. 8 Shepherdstown, W. Va. Lancaster, R. 8 Loganville Qmncy St. Thomas, R. 1 New Windsor, Md. Middleburg, R. 4 Richfield Manheim, R. 1 224 Prince St., Millersville Boyertown Guernsey Flora Dale North Girard York, R. 10 York Springs Bound Brook, N. J. — 84 County Lancaster Lehigh Allegheny Delaware Berks Berks Lancaster Centre Franklin York York York Franklin Snyder Lancaster Luzerne Beaver Beaver Henniker, N. H. York Berks Adams Berks Berks Lehigh Berks Lancaster Lancaster Luzerne Adams Adams Luzerne Franklin Lehigh Franklin Indiana Butler Indiana York Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Lancaster Lancaster York Franklin Franklin Snyder Snyder Lancaster Lancaster Berks Adams Adams Erie York Adams Name Haas, William Haase, Herman Haase, Alfred H. Haberman, Mrs. T. C. Hackenburg, Chas. Hacker, A. L. Hackman, Willis ♦Haddock, John C. Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, Roy Haines, Robert B. 3rd Halderman, E. N. Hall, John Hall, L. C. Hann, Jesse Harbison, Wm. Hardie Mfg. Co. Harner, M. C. Harrisburg Stencil Works Harrison, W. H. Hartman, Ernest Hartman, Scott ♦Hartman, L. E. Hartman, M. T. Hartzok, J. W. Harvey, H. R, Hassinger, H. C. Hausman, Geo. B. Haverstick, Paul E. Hawkins, E. B. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy L. Heacock, O. J. Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Henderson, John G. Herr, J. Z. Herr, C. H. Herrick, P. W. Herrick, R. S. Hershey, C. Maurice Hershey, H. F. Hertzler, Jacob Hess, Claji-on Hess, F. M. Hess, R. C. Hess, Paul G. Hetrick, A. W. Hicks, Wm. Hildebrant, John E. Hildebrandt, John A. Higgin, W. A. Hile, Anthony Hileman, Carl W. *Hill, Wm. D. Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hines, Zenas Hobson, William Hoffman, H. L. Hoffman, W. C. Holtzapple, Frank P. Hood, ¥. C. • Life Members. Address Coplay, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y. Baden Mt. Pleasant Mills 451 Hamilton St., Allentown Denver Wilkes-Barre Fayetteville, R. 1 Fayetteville, R. 1 156 W. School Lane, Germantown Doylestown Orrtanna North Girard Hunlocks Creek New Castle, R. 1 20 E. North St., Hagerstown, Md. Middleburg 4 N. 5th St., Harrisburg Chambersburg, R. 4 Biglerville Palm Cly Gettysburg Marion Foxburg Beavertown Coopersburg, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 3 Delta Enon Valley, R. 1 Northbrook Biglerville Narrowsburg, N. Y. Greencastle, R. 4 Edri Elizabethtown Lancaster, R. 2 Harborcreek Iowa State Hort. Society, Des Moines Paradise, R. 1 Hamburg Lancaster, R. 3 Elizabethtown, R. 3 601 Main St., Waynesboro Waynesboro, R. 2 Mt. Alto, R. 1 Beavertown Honesdale Dallas, R. 2 Dallas, R. 2 Dallas, R. D. Curwensville New Castle, R. 3 North East 1255 Button wood St., Reading Clymer,.R. 2 Avondale Butler, Star Route Aspers Selinsgrove Saltsburg, R. 1 County Lehigh Wayne Wayne Beaver Snvder Lehigh Lancaster Luzerne Franklin Franklin Philadelphia Bucks Adams Erie Luzerne Lawrence Snyder Dauphin Franklin Adams Berks York Adams Franklin Clarion Snyder Lehigh Lancaster York Lawrence Chester Adams Wayne Franklin Indiana Lancaster Lancaster Erie , Iowa Lancaster Berks Lancaster Lancaster Franklin Franklin Franklin Snyder Wajme Luzerne Luzerne Luzerne Clearfield Lawrence Erie Berks Indiana Chester Butler Adams Snyder Indiana — 85 Name ♦Hoopes, Wilmer W. Hootman, H. D. Horn, W. H. Homer, J. M. ♦Horst, J. Morris ♦Hosteller, Abram Hostetter, C. N. Hosteller, Dr. J. E. Howard, P. H. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Hubbard, E. Stuart Huber, C. H. Huber, Herman Huber, Edwin Huey, S. R. Hutchison, Mrs. T. G. Hutchison, J. D. Hykes, E. S. Imswiler, John S. Ingham, M. M. Irey, Allen M. James, D. M. Jefferson, Thomas H. Johnson, David Johnson Orchards Johnston, RoUand G. Johnston, J. H. Johnston, R. S. Johnston, M. E. ♦Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Jones, Wm. Jones, D. R. Kaiser, Frank A. Kalo Company Kams, J H. Kauffman, A. L. Kauffman, J. B. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, C. B. Keim, Milton W. *KeUer, Paul J. Kendig, Dr. J. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. ♦Kessler, Geo. W. Ketner, Jacob B. Killian, Lewis E. Kindred, C. E. King, L. G. Kintner, G. H. ♦Kister, U. G. Klein, Jack Kleppinger, B. M. Klipple, J. W. Knappenberger, Thomas Knouse, M. E. *Koehler, Paulus, E. Koser, G. W. Krebs, H. B. Krick, Charles E. Kuhn, C. E. Kuhns, Victor Kyle, Wm. B. * Life Members. Address \^ftsf Cyhftster Michigan State Hort., Soc, East Lans Chambersburg, R. 10 250 Conway St., CarUsle Lebanon, R. 3 Johnstown, R. 3 Washington Boro Gap Dover, R. 1 Coopersbur^, R. 2 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Gettysburg Narrowsburg, N. Y. 232 Main St., Chambersburg New Castle, R. 3 New Wilmington Rear 84 Scott St., Wilkes-Barre York, R. 5 West Chester New Castle, R. 6 Boyertown Bur. of Markets, Harrisburg Wycombe New Hope Mooresville, Ind. Hereford New Wilmington, R. 1 New Wilmington, R. 1 Connoquenessing Dallas 5500 Lancaster Ave., Philadelphia FayetteviUe 1031 Capouse St., Scranton 8uincy, 111. hambersburg Bird-in-Hand York, R. 7 Manchester, R. Bird-in-Hand, R. 1 Boyertown, R. 2 T3Tone Salunga Lenhartsville Tyrone Wemersville Kirkwood Ivyland Mt. Wolf, R. Mehoopany Elters 404 New Market St., Philadelphia Coop)ersburg, R. 2 Clai'ks Summit, R. 2 Zionsville, R. Peach Glen 826 Washington Ave., Monaca Biglerville Mercersburg Reamslown Cashtown Allentown, R. 2 Zionsville R — 86 — County Chester ing, Mich. Franklin Cumberland Lebanon Cambria Lancaster Lancaster York Lehigh Adams Wayne Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Luzerne York Chester Lawrence Berks Dauphin Bucks Bucks Berks Lawrence Lawrence Butler Luzerne Franklin Lackawanna Franklin Lancaster York York Lancaster Berks Adams Lancaster Berks Blair Berks Lancaster Bucks York Wyoming York Philadelphia Lehigh Lackawanna Lehigh Adams Beaver Adams Franklin Lancaster Adams Lehigh Lehigh iiiiitiiii^ '■'i't,'ijh?C' jJtl;f^^:-i!jl^-lJ■fr^-">• ■ Name Lacoe, John F. Ladd, M. S. Landis, D. M. Landis, D. L. Jr. Landis, H. D. Landseidel, L. A. & Son Lapp, John F. Latshaw, J. E. Lau, L. B. Lau, Rev. I. M. Lau, L. E. Lau, R. E. Laub, H. H. Jr. Laudenslager, Martin Lehman, Geo. Lehman, Sylvester Leibhart, S. H. Lemmon, D. R. Lengle, Paul H. ♦Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Leslie, Lee C. Lewis, Nelson H. Lewis, S. V. Lewis, Norman Lightner, E. S. Linde, J. Eric LinviUe, Arthur S. Lippy, John D. Livmgood, Mrs. Stella Long, J. D. Long, D. Edward Longenecker, H. G. *Loop, A. I. Loop, H. S. Loose, H. H. *Lord, John Lott, R. C. Lott, Wm. M. Loucks, Walter Lucabaugh, J. W. Lum, Howard ♦McClelland, J. B. McClung, Lewis McClure, Frank McClure Bros. ♦McCormick, James McCormick, C. M. McElliott, Ray McKeehan, James McDonald, John Y. McDonald, R. C. ♦McFarland, J. Horace McGinnis, C. R. *McGeorge, K. L. (Mrs.) McHenry, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. ♦McKee, J. M. McKibben, E. S. ♦MacNeal, Wm. H. McNitt Fruit Farm McPherson Bros. * Life Members. Address County Clarks Summit, R. 2 Lackawanna Waverly Lackawanna Tiancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Chambersburg, R. 1 Franklin Girard Erie Clarks Summit Lackawanna Ronks, R. 1 Lancaster Marion Franklin East Berlin, R. 2 York 715 Manor St., York York East Berhn, R. 2 York York York 77 Chestnut St., Lewistown Mifflin Orefield, R. D. 1 Lehigh Hellam, R. 1 York York. R. 9 Wrightsville, R. 1 York York North Girard Erie Pine Grove Schuvlkill Cumberland Carlisle, R. 1 Akron Lancaster 2732 N. 45th St., Philadelphia Philadelphia Pittston, R. 1 Luzerne Wyoming, R. 1 Luzerne Pittston, R. 1 Luzerne York, R. 11 York Orefield, R. 1 Lehigh Media, R. 2 Delaware Gettysburg Adams Robesonia Berks 3811 Garrison Blvd., Baltimore, Md. FayetteviUe Franklin 127 E. Main St., Manheim Lancaster North East Erie North East Erie Menges Mills York Wyoming, R. 1 Luzerne Gettysburg Adams Gardners Adams York York Hanover, R. 6 Adams Lincoln Way East, Chambersburg Franklin Canonsburg Washington 429 E. Sheridan Ave., New Castle Lawrence New Castle, R. 5 Lawrence Quarryville Harrisburg Lancaster Dauphin Knox Ave., New Castle Lawrence Home Indiana Honesdale Wayne Charlestown, W. Va. Shippensburg, R. 3 Cumberland Harrisbu^ 523 Oley St., Reading Dauphin Berks Orrtanna Adams Indiana Indiana FayetteviUe Franklin Harrisburg FayetteviUe Dauphin Franklin Parkesburg Chester Milroy Mifflin Bridgeton York — 87 Name McPherson, Roy P. McWhorter, O. T. Maloney Bros. Nursery Martin, C. S. Marvil Package Co. Mason, J. A. Mattem, Jos. C. Mattes, Paul Matthews, W. H. Maurer, D. Edward M auger, Maurice *Mayer, Guy S. Meals, E. N. Mecartney, J. L. Mechling, Edw. A. Meeder, J. V. Meister, Kenneth G. Melcher, Geo. W. Mellinger, Jacob D. Meehan, S. Mendelson Merring, Guy Meeta Brothers Miles, H. C. C. Miller, David Miller, Marvin Miller, Harvey Miller, John W. Miller, L. P. ♦Miller, Amos MiUer, H. W. Miller, Frank M. Miller, C. Clayton Miller, Christ Miller, Clement R. Miller, C. M. Miller, Edward W. Miller, Blaine Miller, Carroll P. Minnich, C. S. Mitchell, E. B. Mitchell, W. T. & Son Mitterling, John T. Mohr, Frank J. Mohring, F. G. Mohrman, Dick Montgomery, L. M. *Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. Moorhead, Douglas Morse, Carl Moss, Harvey Mt. Breeze Orchard Co. Mowery, Harold F. Mowery, L. O. Mowery, N. E. Moyer, Lee Moyer, J. Calvin Moyer, B. J. Murray, Edw. A. Murtoff, C. J. Musselman, I. Z. Musselman, Glenn * Life Members. Address County New York State Hort. Soc, LeRoy, N. Y. Oregon State Hort., Soc, Corvallis, Ore. Dansville, N. Y. Edenville Franklin Laurel, Del. North Girard Erie 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Blair Emaus, R. 1 Lehigh Box 313, Salem, Ohio Selinsgrove Snyder Boyertown, R. 2 Berks Willow Street, R. 1 Lancaster Mt. Hollv Springs State College Cumberland Centre Moorestown, N. J. North Girard Erie Chambersburg, R. 6 Franklin Bally Berks Lancaster, R. 8 Lancaster Newtown Square Chester Cortez Wayne Finleyville, R. 1 Washington Conn. Pom. Soc, Milford, Conn. 2221 Chew St., AUentown Lehigh Clarks Summit, R. 1 , Lackawanna Logan ville York Ephrata, R. 2 Lancaster Paw Paw, W. Va. Hanover, R. 4 York Paw Paw, W. Va. 42 ''*^. Main St., Waynesboro Franklin Marion Franklin Marion Franklin Orefield Lehigh NewviUe Cumberland Romney, W. Va. Indiana, R. 4 Indiana W. Va. Hort. Soc, Martinsburg, W, . Va. Reading, R. 2 Berks Harrisburg, R. 2 Dauphin Beverly, Ohio Mt. Pleasant Mills Snyder Fogelsville Lehigh North Girard Erie Narrowsburg, N. Y. Wayne Farm School Bucks Morrisville Bucks Lititz Lancaster North East Erie New Wilmington Lawrence Dalls, R. 4 Luzerne Fayetteville, R. 1 Franklin 307 W. Main St., Mechanicsburg Franklin Newville Cumberland Mechanicsburg Cumberland Freeburg Snyder Middleburg, R. 4 Snyder Middleburg Snyder Punxsutawney, R. D. Indiana Gardners Adams Orrtanna Adams Orrtanna Adams — 88 — Name Musselman, C. H. Co. Musser, C. B. Musser, Charles E. Musser, W. E. Muttart, Dr. C. J. Myers, Geo. ♦Myers, Levi M. Nagel, Geo. R. Neiman, Otto Nelson, Corbett D. Newman, H. W. H. H. Newon Newton, E. M. Nibert, Wm. Nicodemus, Ed. Niles, Ben. E. Nitchman, C. H. Nolt, Melvin O. Nolt, Harrison Noss, J. A. No well, Henrietta Ober, Dr. H. K. ♦O'Conner, Haldeman Offutt, Lester Omwake, J. Edw. Orton Brothers Oyler, H. J. Oyler, Geo. Oyler, Wm. ♦Page, C. M. ♦Pannebaker, Wm. M. Parker, Capt. H. B. Parker, R. C. Paschal, John Passmore, S. S. Passmore, Norman Paxson, Edw. M. Paxson, Samuel L. Pedrick & Roemhild Peiffer, W^alter Pennock, Geo. S. Pennypacker Company Peters, Curtis Peters, Jos. E. Peters, John B. Peterson, Frank Pherson, J. L. Phillips, M. D. Poff, Leroy Pollock, G. B. Poor, D. W. Prather, E. M. *Pratt, B. G. Pratt, Lee Prickett, Mrs. E. M. G. Quigley, Ford E. Haab, Joseph P. Raffensperger, Chas. Rafifensperger, Luther Raffensperger, H. B. Raine, J. Tom * Life Members. Address Biglerville Mt. Wolf, R. 1 Orrtanna New Bethlehem, R. 3. Schwenksville Aspers, R. 2 Bowmansdale, R. 1 Ellwood City, R. 1 Dover, R. 3 711 Evesham Ave., Baltimore, Md. New Castle, R. 4 Fayetteville New Wilmington, R. 1 Indiana, R. D. Waynesboro Ky. Hort. Soc, Henderson, Ky. Aspers Lancaster, R. 7 Columbia New Castle, R. 3 Langhorne College Ave., Elizabeth town 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Volant, R. 1 Greencastle North East Gettysburg, R. D. McKnightstown Arendtsville Etters Virgilina, Va. 261 Newbury St., Boston, Mass. 333 Morris Ave., Rockville Centre, N Kennett Square Mendenhall Glen Mills, R. 1 Lumberville, R. D. Lumberville 122 Dock St., Philadelphia Chambersburg 165 Essex Ave., Lansdowne Emaus Biglerville Fayetteville Gardners 9th & South Sts., Reading Volant North East Hershey Wyoming, R. 3 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Dept. Hort. Nashville, Tenn. 50 Church St., New York City Chambersburg Aspers Chagrin Falls, Ohio Dallastown Biglerville Arendtsville Arendtsville Fairview County Adams York Adams Clarion Montgomery Adams York Lawrence York Franklin Lawrence Franklin Lawrence Indiana Franklin Adams Lancaster Lancaster I^awrence Bucks Lancaster Dauphin Lawrence Franklin Erie Adams Adams Adams York Y. Chester Delaware Delaware Bucks Bucks Philadelphia Franklin Delaware Lehigh Adams Franklin Adams Berks Lawrence Erie Dauphin Luzerne Wayne Franklin Adams York Adams Adams Adams Erie — 89 — Name ♦Rankin, Chas. C. Rapp, Dr. Ira M. Reed, Merton Reichard, Chaa. W. Reist, Allen E. Reist, Clarence J. Reist, Henry Reiter, Raymond F. Reiter, F. G. Renfrew, R. N. Reynolds, Milo Rhine, H. L. Rice, Oscar Ricart, Edw. R. Rice, Daniel Rice, J. S. Richardson, W. T. & Son Rick, Charles M. Rick, John M. ♦Rick, John Riley, Vernon Riley, Raymond G. ♦Rinehart, E. S. Risser, Harry A. Ritter, Elias Rittet, Astor Ritter, Arthur Rittenhouse, S. B. Rittenhouse, J. S. Roberts, J. Earle ♦Roberts, Horace ♦Rhode, William Rohrer, Geo. H. Romig, E. B. Romig Bros. Root, J. W. Rose, C. S. Rozelle, H. E. Ruhl, Dr. H. F. ♦Runk, J. A. Russell, Mrs. Florence Ruth, Charles Rutter, Walter W. Sachs, Edw. H. Sahli, Elmer Satterthwaite, Lewis P. ♦Satterthwaite, Frederick Schantz, H. A. Schantz, L. M. Schieferstein, Wm. Schoelkopf, Carl Scholl, W. J. Schoonover, W. E. Schreiber, Harry F. Schriver, Geo. Schrope, John Schuldt, J. Carlton Shultz, Chester K. Seachman, Geo. E. Seaman, Geo. ♦ Life Members. Address The Kenilworth, Alden Park Germantown 235 N. 6th St., Reading McKean Waynesboro Palmyra, R. 2 Landisville Schenectady, N. Y., (1166 Avon Rd.), Mars Mars Fayetteville Factoryville, R. 2 McClure Biglerville North East Elliottsburg Biglerville Whiteford, Md. 431 Windsor St., Reading EUwood City, R. 1 c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading Fairfield North Girard Mercersburg Elizabethtown Selinsgrove Allentown, R. 3 Allentown, R. 3 Lorane Lorane 220 Dock St., Philadelphia Moorestown, N. J. Johnstown Dryville McKnightstown Downingtown Manheim, R. 1 Lititz Pittston, R. D. Manheim, Box 236 Huntingdon 33 West Ave., Wellsboro 422 Ridge St., Emuas New Holland, R. 2 Biglerville Gibsonia Newtown Yardley 538 Hamilton St., Allentown Orefield, R. 1 Leesport Wemersville, R. 3 Barto DaUas, R. 3 Zionsville Bendersville Hegins Elizabethtown Barto Windsor Honesdale — 90 -- Ck>unty Philadelphia Berks Erie Franklin Lebanon Lancaster Lancaster Allegheny Allegheny Franklin Lackawanna Snyder Adams Erie Perry Adams Berks Lawrence Berks Adams Erie Franklin Lancaster Snvder Lehigh Lehigh Berks Berks Philadelphia Cambria Berks Adams Chester Lancaster Lancaster Luzerne Lancaster Huntingdon Tio^a Lehigh Lancaster Adams Allegheny Bucks Bucks Lehigh Lehigh Berks Berks Berks Luzerne Lehigh Adams Schuylkill Lancaster Berks York Wayne Name ♦Searle, Alonza T. Seitz, John B. ♦Settlemeyer, C. T. Shaffer, Harry Shaffer Bros. ♦Shank, H. L. Shattuck, J. H. Shatzer, P. R. Shaw, R. C. Sheadle, Misses Shearer, Walter J. Shearer, James W. Sheble, Earl Sheely, A. D. Shenk, D. W. Shirk, Ira J. Showers, Lloyd Shroades, Chas. R. Simpson Fruit Farm Sidler, Anton Siegfried, A. H. Simpson, J. A. Skinner, H. W. Slade, J. E. Slade, Martin Smedley, S. L. Jr. Smedley, S. L. Sr. Smith, Leonard R. Smith, PhiUp Smith, A. Woodward Smith, G. C. Smith, Roland M. Smith, Wm. M. Smith, S. A. Smith, James Smith, W. A. Smith, B. E. Smith, W. & T. Co. Smith, Wm. Smith, Mervin W. Smith, Lawrence Smith, Wm. H. Smith, G. E. Smyser, Jacob M. Snavely, The Misses *Snavely, H. H. Snyder, Fry & Rick Snyder, Simon Snyder, Fred Snyder, C. B. Snyder, Geo. Snyder, Elmer Spessard, H. W. Spiegelmyer, S. H. Sprankle, Kemp Stable, Carl Stark Bros. Nursery Stamer, H. S. Stauffer, T. H. Stauffer, Wallace *Stear, J. R. Steele, Harold * Life Members. Address County Honesdale Wayne Rohrerstown Lancaster Wilmore, R. D. Cambria Penn Run Indiana Gravity Wayne Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster Erie, R. 6 Erie 1307 Scotland Ave., Chambersburg FrankUn Stewartstown York Jersey Shore, R. 4 Lycoming Vinemont Berks Vinemont Berks Hamburg ArendtsiJle Berks Adarns Lancaster, R. 7 Lancaster MilBflintowu Juniata Bethel Berks Chambersburg Franklin Hollidaysburg Blair York, R. 9 York Selinsgrove Snyder Indiana, R. 5 Indiana Chambersburg FrankUn AUentown, 25 N. i4th St. Lehigh Gettysburg Adams Newtown Square Delaware Newtown Square Delaware Garden St., Mt. Holly, N. J. Laughlintown Westmoreland Blairsville Indiana Fairview Erie Marion Center, R. 2 Indiana Orefield, R. 1 • Lehigh Yoe York Bethlehem, R. 4 Lehigh Trucksville, Box 36 Luzerne Pittston, R. 1 Luzerne Geneva, N. Y. Berwick, R. D. 1 Columbia Factoryville, R. 2 Lackawanna Box 222 South River, N. J. Catasauqua Lehigh Bethlehem, R. 4 Lehigh York, R. 5 York Lebanon, R. 5 Lebanon Willow Street, Lancaster Lancaster Reading, R. 2 Berks Ephrata, R. 1 Lancaster Avoninore, R. 1 Indiana Ephrata, R. 1 Lancaster Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Florin . TiR-n caster Chambersburg Franklin McClure Snyder Pimxsutawney Indiana Manchester, R. 1 York Louisiana, Mo. Gardners Adams Lititz, R. 1 Lancaster Quakertown, R. 3 Lehigh 396 Leonard St., Washington Washington Jackson, Mich. v^ — 91 -^ Name Stein, Geo. & Son Steininger, E. B. Stephens, A. Woodward Stitzer, C. E. Stock, Guy Stoke, H. W. Stone, Leon Stonebraker, H. W. Stoneroad, S. A. Stover, Jacob Stoner, Bertha Strasbaugh, Spence ♦Strasbaugh, E. F. Straub, W. D. Strawser, A. A. Strong, T. M. Struble, Vernon Strj^e, Fred C. Stuflflet, Fred Stuntz, H. E. Surface, Dr. H. A. SutUff, Dana *Swank, Luke H. Swartz, D. H. Swartz, Emma Syling, E. S. Tarbert, D. F. Taughenbaugh, G. E. Taylor, Wm. H. ♦Taylor, Ralph S. Thayer, Paul Thomas, John M. ♦Thomas, Charles L. ♦Thomas, Edwin W. Thomford, C. F. B. Townsend Nurseries Trexler, T. A. Troup, Harry Turrell, Elmore ♦Tyler, W. D. ♦Tyson, Chester J. ♦Tyson, Edwin C. ♦Tyson, William C. Tyson, Fred Vierheller, A. F. Vincent, C. L. Campfield, Va. State Hort. Vogel, E. H. Wagener, D. D. & Co. Wagner, Harvey Wagner, C. W. Wagner, Charles E. . Wagonhurst, Mrs. Harry Walker, William Walker, S. B. Walker, F. W. Walter, Martin Walton, Eugene C. ♦Walton, Robert J. Way, D. H. Weaner, W. C. Weaver, J. B. * Life Members. Address Wrightsville Troxelville Mooresburg Mifflinburg Bendersville 2226 Upland St., Chester Dalton, R. 3 Indiana, R. 7 New Providence York, R. D. 2 Hellam Guernsey Orrtanna Middleburg, R. 4 Mt. Pleasant Mills Blairsville, R. 1 Athens 103 Lafayette St., New York City Fogelsville Girard Selinsgrove Shickshinny Johnstown Clymer, R. 1 Spring Grove New Castle, R. 7 Dallastown, R. Gettysburg, R. 10 West Chester, R. West Chester Carlisle, R. 6 Dauphin, R. 1 King of Prussia King of Prussia Kennett Square Salisbury, Md. Northumberland, R. 2 Connoquenessing Noxen Dante, Va. Gardners Flora Dale Flora Dale Gardners Md. State Hort. Soc, College Park, Md Wash. Hort. Society, Pullman, Wash. Soc, Staunton, Va. Lancaster, Box 35 Easton, R. D. 2 232 Main St., Emaus Beaver Springs McClure Bechtelsville, R. D. New Castle, R. 1 Coplay Mars, R. 1 Biglerville West Chester, Box 378 HummelstowTi Port Matilda Aspers, R. 2 Terre Hill County York Snyder Montour Union Adams Delaware Lackawanna Indiana Lancaster York York Adams Adams Snyder Snyder Indiana Bradford Lehigh Erie Snyder Luzerne Cambria Indiana York Lawrence York Adams Chester Chester Cumberland Dauphin Montgomery Montgomery Chester Northumberland Butler Wyoming Adams Adams Adams Adams T^ancaster Northampton Lehigh Snyder Snyder Berks Lawrence Lehigh Butler Adams Chester Dauphin Centre Adams Lancaster — 92 Name Weaver, Wm. S. ♦Weaver, Abram Weber, Nelson ♦Weigel, H. M. ♦Weimer, E. A. Weinberger, J. H. Welles, Thomas D. Welshans, D. D. Welshans, M. O. Welty, S. N. Wenger, C. P. Wenger, Benj. G. Wemig, Charles M. Wertman, Ralph Wertsch, Edwin ♦Wertz, D. Maurice ♦Westrick, F. A. Wetzel, Wm. S. Widders, J. B. Wieland, Carl Wiggins, A. W. Williams, Luther S. Wills, F. A. Wilson, David Wiltshire, Clarence Winter, J. D. Winter, M. L. Wise, Harvey ♦Wister, John C. ♦Witherow, R. T. Witman, John Wolfe, Joseph Wolf, D. E. Wolff, F. B. Wolfe, Walter Wolfinger, Don L. Woodward, N. H. Wright, Everett Worthington, H. R. Worley, Edwin Wotring, Oscar A. Wyke, John Wright, Fred M. Yerger, C. R. Yoder, Ira L. Yohe, Jay W. Yohe, Thos. Yohe, Geo. S. Young, Junius Young, Miles Young, R. C. ♦Youngs, L. G. Ziegler, E. Calvin Ziegler, J. A. C. Zimmerman, Dr. G. A. Zook, Amos F. Zook, I. F. * Life Members. Address County Macungie Lehigh Scalp Level Orefield Somerset Lehigh Biglerville Adams Lebanon Lebanon Zionsville Lehigh 615 Vine St., Scran ton Lackawanna Jersey Shore, R. 3 Lycoming Jersey Shore, R. 3 Lycoming Hellam, R. 1 York 402 State St., Ephrata Lancaster Ephrata, R. 3 I^ancaster York, R. 2 York Quakake Schuylkill Stevens, R. 2 Lancaster Waynesboro Franklin Patton, R. 2 Cambria Marion Center, R. D. Indiana Lancaster, R. 3 Lancaster Room 404, 128 Market St., Newark, N. J. Clarks Summit, R. D. Lackawanna Indiana, R. 1 Indiana 1515 N. 26th St., Philadelphia Philadelphia Bridgeton York McKeesport, R. 1 Allegheny Minn. Fruit Growers Assn., St. Paul, Minn. Hellam, R. 1 York Commodore, R. D. Indiana Clarkson & Wister Sts., German town Philadelphia Punxsutawney Jefferson 434 Windsor St., Reading Berks Allentown, R. 1 Lehigh Dallas, R. 2 Luzerne Lima Delaware Dallas, R. 2 Luzerne Chambersburg, R. 1 Franklin Mendenhall Delaware Indiana Hort. Soc, Lafayette, Ind. West Chester Chester Mohnton Berks Orefield Lehigh Lake Ariel, R. D. Wayne Amer. Cyanamid, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City Apollo, R. 3 Middleburg Armstrong Snyder Fayetteville Franklin Spring Grove York Spring Grove Narrowsburg, N. Y. York Wayne Narrowsburg, N. Y. Wayne Chambersburg, R. 10 Franklin North East Erie 529 W. Market St., York York York, R. 8 York 32 S. 13th St., Harrisburg Dauphin Lancaster, R. 5 Lancaster Curryville Blair — 93 — INDEX PAGE Officers 3 Secretary's Report . t 4 Treasurer's Report 7 Resolutions 8 Lime-Sulfur and Lime Sulphur Substitutes in New York — W. D. Mills . . 10 Cold Storage House Construction — J. M. Horner 14 Observations on Orchard Soil Fertility Practices — M. V. Bailey 20 Selling Apples — Herman Haase 30 New Sprays for Disease Control — Arthur Linville 34 My Fight Against the Codling Moth — E. A. Nicodemus 36 Observations on New Varieties of Apples and Peaches — Frank J. Mohr . 38 Spraying Costs and Practices on a 200 Acre Apple Orchard — W. D. Hilbish 40 My Experience in Strawberry Culture — H. L. Donnell 48 An Improved Method of Making Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur Spray — W. J. SchoU 51 Growing Sweet Clover — J. C. Schuldt 52 Remodeling a Bank Barn for Cold Storage — J. H. Weinberger 53 My Fight Against the Codling Moth — O. J. Heacock 54 My Experience in the Control of the Apple Curculio — R. C. McDonald . 55 Problems of a Road-Side Marketer — H. E. Backus 57 Fruit Marketing— C. B. Snyder 58 My Experience with Grapes — C. L. Haudenshield 58 An Apple Cold Storage with Air Diffusion System — Wm. F. Haas 60 Policy and Purpose of Regulation of Lead and Arsenic Residues — K. E. Atkinson 66 My Experience with Cold Storage — H. M. Anderson 68 Breaking Up Sod Orchards and Increasing Soil Fertility— E. Dana SutlifT 68 Control of Oriental Fruit Moth — S. W. Frost 71 Crestmont Roadside Market — Donald C. Tyson 71 Growers' Question Box— Dr. S. W. Fletcher 74 Membership List — 1935 81 — 94 — ADVERTISERS' INDEX PAGE Universal Gypsum & Lime Company — Agricultural Lime . Inside Front Cover Babcock Manufacturing Co.— Weed Hog Cultivators 2 Field Force Pump Co — Ospraymo Sprayers 5 ' Bowker Chemical Company — Spray Materials 9 Adams County Nursery & Fruit Farms — Fruit and Ornamental Trees. . . 13 Bountiful Ridge Nurseries — Fruit and Ornamental Trees 17 National Sulphur Company, Inc. — Agricultural Sulphur 19 Warner Company — Agricultural Lime Products 21 American Lime and Stone Company — Spray Materials 21 C. Wilkinson's Sons — Commission Merchants 23 Root's Nurseries, Inc. — Fruit Trees and Ornamentals 25 John Bean Manufacturing Co. — Sprayers, Graders, etc 27 Mechling Bros. Chemical Co. — Spray Materials 29 Central Chemical Company — Pomo Food 31 Ansbacher — Siegel Corp., N. Y \ — Spray Materials 33 Ansbacher — Hagerstown Chemical Corp. ./ Trexler Farms — Orchard Supplies 35 American Cyanamid Company — "Aero" Cyanamid 37 The Grasselli Chemical Co., Inc. — Spray Materials 41 A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd. — Fruit Presses, By-product Equipment 45 Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. — Fruit Trees 49 B. G. Pratt Co. — Paradichlorbenzine and Scalecide 59 Sun Oil Company — Sunoco Self Emulsifying Spray 61 Enterprise Nurseries — Fruit and Ornamental Trees 63 Elberta Crate & Box Company, Inc. — Specialists in Quality Package ... 65 The Barrett Company — Fertilizers 69 Jack Klein — Commission Merchant 73 The Cutaway Harrow Company — Wonder Disker 75 H. K. Porter, Inc. — Pruners and Foresters 77 Albert C. Roemhild — Commission Merchant Inside Back Cover Central Chemical Co., Inc. — Spray Materials Back Cover 95 Fruit growers are careful to select the proper outlet when marketing the fruit they have produced. For years many have profitably chosen this organization. May we also serve you? Albert C Roemhild successor to Pcdrick 8C Roemhild 122 Dock Street Philadelphia uickest, Surest, Cheapest Way to Protect Your Trees From Over-Wintering Pests T AROCIDE PRODUCTS Lime Sulphur Solution Taroclde Tarocide**B" ^ /, Straight 83% Tar Oil Emulsion Gro-All Oil Emulsion Flowable Cenco Oil Emulsion Arsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Dry Lime Sulphur Sulphur Dust Mixtures Coppei*Dust Mixtures Rotenone Dust Rotenone Spray Kayso Dry Mix Bordeaux Powder Commercial Flour of Sulphur Superfine Sulphur (300 Mesh) Wettable Sulphur Magnesium Arsenate Black Leaf **40'' Paradlchlorbenzene Cresyllc Acid Carbon Bisulphide Calcium Caselnate Spreader Chemical Hydrated Lime Weed Killer Bluestone « . . Monohydrated Copper Sulphate Zinc, Sulphate, etc>, etc. The original Tar Oil Emulsion . . . Thoroughly proved by years of use, and known throughout America for its effectiveness and dependability. Apply Tarocide during the late Fall or winter months when other work is not pressing, and control perfectly the aphis eggs, scale, red mite, bud moth, and many other over-wintering pests found on your trees. These insects sap the vitality of your trees and the profits from your crop. You cannot raise a big crop of pests and a profitr able crop of fancy fruit on the same trees. Invigorate your orchard with Tarocide. Can You Believe It? * That the total spray material costs for a bushel of No. 1 apples is only 2 2/5c. 200.60 c.c. Lime Sulphur 3/5c 87.15 grams Lime 1/lOc 21.79 grams Bluestone l/5c 54.45 grams Lead Arsenate Ic 81,18 c.c. Tar Oil^.... • V^c TOTAL :..-. 2 2/5c ♦From August issue of ViaoiNiA Fruit. CENTRAL CHEMICAL COMPANY, Inc Baltimore Tiusl Building Baltimore, Maryland