Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.16 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1939 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.8 [: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION lued Quarterly at State College. Pa. Subicription Included in Annual Duea of 12.00 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa. )l XVI. state Ciollege, Pa., March, 1939 No. 1 A ? / Proceedings of the Eightieth Annual Meeting Farm Show Buildings Harrisburg^ Penna. January 17, 18 and 19, 1939 F:*^^ In Qoaltti of stack ml Variety OBTERED BY VIRGINIA'S LARGEST GROWERS a Solid Red York honored with U. S. Pateni jno. xi. OTHER VARIETIES RECOMMENDED New Red Delicious R?d Rome New Red Stayman fowiv New Red Jonathan =^ i^A^ New Red Duchess ^ ^^^ our 44-page PLANTING GUIPE tells you more about the new vaneties as well as furnishing other valuable information. IMPROVEMENT IN VARIETIES OF PEACH ALSO BEING MADE Elberta continues to ^e our .est -^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^XsTp^rSI^ varieties of better qualiy is increasing, ai.. s this class are: W^2.A^ Golden Jubilee va ?ant Vedette South Haven Valiant see our 44-page PLANTING GUIDE describing and offering the follow- ing assortment of varieties: Alton Belle of Georgia Brackett Carman Champion Crawford's Early Crawford's Late Early Elberta Early Rose Elberta Golden Jubilee Greensboro Hale Hale Haven Heath Cling Hiley Indian Blood Clmg Krummel Late Elberta Mayflower Mikado Red Bird Rochester Salway ^ ^ Shipper's Late Red Slappy South Haven Stump Valiant Vedette trees in various sizes and quantities. Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. WAYNESBORO, VIRGINIA State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania OFFU ERS FOR 19:59 President \ ice President Secretary Treasurer J. A. itunk, Huntingdon H. W. Skinner. Chambersburg J. U. Ruef, State College H. M. Anderson, New Park STANDING COMMITTEES Kxeeutive Committee: The above named officers and R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas: J. Eric Linde. (3reheld; H. F. Hershey. Hamburg. Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural ^ <>""<'*' -^ ^ f';^ "^^^ Orefield Ch.- G. F. Gillan, St. Thomas; M. E. Knouse. Peach Glen; J. T. Rame, Kurview; R.' T. Criswell, Chambersburg; H. S. Nolt, Columbia; W. E. Grove, 'ork Springs. state Farm Show and Kxhil,iti..n: Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook Ch. Paul "hayer. Carlisle-, R. C. McDonaUl, Sbippensburg; W. O. Bingham, St. Thon.as, Insect IVsts: J. O. Pepper, State College, Ch.; H. N. Worthley. State Col- ■ ge; H. W. Skinner, Chambersburg Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch ; R. S. Kirby, State Col- !rge; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. (iame Laws: J. A. Rvmk, Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Bolthaser, WernersviUe; il. H. Bell, Harrisburg. True-to-Name Trees: F. N. Fagan, State College, Ch.; G. L. Baugher. spers; Geo. Stein, Wrightsville. Advertising: Roy Hafer, Fayetteville, Ch.; Geo. Goodling, ^"f "^'".'^gf;^;;; Mengel, Leesport; Guy L. Smith, North East; Harry Stoner, Orrtanna. Smion t>nyder, Ephrata. ^3 — wmmmm^m:^i-r::r:-':--: •^■"^ V- ','<>5j^,3v4fr.r--;-; •;}Sr'^-'n^'-V*-P^iv^^A7^^ >' :' ,- .,.iwT'>-;vc^-'^'V •'■'//^"V' V^TIZT ,,,•'•'";■?? 1 (}la*UtUe Bed In Quality of Stock and Variety OWISRED BY VIEOINIAS UUWEST GROWEKS a SoUd Red York honored with U. S. Paieni xno. i* OTHER VARIETIES RECOMMENDED New Red Delicious SS' Rome New Red Stayman fowrv New Red Jonathan ^ t oX New Red Duchess ^°^ our 44-page PLANTING GTm)E tells you more about the new varieties ai weU as furnishing other valuable informaUon. IMPROVEMENT IN VARlEmBS OK PEACH AI^O BEING MADE Elberta continues to ^ - f^^ ^Uer but the .emand ^^^^^^^^^^^ varieties of better qualiy is increasing. -«^iii^ s this class are: _, „ Mikado Golden Jubilee South Haven Hale H^ven Valiant Vedette see our 44-page PLANTING GUIDE describing ^d offering the follow- ing assortment of varieties: Alton Belle of Georgia Brackett Carman Champion Crawford's Early Crawford's Late Early Elberta Early Rose Elberta Golden Jubilee Greensboro Hale Hale Haven Heath Cling Hiley Indian Blood Cling Krummel Late Elberta Mayflower Mikado Red Bird Rochester Salway _ ^ Shipper's Late Red Slappy South Haven Stump Valiant Vedette r.^«v r^f niir PLANTING GUIDE, telling you more !^rnS''L^^ae?«t?^: ^^- ^- ^"^^ ^^^ '^'^'^"'^^ '"^ ... «.. ..^*4yv.iei aXftytt. nnd Quantities. Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. WAYNESBORO, VIRGINIA State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania OFFICERS FOR 1939 president J. A. Runk. Huntingdon Vice President H. W. Skinner, Chambersburg „ . . . J. U. Ruef, State College Secretary „ . H. M. Anderson, New Park Treasurer STANDING COMMITTEES Executive Committee: The above named officers and R. J. GiUan, St. Thomas; J. Eric Linde, Orefield; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural Council: J. Eric Lmde. orefield, Ch.; G. F. GiUan, St. Thomas: M. E. Knouse, Peach Glen; J. T. Raine, Fairview; R. T. Criswell. Chambersburg; H. S. Nolt, Columbia; W. E. Grove, York Springs. state Farm Show and Exhibition: Guy L. Hayman, ^orthbrook Ch^ Paul Thayer, Carlisle; R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg; W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas. Insect Pests: J. O. Pepper, State College, Ch.; H. N. Worthley, State Col- lege; H. W. Skinner, Chambersburg, Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby, State Col- lege; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Bolthaser, Wernersville; H. H. Bell, Harrisburg. True-to-Name Trees: F. N. Fagan, State College, Ch.; G. L. Baugher, Aspers; Geo. Stein, Wrightsville. Advertising: Roy Hafer, Fayetteville, Ch.; Geo. Goodling, LoganvUle; John Mengel, Leesport; Guy L. Smith, North East; Harry Stoner, Orrtanna, Simon Snyder, Ephrata. ^3 — H ! i V I .-!;■ 3*^"e;-v^<^ l?f SERVICE WITHOUT PROFIT Look For Your Own Emblem On 1939 Orchard Supplies FERTILIZERS — ^Mixed or In$i;redients 10-6-4 Fruit Tree Special Uramon (42% Nit.) Cyanamid, Nitrate of Soda, etc. ARSENATES (Lead, Zinc, or Calcium) OIL EMULSIONS & SUMMER OILS LIME SULPHUR & FLOTATION SULPHUR NICOTINE SULPHATE (40%) PARADICHLOROBENZENE WETTABLE SULPHURS BORDEAUX MIXTURE POWDER COPPER SULPHATE ZINC SULPHATE MIXED DUSTS, etc. Order from your local Farm Bureau Co-op or write Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Co-Operative Association, Inc. Owned and controlled by the farmers it serves. 3607 Derry St., Harrisburg, Pa. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS R. J. GILLAN Fruit growers and friends, it gives me great pleasure to greet you at this, our 80th meeting of the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association, notwithstanding the fact that I am soon to turn over my duties to a successor whom you as association members will select at this meeting. My term in office has been a pleasure, an honor you be- stowed upon me and a means of placing me in closer contact with an industry that is of vital importance to all of us. Many of us have in mind the growing of a crop and its ulti- mate marketing but as individuals the state, national or uni- versal problems are contacted only when attending meetings of this nature. It is not my intention to attempt to make a speech, let alone an address. I hope that you will grant me the privilege of making an informal but brief talk. Your secretary has made up a program which should be of value in attacking the perplexing problems of the fruit grower and it is not my desire to utilize time that might be used to ad- vantage in the discussion of interesting topics. During the past two years efforts have been made to con- sider the fruit growers' welfare wherever possible. Favor- able cooperation has been received from the Pennsylvania State College, the State Department of Agriculture, agencies which endeavor to serve the fruit grower when called upon to do so. As previously stated, I sincerely appreciate the honor you have bestowed upon me, the splendid cooperation received from officers and I sincerely hope that my successor will be extended your never-failing support and cooperation, — 4 5 — REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE The Resolutions Committee presents the following resolu- tions for the action of the association : WHEREAS— Chain stores distribute almost one-third of the nation's fruit crop annually, and constitute a market which the growers of this and other states cannot attord to lose, and WHEREAS— Through drives to reduce glutted fruit mar- kets, such as the nation-wide "Apple-a-Day" campaign, and through close cooperation with growers' organizations, chain stores stabilize prices, increase consumption, and render a necessary service to the fruit industry, at times saving its. members from severe financial loss, and WHEREAS— It has come to the attention of the Pennsyl- vania Horticultural Society, in convention assembled, that the Hon. Wright Patman of Texas has introduced in the bev- enty-sixth Congress a tax bill, designated as House Resolu- tion 1, designed to drive national chain store organizations out of business, and WHEREAS— In addition to recognizing this measure as a severe threat to our incomes, we likewise vigorously oppose it in principle, deeming it an abuse of taxing power and an unwarranted persecution of worth while business enterprise, therefore BE IT RESOLVED— That we condemn the anti-chain store proposal made by Hon. Wright Patman of Texas, and any similar proposals for legislation by states or municipali- ties, and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED— that the Secretary send copies of this resolution to members of the House and Senate of the Pennsylvania State Legislature and to members ot the Pennsylvania delegation in Congress. Approved. WHEREAS — ^The increased membership in this associa- tion has made more men available for the honor of the presi- dency of this association. Be it Resolved— That it is the consensus of this association that the President's term of office should be limited to one year. Defeated. •■ WHEREAS— Since our last meeting we have lost by death a valued member, F. H. Mohring of North Girard, Erie County, therefore — 6 — Be it Resolved— That we express our sorrow and sense of iosS) hhq Be it Further Resolved— That a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes and a copy thereof be sent to his family. Approved. WHEREAS, Since our last meeting death has called one ot our oldest and most valued members, Chester J Tyson of Adams County, and ' 1 WHEREAS, He was one of the pioneering members who labored long and faithfully during the trying days which have resulted m the regeneration of our Association, and WHEREAS, We shall treatly miss his ever ready experi- enced counsel and personal help, therefore be it RESOLVED, That we hereby express our sympathy and record our own sense of sorrow and loss and appreciation of his valuable influence in the fruit growing industry with his family, and further be it RESOLVED, That these resolutions be spread on the min- utes and a copy thereof be sent to his family. Approved. WHEREAS, J. Hansen French, former Secretary of Agri- culture of Pennsylvania, has always been ready to assist the fruit growers of the state in any way within his powers. Therefore Be It Resolved, That we hereby record our sin- cere appreciation of the interest he has shown and the assist- ance he has rendered in many trying situations which have confronted the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers Association, and Be It Further Resolved, That this resolution be spread on the minutes and a copy thereof be forwarded to him. Appix)ved. RESOLVED, That we extend the thanks of the Associa- tion to our Secretary, County Agents, Extension Service, and others who helped in assembling the Fruit Exhibits, the se- curing of the meeting room, lanterns and speakers, and also to D. M. James for arranging our banquet. Approved. WHEREAS, We recognize the importance of research in the development of new uses in fruits and vegetables and their by-products and in increasing the efficiency in the pro- duction of present by-products ; and, since we believe there should be further study in the use of fruits and vegetables and their by-products in the diet of the American people. src^'u :■"::<'/.■■■ 1 T SScuu'urotS'Sd Suis^be urged to support such research and study, and secretary be instructed toSn^' S'o "S:^-o«- ZiT:^Irs a^ve n-en- tioned. Approved. RESOLVED TK^.*eP«IS^S^^ «»» IScSS W^~^?=»t^,fre"£V°centVv ^'Ln' g^ate's'pubM'Mth service have made th,s ^-*'^ Therefore Be It Resolved, That the spray residue research be continued. Approved. Following the suggestion of H. L. Wz Secretary of the American ^^T^'^ff^^^^^^'ftlTofSeAmen^^^ Pomol- %nwlva^^iaStateHorticultural Association. «7m7T?TrA«i T^w e-rades of apples are becoming increas- fruits and lowering apple consumption, „r- i\ S?SkiSuS>SST„ ^«h^£ rrtrsS^SrSuttfArStltte^ secretary of the American Pomological Society. *Tabled. .The question of les'^'f °\ tSKbtV^Zfttae ri\^brl^ltrLtiort«e%^S£'r^ieS.neXerto r^SSipr-""-' Bespec«*subn,itted_ H. W. Skinner F. S. Dickenshied — 8 — REPORT OF NOMINATING COMMITTEE We submit for your action the following men to serve as officers for the ensuing year: • t" &eive as J. A. Runk, Huntingdon Pr«.>'---.,:,-->" ,i^t'M-"^;>-!.:7 fy ual improvement over the 26% of below grade entries the first year the commercial class was set up. Relative to possible changes in the previous list, for the 19?0 show i is^hoped that all exhibitors will cooperate in foi-- wardfng their suggested changes to the newly appointed oh^\rmi\n of the fruit committee, Mr. Guy L.. naymdii, NoSrSokfpa before April first, There hj^-^g th" Phlp discussion regard ng the advisabihty of contmumg me SLtS^^^^^^^ 80) and the setti^^^^ two classes for the standard eastern boxes, both the bushel ana the bushel and a fifth. TRUE-TO-NAME FRUIT TREE COMMITTEE REPORT In September, 1938 your committee held a nursery ti;ee identification school in Adams county. Six fruit tree nm- serSs had one or more members of their co^^P^^J^f;.^,^ dance, making a total of 12 men interested m true-to-name stock. We had arranged to have Prof. H. W. Upshall of the Hor- ticSLral Experimental Station, Vineland Station, Ontario Canadrmeet with the school for detail study of peach and cherry leaf and tree growth characters. The school was a success. The nurserymen in attendance expressed the desire that your committee work out a plan for the inspection of their nurseries and any other Pennsylvania nurseries mteres^^^^ in the work, during the growing season of 1939. Your com- mittee knows that we have within the State, nurseiymen with tree information equal to doing such work with the apple, cherry, plum and pear. With the help and cooperation of these Pennsylvania nurserymen, plans are being made to inspect for "true-to-name" stock any fruit tree nurseiy m the State wanting such work done during 1939 The coni- mittee will arrange for Prof. Upshall to aid with this work in the peach blocks. The nurserymen having the inspections made will pay the cost of such work. Your committee feels that this request by the nurserymen and their willingness to fully co-operate in such work indi- cates that they are doing all in their power to give the or- chard planter good "true-to-name" stock. F. N. Fagan Geo. L. Baugher Committee. k TREASURER'S REPORT 1938 Financial Statement State Horticultural Association C. B. SNYDER, Treasurer 1938 RECEIPTS Jan. 18 Cash Balance on hand ^ 609.94 Jan. 29 J. U. Ruef 10o!oO Apr. 11 J. U. Ruef 300 00 May 4 J. U. Ruef 30o!o0 July 9 J. U. Ruef 15o!oO July 25 J. U. Ruef 100.00 Dec. 11 Lane. Co. Fruit Growers » 69.00 $1,628.94 University Ave. N. Y. City Apartment Bonds $ 200.00 Saving Account in Ephrata National Bank 651 42 Cash Balance in Bank 578 39 $1,429.81 Rec'd from Lane. Co. Fruit Growers after account was closed 22 00 Cash m Bank 578 39 Cash Balance at State College ^ 328 81 1938 DISBURSEMENTS ^ ^^^'^^ Jan. 20 Dues, Pa. State Council Farm Organization $ 7 OO Jan. 20 Crabtree Co. Cup and Engraving ifi'nn Jan. 29 C. O. Dunbar, Expense I ZZ.IIIZ 8 95 Jan. 29 A. J. Heinick, Expense to Harrisburg 33*94 Jan. 29 Joseph Oskamp, Expense to Harrisburg 38*15 Apr. 7 Hines Davis, Printing Co., (1000 Envelopes) 3613 Apr. 7 Philipsburg Ledger Co. (Order No. 2887 & 2906) 345 98 Apr. 15 Dorothy P. Van Zandt, sten. service 9*50 May 11 Dorothy P. Van Zandt, sten. service 5*00 May 11 Crabtree, Medals for Judging 5200 June 23 Philipsburg Ledger Co. (Printing) !___ 1077 July 9 Philipsburg Ledger Co., June News Letter 13640 July 9 Mary E. Ruef, sten. service 20 50 July 19 F. E. Cremer, Flowers C. J. Tyson g oO July 25 Nittany Printing, 50 Town Signs 3*50 July 25 Hines Davis Printing Co. (2000 letter heads) 1283 Aug. 10 Philipsburg Ledger Co. 35*52 Aug. 10 Sylvia Meeker, (16 hrs.) eno Aug. 29 W. C. Dutton I__IIIIZIIIII 15 00 Aug. 29 F. W. Hofmann, Travel Expense 62 33 S^^o^ Philipsburg Ledger Co., Sept. News Letter 14o!80 Oct. 21 Philipsburg Ledger Co. (1000 Envelopes) __ 9 75 Dec. 17 Mary E. Ruef ^ ZZ_Z 25.00 Jan. 10 Telegraph Press, Banquet Tickets 4 50 Jan. 17 Cash Balance in Bank 578.39 $1,628.94 REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE The Auditing Committee reports that Mr. Snyder's financial re- port has been examined and found to be correct in every detail and that Mr. Snyder has cashier's checks for his different balances to de- liver to his successor Mr. H. M. Anderson. Sincerely, S. A. Hussey, Chairman . J. A. Runk Approved. — 10 — — 11 — GROWERS Important Announcement NITROCIDE. The most reasonably priced dormant oU emulsion for anhif scale etc It is non-irritating— ready to use— low oil dosage per ??ee%quired^nly half the amount required as tar <>" emulsions-very econoS-produced under a formula prepared by the originator of T3.rocicic FLt-SOL. The reasonably priced WETTABLE SULPHUR contain- ing microscopic sulphur. OILTEX. The perfect summer spreader for your sprays. A SPRAY OR DUST FOR EVERY PURPOSE FAMOUS FRUIT FOOD 10-6-4. The complete fertilizer for your fruit ctS^contains 14 essential elements with 5 sources of nitrogen. A SPECIAL FERTILIZER FOR EVERY CROP 8 Fertilizer Plants 4 Insecticide Plants 5 Dust Plants CENTRAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION General Offices Hagerstown, Maryland FRUIT TREES AT REDUCED PRICES I offer the best leading varieties of fruit trees, including the tested newer varieties at regular prices. Trees gro^AOi in the heart of the famous Adams County fruit belt and fresh dug from the nursery rows. This insures best growing and long lived trees. Place your order early and have it shipped to you when you wish it or come to the nursery with your truck or car and get your order. Nur- sery located 35 miles from Harrisburg, 12 miles from Gettysburg, Route 34, hard surface road to nursery. Write for catalogue and latest prices. Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms ASPERS, PA. H. G. Baugher, Prop. ADAMS COUNTY 12 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FUNGICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF PEACH AND APPLE DISEASES by R. H. HURT Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Piedmont Field Laboratory, Charlottesville, Va. Mr. President and Members of the Pennsylvania Horticul- tural Society: It is a very great pleasure for me to address the members of this society. I have been conducting spraying experi- ments in the Piedmont fruit section of Virginia for the past fifteen years. Soil and climatic conditions in our Piedmont fruit section are somewhat different from those existing throughout the Cumberland-Shenandoah fruit district Therefore, certain spray practices which are in common use m our Piedmont fruit area may not be entirely practical for the Iruit growers of Pennsylvania. So, the data which I shall present should be accepted just as another discussion of spraying problems and in no sense as spray recommenda- tions. My experience in the spraying of fruit trees and fruit has led to two definite conclusions, namely, that different grow- ing conditions exist every year and varieties of peaches and apples respond no two years alike to a standard spray sched- ule. Peaches and apples, and especially apples, vary from year to year m their susceptibility to fungous diseases and in their susceptibility to spray injury. Since these great vari- ations exist m the production of fruit it is hard sometimes tor the investigator to make up his mind just what is the best spraying practice to follow. Investigators and fruit growers as well are learning that a set spray schedule for all varieties of peaches and apples is not practical for the best results. The dormant spray application may be an excep- The Dormant Spray for Peach Trees The dormant spray for peach trees is applied for the con- trol of peach leaf curl and scale insects. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a combination spray of a fungicide and an insecticide. There are two spray compositions which are in common use as dormant sprays for peach trees, namely, dor- mant strength lime sulphur solution and the Bordeaux-oil combination. The formula for the Bordeaux-oil which is generally used is a 6-6-100 Bordeaux and three percent of a petroleum oil. Burgundy mixture may be used as a substi- tute for Bordeaux mixture. I shall speak of this mixture briefly later. I prefer the Bordeaux-oil composition in pref- erence to lime sulphur solution since it is cheaper per tank ; — 13 — easier to apply and gives equally as good control of leaf curl and scale ffiests. If peach growers wish however to ap- Sfv a ™v only for the control of leaf curl, lime sulphur at the rate of 1-15, or a 6-6-100 fomula of Bordeaux mixture may be used. . , ^ ■, -i T shall ffive briefly the steps for making the Bordeaux-oU emuLion Fill the spray tank about one-fourth full of water and prepare the Bordeaux in this water. Start the agitator. Add?he^•equired amount of ml Pump the n^^^ture back on itself until the oil is thoroughly emulsified. The Boraeaux mixture acts as the emulsifier. . When a commercial oil emulsion or miscible oil is used in conjunction with Bordeaux mixture, the Bordeaux should first be prepared in the spray tank and the tank filled about two-thiixls full of water before the emulsion or miscible oil is added. The agitator should be running when the emulsion or miscible oil is added. j • ui «;io ,.nii Some of the prepared oil emulsion and miscible oils will not mix satisfactorily with Bordeaux. This is true especially if they are prepared with soap as the emulsifier A type ot copper spray which is compatible with practically all types of oil sprays is Burgundy mixture. Burgundy mixture is just as satisfactory as the regular Bordeaux mixture for the control of leaf curl in the dormant stage. The following for- mula is suggested : Copper sulphate (bluestone) 6 ^^^^l Sodium carbonate (washing soda) -^ aUons Buro'undy mixture is prepared in the same manner as Bor- deaux mixture with the exception that sodium carbonate is used instead of hydrated Ume. When preparmg this mix- ture dissolve the copper sulphate in about one-fourth tank of water. The sodium carbonate should be w^ashed m through the tank strainer or previously dissolved in water and added to the copper sulphate solution in the spray tank. After the sodium carbonate has thoroughly blended with the copper sulphate solution, the tank is filled nearly full with water and the proper amount of the oil emulsion or miscible oil added. The tank is then filled with water and the mix- ture is ready for use. Spring and Summer Sprays The blossom blight phase of the brown rot fungus develops in wet seasons and causes injury sometimes to certain peach varieties. If this phase of brown rot has been troublesome in previous years, growers should apply lime sulphur solution 1-50, or 2-4-100 Bordeaux mixture just as the pink begins to show in the buds. Bordeaux mixture is preferred for this application, since it is more effective for bacterial shot-hole and equally as effective for brown rot. — 14 — r Arsenical Injury Peach twigs and foliage are very susceptible to acid lead arsenate injury. I have seen one application of lead arsen- ate and lime cause severe injury to peach foliage. As a rule, however, arsenical injury to peach twigs and foliage is ac- cumulative and increases following each application if there is noiTnal rainfall. The zinc-lime spray is widely used in Virginia as a preven- tive of arsenical injury to peach trees. Zinc-lime should be used in every lead arsenate application to prevent injury to twigs and foliage. The zinc-lime spray appears to have some stimulating effect also on the foliage of the peach tree. Zinc- lime, however, has been ineffective for the control of bac- terial spot under our conditions. We are conducting experi- ments with a composition of zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, and hydrated lime which shows considerable promise for the control of bacterial leaf spot. The copper sulphate in the form of Bordeaux also acts as a fungicide for the control of peach scab and brown rot. The trials with the "zinc-copper- lime spray'' are still somewhat in the experimental stage. However, sufficient data have been collected to warrant the use of this spray composition in areas of orchard where bac- terial leaf spot has been severe in past seasons. The amount of zinc sulphate for effective prevention of arsenical injury should be 6 pounds of the monohydrated form or 8 pounds of the crystal form for each 100 gallons of spray solution. Six to eight pounds of hydrated lime should be used with these amounts of zinc sulphate. The zinc-lime spray is prepared in the same manner as Bordeaux mixture. The zinc sulphate is dissolved when the spray tank is about two-thirds full of water. After the zinc sulphate is dissolved the hydrated lime may be sifted into the tank while the agi- tator is running. The lead arsenate should always be added last. When using the zinc-copper-lime spray dissolve 6 pounds of monohydrated zinc sulphate, or eight pounds of the crys- tal zinc sulphate in sufficient water in the spray tank. Dis- solve two pounds of copper sulphate in the zinc sulphate solu- tion. Start the agitator and add eight pounds of hydrated lime. Continue the agitation until the materials are sprayed out. This composition of materials forms a zinc-copper Bor- deaux. Lead arsenate, if used with the zinc-copper-lime, should be added last and when the spray tank is nearly full of water. The quantity of materials given is for 100 gallons of spray solution. After two or three applications of the zmc-copper-lime spray the copper sulphate may be reduced to one pound for each 100 gallons of spray solution. Copper sulphate should be added to the zinc-lime spray with the first lead arsenate application and its use continued for several applications to be effective against bacterial leaf spot. — 1 . V .w « 4 AIL xJti'' ».'V- The zinc-copper-lime spray used m conjunction with lead arsenate seems to be entirely safe under Virginia cond^o^^^^ This may not be the case in Pennsylvania We can use with safety a very much stronger fonnula of Bordeaux mixture in our Piedmont fruit section than can be used here m Penn- sylvania. Therefore, I would suggest that you rely on your state investigators for advice relative to the practical use ol such a spray composition. Sulphur Fungicides for Peaches There are many wettable sulphurs on the market which aregaod^peach fungicides. The fine wettable sulphurs such as Mike sulphur, Micronized sulphur and flotation sulphurs are more potent fungicides than the coarser sulphurs. The particle size of sulphur, however, is not as important when spraying peaches as when spraying apples. The reason lor this difference is that peach diseases are somewhat easier to control than apple diseases. Furthermore, sulphur is usually applied to peach trees during the hot portion of the growing season whereas when used on apples it is generally applied during the cool part of the growing season. The coarser par- ticles of sulphur will also stick better to peaches than to apples. Pre-Hai-vest Spray for Brown Rot The pre-harvest application of sulphur is the most impor- tant brown rot spray in our peach spray schedule. This ap- plication of sulphur should be applied just as near the ripen- ing period as possible. Peach fruits practically double in size, if the growing season is normal, during their ripening period. Since the final swell is so rapid, peaches sprayed two to three weeks before harvest will out-grow their coat of spray and will be unprotected against brown rot at their most susceptible stage. Three to five pounds of a good wet- table sulphur are sufficient for the pre-harvest application. Lime should not be used in this spray since its use may leave a noticeable residue. Peaches are very hard to spray thor- oughly at this stage of development since the foliage is heavy, therefore, the spray should be applied very thorough- ly with high pressure. Dusting Peaches on the Grading Equipment The practice of dusting peaches with sulphur as the fruit passes over the grading equipment has increased in Virginia. The efficiency of this method of brown rot prevention while the fruit is enroute to market has been fairly well estab- lished. A fine grade of dusting sulphur free of wettable agents should be used to dust peaches as they are packed. The practice of treating peaches with sulphur as they are packed not only has some practical value for brown rot con- trol but also has a psychological effect upon the peach buyer; The type of equipment which is available for dusting peaches on the grading equipment is not entirely satisfac- tory. It is hoped, however, that this type of equipment will be impix)ved and that the practice of dusting peaches as they are packed will become general among peach growers. Fungicides for the Contit)! of Apple Diseases There are only two basic materials recognized at the pres- ent time as effective fungicides for the control of apple dis- eases, namely, sulphur and copper. These two basic mater- ials are offered to the fruit industry in a gi'eat variety of compositions as fungicides. Sulphur in the form of calcium polysulphides (lime sulphur), sodium and potassium poly- sulphides and elementary sulphur in the form of commercial wettable sulphurs. Copper is not offered as a fungicide in the elementary state but in the form of copper sulphate, copper phosphate, copper oxide, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper ammonium silicate, and etc. Since there are such a great variety of spray materials of both sulphur and copper, the fruit grower is sometimes in doubt which one to select. * With this great variety of spray material to select from we naturally select the best and the cheapest, namely, lime sulphur solution and Bordeaux mixture. These two spray compositions still remain the standard by which the value of other spray materials are measured. It is a common practice in our eastern fruit section to ap- ply lime sulphur solution 1-50 in the pink and petal-fall sprays; a fine wettable sulphur in the first cover spray, and a 2-4-100 Bordeaux for the remaining cover sprays. Not all growers follow this schedule but those that do, generally, produce the best fruit. It is unsafe in Virginia to use sulphur in any form as a complete summer fungicide. It is equally unsafe to use a copper fungicide in a complete schedule. Therefore, we are forced by conditions to use sulphur for the early scab sprays and change to a copper material, usually Bordeaux mixture, for the mid-season cover sprays. Lime sulphur solution : Lime sulphur solution still remains the only sulphur material which we can rely upon for the control of apple scab. This spray composition is given credit for a great deal of injury in the form of leaf burn, apple rus- set, and sulphur shock. I suspect, however, that during the season of 1937 at least 75 to 80 per cent of all the apples pro- duced in the eastern United States were sprayed twice or more with lime sulphur solution. We, of course, had too many apples that year. In our off fruit seasons we hear a great deal about the damage caused by lime sulphur. In our fruit seasons we hear it discussed very little. 16 — — 17 — STAUFFER SULPHURS ASSURE SAFE, SURE CONTROL AT THE LOWEST COST. THAT'S WHY MORE STAUFFER SULPHUR IS USED THAN ANY OTHER. Stauffer manufactures more than 20 brands of Agricultural Sulphurs — a definite grade for every type of equipment and for every known insect and fungous growth controlled with Sulphur. The following are some of Stauffer's well-known products: For Dusting : "Electric" Super-Adhesive Dusting Sulphur "Swan" Superfine Ventilated Dusting Sulpliur "Perfection" Superfine Dusting Sulphur "Owl" Superfine Dusting Sulphur "Magnetic" Humidust For Spraying: "Magnetic- Spray" Wettable Sulphur "Crown" Wettable Sulphur "Magnetic" Catalytic Sulphur Your local Stauffer dealer also carries our complete line of double-duty vegetable dusts. Powerful insecticides combined with Sulphur as the carrying agent, to control insects and plant diseases with one applica- tion. And — insecticides containing no Sulphur. The following will help you grow top price crops: "Magnetic" Rotenone-Sulphur Dusts and Spray "Magnetic" Rotenone Dust (inert carrier) "Magnetic" Pyrethrum-Sulphur Dusts "Magnetic" Cryolite- Sulphur Dust and Spray "Magnetic" Cryolite Dust (inert carrier) We are also distributors for "Alorco" Cryolite. For further details and literature, see your dealer or write. STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY 420 LEXINGTON AVE., NEW YORK CITY 230 N. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO FREEPORT, TEXAS >-18 — Lime sulphur solution unquestionably causes injury even in the pink stage and more in the petal-fall stage. Lime sul- phur and lead arsenate are the most widely used materials iin the petal-fall spray. Probably there are no other spray com- bination more dangerous than lime sulphur and lead arsenate when applied in the petal-fall stage. Since the petal-fall spray is so important for the control of apple scab and cod- ling moth the substitution of less effective materials than lime sulphur and lead arsenate is probably not warranted. I have found, where codling moth was not a problem it is much safer to apply lime sulphur alone in the petal-fall'spray for the control of apple scab. This applies to any concentra- tion of lime sulphur solution. We have not found a material which will greatly increase the safety of lime sulphur and lead arsenate which has been entirely satisfactory. Leaving out the lead arsenate in the petal-fall spray has resulted in less spray injury than any other practice so far as lime sulphur injury is concerned The entomologist will not allow us, as a rule, to leave out the lead arsenate in the petal-fall spray. If we do this, we have to do it on the sly. I am thoroughly convinced, however that such a practice would result in the long run in more clean fruit. Copper Fungicides Copper fungicides are just as important as sulphur fungi- cides m our spray schedule. Farther north one goes the more unsafe copper spray materials become. Therefore, it is much safer to use copper fungicides in Virginia than in Penn- sylvania. The so called "insoluble copper sprays'' have not been entirely satisfactory under our conditions. Copper phosphate has proved to be the best all around copper substitute for Bordeaux mixture. This fungicide, however, will not control bitter rot or check a severe infection of apple scab. When applied with a good oil stick it will give very satisfactory re- sults on varieties of apples which are subject to russet and are resistant to scab and bitter rot. Bordeaux mixture still remains the only copper fungicide which we can recommend generally for the mid-season cover sprays. Bordeaux mixture should be applied very weak and at closer intervals for the best results. Acid lead arsenate causes more injury to fruit and foliage than it is generally given credit for. This is especially true when used with lime sulphur solution and with commercial wettable sulphurs. The foliage of apple trees are very much more resistant to arsenical injury than peach foliage, there- lore, this poison can be used on apple trees without causing serious injury as a rule. — 19 — The only spray chemicals which will act to prevent arsen- ical injuiy to fruit and foliage are the hydrated foims of lime, copper, as Bordeaux, zinc-lime, zinc-copper-lime and the hydrated foi-ms of manganese and. aluminum. There are other hydrated forms of chemicals which will react with water soluble arsenic but they are unsafe to use on peach and apple foliage. The hydrated forms of zinc and copper appear to be the most valuable in the prevention of arsenical injury. In conclusion, I shall repeat a schedule of sprays which has given the best results under our conditions. Lime sulphur solution 1-50 in the pink and petal-fall (lead arsenate left out where practical), a fine wettable sulphur with hydrated lime in the first cover spray, and a 2-4-100 Bordeaux mixture for the remaining cover spraj'^s. Where summer oil is not to be used in any of the cover sprays, a combination of 3 to 4 pounds of a fine grade of wettable sulphur used in conjunc- tion with a 1-3-100 formula of Bordeaux mixture has proved very satisfactory as cover sprays. Since it is less safe to use copper fungicides in this section than it is farther south, a combination of wettable sulphur and Bordeaux mixture may be of interest to you. Sunset Oiled Apple Wraps Sunset Shredded Oiled Paper CONTROLS SCALD DECORATES FRUIT PREVENTS BRUISE SERVICED IN ALL GROWING DISTRICTS FRED C. STRYPE NEW YORK, N. Y. — 20 DORMANT AND DELAYED DORMANT SPRAYS FOR THE CONTROL OF THE ROSY APPLE APHIDS IN VIRGINIA By W. S. HUGH Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Winchester, Va. Every fruit grower is familiar with the small knotty fruit called '*aphid apples.'* The apple growers of Virginia have learned by experience that injury caused by the rosy apple aphid does not occur every year. But when there is an out- break, injury on unsprayed trees is sufficiently severe to con- vince orchardists that it is unwise to omit control measures wherever the outlook is favorable for a fair crop of fruit. Of the past 18 seasons there have been 7 in which aphid injury occurred quite generally throughout the fruit-growing re- gion of the state. The rosy apple aphid was either absent or w*as unable to cause any commercial damage in most sec- tions during the other eleven seasons. In other words, since 1921 we have had seven seasons when sprays intended for the control of the rosy apple aphid was an excellent invest- ment while in the other eleven seasons the expense of such sprays must be charged to crop insurance. This expense maj^ seem to be a high premium rate for protection against loss due to aphids but when one figures the loss that the rosy apple aphids were capable of causing in the seven "aphid years'', the soundness of the investment is apparent. Relation of aphid control to control of scale insects and red mites. In actual practice it is necessary to consider the con- trol of scale insects and often red mites as well as aphid con- trol. Standard lime sulfur at 12 gallons in 100 gallons gives adequate control of San Jose scale and is equally effective against cherry scale which also infests apple trees. Unfor- tunately lime sulfur is not effective against red mite eggs or against the white scurfy scale which in recent years has been much more abundant than any of the other species of scales. For effective control of scurfy scale, oyster shell scale or se- vere infestations of red mite eggs, we must use petroleum oil at 4 per cent strength applied as late in the dormant period as possible. Under ordinary conditions 3 per cent petroleum oil gives adequate control of red mites, but in extremely se- vere infestations we must increase the concentration of oil to 4 per cent. When an ovicide for aphid eggs such as tar oil or dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol is included, the maximum concentration of petroleum oil should remain at 3 per cent due to the possibility of injury if a greater concentration is used. For most effective results the application must be made in the late dormant period as near as possible to the — 21 — time when the mite eggs normally hatch. Most of the mite eggs hatch about the time the buds begin showing "pink". Dormant Sprays. Under our conditions more time is us- ually available for applying the dormant spray than is avail- able for applying the delayed dormant spray. Furthermore, aphid eggs are comparatively easy to cover with a dormant spray but in the delayed domiant period the young aphids quickly find protection in the opening buds. For these reasons growers have obtained better control of the rosy apple aphid when the proper sprays were applied in the dor- mant period. There are certain factors which influence the effectiveness of the spray other than the materials used. It is essential that these be taken into consideration. In the first place we have learned that a spray applied when the wind is blowing strong enough to carry the spray through two or three trees is practically without value in the control of scales, aphids and red mites. The oil deposit on the twigs and limbs is greatly reduced in windy weather, also in humid weather even though there be no wind. We have also found the oil coverage to be very streaked when oil emulsions were diluted in cold water and applied at low temperatures, that is, at temperatures around 40° F. Of course, thoroughness is es- sential at all times but unless an application is made in reas- onably quiet weather and under conditions when the spray dries quickly the results may be disappointing. For a number of years we have been interested in ovicides to kill aphid eggs. These ovicides are added to petroleum oil and applied in the dormant period. We have found the fol- lowing to be effective for this purpose: dinitro-o-cresol, its soluble salt sodium dinitro-o-cresylate, dinitro-o-cyclo-hexyl- phenol, and tar distillate commonly called tar oil. Fruit growers in Virginia as well as in Pennsylvania have used tar oils for a number of years and we do not intend to discuss them at this time. It should be stated, however, that tar oil at 21/2 per cent strength has given excellent control of aphids when applied in the fall or in the spring, but the caustic ac- tion of this material on the human skin is quite severe and is especially painful when the temperature is moderately high. During the past three seasons we have used a benzene deri- vative called dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol as the ovicide in dormant oil sprays (Dowspray Dormant). This material has no caustic action on the human skin and is not objection- able to the men who do the spraying. For purposes of com- parison we have summarized in Table 1 some of the results obtained from the use of tar oil and dinitro-o-cyclo-hexyl- phenol in orchards where the rosy apple aphid caused consid- erable damage. We have given the results in terms of "in- fested clusters" per tree, bcause in some orchards the fruit — 22-- crop was light and largely confined to the upper part of the trees. Aphid damage, on the other hand, occurs on the lower limbs and extends upward through the tree in case of a se- vere outbreak. The proportion of "aphid apples" on the un- sprayed trees ranged from 17.4 to 32.6 per cent. On the sprayed trees the percentage of aphid apples did not amount to 1 per cent for any treatment reported in Table 1. Never- theless, from the experimental standpoint we are inclined to look with suspicion on the efficiency of any treatment which permits the development of 50 infested clusters per tree. Delayed dormant sprays. Factors which influence the ef- fectiveness of dormant sprays also influence the efficiency of delayed dormant applications. The time factor is of great importance in applying the delayed dormant spray. If the application is made too early or too late the results will al- most certainly be disappointing wherever rosy apple aphids are present. Many growers try to avoid exceeding the time limits imposed on them in the delayed dormant period by spraying part of the orchard wath oil plus tar oil or dinitro-o- cyclo-hexylphenol in the dormant stage and leaving not more the last two seasons in orchards were the rosy apple aphids This procedure has been effective and at the same time serves to keep the cost down. For a number of years we have attempted to apply various sprays in the delayed dormant period under suitable weather conditions and during the stage of bud development that should favor control, that is, just before the first leaves ex- tend far enough from the buds to afford protection to the aphids. It is suflScient to record the results obtained during the last two seasons in orchards where the rosy apple aphids caused considerable injury (Table 2) . Petroleum oil at 3 per cent strength appeared to give results comparable with other materials used in 1937 but in 1938 the results were disap- pointing and 2 per cent of the fruit was injured by the aphids. The combination that costs the least and gave con- sistent results was a mixture of petroleum oil and 4 per cent tar oil by volume. Our experimental results appear to be confinned in commercial orchard spraying in that petroleum oil alone has not given consistent results against aphids in the delayed dormant application. Under our commercial or- chard conditions the effectiveness of the various combina- tions of sprays used in the delayed dormant period seems to be determined largely by the time and thoroughness of appli- cation, and weather conditions under which the spraying was done. The most widely used delayed dormant spray consists of petroleum oil 3 per cent and tar oil 4 per cent by volume. — 23-^ TABLE 1.— Results of some dormant sprays for control of rosy apple aphids, Winchester, Virginia. rp' f No of Average Number of Apiucation Orchards Material and amount per 100 gal. "infested clusters" (Variety: Rome) Nov. 1937 1 Tar oil 2%% and petroleum oil 3% .... lo »• * M 1 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 9.8 oz. in oil 2% 18 Check trees, not sprayed ^'^^ (Varieties: Rome, Gano, Stayman & Yorli) Mar 1938 4 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 9.8 oz. m oil 2% ; 26 »' " 4 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 7.4 oz. in oil 2% 45 " " 4 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 8 oz. . . . t^ " " 4 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 11.3 oz. in Dry-mix and oil 2% 5 MM 4 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 7.5 oz. in Dry-mix and oil 2% 26 Check trees, not sprayed 654 (Varieties: Rome and Gano) Mar. 1937 2 Tar oil 21/2% and oil 3% 2 " »' 2 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 9.8 oz. in oil 2% . 3 Check trees, not sprayed 496 (Variety: York) Mar. 1936 1 Tar oil 21/2 '/f and oil 37c 19 " " 1 Dinitro-o-cyclo-hexylphenol 8.9 oz. in oil 1.8% 31 Check trees, not sprayed 154 TABLE 2. Results of somf delayed dormant sprays for control of rosy apple aphids, Winchester, Virginia. Average No. of infested clusters ] per ti-ee Date Materials and amount per 100 gallons Rome York Sprayed Orchard Orchard 1937 Apr. 13 Oil 2% 131 >» »» Oil 3% . 28 >» »» Oil 3% and nicotine sulphate 1 pt. 19 >» >» Oil 3% and cresylic acid V2 gal. 32 * M ft Oil 3.4% and tar oil 4% 31 )• ft Lime sulfur 2 gal. and nicotine sulphate 1 pint Trees, not sprayed 10 554 1938 Mar. 25-26 Oil 3 7o 104 M »» Oil 3% and nicotine sulphate 1 pt. 68 13 tt >» Oil 3% and cresylic acid V2 gal. 31 34 t» »» Oil 3%) and tar oil .4% 16 24 ft M Lime sulfur 2 gal. and nicotine sulphate 1 pint 33 56 Trees, not sprayed 565 598 24 PROTECTING TREES AND ORCHARD SOILS A. C. COOPER. State College, Pa. One of the most serious erosion problems is found in oui' orchards. It is not uncommon to see orchards cut by gullies a foot or more m depth. Even though no gullies occur in an orchard, we should not think that this orchard is free of erosion. In many cases, trees have been noticed growing on mounds and when such cases occur, we would assume that erosion was the cause of the condition. This type of erosion has been g^omg on since the orchard was planted, and it has been slowly but surely carrying soil out of the orchard with each ram. This type of erosion is known as sheet erosion. It takes place so slowly that we do not notice it, but if we were able to see its accumulation of soil over a period of years no doubt. It would give us much concern. To replace this top- soil we lose with each storm, we must convert raw subsoil into topsoil by lime and fertilizer applications. We are amazed at the quantities of fertilizer necessary for this con- version to produce satisfactory crop returns. Such quanti- ties of fertilizer are necessary because every pound of soil lost means a loss of the minerals necessary for plant growth Over a long period of years, nature would replace this loss by rock and organic matter decay. We cannot wait for nature to perform, so we buy quantities of fertilizer to replace that lost by erosion. Much of this worry could have been avoided by simple erosion control practices. * The time to be concerned about ei-osion is when an orchard site is selected. One of the first steps in reducing erosion losses is to plan a contour layout for the new orchard True we might feel strange in a contour planted orchard, if we have been accustomed to straight rows, but these straight rows have been responsible for tons of soil lost annually. We should look ahead and think about soil saving before soil losses take place ; and thus avoid much worry and inconven- ience while an orchard is being ruined by erosion. What is a contour planted orchard ? It is one in which the trees are planted m rows on a level around the hill. If a level were set up at a point on a tree row, and sights were taken, the row would neither pull up nor down at any point. This means that it we were to walk along the row of trees, we would never be walking up nor down hill in following the row nx)m one end to the other. Each row of trees, in such an orchard, is level. ■ - . The question might be asked "What advantages are there in contour planting and how does it reduce erosion?" As stated above, in such a planting, we are constantly working — 25 — 1 r around the hill on the level. There are no tillage marks run- ning up and down hill to form channels for the water to flow in and thus cause a gully. It is not uncommon to find sprayer or wagon tracks that have been the cause of serious gullies because the tree rows were not on the contour. In a contour planted orchard each tillage tool mark becomes a miniature reservoir. It holds the water or slows its movement off of the land. The slower the movement of the water, the greater the possibilities for the soil to absorb more moisture. The advantages of a contour planting might be listed as follows : first, reduction of soil losses ; second, an aid in mois- ture consei-vation ; and third, easier and more economical op- eration of heavy orchard equipment. These advantages cer- tainly should remove any doubt in our minds as to the desira- bility of a contour planted orchard. After we have established a contour orchard, our next step is to establish a cover crop system in the orchard. Contour planting cannot be expected to control erosion when the or- chard is clean cultivated continuously through the growing season. Cover crops in orchards, for the most part, have been used as soil builders and little thought has been given to their abil- ity to reduce erosion losses. When we realize the millions of thread-like roots produced by a good cover crop, it is easy to understand how these roots tie the soil down. Assisting the roots are the stems and leaves which form a mat on the sur- face of the soil and protect it from heavy downpours and flowing water. This mat offers resistance to moving water and consequently reduces its velocity. A reduction in veloc- ity means greater absorption of the water by the soil. Many different systems of cover crops are used. All of these systems are advantageous in that they keep the ground covered a portion of each year. In many cases, the cover crop could be maintained much longer and cultivation periods shortened. There is little to be gained in growing a cover crop, if it is allowed to stand for only a short period of time and is then disked in, leaving the soil bare of cover for a month or more at a time. Whatever gain we have made by disking under this cover crop may soon be lost by erosion. Little need be said about the different materials used for cover crops. However, it might be pointed out that plants with an extensive spreading root system seem more effective in controlling erosion than those with a tap root system. Plants that grow close to the ground are more effective in controlling erosion than those that grow upright with a sin- gle stem. With the number of different plants usable for cover crops, we should have little difficulty in finding some that are satisfactory from the standpoint of economy^ ero- sion control, and the production of a large tonnage of roots as well as tops for disking into the soil. In laying out a contour orchard, a level of some type is ne- cessary, together with stakes, hammer and a tape. Two per- sons can do the job but three will speed up the layout work considerably. The level need not be expensive and for want of something better a carpenter's level can be used. However, where a large acreage is to be laid out, it might be worth while to in- vest in a small hand level or an inexpensive tripod level. The saving of time required for contour layouts would make eith- er type level a good investment and in addition it could be used for other work. Stakes used for working the contour lines need not be of any particular size or material. Something similar to plaster lath which is cheap, light in weight and fair size answers the purpose. In using a hand level, two persons of somewhat uniform height work together. Preparatory to starting the actual field work, both persons standing on the same level surface (such as barn or machinery building, floor, etc.) face each other. The one using the level, sights through it on the other party and thus establishes a point on his body to serve as a target. It might be the point of his nose, his eyes or the middle of his forehead. The selection of the starting point for the first contour row is seldom important in orchard layout work. Of course, we may want a row to match up with some object or boun- dary in the field, and when this is the case, that object could be the starting point. At the starting point the first stake is driven and the man with the level stations himself at this point. The man to be sighted on, with a bundle of stakes and a hammer, paces about one hundred feet (approximately 33 to 35 ordinary steps) from the first stake, walking as near on the level or contour as possible. After approximately one hundred feet are paced, he stops and faces the man with the level. The man with the level then signals or calls to the man being sighted on to move up or down the slope if necessary and when the part of his body serving as the target coincides ^yith the level; then at this point another stake is driven. The man with the level moves to the new location and the other man paces another one hundred feet, in order to estab- lish the next level point. This operation is continued until the contour or level line extends across the field. In this manner the first tree row is established. In case a third man 2()~- — 27-^ :; NEVER ENDING LEADERSHIP OF BEAN HICH PRESSURE PUMPS Is Placed Upon Us by LEADING Growers Everywhere, As Successful Growers Depend Upon BEAN to Protect Their Crops. Years of experience have proven that it is dangerous to take a chance with anything but the best and they know they get the best from Bean. THEY DEMAND FOR THEIR PROTECTION 1. PROVEN MODERN PUMP ENGINE AND TANK CONSTRUC- TION which provides the utmost in quality, long life, pressure, capacity, and foremost safety mechanical features. Bean is years ahead in all these things, proven by years of use. 2. CONVENIENCES. Narrower tread. No tearing through the trees. Shorter turning and tracks the tractor. Modern, convenient and safe platform and railing equipment. Easy and fast straining and filling equipment, easily cleaned. Pneumatic tires with everlasting roller bear- ing wheels, with lightest draft. Easy draining and cleaning of pump ahd tank. Many other features. See Our Dealer About This 100% Protection at the ^^ Least Spraying? Cost. ,. ' WE NEVER SHIRK OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO YOU. PROFIT BY IT. JOHN BEAN MFG. CO., Lansing, Mich. ::=£ is available to assist with the work, he can take care of carry- ing and driving the stakes, the second man then serving only as the target. It might be wise to mark each contour line and this can be done by having the man who drives the stakes use a lumber crayon and mark each stake after driv- ing. All stakes in the first row could be marked No. 1 or A and those in the second row No. 2 or B, and so on for each succeeding row. (Note: For definite information in main- taining and using a carpenter's level for field work consult Extension Circular No. 212). The second row is established by moving up or down the hill the desired distance between rows, and running another contour line. Additional contour lines are established.imti] the area is completely laid out. Remembering that each row is a level line around the hill, we find that the distance between rows will not be uniform. For instance, we desire our tree ix)ws to be 40 feet apart, this 40 feet becomes an average, though our rows may spread to 50 feet at one point or pinch to 30 feet at another point. Such fluctuations have no significance when compared to the advantages of being able to cultivate and work on the con- tour. These fluctuations are due to the fact that seldom, if ever, does a field have the same per cent of slope at all points. After a few of the contours are marked with stakes, it is wise to mark each contour line with a furrow, by plowing out each line of stakes. The reason each contour is marked in such a manner is- to eliminate the danger of crossing from one contour line to another. By plowing out the contours as we stake them, it reduces the number of stakes necessary. If we wait until all the rows aie marked by stakes, so many stakes might be confusing when we attempt to plow out the contours. When all the contours are plowed out, we find places where the distance between rows is greater than necessary. In such places we can mark out short rows. If some of the contours are closer than the set minimum distance between ix)ws, trees can be left out of one of the rows at such points to eliminate crowding. The trees are planted the desired distance apart on the contour lines. Each Pennsylvania producer in 1939 a booster for "Appal- achian Apples/' ^ : o— — • * ■ , Every fruit gmwer in Pennsylvania a member of the State Horticultural Association. . — 28 — — 29 — '■•av/^"^ , .V' '}^)ffc^ ?:■•■ *.T "';; r AIDS IN INSECT CONTROL H. E. HODGKISS, State CoUege, Pa. The relative merits of well established insect control prac- tices are perennial topics for discussion by orchardists. This is particularly the case where growers are operating under somewhat different situations and they are unfamiliar with environmental or other conditions that may factor in the re- sults each has obtained. Such differences of opinion are wel- comed as they serve to indicate the effectiveness of the pro- gram as well as to disclose its weakness. In any insect control program primary suppression meth- ods are essential. At times these may fail owing to tremen- dous increases in the population of a single species. Then it becomes expedient to suggest the inclusion of some method which in itself may reduce the numbers of the insects consid- erably although it is recognized that the practice by itself is hardly worthwhile. The usefulness of such expedients is often only temporary since the combined practice in course of time brings about a more normal condition. This can be handled by the primary method suggested for that purpose. The general picture of the insect damage in our Pennsyl- vania orchards is undergoing a definite revision. For a num- ber of years our attention has been focused on codling moth activities in the Cumberland Valley and nearby counties. Now the scene is shifting further east and fruit growers in this area are going through a similar experience. In some apple plantings the apple curculio is increasing at an alarm- ing rate. The plum curculio and the apple red bugs are the outstanding depredators in the northern and northeastern area. In Western Pennsylvania the apple maggot is the most destructive of all the orchard infesting species. Throughout the State the San Jose scale and the European red spider are again causing apple growers much concern. The terrapin scale, plum curculio, and arsenical injury are most bothersome in peach orchards. In Erie County grape growers have expressed much concern on account of an un- usual development of the grape berry moth which for 20 years or more has not caused such important fruit reduc- tions. Despite these conditions the insect control program did not fall down completely. Orchardists as a whole met the larger problems with confidence. The results of their efforts were most gratifying to them. Cherry growers in Erie County, for instance, whose losses in 1937 were rather large as a result of maggot damage to the cherries did not have much trouble from the insect this year. This condition may be credited to the closer attention that was given to control practices during the 1938 spraying season. Spraying Information. The relative effectiveness of the msect spraymg inforaiation as interpreted and used by apple orchardists in 1938 was ascertained by counts of fruits at picking time in 312 orchards in 50 counties. These plantings were chosen as they represented a cross section of the apple growing area which would furnish a fairly accurate index of the apple insect control in the State. The orchards visited yielded 2,248,375 bushels of apples or slightly less than one- fourth of the total estimated State yield which was 9,947,000 bushels. Total insect damage in orchards spray ed ' exactly according to the recommendations amounted to 3.9 per cent In 194 orchards in which the information was not used as given the insect injuries reached 17.3 per cent. These per- centages can be compared to an average loss of 63.9 per cent of the apples in unsprayed orchards. In the 104 orchards completely sprayed 1,186,400 bushels of apples were harvested of which 1,134,997 bushels were free from insect injuiy. The 194 incompletely sprayed plantings yielded 1,036,975 bushels and of these only 857,095 bushels were free from insect blemishes. The figures when applied as an index of the statewide use of apple insect control practices indicated that 33.3 per cent of the orchards were completely sprayed ; 62.2 per cent were partially sprayed and 4.5 per cent received no protection. In- sets damaged 941,175 more bushels of apples in the partly sprayed orchards than in those completely sprayed and this indicated a monetary loss of $470,588 according to the stand- ard of valuation set up and used for reporting results in ear- lier years. a)dling Moth. The work on codling moth suppression in- cluded (1) the proper timing of insecticidal sprays, (2) at- tention to thoroughness and completeness of spray applica- tions and (3) the value of supplementary measures as a means of reducing codling moth population. r'^u^^i^u^ u^ spraying periods for codling moth was accom- plished by hanging pails containing an attractive liquid bait in trees m an orchard. Bait pails were set in 15 orchards in 11 counties. In addition to providing the technical informa- tion these traps had an important educational value. Apple growers and the men they employed in the orchard opera- tions showed an increased interest in insect control as they came to recognize the codling moth adult and other insects that ordinarily are trapped in the pails. It appeared as though many of them had not previously realized that their apple trees harbored so many kinds of insects. Few of the orchardists having this method demonstration located in their plantings in past years have been willing to give up the practice but are continuing to use the bait pails as they claim that it gives them and their men an added incentive to do the right sort of a job. — 31 — ■f- ■;. 'f-V-^v,i;yv ■'»''- ^^r ^- ^^^---^^vi-y,. I I Statewide figures on the thoroughness and completeness in spraying were complicated on account of a late freeze which practically destroyed all the apples in several western counties. Despite this condition 53.2 per cent of all the or- chards visited in 1938 were completely sprayed for codling moth. In these plantings codling moth damages amounted to only 2.1 per cent. Various practices were followed in 42.3 per cent of the orchards and as a result 14.9 per cent of the apples harvested were injured. Losses in unsprayed blocks averaged 41.4 per cent. » One large apple orchard owner in Berks County stated dur- ing the spring that his codling moth infestation was increas- ing too rapidly and asked our assistance. Knowing the past history of the orchard it appeared as if timing of the spray applications was the vital factor. With that in mind we sug- gested to the grower that if he would run a set of five bait pails he could observe the activity of codling moth in his own orchard and with our help time his spray applications accur- ately. The grower cooperated and even applied one extra spray of lead arsenate. Apple counts in the orchard at har- vest indicated that the codling moth infestation was 4.8 per cent as compared to a 19 per cent infestation in 1937. Chemicall}^ treated bands placed around the trunks of apple trees were demonstrated as a supplementary means of reducing infestation by destroying the larvae. This was a continuation of similar work conducted during the past eight years as a result of which most all of the growers having heavily infested orchards are using the treated paper bands. Some men are using bands made of burlap and the purpose of the demonstrations was to show that the treated or ''self killing" band is the more efficient. Table 1 is a record of woiTn catches under treated bands in the demonstrations in seven counties and is included to illustrate the value of the practice. These figures are similar to those obtained in dem- onstrations conducted in other years and were taken to illus- trate the benefits to be derived from the use of supplemen- tary practices such as banding. TABLE 1. Codli ng Moth Worm Catches Under Treated Bands in 1938 in Southeastern Pennsylvania Orchards. Total Total Average Number of Number Number Larvae Larvae Collected County of Trees Collected Per Tree Adams 31 2,136 68.9 Delaware 11 220 20.0 Franklin 35 4,831 138.0 Lancaster 22 574 26.0 Lehigh 75 616 8.2 Montgomery- 12 703 58.5 York 8 781 97.6 Totals 194 9,861 50.8 . The reduction of infestation by spraying, supplemented by banding was shown by records taken in Lehigh County. These apple trees were banded with treated bands in 1936 and sprayed during the season according to spraying infor- mation suggestions. This practice has been continued. Re- cords of worms under bands were taken in 1936 and again in 1938. The worm population in 1936 under 74 bands totaled 1,666. In 1938 under 75 bands on the same group of trees the catch was only 616 worms. This practice was further emphasized by observations made in Franklin County. Under treated bands on three trees not sprayed with poison there were 1,173 worms. But on seven trees from the section of the orchard sprayed with an arsenical there were only 291 worms under the bands. Larvae of codling moth find hiding places in apple contain- ers or equipment used in the orchard during harvest. These worms pupate and the adults emerge in the spring while the equipment is stored in buildings until the apple picking sea- son again is on. Screening of such buildings is the recom- mended practice. In the Autumn of 1937 a grower in Franklin County hav- ing a large apple tree acreage screened the building in which all the picking crates and baskets used in the orchard at har- vest were stored. Several thousand moths emerged but they could not get out to deposit eggs and subsequently died. The orchardist realized for the first time the extent of the infes- tation harbored in these containers and where his secondary infestation was originating. He plans to follow the same practice before spring opens the 1939 growing period. Apple Aphids. The rosy apple aphis holds a continuing threat over apple fruit production. The delayed dormant spraying with nicotine against the nymphs when hatching is still the standard procedure after more than a quarter of a century of use. In recent years attempts to lengthen the time during which control can be obtained through the use of ovicides as dormant spring applications resulted in the de- velopment of the oil-cresylic acid combination and the creo- sote oil spray. Since then another preparation commonly known as D N oil has been shown to be efficient for the pur- pose and to have less objectionable characteristics. Table 2 is the tabulation of a record taken in an orchard where the owner had applied the two sprays listed. TABLE 2. Efficiency of D N Oil in Rosy Aphis Control* Materials Terminals Examined Terminals Infested Apples Examined Apples Injured D-N Oil No. 300 P. Ct. .0 No. 200 200 P. Ct. 0.5 JL-ime Sulphur 300 38.3 18.5 — 32 — ^Dowspray Dormant used at manufacturers recommendations. 33 — m m I European Red Spider. One fruit grower in Berks County requested assistance in contix)lling a red spider infestation on apples during the summer. The foliage was seriously in- jured when the help was asked, however, it was rather for- tunate that a Bordeaux spray had been recently used and by waiting a few days enough time had elapsed since the last lime sulphur spray to provide a safety factor in the summer oil spraying. Three sprayings were made to a portion of the orchard. The remainder was treated twice. The control of red spider was satisfactory and there were no bad effects from the three oil applications. At harvest time the fruit was closely checked and found to be of good size and color and the grower well pleased with the spider control work. Pistol Case Bearer. We were called on to assist in the control of a pistol case bearer infestation in an Adams Coun- ty apple orchard. The insect was so abundant in the spring that at least 75 per cent of the foliage and fruit buds were destroyed. Two summer oil spray applications w^ere timed properly and applied thoroughly. As a result an exception- ally satisfactoiy control was obtained. Two nearby apple growers with a much lighter infestation of the same insecr used summer oil applications at the same time as the above grower and both report satisfactory re- sults in control of the insect. Grape* The grape berry moth was the most troublesome insect in the extensive vineyard area comprising Erie County although for 20 or more years its numbers have been insig- nificant. The ordinary control practices apparently have failed to check the large infestations of the insects and many grape growers view the situation with alarm. Some work was commenced to ascertain if the standardized recommen- dations were faulty. This will be continued and additional efforts will be taken to provide adequate measures for con- trol. Japanese Beetle. A peach grower in Bucks County asked for assistance in controlling Japanese beetle on early ripen- ing varieties of peaches. He stated that he used our control recommendations in 1937 without satisfactory results. The orchard was visited this summer when the Japanese beetles started to appear and an application of 3 pounds of Derris (4 per cent rotenone) and 3 pounds rosin-residue emulsion in 100 gallons of water was applied. A second application was made 8 days later and the peaches were protected satis- factorily until harvested with very little noticeable residue on the fruit. It also came out during the work that the reason for poor results in 1937 was that a mistake was made by the grower and he used the insecticides at only half the recommended strength. These same materials were used with good results on early ripening varieties of peaches in Chester, Delaware and Mont- gomery Counties by a few growers. In Delaware County they were applied to protect sweet cherries, including the fruits and foliage, and proved to be very satisfactory for this purpose. Lecanium Scale. The peach lecanium scale is a serious in- sect pest in several peach orchards over Southeastern Penn- sylvania, particularly in Aflams and Franklin Counties. We were asked by one grower in Adams County for special help in controlling this pest. A six per cent oil emulsion was thor- oughly applied to this peach orchard in early spring just as the buds started to swell. Some fruit buds on the trees were killed, nevertheless, the trees required two thinnings of fruits during the summer and only an occasional living scale was found. The fruit at harvest showed no evidence of scale infestation although the grower reported that he had consid- erable trouble in culling out scale injured peaches in 1937. Apple Curculio. This insect in past years has caused some damage in individual orchards. More recently larger centers of infestation have appeared. These have started in apple orchards planted adjacent to wooded areas and have been due to the migration of the adults from their native hosts. In all instances nut bearing trees have been abundant in the woodlands. Damage is caused both by feeding and egg laying in small apples soon after they have set in the spring and by feeding late in summer by adults that have developed from the eggs laid in the spring. One generation occurs each year but the fruits are injured by the hibernating adults of the genera- tion developing during the previous summer and those devel- oping during the current year. This has given rise to an im- pression some fruit growers have received that the insect is two brooded. Control practices are not easy on account of the feeding habits. For that reason we have depended on (1) making the fruits objectionable to the adults, (2) cleaning out all wood growth close to the orchard if this can be accomplished, (3) removing drop apples from beneath the trees and taking all damaged apples from the trees. This practice was discus- sed at an earlier meeting of this Association by Mr. R. C. Mc- Donald who stated his experience with the practice was quite satisfactory. Other men may not be able to follow his plan entirely but in any case it should be remembered that the gathering of infested fruits and destroying them is essential. — 34 — — 35 — Outlook for 1939 Our observations in orchards at harvest last fall confirmed other information obtained during last spring and summer. It appears that there will be no extensive reductions in the species that caused primary damages during 1938. The in- crease in rosy aphis infestation is a warning that this insect should not be disregarded. San Jose scale and the European red spider need particular attention. There is no reason to believe that any species will he less damaging than it was this year. Apple growers w^ho are planning to set young trees this year should take care jiot to use a location where the Periodical Cicada emerged in 1923. Brood XIV, 1940 covers an extensive area and may be expected to occur in many of the counties where Brood X 1936 occurred. If planting is advisable in such locations the trees will need pro- tective coverings during the active period of the insects in the early Summer of 1940. The counties in which Brood XIV may be expected to appear are: Adams, Bedford, Berks, Blair, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Cum- berland, Franklin, Huntingdon, Lancaster, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, Mifilin, Montour, Northumberland, Potter, Sny- der, Schuylkill, Tioga, Union and York. The Insect Control Program No changes are contemplated in the insecticides recom- mended. If it is necessary to make any change to meet un- forseen situations in regard to insects the growers will be informed well in advance of the time at which such modifica- tions will be advised. It is suggested that weak combinations of creosote oil and petroleum oil should not be expected to give effective control of aphis and red spider. Experience with these materials in- dicate that a spraying oil for red spider eggs is more effect- ive at a dilution of 4 per cent than weaker solutions. In no case should the spraying oil be lower than 3 per cent when diluted where red spider and scale insects are to be destroyed by doimant sprays. If the orchardist has to make a selection of spraying periods for both red spider and rosy aphis he will be more likely to secure the desired protection by using a dormant spray of nicotine and lime sulphur for the aphis. Applications of the so-called summer spraying oils are likely to result in serious foliage and fruit damage if sulphur sprays have been applied in the preceding cover sprays as they are usually timed. Nicotine has been advised as a contact remedy against in- sects that extract plant juices from leaves or other parts of the trees. The recommendations are continued. Supplementary practices in codling moth control, such as banding, scraping of trees, the screening of storehouses con- taining equipment used during the previous harvest have proven their usefulness so definitely that they are recom- mended to be used by all apple growers who are confronted with the problem. Other items in the program are just as important as those that have been mentioned. Whatever the insect control problem is and whatever is the means of solution the cardinal principles yet are (1) the selection of proper insecticides, (2) efficient machinery, and (3) thoroughness in making the treatments. Appalachian Apples, Inc. is doing a commendable work. o Which county can report the greatest increase in member- ship? I o • Apples must find a market in competition with other fruits. ^ o A copy of the annual proceedings is available for each new member. o Apples are unable to talk but a cent per bushel can go places in advertising. Increased membership means increased efficiency — there's strength in numbers. o Reduce the percentage of culls, make the acquaintance of more satisfied customers. o Read the advertisements and patronize the commercial concerns reserving space. o ■ Do you maintain membership in Appalachian Apples, Inc. ? — Your support would be a great help. , If your copy of the ''American Fruit Grower'' fails to ar- rive, don't wait until the Harrisburg meeting, a card to the secretary now shoul(J bring results. 37 — •* WAYS AND MEANS OF REDUCING THE QUANTITY OF NON-PROFIT CULL APPLES H. W. PRETTYMAN, Extension Horticulturist, Marketing, Inwood, W. Va. Ever since we have been selling apples in a commercial way, we have had to contend with this matter of the non- profitable cull portion of the crop. A couple of years ago, in setting up an exhibit in connection with the Apple Harvest Festival in Martinsburg, Dr. Ray Marsh, Head of our Hor- ticultural Department at West Virginia University, pictur- ized the cull apple as a disreputable and battered individual, and labeled it with the statement "Nobody Loves a Cull.'' This, I think sizes up the situation pretty well, but as I par- ticipate in the harvest and marketing of the great crops of apples which are produced in this area extending from Har- risburg on the North to Harrisonburg, Virginia,— I see so many of these so called, unloved culls, that I sometimes won- der if it is quite true that nobody loves them ; certainly, no good apple producer has any use for them, but unfortunately not all of our apple growers are good producers, and we ac- tually have quite a number of orchardists who grow nothing but culls. These men, literally have been whipped by our present production and marketing set up, and have conclud- ed that they actually can make more real, net cash out of growing culls than they would if they undertook to grow good fruit. Now there are a number of things that enter into any man's decision to give up in this manner, and it might be well for us to consider some of these factors before we proceed to discuss some of the things which we think might be helpful in reducing the quantity of non-profitable culls. With some of these men, I think the main reason why they have ceased to grow good apples is the fact that their trees have become old and just naturally fail to produce good apples no matter what eff'ort may be put forth to alter the situation. Most orchards of this class are on the thinner shale soils, and the vast majority of them were so seriously injured by the droughts of recent years that it is extremely unlikely that they will long continue to burden the industry with the poor fruit they produce. On the other hand, we find some well located but poorly managed orchards on some of our better soils, and where or- chards of this kind are producing an undue proportion of culls it generally can be traced to the indifference of the own- er or to the fact that he has outside interests or other phases of his farm management that interest or pay him more than — 38 — pruning, spraying and all of the other orchard operations which are essential to good fruit production. Here then, I think we have two of the main reasons for the production of so many culls in the Cumberland-Shenan- doah Valley ; namely, an ever increasing number of old weak- ened trees on poor sites and soils and (2) lack oi pride or in- terest of the orchard owner. In each of these cases, the ob- vious remedy for the trouble is a well sharpened ax applied to the tree trunk close to the soil line. Such producers as these may pick up a little extra cash from their apple crops, but they can't make any real money out of their or- chards as regular investments and the sooner we succeed in getting suchorchards cut out the better it will be for the in- dustry. On the other hand many of our better located and better managed orchards are fast becoming too old to profitably produce the high quality fruit demanded by present day merchandising, and where this is true we are encouraging our growers to make new plantings. In some instances new sites may be selected for the new plantings ; elsewhere it may be necessary to set the new trees as replants or inter-plants, but the main thing to do is to get some new plantings start- ed and as your trees become old and fail to produce desirable fruit take them out and put your eflforts into the new plant- ings. And in speaking of new plantings, let's not lose sii^ht of the fact that a poorly colored apple may be just as much of a cull as a badly bruised one or one with a spot of scab on it, — so in selecting new varieties keep this fact in mind and plant the better colored sports of the standard varieties. Then, provided we have good vigorous trees on good soils and under good management, what then about the culls ? Regardless of the condition of the trees, or their location and the care we may give them, every orchard will produce a few apples which we may class as culls. In this category we find misshapen apples ; limb rubs ; hail marks, sun burns ; russet- ed fruit, and quite a few other defects which we commonly think of as non-preventable, but by keeping our trees vig- orous and properly pruned, and by the judicious removal of the defective fruits during the thinning process, it is sur- prising what a small proportion of our culls will be in this classification. However, when it comes to real culls we find such factors as Codling Moth, San Jose Scale, Apple Scab, Blotch, and all the other insects and diseases topping the list, with bruising a close runner up, and all of these are, at least in part, pre- ventable. In West Virginia we began back in 1922 or '23 to render first aid to our growers in the way of a more or less person- — 39 — You'll WANT To Buy This Sprayer ! FARQUHAR-IRON AGE ORCHARD SPRAYER ONE OF THE MANY MODELS— THE FOUR WHEEL SHORT TURN. I DESIGNEI>— For Low Cost Operation and to Meet All Orchard Requirements. COVERAGE at lower gallonage per tree. SPEEDY— delivers liquid in perfect atomized condition. DURABLE — far fewer service stops — self cleaning valves, long cylindri- cal strainer in pump intake chamber quickly accessible. ACCESSIBLE — all parts including valves, displacement tube, plunger, cup, etc., surprisingly accessible. CAPACITIES — 6-10 gallons per minute at 500 pounds pressure. 14, 20 and 37 gallons per minute at any pressures up to 1000 pounds per square inch. Either Porcelain Lined or N. M. Stainless Steel Tubes or Cylinders. Users Say: "YouVe Really Got Something" SEND FOR YOUR CATALOG. A. B. Farquhar Co., Limited 3234 Duke St. YORK, PENNSYLVANIA — 40 — alized spray service to help them to keep down the ravages of insects and diseases. Most of you know our Dr. Sherwood and the good work he has done along this line, so suffice it CO say that it is Sherwood's job to keep in close touch with our principal producers ; watch for the development of all of these insects and diseases and to issue from time to time spray-service letters to advise our growers as to the proper time to spray, what materials to use, how to apply them and any other information he thinks may he helpful in producing high quality fruit. In order to assist him in this work, the State has provided at Inwood (in connection with our demon- stration packing school there) a small field laboratory where he can carry on such research as he may consider necessary as a basis for the information he passes out and which serves as a field headquarters for him where he may be contacted at any time during the active spraying season. For many years we looked upon this spray service as just about the ultimate that could be done to assist in the pro- duction of high quality fruit, and there is no question in any- body's mind but that it has paid big dividends to growers throughout the State and has been a real factor in maintain- ing the States position in putting out high quality fruit. But of recent years we have been hearing more and more com- plaint from both shippers and receivers about the excessive damage that is found in fruit of all grades from this matter of bruising. Many a fine crop of apples on the trees has been practic- ally ruined by rough handling before it reaches the consum- er. And regardless of the source of the damage, the fellow who grew it and prepared it for the market gets the blame. It is true that some packers overlook the importance of care- ful handling and occasionally our Federal-State Inspectators have been obliged to ''turn down'' certain lots because of ex- cessive bruises. On the other hand, many growers who per- sonally have supervised their picking and packing operations have shipped fruit which they knew was almost, if not quite, perfect, only to have it rejected upon arrival. More often than otherwise the principal cause for complaint is the "ter- rible condition of the pack". And, even if the shipment has passed inspection at point-of-origin the buyer is dissatisfied and either re j ects the shipment or demands an adj ustment in price. These experiences usually result in direct financial loss to the shipper and quite often lead to misunderstanding be- tween the grower and his sales agency and to loss of goodwill and valuable trade connections for everybody concerned. Other states have had the same kind of difficulties and in 1927 Gaston in Michigan reported that of the total amount — 41 — of cull apples checked over a two year period, 15 per cent were due to bruises. In Missouri, a study made of the ^'causes of Cull Apples", listed mechanical injuries as second in 1928 and seventh in 1929. In New York State, Overholser conducted a rather detailed study of the cull situation in 1936 and in the same year Ellenwood of Ohio State made a similar survey. The conclusions drawn from the survey in Ohio were as follows : 1. Minor bruising- occurs on the tree before picking. 2. There was considerable variation between pickers as to the amount of bruising. 3. The picking operation did not result in as much bruis- ing as some of the other operations. 4. Stay mans proved more susceptible to bruising (during the picking operation) than other varieties. 5. There was no material difference in the amount of bruises on the apples from three different kinds of picking containers — the conventional padded picking bucket, the canvas bag and one-half bushel baskets lined with heavy can- vas. 6. Not much difference was noted between the crate and the basket as field containers. 7. Emptying the picking container into the field contain- er was an important source of bruising. 8. There was practically no difference between the two methods used to transport the apples from the orchard to the packmg shed. (Small truck and spring wagon). 9. The most important source of bruising was the grad- mg operation. 10. More liberal use of sponge rubber on the grading ma- chmery and more careful handling during the grading opera- tions were recommended. In order to check upon some of our own operations, we be- gan m the fall of 1937 to make a careful check of the amount ot bruising that was done in each of the successive opera- tions, such as (1) by the pickers, (2) in handling from the orchard to the packing house, (3) during the packing pro- cess, (4) in transit to market or storage, and finally (5) after It had gone through storage. In setting up standards for taking data, it was agreed that on one or two slight bruises, not exceeding 14 inch in dia^ — 42 — meter, would be counted as ''none'' ; from one to five bruises under 14 inch in diameter was counted as slight, and all over V2 inch in diameter were considered as "serious". Likewise, more than five slight bruises and all stem punctures and skin breaks, including apples from which the stem had been pull- ed, were classed as follows : TABLE 1. Shows a summary of a number of actual counts to de- termine the amount of bruising done by pickers to each of five varieties. TABLE 1. Summary by varieties of bruising by pickers: DEGREE OF BRUISES Yorks Count ^7( Stayman I Grimes I Gold. Del. I Jons. I Total Count f'A I Count % |Count % | Count f/,\ Count % None Slight Serious 584 138 97 71| 513 171 280 I2I 241 50 27 23 11601 521 5251 474341 64132161 54 346| 151 146j 13| 66 7441 33 459i 401181 10| 976| 17 2611722! 29 TOTAL 8191100 1034|100|2250|100ill30il00|681ll00l5914|100 Percent Total Bruise Placing 29 low 2na 50 2nd| 48 |'3rd , 53 high I 36|av. 46 I4thl A study of these figures indicates that of the five varie- ties listed, Golden Delicious showed the greatest amount of damage by pickers, with total bruising amounting- to 53 per cent; Staymans were a close second with slightly over 50%, and Grimes a close runner up with 48%, while Jonathans came into fourth place with 36% and Yorks lowest with only 28 per cent. The figures on hauling reveal that Jonathans sufl:ered most, with 17 per cent damage and York stood up best with only 10 1/2 per cent. Taking the entire group of five varieties, we see that the average total bruises by pickers amounted to 46 per cent, and by the hauling operations 12.8 and these two operations to- gether brought the total damage up to 58.8 per cent of all the fruit damaged by bruising by the time it was delivered to the platform of the packing house. In order that foreman and managers might profit by these studies, care was taken in every instance to explain the na- ture of our investigations and secure the full co-operation of the field forces in getting representative samples and in hav- ing the fruit under study handled in the usual or customary rnanner. Then as counts were made the infonnation was given at once to the person in charge of the picking or pack- ing operation, and suggestions were made as to some of the probable reasons for some of the damage that was noted. For instance where the container used was the usual pick- ing bag, some pickers would fail to keep it adjusted to the — 43 — number of apples it contained, and this meant that quite often fruit would be dropped two or three times as far as was necessary if the flaps were kept buckeled up to the proper hook, or if it were just a common bag, just a little care in keeping it adjusted at the proper angle across the shoulder may result in materially reducing the amount of injury. Then, too many pickers were doing a lot of damage by im- properly carrying the filled or partially filled bag up and down the ladder. A bag with two bushels, (or even a half bushel), of apples in it, gets pretty heavy as it is carried up and down ladders all day long, and unless the picker is carefully instructed as to how to handle himself and his load, much fruit will be badly damaged in bumping it around on the ladders. Then it is surprising how pickers respond to admonition about emptying their picking bags or buckets into field crates. If they aren't properly instructed, you can go through one of our big orchards most any time and locate the picking crew by listening to them emptying their fruit into the field boxes. I have done it many a time, and it is surprising how many of our, so called, better managers think nothing of the damage that is done to the fruit w^hen it is handled in this manner. When the matter is first called to the attention of the pickers they sometime are inclined to pass it off as of no importance, but when they watch you checking after them and know that you are out to measure their efficiency, the average picker will exercise much more care than he will do if he thinks ^'nobody is looking." Some of the factors entering into damage by hauling were (1) boxes were sometimes over-filled, (2) orchard roads were rough and drivers failed to use good judgment and care to avoid the rough spots, (3) boxes were not always stacked squarely on truck or platform. When a box is over-filled, it means not only severely cut- ting or bruising an apple or two on the top, but the pressure on these few apples is passed down through the box, and quite often we found the apples bruised all the way down through the box to the bottom. A good foreman will over- come this source of tix)uble by working with his pickers and leaders and by showing them exactly how the boxes should be filled. I don't know whether you have as much trouble up here as we do down in West Virginia with stones and ruts in your orchard roads, but if you do, I think it will help a lot in get- ting your fruit out in good condition to spend a few hours whenever possible in going through the orchard and smooth- ing up a few of the ix)ugh spots. Then at harvest time cau- — 44 — il^lilTli- ■T , ' ■ .--iv^V' tion your driver about the damage he does to his load when he gets up too much speed and hits a rough spot or a stone and gives the entire load a severe jolt. Down our way, we use mostly a standard orchard lug box for hauling from the orchard to the packing house This box, as you know, is built to hold a bushel when it is filled to the top of the sides and there is about one inch on each end that stands up as a lug for the next box to rest on Now if care is used in stacking, this works out fine, but when the boxes get old and lose a few lugs, or the driver gets tired and fails to use care in stacking them up squarely*^ you will find that every now and then, the end of one box will drop off the lug and slip down into the apples in the box below. This doesn't seem at the time to amount to much, but if it is al- lowed to get by without attention you soon will find that more and more are getting out of line and it will result in plenty of trouble so far as your bruising problems are con- cerned. Fast handling on roller conveyors is another potential source of damage by bruising. Next time you see some loose truit being handled m this way, just what happens when the boxes are swung onto the conveyor with a jerk and given a slam into those boxes which the stacker may not have got- ten out of the way. Every apple in two or more boxes will give a bounce and when this happens, especially to such var- ieties as Grimes, Golden Delicious and Stayman an unbeliev- able number of slight bruises are added to all the rest that accumulate so rapidly from the time the fruit leaves the tree So watch carefully for this apparently minor source of trouble, for our experience has been that it is not the occas- ionally badly cut and bruised apple that brings such a pro- test from the man who buys our apples, but rather this mul- tiplicity of many and miscellaneous bruises that so badly mars the general appearance of our eastern packed apples. Bruises Caused by Machines In order to determine the amount of bruising done by each unit of a grader, it necessitates the slow procedure of run- ning a given sample through each unit and checking the sam- ple before it passes on to the next unit. Various attempts were made to do this by random sampling at different points on the grader, but the results varied so widely that they gave but little indication of what actually happens as the fruit is passed from one unit to another. In one instance, however, a bruise free sample of Grimes was run over a grader with an underflood brush-type washer, a ^^kicker wheel" sizer and continuous bin with distributing belts, and as the apples passed each of these units, the machine was stopped and a complete check made of the resultant bruises. — 45 — ■ . A":-^ "j^ ' ^ 'i^ T*T *, - ,w-^ ? •-; ^-'■^z ^ , ir.4 ■■-,;■■• •,^v :; r.^f,r*?^^«^"''-v.'' ., ^ "'■ . ii The results of this work are shown in Table 8. TABLE 3. Bruises Caused by Various Units of Our Apple Grader. DEGREE OF BRUISE At Start I Thru Washer I Thru Sizer | In Bins Count ^. Vc Count I % Count % Count! % None 1 215 100 91 42 63 29 46 21 Slight _-_ 119 56 123 57 105 49 Serious 5 2 29 14 64 30 TOTAL 215 100 215 100 215 100 215 100 From this table it will be seen that 58 per cent of the apples were bruised to some extent by the washing unit ; the sizer added another 13 per cent to what the washer had done, and by the time the fruit was in the bins and ready to be run into the package, the total amount of bruising came to 79 per cent of an originally 100 par cent bruise-free sample. This check was made in one of our better packing houses and, while much variation will be found in the amount of damage done by different machines, yet the fact remains that all of them injure the fruit to some extent and every possible pre- caution should be taken to eliminate mechanical injury and to educate our packing crews to handle the fruit more care- fully at all times. Bruises in the Container The Federal Grade Regulations state that all No. 1 apples shall be free from bruises except "those incident to proper handling and packing." Mr. M. E. Smith of the Fruit and Vegetable Standardization Division of the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics conducted a very general survey during the season to determine just how much bruising damage was incident to proper handling and packing. The results of this work have not been made known, but in order that we might know something of the extent to which bruising is found in the package, before it leaves the packing house, counts were made on a number of varieties, and it was found that the average total bruises in baskets, ready for shipment, but be- fore loaded on cars, was 57 per cent. Grimes was highest with 72 per cent and York lowest with 28 per cent. The seri- ous damage ranged from 14 per cent in Yorks to 57 per cent in Grimes and Golden Delicious. Most of the serious bruis- ing found in the baskets was due to numerous slight bruises and to cuts, stem punctures a»d heavy bruises resulting from pressure applied in lidding and stacking. More care on the part of runners to keep the fruit well settled as the bas- ket is being filled and close supervision by the foreman of the net contents of the package should reduce in some measure the injury done by over-pressing during the lidding process. In many instances much of the injury by rough handling can be avoided by providing the proper kind of trucks or convey- — 46 — or systems for taking it away from the lidders, and by direct- ing the warehousemen to exercise more care in stacking and loading. Likewise the use of filmsy containers, be they boxes or baskets, should be avoided. Only the most rigid types should be used if you want your fruit to reach the retailer with anything like an attractive appearance. Some follow up was made during the 1937-38 marketing season on the condition of apples after they had gone through storage, and were offered for sale on the Morgan- town market. In this study we examined several different kind of packages, each as export tubs, wirebound boxes, 1 1-5 bushel boxes, jumbled packed, and standard pack Northwes- tern boxes. The results of these studies are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4. DEGREE j ly-. Box | Ex. Tubs | Ex. Tubs | Wire B. Box | N. W. Boxi OP I Winch. Va. I Nearby | Winch. Va.|Fred'k. Md.| Wash. | All BRUISE IBlk. TwiKsl Red Del. | Gold Del.) Stayman | Red Del. I aO [Count % I Count % | Count % [Count % |Count % |Count c/^ None Slight Serious 1509 56 I 8 I 185 I 28 I 46 I 5 I 13 I 2 171 I 23 324 I 48 |217 I 26 1174 29 69 166 I 24 1573 69 423 69 59 147 254 13 32 55 229 ] 10 886 I 31 1671 I 59 TOTAL |736 |100 | 675 IIOO |836 |100 1610 100 460 100 2856 1100 TOTAL Bruises 92 72 95 98 87 89 It IS interesting to note in this study that the apples ship- ped into West Virginia from the State of Washington showed less total bruise and less bruise of a serious nature than all of the samples checked from the Shenandoah producing area, and that the amount of serious damage was identical (69%) in the wirebound, 1 1-5 bushel box, and export tubs. During the past season, we continued our study of bruis- ing, but confined it almost exclusively to determining the ef- fects of various net weights on the problem of bruises in the packages. As all you know, there is always a difference of opinion between the man who packs the fruit and the one who buys it as to how much fruit there should be in the bas- ket. Accordingly, we set out to leam just how much dam- age was done to the apples when the packages were heaped up as some buyers insist upon having them. To get at the problem, we ran several series of test baskets with weights ranging from 431/2 lbs. to 48 lbs. net, and after these pack- ages were lidded and set aside in the shipping room, they were carefully inspected for both total bruises and for bruises that apparently were due to the pressure of one apple upon another or to contact with the lid or package proper. The results we secured from this study would indi- cate that varieties like Grimes, Stayman and Golden De- licious should be packed with not more than 441/2 to 451/2 lbs. — 47 — per bushel. As a matter of fact, however, the commercial shipments from the Inwood Plant were packed, Grimes 441/2 pounds, Staymans 46 pounds and Golden Delicious 45 pounds, When packed, these packages presented a full, rounded ap- pearance, and most of the U. S. Certificates issued against them read "pack tight" or '*pack fairly tight'', and it was evi- dent that any more apples would have resulted in much dam- age from bruising. However, there was considerable com- plaint from the receivers of this fruit that the packages were "slack'' upon arrival, smd, several cars that were placed in cold storage had to be "plugged" before shipment early in December. Apparently the cause for much of this trouble comes from our present method of packing. When the basket is substi- tuted for the metal tub, the paper lining has a tendency to keep the fruit from settling properly in the basket. Then, when it makes the journey to market or storage, the jolting in transit tends to settle it and it becomes "slack". As a check against this we propose to continue the study and to compare ordinary export tubs with such packs as E. Z. way which may be packed without the use of the metal forms. Some of the details of the study on net weights are shown in Table 5. Table Showing- Number of Apples Per Bushel with Bruises of a Seri- ous Nature Caused by Contact with the Container or Other Apples. VARIETY NET WEIGHT PER BUSHEL— POUNDS 4'A% 44 441/2 45 45% 46 46% 47 47% 48 7 7 7 9 8 7 8 10 3 5 12 8 19 19 20 20 20 23 Total 124 152 YORKS 3 in. up Average 21 25 2 6 2 6 144 24 5 3 4 9 147 166 182 203 218 25 28 30 34 36 6 9 3 6 7 6 4 7 10 6 5 8 STAYMANS 3 in. up Total Average Total Average 8 4 8 18 8 4 12 16 21 5 11 18 24 6 18 14 24 6 15 22 29 7 26 27 12 6 10 J_9_ 47 12 30 27 16 19 21 21 289 48 17 21 15 18 77 19 31 26 71 18 39 28 24 24 WINESAPS No. 1, 2% in. up Total Average RED DELICIOUS 2% up Total Average GRIMES 2y2-2% Total 34 31 45 66 64 72 66 55 68 73 Average 17 15% 22% 33 32 36 33 55 68 73 GOLDEN DELICIOUS 2% up 16 28 24 20 27 31 41 28 39 49 22 80 31 26 40 23 48 45 67 74 24 12 31 29 25 31 40 31 62 33 16 21 29 23 20 34 23 41 43 39 26 28 22 26 30 29 26 36 34 45 21 28 17 23 24 34 35 37 44 62 H 16 15 13 8 20 38 40 43 48 7 8 7l^ 6% 4 10 19 20 22 24 11 16 15 15 14 11 14 38 41 44 11 16 15 15 14 11 14 38 41 44 16 18 32 41 38 42 45 55 68 73 18 13 23 25 26 30 21 * • • • • • 302 50 16 21 28 25 90 22% 33 26 Average of All 14% 16 26 28 29 32 37 53 57 57 67 59 13 14 14% 16 18% 26% 28% 28% 33% 29% 15 17 18 21 25 28 34 36 — 48 — ■J: .:, I'lr'-Fii' ^:ys,: '^•^^.■'.^. Conclusions : 1. Reduce the average age of trees by: (a) Replanting on better sites and soils. (b) Removing non-profitable plantings on poor site soils. 2. wood. 8. 4. Keep trees growing vigorously. Prune out weak Remove defective fruits in thinning process. Follow systematic spray program. Watch pickers individually — they bruise from 10 to 50 per cent of all the apples. 5. Hauling adds 10% to bruises. Improve orchard roads. Use good crates and exercise more care in filling and hand- ling them. 6. Use sponge rubber as padding about the grader. Elim- inate excessive drops — reduce size and slope of packing bins — time feeding to the rate of packing — avoid over running bins. 7. To reduce bruising in the package — pack tightly, but do not over-fill packages. Use care in handling filled contain- ers. Don't walk on packed baskets. 8. Use good containers. Cheap, flimsy baskets spread and distort the face and become slack. 9. Load cars and trucks with care — avoid squeezing packages. 10. Urge storage companies to use shelves or other forms of support when stacking in high ceiling rooms. -o- PRACTICAL RESULTS IN PRODUCING QUALITY FRUITS By A. I'. VIERHELLER Extension Horticulturist, University of Md., College Park, Md. I bring you the greetings of the Maryland State Horticul- tural Society. Most of the faces in this audience are familiar to me, for I have had the pleasure of meeting many Penn- sylvania growers and also have had the pleasant experience of working with many of you in the apple advertising work affecting the four States of the Cumberland-Shenandoah sec- tion. I want to take this opportunity of thanking those growers with whom I have been associated in this venture, as well as many other projects of common interest to the fruit industry of our neighboring States. Although Mary- land is my place of duty, it is a great satisfaction to know that the growers of Pennsylvania, Maryland and the Vir- — 49 — ginias are getting together to work out some of their com- mon problems. It has also been my pleasure to have judged the Apple ex- hibits at the Farm Show for the past five years, and I am grateful to you all for the courteous consideration and real sportsmanship that you have shown the judging and placing of the entries. Maybe you have not agreed with all of the decisions, but you have not said anything to me about it, and I am sure that the other judges and I have had our reasons or convictions when we made the awards. Probably we made some mistakes as we are only human. I was hesitant about accepting the invitation to speak to you, for I feel that a man who is in the field has little to offer that is new. The experimental fellows work up the new stuff and we extension men merely take their findings and grind them up, selecting and adapting certain parts of them to the individual grower's conditions. We are really the "loud speakers'' for the Experiment Stations. We try to help the grower make up his mind just what he ought to do. That reminds me of the story of little Willie who was going to a party. His mother dressed him up, and as he went out the door, she said fondly, "Now, Willie, be a good boy at the party and have a good time." To which Willie replied, "Well, mom, make up your mind which you want me to do — be a good boy or have a good time." Sometimes the growers won- der if we, ourselves, have our minds made up. They are con- fused when they pick up a bulletin and read that a certain State recommends that the tops of apple trees be left thick, and then they hear a speaker at a Horticultural Society meet- ing say that he would lop out the tree top and then somebody else tells them to merely thin out the top of the tree. In Maryland, we advise that the top of the apple tree be thin- ned out, by use of a small to medium-sized cuts, so that sun- light can filter down into the tree. Maybe it is a good thing that we do not make up our minds too hastily, nor be obstinate about changing our opinions. If we just settled everything and never made any changes, there would be no progress, nor need for meetings such as you are having. Your Secretary asked me to discuss thinning. I wondered if growers needed any convincing arguments in favor of thin- ning. We will discuss thinning, but I suggested a broader discussion of orchard topics in general. Maybe you could place my remarks in the class of the story told about two men who went hunting. One of the men stuttered ; the other had St. Vitus dance ; and they had but one gun between them. They saw a rabbit loping along a hill-side. The stuttering man began to blabber and made no move to shoot. The man — 50 — with St. Vitus dance grabbed the gun, and tried to hold it still, but it merely jiggled in all directions, but he pulled the trigger, and the rabbit was finished. The stuttering man said, "Well, n-n-no wonder y-y-you hit it. Y-y-you aimed at t-t-the whole h-h-hillside." So I am going to aim at the whole hillside of fruit-growing practices. Before we start, let us very roughly sketch a tree. W'e have the roots down in the soil and then there is a top com- posed of a trunk and main scaffold limbs, divided into branches, and so on out to smaller branches, twigs, and in case of the apple, to spurs. However, this is a general tree covering apple, peach, plum, pear or any of our common fruit trees. Since one end of the tree is in the ground, we will begin there. We see in this sketch, that the tree roots are spread all through the soil in position to take up any soluble elements carried down through the soil. Entering the roots, the ma- terials go up in the tree to the leaves where the sunlight works on these elements, so that they are made into real foods for the plant — starch, sugars, proteins, etc. Then these go all over the tree to make more growth, leaves, roots, and fruits, and the excess is stored in various parts of the tree. Really, tons and tons of water pass through the tree each year, coming into the roots and passing out of the leaves by transpiration. Among the many things that are taken into the tree from the soil are nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, copper, manganese, sulfur, and many others. We know that nitrogen often is a limiting factor in growth, and phosphorus and potash are also necessary, as well as some of the so-called minor ele- ments. Dr. Anthony, Fagan, and Ruef have told you about these things, and you do as we do in Maryland, — apply nitro- gen to the trees and complete fertilizer to the cover crop, as we feel that when the soil bacteria break these crops down, these other elements reach the tree roots in a soluble form. In orchards where the trees are older and the roots are meet- ing out between the trees, the use of a complete fertilizer higher in nitrogen will give the desired results to both tree and sod crop or fall-seeded cover crop in one application, whereas on younger trees, it may be more economical to make the two applications using nitrogen fertilizer around the trees and complete mixture out in the middles for the cover crop or sod crop. We have heard of soil deficiencies, lately. Boron shortage has caused internal breakdown of apple in one section of West Virginia. The remedy was simply to apply % of a pound of boric acid or 1 pound of common borax under the mature tree. We also have some potash deficiency in somq -^51 — "avv<:v' "f'v r:r- 111 The Progressive Orchardist Plans and Plants lor the Future Fruit and Berry Growing Remain the Most Profitable and Dependable Branches of Agricultural ARE PENNA. GROWERS PLANTING TO MAINTAIN THEIR PRODUCTION IN THE FUTURE? ARE YOU CASHING IN ON THE NATURAL FRUIT GROAVING ADVANTAGES NATURE SO ABUND- ANTLY PROVIDED YOU WITH? Are You Planting ? To Maintain Your Production 10 Years-20 Years From Now? Plan to Plant this Year PLANT THE RECOGNIZED LEADERS IN NEW FRUITS. MODERNIZE YOUR PRODUCING ORCHARDS AS YOU DO YOUR GROWING EQUIPMENT. PLANT "Colora" Red York Imperial Golden Jubilee Blaxtayman Richared Delicious Gallia Beauty Red Rome Improved All Red Jonathan Cortland Vedette Hale Haven Ga^e Elberta Shippers Late Red Elberta And Other Varieties of Proven Merit We List We offer you the greatest values in FRUIT TREES and BERRY PLANTS your money can buy. Don't Buy Trees Fro/n Anyone Until You Communicate With Us. We employ no agents. We sell direct to the planter. The very best will cost you less at Bountiful Ridge. It Pays to Plant the Best, It Pays to Buy Direct From Bountiful Ridge Nurseries PRINCESS ANNE, MARYLAND Recognized Leaders Today in Fruit Tree Production. Send for Latest Catalog Giving Our New Low Prices. 52-^ peach sections of Maryland, one of which extends over into York County, Pennsylvania. In two of these potash-defi- cient orchards, nitrate of potash has given excellent results. Your men at Arendtsville Station are carrying on some ex- perimental work, so that when you find potash deficiencies elsewhere. Dr. Anthony and Dr. Dunbar will be ready to tell you what to do. Usually potash, as applied in fertilizer, moves slowly down into the soil. In Ohio, it was found that under trees given the usual potash fertilizers, the material had gone down but a few inches in the soil, whereas under straw mulch that had been in place for many years, soil sam- ples showed potash as far as 2 feet down in the soil. How- ever, in several soils in Maryland, movement of potash fer- tilizers was more rapid, reaching an 18 inch depth in 4 years in appreciable amounts, as reported by Chandler (1). That brings us to mulch. We have heard so much about mulch as a source of organic matter. Organic matter is merely any sort of rotted plant or animal remains or refuse that when placed in contact with soil, is torn down by soil bacteria, these bacteria really using it as fuel. However, this tearing down releases or converts chemical compounds so that the tree may use them. All this means better fertility of the soil. Also, organic matter in the soil makes the soil more spongy, and more able to hold moisture and especially to permit rains to penetrate. We do not know all that there is to know about it, but we know that organic matter is good to have in soils, and hard to keep there. We have tried to grow our organic matter in cover crops, but there are too many orchards planted in soil where it is hard to do this, or else the trees are too large to do much good with heavy cover crops. So some growers are using straw mulch under the trees. One grower near Frederick, Maryland, on a Penn gravelly loam (a soil that just would not hold moisture for any time), experienced dropping and cracking of Stayman apple. In 1934, he used two bales of straw per tree under 20 year old trees, and has renewed the mulch with a bale of straw per year every third year. He had less fruit-cracking the year the mulch was applied. Mulched trees developed earlier fruit color and were spot-picked. By October 18th, 81% of the fruit was picked from the mulched trees, and 54% from the unmulched trees. A bad storm blew the rest of the crop off the trees, and that from the unmulched trees was practically a total loss, whereas the fruit on the mulched trees fell on the straw and about 75% of the drop fruit was sold at 90c per bushel. The mulched trees produced only 4% more fruit 2% inches and up, but the finish of the mulched fruit was smooth and waxy, while the unmulched trees had rather rough finish on the fruit. Even inexperienced persons could distinguish between the smoothness of the fruit fron\ — 53^ i ■• \-;' ■■' •.— •j<>.j,T,- ' ■.■■,r: 'X ■.' -i-,.: BS ;r{^"-,^--.'^'^^«."<„;v--'/-,r„-,y--^<',-«j^' -g i'W Nitrogen in the leaves. The total weight of leav 3s pro- duced by a mature tree will vary with the growth it is mak- ing and the variety. Careful records indicate that a 25-year old apple tree may carry as many as 200,000 leaves weighing around 200 pounds fresh weight and having a dry weight of 60 pounds at the time of leaf fall. The nitrogen content at leaf fall is about 1.0 per cent, or 0.60 pounds of nitrogen for the entire 60 pounds of leaves. As is the case with the fall- ing blossoms, this amount of nitrogen must be taken into the tree each year, but most of it may ultimately be restored to the soil when the leaves decompose. Nitrogen in new wood growth. The new wood formed each year consists of extensions from all growing points as well as new layers on all trunk and branch tissue. An es- timate of this new^ wood growth has been made at about 133 pounds fresh weight or 80 pounds dry weight. This wood when newly formed contains over 1.0 per cent nitrogen, but as it becomes older the nitrogen gradually moves out and is reutilized by the tree. Thus the nitrogen content of the old- er wood was found to be only 0.15 per cent, indicating that this percentage is ultimately ^'trapped" and cannot be reutil- ized by the tree. If we assume that a tree makes 80 pounds dry weight (0.15 per cent nitrogen) growth of wood yearly, it would require an intake of 0.12 pounds of nitrogen. This amount would be permanently removed from the soil. Nitrogen in the bark. The total ne^v weight of bark laid down each year has been estimated at 35 pounds fresh weight or 15 pounds dry weight. On the basis of 0.6 per cent nitrogen which is not available for leuse, the total quantity of nitrogen tied up in the bark each year will be approxi- mately .09 pounds. Nitrogen in the roots. The new yearly root growth of a 25-year-old apple tree has been estimated at 130 pounds fresh weight, or 65 pounds dry weight. The amount of ni- trogen in roots that is trapped or unavailable for reutiliza- tion was found to be approximately 0.45 per cent, which is 65 pounds of dry root tissue would total 0.29 pounds nitro- gen. The total amount of nitrogen permanently removed from the soil, according to the figures in table 1, would be 0.84 pounds. An additional amount of 0.69 pounds per year is taken in by the tree but is ultimately returned to the soil through the decay of leaves and blossoms. It should be pointed out that this 0.84 pounds of nitrogen that is taken in by the tree and permanently removed from the soil is actual nitrogen. To express it in another way, it would be equivalent to the amount of nitrogen contained in 51/2 pounds of sodium nitrate. As pointed out above, the yearly intake — 62 — by the tree is 0.84 pounds plus 0.69 pounds, or approximately 15 pounds of nitrogen, the amount contained in 9 pounds of sodium nitrate. If less than these amounts of nitrogen are available to the tree, it will be reflected in reduced tree growth and produc- tion. For trees low in vigor much larger quantities would be necessary for the first year or two. The figures given in table 1 are based on trees receiving ample annual applica- tions. A further consideration will be given to this point fol- lowing discussion of nitrogen applications. Nitrate Movement in Orchard Soils in Relation to Time of Application We often hear of conflicting opinions and results regard- ing the season of application of nitrogenous fertilizers. It seems probable that some of these inconsistencies can be ex- plained by detei-mining what happens to the nitrogen in the soil when applied at different times. In order to obtain some information on this subject, an experiment was conducted in a 30-year-old York Imperial orchard in the eastern fruit sec- tion of West Virginia. The orchard was located on a Hag- erstown clay loam soil. This soil is moderately heavy in tex- ture and very similar to many of the fruit soils in Pennsyl- vania. Sodium nitrate was applied 5 times throughout the year. The first fall application was made on October 15, 1937 and the second on November 23, two weeks after the leaves had fallen. Spring applications were made on April 5, 1938, three weeks prior to bloom, and May 5, shortly after petal fall. A late summer application was made on July 28, 1938. Eight pounds of sodium nitrate was applied to each tree. It was spread uniformly over the entire area beneath the spread of the branches. The areas over which the applica- tions were made were kept free from grass and weed growth throughout the duration of the experiment. Soil samples f J'om all treatments were taken at intervals throughout the season at 1-foot increments of depth and analyzed for ni- trates in order to determine how much nitrate and over how long a period it remained at the various depths. These va- lues were expressed in percentage of the original application (8 pounds nitrate of soda). As most of you know, available nitrogen in the form of ni- trates is soluble in water and consequently is readily leached from the soil during periods when rainfall occurs on an al- ready saturated soil. This is very likely to be the situation during the late fall, winter, and early spring. The degree of leaching will depend mainly upon the amount of rainfall and the texture of the soil, a light-textured soil being generally more subject to leaching than a soil heavier in texture. Let us now consider the results of this experiment. Ap- — 63 — I proximately 7 inches of rain coming withm a month after the October 15 application was sufficient to carry 44 per cent of the 8 pounds of nitrate that was applied October 15, mto the second foot of soil. In most soils the roots of apple trees are in the greatest abundance in the first foot, decreasing markedly in the second foot. While nitrate may be absorbed from, the second foot of soil by apple roots, it is believed that the relatively fewer roots present at this depth, as compared with the first foot, greatly limits the absorption of nutrients at this level. On April 20, 1938, only 8 per cent of the nitrate remained available in the first foot of soil (October 15 applications) , while 34 and 44 per cent was present in the second and third respectivelv. On this same date the November 23 applica- tion had 64 per cent of the nitrates remaining in the first foot, 20 per cent in the second foot, and only 2 per cent in the third foot. Thus there was a striking contrast between the two fall applications in the amount of nitrogen present on April 20 at the various depths. What seems to be the reason for this wide difference between two fall applications made only a little over one month apart ? Samples of roots and twigs of trees of the two lots showed no difference in nitrogen content. In fact, analyses showed that very little nitrate had been absorbed by these trees during the late fall and winter. The explanation for the difference seems to lie in the rainfall rec- ords. A total of 15 inches of precipitation occurred between October 15, 1937 and April 20, 1938, while only 71/2 inches occurred between November 23, 1937 and April 20, 1938. In other words, the additional 7 to 8 inches of rain to which the October 15 application was subjected was sufficient to leach 44 per cent of the nitrate below the second foot of soil. Due to the relatively few absorbing roots below 2 feet, it is be- lieved that most of this nitrate was lost to the tree. From these figures I think you can readily see one reason, at least, why conflicting results have been obtained with fall applications. The variability between seasons, particularly rainfall, has much to do with the nitrate movement in the soil and nitrate availability to the tree. Shortly before and during bloom the demand for nitrogen by the trees is prob- ably greater than at any other time. In this experiment, 2 weeks prior to bloom in the case of the November 23 applica- tion, the trees had 64 per cent of the applied nitrogen avail- able in the first foot of soil ; in another case (October 15 ap- plication) only 2 per cent w^as available in the first foot. It should be pointed out that if the experiment had been con- ducted some other year the results might have been differ- ent, depending upon the rainfall. It is quite possible that in some years there would be no difference between the two ap- plications if no rainfall occurred between the dates of the first and second fall applications. The figures for the spring applications (April 5 and May 5, 1938) show very little leaching below the first foot of soil, even though the rainfall for spring and summer averaged over 3 inches per month. Removal of water from the soil by evaporation and transpiration was apparently sufficient to equal the rainfall and thus prevent downward movement of nitrates. There existed throughout most of the spring and summer a high nitrate content in the first foot of soil in both spring applications. The disappearance of nitrates from the first foot of soil during the spring and summer can be ac- counted for by tree absorption and '*soil fixation". In the latter case, nitrates are tied up by soil organisms and are rendered temporarily unavailable to the tree. This nitrogen adds to the nitrogen reserve of the soil and is not to be con- sidered as lost. The results of this experiment with soil nitrate movement indicate that, even with fairly heavy soils, downward move- ment of nitrates is quite rapid ; in fact, if as much as 15 inches of precipitation occurs during the dormant season fol- lowing a fall application of nitrate, much of the nitrate ap- plied will be below the depth of effective root concentration when growth starts the following spring. Absorption of Nitrogen by the Tree Considerable difference of opinion exists regarding the amount of nitrogen taken in by the tree during the dormant period. This question seems far from being settled. In some cases, apparently some nitrogen is absorbed during this period, or at least taken into the roots. In the experiment described above, no significant increase in nitrogen content of roots and twigs occurred as a result of fall applications before the following March. Our results indicate that nitro- gen is taken up most rapidly and most actively by the tree when there is a foliage system on the tree. It would seem, therefore, that if fall applications are made, the material should be applied in late summer or early fall, two months prior to defoliation. Because of greater tree intake during this period as compared with late fall, loss from leaching should be considerably less. If a ''split" application is de- sired, a part of the nitrogen could be applied in early fall and the remainder put on a week or so prior to bloom. From the results described above, it w^ould seem that if only one appli- cation is made the greatest benefit with the minimum of leaching would be derived (at least in the case of sodium ni- trate) if applied in the spring at a time when 4 to 5 inches of rain prior to bloom could normally be expected. — 64 — — 65-- 'ir:-'V^-^;i-':/:^ > ^'^ 'It'', '"' I " , - ' Summary In the earlier part of this paper the nitrogen requirement of the apple tree was discussed. The yearly nitrogen intake of a mature apple tree was calculated at approximately IVo pounds of actual nitrogen. It should be emphasized that this amount is necessary for the tree itself ; considerable quan- tities are also necessary for the sod or cover crop. To be sure, it is not necessary to furnish all of the nitrogen re- quired by both tree and cover crop from a fertilizer bag. A certain amount of available nitrogen is produced through the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. The amount made available in this manner will vary depending upon the soil and the system of soil management. However, under most conditions a large portion of the nitrogen needed must be purchased by the grower in the form of nitix)genous fer- tilizers. We believe that consideration as to (1) time of ap- plication in relation to rainfall, and (2) season of greatest nitrate absorption by the tree will increase the dividends from fertilizer expenditures. NEW AND PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT IN APPLE ORCHARDS J. K. SHAW, Massachus>etts State College, Amherst, Mass. When I was assigned this subject for discussion, I thought it was a broad topic that would admit almost any discussion about fruit growing. However, I see the words "new'' and **practical". I am not sure how much I can bring you that is really new for you have men at State College who have an ear to the ground and an eye on the clouds and soon bring you any new developments, no matter where they may ap- pear. I suppose aything that is practical must be profitable. Whether a practice is profitable or not depends on how and under what circumstances it is carried out and must be de- termined to a large degree by each individual fruit grower for himself. All who have studied farm management agree that high production is an essential in producing any crop at a profit, and I believe this to be true for apple production. Of course, we must have high quality, too. I have said that the owner of an orchard that averages 200 bushels per year per acre may be able to stay in business. If it will average 300 bushels, he may make a real profit. If it will average 400 bushels or more, he may be able to spend an occasional win- ter in Florida. Of course, these statements can be taken only in a very general way. Where production costs are very low, one can naturally make a profit with relatively low yields, and where costs are high, he may lose money, even with high production. Apples must also be of high quality, which means attractive color first of all. I am much concerned over the poor quality of fruit that I see in the retail markets — apples that are bruised or show in- sect or disease injury, all of which means waste to the con- sumer. Furtherniore, many of the apples in our markets have deteriorated in quality and I wonder at people who will eat some of the Mcintosh they buy in the late winter and still believe the Mcintosh to be a good apple. I think the great- est help in extending the apple market would be to see to it that the consumer gets only the fruit of good quality. The competition between apples and other fruits is severe and so is the competition between different apple regions and be- tween individual growers. Only the most efficient can sur- vive. I suppose there will always be growers who are losing money and growers who are making money in the same season. A fundamental consideration in successful apple growing is a good soil. The old definition of a good orchard soil I learned many years ago. It is deep, well-drained and at the same time retentive of moisture. Every fruit grower knows that an apple tree will not stand a water-logged soil during the growing season, nor will it grow well on a coarse, sandy or gravelly soil. The most frequent defect in orchard soils is lack of depth because of the presence of rock, gravel or most often an impervious layer too near the surface. Much study has been given orchard soils in New York and we have found their conclusions to hold with Massachusetts orchards. We have many orchards of mature bearing trees, however, that are not producing well because they are lo- cated on shallow soil, and in many orchards we find a group of trees or perhaps one or two trees that do not perform well because of poor soil conditions. I have seen a great many nurseries in the past twenty years and it is very common to find an area where trees grow poorly. One can see the grad- ual change from good trees to poor trees, yet it may be hard to see any soil differences. If such a field were planted with orchard trees at the usual distance, it is easy to see that in these bad spots there would be only a few trees or perhaps only a single one. If the differences we see in the nurseries should continue as trees grow, it would account for any dif- ferences we find in the performance of orchard trees. I once hoped we could find the reason for these poor trees in the varying seedling rootstocks, but experiment has shown that uniform rootstocks have little effect in making orchard trees more uniform in their perfonnance. — 66 — 67 — ^^ Everything Under Control // —WITH— DOW SPRAYING MATERIALS Dowspray Dormant Dow "MIKE'' Sulfur Actual tests show Dowspray ' Dor- mant is as much as 98% effective against aphis. It controls more in- sects than any other dormant spray. Use it for rosy apple aphis, early green aphis, cherry aphis, San Jose' scale, scurfy scale, bud moth, pear psylla and European red mite. Dowspray Dormant gets the best results. It deposits less oil per tree, is non-irritating to workers, is fast and easy to prepare, costs the least to use. Lick apple scab before it starts. Spray with Dow "MIKE" Sulfur and get complete protection. "MIKE" Sulfur combines high tox- icity—more than 95% active sulfur — with complete freedom from burning foliage. Trees sprayed with "MIKE" Sulfur have more abundant foliage— produce better grades of fruit. "MIKE" Sulfur' s extreme fineness — 15 times finer than 325 mesh sul- fur—makes it cover completely and stick longer. It is instantly wettable— easily sprayed— gives greater economy. THERE IS A DOW INSECTICIDE FOR EVERY PURPOSE Arsenate of Lead Bordow* Calcium Arsenate Dry Lime Sulphur Lime Sulphur Solution Magnesium Arsenate Parade w* Paris Green Special Garden Spray Special Potato Spray TRADE, Dow MARK THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY MIDLAND MICHIGAN Branch Sales Offices: 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City; Second and Madison Streets, St. Louis; Field Building, Chicago. *Trade Mark Rcfif. U. S. Pat. Off. — 68 — The reason for some of these bad spots or poor orchard soils can sometimes be readily determined by observation or by digging a few holes, which show a defective sub-soil. There are some poor soils the reason for which is not so clear. We find that many sub-soils are grayish in color and tree roots do not penetrate such soils freely. I have studied these soils and have failed to find any satisfactory reasons why the roots refuse to penetrate them. Many others have studied it much more critically without making any very clear explan- ation. The fact that they are gray suggests a lack of oxida- tion and I am much interested in the work now going on at Cornell, which seems to show that a lack of enough oxygen in the soil is a frequent reason for poor performance of the trees. Many orchard soils are poor because the surface soil has been washed away. Prevention of soil erosion is now much emphasized and I believe, rightly so. I have been sufficiently impressed with arguments for contour planting to say that I would not think of planting an orchard which was to be kept in cultivation unless I planted the trees on contours. I believe that you have better sources of information about this than I, and I am not prepared to discuss contour plant- ing to any extent. Another satisfactory way of controlling soil erosion is by the use of heavy mulch. We have had a small experiment comparing heavy mulching with cultivation going on for six- teen years at the Massachusetts State College. This experi- ment was not supposed to be very important but has given us some very suggestive results and I believe has been a fac- tor in the growing practice of mulching in Massachusetts or- chards. We have mulched these trees very heavily, probably more than was really necessary, as we had the material avail- able and have lived in constant fear of scarcity. No addi- tional fertilizer has been applied. I think that the value of such mulching lies in the partial or complete suppression of grass and in the undisturbed root system, to which your John P. Stewart frequently referred. We find the lower layer of this mulch completely filled with fine tree roots. Of course the fine roots are renewed each year but I believe the fact that this root system is undisturb- ed may be favorable to the tree. We have used hay which was unsuitable for feeding purposes, but any waste material is satisfactory for mulching. We have tried sawdust in the orchard and have found out two things : that it will take a tremendous amount of sawdust to suppress the grass and second, the sawdust has caused no apparent harm to the trees. As to the amount of hay mulch necessary, I would say that it should be enough to at least partially suppress the — 69 — ' ,' ,TT>-SS7* >■■>;.■ .,-"*vr"i'^ ' ^d grass. This would require annually 200 to 400 pounds of air dried mulch to a mature tree. Theoretically, it would be best to apply mulch in the spring. Whether it would pay to stack hay over winter and spread it in the spring, I am not sure. In practice we have applied the mulch whenever it was avail- able. The mulch has completely prevented soil erosion and doubtless promoted water absorption. We have found small differences in soil moisture, usually in favor of the mulch. The greatest differences were in relatively dry periods, so these differences may have been more important than they appear. Soil nitrates have been unbelievably high under this mulch after the first three or four years. We have recently found that available potash is also plentiful even down to three feet in depth. Despite the abundance of soil nitrates growth has been only moderately vigorous and at no time ex- cessive. The apples have seemed slightly later in maturing than on adjoining orchard plots rather low in nitrogen. The mulched plots have yielded distinctly more than those under cultivation, even though the pre-harvest drop is greater. I am afraid that mulching is rather expensive. I have said that a fruit grower could afford to pay to $10.00 a ton for mulch material in the orchard. This may be a high fig- ure and can be justified only on the basis of long term bene- fits. If mulching material is worth $10.00 per ton, one might be able to grow material for this particular purpose and cart it into the orchard. Were it not for high cost, I would com- mend orchard mulching as the one and only system of or- chard soil management. Most of the orchards in Massachusetts are in sod. Nearly all growers use some form of nitrogen and some use a com- plete fertilizer in their orchard. This method of soil man- agement seems generally satisfactory but I cannot believe a sod is going to prove the best way of handling orchards. The grass is likely to rob the trees of moisture and soil nutrients. Trees do not show the desired vigor when they get to middle age unless the soil is unusually good and they are heavily fertilized. Most growers use nitrogen carrying fertilizers and an increasing number are using complete fertilizers. Orchards that receive complete fertilizer are likely to de- velop a very thick sod and this may be bad for the trees. A few orchards are cultivated, usually with some sort of a cover crop. When this system is followed, one faces a con- tinued loss of organic matter. I do not believe this is as serious with our lighter soils as it is with the heavier soils that are found more commonly in your State. Most of our soils will absorb rainfall quite readily without excessive ero- sion. Nevertheless, there is always more or less erosion in — 70 — cultivated orchards, especially in large blocks or where the soil contour favors the concentration of surface water. I do not believe that the cultivation cover crop system is the ideal way of handling orchards. We have two orchard blocks which were allowed to become deficient in fertility and organic matter. We then started an application of a complete fertilizer, applying it just before sowing the cover crop, usually sometime in July. Production in these blocks has increased and for about six years they have yielded quite satisfactory crops. Yet, I do not believe the organic matter has been much increased. We may be able to get good performance of trees on our lighter soils without much organic matter, yet I believe organic matter in the orchard soil is highly desirable and I do not like the depletion which must occur when long time cultivation is fol- lowed. If heavy mulching is impractical because of cost and labor involved, I think that some kind of a short rotation is highly desirable. Some of our growers tear up the sod in the spring and then allow the grass to reestablish itself in midsummer. It may also be practical to plow or disc the soil between the rows and keep it in cultivation for a year or two then seed it down. We have found that trees do very well when sweet clover is used in such a rotation and I do not quite know why we have not used this crop more extensively. Of course, if sweet clover is used it calls for the application of lime to pre- vent the soil from becoming too acid. I do not believe that there is any one method of soil man- agement that is most desirable for use under all conditions. If growers must work out the system best suited for their conditions, I think it will be some sort of compromise be- tween sod and cultivation, perhaps taking the form of a short I'otation. An essential part of orchard soil management is fertiliza- tion. The use of nitrogen is almost universal and rnay be considered absolutely essential for orchards maintained in sod. We have used different forms of nitrogen in different amounts and applied at different times in the year. We have not found any great superiority of any one form of nitrogen. 1 usually advise buying the form of nitrogen that gives the most nitrogen for the dollar. I know of a number of in- stances where fall application of nitrogen, has apparently been the cause of winter injury to the trees. In these cases, nitrogen was applied in October. I have been told that if ap- plied in August this result would not follow. Yet, we know that Mcintosh naturally grows rather late in the season, so I would be a little cautious about stimulating the growth of this variety late in the season. The winter injury takes the — 71 — ^■:pr^^;ff^^^:^^ ^'i^v'^i^'/^-^^^V'-' ■I form of bark splitting and would seem to be directlj^ related to immaturity of the cambium layer. We have applied nitrogen in very heavy amounts, as high as 50 pounds per tree without doing any particular hann, ex- cept, of course, to waste money. We do find that continued application of nitrogen alone will after a period of years bring about unsatisfactory condition of the trees. It may be ten years or more before this condition appears and it seems to be remedied after potash is applied in addition to ni- trogen. I am satisfied that our orchards at the College re- quire these two fertilizer elements. As yet there is no indi- cation that the addition of phosphorus is of any benefit. Trees suffering from this lack of balance between nitrogen and potash show symptoms somewhat like those from a lack of nitrogen except the leaves do not show the yellowish tinge characteristic of nitrogen deficiency. The buds on the pre- vious year's wood fail to start and the leaves are rather small. This results in a reduced leaf area and low produc- tion. We have made considerable use of quick tests for available potash, both in the soil and in the leaf peteoles. We have tested potash, both in the soil and in the leaf peteoles. We have tested soils and leaves from a good many orchards in different parts of the State. The relationship between avail- able potash in the soil and potash in the leaves does not seem to be very close. Some orchards show little or no available potash in the soil and yet the trees seem well supplied. Either the trees are able to get soil potash which the test does not indicate to be available or they get potash from the deeper layers of the soil. Few of these orchards showed dis- tinct signs of potash deficiency in the leaves, so the condi- tion which we have at the College may not be very general over the State. When an orchard is growing and producing well, it indi- cates that the fertilizing program followed must be good. If the trees are not producing well, one may well seek the reason. The quick tests of the soil and leaves are helpful and a study of the behavior of the trees may suggest what is wrong. I frequently advise growers to try some modified practice on a part of their orchards, suggesting the use of potash or a complete fertilizer where niti-ogen alone has been used and see if this part of the orchard improves in its be- havior. I believe this procedure to be wiser than to swing from one fertilizer to another over the entire orchard. We have found no indication that our orchards are defi- cient in any of the so-called minor elements, with the possible exception of boron. There was considerable complaint in 1936 of internal cork in Mcintosh and Cortland apples. It — 72 — has been shown that boron is very helpful in correcting this condition. We started some tests with boron in 1937 but obtained no results because 1937 and 1938 were seasons of abundant rainfall. When the next dry season comes along, I shall expect to see more internal cork. We found that the use of boron in the spray did not result in injury and none of our soil applications seemed to hurt the tree. One grower applied borax at the rate of 100 pounds per acre and the trees seemed to enjoy it very well, although I have no doubt that this amount is greater than should be necessary to correct the internal cork. The problem of proper orchard fertilization is very largely individual. There is no one formula for all orchards. I would encourage every grower to study the behavior of his trees very closely and try any different methods of fertiliza- tion that offer some promise of improving orchard condi- tions. The fruit grower who studies his conditions and acts intelligently in the management of his orchard is the one who is most likely to make a profit. CHANGING CONCEPTS IN NUTRITION IRA A. MANVILLE, M. D., Ph. D., Nutritional Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon. We all know that we observe Thanksgiving Day to com- memorate that day in November set aside by our Pilgrim forefathers for returning thanks to the Almighty for mak- ing it possible for them to settle in a new land where they could hew out homes from a primitive forest, form a govern- ment to suit their ideals and worship God as they wished. But do we realize fully the trying conditions and great hard- ships they had to overcome in order to provide their tables with food ? Orchards had not yet been set out nor had space in the forest been cleared for fields. Fruit, vegetables and cereals were scarce and hard to obtain. Indian corn, wild berries and nuts, of necessity, formed a large portion ot the vegetable part of their food. As in all frontier places, wheth- er in the homes of our Pilgrim forefathers or m the castles of the nobles of King Arthur's Court, the products o± the forest and stream formed the largest part of their menus. Fish, fowl and game of many kinds were placed on the ban- quet table on every occasion and formed, also, a very large part of the daily food. Christmas dinner brings to memories' eye the boar's head with a big red apple. in his mouth, or an entire baby pig de-^ — 73 — corated in a similar manner. Likewise, Thanksgiving dinner is not complete without a turkey and cranberry sauce. Duck, goose, partridge, chicken, capon, pheasant, fish and many other flesh foods are usually found on the table on these oc- casions. Today we observe these festivities by copying the menus — mostly entrees or meats. We forget, however, the hardy lives our ancestors lived, the hard work and hardships, the outdoor exposures and the lack of modem conveniences to make their labors easier. It is said that today through the means provided by modern labor saving devices, the daily food requirement of an average man or woman is only three- fourths of what it was a generation ago. This means that the average man and woman of today will tend to put on weight unless they reduce their energy foods about one- fourth. Generally speaking, there has not been a sufficient decrease in food intake to properly balance the decrease in muscular work. The result, therefore, is easy to understand — that there are more fat people today than during the days of George Washington. As time went on, orchards w^ere set out and fruit began making its appearance on the market, gafdens were cultivat- ed and fields cleared. Cereals began playing an ever more important part in the diet. This is always the case when people stay in one place and cultivate the benefits of peace. Just the opposite is true of those races who wander from place to place. They cannot farm but must obtain their food —largely meat — from the herds of sheep or cattle they take with them, or from a successful hunting or fishing expedi- tion. In our country, as elsewhere, as the frontier was push- ed farther and farther back by the advances of civilization ; as the wilderness was made to provide the products of more peaceful pursuits, cereals began playing a larger part in the human diet and meat went into a corresponding decline. I wonder if this does not account largely for the association in our minds of meat diets with war-like people and cereal food with peace-loving people. Changing over from a diet high in meat to one high in cereals and the foods made from them, increased the energy value of the diet very much. For example, one pound of cereal has half again as much energy value as a pound of meat. Unless there is a corresponding increase in muscular effort, the greater energy value of the modern diet will tend to cause overweight. I have pointed out two extremes — one a high meat diet and the other a high cereal diet. I have only indicated the happy solution to the food puzzle— that is, the large place in the diet that should be given to fruits and vegetables. The Pilgrims learned by experience that turkey caused less stom- v'l ach distress when cranberries were eaten with it. The cooks of King Arthur's time also learned that the boar's head or the baby pig was digested much better if apple sauce were eaten with them. These were facts learned by experience. Today doctors can explain why these things are true. Fats reduce the amount of acid added to the digestive juices by the stomach. By the way, I suppose you know that the nor- mal healthy stomach must have acid for good digestion. We should never worry about what some people call an "acid stomach''. There would be far more reason to worry if we didn't have acid in our stomachs at all. But to get back to what I was saying, fats actually decrease the acid in the stomach. Meats not only need more acid than any other food for their digestion, but stimulate its production. When a person eats a meal made up largely of rich cuts of meat, he puts a great demand for digestive juices upon the stomach. At such a time, the stomach does not do its work as well be- cause it is experiencing the peculiar situation of being stim- ulated by meat and, at the same time, being held in check by the fat. At such a time, the presence in the diet of fruits, berries or vegetables of a tart or sour flavor actually serves in the very good purpose of making the stomach's \york easier by supplying some of the acid it is finding so difficult to provide. Many years ago. Dr. Sherman of Columbia University told us that the average American diet was lacking in calcium — the mineral that is necessary for the building of good bones and teeth. Milk is very rich in this mineral and for this reason is said to be a pi'otective food. If we will drink from a pint to a quart a day, milk will protect us from a lack of calcium. Very recent figures tell us that an average family of five drinks only three pints of milk a day! Even this low amount is showing a decided tendency to become still small- er. We must do everything possible to increase the use of milk. Milk, however, is not the only protective food — nor is cal- cium the only thing that is apt to be lacking in a diet. Today we understand the values given us by the various vitamins and minerals. Meat cannot supply us with all of these — nor can cereals. This is especially true when we consider the changes which they undergo in the process of preparing them for use ; that is, changes which build up their energy value but destroy or remove other values equally or more im- portant. Recently, I had occasion to determine what fraction of the diet each main group of foodstuffs supplied. Cereals provid- ed 37.5 per cent of the diet; meat 12.5 per cent; sugar 19.5 per cent ; pure fats such as butter 24 per cent ; and fruits and vegetables only 6.5 per cent. ii ( T! CI — 74 — 75 — I,*TT- '^^v^'v^T.. ■.S;"'-'-!-!"^ -, V^i. .:Vi Such a distribution of foods places a tremendous responsi- bility upon a very small part of the diet ! I mean, that part of the diet composed of fruits and vegetables. Upon these foods, we must place our dependence for most of the vita- mins, many of the minerals and all of the bulk. I feel that it is very important that we provide ourselves with a wider margin of safety by increasing the proportion of fruits and vegetables in the diet. It is for such reasons that these foods are called ''protective foods" and placed in the same class as milk. Nearly all of the fresh fruits and vegetables provide us with about half the energy furnished by meat. Thus we have an excellent means at our disposal not only for reducing the high energy value of meats and cereals, but also reduc- ing the daily caloric intake in accordance with the decrease in energy output made necessary by modern labor saving de- vices. The menus thus selected will be not only less fatten- ing and more digestible, but they will also give a greater de- gree of protection against diseases that result from a lack of some of the necessary food elements. It is quite common experience among all of us to use ex- pressions in our general conversation that convey a certain vague meaning hoping thereby that our listeners will grasp, through the supplemental aid of a lifted eyebrow, a vocal in- flection or a sweep of the hand, a more specific meaning that, for some reason, we lack the ability to express or define. How glibly we speak of "balanced diets'', a "run-down'' condi- tion, "acidosis" and "sour stomachs". Do we not realize that all stomachs are sour except those belonging to people suffer- ing with pernicious anemia and posibly a few others ? How many individuals who pronounce the term "balanced diet" with a smug look of self-complacency would have that smug- ness blasted if someone would ask them to name just one thing that would have to be "balanced" in the diet? So it is with the term "body resistance". One may be pale, frail and overly susceptible to colds and fatigue. Our advice would be for that person to take a vacation, go somewhere, get out in the fresh air and sunshine, exercise, eat good food and "build up your resistance." "Eat good food" — that should give one pause for thought. What is good food? Surely we will not avoid the issue by replying: "Oh, just eat a good balanced diet." What will be the answer if one should ask more specifically what is meant by increasing one's body resistance? It is the answering of this question to which I wish to de- vote most of my time. Incidentally, I may find occasion to elaborate more fully on what may be called ''good foods" and a "balanced diet". In the first place, I would like to present to you the concep- — 76-^ tion of the body as an armed citadel — a citadel which pos- sesses two walls that must be defended — an outer, the skin and an inner, the mucous membrane. Or perhaps it would be better to picture our bodies as being arranged similar to that of a tube — an outer tube, the skin, and inner tube, the diges- tive tract lined with mucous membrane and which has for its entrance, the mouth. Everything that enters this tube by way of the mouth and comes to reside for a time in an en- largement of it called the stomach is still outside the body. The dinner you placed in your stomach on Thanksgiving Day was still outside your body. True you had surrounded it, but it had not really entered your body until it had been digested and absorbed through the lining of the inner tube which we are pleased to call the mucous membrane. Materials which are excreted by the kidneys are substances which hav^e ac- tually been in the body absorbed and thus removed from the inner tube. Likewise, materials discharged at the outlet of this tube have, for the most part, never been in the body at all. But let me get back to my illustration jof the body as a citadel with an outer and inner wall to defend. There is con- stantly encamped about these walls a hostile army composed largely of bacteria. They are constantly making sorties against the walls in an effort to scale them or to make a breach in them. The warfare is unremitting and savage, so that one-third of the volume of the waste from the digestive tract is composed of living and dead bodies of bacteria and the white blood corpuscles that have brought about then- death and lost their own lives in doing so. The body maintains a standing army of defense. These so-called soldiers circulate in the blood stream, number about 5,000 to every cubic millimeter to blood and are called white blood corpuscles. Should a combination of unfortunate cir- cumstances produce a breach in the walls, the invaders pour through the opening and very quickly what had been an armed neutrality is converted into a desperate, localized struggle for supremacy. Immediately the war tocsin is sounded and the defenses of the body are put on a full war footing. All classes are called to the front, all available re- serves are mobilized at the point of conflict. Regaining one's health completely depends upon the outcome of this conflict. The white blood corpuscles are not the only defensive agency possessed by the body. Those parts of the body where the mucous membrane is exposed to air-borne infectious agents have another defensive agency at their disposal. This is an enzyme called lysozyme which possesses the power to dissolve bacteria and otherwise render them powerless to produce harm. This enzyme is found in the tears, saliva and — 77 — T- f> ri^>.! V?. *' •.'.-' r-^V^T other secretions of the mouth, nose and throat. It was un- doubtedly through the agency of this enzyme that the sores of Lazarus were healed when he let the dogs lick them. An interesting thing is the observation that if, for some reason, no tears can be produced, or no saliva secreted, lysozyme will not be present to exert its benevolent function. It will be found accumulated in those deeper structures where it is manufactured. Out of this situation arose two apparently contradictory statements. One was that in vitamin A defic- iency, no lysozyme had accumulated in the tears. The other was that in vitamin A deficiency, lysozyme had accumulated in the tissues. Work in our laboratory explained this apparent contradiction. I will tell you more about this shortly. First, let me point out that it has been ne- cessary to introduce the subject of vitamin A into our discussion. It is well recognized that in vitamin A de- ficiency, the mucous membranes undergo a type of degener- ative change whereby they no longer possess the ability to secrete such fluids as mucous. Mucous membranes that can- not produce a secretion have lost thereby a means for trans- porting lyozyme from where it is manufactured deep in the tissues to the surface of those tissues where it can exert its destructive influence upon bacteria present there. Thus our laboratory explained why it is that in vitamin A deficiency lysozyme was deficient in the secretions and why, as a result of this same deficiency, lysozyme accumulates in the tissues. A deficiency of vitamin A, by causing degenerative changes in the mucous membrane, reduces the resistance of those organs lined with this type of membrane. Thus sore eyes commonly occur as the result of a lack of this vitamin — also a predisposition to colds, laryngitis, bronchitis and per- haps even pneumonia. We should use every means at our disposal to provide our bodies with an adequate supply of vitamin A. During the late spring, summer and early fall, this is fairly easy as the seasonal growth of fruit and vege- tables presents to us a large variety of vitamin A rich food from which to make our selections. But in the late fall, win- ter and early spring when these foods are not so easily avail- able great care must be observed in the choice of foods. Foods to which, in season, we might pay little attention be- cause of low vitamin content, now become extremely impor- tant. This is certainly true of the apple. Nature must have recognized this for she does not produce the apple in the late spring, summer or early fall when the markets are abound- ing in foods rich in vitamin A. Rather, she presents the apple during those seasons when any good source of vitamin A should be very highly prized because of a marked seasonal decrease in those foods upon which usual dependence is placed. i^ It is to be regretted that some well-known reference books assign a vitamin A value to apples of 12 Sherman units per ounce. More complete studies done in our laboratory and elsewhere show that the vitamin A content of different varie- ties of apples varies from 12 to 36 units. It does not seem fair to rate a fruit or vegetable by the variety containing the least amount. The availability of the apple throughout the winter season, its popularity as a food item and the quanti- ties in which it is consumed should place it in high esteem as a source of vitamin A. A little over a year ago we completed a series of studies on the lysozyme content of the secretions of the intestinal tract. The intestine was arbitrarily divided into five sections which, for convenience, I will designate as A, B, C, D and E. A rep- resented the first 12 inches of small intestine below the stom- ach— the duadenum ; the rest of the small intestine was di- vided into halves — B represented the upper half and C the lov/er. D represented the coecum and E the colon. Rabbits were used as experimental animals. Lysozyme was deter- mined quantitatively in the secretions of the intestine at these various levels. It was found to be present in increas- ing quantities as one went from A to E. This is extremely interesting and therefore deserving of a little comment. The object of digestion is to convert food materials into a water soluble condition for in such a condition they can be absorbed into the blood. It is one of the purposes of the stomach and upper small intestine to accomplish this conver- sion. Once accomplished, the blood and lymph rapidly re- move by absorption these materials from the intestine. Only indigestible and insoluble materials remain behind. As they progress to lower segments of the intestine, the water also is gradually removed until what was once a very thin watery material, is, in the lower bowel a fairly solid, plastic sub- stance. In the upper part of the intestine, the material be- cause of its thin watery nature has very little abrasive ac- tion. In the lower part of the intestine, however, the solid nature of the material and its high proportion of seed coats, fibers, seeds, skins and other indigestible and insoluble ma- terial convert it into a harsh, irritating substance which is liable to produce injury to the delicate mucous membrane that lines the intestine. It was necessary, therefore, for Na- ture to provide a protection against the mechanical injuries that might result from the passage of this material through the intestine. The protective agency provided was mucus in adequate amount. Mucus is a thick, slimy material very much like Qgg white. When it spreads itself over the intes- tinal contents, it acts both as a lubricant and as a buflfer by interposing itself between the abrasive material and the in- testinal wall. Thus it may be seen that the further down the — 78 — — 79 — Look Ahead for the lifetime of Your Orchard L^. ,,^^-'* "^'*'i' TEN, twenty, or thirty years hence — about the time when you would like to ease up on caring for the trees and let the trees care lor you — your crops, your income, even the condition and salability of the orchard itself, will be determined by how well soil fertility has been maintained in the meantime. GRANULAR ^AERO' CYANAMID is the best nitrogen fertilizer for the long pull. Its nitrogen (21%) not only feeds the tree and the cover crop, but is especially effective in transforming raw organic materials into humus. Its lime (70%) prevents development of acid- ity. It combines with organic matter to make sweet humus. For the long pull, get your nitrogen from long-lasting Granular 'Aero' Cyanantid. Wzite tor leaflet F-165 — so- intestinal tract the food residues go, the more abrasive they become and the more essential the presence of adequate amounts of mucus is. Careful examination of the intestinal tract will reveal the fact that mucus is produced in larger quantities as the lower end of the intestine is approached. Thus Nature has met this special requirement. How impor- tant it is, therefore, that a plentiful supply of mucus is al- ways available. Sight should not be lost of the fact that vita- min A is quite essential in maintaining the ability of the in- testines to produce mucus. All foods and liquids swallowed carry with them bacteria. These bacteria must be destroyed if the body is to maintain itself in a healthy condition. This destruction normally oc- curs in the stomach and is accomplished very largely by the action of the acid normally produced there. Because of this defensive function, the stomach is often referred to as a "gastric barrier.'' Immediately below the stomach in the small intestine, the contents are almost, if not entirely, ster- ile. Bile from the liver, acid from the stomach, and to some extent, lysozyme from both the stomach and small intestine are responsible for this sterilizing activity. Immediately be- low this relatively sterile area, the number of live bacteria begin increasing until, as I have said before, they constitute nearly one-third the bulk of intestinal contents. The steril- izing effect of the stomach acid and of bile is no longer effec- tive in the lower portions of the bowel for they have been ab- sorbed along with the soluble food materials into the blood lymph. Upon what, then, can the body depend for its pro- tection against these noxious agents ? The answer, as I have already indicated, is lysozyme. Our studies have revealed this remarkable adaptation on the part of the body — to pro- vide another protective agency that can function in a place where earlier agents have, for various reasons, been destroy- ed or removed. In the lower intestine or colon as it is usually called, there are at least two defensive agencies — lysozyme and mucus. I have already described the value of vitamin A in maintain- ing the secretion of mucus and the importance of the secre- tion of mucus as a means for transporting lysozyme to the surface of the mucous membrane where it can exert its pro- tective action. There appears, however, to be a factor other than vitamin A that is also concerned in the maintenance of mucus secre- tion. This factor is uronic acid. I shall not attempt to dene uronic acid other than to say that it is a collective term for about three naturally occurring sugar acids. Chemical anal- ysis shows mucus to be composed of two fractions — one a protein and the other glycuronic acid — one of the members . ' ' i ' — 81 — of this group of three uronic acids. The body may be cap- able of manufacturing uronic acid from certain precursors or it may be entirely dependent for this material upon what is in the diet. If it is capable of making this material it can do so only in small amounts and at very limited rates. Obvious- ly certain dietary deficiencies by depriving the body of the necessary precursors or certain disturbances that will elim- inate or seriously impair the ability of the body to manufac- ture uronic acid, will make the entire requirement of the body for this material completely dependent upon their pres- ence in the food intake in a preformed state. Furthermore, a certain combination of circumstances might create a de- mand for uronic acid that an ordinary diet or normal func- tional processes could not meet. It would be essential there- fore to provide a greater dietary intake. It might be assumed that a shortage in mucus production would result either as a result of a deficiency in vitamin A or in glycuronic acid. That such actually is the case was shown in our laboratory. Rabbits fed a diet deficient in vita- min A and rabbits fed a normal diet but dosed with menthol both showed a marked reduction in mucus production. Even stimulation by pilocarpine— a drug exciting a most copious secretion of mucus under ordinary circumstances — ^was un- productive of results as determined by measurements of ly- sozyme in the intestinal secretions. Why should menthol cause a reduction in mucus produc- tion? Simply because it is typical of a poison which, to be rendered harmless, must be combined with uronic acid. The body apparently is an opportunist in that it will preferen- tially divert uronic acid to combat poisons rather than to use it as it customarily does in the manufacture of mucus. Men- thol is a poison. Ordinarily it is not considered so because the average individual has enough available uronic acid to combine with it so that it can be eliminated from the body. If menthol be given in such quantities and over such a period of time that all available reserves of uronic acid are exhaust- ed and the demand exceeds the rate at which the body can supplement any reserves or dietary sources by manufactur- ing it, then it accumulates in the body until it reaches toxic proportions and serious or fatal results ensue. Uronic acids, therefore, assume a very important place in nutrition. They appear, from our meagre information con- cerning them, to play many important roles in the body. Some of these roles we know very little if anything about ; others are becoming more understandable as studies pro- gress. In general, available information seems to indicate that uronic acids are concerned in protecting us against poisons — a detoxication mechanism — and that they foim es- --82 — sential constituents or building materials for certain tissues Furthemiore they seem to be concerned in regulating the balances between certain hormones, especially those concern- ed with sex. Other workers have very definitely implicated the uronic acids in certain immune reactions of the various types of pneumococcus— the organism that causes pneu- monia. All over the country, investigators are turning their at- tention to the biological significance of uronic acid meta- bolism. We may well ask ourselves— what foods contain these interesting materials ? I recently reported the uronic acid values of all the foods known to us at the present time Many of the values are the result of our own investigations* buflice it to say the fruits and vegetables give the highest values. There is good reason to believe that foods composed of pure fats, sugars and starches will be completely devoid of these materials. Cereals and, of course, all products derived trom cereals, run very low values. There is no good reason to suppose that animal protein foods will run very high in uronic acid unless the cut of meat analyzed contains a high percentage of connective tissue. Most people eliminate this type of animal protein from their diets. A typical American meal is composed of bread, butter, potatoes, meat, gravy coffee and pie and an average lunch of coffee and doughnuts! Such food may be considered almost completely devoid of uronic acid. As a matter of fact, almost entire dependence must be placed upon fruits and vegetables for this material Furthermore, not all fruits will suffice. Such fruits as the grapefruit, lemon or oransre show very low values for the edi- ble parts and if the juice only is consumed, the uronic acid obtained will be still less. Apples and pears are excellent sources of this material. Thus when apples were fed as a supplement to the diet of the rabbits I described a few moments ago, they were able to produce normal amounts of mucus and, because of this, nor- mal amounts of lysozyme. And this occurred even in the face of a dietary otherwise deficient in vitamin A or a regi- men which included the toxin menthol. The apple therefore represents a food which, because of its vitamin A and its uronic acid content, is able to restore those balances in the body which are upset by dietary deficiencies or the presence of poisons and upon the maintenance of which our health, to a very great extent, depends. In the last few years it has been shown that many serious outbreaks of so-called *'food poisoning'' were due to a certain bacterial organism called the staphylococcus. In some man- ner this organism gained access to the cream fillers used in the manufacture of cream puffs, eclairs, pies, cakes, etc. So — 83 — Hi i serious are these disturbances that one very prominent mid- western city no later than last summer banned entirely for the duration of the hot weather, the marketing of such foods. Study has revealed that these staphylococcus organ- isms produce their noxious effects through the media of four toxins which they produce as products of their growth. These toxins have been named after the effect they produce. First is the entero-toxin. This poison when injected into young kittens causes almost immediately severe vomiting and diarrhea w^hich, if enough toxin is given, will result in death. Second is the dermolnecrotic toxin. This toxin when injected into the skin, causes such a severe ulceration that the involved area forms a nasty abscess. The tissue ulti- mately sloughs away and heals finally with scar forrnation. The third toxin is called the hemolytic toxin — meaning by that, that it will cause the red blood corpuscles to completely disintegrate. The fourth toxin is the lethal toxin. If this poison is injected into an animal it will cause death in a very short time. L ._ One may well ask the question why should a bacterium be capable of producing such a variety of toxic agents ? What purpose do they serve ? Remember, such are disease produc- ing organisms. Because of the variety of poisons elaborated, intestinal infection with this organism is no slight affair. 1 might answer this question by asking you "Why are the Jap- anee considered such good fighters V The answer, of course, is that they are well equipped — completely mechanized. There are the artillery, aircraft, tanks, navy, cavalry and fin- ally the infantry itself. We might call the infantry the **lethal toxin", but because the Chinese outnumber the Jap- anese, the Japanese tacticians never permit an open battle between the two — the ''lethal toxin'', while effective, must be used when it will be the most effective. No, those arms of the service which may be called the ''entero-toxin'', the "der- molnecrotic toxin" and the "hemolytic toxin" must be brought into action first. The munitions are destroyed — the portals of entry of munitions, the coast cities are subjugated. The lines of communication are disrupted. The Chinese anny is reduced to an almost helpless condition before a pitched battle is fought. So with the bacterial toxins. The dermo-necrotic toxin breaks dow^n tissue resistance in order that the organism can spread and invade ever-widening areas. The entero-toxin causes nausea and vomiting which almost literally removes the source of supplies and exhausts the reserves of those elements the individual might be able to use in combating the poisons. Many poisons cause a des- truction of red corpuscles and even inhibit the production of them in the bone marrow, thereby gradually depriving the tissues of oxygen. Then when the supplies are exhausted, all avenues for fresh supplies cut off and the tissues well in- vaded, the lethal toxin steps in to put on the finishing touches. If this latter proves to be an added possibility or a more likely alternative, then new agencies for defense must be brought into play. These are considerations that are being investigated now. The research reported above helps us to a much better un- derstanding of why it is that certain individuals of a picnic party may suffer a severe attack of food poisoning and other members remain entirely unaffected although all partook of the same foods. And it will explain also why, of two indi- viduals sickened in this way, one will be much more serious- ly ill than the other. We believe the explanation lies not so much in what was eaten on the picnic but what was eaten the few days prior to the picnic. It is our conviction from these studies, that the uronic acid vitamin C and pectin, and perhaps still other constitutents of fresh fruit and vegetables are the agencies responsible for this protection. This knowl- edge also helps us to understand why the apple diet is so marvelously effective in overcoming the toxic effects of vari- ous forms of diarrhea and dysentery. There is another point that our research has brought out that is equal in importance to those just mentioned. It is this. When the various staphylococcus toxins are incubated with uronic acid or vitamin C they not only lose their toxic nature but they become transformed into agents that can be used to immunize animals against the original toxin. Sup- pose we place an effective dose of a toxin in a test tube and add to it a small amount of uronic acid. The test tube is then placed in the incubator and held at a temperature of 37 de- grees C. for two hours. As was previously shown, this ma- terial when injected into animals is incapable of producing any harmful effect. On the contrary, a series of such injec- tions will actually immunize the animal against an injection of fresh untreated toxin. No one is in a position to deny the possibility that what we have thus produced in the test tube cannot happen equally as well in the body. More direct and therefore incontrovertible evidence is, of course, essential. All this may seem a little afar from the main subject. Yet I think not. Work recently done in our laboratory has shown what a remarkable effect some of the constituents of the apple have on these bacterial toxins. I refer especially to uronic acid and vitamin C. If the least effective dose of any of these toxins has added to it as little as fifty milligrams of I' --84 — ~$5 uronic acid or of vitamin C and then this material is placed in an incubator for two hours at 37 degrees C. (body temper- ature), it will be found at the end of this period to be com- pletely inactivated. In other words, uronic acid and vitamin C have destroyed its toxicity. Immediately one's imagina- tion runs riot. If these toxins are present in the food intake and one eats also a source of uronic acid or of vitamin C such as the apple, will the one meeting the other in the stomach or intestine destroy it after being in contact with it for two hours at body temperature (37 degrees C.) ? I believe so. At any rate, an answer to this question is being sought. Can an animal be protected beforehand from the effect of these poisons ? In certain instances, yes. For example, if a rab- bit is given uronic acid for three or four days and then in- jected with the abscess-producing toxin, no abscess will form. The guinea pig can be protected against the effects of unaltered lethal toxin by a preliminary treatment with vita- min C. This did not appear to be true for the rabbit. The greatest protection, therefore, bccurs in the intestinal tract itself by the interaction of various food constituents upon these toxins. This is it should be. Toxins entering the in- testine or produced in the intestine should be overcome there. In this respect, the intestine may be considered as the first line of defense. If this defense is inadequate and some of the toxin gains access to the blood stream where it may be disseminated all over the body, other agencies must then op- erate defensively. These are the blood itself and the liver. The inactivity of the dermo-necrotic toxin on the skin either illustrates the effectiveness of blood-born defensive agencies or may be considered illustrative of what may happen m the intestine as well as on the skin. The values of fruits and vegetables which have thus been brought out in our studies with the apple are, for the most part, entirely new. The biological significance of pectin, of uronic acids, of hemicelluloses, of vitamin C and certainly of other constituents present in the apple is attracting the in- terest of investigators in many other places. The develop- ment of these new food values is placing an ever increasing responsibility upon educators to discard old concepts in favor of the new. Why, for example, should emphasis be placed upon the value of cellulose as an intestinal laxative when it is much more probable that pectin and hemicellulose are the effective agents. In conclusion, let me repeat that the defensive mechanisms of the body are maintained by various constituents of foods such as the apple in the following ways : vitamin A promotes a normal mucous membrane ; uronic acids and vitamin A — 86 ■;r'-*JV»':-''' make it possible for the secretions of the mucous membrane to be discharged on its surface and carry along with them an enzyme, lysozyme, which is capable of dissolving many bac- teria ; uronic acids and vitamin C not only detoxify poisons but they are capable of building up a resistance against them also. The discovery of these facts has opened up an entirely new field in nutritional investigations and this is bound to result in a better and more complete realization of the value of such foods as the apple in the diet. TRENDS IN NEW JERSEY PEACH INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VARIETIES ARTHUR J. FARLEY, New Jersey State College of Agriculture, New Brunswick, New Jersey. There have been several different trends in the New Jersey peach industry during the last few years that are directly or indirectly related to varieties. The first trend I shall discuss has to do with peach tree plantings in New Jersey during the past 10 years, with spe- cial reference to variety changes. State surveys, as well as census figures, indicate that new plantings of peach trees in New Jersey have been just about equal to removals during the last 4 or 5 years. In other words, there has been no ma- terial change in the total number of peach trees in New Jer- sey for a number of years. The New Jersey State Depart- ment of Agriculture conducted a peach tree survey in the state in 1937 in which information was tabulated on approxi- mately 1,000,000 trees in 872 orchards. The total number of peach trees in New Jersey, according to the 1935 census fig- ures, was 1,397,038. Apparently the State Department of Agriculture survey was quite thorough, and complete enough for use in drawing rather definite conclusions regarding trends in varieties and plantings. It is of interest to note that two-thirds of the to- tal number of trees, included in the State Department of Agriculture figures, were located in Burlington, Gloucester, and Atlantic Counties, all of which are south of Trenton. Only 15 per cent of the peach trees covered in this survey were in orchards located north of New Brunswick. Another interesting observation in connection with these survey figures is the fact that 60 per cent of the one and two year old trees were varieties ripening before Elberta. Th^ — 87-^ ^j^m^^mm , ., 'rj^:;£0^m!:^m^)^^li^iff^^^>^^' '■\fr .ir^\iH''\'''*^'' ■'■'■'^-i^j^S^^o^^^^-- ORTHO* CLEAN FRUIT SCHEDULE Delayed Dormant Spray Pests Aphids Red Mites Scale Bud Moth E^arly Scab Remedy KLEENUP Oil Sprays with ORTHO Tar Oil Sprays or "KLEENUP" — Nicotine or "KL.EENIJP"— COPOSIL — CDV Fungicide Pre-Pink and Pink Sprays Pest Apple Scab Remedy FLOTOX Wettable Sulphur or FLOTOX Flotation Sulphur with ORTHEIX Spreader-Adhesive — Write for free descriptive folders — CALIFORNIA SPRAY CHEMICAL CORPORATION Elizabeth, N/J. The World's Largest Manufacturers of Agricultural Sprays *U. S. Reg. Pat. Off. ^ — 88 — leading varieties were as follows, the percentage figure re- terring to trees that were one and two years old in 1937 : Elberta __ _ ico <--„i^« T .Tm l°-o per cent Golden Jubilee 115 .. J. H. Hale 0' 1. „ Summercrest q'q « Goldeneast 73 » „ Triogem 55 „ Belle of Georgia 37 » „ Eclipse 35 „ „ It also is of interest to note that approximately one-third o± the one and two year old trees were either numbered or recently named varieties, developed at the New Jersey Agri- cultural Experiment Station and distributed through the New Jersey Peach Council. Considering all of the ti^es in- cluded m the survey, 27 per cent were one and 2 years' old llf nf .^ *^ ^ ^!T' ^^^' ^""^ 38 P"- <^«"t 10 yelrs' old o^ older. Of the 1 and 2 year trees only 16 per cent were El- berta, while that variety represented 24 per cent of the 4 to 9 year trees and 46 per cent of the older group. These fie- ares indicate a rather definite trend away from Elberta, and toward varieties ripening before Elberta. The relative im- portance of a number of well known varieties in 1937 com- pared to 1925 IS also of interest. The following table shows this relationship for 10 varieties : VARIETY R^j^K Siberia "f ^f Belle of Georgia 2 4 Carman 3 ^0 Hiley 4 g J. H. Hale 5 « Iron Mountain g 20 Greensboro 7 21 Champion -S.llll_ 11 38 Jubilee Q Q Goldeneast q 5 These figures show that Elberta and J. H. Hale are the only varieties that have held their own during the last 12 or more years. Similar changes may be expected in the rela- tive importance of commercial varieties of peaches during the next 10 or 12 years. A very definite trend in the peach situation is New Jersey since 1925 has been the desire on the part ot growers to increase the length of the peach season by planting more trees of varieties ripening before and after El- berta. Ten or twelve years ago many orchards contained a lairiy large percentage of Elberta, some orchards running as high as 50 per cent Elberta. This situation has changed, due largely to the development of new varieties ripening be- fore Elberta. At the present time about one-third of the peach trees in New Jersey consist of varieties ripening up — 89 — .-v/f ^^--fj^ ^•;*t;.' 'Zn-' ' . : V ■^^y'\y _ir^^f;r - r-'- •■' ■■■' r . '"'■r?'-ft > ■ v;''-»H,ri' .J-' c fe~'-'-f.l^|,- !? '■:'C^-<^ to and through the Hiley season, while a little over 50 per cent ripen after Hiley and thix)ugh Elberta, with 10 to 15 per cent ripening after Elberta. The 1937 Survey showed that approximately 60 per cent of the total number of trees were of 5 varieties ; namely, El- berta, J. H. Hale, Golden Jubilee, Belle of Georgia and Gold- eneast. The other 40 per cent was divided between 130 vari- eties, no one of which represented over 2 per cent of the to- tal number of trees in the state in 1937. It is of interest to note that Elberta, placed on the American Pomological So- ciety list in 1889, or 50 years ago, continues to be the leading commercial variety of peach, not only in New Jersey, but in all other peach growing sections of the country. Just how much longer Elberta will continue to head the list of commer- cial varieties is impossible to predict, but apparently it is gradually being replaced by several of the more promising new varieties. Practically all of these new varieties, how- ever, ripen before or after Elberta, there being no variety ripening at the same season that is giving Elberta very much competition at the present time. We now have in New Jersey a series of yellow and white fleshed varieties of peaches of good size and quality starting with Golden Jubilee and continuing until after Elberta. Some of the more popular yellow fleshed varieties, listed in order of ripening, are as follows : Golden Jubilee, Triogem, Golden Globe, Newday, Sunhigh, Goldeneast, Eclipse, Summercrest, Elberta, J. H. Hale, Afterglow, Augbert, Salberta. Among the more popular white fleshed varieties, also list- ed in order of ripening are Red Bird, Raritan Rose, Cumber- land, Hiley, Belle of Georgia and White Hale in addition to several numbered varieties not yet tested sufficiently to be named and offered for general distribution. An effort is now being made to develop some better commercial varieties of peaches ripening before Golden Jubilee, or after Elberta. Considerable progress has been made along that line particu- larly in connection with varieties ripening before Golden Ju- bilee. It is expected that within the next few years several varieties equalling or superior to Golden Jubilee will be avail- able which ripen from a week to 3 weeks before that variety. It is also safe to say that better varieties will be available in the near future to prolong the Elberta season for at least 10 days or 2 weeks. This lengthening of the peach season, through the development of better varieties, is one of the brightest spots in the New Jersey peach situation at the present time. It not only enables the grower to organize his labor to better advantage, but also malces it possible for him to market his crop in a more orderly manner, and take ad- — 90 — vantage of any high prices that may prevail during any por- tion of the peach season. A large number of the new varieties of peaches, intix)- duced by nurserymen and others during the last few years, appear to be seedlings of either J. H. Hale or Elberta. These seedlings resemble Hale and Elberta in many respects, most of them being in the same class as far as bud hardiness is concerned. Just a few examples of some of these varieties are included in the following list: Roberta, Barbara, Brac- kett, Eva, Gold Medal, Frank, Fredericka, Kettie, Lizzie, Shipper's Late Red, Gage Elberta, Halberta, Wilma, Salberta, Candoka, Redelberta, Rio Osa Gem, etc. Most of these varieties ripen somewhat later than Elberta. In many cases it is a matter of 2 or 3 days, while in others it may be 10 days to 2 weeks. It is very difficult to distinguish between some of these varieties by either the tree or the fruit. For this reason, there is great danger of confusion among growers, as well as nurserymen. There is every reason to believe that there will be just as much, and possibly more, misnaming of peach varieties during the next few years as there has ever been in the past. For this reason, it is important that every purchaser of peach trees have definite infoimation regarding the source of the trees. There are so many new varieties be- ing introduced, many of which are difl^icult to identify, that there is plenty of opportunity for mixtures to develop in the nursery or orchard. This situation has been obsei^ved at the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station where a rather large variety test orchard is maintained. Great difficulty has been experienced in securing trees of some varieties that are true to name. One of the varieties that appears to be badly mixed in the nurseries is Shipper's Late Red. At least 3 distinct varieties have been purchased by the Experiment Station under the name Shipper's Late Red. One is an El- berta type, but inferior to Elberta, another is a Hale type, practically identical with J. H. Hale, and the third is distinct from either variety and inferior to both. As a result of this confusion, we are still uncertain as to the characteristics of the original or true Shipper's Late Red peach. Another mixture that has been common in New Jersey for a number of years exists with the so-called Wilma peach. There are at least 2 distinct varieties of peaches being grown in New Jersey under the name Wilm^a. One has large blos- soms similar to Carman and ripens immediately after El- berta, while the other has blossoms of medium size, similar to Elberta and ripens 10 days to 2 weeks after Elberta. Ap- parently there are several types of J. H. Hale being propa- gated, one of which cannot be distinguished from Elberta, while another resembles Hale, but is smaller and less attrac- tive. — 91 I : >■■;/; :-.w:*:"'^r'-"^.?t*;?> ^-'v-: 'i:^?^.!*. •* rs^^Tii'^^rnJ'.^;?:?^ ?^^', f^>i:-^^ • '. ■1'y':^-*']*':rv'T,„^-^;;r7^* \.-VtT»^T;.w^.;<;^j^>'i'"»,';if,i-.i,,.t-„5^j.,. "?"'.''• V' There are other variety mixtures too numerous to mention here, and still more to come when some of the newer varie- ties begin to be propagated and planted more extensively. Other trends in the peach industry in New Jersey are : 1. Tendency to pick peaches before they develop proper maturity. 2. Trend away from the bushel basket to a smaller pack- age, including a half-bushel tub and a half-bushel basket. 3. A growing need for more effective control measures for Oriental fruit moth, bacterial spot, and Japanese beetle. Peach growers in New Jersey are beginning to realize more than ever the danger of transmitting some of the new so-called virus diseases by means of nursery stock. This has resulted in a group of growers requesting the State Depart- ment of Agriculture to place a quarantine against the ship- ment of peach trees or peach wood into New Jersey from the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York. This request was prompted by the prevalence of the so-called "X'' disease in those states. This disease has not been found in New Jersey and our peach growers wish to prevent its introduction into New Jersey, if there is anj^ way of doing so. We realize that the establishment of a quaran- tine will not by itself prevent the establishment of such a disease in new areas, but it should have some influence in that direction. Plans are also being considered to make a careful exam- ination of all one and two year old peach trees in New Jersey next summer in an attempt to locate the "X'' disease if it is present, and destroy any diseased trees that may be found. We feel that the marked increase in the number of virus diseases affecting peach trees in various parts of the country makes it of importance that growers in states where these diseases do not occur at present, use every precaution to pre- vent the introduction of affected stock into their state or lo- cality. This calls for more control over the shipment of nur- sery stock than exists at the present time. It seems very important that some way be found to require nur- serymen to inform the grower just where the trees sold were gix)wn. It is well known that many nurserymen buy stock, including peach trees, from other nurserymen some- times located in another state, in order to fill some of their orders. Such a procedure is quite legitimate, but our New Jersey growers feel that where peach trees are not grown by the nurseryman who sells them, he should be provided with information regarding the original source of the trees. With- out such information being provided , a peach grower may purchase trees grown in a state, or in a locality, that he is trying to avoid, because of the existence of one of these virus diseases in that state or locality. What applies to New Jer- -—92 — sey growers applies to an equal extent in Pennsylvania, and, therefore, it is hoped that Pennsylvania growers will use every means available to prevent the establishment of any of these diseases in this state. o FRUIT JUDGING CONTEST The second annual fruit judging contest sponsored by this association was conducted in the Farm Show Building at Harrisburg on January 18, 1939. Five teams representing the Allegheny, Adams, Chester-Delaware, Franklin, and Le- high County Horticultural Associations were entered. Each team was made up of three members and an alternate. The contestants placed eight classes of three plates each of the standard varieties and identified fifty apples of fifteen varieties. Substitutions were made in the plate classes, but only varieties listed in the oflScial list were used as subti- tutes. The boys and girls entering the contest have shown un- usual interest and the association is to be commended upon initiating a project which arouses the interest of the boys and girls in fruit production. The committee in charge of the judging contest had hoped to announce the individual scores of the contestants and present the awards at the ban- quet but an unexpected delay in tabulating the results made this impossible. Following is the oflftcial placing of the teams and the scores of the individual contestants : Placing Team Members Scores First Allegheny 4893 Warren A. Soergel Floyd Sahli Charles R. Soergel 1701 1671 1521 Second Adams 4766 Ralph Rice Floyd Kuhn Harold Rice 1624 1590 1552 Third Lehigh 4373 , Kermit, Nagle George Werley Arlyn Weaver 1486 1469 1419 Fourth i Franklin | 3799 Robert Craig John Cordell Thomas Zeger 1419 1372 1049 Fifth Chester- Delaware 3470 3470 i ■ Eleanor Vv^'orthington Lawrence Linville Hibbard Bartram 1372 1124 974 93 — ;Vf"K ^,,.,,^ '•!T^^^*^ji. ' "j r; ? /f'/o"'* •; ■ •^^■«5r'c^ The staging of the judging has demanded unlimited time of individuals from counties entering teams, consequently this association wishes to extend its appreciation to all per- sons assisting in making the contest a success. As soon as the medals are engraved, they will be sent to the secretaries of the county teams placing first, second and third for pres- entation. Wouldn't this be an occasion for a special meeting and the enrollment of the contestants as junior members in your county associations ? 'jMlN BUILDING BETTER APPLE MARKETS CARROLL R. DULLER, 8ec.-Mgr. Appalachian Apples, Inc. We have been listening during this Convention to some very excellent talks on detailed, technical phases of relative- ly small factors in producing apples ; — pest control, soil man- agement: reports on exhaustive study on one small phase of each of these, by specialists who have worked on this particu- lar problem for years. We have been hearing these discus- sions the past twenty years ; have been absorbing them un- derstandingly and applying them intelligently to the busi- ness of apple growing. We have studied apple production so intensively in fact that we understand it fairly well ; so well that we are growing as many apples, nationally, on eighty million apple trees as we did in 1910 on two hundred million apple trees. We recognize fully that apple production is governed by natural laws ; that if these laws are observed, we will have a good crop of good apples : that if through ignorance or shif t- lessness we do not fulfill these natural laws, we will have poor apples or no apples. In brief we are successful as apple growers because we know the rules. But we have had in these Conventions these past years little or no talk of the ramifications of marketing our fruit ; exactly as natural laws govern growing. We are finding that there are many important facts and factors about apple mar- keting which we do not know. Until we do know the laws of apple marketing, we can hope for little success in it. I am convinced that permanent help in apple marketing will never come from government subsidies or legislative schemes. These are only temporary. When we know as much about our marketing as we do about our production, we will be able to do a good job ; and not until. We do not know, for instance, the effect of weather upon apple selling. We have always assumed that apples did not sell nearly so well in hot weather as in cold. That seems nat- — 94 — ural and understandable and we have excused the apple mar- ket time after time on that ground. Yet studies of apple sales covering an entire city and more than two years indi- cate to us very clearly that apples do sell just about as well in warm weather as in cold. The apple movement in Septem- ber, a warm month, is just about as great in December, a cold month, for example. This is being reinforced by the work of a University of Delaware specialist, just getting started on this type of work now. If it is true that apples sell about as well in warm weather as in cold, this means con- siderable to us ; means a longer season for marketing our fruit. There are many such things we do not know. The size of the oncoming national apple crop is one. The Department of Agriculture admits freely that its apple crop estimates are sorely lacking. We are working with them to get more accurate and more usable reports ; have succeeded in getting a $20,000 appropriation for apple crop estimates in the Agri- cultural Appropriation Bill now shaping in Congress. We do not know the effect that ''cuir* apples actually have on prices we receive for our good fruit. Veterans have told us numbers of times that culls cost 25c a bushel on every bushel of good stock. This is probable, but we do not know exactly. We should, in order that we can govern our cull selling intelligently. We do not know the eflfect of * 'pres- sure'' on the apple market ; nor the eflfect of relatively high apple prices, with good profit for the grocer, as against very low prices which carry little profit for the grocer but consti- tute a "leader'' which he uses to draw customers into his store. I could go on citing factor after factor which we as yet do not know about; which we must find out about before we can do a really sound job of marketing. We have not learned successful production in two or three years. We have been working on that for more than twenty years. We must start working in the same careful, thorough way on our marketing. But you want to know something of the results of this apple educational work so far. What have we done the past 21/2 years? How have we done it? Our grower-members have now invested a total of 2 1/2 cents per bushel, of their utility and better average crops ;— one-half cent the first season ; one cent a bushel these past two seasons. Is the price of apples any better for this? Would you have been better oflf if you had kept that cent-a-bushel in your pockets ? You want a straight answer to this fair question. Here's the answer. In the past 21/2 seasons, we have placed 5 and one-quarter million pieces of apple display advertising at the point-of- — 95 — .* • J : sale; in 110,000 grocery stores. We have paid for apple ad- vertising* in newspapers and magazines with a total circula- tion of over 4 million copies. We have placed apple recipes and apple publicity in newspapers and magazines with a com- bined circulation of around seventy-two million copies. We have used seven radio broadcasting stations at advantageous times. We have personally ^^worked^' 25 of the largest cities of the East, Midwest and South ; most of them several times ; organizing and educating and interesting The Trade and the grocers in each city on apples in general and our apples in particular. We reported to you last Spring on the great help given apple-selling last season by the six national week-long apple campaigns by the organized grocers. The amount of extra apple advertising, and apple pushing, and increased apple sales, was tremendous. Appalachian Apples secured that grocer-grower campaign, and carried it along for the growl- ers. You know about that. The point we make is that the apple campaign was a comparative infant in this program of the grocers to win the friendship of the growers. It was started only in 1936. The apple campaign was the biggest the organized grocers had tackled. They learned much from it : perfected the machinery. This year the grocers are do- ing a tremendous selling job for the bumper crop of citrus. Next year possibly — soon at any rate — apples will be "bump- er" again, and we will need that high-geared special selling machine. We must be prepared to enlist that huge assist- ance from the grocers, to the full ; to cooperate with the grocers ; and that can be done only by an organization such as Appalachian which knows the grocers and works with them day in and day out. Those campaigns take organiza- tion and action on the growers' side as well as on the groc- ers'. This association would be well worth the cent-a-bushel, yeai' by year, just to secure this huge marketing help from the grocers in bumper crop years. There are many methods in this promotional field. We are providing the accepted methods, gradually, as to how they work for apples ; **holding fast to that which is good." One of the best, we are finding, is "sampling" ; — giving a per- fect apple and one of our apple cook books or other booklets to all customers entering the store. This has a 3-way effect. Tt delights and impresses the customers, just as they are in the buying mood, with purse in hand. It increases the groc- er's apple sales and delights him, and teaches him most ef- fectively about better displays and better selling of better apples. And it stirs active interest and help in apples among the jobbers and wholesalers — The Trade. I have seen, myself, in a day's "sampling", almost 50% of the stores' customers buy apples ; quadrupling the store's — 96 — *N normal movement. We cannot of course afford to place a demonstrator in every store to give away apples ; but we be- lieve we have hit upon a store display set which will approxi- mate "sampling" at a cost of a few cents per store. We have developed, out of hard experience, a practical program by which the wholesaler and the jobber can help out powerfully in this. We reduced this program to booklet form and broadcast the booklet to the Trade : beside setting it before them personally in each city we work. They are a hard bunch to "crack", — the wholesalers and jobbers; — but they are softening rapidly, now. In practically every city we work now, we are establishing strong Apple Advisory Com- mittees ; leaders in The Trade, the grocers, the storages and such, to work with us. Some of them are getting right into the job, and will be most helpful, properly organized and marshalled. We have developed, again out of experience, a vigorous program for recapturing the Deep South Markets which the Northwest has taken away from us by good packing and good merchandising. We actually must convince The Trade, as well as the grocers and the Public down in the Deep South that we grow good apples — the Delicious and the Winesap, for instance. They believe now that only "cheap" lower quality apples come from here — Yorks, Bens and Ganos: that they must buy their "good" apples from the Northwest. This Association is starting a "sampling" job; sending speci- mens of our different packs and varieties to the leaders in The Trade in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and other parts of the Deep South ; following this up actively with per- sonal visits, letters, lists of our shippers, etc. They use over 2,000 cars of apples a year in that area — and we are getting only 15% of the business, although we can lay our apples down there from 8 to 16 cents a bushel cheaper than in the Northwest. Ten cents a bushel means $50 a car, and we're driving that home to The Trade. We led the campaign to have apples included in the pro- gram of the million-dollar-a-year Federal Laboratory now being set up near Philadelphia. Apples were included ; and now we are working to have the laboratory develop an apple beverage juice. We know the huge amounts of lower-grades these juices are using up for other fruits; we know how much apples need this huge outlet for our lower grades. Monday we took another delegation — our fourth — to Wash- ington to work on this. It may mean much in solving our cull troubles. We have done quite a lot of legislative action. We organ- ized to help defeat Wage-Hour Law Administrator Andrews' — 97 — ruling on "area of production'', which would have bi^ught most of our growers under the 44 hour-a-week schedule, with a 40-cent minimum wage with a few seasons. We have been battling abolition of the Long-and-Short Haul Clause of Interstate Commerce Act. The abolition was recently recommended by the President's Special Committee on Railroads. With the Long-and-Short Haul Clause repeal- ed, the Northwest could lay apples down anywhere in the East for about what the competing carriers would take ; a very destructive thing for our marketing. Luckily, we have 72 members of Congress from these four states. The Asso- ciation is working closely with them in this, and other mat- ters. We took a part in speeding along the 24,000 pounds minimum on apples, carload, into the South, which is sched- uled shortly to replace the present 30,000 pounds minimum. And many other things, as the sale bills say, "too numerous to mention" ; including our purchase and distribution of 1,- 100,000 reprints of Dr. Manville's fine article in the Woman's Home Companion for November last, at a cost of $1,950.00. Vv^e have been driving home to the grocer and The Trade, in every way possible — conversation, letters and literature — this important fact : that Apples are the most profitable fruit for the grocer. If you will look over our Appalachian Apple Book for Grocers, you will find it there, big and plain. We ask you to bear this in mind ;— Apples are the most profit- able fruit for the grocer. ^ Convince your neighbor- hood grocers of this. When we get grocers generally convinced of this, we will have solved a considerable of our apple-selling troubles. For profit is the mainspring for the grocer, the same as for us, and everybody else. When he realizes apples are his big- gest profit-item in fruits, he will "push" apples ac- cordingly, and sales will boom. We have plenty of facts' to back this up. Apples are the largest of all fruit crops by far; 152 million bushels a year against 90 million for oranges ; 46 mil- lion for grapefruit; (5-year PORTER PRUNERS ^^ \e^ FOR y ^ BETTER ^^ FOR YOUR GARDEN The new Porter TWIN-CUT No. 9 Professional one- hand pruner, designed to outperform and outwear any ever made, has a dozen advanced features gar- deners praise. Another leader — the Pointcut — cuts at point or throat, takes twig or bough. Both mahe ^ work easier, the gar- / den healthier. Entire line, including For- ester and Pole Prun- er described in cat- alog. Send coupon I today. H.K.PORTER, INC. Everett, Mass. U.S.A. Send catalog of Porter Pruners. Name Address I average) ; so the gmcer sells more apples than any other fruit. The spoilage-rate on apples is lowest; — a sur- vey published by USDA sets the apple spoilage rate in groc- eries at 8 ; oranges one point larger ; other fruits still higher. Third, the mark-up on apples averages the same as for these other fruits. These three things are important to the groc- er. They mean profit or loss to him. They determine his working methods. We have never yet had a grocer dispute us on this ; but they have not thought of it before. Help us to spread this gospel among the grocers. It is in fields like this, we sometimes feel, that we are do- ing our biggest job; — making the grocers friendly toward apples ; getting them to understand apples ; making them feel that the apple growers appreciate them and are trying to work with them for our mutual profit; and on the other hand bringing to the growers the viewpoint and diflSculties and wishes of their salesmen, the grocers. The grocer is j ust about as much a part of the Apple Industry as the grow- er is. Without the grocer^ we could not hope to get our 152 million bushels of apples into the 28 million American pan- tries. As a partner with us in the business, we must culti- vate his friendship, and help. The Association feels that it has done a real job, so far, in this. Like most of the rest of our work, it is a long-time job. California Fruit Growers Exchange alone has some 20 men east of the Mississippi whose main job is to build friendship among grocers for Sun- kist oranges. You will remember three years ago at the start of this apple "advertising'', as we called it then, that the officers warned against expecting quick results ; that this should be given a four-year workout, at least, before setting your judgment. With 21/2 years behind us, we know better than ever that this is true. We can't remake our marketing in 2 years, any more than our production. Yet we have plenty of results already showing ; city-by- city campaigns that have increased apple sales, on exact warehouse reports, from 7% up to 36%. We have the carlot unloads in eight of our bigger cities, reported by U. S. D. A., showing 18% increase in arrivals of our apples during the two years we "worked" those cities, over the two previous years. All these have been or will be set before our members in due time, in The Marketer or in our reports, so we will take no nK)re time with them here. We do know, from all these, what happens when you get the grocers and the public interested in our apples. That, in brief, is our answer to your fair question : "Has the cent-a-bushel I have been pay- ing for this brought results ?" We are glad to report that long steps are being taken to- ward a national program for advertising apples. Washing- i^'. 98 — — 99 ton State Apple Commission stated this Fall that they stand ready to contribute up to one-half of their yearly quarter- million dollars to the national program, whenever the other regions are ready and the machinery is available. Our Ap- palachian Association has been working steadily toward this since our start. And, during the week January 9-13, we joined with New York-New England Apple Institute and New Jersey Fruit Institute in putting on in Mountclair, N. J. the most thorough-going ''working'' an Eastern city has yet had on apples. Results have not been fully tabulated yet. They will be interesting and valuable. But the big point is : We are working together in this; coming together rapidly, toward a national apple promotion program. Apples have a real advantage in this promotional work over other fruits ; for apples are the most meritorious of fruits, in food values, and number of uses, in health values, in color and eye-appeal. In many ways aside from total ton- nage and age, the apple is really "King of Fruits". Our work hence is easier. We can get larger results with fewer dol- lars. But — we must have funds. This is no small job. Our natural marketing area, the Central East and South, covers 17 states, with 51 million people. Working that is no small job. Every grower should carry his fair share of this ex- pense. You are putting a good many nickels and dimes into getting your apples ready for the market. It is only horse- sense to invest one cent in seeing that the market is ready for your apples when your apples are ready for the markets. And you must do it. No one else is going to do it for you. WeVe tried that, and found out. You, the grower, must make sure the markets are ready for your apples when your apples are ready for the market. The A in Apple is for Vitamin A. — 100 - State Horticultural Association 1938 Membership Name Adams Co. Fruit Packing & Distributing Co. Allen, Howard G. and Sons Allen, S. Guy Allison, H. W. Estate Almoney, Victor American Cyanamid Co. Amon, John H. Anderson, H. M. Anderson, H. W. Anderson, Ralph W. Anwyll, Harry L. Atkinson, D. W. Bailey, M, V. Balderston, Robt. Baldesberger, W. P. Balthaser, G. W. Baltzley, S. L. Banzhaf, W. H. Bard, J. Bert Bare, John H. Barnard, C. P. Baron, W. E. Barr, I. C. Barr, James J. Bartram, Frank M. Bartram, G. Maurice Baugher, George L. Baugher, H. G. Bean, Mfg. Co. Bear, Jacob R. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul A. Beaverbrook Farms Beaverson, Bertha Bell, S. G. Ben, R. H. Bence, Ronald L. • Bender, L. J. Benner, B. E. Bennett, Henry Berlew, Geo. Bethany Orphans Home Bikle, Philip M. Jr. Bingham, A. H. Bingham, W. O. Black, John W. Black, H. M. Hlaine, Geo. W. Blessing, David H, ; Address County Biglerville Adams New Park York New Park York Shippensburg, R. 2 Franklin York, R. 5 York 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Agricultural Division, New York City New Wilmington Lawrence New Park York Stewarts town York Fawn Grove York Harrisburg Dauphin Wrightstown Bucks Pennington, N. J. ii'airhope Farm Chester-Del Glen Mills Bridgeville, R. 2 Allegheny Wernersville Berks Gettysburg, R. D. Adams Muncy Lycoming Chambersburg Franklin 557 Penn Ave Berks Sinking Springs Westchester, R. D. Ches.-Del. McKean Erie Greencastle, R. 2 Franklin Narvon Lancaster Kennett Square Chester West Chester Chester Aspers Adams Aspers Adams Lansing, Mich. York, R. 5 York York, R. 5 York Mount Wolf, R. 4 York Brandywine Summit Chester York, R. 7 York West Middlesex Mercer Bureau of Plant Industry, Dauphin Harrisburg Harmony, R. 1 Lawrence Allentown, R. 4 Lehigh Iron Springs Barnesboro, R. 2 Adams Indiana Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Womelsdorf Berks Chambersburg, R. 6 Franklin St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin Aspers Adams Idamar, R. D. Indiana North East Erie Newville, R. 1 Dauphin — 101 iil^s-;i ^>^!K^Jf>F ',•: ":5V3^? Name Blue Ridge Nurseries Boak, J. A. and Sons Boles, McClellan T. Bollinger, Geo. H, Bollinger, W. L. Boltz, Geo. J. Boltz, Mrs. Maude Boltz, Peter R. Boride Chemical Co. Borland, Stacy Bovard and Baldwin Boyd, Paul C. Boyer, C. G. Boyer, Ira C. Boyer, Jay Boyer, John F. Boyertown Fruit Farms, (Allen M. Irey) Brace, Harold G. Brader, R. R. Brahm, G. W. Bream, D. M. Co. Bream, John Breidenbaugh, H. L. Bricker, Dr. E. B. Brinton, Robt. F. Brinton, H. C. Brinser, Irwin Broadbent, G. C. Brooke r, Wm. Brossman, John G. Brown, C. Earl Brown, H. W. Brown, J. Turner Brown, M. G. Brown, Norman C. Brown, Robt. Brubaker, Daniel A. Brubaker, Levi H. Brubaker, Norman B. Bruckart, Albert O. Bucher, F. S. Bushey, J. B. Bushman, W. M. Campbell, W. C. Central Chemical Co. Chambersburg Ice and Cold Storage Co. (Frank McElroy) Chase, Chas. T. Chumard, Lewellyn Clark, A. L. Clemson, Leonard G. Cleveland Tractor Co. Address River Road, Harrisburg New Castle R. 4 Hanlin Station New Castle, R. 3 Pottsville 339 No. 9th St., Pottsville 317 N. 9th St., Pottsville Lebanon Utica, New York Indiana, R. 7 655 E. Washington St. New Castle Delta Swineford Middleburg. R. 3 Mt. Pleasant Mills Middleburg, R. 4 Boyertown Dallas, R. 3 Berwick Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg Ortanna Boyertown Lititz Westchester Hanover Bainbridge 222 W. Washington Sq. Philadelphia Wexford Ephrata Chambersburg N. 2nd St., Allentown, Box 576 New Park Fawn Grove Waynesboro, Box 285 Bridgeton Ephrata, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 1 125 W. Orange St. Lititz 114 First St. Lancaster Reamstown Biglerville, R. 2 McKnightstown, R. 1 Jamestown, R. 1 Hagerstown, Md. Chambersburg Bala Lake Ariel Olyphant, R. D. Halifax Cleveland, Ohig County Lawrence Washington Lawrence Schuylkill Schuylkill Schuylkill Lebanon Indiana Lawrence York Snyder Snyder Snyder Snyder Berks Luzerne Columbia Franklin Franklin Adams Berks Lancaster Chester-Del. York York Philadelphia Allegheny Lancaster Franklin Lehigh York York Franklin York Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Adams Adams Mercer Franklin Montgomery Wayne Lackawanna Dauphin Name Coaches, Peter Coates, W. B. Coffroad, L. C. Cook, Wellis H. Coon, Harvey Cooper, C. A. Cope, F. R. Jr. Cosgrove, Leo Country Opinion Co. < (C. Wieland) Coupe, Vernon Coursen, Isaac Couse, N. W. Covert, Budd Cowan, W. H. Cox, J. W. Craighead, E. M. Creamer, S. A. Creasy, Luther P. Cressman, C. K. Crissman, Wm. Crist, James D. Criswell, R. T. Crone, A. R. Grossman, P. S. Grouse, E. A. Crouthamel, R. H. Growell, A. and T. Crowell, Ralph T. Cummings, Joseph F. Curtis, Wm. B. Cutler, Joseph S. Cyclone Seeder Co. Davenport, Eugene Davis, E. N. G. Davison Chemical Corp. Deemer, A. T. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Dennis Brokerage Co. Derbyshire, W. Hastie Derick, F. P. Detwiler, D. E. Dibble, Samuel E. Dickenshied, F. S. Dickinson, B. M. Diefenderfer, Dr. Geo. Diehl, J. M. Address Coopersburg, R. 1 Coatesville, R. 5 New Holland, R. 2 Spring City, R. 1 Wyoming, R. D. 1000 Highland Ave., Corapolis Dimock Lancaster, R. 3 Vintage Votary Bldg., Paradise Homer City, R. D. Wyoming, R. D. North East Mercer Martinsburg, R. 2 New Wilmington 2742 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg 1107 W. Mann St., Norristown Catawissa Barto, R. D. Indiana Walden, New York 12 N. Second St., Chambersburg Dover, R. 3 Girard Central Y. M. C. A. Harrisburg Perkasie Avondale Sunnyside Farm Buckingham Sunbury Round Hill, Virginia Dunmore Urbana, Indiana Plymouth Newton Square Rouse Bldg. Baltimore, Md. Marion Center Mertztown, R. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 204 Franklin St. New York City Chambersburg, R. 1 Newburg, R. 1 Penn Run, R. 1 Shelocta, R. 1 Zionsville 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 741 Walnut St., Allentown 49 N. Jonathan St., Hagerstown, Md. County Lehigh Ches.-Del. Lancaster Ches.-Del. Luzerne Allegheny Susquehanna Lancaster Lancaster Indiana Luzerne Erie Mercer Blair Lawrence Adams Adams Columbia Berks Indiana Franklin York Erie Adams Bucks Ches.-Del. Bucks North- umberland Lancaster Luzerne Ches.-Del. Indiana Berks Lehigh Franklin Franklin Indiana Indiana Lehigh Allegheny Lehigh Franklin .— 102 103 — |J;'/v'V^iv*^'?;^ ?ii;V^ 'Jf'iis;^ i^ ';;«f¥;r™i'^'r'vp ^^"" i~::^^ ;. ^j^tj"*^^: Name Diener, W. L. Dietz Orchard Dill, Robert Ditzler, Paul Diven, J. L. Dixon, Billie Dixon, Chas. Dow Chemical Co. (Don Sanford) Downey, Fred P. Dreese, Vem Druck, Albert Duke, D. R. Duke, F. B. Duker, J. Edw. Dunbar, C. O. Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. Dunlap, James M. Dunlap, R. Bruce Dutweiler, Ira K. East Central Fruit Growers Production Credit Assoc. Ebel, Clem H. Ebling, Aaron Eby, Mrs. Caroline Eckbert, Samuel B. Edgerton, J. Russell Edminston, William Eichner, Michael Eisenhart, J. C. Enck, Warren K. Erb Bros. Eshleman, John E. Evans Bros. Evans, L. J. Evans, I. Rowland Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Feldman, Chas. S. Felty, G. B. D. Fenstermacher, P. S. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fesher, Elam S. Fisher, Fred M. Fletcher, S. W. Flinchbaugh, H. H. Flinchbaugh, J. J. Flora Orchard Co. Fogelsonger, W. H. Address 1100 Penn St. Reading Hellam, R. 1 North East Gardners, R. 1 Livermore, R. D. St. Thomas St. Thomas Midland, Michigan 40 Wood view Ave., Hamburg, N. Y. Freeburg Hellam, R. D. 116 E. Washington St., Chambersburg 60 E. Queen St., Chambersburg Duker-Asendorf Box Corp., Baltimore, Md. Arendtsville 323 E. King St., Shippensburg 403 W. South St., Carlisle Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg Lebanon Hagerstown, Md. Mars Reading, R. 2 Paradise Fleetwood, R. 1 Westtown New Wilmington, R. D. Wexford York, R. 1 Biglerville 305 E. Front St., Lititz Florin Clarks Summit Beech St., Waverly Longwood Farms Kennett Square Plainsville York, R. 3 Chambersburg, R. 4 Millersville Allentown, R. 3 Media Gordenville, R. D. Wernersville State College Loganville Seven Valleys, R. 2 Wrightsville 210 N. Prince St., Shippensburg — 104 — County Berks York Erie Adams Indiana Franklin Franklin Snyder York Franklin Franklin Adams Cumberland Cumberland Dauphin Lebanon Allegheny Berks Lancaster Berks Ches.-Del. Lawrence Allegheny York Adams Lancaster Lancaster Lackawanna Lackawanna Ches.-Del. Luzerne York Franklin Lancaster Lehigh Ches.-Del. Lancaster Berks Centre York York York Franklin Name Forrester, W. R. Forry, S. E. Frantz, Ira Frazer, Wm. B. Freed, A. J. Freed, W. A. Frey, E. Friend Mfg. Co. (C. H. LaFever) Frolio, Jos. Fry. John L. Funk, Sheldon Fyock, J. J. Gackenbach, C. A. Gantert, Theo. Garber, Henry F. Gardenhour, G. W. Garrahan, R. H. Garvey, Dr. T. I. Gaul, Franklin P. Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Geiger, Clinton General Chemical Co. Gibboney, A. F. Gibson, C. V. Gibson, S. Meade Gibson, Harold Gibson, W. F. Gilbert, Walter Gillan, C. F. Gillan, G. G. Gillan, R. J. Glick, Jonas R. Goldsborough, E. L. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goodwin, Chas. Gorman, James Goshorn, Taylor L. Gray, S. D. Graybill, Floyd Orayboyes, M. J. Orebinger, Robert (keiner, Nathan N. Oi lest. Frederich E. Crimshaw, Harry (iross, H. S. Grove, W. E. Address Mercer Ephrata, R. 1 Dallas, R. D. Hosensack Racine Racine Red Lion, R. 2 Gasport, N. Y. Hotel Maryland, Hagerstown, Md. c/o C. K. Whitner Co., Reading Boyertown Indiana Orefield, R. 1 152 N. Front St., Reading Mt. Joy, R. 3 Smithsburg, Maryland Kingston 443 W. Chestnut St., Lancaster Host Dallas, R. 1 Waynesboro Neffs Coopers Creek, Camden, N. J. Belleville Renfrew, R. D. Mercer, R. 1 Blairsville, R. D. Yoe Progress St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Gap, R. 2 Shepherdstown, W. Va. Lancaster, R. 8 Loganville Media, R. 3 9 Hillside Ave., Freeport, N. Y. Quincy, Box 47 American Potash Institute Investment Bldg., Washington, D. C. Richfield 108 Little Dock St., Philadelphia 224 N. Prince St., Millersville 243 College Ave., Elizabethtown Floradale North Girard York, R. 5 York Springs — 105 — County Mercer Lancaster Luzerne Lehigh Beaver Beaver York Berks Berks Indiana Lehigh Berks Lancaster Luzerne Lancaster Berks Luzerne Franklin Lehigh Mifflin Allegheny Mercer Indiana York Dauphin Franklin Franklin Franklin Lancaster Lancaster York Ches.-Del. Franklin Snyder Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster Adams Erie York Adams ■■»?W'i :%': ■!ri'i!<^$^m^^ ' W "^'W-^^^" Name Grove, W. E. Guyton, T. L. Haag, Arthur Haag, Lester Haas, William Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Haberman, Mrs. T. C. Hacker, A. L. Haddock, John C. Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, John A. Hafer, Roy Haines, Robt. B. 3rd. Hall, L. C. Hann, Jesse Hans, John N. Harrisburg Stencil Works Harrison, Jos. G. Hartman, Clem A. Hartman, Ernest Hartman, M. T. Hartman, L». E. Hartman, Scott W, Hartzok, John W. Harvey, Clyde Harvey, H. R. Hassinger, H. C. Haudenshield, Crist L. Hausman, Geo. B. Haverstick, Paul E. Hawkins, E. B. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy L. Heacock, O. J. Heaps, M. T. Heaps, T. Jerome Hennly, J. H. Henderson, Lowrie Herr, C. H. Herr, J. Z. Hershey, H. F. Hershey, H. S. Hess, F. M. Hess, Paul G. Hess, Ray B. Hess, R. C. Hess, T. S. Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Hempstead, Walter Hetrick, A. W. Address N. 6th St., Chambersburg 2204 Chestnut St., Harrisburg Virginville Virgin ville Coplay, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y. Fieldale Farms, Baden 445 Hamilton St., AUentown Wilkes-barre Fayetteville, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 5 Fayetteville, R. 1 Hereford, Box 56 North Girard Hunlock's Creek, R. D. c/o DuPont Co, 35 Grays Ferry Road, Philadelphia 4 N. 5th St., Harrisburg Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md. Cashtown Biglerville Gettysburg Cly Palm Marion Northbrook Foxburg Beavertown Woodville Coopersburg, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 3 Delta Enon Valley, R. 1 West Chester, R. D. Biglerville Cardiff, Md. Street, Md. Hopeland Stoneboro, R. D. Lancaster, R. 6 Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown Hamburg, R. D., Box 23 East Petersburg 601 Main St., Waynesboro Waynesboro, R. 2 Waynesboro, R. 1 Waynesboro, R. 2 Wapwallopen, Box 27 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Greencastle, R. 4 River St., Honesdale Beavertown County Franklin Dauphin Berks Berks Lehigh Wayne Wayne Beaver Lehigh Luzerne Franklin Franklin Franklin Philadelphia Erie Luzerne Adams Adams Adams York Berks Franklin Ches.-Del. Clarion Snyder Allegheny Lehigh Lancaster York Lawrence Ches.-Del. Adams York York Lancaster Mercer Lancaster Lancaster Berks Lancaster Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Franklin Luzerne Wayne Franklin Wayne Snyder Name Hicks, Wm. Higgins, W. A. Hildebrandt, John E. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl Hill, Wm. D. Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hoag, T. Clark Hackenberg, Grant Haffacker, John W. Hoffman, D. M. Hoffman, H. L. Hoffmaster, W. H. Hood, T. C. Hoopes, Wilmer W. Horn, W. H. Hornberger, J. W. Home, Alfred Horner, Winfield G. Horst, J. Morris Hostetter, C. N. Hostetter, Dr. J. E. Houck, Dallas Houser, Jacob R. Howard, P. H. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Huber, C. H. Huber, Edwin B. Huber, Herman Huber, Mack Huckensmith, S. J. Huey, S. R. Hughes, J. N. Hunt, N. M. Hutchison, J. D. Hutchinson, T. S. Hykes, E. S. Ingham, M. M. Inswiler, John S. Jackson, C. E. Co. Jaman, John James, J. E. Jersey Package Co., Inc. Johnson, John Johnson, R. S. Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Johnston, M. E. Johnston, RoUand G. Joseph, W. H. and Son Kams, J. H. Kauffman, A. L. Kauffman, C. B. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, J. B. Keil, A. T. Address County Honesdale Wayne Dallas, R. D. Luzerne Dallas, R. 2 Luzerne Curwensville Clearfield New Castle, R. 3 Lawrence North East Erie 1255 Buttonwood St., Berks Reading Leesburg, Va. Middleburg, R. 1 Snyder Hanover, R. 2 Adams Biglerville Adams Butler, Star Route Lawrence Edenburg Lawrence Saltsburg, R. D. Indiana West Chester Ches.-Del. Chambersburg, R. 10 Franklin Denver, R. 1 Lancaster York, R. 3 York Gettysburg, R. D. Adams Lebanon, R. 3 Lebanon Washington Boro Lancaster Gap, R. 1 Lancaster New Castle, R. 1 Lawrence T-iampeter Lancaster Dover, R. 1 York Coopersburg, R. 2 Lehigh Gettysburg Adams 232 S. Main St., Franklin Chambersburg Narrowsburg, N. Y. Wayne Willow Street Lancaster Harpers Ferry, W. Va. R. 3, Box 9 New Castle, R. 3 Lawrence Mercer, R. 1 Meroer New Castle, R. 4 Lawrence 204 Post Office Bldg., Luzerne Wilkes-Barre New Wilmington Lawrence York, R. 5 York New Castle, R. 5 Lawrence West Union St., Ches.-Del. West Chester Chambersburg Franklin Bethlehem, R. 1 Northampton Hagerstown, Md., Box 143 Bridgton, N. J. New Wilmington Lawrence New Wilmington, R. 1 Lawrence Dallas Luzerne Connoquensssing Butler Hereford Berks 119 Fulton St., New York City Chambersburg Frankin Bird-in-Hand, R. 1 Lancaster Bird-in-Hand Lancaster Manchester, R. 1 York York, R. 7 York Mars, R. 1 Allegheny — 106 — — 107 ' ' • - ' '''^ !C■r^~!?^,'^:\■'^:'^ ? ■r;:.';.;;^-?. . Cv '# V?' *,^, V Name Keller, Paul J. Kellow, Geo. H. Kelso, James Kemp, Homer S. Kendig, Dr. F. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. Kessler, Geo. W. King, L. C. Kister, U. G. Klein, Jack Keppinger, B. M. Knappenberger, Thos. Knouse, M. E. Koch, C. H. Koehler, Paulus E. Kovacs, Rudolph Krebs, H. B. Kuhns, Victor Kyle, Wm. B. Lan, Lottie J. Landis, D. M. Landis, G. W. Lapp, John F. Lau, Rev. I. M. Lau, L. B. Lau, L. E. Laudenslager, Martin Lauxmont Farms Le Boutillier, Chas. Le Boutillier, Henry Lehman, Elias Lehman, Geo. Lehman, S. S. Leibhart, Samuel H. Leiter, L. H. Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Leslie, Lee G. Lewis, Geo. T. Lewis, Nelson H. Lewis, Norman Lewis, S. V. Lieberknecht, M. L. Lightner, E. S. Linde, J. Eric Lengel, Paul H. Linville, Arthur S. Livingood, Mrs. Stella Lloyd, Ernest S. Long, D. Edward Long, J. C. Loop, A. I. Loop, H. S. Loose, H. H. Address County Alder Run Orchards, Tyrone Blair Scranton, R. 1 Lackawanna Enon Valley Lawrence Bountiful Ridge Nurseries Princess Anne, Maryland Salunga Lancaster Lenhartsville Berks Tyrone Blair Mt. Wolfe, R. 1 York Etters York 113 Dock St., Philadelphia Coopersburg, R. 2 Lehigh Zionsville, R. 1 Lehigh Peach Glen Adams McKeansburg Schuylkill 826 Washington Ave., Beaver Monaca Orefield Lehigh Mercersburg Franklin AUentown, R. 3 Lehigh Zionsville Lehigh Paradise Orchard 2200 Market St., York York Lancaster, R. 7 T«a,ncaster Freeburg Snyder Ronks, R. 1 Lancaster 715 Manor St., York York East Berlin, R. 2 York East Berlin, R. 2 York Orefield, R. 1 Lehigh Wrightsville York Wayne Ches.-Del. 417 N. Wayne Ave., Wayne Ches.-Del. York, R. 5 York Hellam, R. 1 York Girard Erie Wrightsville, R. 1 York Greencastle Franklin Carlisle, R. D. Cumberland Akron Lancaster 2732 N. 45th St., Philadelphia Providence Rd., Media Ches.-Del. Pittston, R. 1 Luzerne Pittston, R. 1 Luzerne Wyoming, R. 1 Luzerne Mt. Wolf York York, R. 5 York Orefield, R. 1 Lehigh Pine Grove Schuylkill Media, R. 2 Ches.-Del. Robesonia Berks Pottstown, R. 2 Ches.-Del. Fayetteville Franklin 340 E. Liberty St., Lancaster Lancaster North East Erie North East, R. 2 Erie Menges Mills York — 108 — Name Lord, John Loucks, Walter Lucabaugh, J. W. Lusk, Fred F. Lute, H. L. McClelland, J. B. McClure Bros. McClure, Frank McCormick, C. M. McCormick, James McDannel, Edgar C. McDonald, R. C. McFarland, J. Horace McFarland, Rev. K. W. McGeorge, Mrs. Katherine L. McGinnis, C. R. McHenry, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. McKay, Douglas McKee, J. M. McKeehan, James McKibben, E. S. McNitt Fruit Farm McPherson Bros. Mackey, Earl Madeira, Ambrose B. MacNeal, Wm. H. Maloney Bros. Nursery Co. Marcks, Miss Verna Markey, Mrs. Henrietta Marstellar, Wm. Martin, Wade Marvil Package Co. Mattern, Jos. C. Matthews, W. H. Mauger, Maurice Mayer, Guy S. Meister, Kenneth G. Maurer, J. Edw. Mendelson, S. Meehan Melcher, Bennett A. Mellinger, Jacob D. Mellor, Wm. W. Meyer, Allen Meyers, A. Jackson Merring, Guy Metzler, Harry L. Miller, Amos Miller, Amos Miller, Christ Miller, C. Clayton Miller, Clement R. Miller, Frank Address Wyoming, R. 1 York Storage & Ice Co., York Hanover New Wilmington Bamesboro, R. D. Canonsburg Quarryville New Castle, R. 1 Knox Ave., New Castle Harrisburg Biglerville Shippensburg R. 3 Harrisburg New Wilmington Orrtanna 605 Colonial Trust Bldg., Reading Indiana Fayetteville West Chester c/o Dairyman Coop. Sale, Century Bldg., Pittsburgh Honesdale Fayetteville Milroy Bridgeton Orefield Sinking Springs Parkesburg Dansville, New York 401 Chestnut St., Emaus York, R. 2 Stewartstown Indiana Laurel, Delaware 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Box 313, Salem, Ohio Boyertown. R. 2 Willow Street, R. 1 Chambersburg, P. »3 Selinsgrove, R. 1 Newtown Squara Bally Lancaster, R. 1 North Wayne Ave., Wayne Annville 6120 Rudland St , Philadelphia Cortez Paradise, R. 1 Hanover, R. 3 Hanover, R. 4 Marion Marion Statlersville Lake Ariel — 109 — County Luzerne York Adams Lawrence Indiana Washington Lancaster Lawrence Lawrence Dauphin Adams Dauphin Lawrence Adams Berks Indiana Franklin Ches.-Del. Dauphin Wayne Franklin Mifflin York Lehigh Berks Ches.-Del. Lehigh York York Indiana Blair Lawrence Berks Lancaster Franklin Snyder Ches.-Del. Berks Lancaster Chester-Del. Lebanon Wayne Lancaster York York Franklin Franklin Lehigh Wajoie Name Miller, J. J. Miller, John W. Miller, H. W. Miller, Harvey Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corp. Minnich, C. S. Mitterling, John T. Mohr, Frank J. Mohrman, Richard Moluf, A. J. Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. Morse, Carl Moss, Harvey Mowery, N. E. Moyer, Lee Mt. Crest Orchard Murphy, P. J. Murray, Ed. A. Musselman, C. H. Co. Musser, Irvin W. Musser, W. E. Muth, Leonard Myers, Chas. Myers, F. E. & Bros. Co. Myers, L. M. Myers, Levi M. Myers, Reuben Neiman, Otto Nelson, Corbett D. Niagara Sprayer «fe Chemical Co. (H. W. Dye) Newcomer, L. E. Newman, H. H. Newman, H. W. Newton, Elmer Neibert, Wm. Nolt, Harrison S. Newton, O. A. & Son Co. Noss, Jos. Ober, Dr. H. K. O'Connor, Hademann Ohio Box Board Co. Ohner, Warren Oiler, Boyd Oiler, Earl Orton Bros. Oyler, Geo. Oyler, H. J. Oyler, William Page, C. M. Palmer, Aaron H. Palmer, George H. Address County Wood Refrigera'clnjr Co., 1539 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh Ephrata Lancaster PawPaw, West Virginia Loganville York Pilpot St., Baltimore, Md. Reading, R. 2 Mt. Pleasant Mills Fogelsville Narrowsburg, N. Y. Abraham Lincoln Hotel, Reading Morrisville Lititz New Wilmington, R. 1 Dallas, R. 4 40 Main St., Mechanicsburg Freeburg Orrtanna White Haven, R. D. Punxsutawney, R. D. Biglerville Mount Joy New Bethlehem, R. 3 Coopersburg, R. 2 Elm Ashland, Ohio Dillsburg Bowmansdale, R. 1 Lititz, R. 5 Dover, R. 3 711 Evesham Ave., Baltimore, Md. Middleport, N. Y. Boyertown Fayetteville New Castle, R 4 New Wilmington, R. D. Indiana, R. D. Columbia, R. 1 Bridge ville, Delaware New Castle, R. 5 College Ave., Elizabethtown 13 Front St., Harrisburg Rittman, Ohio Schnecksville Chambersburg, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 2 North East, R. 2 McKnightstown Gettysburg, R. D. Arendtsville Etters Lancaster Almshouse Dryville Berks Snyder Lehigh Wayne Berks Bucks Lancaster Lawrence Luzerne Cumberland Snyder Adams Luzerne Indiana Adams Lancaster Clarion Lehigh Lancaster York York Lancaster York Franklin Berks Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Indiana Lancaster Lawrence Lancaster Dauphin Lehigh Franklin Franklin Erie Adams Adams Adams York Lancaster Berks — 110 — ay.v,ky; V! TABLE OF CONTENTS page Officers 2 President's Address c Report of Resolutions Committee § Report of Nominating Committee 9 Report of Fruit Committee 9 Report of True-to-Name Fruit Tree Committee 10 Treasurer's Report ^l Recent Developments in Fungicides for the Control of Peach and Apple Diseases — R. H. Hurt 13 Dormant and Delayed Dormant Sprays for the Control of the Rosy Apple Aphids in Virginia— W. S. Hugh 21 Protecting Trees and Orchard Soils— A. C. Cooper 25 Aids in Insect Control — H. E. Hodgkiss 30 Ways and Means of Reducing the Quantity of Non-Profit Cull Apples — H. W. Prettyman 33 Practical Results in Producing Quality Fruits— A. F. Vierheller__ 49 Nitrogen Fertilization in the Apple Orchard— L. P. Batjer 58 New and Practical Developments of Soil Management in Apple Orchards — J. K. Shaw 66 Changing Concepts in Nutrition— Ira A. Manville, M. D. Ph. D.__ 73 Trends in New Jersey Peach Industry with Special Reference To Varieties — Arthur J. Farley 87 Fruit Judging Contest 93 Building Better Apple Markets— Carroll R. Miller 94 Membership List iq^ ^ IIG — I"' i' I ! LIST OF ADVERTISERS page Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms ._ 12 American Cyanamid Company . 80 Bean, John Mfg. Co., 28 Booker, Garnet L. Inside Back Cover Bountiful Ridge Nurseries 52 California Spray Chemical Corporation 88 Central Chemical Corporation 12 Dow Chemical Co. 68 Farquhar, A. B. Co., Limited 40 "Friend" Manufacturing Co. 60 Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Co-Operative Ass'n., Inc. 4 Potter, H. K., Inc. ! 98 Pratt, B. G. Company _ Back Cover Stauffer Chemical Company __^ 18 Strype, Fred C. 20 Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. Inside Front Cover ss Hail Insurance- You protect the quaKty of >oui* crop by f ertaization, prun- ing, thinking ^and sp»ying— why not protect the cost of the crop with ftail Insurance? One storm .- .iM,^^.j^^ vj^i LIST OF ADVERTISERS page Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms 12 American Cyanamid Company 80 Bean, John Mfg. Co., 28 Booker. Garnet L. Inside Back Cover Bountiful Ridge Nurseries 52 Califor-nia Spray Chemical Corporation 88 Central Chemical Corporation 12 Dow Chemical Co. 58 Farquhai', A. B. Co., Limited 40 "Friend" Manufacturing Co. 60 Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Co-Operative Ass'n.. Inc. 4 Potter, H. K.. Inc. 98 Pratt. B. G. Company Back Cover Stauffer Chemical Company 18 Strype. Fred C. 20 Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. Inside Front Cover I i Hail Insurance-- You protect the quality of youi* crop by fertilization, prun- ing, thinning and spraying— why not protect the cost of the crop with Hail Insurance? "^ ►. ■. One storm ea?;i. destroy a crop v^hich ilivolves a large investment in labor and materials. Why carry all the risk yourself? Your fruit crop production investments deserve hail loss protection in a reliable company writing- Hail Insuraj^ce. Certified Hail Insurance for Pennsylvania Fruit Growers can be se- cured from the following companies. RAIN AND HAIL DEPARTMENTS OF THE Aetna Insurance Company "** Aetna Underwriters Department World Fire and Marine Insurance Company Piedmont Fire Insurance Company Insurance Company of North America Alliance Insurance Company Philadelphia Fire and Marine Insurance Co. National Security Fire Insurance Company Central Fire Insurance Company of Md. Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company Constitution Underwriters Department Sentinel Fire Insurance Company New England Fire Insurance Company Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Co. Protect your Crop Production Costs with one of our Hail Policies designed for your particular needs. Adequate Hail Insurance on your Crops will safeguard your credit. See your Local Agent representing one of the Companies or write Garnet L. Booker SUPERINTENDENl' EASTERN DIVISION Rain and Hail Department 90 John Street, New York City INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOR YOUR TREES SAKE USE PRATT'S Stabilized Oil Sprays Whv stabilized oils? Because no oil is so safe on the trees as a stabilized oil. Why PratVs? Because no one has ever made a safer group of oil sprays than the B. G. Pratt Company. SPBA-CREAM. Pratt's dormant 84 to 85% lubri- cating oil emulsion. It is manufactured under an exclusive process from highly refined oils especially selected for high insect control and greatest safety to the trees, yet sold at competitive prices. TAR Oil- EMULSIONS. The only sure fire control of green and rosy aphis. Kills the eggs durmg the doraiant season. Straitar contains 85% tar oil. Tar- O-W^ash contains 37% tar and 46% lubricating oils for red mite and scale as well. SUMMER mlcal and ling moth, have told ever used. JSPRArCRBAM. iOae*:of the most econo- successful summer x)ll emtdsions for cod- red mite, pear psylla, etc. Many growers us it Is the finest summer oU they have Experiment Station reports confirm this. rfTRr n/icn PRATT'S oil. S PRAVS FVrAV PUHM" SCALECIDE, Not an oil smulsion, but the oldest and most successful stabilized oil spray on the mar- ket It costs more, but is worth more, because it does so much more than any dormant spray you can use. Invigorates the trees and Increases yield. Sola under a guarantee to make a better orchard than lime sulfur or oil emulsion. Ask for guarantee. Be sure your oil sprays are stabilized oil sprays. Better yet, be sure they are Pratt's. Ask for descrip- tive literature. B. G. Pratt Company Dept. "D" 50 Church Street New York, N.Y.