Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.17 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1940 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg096.9 (5 sS'-^y Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION I8,«ed Quarterly at Stat. College. Pa. Sutaeription Included in Annual Due. of «.0» Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa. Vol. XVII State College, Pa., March, 1940 No. 1 Proceedings of the Form Show Building^ Horrisburg^ Penna. /es^mg^ f6, i7 and f8, f940 itWrrfT.'^^^'^T''::-' ■ '■ -1 ■ y. ''fi^'fj;>'^^'W-^>'F^>>i?y7 When Planning Your Planting Plan To Use Waynesboro Trees, Gix)wn By Virj^inia's Largest Growers. Offered in a large assortment of varieties, including the out- standing new ones, as well as the old standbys. Varieties of APPLE available for Spring '40 Planting : Albemarle Pippin Baldwin Ben Davis Bonum Cortland Delicious Early Harvest Fall Pippin Grimes Grolden Hyslop Crab Jonathan Lady Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lowry Macoun Maiden Blush M. B. Twig Milton New Red Delicious New Red Duchess New Red Jonathan New Red Rome New Red Stayman N. W. Greening Paragon Red June Rome Beauty Smokehouse Stayman Summer Rambo Summer Yellow Delicious Sweet Paradise Transcendent Crab Turley Virginia Beauty Winesap Winter Banana Yellow Delicious Yellow Transparent York Imperial YORKING Alton Belle of Georgia Brackett Carman Champion Crawford's Early Crawford's Late Early Elberta Elberta PEACH Golden Jubilee Greensboro Hale Hale Haven Heath Cling Hiley Indian Late Elberta Mayflower Mikado Red Bird Rochester Salway Slappy South Haven Valiant Vedette Veteran MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS Cherry Pear Plum Apricot Fig Quince Grape Raspberry Boysenberry Blackberry Youngberry Blueberry Send us your WANT LIST now for quotations while a more complete assortment of varieties is available, at lower prices than will most likely be possible later in the season. Waynesboro Nurseries, Inc. Waynesboro, Virginia Sta/r Horticultural Association of Ppunsyhania OFFH KKS FOR 19 10 I'rcsidciil Necn'tarv Treasiin'i- • • J- A. Hunk, Huntingdon H. W. Skinnor. Chambersbuiv • J- U. Ruef. SlHtt' College • H. M. Anderson. New Park i H. J. Gillan. St, STA\DL\(; ( OMMITTEES Kxeentive ( oininitteo: The ihov, n '^'Jl^>ni^is; .J Knclind. m r . ""''"'^'^ ''^^'''''''^ ^">^ '^ "*'w<^i.<..<- o.one,.,, c: o. K. S!;:;„ ""''::,;:. j'--:'-;;"-' <■ -»■■ >. «... un.,.., ^ork Splines. "^- "• ^^- Noll. C-<,lun,bii,: W. K. Grc.vo, Ntat.. I arm slum ami KxInlMlion- C„v I u Thayer, Carlisle: R. C. MoDonHl.l Shin . "^'yn^n. Northi,r„„k, ch.; Paul "'• «'^'|)pensl.urs: W. O. Bingham, St. Th..n,as. 'e«rH.* k' He;.sh;y/j*,a'^Xarg': """"' ''""'*''• ''^'^ "' ^'- W'-thley. state Col- "laiit Diseases' w w t^u lePP- H IT t, * "• ^^- Thurston. Slate (\)lJeee (^h • R <5 i^- ^ '^^t. H. F. Hershey. Han. bur" ^ ' '^- ^^- ^"'^^y- ^"^^^te Col- <»aine Laws: J a Rn. i^ u .. H. H. Bell. HHirishurg Huntu^onon. ,'h.; Geo. Balth.ser. VVernersvnle; Tnie-to-Xam<' Trees: F N u^. Asners- r^«wi c-f i^, " *^^^'in. State Colleize Ch • r^ i t> i ^i^t^rs, (^eo. Stein, VViiohtsville. ^ "*^^< • vn., G. L. Bau^her, Advertising: Koy Haler F^vntf n M.n,el. Leesp>n; Guy L Snnt^ i^!:,"'" ^^ ^'^"'- ^'^'^^^'^-^^ I-^anvUle; .loin. ''Snyder. Kphrata. ' '' ^"'''' ^^^^'^^- "^"'y Stoner. G.rtanna; Sin.o. 3 : tV'™-ry^'^. r ■ ^ »v -^r"^■(»>^H^p,T,1i(CoT5^ ^■:>^:^r'S,':f^^ Kw^aN»mp«M;v« When Planning Your Planting Plan To Use Waynesboro Trees, Grown By Virginia's Laigest Growers, Offered in a large assortment of varieties, including the out- standing new ones, as well as the old standbys. Varieties of APPLE available for Spring '40 Planting : Albemarle Pippin Baldwin Ben Davis Bonum Cortland Delicious EJarly Harvest Fall Pippin Grlmea Golden Hyslop Crab Jonathan Lady Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lowry Macoun Maiden Blush M. B. Twig Milton New Red Delicious New Red Duchess New Red Jonathan New Red Rome New Red Stayman N. W. Greening Paifttgon Red June Rome Beauty Smokehouse Stayman Summer Rambo Summer Yellow Delicious Sweet Paradise Transcendent Crab Turley Virginia Beauty Winesap Winter Banana Yellow Delicious YeHow Transparent Yoric Imperial YORKING Alton BeUe of Georgia Brackett Carman Champion Crawford's Early Crawford's Late Early Elberta Elberta PEACH Golden Jubilee Greensboro Hale Hale Haven Heath Cling HUey Indian Late Elberta Mayflower Mikado Red Bird Rochester Salway Slappy South Haven Valiant Vedette Veteran MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS Cherry Pear Pliim Apricot Fig Quince Grape Raspberry Boysenberry Blackberry Youngberry Blueberry Send us your WANT LIST now for quotations while a more complete assortment of varieties is available, at lower prices than will most likely be possible later in the season. Waynesboio Nurseries, Inc. Waynesboro, Virginia I State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania OFFICERS FOR 1940 President . Vice President ... ^' ^' ^""^' Huntingdon Secretary . . ^ ^" ^- Skinner, Chambersburg- Treasurer ... '^' ^' ^"®^' ^^^^^ Colleg-e ' * • ^- M:. Anderson, New Park STANDING COMMITTEES Executive Committee* tv,^ «t. U McDonald. Sh,pp,mb„rj. W. O. Bingham. St, Thomu. Insect Pests* i r\ -d^ ^ le.e; H. P. Ho'shey. HaS^'. ''^'^ ^°"^^^- ^^■■- »■ N. Worthley. State Col- .e"rH. p'^ly^Hr..?^^^^^^^^ «^-« — -•: H. S. Kir.. State Co. R. tt^BenXi-risJurt'^""''' '*"""'^^"^"' «».; Geo. Balthaser. Wernersviile; True-to-Name Trees- P ivr i^ Aspers; Geo. Stein. WrightsvlUe. "' ^'*'' ^°"^^^' ^'^•' «• ^- laugher. Advertising* Rov ttot m Mengel. Leesport; Guy L Smfth" N^TtH^'"'' = *''°- °°°'"'"^' ^^^^anville; John Snyder, Ephrata. ^^' ^"''^^ ^^^^ "^rry stoner, Orrtanna; Simon i , ( — 3 — ■i ■ "I! i INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE t''-%T':^'r$^^ 'M^i P. F. B. COOP SERVICE Meets The Needs Of Pennsylvania Fruit Growers Because Hundreds of Them Own It A Complete Line of Quality Orchard Supplies Complete Fertilizers (10-6-4) and Ingredients Miscible Oils, Oil Emulsions and Lime Sulphur Solution Elgetol (new dyestuff dormant) and Di Nitrol Phenol Oils Lead, Calcium and Zinc Arsenates Zinc Sulphate and Monohydrated Zinc Sulphate Wettable Sulphur and "IVIagnetic 70" Sulphur Paste Paradichlorobenzene and Ethylene Bichloride Emulsion Bordeaux Mixture, Cupro-K and Spray Cop Sulphur, Copper and Rotenone Dusts Nicotine Sulphate and Tobacco Dusts Copper Sulphate - All Forms Spray and Dusting Lime Summer Spray Oils Order from your local Farm Bureau Co-op or write Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Co-Operative Ass^n, Inc. Owned and Controlled by Pennsylvania's Farmers 3607 Derry Street HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 4 — REPORT OF COMMITTEES different sizes and types of boxes and styles of mcks rSuTt^ ShSefrnr' f "^'""^ ^^^'^« ^^^de ^s m^ch'arone: lourth bushels of apples m a so-called bushel box ; THEREFORE be it resolved that the President of thi-* iora^omm[£ J'^'"'V'^ "^ ^^P^'"*' ^''^^ due deSS uon, a committee of members representing- the main ot^w mg sections of the state, which cSmmitteei to mee? if ^hj near future and recommend a practical, unifoi-m boi and sSrnd"ii?stteT ''''-'' '' '^' ^owe^of-tSate Li conta^? fhf h'^l'r T^'u^^^. *^?* \^^ ^^""^ n^ed committee S Maivtw' «^ the Horticultural Societies of West Vir- g-inia, viaiyland and Virg-mia, request ng that thev an point similar committees to endeavor to w?rk out melns bv which the box can be standardized. ^ Beit further resolved that representatives from the four states get together and standardize the sile of the box Approved. ^fv.n(^^??^.u^' Piscriminatory taxes and unwarranted re- strictions on the channels of fruit distribution have a damag- ng effect by increasing the costs of marketing, raising pri?fs to consumers and lowering returns received by p?odSceis! WHEREAS, Trade barrier measures of this tvue have been opposed by the nation's leading agiicultural SnizI^ rnn«n.^! ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ representative business, labor and consumer groups, and serioS?,^c^?' ^^1"^^ ^""""^l ""^ ''^^''' stores, as one of the f fi^ u 7"^ °^ s"*:^ unsound and discriminatory legisla- J n»L ,f " particularly condemned by these organiza- tions as well as by Pennsylvania State Horticultural Society at Its convention last year, therefore rnltn?^ S ?pOLyED that the Pennsylvania State Horti- Z^rS^ Vi^.^^^'"' ^''P^^^s ^ts complete and unqualified FedPrTrhir IF "'^S?!?'"^^ s"^h ^« the proposed Patman foHpJfi tu " ^u""'! ^u'"' ^"<^ <^" "P«" other horticultural societies throughout the nation to work actively against this — 5 — k 'V 'Y? '> • C-' ■ •'^•i vtj vrrt--, • ' -"T v. -^ v'/Gr.^^ v'-?;^^'^^ proposal for repeal of such state anti-chain store taxes as are now in effect, and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that copies of this reso- lution be foi-warded to secretaries of state and national hor- ticultural groups, to members of the House and Senate of the Pennsylvania State Legislature and to members of the Penn- sylvania delegation in Congress. Approved. WHEREAS, the use of apple cider is on the increase, publicity is becoming more common in advising the use of fruit juices in the diet, each year sees a more difficult means of disposing of the cull and grades of lower than U. S. No. 1 apples, that it becomes necessary to establish some definite and scientific method of manufacture of good cider or apple juice, and to establish laws covering the method of manufac- ture and sale. THEREFORE : be it resolved, that this Association in- struct its legislative committee to have a law promulgated for introduction to the State Legislature, defining cider, a standardized method of manufacture and grade of fruit to be used, and methods of preservation, as well as containers to be used. Approved. RESOLVED, that we express our appreciation to the Farm Show Commission for the better facilities and space pix)vided for the apple exhibits, and Be IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that we request them to improve our meeting i*ooms by furnishing racks for hats and coats in each room, a blackboard and chart space, and a more sound proof partition between meeting i^ooms. Approved. RESOLVED, that we express our appreciation to Bureau of Markets for the unlimited services rendered by members of the Inspection Service in judging commercial apple entries in the apple exhibit. Approved. RESOLVED, that we commend the then Secretary of Agi^culture and Bureau of Markets for their efficient aid in moving peaches and apples in 1938-39. Approved. RESOLVED, that we request Secretary of Agriculture to take full advantage of Act S2212 of 76th Congress making moneys available. Approved. (Signed) F. E. Griest, Chairman Resolutions Committee, GEO R JSIII''^ ^^^^ COMMITTEE GEO. BAUGHER, Chairman True To Name Committee tion s^El^wSl^^^^^^ \-t tree identifica- by nurserymen from YSkh^r^^^^ ^^^« ^^^nded One-half day was snent «f w "^ t^^f^^ ^^^^^ counties, day at the IdS St^'^^^y' ^"^'^^^'^^ ^^^ one-half ly examined these two nurseries ' ^^^ previous- Your committee feels that vmi fi,« . , giowers, would marvel at thp^hnff' ?^ commercial fruit tify the'difFerenTstJne fru?t vaSfes h' ^^'^^" *° ^^^^- studying the different leaf structu,!?" th! ^' '"^"^ ^^^^'^ the veins in the leaf; thfedl ng S tVfeaf " wEf tT"^ "*' Of this kno^edg: S? ShS-3e Jr'lt ^^^^^^ sM^i!' "^ '° ^''°™"' "■""■ ""-n nuiseries this coming tin„i:"w';l^lSa"lrbSt'!S't£''^"'°;■''• '*ich wW be con. GOOD^S Keystone Brand SPRAYS KESOE 83-Su,.er-8tabilized oil emul- ^^u. \,.^*y. ^^ combined with Lime N^^J;.^^"^^^'^ ^^^^"^' Bordeaux m mLT spraV" ^""""' "^ ^"'^^^ ^-- emuui^lS^' ^.u^)^ ''°'"'"« petroleum oil emulsified with Good's Potash Fish Oil James Good, Inc. -siUB E. Susquehanna Ave PHILADELPHIA, PA ■Cello's Certified Fruit Trees Complete assortment of high quality Fruit Trees at Greatly Reduced Prices APPLE PEAR PEACH PLUM CHERRY SmaU Fruits and Shrubs It will pay you to plant Kelly trees this year. Send for your free copy of our big new 1940 Book of Bargains. Kelly Brothers Nurseries 18 Maple St. DANSVILLE, N. Y. I — 7 — It. . ^=;:^;if ':);f?;#;> Wt:p::K 1939 Jan. 18 Jan. 18 Jan. 18 Mar. 3 Apr. 1 Apr. 4 Jan. 12 Jan. 18 1939 Apr. 4 Apr. 24 May 5 May 22 Jan. 12 TREASURER'S REPORT H. M. ANDERSON, Treasurer Receipts Balance in Ephrata Bank $ ^]V^1 Reserved to pay outstanding accounts kar «q Received from C. B. Snyder — ^^^^^ Received from Savings Account 22 00 Dues from L^nc. Assoc. ^- • Interest from back coupons Empire Prop. Corp ^u.^^ Received from J. U. Ruef rT"'. fi« on Received from S. A. Smith (York County dues) bS.OO (1940) Interest from Bonds ^"^ Interest from Savings Account _______ $1,447.11 Balance in State College Account 328.81 Total Receipts at State College i,iK)z.i^ (See report following) $2,030.95 Disbursements Deposited in Savings Account ^-^'^^o?? Paid to Davidson Corporation f^^ Paid to Sylvia Meeker -— '^J'^" Paid to Everett Allen (printing vouchers) — ^-^^ (1940) Credit on Savings qqI io Balance in Bank ^^^•^*' $1,447.11 Total Expenditures State College Account ^^'Iao'tq Balance in State College ^il Cash on hand ______! $2,030.95 — 8 — PENNSYLVANIA STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION EXPENDITURES Jan. 18 1939 Dr. Ira A. Manville-Expenses . ^oo 00 it, D. M. James— Banquet * 100.00 .. E S5^?'''ee Co.-Medals ____ ^ 25.05 •' it i- ^- Shaw_Expenses Mtgs. __ • T??? •• 23 ^- J-. Farley-Expenses Mtgs._ |ti« " 23 ^^"X'^ST'S: Telegraph Menu folderr: lo"^^ Feb. t 1939 PhilfpsbuTLTaSrSr ^^^f- '----- 25.2^0 ft R. H. Hunt— Expenses Mtgi. _ tf,'^ Mar. 2.1.39 ^^^I^^ ^^^^ i^^::::: . || Apr. , 1939 Mar^/ntr^e^^l^I^W^^^ ^4^ May II X939 ??S>;i^^^i^%^^^^^^ ''f^ ;; 20 HarrLurfe.'^^Tel "Lrtrnrrrm ^^ * "^"^^ '^^^ " 29 ?^'tP''°"l^*'"'Psburg and StewartsTown""" f?n -ne I X939 ^^ZSl^^^^^^^ -ore dt-lZI ^^ " 24 Ph ,^- Keeler-Rubber7t;m;-:::: ^.09 ^uly 15 1939 Stt^^pf-S. ^^S^^^-^-^ --- 2^00 AU. % 1939 lUXrf ^ie?-^^-^^^^^^^ ^^^ envelopes, folders ^ stickers, ^ . ^^ Postage — Sent New*? ^^'^^ Oct. 17,1939 PhillpW Led?erSo:-Se-pt7New-s n^l^ Bee. ^'.1939 PhiSslfg^^^dSr^r^'^^'r^^^^^^ "»oo " 23 Marv F pf^.f If "^ Co.— envelopes and labels ll.05 :; 23 PoY^^e-^^elr^^^^^^^ ^0.00 "^ovyv ^l^^f-Transportation ~" ^'^^ Phihpsburg- 2/11, 2/27, 3/17, 6/3 6/4 7/8, 9/6 9/22, 11/18, 11/27 12/11 /' 2S 60 Huntingdon, 5/8/39 ^7^^ Harrisburg, 5/20/39 Q^n ^ Hancock, Md 7/fi/^Q ^'^^ Jan. 11, 1940 Office SuppS ^^^^^ ' 9.75 Toi^ iT ^^^^^^ Deposit ^I^ Telephone — 6.00 1/18/39— St. Thomas 2/10/39— Philipsburg "II ^^S «; ^fS=^^S^ - ^"-to-wn\-:::::::::::::::::::: .i" 5/ 8/39— Stewartstown -20 6/ 7/39— Philipsburg — IIIIIIIIIIIIH '^^ — 9 — 6/ 9/39 — Philipsburg -^^ 6/14/39— Philipsburg f^ 10/2/39— Biglerville '^^ 10/6/39 — Chambersburg -^^ 10/6/39— Carlisle - Winchester • -^^ 12/4/39— Philipsburg Ti 12/9/39— Boyertown |Jr^ 12/9/39— St. Thomas -^"^ 1/ 7/40— Philipsburg — — '*" Telegrams — «q 1/12/39— Rochester, N. Y. -^^ 7/25/39— Biglerville - Pittsburgh '^; Traverse City, Mich — ^-Zz 7/29/39 — Martinsburg, W. Va. __ -^^ 10/6/39— Hayman, Goodling, Hacker, Yoder, Cowen, Snyder, Brace, Enck, Hershey ^f^ 11/29/39— Pittsburgh "~"___^__ • Total Expenditures $1,720.59 Balance State College Bank 1/11/40 ^^f!^ Cash on hand _____ $2,030.95 Balance— State College Bank, January 18, 1939 ^ 328.81 Receipts — iccoo Jan. 23, 1939— Dues and Advertismg }^^'^i Feb. 6 ' ^ll'l^ Feb. 14 ^|-^^ Feb. 27 " " " 11-^^ Mar. 20 " " " f'^^^ Mar. 27 " " " ^3.50 Apr. 3 " " •• lll^^ Apr. 10 " " " ^9.41 Atx^ 1Q >» »» »» 29.00 X' U 22.00 Anr 17 ' " " 40.00 Anr 2<) " " " 44.00 May 8 900 K 15 26.50 May 29 " " " 26.66 June 19 27.00 June 24 " " ; 8100 Tulv 3 " bz.oz July 17 " " " 27.00 j^l 20 " " " 1^.50 July 25 " " " 16.00 Aui 4 " '• '• 20.50 Aug. 21 " " " 28.00 Sept. 18 " - " 50.00 Oct. 17 •' " " 1^.32 Oct. 17 " " " 20.00 Nov. 6 " " " 24.75 Dec 9 " " " ^"^-^^ Jan.' 8,1940 " " " 1^9.57 Jan. 10 " " " 58-50 Total Receipts $1,702.14 328.81 Total Receipts plus balance $2,030.95 We find the report to be correct. C. B. SNYDER, Chairman. — lo- st. Thomas, Pa., February 21, 1940 Dear Fruit Grower : ciatiot hddTn H^riSf t '''' ^^'^ Horticultural Asso- Standardization of Tptle^^ the question of of the discussion a comSittpf w»T^ discussed. At the end mation on the varSSsS hnL ^ appointed to obtain infor- anticipated in mo"'lUs hoped thlV^S ^?^ 'H^^^^^ tion requested will assist fhlx!^ i ■ following infoi-ma- ard container sItis?2{orvLTf'**'^ ''' Preparing a stand- This committeels w^SgTn c^frS" wi?.^'""',^^^""^^' mittees in adjacent States "'"''^^'^^'''^ ^ith similar com- I hope you will consider this work of vnhm +« aid in your future marketing pro™ iJth!,^ ^""^ f.^ ^" turn this information tn t!!^ Progiam, and that you will re- enclosed enveb^fir mailSr '"'" ^ ^''^^'"' "^^"^ ^^e 1. 2. 3. 1 '/«--. 4. 5. Have you used Boxes ? What size?: 1 bu... How were apples packed V'"' Jumble Face and Fiil..... Wrapped and Placed Tight Pack . What kind of box will you usethJs year ?. What type of pack this year ?!^".".'..'"""' 11/5 Very truly yours, R. J. Gillan, Chairman Package Standardization Committee. PACKAGE STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE R. Johnson Gillan, Chairman J. Eric Linde J. B. Kauffman H. W. Skinner W. E. Roth H. J. Oyler Frederick E. Griest Lionel E. Newcomer Sheldon Funk St. Thomas, Pa. Orefield, Pa., R. D. 1 York, Pa., R. D. 7 . Chambersburg, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa. Gettysburg, Pa., R. D. Floradale, Pa. Boyertown, Pa. Boyertown, Pa. W M — 11 — tvt)e'y.»TTvi>^ •=-?:<%' 'u.-'v'^^ < ■;" -^v '•■•ri' '■'i ^ •^IS7 DIVERSIFICATION ON THE FRUIT FARM J. H. GOURLEY, Chief in Horticulture. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. The condition and health of the fruit industry is receiv- ing more attention in "high places" at the present than at any previous time in the history of American orcharding. (Of course everything else is also) . This is obviously be- cause there has been distress and a distressed condition is not good for the country. For years we believed that it was temporary, that shortly everything would be all right and Stl llfssez faire policy both individually and col ?ctively was good enough. But we have finally come to I'ea jze that There is more deciduous fruit produced niany years than the market can absorb at a profit to the producer. Hence most fruit growers are seeking a solution but none seems to be at hand, at least none that has application to all alike Cei- tainlv it is not our purpose here to offer any panacea for the situation Not all sections are equally affected but probably Si have suffered to a considerable extent. The prme object- ive now is to stabilize the industry as a whole and make it less speculative, if possible. May we look at the drastic action in the f a.r West as an example ox the effort growers are making to adj ust Pi-oduc- tion to demand? It has been i-eported that in the state of Washington alone from 4.000 to ti.SOO acres ot apples were removed during the past year, or at least went out of produc- S due to neglect. The crop in that state has droPPed from 24,000 cars per year to 12.000, which is estimated to be two miUion boxes, or over one million dollars in revenue for the district. They are perplexed as to what can be raised in Dlace of apples. Acreages as a rule are too small to diversity Sn the present holdings which run from 5 to 20 acres as a rule. One writer says there is not one crop proposed that is not already overproduced. It is suggested out there that production per acre must go up and "sweat, frugality, coop- eration of neighbor with neighbor, and mortgage holder with owner" must be practiced if they are to remain m business and make a profit. They already have a production of 500 to 600 bushels per acre and not infrequently reach more, as compared to a yield of below 200 bushels in many Eastern orchards. Somewhat on the side, it is only fair to mention that many a fruit farm in the East is in difficulty because past earnings from it have been unfortunately invested in outside "securities" such as Florida real estate, stocks and bonds which proved well nigh worthless, the building of storages and homes based on future earnings, the purchase of equip- ment with the hope and expectation that fruit would sell at — 12 — higher prices next year. Even as you and I' We can ^«n this poor judgment, bad management, or what not bu?ft hS b^en^^common and nearly everyone hal slipped to' Im'e Efforts to relieve the situation in East While statistics are not available for tho Pacf u ; i. ti^i f V, ^®^™n of Georgia and in (ja itornia but sincp f haf faJiiable site. ''Zf'^^' '""^ ^''^' ^^^^ ^^e plantid on ui- Seit e o region" pro^^ whthln tt*^^" ^^ ""'f'"^' ^^ remove some t.^^'SlCZ'^^'Tilf^^^^^^^ anteaSS ShTerdtX iSX SKI" bihzed Probably much more will be doie in the advertlsfnt ?Lri^*'^'' 1" *.^^ Pe^t ^'"t 't i« difficult to raise aSuatf marfP ntf^ volunteer basis. Special mention shoSld also bl vTde e?paSL^'iS "" 1"*^"* industry that is Spable of wiae expansion. Small equipment suitable for the hom*. h^<= come onto the market recently that pnSuces an exTelleS? apple juice. In our own experience we have increS thP nuniber of apples used several fold and are deSted with aSoAen thile t?mf ''"h'^ '''^''''' ''^' JuiceTaf br^ikT^^ cina oiten tHiee times a day. Commercial production of fmif rS SifS -^""^^ ""'^ "PP'^« '''■ cooSg a^swius future kSplt L " i""'«««'n& at an enoi-mous rate and the luture IS likely to see a much greater expansion Professor Fagan advises me that the apple canning industry this vea- ^ppleTKnH'';.^!''"^^'''^^^T p«""^« iTZEjtZ apple sauce * "^ ^ '''^^'^ percentage has gone into «v,o "^he last effort which we may mention is that of the our- rhTr.^f ^^F^r. ^yJ^^ Surplus Commodities CoioratZ ^hfs'haS Sv/rtf ' T'}"-^'"' ^^""^ *«" n^llion^ushels.' be thoi^ht nf ^^f ^ situation in many sections but shouia De thought of only as a temporary expedient. *The reader Is referred to two recent books dealing with this subiect- ?r«,f ^^^"f ^'■^^^'■^^""'^ of Fruits, Fruit Juicers and vLetebl^s" JS TT«„^rT'',''^^'/j' Publishing Co. Fnut and Vegetable Juices. Tressler, Joslyn and Marsh, 1939. Avi Publishing Co. — 13 — jl»»jvwv..^>„c"f''>'^Tvr iw.-r^^^_'-c^M\Ti^--t^ .,■■*.■■?»?.- '•^« ■ f*^-T- .Vii V"^'iJ: Crop divei-sification as a possible solution All of these and many other proposals might be discus- sed at length but I wish at this time to suggest new consider- ation of an old practice— that of diversification of crops in the fai-m program. 1 1 ue, diversification is not applicable to all sections nor to all fruit farms in any given area, but it is one of several possible ways out of the present dilemma. It will depend upon the individual, his interest and experience, and his willingness to work out such a plan. It depends on the size of the farm, the size oi the family, the market out- lets. I proposed this plan to an excellent authority the other day and he immediately said there were two sides to that question. What, tor instance, would you substitute in the cotton belt, in the far West, in California? Another ac- quaintance countered with the objection that any diversifica- tion throws an undue burden on the management part of the entei-prise. It means that the management must have a wide knowledge of several lines which in this day of high special- ization is increasingly difficult. Then, he continued, there is the question of overhead which should be kept at a minimum He thought it wise to diversify only in new lines that would require about the same capital equipment such as sprayers, tillage tools, storages, etc. He also felt that livestock rneant more land since it was folly to raise livestock on anything other than home grown feed. However, he believed potatoes, both sweet and Irish, small fruits, and beef cattle worked best on his farm. But we both agreed that there was no bet- ter opportunity for diversification than in the Northeastern United States. That fits Pennsylvania (and Ohio) . Both soil, climate and market conditions make it possible. The thought back of it is that only one cash crop, such as apples or peaches, is an example of having "all of our eggs in one basket." Too often the crop fails or the price is low, or substitutes are purchased, or some other factor reduces the income below the expense of producing it, that is, the in- dustry is a hazardous one. To see a promising crop wiped out in a few hours or less of low temperature is a tragedy that few industries must experience. Therefore the obj ects are : 1. To have more than one source of cash income. 2. To distribute labor throughout the season and thus retain a better grade of labor. 3 To give greater diversity to selling, especially where a home market is maintained or a local market is catered to. 4 To help overcome natural hazards of climate and give a better adaptation of crops to soils. Even on a small farm there is often quite a difi'erence of soil types and topography. 5. To keep the enterprise young which is good for the farm management and good for the individual. — u — the n^ub^^Thl'que'st^^n'^oI:'^ '"^K^"^ • ^ell that hits at pose as knoSng enoS S savtow'^.r.'^^^-^^i'^^.^^^ *« handle his problem CerSnhfjf i^'^u ^"j^^^'^ual should used the same crops. We a e we . I^^ll ^f, ^'f^^^ous if all we may mention is also o^'pToLceTI; t'^f/f^* t"^ T^P. would be better fov fha ,-r.^i,,.vi i f ^^ *"® *^*^' "^ut it order to have a £ t r MaS P^S" uT/flr'S,"; SrersStSSafnT^-^ =■'- -^^^^^ ss:;?iSSoi-ssi.%tier/^"^^^^^^^^ ha<» inn ^" ^'^^'"P'e I may cite one successful grower who has 100 acres of apples, beginning with Transoarent anH Z/i ing m May or June with Stark and Winesln hL five? t crop comes from three acres orstrawberrfes Thin LT.« SIX acres of black raspberries, 2 acres^f red^aspberSes anH apS S'S'^o'H^'H'n^^^l^^^^ him upToTir^ariy Su u '"^ I'oadside stand he also sells sweet chevHp« S'aS oXT^^e'tat!'^' "^ "'" °^ -'a'»uPef s'wS Logan, Bristol, and Naples blackcaps, Newburrfi Marrv pnH S^^i^cunln'ts'^"'^"" ^"' Schmidt^WeeTSes^'SSd th;r,i?ViPl^^*"^^f7 ^"^ ^"'"e line of livestock. We used to Sd orchaX"lH-'^' ^- ^''■''/ ^"y but the hatching season woiYd hi n™"^ '"'T''^ ^"*° ^«8:ue much of this objection would be overcome. As you well know, many fruit ffrowers most suScessfuSv Oni"'"^^^ ^"f 'l!f' ' ^*^^ ^^^^ ^^^^s, and year thev wonli m.£ f/-'''^^*' ^^^ I^^ ^^^^^'^ ^^at this years feeding iffToiK^'*; T"^K ^^^"^ «heep but some owi leedmg cattle paid best. Another writes me "We have always kept some livestock (feeders) and I really believe thit thanTr^m an^e'nr"^ benefiWvom tiis tyie'oSvS^S mention Tv,f?+?*^!- ^"^^^l^^'l I" this connection we might mention the utilization of cull apples in laro-e auantitie«! hv £e n?bte ''K''^}^ ""' W^s^hington ind Evirink manufpini "^ n^^'^H ^^ «^Periments and instructions on its manufacture. One of our orchardists is feeding a silage — 15 — f ' - ■y'il.f.f- 'p^^ jftfl'? .i;VlW<5j*'f5^ ^'''''KM<^',i-y^ 'fiJ'&jS^' made of four and a half parts fresh apples and one part corn Sir Whenever cull apples are worth less than five dol- iSra'torThrputs them in the silo, although dan-ymen say thev are worth six dollars a ton. This silage is fed at the mte of 35 Snds a dav per head along with mixed hay. Cattle iSisTsuch silage and have shown no digestive dis- orders. c Diversify with potatoes and other vegetables. One correspondent i?i northern Ohio says that early peas, string beans, toa beans, sweet corn and n^^lo"! have ^elp^ ^"^ materiallv in years when fruits were not too abundant, in Te section a number of growers are raising Uma beans and Sunrfiesh ?r putting them in cold storage for later sale S forces rhubl*ib ^"^ others have fairly large acreages of asparagus. d Nursery stock and Christmas trees are grown by a good many orchardists and some of them do a small land- scape business. e. Some diversify with outside activities, such as being agents for farm machinery, spray machines and ma^ei als, and most everything else within the scope of one s imagina- tion. Too great dive!-sity or division of one's time may prove disastrous and the individual must measure his own abilities and talents along this line. Certainly such a program requires greater ability as a manager, more equipment and capital investment, and moie skilled help. But it lessens the risks and often saves an otherwise impossible venture. Distribution of labor The chief considerations in the matter are labor distri- bution throughout the year and market for the products grown. We have just made an analysis of labor on apples, peaches and cherries at the Ohio Experiment Station. This shows the highest peak in labor hours per acre for apples during September and October, that is, during picking sea- son. It is 34.5 in September and 59.9 in October Pruning operations during February raise the labor to 22.7 and thin- ning and spraying to 24.3 in June and 36.8 during July. Peaches reached their peak in March due to pruning and early spraying of 49.0 hours per acre. The other peaks were July 32.6 and September 28.0 due mainly to thinning, pick- ing- and gassing the trees. Cherries showed an extraordinary labor peak at picking time— 132.9 hours per acre in June and 471.7 in July. (See Fig.) With these data as a background, one can determine what other crops would fit best with the fruit schedule. Both feeder steers and lambs, purchased in the fall and sold m — 16 — 65- 60- 55- 50- 45- 40- MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR USED IN PEACH, APPLE AND CHERRY ORCHARDS. C PERCENT > TWO YEAR AVERAGE 1937 - 1936 AT WOOSTER. JVEY PEACH APPLE CHERRY C PEACH APPLE •• 7.2 CHERRY- JAN/FEB. 'MAR. 'APR. 'MAY 'JUNE.' JULY AUG. SEPT OCT 'NOV 'DEC ■■■~'~- ■*— -- TOTAL -168.0 52.7 40iO 5.6 75.0 4.7 12.7 5j0 7.0 0.1 21.0 24.3 32.6 ^6.8 23.7 19.4 150 132.9 471.7 7.9 LABOR HOURS PER ACRE 260 34.5 25 20 59.9 8 0 26.9-267.1 -7100 the early spring would occupy the labor at a period of the year when orchard operations are light. Or if they were pas- tured m the spring little attention need be given them dur- ing the period of greatest activity in the orchard. Early po- tatoes could be planted a little ahead of the peak of the sea- son in the orchard and harvested a little ahead of the picking season of apples. Late potatoes would not fit so well but are otten grov/n by the orchardist. 1 ^^f^^^^wer in Georgia writes that he keeps labor em- ployed through the year as follows: He grows 15 acres of strawberries and picks them from April 20 until about May ^U. He has several varieties of peach in his 50 acre block beginning with Mayflower about May 20 and ending with El- berta about August 15. His 13 acres of staked tomatoes oc- cupy help from June 15 to August 15 which interferes con- — 17 — siderably with the peaches. From July 15 until Christmas he plants and sells turnip salad, spinach, collards, broccoli, and Chinese cabbage. He also has one-tenth acre of hot house tomatoes. So one sees that the attempts to diversify are legion. If the buying power were raised and the employment situation relieved and export markets opened up, much of the difficulty would be automatically solved. Returns per hour of labor for different enterprises The Cornell Extension Service has published a compre- hensive report on farm management for fruit growers (Bul- letin 355) and I quote from it. ^'Returns per hour on apples were higher than on any other crops for the 14 year period 1921 to 1934. In general, cash crops, such as alfalfa, canning-factory tomatoes, cab- bage, and potatoes gave good returns for the time spent on them. Hay, other than alfalfa, and grain paid little or noth- ing for labor after all other expenses were paid. '*Yield is one of the most important factors affecting the returns per hour of labor on an enteiT)rise. **Next to fruit, canning-factory tomatoes and cabbage are some of the most profitable cash crops for western New York. Cabbage is a highly speculative crop. Although losses were heavy in some years, cabbage has paid well over a period of years. **In making an adjustment away from wheat, fanners should include as much as possible of the crops that give the highest returns per hour of labor. On well-drained soil, apples are probably the most profitable crops for the western New York fruit section. Where one is close to Lake Ontario and where the soil is especially well adapted to fruit, peaches and cherries may be profitable additions to the fann busi- ness. >> We may feel that these figures are a bit out-of-date in the light of the past couple of fruit seasons, but they point to several important considerations in a study of this problem of diversification. ^ FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DISTRIBUTION IN THE NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA MARKETS WILLIAM C. CROW, Senior Agricultural Economist, United States Department of Agriculture. The reason for my appearance on this proj^ram is to urge you to devote a part of your time and attention to the sub- ject of distribution of your products. For many years, most — 18 ■ '<'.T IVT?^"*'**' ' of the emphasis in agricultural meetings and in research has been placed on the problems of actual production, often to the neglect of the problems of distribution, which 'are of at least equal importance. Perhaps the reason for this may be found in the fact that, to a large extent, changes in pro- duction technique can be brought about by individual action, while the individual must take the marketing system as he finds it unless he is to work with other individuals and gmups in effecting necessary changes. The importance of distribution to you producers of fruits and vegetables can best be brought out by the citing of one or two figures. It cost about one and a half billion dol- lars to distribute one billion dollars' worth of fruits and vege- tables from the farmers to the consumers of the United States in 1936. That is, for every dollar the housewife spent for fruits and vegetables, you growers received only 40 cents. Considerably more than half of this one and a half billion dol- lar marketing bill was incurred after the produce reached the large cities. For this reason, when the Bureau of Agricul- tural Economics began studying the fundamentals of our marketing system to try to find out where improvements might be made, it first looked into conditions in the large city markets. Brief surveys have been made of the wholesale markets in 40 of the large cities of the country, cities which are out- lets for about half of the total fruit and vegetable production of the country. More intensive studies have been made in Philadelphia, New York City, Kansas City and Atlanta. An analysis of the situation in these 40 cities reveals that many problems are common to nearly all of them. So whether you use the New York, the Philadelphia, or the Baltimore market, you will be interested in some of the problems which exist in all these places. Problems in City Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Markets 1. In many cities the wholesale markets for fruits and vegetables are very old. Two of the oldest markets for which any record was found are the Faneuil Hall Market of Boston which is about 200 years old and the French Market of New Orleans, about 150 years old. Each is still one of the most important markets of the city in which it is located. Only 44 of the 101 markets in the 40 cities studied have been built during the last 20 years, and many of these are railix)ad-pro- duce terminals. Many changes have taken place since these markets were constructed. The population has increased manyfold. Methods of transportation have changed from water and wagon to rail and motor truck. Produce from distant pro- ducing areas has become available throughout the year. Per- — 19 — >« For Higher Yields Better Quality «e« U.S. PAT. Off Crops^cg Insecticides and Fungicides DU PONT Insecticides and Fungicides give effective crop pro- tection against damaging insects and fungous diseases result- ing in increased yields and higher quality crops. Growers everywhere have found the thorough research and rigid production standards behind the manufacture of DU PONT Agricultural Chemicals an assurance of economical and effective crop protection. For higher yields and better quality crops, use DU PONT Insecticides and Fungicides. *GRASSELLI Lead Arsenate *SULFORON Wettable Sulfur Calcium Arsenate Spray Oils, Dormant and Summer *DUTOX Fluorine Insecticide Cryolite - Synthetic *LORO Contact Insecticide Paris Green *FLUXIT Spreader *NuREXFORM Lead Arsenate Lime Sulfur Solution Dry Lime Sulfur Bordeaux Mixture *GRASSELLI Spreader-Sticker Flotation Sulfur Paste *BLACK LEAF "40" Nicotine Sulfate (40%) ♦BLACK LEAF "50" Free Nicotine (50%) ♦BLACK LEAF "155" Fixed Nicotine Dust Mixtures ' Trade Mark /i E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., (INC. /frnrnTn^ grasselli chemicals dept. mm WILMINGTON, DELAWARE — 20 — capita consumption has increased. Yet with all these changes the markets have undergone httle change. Many of them, new as well as old, are improperly located, designed and equipped. In several respects, many of these markets are inade- quate. Many of the buildings are not suitable for the effi- cient handling of produce. They are old, were not designed for handling fruits and vegetables, have not been kept in good repair, and cannot now properly protect perishable pro- ducts against the weather. Most of the buildings are not equipped with cold storage rooms and many do not have adequate facilities for common storage. Frequently stores are too narrow, too small, and as a rule they have no rear entrances. Frequently motor trucks must unload supplies at the front of these narrow stores at the same time that other trucks are loading. When this small space is occupied by one truck other trucks often stand in the narrow street waiting their turn at the curb. In at least one city, farmers' trucks line the curb so that trucks hauling to or from the stores must find parking space some distance down the street or around the comer, and supplies must be moved along crowded sidewalks between the store and the truck. In most cities, traffic congestion is so serious at times that trucks cannot even get near the sidewalk and supplies must be carried by hand to the stores. Floors of stores and the sidewalks in front of them, as a rule are not at the height of truck beds and the floors oi railroad cars. Hence, the produce must be lifted and lowered (and frequently dropped) in loading and unloading. As some stores are so small or so narrow that the only available space is far in the rear, fruits and vegetables are displayed on the sidewalks and even the streets, exposed to all kinds of weather. Occasionally refuse of the gutter is piled against the packages of produce. Many of the farmers' or truckers' markets that operate either separately or in connection with other markets are likewise inadequately equipped. Frequently the only avail- able space for display and sale is along crowded streets. In other cities an open lot is provided, and trading must be car- ried on without so much as a shed to keep off the rain and hot sun. Many other illustrations of improperly designed and equipped markets could be cited, but the conditions already — 21 — ! i ^^^\^^W: *.v:>i«"v.r ^'iW^'V^rTT^'-W^:'^^^^ ;;;^»j7'^''^;z?'c7 m'):PM.'iiMmm.^ :. rrjEJ:^^.:r*r^'j;Tpye''. ^ ■ i'^W^'J^T. • i^ described should be sufficient to give a picture of the situa- tion. Conditions like these mean increased labor, waste of time, high operating costs, inadequate merchandising (dis- play, storage, etc.), unnecessary handling, needless exposure, large losses from spoilage or at least sufficient deterioration so that spoilage will be rapid later in the retail store, unsani- tary conditions, and many other unsatisfactory items. These conditions make real efficiency in marketing per- ishable products very difficult, if not almost impossible, to attain. 2. In many cities such conditions have led to the estab- lishment of competing markets in other sections of the city. Often these markets are little better than the old and do not approach a real solution to the problem. Raih-oads have built, at enormous expense, modem pro- duce-terminal markets, separate from the regular markets, and have restricted their use to produce arriving over their own lines. Then other railroads have built competing mar- kets to handle produce arriving over their lines. Other agen- cies have likewise set up new markets which were not de- signed to provide a complete and efficient single market for the city but which merely resulted in dividing the business among several markets no one of which is adequate. In this way much money has been wasted in providing unnecessary, inadequate and duplicating facilities. In 33 out of the 40 cities covered in the recent survey, there are two or more wholesale and jobbing markets for fruits and vegetables; 15 of the cities have three or more such markets ; and in one city there are nine markets. The waste in providing facilities is not by far the most serious evil in having too many markets. Business is so split that much cross-hauling, or trucking, among markets is nec- essary. This entails not only a continuing needless expense for cartage but increases spoilage and is conducive to the de- velopment of racketeering. Often no one market has a com- plete line of goods, so buyers must go from one market to another, perhaps in widely separated parts of the city, to ob- tain supplies. Operating expense increases. Often so much time and handling are required that produce reaches the re- tail store in poor condition. Supplies are scattered, price- making becomes a difficult process, and it is hard to enforce necessary regulations. Furthermore, the very existence of these separate markets produces a situation where, because of vested interest, previous investment, and inter-market strife, it is difficult to effect the thorough market reorganiza- tion that is needed. Too many markets in a city is a distinct hindrance to the efficient handling of produce. — 22 — 3. In addition to inadequate markets and the existence of too many markets in a city, a third problem has become veiy serious. In most cities the markets do not have proper facilities for handling the increasing quantities of motor truck receipts. In 1936, about 44 per cent of the fruit and vegetable supply of 40 large cities arrived by motor truck. During each of the last two years, Philadelphia has received more by truck than by rail. Large trucks have crowded in- to old markets situated on narrow streets, bringing serious traffic congestion. In some markets literally hours are re- quired for a truck to get into a market and unload, and the same is true of buyers' trucks coming into the market to pick up purchases. The situation is exactly as though a hundred of you fruit growers here in Pennsylvania were to come into Harrisburg and attempt to use the row of stores in a couple of the main business blocks for your packing sheds, all side by side, and all fronting only on the one street. You would bring all your fruit in from the orchards, unload it onto the sidewalks, and carry it into these buildings. After it was packed, you would carry it out again, lift it up from the sidewalk to your trucks, and haul it away. Each of you would be handling, say, from one to ten carloads of fruit each day, and would have from 10 to 50 trucks trying to get to each of these packing houses, all located along this one block. The trucks couldn't all get there ^yhen they wanted to, of course. They would have to form i^ line and wait their turn. If the weather was hot, and peaches were getting ripe, that would be jiist too bad. Well, that is exactly what is taking place in Dock Street, and in Washing- ton Street in New York, and in many other markets, every night of the year. Producers and shippers have streamlined their handling and packing methods. Hours and days have been cut from transportation schedules between shipping point and markets. Speedy trucks and arterial highways in- sure quick delivery from the markets. But the markets themselves have failed to keep pace with these modern de- velopments. - ^ Not only have increased trucks receipts produced traffic congestion but by being forced into particular markets they have in many cities increased the volume of business of these markets far beyond that which they can efficiently handle. This is happening in cities where, at the same time, railroad- produce terminals are more than one-half idle. Motor trucks are apparently here to stay, so any reor- ganization of terminal markets must take them into account. In many cities conditions have become so bad that adequate facilities must be pmvided for handling fruits and vegetables arriving by truck. Failure to provide such facilities will not only tend to prevent reduction of marketing costs, but be- — 23 — » •Mv-'Tr rWr'7;r'>r ■■■^m^'-^ ?>'->i,'Ttr- '^.,-*.r»-'^.f;^ cause of the flexible nature of this method of tratisportation will tend to encourage the movement of product around the established markets rather than through them. Here is a pmblem that the markets must solve or it will be a factor in their destiniction. 4. A foui-th evil m most markets is due to the fact that in few cities it is possible for fruits and vegetables to be un- loaded directly from the raihx)ad cars into the wholesale mar- ket. A truck haul through heavy traffic is usually necessary. This is true even in new markets, which is only one way in which new markets have not been designed to cure the evils of the old. In New York, the cost of hauling from the var- ious piers and team tracks, where produce must be unloaded, to the Washington Street market adds up to the staggering sum of about 3 million dollars a year. In addition to the car- tage costs, other costs due to inability to unload cars directly into the markets include delays, spoilage, exposure, inconven- ience, and often the development of rackets making unneces- sary charges for sei-vices rendered or levying charges for services which are not perfonned at all. A good market must reduce hauling and other handling to a minimum. 5. Long, unregulated selling hours, lack of information on supplies, and unethical practices are among the other seri- ous problems common to most of our markets. Long selling hours not only increase the cost of doing business or force dealers and their employees to work excessively long hours, but they also tend to lead to greater price fluctuations throughout the selling period. Lack of infonnation on sup- plies IS a distinct handicap to the proper operation of price- makmg forces. Improper sampling, unjust claims against railroads for damages, racketeering, and improper returns to shippers are practices that not only increase the costs of marketing but encourage buyers and shippers to deal directly with each other rather than thmugh the established mar- kets. To some extent, unfair practices are being overcome by legislation and by trade regulations, but much more needs to be done. Conditions in Philadelphia are quite similar to those which I have juSt described as being common to most of the large cities. There are five wholesale fruit and vegetable markets in Philadelphia, and the path that produce takes in moving through them may be illustrated by using a carload ol oranges as an example. The oranges would probably be unloaded from a boat on a pier along the Delaware River Then they would be loaded into a freight car and hauled either to the Pennsylvania produce terminal or to the Balti- more and Ohio-Reading produce tenninal, where they would be unloaded, displayed, and sold at auction. Then the oranges would probably be reloaded into a truck and hauled to the — 24 — Dock Street Market or the Callowhill Street Market, where they would be displayed and sold to the retailer. Of course, this handling through many markets is expensive and is not particularly beneficial to the produce. Most of the rail re- ceipts in Philadelphia are unloaded at either one of the two railroad-produce terminals and sold there, with a large part moving to the Dock and Callowhill Street Markets. Truck receipts have not until recently been permitted at either of the railroad terminal markets, so most of them go to the Dock Street and Callowhill Markets. The railroad produce terminals are at least 50 per cent unused, while the Dock Street Market during the busy season cannot begin to handle the amount of business that is pouring into it. Since sup- plies are scattered through five markets, buyers must often go to as many as three of them in order to obtain a complete line of produce. Our recent studies in New York show that New York City consumers spend about one-fourth of a billion dollars per year for fruits and vegetables and that half this amount goes to pay the cost of getting this produce from the city limit to the housewife's kitchen. The situation in New York is similar to that in Philadelphia, though much worse. For example, rail receipts for the most part come to the New Jer- dey side of the Hudson River. From there they are floated across the river to piers, where as much of each car as the dealers think can be sold is unloaded (the remainder being floated back to New Jersey) . A part of this unloaded pro- duce may be sold on the piei* or it may move on to some other place without being sold there. Some is delivered by truck from the pier to trucks of buyers standing along the shore, perhaps less than 200 yards away, with a cartage charge of about $30 a carload. A large part moves from the piers to the Washington Street store area, some two blocks away, at a cost of about $40 per car. In this store area is handled not only supplies arriving by rail but also an immense volume of truck receipts, which come directly from producing areas along the entire Atlantic seaboard, and also much of the boat receipts which are carted from the piers of the various steamship lines. The Washington Street area is so congest- ed that often the incoming trucks cannot get near the stores and produce must be carried the remaining distance by hand. After sales have been made, the produce is again loaded into trucks, usually by being carried or moved by hand trucks for a distance of one or two blocks to the buyer's truck which is parked in an adjacent street. The cost of such por- terage in this one market area amounts to about one and one- third million dollars per year. A large part of the supplies from Washington Street are hauled to secondary markets, such as Wallabout and Bronx, to be unloaded, resold, and re- — 25 — l>4 II ''',*w?7J^fT',^.'^? tT'Si'P i^rrv--^''i?'7^.^ '^-^^^^ifif'j^^^ ■ " ■.?;fT|i(^fiTw;?j^^r'V: ',^=^^ ■^^ •' loaded. After passing thix)ugh a number of successive mar- kets, subjected to a great deal of delay, separate cartage op- erations, poi-terages. exposure and other costly factors, the pi-oduce reaches the retail store, much of it in a deteriorated condition. Conditions such as these in New York City, Philadelphia and most of our other large cities are detrimental to the in- terest of a number of groups: (1) Fanners suffer through lower prices and spoilage, and even if farmers do not use the large city markets they often sell in places where prices are determined by the prices prevailing in the nearest large city ; (2) consumers must pay higher prices for deteriorated pro- duce; (3) the railroads suffer a loss of business because pro- duce arriving by rail is subjected to more handlings and greater expense than that arriving by motor truck ; (4) the independent retailer who has to buy in these markets, with their high costs and deteriorated produce, finds it difficult to compete with chain stores and groups of retailers who have banded themselves together in such a way that produce moves directly from producing areas to some centrallv lo- cated warehouse and on directly to the retail store without moving through the wholesale markets; (5) workers labor for long hours ; (6) wholesale dealers operating in these mar- kets find that the cost of distribution through their channel is so high that large quantities of produce are being moved around their markets directly to large-scale buyers, other buyers, and to surrounding towns and cities, with the result that for a number of years they have been finding it diflficult to compete with the newer channels of distribution. Hence in some of the cities the volume handled in the wholesale markets has actually declined, while in others the volume has remained the same, although it continually represents a smaller and smaller proportion of the total fiiiits and vege- tables handled in the city. What, then, are the essentials of a good terminal whole- sale fruit and vegetable market? A good terminal-pix)duce market should be A. Complete 1. Centralize both rail and truck receipts (and boat receipts if possible) from all states. 2. Enable dealers to supply buyers with a full line of goods. B. Well located 1. Shortest time-distance to retail stores. 2. Easily accessible to main highways and city arteries. 3. On low-cost land to permit economical lay-out. — 26 — 4. On an area large enough to take care of future expansion. C. Well designed 1. Direct unloading from rail and truck to sales floor. 2. Stores with front and rear entrances designed for ample display space, storage room and oflfices. 3. Wide streets and adequate parking areas. 4. Fenced to impix)ve market reporting,regulation and sanitation. D. Constructed at reasonable cost 1. Provide only necessary facilities. 2. Such facilities as are provided should be plain, inexpensive, economical, suflficient but not elaborate. E. Well managed 1. Managed in such a way that it will operate in the general interest of the public without discrimin- ation against any type of dealer or buyer, or against produce from any state. 2. The charge made for the use of the facilities in the market should be as low as possible and should not be designed to produce a profit for any organiza- tion. If conditions in these markets are so bad and are injuri- ous to so many groups, then why hasn't something been done to improve them ? The principal reason is that no one indi- vidual or group is big enough to effect a change in the mar- keting system. Many gioups are involved and they must be brought together. These would include growers, wholesalers, jobbers, brokers, railroads, cold storage houses, retailers, truckers, city and State governmental agencies, and the like. In some cities, where a substantial majority of each of these groups desires action, there is no agency to make the neces- sary plans to bring the groups together, and to get the neces- sary action. Hence the principal need in such cities is for some agency to develop the plans and put them into effect. In Philadelphia, many plans have been worked out for improving the market, some of which would save from one to two million dollars annually on the cost of distribution. These plans have been discussed with members of the trade, growers, and other groups concerned, but as yet no course of action has been decided upon. Many meetings have been held with the trade ; truckers, buyers in Philadelphia and surrounding towns, and buyers who used to come to Philadel- phia and surrounding towns, and buyers who used to come to Philadelphia but who now do not, have been interviewed. — 27 — !i PROFIT Ever since *Micronizecl Spray and Dust Materials have been on the market, the trade mark *MICRONIZED has become a significant by-word in the insecticide and fungicide trade. Our slogan "Increased efficiency thru increased fineness" was adopted after research reports by experimental stations and grower use proved that control ot fungus diseases and a superior finish can be achieved with "Micronized" materials. Grower after grower who used our "MICRONIZED" WETTABLE SULFUR thruughout the past fungicidal season has told us that he has received a premium price due to the perfect appearance of his fruit. In a year of low prices such as have prevailed through the past season of 1939, the eye appeal to the buyer and consumer, due to this superior finish, has made the difference between profit and loss. FOR SUPERIOR FINISH AND PROVEN POSITIVE SCAB CONTROL use: IMicronized Wettable Sulfur Other "Micronized" Products a 99 9^ 99 Micronized" Dusting Sulfur Sulfur- Arsenical Dusts Rotenone Dusts Pyrethrum Dusts Manufactured by Micronizer Processing Co., Inc. MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY ♦Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. — 28 There have been discussions with railroad officials and with consumers. There has been much publicity given, both by public and private agencies, to conditions there. Both news- papers and radio have taken up the discussions. Growers have held many meetings to discuss the situation, have es- tablished county committees. State committees, and a region- al committee for the purpose of insisting on improvements ; and finally a joint committee composed of members of the trade, growers, and consumers was established to coordinate the activities of the groups. Some months ago this committee asked the agencies that conducted the original survey of the market for more in- formation on the possibilities of developing a complete whole- sale market around one of the present markets ; that -is, around Callowhill Street, Dock Street, or the railroad ter- minals. Such a report has been prepared and estimates made of approximate costs of developing a complete market around each of these three areas, including sales platforms, modem store units, wide streets to expedite traffic, cold storages, team trucks, and rail connections to each store. In each area any suitable facilities which are already available would be utilized. Very briefly, these costs my be summarized in this way : Assuming that the entire cost would be paid for from rentals of the store units, the probable monthly rental per store necessary to cover maintenance and operation, and to amortize the investment in 25 years, would be $510 for the Dock Street area, $340 for the Collowhill Street area, and $1.60 at the railroad terminals. Such plans were based on the development of a really adequate, complete and centralized market, requiring a suffi- cient area in which to handle the 75,000 carloads of fruits and vegetables which are marketed in Philadelphia each year. The Dock Street property owners have now advanced some proposals for a few minor improvements and readjustments in that area, but they have not indicated any willingness to cooperate on a program of far-reaching importance or really adequate developments. The expenditure of large additional sums of money on the market facilities in Philadelphia will not materially re- duce the costs of distributing fruits and vegetables, unless it corrects the fundamental evils and shortcomings of the city's marketing system. Millions of dollars have been spent by the railroads for terminals, yet a very serious and costly marketing problem still exists because in the expenditure of those millions, no provision was made for a complete and co- ordinated market. Vastly over-built facilities were set up for a part of the operations, with no provision as to where or how the remainder of the distributing activities were to be carried on. Now it is being proposed that additional hun- — 29 — ■*f^9^vratt • > ' •■ .:?;^:^%£-:'^'^ V:'' >'•"«, dreds of thousands of dollars be expended in some minor al- terations to the other parts of the system, that is, to the Dock Street properties, but still without any regard for co- ordination or unification of the market as a whole, or for a correction of the major underlying problems. Such expendi- tures would merely tend to perpetuate the present condition and high distributive costs — widely separated competing parts of the marketing system ; outgrown, crowded and in- adequate quarters ; part of the market without railroad con- nections and therefore with no possibility of reducing the costly hauling from one part of the market to another; no adequate facilities for the immense volume of truck receipts ; and the other inevitable evils which are bound to prevail un- der such conditions: extra hauling and exposure of perish- able products, with excessive deterioration and spoilage ; long hours of business for both buyers and sellers ; lack of infor- mation on supplies; and racketeering and various unethical practices. One of the few actual and tangible efforts which has been made in Philadelphia to improve handling conditions and to lessen traffic congestion in the market was the open- ing of '*C" platfoiTn for truck receipts. As many of you know, "C" platform is one of the long, enclosed platfoi-ms of the produce tenninals of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which has been practically unused for many years. About a year ago, a group of dealers leased this platform from the railroad, and opened it as a terminal for trucks, with the idea of using it as a delivery station and wholesale market for some of the truck receipts. Bitter opposition developed, and only a very small number of trucks have unloaded there. According to articles printed in the Philadelphia newspapers, the opposi- tion was stirred up by Dock Street property owners. Quite naturally the owners of these properties will fight any new developments, for much better facilities could be provided at far less cost. At the time the survey of the market was made, average store rents in Dock Street were about $300 per month. In the new market which has just been completed in Kansas City, the very best store units that could be designed, with our present knowledge, are renting for $150 per month. Small wonder that Dock Street prop- erty owners are said to be apprehensive of the development of any competing facilities. But the question is, who really pays for these extra ren- tals and the other high distribution costs ? In the long run, some part of it must surely come out of the returns to grow- ers who send their products to that market. There are, among the dealers in Philadelphia, a large number who realize the handicaps and obstacles under which — 30 — they are operating, and who are very anxious to have a first- class market. Numerous consumer and civic groups have become genuinely interested in the problem, and we have been told that they plan really to do something about it You growers and shippers, who are so directly aflfected, should take every opportunity to express your interests in these problems, and to cooperate with all of the groups who are at- tempting to get constructive action. -0- AIR-COOLING THE COLD STORAGE R. D. ANTHONY, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. Nine years ago Professor Fagan built an experimental storage at State College. Previous to this we had made an extensive study of the "common- or air-cooled storage. Ihese studies had been made at State College, in a number ^: ^2^^5^uf ' storages throughout the 8tate, and especially at the Marble Laboratory for Storage Research at Canton Pennsylvania. The air-cooled storage had proved to have certain very desirable qualities and certain definite limits. In the properly constructed and efficiently handled air- cooled storage, apples could be kept without scalding and without shriveling, and, il the fall temperatures were low, such kinds as Stayman and Kome could be maintained in good condition till late winter. But a warm fall would start the ripening process to such an extent that the fruit would be- come too ripe for best commercial uses, and most varieties could not be kept to advantage later than Christmas. This was especially true in the south eastern part of the State where temperatures are considerably warmer than at State College or at Canton. The cold storage at State College was an attempt to com- bine the desirable features of the air-cooled storage with the ability to cool the fruit quickly at harvest time so that it could be kept through the normal storage period. Because of this, the storage has large doors placed on opposite sides so that when these were opened any air movement outside would sweep fresh air through the stacks. These doors are opened for several hours at least three times a week and as they are used as loading doors there is considerable ventila- tion whenever fruit is brought in or removed. The refrigerating system is direct expansion ammonia with a cooling tower for the water for the condenser. This storage has proved entirely satisfactory and very economical in use because for about four months nature sup- — 31 — \K-'-^i-':^:C-i'^^~^ >y- ♦.'T/i.r'. .:■^5■;":.|> :»tT;r«1,^;- plies most of the cooling and all the ventilation. About one K. W. of current is used per bushel of capacity per season. The success of this and many other similar fami stor- ages throughout the state has increased the interest in cold storage construction. Now many growers who ai*e satisfied that they want a cold storage are asking whether they should use a direct expansion system or a blower system. I am not going to attempt an answer to that question. In fact, our feeling at present is that there is no certain an- swer to this question. We know the direct expansion system has been in use for many years and, in general, has proved satisfactory. We know that some growers are well satisfied with a blower system. We also know of cases where both systems have failed. Analysis of cases of failure and success in various stor- ages has confinned our belief that proper construction and operation of the storage is much more fundamental than the choice of any particular refrigerating system. Economy of operation and the necessity for efficient ventilation make it highly desirable to run the storage as an air-cooled storage whenever outdoor conditions justify it. This means we must have large ventilating doors, stacks so placed that air can get through them and packages not too tight to let in air, slatted floors and ventilating space over the fruit. In most of Penn- sylvania the storage temperature can be kept between 32 and 36' for about four months by controlling the intake of fresh air. It is not necessary to have a power blower to do this if the outside doors are large enough. It is much cheaper to open a door than to use a power fan. A direct expansion system without outside ventilation will usually give scalded fruit by February or early March. If you are determined to keep your storage tightly closed a blower system will supply air movement and probably check scald. On the other hand, blower systems are not "fool proof" ; ventilation may not be unifonn and some fruit may shrivel while other lots show some scald. Both systems have proved satisfactory when combined with proper ventilation. Again let me emphasize that the first step in building a cold storage is to build an efficient air-cooled storage with an insulated floor. The choice of the refrigerating machinery can depend on price, nearness of a good service agency, water, storage space, and a dozen other minor factors. — 32 — CAUSE OF CULL APPLES AND THEIR ELIMINATION F. N. FAGAN, Pennsylvania State College, State CoUege, Pa. Most growers know the cause or causes of cull apples At least any grower that has ever packed a crop under Stated t ederal Grade Inspection knows a cull apple. ^u • '^oi^^"ll^Pi?^^ problem has been before the growers at their State Meetings in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and many other states, for several years We all know there has been talk about having laws passed to rule the cull off the market. I understand a law has been passed, or at least talked about in the State of Missouri, which would require that all apple culls be branded if offered for sale as fresh fruit. The brand would be the word "Culls^* in three- inch letters. The Virginia growers devoted much time at their December 1939 Society Meeting to the cull apple prob- lem. In the 1939 Virginia Society Report the discussion on the cull apple subject takes up 18 printed pages. Laws may be passed to regulate the sale of what may be called cull fruit ; however, will such laws, United States or btate, be constitutional ? I do not believe such 'Rawing*' will get rid of the fruit cull at all, or keep it off the market. Right I^^i\ ^^^^^' ^- Unclassified Grade'' covers^any apple not up to U. S. Fancy ;U. S. No. 1 ; U. S. Utility; U. S. Commercial; U. S. Combination and U. S. Hail Grade. U. S. Unclassified grade might be a cull. Just what is a cull, anyway ? To me, and I rather expect to most of you as well as to many consumers, the U. S. Util- ity apple IS nothing but a real good cull. Let us see what could be packed and called a Utility apple. The apple must not be over-ripe ; not very mealy or soft ; carefully hand- picked ; not so seriously deformed that the appearance is sev- erely affected ; smooth, solid russeting that does not affect more than one-half of the surface (it could affect 49% of the surface) ; limb-rub ; hail punk marks that may not affect nK)re than 1-10 of the surface ; hail cuts that are healed and affect not more than an area i/> inch in diameter ; visible water core which affects an area of not more than i/> inch in diameter; scab spots or cedar rust which affects not more than an area of % of an inch (a spot of scab or cedar rust could be 74-100 of an inch in diameter and still pass) ; sooty blotch or fly speck fungus that affects not more than 1/3 of the apple's surface ; not more than 5 healed insect stings. Just picture what a Utility apple can be. When we look this "trading horse'^ the Utility apple, in the face, most of us will say it is darn near a cull. So at least to most of us, anything below Utility is a cull. On the dom- estic fresh fruit market today most apples under 214" in dia- — 88-^ .■T.^,,-,^.;^, ,..A_.,... ; j^;,;«';;/r»-=^->r:''.^W^Si^:»t '^^ <;^:^;< :■-.' ■^/■r; ':^'-.'^'::)^»{r3s^:r meter, clean or otherwise, are culls as far as general use is concerned. A 2-inch apple, regardless of how perfect it may be, is just not wanted. So we might say that most small apples below 2i/4" are culls. It would be nice for the good grower if the United States Health Officers would find that scab, cedar rust, limb rub, spray burn, sun scald, insect stings, water core, hail punk, bitter pit, etc., damage the apple to such an extent outside the limit of U. S. Utility, that it was not fit for human use. The health law would then rule the cull out of the market. I, for one, do not expect the health officers to find this to be the case. I expect this cull pix)blem will be with us until such a time comes, that the grower who produces a crop which grades a large per cent of culls, will just go out of business. You men know what causes most of the culls produced. You all know most people would rather not use a cull. You all know that most people do not want a cull of anything — fruit or shoes. Our apple canners would rather not work up the cull fruit. Even the vinegar business could get along all right without culls. When the "Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938^' gets in- to full swing at 40 cents an hour, Oct. 24, 1945, I rather ex- pect the canners of apples will not even be able to use a U. S. No. 2 canner in any way except for cider. At 40 cents an hour, I hardly see how any one can hand-work 24.999 pounds of bad apple tissue out of 100 pounds of apple flesh. The cost of hand-work, I believe, would leave a loss, for the canner, as he would only have 75.001 pounds of good flesh left, ihe apple canner will be no different than the hotel, the restaur- ant, and the pie baker, for they also will be paying 40 cents an hour. In fact, I rather doubt where the 30 cents an hour labor (as of October 24, 1939) left any profit in working up a U. S. No. 2 canner this last season. As I see the trend of things even the U. S. Utility grade of apple may work itself into being a cull, just because of our economic set up. Some culls are produced and the grower can do nothing to prevent such production. Most culls are produced by causes that can be contix)lled by the gix)wer. 1 he causes of culls that the grower probably cannot control are : 1. Extra dry weather — resulting in small fruits. How- ever, with good soil culture and thinning he can do much to prevent small apples. 2. Weather conditions affecting growth resulting in cork, bitter pit, water core, etc. — 34 — Canning House Prices For Apples — 1939: 70c a 100# for U. S. #1 Canners 30c a 100# for U. S. #2 Canners 20c a 100# for Ciders In some locations if fruit graded below 60% U. S. #1, prices were: 60c a 100# for U. S. #1 Canners 30c a 100# for U. S. #2 Canners 20c a 100 # for Ciders Grade Records of Some Crops — Tree-run York, Stayman and Baldwin Orchard The 9 f of the Grades No. of Bu. lbs. of Fruit Age of Number #1 #2 Ciders at 45 tb . to I u. trees — yrs. 1 95 4 1 30,000 1,350,000 15-20 2 87 8 5 21,000 945,000 25 8 95 3 2 35,000 1,575,000 40 4 98 1 1 20,000 900,000 25 0 98 1 1 25,000 1,125,000 30 6 93 4 3 2,631 118,395 20-31 7 94 2 4 1,430 64,350 25 8 63 34 7 8,000 360,000 various 9 69 25 4 15,000 675,000 20 10 57 40 3 20.000 900,000 30 11 64 27 9 10,000 450,000 various 12 60 30 7 2,000 90,000 various What return did #3 orchard receive for the 1939 crop? U. S. #1 95% on 1,575,000 lbs. $10,473.75 U.S. #2 3% " 141.75 Ciders 2% " 63.00 Total received $10,678.50 What return would #3 orchard have received if the fruit had graded as did the fruit of # 10 orchard ? U.S. #1 57% on 1,575,000 lbs. $ 6,284.25 U.S. #2 40% " 1,890.00 Ciders 3% " 94.50 Total received $ 8,268.75 The difference in favor of a grade of 95% - 3% - 2% is $2,409.75 Care of the Orchards in 1939 # 3 orchard 40 yr. old trees # 10 orchard - 30 yr. old trees 51b of nitrate fertilizer part in sod and part cultivated received pruning no thinning of green fruit a delayed dormant spray of L. S. Pink spray of L. S. Petal fall spray of L. S. and lead 2 cover sprays with lead Received manure received 101b Cyanamid per tree sod culture received pruning no thinning of green fruit a delayed dormant spray of L. S. also 83% oil Pre-pink spray of L. S. Pink spray of L. S. Petal spray of L. S. and lead 1 cover spray of L. S. and lead 3 cover sprays of Bordeaux and lead You can decide for yourself if the extra $2,409.75 is worth the effort. If the low grade of 57% -40% -3% of #10 orchard was due to codling moth or scab what will be the cost of this grower's fight m 1940? — 35 — 3. Hail may cause an entire cull crop. Hail insurance will cover the cost of production and the vinegar . plant can use the apples. 4. Poor pollination may cause a lot of lop-sided apples. 5. A freeze or a frost may cause lop-sided apples and russet. The causes of culls that good growers can largely pre- vent are : 1. The common mechanical bruise. The grower can, and I believe will, in time, just have to cut out the rough handling of his fruit, beginning with the pick- ing and ending with the final delivery of the package. 2. Small apples — when the crop is heavy the grower will have to thin the green Iruit, and give good soil cul- ture in a way that will hold moisture tor full devel- opment of the crop. 3. Nearly all insects and diseases can be controlled and most growers know this fact. The large per cent of culls produced each year is the re- sult of some type of neglect in orchard operations. Let us look at some crop figures that show the growers can produce crops with only a few culls. These figures also show that a grower cannot att'ord to produce a crop with a high per cent of culls. The data being nanded you at this time comes from orchards mostly in our large apple belt in Southern and Southeastern Pennsylvania. Even in a year of rather low prices for apples the good, careful gix)wer paid expenses. He may not have made much or any profit. The grower who neglected only one or two or- chard operations, did not pay expenses. As I study the cull apple problem, I come to the follow- ing conclusions. 1. To get rid of the problem the commercial grower will have to stop growing culls, of any variety. 2. Many poor and unwanted varieties must go out of production, for such varieties are culls to the trade. 3. Education of the consumer to the economy of using the higher grades of apples. 4. The passing of regulations by the Federal and State Governments requiring that any and all fruit offered for sale, be branded as to grade. The most good com- ing from such a regulation will be from its educa- tional value and not from its penal value. For many years to come we will still have growers who will sell culls into the fresh fruit channels because we will have buyers (more so than consumers) who will buy such fruit. — 36 — Qo4iinjol BocuL WITH ''MAGNETIC 70" Concentrated Sulphur Paste Effective, because : — 1. FINENESS — 5 microns and smaller. 2. SULPHUR CONTENT — Not less than 70 percent. S. EXCELLENT COVERAGE — ^The dispersion quality causes even distribution of particles over fruit and leaf surfaces. 4. QUICK SETTING-^Therefore, ideal for spraying during un- settled weather. 5. EXTREMELY ADHESIVE. — ^Thus affording protection even under bad weather conditions. Economical, because : — 1. NO LOSS — If upon exposure to air material becomes dry, it can be re-worked easily into its original state. Neither ma- terial nor container is adversely affected by freeaUng. 2. PRICE — See your dealer. You will be amazed at the low price of this high quality spraying Sulphur. PACKAGES : 112-lb. net weight fibre drums ; 200-11). net weight fibre drums; and 600-lb. net weight wooden barrels. Buy SULPHUR, By STAUFFER Stauff er Chemical Company, Inc. Sales Office: 420 Lexington Avenue NEW YORK, NEW YORK Plant: Bayonne, New Jersey — 87 — -•iT ^?^f'?^?!J5|^'P NEW PEACH VARIETIES €. O. DUNBAR, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. A few weeks ago when the Secretary asked me to give a talk on new peach varieties, I told him the time was about three years too soon. The trouble is that right now we are in a state of transition or change and while we know quite a few varieties not to plant, no single new variety has as yet proved its worth for a sufficiently long period to warrant its recommendation. As most of you well remember, each year during the past ten or fifteen years has seen at least one and usually sev- eral candidates for the peach hall of fame. Not only did the pictures and propaganda in the nursery catalog promise much but in quite a few cases the first commercial fruits ac- tually seemed to have superior quality. However desirable it is that a peach should have high quality it is equally necessary that the variety have other valuable characteristics such as size, color, firmness of flesh, freedom from fuzz, hardiness of bud, vigor and productive- ness of tree. In addition the fruit should ripen slowly and remain firm for some time after attaining good color. The qualifications mentioned above are only a few of those abso- lutely necessary so it is easy to see why most of the newer peach varieties have failed to survive. Perhaps it is too much to expect that a peach variety shall have all of these good points but it must have more of them than the variety it is supposed to replace or else it can- not be considered woi-thy of trial. What many of you would like is a variety of Elbeita sea- son which retains the desirable features of Elberta but elim- inates some of the unwanted ones such as the bitter taste and only fair to medium color and attractiveness. Unfortunately the Elberta substitute is not yet at hand, but several new varieties appear to oflfer considerable prom- ise, not as substitutes for Elbeila but perhaps as supple- ments to lengthen the peach marketing season. In Southern Pennsylvania the 1939 Elberta peach cix)p ripened over a long period because of drouth or other peculiar weather conditions. There was as much difference as ten days between first picking dates of orchards located but a few miles apart. This permitted orderly marketing of a large crop of peaches over a considerable length of time in- stead of a flood of peaches all at once which would have de- moralized the market. However, we cannot always depend upon nature to help us and there is no question but what Elberta is oveiT)lanted so I believe we should not wait until trouble is already upon — 38 — us but should try to avoid it by a little foresight. We shall always have a certain number of acres planted to peaches, but if the marketing ol this acreage is spread over a six weeks period instead of six days a more stabilized market should result. It is true that we shall have competition from other peach growing districts but several varieties will meet this competition better than one variety alone. There are several other advantages of growing more than one variety of peaches. They are : (1) More even distribution of labor and income. (2) Possibility of marketing more of the crop nearby. (3) Some fruit will hit the peak or high price market. (4) Reduction of the frost hazard. (5) Elimination of the chance of losing entire crop due to excess rainfall or wind at harvest time. The list of new varieties of peaches offered by nursery- men in the last few years is a very lengthy one and time per- mits discussion of only those varieties which for some reason or other have appeared more promising than the rest, ihis list will of necessity omit those varieties so new that no com- mercial grower has yet grown them. In general most of the newer varieties ripen much ear- lier than Elberta, with comparatively few later in season. Exact comparative ripening dates are difficult to obtain for no one southern Pennsylvania grower has every variety iii bearing. Therefore it will be necessary to make compari- sons between different orchards. Ripening dates in your own orchard may be a little earlier or somewhat later depending upon your exact location. Ripening dates as given are for Arendtsville and vicinity. First on our list comes Mikado or June Elberta. This is not July Elberta but is a small to medium yellow Freestone suitable entirely for local markets and not too good even for that pui-pose. With us it ripens about July 15. Marigold, which ripens a week later is much firmer, has less fuzz and is superior in quality although a semi-cling. Marigold is both too soft and too small except for local trade but for this purpose has made money for some growers. It has rather high eating quality. Oriole, a yellow Freestone which follows Marigold by a week or ten days is one of the highest quality peaches of all, but the flesh is a pale lemon color and the variety is both too soft and too small for the general commercial trade. Of nearly the same season as Oriole is Golden Jubilee with which you are all familiar. This variety has been — 89 — ^'r-iTvif-fw; mw^i^r^-^'rry-i^''^^ ■ ' ^ ■ ■ ^■ 5-?c».;^.ri;3p^?!^3^r5^*--.'. greatly oveiT)lanted because it has many weak points. The two halves do not fill out equally, one side becomes too soft before the other side gets really ripe, and the peach itself ripens too rapidly and does not carry well to markets. An- other very serious objection to Jubilee is that it retains con- siderable of the bitter taste which makes Elberta objection- able. The New Jersey experiment station recommends Tri- ogem (N. J. No. 70 as an imp 'ovement over Golden Jubilee and in two Pennsylvania orchards the first fruits of this variety looked most promising and it was one of the few new varieties appearing to have sufficient firmness to make it a successful commercial peach. Triogem, however, is no peach for a careless grower for it requires a good soil, good culture, and careful pruning and heavy thinning in order to be of good size. One comment which should be made right here is that the more recent of the new peach varieties should not be picked too early. They color several days before they are ripe and if picked too soon will have poor quality, size and color. They should be treated more like a Hale type of peach and after showing color allowed to hang somewhat longer than Elberta. This statement of course does not apply to those new varieties already discarded on account of being too soft. Hale Haven has made a favorable impression on quite a few growers in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. Unfavorable comments have been, in some cases, uneven size and ripening and possibly a tendency toward stringiness in flesh. Just the same Hale Haven is one of the most promising of the new varieties. Other yellow fleshed peaches which may have a place are Golden East and Golden Globe. The speaker has not seen any Pennsylvania grown fruits of these two varieties but has grown Golden East in Connecticut and eaten New Jersey grown Golden East and Golden Globe. Incidentally he bought a peck basket of Golden Globe and eight peaches filled the basket rounding full and the price was 75 cents. These two varieties may not be over hardy so should be planted with caution. Two other new yellow peaches which have done quite well with a few growers are July Elbei-ta and Haleberta. Re- ports outside of the state have been unfavorable for these varieties but nevertheless at least one Pennsylvania grower is quite enthusiastic over them and he is both experienced and successful, so his opinion should carry considerable weight. — 40 — If a grower has special markets which demand a white fleshed peach two possibilities for early ones are Raritan Rose and Cumberland with Raritan Rose having more color and pethaps being a little firmer fleshed. Their season is just before Golden Jubilee. Another white peach which to the speaker looks more promising than either of these two varieties is Delicious. However the New Jersey Experiment Station which origin- ated this variety no longer recommend it and probably for a very good reason. A late white peach of large size and considerable color and quality is White Hale which ripens about with regular Hale. This peach has real commercial possibilities and is certainly worthy of trial. Summing up: Do not condemn a new peach variety just because it may not be perfect, for it may be at least a step forward. Sooner or later better varieties will come in to take the place of those we now have and to compete with other states we must grow the better ones. Do not be plungers but at the same time let us not close our eyes to progress. The one and only right way to detemiine the value of a new peach variety is to grow a few of them in your own orchard. o- BUYERS' PREFERENCES AND GROWERS' ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL PROMOTE MORE SATISFACTORY MARKETING GEORGE LAFBURY, Pittsburgh, Pa. In complying with the request of the Secretary to ad- dress your association on the subject, "Buyers' Preferences and Growers' Activities Which Will Promote More Satisfac- tory Marketing", I now realize that I have placed myself m an equivocal position. We fellows in the terminal markets need plenty of alibis of our own in accounting for the poor job we have performed this season. As a matter of fact it is with some hesitancv that I come before you to address you on this subiect and certainly do not do so in a critical sense but rather in a suggestive capacity because, after all, our in- terests are the same and we will progress and prosper m the same degree as you the producers. I also understand that it is something new for you to ask some one from the selling end of the business to appear on your program, all of which flatters me very much indeed, especially when I know that there are many apple men in the larger markets who are bet- ter qualified from the standpoint of ability and experience to cope with this subject. — 41 — ■ • ??:v^i:?f>7S!i;!{syti^TT^ "f'^.f.'.'TTCl ^pr,^Tiirz^q7^,j:^\ '^'}rTTv:^'iFr^;^iC'::^p^ c " -•Y -Ti -ly ,i.v ■ Let us digress for a moment and discuss the changes that have taken place in the terminal markets. After all, re- ceivers, jobbers and distributors are factors in the economic and physical process of conveying commodities from the pro- ducers to the consumers. Distribution has become more com- plex with each year. There have been many changes in the personnel of receivers and distributors. I believe that I can safely say that the men who are in the distributing and re- ceiving end of the apple business sense an obligation to the producers which they did not feel so many years ago. Most of us feel that our work involves our national economy and that our failure to meet our obligations is a deterrent to our national welfare. The justification of our economic exist- ence is in effectuating change of ownership from producer to consumer on the most economical basis and with the least possible waste. In discussing the subject which is assigned to me I do not believe I would be fairly representing the receiver and the distributing factors if I merely asked you to do some- thing which would make it easier to sell your apples and at the same time would not offer to you substantial and material cooperation and coordination. Our national trade organiza- tions are fully cognizant of their obligations and responsibili- ties in this diiection and during the past few years have not failed to comply with these requests for coordination and co- operation whenever the producing factors have called upon them. For many years I have participated in trade organi- zation activities in an official way. I can distinctly remember trade organization activities of a few years ago when the chief topics before the trade organizations were legislation and transportation. During the past five years there has not been a convention of the National League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Distributors when at least half of the convention's time was not consumed in discussing methods of packing, marketing, advertising and other forms of ex- ploitation calculated to increase the consumptive demand for perishables and to facilitate the proper marketing thereof. We must also not lose sight of the fact that there has been an evolution in the dietetic habits of the American con- suming public. Many years ago, at least when I was a boy, our principal and nearly our only fruit from fall to spring was apples. We ate them freely, practically every day. We had old-fashioned parents, who believed in having a few bushels of apples in the cellar and they were always accessi- ble and our chief dessert was apples in some form or other. Today we live in apartments or homes with central heating plants not practical to keep more than one or two days sup- ply of apples. In other words, the consuming public is living on a hand to mouth basis. We have noted at times of strikes — 42 — or transportation tie-ups that it only requires forty-eight to seventy-two hours after stoppage of the flow of perishables mto any principal market to bring that city close to a famine In the meantime, there has been a vast and continuously in- creasmg production of citrus fruits, salad vegetables such as lettuce, escarole, root vegetables such as carrots, beets, etc. Coming to the point, as each year passes, new commodities are developed which immediately become competitive with apples. The acreage of citrus fruits has increased by leaps and bounds during the past twenty years. Today there is an over supply of citrus fruits and unless the Divme Providence in- tervenes with the visitation of a catastrophe of the elements the over supply of citrus fruits will be worse five years from now than it is today. I am conscious that I am painting a very dark picture but I believe the practical and honest thing to do under these conditions is to look facts straight in the face. I wonder how many of you heard or read the address of Porter R. Taylor, Chief, General Crop Section, A. A. A., Washington, D. C, at the International Apple Association Convention at Cincinnati last /lugust. In my humble judg- ment this was one of the finest talks I ever listened to and if you do not have a copy of this address I suggest that you ob- tain a copy of it from Mr. Taylor. Of course Mr. Taylor ad- dressed the convention on the subject of marketing the 1939- 1940 crop of apples but nearly everything he said in that ad- dress was applicable to the apple industry for years to come. Briefly, he advised : 1. Market U. S. No. 1 and commercial grades in fresh fruit channels. 2. Keep cull fruit and utility grade of undesirable varie- ties out of fresh market channels and dispose of them in by- product outlets. 3. Do everything possible to promote the sale of good fruit at reasonable prices so that the maximum consumption may be secured. Mr. Taylor said many other things but these three com- ments, in my humble judgment summarized salvation of the apple industry and I am going to dwell in more detail on these recommendations. I have heard dozens of explanations regarding the apple market this season. However, I have been up to my neck every day in apples since the first Early Harvest was ship- ped last spring. Regardless of the fact that the export de- mand has been shut off and regardless of the fact that Cali- — 43 — ^«?iiv^l?PT^^?^ fomia, Florida and Texas have produced the largest citrus crops in history I can assure you that a very important rea- son for a sloppy apple market during the past few months has been the heavy supply of off grade apples in every mar- ket in the United States. Day after day, at least in the mar- kets in our territory and I mean Cleveland, Cincinnati, Col- umbus, Pittsburgh, Buffalo and all of the intermediate cities, we have been polluted with low grade apples which range from No. 2 to No. 1 0. Truck after truck of apples has been brought into these markets that did not have one decent apple in the load. We have seen thousands of bushels of these apples sold at $.20 to $.50 per bushel and you and I know that the producer is not getting his basket back not to speak of a little to meet the cost of production. Now this brings up the subject of, "What are you going to do about it?" State laws have been discussed in Virginia, Pennsyl- vania and other states, but for the life of me I cannot see how state laws to prohibit the shipping of off grade apples can remedy the situation. How can we expect Pennsylvania and Virginia or any other state to pass such a law when it would simply open the gates for the surrounding sections to dump their culls into our own states. Even for the sake of argument if every state in the union passed such a law it would be so different in requirements, etc., in the different states that it would still open the door for somebody to evade the laws. It seems to me that the only solution is a federal law which would effectually prohibit the transportation of cull apples from state to state and this federal law should be supplemented with state laws covering the intra-state ship- ment and movement of these culls. It seems to me that it is a shame that the producer of high grade apples is being ruin- ed by the careless and indifferent gi'ower and the consumer is being cheated with a lot of inferior fruit. In my humble judgment the trend in the eastern pro- ducing sections is definitely towards boxes. There are many reasons for this. For instance, practically every retailer and jobber has one or more trucks and one of the important rea- sons for his preference for boxes is because of the saving of space in his truck and in his store or warehouse as well as the fact that in the physical handling of boxes there is less dam- age and bruising than in the handling of either tub or round bottom bushels. In my visits in the apple sections during the past two or three years I have been asked many times as to which is the best box to use. My answer to this is that it is up to the producer and packing factors to get together and decide on the same type of box. I find growers using bushel boxes, one and one-eighth bushel boxes and one and one-fifth bushel boxes. I suppose the grower who is putting in excess of one bushel in the box is doing so to get a selling advantage over his competitive growers and shippers. However, this — 44 — sort of competition always adjusts itself in time and if some agreement is not reached you will find yourselves one day giving the public one and one-fifth and one and one-eighth bushels of apples for the same prices that you might be ob- taining for one bushel of apples. Why not decide now on a box containing one bushel and stick to it? Then there is the question of varieties. It seems as though the varieties of apples change almost with the styles of women's clothing. I have been in the apple business some- thing like twenty-five years but I confess to you right now that there are many varieties of apples that I cannot identify and neither can you and yet they are listed as commercial varieties of apples. If you and I cannot distinguish between fifty to two hundred varieties of apples how can we e^ppect the average housewife to do so ? It seems to me that there is lots of room for discussion and agreement on this subject among the Horticultural Associations. Now with reference to marketing, grading and packing of Pennsylvania apples. I must compliment many of you folks for some of the fine packs and grades put up by Penn- sylvania apple growers. However, there is still room for im- provement. A prominent Virginia apple grower was visiting me in Pittsburgh last week and he asked me a question that has been asked of me by many Pennsylvania growers. He wanted to know why there was such a wide spread between the prices of northwestern apples and eastern apples of the same varieties and on the same markets. This is a very diffi- cult question to answer, unless we go back a few years. As all of you old timers know there was a time when there was hardly a straight pack of apples put up in any apple section. The northwestern folks realized that their chief expenses were packing and transportation and they decided forthwith to pack nothing but the fancier apples and in the most ap- proved manner and to keep their culls at home. I can well remember when northwestern box packs brought as high as $3.00 to $4.00 per bushel and eastern apples at the same time sold from $1.00 to $2.00 per bushel. The differential has been greatly decreased and I sincerely believe that we will see the day when there will be little or no differential in the prices realized. Coordinated with the evolution in the packing of apples there has also been an evolution in merchandising. Competition between jobbers and retailers is greater today than at any previous time in the history of the industry^ Any retailer will tell you that wastage is one of the principal ^' factors with which he is confronted in the selling of perish- ables. For a number of years the only apple that a retailer could buy with the assurance that he would sell every apple at a fixed price was the northwestern apple. When he bought a box of extra fancy Delicious or any other northwestern — 45 — ?r7' ••; >7TT^r^^ vV^- j:^;^:*T^;! T.:^-'-T,'.*- f'"'y.ri'\r'.rr-f('^ variety and the box was marked, "Extra Fancy'* and as con- taining 125 apples he knew that he was going to sell 125 apples at a fixed price. I'oday there are many fine packs oi Pennsylvania appies out there is still room for improvement. We have sold thousanas ot bushels of apples for a grower in Adams County who leans over backwards to put up an A No. 1 pack and with the result that his apples, regardless of variety, top the Pittsburgh market day in and day out throughout the season. Most buyers do not even take the trouble to lift an apple oti the top layer or his package but merely pick up the cover for general inspection. I would like to tell you a little story about this grower to illustrate the pride he takes in his pack and the reputation of his brand. Several years ago, because of growing condi- tions, Wealthy apples had very little color. The Wealthies were good sized, good shape and just enough color to pass in- spection. Several of our large jobbing buyers who buy from us and take these apples into surrounding territories and afterwards sell them at a bushel at a time to retailers asked me to request this grower to face his Wealthies with better colored apples. Mind you, the customers were asking that this be done. We called up the g. ower on the telephone and explained ihe situation and he replied by saying, **Even if this means that you get $.10 to Jfj.15 a bushel more I would not face my apples and I never will and I am perfectly satis- fied for you to continue to sell my Wealthies at present prices.*' Now folks, this looks like getting entirely too meti- culous but I believe this giower was right because he has es- tablished a reputation among the buying trade so that when they look at the top of his bushel they see it all and it is worth money to him. Let me tell you another story about one of your mem- bers. He grows a lot of Gravensteins. He takes great pride in his pack and grade and has established a large outlet in several eastern markets including Pittsburgh. For years California shipped almost daily cars of Gravensteins to Pitts- burgh. One day several years ago we had a few hundred bushels of our Pennsylvania friend's Gravensteins stacked up on our pavements and the president of the auction com- pany stopped and asked me if we would continue to have a regular supply of Pennsylvania Gravensteins and I asked him the reason for his question. He said, "For years we have had a nice tonnage of California Gravensteins on our auction but since this Pennsylvania grower has been putting these Gravensteins into Pittsburgh we have had difficulty in even selling one or two cars a week of California Gravenstein apples." Now members of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association, I submit to you that what has been accomplished in Gravensteins can be accomplished in Delicious, Staymans, Rome Beauties and other varieties. — 46 — Getting back to the subject of grading and packing let me tell you another little anecdote. Three or four years ago I was visiting several of our grower friends in the Cumber- land Valley and one of the finest men I know in that Valley said to me, '1 have been comparing my account sales from you with accountings that you have sent to other growers and I notice one grower in particular is getting $.10 to $.15 more per bushel on the same variety of U. S. No. 1 apples as I have been shipping to you and I cannot help but feel that you are showing my neighbor preference.'' I answered him by saying, "Yes, there is some preference, but it is being ex- perienced by our buyers and not by our salesmen." "They think your neighbor's pack and grade is a little better than yours." The point is, gentlemen, that both of these growers were putting up packs of U. S. No. 1 apples but the grower that was getting the premium was absolutely ignoring toler- ances and was trying to put up a 100% pack instead of a 95% pack. I am glad to tell you now that the grower that made that complaint evidently took the hint because for the past several years his packs have been selling at the top. There is something else to this pack and grading besides premium or top prices. I have often thought that all of us think too much in terms of price. For instance, when mar- kets are over-supplied or when the markets are in a draggy condition there is what we call a "buyei-'s market." In other words, the buyers are selecting only what they want and nat- urally they take the best packs and at the prevailing prices, whatever they may be and are not interested in the inferior or secondary pack or any price basis. This means that the premium packs are sold at a reasonable profit with practically no deterioration, no storage and no demurrage. While on the other hand, the inferior packs lay around accumulating charges, deteriorating and sometimes have to be cleaned up at a price that does not even pay the grower for his basket and picking. Briefly the benefits of superior grades and packs do not always show on the books. Summarizing on the subject of grading and packing. Granting that Pennsylvania and other eastern growers zeal- ously endeavor to improve their quality and packs I prophe- sy that the differential in prices now existing between northwestern and eastern apples will be brought down almost to the vanishing point. After all, Pennsylvania apples have inherent qualities that are superior to northwestern apples and I believe that when they are graded and packed 100% that you growers will reap the full benefits of your efforts. Now with reference to the advertising and exploitation of apples. I think Appalachian Apples, Inc. has performed a wonderful job. I am sure that Pennsylvania and eastern De- licious, Staymans and Winesaps are better known in the mar- — 47 — Growers Praise IRON AGE SPRAYER ivUh HIGH PRESSURE Pump for LOW COST Spraying •.* »'*■** . « » SATISFIED orchardists everywhere will tell you why the high pressure Iron Age Victory Piunp gives them more thorough spray- ing per dollar. Easy-run- ning and trouble-free, slow ••■'. spfted, long life Victory is designed for efficient work- ing pressures up to 600 lbs. P. S. I., in 6 and 10 gallon IRON AGE SPRAYERS AND VICTORY PUMPS for Effectwe Pest Control Enthusiastic Orchardist says: "I bought an Iron Age 37 G.P.M. sprayer which I ran aU year at 750 lbs. pressure. It is a very simple pump and easy to adjust . . and there is plenty of capacity for any guns or brooms I put on it. I never had any trouble with it — and my orchard is close to 100 acres." — E. G., N. Y. sizes: 1000 lbs. P. S. I. in 14, 20 and 37 gallon sizes. Com- pletely equipped with built- in strainer, pressure regula- tor and air chamber, Vic- toiy's displacement efficien- cy is 99.5% plus. There's an Iron Age sprayer for every orchard purpose. For complete information, write for new sprayer manual. Iron Agre Short Turn Power Sprayer — modern, streamlined, compact. Ideal (or closely planted orchards. Easy turning, easy handling. A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd. 3234 Duke St. YORK, PA. — 48 — kets today and that there is a better demand and movement for these varieties than existed before the creation of your association. First let us discuss the necessity of the adver- tising of apples. Nearly every kind of food stuff is being ad- vertised and the American public is urged to eat this and that because of its caloric and vitamin content, and if we do not eat it we are going to disintegrate and become physical and nervous wrecks. This advertising has reached the stage where even the small boy is non-plussed as to what to eat for breakfast. When he sits down at the table he is confronted with a life problem because what he eats, according to the radio, will decide whether he is to be a cowboy, an aviator or a home run baseball player. The young mother is being sold on the inhibition that it is impossible to raise her progeny properly ; in fact she is assured that they will grow up tooth- less, unless they are led a pint or a quart of orange juice each day, and the young debutante is warned that she must take pineapple juice, tomato juice, sauerkraut juice and grape- fruit J uice if she is to retain that alluring figure and that rosy hue to her blooming cheeks. Briefly, gentlemen, a great battle is raging among the various food interests for its share of the human diet. After all, the capacity of the hu- man stomach is limited and i± you apple producers do not go after your share you are going to be left high and dry with a nice crop of apples and no one to eat it. As to what form this advertising should take that is be- yond me but it certainly is a subject for all of us to think about and conjure with. Sometime I hope to see the day when all of the apple producers of the United States get in under the same tent and each grower contributes his share to conducting a na- tional advertising campaign. What 1 have in mind is the idea of selling the American consuming public on virtues of apples and to build up in them an inhibition that they cannot live successfully physically unless they eat pienty of apples. If that is effectuated the rest will be easy ; each variety and each section will get its share of the profits. In the event that a national tie-up of apple growers is effectuated for the puipose of advertising designed to reach every consumer, this does not, in my judgment, mean the work of regional apple associations is ended. Retailers who handle fruits and vegetables exclusively handle an average of 50 to 60 items. General grocers handle an average of 500 to 1500 items. We cannot expect any retailer to delegate himself as your particular salesman. Experience has shown however that retailers push those items on which they are afforded sales helps and in which they are furnished attrac- tive display material and other sales helps such as have been furnished by the Appalachian Apples, Inc. — 49 — ■■-'■^Sy^^i:!)^::^-^^. Wholesalers of fruits and vegetables are ^vell organized and are showing increasing interest in cooperating with fruit producers groups. Where these groups have gone in for ad- vertising and where they have made available promotional display material the National League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Distributors call these to the attention of their members through bulletins, circulars and letters and urge full cooperation with the work done by the producers. Last year the National League cooperated with the Northeastern Vegetable and Potato Council in special efforts to move crops in that area when they threatened to be in over-abundance. Some tangible and intangible results were achieved, but the experience gained suggests that it is a per- fectly practical procedure for producers through their com- mittee to work with the wholesale trade and make effective merchandising campaigns on given commodities. Mind you, this character of work is more or less in the experimental stage but we are all gaining by it through this experience and it is the hope of the interested men in the wholesale perish- able industry that we will see the day when there will be a continuous coordination of effort through these channels. As a matter of fact, wholesale merchandising has been experiencing an evolution that should have careful consider- ation. A great deal of emphasis has been placed upon the work done by the chains in the moving of surplus crops. Far be it from me to withhold any credit from these chains but as a practical merchandiser I have never considered it good merchandising when all of the emphasis is placed upon price and that price a low price. For example, vast quantities of grapefruit have been sold through these campaigns and on a price basis that meant little or no return to the grapefruit producer but which created a devastating competition with apples and other fruits. Naturally producers in distress think of chains in terms of concentrated buying factors and it seems that the first impulse of fruit growers and shippers is to run to the chains for an easy and quick outlet. I submit to you, however, the fact that it is been shown by governmental and agricultural college investigations that the independent outlet on fruits and vegetables is greatly in excess of the chain outlets. To neglect this largest outlet is to court disaster. In fact it is becoming increasingly clear to thinking pro- ducers that centralized buying factors are eliminating free and open competition. A few years ago several of the larger chains, notably the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, created their own wholesale fruit and vegetable companies ostensibly for the purpose of buying their own supplies di- rect from the producer. You and I could have no quarrel — 50 — with this new idea. However, today we find these central- ized buying factors not only buying supplies for their own purposes but selling thousands of carloads annually to inde- pendent wholesale and jobbing outlets. The whole effect of this operation is to remove competition both on the market terminal and in the shipping districts. It is rapidly leading to the elimination of the independent buying factors in the producing districts. Correlated with these large buying op- erations of centralized factors is the fear on the part of the independent wholesale and speculative buyers that they dare not engage large quantities of perishables in advance of ship- ment regardless of crop and market conditions because of the activities of the retail chains in conducting special sales and loss leader sales, thereby ruining the independent operator's prospective market. In my humble opinion, gentlemen, these matters must be given very thoughtful and careful attention. The elimination of free and open competition leads to one re- sult and that is a lower price to the producer. In my judg- ment, gentlemen, this is something that should have your very careful and thoughtful consideration. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF CONTOUR ORCHARD PLANTINGS IN PENNSYLVANIA A. E. COOPER, Extension Agronomist, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. Pennsylvania fruit growers are rapidly adopting the practice of contour-planting of new orchards. It is not nec- essary to travel very far in the fruit-producing area to see a contour- planting, even though the acreage is compara- tively small. Most interesting is the gain in popularity of this type of planting. In the spring of 1938, the Agiicul- tural Extension Service helped to establish 16 acres of con- tour orchard for demonstration purposes. With the fall planting season of 1938— and spring and fall planting season of 1939 — such contour orchards have increased to about 350 acres. The indications are that the spring of 1940 will see at least 100 acres more orchard being laid out on the contour. Already those who have tried a block of contour orchard either have planted or are planning additional acres on the contour. There are many examples of the results of erosion in the state, but seldom do we realize how such problems affect the operating costs of an orchard. A gully too deep to cross means going around it. One trip around it may mean so little but the hundreds of times it is necessary to go around — 51 — M -i^:r^-^^V'f^f^ --^^^ ■■■■;Ct^!^i.^.^-yj^J^&^"; it in the life of an orchard certainly can be expensive. To fill that gully, to be able to cross it, also involves considerable expense. With the memory of some conditions similar to those mentioned, fruit growers are attacking this problem m a logical manner. They are making new plantings on the contour, and reducing the length of the cultivation period so as to have the ground covered for as much of the year as possible. Their thought is to prevent erosion rather than to cure it. To those who have contour orchards, I might say that contour planting alone is not the complete answer to all eros- ion or soil washing problems. It must be supported by con- tour operations in the orchards and a suitable cover crop sys- tem. Contour operations in the orchard mean that all mach- inery operations should be on the contour paralleling the level rows around the hill. Machinery tracks and tillage marks become minute reservoirs to hold water, because they are level fix)m one end of the row to the other. If such tracks or marks run down hill as they might in a square- planted orchard, the water will follow them and soon move fast enough to cause soil washing. By reducing the speed of water run-off through contour tillage, the soil has an oppor- tunity to absorb more moisture. This reduces the amount of run-off. Another step in controlling erosion is to build contour ridges with each tree row by plowing several furrows toward the trees from both the upper and lower sides of the contour row. This should be done two or three times during the early life of the orchard. When cultivation with the disk or similar tillage tools is necessary, contour tillage will natural- ly build these ridges higher. These ridges, again in crossing a field at right angles to the slope, put the brakes on run-off water and act as reservoirs to catch additional moisture in the same manner as terraces. The faster water moves, the greater its soil-carrying capacity and so by putting the brakes on we are reducing the danger of soil washing. Often much of the value of a heavy rain is lost because it falls too fast for the soil to absorb it. At times, when mois- ture shortage is a problem in the orchard, rainfall is apt to consist primarily of sudden thundershowers. This fact alone should be a big reason for contour planting. Cover crops play such an important part in the control of erosion that they cannot be overlooked in any discussion — 52 — on that subject. The value of a cover crop from an erosion control standpoint is its ability to tie the soil down with a covering strong enough to put the brakes on any run-off water. One of the best illustrations of an ideal type of crop from the standpoint of resisting erosion is Kentucky blue- grass. However, other things that cannot be overlooked en- ter into the selection of a cover crop for the orchard. Even though time will not permit a discussion of the merits of different plants as cover crops, it would seem ad- visable to say something about domestic ryegrass. It seems to be gaining very rapidly in popularity, because of its char- acteristics of growth. First, under fairly favorable moisture conditions, it will germinate in about five days. Second, if sown in late summer, it will stool out rapidly and give a thick ground cover. Third, it produces a very large volume of roots. Domestic ryegrass should be seeded at the rate of 20 or more pounds per acre. It is much more desirable than wheat or rye because of the greater volume of roots that it produces, and the fact that it does not grow tall like rye and become difficult to disk under. Ihe cost of seed will average about two dollars per acre, depending on seed prices and rate of seeding. When the first contour orchards were planted in the state, the fruit growers felt that the trees should be lined up in rows crossing the contour. This made it look like a square planted orchard, when viewed up or down the hill. It is but natural that it would seem strange, when for the first time, we saw an orchard with no straight rows. The more recent plantings, however, have been laid out with contour rows only. The trees are planted at regular intervals on the con- tour with no regard for rows up and down the hill. Ordinar- ily this method of planting increases the number of trees that can be planted per acre over the first system, and equals the number used per acre in a square planting. An easier operation of the heavy orchard equipment will result from a contour planting. This fact can best be brought out with some data from the Kansas State Experiment Sta- tion: In preparation of crop land seed beds, on average 7^4 per cent slope, different operations on the contour were com- pared with the same operations up and down the slope. Dif- ferent implements were used, as well as different types of tractors. Some types of equipment, when operated up and down the slope, were not of sufficient weight to make it nec- essary to drop a gear lower than was necessary for contour operation. In these experiments, savings of 1.6 per cent in time and 6.4 per cent in fuel were recorded in favor of con- — 53 — isaB^m^asB^ummmmam^msasi tour operations. With machinery heavy enough to cause a drop in gear, savings of 20.4 per cent in time and H-J P^^ cent in fuel were made in favor of contour operations. When all tests were averaged together, the savings were 12.8 per cent in time and 9.4 per cent in fuel in favor of contour oper- ations. In conclusion I wish to quote a sentence from an article appearing in the October issue of The American Fruit Grow- ers, entitled 'The New Peach Industry in South Carolina by A. W. Musser: *The complete system of contour planting, fertilization and growing of cover crops, together with a common sense system of pi uning, combines to make the nia- o ity of South Carolina orchards excellent producing units in which the trees are healthy, vigorous and long-hved.' The picture above shows a portion of the new contour planting of the G. M. W. Orchard Company in Adams County started in the fall of 1938 and completed in the spring of 1939. It may be clearly seen how contour ridges are built with each row by plowing towards the trees. This practice is continued for several years until ridges are built up for each row. Each ridge acts as a barrier to prevent water from crossing the row and having an opportunity to cut a gully down the hillside. The second picture is the Blue Church Orchard located in Lehigh county. The slope in this orchard approaches 40%. It was planted on the square system in the spring of 1937. — 54 — BLUE CHURCH ORCHARD A single season of cultivation with the sloping rows resulted in very serious erosion. In the spring of 1938, two hours work with a hand level showed how, by moving about one- eighth of the trees, the orchard could become a contour planting. This change in planting not only reduced the amount of erosion to a place where it was of no serious con- cern but also reduced the operating costs considerably. The picture was taken in July of 1938, just four months after transplanting. ■o- FARM COLD STORAGE FOR APPLES, WHY AND HOW WILLIAM R. COLE, Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass. It is something like carrying coals to Newcastle for one from New England to appear on a pix)gram in Pennsylvania and discuss the subject of farm storage of apples. We up in the northeast corner have for years looked to Fagan and Anthony and Marble for information qii this project. However, here I am, and before discussing storage, let me offer the best wishes of the fruit growers of Massachu- setts who have just completed their annual convention for 1940. The topic assigned to me and which I was privileged to suggest is "Farm Cold Storage for Apples ; Why and How.'' It was probably unnecessary for me to tell you this, because most of you have already seen it on the program. I believe that Mr. Ruef s sentence in the description of the topic as it — 55 — tour operations. With machinery heavy enough to cause a drop in gear, savings of 20.4 per cent in time and H-] P^r cent in fuel were made in favor of contour operations When all tests were averaged together, the savings were 12.8 per cent in time and 9.4 per cent in fuel in favor of contour oper- ations. In conclusion I wish to quote a sentence from an article appearino' in the October issue of The American Fruit Grow- ers entitled "The New Peach Industry in South Carolina by A. W. Musser: "The complete system of contour planting, fertilization and growing of cover crops, together with a common sense svstem of pi uning, combines to make the ma- o itv of South Carolina orchards excellent producing units in which the trees are healthy, vigorous and long-lived.'* The picture above shows a portion of the new contour planting of the G. M. W. Orchard Company in Adams County started in the fall of 1938 and completed in the spring of 1939. It may be clearly seen how contour ridgas are built with each row by plowing towards the trees. This practice is continued for several years until ridges are built up for each row. Each ridge acts as a barrier to prevent w^ater from crossing the row and having an opportunity to cut a gully down the hillside. The second picture is the Blue Church Orchard located in Lehigh county. The slope in this orchard approaches 40% . It was planted on the square system in the spring of 1937. — 54 — HLUi: CHURCH ORCHARD A single season of cultivation with the sloping rows resulted in very serious erosion. In the spring of 1938, two hours work with a hand level showed how, by moving about one- eighth of the trees, the orchard could become a contour planting. This change in planting not only reduced the amount of erosion to a place w^here it was of no serious con- cern but also reduced the operating costs considerably. The picture was taken in July of 1938, just four months after transplanting. -0- FARM COLD STORAGE FOR APPLES, WHY AND HOW^ WILLIAM R. COLE, Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass. It is something like carrying coals to Newcastle for one from New England to appear on a program in Pennsylvania and discuss the subject of farm storage of apples. We up in the northeast corner have for years looked to Fagan and Anthony and Marble for information on this project. How-ever, here I am, and before discussing storage, let me offer the best wishes of the fruit gimvers of Massachu- setts who have just completed their annual convention for 1940. The topic assigned to me and which I w^as privileged to suggest is *'Farm Cold Storage for Apples; Why and How." It was probably unnecessary for me to tell you this, because most of you have already seen it on the program. I believe that Mr. Ruef s sentence in the description of the topic as it — 55 — appears on the program: "Proper storage of apples on the farm makes possible the delivery of good fruit in prime con- dition to the consumer" just about sums up the **Why'' of farm cold storage. ' Almost every time that I am privileged to discuss farm cold storage before a group of growers the following state- ment appears in some form or other ; "Well, I can't aflford to pay the storage folks so much money every year ; I have got to have a cold storage plant of my own and save my money. Every time this statement is made to me my answer is the same; "You can't expect to save all your cold storage charges by owning your own facilities." On the average in the New England area the commercial charges per bushel per season for cold storage will run about 22 cents per bushel. Averages for approximately 75 farm cold storage plants varying in size from 1,500 bushels to 45,- 000 bushels show a per bushel cost for storage services of be- tween 13 and 14 cents per bushel. Some farm storage show costs of 25 cents per bushel ; some show costs as low as 8 or 9 cents per bushel. We, think of cold storage as being one of the most impor- tant angles to the orderly distribution of a crop of apples. If no apples were stored, the entire crop of the country were of necessity placed on the market at harvest time, growers would not get 50 per cent of the cost of production. All the apples would be on the market at the same time. Sometimes it appears that too many apples go into cold storaore, and con- sequently many growers do not get satisfactory returns. This 1939-40 apple deal has all the ear-marks of such a situa- tion. However, the gix)wers cannot be 100 per cent guilty in this instance, because they faced a situation of a very heavy crop and a completely non-existent export market which noiTnally takes from 10 to 15 millions of bushels. A cold storage located close to the area of production, let us say on the farm where the fruit is grown, peimits the handling of this fruit in a manner that will preserve for the longest period the quality of the apple. We have a feeling that the less handling an apple gets before going into stor- age, the better condition it will be in when it finally reaches the consumer. Of course, it will have a considerable amount of handling somewhere in the line from tree to consumer, but experience indicates that if only a little of this handling be done before the fruit goes into storage and the rest is done between storage and the ultimate buyer, he is getting a bet- ter product. Experience seems to indicate that apples of a given grade gix)wn on comparable soils and in similar cli- mates reach the consumer in better condition if they are hauled not more than a mile or two between picking and — 56 — storing. Similar experience indicates that the storing of orchard-run fruit, with the culls out, will give the consumer better fruit than a practice of picking and grading, sizing, packing, before storing. This last statement is always open to debate. At least it is in New England. There are growers who support the program of pick, grade, pack, store, sell ; and there are grow ers who support the theory or plan of pick, store, gi'ade, pack and sell. Up in Massachusetts and the rest of the New England states we have still another group of growers who believe that the best system is to pick, grade, store, pack and sell. All three of these groups can and do bring forward ex- cellent arguments for their theory of procedure. Undoubted- ly those who believe in one or the other of these theories of procedure have excellent support for their feeling in the mat- ter. Undoubtedly conditions vary so that under given cir- cumstances every one of them is right. It will be noticed, however, that every one of these plans includes the word store somewhere. This indicates, to my mind, that all our growers feel that storage is as important in an orderly market program as any other item. The majority in New England follow the pick, store, grade, pack, sell plan. I do not believe it is necessary for me to go very deeply into what happens when an apple is stored or maybe I can say what is prevented from happening because of storage. I am sure vou all know that the apple as it develops is part of a living organism which is the tree, and that when it reaches maturity and is removed from the tree it continues to be a living organism, life being carried on by the food which is stored in the apple. Since all life processes are destructive, this continuance of living will ultimately destroy the apple. This natural destruction or breakdown is delayed by setting up artificial conditions of living for the apple. That is what storage is. If the apple were allowed to mature, drop from the tree and remain in a clean place under the tree for a period of time, it would gradually decay and disappear. These changes are due to continuing to live, and that is what it is; just sim- ply growing old, even as you and I. This aging process is re- tarded by cold. If the normal, natural life cycle of this apple were car- ried on in a temperature of 80° F. and if that were the opti- mum temperature for rapid living, then a drop of this tem- perature to 50 or 60° F. would in a measure retard the com- — 57 — ■'^n^i!h:^^'f>^'iSi^-:f^^iS^:-:r Fruit Trees I offer the planters, apple, peach, cherry, plum, pear and apricot trees in all the leading varieties, including some of the newer ones that have been carefully examined for trueness to name by expert authorities on identification by leaf characters, etc., as they stand in the nursery rows, at very reasonable prices. ^:Tmiw-r ^ E"/?P»: VISIT OUR BOOTH AT THE FARM SHOW Write for catalogue and prices. Adams County Nurseries & Fruit Farms H. G. Baugher, Prop. ASPERS, PA. — 58 — pletion of its life cycle. This we sometimes do in what we call comimon storage. This latter temperature is what we call cold storage con- ditions. We cannot go much below 30° F. without freezing the apple and thereby completely wrecking this life cycle and defeating our aim. All this attempt at slowing down the speed of living or this organism which we call the apple is designed to hold this fruit in a condition that will cause the consumer to pay money for it and be satisfied with what he gets. All this effort towards delaying the death of this organ- ism can in most cases be better carried out if the equipment used is right on the faim where the fruit grows, right under the immediate control, direction, and management of the in- dividual or group of individuals that control and manage, so far as it is possible to do so, the previous growth of this fruit through its cycle of development. There are, of course, many who will argue that storage is a project that can best be handled by specialists in storage. That theory 1 cannot subscribe to and I suppose that is why I am here today. I think that the theory which I am proposing and attempting to support is sound ; at least there are in Mas- sachusetts growers with a total volume of 900,000 bushels of fruit who subscribe to this theory. There are in the other New England states another group of growers with a volume of 700,000 bushels who also subscribe to this theory. Of course we know that very much greater volume of fruit is stored in what we call custom cold storages located in central points of production. However, there is a trend to- ward decentralization of this fruit storage. Four growers in Massachusetts have this year built cold storages on the the- ory that **We can do a better job of handling our fruit if we have it right here at home.'' All four of these men have been customers of custom storages. In my opinion, the majority of all growers in New England want and would own storages if they could finance the initial investment. If I may summarize the why of farm cold storage of apples, I will put it this way : First, cold storage located on the farm, close to the or- chard, permits fruit going into storage with the least pos- sible handling. Two, cold storage so located permits fruit to go into storage immediately after picking with a very minimum of time elapsing between cutting off from the source of food material, the tree, and delays the burning up of the food ma- terials that are in the apple. — 59 — ww^^'r^m^m^m'':m Three, storage on the farm permits the grower to con- tinue to have his produce under his direct control. Four, under normal conditions as to costs of construc- tion and power, storage charges will be much less on fruit in a farm cold storage than would be the cost if stored in a cus- tom warehouse. Perhaps what has been said so far is sufficient for the "Why'' of farm cold storage. Now for a discussion of the "How". Proper consideration of this pmblem of how to get a farm cold storage plant calls for some consideration of pres- ent and future crop prospects on the farm under considera- tion ; some thought should be given to the possibility of tem- porarily or permanently storing a few apples for some nearby orchardist. However, we are discussing a single farm enter- prise and therefore will leave the possible custom uses of the plant out of the picture. The first point to be settled is how large the storage is to be. In general, so far as the speaker is concerned, orchard- ists are advised to have storage capacity for not more than 60 per cent of the average commercial crop. That is, a man with a commercial crop prospect of 20,000 bushels of apples, averaged over a period of years, should not build a cold stor- age with a capacity greater than 7,500 bushels. I am not pre- tending to say that growers do not exceed this volume. Per- haps I should say that I am not saying that growers always follow this advice. However, that is the place we put max- imum storage capacity. After determining the size of storage that appears to be desirable, the next project, so far as New England is con- cerned, is to determine whether this plant should be built by remodeling an existing structure or by building new. So far, 90 per cent of the cold storages created on fanns in New England have been built by remodeling existing structures. We set up an arbitrary figure of 21/2 cubic feet of space necessary for each bushel of apples it is desired to store. These remodeling jobs have been applied to barn cellars, to dairy bams abandoned for such use, to other tj^e of farm structure and as indicated before, a few new buildings. In laying out a plan for adapting existing structures or building new, the first dimension suggested is that the room have a height of not less than 9 feet. This is set because the majority of growers use what we know as the approved East- ern apple box as a storage box as well as market package. This box has an outside heighth of ll^i inches and stacking 8 high, about the limit without using scaffolds, and that 8 — 60 — high uses 71/2 feet of space, leaving, after cleats on the floor, 15 or 16 inches of head space. This much head space is desir- able in order that air circulation may be efficient. The determination of the other two dimensions of the cold room will, of course, be easy enough. If one desires to store 10,000 bushels of apples that means a cubage of 25,000 and divided by 9 gives 2,800 square feet floor area, and that in turn may be 40 feet by 70 feet or any other combination that produces approximately 2800 square feet. We thus have for our 10,000 bushels a ^*Box'' of approximately 70 feet long by 40 feet wide and 9 feet high. Of course these dimensions, all three of them, are pos- sible of adjustment. Several farm storac^es have been built where the ceiling level was 14 or 16 feet above the floor and fruit has been packed in such a storage easily and efficiently, especially in cases where two levels may be established out- side. There are, however, one or two factors in a picture of this kind that are important. It is quite necessary that a large volume of fruit be of a single variety. It is desirable that no variety be present in too small quantities, because boxes to be stored 12 or 14 or 16 high must be at least 10 by 10 on the floor. There are really only two or three necessary factors for success in building a cold storage. The building must be cold-proof and heat-proof. The building must be properly machined in order to produce cold in sufficient volume to re- move heat from the apples quickly and to hold the apples at storage temperatures easily. The building must be so con- structed that a proper degree of humidity may be held m the room at all times. Other considerations sometimes thought of as minor and frequently thought of as major are ease of handling fruit in and out and possibility of using outside air as a cold medium once the fruit is reduced to storage temperature. The cold or heat-proofing of the building is nothing more or less than insulation. There are many insulating mater- ials on the market. Many of these are equally good each with the other as insulation. However, so far there has been discovered nothing any better as an insulating material than vegetable cork, and for most circumstances there is no other material any less expensive than this. Since most remodeling jobs are on frame structures, the insulation problem is solved by filling the walls with insulat- ing material. For Massachusetts and New England condi- tions in general, we think of 8 inches of granulated cork as being an efficient blanket for protection against extremes ot — 61 — yiy^ /agyy^ ;>*7» P^^^Tyr "••■ ,~ ;; ^~. , 1 " ' :-^^;^^?■UMi:yi^;^j^:^:JJ cold and heat. We recommend this 8-inch blanket for walls and 10 inches for exposed or semi-exposed ceilings or roofs. Floors being exposed to the constant leakage of earth tem- peratures and also being apt to have very moist conditions, are usually insulated with sheet insulation. Most recommen- dations suggest sheet co.k of 2 or 3 inches, dependmg on whether or not the floor is sufficiently below outside grade to make cold insulation important. Putting this another way, if the floor of the room were at approximately outside grade, we would recommend 3 inches of cork as protection against cold leakage ; if the floor w ere 3 feet or more below outside grade, we would recommend 2 inches of sheet cork as suffi- cient to hold back undue heat leakage from the ground. The matter of doors, windows, ports or other openings is for settling in each individual case. In general, however, our recommendations are that these openings be as few as possible in number. Now for a bit of discussion of new storages. I think I will do that by describing one that was built this last year. This structure is on one of our larger fruit farms. It has a rated capacity of approximately 22,000 bushels. It is 44 feet by 66 feet by 10 feet high in each of two floors. These dimensions 44 and 66 were used so that we might put into the building no piece of timber longer than 12 feet, which is the most economical length of native lumber in our area. The 66 feet, length, dimension of the building runs east, west. The entire 10 feet of the height of the lower room on the north side is below grade, so that on the north we have a grade entrance into the upper room. We have a grade en- trance on the west and east into the lower room. The pack- ing house, which should always be considered in laying out a storage plant, is 16 feet wide and runs the full length on thse south side of the lower room. The packing house roof raises half way up the south side of the upper room. Such a lay out makes it possible for all fruit to go into the ware- house, out again through the packing house, without having to be lifted at all; it is always moving either on a level or down hill. We think that some sort of a lay out similar to this just described is about the ideal for handling fruit, especially on the pick, store, pack, sell plan. Perhaps I should say in conclusion about this new stor- age which is a discussion of several, that all insulation, ex- cept floors and the banked wall on the lower room, is granu- lated cork, and the floor and this wall are sheet cork insul- ated. The second consideration mentioned above is machining. — 62 — — ^i^r, . I do not think it is the pl?ce here to go into details as to figuring of machinery for a cold storage. We do this for our people, and after we have finished doing it, we always sug- gest that they get machinery sales firms to figure and bid. Let us put it another way. We do not suggest to our growers that they ask machinery builders to bid on a set size com- pressor and certain footage of coil or certain size blower units. We suggest that farmers indicate to each of three or four or more dealers in this type of equipment: 1. The size of "Box." 2. How the **Box'' is insulated. 3. How many boxes of apples per day will go into the -"Box*' during the harvest season. 4. What period in the calendar is the harvest season. 5. How soon he expects a given condition of cold to be reached. Most of our fruit up in New England is coming to be Mcintosh variety. Those of you who are familiar with this variety know that it must be picked in a short period; we allow ten days. If I may be permitted to return to the 22,000 bushel cold storage iust described, the owner writes the machinery deal- ers that he has a box 66 feet by 44 feet by 20 feet, insulated on the four walls with 8 inches of granulated cork or equiv- alent, on the ceiling with 10 inches of cork, on the floor with 3 inches of sheet cork, that a floor divides the 20 feet into two rooms, each approximately 91/2 feet high. The second item which he indicates is that he expects to put into this storage a volume of 2.000 to 2,500 bushels of apples per day during the period September 5 to 20, that he expects the equipment to reduce this volume of fruit to 45° temperature daily during the loading period, and the entire box to 32° in six days after loading is completed. With the above infoi-mation most machinery dealers can estimate the cost of machining. Machinery for cold distribution is made of two types "Coil" and "Blower". The coil system means just what it says ; coils for carry- ing the refrigerant are hung on the side walls or on the ceil- ing or both. In the blowers these coils are hung in a metal box which is set up in one end of the room and from which the cold from the refrigerant in the coils is blown across the room and brought back again into the bottom of the blower, re-cooled and again blown out. It is exactly the same principle as a — 63 — V, .'v»7'-7r,C.' modern school house heating plant where the heat is confined in pent houses and where the air is warmed by blowmg over hot pipes in these boxes or pent houses. In the case of our apple storages the air is blown over cold pipes. Of all the cold storage constructions in Massachusetts and the rest of the New l^ngland states in the last seven or eight years almost 100 per cent has been of the blower type. There is one large custom storage which was built of the coil type twelve years ago and built an addition two or three years ago, again using the coil type. One other independent grower built a second unit and used the coil type after havmg a blower type in a first unit. Outside of these two, approxi- mately 100 plants have been built, all using the blower type of cold distribution. Initial cost is approximately the same in both cases. The advantage of the blower type over the coil system is that there is no defrosting drip anywhere in the room except un- der the blower where it can easily be controlled ; defrosting takes less time with blower types than with coil types. I think perhaps I have taken time enough in discussing the construction of storage. I do want to say that working with more than a 100 growers in the New England states in the last five or six years there has been hardly a case where plans or specifica- tions or directions prepared for one grower would fit the needs of another grower. That, I think is a first rate condi- tion of things. It is unwise to talk about cost of getting cold storage, but nevertheless, I am willing to suggest that a cold storage plant will cost from 50 cents to one dollar per bushel. This very wide variation is used because some growers may have an excellent building to start with and get away with the low- er price. In fact, this past summer I worked on two such pro- jects where the total investment will run between 35 and 40 cents per bushel of capacity. Other projects may call for new construction, and this may run as high as 90 cents to one dollar per bushel of capacity, although recent frame buildings with a capacity of from 15,000 to 30,000 have been put up at a cost of less than 75 cents per bushel. It is probably in order to offer some suggestion as to the cost of operating a farm cold storage. So far as we are con- cerned this may be very definitely set up. Please understand I am talking for Massachusetts and New England. We arbi- trarily set up 12 per cent of the investment as an over head charge to take care of interest, depreciation, taxes, insurance, — 64 — water, etc. The operating cost for power in New England will be IV2 kilowatts per bushel per season. May I illustrate ? A storage holding 20,000 bushels built for 15,000 dollars, complete and ready to go, this includes a one-story packing shed but not a grading machine. 12 per cent of 15,000 dollars is 1800 dollars. 20,000 bushels at II/2 kilowatts is 30,000 kilowatts. In New Eng- land the average rate for this power is 3 cents. That gives 900 dollars power cost; 1800 dollars overhead, plus 900 dol- lars power gives 2,700 dollars annual cost. This on 20,000 bushels would be 13 1/2 cents per bushel. Just so no one will get too rosy a picture of this, let's have the storage only half full, or 10,000 bushels. Our over- head is just the same, 1800 dollars, our power bill comes down to 450 dollars or a total of 2,250 dollars on 10,000 bushels, or 221/2 cents per bushel. May I repeat. I throw in this last sentence only to take a little of the rosy hue away from the 131/2 cents. Storage facilities aie needed on most fruit farms for the orderly marketing of the crop. Location of the storage on the farm makes it possible to put the apples in storage promptly and with the least handling, permits sorting, grad- ing, and packing of the fruit by the regular farm help, and keeps the fruit under the care and control of the grower until it is sold. For satisfactory operation of a storage, it is essential to have a suitable building provided with proper cooling equip- ment and to store only truit having a market value which will justify the expense of storage. The conditions to be ob- served are listed below. 1. Fruit intended for storage should be picked at the op- timum stage of maturity. 2. Apples which are to be stored for a long period — three months or more — should be of U. S. Commercial grade or better. Drops may in some years be stored to advantage for short periods. 3. Apples placed in storage should be handled carefully. They should be picked, put in the storage package, and trans- ported from orchard to warehouse in such a manner that bruising is kept at a minimum. 4. A common storage should have the exposed walls and ceilings insulated to protect against frost and to help hold low temperatures obtained from the ground and from the circulation of cold night air. Fans should be provided for ventilation and circulation of cold air for cooling purposes. — 65 — T — FOLLOW THE ' O U T H O" BALANCED SPRAY PROGRAM — FOR PRE-PINK AND PINK TREATMENT OF APPLE PESTS IN CUMBERLAND-SHENANDOAH VALLEYS For Pre-Pink application against SCAB and LEAF SPOT use FLOTOX Wettable Sulphur (7 to 8 pounds per 100 gallons of spray) with ORTHEX Spreader- Adhesive (1 pint). Substitute Lime-Sulphur Solu- tion for FLOTOX Wettable Sulphur if infection has occurred. As an alternative, use FLOTOX Paste Flotation Sulphur (14 to 16 pounds) with ORTHEX Spreader- Adhesive (1 pint). "FLOTOX*' has proved to be a NON-CAUSTIC spray, which has provided high effective- ness without the injury to foliage, tree, or production that has followed the use of caustic materials. For Pink application against SCAB, LEAF SPOT and CURCULIO, use FLOTOX Wettable Sulphur (7 to 8 pounds) or FLOTOX Paste Flota- tion Sulphur (14 to 16 pounds), freshly Hydrated Lime (5 pounds), ORTHO Standard Lead Arsenate (3 pounds), and ORTHEX Spreader- Adhesive (1 pint). "ORTHO" Products are produced to exacting scientific standards and are serviced in the field by trained experienced Service Representatives. ORTHO SCIENTIFIC PEST CONTROL — WRITE FOR FREE DESCRIPTIVE FOLDERS — CALIFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMICAL CORPORATION Elizabeth, New Jersey "The ORTHO Company" Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. THE WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF AGRICULTURAL SPRAYS — 66 5. In a refrigerated storage, the floors, walls, and ceil- ings should be insulated to reduce heat leakage. Cooling equipment of ample capacity should be installed to maintain proper temperature. Positive air circulation by fans driving air over the evaporating coils assures uniform temperature and rapid cooling of fruit throughout the storage. 6. Apples which are to be held for a long period should be stored at 32° F. Mcintosh apples which are to be mar- keted by January 1 can be held at 45° at the time of harvest and reduced to 32° by the third week after picking. This treatment will allow the apples to develop better flavor than if stored continuously at 32°. During the storage period, relative humidity should be maintained at not less than 85 per cent. 7. Good management is essential to assure satisfactory operation of a cold storage. Proper temperature and humid- ity must be maintained, pressure gauges watched from day to day to check the functioning of machinery, coils defrosted and equipment and rooms kept neat and clean. PRACTICAL SUPPLEMENTARY MEASURES IN CODLING MOTH CONTROL J. O. PEPPER, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. The codling moth in Pennsylvania apple orchards is without question one of the most important insects. In re- cent years this insect has gained foothold in many orchards and is taking much more than its share of the total fruit pro- duced. It is undoubtedly the major pest problem in many orchards and in such cases it is to the growers benefit to make use of all known means to bring the insect under con- trol. The following supplementary measures with a short dis- cussion of each are offered as some of the effective means that every apple grower can make use of in a fight against the codling moth. 1. Scraping Trees Thoroughly : By this is meant the removal of all rough bark on the tree trunk and larger limbs, the cleaning out of old pruning cuts or limb splits, or in other words the removal of all hibernating places of this insect on the tree. This work should be done during the late fall, win- ter, and early spring making sure to have the job done by the early part of May. 2. Use of Chemically Treated Bands : The most satis- factory band that has been used is the two inch width cor- — 67 — 'T^",*f'*'""t ("?•*■ rugated paper band that has been impregnated with beta- naphthol. If trees have not been well scraped as mentioned in above suggestion, the banding is not worthwhile. In order to show how many woirns such bands do collect and kill some 1939 records are given. Summary of ChemicaUy Treated Band Records on Codling Moth for Southeastern Pennsylvania 1939 Number Total Number County of Trees of Worms 1 51 2,409 2 10 846 3 10 286 4 21 1,841 5 17 1,816 6 62 6,825 7 6 318 8 13 2,722 Totals 190 17,063 Average Number of Worms Collecter Per Tree 47 84 28 87 107 110 53 208 89.9 The bands are placed on the trunks of the trees about half way between the ground and where the scaffold limbs appear. The bands to be most effective should be placed on the trees between June 1 and 15, so as to be fresh and most effective in collecting and killing the first generation worms. Use care and see that the band touches the tree everywhere, but do not nail on so tight as to crust the paper corrugations. 3. Care of Old Picking Crates: All old picking crates and baskets should be either (a) stored in a fairly tirfit building and left closed through June, where emerging moths in early summer can not escape or (b) dipped in kerosene be- fore May 1. This last method will kill 95 to 98 per cent of all larvae in the ci-ates and if they are left in open building or on outside all the odor will be gone before harvest season. In 1939 some crates were dipped with good results and it was found that it look about 100 gallons of kerosene to each 1000 crates. This of course depends upon size of crate and kind of wood. To further give some idea of the number of moths em- erging from old picking crates, in 1939 an orchar d was select- ed that had a medium heavy infestation of codling; moth dur- ing 1938 where some 1500 picking crates were taken at ran- dom and stored in a tight building with glass windows at each end. Records were kept on the emergence of moths and a total of 1192 moths were taken from these crates. Certain- ly the destruction of these moths cannot be overlooked as a great aid in codling moth control. 4. General Cleanup Around Orchard: This includes all places around the packing house, the old cull pile, the props — 68 — used in the orchard, and any old picking crates or prunings left in the orchard. In short clean up every hibernating place if possible. 5. Proper Pruning of Trees : Be sure to open up tree sufficiently so that a good job of spraying can be done during the spring and summer. It is also very important that the limbs pruned out be collected and burned as these sometime harbor many over-wintering worms. Investigations in one state have shown that on old trees as many as 37 per cent of the over-wintering worms on the tree can be found on the prunings after the tree has been properly pruned. There- fore, be sure to destroy such material. 6. Use of Bait Pails : When properly kept, bait pails are a most practical means of determining codling moth ac- tivity in the orchard and timing of spray applications. From several years experience it has been found that five pails are sufficient to give ample records for the average orchard. It is believed that all the suggestions given here are practical in the average orchard and furthermore that they are compatible with good orchard practices. However, it must be emphasized that these suggestions are not to take the place of a well planned spray program but work hand in hand with it in controlling the codling moth. INSECT PROBLEMS OF THE NEW YORK FRUIT GROWER HUGH GLASGOW, Chief in Researcli, Geneva, New York When your secretary asked me to talk to this associa- tion on the insect problems of the fruit gix)wer I was a little puzzled as to what I could say that might be considered ap- propriate. Being as familiar as I am with the capable guid- ance that you growers have here in your own state, I cer- tainly shall not undertake to tell you how I think you should handle your local spray problems. You do not need any such advice from me or from any other outside agency, I am sure. What I have in mind is rather to discuss briefly a few of the more important insect problems that are likely to be of common interest to all of us, and to outline in a general way how the growers in New York are dealing with them. In do- ing this we must recognize that while our fruit insects are much the same as those you growers have to contend with here in Pennsylvania, there are bound to be differences not only in the emphasis that must be placed on certain pests but in the details of similar control programs as they have been worked out for the two localities. — 69 — ■ '■;• '••?'-r •■ ' :i_5?''?)w"»77»'^i'^»SW T"^ ii'-T-^ T'.','^ -./„•• I ■,■ ^ r ..-vitP^yTTr^^ v*t: ^i- »■ . - ■ "• '. v;«^f ,> w Aire's?* ■ra^'*' ■ • ■ ■--•-■ *- '<^ .; ,>..^*-'''i : ^ ■.V, .•■,•*- •, ■, .-*f . ':■, . , ■ • .-^ -■■' - ^.^ .■■ '-■■■--.I , ■', - :,■ .-■ ■^v.t . - ' ^ ■- -'^r^; y.,- - . '1:x'W^^:*^,„'-^- ^!,- , .*■/ - , *^^ .■-t^v* .r^-* Our powers, for example, regularly depend on a three per cent lubricating oil spray as a doi-mant treatment for the control of such pests as the San Jose scale or the European red mite. Here in Pennsylvania, on the other hand, you are told to use the same type oil at a four per cent dilution. Now oil costs money. Why should you pay for an extra gallon of oil in each 100 gallons of spray if a weaker dilution will do lust as well. The answer is simply that in your part of the country these insects have been found to multiply more rap- idly to go through the winter in better condition, or for some reason to be more difficult to hold in check than they are with us in New York and consequently call for a somewhat more drastic control program. Apparent discrepancies ot this sort are always likely to appear in the schedules from different sections of the country, but an investigation will us- ually reveal some sound reason for such differences. In New York we have seven research workers who are devoting most of their time to the insect problems of the fruit grower, and whatever I may have to say on this gen- eral subject as it applies to New York will be based very largely on the findings of these men. F Z. Hartzell, who comes originally from your state, has been working for the past ten years or more on dormant ap- plications in an attempt to adapt these to as wide a range ot pests as possible. He is also the authority on grape insects and their control in the state. S. W. Harman has been directly responsible for the cod- ling moth program in Western New York for the past twelve or fifteen years where this insect has been such an important problem. D. M. Daniel has charge of all problems having to do with biological control. This naturally includes the oriental fruit moth as a major consideration. In addition to these activities Doctor Daniel has been carrying out detailed studies on peach borer control for a number of years as well as studies on certain other fruit insects. P. J. Chapman is directly responsible for the whole re- search program in the Hudson Valley and Champlam region. Associated with him in this work are 0. H. Hammer and R. W. Dean. F. G. Mundinger works largely on pear insects and on the insect pests of small fruits. I am telling you all this by way of introduction so you will have a general idea of the research setup m New York as it applies to fruit insects, and will understand more clearly perhaps the source of some of the things I may have occasion to refer to in connection with the discussion of our general control program. — 70 — In regard to our insect problems, the codling moth, as in most other apple growing sections, is without question the in- sect pest of outstanding importance, not only on account of the direct losses it causes our growers but because of the many secondary problems that are involved in its control. After the codling moth it is difficult in a state as large as New York to group the other fruit insects in the order of their importance for most of them fluctuate so widely in abundance and destructiveness in different localities or from season to season that it is not easy to single out any one as of first importance. This past season the insect that caused us by far the greatest concern, at least in western New York, was the rosy apple aphid. This insect had not been particularly tix)uble- some for several years, but in 1939 it made up for lost time and caused losses that would have been tragic had it not been for the excessively heavy crop and the relatively poor prices that prevailed. Locally the eye spotted bud moth is always a potential hazard. The same can be said of the fruit tree leaf it)ller and the red mite, although the latter is not ordinarily as much of a problem as it is with you. Outbreaks of some of the other common apple insects such as the apple maggot, apple red bug, San Jose scale, scurfy scale, oystershell scale, red band- ed leaf roller, plum curculio, and others are likely to flare up locally at any time. We also have a number of other well known apple insects that are either of relatively minor im- portance to the fruit grower or very local in their distribu- tion, such as the apple curculio, the leaf miners, leaf curling midges, and others. In the course of the past twenty or thirty years our gen- eral spray program, as this applies to apples, has undergone a profound change. Not so long ago, by a dormant applica- tion we meant just one thing, the use of a high concentration lime-sulfur spray directed against the San Jose scale. Later several other types of sulfur sprays were introduced, then the plain lubricating oil sprays and the miscible oils appeared. About ten years ago the so-called tar washes or creosote oil sprays were introduced from Europe, followed more recently by a group of insecticides, which for want of a better name have been grouped together as nitro insecticides, represented by such commercial products as Dowspray Dormant, Elgetol, Nitro Kleenup, and others. Most of these dormant insecti- cides have distinct merit, but the rapid introduction of new materials into this field, together with the combinations that may be made and the constantly widening range of pests we are attempting to embrace in the dormant program has eith- er crowded some of the older materials into the background or rendered them obsolete. — 71 — ■^^.>" wmu^ The old lime-sulfur-nicotine combination is still one of our main weapons in fighting the rosy apple aphid notwith- standing its many well recognized limitations The lubricat- ing oil sprays are generally much quicker in their action and more thorough in cleaning up heavy infestations of the ban Jose scale than lime-suUur besides providing perhaps the most effective single treatment available for red mite control. At proper concentrations the lubricating oil sprays are highly effective against such pests as the fruit tree leal rol- ler and pear psylla, while when combined with nicotine and properly timed they have proved effective against the bud moth and the rosy apple aphid, thus greatly extending the season when these pests can be effectively attacked. The tar washes, when properly made and applied, are highly effective against the rosy aphid, and when combined with lubricating oil sprays control of the San Jose scale and certain other pests is provided for. Unfortunately, the ten- dency of the red mite to build up more rapidly following such a schedule and its failure to control certain other important pests has greatly retarded a more general acceptance ot the tar washes by our growers. The fact that the rosy aphid fluctuates so violently from year to year, sometimes appearing generally in destructive numbers only after the lapse of several seasons makes it ditti- cult to justify any dormant schedule as a regular program for aphid control unless other important pests can be taken care of at the same time. While the tar washes are unquestionably effective against the rosy aphid the fact that some of the more recent- ly introduced dormant insecticides appear to be equally, if not more effective against this insect, and at the same time go far toward providing a positive control for certain other important pests such as the bud moth, oystershell scale, scurfy scale and others has tended to cix)wd the once prom- ising "tar washes very much into the background so far as the New York fruit grower is concerned. Before leaving the subject of dormant applications it might be well to add that some of the more recently intro- duced nitro sprays have given such a good account of them- selves in the three or four years they have been under test in New York that many of our growers are becoming enthu- siastic about them, too enthusiastic perhaps for our own peace of mind, since we would naturally have preferred to keep these under observation for a time longer before seeing — 72 — them so generally accepted. However this may be, these ma- terials are now in the hands of the grower and they are cer- tainly going to be used in much greater volume in 1940 than ever before. Some of these have given a surprisingly good account of themselves, not only in Mr. Hartzeirs experimen- tal work but also as used by practical growers and that too during a major rosy aphid outbreak. The codling moth with us has always been rather irreg- ular in its behavior. In some parts of western New York for example, it has presented a terrific problem for years, being so abundant some seasons that growers have all but des- paired of holding it in check even by the most drastic means In still other sections it is relatively unimportant, assuming the role of a minor pest to be taken care of in the course or the regular spray operations without any special attention being given it. In eastern New York it has, in general, been much less troublesome than in some parts of western New York, although in some localities it seems to be definitely on the increase. By a carefully worked out program where certain non- lead arsenicals such as zinc arsenate and calcium ai'senate have been substituted at critical points in the spray schedule for lead arsenate, Doctor Chapman has made it possible for the gi-owers in this region to employ an arsenical schedule successfully against the codling moth and apple maggot and at the same time keep within the legal tolerance for both lead and arsenic. For a great many years the growers in the heavily in- fested belt of western New York have had to rely on the standard lead arsenate schedule put on at a rate that made washing obligatory. Since a very real prejudice has devel- oped in the minds of many buyers against washing tender varieties such as Mcintosh, this has placed the Mcintosh growers in the heavily infested sections under a severe hand- icap and has created a very real need for some program that would insure satisfactory control of the codling moth and at the same time avoid the need for washing tender varieties. For several seasons Mr. Harman has been working with this in mind, trying to adopt one of the so-called nonwash pro- grams to conditions in western New York. Last season, un- der Mr. Harman's guidance, such a schedule was followed through by a number of commercial growers in this section with distinctly gratifying results. Such a program is decidedly more costly to carry out than the regular arsenical schedule, involving as it does the use of more expensive materials applied at somewhat shorter — 73 — '"- ^y^ /,>:■,■ V'i^ /. "y •!,■.' ry^> '/.'.'•^■y^jg^'r'f-.^--**. •*.'y<-r-«.'V!t*r^'»-:*'j r -* T^tt~»'^,'i -.•r'',~',".vv -■I.''^i'vJ: •■'»Ay-;'-^;»;y^^^ '^^VVT'.'V' ■AC-. ,** ■ --^^T^f ' •-'■ midite intervals. This in itself might be expected to f ^ter t^e avei-- age gix)wei- from adopting such a schedule if t were not loi thl faH- that the entire cost cannot logically be chaiged fglinTt^h'eti'ng'moth. This b-omey arent wh^^ it - recognized that the materials used in such a P^^f^ J^ ouentlv Dlav an important vole in checking at the same time S secondary pes?s as scale insects, bud moth and aph^^^^ pests that might well require special ^^PP^^^^f 'E^f \oll on StniLuft ^""^^^Z'^^^i^rLlJ^'^^le:^ feel t£ tnonwashVogim is in reality little if any, moi-e ex- pensive tSan the i^eguiar ai^enical ^P^ayf /hey have u^^^^ n th«na.,nH« of the averao-e grower, for there will always m cei uuii tids involved fn its application until there can be some bSr adjustment worked out between the insect part of the progmm and that having to do with scab control. In this brief discussion I have tonched on only a few of the problems that seem to be of Particulai intei est to om xT..xxrvnvk aiinle growers at this time. In oiaei lo ^udiu SnI'posSe c'oS^sion with your P-nsylvama spray P^^^^ o-rams I have purpose y avoided going into any gieat aeLau feSinrour Swn The detailed spray schedules as they ap- r^fto N?w York conditions have been worked out in an ad- S5;-aSle''ray b^ Mr. J- A. Evans and ^f^^l^^^^^^^^ Extension Division at the College ot Agncultu e inese schedules are available to anyone and wil , 1 f^^l ^^^^^^^^^ found of great interest to any member ot this associauon who takes the trouble to study them. As has already been pointed out, howeyeis these sch^^^^^ iilps are not intended to be of general application but weie liked out sp^^^^^^ for use under New Yoi-k conditions^ Anv attempt to adapt them to your conditions here in Penn- f^yh'aS^T^^^^^^^ be Feft to those agencies i^^^^^^^^^ state who are responsible for guidmg you in such matteis. CONTROL OF INTERNAL CORK OF APPLES BY BORON APPLICATIONS J R. MAGNESS, Principal Poniologist, Fruit and Vegetable Crops and * Diseases, U. S. Horticultural Station, BeltsviUe, Maryland. In opening this discussion we wish first of all to describe as clearly as possible what we mean by internal cork. Theie a?e other troubles in apples-particularly the one teimed — 74 — 'Intter pit", also frequently '^Baldwin spot" or "York spot"— which may easily be confused with internal cork. Intenial cork of apples is due to boron deficiency in the tree, and is corrected by boron applications. Bitter pit is not appreciably affected by the use of boron. Apples typically affected with internal cork are shown in figure 1. Fig. 1 — Internal cork in Ben Davis apples. The internal cork commonly present in the Middle Atlan- tic States is characterized by brown areas deep in the flesh of the apple. With certain varieties it occurs immediately around the core, while in other varieties, such as the Ben Davis shown in figure 1, it occurs throughout the flesh of the apple, usually being particularly abundant toward the stem end. In mild cases of internal cork there is no surface mark- ing of the affected fruit. Under severe cork conditions the surface becomes pebbly or roughened, but even in quite sev- erely affected apples there is no definite spotting of the sur- face. Affected fruit develops color earlier than sound fruit on the same tree. Typical internal cork begins to show in the apple some 6 to 8 weeks before harvest time. Bitter pit is characterized by slightly sunken spots on the surface of the fruit. When these spots occur in non-col- ored areas the skin immediately over the spot is likely to be a slightly darker green in color. A corky area develops im- mediately below the sunken surface. Except in the most sev- ere cases of bitter pit the brown tissue occurs mainly directly under the skin. The surface spotting of bitter pit and the concentration of the corky tissue near the skin distinguishes — 75-^ jDtiy yourself the MOST RELIABLE SPRAYER ever bidi — ^with the simplest pump of all: No Wear on the cylinder walls; No Expense for crankshafts or connecting rods, wrist pins or plunger cups. The "Friend's" valves are the easiest to clean. Its packing is the easiest to keep tight. It has the fewest places to oil and grease, and — only Va as Many Moving Parts No wonder so many owners tell you: *'The 'Friend' is in a class by itself for Reliability and Low Upkeep Cost." Before you invest — Investigate! Talk to growers who have "owned them all", and make your own comparisons. Built in all sizes — all chassis stylen. Pressures up to 1,000 tb. // FRIEND" MANUFACURING CO Casport/ N. y. PUMPS DUSTERS FRUIT SIZERS ■j^rsi*..: - ^'/L:':li^M^ <'-'^<^^^iuji>ig^i^'^'ri^c-^:itii^c^':fS^^ mi —Te- xt from internal cork, which shows no skin discoloration or spotting and develops discoloration deep in the flesh of the apple. Bitter pit is not controlled by boron applications and no control for it is known at the present time. Bitter pit de- velops particularly when fruit grows to large size, and any- thing which stimulates the tree and fruit tends to increase bitter pit development. Thus heavy fertilization, heavy pruning, heavy irrigation, and heavy thinning of the fruit crop all tend to increase the amount of bitter pit. Prevalence of Internal Cork Internal cork is likely to be much more widely prevalent during years of severe drought than when normal rainfall oc- curs. Apparently under such drought conditions the intake- o± boron by the tree is reduced as compared to seasons of abundant rainfall. In 1939 internal cork was widely prev- alent throughout the New England States, eastern New York and in Pennsylvania where near-drought conditions existed during much of the growing season. Most severely affected varieties in the Potomac Valley area are Ben Davis and its close relatives Gano and Black Ben Davis. Oldenburg (Duchess) , Rome Beauty, Grimes Golden and Jonathan are sometimes moderately affected. Yellow Newtown is seriously aflfected in some areas of the Pacific Northwest. In eastern New York and New England Mcin- tosh and Cortland have been seriously affected. Probably Mcintosh, Cortland, and the Ben Davis varieties should be considered the most seriously affected in the Eastern States, with Ronie Beauty and Jonathan following. (In response to the question of how many growers present observed internal cork in any fruit in 1939, fully one-third of those present in- dicated that they had observed it in their fruit.) Boron as a Plant Nutrient Boron is one of the group of elements that is needed only in traxje amounts for the maintenance of plant growth. It is only in recent years that it has been recognized that bor- on is one of the essential elements for plants. A French worker, Agulhon, in 1910 published results showing that small amounts of boron increased the growth of wheat, oats, and radishes grown in sand. Other workers later demon- strated that trace amounts of boron were necessary when plants were grown under carefully controlled conditions,- ^lt was not until 1931, however, that a Gennan worker, Brand- enburg, demonstrated that boron might be so low in soils as to interfere with proper plant development. He showed that boron deficiency was the underlying cause of heart rot or dry rot in sugar beets and mangolds. Since that time, it has been — 77 — AvLA'A .. t. I « » A.\.« .^.V.«il. shown by other workers that heart rot or dry rot of beets, turnips, rutabagas, browning of cauliflower and stem crack- ing of celery in various parts of the world are caused by boron deficiencies. Apparently the first work which associated boron defi- ciency with some of the breakdown diseases of aPPlf Jj;^^ that of the Cawthron Institute m New Zealand. In work sSrted in 1934, they found that internal cork of apples which is prevalent in that country, ^^s due to deficiency of boron. Shortly thereafter, workers m British Columbia a^o Cnd that the condition there, which is tenned drouth spot or corkv core, is also corrected by boron applications. In tne spiSg of 1936, workers in the U. S. Department of Agncul- tS?e first put out experimental treatments to determine whither ty^es of breakdown in apples in the eastern United States. As a result of these experimental treatments, we have found applications of boron to be completely effective in cor- recting the condition which we have teiined internal cork ot apples in the Shenandoah and Potomac Valleys. A B. Bur- ?Sl working mainly in the Champlain Valley m New York What When you see how easily any Hardie Sprayer delivers its rated capacity and pressure— and how much more you can get in emergencies — you will know why the upkeep cost of a Hardie is practically nothing over a period of years and its daily operation so de- pendable and free from trouble. Writf> for your copy of the Hardie 1940 Catalog, 40 sizes and styles. deRners its full rated slow speeir? i The Hardie Mfg. Company Hudson, Mich., Portland Ore., Los Angeles, Calif. — 78 — State, has also found boron containing compounds to be fully effective. Results of Experimental Treatments During 1936, preliminary results indicated that applica- tions of boron would correct the trouble in Ben Davis. In the fall of 1936, three orchards were selected in the vicinity of Charles Town, W. Va., which were very badly affected with internal cork Cuttings were made on the fruit in the fall of 1936, and badly affected trees were selected for treatment. In the fall of 1936, applications of boric acid were made to five badly affected trees in each orchard, and borax was applied in one orchard. Again in the early spring of 1937, additional trees were treated with boric acid in each orchard. The re- sults of these soil treatments, as compared to check trees left untreated, are summarized in the following table : Results of Soil treatments to control internal cork of apples, 1937 Treatment No. of Total % Free % Slight % Bad Trees apples cut of cork cork cork Orchard No. 1, Ben Davis: Boric acid, lib. per tree, fall 5 487 98.0 2.0 0. Boric acid, lib. per tree, spring 4 418 99.5 0.25 0.25 Check, no treatment 4 398 10.2 22.0 68.8 Orchard No. 2, Gano: Borax, % lb. per tree, fall 4 400 100.0 .0 .0 Borac acid, % lb. per tree, fall 5 506 98.4 1.4 0.2 Borac acid, % lb. per tree, spring 5 511 100.0 .0 .0 Check, no treatment 5 498 9.4 15.2 75.4 These results indicate veiy clearly that either boric acid or borax applied in the fall or in the spring up to three weeks before bloom will almost completely prevent the development of internal cork. These applications were to large trees more than 20 years old and were at the rate of two-thirds pound and one pound per tree. Soil applications were distributed over the area of the soil within the spread of the branches. Form of Boron to Apply We have not had consistent differences between apply- ing boron in the form of boric acid and in the form of borax. Borax is sodium borate, a compound very similar to nitrate of soda except that boron is present rather than nitrogen. It contains approximately 11 per cent boron. Boric acid is the material widely used as a mild antiseptic, and contains be- — 79 — rr:t^^!i'^^'^M^:'^'f:iJ:'^i^'i'!^ '''-'-W^ip^l^^f-T^-Tf!^^^ 'f^^wf'S^pif'v^^i^''^^ Tt:'^ ':'•:■ "vVW'JflT^Sf^ii^rj?'^" ' tween 17 and 18 per cent boron. Both of these materials are relatively inexpensive, and cost about the same on the basis of boron content. Recommendations Where orchards are known to produce fruit which is af- fected with the internal cork that we have described here, we would recommend an application of borax of about one- third pound per tree for trees under 15 years of age, one-half pound for trees 15 to 20 years of age, and one pound for trees 21 years of age and above. Two thirds of this amount of boric acid, or about one-fourth pound for trees under 15 years, one-third pound for trees 15 to 20 years, and one-half to two-thirds pound for trees above 20 years, should be equal- ly effective. After an application has been made, do not re- peat until the orchard again begins to produce corky fruit. Boron in excessive amounts is highly toxic to plant growth. Too much boron in irrigation water constitutes a major haz- ard in some of the irrigated orchards of the West. There- fore, we must sound a caution against the use of boron ex- cept where the need is definitely known. Then one applica- tion, and one only, should be made to avoid any danger of ex- cess. No injury has been obsei^ved on apple trees in our test blocks that received two pounds of boric acid per tree. Experience to date indicates that one application of the amount recommended above is effective in controlling inter- nal cork for at least three years. In some orchards treated in- thespring of 1937 traces of internal cork again appeared in 1939, the third season after application. These traces in the 1939 crop were not sufficient to affect its market value. Present experience, however, would indicate that applica- tions should be made about one in three years in orchards that show the trouble. Under conditions of very severe boron deficiency a sur- face discoloration of the fruit may occur early in the grow- ing season — 6 to 8 weeks after bloom. This has been termed "surface drouth spot*'. We have not observed such a condi- tion in Pennsylvania or the states to the southward. Such a condition indicates very severe boron deficiency and such fruit usually drops off before harvest. Also, under condi- tions of very severe deficiency, a dying-back of terminal branches may occur. Apparently the boron deficiency in the Middle Atlantic States is not generally severe enough to give these more extreme symptoms. Greenhouse experiments have indicated that boron defi- ciency may also cause a spotting and pitting in the bark of the tree which is very similar to the so-called "apple measles" — 80 — CHILEAN NITRATE OF SODA the natural nitrate for your crops FOR BETTER YIELD and better quality use Chilean Nitrate of Soda for your crops. It is the natural nitrate fertilizer — the only natural nitrate in the world. Chilean Nitrate is guaranteed 16% nitrogen. It also contains, in natural blend, small amounts of other plant food elements — protective elements such as iron, manganese, magnesium, boron, iodine, calcium, potash, zinc, copper and many more. These protective elements act much like vitamins in their effect on your crops. Use Natural Chilean Nitrate. It is well suited to your crops, your soil, your climate. No price increase this entire season, and there is plenty for everybody's needs. NATUPAl CHU£AM M/mAKof SODA — 81 r/«>l^Wi^i^^^!^'>>^^-^,l^'T ^^.^eFT^^E^Q!^^^' widely prevalent in orchards. Up to the present, however, it has not been demonstrated under field conditions that boron applications will correct apple measles. In conclusion, we would emphasize again the necessity of distinguishing between internal cork and such troubles as bitter pit if boron is to be used intelligently. Boron has been completely effective in controlling internal cork. It has been ineffective in controlling bitter pit. JUNIOR APPLE JUDGING CONTEST Each year more interest is being shown in the junior apple judging contest sponsored by the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association. The present contest represents the entry of five teams from Adams, Franklin, Carbon, Le- high and Chester-Delaware counties. In the past the contest was set up using three plates of five varieties and fifty apples of the fifteen most important varieties for identification. This year the apples used in the contest were selected in the counties from which teams were entered. In the actual judging contest three plates of ten varieties were used for judging purposes and fifty apples of the fifteen varieties for identification. The classes to be placed and the individual apples of the fifteen varieties were far from easy to identify. An effort was made to eliminate as much guess work as pos- sible and during the fall months special training schools on the judging of apples were held in a number of the counties. It is gratifying to note the progress that some of the boys and girls have been making in the identification of varieties and the actual placing of the show apples. Several apples were selected and the coaches given an opportunity to name the varieties. In two cases even the coaches themselves were unable to properly name the apples until after the contest when the apples were cut and the identification made by taste. Several of the contestants identified the apples prop- erly and also offered good reasons for their identification. From reports of various association members the gen- eral opinion is that the judging contest is reaching more boys and girls than the essay contest previously supported by this association and it is hoped that more counties will en- courage the boys and girls to enter future contests. The win- ners of the contest have been awarded gold, silver and bronze medals. All the medals are keystone in shape with a small red enameled apple in the center. Following will be found a tabulation of the individual scores and also the placing of the teams from the various counties : — 82 — O O < g Q < m O •-J S o Total Scores 1817 1482 1462 CO 737 1779 1840 CO i CO "^ 1619 1090 860 CD CO id CO 1134 1710 1484 00 1 CO 1530 1279 1450 (Si Fifty 1 Apples O >«iO tH Oi t- CS| rH rH o»o o O5Q0 00 y-\ rH iOO o Tj< lO 00 ^ tH ooo C^ lO t> OlOO 05 Tt< t> rH tH rH OOO o CO o W rH C^l Ot> CO l> o t- CO o CO rH CV| rH 1 o CO o CO o rH T^ 1 OOO O 00 00 O O CO rH CV| rH ' OOO CO O oi> COO t> o o CO O CO § oo CO (N t-oo CO O O Tt^ C^ C^ rH t- o t- CO O CO ooo 00 00 ooo '^ '^ o rH rH C^i 1 OOO "^ 00 00 rH rH rH OOO CO Tf o 1 rH rH rH 1 o t^ o Oco o 1 CV| CNJ j ' ooo O 00 o CS rH C^ u u 2 m < SJ o * S m S'3 0) 2 o m • • CQ « C^ 2 ^^A 0} 0) u President J. A. Runk called the meeting to order with introductory remarks and stated that rather than continue with a lengthy talk the scheduled program should be taken up without delay. — 83 — State Horticultural Association 1939 Membership Name Address County Name Abraczinkas, Andrew Acme Veneer Package Co., Inc. Adams Co. Fruit Packing & Distributing Co. Allen, Howard C. & Sons Allen, S. Guy Allen, W. F. Co. Allison, H. W., Estate Almoney, Victor Altland, John P. American Agricultural Chemical Co. American Cyanamid Co. Amon, John H. Anderson, H. M. Anderson, H. W. Anderson, Ralph W. Ansbacher-Siegle Corp. Anwyll, Harry L. Atkinson, D. W. Atwater, C. G. Bacon, John, Inc. Bailey, M. V. Balderston, Robt. Balthaser, G. W. Baltzley, S. L. Banzhaf, W. H. Baldesberger, W. P. Bard, J. Bert Bare, John H. Barnard, C. P. Barnard, Richard Barr, I. C. Barr, James J. Barr, Morris A. Bartholomew, R. E. Bartram, F. M. Bartram, G. M. Bartram, G. Maurice Baugher, Geo. L. Baugher, H. G. Bausman, H. B. Bear, Arthur Bear, Jacob R. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul W. Bean, John, Mfg. Co. Beaverbrook Farms Beaverson, Bertha Beck, A. F. Bell, R. H. Bell, S. G. Bence, Wm. Address County Catawissa, R. 2 Columbia Orchard Park, N. Y. Biglerville Adams New Park York New Park York Salisbury, Maryland Shippensburg, R. 2 Franklin York, R. 5 York East Berlin, R. 5 York 2225 Highland Ave., Baltimore, Md. 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City • New Wilmington Tiflwrence New Park York Stewartstown York Fawn Grove York 310 N. 7th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Harrisburg Dauphin Wrightstown Bucks Barrett Co., 40 Rector St., New York City Gasport, N. Y. Pennington, New Jersey Fairhope Farm, Glen Mills Ches.-Del. Wemersville Berks Gettysburg, R. D. Adams Muncy Lycoming Bridgeville, R. 2 Allegheny Chambersburg Franklin 557 Penn Ave., Sinking Springs Berks Northbrook Chester Kennett Square Ches.-Del. Greencastle, R. 2 Franklin Narvon Tiancaster Phoenixville Ches.-Del. Sunbury Snyder Kennett Square Chester 402 W. Miner St., West Chester Chester West Chester Chester Aspers Adams Aspers ' Adams Thorndale Chester York, R. 5 York York, R. 5 York York, R. 5 York Mount Wolf, R. 4 York Lansing, Michigan Brandywine Summit Chester York, R. 7 York Perkasie Bucks Bureau of Plant Industry, Dauphin Harrisburg West Middlesex Mercer Indiana Indiana — 84 — Bender, L. J. Allentown, R. 4 Lehigh Benner, B. E. Fairfield, R. D. Adams Benner, Hartford G. Coopersburg, R. 1 Lehigh Benner, Roy Perkasie Bucks Bensinger, Clarence Tamaqua, R. D. Schuylkill Berger, Elias Pine Grove Schuylkill Berger, Samuel Hamburg, Star Route Berks Berlew, Grcorge Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Bethany Orphans Home Womelsdorf Berks Bidwell, Homer Lake Ariel, R. 1 Wayne j Bikle, Fred C. Fayettevllle, R. 1 Franklin Bikle, Philip M., Jr. Chambersburg, R. 6 Franklin Bingham, A. H. St. Thomas Franklin Bingham, W. O. St. Thomas Franklin Bishop, W. S. Doylestown Bucks Black, John W. Aspers Adams Blaine, Geo. W. North East Erie Blessing, David H. Newville, R. 1 Dauphin Bloede, Victor G. Co., Inc. Baltimore, Md. Boak, J. A. & Sons New Castle, R. 4 Lawrence Bollinger, Geo. H. New Castle, R. 3 Lawrence Boltz, Geo. J. 339 N. 9th St., Pottsville Boltz, Mrs. Maude 317 N. 9th St., Pottsville Boltz, Peter R. Lebanon Lebanon Borland, Stacy Indiana, R. 1 Indiana Bountiful Ridge Nurseries Princess Anne, Md. Bovard & Baldwin 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Lawrence Borras, Dr. A. I-iarge St. and Solly Ave., Philadelphia Bowen, E. T. Moscow, R. 3 Lackawanna Boyd, Paul C. Delta York Boyer, C. G. Swineford Snyder Boyer, Donald Biglerville Adams Boyer, Ira C. Middleburg, R. 3 Snyder Boyer, Jay Mt. Pleasant Mills Snyder Boyer, John F. Middleburg, R. 4 Snyder Boyer, W. W. Biglerville Adams Boyertown Fruit Farms Boyertown Berks Brace, Harold G. Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Brahm, G. W. Fayetteville, R. 1 Franklin Bream, John Orrtanna Adams Bream, D. M. Co. Chambersburg Franklin Briedenbaugh, H. L. Boyertown Berks Bricker, Dr. E. B. Lititz T*a.ncaster Brinser, Irwin Bainbridge York Brinton, H. C. Hanover York Brossman, John G. Ephrata Tiancaster Brown, Bert C. Marion Center Indiana Brown, C. Earl North Second St., Chambersburg Franklin Brown, Fred J., Jr. Reading, Box 5 Berks Brown, J. Wallace Erie, R. 6 Erie Brown, H. W. Allentown, R. 3 Lehigh Brown, J. Turner New Park York Brown, M. G. Fawn Grove York Brown, Norman C. Waynesboro, R. D., Box 285 Franklin Brown, Robt. Bridgeton York Brubaker, Daniel A. Ephrata, R. 2 Lancaster Bucher, F. S. Reamstown Lancaster Bushey, J. B. Biglerville, R. 2 Adams — 85 — : ■^.; f^/OTy^-^J; i^JJTV f ■':::'.■-: Name Brahman, W. M. California Spray Chemical Co. Campbell, W. C. Carpenter, G. S. L. Carroll, Frank Central Chemical Co. Chapin, Irvin Chase, Chas. T. Cherry, C. N. Clark, A. L. Clemson, Leonard G. Cleveland Tractor Co. Clevenger, J. L. Coates, W. B. Coble, Vallie Coffroad, L. C. Collins, C. E. Conrad, Homer Coolbaugh, Perry Coon, S. J. Cooper, A. E. Cooper, C. A. Cope, F. R., Jr. Cosgrove, Leo Couch, H. R. Coupe, Vernon Coursen, Isaac Covert, Budd Cox, J. W. Craighead, E. M. Creasy, Luther P. Cressman, C. K. Crist, James D. Crisswell, R. T. Croce, F. D. & Co. Crone, Wm. Crouse, E. A. Crowell, A. & T. Crowell, Ralph T. Cummings, Jos. F. Cyclone Seeder Co. Daly, S. J. Daniels, Arthur Davenport, Eugene Davis, E. G. N. Davison, Norman H. Dayton, Russell DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Dennis Brokerage Co. Derbyshire, W. Hastie Detwiler, D. E. Dibble, Samuel E. . Dickenshied, F. S. Dickinson, B. M. Diefenderfer, Dr. Geo. Diehl, J. M. Address McKnightstown, R. 1 Elizabeth, N. J. Jamestown, R, 1 74 Washington St., Hagerstown, Md. Neshaminy Hagerstown, Md. Shickshini;iy, R. 3 Bala 910 Ryan St., New Castle Olyphant, R. D. Halifax Cleveland, Ohio Homer City, R. 1 Coatesville, R. 5 Cherry Tree, R. D. New Holland, R. 2 301 Cherry St., Dimmore Indiana Dallas, R. D. Clarks Summit, R. 2 State College 1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis Dimock Lancaster, R. 3 Shelocta, R. 2 Homer City, R. D. Wyoming, R. D. Mercer New Castle, R. 5 2742 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg Catawissa, R. 1 Barto, R. D. Walden, N. Y. 12 N. Second St., Chambersburg 386-8 Washington St., N. Y. C. Dover, R. 3 Central Y.M.C.A., Harrisburg Avondale Sunnyside Farm, Buckingham Sunbury Urbana, Indiana c/o Allegheny Chemical Corp., Berks County Trust Bldg., Reading Lake Ariel, R. 1. Plymouth Newton Square Chambersburg Woodboume Orchards, Dimock Mertztown, R. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 204 Franklin St., N. Y. C. Chambersburg, R. 1 Penn Run, R. 1 Shelocta, R. 1 Zionsville 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh 741 Walnut St., AUentown 49 N. Jonathan St., Hagerstown, Md. — 86 — County Adams Mercer Bucks Luzerne Montgomery Lawrence Lackawanna Dauphin Indiana Ches.-Del. Indiana Lancaster Wayne Indiana Luzerne Lackawanna Centre Allegheny Susquehanna Lancaster Indiana Indiana Luzerne Mercer Lawrence Adams Columbia Berks Franklin York Adams Chester Bucks North- umberland Berks Name Address County- Wayne Luzerne Ches.-Del. Franklin Susquehanna Berks Lehigh Franklin Indiana Indiana Lehigh Allegheny Lehigh Franklin Diener, W. L. 1100 Penn St., Reading Berks Dilcer, Stanley Point Pleasant Bucks Dill, Robt. North East Erie Diven, J. L. Livermore, R. D. Indiana Dixon, Billie St. Thomas Franklin Dow Chemical Co. Midland, Michigan Dreese, Vern Freeburg Snyder Druck, Albert Hellam, R. 1 York Duke, D. R. & B. F. 166 E. Washington St., Chambersburg Franklin Dunbar, C. O. Arendtsville Adams Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. 323 E. King St., Shippensburg Cumberland Dunlap, James M. 403 W. South St., Carlisle Cumberland Dunlap, R. Bruce Dept. of Welfare, Harrisburg Dauphin Dunn, F. H. Harbor Creek Erie Dutweiler, Ira K. Lebanon Lebanon Dye, H. W. Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Co., Inc., Middleport, N. Y. Eaton, Ben Dallas, R. 3 Luzerne Eby, Mrs. Caroline Paradise Lancaster Enck, Warren K. Biglerville Adams East Central Fruit Growers Production Credit Assoc. Hagerstown, Md. Edgerton, J. Russell Westtown Chester Edminston, William New Wilmington, R. D. Lawrence Eisenhart, J. C. York, R. D. York Ensminger, J. M. Dillsburg York Erb Bros. 305 E. Front St., Lititz Lancaster Eshleman, John E. Florin Lancaster Evans, C. M. Verona, R. 1 Allegheny Evans, I. Rowland Longwood Faims, Kennett Square Ches.-Del. Evans, W. H. Plainsville Luzerne Everhart, W. J. York, R. 3 York Fagan, F. N. , State College Centre Farnsworth- Young Fruit Farm Waterville, Lucas Co., Ohio Feldman, Chas. S. Chambersburg, R. 4 Franklin Felty, G. B. D. Millersville Lancaster Fenstermacher, P. S. AUentown, R. 3 Lehigh Fetterman, J. Gordon Media Delaware Fisher, Elam S. Gordenville, R. 1 Lancaster Fisher, Fred M. Wernersville Berks Fisher, Herbert J. North Girard Erie Fister, Ray Adams Ave. & Spruce St., Scranton ^ Lackawanna Fleming, H. K. State College Centre Fletcher, S. W. State College Centre Flinchbaugh, H. H. Loganville York Flinchbaugh, J. J. Seven Valleys, R. 2 York Flora Orchard Co. Wrightsville York Floyd, E. H. Columbia, R. 1 Lancaster Fogelsanger, R. B. Chambersburg, R. 5 Franklm Fogelsonger, W. H. 210 N. Prince St., Shippensburg Franklin Fohl, Mrs. Margaret 75 E. Ridge St., Carlisle Adams Forrester, W. R. Mercer Mercer Forry, S. E. Ephrata, R. 1 Lancaster Frantz, Ira Dallas, R. D. Luzerne Frantz, S. P. , - Trucksville, R. 1 Luzerne Frazier, Wm. R. Zionsville Lehigh — 87 — Name Freed, A. J. Freed, W. A. Frey, H. E. Friend Mfg. Co. Fritz, Wm. Fry, John L. Funk, Sheldon Gackenbach, G. A. Gantert, Theo. Gardenhour, G. W. Garrahan, R. H. Garretson, Donald Garr^tson, Ryland Garrettson, Robt. Garvey, Dr. T. J. Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Gehrkin, Jesse F. Geiger, Clinton Geiger, Samuel Gelwix, Dr. J. M. Gterman, Wilmer Gibson, G. Meade Gibson, Harold Gibson, Vernon Gibson, W. F. Gillan, C. F. Gillan, G. G. Gillan, R. J. Glick, Jonas K. Groldman Mfg. Co. Goldsborough, E. L. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goshom, Taylor L. Granun, H. V. Gray, A. G. Gray, S. D. Graybill, Floyd Greiner, Nathan N. Griest, Frederick E. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Group, Foster C. Grove, H. R. Grove, W. E. Guyton, T. L. Haag, Lester Haas, Wm. Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Haberman, Mrs. T. C. Hackenburg, Grant H. Hacker, A. L». Haddock, John C. Address County Racine Beaver Racine Beaver Red Lion, R. 2 York Gasport, New York Orefield Lehigh c/o Whitner & Co., Reading Berks Boyertown Berks Orefield Lehigh 152 N. Front St., Reading Berks Smithsburg, Md. Kingston Luzerne Aspers, R. D. Adams Benders ville Adams Flora Dale Adams 443 W. Chestnut St., Lanca*ster Lancaster Dallas, R. D. Luzerne Waynesboro Franklin New Castle, R. 8 Lawrence Neffs Lehigh Schnceksville, R. 1 Lehigh Chambersburg Franklin Slatington, R. 1 Lehigh Mercer, R. 1 Mercer Blairsville, R. D. Indiana Renfrew Yoe York St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin St. Thomas Franklin Gap, R. 2 Lancaster Glassboro, New Jersey Shepherdstown, W. Va. Lancaster, R. 8 Lancaster Logan ville York Quincy, Box 47 Franklin St. Thomas Franklin Hancock, Md. American Potash Institute, Investment Bldg., Washington, D. C. Richfield 243 College Ave., Elizabethtown Floradale North Girard York, R. 5 Gardners York Springs York Springs 2204 Chestnut St, Harrisburg Virginville Coplay, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y. Frieddale Farms, Baden Middleburg 445 Hamilton St., AUentown Wilkes-Barre Snyder Lancaster Adams Erie York Adams Adams Adams Dauphin Berks Lehigh Wayne Wayne Beaver Snyder E^high Luzerne — 88 — Name Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, John A. Hafer, Roy Haines, Robt. B. 3rd Haldeman, E. W. Hall, L. C. Hann, Jesse Harner, M. C. Harrison Stencil Works Harrison, Jos. G. Hartman, C. A. Hartman, Ernest Hartman, L. E. Hartman, M. T. Hartman, Scott W. Hartzok, John W. Harvey, H. R. Hassinger, H. C. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy L. Harvey, Cylde Hausman, Geo. B. Haverstick, Paul E. Heacock, O. J. Heaps, Marshall Heaps, T. Jerome Heffner, Norman Hef terich, W. Hein, Russell Heinz, Henry Heisey, S. A. Hempstead, Walter Henderson, Lowrie Henninger, E. J. Herb, Ray H. Herhold, J. C. Herr, C. H. Herr, J. Z. Hershey, H. F. Hershey, H. S. Hess, F. M. Hess, Ira S. Hess, Paul G. Hess, Ray B. Hess, R. C. Hess, T. S. Hetrick, A. W. Hetrick, J. Frank Hicks, Wm. Higgins, W. A. Hildebrandt, John E. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl Hill, Wm. D. Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hoffman, O. M. Hoge, L. Clark Holler, Arthur Address Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 5 Fayetteville, R. 1 Heretford, Box 56 Doylestown North Girard Hunlock's Creek, R. D. Paxtonville 4 N. 5th St., Harrisburg Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md. Franklin, R. 3 Biglerville Cly Gettysburg Palm Marion Foxburg Beavertown Enon Valley, R. 1 Northbrook Northbrook Coopersburg, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 3 Biglerville Delta Street, Md. Pine Grove Chalfont McKeansburg Narrowsburg, N. Y. Greencastle, R. 4 River St., Honesdale Stoneboro, R. D. Pine Grove Orwigsburg North Girard, R. 1 Lancaster, R. 6 Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown Hamburg, R. 3, Box 23 East Petersburg 601 Main St., Waynesboro Florin Waynesboro, R. 2 Waynesboro, R. 1 Waynesboro, R. 2 Wapwallopen, Box 27 Beavertown Beavertown Honesdale Dallas, R. D. Dallas, R. 2 Curwensville New Castle, R. 3 North East 1255 Buttonwood St., Reading Aspers, R. D. Leesburg, Va. Hellam County Franklin Franklin Franklin Philadelphia Bucks Erie Luzerne Snyder Dauphin Venango Adams York Adams Berks Franklin Clarion Snyder Lawrence Chester Chester Lehigh Lancaster Adams York York Schuylkill Bucks Schuylkill Wayne Franklin Wayne Mercer Schuylkill Schuylkill Erie Lancaster Lancaster Berks Lancaster Franklin Lancaster Franklin Franklin Franklin Luzerne Snyder Snyder Wayne Luzerne Luzerne Clearfield Lawrence Erie Berks Adams York — 89 — M.MM^i^^ Name Hood, T. C. Hoopes, Wilmer W. Horn, W. H. Homberger, J. W. Home, Gomer F. Horst, J. Morris Hostetter, Henry N. Hostetter, Dr. J. E. Houck, Dallas Houk, J. M. Houser, Jacob R. Howard, P. H. Huber, C. H. Huber, Edwin B. Huber, Herman Huber, Mack Huey, S. R. Hughes, J. N. Hunt, N. M. Huntsinger, Elvin Hutchinson, J. D. Hykes, E. S. Ide, Silas C. Imswiler, John S. Ingham, M. M. Jacobs, D. C. Jackson, C. E., Co. Jacoby, Eric Jaman, John James, J. E. James, W. S. Jersey Package Co., Inc. Johnson, John Johnson, R. S. Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Johnston, M. E. Johnston, Rolland A. Jones, J. H. Joseph, W. H. & Son Kane, L. L. Kaltreider, Walter Kauffman, A. L. Kauffman, C. B. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, J. B. Kearns, Howard C. Keil, A. T. Keller, D. S. Keller, L. H. Keller, Paul J. Kelly Bros. Nursery Co. Kendig, Dr. J. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. Kessler, Geo. W. Kiner, Dr. Geo. M. King, L. C. Address County Saltsburg, R. 1 Indiana West Chester Chester Chambersburg, R. 10 Franklin Denver, R. 1 Lancaster Ringtown Schuylkill Lebanon, R. 3 Lebanon Washington Boro, R. 1 T«ancaster Gap. R. 1 Lancaster New Castle, R. 1 T ,a wrence New Castle, R. 6 Lawrence Lampeter Lancaster Dover, R. 1 York Gettysburg Adams 232 S. Main St., Chambersburg Franklin Narrowsburg, New York Wayne Willow Street Lancai^ter New Castle, R. 3 Lawrence Mercer, R. 1 Mercer New Castle, R. 4 T ,a.wrence Hegins Schuylkill 204 Post Office Bldg., Luzerne Wilkes-Barre York, R. 4 York Sweet Valley, R. 1 Luzerne West Union St., West Chester Chester New Castle, R. 5 T#a,wrence Arendtsville Adams Chambersburg Franklin Clarks Summit, R. 1 Lackawanna Bethlehem, R. 1 Northampton Box 143, Hagerstown, Md. Micronizer Processing Co., Morristown, N. J. Bridgeton, N. J. New Wilmington Lawrence New Wilmington, R. 1 Lawrence Dallas Luzerne Oonnoquenessing Allegheny Hereford Berks Paradise, R. 1 Lancaster 119 Fulton St., New York City r Orrtanna Adams York, R. 3 York Bird-in-Hand, R. 1 Lancaster Bird-in-Hand Lancaster Manchester, R. 1 York York, R. 7 . York Stewartstown York Mars, R. 1 Allegheny 516 Woodland Ave., Grove City Mercer Bendersville Adams Alder Run Orchards, Tyrone Adams Danville, N. Y. Salunga Lancaster Lenh arts villa Berks Tyrone Blair N. S. Pittsburgh Savings Indiana Trust Bldg., Pittsburgh Mt. Wolf, R. 1 York Name Kister, U. G. Klein, Jack Kleppinger, B. M. Kleppinger, Robt. Kline, H. F. Knappenberger, Thos. Knouse, M. E. C. H. Koch Koehler, Paulus E. Kohl, Geo. P. Kovacs, Rudolph Kratz, T. Percy Krause, J. W. Krebs, H. B. Kreider, Ben R. Kuhns, Victor Kunkel, B. F. Kuster, R. C. Kyle, B. W. Lacoe, Nelson Landis, D. M. Landis, G. W. Landseidel, L. A. & Son Lau, Rev. I. M. Lau, L. B. Laudenslas^er, Martin Lanffer, M. J. Lehman, S. S. Leibhart, Samuel H. Leiter, L. H. Lengel, Paul Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Walter Lewis, C. B. Lewis, G. T. Lewis, Nelson H. Lewis, Norman Liberknecht, M. L. Lightner, E. S. Linde, J. Eric Linville, Arthur S. Livingood, Mrs. Stella Lloyd, Ernest S. Lockwood, Wm. Long, D. Edward Long, J. C. Loop, A. I. Loop, H. S. Loose, H. H. Lord, John Lott, R. C. Lott, Wm. M. Loucks, Walter Lucabaugh, J. W. Luce, D. H. Luck, Fred F. McClelland, J. B. McClung, Lewis — 90 Address Etters 113 Dock St., Philadelphia Coopersburg, R. 2 Waterford, Conn. c/o E. Johnston Kintersville Zionsville, R. 1 Peach Glen McKeansburg 826 Washington Ave., Monaca Clarks Summit, R. 2 Orefield Doylestown Bamesviile Mercersburg Manheim, R. 1 AUentown, R. 3 Tamaqua, R. 1 General Chemical Co., 40 Rector St., N. Y. C. Zionsville, R. 1 Clarks Summit, R. 1 Lancaster, R. 7 Freeburg Clarks Summit, R. 2 715 Manor St., York East Berlin, R. 2 Orefield, R. 1 Oil City, Box 187 Girard Wrightsville, R. 1 Greencastle Pine Grove Carlisle, R. 1 Akron Riverton, N. J. Providence Rd., Media Pittston, R. 1 Pittston, R. 1 Mt. Wolf York, R. 5 Orefield, R. 1 Media, R. 2 Robesonia Pottstown, R. 2 N. Girard Fayetteville 340 E. Liberty St., Lancaster North East North East, R. 2 Menges Mills Wyoming, R. 1 Aspers, R. D. Gardners York Storage & Ice Co., York Hanover, R. 6 Harbor Creek New Wilmington, Pa. Canonsburg 429 Sheridan Ave., New Castle — 91 — County York Lehigh Bucks Bucks Lehigh Adams Schuylkill Beaver Lackawanna Lehigh Bucks Schuylkill Franklin Lancaster Lehigh Schuylkill Lehigh Lackawanna Lancaster Snyder Lackawanna York York Lehigh Venango Erie York Franklin Schuylkill Cumberland Lancaster Chester Luzerne Luzerne York York Lehigh Delaware Berks Chester Erie Franklin Lancaster Erie Erie York Luzerne Adams Adams York Adams Erie Lawrence Washington Lawrence m^ - fl'wrc^.-* \^^m V^^f^f i:Zfy^JT :\^m^M>^^ '^ ^lya T!Tr^T^f ' "-^vrTiT^ ',;?»/ , Name McClure Bros. McClure, F. C. McCormick, C. M. McCormick, James McDannel, Edgar C. McDonald, R. C. McElhaney, Jos. A. McFadden, E, C. McHenry, Clarence McParland, Ben McFarland, J. Horace McGeorge, Mrs. Katherine L. McGinnis, C. R. McBvaine, J. S. McKee, J. M. McKeehan, James McNitt Fruit Farm McPherson Bros. Mackay, Douglas Mackey, Earl MacNeal, Wm. H. Maloney Bros. Nursery Co. Marcks, Miss Vema Markey, Mrs. Henrietta Marsteller, Wm. Martin, R. A. Martin, Wade Marvil Package Co. Matthews, W. H. Mattern, John C. Mattern, Jos. C. Maurer, J. Edward Mauger, Maurice Maurer, J. J. Maurer, W. H. Mayer, Guy S. • Mecartney, J. L. Meister, Kenneth G. Melcher, Bennett A. Mellinger, Jacob D. Mellor, Wm. W. Mendelson, S. Meehan Merring, Guy Metzler, Albert Mickel, Joe Millard, H. E. Miller, Abraham H. Miller, Amos Miller, Blaine Miller, Christ Miller, C. Clayton Miller, Clement R. Miller, Frank Miller, Harvey Miller, H. W. Miller, Jacob R. Miller, John W. Miller, Marvin Miller, R. Wayne Address Quanyville New Wilmington, R. 5 Knox Ave., New Castle Harrisburg Biglerville Shippensburg, R. 3 Franklin Hagerstown, Md. Indiana New Castle, R. 4 Harrisburg Orrtanna 605 Colonial Trust Bldg., Reading Fayetteville c/o Dairyman Coop. Sales Co., Century Bldg., Pittsburgh Honesdale Milroy Bridgeton West Chester, R. 3 Orefield Parkesburg Dansville, New York 401 Chestnut St., Emaus York, R. 2 Stewartstown Doylestown Indiana Laurel, Delaware Box 313, Salem, Ohio Beaver Springs 310 Newry St., Hollidaysburg Selinsgrove, R. 1 Boyertown, R. 2 Hegins Hegins Willow Street, R. 1 State College Chambersburg, R. 6 Bally Lancaster, R. 1 North Wayne Ave., Wayne Newton Square Cortez Paradise Wexford Annville Lancaster, R. 1 Hanover, R. 3 Indiana, R. D. Marion Marion StatlersvlUe Lake Ariel Logan ville Paw Paw, West Va. Elizabethtown, R. 3 Ephrata, R. 2 Clarks Summit, R. 1 551 Nelson St., Chambersburg — 92 — County Lancaster Lawrence Lawrence Dauphin Adams Franklin Venango Indiana Lawrence Dauphin Adams Berks Franklin Wavne Mifflin York Chester Lehigh Chester Lehigh York York Bucks Indiana Lawrence Snyder Blair Snyder Berks Schuylkill Schuylkill Lancaster Centre Franklin Berks Lancaster . Chester Chester Wavne Lancaster Allegheny Lebanon Lancaster York Indiana Franklin Franklin Lehigh Wayne York Lancaster Lancaster Lackawanna Franklin Name Mimm, Jonathan Minnich, C. S. Mitchell, E. B. Mitterling, John T. Mock, P. H. Mohr, Frank J. Mohrman, Richard Molof, A. J. Moon, Henry T. Moore, M. A. Moore, W. R. Morse, Carl Mowery, Lee Mowery, N. E. Murphy, P. J. Musselman, C. H. Co. Musser, W. E. Muth, Leonard Myers, A. Jackson Myers, Rueben Myers, Chas. Myers, Levi M. National Farm School National Wooden Box Assn. Neidel, John, Jr. Neiman, Otto Nelson, Corbett D. Newcomer, L. E. Newman, H. H. Newman, H. W. Newton, Elmer Newton, O. A. & Son Co. Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Co. Nibert, Wm. Nicodemus, E. A. Nitchman, C. H. Nold, Truman Nolt, Harrison S. Noss, Jos. Oats, Wm. O'Conner, Haldeman Ohner, Warren Oldfield, W. T. Oiler, Boyd Oiler, Earl Orient Air Conditioning Comm. Refrigerating Co. Oyler, H. J. Packard, Chas. L. Page, C. M. Palm, Harry Palmer, Aaron H. Pannebaker, Wm. M. Panovec, Victor Pape, John H. Address McKeansburg Reading, R. 2 Harrisburg, R. 2 Mt. Pleasant Mills Cherry Tree Fogelsville Narrowsburg, N. Y. 301 Grape St., Vineland, N. J. Morrisville Lititz New Wilmington, R. 1 New Wilmington Newville 40 W. Main St., Mechanlcsburg White Haven, R. D. Biglerville New Bethlehem, R. 3 Coopersburg, R. 2 6120 Reedland St., Philadelphia Lititz, R. 5 Elm Bowmansdale, R. 1 Farm School 308 Barr Bldg., Washington, D. C. Oil City, R. 1 Dover, R. 3 711 Evesham Ave., Baltimore, Md. Boyertown Fayetteville New Castle, R. 4 New Wilmington, R. D. Bridge ville, Del. Middleport, N. Y. Indiana Waynesboro Aspers, R. 1 Martinsburg, W. Va. Columbia, R. 1 New Castle, R. 5 Hanover, R. 3 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg Schnecks ville 114 N. George St. Chambersburg, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 2 222 Orient Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Gettysburg, R. D. Ore Hill Etters Ephrata, R. 1 Lancaster Co. Almhouse, Lancaster VirgUina, Va. Easton, R. 2 Gettysburg — 93 — County Schuylkill Berks Dauphin Snyder Indiana Lehigh Wayne Bucks Lancaster Lawrence Lawrence Cumberland Franklin Luzerae Adams Clarion Lehigh Lancaster Lancaster York Venango York Franklin Berks Franklin Lawrence Lawrence Indiana Franklin Adams Lancaster Lawrence York Dauphin Lehigh York Franklin Franklin Adams Blair York Lancaster Lancaster Northampton Adams "TW .'w; '^-w^W^^im^^^T''' ' ' Name Paschal, John Passmore, Norman S. Passmore, S. S. Paxson, Ewd. M. Paxson, S. L. Peirce, J. S., Sales Mgr. Pelton, H. C. Pennepacker Co. Pepper, J. O. Permutit Co. Peters, James E. Picster, Frank W. Pifer, Lewis M. Poff, Leroy Poor, D. W. H. K. Porter, Inc. Powers, R. H. Pratt, B. G. Pratt, Lee Preston, S. D. Address Kennett Square Glen Mills, R. 1 Mendenhall Lumberville, R. D. Lumberville American Agricultural Chemical Co., 2225 Highland Ave., Baltimore, Md. Hamlin Emaus State College 330 W. 42nd St., New York City Fayetteville Reading, R. 2, Box 545 Blairsville Hummelstown, R. 2 Narrowsburg, N. Y. 6 Ashland St., Everett, Mass. Hartwood Farm, Sharpsburg Pratt Chemical Co., 50 Church St., N. Y. C. Chambersburg 448 W. Leicester St., Winchester, Va. County Chester Delaware Chester Bucks Bucks Wayne Lehigh Centre Franklin Berks Indiana Dauphin Wayne Allegheny Franklin Quigley, Ford F. Chagrin Falls, Ohio Quigle, Harvey Bendersville Adams Quigley Hafer Ice and Cold Storage Co. Chambersburg Franklin Raffensberger, Chas. E. Biglerville Adams Rahauser, Jos. Greencastle Franklin Raine, Thos. Fairview Erie Rankin, Chas. C. 410 S. Walnut St., West Chester Raynor, Bros. Salisbury, Md. Readinger, Austen B. Fleetwood, R. 1 Berks Reckard, R. W. 427 Katherine Rd., Upper Darby Chester Reist, A. E. Palmyra Lebanon Reist, J. Clarence Paragon Nut & Fruit Farm, TiRndisville TiR-ncaster Reist, Henry G. 1166 Avon Rd., Schenectady, N. Y. Lancaster Reiter, F. G. Mars Allegheny Renfrew, R. N. Fayetteville, R. 1 Franklin Rice, Daniel Eliottsburg Perry Rice, R. E. Biglerville, R. D. Adams Richardson, W. T. & Son Whiteford, Md. Rick, Chas. M. 431 Windsor St., Reading Berks Rick, John M. Ellwood City, R. 1 Lawrence Rick, John West Leesport, R. 1 Berks Riley, R. G. North Girard, R. 1 Erie Rinehart, E. S. Mercersburg Franklin Rinn, Cloid Indiana Indiana Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S. Lorane Berks Rittenhouse, S. B. Lorane Berks Ritter, Arthur Allentown, R. 3 Lehigh Ritter, Astor Allentown, R. 3 Lehigh Roberts, Horace Moorestown, N. J. Roberts, J. Earle 220 Dock St., Philadelphia 94 PhUadelphia Name Roemhild, Albert C. Rohde, Wm. Rohlfing Orchards Rohling, Frank Rohm & Haas Co. Rohrer, Geo. H. Clayton, RoUand Romig Bros. Romig, E. B. Root, J. W. Rose, C. S. Rosensteel, L. C. Ruef, J. U. Ruhl, Dr. H. F. Ruhnke, E. E. Rumbel, Edwin Runk, J. A. Rutt, B. F. Rutter, Mrs. Walter R. Ryland, Harry Sachs, E. H. Sahli, Elmer Salsgiver, Andrew Sankey, H. S. Satterthwaite, Frederick G. Schadel, Ethel Schantz, Henry Schantz, L. M. Schieferstein, Wm. Schoelkopf, Carl Schoener, John Schonour, Pierce Schoonover, W. E. Schriver, George Schriver, Roy Schrope, John Schuldt, J. Carlton Scott, Dr. Kenneth Seachman, George E. Searle, Alonza Seibert, Oscar Seitz, John B. Sellman, L. E. Settlemeyer, C. T. Seyfert, Andrew Shaffer Bros. Shaffer, Chas. N. Shank, H. A. Shattuck, J. H. Shaw, R. C. Shay, Herbert Sheadle, Miss Lydia Sheble, Earl Shenk, D. W. »2>nenot, C. P. Shenot, Earl Shenot, Edw. Sheppard, L. P. Address 122 Dock St., Philadelphia Johnstown Meyerstown Meyerstown 222 W. Washington Sq., Philadelphia Dryville New Ringgold Downingtown McKnightstown Manheim, R. 1 Lititz, R. 2 Edri State College Manheim, Box 236 J. R. Watkins Co., 231 Johnson Ave., Newark, N. J. Ringtown Huntingdon Hummelstown, R. 2 New Holland, R. 2 Pine Grove Biglerville, R. D. Gibsonia, R. 2 Indiana, R. 7 New Wilmington Yardley Klingerstown, R. 1 533 Hamilton St., Allentown Orefield, R. 1 Leesport Wemersville, R. 3 New Ringgold, R. D. Gouglersville Dallas, R. 3 Bendersville Gardners Hegins Elizabethtown West Chester Windsor, R. 1 Honesdale Sharpsburg, R. D. Rohrerstown 547 Frederick St., Hagerstown, Md. Wilmore, R. D. Lebanon, R. 2 Gravity Silverdale Lancaster, R. 7 Erie, R. 5 Stewartstown Franklin, R. 2 Jersey Shore Hamburg, R. 2 Lancaster, R. 7 Wexford Wexford Wexford 229 W. Cottage Place, York — 95 — County Philadelphia Cambria Lebanon Berks Schuylkill Chester Adams Lancaster Lancaster Indiana Centre Lancaster Schuylkill Huntingdon Lancaster Lancaster Schuylkill Adams Allegheny Indiana Lawrence Bucks Schuylkill Lehigh Lehigh Berks Berks Schuylkill Berks Luzerne Adams Adams Schuylkill Lancaster Chester York Wayne Allegheny Lancaster Franklin Cambria Lebanon Wayne Bucks Liancaster Erie York Venango Lycoming Berks Lancaster Allegheny Allegheny Allegheny York : :■■ -^^Nl^ppr^f^::^;;!^!^ Name Shirley, H. Shull, R. H. Siegfned, A. H. Sierer Bros. Sierer, C. C. . Sierer, Clark Slade, Joseph Simmons, S. L. Skinner, H. W. Slade, Martin A. Slaybaugh, Glen Smedley, Samuel L. Smith, Andrew Smith, A. Woodward Smith, B. E. Smith, D. B. & Co. Smith, G. C. Smith, G. E. Smith, James E. Smith, Lawrence Smith, Leonard Smith, Philip S. Smith, Robt. Smith, Roland M. Smith, S. A. Smith, W. & T. Co. Smith, Wm. Smith, Wm. M. Snaveley, H. H. Snaveley, The Misses Snyder,- Cv-B. — Snyder, C. E. Snyder, Elmer R. Snyder, Fred Snyder, Geo. Snyder, John B. Snyder, Simon R. Snyder, Victor Snyder, Fry & Rick Spencer, Glenn Spessard, H. Stapleford, Frank Stark Bros. Nurseries & Orchard Co. Statler, Harvey Stauffer Chemical Co. Stauffer, T. H. Stear, F. R. Steele, Harold Stegner, Chas B. Stein, Geo. E. & Son Stein, Henry Address Quakertown, R. D. Orrtanna Selinsgrove Mt. Pleasant Mills Mt. Pleasant Mills Mt. Pleasant Mills 2735 Greenleaf St., Allentown Frank St., Box 55, Pittsburgh, 10 Chambersburg Biglerville Gettysburg, R. 5 Newton Square Blairsville, R. 1 Blairsville, Box 75 Pittston, R. D. Utica, New York North East Bethlehem, R. 4 Bethlehem, R. 4 South River, N. J., Box 222 Garden St., Mt. Holly, N. J. Ligonnier Eastern States' Farmers' Exchange, Springfield, Mass. Marion Center, R. 2 Yoe Geneva, N. Y. Berwick, R. 1 Orefield, R. 1 Willow Street Lebanon, R. 5 Ephrata, R. 1 Valley View Florin Avonmore, R. 1 Dallas, R. 3 Yoe Ephrata, R. 1 Pitman Reading, R. 2 Pittston, R. D. Chambersburg Rushland Louisiana, Missouri 1220 Wilson Ave., Chambersburg 420 Lexington Ave., New York City Lititz, R. 4 Saltsburg 114 W. Wesley St., Jackson, Mich. Titusville Wrightsville, R. 1 Woodville — OS- County Bucks Adams Snyder Snyder Snyder Snyder Lehigh Allegheny Franklin Adams Adams Delaware Indiana Indiana Luzerne Erie Lehigh Lehigh Westmore- land Indiana York Luzerne Lehigh Lancaster Lebanon Lancaster Schuylkill Lancaster Westmore- land Luzerne York Lancaster Schuylkill Berks Luzerne Franklin Bucks Franklin Lancaster Indiana Venango York Allegheny Name Steininger, Chas. Stonebraker, H. W. Stoner, Bertha Stoner, H. S. Stoneroad, S. A. Stoudt, Mrs. Lillie M. Stover, Jacob E. Strasbaugh, E. F. Straub, W. D. Strickler, D. A. Strock, Chas. Strong, T. M. Strype, F. C. Swank, Luke H. Swartz, S. Emma Syling, E. S. Tate, Roy Taughinbaugh, Bros. Taylor & Co. Taylor, Chas. L. Taylor, Ralph S. Thayer, Paul Thomas, Charles L. Thomas, Edwin W. Thomford, C. F. B. Thompson, Ivan Thompson, Lawrence Thompson, L. J. Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Corporation Townsend, A. E. Tranter, W. W, Treichler, Newton Trexler, T. A. Trostle, Earl Turner, Frank Turrell, Elmore Twist, Frank Tyler, W. D. Tyson, Donald C. Tyson, Edwin C. Tyson, Ralph Tyson, WiUiam C. Vogel, E. H. Vogelaar, Martin Wagener, D. D. & Co. Wagner, Charles E. Wagner, H. D. Walton, R. J. Wishard, W. H. Way, D. H. Weaver, Abram Weaver, E. A. Weaver, J. B. Weaver, W. G. Weaver, W. S. Address Coopersburg, R. i Indiana, R. 7 Hellam Orrtanna New Providence Hamburg, R. 1 York, R. 2 Orrtanna Middleburg, R. 3 Coudersport Springtown Blairsville, R. 1 103 Lafayette St., New York City Johnstown Spring Grove New Castle, R. 7 McKnightstown, R. 1 Hunterstown West Chester, R. D. Biglerville West Chester Carlisle, R. 6 King of Prussia King of Prussia Kennett Square Clark Summit, R. 2 New Wilmington Piedmont Label Co., Inc. Bedford, Va. Louisville, Ky. Oxford 1501 First Ave., Elmwood, York Barto Selinsgrove Biglerville, R. 2 Franklin, R. D. Noxen 464 Third St., Northumberland Dante, Virginia Gardners Flora Dale Gardners, R. D. Flora Dale Lancaster, R. 3 River Ridge Farm, Franklin Easton McClure 222 Main St., Emaus Hummelstown 132 W. Main St., Waynesboro Port Matilda Scalp Level Fayetteville, R. 1 Terre Hill Aspers, R. D. Macungie — 97 — County Lehigh Indiana York Adams Lancaster Berks York Adams Snyder Potter Indiana Cambria York Lawrence Adams Adams Chester Adams Chester Cumberland Montgomery Montgomery Chester Lackawanna Lawrence Chester York Berks Northum- berland Adams Venango Wyoming Snyder Adams Adams Adams Adams Lancaster Venango Northampton Snyder Lehigh Dauphin Franklin Centre Somerset Franklin Lancaster Franklin Lehigh ".T.fnir^'pjT,-' «^r"^>^,;*' 'c '•: » ?#j. ; '-•j.^ s.;." ^1 Y^^^ A»: ?'^^J / - ' Name Weber, Geo. Weber, Harvey Weber, Nelson Weigel, H. M. Weinberger, J. H. Weimer, E. A. Weinman, R. B. Welch, H. S. Welshans, M. O. Welty, Richard Wenger, Benj. G. Wenger, J. H. Wernig, Charles M. Wertsch, Edwin Wertz, D. Maurice Westrick, F. A. Wheeler, C. B. Whisler, Edgar Whitcomb, Paul White, F. Hayes White, J. W. Whiting, John Wickersham, Cliff Widders, J. B. Wiggins, A. W. Wilcox, J. H. Wilhelm, L. J. Wilkinson, R. R. Williams, Luther S. Wilson, Chas. S. Wilson, Harry Wink, Edwin T. Winter, M. L. Wise, Harvey Wister, John C. Witherow, R. T. Witman, John Wohleber, Stephen Wolfe, Jos. Wolfe, Chas. O. Wolfe, D. E. Wolfe, Walter Wolff, F. B. Wolfinger, Don L. Woodward, Norris H. Worley's Nursery Worthington, Harvey C. Worthington, H. R. Worthington, Henry, Jr. Worthington, Russell Wotring, Dewey Wotring, Oscar A. Wright, Fred Wright, J. Earl Address 748 S. Queen St., York Orefield Orefield Aspers Zionsville, R. 1. Lebanon Koppers Co., Pittsburgh Mount Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah, Iowa Jersey Shore, R. 3 Smithsburg, Md., R. 2 Ephrata, R. 3 . Chambersburg York, R. 2 Stevens, R. 2 Waynesboro Patton, R. 2 Himlocks Creek, R. 2 Etters, R. 1 York, R. 4 Liverpool Supt. Indiana County Home, Indiana New Bedford East Springfield Lancaster, R. 3 Clark Simmiit Easton, Md. Sharon, R. 2 703 S. 25th St., Harrisburg Indiana, R. 1 Oliver Farm Equipment Co., 58 W. Keller St., Mechanicsburg Wilkinsburg, R. 1 Lenhartsville, R. 1 Hellam, R. 1 Commodore, R. D. Clarkson & Wister St., Germantown Punxsutawney Reading, Box 316 3064 Mt. Troy Rd., N. Side Pittsburgh AUentown, R. 1 XJ. B. Quincy Orphanage, Quincy Dallas, R. D. Dallas, R. D. 2 Lima Chambersburg, R. D. Mendenhall York Springs, R. 1 West Chester, R. 2 West Chester West Chester West Chester Schnecksville, R. 1 Orefield Harrisburg Hotel, Harrisburg New Oxford, Box 41 — 98 — County York Lehigh Lehigh Adams Lehigh Lebanon Lycoming Lancaster Franklin York Lancaster Franklin Cambria Luzerne York York Perry Indiana Lawrence Erie I^iancaster Lackawanna Mercer Adams Indiana Cumberland Allegheny Berks York Indiana Philadelphia Jefferson Berks Allegheny Lehigh Franklin Luzerne Luzerne Delaware Franklin Chester Adams Chester Chester Chester Chester Lehigh Lehigh Dauphin Adams Name Yerger, C. R. Yocum, A. H. Yohe, George S. Yohe, Henry T. Yoder, Ira L. Young, Ed. Young, J. Fred Young, Junius Young, Miles Young, R. C. Youngs, A. J. Youngs, L. G. Zeigler, E. Calvin Zook, Amos F. Zook, I. F. Address Apollo, R. 3 344 S. 5th St., Reading Spring Grove Spring Grove Middleburg Chambersburg, R. 1 EUwood City, R. 1 Narrowsburg, New York Narrowsburg, New York Chambersburg, R. 6 North Fast, R. 2 North East 529 W. Market St., York Lancaster, R. 6 Curryville County Indiana Berks York York Snyder Franklin Lawrence Wayne Wayne Franklin Erie Erie York Lancaster Blair — 99 — m ^^iTj •-ii'l f'^r. m •iS?S7^ /^ ^■ -5-^^: . V ~ »" «.r^ t^RjC'-J Half-Starved Trees Cannet Produce Good Fruit You may be short on cash — but you can't let your trees be short on Nitrogen — if you want good fruit. Money shortage has caused neglect in many orchards. Already the fruit is poor in quality. Further neglect will injure the trees. GRANULAR 'AERO' CYANAMID feeds Nitrogen (21%) to the trees and cover crop« and its Lime (70%) sweetens the soil. If Ton Wont a Qnnlity Crop Next Fall* Order Grcmnlor 'Aero' Cycmomld TodoY« pSPv*' ;*>-K 'S^^l^^ %A AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA NEW YORK, N. Y. — 100 — t ^T?'>«rTl^7*7'^^-^^';^7*^'^ '.'* i|UI Vf.^'ff*^ ■■aS|W^T!Tr^r?)P^^^TT^ TABLE OF CONTENTS page Officers and Standing Committees 3 Report of Committees 5 True To Name Committee 7 Treasurer's Report 8 Penna. State Horticultural Ass'n Expenditures 9 Package Standardization Committee 11 Diversification on the Fruit Farm — J. H. Gourley 12 Fruit and Vegetable Distribution in the New York and Philadelphia Market — William C. Crow 18 Air-Cooling the Cold Storage — R. D. Anthony 31 Cause of Cull Apples and Their Elimination — F. N. Fagan 33 Canning House Prices for Apples — 1939 35 New Peach Varieties — C. O. Dunbar 39 Buyers' Preferences and Growers* Activities Which Will Promote More Satisfactory Marketing — George Lafbury 41 Recent Developments of Contour Orchard Plantings in Pennsylvania — C. E. Cooper . 51 Farm Cold Storage For Apples, Why and How — ^William R. Cole 55 Practical Supplementary Measures in Codling Moth Control — J. O. Pepper 67 Insect Problems of the New York Fruit Grower — Hugh Glasgow 69 Control of Internal Cork of Apples by Boron Applications — J. R. Magness 74 Junior Apple Judging Contest 82 Membership List 84 .V' ,f'\ji if. 'i'^\ 'm^ ^*:-/« i\\\ •t N£" •f€ V^r^^j-V:^ IJR« ^ '¥: it^' i^ • ■%. r#< 5^?, r^'^yf,.*.., :*<»*^ MefS^ ^fe^^^l 15^*1 ^ p<.V'<^ ,f -»■■ fi^ fe^iJ ■^^ ^t^ fy* V. s^^. jT--^ ■ ^^?J pv57<>w't * »Nb.-^f Half -Starved Trees Cannot Produce Good Fruit You may be short on cosh — but you can't let your trees be short on Nitrogen — if you want good fruit. Money shortage has caused neglect in many orchards. Already the fruit is poor in quality. Further neglect will injure the trees. GRANULAR 'AERO' CYANAMID feeds Nitrogen (21%) to the trees and cover crop« and its Lime (70%) sweetens the soil. If Ton Wont a Quolity Crop Next Foil, Order Gronulor 'Aero' Cycmomid TodaY* TABLE OF CONTENTS page Officers and Standing- Committees 3 Report of Committees 5 True To Name Committee 7 Treasurer's Report 8 Penna. State Horticultural Ass'n Expenditures 9 Package Standardization Committee i] Diversification on the Fruit Farm — J. H. Gourley 12 Fruit and Vegetable Distribution in the New York and Philadelphia Market — William C. Crow 18 Air-Cooling the Cold Storage — R. D. Anthony 31 Cause of Cull Apples and Their Elimination — F. N. Fagan 33 Canning House Prices for Apples — 1939 35 New Peach Varieties — C. O. Dunbar 39 Buyers' Preferences and Growers' Activities Which Will Promote More Satisfactory Marketing — George Lafbury 41 Recent Developments of Contour Orchard Plantings in Pennsylvania — C. E. Cooper 51 Farm Cold Storage For Apples, Why and How — William R. Cole 55 Practical Supplementary Measures in Codling Moth Control — J. O. Pepper 67 Insect Problems of the New York Fruit Grower — Hugh Glasgow 69 Control of Internal Cork of Apples by Boron Applications — J. R. Magness 74 Junior Apple Judging Contest 82 Membership List 81 — 100 ■ ■ , _-.: -'^ ^-,'!' v" , r r-^ 'Zr^- ■ i'^>T/-J'?^'''>'.'J:_ .'r -=-^:.'-;ff^"'-'.7^'7> ■',i' ; ^;T ■■■■: 7 ^'.;;1^'.F,Y. -•';'■', '■.:>..;,,"> ^ LIST OF ADVERTISERS page Adams County Nurseries & Fruit Farms ^8 Booker, Garnet L m^We "ack cover American Cyanamid Company California Spray-Chemical Corporation 66 DuPont DeNemours E. I. & Co., (Inc.) 20 48 Farquhar, A. B. Co., Ltd. 7fi "Friend" Manufacturing Co 7 Good, James, Inc. 78 Hardie Mfg. Company, The Kelly Brothers Nurseries * 28 Micronizer Processing Co., Inc. 81 Natural Chilean Nitrate of Soda °-*- Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Co-Operative Ass'n, Inc. 4 Pratt, B. G. Company Outside back cover Stauffer Chemical Company, Inc. *" Waynesboro Nurseries. Inc InsWe front cover UR i^KUU -lite.- Include Hail Insurance With Your Spray Program Your Future Hail Losses may be protected with Hail Insurance IF you sism the contract twenty-four (24) hours before the Storm iiing goes on a rampage. ' See Yotti" Insurance Agent representing one of the foUowing Companies or write direct. Aetna Insurance Company Aetna Underwriters Department World Fire & Marine Insurance Company Piedmont Fire Insurance Company Insurance Company of North America AOianoe Insurance Company Philad^phia Fire & Marine Insurance Company National Security Insurance Company Central Insurance Company Springfield Fire & Marine Insurance Company Constitution Department Sentin^ Fire Insurance Company New £]kigland Fire Insurance Comfrsny Michigan Fire & Marine Insurance Company GARNET L. BOOI Rain and Hail Department 90 John Street New York, N. Y LIST OF ADVERTISERS pag? Adams County Nurseries & Fruit Vcxrms ^^ „ , r-.,>.ofT Inside back covet- Booker. Garnet L.. American Cyanamid Company __ California Spray-Chemical Corporation ^^ DuPont PeNemours El. I. & Co., ( Inc. i -^ Farquhar. A. B. (^).. Ltd. "^ /■• •'p^iiend'" Manufai'turin^ Co ''* 7 Good. James. Inc. 78 Hardie Mfj;. Company. The 7 Kellv Bi-otheis Nurseries ' 28 Micronizer Processing Co.. Inc. Natui-al Chilean Nitrate of Soda ^^ I>ennsvlvania Farm Bmeau Co-Operative Ass'n. Inc. -4 Pratt.^B G. Company Outside back cover .Stiiiilfer Chemical Company, Inc. \Vavnesb.n<, Nursorios, Im' I"«i^l'-' ''•'""t cover COVER YOUR PRODUCTION COST Include Hail Insurance With Your Spray Program Your Future Hail Losses may be protected with Hail Insurance IF you sign the contract twenty-four (24) hours before the Storm King goes on a rampage. See Your Insurance Agent representing one of the foUowing Companies or write direct. Aetna Insurance Company Aetna Underwriters Department World Fire & Marine Insurance Company Piedmont Fire Insurance Company Insurance Company of North America AUiance Insurance Company Philadelpliia Fire & Marine Insurance Company National Security Insurance Company Central Insurance Company Springfield Fire & Marine Insurance Company Constitution Department Sentinel Fire Insurance Company New England Fire Insurance Company Michigan Fire & Marine Insurance Company GARNET L. BOOKER Rain and Hail Department 90 John Street .... New York, N. Y. APHIS CONTROL One of These Three Improved Methods of Control Will Answer Your Aphis Problem DORJVIANT TAR OIL SPRAY. The most certain aphis control is the use of 3 gallons Straitar or 6% gallons Tar-o-wash to the hundred while the trees are fully dormant. These sprays are not as objec- tionable as the unstable tar oils, Pratt's tar oils con- tain no tar acids. Select any day during the late winter or early spring provided the temperature is warmer than 40°. No orchardist who used Pratt's Straitar or Tar-o-wash last season failed to control aphis. Don't you know many who sprayed for aphis and didn't get them? DELAYED DORMANT SPRAY. An equally effective aphis control is the use of 1 or ll^ gallons Straitar with regular Scalecide, 1 to 15, or with 3% oil emulsion, as a delayed dormant spray. Besides the advantage of using tar oils at weak dilu- tions, it is often easier to get into the orchard with the spray rigs at the delayed dormant season. Fur- thermore when Scalecide is used, there are benefits to the trees not obtained with any other spray. FOLLVGE SPRAYS. Combine D-X— 1 to 800— with your prepink, pink or calyx sprays. This spray Is cheaper than nicotine, and is not as dependant on weather conditions as nicotine. It will kill every _ aphis you hit, and many that you do not hit because of the residual effect of the rotenone and pyrethrum in D-X. If you wait imtil the leaves are curled with aphis you cannot control them with any spray because you cannot reach them. D-X has many other benefits in these sprays beside aphis control, red bug, case bearers, leaf roller and codling moth. Ask for special codling moth information. If you failed to control aphis last year write \is for prices and further information on these important sprays. We have helped many others. WE CAN HELP YOU. B. G. PRATT COMPANY iiT%99 Dept. «D 50 Church Street New York, N. Y. 1 w,,?-.' ..