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Master Negative Number CONTENTS OF REEL 97 1) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 18 MNS# PSt SNPaAg097.1 2) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 19 MNS# PSt SNPaAg097.2 3) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 20 MNS# PSt SNPaAg097.3 4) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.21 MNS# PSt SNPaAg097.4 CONTENTS OF REEL 97 (CONTINUED) 5) Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v. 22 MNS# PSt SNPaAg097.5 Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.18 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1941 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg097.1 <2076226> * Form:serial 2 InputHHS EditFMD 008 ENT: 980309 TYP: d DT1: 1924 DT2: 19uu FRE: a LAN: eng 037 PSt SNPaAg095. 1-097.5 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State University, Pattee Library, University Park, PA 16802-1805 090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 95.1-97.5 $cmc+(service copy, print master, archival master) $s+U1V4X1924-U14V1X1936+U16V1X1939-U22V1X1945 245 00 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news $bProceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for ... $cpublished by the Association 246 39 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news 246 30 Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 515 533 260 State College, Pa. $bThe Association 300 V. $bill. $c23 cm. 362 1 Began in 1924 500 Description based on: Vol. 1, no. 4 (Mar. 1924) Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for 1929- also called 65th annual meeting- Microfilm $mv.1,no.4-v.14,no.1,v.16,no.1-v.22,no.1 (1924-1 936,1 939-1 945) $bUniversity Park, Pa. : $cPennsylvania State University $d1998 $e3 microfilm reels ; 35 mm. $f(USAIN state and local literature preservation project. Pennsylvania) $f(Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm) Archival master stored at National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD : print master stored at remote facility This item is temporarily out of the library during the filming process. If you wish to be notified when it returns, please fill out a Personal Reserve slip. The slips are available in the Rare Books Room, in the Microforms Room, and at the Circulation Desk 650 0 Fruit-culture $xPeriodicals 650 0 Fruit-culture $zPennsylvania $xPeriodicals 710 2 State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania 830 0 USAIN state and local literature preservation project $pPennsylvania 830 0 Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm 590 590 Microfilmed By: Challenge Industries 402 E. State St P.O. Box 599 Ithaca NY 14851-0599 phone (607)272-8990 fax (607)277-7865 www.lightiink.com/challincl/micro1.htm IMPGE EVfiLUflTION TEST TARGET Qn-3 1.0 1^ 2.8 1^6 1 3.2 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 I.I 1.25 150mm .// /APPLIED -= i IIVMGE.Inc 1653 East Main Street :: Rochester, NY 14609 USA := Phone: 716/482-0300 Fax: 716/288-5989 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PTJBUSHED BY THE ASSOCIATION luued Quarterly at State Collese, Pa. Snbicription Included in Annual Duel of $2.00 Knterad as second-class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa. Vol. xvni State College, Pa., March, 1941 No.1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING Farm Show Building, Harrisburg, Penna. JANUARY 21, 22, 23, 1941 Think It Over ! Along with all industries package companies are affected by this period of rising costs. It seems almost in- evitable that any purchase of like articles will be higher in 1941 than in 1940. If costs are higher — ^why not buy a quality product. Assure your- self of the most for your money. THINK IT OVER! For over fifty years Marvil has furnished quality packages to Pennsylvania growers. ''MarvU Products Protect Contents" Marvil Package Company LAUREL, DELAWARE State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania OFFICERS FOR 1941 Presidt'iit — H. W. Skinner, Chambersbuij:;- Wvi- l-resideiit — H. M. Anderson, New Pai'k Treasurer — Paul Thayer, C'arlisle Seeretarv — J. U. Ruef, State College STANI)IN(; (()mmittep:s Executive C^>mniittee: The above named officers and R. J. Gillan. St. Thomas; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg; J. A. Runk, Huntingdon. Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural ( ouiicil: J. Eric Linde. Orefield, Ch.; G. F. Gillan. St. Thomas; M. E Knouse, Peach Glen; J. T. Rame, Fairview; R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg; W. E. Grove, York Springs; W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas. State Farm Show and Exhibition: Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook, Ch.; R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg; R. J. Gillan. St. Thomas. Insect Pests: J. O. Pepper, State College. Gh.; H. N. Worthley. State Col- lege; T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby. State College; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk. Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Rohrer, Dryville; R. H. Bell, Harrisburg. Stat,. t'ollCKe Relations: J. A. Runk. Huntingdon. Ch.: K. B. Mitchell, Harrisburg; Guy Smith. North Ka.st; H. F. Hershey. Haniburg|^FrancMS He tc. Mars; C. L. Packard. Ore Hill; Ralph Crowell. Buckingham. F.ed Gnest, Floradale. — 1 — r= m Y Along with all industries package companies are aif ^ted by this period of rising ec^ts* It seems almost in- evitable that any pordiase of like ari;ides will be higher in 1941 than in 1940. If costs are higher— why not buy a quality product* Aasare your- self of the most for your money. THINK IT OVER! For over fifty years Marvil has fundfiAied quality padi:ag«3 to Pennsylvania growera "Marvtl Products Protect Coffitents w Marvil Package Company LAUREL, DELAWARE E Thorn L Orefie Fairv Bing-1 R. C lege; 1 CoUe Bell, Harr Man Florj INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOS LI State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania ^ OFFICERS FOR 1941 President — H. W. Skinner, Chambersburg Vice President — H. M. Anderson, New Park Treasurer — Paul Thayer, Carlisle Secretary—J. U. Ruef, State College STANDING COMMITTEES Executive Committee: The above named officers and R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg; J. A. Runk, Huntingdon. Legislation and Representatives on Agricultural Council: J. Eric Linde, Orefield Ch.; G. F. Gillan, St. Thomas; M. E. Knouse, Peach Glen; J. T. Rame, Fairview; R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg; W. E. Grove, York Springs; W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas. State Farm Show and Exhibition: Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook, Ch.; R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg ; R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas. Insect Pests: J. O. Pepper, State College, Ch.; H. N. Worthley, State Col- lege; T. L. Guy ton, Harrisburg. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College, Ch.; R. S. Kirby, State College; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Ch.; Geo. Rohrer, Dryville; R. H. Bell, Harrisburg. state College Relations: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon. Ch.; E. B. Mitchell. Harrisburg; Guy Smith. North East; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg; Francs Renter Mars; C. L, Packard. Ore Hill; Ralph Crowell, Buckingham. Fred Gnest. Floradale. — 1 — (?■ ^ I EXPOSURE 0^ /4^ ,-.vi / J^ 3 ^ J D. MAtmiCE WERTZ The members of this association regret the passing of D. Maurice Wertz of Waynesboro on March 19, 1940. By his associates in the fruit industry he will be remembered as a suc- cessful pioneer producer of quality peaches and apples, but by those of more intimate acquaintance he will also be recalled as a man of untiring efforts for the advancement of any cause which had for its aim a better com- munity, state or nation. For more than fifty years Mr. Wertz had been engaged in orcharding and during that period no man pursued his tasks more dili- gently. His time belonged to his fellow gi-ow- ers if the association might result in pleasing crops at harvest. Fruit-growing with Mr. Wertz was one of his many successful ven- tures, but his friendship and sincerity are long to be remembered by the fruit-growers of Pennsylvania. Therefore, the members of the State Horticultural Association of Penn- sylvania express their sincere regrets over the passing of D. Maurice Wertz and dedi- cate to his memory the Eighty-Second Annual Report of the Association. 2 — — 8 — r ^ / The members of this association regret the passing of D. Maurice Wertz of Waynesboro on March 19, 1940. By his associates in the fruit industry he will be remembered as a suc- cessful pioneer producer of quality peaches and apples, but by those of more intimate acquaintance he will also be recalled as a man of untiring efforts for the advancement of any cause which had for its aim a better com- munity, state or nation. For more than fifty years Mr. Wertz had l)een engaged in orcharding and during that period no man pursued his tasks more dili- gently. His time belonged to his fellow grow- ers if the association might result in pleasing crops at harvest. Fruit-growing with Mr. Wertz was one of his many successful ven- tures, but his friendship and sincerity are long to be remembered by the fruit-growers of Pennsylvania. Therefore, the members of the State Horticultural Association of Penn- sylvania express their sincere regrets over the passing of D. Maurice Wertz and dedi- cate to his memory the Eighty-Second Annual Report of the Association. — 2 — — 3 — CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS Constitution Article 1. Name. The name of this organization shall be the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Article 2. Object. Its object shall be the promotion of horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania. Article 3. Membership. The annual membership fee shall be $2.00. Present life members shall retain their priv- ileges, but no new life members shall be received. Members of county or local Horticultural Societies shall have membership in the State Horticultural Association under the following conditions : (1) The county or local Society shall have at least fifteen paid up members and shall hold at least three meet- ings a year. (2) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall remit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Association one dollar for each member, before February 1 of each year, which shall be their dues in the State Horticultural Associa- tion tor that year. (3) The Secretary of the county or local Society shall transmit to the Secretary of the State Horticultural Associa- tion before February 1 of each year a list of its officers and members, together with a brief report of its work for the preceeding year, particularly of those matters that would be of interest to the horticulturists of the state. (4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish these reports in its Proceedings, which shall be distributed to the members of the county or local societies that have complied with these provisions. Article 4. Officers. The officers of the Association shall consist of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting ; also an Executive Committee of seven mem- bers, four of whom shall be the elective officers. The Execu- tive Committee shall have the general management of the affairs of the Association when it is not in session. Article 5. Quorum. Twenty-five members of the Asso- ciation and four members of the Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article 6. Amendments. The Constitution and By- Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting, provided such amendment M shall have been signed by ten members and presented to the Secretary in writing at least ninety days prior to the time of holding the annual meeting, and mailed by the Secretary to each member at least thirty days prior to the annual meetmg. M BY-LAWS 1. No member shall be eligible to the office of President for more than two consecutive years. 2. The Treasurer shall disburse the moneys of the Association onlv after the bills have been approved by the President and the Secretary. He shall execute a guarantee bond for such amount as the Executive Committee may de- termine, the premium to be paid by the Association. 3. The President, by and wdth the approval of the Executive Committee, shall appoint the following standing committees, each of three members : legislation, membership, fruit, exhibitions, advertising, and such other standing com- mittees as the Executive Committee may deem desirable. 4. The President, by and with the approval of the Executive Committee, shall appoint a nominating committee, a resolutions committee and an auditing committee, each of three members. 5. The rules of the American Pomological Society shall apply in exhibits and nomenclature. APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES President J. A. Runk appointed association members to serve on the following committees and to give their reports at a later time. NOMINATING COMMITTEE H. P. HERSHEY Hamburg JOHN GILLAN St. Thomas FRANCIS REPPER Mars AUDITINO COMMITTEE ELMER SNYDER Florin B G RUTT _ Hersney M. E. JOHNSON —'--'_ Connoquenessing RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE J. ERIC LINDE Orefield G. G. GILLAN St. Thomas M. E. KNOUSE Peach Glen J. T. RAINE Fairview R. T. CRISSV^LL Chambersburg H. S. NOLT --- ^f'^^ll W. E. GROVE York Springs — ^ — COMMITTEE REPORTS Nominating Committee. The nominating committee submits the following names for your consideration for officers of the association for the coming year. President H. W. Skinner, Chambersburg Vice President H. M. Anderson, New Park Treasurer Paul Thayer, Carlisle Secretary J- U. Ruef. State College H. F. HERSHEY, Chairman. Mr. Runk: You have heard the report of your nominating committee. What is your pleasure? Do I hear nominations from the floor ? Mr. Griest : I move that nominations be closed and that the report of the nominating committee be adopted. The motion was seconded and unanimously adopted, whereupon the secretaiy, pro-temp., declared that the nom- inees presented by the committee were the duly elected offi- cers of the association. Auditing Committee. Your auditing committee examined the records of the treasurer of the association and found them to be correct and in good condition. EUtlER SNYDER, Chairman. Mr. Runk: You have heard the report of your nominating committee. What is your pleasure ? Mr. Linde : I move you that the report of the auditing com- mittee be accepted. The motion was seconded and carried. Legislative Committee. I wish to stress several points which I believe will be for the betterment of the fruit industry. In the past each grow- er has been for himself and it is time that we as a group work together in order to solve our problems. No one will do it for us. I shall take up ways in which we can aid in cor- recting some of the fruit industry's problems. 1 Following up resolutions. Each year we adopt reso- lutions but we have failed to follow up these resolutions and therefore have not accomplished the desired results. We have not received the cooperation of the State Department in carrying out these resolutions and the laws enacted. — 6 — 2. By-products as the best means of eUmination of culls. 3. Standardization of containers. At the present time there are 41 different apple boxes listed in traffic regulations. Under our conditions two would be adequate, one box for the place and count and another box for the grower who prefers to pack his crop face and fill. Progress is being made on the standardization of containers but what are we as fruit-grow- ers doing to help the situation? 4. Standardization of apple juice with a set of standards and laws enacted to control these standards. How many of you would be content with the quality of all apple juice or that sold as sweet cider? Many products are unsamtary and a great many are not an aid to the greater consumption of apples. 5 Suggest changing by-laws of this association to be able to discuss other matters than education and to hire a full time secretary to follow up emergencies. I do not mean this as a reflection upon Mr. Ruef, but there are times when immediate action is required and Mr. Ruef is required to take care of his regular duties first. J. ERIC LINDE, Chairman. Following the above report Mr. Runk called for a discus- sion of some of the points Mr. Linde mentioned. Dr Anthony: A recent report of the N. E. Regional Lab- Satory for Fruit and Veget^le By-Products states that the laboratory has consented to include apple juice in its plan- ning 2^d experimental program. The growers should do a^^l The? Sn to keep their problems before the laboratory. Dr. Willaman is in charge of the laboratory. Mr. R. J. GiUan : We are using the bushel box for wrap and count and the V/s bushel box for face and fill. H W Skinner: The feeling among the growers in the Jiin county section is that the box standardization com- mittee's recommendations are being followed. Mr Linde: I believe that the box standardization commit- tee's report should be followed 100 per cent. — 7 — TRUE TO NAME COMMITTEE REPORT With the help of Dr. Upshall of the Canadian Vineland Experiment Station your committee held a true to name nur- sery tree identification school again this summer. The school was well attended by the fruit tree nurserymen of Pennsylvania. Most of the study was with peach, cherry, and plum varieties. During the last fifteen years since the nurserymen have been attending the schools conducted by your committee they have mastered the culling of apple varieties in the nur- sery row. The earnest effort being put forth by our finiit tree nur- serymen is most encouraging. They certainly have during the last few years been able to weed out variety mixtures in the nursery row very successfully. Even though peach, cherry, and plum varieties are much more difficult to cull, only a few variety mixtures were found while the school was being held this year. F. N. Fagan, Chairman. REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE The Resolutions Committee is pleased to submit the fol- lowing report for your consideration. We have considered the several subjects and resolutions handed to us for action and submit the following : We recommend that the recommendation adopted by the Box Conference held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, May 30th, 1940, establishing the 1% bushel box, inside dimensions llVfr'xl3y«"xl6" be adopted as a face and fill package; the Standard Northwestern box or net bushel box, inside dimen- sions 10^/9 "xll 1/9 "xl8" and the Eastern apple box, inside di- mensions llV2"xl2V2'xl5", be adopted as layered and count packages. We recommend that the Box Committee be continued for further study of box packages. We recommend that the resolutions of the Lehigh County Horticultural Society be adopted, namely, enforce- ment of and appropriations for Cedar tree removal. AUentown, Pa., January 10th, 1941 The Lehigh County Horticultural Society in meeting assembled this 10th day of January, 1941, adopted the following resolution to be presented to the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Society for action WHEREAS fruit growers have been losing valuable crops due to the ravages of Cedar Rust, a bacterial disease infecting apple trees and WHEREAS this disease is carried over winter on the host plant, Juniperus Virginiana, commonly known as Red Cedar and WHEREAS we have a law known aQ "Act 90" calling for the destruction of Cedar trees and amendment No. 539 calling for com- pensation for trees destroyed or removed, requiring the Secretary of Agriculture to enforce same. Mr. Griest : Mr. President, I move you that a rising vote of thanks be given to Dr. W. B. Mack for making and present- ing the plans for a new building for furthering the Horticul- tural Department at the Pennsylvania State College. Approved. WE, therefore, resolve that this body go on record as calling for enforcement of this Act— where the ravages of Cedar Rust is creatmg a problem for orchardists and, that a copy of this resolution be for- warded to Mr. John Light, Secretary of Agriculture. Respectfully submitted, LEHIGH COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Geo. B. Hausman, President A. L. Hacker. Secretary We recommend the adoption of the resolution of the Lehigh County Horticultural Society in regards to imports of Canadian apples. AUentown, Penna., January 10th, 1941 The Lehirh County Horticultural Society in meeting assembled this 10th day of January, 1941, went on record adopting the following resolution. WHEREAS information has come to our attention that apples are being imported into the United States in large volume and WHEREAS these apples have a distressing influence on prices, said apples entering into competition with American grown apples and WHEREAS the Federal Surplus Commodities Administration has purchased apples for a number of years in large volume to protect prices and remove surplusage so the American grower may secure fairer returns on his investment. WE therefore, resolve that this be brought to the attention of the Secretary of State, The Honorable Cordell Hull, for him to exert his influence to correct this situation so as to protect the American fruit grower from this competition. Respectfully submitted, LEHIGH COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Geo. B. Hausman, President A. L. Hacker, Secretary We recommend the continuance of work with the Fed- eral Government on the tree removal program. We recommend that the proper authorities be ap- proached at Pennsylvania State College to provide funds and personnel to further the research in the marketing ot horti- cultural products. — 9 — We recommend the pix)posed building program for a School of Horticulture and urge all present to work tor its completion. We recommend that a more adequate meeting Place be provided for our meetings, so noise may be elimmat^^^^^ draftv conditions, as well as interference from ad oining rooms ; also that better facilities for parkmg automobiles and suitable paths be provided for visitors. We recommend that the resolution in regards to the small arena be adopted and that the proper authority be con- tacted to have it carried out. RESOLVED that we appreciate the ^^^^tly improved locati^^ for the aDDle and associated exhibits but we do not feel satisfied with the s5ac?alloUed"to the bushel exhibits and urge the Show Com^^^^^^ to provide space for them on the same level as th^ ""^^l^^ut to th^ apple exhibit Such a rearrangement would add "i^^^^f^f ^ ^ ^^^^ beauty of the show and make them more accessible to the inspection of the visitors We make no recommendations as to how this is to be accompUshed unless it can be done by devoting the entire old arena to the horticultural interests as was originally plannea. In making this request we beg leave to remind the Commission that whUe thil is the 25th Farm Show, it is the ^^th Apple fhowa^^^^ that it was around the Apple Show as a nucleus that the Farm Show has grown. We recommend that a suitable legislation to define the manufacture of Apple Juice be drawn up and enacted into law for the protection of the Apple Juice Industry in Pennsyl- vania. WHEREAS the use of apple cider is on the increase, publicity is becoming more common in advising the use of fruit juices in the diet each year sees a more difficult means of disposing of the cull and grades lower than U. S. No. 1 apples, so that it becomes necessary to Establish some definite and scientific method of manufacture of good cider or apple juice, and to establish laws covenng the method of manufacture and sale. THEREFORE, be it resolved that this association instruct its legislative committee to have a law promulgated for introduction to the State Ijegislature, definmg cider, a standardized method of manu- facture and grade of fruit to be used and methods of preservation, as > / ell as containers to be used. The above law, when enacted, would go far to eliminate a large amount of dissatisfaction the consumers have built against cider, on account of the unsanitary product offered, as well as the methods of preservation. We must build for the future of the apple industry and a scientific and clean method of manufacture of apple juice would help to build up a consimier demand, a demand that should continue throughout the year. — 10 — SPECIFY W .,M.JI DORMANT SPRAYS DOWSPRAY DORMANT will effectively protect your crop against rosy apple aphis, early green aphis, San Jose' scale, European red mite, bud moth. It is easy and econ- omical to use. DN-DRY MIX is a dry product which lends itself to a greater variety of conditions in- volving insect control in the orchard than DOWSPRAY DORMANT. It is easy to handle. Depend on these two tested insecticides for proven insect control during the dormant stage— protection that will pay big dividends in crop yield. For other insecticide needs, remember there is a Dow insecticide for every purpose. For more complete information write DONA/ THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY - y ■ .-^t < Midland MICHIGAN — 11 — We recommend that the program for next year's meet- ing include talks by representatives of commercial concerns ; also that a period be set aside for marketing discussions. We recommend that a Secretary be provided for the offi- cers, the Executive and Legislative Committees and that a fund of $300.00, or as much as may be required, be provided for this purpose. We recommend that a resolution be sent to Professor Frank Fagan of Pennsylvania State College for his inability to be present at this meeting. WHEREAS the absence of Professor F. N. Fagan is felt by aU in attendance and V^HEREAS he is confined to his home due to illness, therefore be it RESOLVED that we express our sincere regrets over Professor Fagan's inability to be with us, therefore BE IT RESOLVED that a speedy recovery be Professor Fagan's, and that a copy of these resolutions be spread on the minutes and a copy sent to Professor Fagan. Approved. We recommend that resolutions of regret be sent to the families of D. Maurice Wertz of Waynesboro; Arthur H. Bingham, of St. Thomas, and C. S. Feldman, of St. Thomas, Pennsylvania, who died during the year. WHEREAS, Since our last meeting" death has called one of our ever faithful members, Arthur H. Bingham, of Franklin County, therefore BE IT RESOLVED that we express our sorrow and sense of loss, and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes and a copy thereof be sent to his family. Approved. ARTHUR H. BINGHAM, born in York County Pa., December 19th, 1879, died in Chambersburg Hospital, February 25th, 1940. Mr. Bingham was one of Franklin County's success- ful fruit growers, he started growing apples and peaches in a small way during the year 1918 and at the time of his death he was the owner and operator of orchards containing 120 acres. He was a member of the St. Thomas United Brethren Church. He was also an active member and a regular attendant of the meetings of the Franklin County Horticultural Association and a regular exhibitor of fruit at the Pennsylvania Farm Show. — 12^ WHEREAS, since our last meeting death has called one of our oldest members, C. S. Feldman of Franklin County, therefore BE IT RESOLVED, that we express our sorrow and sense of loss, and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes and a copy thereof be sent to his family. Approved. CHARLES S. FELDMAN, born in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, on October 23, 1874, died at his home in Saint Thomas Township on March 7, 1940. Mr. Feldman started his apple orchard in 1910 and was one of Franklin County's successful fruit growers. He served as Secretary and Treasurer of the Mount Olivet U. B. Church for five years and at the time of his death was a member of the Lutheran Church in Saint Thomas. He served one term of six years as Township Supervisor, also one six-year term as School Director and two years as Township Assessor. He died while in office. He was an active member and a regular attendant at the meetings of the Franklin County Horticultural Association. Respectfully submitted, J. ERIC LINDE G. F. GILLAN M. E. KNOUSE J. T. RAINE R. T. CRISSWELL H. S. NOLT W. E. GROVE The above recommendations were presented by Mr. Linde for the association members consideration. After due consideration they were approved. — 13 — PENNSYLVANIA STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION EXPENDITURES— 1940 Office— State College, Pa. Jan. 13 Mary E. Ruef-telephone, office supplies $ 3.47 22 Crabtree Jeweler»--Apple Judging Medals ^4.DU 22 PhUipsburg Ledger Cc-^Dec. News --— - l^S-^u 22 St. I^uis Button Co.— Buttons Hamsburg Mtg.,- 13.71 23 J. H. Gourley-Expenses Harrisburg Meeting 5«.bD 23 Geo. Lafbury— Expenses Hamsburg Meeting 36.50 29 Sylvia Meeker— Stenographic service ^^-^ Feb 5 Wm. R. Cole— Expenses Harrisburg Meeting 50.25 26 Franklin County Hort. Assn. (Box Standardization Work) J^-^ 26 J. R. Magness— Expenses Harrisburg Meeting ^^^5 Mar. 9 Pa. State Vegetable Growers' Assn. (Expenses Dr. Glasgow Harrisburg Meeting)— 3.40 9 Philipsburg Ledger Co.— Envelopes ^^-^^ 23 Mary E. Ruef— Stenographic Service ^^.ou Apr. 1 Byers. Bro.-Spray-D. M Wertz 5.00 8 Philipsburg Ledger Co.— Annual Report i^A^ 22 R. J. GUlan— Expenses to Rochester "^D.-iu May 3 John U. Ruef— Telephone and telegraph 6.46 27 Micronizer Processing Co.— Refund on Adv ^uw" June 17 John U. Ruef— Postal Deposit and Transportation 12.60 July 2 C. E. Dutton— NaUonal Apple InsUtute 10.00 2 Western Union 7 PhUipsburg Ledger Co.— June News and Fruit Tour Program 80 Bundle lath ---—" iq'aa 10 W. H. Upshall— Expenses Nursery School i».^" 15 J. U. Ruef— TransportaUon PhUipsburg ^o" Aug. 1 Mary E. Ruef— Stenographic Service (June News^Fruit Tour Notices) ^0.75 12 PhiUpsburg Ledger Co.— Envelopes, Tour Markers and Windshield Stickers 15.75 13 Mary E. Ruef— Stenographic Service ^^-^ Sept. 15 PhUipsburg Ledger Co.— Envelopes 13.50 17 J. U. Ruef— TransportaUon ^ „ ^^ ^ .^ ^ ,,^ -^^ Philipsburg 1/26, 2/5, 2/17, 2/26, 4/4, 5/14 17.50 Sept. 18 Envelopes -^^in Postage ^'^^ Oct. 28 Myla S. Wert— Stenographic Service 6.00 28 Philipsburg Ledger Co.— "Sept. News*^ 118.10 28 York Springs Band— Music Summer Tour ^20.00 29 Telegrams and telephone ^-^^ Dec 4 MUes Horst— Pa. CouncU Farm OrganizaUon (Membership) — — .^-^ 9 Mary E. Ruef— Stenographic Service "Dec. News" 20.00 31 St Louis Button Co.— Buttons Harrisburg Mtg 19,16 31 Berks-Lehigh Cooperative Fruit Growers (Apple Juice— Banquet A. S. Hort. Science) ^«i*2S 31 Philipsburg Ledger Co.— "Dec. News" 129.50 Jan. 1 Telephone and telegrams 5.11 1 J. U. Ruef— Transportation Philipsburg 8/5, 8/18, 11/15, 12/9 10.40 $1,513.83 — 14 — RECEIPTS 1940 Jan. 12 Cash Balance 20 Dues and A< iverti 22 »» tt »» 22 »» ft tt 29 tt tt »» Feb. 26 ft »» *> Mar. 11 »» tt tt 23 >» tt »> Apr. 1 5 »» tt It *t 9 »> tt »» 22 »» »» tt 29 tt tt tt May 11 »♦ tt tt 18 tt tt tt June 3 tt It tt July 1 >» tt tt 8 tt tt M Aug. 1 >» >> » Sept. 14 »» t» »» Oct. 14 tt tt ft 28 tt tt ff Dec. 2 tt tt »» 30 tt tt tt Jan. t> tt >> .$ 310.36 34.50 164.50 130.10 16.50 100.00 71.00 40.00 66.50 59.41 12.75 111.66 23.00 24.00 29.00 57.00 48.41 44.75 22.41 30.00 66.82 30.50 64.25 175.41 50.48 $1,783.41 TOTAL RECEIPTS— 1940 Cash Balance as of Jan. 12, 1940 $ 310.36 Advertisement and Dues "^'^^ $1,783.41 Total Eicpenditures * 'oaa^o Bank Balance— State College g ^g Cash on hand "^ ' $1,783.41 — 15 — TREASURER'S REPORT H. M. ANDERSON, Treasurer — January 22, 1941 Jan. 1, 1940 Balance in Fawn Grove Bank $ ^?c*^n Jan. 1, 1940 Received from C. B. Snyder — --—-7 - Jf ?" April 1, 1940, 2 Bonds Empire Properties called ($65 and mt.) -^^^i^ AprU 1, 1940 Lancaster County dues 9b.UU April 1, 1940 York County dues ^^'^^ Total Amount in Checking Account $ 697.75 Total Amount in Savings Account i,u^o.»ji — $1,733.12 Bank Balance First National, State College $ 260.42 Cash Balance, State College ^••'^^ $ 269.5S TOTAL RESOURCES Treasurer's Account ^"^'oaQ^c Secretary's Account - t# ^^ if Will "lawing-out" the cull help the situati^? W s^, « will be because of the educational value. ^e/J^f^jJ -rull" law is in operation. When culls are offered for sale they must be branded as "culls" in large le^^f- ^ . ^^„^ This branding of culls is not a ^^ ^^ea. N^ "^ny dealers or grocerymen are sromg to offer cui^ oi^y "^ modify tot^e consuming public esp^ally a food produrt^ We have had for manv years Federal and State laws m the ^od U S. A governing and comt^llm^ a gwen jmo^ of education for our citizens. Education has made for ire^ Som of "thought and action" It ^^s built a great RepubUC^ second to no nation in the 1941 world Ijt psput^^me "thought and action" into Fruit Culls and get nd of tnem. ^28 — MANAGING FRUIT SOILS FOR MAXIMUM PRODUCTION By MYRON S. HAZEN, Mgr., Service Division, The American Agricultural Chemical Co., New York City The problem of successful orchard soil management is doubly complex because of the fact that after an orchard site is once selected and the trees planted, there is no opportunity for rotation or for a change in the location as would be the case with annual crops. Too great emphasis cannot be given to the importance of selecting an orchard site with proper soil type, for an orchard is a long-time investment and no variation in the fertilizer, lime or management program can make up for the inherent deficiencies which are present in the original soil. Drainage The old saying "trees will not grow when they get their feet wet" is p point which should never be overlooked in se- lectincr an orch?^rd site. Where the orchard has already been established it is frequently x)ossible and profitable to install either tile or stone drains provided the topography of the land is such that suitable drainage facilities can be installed without too great expense. In the installation of these drains it should be remembered that the apple trees are fun- damentally a deep-rooted crop and that for best results standing" water must be removed rapidly to an average depth of not less than 2Y2 to 4 feet. Aeration The recent work conducted by Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, and Doc- tors A. J. Heinicke and Damon Boynton of the Cornell Agri- cultural Experiment Station, emphasizes again the vitally imT3ortant part which adenuate soil aeration plays in success- ful fruit sTowincr. This tvoe of research proves conclusively that an abundant supply of oxygen in the soil and provision for adequate aeration may be as important as the nutrient level or the moisture supply. Organic Matter The presence of an abundant supply of organic matter in the soil is probablv the greatest single factor in determin- ing the success or failure of anv orchard. It is the balance wheel and the foundation upon which all the other soil man- aprement practices must rest. As a rough approximation we are fairlv safe in assuming that every pound of active ^^qranic matter in the soil is capable of absorbing from 10 to 12 lbs. of water. When you stop to consider this water- holding capacity you can more readily appreciate the impor- — 24-. tance of building up the organic supply in the soil. It should be rememoered that this is a reniiable reservoir, and that wniie the added water available lor crop use may be ex- hausted or partially exhausted during periods ot drought, tnis reservoir is again reiuied whenever the rainiall is sum- cient to penetrate the soil layer 01 which this organic mat- ter forms a constituent part, iissuming tor example, that a ffood orchard soil contains 8%) 01 organic matter in the Plow depth, this might mean 4 to 5 tons of actual orgamc matter capable of holding 40 fo 50 tons of water as a reserve for piant use during the dry periods. This might easily spell the ditterence between success or failure in any crop. pH Values Fortunately for the orchardist, the apple tree is particu- larly tolerant to acidity. There are successtul apple oi- chards grown on sons so acid that most of our cultivated croiswouid laii to thrive, it is, however, well known and incr.asingiy well appreciated that as a broad ^^^f ral Pr^^^^ usition the appie tree and to an even greater extent, the sott- S tSs UKeWs, cherries and peaches require o^^^^^^^^ bst growth considerable supplies ot available cakium an^^ magnesium. ^ urthermore, irom the standpoint of satislac- Sry cover crop growth, independent of any benefit which may be derived by the trees, it is, in my opinion, good or- chard management fo maintain a pH value between 6 and 6.0 so to help speed the decomposition of the cover crops, pre- tent the loimation of the very insoluble iron and aluminum SsphateHnd make the conditions for nitrification more f avSble The effect of lime on the cover crop is of great Im^vSnce as nearly all cover crops grow best m soils close to the neutral point. What ShaO We Feed Our Orchards Because of the large volume of soil (>qcupied by the tree roots in a well drained, well aerated fertile soi^ the ^^^^^^ tree has access to a much greater supply of nutuent than is available to most of our cultivated crops. There are some good soils in this state where the native f ei-tility and the previous soil-building practices and rota- tions have built up a plant-food reserve sufficient to carry profitable production durmg the life of the oichaid provided the cover crops are mowed and returned to the soil. On the other hand, not only in this state but throughout all of- the eastern apple-growing areas thfro is increasing ev^^ dence of the need for supplemental applications of one or all of the usual commercial plant foods. Thirtv years ago the so-called Geneva System, which was basfd fundamentally on an early and thorough cultiva- — 25 — tion with a late annual cover crop to utilize some of the ni- trate nitrogen developed in the soil through cultivation, re- duce the erosion losses and partially replace the organic mat- ter destroyed by the cultivation, was generally accepted as a sound procedure. The experience of practical growers, however, and the experiments conducted by the various state and federal authorities proved conclusively that this system of soil rob- bery was fundamentally unsound and that even on our bet- ter soil types, well supplied with native plant foods, and with an initial high reserve of organic matter, it was impos- sible to continue profitable production under this system. Nitrogen Requirements As would be expected the nitrogen deficiency is the first to develop due to the soluble character of the nitrogen com- pounds and the possibility of loss in the fomi of gas as the organic matter decomposes. Applications of nitrogenous fertilizers have resulted more quickly in outstanding growth and yield results than any other individual element. Where the soil reserves of calcium, phosphoric acid and potassium compounds are adequate, and the nitrogen applications are not excessive, excellent results have been secured. Nitrogen shortages in fruit trees are self-evident even to a novice. The pale, yellow color and the small sparse foliage are ever present danger signals with a warning so prominent as to not be easily overlooked. Furthermore, nitrogen is an im- portant constituent in the production of chlorophyll and without an adequate supply of chlorophyll general tree de- velopment is checked and all of the photosynthetic activities are hindered. From the standpoint of fruit-tree fertilization under average eastern conditions, there can be no question with respect to the importance of this plant food. Shall We Feed Phosphorus In spite of the fact that with most of our annual crops phosphoric acid is apt to be the plant food most deficient in the great majority of our soils, fruit trees do not usually show the acute symptoms of phosphoric acid deficiency nearly as seriously or as early as is the case with either ni- trogen or potash. In soils with a good moisture-holding ca- pacity where ample supplies of nitrogen and potash are available phosphoric acid definitely helps increase the fruit- bud formation. Many old fanners say **phosphorus makes fruit" and while from their standpoint this statement may be correct, it can best be explained from a technical view- point by its catalytic role in enabling the trees to utilize a larger percentage of the other plant foods when the phos- phate level is high. From the standpoint of orchard man- — 26 — ao-ement the benefits of phosphoric acid are usually more vis- ible to the orchardist in terms of added cover crop produc- tion than they are in terms of direct affect on fruit or trees except in soils where the deficiency is acute or where the ni- trogen applications have been excessive. Potash Potash has long been accepted as playing an imiK)rtant part in the manufacture of the starches, sugars, and fruit Tuices. It is impossible to accurately separate the role which each element plays in plant metabolism but certainly under eastern conditions, especially on tree fruits, potash may tee as important as nitrogen in determining the quality and flavor of the fruit. Severe leaf-scorching with its acute marginal burn and the die-back of twigs in potash-deficient soils are danger signals which both the practical farmer and the trained horticulturist have learned to recognize. The cold storage operator with his complaints of a storage spot- ting, finds irequently in his endeavor to trace the cause, that a shortage of potash has contributed to this trouble. Some ot the entomologists report that in their investi- gations trees supplied with abundance of available potash are less susceptible to insect injury than those where heavy nitrate applications have enabled the tree to draw on the soil resei-ves of potash to a point where it was definitely out ot balance. Secondary Plant Foods With the exception of calcium, magnesium and boron, the known deficiencies of the secondary plant foods under Eastern conditions are relatively few. There are sections where zinc has proved helpful in reducing the so-called Ros- ette disease and in areas where either because of the high native pH of the soil or because of overliming, the soils have become extremely alkaline, applications of maganese, iron, and copper have proven definitely beneficial. Of the long list of secondary plant foods which are known constituents either of the tree, leaf or fruit, the East- era o?wer who practices sound farm management, mam- tl?ns a g^d oigani matter reserve and provides in some mTnne'r for the major plant-food ^-^-^--^^^^^^^^^ eral consider only calcium, magnesium, ^^^ tK)ion as apt to be limiting factors of major importance in orchard manage- ment. How Shall We Feed Our Trees? There is probably no major f ^^^J^hi^T^^^^ the horticulturist, the agronomist and the soil chemis^ on which there are as many honest differences of o^^^^^^^ exists with regard to the question of orchard tertilization. — 27 — Unfortunately, many of the earlier experiments were made- quate in a large number oi ditierent ways. One of the most highly publicized and frequently quoted experiments was conduced according to the statement oi the director of the experiment station on a soil type which was not fitted for the giowing of a commercial appie orchard. *'The experiment under discussion was carried on in a station orchard, the soil ox which is a ciay loam too heavy lor a good orchard soil.'* In spite of this fundamental deiiciency, the research workers have attempted to draw irom the results of this wholly in- adequate experiment widespread conclusions which an inti- mate knowledge of the basic soil conditions would have clear- ly indicated were not justified. There is no agreed standard with respect to the bases of measurement ox fertilizer response. Uei-tainly with res- pect to a young orchard which has not come into full bearing, the question ox the average tei nimai growth, the increase m the butt caliper, the character ox the wood giowth, and the number and productivity ox the truit spurs developed might be of far greater importance than the total number of pounds of fruit pi^oduced. Furthermore, in too many of the so-called experiments there is no adequate diuerentiation between the Fancy and U. S. No. 1 grades and the Culls. Total yields only are re- ported in the great majority of cases. The question of the size and the intensity of the color of the fruit produced is often omitted so that the commercial fruit grower who is in- terested primarily in the production of the lai'ger sizes of the best colored fruit, is lext with relatively Uttle fundamen- tal inf oi-mation for guidance from the study of many of these reports. It is increasingly important to recognize that a system of fertilization which would be highly successful on an or- chard which was cultivated annually for a considerable por- tion of the season might be a complete failure on a sod or- chard or on one where additional mulch is brought in from other areas. From the standpoint of those of us who have been impressed with the importance of statistical analysis and the desirability of randomized plots with a sufficient number of trees in each plot and a sufficient number of repli- cates to eliminate the inevitable soil variations, many of these earlier experiments, the results of which are still fre- quently referred to, certainly leave much to be desired. In cataloguing these confusing factors and the inevitable com- plications which they introduce into the final results I do so without malice and with a full recognition of the magnitude of the problem which both the research worker and the prac- tical grower faces in his attempt to solve intelligently and economically the complex problem of feeding an orchard soil in a way that will produce a profit. We are all prone to overlook the fact that our necessary sprav schedules for the control of insects and Plf* ^^^^eases inevitably reduce the photosynthetic activity of the leaves and thereby curtail their manufacturing capacity. There are cases on record where, because of the limitation of the station orchards, attempts have been made to combine ter- tili7er experiments with spraving experiments. The results secured from such work would certainly be subject to chal- lenge To summarize the situation, viewing it from the standpoint of one who has spent most of his lif e m research and fieM contart wovk. and v^ho is at the same time a prac- tical fruit grower, it seems to me that m spite of all the ex- cellent work which has been done we are forced to admit a keen need for further research and a coordination and re- pnp.lvsis of the data already available in terms of the newer orchard management practices. Last but not least, in our study of this problem we should recognize the fact that fbe introduction of a new var- ietv and the major changes which have been made m our sprav schedules, create an entirely new set of conditions which makes it necessaiy to evaluate the experience of the past in the terms of those chansred conditions For example, in our own work we have found that the Delicious apple is much more susceptible to high acidity than many of our old- er varieties. t j 4. t\ The amounts of nitrogen which can be applied to De- licious without producing too vegetative a growth and throwing the tree into biennial bearine are much lower than is the case with the Macintosh, for example. It has been mv personal feeling that we have all been inclined to '4nt for bear with bird shot^ and that while some of our scientific friends may have been f^^^^^J^^^^^^ cribe to the nitrocr en-only program a degree of onmiwtence which it does not possess, those of us m the commercial field may have attempted to cover too ^^^\^^J''^^17'^ liance on wh^t we have termed for want of a better name a complete fertilizer. I was tremendouslv impressed with t^^^ summarv of the problem recently made by Dr. I^. JN. l^agan, in which he is quoted as saying, "Fertilitv of orchard soil is more than its plant- food content. It involves the nature of the soil, depth, topogi-aphv and nrevious treatment. Fertilizers are onlv one phase ot the fertility problem and are inter-related with soil man- agement and cultivation." I can heartily subscribe to this view. — 29 — Fertilizer Treatment Far Cultivated Orchards In those orchards where for some sound reason the owner feels that it is desirable to continue cultivation during the spring months and plant a mid-summer or early fall cover crop, it is probable that the greatest return from the fertilizer investment will be secured by the application of a nitrate nitrogen carrier very early in the spring. Such an application would not only furnish water soluble immediately effective nitrogen in the nitrate form which the trees can use at once, but would also help to feed the cellulose destruc- tive bacteria, necessary for the digestion of the organic re- fuse plowed under from the preceding cover crop. It would prevent the inevitable la^r which takes place so frequently in cold Springs and furnish the needed stimulation to encour- age the maximum fruit set, given suitable weather for pol- lination. The fundamental deficiencies of a cultivation program are too well recognized to need discussion here. Most fruit growers appreciate that cultivation ''burns out'' the organic matter sponge, and reduces moisture-holding capacity. The only possible way that a program of annual cultivation can prove successful over the entire life of the orchard is by a wide spacing of the trees sufficient to allow the penetration of sunshine to the cover crop when it is planted, the rnain- tenance of the proper pH value and the adequate fertiliza- tion of the cover crop with a low nitrogen high phosphoric acid and potash mixture so that in the relatively brief grow- ing period which the cover crop occupies in the soil, a suffi- cient amount of organic material will be produced to as near- ly as possible replace the amount of organic matter that has been burned out through cultivation. To summarize our view with respect to the cultivated orchard, we would say that with the exception of peaches or occasionally young orchards before they come into bearing w^here the organic matter reserve is abnormally high, it is seldom profitable to carry the cultivation program for many years due to the inevitable erosion, organic matter losses, and the unnecessarily high labor costs. Where this program is followed, early stimulation either with nitrate nitrogen or a complete fertilizer high in nitroeren for the benefit of the fruit trees, is indicated with supplemental feedings of the cover crop to stimulate maxim production of organic matter with a high plant-food content. Fertilizing Sod Orchards It is important that the fruit grower who elects to fol- low the sod culture program should recognize the fact that he is fundamentally endeavoring to grow two crops on the same land at the same time. The competition between these — 30 — two crops for nutrients and particularly for moisture is ever- pTesent^and this program will only succeed where the very best tvpe of management is exercised. If the grower's finan- cS pe^it the greatest return from an investment m ime andMizer can usually be secured by very heavy applica- ?rons to the soil in advance of seeding the orchard to the cov- er crop. Bv raising the pH value to the neutral point, the dan-er of phosphoric acid fixation in the form of iron and flnmfnuri phosphates is markedly reduced. As a long te^^ investment the plowing under of ^i^^,"^^^,^V,^-?i7Pr^^^^ phosphate or even the deep placement with fertilizer attach ments on a sub-soil plow or chisel, are lustified on soils of low fertility especially where the sub-soil is acid. In anv event one of the best long-time investments that can be made regardless of whether the cover J^P selected is a legume or a non-legume, or a P^^ture of t^^^^^ Le amnle applications of lime, phosphoric acid and potasn, togSfwSsmall amounts of nitrogen to -suje ^^^^^^^^^^ stimulation of cover crop growth and reduce the gj^^^^^^^^ erosion from sudden showers before the sod s establishea. From the standpoint of subsequent ^^rtilizat j^^^ chard the needs of the cover crop must be taken into ^on S iion. Not only the kind of fertilizer to be a^ also the area of the orchard to be covered should be carefully studied. While the old recommendation to cover a circle ^om one to one and a half times the spread of the branches probably insures the maximum utilization of the nutnents^ b^^^ fruit tree, it is frequently profitable f Pe^^a^^^ ^n soi^^^ wh^ch have been eroded before the orchard was ^^f"^^^:^^^^ the plant-food reserves are low, to coyer the entire area oi the orchard with the fertilizer application. Unless there are kno^^;n adequate reserves of c^^^^ magnesium, phosphoric acid and potash, the frait ^^^^^ will be well advised to at least conduct on his own ^^^ part of the orchard a three-year trial using so^alled com plete fertilizers which carry all of these elements. So-called Rapid Soil Tests During the past five years i^P^^^^^^^^,^^^^^^ been made in the methods of soil ^^fl^'^^^^^^^^^ chemical methods in which a conriplete feter^^ ma/io nf all of the Dlant foods without attempt to ciabMiy rcord?n/ o 'their avSbility for plant "^^ ^ere <>f ^f^J^ve- Iv Httle Issistance either to thf a^opril^iianW^ ^e culturist in their attempt t» determine the plant-toflg re serves or to recommend the kmd and amount of fertilizer needed for a given orchard. ^ v u Much of the accuracy of these chemical tests has been — 81 — I' High Test Lead Arsenate Is Unexcelled For Effectiveness Backed by over 40 years of manufacturing experience — with a longer record of success than any other product on the market today — Bowker's Lead Arsenate Powder is truly the standard of quality in its field. Analysis and specifications tell only part of the quality story. Equally important is the manufacturing skill which assures constant uniformity as to size and fineness of the par- ticles, and produces a minimum water-soluble As 2 O 5 content — so impoi-tant in avoiding the burning of tender foliage. CALCIUM ARSENATE Because of U. S. D. A. regulations limiting the amount of Lead residue on apples v/hen placed on the market, Calcium Arsenate is being used more and more for mid and late summer applications. This substitution of Calcium for Lead in combi- nation with Arsenic helps to solve the Lead residue problem. To offset the danger of burning of both foliage and fruit, even though used with an excess of lime, Bowker's Calcium Arsenate is being made by a special process that retards the disintegra- tion of the Calcium Arsenate. If interested in mid or late sum- mer spraying of fruit, ask for Bowker's Calcium Arsenate that will meet with New York State tests for soluble Arsenic. FACTORY-BALTIMORE, MD. The AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL Co 50 Church Street, New York, N. Y. — 32 — sacrificed in the deyelopnjen^of f^J^f^^^^l'^^l SS ^"*^ "SlJe Tey d^'f uS f ?heToil samples have been evntory of the available Plant'h^™ jStod ?nS'K!.n? oTSKer which »ill give the m^- imum profit. Mention has *e*^e„m^^^^^^^ phone acid is the ever-present aa^ug There is treme slowness with which it "^^js m tne so ^^^^ experimental evidence to prove ^^f* ""Xerohosphoric acid penetrations are more rapid ^^d that when p^^^^^^ Snd potash are built into organ^ complexes mese m .^ dowhinto the tree-root zone with greater succ ss their original mineral form. Fertilization With a knowledge of the n„trien_^ 'thre^riencel above even the scientific knowledge. In old orchards where it iVSilfthattwtuairsIll .-Ob of spraying or in the case «J^^Xul,urist or fertilizer rep- at low prices, ti<> c?n«f ^V^^' J,^ in SS the use of a com- resentative would be justified in suggesting plPte fertilizer. , On the other h.nd. with the ^^ttej vane^^^^^^^ n,Pllv sell at profitable r''«^,«ranffheSsof both the to meet the management propram a^f^^jfj "j^^^g j^ our ex- cron and th. tree^offer re« ^^J^^^^f SSS^^ of a high perience with sod orchards b^Jjf apni ^^ ^^^ nitro-en comn^te ff^'lVTc^jr^est ^^fit ^^ there i. need of chard will usually Jive the createstnrom ^^^^ ^^ the mineral nlant foods. Tf thp "5«^^,^J .„^, thrown under three times durinc^ th^ ^^ar an-^ tti^ c'lm) ^^.^^^ j^. increase. ^ior»orl Wheve mulch is hauled in from other areas and placed — 83 — under the trees, especially in quantities sufficient to smother out the cover crop, extreme care must be taken in the nitro- gen applications. One of the difficulties which has frequent- ly occui red under such situations is the gradual development of large amounts of nitrate nitrogen under the mulch due to organic decompositions and the tendency to prolong the growing season which may result in the premature dropping of the fruit, poor color or winter injury due to soft immature wood. In spite of all the progress which the sciences of horti- culture, entomology, plant pathology, agronomy and soil chemistry have made, the management of a fruit soil in a manner to contribute to the maximum production of high- grade fruit, is still an unsolved problem. In most orchards we are asking the soil to virtually support four crops at the same time. The soil must furnish the nutrients, moisture, and oxygen supplies for the adequate gi^owth of the tree in- cluding its root system. For the production of the current year's crop, for the formation of the fruit buds for next year's crop, and for a surplus of effective leaf area in excess of the normal amount which would be required were it not for the constant impairment of the efficiency of that leaf sur- face through the ever-present need of more or less injurious insecticides and fungicides. The reduction in the photosynthetic activity of the the leaves due to constantly coating them with spray ma- terial, may amount to a third of their capacity. All of these factors represent a drain on the plant-food nutrients and add to the complexity of proper soil management. There is no tyx)e of horticultural crop where the old saying which runs "A little clear thinking in advance will save a lot of useless running around'' is more applicable. It is my judgment that the benefits which the farmer secures from a personal exam- ination of the soil borings as they are taken from various parts of its orchard for the puipose of analysis, is one of the most valuable lessons and one of the points which is of the greatest value. In our study of orchard soils we attempt to secure top soil samples under the spread of the branches in order that we may determine the changes which are taking place as a result of spray residues or heavy fertilizer applications con- centrated in that area. We take a second independent series of both top soil and sub-soil samples in the center of the square as far away from the drip of the branches as possible in order that we may in- ventory the native plant-food levels independent of spray or fertilizer contamination. A study of the sub-soil horizons as the borings are removed gives you a visible picture of the — 34 — nroblems which the tree roots are facing and frequently an- swers ^^^^ of the questions as to the reasons for the failure of a given orchard to produce satisfactorily. Rapid soil tests will give us an absolutely accurate deter- mination of the pH values and a good approximation of the Sies of available calcium, magnesium, phosphoric acid ITwtash More important than all perhaps is the organic ml^r c'^^^^^^^^ With this information in Jand a re^^^^^^^^^ the production, the growth status, a knowledge of the^^^^^^^ symptoms which may indicate deficiencies ^nd of tl^^^^ S management programs which are ^emg follo^^^^ T>n^^rble to make intelligent recommendations that win nox onW mlintaS the present plant-food levels but also increase ;?LXn oThiK of the right sizes and better grades. Fertilization, like every other phase of orchard manage- ment is a question of balance. No chain is stronger than its wlakest \S and every effort should be made to maintam the proper plant-food balance. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Will application of a complete fertilizer (5-15-4) year after year build up too much potash?— JNo. Will potash lock up other elements of a fertilizer?— Not completely but it will slow up reaction. A NATIONAL DEFENSE PROGRAM FOR FRUIT GROWERS DR. B. S. MARSH. Department of Horticulture. West Virginia University. Morgantown. W. Va. Today everyone is conscious of a national defease pro- Set ^^i^^^^I^iB Conscription and increased in«"«.™^f^'^J:J,unities. Also, cause a shortage of labor supp y m «<>'"« 9^'^™""™f Nitro^ several materials probably will f«^,KleTd and package genous chemicals, copper sulfate, sulfur lead ana P supplies will be in greater demand during 1941 ana s — 85 — costs can be anticipated. Taxes are scheduled for an in- crease in 1941, and it is possible they will be even greater than is now indicated. Transportation facilities, especially railroads, will give priority to movement of defense materials and fruit growers can expect some delay on the receipt of their own supplies. Considerable shifts in population will temporarily tax our transportation system in areas near military cantonments and industrial centers with large de- fense material contracts. In addition, it is reasonable to ex- pect a continued restriction of apple exports and a larger crop of apples and possibly peaches for 1941 than was produced in 1940. As you know, the odd calendar years during the past decade have recorded much larger apple crops than the even years due to the biennial condition of many apple or- chards throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. However, one optimistic possibility can be considered. The consumers purchasing power can be expected to main- tain its present level and will no doubt increase when some of the present unemployed men enter industry and training camps. One economic authority has placed the unemployed population of 1940 at 8500,000. Hp predicts 1941 will see 1.500.000 in army training, 3.500.000 in manufacture of de- fense materials, 2.000,000 in othe^ industrial work, which leaves only 1,500,000 as unemployed. Also one of the policies of our federal administration is to stress the improvement of national health in the defense program. Twenty-three years ago, it was "Food will win the war.'' Soon we may have such slogans as "Health is npces- sary for a strong defense.'* "Healthful bodies aid clear think- ing in the defense of a d^mocracv," "Health strengthens our nation economically, socially pnd physically." It is obvious that such a program will grea^lv aid fruit growers. You can well afford to tie your products on to the tail of this kite of national health promotion. It is a worthy cause and fruit growers can add to it a message much more honest than the patent medicine vendors. In fact, your pr*oducts are most essential for the maintenance pnd improvement of health in this nation of 130,000,000 people. It seems advisable to discuss a national defense program for fruit growers under two sub-heads. First, what you as individual growers can do, and, second, some suggestions as to group or cooperative action. -.36 — Am The Individual's Program of Defense Experience during the past 15 years has taught fruit growers to keep production cost down to the lowest possible level without lowering the quality and quantity of the pro- duct. There is no reason to abandon such a program at the present time. There are nine points of production and mar- keting which demand your serious consideration in the indi- vidual's program along a national defense plan. 1. Remove marginal trees. In West Virginia this constitutes the "one cut method of pruning" which is being recommended for four classes of apple trees, (1) over-aged group, (2) unpopular varieties, (3) low-yielding due to poor location as to soil and site (this includes many abandoned and neglected orchards) , (4) close planted or filler set orchards at an age where the trees are growing into each other. No doubt you are familiar with some figures published by Ohio and Indiana on these economics of a tree removal program. For instance, Ohio estimates it costs from $2.00 to $8.00 per year to pi-operly care for a mature apple tree. Now if you have trees that are not paying for this cost by fair yields of good quality, the question becomes how much will be the expense of removing these boarders and un- economic producers. Just to have something tangible to give you on cost of removing old apple trees and replanting the area, I am in- cluding some figures given by C. L. Burkholder, Purdue Um- versity, Lafayette, Indiana, on their actual costs in removing 340 old trees and replanting with 335 new trees after prop- erly reconditioning, fertilizing and reseedmg the area. It will be seen that the total cost as charged against the 340 old apple trees removed was about $1.55 per tree. The actual cost of removing and disposing of tree, filling stump holes and leveling was 68 cents per tree. Many orchardists can re- move bearing trees for less. Burkholder repoi-ts that during the last eight years this block of trees had gone in the red at a rate of $1.25 per tree per year. It was certainly time to hold court and bring con- demnation proceedings, and the balance of the orchard will be cared for to far better advantage in future years with this dead weight removed. — 87 — Summary of Detailed Cost Records on Removing Approxi- mately Nine Acres of 37 Year Old Apple Orchard and Leveling, Liming, Fertilizing, Reseeding and Re- planting Purdue Farm, Bedford, Indiana^-1939 By H. G. Hall, Supt. Pulling 340 trees $ 20.80 Trimming and sawing up trees, burning brush, dragging out stumps 205.80 Cording and hauling wood 15.20 Filling stump holes 13.60 Killifer disking and leveling ground 53.25 $308.65 Less Value 75 cords wood at $1.00 75.00 $233.65 Cost per acre up to this point 25.96 24 tons limestone, hauling and spreading __ 50.70 2 tons commercial fertilizer and drilling 61.47 Cost of 335 trees for replanting 113.93 Replanting, digging holes, hauling in black dirt 59.95 Reseeding, seed and application 9.50 *Total cost of all operations $604.20 Credit for 75 cords wood at $1.00 75.00 Final cost less income from wood $52^0 Final cost per acre 58.80 ♦NOTE: 10-20 tractor hours at 60o — large caterpillar used to pull trees at $1.50 per hour — Team hours at 45c— Man hours at 20c — Other items at cost. I want to emphasize again that many commercial grow- ers will spend five times or more per year on an old tree than it costs to remove it and replant with a new tree of a good variety, and remember that the smallest apple crops over the country have brought the most dollars with the least bushel costs in getting the crop to market. Removing unpromising old trees helps in two ways : first, it costs less to operate the orchard during the next year, and, second, you are contribut- ing something to improving prices and demand for apples. In a survey made of apple orchards in four counties of the eastern panhandle of West Virginia it was found that some 236,000 trees should be removed. This represents 15% of the trees in West Virginia's most important apple-produc- ing area. Since this survey was made four years ago it is probable at present that as many at 20% should be removed. At least some of our best informed growers hope some 20% of the nation's 86,000,000 apple trees will be removed in the next 5 years with the aid of the new Agricultural Conserva- tion Program which allows a cooperator to earn up to $15.00 per acre. — 88 — 2. Thorough pruning of mature trees. Regardless of the type or kind of pruning you do this will reduce the amount of spray and fertilizer materials SdS in 1941. If done correctly, it will go far toward help- in^ to reduce the amount of off-grade cheap app es which are LKs produced at a loss. As you know, a well-pruned tree can be more efficiently sprayed, thinned and h^rve^^^^^^^ will save labor expense. However, in view of recent experi- mental data, we find many orchards over pruned and the S of good fruit greatly reduced. This has been obsei-ved £ West Virginia aSd Illinois by the author, and Professor Faffan of Pennsylvania has pointed out many similar in- Sees in his state. As every fruit ^^^o^er knc^^^^^^ pruning is one of the most serious mistakes that is made on young apple trees less than 15-18 years old. 3. Thoroughly spray at the correct time and with the right materials. There is no need of elaborating on this point since every fruit grower has heard this recommendation so often he is beginning to suspect there is some truth in it. As an indi- vSrs defense program, this recommendation save^^^^^^^ and materials, and insures a quality product. One thorough- ly applied, well timed spray with the correct material is 4rth more than a half dozen sprays improperly timed oi poorly applied with ineffective ingredients. 4. Reduce cultivation to an absolute minimum wher- ever possible. The Soil Conservation Service, as well as the A. C. P. and the Land Use Planning programs continually make us conscious of the very important P^^^^'^^V^^^^/J^onror" inff In West Virginia our recommendation for apple or- chards is to cultivate once in 2 or 3 years. This cultivation ?rt?done with a single discing that leaves the ^^^^^^^^ and trashy so any soil washing is P/^^^^i^^/^^^^^^ grasses left undisturbed to permit the ^^f^stablishment ot Ke sod cover. Also, we like to have Peach grow^^^^^^ ^^l one or two cultivations per season. Not only do these sug Si^n^ave S and organic matter, but they also save dol- fart Ou^^^^^^^^^ works show that ^^^.^^^^^^^^^^ twice each season have an exi^ns^^ tTon^reJfrop s^t'^^^ SaVagln'ent Weover, if one d?s'%s rspT^^^^^^^^ to $10.00 per acre on orchard soils Sis best investment will be in ^^1^^^^^*^^^^^^ hauled in to supplement the grasses and '^f^^^^^f, ™ produced between the tree rows. ^^1^^,^^^^^^^^^^ ft will able in mature apple trees and on the thinner wni return the investment many times m increased yieias, im — 39 — proved fruit size, and better quality dix)p apples. Rodent and curculio control become more important factors in a mulched orchard, but certainly they are of secondary consideration in relation to good soil improvement, i^oison bait for the mice can be effectively applied in mulched areas, and a lead arsenate spray for curculio is a better control measure than cultivation. Finally, where legume sods or mulches have been used and the on year in apple production anticipated in your orchard, the normal application of nitrogen-carrying fertilizers can be greatly reduced or eliminated. At least the application can be put off until 2 or 3 weeks following bloom when it can be more intelligently applied according to the tree condition and crop needs. 5. Remove all imperfect fruits in late May or early June. Growers thin fruits to avoid overloaded trees, and to as- sume increased size of the fruits which remain for harvest. Probably the prime reason for fruit thinning should be the elimination of a considerable amount of the cull fruit at an early stage in their development. This procedure constitutes a fruit grading operation that can be done more quickly and with less confusion than in the packing shed at the normal harvest season. This is a very important item in the efficient use of a limited labor supply. In addition it can be assumed that cull fruit harvested in late spring will not find its way to the fresh fruit market as it does when harvested in Sep- tember or October. Certainly we all approve of keeping culls out of our fresh fruit markets but too many of us believe it to be a better program for our neighbors than for us to fol- low. 6. Harvest and pack without bruising the fruit. Why do so many fruit growers invest hundreds or thous- ands of dollars in a fruit crop up to harvest and then seem- ingly lose all their sense of proportion in allowing the fruit to be tossed around by the pickers, packers, and loading crew? It should be a simple matter to use enough caution and care to have the f iniit removed from the tree and delivered to the consumer in a first-class unbruised condition. There seems to be no reason for so many U. S. fancy or No. 1 apples hanging on the trees to become culls before they reach the consumer because of careless handling. Why should apples be hand picked at all if we are going to be careless ? A lot of labor can be saved by clubbing the fruit off the trees and scooping it from the ground if one thinks this bruising prob- lem is not important. Probably the largest economic waste in many orchards is bruising good fruit to a point where its value is lowered from 75 cents to 15 cents a bushel. — 40 — ^^NOT I BUT Iir^ Stauf f er Sulphurs Tot Scob Control T^^^"^of the th!ee STAUFFER SULPHURS especiaUy recom- mended for controlling Apple Scab. "MAGNETIC-70" Concentrated SulPf*"'.,^"*** „ (Orv Wettable) S-M "Magnetic" MICRON Measured ^^ LP«UR (Ui^^ w "MAGNETIC-SPRAY" Wettable Sulphur (Dry lettable) All three have the highest fun^^al ^"««!=4^^txTm^ p^ofeXn at a sprays for controUing Apple Scab because they give maximum p minimum cost _.„„„„ !,, tbp -manufacture of With a background of over 50 years expenence^m the ^n^P^^^^^^^ Agricultural Sulphurs, It is only i^atuxal that STAU^ » t^ologists answer for sulphur spraying and f^^ing information, ^t our^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^y your questions. They devote their full time lo wuib. u to solve your problems. ,«.*» STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC. Sales Office: 420 Lexington Ave. NEW YORK, N. Y. Plant: Bayonne, NEW JERSEY 41 — The principal places to pay particular attention to bruis- ing are : with the picking crew — hauling to packing house — over the sizing machine^ — into the package — storage hand- ling— and subsequent delivery to retail stores and consum- ers. West Virginias survey indicates 10 to 50 per cent of the fruit was bruised in picking, 2 to 10 per cent in hauling, and as much as 79 per cent of the fruit was bruised in the packing shed, of which 58 per cent took place in a washing unit. And finally, 14 to 57 per cent of bruising can occur when the fruit is packaged. This is done by careless run- ning of the fruit into the package fi"om the take-off bins, or by overfilling the package. Some tests were run with Grimes, Stayman and Golden Delicious and it was found that when one puts net weight of over 46i/> lbs. of fruit in a standard tub bushel, a greatly increased amount or bruising follows. Yet this amount of fruit gives a tight pack and passes inspection. In rail shipments and storage much bruising of fruit occurs. Here cars and trucks should be carefully loaded, un- due squeezinor of packages avoided, and a sufficient bracing be given the load. In storages, bushel baskets can be stacked too high and storage employees do too much climbing and walking around over the tops of the packed fruit. Insist on better care in handling your fruit in rented storage space and, if necessary to secure cooperation, threaten to build your own farm storage. This is not a bad idea with a low- interest government loan which, in some communities, it is possible to amortize in 5 years by the savings in storage cost. 7. Expansion of invested capital might be more wisely done through the purchase of labor saving machinery and storage facilities rather than for an expansion in land and in trees. As the trend now indicates, labor will become increas- ingly scarce and the cost higher. The quality may also de- cline, as might be expected. Therefore, machinery that saves or replaces man power is the popular and modem thing to do and fits in with the '^American Way of Life*' that en- courages shorter hours and higher wages to employees. Also, most of us can remember the plight of the farmers brought about 23 years ago by agricultural prices which caused them in moments of undue optimism to purchase high-priced land. Then with the advent of low prices for their pix)duct, too many farmers found they had lost their shirts. Therefore, it is my opinion, that in the long run of events, sound and conservative capital investment for stor- ages, stationary spray plants, modem sizing machinery, and perhaps for cider-making equipment is more desirable than expansion by increasing the bearing acreage of fruit trees. Of CQurse, mi^intenance of your present production capacity '*>i ^^a-^ may be unwarranted; this is somethmg everybody must de- cide for himself. New plantings of trees might well be made bv many growers in anticipation of the time when some of their present high-producing trees will have to be removed because of their age. 8. New hormone sprays used to extend harvest period. The use of napthalene acetic acid as dilute spray to pre- vent excessive apple droppino: during haijest can have con- siderable value in extending the amount of time available for harvesting where growers have a linuted labor supply, py KS- part of a Jonathan or Delicious block, harvesting can begin?n the unsprayed portion of the block and con^^^^^^^^^ on thiK)ugh by finishing on the sprayed part. . Thi^ su^^^^^^ tion is more applicable to summer and fall v^^^^^i^^^^^^ have some advantage on later varieties m the south where late fall freezes are not the hazard they ^f^/^^^f /^^^^ Late fall freezes should not be much of f, ^^^^^^^J^f ^^^ tral Pennsylvania on south. Moreover, these sprays seem least effectW^ on Yorks which is the last variety harvested and little or no danger would be encountered. 9. The faiin storage of fruit. In the east Pennsylvania has pioneered in fruit storage research aXxW^^^ Durin. the 1-t twenty^^^^^^ common storages and a few ^^^iJ^f^f ^If "^^^^^^ constructed bv fruit friwers on their f^^^; .^^L^^^ Professors Anthony, Fagan, Magness ^^^ M farm storage problem has given large economic returns m the past and presents even a brighter tuture. 1 Their convenience aids in shortening t^^ ^|^^^^^V smaller and more select packmg crews. J. It Ijrr^^^ packing out of fruit late in the storage season a^^^^^^^^ Specifications received f^om .buyers, msass^^^^^^ pacKea f?uit of better gr^^^^^^^ ^fs'ome coL S expense with a large storage is betw^^^^ ^5 cents Ser per bushel. Rented storage had cost ^^J^^^^^^f JX%tor. busheTa difference of 10 cents that V^Y^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^^^ age in a relatively few years Also such^^^^^^^^ ^^ increased use in the hands of some growers. ^^ ^^^^^j^^ used to pre-cool summer apples P^^Jf^J^^^^^^^ for prior to shipment by rail or truc\ J^^^^ ma^ be ^t^v^ ^^^^_ storage of orchard crates at the t me oi ooa ^ ^^^ ^hese gence. Such tight enclosures would be pnsons lux ^43 — >\- ■ moths until they died of starvation. Possibly in some com- munities, supplementary space for locker storage might be made available which could be rented to neighboring farmers for their personal use. Each of these foregoing points suggests something that is positive and tangible in an action program that desei'ves the careful consideration of every fruit grower. The adop- tion of this program by individuals would go far in the solu- tion of many of our present headaches : "Culls" — high labor costs — market demand, etc. The Group or Organization Program of Defense The individual can go just so far in his contribution to a national defense program, then it becomes necessary to have group action to complete the lob. At least a half dozen sug- gestions seem timely as to what our grower organizations can do. 1. Strive for a more direct marketinrr p>"ogram. Our federal government recognizes this need and will present be- fore Congress a marketing bill in the near future which will be more comprehensive and tend to replace some of the five or six heterogeneous marketing acts now in effect. This bill will offer more help in marketing research and extension. It will also provide greater aid for state regulatory work. This phase of a program will increase efficiency, reduce waste and will conserve labor, finances, and materials, which is neces- sary in any defense plan. 2. Promotion of fruit sales must be considered by fruit growers organizations. Competitive marketing groups and advertising finns have im^lved us in what may be a vicious circle. At present the best means of self-protection seems to be in meeting this competition by using their promotional measures. This means apple orowers must do a minimum amount of advertising, grocery store service work, and con- tinue to supTX)rt the research for additional health factors their products contain. Also ^^alers and jobbers who handle our products are iust as vitally interested in this program and should be included in any grower group effort. 3. Cooperative purchase of supplies. In the face of rising costs it should not require much emphasis or elaboration on this point. Certainly, savings made on group purchasing will have considerable use toward meeting other financial obligations. One of our fruit grow- ers recently stated : "I might find it necessary to borrow some money next March in order to pay my income tax". Anyway, most of us have many places to use a little extra — 44 — M money which may be saved on the purchase of some essen- tial. 4. Governmental regulations affecting fruit growers. Our public servants have good reason to place more em- phasis on group demands than in those of individuals. Many of them sincerely desire the advice of the people they repre- sent, but they want their suggestions to be crystallized and to really represent the opinion of the majority. Hence, when an organization asks for reconsideration of the lead tolerance on fruit or a part in the A. C. P. program that more nearly meets the grower's needs, they usually get satisfactory re- sults. In a world that is undergoing social and economic change these organizations are greatly needed to guide their public servants, protect their own business and give effective aid to a program that benefits every United States citizen. 5. Educational programs in production and marketing. State horticultural societies for many years have com- pletely justified their existence by sponsoring educational programs. Today such group activity is more necessary than at any previous time. Horticultural societies through their meetings, news letters, and special bulletins are avenues for the quick distribution of important information that may be vital in a national defense program Regardles^ of what situation may arise, the completely informed group or individual has a very definite advantage m defense or attack with considerable assurance that victory will be on his side. 6. Social gains in group effort. This final point does not limit its scope by referring U> the Dleasures and good times individuals have at a horticul- tSral Sty ^^^ It means more when one considers the present broad definition of social gams. Some of the lead?nrworld authorities believe the social revohijion taking Place in every country is more important than the ecSLkaf uph^^^^ Briefly, social gains may include such fSoTSheV, sanitation, education recreation^^^^^^ measures, vocational guidance, and anything that benefits a society which includes every man. woman and child. In conclusion it is in order to quote a statement made bv ChesTer S^ the nation's agricultural indust?ron t^^^^ Advisory Commission "^^iTZve^n considerations, is the immed,^^^^^^^^^ oriranizimr our abundant resources to keep war trom tnese sErf reS^al American agriculture is a^^^^^^ in abundance what the nation requires f^^^^/^-, ^?^*^S that, if sacrifices are called for, I am con^^^^^ 4^ iS- f armers are ready to make their fJ^^J^^^^^^J^ ^^^ ^^^ "^''^ tenance of liberty and the ideals of free men. — 45-^ CULLING UNPROFITABLE VARIETIES GUY L. HAYMAN, Northbrook, Pa. One day last November, your secretary stopped at our place for one of his infrequent, but always welcome visits. After the usual tramp around the orchard, we settled down to enjoy a can of Lionel Newcomer's *'red cheek apple juice", and the conversation drifted into the subject of the value of production records, and the part they might play in helping us make up our minds to do certain things — things which we know should be done but which in the absence of cold, im- partial figures, we hesitate or refuse to do. I talked on, and before I realized what was going on in John's mind, I was scheduled on your program for a talk — the subject being ^'Culling Unprofitable Varieties''. This of course means apples, for we have produced no peaches for a number of years. It is not my thought to offer any advice on this subject. There are many varieties of apples (I have been told seven thousand are named) and it is quite likely that every variety is the object of at least two conflicting opinions regarding its economic value. This is simply the story of how we have used our own production, cost and sales records to prove what we already suspected and to take what seems to be an appropriate action, in so far as our own business is concerned. My experience as a grower is limited to not more than twenty varieties of apples. I shall talk about only those var- ieties of which we have at least one acre of mature trees. This list is comprised of Staymen, Rome, Delicious, Grimes, Jonathan, Gano, Wealthy, Winter Banana, Smokehouse, and Paragon. Ages range from 20 years to 28 years and acre- ages from 1 to 20 for each variety. All of these trees received the same cultural treatment except Winter Banana and Gano. These were interplanted with peaches during twelve of their twenty years of life — with the usual dire results. Extension spray progi^am has been followed pretty closely. If conditions have caused the neglect of any variety, it has been Gano and Winter Banana. The crop years under consideration are the five seasons of 1935-36-37-38-39. As you all know two of these years presented serious marketing difficulty. Two were fair to good, and one about average in that respect. During that period our production varied less than 25%, and proportions of culls, utilities, and U, S. one was practically constant. Production Figures are based on fruit actually har- vested from the trees, or from the ground, and from which income was derived. Fruit dumped — as in 1939 — and aban- doned on the ground or trees is not considered. — 46 — Costs Per Bushel: Cover everything involved in nianage- ment production and packing and excludes only purchase of S equS^^ total of which would affect the total by fe^I than 2%. However, the costs do include replacements of trees and planting and maintenance of an acreajf equ^^^^ ?ent to about 20% of our mature orchards Staym^^ and Delicious are the only varieties placed in commercial storage T^^^ are made to carry the full amount of our foMsl^VSe bills, or $.15 per bushel more than the summer rnd^a'!: v\^^^^^^^^^^^ tLs tL average per busheU^^^^^ $.68V3» jf 11 Income is that which has been received by us wm ail are wholesale. . Now for a summary of these figures by variety. Bu. Red. 1936. 1937- 1938. 1939- Ave, .56 .69 .50 .58 '"'''^''^935 2^54 $1215.50 1 _3267 $1627.04 1 _1364 $ 789.46 1 |8 _2215 $ 855.83 $ •*» l0054 $5213.78 $ .51 8-10 Average cost per bushel —* ■^'^ ^ A-u^vAire, Net Loss Per Bushel --$ -W'/i Avertg:^ar?y Production Per Acre-501 Bushels Loss Per Acre 1^1? :^:::::::::S2:?k I938 -764 _-$299.95. i939::::::::^364_-,:,-,^,i^ 2511 $1338.67- 4A(330) Ave. .$ .55 $ $ .79 .49 .39 .39 Average cost per bushel .$ 4 .531^ .68 lA GANO Average Net Loss Per Bushel ---$ 15 Average Y^rly Production Per Acre-130 ^^^ Yearly Loss Per Acre -.-^--^- ^^^^ j936:-j:::::u69::::::::liS^^ --«'T 998 $ 596.79 J 1409 $ 836.33 1 " 977 $ 569.22 » 4A(78) 1937 1938 1939 .41 .76 .60 .59 .58 5696 $3459.97- Average cost per bushel $ .60 7-10 .$ .68% Average Loss Per Bushel — oi^\»nfheU Averlle Yearly Production Per Acre-235 Bushels Yearly Loss Per Acre $18.75 4A(75) — 47 — WEALTHY 1935-^ 1936 1937__ 1938 : 1939 ^^- Bu. .489 . 21 444 - 28 .446 Red. Ave. $308.85 $ .63 $ 21.78 $1 .03 $292.00 $ .66 $ 25.25 $ .90 $304.13 $ .65 Average Loss Per Bushel $ .03 Average Yearly Production Per Acre — 200% Yearly Loss Per Acre $ 6.00 JONATHAN Bu. Red. Ave. 1935 1972 $1399.38 $ 1936 1325 $1263.50 $ 1937 2634 $1228.97 $ .71 .95 Vs .46% 1938 1099 $1151.15 $ 1.04 1939 1847 $ 964.36 $ .52 8877 $6007.36 $ .68 Average cost per bushel $ .68 1/^ Average Loss Per Bushel $ .00 1/, Average Yearly Production Per Acre — 444 Bushels Yearly Loss Per Acre $ 1.48 SMOKEHOUSE Bu. Red. Ave. 1935 247 $139.38 $ .561/0 1936 150 $139.89 $ 1937 202 $150.89 $ 1938 161 $147.28 $ 1939 136 $112.31 $ .931/2 .74 .91 .821/2 . 896 $689.75 $ .77 Average cost per bushel $ .68% Average Profit Per Bushel $ .10% Average Yearly Production Per Acre — 358 Bushels Yearly Profit Per Acre $35.80 PARAGON 1935— 1936 1937 1938 1939 Bu. Red. Ave. .240 $166.80 $ .651/2 .136 $147.38 __$ .88% .398 $237.46 $ .60 .124 $109.94 $ 1.08 .446 $301.97 $ .69 1/2 1344 $963.55 $ .71 % Average cost per bushel $ .68% ^ 1454 $952.01 $ .65% Average cost per bushel $ .68% 2A(12) 4A(5.92) Average Yearly Production Per Acre — 269 Bushels Average Profit Per Bushel $ .03«/, Yearly Profit Per Acre $ 8.96 Having satisfied ourselves as to which are our unprofit- able varieties, what are we going to do about it ? — 48 — So far as Grimes ai-e concerned, the case is hopeless. Our logical markets want only a few large Grimes, and at a price too low, to offset the loss sales on a very lai'ge volume of 2 inch and 2\i inch apples. So long as England took these sizes ott our hands, we closed our eyes to the fact that never did returns even approach cost. The twenty eight year old trees are too large and unwieldy to make top-working prac- tical. The only answer is removal, which operation has just been completed with no regrets. The only kind thing to be said about Winter Banana is that its low production record has saved us money. Even though we admit this variety has been handicapped, we are convinced there is no place for it in our program. We have about one request annually for Winter Banana. Even this demand seems to be dropping off. While these trees are twenty years old, they are rather small and an effort at top working seems worth while. This work was started last year. ^ ti ^ Gano. We produce a higher percentage of culls and utilities here than anywhere else. If we can remedy this we might still come over the $.07 loss, and keep this variety in order to hold our organization together between the handling of Delicious and Stayman. I doubt if it will ever produce a profit in its own right. Wealthy. We never expect to make money from Wealthy, but we feel that an even break would justify then- place in our orchard scheme. In spite of their biennial habit, I am satisfied to try them a little longer. Jonathan. We were surprised to find the loss so small. In fact the one third cent loss is too small to accept as abso- lute. We are no longer going to be fooled by an 1 uso^^ ex- port outlet, and a few changes in management will probably put this variety on the favorable side. Smokehouse. Several years ago, I could have con- demned Smokehouse to the dog-house. Even now I jm sur- prised at the 10 cent profit, and I am sure we can attribute it to Philadelphia's appetite for green apple P.^^^^^.l^J^j^JJ: ust We feel the mai'ket in this variety is too lim ted tor comfortrand o^^^^^^^^ which is small, will certainly not be expanded. Paragon is another sui-prise. However the 3 cent profit is nothinlto boast about and our suspicions that it »« a loser were pretty well founded. For the present ^ye have a place for it, but certainly we will never plant it again. This concludes my list of suspects and coj]j]^^«-^/S sources outside my experience, there a^. '"Sf^^^ ^f^X other varieties are habitual losers m southeastern Pennsyl — 49 — vania. The most common of these are Hubbardson, Baldwin, King David, Duchess, and Transparent. So far as conclusions regarding this subject are con- cerned, may I make just one observation. If every grower were to immediately eliminate those varieties which are causing him a substantial loss to retain, the problem of occasional apple surpluses would be much nearer solution. Question: Did cost account records include all expen- ditures involved in. the production costs ? Yes, everything but the cost of new equipment. JUNIOR APPLE JUDGING CONTEST Four county horticultural associations sponsored fruit judging teams. These counties were Adams, Allegheny, Franklin and Lehigh. The contestants were required to place three plates each of five varieties and to identify fifty apples of fifteen varieties. A copy of the scores of each con- testant as well as the total score of each team follows. CONTESTANTS Wine- sap 1 1 stark Deli- cious i Indi- Bald- Rome Indi- | vidual win Beauty vidual Scores Team Score Adams Dale Shields Richard Doerson Robert Epley 116 200 90 83 83 83 0 200 150 0 117 100 0 150 0 105 130 125 304 880 548 1732 Allegheny Dorothy Shenot Lawrence Ebel Paul Herbert 200 100 112 116 112 133 150 150 150 117 150 100 150 150 50 135 155 155 868 817 700 2385 Franklin Robert Andrews Walter Cordell Glenn Christman 0 200 0 167 167 167 150 150 150 200 150 0 0 117 150 180 190 175 687 974 642 2313 Lehigh Calvin Geiger Charles Faustus James Yeshko 0 0 200 133 66 112 150 75 150 150 0 0 200 150 150 145 90 160 778 381 772 1931 Some means should be used to encourage a larger num- ber of teams to enter the contest. At the present time only- teams from counties having county horticultural organiza- tions are eligible. The awards are made on a team basis, the members of the first team receiving gold medals, the second silver, and the third bronze; no provisions being made for the individual high scorer. Perhaps opening the contest to any county would increase the number of entries. — 50 — A You Can Cross These Off ! INSEC: :tes LEAF-ROm-ER If you include in your Winter Spray KLEENUP Soluble Dormant Oil Spray combined with Nitre KLEENUP Powder or ELGETOL Dormant Spray These new tested sprays help solve the dormant spray problem. They give you high and efficient control at low cost. KLEENUP READY-MIX or KLEENUP Emulsion are also available for use in place of "KLEENUP'' Soluble. Write for new 1941 Spray Calendar. CALIFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMICAL CORPORATION "The ORTHO Company" ELIZABETH. N. J. — RICHMOND, CAL. — 51 — 1940's UNUSUAL INSESTS DR. T. L. GUYTON, Penna. Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. You may possibly question the wisdom of spending much time in the discussion of the unusual insects about the orchard. Maybe they are not worth a lot of your time. The only excuse of bringing them to your attention is the possi- bility that under favorable conditions they may become the usual or important pests of your plantings. Most of those I shall mention are old acquaintances and may, to some grow- ers, be quite familiar and numerous enough to cause him considerable trouble. Some are quite local in distribution as for example, the pistol case bearer on apples in the southeast- ern section and certain stink bugs on peaches in the north- western section. I have no logical arrangement of these in- sects and shall mention them in the order in which they have occurred to us. The scurfy scale still is abundant in certain localities, particularly in orchards with dense foliage growth. It is of course widely distributed and has been present about as long as apples have been grown. • The plum curculio still does considerable damage in or- chards of the state, particularly where there are not definite sprays aimed at the control of this pest. In well cared-for orchards it is not a serious pest. Much the same thing could be said about the apple mag- got. The presence of poison sprays on the foliage of apples along about the first week in July seems to take good care of this insect. When this pest is locally abundant, it may pay the orchardist to remove certain susceptible varieties and to pick up and destroy infested apples as soon as they fall. Occasionally fall web worms are found causing defolia- tion in orchards which are more or less neglected. They are not abundant in well sprayed orchards. The apple leaf hopper seems to be quite common in most of the apple growing districts and when left to itself, causes a very decided damage to the fruit and foliage of the apple tree. Fading of the greed of the foliage is all too often pres- ent in our orchards. Nicotine seems to be necessary in this case. In a few places damage was found on peaches which some growers thought to be curculio injury. On examina- tion it was shown to be the work of one of the moths and we believe it was the peach twig borer. This damage to peach is entirely different from that caused by the oriental fruit moth. Conditions may be right for an increase of this spe- cies. Long ago it was considered a pest of peaches. — 52 — The San Jose scale seems to be able to stage a come- back just as soon as growers relinquish their efforts in the matter of control. In several different places in the state scaled-marked fruit is all too common. We know quite well how to keep this scale under contix)! and the elimination of its damage depends entirely upon the efficiency of the man with the spray gun. The rosy aphid started out last spring with a gi^eat flour- ish and it seemed that this insect would certainly cause a very considerable damage to the apple crop. However, weather conditions changed, and the infestation was cut oft about as suddenly as it made its appearance. There were, however, certain varieties which had too many clusters of aphid apples on them. As I have mentioned before, the pistol case bearer seems to be more or less local in its distribution. The men from the College tell me that about eierht square miles seem to be infested in Adams Countv and on^ place in Franklin Cou-tv has had an infestation for several yef^rs. The in^^ct has long been known and has a wide distribution over the couti- trv. It is sometimes difficult to ur^derstand how such pti in- sect mav build up ? damaging population in a particular loca- tion and not in another. Amonp- the old timprs which ?re widelv distributed and have alwavs been seen about the or^^hards is th^ tarrush plant hue This insect has lono- been ur^der susT>icion j^s doinp^ con- siderable damage in the frui^ ovchards Tust how ^:^tensive this damage is. was not particularly well known until rather recently. In 1939 a report was mMe before one of the science meetinle curcu^^^^^^ Under favorable conditions, it was brouerht out. this msect causes very considerable loss. The oriental fruit moth is still having its ut>s and downs We all believp that it is held in check ^f ^ Jf^^f 1^^^^^^^ natural enemies. The Federal workers t^^l ^^^^^^^^ asite commonlv found on the strawherrv leaf roller is the one doinir the most wod in the p'^-tem Dart of our «tate in fruit ScoArol. This does not hold fov the wes^^^^^^ state. We do not know too ^^^^ .f%l^Z^^^^^^^^ nossiblv thev should receive considprable J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ihe hands of the research T>eoT)lP. JJ^^V^^FlbertL^b^^^^^ KniH UD a rather hiepartment of Agriculture Codling Moth Six yeai's ago it was my privilege to discuss before this Association the codling moth problem as it existed through- out the United States. Over the country as a whole, the cod- ling moth is still the leading insect pest of apple, and this in- sect will be taken up first. As you all know, the tolerances for lead and arsenic were very much liberahzed last August, when Federal Security Administrator McNutt announced the following changes in spray residues permitted on apples and Pears: Arsemc (AS2O3) from .01 to .025 grain per pound; lead (Pb), from 025 to 05 grain per pound. This has made the residue situa- tion somewhat easier in most localities. In a f^w places where the codling moth may be gather readily controlled, the new tolerances permit adequate control of the insect without washing the fruit. In most ai-eas, however, waslnng is still necessary, but may be accomp ished with less difficulty, it is my impression that the varied conditions existing m dit- f erent parts of Pennsylvania include both of these situations. Although the changes in the tolerances have afforded relief to growers in some localities, the basic codling moth problem over the country as a whole is very httle changed The trTnd toward increased codling moth infestations and consequent increased difficulty in ^ontml, seems to contm^^ or at least there is no sign of a reversal of this tendency. A recent study has shown that many growers in the Pacific Northwest are spending $60 or more per acre for the contiol of inSs chiefly the codling moth. In some orchards the ?Les a?e re^^^^^^^ 8 applications of 50 gallons or more of sSy per tree V^each%^ and even such extreme Ktment is not giving fully satisfactory control. It is my undeS^^ thit thf situation in ^^--f-^^- ^^^J^^^^ less difficult, and that most growers are getting adequate S>nt?X the use of rather moderate spray Progjm^^^^^ may, however, be interested m some of the research mat is under way elsewhere. .14. Interesting emphasis is being placed upon the control ot — 57 — station, and by other workers in Indiana and Washington, have thrown considerable added light on this phase of the problem. It has been shown that in the early part of the sea- son the thinning of the deposits by the growth of the fruit is of much greater importance than the removal of deposits by weathering. It has also been brought out that, especially in the early season, several applications of lead arsenate are needed before an effective deposit has been built up. An intensive "triple action" program against the first brood of worms has been proposed by W. S. Hough, of the Winchester Research Laboratory, of the Virginia Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Dr. Hough has been quite suc- cessful in controlling the codling moth by the use of a mix- ture of lead arsenate, nicotine sulfate, and mineral oil, in some cases with nicotine bentonite substituted for lead arsen- ate. The nicotine kills many of the adult moths in the trees, the oil kills many of the eggs, and the lead arsenate and ni- cotine bentonite serve as stomach poisons against the newly hatched worms. This triplet-action spray has in some cases been properly referred to as "dynamite'' but it is quite differ- ent from a "dynamite" spray that was developed in the Northwest and that will be discussed presently. Several ap- plications of the triple-action sprays are made during the period when first-brood worms are entering the fruit. The effectiveness of this program has varied greatly, but it has in some cases been quite successful. Naturally, it has the best chance in orchards that are isolated, and it would prob- ably be out of the question in situations where the orchard is subject to an influx of moths during the season from ad- jacent uncontrolled or poorly controlled infestations. Another development has been the use of the so-called "deposit builders", consisting usually of oil emulsion and some form of soap. One of the most recent of these, devel- oped by the Washington State College, may have come to your attention under the popular name "dynamite". This consists of a mixture of triethanolamine or monoethanola- mine oleate with mineral oil. This combination builds up a very heavy and effective coating of lead arsenate. The plan is to use this highly effective mixture in a number of applica- tions against the first brood of worms, and so reduce their numbers that fewer late sprays will be necessary. The re- sulting deposit, however, is more difficult to remove than the usual lead arsenate residues, and the Washington State Col- lege workers warn against the use of this combination later than the applications for the control of the first brood. Per- haps the popular designation of "dynamite spray*' was coined to emphasize the hazard involved in its use. There is a very real danger that the use of the "dynamite spray" will — 58 — PENNSYLVANIA GROWN FRUIT TREES I offer planters choice Pennsylvania grown fruit trees in all the leading varieties, including new double red strains of apples and the newer peach varieties. Stock examined and certified to be true to name by ex- pert authorities. Pri- ces are reasonable as sales are direct to the planter. f Write for Latest Catalogue and Prices. Adams County Nursery & Fruit Farms ASPERS, PA. H. G. BAUGHER, Prop. EST. 1905 — 59 — be overdone, and that growers will find themselves with spray residues which can not be reduced below the tolerance by any practical methods of removal. This development has resulted in the appearance on the market of a number ot spreaders or stickers intended to give a similar effect when added to lead arsenate. The use of these ^^deposit builders^^ in addition to com- plicating the problem of spray residue, has emphasized the difficulty of which many growers are becoming aware ; that is, the problem of arsenical injury to apple trees. In some middle-western and other areas, which have suffered droughts or where the vitality of the trees has been lowered in other ways, the use of the dynamite combinations has re- sulted in serious, sometimes disastrous injury to truit and foliage. Six years ago mention was made of the research under way to develop an insecticide to replace lead arsenate, both because of the problem of spray residues, and because of the need of a more effective insecticide than lead arsenate. Dur- ing recent years literally thousands of compounds have been tested by insecticide companies and by State and Federal workers, and progress is being made, although nothing has yet been developed that can be generally recommended tor use as a substitute for lead arsenate. A great deal of attention has been given to the develop- ment of nicotine as a codling moth insecticide. Nicotine is inherently much more poisonous to worms than lead arsen- ate but ordinarily it does not retain its effectiveness very long In efforts to adapt this material to use against the codling moth it has therefore been necessary to change the nature of the combination in which it is applied. Formerly, when applied for the control of aphids and other soft-bodied insects, nicotine was used with such materials as soap, bor- deaux mixture, or lime sulfur, which cause a quick evapori- zation giving the entire effect within a few hours. Against the codling moth, however, the material must remain effec- tive on fruit and foliage through extended periods. Efforts have therefore been made to fix, or "lock up", the nicotine so that it may serve more as an ordinary stomach poison. Probably the most valuable fixed-nicotine colnbination is nicotine-bentonite. A tank-mix foi-mula developed by our Vincennes, Ind., laboratory has given outstanding control ot the codling moth in the Middle West. In some seasons nearly 1,000 acres have been sprayed throughout with this or close- ly similar mixtures. In most cases it has controlled the worms fully as well as, or better than, lead arsenate, has re- duced the number of stings about 90 per cent, and has given a considerable degree of incidental control of leafhoppers. — 60 — Ako the combination caused little or no mpuiy to foliage, wSeas cSin lead arsenate-oil mixtures m the same or- iTiSed Terious injury. The nicotine mixtures lose much of their effectiveness when they come in contact with re standard fungicides, which are ^tro-g^y aUcalin^^^^^ much further work remains to be done if "^'^^^^^'i? ?f„^?.„ial ■^Srare Stable, and are being used to «>me extent m some localities. One of the newest materials for codling moth control, abou?whSi man"y of you have P-bably heard^ is ?henot^^^ azine This is an organic compound, which has given out standing control of the codling moth in some seasons under ever have been much poorer, and for the P|^«s®"^.^^\„^!w sScial Interest for eastern growers. Xanthone is /"O^^^J Sra^alc'c^mpound which has shown Pi^^^^^^^ Northwest, but. agam^ the 1-^^"^*/ ^'JliSlctoiv and further East have on the whole been less satisfac^^^^^^^^ pxnerimental work must be done belore tne use ui SV^an be suggested to commercial growers. The possibility of reducing the numbei^ ^«^ ^IffSlSl; ing^-orms by the use of ^^'^"^^^ J^^J^tA^tlr^- branches during th- winter or f.^J^y SSion of the over- newed attention. In theory. , the ehminatwn ot jne wintering worms should eliminate, or at least mater y sen the need for extreme spray programs. This phase oi tne probfm's being attacked ?-m severa new ang^s -d rt is hoped that present work will .Permit a closer approa ideal than has been possible in the past. In my discussion six years ago ^^^^^^'^f ^able aj*'^^^^^ was g?veTto a number of control mea^^^S ^^'^^Ke ing, especially to ^1"!^?^ banding^ a p^^am of scrap- Northwest has shown that m that area a y g possibly ing and banding Y?" f »^^,Vv ^f S?sTs^^^^^^^ sup^emen- two spray applications ^any ot tj^^^^^^^ economic tary measures should fit very well into tne p ^ ^j j^ situation, since certain of them ^ould pernut a re«^ ^^ cash outlay, and a more f tensive utih^tiono^^^^^^^ labor or that of his regular force at times wnen is not pressing. Sprays For Use On Apple During The Dormant Period For a number of years the standard^ormant s^ay for . -iLrdu^rr^o^i^^^^^ - *^^ --61 — combined control of the San Jose scale and of aphids, especially the rosy aphid. This combination was very effec- tive for the puiTWse when thoroughly applied at the proper time. The period when applications could effectively be made, however, was a rather short one in the spring. At this season of the year the covering of a large acreage is made especially difficult by frequent rainy or windy days, by soft ground, and often by the rapid development of the buds beyond the critical stage. As the European red mite became a serious factor in many northern orchards, changes in the program were neces- sary, since lime sulfur had comparatively little affect on the wintering eggs of the mite. For the last 15 years or more there has been a trend toward the use of oil sprays for the dormant control of the San Jose scale. Unfortunately the oils alone cannot be depended upon for satisfactory control of aphids, althousrh the addition of nicotine usually gave re- sults if the apnlications were closely timed. The New Jersey Experiment Station found that the addition of i^ percent of cresylic acid to the oil used for control of the red mite and scale made it also effective against aphid eggs in late winter and early spring, and this combination has been recom- mended by several experiment stations in the northwestern part of the country. More recently still, the tar oil distillates have come into prominence for use against the eggs of aphids during the dormant period. These have the advantage of being fully effective for this puiTK)se throughout the entire dormant per- iod, which pennits greater latitude in the selection of favor- able days when thorough spraying can be more readily ac- complished. Unfortunately, the tar oil distillates have com- paratively little value in the control of either the San Jose scale or the European red mite. Where either of these two pests is of importance, it has been found necessary to add 3 percent or more of a petroleum oil spray to the tar oil, and such combinations have been used to a considerable extent in orchards in which both aphids and the San Jose scale or European red mite are factors. Another group of materials which seems to be coming into the picture for use in the dormant sprays includes the so-called "DN'' or "dinitro" compounds. The one which has been given the most attention is an organic chemical known by the impressive name of dinitro-ortho-cyclohexylphenol. My own Bureau has done very little ^vork with this material, but in studies carried on by various State agencies, strengths as low as 10 ounces per 100 gallons, in combination with a 3 percent oil emulsion, have given very good control of aphid eggs, as well as of the San Jose scale. Like the tar oils, this material can be used throughout the dormant period. It has the further advantage of being noncaustic. Certain closdy related organic compounds are also being used for the same purpose. Comstock's Mealybug Comstock's mealybug is a comparatively new pest of apple, with which few Penpylvama grjwj^have^had ttie n^sfortune to become acquamted. 1^^,%^^^®/" ^""".onsfiered country for nearly 25 years, but until 19347^^^^™ to be of little or no importance as an apple pest^ it was known to feed on a large number of kinds o^^^^^^^f^Ji^f-''^^ Vr« Qinna fViPn it has been reported with mcreasmg ne luency"? ai'?rchar?,rs? in l^alities ranging from South Carolina to Southern Ohio and New York. This mealybug is a small sucking insect which appears supeSr somewhat like the r«^^^-PP^,^S dTm- which practically all growers are familiar. '^^^^^ ^^™ age which it causes is the result of the Pio^duction oi a ?weet sticky liquid known as "honeydew". When the inseCT ?s SundaSftWs covers the twj/^S'^^t^eKe ports the growth of a sooty mold, fX"^'.! ^^ g^ited and lumbers of the insect are present ^^f^lX'^d is very colors very poorly and irregularW.JT^e sooty mmcisy difficult to remove from the fruit by ^he ordinary process, and its presence lo^7« t^,^?^lc[g The insect lenders it unmarketable except ^^iMchSemove or less winters in the form of egg masses. !™^^/"^ay be found r^lfe^e^TthVS^' tre?^^^^^^^^ - ^^« trunk and larger branches. .xxt ^ ,„ a number »'<'-^-tfS*''lsSdirirde.^S:S Virginia, the mealybug has been especiduy Thu^ far - adeouat^contrd ^^^^^^^ "oSriUays'^rUS i£clo- -ugj/^^act^S give satisfactory control The ^^^^ are simnany p by masses of waxy threads ^J^^^^^^ P^J^f f ver^ J^t re- by most insecticides. Also. J^^ mse^J has a very^ productive capacity, and treatments f ™ *Jf^event great iod have thus far not been effective enough to P ^^^ increase in numl^rs of the insect ^yJhVatter P .^. summer. The difficulty which ^^^ owners ot me ^^ fested orchards are havmg m ^on^r growers, who fear much apprehension on the part ^^^.^rsfSs injury later that their orchards may likewise suffer serious mj on. 63 — Special attention has been given by the Bureau of En- tomology and Plant Quarantine to the possible utilization of parasites for the control of Comstock's mealybug. When the pi-oblem was first brought to our attention in 1938, we happened to be in a position to arrange for the importation of certain parasites from Japan, which is believed to be its native home. Mr. C. P. Clausen, head of the Division of Foreign Parasite Introduction, had already made a number of obsei-vations on the parasites of this insect in Japan, and it was already known that there were at least three parasites over there which were of value in holding infestations in check. One of these parasites had been recorded in the United States, but two others, including the one believed to be of the greatest value, had apparently not reached this country. Arrangements were therefore made to bring in all available species of parasites that attack this particular in- sect. A stock was received in the fall of 1939. and parasites of several species were released at representative points dur- ing the season of 1940. Because of the importance of this problem, the Bureau established a laboratory at Charlottes- ville, Va., and two full-time investigators are now giving all their attention to the problem. The parasite which Is expected to be of the greatest value has already been established, and in certain orchards has parasitized as much as 40 percent of the mealybugs. It remains to be seen, of course, whether the parasites will sus- cessively carry through the winter and whether they will be sufficiently well adapted to climatic conditions in this part of the countiy so that they will be able to reduce the mealybug to small numbers. If the outlook continues to appear favor- able, it is our hope that we can place stocks of these parasites in all important apple-reducing regions where the mealybug becomes abundant. Facilities will not, however, pennit the furnishing of parasites to individual growers who mav re- quest them, but every effort will be made to place them in each important apple section where needed. They may then be expected to spread gi-adually to orchards in the general vicinity of the liberation point. During the season of 1940, experiments were also car- ried on with the liberation of a ladybird beetle, which has been successfully used in California for the control of a sim- ilar mealybug on citrus. This insect is propagated in large numbers in California, and when liberated at the proper time on citrus trees it reduces the mealybug population to a low level within a comparatively short time. It was not expected that this species of ladybird beetle could survive eastern winters, but there seemed to be a possibility that annual in- troductions might be worth while. Unfortunately, the beetles had largely disappeared before the en^ Qf the season — 64—. without accomplishing appreciable results in mealybug con- trol. While the Federal Bureau is devoting most of its efforts to the use of parasites, several State agencies are doing fur- the? work with possible insecticide materials Some proni- iS^ads have been developed which may later result m adeJuSf means of dealing with this insect by spraymg. Ethylene Dichloride Emulsion For Peach Borer Control The most recent development in peach borer control has been ethylene dichloride emulsion, wl^icV^tf/iTtll'JSrv to • good control of this insect and comparatively little miu^y^o Se trees in experiments which have been jromg on for the rT^t 7 or 8 vears This treatment was first developed by the Tborltory of The Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- t?ne at Fort Valley. Ga., for use on young trees which in that sStion a'V JomeSmes con-dei.bly miured by the parad chlorobenzene crystal treatment, ^/ter a few vear^ o^ ^e^t ino- commercial growers in several localities began using etUtTZLvik and during the past season a number of Sads of this material were used in many sections of the Suntrv Probablv more than a million trees in various lo- Sutie? were thus treated in 1940. For tlie most part the sri^dSr^aM^^^^ S^'d^:?^KhtsSf^ty^^^^^^^^^^^^ Atlanta State conditions have been undertaken. Although we are not yet in position to make Anal s^ate mentfin'thfmatter, a. few tf aUve .,-^^^^ given. In the great majority of the J^ shards mw juiy occurred it is believed that the real ca^se Ws in temperature mprecedi^^^^^^^^^^ ttkes place close ablv know, winter injury veiy i*^JlVf'."'YhP last oart of the to the ground line in the trunk, ^yhlch is the last PJ" tree to harden befo V^l^emiSuJeato^^^^ it is the tree near which the (Jemical treacm f ^^ ^^^^^^^ a very easy matter to confuse^ inter m^^"^ ^^^^ ^he of chemical treatment. A further aimcuuy fact that the condition is 7^"^"^ J^* " ff stiK^^ has time after it first occurred, and the ^^«|'^g/J^^^dition that made efforts to repair the damage ana tne ^v originally existed has been obscured. — 65 — In most localities where observations have been made there was just as much injury in orchards that received no chemical treatment of any kind as there was in similar or- chards nearby that were treated with ethylene dichloride. In a few orchards the evidence is a little confusing, and there appears to be some possibility that ethylene dichloride has caused injury, or has been a contributing factor in the con- dition of the tree which permitted winter injury. These cases appear to be very exceptional and to involve only a few orchards out of thousands that have been successfully treated without anv sign of injury. Since several such cases have occurred in this State, Pennsylvania growers should naturally be a little cautious in the use of the treatment until further experimental work can be done and until there is fur- ther commercial exnerience with it. For those growers who decide to use ethylene dichloride a few suggestions will be made. The emulsion used should be a very stable one and should not separate out rapidly while the material is being used in the orchard or while it is being measured out and poured around the trees. The stock emulsion should be thoroughly mixed before any is taken from the container, and the diluted mixture should be frequently stirred or thor- oughly agitated, in order that 9 uniform emulsion mav be applied to the trees. The emulsion should not be poured di- rectlv on the trunk of the tree, but should be poured on the ground an inch or two from the base of the tree.^ If there are any cracks in the soil about the tree, or if wind move- ment has opened up a space around the tree trunk, all such cracks and spaces should be carefully filled in with soil before the liquid is poured on. Care should of course be taken to follow the directions given for the dilution of the material and for the quantities to be used for trees of various pges. Those using commercially prepared materials will find direc- tions for use on the package. Those who prepare their own emulsions may obtain detailed information from their State Extension Service or from the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture. The ethylene dichloride treatment has a number of de- cided advantages over the former standard paradichloro- benzene crystal treatment. Tp P-eneral it appears to be more nearly safe than the paradichlorobenzene treatment on young trees. It may be effectively applied at much lower soil temperatures, which gives the grower a greater choice in the selection of a time for treatment and permits him to put it on when other operations are less pressing. There is also a small saving in cost. Most of this discussion has related to general trends or to work in other States. Your own workers are in position to — 66— indicate to you how much, if any, of this information wi havfapplication to your particular loca Problems. Tlieyw^^^^^ also undoubtedly continue to keep you informed of all devel- oSientfre^^^^^^^ from their own investigations and obser- vations, as well as of work canned on elsewhere that can be utilized in your own control programs. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Has any work been done on apple curculio? No. 2 What work has been done with Oriental fruit moth parasites? The releasing of Pf^sites has ^eeji spotty Some fine results have been obtained from this torm 01, jittack • 3 ' What parasites have proven to be the most effective for the checking of Oriental fruit moth mcrease? Straw- berry leaf roller parasite. 4. Does the usual spray program kill the parasites . Not apt to be in j urious. THE FRUIT GROWER AND THE CODLING MOTH J O PEPPER, The Pennsylvania State College, State College. Fa. An excellent brief history of the codling moth has been written bv Mr. A. D. Borden. Associate Entomolopst, Col- kge of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley. This article is herewith quoted. ^^u;„„ "When you discover a worm in an apple, you re looking at a codlfng moth, member of one of the world's most his- toric and well-traveled families of insect pests. "Cato some two centuries before Christ, and PJ^^" ^^ first century A. D. w«>te about wormy fPP^« .^Jj* ^^[J doubtless infested with codling moth I" ^g.^' J^^^^Jjutch thp befflnnine of purely entomological literatuie. a uuycn sdentTSdCoedaerdt wrote a treatise on the codhng moth and drew pictures of it in various «Jjf ^f/^^\^/£"^ ment. Under one name or another it has plagued miman apple eaters since the dawn of history. +u ^^ ct^rr, "The native home of the codling moth ^fs^J^heastem Europe, but early in the nineteenth ««"t"7nvlr Euron^ and the world Within that century it spread over Europe ana [nto Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, South Afnca and South and North America. , "In the United States in 1819, codhng moth wa^ ^rst found infesting apples and pears near Boston. Twenty more vears found it finely established *" /l^? ^ff f^^J^^^^j ^n ffi land. By 1860 it was attacking fruit m Iowa and m tne Spring of 1874 it completed its transcontinental journey by appearing in California. . It is now a serious fruit pest m al most every apple producing area m the nation. — 67 — . w^ »j»,;i-.v»»4«i»--^ . Generally speaking the greatest damages from codlmg moth in Pennsylvania seem to appear in the southeast and central areas. However, a few orchards in the other sec- tions of the state are experiencing infestation. The cod- ling moth is capable of becoming a serious insect pest in most any orchard if the grower is not willing to cope with the problem and help hold the insect under control. The orchards and growers that are having this problem now are interested in a practical and economical means of control. In general the control of this insect can be divided into two sections, namely, (1) preventative measures and (2) remedial measures. Many growers do not consider the preventative meas- ures as serious as they should but allow me to emphasize the use of such measures as some of the best weapons we know of in assisting to bring a serious infestation of codling moth under control. Under this particular control measure comes the screening of old picking crates and even pack houses in some cases, the scraping and banding of trees, proper prun- ing of old trees, and a general clean-up of harboring places about the orchard in general. It has been estimated that the progeny of a single over- wintering female codling moth larva is capable of infesting apiproximately eight bushels of apples in one season if none of the progeny is killed by sprays or other means. Even at a very reasonable price for apples this runs into money losses. In many places these preventative measures when put into use have paid for themselves many fold. The reader is here referred to a picture at the end of this article showing just a few codling moth adults from picking crates, and some of the first and second generation worms collected in treated bands. The value of scraping and banding in a codling moth in- fested orchard cannot be over-estimated. To show this value, in the table below are the results from the same or- chards for the years 1939 and 1940, where scraping and band- ing plus a good spray schedule was followed. Effect of Chemically Treated Bands of Codling Moth Populations No. of Trees Ave. No. of Larvae Collected Per Tree County 1939 1940 1939 1940 Decrease 1 51 66 47.0 38.9 8.1 2 10 12 28.0 35.3 + 7.3 8 21 41 87.0 19.7 67.3 4 17 15 107.0 35.5 71.5 5 62 14 110.0 73.7 36.3 6 6 14 53.0 34.5 18.5 7 13 18 208.0 90.1 92.2 41.7 115.8 Totals 180 180 48.4 KOPPERS Flotation Suiphur For Healthier Trees and an Increased Yield of Finer Fruit u McfcWcA i;o*'"X,e ptcpio^- „ Valpt>w V^ f*^ Anlv »f«« '^'Sficstca i^i '-°"*^th-> \'l^h other matui p„,»«ot.^"'P i„„gcr-| .»• in oW-' .,„ to wco ,, ...inn sui h*4 vecf^ "previa'* '" • „ Suip""'^ '\ % l^b other matui p„,»«ot.^"'P i„„gcr-|J ' '^»"*'"^( S^ was recommended by the Extension Service in t^^f^O spray letters The experiments showed further that arsenica <>?}f/,^ ^'^""^to ^inj drift, cloud of snrav mist and mmimize the loss due to wina The scope of our fruit ^^^^<^^ I^^^^,,^''^X^\ll extended only through increased Pfjf <^""«J; gl^ y^^ld first believe that our present «tu'1ies in>^ ve mse-^ts that no rank as enemies of Pennsvyama fruits- a^^^^^^ tion to follow each of these Imes oj "vestmawn to >^ conclusion. However. ^^ ^"f/J^^l^^^J'l'iw one In this staees. we have th. onnortunitv ^fl Pl^"/ Jl^^jjcrowers' connection we ^vfjcome the ^u^^^jJ^^J^',^^ Smittee for Advisory Committee, the Growers Aovisor the Arendtsville laboratory, and the mdividuai grow — TO — HI tl. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Would basic lead in form of dust be comparable with acid lead for plum curculio ? Not known. 2. Compare basic lead with acid lead as to efficiency of control. About the same in control. 3. Would you get a build up of curculio if no spraying were ever done ? Results are not certain. GROUND SPRAYING FOR SCAB CONTROL DR. H. W. THURSTON, JR., Department of Botany, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. To those who know the life habits of the apple scab fun- gus there has always been the possibility of contributing to the control of the scab disease by attacking the parasite in its winter quaHers. When once it is understood that this fungus passes the winter in the dead leaves on the ground, it seems a very natural thing indeed to search for some way of destroying it at that time and thus prevent the discharge of spores in the spring which cause the primary infections. Theoretically it should be possible to plow under the dead leaves, or rake them up and bum them, and cut off the supply of innoculum at its source. The theory is sound, the difficulty comes about in putting the theory into practice. Any leaves that are missed, that blow into fence rows, or close to tree trunks or that are broken to bits and slip through the rake teeth are sufficient to start the spring epi- demic, and make necessary the spring and summer protective spray schedule that we are all so familiar with. The point is that any such sanitary or eradicant program must account for very nearly 100% of the leaves on the ground if it is to bring about much relief from the present spraying program. In recent years (since 1925) there has been a very delib- erate search for a spray that could be applied to leaves on the gi-ound, which would penetrate into the leaf tissue and kill the fungus. Assuming that there are chemicals that will do this, the same very practical difficulties in making it work still exist. First, there is the difficulty in hitting all the leaves. Fallen leaves have a tendency to pile up in layers and drifts. Suppose you do hit all the top ones on the pile and later the wind turns the pile over and exposes some which have not been sprayed. These may be as potentially dangerous as those which are missed in an attempt to rake and bum or plow them under. The idea of ground spraying has been attracting considerable attention the past two or three years in at least a dozen states. Certain states have conducted careful experiments and have reported a few chemicals at least, which are said to kill better than 90% of the scab spores in dead leaves which are hit with the spray. The chemical that has attracted the most attention for the oast two years is sodium-dinitro-ortho-cresylate, which many of vou know by its trade name Elgetol. You are no doubt asking yourself the question "Has this material a place in my apple spray program?" If by making a single ground appli- cation durin? the doi-mant period in the sprmg, we could leave off one or two subsequent sprays on the trees, 1 am cer- tain such procedure would be speedily and widely adopted If on the other hand, a ground spray is to be added to the present spray program, is the extra cost for labor and ma- terial justified? Our own experimental use of this material as a ground spray is pretty much in line with the results reported from other states. It is difficult to get clear cut results in the field. If a portion of an orchard be treated and the rest left untreated as a check, scab spores blown into the Ueated por- tion by the wind have a tendency to obscure the results. If an entire orchard is treated then there is nothing left for comparison but some other nearby orchard. ^^^.^"^^^f'H between different orchards are far from accurate. The data and o^Siions of various investigators boiled f ^^•"'n ";;J,if this In orchards with a heavy carry-over of scab moculum. ground spravinfr does shan>ly reduce the amount of early Sfection However, enough scab escapes the ground spray or is blown in from outside to make it necessary to continue with the full customary sprav nrogram. Growers who have had repeated difficultv or faihires m controHmQ' scab with the stSard schedules mieht find ground snraving a very vSUm" addition to their proters consider that ground treatments are S v^rTdeSlv in the experimental stage of development lid Kesent should be considered a ^-^^J^^^^^^^^' measure and in no sense a substitute for present practices. No doubt many of you have read an article in the Amer- ican Fmit Growers for December entitled A New Spray ^s Bom". I should like to raise the question Of YV*\^™ vo?u val™e is a newly bom infant?" It may turn out to be^a va^u^ able citizen or even a gemus, or it "^^y.^f^^f^^^/^Sy maturitv or may even grow up to be a cnmmal and a 'lamuxy to his parents and to society. "IT^^s.^V^Jeaf things for Tt the birth of a new spray and anticipate f «^t .^h ngs tor it in the future, let us not expect it to do a man s job dunng the first 10 years of its life. My suggestion to those of you ^J^o may be e^^^^^ terested in this matter to want to try it for yourselves, wouia — 81 — ii be to request your county agent and the extension patholo- gist to cooperate with you in laying out the plot and in reach- ing the results, so that we may all keep our feet on the ground and our heads clear on this matter and neither con- demn prematurely nor become overly enthusiastic until our new bom infant comes of age. SAFER SPRAY SCHEDULES FOR APPLES DR. H. J. MILLER, Department of Botany, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. The problem of spray injury has, of course, received considerable attention in the last few years. The reason for this is not because we are becoming too critical about our spray programs but is rather due to the fact that the amount of spray injury has definitely increased during the last 15 or 20 years. The cause of this increase is to be found in the fact that spray equipment has been improved so that our spray applications are heavier and more thorough as well as being more timely. This has also enabled you to get on more sprays at heavier dosages where the control of a disease de- mands such measures. All of this has enabled us to reduce the disease problem to a point bevond which it is not comm^rciallv feasible to go. This is P very fortunate situation, but the disheartenincr pf»rt of the picture is this acute problem of sprav iniury which this verv effective spraving has caused us. Thus we seem to be faced with the problem of choosinp- between ^ood control and excessive spray iniury on one hand and less spray injury with poor control on the other hand. I shall try to explain to vou in this short time how we have made some progress in solving this problem and you will see that it is possible to avoid serious spray injury without sacrificing control. I think these preliminary remai^ks have made it plain that I am talkiner primarily to those of vou growers who have been getting commercial control o^ apple scab. We cannot do as much about spray in^urv wh^n the grower does not already pret good control. Mv remarks will be concerned only with foliage sprays and only those materials which control diseases such as apple scab or, in other words I shall be talk- inPT about copper and sulphuv fungicides Rather than to talk about the specific results of our experimental work that we have accumulated ye^^ after vear, I am oroing to take the spray schedule itself and discuss our results in relation to this program which you growers try to follow every grow- ing season. Our experimental work in Plant Pathology the last sev- eral years has been mainly directed towards lowering the — 82 — amount of iniury we get from the spray program that has been used. The earlier experiments were concerned with a schedule which used only one or possibly two materials and attempts were made to safen the use of this one material. For instance, lowering the concentration of lime sulphur from 1-50 to 1-75 materially reduced the injury. Also the use of catalytic sulphur reduced injury to a certain extent. However, these changes did not solve the spray injury prob- lem. We did get a reduced amount of injury but it was still serious. Gradually it became apparent that we must liter- ally take the schedule completely apart and find whether it was the pre-bloom sprays, petal fall, or one or more of the cover sprays that was giving the injury. If we could decide- '^* what spray applications it was that gave us the injury prob- lem then we could begin to try safer materials only in that part of the schedule which was giving us the trouble. With this approach in mind we will begin a discussion of the devel- opment of a safe spray schedule, using as a basis the experi- mental data which we have obtained in the last two or three years. Let us temporarily forget, what we have previously thought about spray materials for apple scab control and really start at the beginning of this problem. In order that we may have a better understanding on how to choose the type of funricide for a given sprav, we should first discuss apple scab development throughout the season. We should know which parts of the sprav schedule are important for the control of apple scab. It has been repeatedlv observed... and confirmed bv experimental work that apple scab spreads verv rapidlv before bloom. It is known that apple srab spreads rapidlv also during bloom, but we will disregard this point in our discussion of a sprav schedule since bloom spr- ing is not generallv feasible. The three or four week period after bloom or that period in which the petal fall and first cover spray should protect the foliage and fruit is also known to be a period in which scab mav spread almost as rapidly as before bloom. This is especially true if there has been a wet period during bloom. Following this three to four week period after bloom we find that the apple fruit and foliage is becoming more resistant to scab. This ^^f f^^^^Jf^^^^^^^ along with the higher temperatures about the first of June prevent scab from developing very much during the rem^^^^^ der of the spray season. Therefore, to ^u^nmanze t^^^^^^ spray situation, we find that the two or three J^hag^^^^^^ before bloom are very important for scab ^^^^^^r^^^^ petal fall and first cover spray are almost as ™P^™^^^^ most years ; and that the second, third and f oi^^^ cover sprays are much less important for good scab control. — 83 — ii Now, keeping these facts about scab control in mmd, we will turn to a consideration of the materials which we have at hand to choose from in our spray program. In the discus- sion of these materials I shall attempt to tell you what our experimental work has shown in regard to their usage with- out resorting to the use of complicated charts. There are two types of spray materials which we have to choose from. These are sulphurs and coppers. In the sulphur group we have the choice of liquid lime sulphur or the so-called wet- table sulphurs such as Flotation sulphur and Magnetic wet- table or the use of materials to safen lime sulphur. Of ^^^^ copper group we have the choice of either home-made Bor- deaux mixture which is a mixture of copper sulphate and hy- drated limp or the so-called "substitute" coppers. These sub- stitute or insoluble coppers are commercial preparations ot various compounds of copper and are intended for use in place of Bordeaux mixture. Now that we have a choice of spray materials before us, we can start to build up a spray schedule utilizing what we have pointed out about the times in the spray schedule when apple scab must be hit hard. We can take liquid lime sulphur first and see how it works out in the schedule. Lime sulphur is an excellent fungicide and we all know that it will give ex- cellent control of scab. This is what we especially want dur- ing the pre-bloom foliage sprays where, you will recall, we decided we must hit scab the hardest. A consideration of our iniurv data shows that lime sulphur does not five us any serious visible injury during this pre-Woom period. Thus, it looks as if we can get adequate scab control during this pre- bloom period without serious injury by using lime sulphur. When we turn to the use of lime sulphur after bloom we are confronted with an injury problem which now becomes particularly acute because of the necessity of using lead ar- senate in the same mixture with lime sulphur. Experimen- tal results show that the injury from this lime sulphur and lead arsenate mixture are too serious to be ignored and that we must look for other materials. We are thus lead to turn to either dilute lime sulphur or a wettable sulphur. First, we find from our experimental work that the wettable sul- phurs do not give as much arsenical injury as lime sulphur in combination with lead arsenate if at least three pounds of hydrated lime to the hundred is used. However, scab con- trol data shows that these wettable sulphurs do not hold scab quite as well as lime sulphur. Remembering that we have already decided that the petal fall and possibly first cover sprays might be important in scab control we are faced with the choice of good scab control and more injury with the lime sulphur or less injury and possibly slightly poorer control in some wet seasons with a wettable sulphur. Perhaps the best — 84 — •• W; < y«l Sf»A- TrT^ F. ^/.'T-i y. 7 «f-^:i.-f-:* ;' *g 1v--r '^,^.^ is4<. 'v ■a--v «•• .**. ^:Z^j •N«4-»#fe, ^-J^l^' % l»^-^ ■ * ' V?', f '» '''^- ^¥m ^^ Ek^ For better Fruit and a better Cover Crop, fertilize your orchard a month or more before blossom time with GRANUIAR ^AERO' CYANAMID the LIME-NITROGEN FERTILIZER 21% Nitrogen— 70% Lime ii-^-'K-^' '■J.<- Sl^.^1l AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA NEW YORK. N. Y. — 86 — ■ ■.^-R■^ Now, keeping: these facts about scab control in mmd, we will turn to a consideration of the materials which we have at hand to choose from in our spray program. In the discus- sion of these materials 1 shall attempt to tell you what our experimental work has shown in regard to their usage with- out resorting to the use of complicated charts. There are two types of spray materials which we have to choose from. These are sulphurs and coppers. In the sulphur group we have the choice of liquid lime sulphur or the so-called wet- table sulphurs such as Flotation sulphur and Magnetic v^et- table or the use of materials to safen lime sulphur. Ot the copper group we have the choice of either home-made Bor- deaux mixture which is a mixture of copper sulphate and hy- drated limp or the so-called "substitute" coppers. These sub- stitute or insoluble coppers are commercial preparations ot various compounds of copper and are intended for use m place of Bordeaux mixture. Now that we have a choice of spray materials before us, we can start to build up a spray schedule utilizing what we have pointed out about the times in the spray schedule when apple scab must be hit hard. We can take liquid lime sulphur first and see how it works out in the schedule. Lime sulphur is an excellent fungicide and we all know that it will give ex- cellent control of scab. This is what we especially want dur- ing the pre-bloom foliage sprays where, you will recall, we decided we must hit scab the hardest. A consideration ot our iniurv data shows that lime sulphur does not ^ive us any serious visible injury during this pre-Woom penod. Thus, it looks as if we can get adequate scab control during this pre- bloom period without serious injury by using lime sulphur. When we turn to the use of lime sulphur after bloom we are confronted with an injury problem which now becomes particularly acute because of the necessity of using lead ar- senate in the same mixture with lime sulphur. Experimen- tal results show that the injury from this lime sulphur and lead arsenate mixture are too serious to be ignored and that we must look for other materials. We are thus lead to turn to either dilute lime sulphur or a wettable sulphur. First we find from our experimental work that the wettable sul- phurs do not give as much arsenical injury as lime sulphur in combination with lead arsenate if at least three pounds of hvdrated lime to the hundred is used. However, scab con- trol data shows that these wettable sulphurs do not hold scab quite as well as lime sulphur. Remembering that we have already decided that the petal fall and possibly first cover sprays might be important in scab contix)l we are faced with the choice of good scab control and more injury with the lime sulphur or less injury and possibly slightly poorer control in some wet seasons with a wettable sulphur. Perhaps the best — 84 — f^ rtr ^^ -»*».' ™ m^w^m r* vl t K-V* 45I i Mi ^^^^J '^A< \. / ■^h5^. ... 1^1 ^^'ittiik'^*: ^-r<^mmmi VipJ ¥ ■€ HM i^'*'"LiS: .. m^c^ For better Fruit and a better Cover Crop, fertilize ^^&1 your orchard a month or more before blossom time with GRANULAR 'AERO' CYANAMID the IIME-NITROGEN FERTIIIZER 21% Nitrogen— 70% Lime '^0^^t ^•riii-- AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY fo ROCKEFELLER PLAZA NEW YORK, N. Y. — 85 — INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE I _--. fr II we can do here is to leave the choice up to the grower who must consider how much wet weather he had up to this per- iod and how much trouble he normally has in controlling scab in his particular orchard. We now turn our attention to the second and remaining cover sprays, keeping in mind the fact that the cover sprays are not very critical for scab control. This allows us to use a milder sulphur such as the wettable sulphurs with lime in these last sprays of the season. However, we must again consider experimental results on spray injury resulting from the use of wettable sulphurs in the cover sprays. These re- sults show that in years when the summer temperatures are unusually high, scorching of leaves and fruit will result from a heavy sulphur coverage built up by the application of too many sulphur sprays. We have also found that sulphur is ineffective in preventing a late arsenic injury which appears in late August and September after all the sprays have been applied. In the light of these injury factors, we are forced to turn to copper materials. These copper materials have proved to be more effective in controlling this injury which appears so late in the season. They would also, of course, avoid the build up of sulphur. By stopping the use of a sul- phur after the second cover we should not have too high a sulphur load on the fruit and foliage . The choice of a copper material can be decided largely on the basis of which material will give the least amount of inj ury since most of them will give all the scab control that is needed at that time of year. Turning again to experimen- tal results we find that the substitute coppers such as Cop- osil, Basicop, Hytox copper, etc., will prevent this late ap- pearing injury better than the sulphurs. However, with the permission of the entomologists, I must quote their data taken on our spray plots which show that these substitute coppers very markedly reduce codling moth control and that we must not use them where this pest is a pi-oblem. There- fore, we are left with only Bordeaux mixture which has two very good points in its favor for use on the third and fourth cover sprays. First, it does control the late appearing injury better than the other coppers and second, it does not reduce codling moth contix)l. We do not have enough experimental data to tell exactly what fonnula of Bordeaux is best, but indications are that a very low amount of copper sulphate will be necessary to avoid too much copper residue on the foliage. The question can be logically raised as to why we don't start earlier with the coppers. Our results have clearly dem- onstrated that a Bordeaux earlier than six weeks foUowmg bloom causes too much russet on the fruit. Some of the sub- stitute coppers do not cause this russet, but our results have — 86 — > definitely shown that some of them do cause too much russet. Those which do not cause serious russet can, of course, be used in the first or second cover, but one should be extremely certain that the particular brand he was using would not cause russet especially on such copper susceptible varieties as Jonathan. With certam varieties such as Stayman and Red Delicious which do not russet easily with copper, it should be possible to start the use of a weak Bordeaux m sec- ond cover spray. You will note that I have not been very specific in re- gard to concentrations of materials or which specific brands of certain materials are better. There are many pomts such as these which we can never finally settle in experimental work as we have to conduct it. You growers through the help of the extension service should determine, for instance, the concentration of lime sulphur to be used in the petal fall spray or whether you should use a wettable sulphur alto- gether after bloom. Factors such as the severity of scab in your particular area, how well equipped you are for quick coverage, etc., must be considered in deciding how mild a ma- terial one can use. To summarize then, we seem to have worked out what might be called a three part schedule for apple scab control. The first part would call for lime sulphur applications betore bloom The second part calls for either a wettable sulphur or a weaker lime sulphur for the petal fall and first cover^ Sulphur should also be used in second cover on copper suscep- tibSvarieties. The third part would call for a weak Bor- deaL in the remaining cover sprays. Bordeaux could begin in the second c^^^^ on varieties which do not russet easily with copper We are quite certain that this schedule will rJme mo?e neariy answering the need for a safe spray pro- S-am. In other words, I think it will avoid senous injury without sacrificing control. I urge you to consult the extension service through your poimtv aJent in working out your individual spray pix)grams Zy St^ g?^^^^^^ you apply the experimental results to your own problems. COMPARISON OF SOME MILD SPRAY SCHEDULES Stayman, 1939 SCHEDULE Pre-Bloom L. S. 1-75 L. S. 1-75 L. S. 1-75 L. S. MnS04 Petal Fall & iBtOover MikeS. Mike S. L. S. 1-75 2nd, 3rd & 4th Ck)ver Bord 2-4-100 "ZO" IV2 L. S. 1-75 % Fruit Russet Leaf Injury 21.6 7.0 12.1 7.6 4.5 21.6 48.2 43.0 Note high leaf injury with straight lime sulphur — 87 — i^ schedule even when safened with manganese sulfate. Use of wettable sulphur in petal fall and first cover followed by ZO reduced this injury. The injury was practically eliminated in 1939 by the use of Bordeaux following the wettable sul- phur in petal and first cover. None of the fruit russet was enough to eliminate fruit from No. 1 grade. COMPARISON OF SOME MILD SPRAY SCHEDULES Stayman, 1940 SCHEDULE Pre-Bloom L. S. 1-50 L. S. 1-100 L. S. 1-50 L. S. 1-50 Petal Fall & First Cover L. S. 1-50 4th Cat. S. Mag. 70 Paste Mag. 70 Paste 2nd, 3rd & 4th Covers L. S. 1-75 AU Sprays Bord. 2-4-100 ♦•ZO" 2-4-100 % Leaves Injured 51.4 46.6 35.0 24.3 Note highest leaf injury with a straight lime sulphur schedule. Catalytic sulphur also gave excessive Ifte injury when used throughout the season. Use of a wettable sul- phur in petal fall and first cover and a copper in remaining cover sprays reduced the leaf injury Bordeaux 2-4-100 gave excessive injury in 1940 because of high rainfall at end o± August. A lower amount of copper sulphate would have been safer, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. How weak Bordeaux would be safe for cover sprays? Less than two pounds per hundred gallon. 2 What reasons do you have that arsenate of lead and copper cut down the control of codling moth ? None. VIRUS DISEASE OF PEACHES (With Special lieference to X-Disease) E. M. STODDARD, Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Conn. In view of the fact that the subject of virus diseases of peaches covers such a wide neid it would seem presumptuous that we should at this time attempt to cover this field. Rather, I propose to touch only briefly on some of the bettei known vims diseases of peacnes and only give m detail the things we have been able to learn about X-aisease. A list of the common virus diseases of peach would in- clude peach yellows, little peach. Phony peach, i-osette, peach mosaic, red-suture and X-disease with, shall we say, its vari- ations The term variation is here used to designate virus diseases of peach occurring in several parts of the country which are quite similar to the originally described disease but have so tar not been proven identical. — 88 — M Peach yellows and little peach are considerad to be dif- ferent manifestations of the same virus. They difter in that the **yellows" causes premature ripening of somewhat en- larged fruit and the formation of numerous abnormal sprouts on the trunk and large limbs, while 'little peach'' causes late ripening of dwarfed fruit and no abnormal spix)uting. It is interesting to note that peach yellows has been a recognized disease since 1791 and that these two diseases are the only ones of the lengthening list of peach virus diseases for which an insect vector has been discovered. Considering the fact that the first scientific paper on peach yellows was published in 1888 you will appreciate that insect vectors of peach virus diseases are so far not readily found. Phony peach is characterized by the unusually luxuriant appearance of the foliage, bushy growth and undersized fruit. This disease is interesting in that the virus is only present in the roots although the symptoms are observed in the top. Rosette is another one of the old timers among peach virus diseases, having been recognized in 1891. As its name implies, this disease is characterized by dense tufts ol leaves at the tips of the branches. Red suture is recognized by a yellowing or bix)nzing of the foliage and a premature ripening of the fruit on one side, usually the suture side, accompanied by the presence of red- dened ridges. Peach mosaic causes a variegation in the flowers, a delay in foliation, and a yellowish variegation ot^the foliage in the sprkig. The fruit is lumpy especially on the suture side, and mostly with a nearly normal flesh. Despite the varying symptoms exhibited by these dis- eases they all have one chamcter in ^^"^"fZ^r"^^^^^ can all be transmitted by budding or f ^afting f ^^m a ^^^^ eased tree to a healthy tree. It has been s^o^^ t^a^^^ them can be transmitted to other ^P^^l^^l ASn that it method and in the case of peach mosaic it is known that it occurs naturally on Maynard plum. ThP^P brief descriptions have been given so that the charSfrMirslmSom^ of the several virus ^seasej.^^,,^, compared with the symptoms of X-disease. with whicti mis paper is chiefly concerned. In 1933 it came to our attention that there were in a Connecticut peach orchj J trees e^^^^^^^^^ symptoms, the cause of which couia ""^ "^ rpv^ j^ ap- cLparison with any recorded Pf^]^, tTct' a new demand peared that here was a new disease and at once a new a from our growers for something to do to control n. ^y _89 — suffice to say without going into too much detail that orchard surveys, collection of data on cultural practices, study ot weather records, extensive investigation of the possibility ot fungi being the casual agent and budding and grafting ex- periments brought us to the conclusion that we had m Con- necticut a new virus disease of peach, a disease which our records at an early date showed to be increasing rapidly and being capable of causing serious loss unless it could be con- trolled. As an indication of the rapidity of spread let us look at the records oi four typical orchards, m orchard A, set in 1933, the disease had increased from 5 per cent in 1934 to 67 per cent in 1937, in orchard B, set in 1933, X-disease did not appear until 1936, when 11 per cent of the trees were affected and going to 30 per cent in 1937. Orchard C, set m 1932 showed 11 per cent in 1934, increasing to 85 per cent m 1937, and Orchard D, increasing from 31 to 94 per cent of infected trees in three years. At the present time X-disease is known to occur on peach in Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts and probably Idaho, Utah and Washington. It has been reported on choke cherry Prunus virginiana, from all the New England states except Maine, New York, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and on the western choke cherry, Prunus demissa, from Utah. After being told that X-disease was first discovered in 1933, that it is beyond reasonable doubt a virus disease, that it can put out of commission 94 per cent of an orchai'd in three years, you will ask what are the symptoms of this dis- ease, what does it do to the trees. The visible symptoms of X-disease are chiefly exhibited on the foliage. About 8 or 9 weeks after growth starts in the spring or approximately the middle of June, part of the foliage on an infected tree, which up to this time has ap- peared perfectly noraial, will suddenly develop indefinite yel- low or light orange areas which rapidly increase in size and number until the entire leaf is involved. This discoloration may or may not be accompanied by leaf roll. With the prog- ress of the disease the color intensifies, the yellow and orange become blended with red and the leaf becomes stiff and brit- tle The discolored areas separate from the rest of the leaf tissue and fall out, giving the foliage a very ragged appear- ance This latter appearance is often not observed as the leaves may shed entirely before the discolored areas drop out. Eventually most of the foliage on the diseased branches will develop the characteristic symptoms and drop with the ex- ception of the tip leaves which are only rarely shed. The tip leaves rarely develop the characteristic blotching, mostly turning a pale yellow green. The virus is present in the roots as evidenced by successful transmission of the disease — 90 — by means of root grafting and by root bark patches inserted in the tops, although no visible symptoms have as yet been found in the root tissue. The reason for the delayed appearance of leaf symp- toms has not been definitely determined but we are of the opinion that the virus does not remain active in the tops over winter and perhaps has to be distributed through the tree each year from the roots. When the leaf symptoms appear the fruit on the affected parts of the tree usually shrivels and falls or continues to hang on the tree as dried up mummies. In mild cases where the fruit remains on the tree, it ripens prematurely and has a bitter flavor and there is no development of the seed. The disease does not necessarily appear over an entire tree at once, but may show at first only on a few twigs, or even on only one twig, and spread irregularly over the tree m subsequent years. This habit often makes it difficult to spot an infected tree in the orchard as the few deceased leaves mav fall off unnoticed the first season and not until the tree is rather completely infected will it be noticed. The presence of healthy and diseased twigs or branches intermingled on the same tree is quite characteristic and the healthy appear- ing branches are quite free of the disease as evidenced by the fact that seedlings budded from healthy branches on an in- fected tree always produce healthy trees while buds from infected branches of the same tree produce diseased trees. The noi-mal appearance of the trees in the early paii: of the seSo^^n mislead one into thinking that a tree has re- covefed! but we do not have any record of a tree having done ^o On the contrary they always get worse with each suc- cisive year Young trees frequently die during the winter MloS a severe Ittack of X-disease, but older trees are nTkilled but are soon rendered valueless because of lack of fruit irodSi^^^ We believe that the young trees die from £cf oKffid^^^^^^ reserve food due to nearly -mpl^^^^^^^^^^^^ tion rather than from bemg directly killed by the disease. Ji fafe is I^4Ttoteac\es from choke chej-ryPr^^^^^^^^ giniana, and from that it at once ^PP^^l^^nf ^L^e cherrv • contix)! the trouble on peaches by eradication of choke ch^^^^^^^^ Subsequent experimental ^^wk ^as shown that satistactory control can be obtained by this method. At the end ot toui years small blocks of peaches, situated in one of the woi st m fected areas in the State have shown only ^ »^«J^ «"« Jo Ave ner cent of infected trees where the choke cheriy had been ^■J^ld in the immediate vicinity of the orchard when — 91 — the trees were set. This can be compared with an incidence of from 30 to 60 per cent in blocks of like age and duration of time where the choke cherry was not eradicated. Equal or bettei control has been obtained in commemal orchards where the owners have done the eradicating. Our best sug- gestion is to eradicate the choke cherry the year before the peaches are planted. wViPn we sav eradicate the choke cherry we mean eradi- cate ^r fn the pSance o?the times its "all out" for the choke rhpA-v Cutting off the tops or attempting to grub out the rooty's nofSfactory. fhe bushes "^"st b^cogletely killed with an herbicide sprayed on them when in lull leal. The he™ides containing sodium chlorate have proved most satisfactory in our experimental work. As sodium chlorate is a^ Se oxidizing agent it is dangerous to use a^one and ? Jhoufd only^e used when specially compounded with some material which renders it inactive as an oxidizmg agent and thus it does not constitute a fire hazard. On the choke cherry X-disease exhibits somewhat differ- ent symptoms than on the peach. During the early stages of inSon the foliage on diseased bushes begins to turn a dull red and yellow early in June and the colorintensifies nntil about August 1 the color rivals the most brilliant of aSJlt'co\orin^ Each succeeding.year the -lor ^mes duller and the leaves smaller ending in the death of the plant in a few years. We hesitate to predict but perhaps when enough choke cheriy is killed the spread of the disease will be arrested. Of course we recommend as an additional precaution the removal of diseased peach trees from the orchard as soon as found. The infected trees will be of no commercial value it left in and it further reduces the possibility of spread al- though in Connecticut our data do not show any conclusive evidence of spread from peach to peach. In other sections it would appear that X-disease does spread from peach to peach more readily. From data collected in two orchards, we conclude that it is safe to set new trees where diseased ones have been removed. One of these orchards, about 20 acres in area, was reset to peaches following the removal of a heavily infected orchard and so far there have been no infected trees except such as could be accounted for by proximity to choke cherry In the other orchard new trees were set where indi- vidual infected trees were taken out and in no case have any of them become diseased during a period of three years. It is entirely possible to set trees in an orchard which have been infected in the nursery, in fact it is quite probable that this would happen if X-disease was prevalent on choke — 92 — n cherrv around the nursery and proper precautions were not taken to prevent infection of the peaches, or the nurseryman tSk bud sticks from orchard trees that were infected or used Ss f rom hifected trees in his own nursery. Probably we Sn assSme that the several States will niak^ ^hejiecessa^ regulations to insure disease-free trees and a,ll you as grow- er! need to do is to get your trees where the dise^e does not occur or where the regulations are properly made and en- forced to insure clean stock. We have discussed the spread of X-disease from choke cherry to peach to peach and have suggested methods to pre- vent^fpread and now you will ask how does this disease soread and how far from a known source of infection, lo the first question it must be said that we do not know but it is probable if one is to judge by the performance of many other virus diseases, that it is carried by some sacking in- sect We have in our experimental plots about 500 peach tree's which have fed various and numerous insects that pre- vious to their feeding on these trees have been fed on eithei diseased choke cherry or diseased peach at some stage ot their development. To date the results have been entirely negative. It is discouraging to think that it took over 50 vears to find the insect carrier of yellows and littie peach. As to distance X-disease can spread from a given pomt we can only say that so far we have no positive record of it spreading over 300 feet from a known source of mtection. We have set 500 feet as a required distance that our nursery- men must have peach stock from choke cherry. By all means keep choke cherry as far away from your peach trees as pos- sible or practicable. Summary 1. X-disease is a new and serious virus disease of peach. 2. It occurs on choke cherry, Pninus virginiana, and spreads from this host to peaches. 8. The relationship of the disease occurring on both hosts has been demonstrated by cross-inoculations. 4. The maximum distance of spread recorded is 300 feet. 5. X-disease can be controlled by eradicating dioke cherry in the vinicity of peaCh orchards and r«mo™ disease^ peach trees as soon as found. For best results eradicate choke cherry the year before the trees are set. 6. In localities where there are no choke cherries appar- entiy the disease will not exist unless brought m on dis eased nursery stock. — 93 — Uncle Natchei says: •VH\t*6S .psm CHILEAN Nitrate of Soda is^'natcher, the only natural nitrate in the world. It is a wise, safe plan to use it every year on every crop you grow. Its quick-acting nitrate and its many '*vitamin" elements help you make larger yields and better quality. Se Sure You Get WMnnii, NITRATE OF SODA — 94 — BYPRODUCTS AS A MEANS OF SOLVING THE LOWER GRADE APPLE PROBLEM HAROU> G BEATTIE, Associate in Research, New York State Slciilhiral Experiment Station. Geneva, New York You will undoubtedly agree that many apples are placed on the fresh fruit market that giwers wish could be dis- posed of in some other manner. Not only do they compete with the better grades, but their very presence m a store les- sens the attractiveness of the better apples and decreases m- terest in apples generally. Now much of this fruit is just as sound at heart as the "Fancys" and the "Number Ones m spite of blemishes, lack of size and other shortcomings. It is possible to make good apple juice fix>m it by very simple methods, and it is such processes that I wish to discuss with you this morning. Work has been carried on at the Experiment Station at Geneva on the preparation and preservation of ^uit juices for some twelve years. Cruess and his co-workers at Cali- fornia, Marshall at Michigan, and the research departments of Sie can companies have all contributed valuable infoma- tion. Some of our investigations have been in cooperation with the Food Research Unit of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. From this experience we feel that we can make recommendations that should be of value to Pennsylvania as well as New York apple growers. Canned apple juice is not a new pi-oduct. Professor Cruess of California reports that a pack was made in Cali- fornia in 1912 and one in Oregon in 1915. Packs were also made in the East. The cans used at that time were not suit- able for acid fruit juices, coirosion soon set m and ^he juice became unfit for consumption. The juice Prob^^ly wa^^^^^ too good in the first place as modei-n methods of pasteuriza tion were not used. Before considering the p,-oduction of apple )»««■«"» .e what the possibUlties a„ «' ''^ -^^^'^^^^^ tlS b? public. I think we can find a basis toi piogn observing what has happened in the fruit 3«ice mdu try a^ a whole. Juices that were once curiosities are now n gen_ eral use. The American people are ,f "^f f , ,f ^^^^ scious". This is boi-ne out by the ^-"^"^^^TlTmT approximate production for the years 1935 and 1959. — 95 — n TABLE 1 U. S. A. Canned Fruit Juice Pack for 1935 and 1939 (in thousands of cases) Grapefruit Juice Orange Juice Pineapple Juice Prune Juice Grape Juice Lod ^^^^^^ Last fall we blended Baldwin Cortland Northern Spy and Russet and obtained an excellent juice. Ot course the type of juice (acid, medium, or mild) that a pack- S makes will depend upon the varieties that are available for his use. It is wise to make some experimental pressings using different blends to see just which one is superior and then adhere as closely as possible to the ^^^^elected If you are packing a mild juice, your customers will probably kick if you switch to a blend that gives an acid product. 2 Selection of the Fruit. The better the fruit the bet- ter the juice. You can't expect to make a good jmce trom green, immature apples or from shriveled, punky, rotten ones The class of fruit mentioned at the beginning is suitable but it must be carefully inspected and anythm.cr that is at all questionable should be discarded. The apples must be ma- ture, but not over-mature. • The effect of maturity on quality of jui^ce is best shown by an experiment in which we pressed Baldwins from the slme orchard at intervals from October until February The juices were tasted by individuals who did not know their his- tory and were rated as shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Influence of Maturity of Apples upon the Quality Rating of Baldwin Apple Juice Number of Individuals Rating Quality as Good Fair Poor Pressed Oct.. 1938 10 10 ^ Pressed Nov.., 1938 14 » Pressed Dec, 1938 21 J ^ Pressed Feb., 1939 7 5 xu It may be seen that the quality rating dropped off alam- ingly in the February pressing, and ^ho^^^^y we beli^^^^^ thit highest quality juice cannot be made from apples held in cold storage. 3 Preparation of the Juice. The rack and frame hy- drauUc pSrstiU remains the best method of Pressin^^^^^^ juice. In recent years continuous presses and commmuters — 97 — ¥ have been developed, but in our expenence they give products more like apple sauce than juice. One of the worst features of the hydraulic press is the cloths. In some mills they are never washed, and dirty press cloths never improved any juice. These cloths should be well washed and when not in use kept dry and free from mold. 4 Deaeration. All apple juice contains air. Some of it was in the fruit originally, more was whipped m when the apples were ground and more added in subsequent handling. The oxygen in the air oxidizes the juice causing it to darken in color have less flavor and deposit more precipitate alter canning. It is to eliminate these defects that we recommend passing the juice through a deaerator as soon as it is pressed and screened. A deaerator is essentially a device in which a thin film or juice is subjected to vacuum. The decreased pressure causes the air to be released from the film of juice Not only does this practically eliminate further oxidation of the juice, but it obviates troublesome foaming when the juice leaves the pasteurizer. Good juice may be packed without deaera- tion, but we feel that deaeration is a desirable practice. 5 Flash pasteurization consists essentially in flowing the juice through some device heated either by steam or hot water by which the temperature is rapidly raised to the pas- teurization point. This is in direct contrast to heating a large quantity of juice in a kettle. Flash pasteurization is a rapid method, and one by which over heating and the result- ing cooked apple sauce flavor may be avoided. 1 here are many types of flash pasteurizer. They vary all the way from the simple coil type that can be built at home for pasteur- izing small lots of juice to the large units built to handle many gallons per hour. The principal is the same in all ot them ; quick indirect heating of continuously flowing liquid. 6 The juice flowing from the flash pasteurizer at ap- proximatelv 170" F. should be immediately filled into cans or bottles. Fill the containers full. This eliminates headspace and leaves no air. The juice has already been deaerated to eliminate air, and a slack fill just puts more air back m. Plain tin cans are not suitable containers for fruit juices. It is imperative that cans coated with special fruit enamel be used Whatever the container, the juice should be cooled as rapidly as possible aftev the three minute period necessaiy for pasteurizing the closure has elapsed. During this three minute period, the cans should be inverted, and the bottles placed on their sides. This allows the hot juice to come in positive contact with cover and cap and thereby sterilize them. —98— As soon as the closures ar-e stenlized, we have no more use for the heat. It has done its work. Get rid of it as soon as possible. Slow cooling tends to impart a cooked flavor even to flash pasteurized juice, especially if it is packed in large containers. Cans may be sprayed with or immersed in cold water until they are little more than lukewann. Don t cool cans until they are "stone cold". Leave them a little warm so that they will dry quickly when taken from the cool- ing bath. The modern light weight glass bottles are sui-prib- ingly resistant to shock, but it is wise to cool them first in water at about 140° F. and then in cold water. Our findings on the influence of the container on the quality of apple juice are summarized in Table 4. TABLE 4 Influence of Containers upon the Quality Rating of Baldwin Apple Juice Number of Individuals Rating Quality as Good Fair Poor Enamel Can A 10 « i Vacuum Sealed Bottle 10 » * Crown Bottle 13 » w Plain Can B 3 1 ^^ This fall we have developed an apple raspberry juice that has been very well received. It is a blend of the JUice of black and purple raspberries with apple juice The beiries were preserved by freezing at the time of picking, and this fall when apple juice was available they ^er^.thawed out and pressed We found that the best proportion was 20.3% Ky juice and 75.8% apple juice. The addition of about 3 9% sugar was necessary to bring out the best flavor. The flavor and color of the blend is predominantly raspberry. We f eTthat itt ine of the best juices that we have developed^ and that it is a high-class product that merits a piemium price. I have confined myself in this discussion to juice because it seems to me to be the best bet Jor the disposal of apples through so-called "by-product" channels The wide us^^^^^ other juices has paved the way for at l«««tf. ^^^"^Sase by a pix)duct. But we must bear m mmd that the P"rch^«« by ^ Lusewife of«- ^" te^«^^^^^ tve' qualify! 'qSt'^lTalft;!' H we do Xthe industry will perish be- fore its growing pains have abated. -^99 — i GROWERS' VENTURES IN THE PREPARATION OF BY-PRODUCTS L. E. NEWCOMER, Berks-Lehigh Cooperative Fruit Growers, Inc., Boyertown, Pa. In as much as the formation of our Association was it- self a venture and because it is the Association that is pro- ducing the by-pix)duct, it seems logical to give a short his- tory of its formation. The Berks-Lehigh Mountain Fruit Growers Association was foi-med in 1936 when a group of growers in the Berks- Lehigh section felt the need of an information center for m.arket conditions and credit ratings. An office was set up in Boyertown, a manager was employed whose duty it was to contact new outlets and to put prospective buyers in touch with growers. The manager was to receive daily reports from growers and markets so that he could furnish informa- tion as to FOB and Terminal Market prices, as well as retail prices. The Association was so successful during the peach sea- son that it was continued through the apple season. In the Spring a peraianent organization was formed. The Associa- tion was and is a cooperative, and it is peculiar in that the by-laws stipulate that it shall not engage in buying or sell- ing. With only information and marketing assistance to offer as a return for member- ship dues, the number of members has steadily in- creased until now we have over fifty members located in seven or eight counties. More important, the spirit of loy- alty, confidence and coopera- tion has more than kept pace with the growth in member- ship and no one could ask for a finer display of these quali- ties than this group has shown. GOOD'S Keystone Brand SPRAYS Since our organization, at Board Meetings, Horticul- tural Society Meetings and in fact every time a few grow- ers have gathered together. STABILIZED OIL EMULSIONS: Kesoo 83 (83'/r petroleum oil) Kesoe 66 (66%% petroleum oil — sold for years as Keystone Stabilized Oil Emulsion) FISH OIL SOAPS — for making your own emulsions with petroleum oil, ethy- lene dichloride, paradichlorobenzene, carbon bisulfide, etc. James Good, Inc. Manufacturing ChemUts - Sine* 18(8 2106 E^ Susquehanna Ave. PHILADELPHIA, PA. — 100— there has been talk of more cooperation, cooperative buying and seltog and especially of a cooperative byproducts plant. This jrrew from a whisper into a strong demand A By-Pro- ducts^o^ittee was aVpointed, but functioned m name only for some time. In the summer of 1940, when we realized rather abruptly that our ex^rt market was entirely lost, the need of an out- et f or sn^rsized apples added enough weight to the ^eady nresent need of an outlet lor low grade f ru t (such as the growSk^n Franklin and Adams have through their commer- cially owned by-products plants) to spur us into action. During the past year one of our grower members dis- posed of a large quantity of his low grade app es in the form Sfapple ^uice or cider and showed a substantial profit atove the price at which the apples were charged into the plant This price was more than double that paid for cider stock at commercial plants. During this same time, one of our friends and exporters seeing the "handwriting on the wall", and wanting to find some field to develop for himself, began studying the possi- bilities of building a market for an apple dnnk that would taste and smell like fresh juicy apples. Together we studied processes of manufacture used in this and in the Old Coun- try and in general all were discarded because the ela,psed time between pressing and filling containers seemed too long. The processes were such that removed pectin, body, flavor, and aroma. All of these we considered essential to a really good juice. With a heavy or cloudy juice, which would retain all of the aroma and flavor of fresh apples, as our goal we began to figure cost of machinery, fruit, distribution, etc. As a re- sult several group meetings were called, the old By-Products Committee was empowered to proceed with the formation ot a cooperative and to locate and equip a plant for the proces- sing of apple juice. This was a large order to be handed to any group, especially a group who, with one exception, had little more than seen the inside of a cannery before. And ai of this at the height of the Peach Season, and what a season ! We figured, drew plans, consulted machinery manufac- turers canning engineers, all kinds of specialists and auth- orities', and finally drew up a prospectus. One of our grower members who is an attorney was engaged as our legal ad- — 101 — ! visor. A location was secured, our Charter was gi'anted, pro- motion meetings were called and stock was sold. We were all confident that we were going to produce a juice that would be second to none and that our plant would be as modern as any in the country. By this time we had sold about half of our $20,000 capitalization to about fifty growers. While we were busy on this end, our fomer exporter, who was to be our distributor, was callmg upon the Trade, Tsuring them of the quality of the juice we were going to ^•oduce and soliciting their cooperation. In the meantiine we had told Dr. Nixon of our project and he assured us of the suDWi-t of his organization. The Pennsylvania Cham St^re C^unciL One of the large chain drug stores m New York ^14 the first to cooperate by using our laboratory sam- nlefin one or two of their stores. The immediate enthusi- asm of this Chain and of the consumers, added to our opti- mism. As the plans for the Plant developed the need for consid- erable financial assistance became apparent. Our first pros- Sus, which called for some reouilt machinery had been dis- Sded and we decided to use only the most modem of every- S and to employ a process heretofore not used for apple S ?hifd3on increased our yearly estimate by several hundred per cent. Money was needed not only for production costs but for facilities and equipment. A committee took our SJfspectus and called on The Baltimore Bank for Coopera- tives We found ourselves laying our plan before the Piesi- dent.' Manager, Secretary, Business Analyst, Attomey and other Specialists. These gentlemen listened attentively, asked many questions and gave many helpful suggestions. After another visit we were assured of their herp. There is no need to describe the process of remodeling the buildings and installing machinery. Suffice to say, it took twice as long as we had hoped and cost three times as much. Wiring, stainless steel tubing, stainless steel tanks, can coolers, conveyors, twists, turns and shoots, all come high (as they say in the market "in telephone numbers") . To make a long story short, on November second we made a trial run everything worked, though not perfectly. We had pro- duced a juice which was better than we had hoped for, it had body aroma or bouquet and the flavor of fresh apples, with no cooked taste. It seemed to those of us who had worked for so many weeks that a phenomenon had occured. As the days went by our product was sampled by more and more people, including critical buyers and skeptical specialists and all pronounced the product "best yet" or "Just what we want" or said "You have something here". We began to feel — 102 — repaid for the efforts we had expended and to believe that our first growers' venture in the preparation of By-Products Xufd t the^eginning of better days for all concerned. Already we have noticed that our market for our better grades of apples is stronger and the remarks of Truckers ^ "P^^^Ws" that thev hone we will have a fire, lightning, Plant. Our venture has taught us many things, such as : It does not pay to store drops and packhouse culls in bulk for long. Tt takes a ffreat many thousands of bushels of apples to produce enough'^cases of j^uice to keep the per package over- head down to a respectable figure. It takes a good many thousands of dollars to pay tor the cans to put the juice in. It takes a lot of nei^e to produce and store a good many thousands of cases of juice that one hopes to sell before an- other packing season. One very consoling thing has been learned and that is that the public seems to welcome a good apple drmk and that production and not distribution will be our greatest problem. MAINTENANCE OF NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER IN ORCHARD SOILS J. W. WHITE, Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Perhaps the most serious problem that confronts the fruit grower today is that of replenishing the soil organic matter and nitrogen lost annually fix)m orchard soils, ihe excessive decay of organic matter brought about by cultiva- tion and the nitrogen lost annually by leaching, cropping and erosion will soon lead to soil depletion unless measures are taken to replenish that lost and conserve that left at the end of the growing season. Annual Loss of Nitrogen Experiments conducted at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station have shown that soils in clean cultivation lost annually 89 pounds of nitrogen per acre compared with an annual loss of 5.4 pounds from soils in a grain rotation. — 103 — Soil in permanent grass sod lost annually less than one pound of nitrogen per acre. Other experiments of a similar nature have recorded an annual loss ot over 100 pounds per acre of nitrogen from uncropped soil subjected to frequent cultiva- tion. Loss of soil nitrogen by cropping becomes a second source of soil depletion. To produce 600 bushels of apples per acre together with the accompanying giowth of leaves and terminal branches will require the removal of 112 pounds of soil nitrogen, 32 pounds of phosphoric acid and 131 pounds of potash. If we add a conservative estimate of 50 pounds of nitrogen lost by leaching, we find that the annual drain on the soil nitrogen amounts to 162 pounds per acre or that equivalent to the nitrogen contained in 1000 pounds o± ni- trate of soda or 771 pounds of sulfate of ammonia. If we assume that all leaves pmduced during the year are returned to the soil there is still a deficit of nitrogen equivalent to 630 pounds of nitrate of soda. Green Manures and Nitrogen Conservation The practice of green manuring as a means of conser- ving and replenishing soil organic matter and nitrogen is by no means a modern art for this wise system of soil conserva- tion was followed by ancient Roman farmers over 20 cen- turies ago. The relative value of the more common green manure crops in conserving and adding nitrogen to the soil is shown in the following summary computed from data pub- lished in a textbook on Green Manuring by A. J. Pieters. TABLE 1. Nitrogen supplied by the equivalent of four tons per acre of green manure. Pounds nitrogen per acre In Tops In Roots *Nitrogen Nitrogen Total (Hay) and Stubble Gain Conserved Supplied 54 24 52 26 78 67 9 54 22 76 51 21 48 24 72 15 15 5 24 48 42 38 0 24 21 19 67 72 63 57 67 Green Manure Crept Red Clover Vetch Alfalfa Crimson Clover 57 Sweet Clover 48 Soybeans 52 Domestic Rye Grass 43 Average for iic d« M 70 Legumes 55 15 48 22 t^ ♦Approximately 66 per cent of total nitrogen of legumes is obtained from the atmosphere. A study of the figures of Table 1 will show that green manures supply considerable nitrogen when the crop is plowed into the soil. The nitrogen supplied is approximately that contained in 400 bushels of apples together with the leaves and annual terminal growth. If, therefore, we find means of reducing the amounts annually lost by drainage and erosion, then the green manure nitrogen becomes of real sig- nificance. — 104 — Now when the green cix>p is plowed into the soil ferrneji- X i.- \v^ A^n*^M nvfippGds verv rapidly and it the son remains ftSw or suSected to dea^^^^^^^ for a few months, the rSes2y completely decay and much, of the soluble m- Wprm-Xced wm be lost. It seems logical therefore that ?htfli?ow Sod following the incorporated green manure X (bef or? "e next cove^r crop is planted) shou d be near Tetime the apple or peach ^rees produ^ ^eir fru^^^^^^^^ branches for the succeeding year. If the peiioo oi cuiuva tfnn ifextended too long, more nitrogen is produced than c^be Suzed by the trie roots. This is especially true if SraJ founts of commercial nitrogen are applied m the spring. An e^neriment was conducted at the New York Agricul- tural Exp?rSt Station in which various green^-^J^ ^'^^rk ^Zs ^S! p^o^^ed^ndV f^nowi by thr^e SL- o1 cXatTr Wates were determined at^i^^^^^^ ^^MTa! S: Siting S'e'nrof^?hVeSerimlnt ' Se S'vI^nglu'^S? sTowl t\e results secured with represen- tative crops. TABLE 2 Average nitrate nitrogen recovered during thr^ m^nt^ of cumvati^on and the total gain or loss of soil nitrogen. Pounds per acre NiUoi?en lost from soil in 10 years Total Annual —42 — 4.2 —217 —21.7 —380 —38.0 _382 —38.2 —412 —41.2 +415 +41.5 Green Manure Crop Vetch Rye Peas Oata Buckwheat *Permanent grass sod Average Nitrate Nitrogen 47.7 32.0 30.8 26.2 19.4 0 ♦Not plowed. The average nitrate nitrogen for May was 16.4 pounds, June 25.8 and July 46.6 pounds per acre. These results show that when the period of cultivation is extended following the incoiDoration of green manure cix>ps there occurs a serious loss of soil nitrogen even though the cover crop was grown every year, the soil showed a ser- ious loss of nitrogen with the exception of the peimanent sod which showed a substantial gain at the end ot 10 years. Value of Permanent Grass Sod Green manure crops if properly managed may aiford a means of maintaining the level of organic ^^^^ter and nit^^^^ iren of orchard soils but the only known way of buildmg up a high organic matter reserve is through the mamtenance ot a good grass sod. The grass strips which divide the plots of the Jordan Soil Fertility Experiments have been in continuous blue grass since 1869. In 1940 the organic matter and nitrogen were determined on both the grassland soils and the plot soils which have been under cultivation in a four year grain rota- tion, since 1869 (1869-1880 miscellaneous experiments, 1881- 1940 Jordan experiments). After a period of 71 years the grassland soils contained 30,475 pounds organic matter and 1465 pounds per acre of nitrogen in excess of the unfertilized plot soil, 'ihe grassland soils bordering the plot which has received a total of 290 tons of barnyard manure contained 8150 pounds of organic matter and 400 pounds per acre of nitrogen in excess of the manured plot soil. The manured plot soil has remained at a more or less constant level of or- ganic matter for many years, the grassland soils, however, are still gaining in organic matter and nitrogen even after 71 years of continuous sod. Soil fertility experiments conducted by the author on depleted Dekalb mountainland soil have furnished valuable data on the subject of organic matter and nitmgen mainten- ance. Two fields side by side, one in a four year grain rota- tion and the other in permanent bluegrass pasture, each re- ceived the same fertilizer treatments. At the end of eight years the plot soils were examined for total nitrogen and organic matter. When compared with the original composition of the soils it was found that the pasture soil had gained 20,329 pounds per acre of organic matter compared with a 9675 pound gain on the field in a gi'ain rotation. The nitrogen gain was 910 and 490 pounds per acre respectively. These data furnished by the Jordan plot experiments on the most fertile soils of the state to- gether with that of the Snow Shoe experiments on the poor- est phase of Dekalb mountainland soils furnish conclusive evidence of the value of permanent grassland in the main- tenance of soil nitix)gen and organic matter. Rejuvenation of Orchard Soils Through the Use of Green Manuring We have shown that green manure crops have a definite place in orchard management. Like the Roman farmer of long ago, we have learned to make full use of cover crops to conserve and maintain our soil nitrogen and organic matter reserve. We are learning through the school of experience when to release this storehouse of fertility built up in the growing crops, when to plow and how long to cultivate in order to feed the apple and the peach when the trees most need it. Now for a moment let us look below the soil surface and learn a few secrets from nature's most wonderful labora- — 106 — f.vv whirh we are want to call the soil. Countless millions tory which we are wctiiu ens:ae:ed in convertmg this of "^i<=ro^S«^iP^^'^^^XbS^^^^^^ at the same time SSctot the Ss^lSe m£e?als such as phosphorus, potas- attacking xne lu&uiumc , . .. ^ ^ condition suit- S^tof tTe'us: of fhe^UeeSs^ 'Sse minute plants we Si bSteril ox son iScro-organisms, visible only through the S^^ofthe microscope, are constantly throughout the ^w- d^ season creating what we call a fertile soil. The great vin^fot carbon dioxide produced as the final product of iSrn decay combines with the soil water to form carbonic S d%th has'lso a pronounced beneficial effect u^^^^ the tu imrv^rtant ohvsical properties of the soil, texture ana ? ItrSSn S f riabilit^^ Any soil treatment that in- creasefthe nWber and activity of these microscopic plants wmin turn bZefit the plants above the ground. Such soil Satmenrinclude proper aeration (Pl^^/^S ^^^ «,f ^f^C^ nrotection from erosion, liberal and rational use of lime, ShospKs nitrogen aAd potash, and the incorporation of Sb?e pUtnt residues as a source of food or enei^ J* ^^^ iftarn whv it should teach you how and when. Science nas biwffht you these facts, the use of them becomes your art. Art and sdence must go'hand in hand. I^* there be no con- flict between them— thus learn to use your soil and not abuse it. SOME NEW METHODS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT IN PEACH ORCHARDS R. D. ANTHONY and C. O. DUNBAR, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State College "You don't need to tell me about your conditions in Pennsylvania. I know that there is not a peach orchard from Maine to Georgia that does not have an erosion prob- lem" This statement was made by Dr. M. L Nichols of Washington, Director of Research for the Soil Cor^ervation Sice at a conference with members of the Horticultural Department at Penn State to deteiinine the most effective methods of attacking the problem of soil erosion m Pennsyl- vania peach orchards. Perhaps Dr. Nichols covered a little too much territoiy but certainly it would be difficult to tind a half dozen peach orchards in Pennsylvania m which there is not a serious problem of water run-off and soil erosion. Twenty years ago this same statement could have been made of many of the apple orchards from Maine to Georgia but today it is not true. The fruit grower has found that he can prevent erosion in the apple orchard by using properly — 107 — handled sods and, at the same time, grow better fruit and grow it cheaper. Some orchard owners are finding they can get these same results by bringing in mulches when the apple trees become too dense to make it possible to grow a heavy sod. For certain very definite reasons the soil program which has proved entirely satisfactory for the apple does not fit the peach. The apple spur, the bearing area, may complete its annual growth in a week's time and the new fruit bud for next year's crop be well formed by early July. The chief im- portance of good growing conditions after that is in adding size to the fruit of the present season and in gi-owing ter- minal wood to become the bearing area in future years. With the peach this year's terminal growth is next year's bearing area and to insure proper volume for next year's crop these tei-minals must continue to grow up to August or even well into August. By this time the fruit of this year is increasing in size very rapidly ; so for size of this year's fruit and vol- ume of next year's crop, the peach needs good growing condi- tions through a much longer period than the apple. Even liberal use of nitrogenous fertilizers may not induce such growth in the presence of too heavy a sod. Fear of restricting tree growth by a competing soil cover has led our peach growers from one dilemma into an- other. The annual cultivation which has produced the de- sired long period of growth has now burned out so much of the soil organic matter that the weakened physical condition of the soil has resulted in puddling of the surface, slowing up rainfall penetration, and increased eix)sion. In many peach orchards the soil destruction has gone so far that continued cultivation no longer produces the desired tree growth. In the old research apple orchard planted by Dr. J. P. Stewart more than 30 years ago at State College, it took from 18 to 20 years of annual cultivation to wear out a strong lime- stone soil. Even the growing of well fertilized cover crops could not prevent serious losses when the soil was cultivated two months and a half each year. Thirteen years ago we planted another apple orchard to use in a soil management study to determine how much annual cultivation could safely be given. In the blocks where we have cultivated only enough to fit the land in the spring for millet and in the fall for rye the soil and water losses on a 6% slope are depleting the area. Under the same treatment, growing heavier covers by using a complete fertilizer has slowed but not prevented, this depletion. Where the ground has been fitted but once each year for a sweet clover cover and the total amount of annual cultivation did not exceed a month and usually was less than two weeks, the fertilized cover has kept the land in — 108 — ?> This Catalog shows why Iron Age Spraying protects your I, [crop profits .^< <}itttttififtt« GROWERS, large and small, acclaim Iron Age Sprayers as their best crop insurance. The easy working, trouble-free Victory Pump makes every drop of insecticide count with its high pressure atomization. There's a cost cutting Iron Age Sprayer for every orchard or grove pur- pose—you'll find it in this cata- log. Write for your copy today. ttinttMiwm iiiiiitiAt^ Heart of IRON AGE Sprayers— The Victory Pump Easy accessible Victory Pump is horizontaUy designed for working pressures up to 1000 P. S. I. Slower speed for longer life. Built m 6, 10, 14. 20 and 37 gallon-per-ininute capa- cities. A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd. l(25IhikeSt. YORK, PA. .-109 — \m 'i good condition and soil and water loss has been of no impor- tance. Four years ago the fruit research at the field laboratory at Arendtsville in Adams County was completely reorganized and a pomologist, C. O. Dunbar, a pathologist, H. J. Miller, and an entomologist, H. M. Steiner, were stationed there to work on fruit problems of special importance in the four counties of Adams, Franklin, Cumberland and York. In con- sultation with an advisory committee of growers from these four counties, it was decided that one of the most serious problems in the region was that of soil management in the peach orchard and the study of this problem was given a prominent place in the program of the laboratory. For several years the Department of Horticulture had been cooperating with Dr. Farris, supervisor of the Federal Soil Conservation Experiment Station located on land adjoin- ing the college orchards at State College. Since this new project involved a study of soil conservation and since the work was so located that the Soil Consei'vation Service also could assist from the Waynesboro office, the project was un- dertaken in cooperation with Dr. Farris. The work devel- oped so rapidly it soon became necessary to place an addi- tional man at Arendtsville to assist Mr. Dunbar in special soil studies. Mr. Nelson Shaulis, a graduate in Horticulture at Penn State, was selected. Previously he had served as assistant in the Soils Division of the Agi'onomy Department and at the time of his appointment to Arendtsville he was assistant county agent in Franklin County. The major divisions of the project in peach orchard soil management are : a. To find the soil covers — both annual and perennial, legume and non-legume and mulches — ^which are most effective in controlling erosion iij the soils and under the climatic conditions of southeastern Penn- sylvania. b. To study the management of promising covers from the standpoint of soil building, the penetration of rainfall and the use of soil moisture and nitrogen by the growing cover. c. To determine the completion which these covers offer to the peach tree and to develop methods of handling which reduce competition to a minimum. Time does not permit discussing all the work being car- ried on under these three divisions but certain of the more important results can be mentioned. — ;iio ^ . ('-.J r « Tn tViP search for improved covers an old combination under a tw7an of management has Proved fP^,^^"S^f unaei ^ "^ J'.^ j ^f crimson clover seed, five pounas oi left alive and the remainder were not '™f S^^J'^^^s done »?!!■ t'^nnff ^Vwhirtfe 'S^^i wL wS'sWied with about June 1 and wnen ^"^ f '^" . r ^^en the cover """S'lii S «f7ul *ere ™a/»n' iderabrcrimson clover SS^^^I" ™° ?Sv dtein. 'eft the s^rtaje^sc, 00- that even heavy rains caused no e^swn^ ^^^htnd yield SdTsirt?"aLrt S'e SeStir^^a^faCry. cover bv fall with much mature seed. As tms is an ^"" ' SI de.d. drv tops form a fire ^J-^d innate ga^^^^ A rou-h working in November ^* ^f .P^^ contour removes f - ^an.e^^^^^^^^ ther workmpr for a natural seeam^ii ^ been no ero- in early April. Even on heavy s'^^^/rf'gSedezrrs lightly sion over the winter In, early June «?« f ^J^^X tekln at disced two ways and asam m July. ^^'^t.™"^;. «,r^n1flTit'? HKeSilts^sS&r\rr^|tc3 ^^r ^ .l^^a^^SS "^ -^"^ ably and has encouraged better tree growth. The results secured with Ladino .clover f ^d ^°^J„ JJ with orchard grass are very ?n<;^,™"f,2^"l| SnSJ is needed. It may prove desirable to use ^lie ^^^train with orchard grass only on the deeper soils. Anwn^^^ of white clover. Kent wild white, also \ooks promising, i makes a dense, low mat and matures a large quantity of seed. Among the non-legume covers, perennial ^egi^ss^ especially promising but the cost of ^^ft^^^i^^'^^'lSS. hibitive and growers would have to "/f, t]^^,^3^,7uilding up eroded spots in the orchard. Straw with additional nitrate fertilizer is proving most desirable cind is an efficient way of improving such poor spots. The cost of mulch material may make it necessary for the peach orchardist to grow his own. The competition of heavy covers growing in land thor- oughly occupied by peach roots is a serious problem. Our attempts to p*row peaches in mixed legume sods, even when light cultivation has been given to alternate sides of the tree each year, have not been satisfactoiy. This study has been on thin soils. With deep soils where a considerable propor- tion of the peach roots can be below the competition of the sod, the results might have been more satisfactory. One of the most important eflFects of these heavy covers on tree growth is in the competition for soil water. When the soil available to the peach roots is too shallow to supply an effective reservoir for soil water, anv use of water by the soil cover may be serious in periods of drought : yet there are times when the QTowins- cover may be of great value in con- serving rain fall for the peach tree. During the severe drought of Julv. 1940, a sudden shower gave 1.68 inches of rainfall, most of it in about 20 minutes. In cultivated areas in one of our cooperating orchards on Penn shale soil, this downpour puddled the surface with heavy run-off resulting in excessive soil loss, vet the penetration was only from 1 to 2 inches. In the plots with growing covers there was no soil loss, very little nm-off. even on slopes of 20%, and a penetra- tion of from 6 to 14 inches which carried the water well into the zone occupied by peach roots. In our study of promising covers for the peach orchard, we are searching for those which have two qualifications with respect to their use of soil moisture: (1) They should — U2 — make their heavy growth during late fall and e^ly spring whPn there is plenty of water m the soil. (2) They should SL reseeSn^ using little moisture during the summer wheHiC^ may be the limiting factor for tree growth. Much of our work with peaches has been on, shale soils very difficult to handle. They erode easily and ramJU pene- tration is slow. Internal drainage also may be so slow tuat tree roots may stand in saturated soil for days even m mid summer Under these conditions, the soil improvement SS has come fn)m growing better covers has been very encouraging. Erosion has been reduced to a negligible amount Iven on steep slopes. Surface P?™?ff ^3^;^]^^^^^^^^ improved to such an extent that there is but little loss of rainfall by run-off. There is still much to be done to find those covers which will cause the least competition with the peach trees but the results so far have been promising. The college does not own or rent any orchard area at the Arendtsville Laboratory. Our work is all done m commer- cial orchards through the cooperation of the owners and whatever we have accomplished has been possible only through this splendid cooperation. The Horticultural De- partment and the fruit industry of this state owe a debt of considerable magnitude to the many fruit srrowers who, in the past 30 years, have given their interest, their time and their money to make possible much of the program of this Department. We hope the industry as a whole makes some repayment in a sense of gratitude to these public spirited men We know the members of the Department feel that this support has placed an obligation on them to give the best they have to their work. ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF COVER CROPS FRED V. GRAU and A. E. COOPER, Extension Agronomists, The Pennsylvania State College What Are "Cover Crops?" The term "Cover Crops" includes any and all grasses, legumes, cereals and special-purpose plants which are used to protect the soil and to insure the success of the main crop which follows. The term in its broader sense includes all so- called "Green Manure Crops." What Are Cover Crops Expected To Do? In the final analysis, a cover crop is expected to impi-ove conditions to the extent that the benefits derived from the — lis— improvements will more than balance the cost of establishing* and maintaining the cover crops. Some of the benefits of cover crops are listed here. 1. They prevent the loss of rainfall by increasing the rate of absorption and by retarding the rate of leaching. Experiments have shown that in a 4- month period in the fall there has been a saving of 1 to 3 inches of rainfall where cover crops were present, 2. A cover crop reduces run-off on slopes. A cover of vefretation on the surface of the soil retards the rate of flow of surface water so that most of it is ab- sorbed by the soil. 3. By retarding the movement of surface water, the cover crop reduces the loss of valuable topsoil by erosion. Most of the organic matter and plant nu- trients are contained in the surface soil. When this is lost, productivity declines. 4. Cover crops absorb valuable plant nutrients and thus prevent them from being lost in the drainage waters by leaching. Experiments have shown that $8 to $9 woi-th of nutrients per acre may be saved in a single season by cover crops. These nutrients thus saved are returned to the soil and the crop when the cover crop is destroyed. 5. Valuable organic matter is added to soils through the growth of good cover crops. Based on manure, the annual acre value of organic matter added Jby cover crops may be $5 or more. Organic matter im- proves the fertility of soils, makes them more por- ous, aids in moisture absorption and retention, and makes the soil easier to work. Decaying roots pro- vide natural channels in the soil which promote good drainage and aeration. Successful Cover Crops a Study in Applied Ecology In planning a cover crop for any purpose there are sev- eral impoi-tant factors to consider first. In an orchard there are conditions which may discourage the growth of certain cover crops. Some of the problems can be overcome by fav- orable management practices. Others are always present so that the cover crop selected must be able to tolerate the con- ditions. This becomes a problem of applied Ecology, that is, a study of the relationship of ? plant to its surroundings. In many cases it is possible to select plants to suit the environ- ment^; in qth(B^'s the environment must be changed within — 114 — certain limits to suit the type of plant to be grown In most orchards the successful cover crop will be the result of a com bination of the two methods of procedure. In order to plan most effectively, there should be a com- nlete understand^ of the tolerance and adaptations of avail- able covefcr^^^^^ together with a knowledge of the con- Srunde^^^^^ they can be most successfuny gi^own. A natural classification of cover crop plants follows . The first step in classifying cover cix)p Pj^^^ is to list them as Legumes and Grasses. It is generally desirab^^^ grow grasses and legumes in combination because of ttie ben- eficial results from the association. The legumes draw nitj^ gen from the air and the gn)wth of the ^f^^^^f^^^^^^^^ improved, thus yielding a greater total giowth than by grow- ing them separately. Important Orchard Cover Crops Legumes Creeping and low-growing forms White clovers Ladino White Dutch Wild white types Black medic (yellow trefoil) Bird's-foot trefoil Crown vetch Alsike clover Cowpeas and field peas Vetch Upright forms: Alfalfa Sweet clover Red clover Crimson clover Lespedeza Soybeans Grasses Sod-formers: Kentucky bluegrass Canada bluegrass Poa trivialis Chewings or red fescue Red top Smooth brome grass Crabgrass Bermuda grass Bunch grasses: Orchard grass Ryegrass Domestic Italian Perennial Timothy Sheeps fescue Meadow fescue Tall meadow oat grass Meadow foxtail Annual brome grasses Sudan grass Millet Cereal grains Most annual grasses ft Non-grasses (mostly weeds) : Yarrow Wild carrot Ragweed Goldenrod, etc. Shade From the list presented thus far it is possible for a grow- er to select a combination of grasses and legumes only trom,, — 115 — the standpoint of sod-forming and bunchy habits of growth. Since shade is an important factor in an orchard, let us clas- sify the plants according to their tolerance to shade. Tolerant of Heavy Shade: Grasses Canada bluegrass {*oa trivialis Chewings or red fescue Orchard grass Perennial ryegrass Sheeps fescue Tolerant of Moderate Shade: Grasses Red top Domestic and Italian ryegrass Timothy Meadow fescue Tall meadow oat grass Meadow foxtail Legumes None Legumes Black medic White clovers Vetch Lespedeza From this list one can select a mixture that will be shade-tolerant. Since few legumes can stand shading, the mixture under the trees will be mostly pure grasses. Those species which are not listed here are those that require full sun. Soil Fertility The plants which are able to gix)w under conditions of extremely low fertility are those which are strong feeders, i. e., they are better able to extract their needed materials from an impoverished soil. An inspection of old pastures and abandoned fields in the neighborhood will give one a good idea of which these are. Legumes Black medic Crown vetch Bird's-foot trefoU Red clover Sweet clover Lespedeza Alsike clover Tolerant of low fertility: Grasses Canada bluegrass Chewings or red fescue Orchard grass Tall meadow oat grass Red top Crabgrasa Timothy Sheeps fescue Yarrow Annual brome grasses Rye It is difficult to make a complete and accurate list of plants which are low-fertility tolerant because it is a well- known fact that most of them respond to good treatment in so far as fertility is concerned. Those plants which are omitted fi-om this list may be assumed to require high-fertil- ity conditions. Outstanding examples in this class are : Ken- tucky bluegrass, Poa trivialis, Smooth brome grass, Sudan grass, most cereals, alfalfa, soybeans, crimson clover and red — 116— clover. Ladino clover sometimes may be included iii the low- fertility list because of recent reports but it shouW be also considered as a companion of alfalfa in the high-fertUity at because it makes such luxuriant growth with an ample sup- ply of nutrients. Soil Acidity Another important soil factor often associated with low fertility is that of soil acidity. The two terms are not syn- onymous because some plants which tolerate low fertility re- quire a sweet soil (sweet clover). Others will do well on an acid soil if sufficient plant nutrients are present (wild white clover). Tolerant of high acidity (low pH or high lime requirement) : Grasses Canada bluegrass Chewings or red fescue Red top Orchard grass Sheeps fescue Timothy Ryegrasses Meadow foxtail ^ Tall meadow oat grass • ' Sudan grass Millet ;' ' Rye •' '"'• ■ • Yarrow Most weeds In order for many of the acid-tolerant plants to become successfully established, it is usually necessary to supply ade- quate plant nutrients at seeding time. Rapidity of Establishment It is of importance to the grower to know the ^plants which will become quickly established by virtue of their rapid growth. Some plants like Kentucky bluegrass do not become firmly established until the second year after seed- ing. In general it can be said that the annual grasses and legumes are rapid growers and the perennial species are slow growers. liegumea Alsike clover White clovers Black medic Vetch Soybeans Rapid growers Grasses Ryegrasses Red top Crabgrass Orchard grass Sudan grass Millet Cereal grains Most annual gfrasises Legumes / Ladino clover Crimson clover Soybeans Cowpeas Vetch Lespedeza, annual . Annual sweet clover — 117 — Selection of the proper cover ciK)ps mixture will depend not only upon the soil conditions in the orchard but also upon the type of orchard and the system of management. In a bearing apple orchard the trees aie usually large enough to present a definite shade problem. The cover crop selected must fii'st be adapted to shaded conditions. Where the orchard is heavily disced each year, the cover crop must have the ability to reset itself without the need for sowmg additional seed. Low fertility and high lime requirement further limit the list of adapted grasses and legumes. In the young orchard where shade is not a problem it is usually necessary to contix)l mice. Here a mixture high in perennial legumes would greatly assist the growth of the young trees by virtue of the nitrogen which the legumes build up in the soil. Grasses flourish where lime and fertilizers rich in phos- phoinis and potash are used to gi'ow legumes. If the shade- tolerant grasses are included in the mixture, they will grad- ually predominate as the shade pix)blem increases with the growth of the trees. Peach and cherry orchards require more of the rapid- growing grasses and legumes since they must be clean-cul- tivated for a period each year. Under the double cover crop system one seeding is made in May and destroyed in August. A winter cover is sown in August and destroyed the follow- ing April. The mixture for the May seeding must be quite different from the August seeding. In May one may sow rye- grass, Sudan grass, millet, spring cereal grains, soybeans, crimson clover, annual sweet clover and cowpeas. For the August seeding it is better to use crops like ryegrass, red- top, winter cereal grains and vetch. By using spring-seeded ryegrass in the double-crop system it may happen that it will set seed by August and will reproduce a solid stand following the August discing and furnish a winter cover without addi- tional seeding. • ' In the spring-seeded single cover crop system we may use ryegrass, red top, orchard grass, Ladino clover, crimson clover, alsike clover, lespedeza. In long-season areas the les- pedeza may reseed itself along with the grasses. — 118 — Rate of Seeding Cover Crops The rate of seeding of the various cover crops will vary according to the mixtures in which they are used and upon the management practices. No rule can be made which will fit all situations. It is best to consult authorities who are familiar with the various crops and with the local conditions. Seed Bed Preparation A light rate of seeding on a well-prepared seed bed will often give results superior to a heavy rate of seeding on a loose, cloddy poorly-prepared seed bed. Seeds of most cover ^ crops are small and require only a light covering of soil. Since they are small they require intimate contact with the finer particles of soil so that they will germinate quickly and become firmly estabUshed before they may be dried out. Mowing When a cover crop composed principally of sod-forming grasses and legumes grows so tall that the gi^owth may inter- fere with operations, the mower should be used. By mowing off the tall growth, there will be a renewed growth of vegeta- tion close to the ground. The cut material which is allowed to remain on the ground wall act as a mulch to hold moisture and to rot down for organic matter. Lime and Fertilizer There is no substitute for lime and fertilizers for im- proving soil conditions so that a heavy growth of cover crops may be grown successfully. Since the amounts of lime that may be needed can be determined by a soil test, there is no need to discuss this problem here. Fertilizer requirements for orchards differ not at all f ix)m the fertilizer requirements of the cover crops. The important consideration is to use enough to attain the desired results. SURPLUS MARKETING ADMINISTRATION PURCHASES C. F. GUlan : During the next two weeks the S. M. A. buy only Jonathan and Grimes Gold apples. The price for Grimes Golden will be $.75 with a top of $.90 per bushel for Jonathan. The hard flesh varieties about 7 in number will be accepted. We are fortunate in having Mr. Woodside of the Surplus Marketing Administration with us and I know he is in a posi- tion to speak more authoritatively on the subject of sui-plus apple purchases. That's his job. Mr. Woodside : Fruit growers are optimistic. They feel — 119 — How DuPont Helps To Make YOUR JOB EASIER AT the DuPont Pest Con- trol Laboratories in Wil- mington, Delaware, the search for new and improved agricul- tural chemicals never ceases. Day in and day out, Du Pont research and field testing con- tribute to the development of insecticides and fungicides that are more economical — more effective — easier and safer to apply. That's the way Du Pont helps to make spraying and dusting an easier job. And that's the reason, too, that you can make your own job easier this sea- son by ordering from this Du Pont list. DU PONT AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS •NuREXFORM Lead Arsenate *ORASSEIXI Lead Arsenate Calcium Arsenate Lime-Sulfur Solution Dry Lime-Sulfur ♦DUTOX Fluorine Insecticide •SULFORON Wettable Sulfur ♦FARMONE Hormone Spray Copper-A Compound *ORASSELLI Spreader-Sticker *LORO Contact Insecticide CryoUte (precipi- tated) Flotation Sulfur Paste • Trade Mark ♦FARAPONT ParadicWorobenzene Bordeaux Mixture Dust Mixtures ♦BLACK LEAF "40" Nicotine Sulfate 40% ♦BLACK LEAF "155" Fixed Nicotine — 5% Fixed Nicotine — 14% ♦FLUXIT Spreader Spray Oil — ^Dormant and Summer Paris Green www Wirf E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., Inc Grasselli Chemicals Department WILMINGTON, DELAWARE DU rONT .INSECTICIDES and FUNGICIDES — 120 Less that prices should advance and that S. M. A. purchases dur- ing the fall months aid the marketing situation. The Win- cester office cleared 2600 cars of apples by December 15, 1940. These purchases included mainly soft varieties, but there are larffe blocks of Grimes, Jonathans and m some areas even Wealthy in storage. These varieties should have been moved SrUerfn the season but in order to avoid interference with the hard fleshed varieties only Jonathan and Grimes will be Durchased during the next two weeks. According to the cold Sage re^i-ts, Wre are 7,000,000 bushels more xn storage on January 12, 1941 than on January 1, 1940. This condition would demand aid to promote orderly marketing. Questions 1. How many Canadian apples were imported? than 600,000 bushels. 2. Will other varieties be accepted later? Yes. 3 What is your reaction to purchasing only U. S. Com- mercial packs? It would be impossible. Not enough money, nor enough distribution points. 4. Have government stored apples been moved ? Yes, 1171 cars. 5 Isn't it true that three times as many Canadian apples were imported as is repoi-ted ? Not cei-tain. 6. What effect does the S. M. A. price have on F. O. B. price ' Some sell and some refuse to sell to S. M. A., which tries to be a little under market prices. 7. Will Blacktwig be included in the future purchases ? Probably after Grimes and Jonathan. 8 Does S. M. A. purchase the same varieties in New York State as in this section ? Not necessarily. 9. Are the growers benefitted by governmental buying at this time? Yes. STATE COLLEGE RELATIONS COMMltTEE J. A. Runk, Chairman: There are two pledges I made this association at the time of my election as President of your fssSon. One was the employment of our comb^^^^^ efforts to obtain specific appropriations for agricultural re- search and the other a building suitable for conductmg high Sity horticultural research and facilities for the efficient tSL of om- boys and giris who select the field of horticul- turS pursuit as a life work. The present buildmg does not do justice to the horticultural field nor to the needs of the — 121 — Ifc staff or the students. Piogress is being made. I shall call on Mr. Guy Smith, North East. Mr. Smith : I attended the Agricultural Council for Farm Organizations of the State of Pennsylvania held at State Cp|^ lege. The farm groups suggested the appointment of a o6rnj mittee of five growers and five members of the college to meet to set up a budget for definite appropriations for agricultui ;^1 research. The amount suggested was $400,000. '';, Mr. Runk : I have the pleasure of calling on Dr. Warren B. Mack, Head of the Department of Horticulture at the Penn- sylvania State College, who has prepared plans for a proposed building. Dr. Mack: Gentlemen, I appreciate this opportunity to appear before this group. It will be necessary to limit my description of the plans of a building which would adequately meet the demands of the horticultural industry in Pennsyl- vania for research and student training. The plans I have prepared are for a building which would correct the crowded conditions existing in the present building and also the limited space for laboratory work in the greenhouses. I have in mind a building which would be adequate for all branches of horticulture and also an auditorium capable of seating large groups. We have the support of Dean Fletcher and our present aim is to place the new building in the number one position for future expansion or to be in a position to act im- mediately should the defense pi^gram require giving up sec- tions of the present facilities. Mr. Runk : Thank you, Dr. Mack. We appreciate your co- operation and at this time I want to appoint a committee to serve on the State College Relations Committee for the com- ing year. Guy Smith North East Francis Reiter Mars E. B. Mitchell Harrisburg C. L. Packard Ore Hill Ralph Crowell Buckingham Fred Griest Flora Dale State Horticultural Association 1940 Membership Name Adams County Fruit Packing & Distributing Company Aiken, James V. Alderfer, N. W. Allen, Howard G., & Sons Allen, S. Guy Allen, W. F. Co. Allen Refrigerating Co. (F. P. Bienet) Altland, John P. American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Division American Potash Institute Anderson, H. M. Anderson, H. W. Anderson, Ralph W. Andreas, L. R. Anwyll, Harry L. Arbogast, J. Earl Atkinson, D. W. Bacon, John, Inc. Balderston, Robt. Baldesberger Banzof, W. H. Barband, J. S. Bare, John H. Barnard, C. P. Barnard, Richard Barnhart, Harry Barr, I. C. Morris, A. Barr Barr, James J. Bartholomew, T. H., Tar & Chemical Division, Koppers Co. Bar tram, Frank M. Bartram, G. M. Bartram, G. Maurice Baugher, Greo. L. Baugher, H. G. Bausch, Frank Bausman, H. B., Jr. Bear, Arthur Bear, Jacob R. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul Beaverbrook Farms Beaverson, Bertha Beck, A. F. W. H. Bell, Bureau of Plant Industry >enner, B. E. Henner, Roy }'.ennett, Harry }>ensinger, Clarence 1 erger,Elias. Berger, Samuel , Address Biglerville Portersville, R. 2 Fountainville New Park New Park Salisbury, Md. Waynesboro East Berlin, R. 5 30 Rockerfeller Plaza, New York City Investment Bldg., Washington, D. C. New Park Stewartstown Fawn Grove Dallas, R. D. Harrisburg Middleburg Wrightstown Gasport, N. Y. Fair hope Farm, Glen Mills Bridgeville, R. 2 . Muncy Indiana, R. 1 557 Penn Ave., Sinking Springs Northbrook Kennett Square Blairsville, R. D. Greencastle, R. 2 Phoenix ville Narvon Pittsburgh Kennett Square 402 W. Miner St., West Chester West Chester Aspers Aspers North Girard Thorndale York, R. 5 York, R. 5 York, R. 5 Mount Wolf, R. 4 Brandywine Summit York, R. 7 Perkasie Harrisburg Fairfield, R. D. Perkasie Barnesboro, R. D. Tamaqua, R. D. Pine Grove Hamburg, Star Route — 122 — — 123 — Name BerleW, Geo. Bethany Orphans Home Bidwell, Homer Bikle, Fred C. Bikle, Philip M., Jr. Bingham, A. H. Bingham, W. O. Birth, Elmer M. Bishop, W. S. Black, Henry Blaine, Geo. W. Blessing, David H. Bloede, Victor G. Co., Inc. Boak, J. A. & Sons Bollinger, Gr€0. H. Boltz, Peter R. Booker, G. L. Booker, G. R. Borras, Dr. A. Bountiful Ridge Nurseries (Homer S. Kemp) Bovard & Baldwin Boyd, Paul C. Boyer, Chas. A. Boyer, C. G. Boyer, Ira C. Boyer, Jay Boyer, John F. Boyertown Fruit Farms, (Allen M. Irey) Brace, Harold G. Brahm, G. W. Bream, D. M. Co. Breidenbaugh, H. L. Bricker, Dr. E. B. Brinser, Irwin Brinton, H. C. Brinton, Robt. Brooker, W. H. Brossman, John G. Brossman, Rudy J. Brown, Bert C. Brown, C. Earl Brown, Fred J. Jf. Brown, H. W. Brown, J. Turner Brown, M. G. Brown, S. N. Brubaker, Daniel A. Bucher, F. S. Burr, Milton Bushey, J. B. California Spray Chemical Company Carroll, Frank Central Chemical Company Chase, Chas. T. Cherry, C. N. Clark, A. L. Address Dallas, R. 3 Womelsdorf Lake Ariel, R. 1 Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 6 St. Thomas St. Thomas Benton, R. 1 Doylestown Idamaf , R. D. North East Newville, R. 1 Baltimore, Md. New Castle, R. 4 New Castle, R. 3 Lebanon 90 Johns St., New York City Madison, Va. Large St. & Solly Ave., Philadelphia Princess Anne, Md. 655 E. Washington St., New Castle Delta Middleburg, R. 3 Swineford Middleburg, R. 3 Mt. Pleasant Mills Middleburg, R. 4 Boyertown Dallas, R. 3 Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg Boyertown 314 N. Broad St.. Utitz Bainbridge Hanover West Chester, R. D. Wexford Ephrata Mohnton, R. 2 Marion Center E. 2nd St., Chambersburg Box 5, Reading AUentown, R. 3 New Park Fawn Grove Middleport, N. Y. Ephrata, R. 2 Reamstown Bardane, W. Va. Biglerville, R. 2 Elizabeth, New Jersey Neshaminy Hagerstown, Md. Bala 910 Ryan St., New Caatle Olyphant, R. D. Name Glemson, Leonard G. Clcvenger, J. L. W. B. Coates Coffroad, L. C. Collins, C. E. Cook, Wmia H. Coolbaugh, Perry Cooper, A. E. Cooper, C. W. Cosgrovc, Leo Couch, H. R. Coursen, Isaac Cowan, W. H. Cox, J. W. Craig, Robt. Craighead, E. M. Crawford, Tom Creasy, Luther Cressman, C. K. Crist, James D. Crisswell, R. T. Grossman^ P. S. Grouse, E. A. Crowell, A. T. Crowell, Ralph T. Cummings, Jos. F. Cyclone Seeder Co. Davenport, Eugene Davis, E. N. G. Davison, Norman H. Deemer, A. F. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Dennis Brokerage Co. Dibble, Samuel E. Dickenshied, F. S. Dickinson, B. M. Diefenderfer, Dr. George Dtehl, J. M. Dilcer, Stanley Dill, Robt Diven, J. L. Dixon, Billle ^ ^^ Dow Chemical Co., (Don Sanford) Downing, F. P. Dreese, Vem Druck, Albert EKike Bros. Duld, John Dunbar, C. O. Duncan, Miss Eleanor C. Dunlap, James M. Dunlap, R. Bruce Dunn, F. H. Dutweiler, Ira K. Ebel, Clem Ebling, Aaron Eby, Mrs. Caroline Address Halifax Homer City, R. 1 Coatesville, R. 5 New Holland, R. 2 301 Cherry St., Dunmore Spring City, R. 1 Dallas, R. D. State College 1000 Highland Ave., CoraopoUs Lancaster, R. 3 Shelocta, R. 2 Wyoming, R. D. Martinsburg New Castle, R. 5 Chambersburg, R. 4 2742 N. 2d St., Harrisburg Fayetteville Catawissa, R. 1 Barto, R. D. Walden, N. Y. 12 N. Second St., Chambersburg Girard . ^ Central Y. M. C. A., Harnsburg Avondale Sunnyside Farm, Buckmgham Sunbury Urbana, Indiana Plymouth Newton Square Chambersburg Marion Center Mertztown, R. D. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 204 Franklin St., New York City Shelocta, R. 1 Zionsville ^^ , __ 5634 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh 741 Walnut St., AUentown 49 N. Jonathan St., Hagerstown, Md. Point Pleasant North East Livermore, R. D. St. Thomas Midland, Michigan Hamburg, N. Y. Freeburg Hellam, R. 1 166 E. Washuigton St., Chambersburg Perkasie Arendtsville 323 E. King St., Shippensburg 403 W. South St., Carlisle Dept. of Welfare^ Harrisburg Harbor Creek Lebanon Mars Reading, R. 2 Paradise — 125 — — 124 — ■I Name Eckert, Samuel B. Edgerton, J. Russell Eisenhart, J. C. Enck, Warren K. Ensminger, J. M. Erb Bros. Eshleman, John E. Etter, Frank L. Evans, C. M. Evans, 1. Rowland Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Ewing, Wm. B. Faber, Horace Fagan, P. N. Feeny Mfg. Co. Feldman, Chas. S. Felker, Fred Felty, G. B. O. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fisher, C. Howard & Sons Fisher, Fred M. Fitzgerald, Paul Fletcher, S. W. Flora Orchard Co. Floyd, Edward H. Fogelsanger, R. B. Fogelsonger, W. H. Forry, S. E. Fox, Harvey Frantz, Ira Frazier, Wm. R. Freed, A. J. Freed W. A. Frey, H. E. Fritz, Wm. Fry, John L. Funk, Sheldon Gable, Joe B. Gackenbach, C. A. Gantert, Theo. Garber, Henry F. Garrahan, R, H. Garretson, Donald Garretson, Lloyd W. Garretson, Robt. Garvey, Dr. T, J, Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Geigef, Samuel Gelwix, Dr. J. M. Gerhard, C. S. German, Wilmer Gibson, Harold Gibson, Vernon Gibson, W. P. Gillan, C. P. Gillan, G. Q. Address Fleetwood, R. 1 Westtown York, R. 1 Biglervilla ' 1811 Derry St., Harrisburg 305 E. Front St., Lititz Florin Chambersburg Verona, R. 1 Longwood Farms, Kennett Square Plainsville York, R. 3 West Grove W. Market St., York State College Muncy, Indiana Chambersburg, R. 4 Beaver Springs Millersville Media Queenstown, Ontario Wernersville Erie, R. 4 • State College ' Wrightsville Columbia, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 5 210 N. Prince St., Shippensburg Ephrata R. 1 Barto, R. 1 Dallas, R. D. • Zionsville Racine Racine Red Lion, R. 2 . Orefield c/o C. K. Whitner Co.y Reading Boyertown Stewartstown Orefield, R. 1 152 N. Front St., Reading Mt. Joy. R. 3 Kingston Aspers, R. D. • • Arendtsville Flora Dale . 443 W. Chestnut St., Lancaster Dallas, R. 1 Wa3niesboro Schnecksville, R. 1 » Chambersburg Blairsville, R. D. - Siatington, R. 1- Blairsville, R. D. Renfrew, R. 1 Yoe St. Thomas j .• - : • ; St. Thomas r * :• ' Name Gillan, R. J. < " ' Gillan, Robt. Glick, Jonas K. Goldsborough, B. L. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Goshorn, Taylor L. Gramm, H. V. Gray, A. G. Gray, S. D. Graybill, C. W. ' Graybill, Floyd Greiner, Nathan N. Griest, Frederick GrimshaW, Harry Gross, H. S. '' ' Grove, W. E. Guy ton, T. L. Haas, Wm. Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Hacker, A. L.' ' ' , Haddock, John C. • Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, John A. Hafer, Roy Haldeman, E. W. Hall, L. C. Hamor, W. B. Hamer, M. C. Harrison, Jos. G. Hartman, L. E. ' Hartman, M. T. Hartman, Scott W. Harvey, Clyde Harvey, H. R. Hassinger, H. C. Haudenshield, Crist Hausman, Geo. B. Haverstick, Paul E. Haverstock, Harry G. Hayes, S. B. Hayman, Guy L. Heacock, O. J. Heaps, Marshal} Heaps, T. Jerome Heffner, Norman Hef terich, W. W. Heisey, S. A. Heinz, Henry Henicke, Julius Henderson, John G. Herb, Donald Herb, Ray H. • Hen?, C. H. * Address St. Thomas St. Thomas Gap, R. 2 Shepherdstown, W. Va. , Lancaster, R. 8 . . Loganville Quincy, Box 47 V . St. Thomas 1006 Hamilton Blvd., Hagerstown, Md. American Potash Inst., Invest- ment Bldg., Washington, D. C. Middleburg Richfield , . ^^ 243 College Ave., ElizabethtQwn Flora Dale North Girard York, R. D. 5 York Springs , , ^ . Bureau of Plant Industries, Harrisburg Coplay, R- 1 ^, ^ Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 445 HamUton St., AUentown Wilkes-Barre Fayetteville, R. 1 ' Chambersburg, R. 5 ^ Fayetteville, R. 1 Doylestown North Girard , , Honesdale, Box 487 Paxtonville Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md. ciy Gettysburg Palm Northbrook , . Poxburg . Beavertown Pittsburgh, (10) Frank St., Box 55 Coopersburg, R. 2 1254 Lititz Pike, Lancaster York Springs . , Enon Valley, R. 1 .; , .^ Northbrook :: Biglervilla Cardiff, Md. Street, Md. Pine Grove Chalfont Greencastle, R. 4 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Ivyland Edri, R. D. Orwigsburg, R. D. Orwigsburg Lancaster, R. 6 \ • -^ 126 — — 127 — Name Herr, J. Z. Herr, Robt. C. Hershey, H, F. Hershey, H. S. Hess, P. M. Hess, Ira S. Hess, Paul G. Hess, Ray B. Hess, R. C. Hfjss. T. S. Hetrick, A. W. Hetrick, J. Frank Hicks, Wm. Higgijia, W. A. Hildebrand, John E. Hildebrant, John E^ Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl Hill, Wm- JX Hilltop Orchards & Nurseries Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hoch, D. R. Hoehler, Harry G. Hoffman, H. L. Hogie, L. Clark Holler, Arthur Hood, T. C. Hoopes, Wilmer W. Homberger, J. W. Home, Gomer F. Homer, W. G. Horst, J. Morris Hostetter, 1)9. J. E. Houck, Clyde Houk, J. M. Houser, Jacob R. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Howard, P. H. Huber, EMwin B. Huber, Herman Huber, Mark Huey, S. R. Hunt, N. M. Hutcl^Aon, J. D. Hykes, E. S. Ifft, E. G. Imswiler, John S. Ingham, M. M. Irwin, Dick Jackson, B. E. Co. Jsmian, John James, J. E. James, W. S., Micronizer Processing Co. Jersey Package Co., Inc. Johnson, Davi ; Blairsville, R. 1 • Blairsville, Box 75 Pittston, R. D. North East Bethlehem, R. 4 Four Oaks Farm, Bethlehem, R. 4 Marion Center, R. 2 Yoe Berwick, R. 1 Orefield, R. 1 Bridgeville, Del. Willow Street Lebanon, R. 5 : Ephrata, R. 1 Florin Avonmore, R. 1 Reading, R. 2 • . Dallas, R. 3 Windsor Ephrata, R. 1 Pitman Chambersburg 43d & Jefferson St., Hoboken, N. J. . . Rushland Louisiana, Missouri Aspers, R. 1 Lititz, R. 4 Saltsburg 114 W. Wesley St, Jackson, Mich. Wrightsville, R. X Woodville Selinsgrove Orrtanna, R. D. Blairsville, R. D. 1181/2 S. 15th St., AUentown Indiana, R. 7 Orrtanna New Providence ; . Hamburg, R. 1 ' « o Springwood Farms, York R. 2 Orrtanna Middleburg, R. 3 Fawn Grove ; . Mt. Pleasant Mills Chambersburg Langhorn Lehighton, R. 3 Blairsville, R. 1 1710 N. 2d St., Harrisburg — 134 — Name Sutliffe, E. D. Swank, Luke H. Syling, E. S. Tarbert, D. F. Tarr. J. C. Taylor, Ralph S. Thayer, Paul Thomas, Charles L. Thomas, Edwin W. Thomford, C. F. B. Thompson, Frank B. Thompson, Lawrence Thompson, L. J. ' Tomasello, T. C. Topper, Q. F. Townsend, A. E. Treichler, Newton Trexler, T. A. Trostle, Earl Turrell, Elmore Twist, Frank Tyler, W. D. Tyson, Edwin C. Tyson, Ralph Tyson, Wm. C. Vogel, E. H. Vogelaar, Martin Vogelmuth, John K. Vosler, E. B. Wagener, D. D. & Co. Wagner, D. Wagonhurst, Mrs. Anna Walker, Wm. Wallace, G. W. Walton, R. J. Watkins, R. G. Watson, R. L. D. H. Way Wean, Dr. R. E., Stauffer Chemical Co. Weaver, Abram Weaver, E. A. Weaver, Wm. S. Weigel, H. M. Weimer^ E. A. Weinberger, H. H. Welshans, M. O. Wenger, Benj. G. Wernig, Chas. M. Wertsch, Edwin Westrick, P. A. Whisler, Edgar Whitcomb, Paul White, P. Hayes vVhite, J. W. Whiting, John vVickersham, Cliff Villiams, Luther S. Wldders, J. B. Address Shickshinny, R. D. Johnstown New Castle, R. 7 " Dallastown Elizabeth West Chester, R. D. Carlisle, R. 6 King of Prussia King of Prussia Kennett Square New Wilmington New Wilmington Piedmont Label Co. Inc., Bedford, Va. Hammonton, N. J. Emmitsburg, Md., R. D. Oxford Barto Selinsgrove. R. 2 Biglerville, R. 2 Noxen 464 Third St., Northumoerland Dante, Va. Flora Dale Gardners, R. D. Flora Dale Lancaster, R. 3, Box 35 River Ridge Farm, Franklin Mt. Joy Hunlocks Creek, R. D. Easton, R. 2 232 Main St., Emaus Bechtelsville, R. D. New Castle, R. 1 Waynesboro Hummelstown Box 128, Wilkes-Barre Mars, R. D. Port Matilda 420 Lexington Ave, New York City Scalp Level Fayetteville, R. 1 Macungie Aspers Lebanon Zionsville, R. 1 Jersey Shore, R. 3 Ephrata, R. 3 York, R. 2 Stevens, R. 2 Patton, R. 2 Etters, R. 1 York, R. 4 Liverpool Indiana New Bedford East Springfield Indiana, R. 1 Lancaster, R. 3 — 135 — II Name Wiggins, A. W. Wilkinson, R. R. Wilson, Harry Wilson, David Winter, M. L. Wishard, Dr. Walter H. Wiflter, John C. Witherow, R. T. Witman, John Wolfe. Chas. D. Wolfe, D. E. Wolfe, Jo8. Wolfe, Walter Wolff, F. B. Wolgemuth, A. M. Wolgemuth, John K. Woods, Frank J., Jr. General Chemical Co. Woodward, Norris H. Worley's Nursery Worthington. Henry, Jr. Worthington, Russell Wotring, Oscar A. Wright, Fred Wright, J. Earl Wundcr. James Yerger, C. R. Yoat, A. J. Yohe, Geo. S. Yohe, Henry T. Yoxmg, Ed. Young, J. Fred Young, Junius Young, Miles Young, R. C. Youngs, A. J. Youngs, Im G. Zeigler, E. Calvin Zimmerman, Harry Zook, Amos F. Zook, I. F. Address Clarks Summit / 703 S. 25th St., Harrisburg Wilson Farm, Wilkinsburg, R. 1 Bridgeton Hellam, R. 1 132 W. Main St., Waynesboro Clarkson & Wister St., Germantown Punxsutawney Reading, Box 316 U. B. Quincy Orphanage, Quincy Dallas, R. D. AUentown, R. 1 Dallas, R. 2 Lima Mt. Joy, R. 1 Mt. Joy, R. 2 40 Rector St., New York City Mendenhall York Springs, R. 1 West Chester West Chester Orefield . , Harrisburger Hotel, Harnsb\irg New Oxford, Box 41 409 DuPont St., Philadelphia Apollo, R. 3 Punxsutawney, R. D. Spring Grove Spring Grove Chambersburg, R. 1 EUwood City, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, N. y* Chambersburg, R. 6 North East, R. 2 North East 529 W. Market St.. York Reamstown Lancaster, R. 5 Curryville ^^ — 13« — Hail Insurance On Growing Crops "Your good graces and the American way of doing business have made it possible for us to continue writing Hail Insur- . „.^ ,»^.i koira nInvoH WA Wlsh tO eXDrCSS OUT iillCC sincere appreciation, and reassure you that we shall continue to serve in a nianner which merits your faith and trust/' --GARNET U BOOKER Insurance Company of North America Alliance Insurance Company Philadelphia Fire and Marine Insurance Co. National Security Insurance Company Central Insurance Company of Balto. Aetna Insurance Company Aetna Underwriters Department World Fire and Marine Insurance Company Piedmont Fire Insurance Company Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company Constitution Underwriters I>ei)artment Sentinel Fire Insurance Company New England Fire Insurance Company Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Co. Gaxnet L. Booker, Sup't Hail Departmoit 90 John Street NEW YORK CITY Name Wiggins, A. W. Wilkinson, R. R- Wilson. Harry Wilson, David Winter, M. L. Wishard, Dr. Walter H. Wister, John C. Witherow. R. T. Witman, John Wolfe. Chas. D. Wolfe. D. E. Wolfe, Jos. Wolfe, Walter Wolff, F. B. Wolgemuth, A. M. Wolgemuth. John K. Woods. Frank J., Jr. General Chemical Co. Woodward, Norris H. Worley's Nursery Worthington. Henry. Jr. Worthington, Russell Wotring, Oscar A. Wright, Fred Wright. J. Earl Wunder, James Yerger, C. R. Yoat. A. J. Yohe, Geo. S. Yohe. Heniy T. Young, Ed. Young, J. Fred Young, Junius Young. Miles Young. R. C. Youngs, A. J. Youngs, L. G. Zeigler. E. Calvin Zimmerman. Harry Zook, Amos F. Zook, I. F. Address Clarka Summit 703 S. 25th St.. Harrisburg Wilson Farm, Wilkinsburg, R. 1 Bridgeton Hellam, R. 1 132 W. Main St., Waynesboro Clarkson & Wister St., Germantown Punxsutawney Reading. Box 316 U. B. Quincy Orphanage. Qumcy Dallas. R. D. AUentown, R. 1 Dallas, R. 2 Lima Mt. Joy, R. 1 Mt. Joy, R. 2 40 Rector St., New York City Mendenhall York Springs, R. 1 West Chester West Chester Orefield Harrisburger Hotel. Harrisburg New Oxford. Box 41 409 DuPont St., Philadelphia Apollo, R. 3 Punxsutawney. R. D. Spring Grove Spring Grove Chambersburg. R. 1 Ell wood City, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg. N. V. Chambersburg, R. 6 North East, R. 2 North East 529 W. Market St.. York Reamstown Lancaster, R. 5 Curryville Hail Insurance On Growing Crops "Your good graces and the American way of doing business have made it possible for us to continue writing Hail Insur- ance. For the part you have played we wish to express our sincere appreciation, and reassure you that we shall continue to serve in a manner which merits your faith and trust." —GARNET L. BOOKER Insurance C:k>mpany of North America AHiance Insurance Company Philadelphia Fire and Marine Insurance Co. National Security Insurance Company Central Insurance Company of Balto. Aetna Insurance Company Aetna Underwriters Department World Fire and Marine Insurance Company Piedmont Fire Insurance Company Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company Constitution Underwriters Department Sentinel Fire Insurance Company New England Fire Insurance Company Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Co. Garnet L. Booker, Sup't Hail Department 90 John Street NEW YORK CITY 136 — with Arsenate of Lead KILLS Codling Motli WHAT D-X DOES: D-X impregnates the arsenate of lead with rotenone Euid pyrethrum giving you triple codling moth protection. First, — ^Imme- diate paralysis takes place when the larva comes in contact with D-X or takes it in his mouth, whether he eats it or not. Second, — ^Many live moths are kiUed by contact while spraying. Third, — ^The coating and build-up of the spray is increased. WHAT GROWERS SAY: " We want to say that this combination of D-X and arsenate of lead for the codling moth peak spray is something very real. We never had such results."— W. R. C, N. Y. " With D-X and arsenate of lead I got better control of codling moth and aphis, with at least 90% perfect apples.'' — A. H. B., N. Y. " Where we used D-X and arsenate of lead in 1940 we packed 6890 bushels U. S. No. I's with only 32 biL culls, as against 80% codling moth injury in 1939. These results speak for themselves." — J. E. S., Pa. " The best results I have ever had with any other combination of sprays. Have never seen any spray that stuck and covered so well." — E. U F., N. Y. WHAT YOU DO: You can duplicate this control in your orchard. 1. Apply your regular spray schedule up to the first or second cover sprays. 2. Add 1% pints D-X (per 100 gals.) to your regular spray at the peak of the first brood moth emergence. Omit lime in this spray. 3. Spray with 1% pints D-X and 31bs. arsenate of lead per 100 gals, alone, at the peak of the hatch of the larvae, (about 10 days later). Write Department *'D" for new descriptive literature and prices. D-X controls aphis, leaf hoppers, and other pests, too. B. 6. PRATT COMPANY Manuf acturers of Scaleclde, Sprs-Cream, Straltar, D-X, etc. 50 Church Street NEW YORK, N. Y.