Title: Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association news, v.22 Place of Publication: State College, Pa. Copyright Date: 1945 Master Negative Storage Number: IVINS# PSt SNPaAg097.5 F -i I Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association News PUBUSHED BY THE ASSOCIATION ISBned Quarterly at State College, Pa. Subscription Included in Anntial Dues of $2.00 E2ntered as second class matter at the Post Office at State College, Pa. Vol. xxn state College, Pa., March, 1945 No. 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Eighty-sixth Annual Meeting Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association Chestnut Street Hall Auditorium, Harrisburg, Penna, January 9, 10 and 11, 1945 JAMES R. FULLER ,<» ■^V^'^W i.:i^ <* ... *- ■Hf' ■ Makes Work Easy for Your Men. ^ve« Time and Reduces Your Cost of Hanuiing Material. Portoble Gravity Conveyor. Ulfht weight But Strong. "Move it Where You Want It". floor to floor operation. WHEELS— Easy RolUng Rubber Tired - Iron - Forged SteeL CASTERS— Easy RoUing Rubber Tired - Iron - Forged SteeL TRUCKS-Wood - Steel - Wood and Steel - Standard or Special to Suit the Job. EQXnPMENT FOR HANDING MATERIALS "^ X^ X. l>a ~ ~ — 7033 KELLY STREET PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephone EMerson 3300 ^1 PorUble Power Belt Conveyor. Ad- -^ justable for Height and Angle. "Plug in Anywhere" State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania OFFICERS FOR 194:> President — J Eric Linde, Orefield First Mce-President— Frederic E. Griest, Floradale Second \'iee-President — Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook Treasurer — Paul Thayer, Carlisle Secretary— J. U. Ruef, State College STANDING COMMITTEES r:xeciitive Committee: R. Johnson Gillan, St. Thomas; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg; H. M. Anderson. New Park. Legislative - Rep. on Agricultural C ouncil: G. Frank Gillan, St. Thomas; M. E. Knouse, Peach Glen; R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg; W. E. Grove, York Spiing-s; George Goodling, Logan viile; Glen Slaybaugh, Gettysburg, R. 5; John Peters, York Springs; Lionel Newcomer, Sec-Chairman, Fleetwood. Farm Show - Flxhibitlon: Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook; R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg; R. Johnson Gillan, St. Thomas. Insect Pests: J. Q. Pepper, State College; H. N. Worthley, State Collegre; T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College; R. S. Kirby, State Col- lege, K. W. Laurer, Harrisburg. Game I^ws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon; R. D. Anthony, State College; George Goodling, Loganville. State C^ollege Relations: H. F. Hershey, Chairman, Hamburg, Pa.; Francis Reiter, Mars, Pa.; C. L. Packard, Ore Kill, Pa.; William F. Mellor, North Wayne Ave., Wayne, Pa., Guy Smith, Northeast, Pa., J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Pa. Resolutions: Sheldon Funk, Boyertown, Pa.; Jack Imsweiler, West Che.ster, Pa.; Roy Hafer, Fayettesville, Pa. MMkfiH Work Ea«y for Yoar Men. Save* Material. Portable Gravity Coy^^^'A .J^ weight But Strong. "More » Wh«« You Want It". CONVEYORS— Gravity (wheel type and roUer) Comejm Power Bdt, portable and adjustable, also permanent for floor to floor operation. WHEELS-Easy RoUing Rubber Tired - Iron - Forged SteeL CASTERS— Easy Rolling Rubber Tired - Iron - Forged SteeL TRUCKS-Wood - Steel - Wood and Steel - Standard or Special to Suit the Job. EQUIPMENT FOR HANDU^STG MATERIALS 7033 KELLY STREET PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephone EMerscm 3300 Portable Pow« Bdt ConTr. AA- JastaMe tor Height jad Angto. "Flog in Ai»ywher«" f State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania OFFICERS FOR 1945 President — J Eric Linde, Orefield First Vice-President— Frederic E. Griest, Floradale Second Vice-President — Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook Treasurer — Paul Thayer, Carlisle Secretary — J. U. Ruef, State College STANDING COMMITTEES Executive Committee: R. Johnson Gillan, St. Thomas; H. F. Hershey, Hamburg; H. M. Anderson, New Park. Legislative - Rep. on Agricultural Council: G. Frank Gillan, St. Thomas; M. E. Knouse, Peach Glen; R. T. Cnswell, Chambersburg; W. E. Grove, York Springs; George Goodling, Logan ville; Glen Slaybaugh, Gettysburg, R. 5; John Peters, York Springs; Lionel Newcomer, Sec-Chairman, Fleetwood. Farm Show - Exhibition: Guy L. Hayman, Northbrook; R. C. McDonald, Shippensburg; R. Johnson Gillan, St. Thomas. Insect Pests: J. O. Pepper, State College; H. N. Worthley, State College; T. L. Guyton, Harrisburg. Plant Diseases: H. W. Thurston, State College; R. S. Kirby, State Col- lege, K. W. Laurer, Harrisburg. Game Laws: J. A. Runk, Huntingdon; R. D. Anthony, State College; George Goodling, Loganville. State College Relations: H. F. Hershey, Chairman, Hamburg, Pa.; Francis Reiter, Mars, Pa. ; C. L. Packard, Ore Hill, Pa. ; William F. Mellor, North Wayne Ave., Wayne, Pa., Guy Smith, Northeast, Pa., J. A. Runk, Huntingdon, Pa. Resolutions: Sheldon Funk, Boyertown, Pa.; Jack Imsweiler, West ChejBter, Pa.; Roy Hafer, Fayettesville, Pa. POSURE i m PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS J. ERIC LINDJE, Orefield, Pa. Another year has passed since last we met here, a year of many trials and experiences, another year of war and great sacrifices for many. Meeting here a year ago we held strong hopes of being closer to Victory than we are now, with many hard battles to win before we can again live in peace. However, the Victory shall be ours in the future, when we trust we can again take up duties and look to the brighter days for us all in the way of life we were accustomed to, and not be regimented on our farms and in our homes and our every day walk of life. Fruit growers, have much to be thankful for in the past year, despite a dry season for many, insect ravages beyond past experiences, hail storm damage, and a lack of sufficient and efficient labor. A kind providence smiled on us during harvest allowing us many more days to har- vest than in other seasons, so all in all, with fair prices we have come through smiling. The wives and children of growers, the neighbors and their wives, the school children and everyone who helped so wonderfully deserve our highest praise. We were forced to use every available source of labor, prisoners of war. Southern negroes, Bohemians and otliers. and we must look forward to our 1945 hai^vest now as far as labor is concerned, exhausting every avenue to secure enough help to do a good job. Selective Service wil' make inroads on our rapidly diminishing labor supply in 1945. The war must be won at all cost, and I am sure wtj shall come through in 1945 with our best effort to produce and harvest all the food that is humanly possible. With O.P.A. setting ceiling prices on fruit of all kinds, classing apples as apples and not on grades, it becomes evi- dent that some growers are going to try and get by with less spraying and general care of orchards as well as letting down on pack. This is a mistake, for as consumer purchas- ing power rises, they want only the best and are demand- ing the best irrespective of price. Only the best grades are moving now and come Spring, we shall see many bush- els of apples out of condition which will not find a market. Machinery to produce crops will not be available to any greater extent than in 1944, so see that the very best care is taken of existing equipment in your hands. There are many things that are very important today, outside of supplies and help. They are : Determination of all to rely on our own initiative and judgment m the pro- duction and use of land, and to act for ourselves m the man- ner we were accustomed to. Help discourage bureaucratic control and the payment of subsidies by the Federal Gov- ernment, as subsidies paid any farmer are not a farm sub- sidy, but strictly a consumer subsidy and should be known as such. Farmers should and today it becomes imperative that they should organize on a national basis so they have a voice in the promulgation of laws and in National affairs beyond their present representation. Farmers should take advantage of our Co-Operative laws to work out their own salvation, by processing, marketing of crops and purchasing of supplies used on the fann, as Cooperatives have been and will be more instrumental lor putting farming on a sounder basis. Prepare now to re- tire debts, improve buildings and the soil ; and above all do not expand your acres as lean years will again appear m Agriculture. So be prepared, place yourself on a safe and sound basis. It is imperative that the war be won. Victory may not be in the immediate future, but inevitable Victory will be ours, so it becomes increasingly evident that we must soon prepare for reconversion and the changes that will follow that day. I am sure all of us can find jobs that have long been neglected in our operation for many Service Men and war workers, who will be looking for jobs when the war is over. Marketing will be one of the most important post war problems of our industry. New packages, new methods of. processing such as dehydration, quick freezing, transporta- tion and new areas of production will change the market- ing problem. We must be alert to these changes and their influence on our markets. We, as fruit growers, can be thankful to the present organizations fighting our battles on all fronts. They have accomplished many things for us, which as individuals we could not accomplish alone. Our hats off to them, and 1 wish to mention a few who deserve our greatest support: Appalachian Apples, Inc., New England Institute, National Apple Institute, National Peach Council, International Ap- ple Association. 8 We need a National Association composed of all Fruit Growers: for with Government Directives, Price Control, Bureaucratic Agencies and what have you, we must be alert to all laws and directives concerning our industry, and one National Association could and would reflect our wishes with more force and eff'ect. The effect on the fruit industry of conflicting orders and directives and the inability of Government to establish workable plans and orders that are simple and sensible enough for ordinary people to understand and use is deplor- able. Today, we havo no proper clarification of the Area of Production, and when we do, I doubt if it will be workable. The cancellation of ration stamps has also undermined confidence in O.P.A. regulations and make us all wonder if O.P.A. is being administered by persons who are fully in- formed or capable of the administration of so comprehen- sive a task. We are not adverse to working with government con- trols when sensibly administered and will do all in our power to help control inflation and produce all the crops possible to speed Victory, as our tiials and inconveniences are indeed small compared to the sacrifices our boys are making in the prosecution of the war in many lands. Our prayers and our thoughts are with them, so a speedy Victory can be won and they can be back with us at the earliest possible moment. Let us resolve to make 1945, Victory year, on the home front as well as the battle front. Today is the tomorrow you were doing so much worrying about yesterday. ALBERT C. ROEMHILD Commission Merchant WHOLESALE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Phone, Lombard 1000 122 Dock St., Philadelphia, 6, Pa. 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Processed into the most economical and serviceable forms for installation in low tempera- ture rooms, for pipe lines, ducts, tanks, etc., it provides that long-lasting protection that has caused users to regard it as the "lowest priced insulation per service hour that money can buy.'* If you have a use for controlled temperature — in fruit storage, frozen food locker plants or other forms of food preservation and storage — you can profit from Mundet Cork Insulation. Write to us about your ap- plication. We shall be glad to submit recommendations covering low-temperature insulation in the most ser- viceable and practical forms for your requirements. Mundet Cork Corporation, Insulation Division, 65 S. 11th Street, Brooklyn 11, N. Y. MUNDET CORKBOARD and CORK PIPE COVERING A GROWER'S PROGRAM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF QUALITY FRUITS. M. T. HARTMAN, County Agent, Gettysburg, Pa. During the past 20 years I have had the privilege and opportunity of working with fruit growers in several large fruit producing areas in Pennsylvania. I have also had the opportunity of visiting fruit areas of neighboring states. I have always been vitally interested in the economical production and marketing of quality fruit. I am happy to admit that I have seen some of the finest quaUty fruit that one could desire, and I regret to admit that I have seen too much fruit of inferior quality. Naturally, there are many factors that must be consid- ered, and fortunate or unfortunate, as it may be, the ma- jority of factors that influence quaUty of fruit are controll- able by man. Among the more important factors that are responsible for poor quality in fruit are excessive injury by diseases and insects, spray injury or russeting, off color and size of fruit, and to some extent varieties that are not adapted. It is not only important that we pmduce quality fruit, it is absolutely necessary to hai'vest and deliver to the ultimate consumer fruit that has not been bruised and blem- ished by faulty handling. It is rather evident that some orchai^ds are located on poor orchard sites, and the logical solution is the reconver- sion of these areas to other crops. I believe that considerable more attention must be giv- en to soil management and plant food requirements. Many of our orchard soils are low in organic matter which re- minds us of the importance of cover crops. We appreciate the fact that a dense cover crop growth is naturally favor- able for mice, and many good fruit trees have been lost because of mouse injury. Orchard losses due to mouse in- jury can be greatly reduced by properly using mouse bait. Frankly, I believe that pruning is one of the most im- portant management practices in the orchard and bears a most important relationship to quality production. Obser- vation has shown that excessive pruning is very detrimen- tal, faulty pruning is responsible for considerable damage by sun scald, and insufficient pruning is responsible for poor size, poor color, and provides favorable conditions for in- sect and diease to multiply unmolested. The control of orchard diseases and insects is possible if we use a complete and thorough spray progi^am adjusted 6 to meet local conditions. The orchardist must have an m- timate knowledge of the life history and nature of orchard diseases and insects together with the properties of var- ious spray materials. Stating it briefly, 1 have noticed that when the proper spray materials are carefully mixed and applied in such a manner that provides good coverage at the logical time, satisfactory control of diseases and insects IS the result. Material - Method - Time. I believe that we have available the necessary fungi- cides and insecticides to do a good job. I am inclined to believe that what the fruit grower needs is confidence in the spray materials that are being used, improvement in cov^ erage and sufficient equipment and help to do timely spray- ing. Trying to analyze the situation, I find that w^e have growers with large acreage that devote full time to fruit growing and growlers that have an orchard in conjunction with other types of farming. Generally speaking, we find the grower with large acreage underequipped, and as a result spraying starts early in the spring and is almost a continuous process. It is physically impossible to comply with the time limitation and a question of sufficient material per tree to secure good coverage. The grower with less acreage usually has sufficient equipment to comply with time and quantity of material per tree. However, other farm work frequently interferes with and delays the spraying operation. 1 believe that more attention must be given to apply- ing sprays on time, and larger quantities of spray material are required per tree to secure coverage. With due respect for the need of improved spray ma- terials, and we know that improvements are being made, nevertheless I believe that we must comply with the re- quirements of thorough coverage and timely application if satisfactory control is to be had. I would suggest that growers keep records regarding the material, time of application, and weather conditions so that when failure to control insects and diseases presents itself, it is possible to study the situation and determine the cause. For detailed information regrading your fruit problems, may I suggest that you consult your County Agent. hi m THE CONTROL OF ORCHARD PESTS J. D. HUTCHISON, County Agent, Wilkes Barre, Pa. How are we controlling Insects in our orchard? I know it is the sincere aim of all orchardists to pro- duce the ultimate fruit the cleanest possible. We do so for two reasons alone. 1. To secure more net return for our product — with the result of less sales resistance and less labor. 2. To protect our pride. I know many fruit growers whose feelings are hurt when they have an unclean crop, be it Scab or Insect damage. They are not proud of the resulting crop. I am serious about this last premise, that growers are ashamed to show an unclean crop to their friends. So much for that — The Agricultural Extension Association throughout Pennsylvania, in conjunction with the Entomology and Plant Pathology Departments of the Pennsylvania State College, has assumed the responsibility of giving you grow- ers timely information in the fomi of Spray Letters, that will enable you to secure clean fruit providing you apply YOUR labor and judgement to the best advantage during the spraying season. YOUR on my paper here is in capital letters, for the prime reason that YOU must apply to your trees, timely and thoroughly, the materials as recommended. If YOU again, follow out these recommendations you can feel reasonably sure that the ultimate crop will be reas- onably clean. I say ^'reasonably clean'' with reservation, for there are instances in some orchards where they may have their own peculiar problems, such as a serious infesta- tion of Plum Curculio or a good build up of Codling Moth due to previous neglects in spraying. I understand in the southern end of the State Scab is no longer a problem. That may well be, but don't be too assured that it has gone forever. Some year with adequate moisture and sufficient neglect on the part of you orchardists, you may expect an outbreak of apple Scab again. Well, I am getting over in Dutch Hartman's program, so I will jump back on the Insect problem as we see it in 8 A Brand To Rely On Complete Line of Agricultural Sprays and Dusts Right Now — Get Your Supply Of ORTAZOL DINITRO Powder HY-TOX "83" OIL EMULSION MISCIBLE OIL "C" TUBACIDE— 2% Rotenone Spray SUMMER OIL "V" LIME SULPHUR ARSENATE OF LEAD NU-FILM Sticker & Spreader FERTILIZER FOR SPRING CROPS Ask our field man to call and help you with your spring planning* WRITE FOR PRICES MILLER CHEMICAL & FERTILIZER CORP. 1000 S. Caroline Street MAIN OFFICE : BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. Luzerne County which may be applicable to most counties in Pennsylvania. Now as to some of our pests and their control: I think that most growers the past few years have come to the general conclusion that Aphids, Red Bug, and Scale can be controlled most easily in Delayed Dormant Spray with the combination of a 4% oil and D. N. powder. I know in Luzerne County we feel safe with this combina- tion if applied thoroughly and properly. But we don't feel that this combination has controlled European Red Mite, for in orchards this past year, we were able to find Red Mite on the blossom end of apples about the time of the first cover spray. Apple Maggott and R.R. Worm we consider a problem no longer if sufficient Cover Sprays are applied. There are two pests in Luzerne County over which our growers are alamied and they are Plum Curculio and Cod- ling Moth. Plum Curculio has been increasing each year for the past ten years in Luzerne County, and this past year, for a county-wide prevalence, it has reached its crest. The Curculio can mar apples just as much as Scab and it has increased seriously in our best sprayed orchards. We have tried Cryolite and other insecticides and still it increases. So in our grower's estimation, this is a problem for our re- search entomologists to work on. Codling Moth in our well-sprayed orchards for years has not been a problem, but the past two years, we notice that we are securing a gradual build-up of this pest, and we trust that it will not be as severe as it was in the south- ern end of the State a few years ago. Now, this program business is a buck passing business. Johnny Ruef passed the ball to Dutch and me and then we were supposed to pass it on to you, the gullible general pub- lic. You know in Washington they buck-passed the recent O.P.A. ration suiprise, when they lopped off the value of certain red and blue points and sugar coupons. Well they had to pass it along to you, because the W.F.A. passed the buck to them. So here goes the buck ! 10 In Luzerne County at a great many of our meetings we have growers^ discussion. Our people hke it, for they o-et this information first hand from growers who are ac- complishing the job. So here goes the buck again. We are now about to have a discussion of growers and this program has been unrehearsed. Unrehearsed, dawn matinee. So if you wish to be with us at this matinee, this will be the only performance. At this rehearsal, we expect you growers who are lead- ing the discussion to say what you think is on your mmds. You growers in the audience, if you disagree, please speak up. I like an argument and if one comes to blows, I trust that the President will be able to swing his gavel sufficiently hard to preserve some semblance of order. It gives me pleasure to introduce: N. Y. Lewis, Pittston William Smith, Bei-wick, R. D. Mr. Lewis,, what are your problems in orchard pests and what can we in the Extension Department do to aid in your Insect Control Program? Mr. Smith: What have you to suggest? Conclusion : Maybe we are going along the line of least resistance. We have always used Lime Sulphur. For years we have used Arsenate of Lead. John Deal - John Pepper: What have you to add ? Have our insecticides depleted the parasitic population and are we beginning to feel the lack of these parasites ? What does D.D.T., the wonder insecticide, hold forth for the fruit grower? In conclusion, as we talk and discuss here this morn- ing, we think we have problems, but do we? We are all fairly well clothed, none of you look emaciated ; most of us don't have physical pains, unless it be from overindulgence. As we think of the suffering of human beings, our sons and relatives on the battlefields of the world, we can give thanks that we are fruit gix)wers producing food, and not soldieiis giving our lives, suffering physical pain and exposure. So let's all be thankful and pray that this turmoil may cease at the earliest possible time, when we, as humans through- out the world, may return to our honies and loved ones, and live without fear of aggression and want. 11 ti BALANCED SODS IN ORCHARDS FRED V. GRAU, Extension Agrronomist, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania What Are Balanced Sods? Balanced sods in the or- chard are to the fruit grower what good hay and pasture sods are to the livestock farmer. They represent an advan- tage by which an equilibrium is maintained between the cash crop and the soil. Continued production consists of maintainmg a balance between opposing forces. In the orchard the opposing forces are represented by loss of top- soil through erosion, loss of nutrients by leaching, loss of organic matter by accelerated decay, loss of moisture-hold- ing capacity in the soil, loss of ground cover by poor man- agement practices. These opposing forces are largely bal- anced by means of good sods which in turn must them- selves be balanced against other factors. Half s»iass-half legume. According to the best evi- dence, a truly balanced sod is roughly half grass and half legume. An all-grass sod requires abundant supplies of nitrogen and can make none. An all-legume sod produces nitrogen in excess but builds little organic matter in the soil. By combining the two, the nitrogen-hungry grass is fed by the nitrogen-gathering legume and organic matter is built at a more rapid rate by the union. The production of dry matter of the balanced sod as compared with an un- balanced sod is represented by these figures: Pounds dry matter per acre: Grass alone Legume alone Grass plus Legume 3000 4000 6000 Climate : The species in a sod must be balanced against the forces of climate if the sod is to be effective. There is considerable overlapping but one would not select lespedeza tor Luzerne County orchard sods nor would red fescue which does so well in Wyoming County, necessarily be se- lected for southern York or Adams County. Bermuda grass grows well m Delaware County but is not winter hardy in Lrie County. Ladmo clover seems to be adapted over the entire State the same as alfalfa, red clover, and white clover. Ihe more common widely-adapted grasses include the blue- grasses, the fescues, orchard grass and timothy. Soii conditions: A sod must be balanced against cer- tain soil conditions. Low organic matter content is a fre- quent opposing factor in orchard soils. This means lower moisture-holding capacity and poor physical condition of the 12 soil. Where this occurs it is important to select those species which tolerate these conditions. Red fescue grows better than many other grasses under these adverse condi- tions. Kentucky bluegrass thrives best where the soil is relatively high in organic matter and holds moisture well. Ladino clover grows best where soils are high in fertility, organic matter and moisture. Sweet clover, birdsfoot tre- foil and lespedeza, on the other hand, tolerate the more un- favorable conditions of low organic matter and low moisture holding capacity. Management. In order to have a balanced sod for dif- ferent types of management there arc two type of sod to consider. First, the temporary sod which is destroyed regularly at a certain season and then re-established; and, second, the pemianent sod which is desired to remain pro- ductive for many years. With the permanent sod, two types of management are practiced ; first, periodic mowing to control seeding of weeds and certain undesirable grasses ; and, second, an almost complete neglect of mowing which, with certain species, produces an undesirable, unbalanced sod which largely fails in its intended puiT)ose. A temporary sod should be one which is readily de- stroyed by which can be re-established quickly and easily. Ryegrass and lespedeza or ryegrass and vetch are balanced temporary sods which will fill most requirements. Per- manent sods which require frequent mowing for best re- sults are Ladino clover-grass mixtures. Where little or no mowing is likely to be done, a better balanced sod mav be red fescue and iDirdsfoot trefoil or bluegrass-birdfoot. It is recognized that Ladino clover is one of the better orchard covers and also that birdsfoot trefoil is as yet practically unknown to orchardists. But from the standpoint of a balanced sod against some of the stated opposing forces, I submit that there may be some of those grass-legume com- binations which may be improvements over the sods now in use. In many cases it will come down to a deci^^^ion as to whether to select a balanced sod which vou like and want to R-row and then to condition the soil and vour m^^na^-ement to fit that sod, or whether to select the balanced sod that fits the readv-made conditions. The decision is forever and unalterably one which you, as an individual, must make. Effect on main rroD: Some sods mav be better bal- anced than others in their effect on the main crop— the fruit crop. It is grnerallv aorreed that deep-rootimr alfalfa may compete too seriously with the trees for moisture dnrino: critical periods. The same would be true of sweet clover if it wer^ allowed to grow to maturity. A sod which tends 13 M*.. •.•*• t**Jt,t to become dormant during dry spells, such as bluegrass or red fescue, offers little competition for moisture. Likewise, it has been indicated that certain sod crops harbor diseases and insects of fruits worse than others. Proper balance here would indicate selection of those sods that are least competitive to the main crop. Thus far, we have discussed those factors which neces- sitates balanced sods together with some of the advantages of balanced sods. The next step, and the one in which many of you are interested, is that of how to establish and maintain them to the best advantage. Establishing the sod: Recent experiments on pastures and hay fields prove that the simplest and most effective method of establishing a grass-legume cover is to destroy existing vegetation in the fall by discing. Fm not telling you anything new. You've been discing or ripping your orchard sods with the orchard cultivator and similar tools for years. The important thing is that the lime and fer- tilizer are worked into the soil in the fall where it is ready to go m the spring. Leaving the trash on the surface pre- vents erosion and greatly aids in the absoption of moisture. You might think that the rough surface wouldn't be much of a seed bed. If you think that way, you will probably be wrong. When the seed is sown on the frozen soil about the time honeycombing takes place you will find that the seed will find as good a place to germinate and grow as though you used a drill. More than this, the rotting organic mat- ter acts as a tonic and stimulant to the young grass and the early quick start gets the grass Vav out ahead of the weeds. Spring preparation is all right if you didn't get it done in the fall but the seeding is bound to be later, weeds will be worse, and the live grass cover over winter is bound to harbor mice. I am not advocating the destruction of the ground coyer every fall— not by any means. Fm talking to those of you who do not have the "balanced sods" that you need and who may be in the business of establishing a different kind of a sod from the one you have. Fertilizing- during discing: There is little need for me to sav much about fertilizers in the orchard after you have inst hsten-d to Ssm Gray's talk on "Balanced Fertilizers" i£your soils are hicrhly productive and your fertilizing pro- ^m has bren of the highest type, you may not need any additional fertilizer. But when sods are thin weeds are prevalent and the need for fertility is evident d^^fwas^^ good grass and legume seed by sowing it on unfertilized l«r T li^^l to« Precious to waste in these days of three dol- lar Ladmo and seventy-five cent fescue. Where fertilizer 14 1943 ersey nables ight election very ear VISION IN YOUR NEEDS, CHARACTER IN PRESENTING THEM Jersey Package Company BRIDGETON, NEW JERSEY Phone 473 15 is needed use a recommended fruit fertilizer. A good com- plete fertilizer will be best for the grass seeding — say 400 to 500 pounds to the acre of an 8-16-16 or 4-12-12. Next best is an 0-1-1 ration (0-12-12 or 0-14-14 at around 500 pounds to the acre. Legumes need ample supplies of phos- phorus and potash, especially where no manure can be sup- plied. The important thing is to get the fertilizer worked into the soil during the discing operation. Experinients have shown that the fertilizer is not lost during the winter when the trash is left on the surface. You may say that a program like this is going to cost money. True, but an orchard can be no better than the cover, and the cover will be the first to tell you when the fertility level begins to drop. Choice of sods: The selection of the kind of sod to grow is one of the important phases of having balanced sods in the orchard. We have already discussed briefly some of the factors of management but one feature deserves further mention. No matter what you may select in the way of grasses and legumes, mowing will be essential for the good of the sod itself. Young grass and clover plants are easily choked by weeds, and weeds are bound to be present in a good soil. One exception is Orchard grass which seems to be able to sui'vive even under a heavy weed cover. I wonder sometimes if it didn't get its name by the very fact that it was one of the few grasses that could sur- vive the rough treatment and the heavy competition. '.'.A« '>»; Ladino clover seems to be an outstanding favorite among orchardists. It is a newcomer to us but an extreme- ly popular one. It growls well on most of our soils but does best where the soil is rich and moist, or where the frequent- ly-clipped growth is allowed to fall to the gi'ound. Consider now that the leaves and petioles of Ladino clover may an- alyze as high as 38 per cent protein on a dry basis, which is equivalent to about six per cent nitrogen, and that the total dry matter production of a good Ladino soil in a year may be as high as two tons to the acre Now you can be- nrin to realize that with a balanced sod there is a lot of ni- troo-en being fed to the trees out of the air by way of the Ladino clover. Better than that the loss of calcium, phos- phoTus ?nd potash will be small because the roots continue to draw these minerals from the soil and re-deposit them on the surface where the leaves decay and return the minerals to the soil in an available forai. Ladino clover will be most successful under these con- ditions : 1. A ''sweet'' or neutral soil. 16 2. Ample balanced supplies of phosphorus and potash. 3. A solid seed bed. 4. Surface seeding on frozen ground in late winter. 5. Sowing one to two pounds to the acre with light seedings of non-competitive grasses like timothy or red fescue (not over five qounds to the acre of the grasses.) Right here I want to say that I have been impressed by the seedings of Ladino clover in the College orchards where a few pounds of sweet clover seed were added. Where the sweet clover was clipped back when it got up to a foot high, it was non-competitive and seemed to greatly assist the Ladino clover. 6. Clipping the growth back with the mower at four inches to leave a good ground cover, frequently enough to control weed growth and vent the re-seeding of grasses at any time, grasses are allowed to go to seed, from 100 pounds of seed to the acre go back on the soil, ten per cent of these seeds grow it is enough courage or smother any legume. bar set clipping to pre- When to 400 If only to dis- 7. Permitting the Ladino clover to bloom freely in July and August and to reseed itself as an insurance policy against winter injury and freezing out in late winter and early spring. Data shows that from 15 to 70 qounds of Ladino seed may be produced to the acre in a good stand where bees are present to work the blossoms. If this program is followed, your first purchase of Ladino clover seed my be your last. Hay cut in Auq*ust when the heads are full of seed mav be scattered ^nd disked into the soil on other areas where you want f<> ^ret it established. This is like the seed- mulch method used on airfields. It is simple, cheap, and very effective because the hav orreatly helps in es- tablishing* the seed by holdino!- moisture and by keepinor the soil cool and Dorous. This principle can be used with anv frrass or lecrume which vou may want to grow. With seeds as high in price as they are today, some of you may want to consider this plan rather seriously. Choice of grasses with Ladino clover: We have men- tioned timothv and red fescue as being relatively non- com- petitive to Ladino clover. Neither is so aggressive as Orchard prrass which is obiectionable because of the large clumps that develop with ap*e. If Orchard grass were not so bunchy, it would stand off anv other gi'ass because it is ^. good companion with T,adino clover where it is kept down by frequent clipping. One of its chief virtues is* i^« shade- 17 's'. tolerance. Fortunately, red fescue is just as shade-toler- ant as Orchard grass and it develops a low smooth tough turf that will take plenty of punishment. Creepmg red fescue is to be preferred over Chewings fescue because Chewings tends to be bunchy too, although they are neither so large nor so objectionable as Orchard grass. Timothy has the advantage of maturing seeds late in July so that you have more time to get it mowed before the seeds are ripe. The sod it makes is neither heavy nor tough but makes a good substantial cover. Kentucky bluegrass does not pmduce a balanced sod with Ladino clover in Pennsylvania. It tends to smother the Ladino in about the second or third year under normal con- ditions. On rich soils Kentucky bluegrass tends to come m on its own accord, probably fix)m seeds that are in the soil. Tliis is a natural occurrence that we can't do much about and don't intend to. . ' Canada bluegrass does not fit too well with Ladino clover because they have different adaptations. Canada bluegrass will do well on poor, thin, dry soils where Ladmo cannot be expected to thi'ive. Otherwise, Canada bluegrass makes a low-growing tough sod that will take a lot of hard wear. We've sowed a lot of it in Ladino mixtures for poultry ranges and have yet to see much of it so there is not much use seeding it in Ladino mixtures. Other legumes. We have mentioned birdsfoot trefoil but have not recommended it as an orchard legume. But, because of some of its characteristics, it deserves some dis- cussion and, in some orchards I have seen, birdsfoot would be a big advantage over the existing cover, if any. It is a drought-tolerant legume and it is a long-lasting perennial which reseeds itself each year at the rate of 40 to 60 qounds of seed to an acre. During extremely dry seasons I have observed that, under a heavy cover of birdsfoot, the soil stays quite moist. It has the distinct advantage of being able to compete successfully with tall-growing grasses, even thoue-h the cover is not mowed. It will grow on soils of low fertility and low organic matter better than Ladino clover. The root system is much more branched and fibrons than alfalfa and it is believed to require less mois- ture in a dry season. It will grow better in a balanced sod Avith more of the grasses than Ladino clover. With Canada blupp-rpss it looks like a "natural." Some of its disadvan- faQ:es include: (1) difficulty of establishment. (2) takinsr th^-ee years to become fully established. Special birdsfoot inoculant is an absolute requirement and I have found through experience that it pays to double-inoculate with 18 0 There are important advantages is using the fuU%^ line of Dow Insecticides. Aifording complete control^ for the entire season, these materials work together-^ effectively with a minimum of overlapping and without interference with normal fruit development. Successful fruit growers have learned to simplify their ^ insecticide problem by depending on the Dow Control ^^ Program to obtain the right insecticide at the right time. For complete information, consult your dealer or state experiment station. Experience has taught successful growers to depend on the Dow Control Pro- gram— a complete line of insecticides for the entire season. The reasons! Greater effectiveness because each insecticide has a specific job to do and doesn't attempt to perform so many tasks that its aim is scat- tered and weakened . . . more economy in the long run because less insecticide is required to do the job right . . . saving of man-hours due to ease of appli- cation . . . less planning and figuring. Consult your dealer or state experi- ment station for further information. MfUfumt DOWSPRAY DORMANT OR DN-DRY MIX— The Dow Control Projfram begrins in the dormant season. Dowspray or DN-Dry Mix is particularly effective agrainst red mite, rosy and early green aphis, bud moth, mealy plum aphid, peir psylla, San Jose and scurfy scale. Dowspray Dormant is non-caustic and harmless. Its toxic material is such that less oil is used per tree. DN-Drj' Mix lends itself to varied insect control. It can be mixed with water or oil in different combinations depending: upon the orchard problem. Complete Control for entire season THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY MIDLAND, MICHIGAN 19 I t commercial inoculant and also with soil from old established plants. Lime and fertilizer requirements are lower than for Ladino but it responds to good treatment. A very import ant factor is to seed the very minimum of grass with the birdsioot and also to destroy the existing cover completely so as to permit the seedlings to start with the least com- petition. So fas as adaptation is concerned, I have seen it growing successfully in Montgomery County, on a gravel pile in Erie County, on rocky hillsides in Susquehanna and Bradford Counties, in Cambria County, Centre County and in Clarion County. Five pounds of seed to the acre is recommended for good stands, but good catches have been obtained with two pounds. It can be seeded in late July or in late winter on honeycombed soil. I shall say very little about crown vetch except to say that it looks very promising. Some of you have established demonstration plots of this legume through your contacts with Mr. Ruef , Mr. Fagan, Mr. Mecartney and others. The fact remains that no seed is available commercially but plenty of iX)ot-crown are available for the digging*. It grows well and competes with almost every grass and has a large capacity for taking punishment. So far as lespedeza is concerned. I think most of vou are familiar with the limit^^tions of this legume. It is defi- nitely limited to the southern counties. Being an annual, it must reseed itself each fall in order to persist. The early strain of Korean called 19604 seems to be adapted further north than the common types. Most of this seed is produced in Indiana and there seems to be plenty of it. Other grasses. In the southern tier of counties two flfrasses have possibilities as ground cover which, so far as I know, have not been tried to any appreciable extent. One is Bermuda grass, the other is Zoysia. Both are southem- adanted p-rasses and both are growing successfully in south- eastern Pennsylvania. Both are low-growiner, tough, sod- forming grasses which have a large capacity for hard wear. Neither can be recommended because they have not been tested but their potentialities are such that they deserve mention and certainly a trial in small plots. One disad- vantapfe is that the adanted strains and species must be es- tablished with stolons (ve . w a u t E O CO ^ p rt u CO 'tH be C5 03 » CO 2 • & OB lO 0) ^ • 4-» »-• - . g i> t- •-• CM rH H § xn <^ §«!E tH Oi jr' CO rH H CQ 0) •1-4 .s 4 ^* bo -2 ... w o bo rH ^ lO X ""^ CM E CO X d ft 0) s CM OS-*-* 2 ? Ol. bo-; ^ •»H s X E CO 03 o o 0) CO "^ ce ^ bo -4 ^ «^ 5 bo •r-t E ft »o CM I > o o CQ U S I CO 73 i>-^ botJ O OJ ^ tj J. . ^ 09 . '-^ ^ ^ iJ CO iH 2> I > o o o o 2| AW 9 1 0) 8 18 r-i O I CO I CO I o o I a CO I 73 0} Co q^ ft 'O ft ^ •*-< CQ ft — « X CO E CM 03 Jh San Francisco . Seattle . St. Louis . Utlca (N. Y.) . Wenatchee • Ytklma In Wisconsin: General Chemical WUcongln Corp.. Milwaukee, Wis. In Canada: Th« Nieholt Chemieal Company. Limitad Montreal • Toronto . Vancouvor 71 COOPERATIVE BRUIT PACKING AND THE IMPROVE- MENT OF QUALITY. JOHN PETERS, Gardners, Pa. Fruit growing has long been recognized as an import- ant branch of agriculture. The Bible makes frequent re- ference to fruits and their growers. Our earliest settlers frequently referred to fruits they found in this new land and to those fruits which they brought along with them from the Old World. Just as business and other forms of agriculture have become specialized, so fruit growing itself has become high- ly specialized. We here in Pennsylvania generally grow apples and peaches and some cherries to the exclusion of pears and plums. The grape growers have become special- ists as have the small fruits growers. In some sections of the country the various operations on an orchard have become so specialized that growers may have performed for them contract cultivating, contract spraying and even contract harvesting. The co-operative theory of a mutual self-help organiza- tion, one operating on a non-profit basis, naturally appeals to farmers generally. The farmer, that famed individual- ist, has always banded up with his neighbors, whether it was to fight Indians or thresh his grain. So it is natural for the specialist — the fruit grower — the individifalist who could still join his common interest for common good, to unite to perform that part of his work which he could nat well do by himself. The large fruit grower, the man with sufficiently large production each part of his production schedule economically and efficiently, may be able to pack his fruit successfully. However, where we have the cen- tralized fruit producing areas with attendant competition for labor; and where the production of fruits exceeds the possible local demand and where the average size of the In- dividual orchard holdings tend to be small or moderate in size, there we believe co-operative packing associations to be helpful to fruit gix)wers. The fruit grower, as you well know, is a heavy user of sui-plus labor during the harvest season. In a concen« rated area, labor at hai^vest really becomes a problem. Roughly speaking, it takes just about as much labor to pack a crop as it does to pick it and get it in out of the weather. An efficient packing operation really becomes a major problem to the grower who has barely enough help to pick his crop. Labor much prefers to work steadily throughout the season 72 at one packinghouse to packing or pickmg or odd jobs or work in several orchards and packinghouses. We tmd it much easier to maintain a steadily employed packmg crew in a co-operative packinghouse than to mamtam a similar crew where the work varies as to type and location. In the case of any but the largest growers, the problem of maintaining up-to-date, etiicient packing equipment is an expensive problem. Where the grower really counts all ot his costs, he is astonished at the total expense per bushel which it costs him to pack. Where the grower can sell all of his fruit at his door at his own price— well, that is my idea of a grower's Paradise. However, practically speak- ing mostly a grower has to get himself a buyer and then get the harvested fruit ready to sell. For that man, the man whose neighbors are also his competitors, that man is wise to unite with those neighbors insofar as packinghouse operation, overhead and equipment are concerned. The co- operative packing association provides the advantages of the largest gix)wer for any grower and solves his problem of packing help and facility maintenance. The grower expects to sell all of his fruit. He used to put it all into the same barrel, even if it took a stove pipe to help some of the little ones in. Nowadays, we still sell them all but we don't put them all in the same barrel. We observe so many, many times that while the grower does not sell them all in the same package today, one buyer gets all the packages. One of the greatest advantages to the grower in a co-operative packing association is the fact that the sizes and grades as well as the varieties can be separa- ted and fed to the proper markets, and in pool packs they can be held in volumes sufficient to attract the best buyer of those sizes, grades and varieties. The demands of the market vary from year to year. The grower who has a few packages of this or that size or grade just doesn't have them and the fruit sell at the price of the lowest grade or size. If he does have them pix)perly separated, they are not in sufficient volume to get the proper market. The volume of fruit handled through a co- operative packing association justifies and develops the ex- perience necessary to separate and direct the different sizes and grades into the most desirable packages for the most desirable markets. The question of quality. There is such a thing as pro- duction quality, another thing of recognizing quality and still another of maintaining quality. No packing operation, co-operative or otherwise, can produce one bit of quality in 78 fruit. The grower alone is responsible for size, color, ma- turity, finish and condition in fruit up to its deUvery to the packinghouse platform. There can be no quality in any package which was not with the fruit as it was delivered to the packinghouse. A great many growers have the mis- taken idea that ordinary fruit can be dressed up and be- come a quality product if the package is shiny. Many growers ihink a big, red apple is fine. Pride of ownership also colors the vision of quality for many growers. Then again, the grower may not realize that he really does have fine quality in his iruit. The packing facilities and large volume operation which go with co-operative associations include fair and impartial judgment of quality. This judgment may protect one part of these men from them- selves and the other part can be helped to get the true value of their fruit. The owners of young orchards, those orchards which can't help producing high quality in the first few crops, are usually relatively fortunate in handling their crops. How- ever, these orchards all become old. In fact, a majority of all of our bearing orchards are those orchards twenty years old and older. The owners of these latter orchards have a great many problems, including, among others, the main- tenance of quality production. These crops, where quality and grade are varied, need the most impartial judgment in preparation for market. It is almost impossible for the in- dividual grower to give such crops enough of his time to ac- complish this in his packing operation. If the grower has done everything possible, including the packing of a high quality crop of fruit, to meet present day necessities, it is almost imperative to have this fruit so packed that it meets Federal-State grade requirements. In any but large in- dividual packinghouses, this is impractical although it is the accepted practice in almost every co-operative set-up. The advantages of co-operative packing proceed from here directly into the handling and marketing of fruit since it appears in practically every case that marketing is even more of a problem than packing and that once the grower has delivered his fruit from his farm, he is most anxious to have it sold for him. We might point out that every good reason for and advantage in packing fruit co-operatively continues and expands in the marketing of the same fruit. We have properly kept from touching on any of the aspects of marketing, however, in order that we may give Mr. Her- shey a greater field. 74 KOPPERS FLOTATION SULPHUR PASTE Minimum Sulphur Contents, 40% EASY TO MIX INHERENTLY WETTABLE SETS QUICKLY ON FRUIT AND FOLIAGE REDISTRIBUTES READILY TO GIVE ADDITIONAL PROTECTION TO NEW GROWTH FRIENDLY TOWARD TENDER FOLIAGE ITS FINE PARTICLE SIZE GUARANTEES EFFECTIVE CONTROL WIDELY USED BY LEADING FRUIT GROWERS Ask For Koppers ! Koppers Company, Inc. TAR AND CHEMICAL DIVISION , PITTSBURGH, 19 PENNSYLVANIA /».«JI v-mmviti.-^- 75 EXPERIMENTS WITH DDT FOR CODLING MOTH CON- TROL AT THE VINCENNES, IND., LABORATORY i L. F. STEINEK, S. A. SLMMERLAND, and J. E. FAHEY, U. S. Department of Ag^riculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. The Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine con- ducts research on the codling moth at five laboratories in the United States. The Vincennes, Ind., laboratory is concern- ed with the development and improvement of control meas- ures that are applicable in the fruit sections of the Miss- issippi Valley. The results obtained at Vincennes are not necessarily applicable to other regions, because climatic con- ditions, cultural practices, varieties, apple diseases, and other factors exert extremely important influences on the effectiveness of a control program. A program that is successful in one locality often requires modification before it can be safely used in another; further modifications are often necessary as growers adapt the program to their own situations. Our work with insecticides includes tests of several types. In the first tests the apples are sprayed and in- fested in the laboratory. These tests are followed by lab- oratory-field tests, in which apples are removed from orchard plots that have been sprayed and taken to the laboratory, where newly hatched worms, or larvae, are applied. From tests of this type we obtain the figure referred to in this discussion as larvicidal eflficiency. This figure usually un- derestimates the effectiveness of a treatment under prac- tical field conditions, since it does not fully measure all ef- fects that occur in the orchard. Along with the laboratory- field tests are conducted the usual small-plot field tests. Such tests are not entirely reliable because of interplot mi- gration of moths, parasities, and predators, and as a rule they place the better treatments at a disadvantage. The results of small-plot tests do not indicate the full effective- ness that might have been obtained if the treatments had been used on extensive acreage. A final type of test, which IS essential before a new treatment or program can be evaluated finally, is a large-scale comparison of insecticides under practical orchard conditions, arranged in cooperation with an interested grower. Circumstances at Vincennes have permitted us to make several of these practical tests, and a great deal of valuable information has been obtained. convention''n'?^Vf'^A"^^'^'' ^^^"^ ^^ ^ F^^ner before the joint conyenUon of the American Pomological Society and the Virpinin State Horticultural Society at Roanoke, Va De^c ? 194^ ^T?e peated at annual meetings of the State Horticultural Societies of 111 mois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee '^^'^'^^'^^ ^^ ^" 76 During the past year much of the attention of the Vin- cennes Laboratory has been devoted to the new insecticide DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)- 1,1,1-trichloroethane) fol- owing very favorable indications in 1943. A discussion of the work to date may be of interest. The codling moth situation in the Middle West was ex- tremely serious in 1944. The infestations ranged up to 100 percent of the crop despite full spray program, and there was an average infestation in the third-brood area of more than 50 percent despite the use of 2 or 3 more sprays than usual or 8 to 14 cover sprays altogether. In one orchard plot the standard lead arsenate program gave 56 percent of wormy apples in 1944 as compared with 21 percent in 1943 with fewer applications. In another plot the standard nicotine bentonite treatment gave 22 percent of wormy apples in 1944 and 9 percent in 1943. Twentv bait traps caught 18,800 moths in 1944, compared with 9,000 in 1943. This extreme abundance of the codling moth was the result of two consecutive, extremely favor- able, dry seasons, and an unusually heavy carryover of worms from 1943. Contributing factors were a light crop of apples in 1944, a reduction in sanitary measures and banding because of labor shortages, and in many instances the employment of inexperienced spray men. Processing of DDT for Use in Codling Moth Sprays DDT does not wet readily with water, and to obtain a satisfactory spray mixture it is necessary to use some accessory material or to process it in some way. Most of the tests at Vincennes were made with DDT that had been ground in a ball mill, either with water or with talclike ma- terial known as pyrophyllite. Some of the dry mixtures are difficult to wet, but tests have indicated that wetting agents, even at the minimum useful quantities, reduce the resistance of the deposits to weathering. ^ Small percentages of DDT can be dissolved in certain solvents, such as kerosene, summer-spray oils, and soybean oil ; the material is soluble in larger proportions in benzene, xylene, and ethylene dichloride. Aqueous emulsions of DDT solutions in such solvents may prove useful, but thus far our test results have been unfavorable. Such mixtures al- so may be more injurious to spray than water suspensions of DDT. The different batches of DDT received at Vincennes have varied considerably in particle size and in the size and 2 Steiner, L. F., Summerland, S. A., Arnold, C. H. and Fahey, J. E. Tests of DDT mixtures against codling moth larvae. U. S. Bur, Ent. and Plant Quar. E-628, 17 pp. 1944. 77 ./♦♦'' '•n?»" hardness of the tiny lumps or agglomerates formed from the particles. As a consequence the preparation of the material for spraying was complicated and the results var- ied considerably. Much remains to be done before the formulation most suitable for codling moth sprays can be definitely established. The DDT that is now being pro- duced primarily for the armed services may be quite dif- ferent from that which will be found best suited for use on fruit trees. There is every reason to believe, however, that with further experimentation a satisfactory product will be obtained. Results of Tests With DDT in 1943 ^ In laboratory-field tests on Grimes Golden and Wine- sap apple trees in 1943, technical DDT (DDT concentrate) at strengths as low as 1 pound per 100 gallons gave out- standing results. It was possible to span the second-brood and part of the third-brood period with only three sprays of DDT, at a strength of II/2 pounds per 100 gallons in one spray and of 1 pound in the other two, and still maintain an average larvicidal efficiency well above 90 percent. DDT was used successfully when mixed with mineral oil, bentonite, or bordeaux mixture, but the resultant ef- ficiencies were no higher than when DDT was used alone. It was also highly efl;ective when applied over deposits of either lead arsenate or nicotine bentonite. DDT permitted large increases in the population of the European red mite, apparently by repelling or poisoning the small lady beetle Stethorus punctum (Lee.) Mite injury caused consider- aH^er- defoliation on all Grimes Golden trees sprayed with two to five applications of DDT. Trees of the Winesap var- iety were not defoliated. In field tests on heavily infested Winesap trees (15 worms and 34 stings per 100 apples on July 22) previously sprayed with lead arsenate, 3 applications of a 1.1 DDT- pyrophyllite mixture at 3 pounds of the mixture per 100 gallons, without supplements, stopped a heavy worm at- tack for the remainder of the season. The infestation at harvest on October 2 was only 12 worms and 56 stings per 100 apples with drops included, whereas on plots sprayed only with lead arsenate the number of worm entrances in- creased to 85 and the stings to 104 per 100 apples. Where the DDT-pyrophyllite mixture was used at only IV2 pounds per 100 gallons, the fruit averaged 31 worms and 51 stings per 100 apples. 3 Steiner, L. F., Arnold, C. H., and Summerland, S. A. Lab- oratory and field tests of DDT for control of the codling moth. (Scientific Note.) Jour. Econ. Ent. 37: 156-157. 1944. 78 The simplest, sturdiest and most dependable spray pump built X ACTLY Zk.rd ETTE SPRAYING You get surer protection with a "Friend" Sprayer. Steadiest High Pres- sure. You never spray with a leaky pump, as the "Friend'' packing is adjusted instantly from the outside. "Instant-Clean" valves with threadless seats. Unequalled ReliabiUty. Only 1/2 to 1/3 as many moving parts as other high-pressure spray pumps. No wear what- ever on the pump's cylinder walls. Complete lubrication, including the plungers. Growers who have tried them aU tell you: "The Triend* has given us MOST SATISFACTION and LEAST TROUBLE." Tractor - Trailer Sprayers, 4 - wheel Cutunders, Truck Sprayers, and aU other good chassis styles. FRIEND MANUFACTURING CO., Gasport, N-Y. Easiest to Maintain in Working Order — Fewes* Moving Partt Dusters with the same Reliability as "Friend" Sprayers. Sizers and Cleaners for every need. 79 Larvicidal Efficeincy Tests on Grimes Golden in 1944 In 1944 laboratory-field tests were conducted on Grimes Golden to compare the larvicidal efficiency of DDT treatments with the standard lead arsenate-bordeaux and nicotine bentonite programs. The trees were given a uni- form salyx spray of lead arsenate, lime and wettable sul- fur, followed by eight cover sprays of the material tested. In the lead arsenate program the trees also received an ap- plication 7 days after the calyx spray. On an average 30 gallons of spray mixture per tree were required for each application. Two plots were dusted with 21/:) to 3 pounds of 5 percent DDT per tree, on the same schedule as the sprayed plots. The eight applications were made between Mav 19 and August 14, during which time the rainfall total- ed 5 inches (about 40 peicent of normal). Between August 14 and harvest (September 1) the rainfall totaled 5.67 inches, or nearly three times the normal rainfall for this period. Samples of 60 apples each were taken from the trees before and after each spray, beginning with the second To Serve Pennsylvania Fruit Growers Better We have plants located at Gettysburg, Milton, Butler, Lebanon and Everett, Penna., Harrisonburg, Crimora and Elkton, Va., and Hagerstown, Maryland. SPRAYS AND DUSTS FOR EVERY PURPOSE 83% Oil Emulsion, Tar Oil Emulsion, D. N. Powder, Elgetol, Lime Sulphur Solution, Roof Paint, Oranda Quality Chemical Hydrated Lime, Dusts, etc. FAMOUS FRUIT FOOD 10-6-4 For Your Orchard FERTILIZER FOR ALL CROPS AMERICA'S BEST FERTILIZER FOR FRUIT Contains the necessary plant food elements in addition to Ni- trogen, Phosphorus and Potash required for proper growth and economical production of big yields. CENTRAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION General Offices— HAGERSTOWN, MD. 80 cover, as well as at harvest. Each sample was exposed to the attack of 600 newly hatched larvae. The results of representative tests are shown in table 1. Xable 1 Average larvicidal efficiency of lead arsenate, nicotine ben- tonite, and DDT treatments applied to Grimes Golden apple trees. 1944. , Treatment i Plot Cover (Quality per 100 gal.) 0-2 day 7-18 days after after At application applications harvest Percent Percent Percent Sprayed A 1 2-4 5-8 1 2 3-4 5-7 8 C D E P 1-5 6-8 1-2 3-5 6-8 1-5 6-8 G Dusted H 1-4 6-8 I 1-8 Lead arsenate : 4 lb. + bordeaux 4 lb. + bordeaux + mineral oil 2 qt. 3 lb. + bordeaux Nicotine sulfate (40 percent nicotine): 1 pt. + Miss, bentonite 8 lb + soybean oil 1 pt. 1 pt. + Miss, bentonite 8 lb. -{- soybean oil 1 qt. 1 pt. + Miss, bentonite 8 lb. -f mineral oil 2 qt. 2/3 pt. + Miss, bentonite 5 lb. -j- mineral oil 2 qt. 2/3 pt. + Miss, bentonite 51b. + soybean oil 1 qt. DDT (technical): 1 lb. + pyrophyllite 9 lb. 3/4 lb. +pyrophyllite 6 3/4 1 lb. + pyrophyllite 1 lb. Water paste, 1 lb. Water paste, 3/4 lb. 1 lb. + pyrophyllite 1 lb. 3/4 lb. + pyrophyllite 3/4 lb. Same as E + mineral oil 1 qt. + Wyo. bentonite 1/4 lb. Same as E + bordeaux 64 52 50 94 82 73 lb. 5 percent in talc, pyrophyllite 81 and oil (5 percent) 5 percent in talc and pyrothyllite 5 percent in walnut-shell flour 87 97 85 60 97 82 59 97 81 46 99 90 94 99 89 85 81 41 32 te 87 48 30 1 The bordeaux mixture used in plot A was V2 :1.100 and that used in plot G was 1:2:100. On all plots the DDT appeared superior to lead arsenate and nicotine bentonite up to 2 days after application. After loneer periods of weathering and at harvest most of the DDT sprav treatments were superior to lead arsenate, but only the DDT-pyrophyllite-oil-bentonite (F) and DDT- pvrophyllite-bordeaux mixture (G) were superior to nico- tine bentonite. Both formulas gave outstanding results and were highly resistant to the heavy rains late in August. The dusts rapidly lost their effectiveness between applica- 61 As usual after each of the early sprats, all formulas sustained substantial losses in efficiency. The rate of loss, however, became less as the season advanced, partly be- cause of a declining rate of fruit growth, better distribution of deposits, and the build-up of heavier deposits from addi- tional applications. Since fruit growth thins deposits so rapidly early in the season, it has been found more econom- ical, and also safer for the fruit and foliage, to apply sprays at shorter intervals than to apply fewer sprays of double or triple strength. It has been possible to reach and main- tain higher efficiencies early in the season with DDT than with any other insecticide tested in this manner in the past 10 years. During this time some 4 million newly hatched larvae have been used in laboratory-field tests of hundreds of promising formulas. The deposits of the DDT-pyrophl- lite-oil-bentonite treatment, the most effective of the dit- ferent programs tested in this series, were nearly twice as heavy as those of any other DDT treatment. DDT was more toxic to beneficial insects in dust form than in spray form. Both forms, however, knocked down lady beetles, chrysopids (larvae feed on codling moth eggs) , syrphid flies (larvae feed on aphids) , and an important an- thocorid mite predator. The more effective treatments al- so appeared toxic to the small lady beetle, an important predator of mites, which is very abundant and active from July until after harvest. On most of the DDT plots the European red mite in- creased at a rapid rate during June. Table 2 shows the average population of mites and unhatched mite eggs per leaf on certain treated plots at different times during the season. Table 2. Average population of mites and unhatched mite eggs per leaf on plots treated with lead arsenate, nicotine bentonite, and DDT at different times during the 1944 season. Treatment Plot July 4 July 28 July 31 Aug. 18 Sprays : Lead arsenate A 18 — 11 Nicotine bentonite B 35 11 DDT-pyrophyllite E 65 357 161 DDT-prophylUte+oil + bentonite F 10 90 52 47 Dust: DDT, 5 percent, in talc and prophyllite H 238 104 50 Check X 55 68 121 3 Bronzing of the foliage, characteristic of severe mite injury, appeared on the dusted plots late in June, on the E 82 New designs* new models, new methods of application are in store for buyers of Myers Sprayers. Ask your Myers dealer about the stepped-up speed and coverage and saving in manpower that will be offered by Myers. Also talk with him about your present sprayer needs and the many advancements included in the complete Myers line of orchard and row crop sprayers now available. THE F. E. MYERS & BRO CO. Dept. A-122, Ashland. Ohio 83 plot in mid-July, and on the untreated plot late in July, but on the F plot, the treatment of which included oil, no bronz- ing was evident. Only a small number of mites reached the adult stage in the F plot. - , Defoliation began in August in dusted plots, where the mite infestation reached its peak earlier than in sprayed plots. All the sprayed plots except A, B, and F were com- pletely defoliated by late October. Plot F retained more foliage on December 1 than any of the others. The amount and time of defoUation were directly associated with mite infestation, and bore no relation to the amount of DDT residue on fruit and foliage. Neither the European red mite nor the common red spider, though generally present in most southern Indiana orchards, normally cause any noticeable damage to apple foliage where standard lead arsenate or nicotine bentonite progrms are followed. If DDT is to be used, however, ad- justments in the spray schedule that will assure control of these pests will become necessary. Small-Plot Field Tests in 1944 Field tests were conducted on 30 single-tree replicated plots on the Turley, Ben Davis, and Rome Beauty varieties. The trees were approximately 25 years old, of average size, and well pruned. Each tree required from 25 to 35 gallons of spray material per application. The average yield on the Turley variety approximated 2,000 apples per tree, and on the Ben Davis and Rome Beauty 1,900. Ten cover sprays were applied between May 16 and September 1. The plots treated with lead arsenate were also sprayed with 4 pounds per 100 gallons between the calyx and first regular cover sprays. Sprays were applied from tower and ground and from the inside as well as the outside of the tree. Infestation data for the DDT, standard lead arsenate, and standard nicotine bentonite treatments are summar- ized in table 3. All drops and picks are represented. 34 Table 3. Codling moth infestation data from lead arsenate, nicotine bentonite, and DDT spray treatments applied to Turley , Ben Davis, and Rome Beauty varieties. 1944. Variety Cover and plot sprays Turley Treatrn^nt (Quantities per 100 gals.) Worms and Clean Wormy stings per apples apples 100 apples Percent Percent Number Lead arsenate 4tb.+bordeaux i + soybean flour 4 oz. 2-4 Lead arsenate 4 Ib.+bordeaux + mineral oil 2 qt. 5-10 Lead arsenate 3 lb. + bordeaux 2 1-5,9-10 DDT-pyrophyllite 2 21b. 6-7 24 72 DDT-pyrophyllite 1-1/3 lb. + bordeaux-hmineral oil 2 qt. 8 DDT-pyrophyllite 1-1/3 lb. + bordeaux 1 Nicotine sulfate 3 l pt.+Miss. 67 bentonite 8 Ib.+mineral oil 2 qt. 2-5,9-10 Nicotine sulfate 1 pt. + Miss. bentonite 8 lb. -f mineral oil 2 qt. 6-8 Nicotine sulfate 2/3 pt.+Miss. bentonite 5 lb. -h mineral oil 2 qt. 3-4 Lead arsenate 2 Ib.+bordeaux + mineral oil 2 qt. + DDT- pyrophyllite 1/2 lb. 5-10 Lead arsenate 2 Ib. + bordeaux + DDT-pyrophyllite 1/2 lb. 6 1 Nicotine sulfate 1 pt.+Miss. 60 bentonite 8 Ib.+mineral oil 1 pt. 2-5,9-10 Nicotine sulfate 1 pt. + Miss. bentonite 8 Ib.+mineral oil 2 qt. 6-8 Nicotine sulfate 2/3 pt. + Miss. bentonite 5 Ib.+mineral oil 2 qt. 11 1-5,9-10 DDT-pyrophyllite 1 1/2 lb. 6 DDT-pyrophylitte 1 lb. +Wyo. bentonite 4 oz.+mineral oil 2 qt. 7 DDT-pyrophyllite 1 Ib. + Wyo. bentonite 4 oz. 4 mineral oil 3 qt. 8 DDT-pyrophyllite 1 lb. 12 1-5,9-10 DDT-pyrophyllite 2 lb. 67 6-8 DDT-pyrophyllite 1 1/3 lb. 13 1-5.9-10 DDT-pyrophyllite 3 lb. 90 6 DDT-pyrophyllite 2 lb. + Wye. bentonite 4 oz.+mineral oil 2 qt. 7 DDT-pyrophyllite 21b. + Wyo. bentonite 4 oz.+mineral oil 3 qt. 8 DDT-pyrophyllite 2 lb. 14 1-5,9-10 DDT (water paste) 1 lb. 46 6-8 DDT (water paste) 2/3 lb. 1 2 3 56 208 11 40 22 40 4 1-2 Same as Turley 3 83 9 20 3-10 Nicotine sulfate 1^ pt. + Miss. bentonite 4 Ib. + mineral oil 2 qt. + DDT-pyrophyllite 1/2 lb. ' Ben Davis 1 1-10 Same as Turley 1 10 73 359 2 1-10 Same as Turley 2 70 9 41 7 1-10 Same as Turley 3 except soybean 56 oil 1 qt. substitute for mineral oil 30 63 Rome Beauty 1 1-10 Same as Turley 1 12 76 301 3 1-2 Same as Turley 1 + DDT- 50 pyrophyllite i^ lb. 34 82 33 52 18 45 12 33 85 Bordeaux i^:l:100 Used in all sprays. 1:1 DDT-pyrophyllite mixture used in all sprays. 40 percent nicotine. 85 It is evident from the data in table 3 that it is impos- sible to secure adequate control of f^^^^JJ^J^f^^^^^^^^ the standard lead arsenate or mcotme bentomte p^^ alone under the weather conditions of 1944 which were hShly favorable to the codling moth. If satisfactory con- trol is to be obtained with these programs, supplementary measures, such as scraping and banding, are essential. The lead arsenate program used on the No. 1 plots of all varieties was the standard recommendation tor heavy infestations in Indiana and Illinois. The tank-mix mco- tine bentonite programs (Turley plot 3, Ben Davis plot J and Rome Beauty plot 6) are the most ^^^^^Z^..^^,^^^ been developed at Vincennes for use m the Middle West. On plots given this treatment in 1944 better results would have been obtained if the concentration had not been re- duced in cover sprays 6 to 8. It should be understood, however, that the primary puii)ose of these tests was to establish the relative effectiveness of the different treat- ments. This can best be done under a heavy infestation where the better treatments will not all give nearly perlect control. Of the three treatments the DDT-pyrophyllite mixture at 2 pounds (1 pound of DDT) per 100 gallons was the most effective in reducing the percentage of wormy truit, and the nicotine bentonite was considerably more eftective than lead arsenate. Nicotine bentonite was gcnerallv more effective than DDT in the control, of stings. Highly effective and satisfactory results were obtained with a spray utilizing 4 ounces of DDT per 100 gallons with half strength of either lead arsenate (Rome Beauty plot 3) or nicotine bentonite (Turley plot 4). At this strength DDT may not cause an excessive build-up of mite infesta- tions. The substitution of DDT for nearly half of the nicotine bentonite offers a means of extending the supply of nicotine, which is in considerable demand at the present time. Nearly perfect control of a heavy infestation was ob- tained by using DDT at 1 1/2 pounds per 100 gallons in the Rome Beauty plot 13. The total number of worm entrances per tree during the season averaged 49 on this plot as com- pared with 2,943 on the standard lead arsenate plot. The addition of oil and bentonite to the sixth and seventh cover sprays applied to Rome Beauty plot 11 in- creased the effectiveness of the 3/4 pound strength of DDT so that it equaled that of the 1-pound (plot 12) for the re- 86 mainder of the season. The oil likewise improved the ef- fectiveness of the 1 V2 pound strength (plot 13) . The min- eral oil was added to the formula used on two of the DDT plots of Rome Beauty in an effort to check the European red mite infestation, which began to cause noticeable in- jury on some trees in July. At the strengths used the re- duction in the mite population was negligible. Before the application of the sixth cover spray (July 7), the average numbers of mites and unhatched eggs per leaf were 2, 8, 2, 66, 92, and 24 on plots 1, 3, 6, 11, 12, and 13, respectively. The plots showed no bronzing of foliage with the ex- ception of Rome Beauty plots 11, 12, 13, and 14; plot 13 on Rome Beauty was injured the least at harvest, which began late in September. This development, and the fact that the Grimes Golden plot (F, table 1) also had the lowest mite infestation, suggests that it may be possible to control mites with higher concentrations of DDT. During the first-brood period control of worm entrances with lead arsenate was almost equal to that of the best nicotine bentonite formulas, but both insecticides were less effective than DDT. After the change to hot dry weatiier, however, larvicidal-eflficiency tests showed that lead arsen- ate deposits were becoming less toxic, as has frequently been noted in similar tests during previous dry seasons. On Rome Beauty the larvicidal efficiency of the standard lead arsenate treatment declined from 66 percent after the third cover spray (June 2) to 57 percent after the fourth and 51 . percent after the fifth (June 28) , although the deposits of arsenic trioxide were approximately the same after each spray. Periodic counts made to determine the actual in- festation developing in the plots indicated that the num- ber of injuries on all lead arsenate plots increased more than five fold between June 20 ajid July 17, but only doubled on the nicotine bentonite and DDT plots. During the early part of the season arsenical residues on Rome Beauty plot 1 were twice those of DDT on plot 13, but from July 20 lo September 17 the DDT was much more resistant to weathering and accumulated heavier residues. Both DDT and nicotine bentonite treatments gave excellent codling moth control from the middle of August through- out September. On plot 13 the larvicidal efficiency was 98.8 percent on September 17, 18 days after the final spray. The results indicate that DDT residues on Rome Beauty are much more resistant to weathering late in the season than they are on Grimes Golden, apparently because of the great- er amount of wax formed by Rome Beauty apples. Anal- yses have shown that considerable DDT becomes embedded or dissolved in this wax. 87 The injury from the use of lead arsenate was severe on Ben Davis and moderate on Rome Beauty. The bronz- ing of foliage on Rome Beauty plots 11, 12, 13, and 14 spray- ed with DDT appeared to be responsible for poor coloration of the fruit. Large-Scale Tests Comparing DDT Nicotine Bentonite With the cooperation of the W. C. Reed and Son Orchard Company it became possible to set up a large-scale test of DDT. The areas selected for the experiments were located in one of the most heavily infested sections of a 265-acre orchard. In 1943, under a lead arsenate program of 10 cover sprays, Winesaps at one end of the orchard block were only 31 percent clean and averaged nearly 1 worm per apple. The grower's regular orchard crew applied the sprays from a stationary plant. The 8-acre (12 by 18 trees) DDT area contained several varieties, and was surrounded on three sides by similar varieties sprayed with the standard tank-mix nicotine bentonite (Mississippi) oil program, the same as applied to the remainder of this orchard. In small-scale tests such as those summarized in table 3, nico- tine is at a disadvantage when compared with lead arsenate because of moth movement between plots. However, the nicotine bentonite proved to be two to three times as effec- tive as the standard lead arsenate. It should be added that the ability of the worms in this orchard to enter fruit sprayed with lead arsenate is greater than that of the popu- lation in an average orchard. The 1:1 DDT-prophyllite mixture was appUed in 10 cover sprays between May 16 and August 29, the first 5 with the DDT at 1 pound per 100 gallons of the last 5 at 3/4 pound. Mineral oil (0.75 percent) and bordeaux (3/4:1/2:- 100) supplemented the DDT used in the sixth cover spray on Golden Delicious, Jonathan, and some of the Rome Beauty trees. Eleven cover sprays were applied to the nicotine bentonite area between May 17 and August 23. The four men comprising the spray crew differed con- siderably in the thoroughness of their spraying and in the amount of material applied. For example, in the DDT area the Jonathan trees sprayed by one man averaged 24 per- cent of wormy apples, whereas others nearby, sprayed by another man, averaged only 8 percent. The amount of spray material used in both DDT and nicotine bentonite areas averaged about 20 percent less than in the small-plot tests on trees of comparable size. This lighter spraying, along with the light crop on Starking and Golden Delicious, the 88 A Friend in Deed! THE RAIN AND HAIL INSURANCE BUREAU is your best friend when hail strikes your farm and you own a Hail Insurance Policy with one of its member companies. As Explained in your Policy, you report the hail damage with- in two days. Your claim is immediately assigned to com- petent adjusters. Your damage is appraised and you are paid, just before you harvest your crop. The amount you coUect depends on the ex- tent of your damage and the amoimt of Hail Insurance you have purchased. j uxy^ This year, of all years, you need the protection of Hail Insur^ ance. Yoiur crop represents a big investment and a big return. Don t let hail rob you ! Buy Hail Insurance ! Ask your local insurance agent about "weather tested'' Hail Insurance certified by the Ram and Hail Insurance Bureau, or conamunicate with the address below for information without cost or obhgation. G. L. Booker, Supt., Hail DepL, 90 John Street, New Yoric 7, N. T* THE £TNA HRE GROUP • NORTH AMERICA COMPANIES THE SPRINGFIELD FIRE GROUP 89 tendency of most of the varieties in 1944 to set fruit in clus- S S the heavy carry-over of hibernating worms result- ed in a heavy infestation. The average yield of apples per tree approximated 1,200 for Starking, 1,400 for Golden Delicious, 3,100 for Jonathan, 4,200 for Rome Beauty, and 7,300 for Grimes Golden. The infestation data, representing picks and drops from a total of 70 trees, are summarized in table 4. Table 4 Varietal differences In Infestation following a 'a'ge-scale coinmerclal test of DDT and tank-mix nicotine bentonlte. 1944. Variety Date of final picking Starking Sept. 9 Grimes Gold'n Sept.l4 Golden Delic. Sept. 16 Jonathan Sept. 16 Rome Beauty Oct. 19 Average DDT Worms per Season totals 100 apples Clean Wormy on Jne 20 apples apples Number Percent Percent 3 64 24 2 61 19 — 61 16 2 72 16 S 76 12 2.5 67 17 Nicotine Bentonite Worms per Season totals 100 apples Clean Wormy on-Jne 20 apples apples Number Percent Percent 10 28 67 4 61 81 — 61 31 5 40 48 9 37 58 7 45 47 The least difference between treatments in the per- centage of wormy fruit was on the Grimes Golden, probably because, as shown in the laboratory-field tests, DDi did not satisfactorily resist weathering on this variety, where- as nicotine bentonite generally resists weathering as well on one variety as on another. The greatest difference was on Rome Beauty, a variety on which DDT performed ex- tremely well late in the season in the small-plot tests, prob- ably because of the heavy wax in which it became embed- ded. It is difficult to protect the Starking variety with nicotine bentonite, partly because of its open calyx. DDT and nicotine bentonite deposits on the foliage, where most eggs are laid, are much more toxic to larvae than are those of lead arsenate, but nicotine deposits on fruit permit more movement of larvae than does DDT, hence, fruit sprayed with nicotine has a higher proportion of calyx entrances than fruit sprayed with either DDT or lead arsenate. Although from one-third to one-half as much fruit was wormy in the DDT area as in the nicotine area, more of it was stung. The stings on fruit sprayed with DDT are very small, however, and in most cases would be overlooked. Ap- parently the larvae die just after they cut through the skin and before they can do any further damage to the fruit such as often occurs where lead arsenate is used. The first-brood infestation, indicated by the number of worms per 100 apples on June 20, was unusually severe. Comparisons of the first-brood and all-season infestations 90 for the past 10 years in southern Indiana show that when the first-brood worm entrances average as much as 1 per 100 apples a full second- and third-brood spray program will be needed if the weather is normal. It will be seen in table 4 that roughly 7 percent of the entire crop became wormy for each successful first-brood worm entrance per 100 apples, despite the application of 5 or 6 cover sprays after June 21. Most of the first-brood worms were found in the tops of large trees or on the inside of the clusters, where there was little or no spray material. On an average 227 spring-brood moths per trap (52 uniformly spaced at 1 per 13 trees) were taken in each area, an indication that the population was uniformly heavy at the beginning of the experiments. The nicotine sprays caused an immediate decline in moth abundance, whereas the DDT sprays showed no effect until 2 or 3 days after they were applied. Previous work had indicated that DDT is slow in its action against codling moth adults when used under orchard conditions. During the second half of the season, traps in the DDT area averaged 313 moths each and those in the nicotine area 540 moths. The total number of moths trapped was 36,500. Although the European red mite became noticeably abundant on some trees in the DDT area early in July, and the common red spider appeared later that month, the small lady beetle moved in and partially checked the mites. Ap- parently the DDT deposits were light enough to permit the survival of mite predators and thus avoid a serious outbreak. The mite population was sufficiently heavy, however, to be a constant menace. It averaged 19 mites and 102. eggs j)er leaf on Golden Delicious in one part of the block on July 20. After 0.75 percent of summer oil was added to the DDT spray and the spray was applied to the same area, 18 mites and 77 eggs were found on July 25. Some bronzing occur- red on Golden Delicious, scattered Starking, and most Rome Beauty trees, but very little on Grimes Gk)lden or Jonathan.. The same delayed maturity of the Rome Beauty apples was noted here as in the small-plot tests. Mites were very scarce in the nicotine area. Effect of DDT On Other Apple Pests All DDT treatments resulted in almost complete de- struction of apple leafhoppers, whereas the insects were abundant on trees sprayed with lead arsenate. The same was true of the woolly apple aphid. It has been reported, however, that in the Northwest the use of DDT was fol- lowed by a great increase in abundance of these aphids. In the Spring of 1944 the other three species of aphids common on apple were absent on the plots in which DDT 91 had been most effective against the codUng moth m 1943, whereas the percentage of aphid-infested buds on adjacent plots sprayed with other materials was as high as 91 per- cent It was first thought that DDT residues on leaves and twigs were sufficiently great to kill the fall migrants on their return to the apple trees, or to kill their young before they could deposit their eggs \ but it now appears that the early defoliation caused by the heavy mite infestations and dry weather was partly responsible. The tarnished plant bug and both the striped and the spotted cucumber beetles were frequently found dead on collecting tables placed in the DD plots. The spotted cucum- ber beetle sometimes injures apples. Observations indicated that little if any control of crawlers of the San Jose scale can be attributed to DDT. Present Status and Availablity of DDT The tests with DDT at the Vincennes laboratory, al- though perhaps the most extensive against the codling moth of any conducted in this country, are not yet conclusive, be- cause both the 1943 and 1944 codling moth seasons were unusually dry. Tests must be made in seasons with nomial or excessive rainfall, and large-scale tests should be set up under as wide a variety of conditions as possible, before the general adoption of DDT by the apple industry is desir- able. More experiments with DDT is also necessary to de- termine (1) the best methods of processing, (2) the sup- plements needed, (3) its effectiveness in combination with standard fungicide programs, (4) a means of improving its adhesiveness early in the season on all varieties and late in the season on varieties with very little wax, (5) a means of controlling mite outbreaks, (6) methods of residue re- moval if DDT is found toxic to human beings (in limited tests the residues have been found extremely difficult to remove), (7) the effect on spray men and others handling the material, (8) the possibility of an accumulative effect on the trees should DDT build up in the soil, and (9), pos- sibly most important of all, whether its continued use as an insecticide will bring about the development of resistant strains of the codling moth, which would be able to exist in the presence of heavier deposits of DDT than are now required for control. DDT is allocated by the War Production Board. Its production is limited because of expanded military pix)grams calling for chlorine and benzene, raw materials required in 4 Steiner, L. F. Residual effect of DDT sprays on early spring apple aphids. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37: '" *»)-561. 1.944. 92 its manufacture. Limited amounts are available for ex- perimental purposes, but there are no indications that a supply will be available for general use in 1945. The present carry-over of codling moth larvae is un- usually large and, with only a small supply of nicotine avail- able for current use, every possible effort should be made to reduce the hibernating population to a minimum by using recommended supplemental practices such as scraping, prun- ing, and orchard and packing-house sanitation. Summary The new insecticide DDT has been extensively tested against the codling moth at Vincennes, Ind., during the seasons of 1943 and 1944. In a large-scale test DDT sprays at 1 pound per 100 gallons were more effective than the standard nicotine bentonite program (1 pint of nicotine sul- fate (40 percent nicotine) per 100 gallons), and in small- plot field tests DDT at the same strength gave much better control than the standard lead arsenate program (4 and 3 pounds per 100 gallons) . DDT is a very effective supplement or fortifying agent when added in small quantities to lead arsenate or nicotine Apple Growers get QUICK TURNOVER PROMPT RETURNS Frequent Communications Specialization Advantages laiization Advantages ^n O 1 Av Wick ^ Bro. ^ (^^ 232-234 Dock Street PHILADELPHIA ^P^PiPiWi 93 bentonite and can be used in split schedules ahead of or fouSg sprays of lead arsenate or n cotine bentonite. It canTe used^effectively with summer oils and with bordeaux mixture. Owing to variations in the physical properties of dif- ferent lots of DDT received for testing, the results have varied considerably. Much remains to be done to develop formulations most suitable for codling moth sprays. At a certain dosages in the range required for codling moth control DDT is very toxic to important predators of the European red mite and the common red spider. Under favorable weather conditions in DDT-sprayed plots the mite population have built up to extremely destructive levels in record-breaking time. DDT is very effective against apple leafhoppers and has shown promise in the control of several species of apple aphids. Much more experimental work must be done before general adoption of DDT by growers is desirable. There are no indications that a supply will be available for general use in 1945. PeiMisi|liDaiiia Stote Horticiiltmiral Associotiom Mcmilbers for 1944 Name Adams Co. Fruit Packing & Alderfer, N. W. Alder Run Orchards Allen, Howard G., & Sons Allen, S. Guy Allison, Harry Allshouse, Oscar American Potash Institute Alpha, V^m. H. Amon, John Anderson, H. M. Anderson, Ralph W, Anwyll, Harry L. Artherhold, John Atkinson, D. W. Aungst, R. H. Bachman, Harry Baer, H. S. Baker, C. E. Balderston, Robt. Baltzley, Luther Banzhaf, W. H. Barber, R. N. & Co. Bard, J. Bert Bargelt, J. Louis Barkby, Harry Barletta Bros. Bamhard, Richard Bamhart, Harry Bamhart, John A. Barr, Harold S. Barr, I. C. Barr, James J. Barr, M. A. Bartram, Frank M. Bartram, G. Maurice Bauer, Karl J. Baugher, Edward S. Baugher, H. G. Baugher, George L. Bausman, H. B., Jr. Bear, Arthur Bear, Jacob R. Bear, John W. Bear, Paul A. Beasley, Thos. H. Beaver Brooks Farms Beaverson, Bertha Beitsinger, Henry Bell, R. H. Bena, E. H. Bender, L. J. I 94 Address Dist., CoBiglersville Fountain ville Tyrone New Park New Park Clymer, R. D. Avonmore, R. 1 1155-16th St.,W^ashington, D. C. Lake Ariel, R. 1 New W^ilmington New Park Fawn Grove 1418 N. 2d St., Harrisburg Transfer Wrightstown Pine Grove, R. 1 Sugarloaf, R. 1 Chambersburg Chambersburg, R. 4 Glen Mills Gettysburg, R. 3 Muncy Waynesville, N. C, Box 181 Chambersburg Orrtanna 217 Hillcrest, Ave., New Castle Sunset Inn Farm,Punxsutawney Kennett Square Blairsville, R. D. Waynesboro Smithsburg, Md., R. D. Greencastle, R. 2 Narvon Phoenixville, R. 2 Kennett Square West Chester Quarryyille, R. 3 Westminster, Md., R. 7 Aspers Aspers Thomdale York, R. 5 York, R. 5 York, R. 5 Mount Wolf, R. 4 Roanoke, Va. Bothw3m York, R. 7 Coraopolis, R. 1 Harrisburg Hollidaysburg Allentown, R. 4 95 Name Benn, Robt. Benner, Hartford Berger, Elias Berk, Irwin Berlew, Geo. Bice, Bros. Bikle, F. C. Bikle, Philips M., Jr. Bingham, W. O. Brith, Elmer N. Bishop, Vernon Black, Carl Black, Henry Black, John W. Blaine, George W. Blair, W. J. Blessing, David H. Blevins, Lee Boak, J. A. & Sons Bock, Walter Boltz, Peter R. Bonham, Boyd, Jr. Bovard & Baldwin Bowman, Edward Boyd, C. F. Boyer, Donald Brace, Harold G. Brahm, G. W. Bream, D. M. Co. Bream, John Bream, W. E. Breidenbaugh, H. W. Breidenbaugh, Herbert Brent, Logan Bricker, Dr. E. B. Brinton, H. C. Brinton, James H. Brinton, Robt. F. Brooker, W. H. Brossman, John G. Brossman, Morse Brossman, Rudy J. Brown, C. Earl Brown, N. Bard Brown, J. Turner Brown, Robt. Brubaker, Daniel A. Bruschki, August Bucher, F. S. * Burket, Geo. Burkholder, Sam Burkholder, Wilbur Bushey, J. B. Buterbaugh, David Cannon, Corey Carroll, Frank Chamberlain, John Chase, Chas. T. Chislock, Michael Cleaver, Henry Address Bangor, R. 3 Coopersburg Pine Grove Shoemakersville, R. i Dallas, R. 3 Hollidaysburg, R. 2 Fayetteville, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 6 St. Thomas Benton, R. 1 Doylestown, R. D. Gardners Idamar, R. D. Aspers North East Biglervllle, R. 1 Newville, R. 1 Stewartstown New Castle, R. 4 Crafton, R. 8 Lebanon Hunlock's Creek, R. 1 New Castle Perkasie Shippensburg, R. 2 Biglerville, R. 2 Dallas, R. 3 Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg Orrtanna Biglerville Boyertown Hollidaysburg Gettysburg, R. 3 Lititz Hanover Hanover, R. 3 West Chester, R. D. Wexford, R. 1 Ephrata Ephrata, R. 2 Mohnton, R. 2 Chambersburg Box 285, Waynesboro New Park Bridgeton Ephrata, R. 2 Pittsburgh, R. D. 6 (10) Reamstown Claysbure:, R. 2 Shippensburg, R. 2 Shippensburg, R. 2 Biglerville Commodore, R. D. Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 Neshaminy Greencastle Bala Sugarloaf, R. D. Nescopek, R. 1 % Name Clemson, Leonard G. Coates, Paul L. Coble, Garnet Coffroad, L. C. Conelius Bros. Coolbaugh, Perry Cook, Willis H. Coon, S. J. Cooper, C. A. Couch, Harry Coupe, Vernon Cowan, W. H. Cox, J. W. Criswell, R. T. Crouse, E. A. Grouse, E. C. Crowell, A. & T. Crowell, Mrs. Ralph Cummings, Jos. F. Dagostin Bros. Daugherty, P. H. Davenport, H. B. Davidson, John Davidson, Norman H. Dayton, Russell S. Debus, Stanley Decker, H. A. DeLong, Cletus Y. Dennis, A. J. Detwiler, D. E. Dibble, Samuel E. Dick, C. W. Diebenderfer, Dr. GJeo. Diehl, James Diehl, J. M. Diehl, M. A. Diffenderfer, C. N. Diffenderfer, R. G. Dixon, Billie Dona, Henry Domey, Frederick, H. E. Duke, D. R. Duld, John Dunbar, C. O. Duncan, Miss Eleanor Dunlap, James M. Dunlap, R. Bruce Dutweiler, Ira K. Ebel, Clem Ebling, Aaron Eckert, Lawrence Eddinger, A. G. Edgerton, J. Russell Eichner, Mike Enck, Warren K. Ensminger, J. M. Erb Bros. Eshleman, John E. Address Halifax Coatsville, R, 3 Gardners, R. D. New Holland, R. D. 2 South Haven, Michigan Dallas, R. D. Spring City, R. 1 Clark Summit, R. 2 Coraopolis Shelocta, R. 3 Homer City, R. D. Martinsburg, R. 1 New Castle, R. 5 Chambersburg Gettysburg Spring Run Avondale Buckingham Sunbury Sugarloaf, R. D. Orrstown Plymouth Reno Chambersburg Dimock Breinigsville, R. 1 New Castle, R. 3 Mertztown, R. 2 Zionsville, R. 1 Penn Run, R. 1 Shelocta, R. 1 East Texas Allentown Duncansville, R. D. 49 N. Jonathan St. Hagerstown, Md. Duncansville, R. D. St. Thomas St. Thomas, R. 1 St. Thomas 239 E. Chestnut St. Hazelton Allentown Chambersburg Perkasie, R. 3 Arendtsville Shippensburg Carlisle Harrisburg Lebanon Blawnox Reading, R. 2 Aspers, R. 1 Dallas, R. 3 Westtown Wexford, R. 1 Biglerville Dillsburg Lititz Pike, R. 3, Laincaster Florin 97 Name Etter, Frank L. Evans, I. Rowland Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Ewing, Wm. B. Fagan, F. N. Fassett, Lloyd Feaster, W. C. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fetters, Donald Fidler Alfred Fink, Clifford Fischer Fred Fisher, Fred M. Fitzgerald, H. Fletcher, S. W. Flora, Wm. Fogelsanger, R. B. Fogelsanger, W. H. Foreman, Bitner Forrester, W. R. Forry, S. E. Fox, A. Grant Fox, Frank Frantz, Ira Frantz, S. P. Frecon, Robt. Freed, A. J. Reed, W. A. Frey, H. E. Fry, John L. Fimk, EJlwood Funk, Sheldon Gackenbach, C. A. Gallinger, M. Gait, Sara E. Gamber, N. Edward Gardenhour, G. W. Garman, Samuel A. Garrahan, R. H. Garretson, Donald Garretson, Harry Garretson, Lloyd W. Garretson, Lloyd Garretson, R. B. Garrettson, Robt. Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Geiger, Clinton Geigley, A. W. Gelwix, Dr. J. M. German, Wilmer Gerrity, John Geyer, John O. Gibson, Harold Giesman, Roy GUlan, C. F. Gillan, G. G. Gillan, R. J. Address Chambersburg, R. 2 Longwood Farms, Kennett Sq. Plainsville York, R. 3 West Grove State College Meshoppen 949 Forest Dr. Hagerstown, Md. i^edia c ardners 1 spers, R. D. Femdale Franklin, R. D. Wemersville Oconomowoc, Wis. State College Wrightsville, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 5 Shippensburg St. Thomas, R. 1 Mercer Ephrata, R. 1 Normandale, Ontario Hollidaysburg, R. 2 Dallas, R. D. Trucksville, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 3 Racine Racine Red Lion, R. 2 C. K. Whitner & Co. Reading Lititz, R. 3 Boyertown Orefield, R. 1 Guernsey Terre Hill Jonestown, R. 1 Smithsburg, Md. Ephrata, R. 2 Kingston Aspers, R. D. Aspers Arendtsville Biglerville Bendersville Floradale Dallas, R. 1 Waynesboro Neffs Fairfield Chambersburg Slatington, R. D. Dallas, R. 3 Soudertown, R. 2 Blairsville, R. D. Springtown, R. 2 St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas 98 Name Gipe, Raymond Glick, David W. Goepfrich, Emil Gold, Robt. W. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Gomer, Ira E. Goshom, Frank Goshom, Taylor L. Grand View Orchards Greiner, Nathan N. Griest, Frederick E. Griest, Frederick, Jr. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Grove, W. E. Grove, W. E. Guist, Aristis Guise, H. L. Guytcn, T. L. Haas, Wm. F. Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Hacker, A. L. Hafer, Fred D. Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, John A. Hafer, Roy Hagel, Paul Hager, D. R. Haine, Jhon Haines, Robt. B. Haldeman, E. W. Haldeman, Hayes Hall, Greorge Hall, Mrs. John Hall, L. C. Hartman, Clair Hartman, Clem Hartman, J. Blair Hartman, L. E. Hartranf t, Harry Hartzok, J. W. Harvey, Clyde Harvey, H. R. Haudenshield, Chas. Haudenshield, Crist Haugh, Frank P. Hausman, Greorge B. Hantz, Franklin Haverstick, Paul E. Hayfield Farms Hayman, Guy L. Hayman, Harold Hayworth, James Hazlett, W. C. Heacock, O. J. Heaps, Marshall Heckenluber, Roy Heeb, C. C. Address Chambersburg, R. 5 Lancaster, R. 5 Elizabethtown Hawley Lancaster, R. 8 Loganville Chambersburg, R. 6 Quincy Quincy, Box 47 Pittston, R. 1 243 Col. Ave., Elizabethtown Floradale Biglerville Girard York, R. 5 York Springs Chambersburg Hellam, R. D. Gardners Harrisburg Coplay, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, R. 1, N. Y. Allentown Quincy, Box 69 Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 5 Fayetteville, R. 1 Sheridan, R. 1 Orrtanna, R. 1 New Castle, R. 3 Hereford, Box 56 Doylestown, R. 1 Biglerville Murryville Orrtanna North Girard Franklin, R. D. Cashtown Biglerville ay Zionsville Marion, R. 6 Northbrook Foxburg 111 Noblestown Rd., Crafton Canonsburg, R. 1 803 Marshall (14) Pittsburgh Coopersburg, R. 2 904 W. 9th St., Hazelton 1254 Lititz Pike, Lancaster Trucksville, R. 1 Northbrook Stillwater, R. D. Mayview Chambersburg Biglerville Cardiff, Md. Biglerville Chambersburg 99 Name Heffelfinger, Henry S. Hege, H. P. Heim, Russell Henry, Heinz Heisey, Henry Heisey, L. W. Heisey, S. A. Heller, Hoyt Hempstead, Walter Henderson, Lowrie Henry, A. C. Henry, Owen Herb, Ray H. Herman, Asher Herr, C. H. Herr, Robt. C. Hershey, H. F. Hess, Elam S. Hess, F. M. Hess, Ira S. Hess, Dr. J. C. Hess, Paul G. Hess, Ralph C. Hess, Ray B. Hess, Stine P. Hess, T. E. Heston, Herman Hibert, Wm. Hicht, Ralph Higgins, W. A. Hildebrandt, John A. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl Hill, Wm. D. Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hoch, D. R. Hoch, Paul Hockenberry, John Hoffman, Eugene Holod Lumber Co. Hood, T. C. Hoopes, Wilmer W. Homer, Wlnfield G. Horst, Elmer R. Horst, J. Morris Hosier, Ralph Hostetter, Henry U. Hottenstein, Ira Houck, Clyde Hover, Howard Hovis, D. M. Houk, Mrs. Dallas Houk, J. M. Howard, P. H. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Huber, Edwin B. Huber, Herman Huey, S. R. Huff, John Huff, M. F. Address Myerstown, R. 3 Chambersburg, R. 1 McKeansburg Narrowsburg, N. Y. Mercersburg Lancaster, R. 1 Greencastle, R. 4 Dallas, R. 3 Honesdale Stoneboro Chambersburg, R. 1 Chambersburg, R, 1 Orwigsburg Wescosvllle Lancaster, R. 6 Lancaster, R. 2 Hamburg, R. 3 Mount Joy, R. 2 Waynesboro Florin 1222 W. Erie Ave., Philadelphia Waynesboro, R. 2 Waynesboro, R. 2 Waynesboro, R. 1 Greencastle, R. 1 Wapwallopen, R. D. Newtown Indiana, R. D. Punxsutawney, R. D. Dallas, R. D. Dallas, R. 2 Curwensville New Castle, R. 3 North East 1255 Buttonwood St., Reading Chambersburg Wapwallopen, R. 1 Shippensburg, R. D. Butler, Star Route Olyphant Saltsburg, R. 1 West Chester Gettysburg, R. D. Lebanon, R. 4 Lebanon, R. 3 Berwick, R. D. Washington Boro Lehighton, R. 3 Clymer, R. D. New Wilmington Chambersburg, R. 5 New Castle, R. 1 New Castle, R. 6 Dover, R. 1 Coopersburg, R. 2 Chambersburg Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 New Castle, R. 3 Franklin, R. 2 Oil City, R. 1 100 Name Address Huff, Warren C. Hughes, J. N. Himt, N. M. Hunt, L. J. Hutton, Russell B. Hykes, EMward Ide, Wilfred Imswiler, John S. Ingham, M. M. Jackson, C. E. Co. Jaman, John James, J. E. Jersey Package Co., Inc. Johnson, David Johnson, Rolland A. Johnson, Rudolph Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Johnston, John & Sons Johnston, R. S. Jones, J. H. Jordan Orchards, Kane, Melvin Kauffman, C. B. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, J. B. Kauffman, Melvin L. Kauffman, Milton H. Kebler, John Ketm, Milton W. Keller, Ambrose Keller, L. H. Keller, Paul Keller, Paul J. Kelso, James E. Kendig, Dr. J. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. Kessler, Geo. W. Ketner, Jacob B. Kidd, Alvin D. Kisner, Emery Kister, U. G. Kitchen, E. M. Kleppinger, B. M. Kline, H. F. Klug, Herbert J. Knappenberger, Thos. Knaub, Harvey Knelly, WUlls Knouse, M. E. Koehler, Paulus E. Koch, Marlin Kohler, Chas. Komar, John Kovacs, Rudolph Kratz, T. Percy Kraus, John Ithaca, N. Y., R. 2 Mercer New Castle, R. 4 New Castle, R. 4 Waynesboro, R. 1 York, R. 4 Sweet Valley, R. 1 West Union St., West Chester New Castle, R. 5 Chambersbiu*g Bethlehem, R. 1 Hagerstown, Md. Bridgeton, N. J. New Hope Hereford McKnightstown Dallas New Wilmington New Wilmington, R. 1 Paradise, R. 1 N. Jerome St., Allentown Orrtanna Bird-in-Hand Manchester, R. I. York, R. 7 Bird-in-Hand Hamburg, Star Route North East, R. 1 Boyertown, R. 2 Freeland, Md. Bendersville Fogelsville Chambersburg, R. 2 Enon Valley SaJunga LenhartsviUe Tyrone Wemersville Hillsdale Berwick, R. 1 Etters Pacific Co£U3t Borax Co., 51 Madison Ave. New York Coopersburg, R. 2 Kintersville Aspinwall Zionsville Hellam, R. 1 Sugarloaf , R. D. Arendtsville Monaca McKeansburg 542 W. King St., York New Bedford Orefield Doylestown Bamsville 101 Name Kreider, Ben. R. Kuhn, Floyd Kunkle, B. F. Kunkle, George Lancaster Co., Institution District Landis c/o Aaron H. Palmer Lapp, John F. Laskowski, B. J. Latshaw, John G. Laudenslager, Martin Lawrence, Lester LeBoutillier, Chas. Lengel, Paul Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Mrs. Carrie E. Lesher, Adam Lethiewitz, Frank Lett, E. R. Lewis, Nelson H. Lewis Norman Lieberknecht, M. L. Lightner, Irvin Linde, J. Eric Linde, T. G. Lingerman, Ralph Linville, Arthur S. Livingood, Mrs. Stella Long, D. Edward Long, John C. Long, Wm. Loop, A. I. Lorane Orchards Lord, John Lott, John Lott, Robt. Lott, Wm. M. Lucabaugh, J. W. Lucabaugh, Stewart Lute, Harvey McCleary, T. W. McClelland, J. B. McClure, F. L. McCormick, C. M. McCormick, James McCready, H. E. McDonald, R. C. McFadden, E. C. McFarland, J. Horace McFarland, R. W. McGeorge, Mrs. Katherine L. McHenry, Clarence Mcllvaine, J. S. McKee, J. M. McKeehan, James McKibben, J. W. McNitt Fruit Farm McPherson Bros. Address Manheim, R. X Cashtown Tamaqua, R. 1 Orwigsburg Lancaster Lancaster, R. 6 Ronks, R. 1 Trucksville, R. D. Marion Orefield, R. 1 Lake Ariel, R. 2 Wayne Pine Grove Carlisle, R. 1 Akron Chambersburg, R. 1 Lake Ariel, R. 1 General Chem. Co. Philadelphia Pittston, R. 1 Pittston, R. 1 Mt. Wolf York, R. 5 Orefield, R. 1 Bethlehem, R. 4 New Castle, R. 5 Media, R. 2 Robesonia Fayetteville 342 E. Liberty St., Lancaster South Hampton North E^ast Lorane Wyoming, R. 1 Gettysburg Aspers Gardners Hanover, R. 6 Hanover, R. 6 Bamesboro, R. 2 Chambersburg, R. 4 Canonsburg New Castle, R. 5 Slippery Rock, R. 3 Harrisburg Phoebe Flower Shop, Allentown Shippensburg, R. 3 Hagerstown, Md. Harrisburg New Wilmington, R. 1 Orrtanna Indiana » Fayettsville Dairy Corp. Sale Co. Century Bldg., Pittsburgh Honesdale Kenwood, Chambersburg Milroy Bridgeton 102 Name Mackel, Edward Mackey, Earl MacNeal, Wm. H. Maddon, Leroy Madeira, Ambrose Mains, Guy L. Marcks, Miss Vema Marsteller, Wm. Martin, C. S. Marvel Package Co. Mason, Jack G. Mattem, Chas. Mattem, Jos. C. Mattem, Richard H. Matthews, W. H. Mauger, Ralph Maurer, Jay Mayer, Guy S. Mecartney, J. L. Mechling Farms Meehan, S. Mendelson Meister, Kenneth A. Melcher, Bennett MeUor, Wm. W. Mengel, John R. Merring, Guy Meyer, Allen Meyer, Morris A., Jr. Mickels, Joe Mickley, Myron Mickley, Roy A. Miller, Abraham H. Miller, Art L. Miller, Blaine Miller, C. E. Miller, Christ Miller, Frank MUler, Frank N. Miller, Harper Miller, Harvey Miller, Jacob R. Miller, James Miller, John S. Miller, John W. Miller, R. W. Millhouse, John Mimm, Howard Mimm, Jonathan Mineo, Thos. Mitchell, E. B. Mitchell, Robt. Mock, P. H. Mohler, A. M, Mohr, Frank J. Mohrman, Richard Moluf, A. J. Moon, Henry T. Moon, Wm. Mooney, C. E. Address St. Thomas, R. 1 Orefield Parkesburg Lake Ariel, R. 2 West Leesport, R. 1 Kennett Square Emaus Stewartstown Chambersburg, R. 4 Laurel, Del. Reading, R. 2 HoUidaysburg, R. D. HoUidaysburg HoUidaysburg Box 313, Salem, Ohio Boyertown, R. 2 Hegins Willow St., R. 1 State College Moorestown, N. J. Newtown Square Chambersburg, R. 6 BaUy Wayne West Leesport Cortez Annville Lebanon, R. 3 Wexford, R. 1 Quincy Orrtanna Lancaster, R. 1 We-Know Produce, Chambersburg Indiana, R. 4 820 Mulb'ry Ave.Hagerstown,Md Marion Lake Ariel Waynesboro, R. 4 Quincy Loganville Elizabeth, R. 3 Aspers Somerset Ephrata, R. 1 100 S. High St. Mechanicsburg Shippensburg, R. 2 McKeansburg McKeansburg Pittston, R. 1 Beaufort Farms, Harrisburg Shavertown, Box 245 Cherry Tree, R. D. 233 S. Lincoln St., Lebanon Fogelsville Narrowsburg, N. Y. 301 Grape St., Vineland, N. J. Haddonfield, N. J. Macimgie, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 1 103 Name Etter, Frank L. Evans, I. Rowland Evans, W. H. Everhart, W. J. Ewing, Wm. B. Fagan, F. N. Fassett, Lloyd Feaster, W. C. Fetterman, J. Gordon Fetters, Donald Fidler Alfred Fink, Clifford Fischer Fred Fisher, Fred M. Fitzgerald, H. Fletcher, S. W. Flora, Wm. Fogelsanger, R. B. Fogelsanger, W. H. Foreman, Bitner Forrester, W. R. Forry, S. E. Fox, A. Grant Fox, Frank Frantz, Ira Frantz, S. P. Frecon, Robt. Freed, A. J. Reed, W. A. Frey, H. E. Fry, John L. Funk, Elwood Funk, Sheldon Gackenbach, C. A. Gallinger, M. Gait, Sara E. Gamber, N. Edward Gardenhour, G. W. Garman, Samuel A. Garrahan, R. H. Garretson, Donald Garretson, Harry Garretson, Lloyd W. Garretson, Lloyd Garretson, R. B. Garrettson, Robt. Gay, Arthur Gehr, Harvey J. Geiger, Clinton Geigley, A. W. Gelwix, Dr. J. M. Grerman, Wilmer Gerrity, John Geyer, John O. Gibson, Harold Giesman, Roy Gillan, C. F. GiUan, G. G. Gillan, R. J. Address Chambersburg, R. 2 Longwood Farms, Kennett Sq. Plainsville York, R. 3 West Grove State College Meshoppen 949 Forest Dr. Hagerstown, Md. Media Gardners Aspers, R. D. Femdale Franklin, R. D. Wemersville Oconomowoc, Wis. State College Wrightsville, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 5 Shippensburg St. Thomas, R. 1 Mercer Ephrata, R. 1 Normandale, Ontario Hollidaysburg, R. 2 Dallas, R. D. Trucksville, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 3 Racine Racine Red Lion, R. 2 C. K. Whitner & Co. Reading Lititz, R. 3 Boyertown Orefield, R. 1 Guernsey Terre Hill Jonestown, R. 1 Smithsburg, Md. Ephrata, R. 2 Kingston Aspers, R. D. Aspers Arendtsville Biglerville Benders ville Floradale Dallas, R. 1 Waynesboro Neffs Fairfield Chambersburg Slatington, R. D. Dallas, R. 3 Soudertown, R. 2 Blairsville, R. D. Springtown, R. 2 St. Thomaa St. Thomaa St. Thomas Name Gipe, Raymond Click, David W. Goepfrich, Emil Gold, Robt. W. Good, Harvey Goodling, G. A. Gomer, Ira E. Goshorn, Frank Goshom, Taylor L. Grand View Orchards Greiner, Nathan N. Griest, Frederick E. Griest, Frederick, Jr. Grimshaw, Harry Gross, H. S. Grove, W. E. Grove, W. E. Guist, Aristis Guise, H. L. Guyton, T. L. Haas, Wm. F. Haase, Alfred H. Haase, Herman Hacker, A. L. Hafer, Fred D. Hafer, Harry D. Hafer, John A. Hafer, Roy Hagel, Paul Hager, D. R. Haine, Jhon Haines, Robt. B. Haldeman, E. W. Haldeman, Hayes Hall, George Hall, Mrs. John Hall, L. C. Hartman, Clair Hartman, Clem Hartman, J. Blair Hartman, L. E. Hartranft, Harry Hartzok, J. W. Harvey, Clyde Harvey, H. R. Haudenshield, Chas. Haudenshield, Crist Haugh, Frank P. Hausman, George B. Hantz, Franklin Haverstick, Paul E. Hayfield Farms Hajrman, Guy L. Hayman, Harold Hayworth, James Hazlett, W. C. Heacock, O. J. Heaps, Marshall Heckenluber, Roy Heeb, C. C. 98 Address Chambersburg, R. 5 Lancaster, R. 5 Elizabethtown Hawley Lancaster, R. 8 Loganville Chambersburg, R. 6 Quincy Quincy, Box 47 Pittston, R. 1 243 Col. Ave., Elizabethtown Floradale Biglerville Girard York, R. 5 York Springs Chambersburg Hellam, R. D. Gardners Harrisburg Coplay, R. 1 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Narrowsburg, R. 1, N. Y. Allentown Quincy, Box 69 Fayetteville, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 5 Fayetteville, R. 1 Sheridan, R. 1 Orrtanna, R. 1 New Castle, R. 3 Hereford, Box 56 Doylestown, R. 1 Biglerville Murryville Orrtanna North Girard Franklin, R. D. Cashtown Biglerville ay Zionsville Marion, R. 6 Northbrook Foxburg 111 Noblestown Rd., Crafton Canonsburg, R. 1 803 Marshall (14) Pittsburgh Coopersburg, R. 2 904 W. 9th St., Hazelton 1254 Lititz Pike, Lancaster Trucksville, R. 1 Northbrook Stillwater, R. D. Mayview Chambersburg Biglerville Cardiff, Md. Biglerville Chambersburg 99 Name Heffelfinger, Henry S. Hege, H. P. Heim, Russell Henry, Heinz Heisey, Henry Heisey, L. W. Heisey, S. A. HeUer, Hoyt Hempstead, Walter Henderson, Lowrie Henry, A. C. Henry, Owen Herb, Ray H. Herman, Asher Herr, C. H. Herr, Robt. C. Hershey, H. F. Hess, Elam S. Hess, F. M. Hess, Ira S. Hess, Dr. J. C. Hess, Paul G. Hess, Ralph C. Hess, Ray B. Hess, Stine P. Hess, T. E. Heston, Herman Hibert, Wm. Hicht, Ralph Higgins, W. A. Hildebrandt, John A. Hile, Anthony Hileman, W. Carl Hill, Wm. D. Hinnershitz, C. Walter Hoch, D. R. Hoch, Paul Hockenberry, John Hoffman, Eugene Holod Lmnber Co. Hood, T. C. Hoopes, Wilmer W. Homer, Winfield G. Horst, Elmer R. Horst, J. Morris Hosier, Ralph Hostetter, Henry U. Hottenstein, Ira Houck, Clyde Hover, Howard Hovis, D. M. Houk, Mrs. Dallas Houk, J. M. Howard, P. H. Howatt, Mrs. Maude Huber, Edwin B. Huber, Herman Huey, S. R. Huff, John Huff, M. F. Address Myerstown, R. 3 Chambersburg, R. 1 McKeansburg Narrowsburg, N. Y. Mercersburg Lancaster, R. 1 Greencastle, R. 4 Dallas, R. 3 Honesdale Stoneboro Chambersburg, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 1 Orwigsburg Wescosville Lancaster, R. 6 Lancaster, R. 2 Hamburg, R. 3 Mount Joy, R. 2 Waynesboro Florin 1222 W. Erie Ave., Philadelphia Wa3aiesboro, R. 2 Wajmesboro, R. 2 Waynesboro, R. 1 Greencastle, R. 1 Wapwallopen, R. D. Newtown Indiana, R. D. Punxsutawney, R. D. Dallas, R. D. Dallas, R. 2 Curwensville New Castle, R. 3 North East 1255 Buttonwood St., Reading Chambersburg Wapwallopen, R. 1 Shippensburg, R. D. Butler, Star Route Olyphant Saltsburg, R. 1 West Chester Gettysburg, R. D. Lebanon, R. 4 Lebanon, R. 3 Berwick, R. D. Washington Boro Lehighton, R. 3 Clymer, R. D. New Wilmington Chambersburg, R. 5 New Castle, R. 1 New Castle, R. 6 Dover, R. 1 Coopersburg, R. 2 Chambersburg Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. 1 New Castle, R. 3 Franklin, R. 2 Oil City, R. 1 100 Name Huff, Warren C. Hughes, J. N. Hunt, N. M. Hunt, L. J. Hutton, Russell B. Hykes, Edward Ide, Wilfred Imswiler, John S. Ingham, M. M. Jackson, C. E. Co. Jaman, John James, J. E. Jersey Package Co., Inc. Johnson, David Johnson, RoUand A. Johnson, Rudolph Johnston, Mrs. F. C. Johnston, John & Sons Johnston, R. S. Jones, J. H. Jordan Orchards, Kane, Melvin Kauffman, C. B. Kauffman, C. E. Kauffman, J. B. Kauffman, Melvin L. Kauffman, MUton H. Kebler, John Keim, MHton W. Keller, Ambrose Keller, L. H. Keller, Paul Keller, Paul J. Kelso, James E. Kendig, Dr. J. S. Kerchner, Harvey T. Kessler, Geo. W. Ketner, Jacob B. Kidd, Alvin D. Kisner, Emery Kister, U. G. Kitchen, E. M. Kleppinger, B. M. Kline, H. P. Klug, Herbert J. Knappenberger, Thos. Knaub, Harvey Knelly, Willis Knouse, M. E. Koehler, Paulus E. Koch, Marlin Kohler, Chas. Komar, John Kovacs, Rudolph Kratz, T. Percy Kraus, John Address Ithaca, N. Y., R. 2 Mercer New Castle, R. 4 New Castle, R. 4 Waynesboro, R. l York, R. 4 Sweet Valley, R. i West Union St., West Chester New Castle, R. 5 Chsimbersburg Bethlehem, R. 1 Hagerstown, Md. Bridgeton, N. J. New Hope Hereford McKnightstown Dallas New Wilmington New Wihnington, R. l Paradise, R. l N. Jerome St., Allentown Orrtanna Bird-in-Hand Manchester, R. I. York, R. 7 Bird-in-Hand Hamburg, star Route North East, R. 1 Boyertown, R. 2 Freeland, Md. Bendersville Fogelsville Chambersburg, R. 2 B:non Valley Salunga Lenhartsville Tyrone Wemersville Hillsdale Berwick, R. l Betters Pacific Coast Borax Co., 51 Madison Ave. New York Coopersburg, R. 2 Kintersville Aspinwall Zionsville Hellam, R. l Sugarloaf, R. D. Arendtsville Monaca McKeansburg 542 W. King St., York New Bedford Orefield I>oylestown Bamsville f I 101 Name Address Kreider, Ben. R. Kuhn, Floyd Kunkle, B. F. Kunkle, George Lancaster Co., Institution District Landis c/o Aaron H. Palmer Lapp, John F. Laskowski, B. J. Latshaw, John G. Laudenslager, Martin Lawrence, Lester LeBoutillier, Chas. Lengel, Paul Leonard, F. E. Lepole, Mrs. Carrie E. Lesher, Adam Lethiewitz, Frank Lett, E. R. Lewis, Nelson H. Lewis Norman Lieberknecht, M. L. Lightner, Irvin Linde, J. Eric Linde, T. G. Lingerman, Ralph Linville, Arthur S. Livingood, Mrs. Stella Long, D. Edward Long, John C. Long, Wm. Loop, A. I. Lorane Orchards Lord, John Lott, John Lott, Robt. Lott, Wm. M. Lucabaugh, J. W. Lucabaugh, Stewart Lute, Hairvey McCleary, T. W. McClelland, J. B. McClure, F. L. McCormick, C. M. McCormick, James McCready, H. E. McDonald, R. C. McFadden, E. C. McFarland, J. Horace McFarland, R. W. McGeorge, Mrs. Katherine L. McHenry, Clarence McHvaine, J. S. McKee, J. M. McKeehan, James McKibben, J. W. McNitt Fruit Farm McPherson Bros. 102 Manheim, R. 1 Cashtown Tamaqua, R. 1 Orwigsburg Lancaster Lancaster, R. 6 Ronks, R. 1 Trucksville, R. D. Marion Orefield, R. 1 Lake Ariel, R. 2 Wayne Pine Grove Carlisle, R. 1 Akron Chambersburg, R. 1 Lake Ariel, R. 1 General Chem. Co. Philadelphia Pittston, R. 1 Pittston, R. 1 Mt. Wolf York, R. 5 Orefield, R. 1 Bethlehem, R. 4 New Castle, R. 5 Media, R. 2 Robesonia Fayetteville 342 E. Liberty St., Lancaster South Hampton North East Lorane Wyoming, R. 1 Gettysburg Aspers Gardners Hanover, R. 6 Hanover, R. 6 Bamesboro, R. 2 Chambersburg, R. 4 Canonsburg New Castle, R. 5 Slippery Rock, R. 3 Harrisburg Phoebe Flower Shop, Allentown Shippensburg, R. 3 Hagerstown, Md. Harrisburg New Wilmington, R. 1 Orrtanna Indiana , Fayettsville Dairy Corp. Sale Co. Century Bldg., Pittsburgh Honesdale Kenwood, Chambersburg Milroy Bridgeton Name Mackel, Edward Mackey, Earl MacNeal, Wm. H. Maddon, Leroy Madeira, Ambrose Mains, Guy L. Marcks, Miss Vema Marsteller, Wm. Martin, C. S. Marvel Package Co. Mason, Jack G. Mattern, Chas. Mattem, Jos. C. Mattern, Richard H. Matthews, W. H. Mauger, Ralph Maurer, Jay Mayer, Guy S. Mecartney, J. L. Mechling Farms Meehan, S. Mendelson Meister, Kenneth A. Melcher, Bennett MeUor, Wm. W. Mengel, John R. Merring, Guy Meyer, Allen Meyer, Morris A., Jr. Mickels, Joe Mickley, Myron Mickley, Roy A. Miller, Abraham H. Miller, Art L. Miller, Blaine Miller, C. E. Miller, Christ Miller, Frank MUler, Frank N. Miller, Harper Miller, Harvey Miller, Jacob R. Miller, James Miller, John S. Miller, John W. Miller, R. W. Millhouse, John Mimm, Howard Mimm, Jonathan Mineo, Thos. Mitchell, E. B. Mitchell, Robt. Mock, P. H. Mohler, A. M. Mohr, Frank J. Mohrman, Richard Moluf, A. J. Moon, Henry T. Moon, Wm. Mooney, C. E. Address St. Thomas, R. 1 Orefield Parkesburg Lake Ariel, R. 2 West Leesport, R. 1 Kennett Square Emaus Stewartstown Chambersburg, R. 4 Laurel, Del. Reading, R. 2 HoUidaysburg, R. d. HoUidaysburg HoUidaysburg Box 313, Salem, Ohio Boyertown, R. 2 Hegins Willow St., R. 1 State College Moorestown, N. J. Newtown Square Chambersburg, R. 6 BaUy Wayne West Leesport Cortez Annville Lebanon, R. 3 Wexford, R. 1 Quincy Orrtanna Lancaster, R. 1 We-Know Produce, Chambersburg Indiana, R. 4 820 Mulb'ry Ave.Hagerstown,Md Marion Lake Ariel Waynesboro, R. 4 Quincy Loganville Elizabeth, R. 3 Aspers Somerset Ephrata, R. 1 100 S. High St. Mechanicsburg Shippensburg, R. 2 McKeansburg McKeansburg Pittston, R. 1 Beaufort Farms, Harrisburg Shavertown, Box 245 Cherry Tree, R. D. 233 S. Lincoln St., Lebanon Fogelsville Narrowsburg, N. Y. 301 Grape St., Vineland, N. J. Haddonfield, N. J. Macungie, R. D. Chambersburg, R. 1 103 Name Moore, M. A. Morse, Carl Mowery, Harold Murphy, Daniel Murphy, P. J. Murray, Geo. R. Murrin, W. L. Myers, A. Jackson Myers, Everett Nagy, James Nesbitt, C. M. Neuman, O., Jr. Neuroth, Jos. Newcomer, L. E. Newell, C. B. Newcoman, H. W. Nitchman, C. H. Nolt, Harrison S. Nugent, J. B. Nye, Jay W. Gates, Wm. Gberle, Jos. G'Conner, Haldeman Gldfield, W. T. Gmwake & Gliver Gsbom, Paul P. Gtt, H. Lloyd Gyler, Boyd Gyler, H. J. Gyler, J. Price Gyler, Thos. Gyler, Wm. Packard, Chas. L. Page, C. M. Palm, Harry Panovec, Victor Pannebaker, Wm. M. Pape, Eva M. Paschal & Son Passmore, Norman S. Passmore, S. S. Paton, John E. Patterson, Jas. Paxson, Ed. M. Pennepacker Co. Pepper, J. G. Peters, Cameron Peters, John Philips, Lawrence Pile, C. E. Piper, Paul Poet,Ralph A. Poff, Leroy Poor, D. W. Powell, Max H. Powers, Robt. A. Pratt, B. G. Address Lititz New Wilmington, R. 1 Mechanicsburg, R. D. New Castle, R. 2 White Haven, R. D. 298 Phila. Av., Chambersburg BuUer, Box 733 6120 Reedland St., PhUadelphia Homer City, R. 2 Sharpesville Interlaken, N. J. Miller Chem. & Fertilizer Corp. 1000 S. Caroline St. Baltimore, Md. 602 N. 6th St., Allentown 130 E. Locust St., Fleetwood Roxbury New Castle, R. 4 Aspers, R. 1 Columbia, R. 1 Honesdale, R. 1 Chambersburg, R. 1 Hanover, R. 3 West Chester 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg 114 N. George St., York Greencastle Biglerville Gttsville Hummelstown, R. 2 Gettysburg, R. D. Gettysburg Gettysburg Arendtsville Roaring Springs, R. 1 Etters, R. D. Ephrata, R. 1 Easton, R. 2 Virgilina, Va. Gettysburg Kennett Square Glen MUls, R. 1 Mendenhall New Castle, R. 1 Apollo, R. D. DoylestoviTi, R. 2 Emaus, Box A State College Aspers York Springs, R. D. New Tripoli, R. 1 Everett Shippensburg, R. 2 York, R. 4 Hummelstown, R. 2 Narrowsburg, N. Y. Fayetteville, R. 1 Honesdale 160 Moore St., Hackensack,N.J. 104 Name Pratt, Lee Preston, Samuel D. Pugh, Geo. C. Purcell, Norman Quinton, Walter P. Raab, S. C. Raffensberger, Chas. E. Raffensberger, Elmer Raffensberger, H. B. Raffensberger, Mahlon Rahauser, Jos. Rankin, Chas. C. Hay, Fred C. Readinger, Austen B. Readier, Carl Reed, Guy S. Reichard, D. L. Reinhard, Milton B. Reist, A. E. Reist, J. Clarence Reist, Mrs. Margaret B. Reiter, F. G. Reiter, Raymond F. Renfrew, R. N. Rhinehart, Dwight Rhone, Lester S. Rice, Daniel Rice, E. A. Rice, Frank S. Richardson, C. Everett Rick, Chas. M. Rick, John Riley, Gilbert Rinehart, Paul Rinn, Cloid Ritter, Arthur Rock Top Grchards Roemhild, Albert C. Roberts, E. J. Rohde, Wm. Rohlfing, Frank T. Root, J. W. Rose, Charles S. Rosensteel, Joe Rosensteel, Mrs. L. C. Rowe, J. C. Rowland, Wm. Ruef, J. u. Ruhl, H. F. Rimk, J. A. Runkle, M. V. Ruth, Charles Rutter, Mrs. WWter R Ruttler, Roy s. Address Chambersburg Winchester, Va. Chambersburg West Chester, R. 3 Media, R. 2 Dallastown Biglerville Biglerville Arendtsville Aspers Greencastle 401 S. Walnut St., West Chester Penn Run, R. D. Fleetwood, R. l Nescopek, R. D. Summit Station Waynesboro, Box 374 303 N. 9th St. Allentown Palmyra Paragon Nut & Fruit Farm Landisville 1166 Avonroad Schnectady, N. Y. Mars Mars Fayettsville, R. 1 Gettysburg, R. 3 Chambersburg, R. 1 EUiottsburg Arendtsville Chambersburg, R. i Whiteford, Md. 431 Windsor, St., Reading West Leesport, R, l Hollidaysburg Reading, R. 2 Indiana Allentown, R. 3 Chambersburg, R. 1 122 Dock St., Philadelphia Pmecone Orchards, Doylestown, R. 2 Johnstown Mt. Eetna Manheim, R. 1 UUtz, R. 2 Aspers Edri Chambersburg, R. 1 Springhouse State College Manheim Huntingdon Felton 422 Ridge St., Emaus New Holland, R. 2 Chambersburg 105 Name Salsgiver, Andrew Sampson, T. J. Sands, Ray Satterthwaite, Frederick G. Sauder, Weaver Schadel, F. O. Schantz, Kermit Schantz, L. M. Schieferstein, Wm. Schmutz, Helen C. Schoelkopf, Carl Schonour, Pierce Schoonover, W. E. Schreiber & Stark Orchards Schriver, George Schriver, Harvey Schnldt, J. Carlton Schultz, Chester K. Searle, Alonza T. Sechler, James Seifert, Harry Seitz, John B. Settlemeyer, C. T. Seyfert, A. S. Shaffer Bros. Shaffer, Chas. N. Shaffer, Harry Shaffer, J. I. Shank, H. A. Shapley, M. P. Shatzer, Harry Shatzer, Linn Shaw, Russell Shay, Herbert Shenk, D. W. Shenot, Cletus Shenot, £}arl Shenot, Ed. Sheppard, L. P. Shiffert, Martin Shirk, Edwin S. Shirk, Ira J. Shoemaker, Bums Shoener, John Simmons, Dan Simmons, Earl Simmons, S. L. Singer, E. G. Slade, Jos Slade, Martin A. Slaybaugh, Glen Small, Chas. J. Small, R. Glenn Smedley, Samuel L. Smedley, S. L., Jr. Smith, Arthur G. Address Indiana, R. 7 Retreat Shickshinny, R. 3 Yardley Lebanon, R. 1 Klingerstown AUentown, R. 3 Orefield, R. 1 Leesport Palmerton, R. D. 1 Sinking Springs, R. 1 Gouglerville Dallas, R. 3 Old ZionviUe Bendersville Grantville, R. 1 Elizabethtown Barto Honesdale Fogelsville Springtown Rohrerstown Wilmore, R. D. Lebanon, R. 2 Gravity Silverdale Penn Rim, R. D. B. J. Pratt Co., 160 Moore St. Hackensack, N. J. Lancaster, R 6 Carroll Ave., Takoma Park,Md. St. Thomas, R. 1 St. Thomas Stewarts town Franklin, R. 3 Lancaster, R. 7 Wexford Wexford Wexford, R. 1 229 W. Cottage Place, ^ork AUentown, R. 2 Lebanon, R. 2 McAUisterville, R. D. Shippensburg, R. 2 New Ringlod, R. D. Frank St., Box 720, Pittsburgh, (10) Frank St., Box 700, Pittsburgh, (10) Frank St., Box 55 Pittsburgh, (10) Chambersburg, R. 5 2735 Greenleaf St., AUentown Biglerville Gettysburg, R. 5 Chambersburg, R. 5 Fayetteville R. 1 Newtown Square Newtown Square Chambersburg, R. 2 106 Name Smith A. Woodward Smith, Clemon Smith, Geo. A. Smith, G. E. Smith, Ira S. Smith, Leonard R. Smith, Roland M. Smith, S. A. Smith, Thos. L. Smith, Wm. Snader, Mrs. Mary G. Snavely, H. H. Snavely, Miss Julia Snyder, Fry & Rick Snyder, C. B. Snyder, Geo. Snyder, J. A. Snyder, Mrs. Kathryn Z. Snyder, Simon R. Sorgel, Albert Souder Weaver Spangler, L. G. Spangler, Samuel Spencer, Ralph T. Spessard, H. W. Sthale, Carl Stanton, C. M. & Sons Starry, N. D. Stauffer, T. H. Stear, J. R. Steele, Harold Stehr, Peter Stein, Henry Steinberger, L. A. Steinberger, Paul Stein, Norman Stein, Walter Steininger, Charles Stewart, Harry Stitt, L. P. Stock, Guy Stockdale, H. C. Stonebraker, H. W Stoner, H. S. Stover, Jacob E. Strasbaugh, E. F. Strause, Stephen Strawbridge, N. G. Strock, Alvin W. Strong, T. M. Strong, W. O. Sutliffe, E. D. Swank, Luke H. Swartz, S. Emma Swope, Josiah D. Syling, E. S. Taughinbaugh, C. E. Taylor, C. E. Address Blairsville, Box 75 Nescopek, R. D. Smithsburg, Md. Bethlehem, R. 4 Chambersburg, R. i Mt. Holly, N. J. Marion Center, R. 2 Yoe 1000 S. Caroline St., Baltimore, Md. Berwick, R. i «r?,i^- 2nd St., Waynesboro Willow Street Westmont Fruit Farm, Lebanon, R. 3 Reading, R. 2 Ephrata, R. l Dallas, R. 3 Glen Moy, Franklin Florin Ephrata, R. i Wexford Lebanon. R. l Gardners Gettysburg Shanes ville Chambersburg Manchester Waymart, R. l York Springs Utitz, R. 4 Civic Loan Bldg., Lancaster, O. South Haven, Michigan Pitman Woodville Scotland Fayetteville Orwigsburg Wrightsville Coopersburg, R. l Breinigsville, R. 1 Blairsville, R. D. Bendersville 458 Pratt St., Ravenna, Ohio Indiana, R. 7 Orrtanna Springwood Farms, York, R. 2 Orrtanna Hamburg, R. i Fawn Grove Chambersburg, R. 4 Blairsville, R. D. F^arm School Shickshinny, R D. Johnstown Spring Grove Newmanstown New Castle, R. 7 Gettysburg, R. D. Biglerville, R. 2 M 107 Name Taylor, Elliott Taylor, George P. Taylor, Ralph S. Thomas, Charles L. Thomas, Edwin W. Thomford, C. F. B. Thompson, Frank B. Thompson, IJawrence Todd, E. J. Topper, Quinn Trefeathern, Winthrop N. Treichler, Newton Trexler, T. A. Turner, Frank H. Turrell, Elmore Tyler, W. D. Tyson, Edwin C. Tyson, Ralph Tyson, Wm. C. Ulrich, Harry Van Order, Ira Vogelaar, Martin Vosler, E. B. Waddell, S. B. Wagonhurst, Mrs. Anna Wagner, Chas. E. Wagner, H. D. Walker, Frank C. Walker, Paul WaUace, G. W. Wallace, J. Chester Walton, Robt. J. Watkins, R. G. Weaver, Abram Weaver, E. A. Weaver, Russell Weaver, Wm. S. Weber, Nelson Weigle, H. M. Weimer, E. A. Weinman, R. B. Welles, Thos. D. Welty, Richard Wenger, Samuel Wertz, D. M. Orchards Westrick, P. A. Wheeler, C. B. Whisler, EJdgar Whitcomb, Paul White, James Whitehead, P. B. Whiting, Dale Whiting, Ralph D. Widders, J. B. Wierman, Clayton Address Gettysburg, R. 3 Biglerville West Chester, R. D. King of Prussia King of Prussia Kennett Square New Wilmington New Wilmington Beaver, R. 1 Emmitsburg, Md. Elizabeth Farms, Lititz Barto Selinsgrove Franklin, R. 2 Noxen Dante, Va. Floradale Gardners, R. D. Floradale Hopeland Dallas, R. 3 River Ridge Farm, Franklin Himlock's Creek, R. 1 New Windsor, Md. Bechtelsville, R. D. McClure 232 Main St., Emaus Chambersburg Chambersburg Blue Ridge Fruit Exchange, Wa3mesboro New Castle, R. 1 Hummelstown WilkesBarre, Box 128 Scalp Level Fayetteville Aspers, R. D. Macungie Orefield Aspers 245 Seneca St., Harrisburg Koppers Co., Pittsburgh Furlong Smithsburg, Md. Paradise Waynesboro Trust Bldg., Waynesboro Patton, R. 2 Hunlock's Creek Etters, R. 1 York, R. 4 County Home, Indiana Spring City New Bedford 101 E. Union Ave., Bound Brook, N. J. Lancaster, R. 3 Bendersville 108 Name Wiggins, A. W. Wilhelm, L. J. Williams, Luther S. Wilson Harry Winter, G. H. Wise, Harvey Wishard, Dr. Walter H Wister, John C. Witherow, R. T. Wolf, George S. Wolfe, Chas. D. Wolfe, Jos. Wolfe, Raymond Wolfe, Walter Wolff, F. B. Wolgemuth, A. M. Wolgemuth, John K. Wood, Ensign R. j. Woodward, M. H. & Son Worley's Nursery Worthington, H. G. Worthmgton, H. Russell Wotnng, Oscar A. Wunder, James Yeager, J. F. Yerger, C. R. Yoat, A. J. Yohe, Rev. Jay W Young, Ed. Young, J. M. Young, Junius Young, Miles Young, R. c. Young, Russell Young, Warren W. Youngs, L. G. Yost, Randolph, F. Zeger, Stanley Zeiser, John V. Zellner, Ralph Zimmerman, Harry w Zook, Amos F. Zuboski, Harry Address Clarks Summit Sharon Indiana, R. i Wilkinsburg, R. 1 Etters, R. 1 Conamodore, R. D. Waynesboro - Clarkson & Wister St. Germantown . Punxsutawney 1014 N. Christian St., Lancaster U B Orphanage, Quincy Allentown, R. i *^ Allentown, R. l Dallas, R. 2 Lima Mount Joy, R. i Mount Joy, R. 2 N. A. S. Melbourne, Florida, Box 55 Mendenhall York Springs, R. 1 Glen Mills West Chester West Chester, R. 2 Orefield 405 DuPont St., Philadelphia Phoenixville Apollo, R. 3 Punxsutawney, R. d. Fayetteville Chambersburg, R. i Chambersburg, R. i Narrowsburg, N. Y Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. i Chambersburg, R. 6 Mayport, R. 3 Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. i North East New Windsor, Md. St. Thomas Nescopek New Tripoli, R. 1 Reamstown Lancaster, R. 3 Barnsville, R. 1 109 Orchardists have found Fruitone an effective agent in stopping the heavy loss resulting from pre-harvest drop. By spraying (or dusting) apple trees ten days to two weeks before picking time, the apples are made to stay on the trees ten days to four weeks longer. This gives extra time not only for picking (a vital factor in these days of labor shortages) but also for the apples to gain in size, flavor, and quality. The same results may be obtained with pears, plums, and peaches, although the best time for spraying varies somewhat with the type of fruit. Spraying the flowers of lima beans, string beans or soy beans gives a better set of crops. Tomato blossoms sprayed with a stronger concentration of Fruitone will produce a high percentage of seedless tomatoes. .volufionary new discovery mxxm WW ^^ " Th