Title: Pennsylvania vegetable growers' news, v. 9
Place of Publication: State College, Pa.
Copyright Date: 1939

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg058.10

PENNSYLVANIA VEGETABLE GROWERS* Wms

vol. IX No. 1

pulDlication of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association
A* C0 Thompson, Morrisville --.-^--•--. president
R. R* Brader, Berwick --------- vice-president

W> B. Mack, State College ----- secretary-Treasurer

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The regular annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers^ Association was held on January 17 and 18, 1939, in Room D
of the Pennsylvania Farm show Building, The annual business meeting
was called at 1:00 P.M. on January 18, by president A* C# Thompson,
with all officers and directors in attendance, and approximately
75 members present*

Reports of the secretary-Treasurer, representative on the
Farm Show Commission and Pennsylvania Council of Agricultural Organ-
izations, representative on the Northeastern Vegetable and potato
council, chairman of the Exhibit Committee, and chairman of the
committee on Research and Relations with the Agricultural Experiment
station were presented and were accepted. -

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The Secretary- Treasurer reported receipts of $169.20 and dis-
bursements of 1109.28, leaving a balance of |59.92. Memberships
numbered 120 in 1938. The ten-Ton Tomato club fund contains $13* 35;
no receipts nor disbursements occurred during the year.

The exhibit, staged in the old arena, was the largest on record,
and contained more than a ton more vegetables than did any previous
exhibit. The six-vegetable display class was specially successful.
The work of the Exhibit committee and its chairman, C. K. Hallowell,
was commended by unanimous vote. A resolution was adopted with
reference to exhibit facilities, as follows: Resolved that this
Association authorize its representative on the Farm show Commission
to take up the sulgect of dust control in the old arena at the location
of the new vegetable exhibit. , ^j

The report of the committee on Research and Relations with the
Agricultural Experiment Station was prepared at a special meeting
of this Committee with the Vegetable Research Advisory Committee of
"the Agricultural Experiment Station, attended by Gilbert S. Watts as
Chairman of both committees, A. C. Thompson, John M* Willson, Alan R.
Warehime, Hal Mills, w. B- Mack, C. E* Myers, and J. M. Huffington.
It Was as follows:

1. That an expression of appreciation be extended to the Director
of Research and to the Director of Extension for the many helpful
services performed for the vegetable growers.

P -.in

^» continuation of research on the fertilizing of vegetable crops,
especially in regard to factors affecting the efficiency of the
application, some of these that are presently of great interest
to growers are placement, nutrient solutions in the water used in
transplanting, optimum ratios and rates of application as affected
oy different soil conditions, and the uses of split applications
J-^ which part of the fertilizer is applied before and part after
PJ-anting,

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3. intensification of research on soil testing methods and their
interpretation and as early establishment as possible of a soil
testing service applicable to the unusual and rapidly changing
soil problems common to vegetable growing,

4. continuation of variety trials.

5. continuation of the plant breeding work with vegetables.

6. Additional research on plant growing with particular reference
to economical methods of plant production, formula and procedures
in sand culture of seedlings or plants, and trials of glass sud-
stitutes such as the new cellulose acetate products.

7. continuation and expansion of soil erosion research and exten-
sion services among vegetable growers. . .

8. continuation of the vegetable disease control letters to growers
and an increase in research of vegetable diseases. There is especial
interest, and need of more studies, in the control of seedling
diseases and of spraying and dusting in plant growing, and in the
materials and methods of spraying and dusting tomatoes, cucumbers
and muskmelons. > •

9. More research work in vegetable insects, especially for low- ^
cost and cool-weather methods of controlling aphis.

10. commendation of the project recently established to study the
separate and inter-acting effects of irrigating and fertilizing
vegetable crops.

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Stanley Becker ret)orted as representative on the Northeastern
Vegetable and potato Council. He stated that purchases by the
F.S.C.C., recommended by the council, were very satisfactory to
vegetable growers in the northeastern area. The president of the
Association was authorized to appoint a representative on the
council for 1939,

The following addresses, among others, were presented before
the Association in its two-day meeting.

MEETING THE PROBLEIW OF THE MARYL/ND VEGETABLE GROWER

C* H. Mahoney, university of Maryland

It will be impossible to discuss all the problems of the
vegetable growers in Maryland in the time allotted. An effort will
be made, therefore to discuss only those problems on the crops which
your chairman stated would be of particular interest to those of you'
present. The following discussions will be presented in abstract
form since it is assumed that you are more interested in the results
than in the data. It should be pointed out at this time that the
results cbtained in Maryland cannot usually be applied, without
modification, to Pennsylvania conditions.

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Fertilizer ' plac ement; Btid* ^i^alyses plac em-ent dn pe ae ^f oif •

; .. :^- . J : "^ ' ' '. - Cabling; Jjagel^, 1938 ' ^^ ' : — ^

• The .Dti'e .and- one-half ■ inch- placement of a ' 4-'8- 5 "gave- a slgnlft^
Ly h4:gher. yle'l" -^ -^-* '' -^' -'- - - • '-"- - - --- - - - ---—-•—". .

prior, "to' piftnting.

c apt ly h4.gher. yield of ^stieiied'' peas' 'than the same amdtfn^-'drilied
prtoT..tcJ*pia,nting. ',,'.: TTi^'syyame' placeiaent^ likewise- getre' SlgnlflcarLt . t
incfeiases byer' the two ahid.dne'-"half" and- three and- bheJ-hdlf ' incih •■ '"" t

placements ^^here the four per /iyertt' nit-rogeri-wfefB "ti^fe^^^ ;:;■:.- • ; ;' >•

";', The .-priWlAnd, 'bhe-hallf' iiic'h pi ac emeh'f With ail 8-6-5 ianaiysls Wfts
not" slgniflcaiitly higher .than the' two", and one-hiair- or thfe' three and
one -half inch placemeTits.^^ The highei* atialysi-s fertilizer g&ve higher
yields at the. two, .wider spacings than .the lower analysis but the
differences ^ re' riot c'qnaidered.^high' enough -'to t>e' significant:. None
of the iy.l^i.ds from baji'd pladement^ 'with this ahaly sis 'were -signifi-
cantly highyT thian'whei'e the Yettili'zer was dirillB^^^ .' . •.

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Statistical €ii(aly;sis of 31>ahd cbiihtd s'h'bws that thel-^l^/Z"
4-8-5 treialynent' had- more plant's 'per plb^^^ the 2-l/:2 '^r the 3-1/2

higher 't^ai^ 'the' i-X/'Z ■qt the 3-1/2 'plecerie'nt's'%here" ^ii4 8-8'-5' was
' used., .'.<^ plot's receiving' the '8-8-15 fertilizer',' the' S-^l'/S inch place-
ment had' a significantly •Higher stand cb\int' t'han thfe T-l/S inch ' -•-.,.
pla'ceme:nt , " hut riot h.igher than the 2-1/2- Inch 'plabeiientv The aumher

of plants was as great on the "3-1/2 inch' placement where 'th^e' 8-8*5
was used,' as on the drilled plots.-" -' " ' '' -' : ^ 1 ' ' i--' : 'v: . :

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Placement and Root. Rot. Most of the soil of the Eastern shore
of :Maryxanq on wnich p'eai are grown Tor ' e dhri ing 1 s I'rlf e ^te d to a

satisfactory growth briroot-rbt "soil, •mtist produce -riew roots rapidly
and have adequate available nutrients for their restricted root
systeatev^ . .tB.riaJ;i»g.:,aBA.. tli.a.:ma^-artd,.bi^^^ ;pJ,aOSmeiit of a four

..per cent.^nit:;pgen fertilizer would furnish a higher concentration of
available nutrients rieSr thb small seedlings than the two arid one-half
or three and , orid-half Irich pla(?emeri"ts ; 'Eight per cent ' ftitrogeri ap-
parently 1^. too, strong f^r tihe young roots at the one ted ari^-half
^^ch;iJlaceliient but.^groWt'h and -yfdld -di^es maltitained when the fertilizer
wa§ placed two and bne^'half Inches 'frbm the seed^ . .k ?..'"! i .;•;

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' '.yFertilizer'pJaceiderit-ori sweet 'pbtaioes, galisbtiryV1958 '

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, " 'Eight plisiceraerits weire- used" bfl ""Maryland Gblderi'swe^t pbidtoes
Planted across two soil types near Sallisbury, 'Mary land, plots were
tt^^^*^ in quadruplicate with two replicates on sassafras sand and

*fp°4-??i'^^® — °^®'^^^,^^^'^^®^' '^^^*^*'^3 «®n^^ loam. "The" da6e analysis
:f^^Wz®r (3r8-10)', was used .'bri- all' treatments and 'with one exceiJtion

jne rate Of applicat}.ori was:l-,000 pounds. The one exemption was Where
1 Iaa ^^^^^^®^ ^^^^ applied 'two weeks after plantirig atthe-rat^ of

J-, 500 pounds^ ■•'••'■ ■■•••■ ■ '^t- • •„;.:.:-:• ,..■..) •. :; • • . » -i . • • ; i.a

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There were no sisnificant dif ferenees in yield^o^ ^^!ias°2 5
or U. S. NO. 1 and NO, ^'s in the following t^^ ^^^^^^^ ^e side
inches to the side and 3 inches ^ep.aa ^^^^^^ planting and side
and 5 inches deep, n^i^^^S 500 pouncis in r paying 1,500 pounds

Sessing with 500 pounds ten ^jy^^^^^^^iiX The yields from the
II a side dressing two ^^^^?^f Jf^^iff l^w^r than mixing 500 pounds
following treatments ^^^^/if^f ^J|^^iJg with 500 pounds ten days
in row before planting ^^J. J^Jt .^^!!^s five inches to the side and
after planting (Showers method) ; ^^J^I^^J^'^nd 5 inches deep, all the
3 inches deep, bands 5 inches to the |i^«^na planting, and

fertilizer in the row ^J^^^^f J.^^^antl. This was true for U. S.

:, ■;. Yields were slightly ^if - -^-leTiffer^ncef Lrnof^lg^^^
than When placed in ^^nds , although these ail ler^ ^

nificfitnt. The reason for this ^^ due to tne ex ^ ^^^^ gonV"

of drilled plots over J^f.^^J^^^^^^tacSd in bands 5 Inches to the
Likewise where the fertilizer was pi ace a in a ^^^^ ^^

side and 5 inches deep ^^^fij/Sj^ii^i^e? was placed 3 inches deep,
that of the treatment where the fertilizer was p^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^

On the heavier soil this difference ^|| 5°^^ ^ the sand plots was
fertilizer was n^if ^ J^^i^%^°^ ^ll Sose band placements but on the
as high or slightly higher than J^^„°i°f^^S placements. The highest
heavy soil were decidedly i^^^J^^^?^ treat^nt^where the fertilizer
yield on the heavy soil Y^^v^^^^^^the sidr^d three inches deep,
was placed in bands 2-5 inches ^o the side ana ^^^e-half of the

^rt^itref wfs^dril?Sd\':fo^?e Van^tirg^anl half as a side dressing
two weeks later#

The observations pointed out in the *°«^P|J^'^?|lS„°trsill
indipale the advlsatillty °f Jt^f?^"^ *^lbie tSIt one method of apply-

gr^StiJireni^t j^ -p- ""iHS^^^ -" *«« "-^ -"

on another for the same crop in a specific region.
' , ': T'^^-Ko^..^ Placement Tests with Tomatoes. Salisbury, 1938

however, to show whether there is any possible interaction
?ertilizer placement end adverse weather °°f iji^^l' 3^^? application
analysis fertilizer was used throughout, and the rates 01 appxic
were 500 and 1000 T>ounds per acre.

?L^iJ«!^:^roSLran-d SL^t^^^i^lhLrxf p h^^^^

" re«n«ifs°oMh^ ^^ if Se1?S!"Thfse^^S

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tre atment 9 ^ were a^so si gnif lean tly . lawe.r. than tb?,. b and- plapemen.t 3
inches to th6 side bi^t. not- lov^er.^^ the.,]:),ahd.Eiacemeh^" .5 .inches ^'^
to the side^ ' ,....:.., ^-. >.. .. . ,.,.,

The '.split, applications pf,,fext.iliz»er {5,00 ppun.ds..at pl-anting
and a 500 pounds, side ; dre ssing four., weeks ; I'^ter ) . in: aJlX Pf 9^^ s ^?tye '
increases in,, yield. . '^jbese, were .n6t.rs.lg^ of

rain in the latter partof July probabTy reduc^^d .the^ ^^^ of

these differences, .....

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Nutrient solutions sugge sted by' Dr^ '. ^iiinmej:'ly . were, iap plied in" '
the transplanting water on two of the stan^dard" treatments. The nu-
trient solutiorj c.onslsted of .1 part. aimopho.S;^,!:. part o.alni$ro?, and
1 part nitratH©: of pptash^ at^a:^9Q

of" water, ^proximately one piht^ pf.v the* soliiti^on^ was .given, each, trans*-
plant. The nutrient solution was applle^d'V (1) wher^ the !.fer.tilizer
was mixed in the row and side dressed four weeks later, and (2) 6n
the 1000;pound band. Placement ..j^^ fpom.tlxe pl^t^.. In neither

case^ was; a significant j 4nC:r^asa, ^ yleid'nQted: aver t^^ comparable
treatment where 'no, nutrient sjoiut ion" wigia. applied •/.'

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soil Amendments in Lima Bean Fertilizers

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Rather e xtenslve-^- trials were^Hnffde-(m--il^ princess Ann

and Ridgely using fertilizers c.pntaining.,dii:fer.en.t amounts of manga-
nese sulphate and copper^siiiphBtev- -Some"-prefl3a3^ work done in
Delawa3?e had shown that pos^sibly manganese or copper., or Ipoth, might
reduce, the. percentage of white. ,seed iix lima b.e an .pods. /The re^
,pjf these, trials, in 1938 gave ho eyidence that this, was true/ ffowever,
yields^ as well as ripen ing, were mote af|:efi ted t>y. the hot dry weather
during the..mlddliB-of ^y and t%^ any. treatment
given^ ;. ,,;... .,,..... ,;.^v,_.. . .:...." ...',:..... v''3^-'.JVr":..: .-;. :■

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Results of fertilizer placement and analyses on lima beans con-
ducted at; Sallshury showed that-: . 448 pounds of. a 3-8-10 appliied in
Dand^s gave .a, 21. per cept. hl^'er' yield, thaft. 800. pounds' hroadc'akt , The
1000 and lipo pound. Uand placement ga-i^e,. an .iave rage increase, of 36 per
cent over-. the seime ■atooimtnbroadcast..;.v.Th'elOOO. pound :3-8riO' treatment
8a^ lower yields than cpmparabl,e. treatment a when, a 4-16,-4 or a 6-j6-5
Was used, a 4-12-8 analysis is most generally used dn this area- at
tne present time, * ...

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problems on Specific Crops and What is Being porie'— -• -

»PQ ^OJ-Ve n'n'QTTI' '' ^••^' • ~—.'»»*^ •-*—»«> .>»«.♦*.. >..»....»,»4. .,...». mm»*'.m»^

Ljpa Beans. --Factors Detemining Fruit set ting-, and Blossom Drop*.

• Yield -i;s affected moist by size,. of p^ant and total bearing area
as express d- in racemes per pi iaat... ^::; .^ ' '

• size of plant is more closely associated with moisture than
^^$fe.f^emperaturfr:^,,,,- - -, .u. -^ ^^^-t. :.- -yr-^i-.' ;• ^ ..-.

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Determinate racemes were found to be more favorably situated on the
plant and contributed more to its yield than indeterminate racemes.

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Fruit setting normally occurs with greatest frequency on the
basal node and decreases in frequency in proportion to tne
distance from the base of the raceme,.

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The daily drop of buds» flowers, and fruits increases during
the latter part of the blossoming life of the raceme when
flowering is confined mostly to the terminal region and after
fruit has set below.

A high temperature/humidity ratio was found to be associated
with a low set of fruits. r-j,-, -

Applications of available nitrogen and phosphorus to plants in
the field increased vegetative development and yield of rrults
rather inconsistently but had little affect on the set of fruits
per raceme «

Early planting (May 15 to June 5) and late planting (^^Jy ^^^°
15^ ^«;re a higher set of fruit than planting between periods.
This°is probably due to avoiding the hot, dry periods during
blossoming.

Breeding yfew Types and Varieties or

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Introduct ion of New Varieties

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several new types of small podded lima beans have been grown
experimentally for yield and quality determinations for canning and
freezing. Three of these — Baby Fordhook, introduced by the U.S. D. A.,
Maryland Thick seeded, bred by the Maryland Station, and Illinois
Baby potato, developed at the Illinois Station have given yields
equal to Henderson, and shelled beans of a quality much superior to
Henderson in the can and as a frosted food,

Illinois Large podded, about ten days to two weeks later than
Henderson, has given yields approximately as large as Henderson*
-The length of pod is apt)roxinately one inch longer and the size or
seed is decidedly larger than Henderson. The only other large poddea
type that has consistently outyielded Fordhook on the Eastern Shore
has been Early Giant. . " *'

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A. Fertilizers and placement

1. There has not been a great deal of experimental work done
on this subject*

Z. Western l/'aryland r6§ults Indicate that a 1-4-2 ratio Is
the best (3-12-6) but a great deal of 4-8-5 fertilizer
Is used*

3* General farmers who grow a large acreage of the canning
crop, use only manure and a few add superphosphate •

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4. In general canners use about 400 to 500 pounds of fertilizer
broadcast or about 300 pounds in bands,

5. Definite Information is'lacklng. on placement of fertilizers
?uid not enough Is known about fixation of |)hosphoruS close

:t9 plant and residual effects 6f placement.

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Veirieties, ■ I J ■ '

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1. Tests have shown that there are not many varieties earlier
^.^^ than Golden Cross which can be considered profitable

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enough to Justify: the reduced jrields and .smaller ears.

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Of the vfirieties teeted the three, followingf offer, some
promise ••"Early Bancross (69 days),' Seneca Golden (69.
days) » Hybrid Golden Huftmer .' (70 days) , as compared to ^
Golden cross Bantam (75 days).' .' ' .? . - . ; .. !

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one variety iti the ma tu-rlty: class ^^lth Golden Cross is.
lowana (p39 x la 45) ' and- it has oUtyielded Golden
Cross the last' two ye-ars. It is. a 75*76 day corn.

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White Corns. Hybrid typfes are'nfeo're'' uniform- tut have
not outyielded the- open-pollinated varieties, 'i

C. Q,uality Studies.

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Effect of tempierattrre and;. rainfall on the- proper or .
beist time oT harvest for' cannings and freezlng^ is very
important; an/d' thotigh -softie < wbrte has been done on tjiiis/
project a' great deal* more will* be necessary, : /i ^ - ;^ ^

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tJ* S. Grades' -for cianixlng' corn* are hot very satisfactory
but not etiough i^ knowi at the present time to* improve
them. '[, ;;-. "1 v

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CantaIo\ipe Breeding program

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'■■' , The applarettt tireftd in Consumer demand- for cantaloupes is for
medium sized,' r/DUnd-bb-long-, wfell-netted fruits approximate.ly five
to five and one -half inches in diameter with thick, deeply colored
orange flesh, edidcbntainihg a-^proxim^ttfely 'twelv,e per cent total
solids, with the excepMon? of special local iaarkets, large ribbed
melons as well as green fleshed melons are no longer desired in the
J-arge cantaloupe buying mdTkets. It seems: 'advisable to" keep this in
mind since a large portion of the melons produced on- the Eastern
n/?u^ o^ Maryland and in Delaware are shiTjped- to the large markets
W 5f North. With both oif these trends .in uiind, the cantaloupe

reeding profgram Of the Maryland Experiment: Station consists of first,
wZ '^f^^l'opment of t)ure lines,- by the process of inbreeding, of the
SI Important commercial Varieties of cantaloupes, -lAt- the present
ahf\^ J^^^r of inbred lines of the Honey Rock variety have been

"xained, five of which are in the eighth inbred generation. These
mavi^®^^ UTiiform for certain snecific characters, and are used in

°«^ing crosses on pure lines of Hale's Best and Hearts of Gold. The

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The Honey Rock variety has several characters v:hich are very desir-
Ible in a commercial variety. The thick, hard shell is very de sir-
able as it will withstand shipment and will not crack as badly as
most varieties during wet weather. The total solids or sugar content
of the flesh is also higher than most varieties and the flavor is
distinctive. This type, however, does have rather thin flesh and
many commercial stocks are segregating for shape and pet-cent age of

one of the most promising types derived from the hybridieation
work is a cross between Honey Rock and Hale's Best which has been
backcrossed on Honey Rock. This cross is now in the fifth generation
from the backcross and No. 384032, which was the best progeny in 1938,
produces fruits which very closely resembled Honey Rock in size, shape
type of shell, and netting. This hybrid was as early as the green
fleshed Anne Arundel and was quite uniform for thick deep orange
flesh, and the quality was excellent. The hybrid has the thick flesh
of the Hale's Best and a blend of flavor of the two types. Addition-
al progenies of this same type were again backcrossed to Honey Rock,
but the resultant progenies in 1938 distinctly showed no further ad-
vantage of backcrossing on Honey Rock. , Another year or two of work
will be required to determine the commercial suitability of this new
type.

The Hale' s Best variety or some of its strains is grown ex-
tensively on the Eastern shore of Maryland. This variety, however,
was developed for the hot, dry sections of the Imperial Valley of
California, and under these conditions, develops fruit of excellent
quality and high sugar content. When it is grown in the east under
conditions of more rainfall and higher humidity, and where leaf dis-
eases often defoliate the plants, the quality of the melons will not
compare with those grown in California. Consequently an effort is
being made at the Maryland station to develop a Hale's Best type for
eastern conditions, which will compare favorably with those shipped
in from the west. The same cross was made, as mentioned above, i.e.,
Honey Rock on Hales. Backcrossing on Hales was then practiced in
order to fix the latter type. Some of the resultant progenies are
showing distinct promise with respect to type, yield, and quality.
The one disadvantage of this backcross progeny is the loss of fruit
size. It is hopped, however, that by further selection a large '
fruited eastern Hales type will be isolated, , ^

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The extensive distribution of Fusarium Wilt in Anne Arundel
county and on the Eastern shore has necessitated the inclusion of a
wilt resistant breeding project as part of the cantaloupe work. This
project was begun in 1938, An effort will be made to develop re-
sistant types of the various crosses which show commercial promise.

It may be necessary to introduce some of the newer types before
resistant strains are obtained but it is the aim of the station to
develop Fusarixun resistant types as rapidly as possible.

kHiT

THE PHILADELPHIA PRODUCE MARKET

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Introductory Remarks
By Charles K. Hallowell

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During 1936, The -Pennsylveiriia State College , in qooperation
with the New Jersey Agricultural College and the Research Divi--
sion of the united States Departnent of Agriculture, conducted
a research , study of thef Philade'lphia produce markets. The result
of this study indicated the need for coordination among. the five
existing produce markets in Philadelphia* 'Asthese markets are
Icceted at cpnsiderable distance from one another, this condition
works a hardship. up,Qja. .growers and buyers j^'ds/well as the ^commissi
men. under present' conditions , buyers must ''spend a great deal of
time cross-hauling between markets, thus -inerea^ing the traffic
problem v^hich normally exists on-the-Dock Street L!arket. Col-
lection and dissemination of information on supply, demand, and
price are hampered because of ..the. '^split-market»» which exists
in Philadelphia*

The development of direct purchases and transportation by
motor truck from producing areas are a challenge to the fruit
and vegetable interests of the Philadelphia market* This has
been a development of the past decade* The rapidity of this
movement will depend to a-great extent upon comparative ;Costs*

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Discusision
By Rowland R* Comly

. At a meeting in Doyle stown in March, 1938, where six counties
were represented and 18 representetives were present, the con-'
elusions of the market study were considered by the group and
representatives were selected to' meet end work with grower^ from-
other states^ , . ' l '■ ■ -,

■ During July, representatives fron all states met, and se-

lectfed a grow'esTs' executive committee for improving the Phila-
delphia maJrket,' Thiis committee appointed representatives: to
meet with the trade. • .* ^j .,.; ;^^v*,: t... ; r.- .

1.

The growers » committee have continued to meet with the trade

at various intervale to consider: . ; .• •.•

:. ■ ■' f f. ' ' ■.■•••., • ; .'.. • , . ■:■

(1) Sites-*' '-'•*. i .:'... w .

|2) Method of financing.

-nrf ♦

a* Private canital^
• b» Government aid ♦ -

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(3) Creation of a market authority.

»r, entire afternoon was devoted to hearing hoiw New York
State ^ascrertef^d developed different authorities in various
lections of the state - this information was presented l^y Harry E.
crouch, New York Bureau of Markets*

Recently a committee of eight, composed f ^^^PJ^^t?;^^^^^!
n-f the trade Krowers. and consumers i was appointed ^^ study ^ard
?enSt oS the feS? methods of procedure for i=ipr°li^,>^%^^^^r
delpSiaSarket, consideration to be given ^^ J^^.J^^^^^Stu^ "^^
either a private organization or a market authority. Future
mee$in*.s Sill no doSbt be held to detei^ine the possibilities of
improving the Philadelphia' market, ;

; - - METHODS OF APPT.YI^TCt yimTILT7^^ T TILLAGE & CULTIVATION

j^. C* Thompson, product ion Manager,
-' " King Faiins Go. , Morrisvilie, Pa. .

• ' *

ntrbduction

•fc •'

Within the past fouf or five years a great deal of work has
been done on the Sthod of applying fertilizer to " ^^^i^^f °.^°P^^ , , .
including vegetables.^ Previous to this the common practice was to
ipply fe^tiUzer broadcast except f6r certain fr^i^^JJ??f,f^tot'
wheat or a' crop such as corn or cotton, where the fertilizer was
anBlied un'der rows at the time of seeding. All^too frequently, _^
Sev!r. fertilizer injury resulted from sprouting seedlings coming
iSto too close contact with the fertilizer. Usually the fertilizer
was applied below the seed or mixed .with the soil. Band fertilizing
methods have reduced this type of injury. For .rops ^'^^o^e root
systems extend sideways and pretty completely occupy a horizontal
laver of soil, broadcast aT)plication is adapted. Studies on root
development of vari-ous crops have enabled the application of bands
or rMons of fertilizer in the prbper relation to J^®. /one of root
development, where the greatest benefit oah be obtained as the crop
develops. Fertilizer to be effective must tome within the feeding
range of the plant roots.

• In con junction with the proper method of app;iication of
fertilizer it is fulljr as importatit to use proper tillage and oUlti

vation methods if success is to be attained. /©v.^J^S'^Sii^ +S^ ors
economically and efficiently it is recommended that modem trac.oro
vdth suitable attachments be used, .,

V'.';.; J • . .•.•.'...■- -. . . • . . .

Quick attachable units are itopottant to the average fa:riaer
who only has one or two tractors and must depend on them for sw^^erax
types of work, such as T)lowing, seeding, cultivation, and crop au^.^f
Many attachments may be'put on or taken off in the space of five c.
ten minutes. Points of attachment are made with slotted holes so
that it is not necessary to unthread nuts from the bolts, but mereijr
to loosen them and slip the attachment off. Tool rests or supports
are usually provided to hold the attachment in position when not i»
use and in order that one nan nay make a quick' hook- up without
assistance •

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Method of A'oplying Fertilizer

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BROADCA§Tt^^. -tn^past years a commoft method of fertilizing
vegetable crops has been broadcasting before j)lanting with a complete
fertilizer* Sometimes this was folidvi'ed Up= with* a side-dressing' or
top-dressing of fertilizer, which v.-as usually a nitrogen carrier.

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^' COISINATION OF BR0]IDCAST;ING & SIDE -DRESSING. The combination' ^
of broadcasting followed' by. top-dres'felng oT slde-dressing Works out
very well in the casd of certain^^drops; eibpe6ially those planted in
close r©v^^^ like" spinach, -or thos^ hkving a long growing pefi-od like
celery j or a large- well developed root system like cauliflower; -'-
Hov\.^ver, in the case» of 'a qCiiSk growing crop havihg: a localized t66t
system and spaced in rather wide rows, such as beans, there is a
decided saving of fertilized by Using the band' methoa. at planting time.

' ■ *- « . ■'■'•.'.'.'.'; •>•«.■♦• ^.^ • . -^ ■ ' . ■

ROW •APPLICATIC^^;AT PTA^'TINO' t^^^^^ this tefers to the old' style
method of spwing fefiiiize'r mixed in the soil' with the 'seed at plant-
ing time ,atid life being di^pldc(^d by' the- band fnethod to* eliminate
fertilizer Injui^. ' Where rsrtilizer' is 'well covered With soil there
is not much danger. For plant setting, fertilizer may often be
applied in this v;ay with the lister and ridges thrown up.

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.*• <•!•.*« >^«.^> <^ C«'> • ••"

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BAND FERTILIZING.* Machinery for band fertilizing has been
developed irt the-paat few years. • ' Ifehuf^dturersT.^fiiiJ^'.ribw tnaiking
seeding machinery 'heviilg-attae to this plaiienferit of fertilizer

tot moSst^'effectivetise according to the • crdp tb "be g-^awti. ^The band
placement^ varies som^wAat ' with- different^ Orttps , • but generally speaking,
for most crops the^biarid Is placed 6bout-2»» to- 3*» to^^adh -side of the
seed and about X*' to 2»» below.

"^' Band fertin^.i'P^S has proren it/s • vAlue with such crops as beans,
peas, sweet corti, a^^dpot-iiioejs',- in gene-l^al ,' on c top is grown in Wider
rows, or on c tops having « local 1 feed robt Sy^tSmi ' HoVv-ever, certain-
muck land growers in MlchigaA ard' usiAgb'Snd' application of ferti-
lizer even on closely planted crops such as onion, beets, carrots,
and spinach", ■ and elpiim' they' can cut dovwi on f ettilizer I - ^' ' ^-^

Witti' soffie crops such as befehs it is Possible to grow just* as'
'good a crop" with half th-6 fe-rtllizer aptlied in. a band'that it is
applied broadcast, 'fi^anis have a localised root feeding- system-, and
oeing a quick maturing cr6p planted in Wide' rowb, they do n'ot' get the
fullest use of fertilizer applied broadcast. . " i

The idea of economieal-'Tertilizer use nowadays is to t6st the
soil fend- find what plant fbod*^ Is present., then determine the require-
ments of the ctpp to-be gr6v(,'n, arid' supply, v/het iS-laCkirig at a time'
When, the crop can- use it and' where* roots diah reach it;'" • ' '" ■

. ir-^yiDFEPTIlIZlNb'.' Liquid fertili&irig with- soluble nitrates
or other fertilizer in ovethead irrige-tion welter Is an economical
method Of- applying/plant food' to: growing crops at a' ti'fte- When- tlie
roots are- reaay to' take it in; - ;..;■ •:• .r ■ •. : , ^ ,i .

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\ "rr) i

The recent use of small amounts of soluble complete fertilizer
dissolved in the water aT)T5lied et time of setting out plants has
given very good results in some cases. Apparently phosphorus seems
to have the most marked effect in stimuleting growth.

' SIDE DRESSING. Side-dressing of fertilizer at time of culti-
vation is an advantage with many crops in stimulating extra growth
or in hastening maturity of a crop. There is less danger of loss •
of the value of the fertiilzar. because; the crops are ready to use it
when applied. and it can. be placed v/here roots are developing, suit-
able fertilizer attachments c ah now.be secured from manufacturers
for either' the large or garden., type of tractor.

TOP DRESSING. This" is usually used for nitrogen carriers and,
is applied. broadcast to,, such crops as spinach to stimulate quick
growth. - In some sections no fertilizer is applied when the spinach
is planted but after it is up a complete fertilizer Is broadcast.:
over the beds. . Growers are getting away frcaa this practice hovrever,
and are preferring to... work the fertilizer into the soil before

planting. .. .'.'' " " "€ '

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soil preparation & Planting

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GROUND PREPARATION. Our usual method oJf ground preparation
following plowing is to nvake any application of lime ,or fei^ti-lleer
that is, to,, go on. This is worked in with a double disOtiiiarrQW and.
ttT". bar rrolle;c -or cultipacker. The final fitting .precee^©g .pl.^t-^ .•
ing is .giyeh.Mth a doutile disc harrow 'etnd meeker, .. ■ :.:i,-fr^ ..• i

plowing. CJood plowing is the first essential in careful _ .
ground preparation. The main purpose is to . turn over a ribbon of
soil so as. td buty trash or manure, and also to loosen andbreak upj
the. packed^soii• ; Lops eiiing the soil allows better pene.trfttipn of -
rainfall and plant root?, and better aeration*

. -'. ... .■.•.,*:■;.' . ' ;^ •••'*_•■•' V ;^\:v V;' • -'^^fv ' • • ^ in ' '^^icTc; • ';'-i--i'f-

' i Quite^ often vegetabje grcpwers may have considerable, t^ash^^^^^ ?. ^a .
or manure on the surface of the soil to turn under, or else a coyer
crop# In order to have a clean surface* for planting of > fine seeded ,
crops it is nee ejBsary, that these be turned complete under and burled.
This is accomplished by the proper use of ' attachments,' such as tirrs
rolling coulters, jointers', dra^ chalnsv weed wires, or trashy . ^ ;
shields. •. '..'*. J '' V.",.:^ •'^^'^iv^^sli ' [ 0' taiAi; tsiirltv»'-

The plow^jiabker Is a short section of skeleton type or. open
roller fasteneU to the plow, 'being just wide, enough to cover thepn?,
furrowa being, turned- under. It gives a preliminary ground fitting -
and soil p?ickin£., preventing the loss of valuable soil moisture,

... '« ; . * . ' • . . .: i .' .;•-.•.•♦.•• .^ .. .. ...

■V 'There 4.S. quite a yariety of grotind fitting top-ls which may be.,
used in the preparation of seed beds for vegetables, jyaong tnese
are rollers, which are of several types;- Solid surface rollers, made
of steel or. wood, also corrugated and ♦♦T" Bar, Tbe ''T^' Bar and other
skeleton types are usually better clcJd crushers, • A pi anker or drag

is a home-made tool used for ©rushing. clods and smoothing soil.

1 .1. ■••..-•. .....

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Harrow types include disc, spike tooth, spring tooth, Acme, and
Meeker. .A combination of. double disc harrow .follow^d by; a M*eker
is commonly used for tractor seed bed preparation. -•>!

.PLANTING. Planting is the next .Important t-Hlage- operation
following careful grourid fitting., in- general', vegetable seeds arer
smaller.and the seedlings more delicate than geri^raif aim. crops, •
therefore, they requir^.. accurate plan ting,. -usually to a shallow
depth in a finely pulverised and level soil. In addition, for ea?ly
and mi4-suBper planUngs a. successfulsgermination will , be. more easily
obtained t>y planting on a soil, which. has b^en well settled by. rains
and then rerfitted,,^. ... : .. ■ , . ;. ., . , ;;j..^ .; .. •,;,,. /. .' ..:*/■

w w. ,.f^. X. V

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Standardized Row Widths, To simplify cultivation 'and handling
with a tractor, the following .spaoings. may be used: -Asparagus

^ \ *1^*» ^^^P beans, peas, ,and.Bush,.Limaa 3a>^,;34M. Eariy-Beets or
Canhouse Bee.ts 14"^ Carrots mav be planted fi?om 14-28". depending
upon^ season, variety, : arid method of Qultlv^tion, Qabbage may -be
-.planted 32-36«».^ . .Cauliflower^ sweet. coTn,., and neppers .may 'be . . .
planted 54t?16'% Spinach. 12»v and. .ToTnatoes 4^x4',; jor 3'3C*^« . .. ' '■ *

/■t.-l|o$t.. growers In. New jersey and peiiiiayl vein i a plant asparagus
in ^i» ,or5» rows, cultivating . one^ .: row at .a t.ime, A. few growls are •
planting ^3,n 4'.^ rows in order, io cultivate. tw6,.yows -.at a time." -snap
beafts,^ ,.SU,sli, ximas , .and peas may be pl.ant^:.in,i32-34«r. rc&ws '.a»4 either
two or ,^Qur yqws at a time- and cult iH ted, in:. t^g. same unit. .Growers

"SL°!S^^ ^^-^^■''f?^^?^^ "^^^ ^^"^^r,, attachment,a f or planting beans and -.
K? u??? ^^ fertilize .them.v^ Qabbage.r.^nd Cau],ifl6w^.r are usually .'
n1l7iJ^ ^ transplanljer .in.36... ,rows.. .•Tomatoe^s.dn Pennsylvania -avl

' thf -^ J^-''^''^ -^ il ^ 4V^=- Some. 'gi^owers -now .set; 3fx;5.t.. and cultivate ..
tSJrS^:.J^^:: '^"^t^^''^^' fertil,lze,.r pan^e aPJ^Hedin ibands at •
time of setting plants. Beets and carrots for early crop are " '

drr Y «tf«?!;^^n? J^"^ JQWS:with a. multiple TOW. see.d drill or .-seed
S^io^x^^^^^®^* ^°^ ,6. garden , tractor, and cultivation is usually

R^oVtnl thl°r f ^ *^"^^ 1!^^^ a gai^len tractor. • Main .-crop .carrots
bnn^ for the canhouse may be planted in 2-28" rows, using fertilizer
see^?; !nH °^}ii^«:^in6 two rows at a time by purchasing sfecial

mav be SiJ^i^^^'f ^''.f?*^^^^^*^ ^°^ ^ ^^ P^^Pose tractor. Th^y
^vlmla^l^^lLSi ^'iJ^iya^ed if^ ui^ita of four, rows spac^ed anywhere
-•l°?^i3 ?® '-^W*- I-f grpwn on a. -still. larger scale they may be
•ci??wli2 f^i^.s oi" six JQ*^ -rowa rwlth a multiple row seed drill and
Planijf iJ S^'fi^^iL''^ 'i^T sweat, , corn ,apd .pepj^eraax^: usually , >
maf be «>S^?oW J° ?; J^^'^^?^ i* Hsua^lly^.g^own-in. 12" rows, but
T?^^ 5t?:etche4 to 14", tp coincide, with he^t rand carrot planting.

llr^l tra^tnr*-^.^"^ cultivated., :in.. unit a of s'Sr 4. i^s SiS a^*
a larL^^ni : ^^ a large scaO^q.. spinach; is some.t-lmes planted with

garden t?Spf J I "^ i^ °'' °'°''® ^"""'^ ^^ « ^^® ^^ cultivated with a
on t^^T^f+}?^ ^ °^ *: ^P"^^ f^ onQe,.,,.,l,f. a grower, wanted to- save timu
Zvlitl ^**^-^ ^""^ compromise, on his wide!>ow crops he might stan-
all on 3^-^^t;^^^^^' '*^^^«^-; craiflower, swe^t. corn ,;. and^ppe?s

mm^nm ' ''^ ., v;^'" "■ . ^ ' ': ^'- ■•■■• •' ■ "^ /

' I I I ■ • . . 14 i vv

time tn^onii^%^^ of cultivetibn'is;impor.twt.:';it. should'be done in
ime to control weeds end v4ien the soil is in the right moisture

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-14- -s^qYcr wo-rc*^

oonaltloa m order to bMhg. itout thi proper :6rsnulatl» and- *»ol4

puddling* :, • . ' : . ,

ROOT srspMS. . in sene-X. Shallow cultivation is^r^^^^^^^^
to avoid root injury. The objects of gooa^i| ^^^^ ^^^^

are to n^odify the root environment, soil con^^
the control of the grower than the atmospnerio ^^^ air or

■|d":."Se*2ori°^.yVo?-SrSLr?eft!iira?.lk,.Url«atlo„.«.d

cultivation*

.. EQUIPlffiNT. in large scale -^.tahle Voduction, m^^

gang cultivators pulled ^y^^f':l''Zn tY^rel or foil rows *are done
. lost, on a smaller f^^^^^J^f^y^^^-f^l^Jtivator tools: (a)' Large
"J " ^'^"Vnr/ifts^.o? ffwiarS shovels set far apart, for deep work.
Shovels - consists -of ^/®^^i°^J^^___ .„nd are not much used excep*--
They leave the ground in large r-?;,^f®.f^^''5^Xrh (b) small shovels -
in wide row c^ops such as jsparagus and rhubarb^ ^^^^ ^^^^^

Are mostly used in veg.«:table growing,. ^5^L°°''|\etter surface
set closer together and run shallower and give a ^j ^ ^

mulch, |c ) : I5u6k. J^^* °J ^^«Shi;h^?uts^of? weeds^d makes a -
runs 1.- -' 2-- below the surface which ^^^^^J^^^Ji*; z^) gpike Teeth -
shallow mulch, -tTot adapted to stony or hard soix, |^ .^^^^j^e^tion
- Made ..p of a series of ^^^J.^P^.^y^^^f^J^-YlJeSsed for ridging
and makes a good surface mulch. ^®|.^4f°^ ^i^iers - Are a type 6f
certain crops' sisch as asparagus. . (^U^^^^.B jf ! a small sectloii of
hiUer used instead of discs, (g) /'^e^Jer Units :;,^ smjLX sec x ^ ,
weedlr teethusfed to go dbwn the row at time of cultiyatiion, ;

'o-ther accessories as^ sting in cultivatioh are _d«^^^^^
for cultivation of smell crops, end leaf guards for tractor vheels
invheavy: top growth. '• . .. ;• . ■• ,. r.

T.^

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sm*^*ARY ''■;.• . .' ".._/ 'l^'^ ,. ••' ■• .

./The old method of fertilizing for vegetable Pro^^°*|^5, .}f , ^

triced vegetables, and they 'are forced to rely Ja^gely uppn^gre^en.
S^^e Sf soil building crops to maintain the humud,„.and commercial
fertilizer to supply the plant food » , .'■••.- . ;:,

. 'instead ^of trying to maintain such a high Jtate-^f^^^^^^

fertility it is probably more practical to P^*^:^^^^!^^^^^;^? ^O^
productive condition with tespect to .lime J^A °^e^i%^**f ^' X
then aTJolv fertUizer that is necessary for the crop to be grown^
I Sowledle ofcrop requirements, root development, properties of
thrsoiir^nd fertilizing methods together with good ^dg^^nVin the
selectioA and use of tillage implements is important in operating a
farm successfully and profitably. • ,..,r . r , ... > .nrM

-15-
STARTING SEEDLINGS- 'IN- SANP-%ITH LI<^UID NUTRIENTS

iij yo

ai LJi'V j^s^^c-

>^^'

Altron K. jporter, Connecticut State Goll^g^

1>

starting seedlings in sand has proved to offer many advantages
rto the commerciar vegetal)le growej^ when growing seedlings under
greenhoiise; conditions* < Studies on: this method qf growing early.
j)lant§ Ivave been conducted X^ypr. A/ AvrjDunJLap (formerly of -the N.H#
Experimpnt stati^on) . for' several' years. • His experimental tes.:ts. &s /r
well as tjhose of ; nany .x)if ^^ p couimerciekl grower^;, cshow that this tt
method provides for/ rexpell^^^ sped- gerjalnajtipji and a high percentage
of: seedling survival • It' i^ of healthy seed^

lings from. ^jpijgivjQ;! .%ua,n -'

• .»

• >

. The p.utstanding a^yantege-.-pf' washed sandrpver soil lies in-its

freedom from damping, off fungi the-t.^ Bre- nearly .^alvm^ present in. ;
soil and which must b;e: Gontrolle^d by jspii; treatment^* * . This -.method
also enables the grower to regulata. the deyelopnient and. size of
seedlings tp. obtain, hard sp^edldngs with* st?'ong'v.roots,:,and' to keep : •.
them for indefinite periods without deterioration before transplant-
ing--all- desirable features favoring., the use p;f- sand,. C nr-: *

jf " Many of pur growers in Gonn:^.9tic^it -have ^ adopted this method of
^.starting, the early ..seedlings^ and* are f.inding it^ muph.jnioxB satisfactory
than th^^ soil methpdk . The. .sand; culture Is. sop^vdiat different than:;
has bpen. the: usual- practice , b^t: eft,e.r a iittlB experience in- its ••:.
use the best results are bping ..obtained' in grpwing early plants, :*

¥^

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•Sfind

, > )

»*<•

Any sand that is free from silt or loam may be used. Dr. Dunlap
used seashore sand in many? of ^ his; tests and he found it the most
satisfactory. Many of oiir'gT'awer^'^ffrer having successful results by
using sand- £rom an inland; pit tha;t is taken, from the deeper* portion
of the, pit, /surface spehdSf;ha;y;e: proved- und^ of . '

their fineness and organic conten-t^' A sand : with a certain precentage
of .coarser particles prpdupes stronger rppt; growth than ojie having
unifarmiy fine particles> > Certain kindspf pure sarid may be; obtained
on the market, Alcipst any- de aler. in piiasonvs and- builder ♦ s suToplies
has sand for making concrete which is also usually suitable- for
raising seedlings. Many of our growers v/ash the sand with hot water
to prevent damping of f,; but this doe.p npt appear to be. nexjessary
for growing one crop of seedlings^ -in jipsib sands, .,,:;-^ . ;.

^ ,,•/■•. " ■ -4 r . ..-r ..;. <» ,,. .. , •/ • •• -'v.. ' - »• A' ./ ••• ' . ,- * ' . . •«if- ^ C > .• ;.» : • '. f . .

-^ V .... * - . '. ^ «. .. . . ..,*■.. . . . - ' f "• .«.«;.. J .>

The sand. is placed- in fliart.s same as used for growing the seed-^
lings in- the soil, Atoout , g^ , ^o^ 3 Jnche s- of . sand- is used in the flats ,
but when^ greenhouse benches ar^ ' us^d.it'can be 6 .to 7 .inches deep.
The sand will dry out much less rapidly in the deeper benches than
In flats end this pemits the seedlings to, attain ^ larger: size than
in the shellow flats,- v'^?..-- .^ : '.. .. -.. - . :.« . . .• ..

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r.ertiiizing the Sand

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Tv^o methods of fertilizing the sand, have been practiced and in
probability eith?rmethod.:.\wdll prpv? to be aatisfactoyy,.^ .:

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-16-

TTlrst iiethod

"'"' -__. , -.-1-=.;! r.i'f ft little below the

AS soon as tTe wet -and has been leveled off. 1/^^^33,1^36 in

' Sine. ce.t^in m<m^^.^^^^^^'^i^:^ ^4^

traces of plan.t..food.^re .pre^ent-iJi, the ^a^ex^ plant growth.

n^essary to add, a few elements to ?°*.^i^/*Jowe ver ,• they would re-
Tplants were brought ^o^maturity in sand, howe ,^^^ solution '^

5i?e'the proper ^PP^i-^i??,^^entTiherrsllts. ^he^^addition o^
obntainitig three ar four <^"lj^^^g„t to bring most seedlings to the
Sltrofi^en and potassium is sufficient to ^^^^^^ ^er furnishes both
?rLsplanting stage. |f |f^^^5fi|e?ul as a fertilizer. Sodium
v^f. these elements and is S®herajLJ.y "° oVthouah the resulting seea-
lltf^l or ohUe saltpeter m^^|^"?^*i Sose liovm with the pbtisslum

lings are usually sof^"*^* ?"?li"of ohbsphbrul to the sand results in
salt. The. additional, appljoatlonoyhospho ^^^.^ ^^^^^ increase, in

Sle^fn'ot^LSSfd 'e"sX^lSl"1eeaUng production. ^^ ,.-,,..
. ,or all P"^^,^=:yr?hrsM?o^re'?irtinf ^rXfdJ^lhis

in the g*e«hhouse. If oie desires the^largesP ^^^

ing',' It is better to a^*,P>'5=J°°J'^r„ zie flat, before planting, with

#eorStS"?ontrin^

- the'plents. t.o grov. larger. . _. .,, , . ,.;■ :_v :.-::.■ ^<A, -^_^

gee ohd. Method;.

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V'

• ' Satisf ac tory^^.t6^- seedlin^^ ^'^Z^^t^^X^
in sand that has no fertilizer ^^^^^°^^?J^"?ie toil sprinlcle each'^
ten days after the plants ^a^^^J^^^ffJ goTutloh containing one t*^»'
squei^ foot with one -half cup ^^^^^^^'i^^ontnl of superphos-

sprinkling of water. ^ ,. , .h. ••■-.■;• .^^ J: ' • .■ :;

. : : .>^e sahd cultures should ^^^^^^^^^^^t^^

keep the sand thoroughly ^^J^Jv, -^J._^S°tri.en^^ allow them to ,.

cultures unlike :soil> do not hold the nutrients ^ ^^^

leach out i-f ail excess of water is jdded.Ii^n p^^ ^nce per wefek^

lack vibor or have- a P^^^^P^^^^f ^^^coS? tSf difficulty; : ' ,,,
according tO' the second method will overcome yne .^,. .^ ^^

sand grovm seedlings "develop -^^/|itelopme^^^^
transplanted easily in young ^^^Sf^/f'/nealthy condition by only
-can be maintained .^^" ji^^^S^n ?L s^d bu^^^^^ seedlings are'
aoplying water «hen needed. ^V^^®'^ J^^^J^Jpnts will survive than is
transplanted a higher percentage, of the plants ^11 ^^ ^^ ^^

usually the «ase with plants started in ^f/.-^^^J^^d on the seed-
not necessary and damping off is seldom, 11 ev«x ,

-17-

linffs grown in sand culture. This method of starting seedlings is
is moft popular among the Connecticut Growers because of the assur-
the mosx, p.opuj^a _ healthy Plants fot transplanting ptirposes._. It
|npL?s fhat'?fe^geminaUoLSd early growth of plants has a. direct
effect on their later growth and performance.

yvtt*- '

»«*-. fc

«-.j,«

♦••**/.«.- ;»«.--w«."—*^- ■ --.»■•«

•itm

t '.*-;'iHw.''T'"'t."'.""i ';*;■'

• ♦•■ •

« • •«'•' •• •

t »».

^..Wi.-M -n •«»'*lt» 'f

,%^'»^y/' •

^

r>

.E PLANT CULTURE EXPERBIENTS IN ^958
E. M. Rahn, State College , pa.

" •Durin«'the summer of 1938, severetl vegetable iplant^culture;.
P^T^eriSents w^rl conducted by the Division of Vegetable Gardening.
ISng^hem were a Comparison of tomato plants- fr5m- different sources,
^ «+,^,^v ^f wflierlnc of tomato plants with'nutrient solutions at the
?i^e"onL:iplS?f ng! . a- ?lft ?f . g^anul ar >^
cSpl^te fertilizer for vegetables., and observations oii sand culture

of vegetable (seedlings. *• . , ' ' .' .'?.

0

V.

fe '^

Tomat o ' Pi ant SoiJV^c'e Study

' »

->^' Twentv-ffve years ago, the Question of sotithem versus home.- •
gr,^ ^aSts wiraJs^e?ed\^ry- positively in. favo^^of^Jhe^^
product, and text-books of that time ^d later^ presented m^y^re as ^
Shy one. s own "plants were better than thosfe sMppea^from_ the south,
in recent years, however, soutliern plant-growing methods ham^been
improved very gieatly: a state -certification service has been
introducedriy which t>lant6 grown from seed certffied^by 6ne of

ieve?al northJrn states, bt approved methods f ^^^^S^^S^^^^menfof
and insect control* and handling are certified by the department of
SricJultur.a-..of -thftlstate., „.shi.PPl»e. me t.hpAf , .al. s.q.,.5.re„ ^r e^ J J^y- .^^ ,

aTd delivery on the order of large-scale distributors such as
canners, is made by truck or railway express. These facts made it
necessary to feoten this old' queiSt.ion* .-j^ , '. : t

•'•" ■•plants of the Rutgers variety were obtained from ir sources >
including the following : Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ifeirland^and,
Virginia field-grown; certified southern plants (Georgia) received
by two canners distributing planta. among I^ennfy^Y^^a growers;
cold-frame grown. ,s^pt.ta.d.. or.. tX.an«Dlao^e^ .?l.ants from four different
canners; cold-frame seedlings; re-rooted or root-pruned cold-frame
seedlings; flat-grown cold-frame transplants from two <3.anner^^^
•greenhduse^grdwn tran^'ltets; fend dloth-bovered frame seedlings. ,

i^-V - t

4-u:

I*

•v ■•■.-.

^Sach source Wa^repi'esented by 40 plants, in four- different
plots of 10 plants 'eaish. ' pldts w^ere arranged at random, to permit
analysis of the -results by approved statlsti<ial procedures. Jor
early Vl'eid.whidhl'B yield- dUi' ing t>he first thrSe wed-ks. of the
picking -'seasoii'. a dlffarence of »8 ton to the acre, and for total
yield a difference of 1,9 tons to the ac-re betwe^ any 'two sources
was required to be^ si-gnlficarit. Only one source jth*^ cloth-covered
frame seedling. wSs found tb be algnificaritly loWer in' total yield _
than the 6thers;"in e'arly' yield, one sou them" certified source and
one cold-frame spotted source were signif ioehtly higher, and three
sources, Pennsylvania field-grown, cloth-frame seedling, and one

I

*f

in

I

I

■I

I

^n

hi

-fi

-18--..

« » •■

ju f ^ • rf*

i * *"■

"4 o

't'rr f

' • Jv.™^ which very solndly plants were re-

eoii-fra»e spotted source fr»whicyery ^.^

ceived, were signiiicamiiy x ..

t)

yiel^soOif^erent^sources

on a per acre

y Totai

Yield Yiel^

ar.

*•*. ^

..flO.S

i»?^

l.pe.nsyxvanle neld^f-.^;^*«,J r;i?^^^^^

Hinrginia field- grown .. ^ r,niardi Co.

•idSlS IrZ S^si^ai: cVp?l soup CO.

1:"^ Irom, 0. H. Musselman
in TT-TBTne Irown . Western penitentiary t

\l%^e feelings, CaropToell Soup Go. ^ ^ .
12.Ke-rooted frame sro^Nn. Clicks Fia
is'Frame-riat^grov^i. Hanover Canning
14.rrame-flat-grown, J. J. H^in. co. ^^^

15.Greenhouse grown , Keystone oo op
Xe.Clot. frame grpwn... M. ^^'^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ,,,,

* nelds^of tirglHia-fi^d-gro^^X^^^ source

.rwere received late ana, ^^ex. ., . loii." ^

2.6
3.4
S.6

5.1

3,9

3.9

3.5

4.5

2.7

3.4

3.7

3.3

3.6

3.6

2.2

7.9

8.3
,9.7

s

9.0.
1Q.6,
9.2
9.0
9.9
9.9
9.5
9,.0

,, 7 . 7

,''8,3 .

6.6..

,< '

■' f- This sxperlmeiii l'>«05^^|,»?|^^:''ei?Iinesf !nd productive-
to sources of -pW^t^:^ P^?"" *2ity W^^hlch they were produc«dj_;
^^^^^^4^^^^ ^'^ «vd, conditio. -at. ta>e tj^e
they were race i'V'ed.

.- ,•• • • \

* r

orient Water^ti^ of Tomatoes

tomato plants vv'hen^tkey are set _in tb^ uex^^^^^ ^l^e a good

particularly phosphorus .that ma> . ^^J^^^^'^i.^ve a longer bearing • „
Itart. to set ^^uit earliej, and ^!,"^°^^^°if results were obtained
seasoA and give a greater yi|JJ% J^'^^'xSriment was set up to find
in Indiana two summers Jf°»,^\^^^^^?obSined inpennsylvaiiia.
out whether comparaole results wou a o^ A half-plnt of

Tomato plants of ^^^^^^^er$ variety wer .^ ^ ^^.^^ was , • -

tlie:solution.was poured over the ^^^^^^^^^^^ents and yields are
placedin.the hole In the field* . ine w «, ^

given in the table below.. ,,. -.. riv • !,;,,,... ^^^; . .

V^»

. >

tSr

♦ »

iiuictSV^

JAU13

7 *#f A

ni9-

flt ^ -f *.

'• ■

Yields of nutrient trcfttment

-J

rt.A

■ Tons per acre.
garly 'IJotal

ield__^_Xield

••r

1. AoDmo-phos. . -

2 Di'ammonium phosphate _- - _^

3 crude phosphoric acid (from T.V±L^trate
T QuperphosT)hate+ Cal-nitro + potassium nitrate
i* |up6rphosph6te+ potassium nitrate .

superphosphate + muriate o? potash . •

6.

7 . Supe rpho spha t e

8, check, water alone^,;

' • .A■Xi■^...

2.7

2,7

3.9

2.$

2,4

2.6

3.3

2.0

1 »

13.3

11.1
14.2
12.5
14.5
10.7
12.9
12.6

> * 'L •

O »'

« 'f

Each treatment was represented by 40 plants in four^plots^of^

10 plants each. The plots ^J^?.!^ "^^f ^^^d?^ as iS the plant-source
of the results by approved statistiQalmethoas ^^^^^^^ ^^ 3.5

experiment. For total yield « ^i^^*^|^^^ is reauired for signifi-
tons and for early y^^ld .74 ^o\?^^,^°ieiJ there w? re 'no treatments
cance. one may observe ^^jJ/^^^^^^^^-er alone., In .e^rly yield
significantly better than J^^ check,, water axon .x ^^^^^

thfre are two treatments ^'^i^^^^^^/^f^itm^St 20^/ superphosphate,
alone. They are-,the superphosphate treatment IJ^^^^^^^ -^^ pint of
3 lb. for 50,gallons) and the phosphoric acia ^ , thaV phosphorus
75f, phosphoric acid per 50 gallons).. Here .^^ f^J^^'^J^ yi^ja.
alone increased early J^f J„^i«^i^^°^r '4 year with optimum growing
These are the results for only on® J^^^' Possibly in another year,
conditions at the time of transplanting. Posswy ^^ different.
with different climatic conditions.^the results ^mg ^ .^j^^

particularly in a year in which there is ^ ary spexx h.. , e, . .
beginning of the growing season. • • ■■■>■'■■

S>iii

granular vs. Powdered irertilizer

^ ...

A ^.A A 19 A fertilizer of the same formula
Granular vs. Po^dered 4-12-4 fertilizer ^ V^^ ^^ iggQ.

were tried on the following ^^f^^^J^^^^f ^^^^ips! ^Us of the
cabbage, b^ans, sweet °orn, spinach and turnips. K^ ^^ ^^^^^^

tests on. different crops are summarized Drieiiy m , '?. .;,

Yields of. different crops with- granular and^powderedf^l2-4

. . - fertilizer, in pounds per plot.. — _;_; _

o

>.

[^^

Treatment

Granular
Powdered

•p
o

fH
p4

,0
Q)rH

p-P-P

P CO o

0 ODpH
POO)

a UP*

bi) 0

CO
o

p^

«P
O

P^

0)
P.

CO

a) o
.1-1 (^

SsT

(D

O

a
o

o

0)

4^

ft

408.6
380.9

402.ol
375.2

518 . 8
531.6

515.6
533.1

.JQ-B^

138.1
141.1

-P-P

COO

OJH
O P^

Pi «JfH

►H OO)
Pi MP4

70.4
68,4

sia

34.4

4^ -P

w o

CO 05 rH
P4 O Pi
•H 'd

gg

315^6
310,9

Pi

I

Ih

I.

»j

' «.

<i

^ •

ty

I

'%

-20-

c

The differences in yield hev are very small, and when the
yields of the randomized plots were compared statistically jy
^ll JsiS-of irarie^ce - theirdlf f ef ericeS;#6Te found • to -be^tnaignifieant ,
It makes very little difference on cabbage yields whether the ferti-
lizer was applied in the row or broadcast. One observation that
irint^estiSg is^tW fact "thit in the test on early ^abbagethe^^-
granular fertilizer proved to be a little better, while in the test
oS'late cabbage the powdered fertilizer was the better. One explana-
tion' of this is the fact that in. the spring the soil is generally,
cooler and often more moist than in the fall. .; ' .• ;

4 : . « .. ■ • ■■

we can eonclude, however, that there is no really significant
difference in- the effect of powdered vs. granular fertilizer in these
tests. Nevertheless, the fact that granular fertilizer is so much
more deairAble. for obtaining an even application with mechanical -
distributors and because the wirid'does not blow it away would^ warrant
, its use over poWderfed fertilizer, if the price were not raaxerially
higher.. ■'" .-■ ^,,

♦ I

-• ■ • t. • . . .. • .

-Growing Seedlings in Sand

• •»»^'

Recently there has been consideraible interest in growing
vegetable seedlings in sand. The reasons for the preference af
growing seedlings in. sand rather than soil are: (1) damping off
diseases can be controlled more effectively, (2) better gem:::- nation
is pVtained, and (3) seedlings have better root systems. Wfc TiaVe
been growing seedlings in sand .fn. our, greenhouses according to the
directions given by A. A. .Dunlap in Connecticut Agricultura. Exper-
iment Station Bulletin 380. • ,

'■ ■■■ ■ '.' '■ ■" -•■■■"■■ '.• -.-'. ■"' .y '\ . •■..;• ■■ • .• ••■. • ■ ■ ■ , .-. •

< '■'-"" ■Sahd which is as free from silt and loam as possible^ taken
frau a sand pit, a seashore, a river, or ordinary builders* send,
is washed several times with hot water {160° y. or above). :The s&nd
is placed in flats and the seed is sown. Then each flat is watered
at the rate of one- quarter pint of the nutrient solution per pqaare
foot of sand surf ace . That is all the hUtfient solution that is
applied. After the seedlings emerge they may be, watered whenever
necessary, but not too heavily so as not to wash out the nutrients.

•••••• • ■ ; ' • -" • ' ■ ' ■ . , • .

• - - Duiiliip, Of the Connecticu-t Station, reaommend's potasisium
nitrate, one-half teaspoonful to one-quarter pint of water, or one
ounce in three pints of water. We found sodiiam nitrate to do .
e.qucLlly well in the same concentration* Apmonium sulfate wais not
very effective, and the plant's did nbf grovir so rapidly.- "i^e
potassium nitrate and the sodium nitrate flkta grew seedlings equal
to seedlings grown in the usual soil mixture we have been using for
years, and in the sand we obtained slightly better germination. We
tried in comparison with these treatments flats of sand sprin^:l3cl
with a solution containing the three chief nutrient elements •
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. But the. seedlings were bir*
parently no better than when just potassi\im o^ sodium nitrate was
used, our recommendatipn then .would be to use a solution of eithar
potassium or sodium nitrat-e, two and ohe-helf ounces to the gallo.i.
.at.the rate of one -quarter pint to each square foot of sand surface.
Gtood seedlings will reault which' are less subject tb attacks of
damping of t than ^when they are grown 'in soil*

■ ^« » • ■•« .

•■••• ■•/ « «M.. » m^ < .» «

• •• *•-«• • • ••

• •• •• * *»r^ •■ • ^•«,.a

%n-^

-21-

•• «t »«« iM> .• « • ... „,

• >. •• f «^ . ^

.-: I '

♦ .■f

, A PLANT GROWING PROGRAM*
Charles (5. Ifft , Biglerville , ^tpJ^^^^-

•t

•ij-i

Vegetiable and, flower plants may be grown on a large or small
scale, but, a definite plan and schedule of work will help 'to In sui'e
greater success with lower 'coBt- and fewel*- failures. The ultimate
goal should be the production of better crops with fewer rlfeks from
disease and ' insect inf edt ibh . and with plants in prober cpndition
to- adjust themselves for good- early growth and fruit development in
the field, ■ ■■ • ■ ^ *^ •

; 6 ' t ... ■ • ■ ■ '. ' . .^ **•,.'.•■•:■■■ i ■-■■■ • ■• ■ ' ■ 4 4 : :

r >- >..

The plant growing busine s's" may
namely:

. (1). Soil preparation

' i"^ ^ ? (2) > Se ed and seed Ing

divided into five phases.

"■• ^ ; 3

3)". Transplanting the see'^
; (4) , Col?l*-ffane management , • -

* -Or-^ . . • • . > . .• t,^ U J.-5*'-' -,'. • \

'•-^?*4*t4^6perationslh" which l have been iilterested during the past
year inydlyjed; .the use of approximately. SbOton^ of soli *fbr«%fee- ••''
product ion, Of; l^SOGyOOG p.lants.^ T^e soil^ c6mpo&VwWl)repar6d in "*
June, ^ using ^IternateV layers of soil," sand' and manure; "Water was
applied- t^ each layer ^ of manure to enable debompositioh to take
plafce; and\enough supeTphosph'ate wa^ applied to make the equivalent '
of 6bout. l;,00O pbiinds to an acre of groimd. It" was' ready to be
sterilised in August but, dye to the rush of other work, operations
were not" stBr ted until October, f • : *-

■^M y-

*•• KJ

'» ' f\

w*,» ^

The* soil' was sterilized In a steel bodied dump truck. In the
truck body were placed perforated t)ipes one foot apart and extending
the length of- th6 body, connected to the staam line by a rubber hose
5*ly "^ry, unfroiSn, soil was us^d. Jt was plaead in the truelc to a
depth of ohe foot and packed by tramping in brd^r to pi*fev^nt the
steam ffbm breaking- through the soil and escaping. In addition-, a
steam-pro6f€Jd canvas sUbsttoce, called •♦Latex" , was placed over the
soil and weighted down with, boards at the edges.

•'•*•• •- • /►*-4»j

t

TO avoid having wet soil after the sterilizing process, and to
neat up the soil as quickly as' possible, vaporoud" steam Vl>as -allowed
to escape 'from the supply iin6 until only gasebUs steam' eppeai'^d.'
Then the it^am line wis connected to the load with 'A- 1^- inch -hose
and the front' of the truck body was raised to allow the cbhdetised
water to dizain put^ th6 biftckdnd. A' steam pressure of 120'pounds
Was used until it came up 'through the soil, then it was "reduce d ^
until the pressure was just Sufficient to maitltaln a soil temperature
^0 prevent condensation of mdtstufe,- The steam valve on the supply
line. was always about one-fourth' of a' turn open to maintain a 'high ^
steam temperature. The soil was steamed for 26 minuted at a tem-
perature 9f 212 degrees Fahrenheit;, (at the surface), or long enough
JO cook a Hedium*sized potato^ lach load was, ^theri, dumped into a
^ight soil shed with windows and doors lined with muslih to prevent
re-contamiHatloAv " • •■ ' ^: ;, i:-: . -' ... ;, , . . o.; " ^^

■^< ,

J

M

f

'i.

t!

-23-

i:

I

^

I

11*

]l

-22-

seeds and Seeding

The seed was treated with^e'CorrGsive sublimate or bichloride
of mercury solution., washed, dried and sown in plant boxes containing
soil drilled in rows about one end' one -half inches apart • It was
then covered with one-fourth to one-half inch Qf .dry sand# The sur-
face was: firmed lightly and covered with burlap to facilitate water-
ing#* After wetting the soil uniformly, the seeded plant ^boxes' or
flats' we^re set in* the greenhouse and covered vith paper to prevent
loss of moisture from the soil* The night, temperature of ^ the green-
house Was 70 degrees Ft until the seedlings emerged from the soil,
when it was reduced to 60 degrees and later to 50 degrees for a few
nights before the transplanting operation to adjust the condition of
the seedlings more nearly to conditions in the coldframes* .r^

Sand cultures, using pure, washed sand instead of soil tod a
liquid solution of potassium nitrate and mono-calcium- phosphate were
compared v/ith the ordinary method of growing seedlings in soilt "^e
results were so superior that 165 flats were .see^ded in sand, some
of the advantages of sand cultures are the following: (1) The expense
of soil sterilization does not appear to be .necessary. In this case
f^mr Tpl&tk^^ ^"^ dipjigpiwd when grown in. sand as' compared to soil
and, w|ien treated with corrosive sublimate, dampi'ng;;-of f , did not ap-
pear to any appreciable extent* (Z) A much higher percentage of
seedlings come* up when grown in sand culture as compared even to
soil covered with sand, thereby saving mpney in. the cost of seed* .
(3) Th? root system of seedlings grown in sand is much larger than
when grown in soil, enabling the seedling to make a more rapid re-
covery and growth after transplanting, (4) jn case the . seedlings
cannot be transplanted at the desired' size , seedling growth may be
checked by leaching the sand and washing out the nutrients •

* It is entirely possible to grow seedlings of tomatoes and other
vegetables to the field planting stage, but much care must be exer-
cised to prevent leaching by rainfall or excess watering with the
hose. Qabbage, cauliflower, pepper, stock, snapdragon and calendula
seedlings have also been grown in sand cultures with good results.

f • . - •'

' Transplanting

Ail flats were submerged in a l-IO solution of copper sulphate
and filled with screened soil. After leveling, packing and marking
the 'soil, the flats were moved down gravity rolls for the trans-
planting of seedlings. Then, they were loaded on a truck and trans-
ferred to the coldfrairies, where they v/ere watered, covered with- sash
and given temporary protection frotu the sun by covering the glass
with burlap. From this tijne until delivery to the farmer, the
1,500,000 seedlings placed in IIQ frames, each 6 by 60 feet in size,
required constant care in the coVering,, uncovering, ventilating,
blanketing and watering operations. t. -

«*^

* Acknowledgement is gratefully given the c. H. ITusselman
Company of Biglerville.,: Pa.., .in whpse greenhoui^e and plant growing
structures most of the above mentioned work was completed.

MARKETING ".gWE.ET-NUT" BRAND. CEIERY _ ^, .

»■ J ii.ipKjii iiM ■ mi Mill li >>it70ii,i ■■«iiiiii« wi*>ii»i km « i 1 1 i» i ■ iiimiiy i« JSJf»d(| » ^'4 "I! T

ifttifo due tory 'Jifemarks -"'"''

** »

; ■■■> r

By.Gharles.K. Hallowell (a)-''

■ *•> M ...

^*

. : )

., .,. During tlie winter^ .of, 1937-;1938, a meeting, pf the P!iira*delp*hla '
celery,, gromrs^w .At. which.. ttinB. tiie xerfotis/gi^j^^e-s for packing

celelry we rQ. "discus 394 • Cp^parXsoi:\.s were/mad^ W-^twee^^^
celery from California and celefy from pennsyiVania.**^.^*,'*' ^

„ AS ^ repult ,of thip j[geettng, a later meeting was held for

the purpose of dis.cxi^41)l'g';tpe jEJosstbiXltiei o^ b'etter grading ^j)r
tices.-and fetter m^)?l^.,^tliig. me.i^hdds. for locral^y'grb^^ celery*; Iti "was
decided that T?ef ore, ainy, irsal/ii^rAV^Jient c;pMrd^^^ "wbuld^ '•

first be necesisary to determine ;t he v;eakries,s^.s 1^^^^ 'grading

and marketing program, partictflarly from the vieWpclTit of the" buyer/
Consequently, a survey Jjlank. was prepare.d and approyed. by the Phila-
delphia vegetable Growers^ Association 'and a survey of the principal
buyers in up-state cities was conducted. ^ ■■"' '' i. -: .

' il>is sux-^H'-^ iolilowfife 'buyer 5!^'act^lbris' to 1^

delpHia'grc^ oel^ry-:.;^ ''; -.^^.u - .1 : - v-^li :^r.

tr

..;;(l'V..Clrd-w6rs should bj^suid "the'lr celery tri such a'^^f tii'at the
ade. vdXl Wow 'an^ .jeco^tze, it -a,^ l'hilade:|.t)hia county' celery.' . •

(2) Each brand u^^d shouid re'p'resent & definite gVadfe Wtf 'pack,

and strict adhe;pe.nc,e to tiiQse staAd^rds., should be maintainedt.

•4 1 X- A'

* '(2?f A 'definite aidvettlSing pfogram 'S-hou*ld be d'evelope'dV-^ '■■•"•

f^:^*^

■i f .•^..,^

"' .V C'4) ih .gradijis',c61er'y, grciwsr.s ?fh.6uld .emiihasf.ze .^ore 'c^ireful

trlmmi.ag jof ,,the> '^stalks, 'ijQi:0 c.ate in ■{)acking' $t'aiks o'f i^gul'at size-

and.accurat$,.c.dunt»..aad Aore,. dare .should be exerci$e'd- Itt trlWiing'-' "
the ..yocit.. system. . •;. : •'.,:' .■-'.-'■ .. -.t ■:•''• -a-.i: r -.■• .••^'..

• ■• *^ • . ■ . . * A.A. .• ' . * . -• '.'«.» I V ' • I

. , ?.; . (S). OQ^y thevbe^t quai'ity ■/cile:ry;>houid;;gQ Uhto' co^d storage ,
and should ilbt be 'held in' :;<QTd storage for too long a- period;' '^ ■••■■

(a) ^Mr. ..Hallowell. discus^^d this .topic ^s w^l.l.,8s .The fhiladelchla
Prqduqe Market, 'instead., of -r.B^ Donaldson, who 'was absent because
of iH4es9«... : '^ ' '•'•..' ■••' " ■• ■■•■•■•■'■■••!"-•"'.'*■■

.' i C ^ " ,'«" .1 ■ •* "r .■: "f "• . ••■ 1 • . ; .: *i •_. :■: it:*

Celery gr6w6rs- of tn^\,^hl.]la<i!^;phia area ^I'e =cal"ied ' together
Dy Charles K. Hallowell'ahd H . B. t)onelds6n of 'tHe Agricultural
Extensipiji.Seijyipe. The purpose, of .the .meeting was to discuss the
.;results.o.t.th'^.suifcyey:ju^t -dfefeib^d, '^ •■: - -- • ' -• "' •• v

/> ••'

• •«

It was decided by the membfei-s of the'phiiadelphta Vegetable
Groweys', Assoqietion, whp were, pj;'esent, ..that some attempt should be
■made to .folib^vsome' of ; the suggestions, " :,;..:". ? "r 't': ■ i :>£f ' . • • .

I • • »

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Committees were appointed to (fevel op a grading and packing
program for the season of 1938* The following program was adopted
by the Association:

(1) Definite grades were established under which celery was

to be packed. • .^.f.*. - iit c^rvor ' *\»?,^^.... .-

a/ sweet-ftut- label was developed to represent fancy grade,
b. Liberty Bell label represented a high quality pacij:^
• c. Celery that would not meet the above- standards carried
no label.*

♦ /

• •■'■. , ■ .- • . ■ .

A standard crate was adopted 'and purchased through' the Growers ♦

Association, Educational infonpatiort as to grading wai^ directed by

Charles- K* Hallowell arid H. B* Donaldson > the. manager of the Growers*

Association, • thQ broker through whom most of the ceiisry was to be

sold, and a committee of three growers. :;

•••• ^' ■ . ' ' ■ .■ / • • •,••.■

No restrictions were placed upon the grower as to where or how
he -should sell his celery. ; ;

rphe growers felt that in order to have Pennsylvania celery
compare favorably with celery from either California or Florida,
it would be necessary to have experienced pack-house labor. A full
pack-house crew were brought from Florida, which consisted of eight
sorters, eight packers, two nailers, and one foreman* During the ^
packing season another crew were brought from Florida, so that two
packing houses could be used at the same time*-

A'll of th'e 1938 crop of celery was packed in one of four

packing houses located in different se.ctions of the celery area.

■«-■'■...,♦•■■■ ' >

A typical packing house had a conveyor or chain about 30, feet,
long. ^ Celery froj&Vthe fieid^ w on th^ convey cJr; Jt traveled

throiigh the washer Which consisted of a series of. drilled jplpes,
above and under the celery, through which water was pumped at the ^
rate of EOO to 400 gallons per minute. The celery then passed on
between sorters on.either side of the conveyor. Herd the stalks were
picked up by the 'different sorters according -to size'; further trimmed
if necessary and pla6ed on the packers^ table. -u.vu...

* Each packer took 'lii's crate ^itfpn sn overhead c^ute.' "f^t [0s
identification mark and trie size of the celery on the crate with a
rubber stamp or crayon. i*ien he packed the orate with selected celery
of uniform size (u* S# Standards allow a.^plUs or minus ten per cent
on count). We found no trouble k&epihg well within those limits.

The packer then placed the filled crate on a roller conveyor,

he ftaile
crfite , using slats with the proper label ^

on which it traveled, down to one of the nailers. .The nailers/clcsed

the n/Po+'iai ne4n^ ala4>C! tiT-««^W -«•>* ia tn-t^^ys^i^ I^^V^I. » 'J -^ • * ' . . ^ -^ A -\*/'

-J.- '

The next step was to trim .the Celery leaves top and' side 9, then
after a final rinse the crates were loaded on trucks and hauled direct
to market orplaced in cold storage^

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It required about 25 or 30 men to operate a packing house ,
including incidental labor. A'crew of this size packed anywhere from
800 to 1,200 crates per day of 10 hours. It cost from $75 to $100

-25-

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per day to operate such a packing house. The cost of packing a crate
of celery depends largely on whether the;..oele.ry. runs , to. .small or
large s-Jtzes. It costs approximately one-half as much^'-Ko-pacR ;th^
dozen size celery as it does, ten-doaen; size. . . , « . .. .-.

k-j w \.^

Jn :,the Philadelphia g:rea , two j\ge.neral . var i.etie s -of • celery, were
grown: .-(l). Yellow or Golden plume ; l|2) JEasy Blanching.^

:?:a

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Seed Is 4rill^d in rov:s;, and tr.ansplapted about the^ first, to
middle ot J^lYi. si 3?: inches apa.r-t in rows three feet widQ. .The -fields
are fertilized, spraye,dr, cultivated,; and ^iririg^ted at regular inter-
vals until October when bleaching ia /started by .hillingv the soil as
high as possible. y^ith;- th^' regular double celery hille>ps^::

^> > .•

The crop is harvested by a .cutter noun te'd -on. either.' a -t
or a horse-drawn machine, which cuts the roots within about one
inch from. tJhe: base; of ithe stalks. ; ; « :/ ;

t i

lU*" 'l

ThO: field .crew trints ;the .outside a^^^ ^d plQce.s them in the
field..Ar6^'tes Y-hich are. loaded on ..true kg and. hauled ':to .the packing ^

house cv

'T

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^ I :jinv-.l*93S i.there ,were about ti(s^elye growers wl^p packed, celery in
the :55?;oif^ -manner^ /Cel.exy packed, tqtaled abqut 40 j:QQO rcretea.. . Ninety-
five; par, cent' of the celery was sol<i ,this year th.r<?ugb tha Philadel-
phia :m;?d:*Ke:t. . October sales totaled 10,000 cratea. rlFiva per cent of
the above ^crates were hearts or XXs :with an. average priqe of .82 cents
per crate:.'.. aH: other sizes averaged $1.43 i)er crate*, :ZJovember sales
totaleid 19,55§ crates ;wi:th tl>e average, pr, ice for OCXs '89-,;cents, all
other 'Si2»s averaging :^l/55 per ctratQ:. The average, selling price
during October, November/ and. ,'Deceiiiberi: with a.tot^al of approximately
38,000 crates, was 84 cents per crate for XXs and $1.46 per crate for
all other, sizes, . The January T.eporl? ts-'-lnccmplete^ ,b:ut'«.the> average
will be -considerably iQwerr . . ; ^. ;,. .:^ v;^ \;.vv. V''"''\-.-T':

•T * -

T.

': .Sever^il definite .plerns .are- •l3e:iiig^^^.w^^ the present

time to T'educe :the cost of .'ope rations, for the cociing. ise^^ason^

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The^^fall of 1938 was;-not aQnstderje;d :a.:yery profitable one for
celery growers, due .to the^ rhig crops .in California aftd. New York state,
California celery came in.earlyiand^^heravy; quality was Arl , and the
price low. This, I believe, coupled with lov/ buying power of the
v/ork'iitgvclass, would have .impelled disaster if we had^natpaoked a
first-class, package.:.; .•,;<::: • : v •/: -^^ .; v -i^ -^ ,. r-

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• 'A

CONTROL OF VEGETiBLE DISEASES -IN- NSW - YORK iSTATE '

■*iw

W.II II 1. II UP »

ft

Charles Chuppi: Cornell xjijiiversity

. : ' • -•

Diseases of .vegetables :C;au6e an average jmnual loss of approx-
imately SO per cent of :the entire vegetable crop* This>is-such an
immense tax that it should be combated in every possible ^vi^ay. ' For-
tunately, Pennsylvania has an excellent group* of .young well-triained
pathologists, who are available to the growers that are interested in
reducing their disease losses.

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t . . •

spraying. No spray has been more effective than Bordeaux Mix-
ture in controlling vegetable diseases. But of lejf^pars it has been
shown in a number of states that under certain conditions this mixture
mav be harmful to tomatoes, cucxopibers and melons, in our ovm state
Dr. james G. Horsfall has tested a very large number of copper com-
Soi^ds ^d has come to the conclusion that some of the insoluble
coiDpers, such as red copper oxide or copper oxychloride (used at the
saie metallic copper strength as 4-4-50 bordeaux) give satisfactory
control of most blights and do not injure blossoms, stunt the plants
or malform the fruit, m some cases early spraying With these in-
soluble copper forms may be bolstered by spraying with ^ordeaux mix-
ture late in the season when blights are threatening. No doubt these
milder sprays will be used more and more, as further research work is
done, or better materials are discovered.-

celery is still sprayed v/ith bordeaux mixture throughout the
season. In New York State the formula used is 4-2-50, ^Jf , }i^® ^ ^^^8
cut to half strength. In controlling celery blights » a full control
Droprem is required. The seed should be treated vith the calomel dip,
the seedbed soil should be clean or sterilized, and the plants sprayed
in the seedbed and in the field, in some cases where seed inoculation
has been heavy, 5 or 6 sprays in the seedbed with well-timed sprays in
the field have given clean crops. On the other hand, 2 or 3 applica-
tions in the seedbed planted with badly infected seed have given very
DOor results.' It takes 36 tq 48 hours for spores of the blight fungus
to germinate and grow into a celery leaf.- The spores must ^f, i^et^con-
tinuously during this time. Therefore, it is easy to°<?»K^l. blight
while the plants are small; But vflien the plants are large,, .the lower
leaves may stay wet for days and thus permit infection without pro-
longed-rains. -.That is why spraying early. is so important, . ,

seed Treatments. In New York stated black-leg of cabbage has
been so destructive - that hot water seed treating was imperative. Aii
the seed growers and seed distributors were anxious, to cooperate,, ana
now nearly all the seed is hot water treated. In consequence, blacK-
leg and black-rot have almost entirely disappeared from cabbage in
up- state New York. In addition the Al tern aria fungus which makes
small cankers on seedlings, and later reduces the size of the head
was killed in the seed, so that the resulting increase in yield .,
sometimes amounted to 1 or 2 tons an acre.

Black-rot was not so easily controlled because the dry lower
leaves which drop from the plant may be blown long distances and
furnish inoculum to infest new: fields or seedbeds.

• * •• t % •«

So i 1 Tr e a tment s . . -When club-root is- bothersome in seed beds or
in fields where suc'h expensive crops as cauliflower, collards or
Chinese cabbage are -grown,- the disease can be controlled by mixing
calomel with the fertilizer and discing or harrowing it into the
soil. About 12 pounds are required for each acre. This is too ex-
pensive to use on cheap cabbage. Hydrated lime may be. used in place
of calonelj: and should be applied in sufficient, quantities -to produce
an alkalinity of pH 7.2. * . -.< - ':

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,*

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The fungusrfree 'sand cultm.'.9s..have;l?ecbme very .pqpula^^ln con*
trolling d-8Ep!#51Tt '^ST'cTe^H^irna &s po;5s.ible:i§.: procured., This
is washf d iu" cold or, much better, hot^ water (160^ F.) and^ the water
^ouief of f the top. - This,.3vashin.^.is repeated .until, th^je.. is .jo more
ESs or- other .impuiLtyiQft. O^e ..cance of .potassium, nitrate isdxs-.
solved.in enough water, to wet.dowTi l.a,fequ&re. feet of s^.edped or .flats.
^tJ? ihe.1eed^i^.sown:, .i^e soil is kep^: rather wet, ^or\the^^eeds -may
dry too mich to gerjn'iniate.. .. ;. . .• -. • .r> • -^r' • •": cr.. :! r.

\ Mosaic- :^6me. years. agot^6"c^ne;^s. ^^^"^ V'^ ^^^'^TL"^
-.erturfeaVy- . t^e ' ^e avy . losse s.. rjesuXfiijig . f torn tomato mo Baic . The . ? on-
.dition- seemed airao3t,..hapeless:. to ^^^. /^mrm^l; ^W^iM^^^
all we^.ds.>ith.in;.l$.0;f^e.t at.,^ ^^^oiis^^-^.^^e^^ e^^ by
oultivatizig tKe:: soil-;, or mowing" t^-.e-.grf^ss.c.ayfefullymth. a ;ia^ mover.
The plan t |rov:er s ado pte d ' thi s pr a<i tice eagerly., with ^ the^re suit that
mosaic is -arely ^resent in commercial fields'. This 1 5 true , not-
withstanding the.. faxJt: that. some, of th^EngUsh.^at.bo^agis^s believe
that tomato mosaic is carried . in.. the ^eed.,-. • •-• ■ : - ,'

'■ . ccron- ftefugie-'ieahs ;are 'Ve^ siiscep.tib]^, t,p mos^W. ^ ^. ^^l^^^'^
was madrthJough. .tiie State ,C.annpx-av..A^soci-atip«: tp^.t^^^^^
companies •to..Droduce.iiiosalc-.r.?si$itaiiU-.stbck., f^ihaljy; the-JVls.ponsin^

and\he-l5aho:. B9fuge.es, were bred, by^ ^'^^^^^^l ^'^V "f^ $?n. 5ui?Ible

the old. types but- still hee-d .impr.oyiRg.,.,^„N.D,. dojipt .-i^.J^iKf suitable

. cppaerp ial; type s w.ill be. madgv .aya-il.a^'^10'. ; , ; ... = = : .. .. , • .

. J. V-^^'^STAyJDAR&Z&6:.VARl^T^ V^ S^JRAINS ^r VEG^TiCBIgiS '; ^

•' »* \jsiv •' • ' ■ . • ' • '• ■' - - ' ' ■'..-'•-'.= !'.■ •■ '■ • '';!■. ~' ""■';-■'-■ ■ -.- '

"'^'' -'Alton -H.-P^^rter.',. Connect icMtV;^^^ ;..

-. "•?

vr»^

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.:^ : The vegetable: industry of .the "Easterh imLted stia.tes- represents
one olf^ the outstanding' "&.ash^q^qps^pr,6duc;^•d.'.;bytn.? tairoer.s aiid has ,.
increased considerably 'since the market demands, "have. b;e(pme more ;
definitely. 46 stabl is he.d as -ta 'types and Varleti:e:,s of vegetables used.
These varietal' .types. ar.e;.be.ln€ :cQntinuaiay improved an^ dLeve loped ..
to meet .■ths.ciarke5.,deriands by pj^ah.t .-ti^eedens ^nj^ ^'-^^^eaJ.cVwptkers.
Because of the large amount of ris search woi'k being qohdjidli.ed .at. this
time, many new and untried varieties for eastern c'onditions are
being sold by seedsmen over the entire country. We, as growers are
anxious to produce th«- -v^Kietie s,. that, .are -best adapted for our grow-
ing conditions and al%6•••^■6^re-^ft•aW*^i•l■l-*^*•lng the greatest profits
when sold on the local marke.ts. ,, .5e.S5ause of this interest the Experi-
ment stations are making it a-^polht to grow old and new varieties
of ell.kin4s and types ■-o.f -.vegetable s.. and to. mke, co.mpari|9n^,^^ tak-
ing-records .that 'can' be. used for •va]fi;ety int^rpr^taticjii .by. powers.
res;ear.ch workers .-and . seedsman,- :in. any part, of the, united s.t^t.es.

'• ' • At -^the tp-res'ent 't^lJJie- iT«e!nty^ states, axe c'p.dpe'rat.ing'-Qn. -getting a
definite ;set of -.teCTs 'f.ar.-.des.criblh'k. yegeteble.s: th^t; M^ -hf ,5^ sily
understood -end id,?j,tifie<i'.l?y. .all .i;nte:rested. in tJie y.eg stable, ^industry
The .'plan., is -to -:hav^, all Qoopexatqi^.s us:e. this standardj,^ed, s6t of
terms and have. th^ sane concept .of their:.iieaningC,T.h9 tarteties .
'studied will beccide 'ye:rds"iiQks ,^6^ measuring . and interpreting vege-
table varieties. Tliey will estetblish vegetable characters which can
be used as standards in describing all other varieties. These

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-29-

character standards will help in standardizing vegetable varieties
in each region of the united States and in all probability will
reduce the number of conmercial varieties to those that are more
profitable to grow and market. ^

The markets are demanding more uniform high quality veigetables,
because of the competition^ In order to have a uniform product not
only the grading and packing must be uniform but the type of vege-
table must be comparable* The lack of uniformity in type of vege-
table produced from a given lot of seed by different growers has
raised the question of why this variation.,. This standardization
study of vegetable characters is designed to establish factors that
will give a vegetable variety a description that will be understood
by all interested in the industry. This description of each variety
will show its adaptability for each market requirement. It appears
that it should also improve the market standards of fresh vegetables
in our Eastern markets.

-^ '<

The seed catalogues of 1939 will show a larger list of vege-
tables than last year. Many of these will be new items that call for
try-outs by interested growers. Of course, nobody is going to . change
his commerdiai plantings until he has given thorough tests to the
new stock to be substituted. Many growers will procure samples of
the new varieties that interest them and will plant enough se^d to
give a good comparison with the standard varieties grown, liiese
standard varieties have remained at the top in many cases for. a great
number of years and it will be difficult for a newly developed varie-
ty to tske their place in commercial vegetable production* Many of
the older varieties which have been superceded by improved strains
are still listed by the seedsmen*. It is hoped that these standardized
descriptions will help to eliQinate th6 stocks of the older varieties
that have proved to be inferior to the newly developed strains of the
same or similar varieties. It seems that quality seeds that will
produce vegetables of a uniform marketable type are what we all desire.
This standardization of terms used in describing vegetables will
eliminate duplication, renaming and inferior strains of a vegetable
variety. It should. reduce the number of vegetable varieties listed
by seedsmen end develop a list of quality variety strains that can be
depended on to produce high yields of the best market type possible
in every instance^ •

• I •

FRESH FROSTED VEQSTABLES

Frank App

cMjO

I'ic.if-

iT.

Squanto, the Indian Chief, is the first man of record who was;
skilled in the freezing of food stuffs. As we understand freezing
today probably. few of us would agree that he was skilled. However/'
according to history, Squanto saved the lives of the pilgrim fathers
by teaching them how to freeze and store supplies of fish for their .
maintenance throughout the long, severe winters of New England. ; He
also taught them how to make Indian succotash which consisted of '
chopped squirrel m^at, com and beans mixed, then'frozen and stored for
future *use. According to the diaries of the pilgrims it was a tasty
dish so long as the cold weather kept it frozen*

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The building of railroads, follov/ed by the development and use
of refrigeration, has created- our gigantic winter gardens of Califor-
nia and Texas and Florida, and raised our standards of living so that
the. population from our large cities at^ all times has a plentiful
supply -of fresh fruits and; vegetables regardless of 'the season or
th6 Calendar month of the year. :- •- ; . - . . . . : ■• .: • r

Our ability to freeze freshness and store it until desired for
consumption may sreatj^vca&nge^th^ entire perishable foods industry
of the world. The significance of tTil's recent development has reached
the d<5ors 6f, thd.Epjfo^ean nations who are Investigating the advantages
of providing large, supplies of food stuffs by quick-freezing and
holding until-' such- time, as: they might be needed. They Know rthat this
system of food preservation, can best furnish the vitaminis 6nd other
qualities eo essential 'for health armies and. civilians,

' ■-' What is ^ui-6lc-^Freezing : ;:

v ■-•

•m f-j -, •

The quick-freezing of fresh fruits- and vege.tlableis is that" system
of marketing which best places in the . hands • of : the • consumer vegetables
possessing the garden-fresh quality, unobtainable by our city popula-
tion Until quick -freezing was made commercially at tractd..v^.. Through
the 'quick-freezeirotite .we - eliminate > all- waste, package, ship and-
handle only- the eMble, part of all fruits iaid vegetables.:-. The im-
portance of this 1* :best recognized when we consider* that, about two-
thirds of all'Of'the asparagus, Pe as, lima beans, broccoli and cauli-
flower is discarded when purchased by the consumer because it is not
of edible que^i ty . .; ■ Jrhis ffiiake a a i?rettendous saving.- in freight .
packages- and- handling.' «8 :

; .•'

«w

i^tiick-f reeling p^otridfes.^f6r a; cpneuiaer; package, which may range
•anywhere frofik< 12 ounces -M size to; SO' pounds, depending! upon what the
consumer-Wants . It lis either tin or- cardboard , : usually, c-ardboard.
When' the latter^" 1-t l&les^ <j6stly than-; the tin package used for-.canning
products, and lighter in weight than the wooden package used to ship
vegetable s'aindfrtfli&rYresh..' llie.- ellminatlbn of all wa&tei enhances
the valued so that, the c as t 'Of stor age ^pex-uound of edible, product is
lowered in proportion...-. :•• .r ,^.:fe,-

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The? 56ienti:^:Explaii3:s ftuleki-Freezing

According to the scientists who have developed the art of

fonJ^5^JiS---5--^-'**-5r^^^^^^ ^^^ ^®^n over-

looked beoause we did not understand that rapid freezing had a diff-
erent influence on plant end animal cells. than= that of sloiv freezing.
Consequently,, the preservation- of. food; through the- cold storage at 32°
F. or cbld pecki at 20 to' 25° F. is Something entirely different rfrom
qulck-treecing. The differencp Mefe in the formatloh of ; ice. crystals
in. Jthe^ plant or animal .structurev -''Theise will, form in sizes s-a large
that they rupture the plant • or; aii'dmal cells. The^ rupture of- these
ceils affeots 4ihe ^flavor -and ke«pihg: qualities of ;th;e: product; .'.

/ ' • • W ' . . . 1 • \ ..... . ' ■

.,^^L ' W-*!®" the prodiict is" frozen at extremely low temper a.tiires of under
zero degrees Tahrenhett-. the'lce. crystals remain smaller, than the cells.
Tnese ate not destroyed; Juicres and-; flavor are sealed In' the cells
instead of leaking out. vftien the latter occurs the food is dry and
tasteless.

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Fish can be quick-frdzen and later brought back to life. The
housewife might find it more convenient to store her gold fish quick-
frozen, when she wishes to go on her vacation, than to have a neigh-
bor care for them until she returns,

*

From Squanto to Blrdseye

• It is three centuries from the time of Squanto, the Indian
Chief, •vv^hen we have our first records of freezing foods to that of
Clarence Birdseye, whose researches and patents were the basis of the
present frozen foods industry* The history of his work is an inter-
esting story in itself • A short time before 1931 Birdseye sold his
patent rights to General Foods and with them furnished information
obtained through his researph wjiich were the bas^s for his patents.
In that year they established frozen food outlets in about fifty
stores in New England, which was the first commercial test of frozen
foods in a consumer package.

■» ! . ' i * • *, . . ■ * ■ . • ^ . . ■ . •. *• ^ ' » ' ■ ■

' About that time we were attempting to find k better system of

marketing fresh vegetables from Seabrooks Farms and were carrying oi^

research in cooperation with a large package manufacturer., whereby.

•we pi*oi)osed to place fresh vegetables on the market ready for the '

•consumer to use and kept fresh throug^^ the use of dry ice^ •

We accidentally contacted Clarence Birdseye, sent him' some linr.
beans from our farms which interested him ^sufficiently to dispatch
one of hia.staff in^^har^e of the vegetable' experiment to our farms.
Together we froze J believe, the first lima beans in a wooden box
with dry ice, which were dispatched to Boston for examination and test
in their laboratory. This test was successful and led to the com-
mercial freezing of several hundred thousand .pounds of beans.

.■.'.:■■■ ■ . . ■ '..■... . • •■ ; .. •..■.•

■ ■ ■ . ' .* ■■

Today we ar^ quick-f freezing, at the seabrooks Fams, approxi-
mately twenty-five thousand acres of vegetables, payt qf. which is
produced by our own ope rat ion a. -arid the balance by the nearby growers.
The industry now serves SiS a marketing system for a large number of
growers who formerly were shippirig their. vegetables as fresh to
market. ' ^he consumer prefers them quick-frozen.

V/hat Hg^^P^n^st tQ Freshness In Vegetables

.... ' ... ' I ■■ • ■ ' «... , , •' ' I '

The respiration of tender vegetebles following harvesting
rapidly reduces their sugar, flavor, tender texture, and ^vitamin
content, sweet corn at 86 F. has been found to lose half its
sugar content in twenty-four hours; peas held at 77^ F% lose one-
third of their sugar in six hours after picking; asparagus and lima
beans are equally perishable * iSiis rapid change in vegetables can
best be avoided if they are quick-frozen immediately after harvest
and held in that state until purchased by the consumer. Since most
vegetables marketed as fresh must be held over 24 hours at temper-
atures allowing a high rate of respiration, it is evident that the
quality harvested is largely lost enroute to the consumer's table.

-31-

This loss of quality of perishable vegetables has been carefully
studied bv such investigators as Dr. Fellers, of Massachusetts, and
others who have found its arrest 'when quick-frozen. Quick-freezing
preserves the quality, appearance^ and general excellence of fresh
vegetable.^., The qui^Qk-freezing market therefore requir^.s an agri-
culture designed, to '.provide ^quality that will -^^^^^^^^^SJl^^. ^^J
consumer. at moderate cQst. This c.ar\,be. acJcomp3Lshed only tJh rough the
careful selectidn of areas that 'successfully cdmbine climate and ?otls
best suited for the particular vegetables to be 'grown, and of trained
and experienced growers,,.whp . can.,. properly .prpdu^ harvest crops

for the quick-;fr§6zifii.g plant.;,./ * ..../ •' -v." .• «'" ^ • • . • .• -;

.-■.,.■■■•',■■. .::'." :. pacing -the JPX^ijt: Bt^efeder ■. . \' .,,;.:: ..;.;.;

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our varieties of vegetables ha v4 'beiri'- Wed so as to '^low a long
Deriod of harvesting and 1;a pos§es8..^.,a^aUty that was not too perish-
able but which would carry-Te.aB<^ft6to-ly^»ll---6ver the period from the
farm to the consume j- ,, , C^iJiick-free^zing cliangeg all of t.he.se ,^j^
First, we Want a Vegetable that 3! XX m^tijire ^11 ;of its fruit or edible
parts. at one time., -p^as, aiid:i|.jlia;betos B^ust be harvested by ,^a^ ...
chinery and.not Mske^vby hand. .'The. siWeet :garden pea.» rather -^arge
in size, high green 'cplor; arid liigS-svig^t content .is ideal. The only
lima bean availabilefqr; harvesting with VfflaQhtnery is one, known- a? • /.
Henderson's' BushV ^;»lill^.:it me^ts the gtjgClf j^cations th^t .are^fash-;
ion able in the Miidfe ol!' the mei^chandiSers, namely, 'small and high ■

green in color, it-.i3 not ,the iaQst„tastiyf. Someone should develop

a lima bean 'that has -the :qaalityVqf;.^^iJQle:iiffl6- but which would grow

on a bush. ... . ..*

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The fresh 'market desire's a' lai*ge heaS'of- broccoli, 'whereas for
quick-freezing we ..de aire, a sia.al lex. sprout that pan .be^ washe.d, blanched
and oackQd; neatly -in boxes.."i'i3^iie-ve: pfty»iaJoJ^ change ln:,oux mar-:
keting system, will'' ialWays necessitate; $ome-;chehgefe. in.oiir .production.

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t- 4/ Cbmi^arisoii ' of/ Market ..

ts" and' Vegetables'^

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Mass" distribution t^.. 6 Very l^fge'degree , is 'responsible for;
cheap food stuffs/ 'V/e producers of i^erishabie foods hiave not been
able to successfully control .our produpt so as to obtain our share
of the advantages accruing 4**«ft--m6»*^4HBtribution, Quick-freezing
offprs an opportunity .to. stabilize, the .markets pn .our perishable
fruits ')9ipdVegetaA>Xe^» hat:ve.st,- assemble,- process and .$611 iji such
manner the t' this, prpducX.qaii h.? xind^'t qw.^^i'ty ^<^ quantity control"
from tha. f.eiTji.tp th.^.'.C^.ns'iamier,

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■. Let-'s examine a feVr of* th^''*disadV'&ntag;es:.6f .i;iai'keting.:m and
vegetable?, fresh., .■ Fi;:"st,., f oioclst'utf s .^^'^igShed' aod. .packaged in the store
are wasteful. In ;the- labot. of! P^iPK^fel-ife and. re^^ire. mo.re^expensive;; •;
overhead. Secokid. the btij^er sp^hds.:.mu.9h.:j9,ore time ..e if amihlng. the pro-
duce t'o be purchase'.d^.ecaUse; the '4\i'ality varies g day,. to
day. Third, RuroliaiesJMiin^st ".ca;se-s.>iist .b siitf,i.i?ient f or one
meal. Fourth, the labor and sp>c,6' for displaying, fruits and'. veger
tables as fresh is much greatet theft'' as frozen. Fifth, perishable
vegetables should be delivered daily to the store to carry the proper
freshness. This is expensive, sixth, there is a large amount of
v/aste and decay for which the consumer must pay even though it is
not purchased, seventh, two- thirds of many of the vegetables handled

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are waste, ; consequent ly. we, tou^t.chal^ge up. ag^iinet what ,is consumed
the'waste' of two^thlrds of • the .labor, .transportation, trucltlng,..
storage fpes ana' cleirk: hire.' that is why the cost of ; selling fresh
fruits and ve^^tabies is so excessive. The 'margin mils t he aboyt' twice
i^at.bf package goods.. ..• . :/

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'■ nuick-frbzen 'food stuffs have uniform quality. .There is no
waste. ^ They are packaged, ready to serv-6 without sorting or weighing.
They need be delivered to th^ retaU store only as needed instead uf
daily. Except for the low temp6yatur-ee:ne<5e«Bary for holding they rre
just the same as other, staple .fo.od stuff s, ..

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Although we • have . been, cold-piacking fruit f6r a good many year^,
we find the addition of quick-freezing fruit with the, cold pack" xs
expan'aiing tfea: freezing .of fruits as. .we 11 as leading: to the develop- -
ment\Qf-^ frozen iToods. industry in. vegetables, , In 19P5 we froze
12, 60b', 000' pounda. of fruit ; in 1938 , 245 ,000 ,0.pO . pounds . In 1951 v/e
first quick-froze a small quantity of. vegetable s^ . In 1938 we quio ' -
froze, according to the records, an estimated 100,000,000 pounds. .

., .. i expect the future syistem. of marketing vegetables, will devp;u.p
so as to market at least one-third of the vegetables quick*f roz$n', - ^
one-third canned and one-third as fresh, i made this prophecy four ■
years ago and believe it is as near as one. can estimate, at tht.^ ti:-'.t-r

t >

. Th"e United States Bureau ofForipign and. ppfliestic Crommerv.e' e^'ci-
mates the production of all '4uic,k;rfi^Q2;en,- ^o^is at 2.7a;, 40 7,. 76 6 pound n
in 1937. They believe' this will amo^iht to 480,000,000 poiunda for 1038,
one of the food trade, journals believes that, the 1938, out-put will be
about 500,000,000 pounds* •The-se-ajn©uii*s' w6Ul4 be -ehalleng*^^ by
authorities who draw the lin©'-tee^we«n slow-frozen and quick-frozen
foods. The proportic^ of. tfood stuff s. that are. "t^uly^. quick- frozen
would, be considerably l^^s;, probabay npt.. QVQ.r. 170,000, OOp, poiinds.

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• ■'-■ growing. Pains -Vr':. , ,. ........ . .,.. . . i- -..

,. , : V xai^idiy grovidn^' :indUstr3f. Is "alv^ays. ^n. danger of Vtemptirig.;'
short .cxi.ts that lead to grieff .' :^ifte 'a few-endeavots iat quick-freeising
are made without the proper equipinerit or' un.dexsft ending. ..Su.ch frozen,
products will disappoint the consximer. ' ^ulck-freezihg of fodds must
, begin iwith the .pi; eduction of the .produfit. The vege.tables must, be
' selecteid i:.6r the,'pr,bpier variety:. ..Tthej?: must lie .lwrvefs,t^, and .dieliverea
with ;pe$imentedaccurafy, and timeiliji(es.8. aip $a ti.6 majiitain the q.uality
Jiarvested,: Freezing itself Is not sufHtiierit,.; "In freezing low Fah-
renheit temper fixture s'of a.'bout mifl.us 25.° beioW zero 'at:e esseritial f br
the best .qu4lityv After t^ie .prodiict. ia,.auid^ sho.uld be

store'd in tempeiratures of^ ze,:^6^o:t I;eaa .eihd kfpt under iSud.fttempei|-
ature-s until delivered to the ..c6n;si«ii6r.,'.. ^ . .' * ,,

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Refriger a ted^ Foods Raise Quality and Reduce

Market Costs

Quick-freezing will influence the standards of living of a very
large part of our population. A short tine ago a prominent national
authority on marketing inquired from me as to what portion of the
population I thought could afford to buy quick-frozen foods. I re-
plied that I felt at least one-half of the population could afford
to buy vegetables, some fruits and meats, quick-frozen.

Strange as it may seem this industry not only caters to the
de luxe buyer of quality foods but also will serve equally well the
rural community v/hich can now produce, process and store quick-frozen
meats, vegetables and fruit at less cost than they are paying for
much of their vegetables and fruit produced out of season and meat
obtained from the local butcher shop.

Since we have learned some of the essentials for quick-freezing
perishable food- stuffs the next step is to successfully manage the
refrigerated food industry, so that the local rural communities can
all participate in the merchandising of meats, fruits and vegetables,
reduce the margin of distribution of short-circuiting the long route
to market, eliminate waste v/hich is associated with the distribution
of foodstuffs as fresh and stabilize the markets through ability to
store and hold until needed.

The so-called cold storage locker system, the number of which
is estimated to be anywhere from 2,000 to 3,000, is a movement in
this direction. Many of these establishments do not have the facili-
ties necessary to provide a satisfactory refrigerated food service.
It is indeed unfortunate that these communities do not have more
assistance on facts developed through our public agricultural insti-
tutions, our research and teaching of marketing foodstuffs lags far
behind that of production, ^his lag is, to a large extent, responsi-
ble for the embaircissing situation in agriculture.

Our medium of exchange, (money) the economics of distribution,
the sciences of distribution, and the relation of agriculture to the
other industries must all be correlated for successful merchandising
of the products which we produce on the farms. We still consider
marketing a matter of economics. This is only a small part of this
enterprise.

I am of the opinion that if v/e devote a reasonable part of our
efforts to sound merchandising of what we are producing on the farms
instead of trying to curtail production and make it fit with the
out-moded distributing system, we will find the need for curtailment
does not exist for our domestic production.

Before we can accomplish this purpose
own minds this is work to be done.

we

must clarify in our

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PENNSYLVANIA VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

Volime IX. July> 1939 No. 2

Publication of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

A. C. Thompson, Morris ville ---------._-^_- President

R. R. Brader, Berwick Vice-President

V/. B. Mack, State College ---------._ Secretary-Treasurer

Annual Vegetable Gardening and Plant Breeding

Field Day
State College. Friday. August 11. 1939

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llembers of the Pennsyl
are invited to come and bring
field day of the Association,
vegetable growing and breeding
phases of agriculture in which
been generally favorable for v
distributed rain except early
showers delayed planting about

vania Vegetable Growers^ Association
their friends to the annual summer
to study the various experiments on
in particular, and on all otner
they are interested. The season nas
egetables at State College, with well
in the season, when too frequent
10 days.

to vegetable

Tests which should prove specially interesting
growers and seedsmen are the following:

V

Vegetable Growing

1» Fertilizer placement experiments on sweet corn, to-
matoes, and cabbage. Methods of placeuient include mixing in the
^?r,!! i^ bands alongside the row, part of superphosphate in the row.
With the rest broadcast in a complete fertilizer, and broadcast,
iop-dressing nitrogen and potash and row placement of phosphorus
also are included for tomatoes. •

2. Tests of four different starter solutions and one
Plant growth horfnoi^G on tomato transplants. Tests include phos-
phoric acid and superphosphate solutions, ammo-Dhos solution, in-
dolebutyric acid solution, and complete fertilizer solution (Camp-
Deii Soup Co. formula) in comparison with water alone, apr>lied to
roots of plants. '

^- ^n . 3. Comparisons of tomato transplants with those seeded
girectly j.n the field include plants started under glass on Apr
i and transplanted June 1, seeded in the field Apr. £9, seeded in
tne tield May 10, and plants started under glass on Apr. 13 and
transplanted June 1. ^ f ^

^ ^* Experiments on the influencc_of Jxri^olion on the
^onomy of fertilizers for vegetables. In thGr;e oxooriments, ar
eirort is made to supply enough water to keep ctrfin r^ots moder-
ately moist and others somewhat less moist, in comparison witn ur-

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watered

plots. Under each watering treatment ap.i^^^
control Srea, conparisons are made .jaong no rertilizor ana ?uu,
1000, and gOOO lb. of 4-16-4 fertilizer per acre, in connection
vj-ti-h ffvot^yy n-^mi-pos on beans . caullflov/er, carrots, strawberries^
celeririiaatSei^^fceltsrspiAaSh, and peaL Experlraents up to tAe

present date this year do not show very striking results, because
of plentiful and fairly well distributed rainfall; diiferences may
develop, nowever, before field day arrives.

5. Variety trials » including 90 of sweet corn, AA of bush
bean, A of edible soybean, 16 of lina bean, 38 of celery, 29 of pep-
per, and 79 of tomato, will show the characteristics of tne differ-
ent new varieties and strains of these vegetables, in comparisoji
with good stocks of stazidard varieties. • ,

6. Exoerlncnts on loss of foliage of tomato, pepper,
eggTDlant will illustrate the effect on yield of foliage loss,
whetncr by insects, diseases, hail, or other causes.

and

10 cocunercial
sylvania
s arc being

31 third-
the locally

plants each
in the plant

1 interest

Plant Breeding

7. Tonatoes - The work consists of a test of
varieties and 50 selections of crosses made &t- the Penn
State College, now in the sixth generation. Also, test
conducted on 7 substrains of the'variety Penn State ana
generation selections of a cross. of Marvel with one of
reproduced varieties. In addition, 40 peleetions. of 45
of those lots which have previously, appeared promising
row tests are being growTi. These ghoiild prove of speci
to commercial grov/ers.

8. Peppers - A study is being made of 199 selected lots
of odppcrs, each of 1* plants, end of several conuuercial varieties.
Most of the lots are selections and crosses which have oeen inbred
from 1 to 3 generations. —.r ;...;... ■

9. S\;eot"Corn - Breeding studies are being conducted T.'ith
17 commercial strains and varieties and of I40 selections and cross -
■ea3;.produced at the Pennsylvania State College. In addition, 173 x|^-

bfed strains are being grown which will show a nunber of iatcreot....o
characters. Plants arc available ^vhich will illustrate jieonods c.
producing first generation cross and top cross seed.

ing of 343

head and o... ^ ^^.^, , - * .

not be siifficiently matiired by August 11 to illustrate iinportaa-c
differences, though uniformity and plant characteristics nay be t. -
dent.

!!• Antlrrhlnun - A study is being made of 167 strains oi
so-called rust resistant antirrninun or snapdragon. These wore su-
cured fron coimaercial so\irces and are grovm to study tne resistanct
to rust fron natxiral infection in tne field.

1939 Pea Variety Trials Show First Quality Strains

Records have been completed by E. M. Rahn, assisted by R.
F. Fletcher, on 61 varieties and strains of peas tested on the Penn-
sylvania State College faru in 1939 • Of these 21 v/ero rated as be-
ing of first or excellent edible quality. Dark or medium green,
large peas of first quality, of v/hich there v/ere 12 strains in the
trials, are suitable for market or for freezing; light green, large
peas of first quality are suitable for canning or hone use, and
small to large light green peas of best iij^aality are suitable for
commercial canning.

Medium to large, light green varieties suitable for canning
included 9 strains of excellent edible quality; in order of maturi-
ty from earliest to latest, these were the follov/ing:

Canncr Kin.^ - Large peas; vines 28 in. tall; 63 days to ma-
tui^ity; yield 27.1 lb. of pods per 100 ft. of row.

Y/isconsin Merit - Mediirn peas; vines 24 in.; 63 days. Plant-
ed later than other varieties; yield not recorded.

Wisconsin Peniy - Large peas; vines 22 in.; 64 days; yield
20.1 lb. per 100 ft.

Chief - Medium large peas; vines 4S in.; 64 days; yield
15.9 lb. per 100 ft.

Pride - Medium large peas; vines 26 in.; 64 days; yield
25.3 lb. i)er 100 ft. ^' - * , ^ ..-.• ' . ^ -. ...

Early' Per feet ah - Medium peas; vines 36 in.; 69 days; yi-eld

20.6 lb. per 100 ft. •

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• Perfoctah - Medium peas; vines 33 in.; 71 days; yield -
18.0 lb. per 100 ft.

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Walah - Large peas; vines 33 in.; 71 days; yield 15.4 lb.
per 100 ft; .' - -• -' . ■• :. •;

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Medii:im to dark green, large peas, of first quality, suitaW

for home and market use and for freezing, included the follav;ing:

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Glacier - Vines 28 in.; 60 days; yield 18. S lb. per 100 ft.
Gradus - Vines 30 in.; 63 days; yield 16.6 lb. per 100 ft.
Thoraas Laxton - Vines 32 in.; 63 days; yield 22.5 lb. per

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Laxton Progress - Vines 17 in.; 63 days; yield 20 lb. per
No. 95 leer - Vines 27 in.; 71 days; yield 14.2 lb.* per
Morse J»tarkot - Vines 27 in,; 71 days; yield 23.6 lb. per

100 ft.

100 ft.

100 ft.

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wyoning V^onder - Vinos 27 In.j 75 days; yield 13.
per 100 ft.

ft.

Fordhook - Vinos 30 in.; 75 days; yield 16.0 lb.* per 100

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nxv..rf Alderman -"vines 32 in.; 75 days; yield 10.4 lb.*
per 100 ft.

Tn,prn^^d TelGDhone - Vinos 60 in.; 75 days; yield 11.7 Id.*
per 100 ft.

* These varieties were infected by mosaic by an early in-
festation of aphids.

A conolete report of the pea trials vdll be nadc in ^^e
near futtr^i which^nore extensive information on Proportion of
peas of different sieve sizes, character o^ Pj-^^^^, PJ^^^^^^I;^,^,
pods and peas, and other inportant mforaation will be presented.

PENNSYLVAHTA VWITJITABLE GRCMERS NEWS

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Nos. 3 and 4

publicationof the :Pe^hsylvania Vegetable Grw^

^V AvC. Th<5fiip3oil. Mo^risville- . •. ..;•:.• • ' VV ^v! ^- IresidSt

, ..RvRi .Brader, 'Berwicit . . . -. . ..-.-•. • • v^:,;^i°!;|?||gure^

«.::B.r Mack, State .College . . . :•■ •• Secretaiy-Treasurer

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Annual Meeting, Harrisburg, Pa.
Tuesday and Wednesday, January 16 and. 17,

1?40.

The program for thi coming AmiuaaMeeti-iig-iisVb-igger-a-nd more -
.remising of valuable informatioAani; interest, than ever. It is well
CSded with up-to-date tal'kg ■ ^nd «i^cu?:sion;s of , production methods ,
2r?1lizers ^'o?er r^ropsv Soil cohsfervat ion, ihsect control, and
SetlSS Spelkers -who'will lead the' discussions are among the fore-
most in^he fo^lvv, in their respective. .fields of infoimation. ,

Tuesday Morning, January l6. • . ,
sion - R. H. Brader,.\/ice-J^r'es-i-dentr Berwick.

Chairman of ses

0-^0 - Modern Vegetable Production Methods, shbwn by Motion Pictures.

^' A y ?hnmr>^Sn President .. MorrisviUe.l -As Vice-President ana
P^od^ctigS^M^SAger Of King .^'arms Oomplny. -Mr,- Thompson t^as charge
of operations, on one of the largest ^and most -modern vegetable
farmi- in the United States/ Movies i^cplpr^ of -various farm
operations, some photographed from the ai^, -include large-scale
tillage operations, harvesting, packing,, irrigation, and^airplane
dusting and spraying for insect and disease^ control. This talk
was presented at the meeting of : the Vegetable Growers' Asso-
c?ltion of America, Dec. 4-7. by Mr. Thompson, who has brought
honor to Pennsylvania, by his recent election to ^^^ Presidency
of the international organization, the Vegetable Growers Assor
ciat ion of America for l-9;40.

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You cannot afford to miss tiiis talk. ' Thoufeh_ it illustrates •
large-scale operations, th^ principles of prganization, . ^

.ingenuity, and efficiency which are shown are applicable to any
vegetable growing e.nterpr'ise. ■ ; .. .'.; .

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10-00 - Fertilizer ExperJ^entsatJJenevaJNJ^

• of Einilfron: \. T^ a-aplevrTew York.AsrJ^ultur^^^^ Experiment .
atatiSn. -Geneva . N. Y> - iii£peH5gnts on fertlirzer analysis,
placemeAi, and use in connection with green manures at the New
York Experiment Station.,have attracted nation>.wide attention.
Professor Tapley, who ^vill be remembered Jy °^nyj^^^^%?f^°^''
Association as in charge of Vegetable Gardening at Penn State
from 1923 to 1926 and as a speaker on programs at several annual
meetings in that period, will discuss important findings of
those experiments.

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11:00 - ReduGlnK -Gullying and Soil. Losses on Vegetable Farms (Movies )-
F. fl. fianJer anTTTS. t-eterson. ^tate College. New ideas and
practices, developed during recent years and proved by practical
tests and demons trat ions on Pennsylvania vegetable farms,, will be
illustrated by Prof essors Earner and Peterson, who have appeared
before Pennsylvania Vegetable Grower audiences during recent
annual meetings, ..need no introduction.; they will bring new and
valuable information.

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New Ideas on Winter gov6r Crops. Discussion led Charles K,
Hallowell. Fhliadelphla. and J. D^

I.

Hallowell. Philadelphia, and J. D. Hutchison. Wilkes-Barre.
Continuing the 'section of the program- on conservation and improve
ment of the soil vegetable-minded. County Agents Hallowell and
Hutchison report on successful winter cover-crop demonstrations
on vegetable farms in ^ their respective counties.

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"Tuesday Afternoon
Chairman of session, A. c. 'i'nompson. President.

1:30 - Business Meeting. Reports'of officera and committees,

discussion and transaction of important business , and election
of officers for 1940.

2:00 - The Value to Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers ^6f the Mafketing"
Program of the Northeast Vegetable and Potato x^ouncil. -Ray
Wenker. Busjleton. The. Northeast Vegetable and Potato Council,
a group composed of representatives of vegetable growers* organ-
izations in New England and Middle Atlantic states, has been in
operation long enough. for its program to become effective and to
5 attract nationwide attention. Ray Wenker, one of Pennsylvania's
representatives, will explain its organization and show how it
benefits the Pennsylvania, vegetable grower. '

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2:50 - Growing and Marketing Pennsylvania Celery (Movies)- R. B.

Donaldson and ^/m, iSIffington, State College > Improved methods
of celery production and marketing in the Philadelphia area
demonstrated by these jextension specialists in vegetable mar-
keting and production have been continued through another season,
^ and their value has been shown further* Celery growers through-
out the state will obtain worth while suggestions from the ex-
periences of those cooperating in these demonstrations.

3; 00 - Vegetable Vari et'i^a ' f 6^ 1940. W^ T. Tapley. Geneva. N.Y.
Professor Tapiey contributed greatly to; th0 production of the
valuable "Vegetables of New York,". published by the New York
Agricultxoral Experiment Station at Geneva. He has continued
• his studies op vegetable varieties, and will bring the results
of his observations,'; ■

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Wednesday Morning, January 17
Chairman of session, A. C. Thompson, President

9.30 - Recent Studies in Plant Nutrition at the Pennsylvania State
College '. .VJ. B.Mack, State College I The Pennsylvania State
.. j3.oliege continues- to- be-araong the lead'etB in studies of. plant
'■• nutritio'n, both from .the practical and-th'e 'theoretical ipoints

of ■view. Recent advances in knowledge of principles and prac-
' tice of plant nvtritioh will be described by your secretary-
treasurei', . ■' '.I ..

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10 : 00 '- Recent Developments in Canninp^ Crop -Production in Maryland.
H. A. Hunter. University of Maryland. College .Park. Maryland.
•It has often been stated that the Pennsylvania vegetable canning
industry began as an 'extension of that in Maryland. Though the
Maryland industry is pr^e^^.e.^^^Xox-.ljsadership by that in Penn-
sylvania, growers of canning vegetables in the latter state may
learn much from the experiences and- obs^ervations of the former.
Dr. H. A. Hunter,- spec iallst on %ahhihg"6f ops at the Tlniversity
. , of Maryland, will relate these experiences and observations.

York . ■ •

11 : 00 r- Controlling Vegetable Insects.^ Hup:h Glasgow. Kew

Agricultural Experiment Station:. Gehfeva . N.. Y. In their reso- •
. .lUtions adopted at the meeting of January, -1959 , Pennsylvania
vegetable growers made a request for information on the control
of insects, particularly plant lice or cool-season vegetable
crops.. .Dr. Hugh Glasgow^ Chief :. in Entomology 'at the New York
. Agricultural Experiment Stationi has conducted extensive studies
on control of aphids or lipe on peas; and will discuss methods
of control of aphids as well as of other insects.

..■.•.■■ * » •
-.'♦•'• ■ • • . .

' *. ' . Wednesday Afternoon •' .^
,. Chairman of session, Harry Hopkins > Clarks Summit

1:30 -■ .Report of the 4-H Vegetable Judging Contest, Charles K; •
Hallowell, PhiladelphiaT chairman of the contest committee,
C , Dale Morley , Beaver 7 coach of the Beaver County team, and
Ralph Fetter olf> Henry Reed> and Jean Losch; members of the
Schuylkill County ^team, • ., ~~' -••• ' • '

• ' . ■".'<. ^ ...;.. .■..". • . • •

2:00, - Presentation of Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Club
Certificates > \

—————— w^—— r.. . . ,

■• • • • • ■ . •: ■ • ': '; . • ' <"■•■-'•.'*'••■

2:15 - Marketing Pennsylvania Vegetables/ -Discussion led by

. Mlbert Watts-, J^ellwooJ^ The new super-markets, Federal Surplus

Commodities Corporation purchases, food stainps, and state and
. regional marketing pr<)gram3 influence vegetable marketing

throughout the country.' Gilbert Watts, former President of the
Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers^ Association and member of the-
Board of Directors, author pf books on the Vegetable Growing
Business and on Roadside Marketing, nationally noted vegetable
grower, will lead the discussion of various prohlpjrs in mar-
keting whi^ii confront Pennsylvania growers*

i\

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IRREGULAR PAGINATION

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2:45 - Selling T^

KaniTl^iStlTr^n^BVar l^r Barry, S LanoasLer. Mr. K^ane

has &ad experlenot^nayiXini green-wrap tomatoea, and is at^
present a field mn for the Campbell Soup Company. He is well
qualified to disouM both types of tomato selling. ^M^.^Sloat,
of the Agrloultuptl Sxteailon Association in lA?°a3ter oOunty,
hfls had ample opportunity to observe developments in tomato
producu^ in tSlt oounty, and has had both h?f3 in these,
developments. Both tptftkere on this topic will present inter-
esting aspects of tftt tOttHtO business.

^eaetables for

I !

.L Facilities offered by th« Farm Show for the display or vegetables
have been enlarged and improved, and vegetable growers are urged to
take every advantage of thooo facilities. Filling ^^f SP^J® J,^^^
first-quality vegetablti will not only make an attractive feature
for the Fam Show, but wiU, reward the exhibitors and will advertise

Pennsylvania vei^etu Uiy a. .^ ... :....•.. . .••• •

"■ ,■ , ' ■ ■ ' . ■

The recently publiihed premium list for the 1940 Pennsylvania
Farm Show lists 4? olatiei of vegetables with nearly 2Q0 premiums
totaling more than |570 to be awarded.

The farmers* display olaM offers an opportunity for growers to
exhibit an assortment of vafietables. A grower »s collection^ of six
or more vegetables exhibited in commercial packs offers another con-
venient method for local groweri to show the high quality of locally
grown products. OreenhOUta crops may be exhibited collectively or
as single entries.

Mushrooms "may be entailed as white; cream or brown In'fancy or
button grades. Half -bushel containers are specified for root crpps,
onions, sweet potatooa and , Spinach. Other classes call for five
heads of cabbage, six StalkS^Of OSlery, and. three pumpkins or squashes.

Uniformity in S^iM, shape, and degree of matuijity and color must
receive consideration In th^ gRleOtion of vegetables for exhibit.
Succulent, well-colored root crops, free from injury are most attract
tive. Solid, matura oabbaee haads, uninjured by diseases or insects^
provide excellent exhibit fflatarl'al. To prppare 6elery for exhibition,
remove the discolorad OUtsr, Stems and wash the plants'. Outer stems
of Pascal and Emperor types, may be partly green, but Golden Plume ana
Easy Blanching muat b« fully blanched ♦

wap,'

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■ng.and Soil. Losses on Vegetable Farms (Movies )-

11:00 - RedUG Ing GrUll^r -mp, . ax^vx ^^^^.^^^ ^y --n -■ - j j^_ ■ ^_ i

p. fl. Earner and V. S. t'eterson. ^tate College. New Ideas ana
practices, developed during recent years and proved ^by practical
tests and demonstrations on Pennsylvania vegetable farms,, wxll be
illustrated by Prof essors Earner and Peterson, who have appeared
before Pennsylvania Vegetable Grower audiences durajig recent
annual meetings, need no introduction; they will bring new and
valuable information.

11:30 -

v.«..xx«j.nuing tne sec-cion or "cne program

ment of the s6il v«getable-minded County Agents Hallowell and
Hutchison report on suacessful winter cover-crop demonstrations
on vegetable farms in ^ their respective counties.

" " • . ■ ■ * • • ' • • • , f

■ ••■■•■ ■■ • ■ . .■ ■■••■'■ »

Tuesday Afternoon
Chairman of session, A. C 'i'nompson, President.

ove-

1:30 - Business Meeting, Reports'of officera and comnittees,

discussion and transaction of important business, and election
of officers for 1940.

..••" " ••

•, • • • -.^^ • ... . K , . ... . •. . . •:..;•..., - . .

2:00 - The Value to Pennsylvania Vegetable growers ^bf the Marketing
Program of the Northeast Vei5:etable~and Potato council »' 'Ray
Wenlcer. Bustleton. The. Northeast Vegetable and Potato Council,
a group composed of representatives of vegetable growers* organ-
izations in New England and Middle Atlantic states, has been in
operation long enough for its program to become effective and to
'attract nationwide attention. Ray Wenker, one of Pennsylvania's
representatives, will explain its organization and show how it
benefits the Pennsylvania, vegetable grower. •

' • ■ ■ • ■ • • • • • • • . ■ . . . . . * ■ ■ .

2:50 - growing: and Marketing Pennsylvania Celery (Movies)- R> B>

Donaldson and S. M. Huffinp;ton, State College > Improved methods
of celery production and marketing in the Philadelphia area
demonstrated by these extension specialists in vegetable mar-
keting and production have been continued through another season,
and their value has been shown further. Celery growers through-
out the state will obtain worth while suggestions from the ex-
periences of those cooperating in these demonstrations.

• • . ' i . . ■ * . '. ■ ■ ' • . ' . • '

5 ; 00 - Veg-e table yarie'tles'fo'r 1940. W« T. Tapley. .Genev-a. N. Y.
Professor Tapley contributed greatly to. tho production of the
valuable "Vegntables of New York,". published by the New York
Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva. He has continued
his studies on vegetable varieties, and will bring the results
of his observations. .

• . • #. >

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59

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Wednesday Morning, January 17
Chairman of session, A* C, Thompson, President

9:30 - Recent Studies in Plant Nutrition at the Pennsylvania State
College, .V/, B>.Mack> State College. The Pennsylvania State
V .. . Jj.oJ^lege continues t^* b-e-among the lead*e!PB in studies of plant
nutritioh, both from. the practical and'th'e 'theoretical points
. of ;view. Recent advances in knowledge of principles and prac-
't ice of plant nutrition will be described by your secretary-
• treasurei?, . • \' . .. .' . ' "^

' -^^ '.-^ . ■'■■■ ••....;.•.: '^ ■ • •

• J . • ■ ■ , • . • '

10 : 00^ - Recent Developments in Canning Crop -Production in Maryland.
. . .H« A. Hunter, University of Maryland^ College .Park, Maryland.
"It ha's often been statad that the Pennsylvania vegetable canning
industry began as an 'extension of that in Maryland. Though the
Maryland industry is prg^^.Qia^Xox-.ljsadership by that in Penn-
sylvania, growers of canning vegetables in the latter state may
learn much frpm the experiences and- obs,ervations of the former.

Dr. H. A. Hunter,* spBcialist on canhihg""' crops' at the University

. , of Maryland, will relate these experiences and observations.

• * ' ' ' >..■:■..■■ ^^ , ^ ^ ^ ^

11:00> Controlling Vegetable Insects'. Hugh Clasgow, New York .

'Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva 3. N. i. In their reso- •
...lutions adopted at the meet ing of January , 1959 9 Pennsylvania^-
vegetable growers made a request for information on the control
of insects, particularly plant lice or cool-season vegetable
crops.. ,Bt. Hugh Glasgow^ Chipf; in Entomology 'at the New York
Agricultural Experiment Station, has conducted extensive studies
on control of aphids or liee on peas,* and will discuss methods
of control of aphids as well as of other insects.

• • -• • *; . '.• . * • ^ . i . . ■ - ^ ■• ••• • ,■■■=•

'/ . . V/ednesday Afternoon
...... Chairman pf session, Harry Hopkins^ Clarks Summit

: ■'■/.'::'■ . . .•■':. . ■•■ •.'■ ' ^ ■ • • • •

1:30 -■ .Report of the 4-H Vegetable Judging Contest. Charles K;-
Hallowell, PhiladelphiaT chairman of the contest committee,
C . Dale Morley~ Beaver , coach of the Beaver County team, and
Ralph Fetter olf, Henry Reed, and Jean Losch, members of the

Schuylkill County *team. T ;*; .. . .. • ...... ' • ••

.... • . ,••••.■..'_ . 1 . . . . • i . .

. • . • * • ■

2:00. - Presentation of Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Club
Certificates.

S . . . . • r-. . . ■ ,

, .^ . . , .. • •• .■: . ■: ;.. ..... , .... . ^ •

2:1^^ - Marketing Pemisylvania Vegetables. -Discussion led by

. Gilbert Watts ; -^ellwooH^ The new super-markets. Federal Surplus

Commodities Corporation purchases , food stainps,'and state and
. regional marketing program3 influence vegetable marketing

throughout the countiy. - Gilbert Watts, former President of the
Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers^ Association and member of the-
Board of Directors, author pf books on the Vegetable Growing
Business and on Roadside Marketing, nationally noted vegetable
grower, will lead the discussion of various jprohle^m^ in mar-
keting whiolx confront PennsyU'-a/iia growers %

iJ ^

•i^

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r

-4-

?-45 - Selling Tomatoes for areen Wraps «nd for Canning. ^^^^P^_,^
* r^r tfn?fiin^»J^2!f^^^ i41oai" Lancaster. Mf- ^^^^

S^ &ad wegienc e In s elllHg . ereen-wrap tomatoe s , and is at
S?lseSt a field man for the Campbell Soup Company. He is well
?,^oi??L? to discuss both types of tomato selling. Mr. Sloat,

. esting: aspects, of the tomato business, .

lS£i

TTacilities offered by the Farm Show for the display of vegetables
have ^tef eniaJgeflnd improved, -nd vegetable growers a^urg^

^f?St!;^SitrvfglfIb?L^S!ri iol'oiir^^Jl^^^^^^^^^^

ror^riam^Shol, but will, reward the exhibitors and will advertise
Pennsylvania vegetables.. .. • . ....,..:....•.-•

The recently published premium list for the 1?40 Pennsylvania
Faim sll?w nits 47^ lasses of vegetables with nearly 2Q0 premiums
totaling more than $570 ^o^ ^e awarded. - /

The farmers* display class offers an opportunity Jj^^f°^®" ^°
as single entries •

uniformity in size, shape and degree ^^ f^JlfJi^y^^^^Ji^J ""^*
receive consideration in the selection of vegetables for exhibit.
SuccSInt well-colored root crops, free from injury are most attrac-
tive! Solid! mtSe cabbage heads, uninjured ^ <^i^5S^?^,°^J^?f!?l^A
provide. exeeil6ht exhibit mterial. To P^^Pf-^^^i^-^ .^°^.^f ^?^^^'''''
remove the discolored outer stems and wash ^^^^ P^^^^^^* ^^^J^J,!^^ ?nd
of Pascal and Emperor types may be partly green, but Golden Plume ana
Easy Blanching must be fully blanched* . :. •

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