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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

THE

PEOPLE'S
HORSE, CATTLE, SHEEP, AND SWINE
DOCTOR:

CONTAINING, IN FOUR PARTS,
CLEAR AND CONCISE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DISEASES OF THE
RESPECTIVE ANIMALS, WITH THE EXACT DOSES

OF MEDICINE FOR EACH.

EDITED BY

WILLIAM H. CLARKE.

ILLUSTRATED.

NEW YORK:
M. T. RICHARDSON, PUBLISHER.
1891.

Copyricut, 1891. -
By M. T. RicHarpson.
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THE BEN-FRANKLIN PRESS,
45 70 51 ROSE ST,
_ NEW YORK. ae

PREFACE.

—EEEE

THE title page of this work explains its nature, scope,
and character so perfectly that little else need be said
on the subject. It is compiled from the highest author-

ities and the latest editions of their respective works.
For example, the parts entitled ‘‘ Medicines and their
Doses ” and “ Medicines and their Classes” are based, or
chiefly based, on the seventh edition of Dun’s ‘ Vet-
erinary Medicines.” Prof. Percivall’s works, from which
numerous extracts have been made, are getting old, it is
true; but as his words are often quoted by all modern
veterinary authors, no apology is needed for the extracts
from that source in this work. ‘The illustrations, num-
bering, in the aggregate, 232, are the best of their kind,
and are taken from here and there. Many are from May-
hew and Armitage.

One of the drawbacks of most veterinary books is the
confusion of nomenclature. This is an almost necessary
fault of this volume, for if several of the different names
by which some diseases are known were not given, how
could the unprofessional reader recognize them? For
example, on page 225 is the following: ‘‘ Carbuncular
‘fever (anthrax), also called Texas fever, splenic fever,
trembles, charbon, blain, &c.” Page 238: <‘‘ Hoven
(tympanites), also known as hove, hoove, blown, dew-
blown, fog-sickness, &c.” Page 322: ‘Swine plague or
swine anthrax, also known as hog cholera, red soldier,
blue sickness, measles, erysipelas, intestinal fever, typhoid
fever, &c.” The using of the word ‘thrush’ to indicate
both disease of the foot and the mouth is certainly inex-
cusable confusion. (See pages 196, 238, 296.) It is like
using the word ‘fang’ to indicate the root as well as the

iv PREFACE.

crown of a tooth. These and similar defects, in veterin-
ary as well as other works, will probably pass away in
the course of time.

As a rule, where practicable, a plain English word has
been used to name a disease, the technical name being
given in a parenthesis. Where not practicable, the tech-
nical name is explained as in the following examples:
‘‘Kethyma (boil-like eruptions).” ‘Herpes (creeping,
spreading).” ‘Hrythema (red, rose-colored).” Scores of
other parenthetical explanations are made here and there
throughout the work.

The two descriptions of ‘ Measles’ (pages 316 and 328)
appear to be inharmonious. The first, based on Gress-
well, refers to the well known febrile skin disease; the
second, based om Armitage, refers to measle worms. In
quoting from different authors, there is sure to be more
or less confusion and a few apparent contradictions. |

Some useful information is contained in a note on
page 13—namely, the measurement of medicines in ordi-
nary utensils. An important addition to the note, espe-
cially to farmers, is the fact that an average sized grain
of wheat weighs cne-half grain—apothecaries’ weight.

New York, July, 1891.

INDEX.

Notsr.—As the medicines are alphabetically arranged on pages 13 to 29,
they are not indexed; nor are their classes—pages 30 to 37.

ABORTION, cattle 290, sheep 314.

Abseess of scrotum, horse 127.

Abscess, serous, horse 66.

Abuse, self; horse 12’.

Actinomycosis (known in the past as
cancerous tongue) cattle 228.

Acute indigestion, horse 97.

Acute pulmonary congestion, cattle
263.

Albuminous urine, horse 116, ox 270.

' Amaurosis or glass eye, horse 139.

Amputation of the penis, horse 126.

Anemia or lack of blood, eattle 234.

Anzmic palpitation, erttle 255.

Anthrax (carbuncular or Texas fever)
eattle 225, sheep 308, swine 322.

Aphtha or thrush (of mouth) cattle
238, sheep 296.

Apoplexy, cattle 266, swine 324.

BALDNESS, horse 168, cattle 280.

Barrenness, mare 64.

Bees, hornets, &e. stings of, 192.

Belly hernia, horse 59.

Birth, a natural, calf 293.

Bitters, definition and use of (note) 39.

Black Leg or Black Quarter, cattle
2277.

Black Water, cattle 270.

Bleeding from lungs, horse 90, cattle
263.

Bleeding from nostrils, horse 76, cat-
tle 258,

+

Bloody urine, horse 117, cattle 270.

Blue Disease, cattle 255.

Boils, how to treat, cattle 279.

Bog Spavin, horse 197.

Bone brittleness, horse 68, cattle 233.

Bone Spavin, horse 196.

Bots, horse 100, cattle 285, sheep 318.

Broken-Wind, horse 92.

Bronchitis, horse 82, cattle 259.

Bronchitis, chronic, horse 85, ox 260.

Bronchitis, parasitic, cattle 260. ;

Bronchocele or Goiter, horse 78, cat-
tle 234.

Bruise of the,sole, horse 188.

Bruises, general, 188.

Brushing or Interfering, horse 186.

Burns and Scealds, 181.

CANCEROUS TUMOR OF VULVA, mare
126.

Canker in horse’s foot, 194.

Capped Elbow, Hock, and Knee, 209.

Carbuncle, cattle 280, sheep 297.

Cataract of horse’s eye, 138.

Cataract, green, horse 139.

Catarrh, malignant, ox 231, sheep 300.

Catarrh, simple, horse 70, cattle 258,
swine 332.

Cattle Plague, 228.

Cerebro-spinal fever, horse 48.

Choking, horse 155, cattle 239.

Colic, flatulent, horse 104, cattle 245.

Colic, simple, cattle 245,

vl INDEX.

Colie, spasmodic, horse 102.

Colt Ill (strangles) 42.

Contined (unprotrudable) penis, horse
126.

Congestion of the kidneys, cattle 271.

Congestion of the liver, horse 133.

Congestive Pneumonia, horse 80.

Constipation, horse 110, cattle 246,
swine 331.

Consumption, horse 91, cattle 225.

Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia, ox 223.

Corns, horse 200.

Cough, horse 75.

Cow-pox, 229.

Cracked Heel, horse 173.

Crib-biting, horse 144.

Curb, horse 200.

DELIRIUM, cattle 264.

Dental instruments, 145 to 151; the
names of same, 152.

Diabetes, horse 63, cattle, 234, 270.

Diaphragm, spasm and rupture of,
horse 94.

Diarrhea, horse 107, cattle 246, sheep
307, swine 332.

Diphtheria, horse 49. cattle 230.

Dislocations, horse 193.

Distention of the rectum, cattle 251.

Dizziness or staggers, horse 55.

Dropsies, horse 64, 65, 66, 127, cattle
250, 280.

Dysentery, horse 108, ox 247, sheep
307.

Dyspepsia, horse 99.

Dysuria (painful urination) cattle 272

Ears, sheep’s, keep clean, 320.

Eethyma (skin disease) horse 162, ox
279, sheep 298.

Eezema (skin disease) horse 160, ox
275, sheep 297.

Klephantiasis (thick skin) horse 164,
ox 278.

Embolism (plugging a vessel) 257.

Engorgement and inflammation of the
rumen or first stomach, ox 241.

Engorgement of the omasum or third
stomach, ox 240.

Enlargement of kidneys, horse 120.

Enlargement of the lachrymal (eye)
earuncle, horse 141..

Epilepsy or fits, ox 265, swine 325.

Equine (horse) syphilis, 121.

Esophagus or throat, stricture, rup-
ture, and opening of, horse 154 155.

Erysipelas, horse 45, cattle 276.

Erythema (skin disease) horse 157, ox
274, sheep 297.

Eyelid, laceration of, horse 180.

Kyes, injuries of, horse 180.

FARDEL-BownD, cattle 240.

False Quarter, horse 191.

Farcy-Glanders, horse 67.

Fever, brain and spinal cord (cerebro-
spinal meningitis) horse 48, ox 269.

Fever, acute or inflammatory, horse
og:

Fever, carbuncular or Texas, ox 225,
sheep 308.

Fever, catarrhal (influenza) horse 40.

Fever, diphtheritic, horse 49.

Fever, horse-pox, 49.

Fever, low or typhoid, horse 40.

Fever, milk (parturient apoplexy) cow
268.

Fever, purple, horse 47, ox 235.

Fever, pus (strangles or colt-ill) 42.

Fever, scarlet. cattle, 235.

Fever, simple or continued, horse 39.

Fistula, horse 59.

Fistula in the withers, horse 61.

Fistula of the anus, horse 62.

INDEX.

Fistulous Parotid Duct, horse 62.
Flatulent Colic, horse 104, cattle 245.
Flatulent stomach (colic) horse 101.
Flukes, rot of liver caused by, 305.
Flyblow, horse 68.

Foot and Mouth Disease, ox 224.
Foot-Rot, sheep 303.

Foreign bodies in the heart, ox 257.
Fractures, horse 192, cattle 287.
Frost Bite, horse 189.

Foul in the Foot, cattle 286.
Founder, horse 201, cattle 286.

GAD-FLIEs, horse 100, cattle 286.

Garget, cattle 289.

Glanders-Farcy, horse 67.

Glass-Eye, horse 139.

Goiter, horse 78. cattle 234.

Gid (sturdy, turnsick, &c.) sheep, 309.

Grass and Stomach Staggers, horse
97, cattle 240.

Grease (skin disease) horse 166.

Green Cataract, horse 139.

Greasiness of the skin, horse 176.

HEART, palpitation of, horse 130.

Heart, various disorders of, horse 130.

Hernia (rupture) horse 58, 59, ox 252.

Herpes (skin disease) horse 161, cat-
tle 276.

Horn Tumor of horse’s foot, 208.

Horse-Pox, 49.

Hidebound, horse 173.

Hoven (swelling) ox 238, sheep 317.

Hoose or Husk (worms in throat and
bronchial tubes of sheep) 310.

Hydrothorax (water in chest) horse
88.

Hysteria, mare 126._

IMPERFORATE ANUS, cattle 251.
~ Indigestion, acute, horse 97.

vil

Indigestion. chronic (dyspepsia) horse
99, cattle 245.

Inflamed lymphatics, horse 186.

Inflamed vein, horse 183.

Inflammation of the bladder, horse
119, cattle 273.

Inflammation of the bowels, horse
105, cattle 248.

Inflammation of the brain, horse 48,
cattle 264.

Inflammation of the heart, cattle 256,
257

Inflammation of the kidneys, horse
115, cattle 271.

Inflammation of the liver, horse 132,
eattle 253,
Inflammation of the lungs (pneumo-
nia) horse 79, ox 261, swine 333.
Inflammation of the mouth, horse 153.
Inflammation of the penis, horse 123.
Inflammation of the~ pericardium,
horse 129, cattle 255.

Inflammation of the peritoneum, cat-
tle 249.

Inflammation of the stomach, horse
96.

Inflammation of the testicles, horse
126.

Inflammation of the tongue, horse 153.

Inflammation of the urethra, horse
123.

Inflammation of the vagina, mare 124.

Inflammation of the womb, mare 125.

Inflammatory pneumonia, horse 80.

Inflation (under skin) cattle 280,

Influenza (catarrhal fever or pink eye)
horse 40.

Inguinal (groin) and scrotal hernia or
rupture, horse 58.

Tnjured eyes, horse 180.

Injuries of month, tongue, jaws, &c.

- horse 181.

Vili

‘Tnterfering or Brushing, horse 186.

Intestinal and stomach concretions
(stones) horse 111.

Intussusception or Introsusception,
horse 113, cattle 252.

Inversion and protrusion of the blad-
der, horse 120, cattle 273.

JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS, horse 133,
cattle 253.
Joint-Il], sheep, 312.

KIDNEYS, congestion of, cattle 271.

Kidneys, eysts in, horse 120.

Kidneys, enlargement of, horse 120.

Kidneys, inflammation of, horse 115,
cattle 271.

LACERATED KNEE, horse 184.
Lambing or Milk Fever, sheep, 313.
Lampas, horse 153.

Lice, horse 168, cattle 284.

Lichen and Prurigo (skin diseases)
horse 159, cattle 278.

Lip, tumor of, horse 154.

Liver, concretions, congestion, rup-
ture, and hydatid tumors of, horse
133; inflammation of, horse 132,
eattle 253.

Lock-Jaw, horse 53, with note; cat-
tle 234, sheep 318.

Louping-II] or Trembling, sheep 314.

Lymphangitis (weed or swelled legs)
horse 56.

MALIGNANT CATARRH, ox 231, sheep
300.

Mallenders and Sallenders, horse 202.

Mange, horse 168, cattle 281, sheep
301, swine 334,

‘ Mark,’ the, horse 215, 221.

Measles, sheep 316, swine 328,

INDEX.

Medicines, how to measure them in
ordinary utensils (note) 13.

Megrims (vertigo, dizziness, &c.) horse
55, cattle 265.

Milk Fever, cattle 268, sheep 313.

Moon-Blindness, horse 136.

Muir-IIl, cattle 270.

Na&vuvs (skin spots of various kinds,
often having an erectile character ;
they may be single or multiple, are
more or less pulsating, have a deep
purple color, an irregular, Hattened
appearance, and resemble warts;
remedy—ahsorption, cauterization,
adhesive inflammation, excision, or
ligature) cattle 280.

Nasal Gleet, horse 73.

Nasal Polypus, horse 77.

Navel Hernia, horse 59.

Navel Ill or Navel Pocking, sheep 312.

Nettle-Rash or Surfeit, horse 158, ox
277.

Non-secretion of Milk, ewe 320.

OBSTRUCTIONS IN THE TEATS, ox 293.

Ophthalmia or Moon-Blindness, horse
136, sheep 319.

Open Knee and other joints, horse
184.

Opening the throat or esophagus,
horse 155.

Opening the windpipe, horse 44.

Osteoporosis (hardening) horse 68.

Ovaries, diseases of, mare 127.

Overreach and Tread, horse 189.

Ozena or Nasal Gleet, horse 73.

PALPITATION OF THE HEART, horse
130.

Paralysis (paresis, palsy) horse 51, ox
266, swine 333,

rae

INDEX.

Parrot-Mouth, horse 143.

Pemphigus or watery bladders, cattle
279.

Penis, amputation of, horse 126.

Piles, horse 113, cattle 251, swine
330.

Pink-Eye (influenza) horse 40.

Pleurisy, horse 86, cattle 262.

Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious, cattle
223.

Pneumonia, horse 79, cattle 261.

Pneumonia, chronic, horse 82.

Pneumonia, inflammatory, horse 80.

Poisons, a few, with antidotes, cattle
236.

Poll-Evil. horse 60.

Polypus, nasal, horse 77.

Polypus of stomach, horse 101.

Pricked Foot, horse 188.
Protruded Penis, horse 126.
Protrusion of the Anus or Rectum,
horse 114, cattle 251, swine 330.
Prurigo and Lichen (skin diseases)
horse 159, cattle 278.

Pruritus, horse 165.

Psoriasis (scaly inflammation of skin)
horse 163.

Pumice Foot, horse 210.

Quinsy (inflammation of the throat
or adjacent parts) swine 333.
Quittor, horse 190.

RABIES OR HyDROPHOBIA, horse 50,
sheep 318.

Red Water, cattle 270, sheep 319.

Retention of urine, horse 120, cattle
272.

Rheumatism, horse 63, cattle 232,
swine 333.

Rickets (soft or pliable bone) horse
69, cattle 233,

1x

Ringbone, horse 203.

Ringworm or Tetter, horse 171, cattle
283.

Ringworm, yellow or honeycomb,
horse 171.

Roaring, horse 74.

Rot or Fluke Disease, sheep 305.

Rupture, horse 58, cattle 252, 255.

Ruptured tendons and ligaments, horse
187.

Rupture of blood vessels, cattle 255.

Rupture of diaphragm, horse 94.

Rupture of esophagus or throat, horse
155.

Rupture of stomach, horse 101.

SADDLE GALLS, horse 182. _

Saddle Seald, horse 172.

Salivary Calculi (stones) horse 154.

Sallenders and Mallenders, horse 202.

Sanderack, horse 209.

Seab or Seabies (mange) horse 168,
cattle 281, sheep 301, swine 334.

Serofula, horse 91, cattle 225.

Scarlet Fever, horse 46, cattle 235.

Scrotal and Inguinal (groin) hernia or

‘rupture, horse 58, swine 332.

Seurf (bran-like scales, with slight
redness of skin, but without dis-
charge; chronic, non-contagious,
with some itching; good habitat
for vermin) cattle 280.

Seedy Toe, horse 205.

Self-Abuse in stallion, 127.

Serous Abscess, horse 66.

Sheep-pox, 299.

Sheep Tick, the, 315.

Shivering or Jinkback, horse 210.

Sidebone, horse 204.

Sitfasts, horse 182.

Softening of spinal cord, cattle 269.

Sore and obstructed teats, cows 290,

x

Sore lips in calves, lambs, goats, and
pigs, 276.

Soreness about anus, horse 174.

Sore Throat or Laryngitis, horse 72,
cattle 258.

Spasm of the diaphragm, horse 94.

Spasmodie Colic, horse 102.

Spasms and Convulsions, horse 51.

Speedy-Cut, horse, 186.

Spleen, diseases of, horse 135.

Splint (bony tumor or exostosis) horse
198.

Sprain of muscles, tendons, ligaments,
horse 187.

Sprain of the back sinews of the hind
legs, horse 204.

Staggers, stomach and grass, horse
97, cattle 240.

Staggers (dizziness or vertigo) horse
55.

Stitches or sutures for wounds, horse
178.

Stomach and Intestinal Concretions
(stones) horse 111.

Stomach Staggers, horse 97, cattle
264. 5

Stomachs of the ox, the four, 242. ~

Stones urinary, horse 118, cattle 273.

Stones or Calculous Concretions, horse
111, cattle 273.

Strain of loins muscles, horse 186.

Strangles (colt ill or pus fever) horse
42.

Strangury (passage of urine drop by
drop) 272.

Stricture of the esophagus or throat,
horse 154.

Stringhalt, horse 199, cattle 269.

Sturdy (gid, turnsick, turnside) sheep
309.

Suppression and Retention of urine,
horse 120, cattle 272.

\
\

INDEX.

Surfeit or Nettle-Rash (skin disease)
horse 158, cattle 277.

Sutures (stitches) for wounds, horse
178.

Swelled legs (weed or lymphangitis)
horse 56.

Swine Measles, cause of and danger
from, 328, 329.

Swine Plague (anthrax, hog cholera,
red soldier, blue sickness, measles,
&e.) 322.

Syphilis, equine, 121.

TEETH, disorders of, horse 142, cattle
288.

Tendons, wounded, horse 185.

Tetanus or Lock-Jaw. horse 53, with
note; cattle 234, sheep 318.

Tetter or Ringworm, horse 17], eattle
283.

Texas Fever (anthrax, carbuncular
fever, &c.) cattle 225.

Thorough-pin of the Hock, horse 197.

Thorough-pin of the Knee, horse 198.

Thrush (of foot) horse 196.

Thrush or Aphtha (of mouth) cattle
238, sheep 296.

Torpid liver, draft for, cattle 254.

Tracheotomy or opening the wind-
pipe, horse 44.

Tread and Overreach, horse 189.

Trichina Spiralis or Pork .Worms,
326.

Tuberculosis or Consumption, horse
91, cattle 225.

Tumor and Fungus of the Orbit, horse
141.

Tumor of the Elbow, horse 182.

Tumor of the Face, horse 154.

Tumor of the Lip, horse 154.

Tumor of the Thyroid Gland, horse
78.

INDEX.

Turnsick, Turnside, Goggles, Gid, &c.
sheep 309.

Twins, cow 293.

Twisted or strangled bowels, horse
112, cattle 252.

Urinary Srones, horse 118, cattle
273.

VEIN, inflamed, horse 183.
Venomous bites and stings, 192.
Vertigo or Dizziness, horse 55.

WARBLE OR Bort-Fiy, cattle 285.
Warbles or Grubs, horse 183.

xl

Warbles in ox, 183.

Warts, horse 174, cattle 280.

Water on the Brain, cattle 267.

Watery Hyes, horse 140

Weed or swelled legs, horse 56.

Weed, chronic, horse 164.

Windgalls, horse 205. —

Worm in the Eye, horse 140.

Worms, horse 111, cattle 287, sheep
310, 311, swine 326-329.

Wounded Tendons, horse 185.

Wounds, horse 177, cattle 287.

YELLOWS OR JAUNDICE, horse 133,
cattle 253.

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

Acid, Acetic.—Is used externally only.

Acid, Hydrochloric.—Of diluted or medicinal acid
horses take $ to 2 drams* (drachms), cattle 2 to 4 drams,
sheep and swine 15 to 20 drops, in 40 or 50 times its
bulk of water, often given with bitters and iron.

Acid, Nitric.—Of diluted medicinal acid horses and
cattle take 1 to 2 drams, sheep and swine 10 to 20 drops,
largely diluted with water; often conjoined with bitters.
For external use, a dram in a pint of water is strong
enough for all except escharotic (caustic) purposes. An
ointment and a paste are also used.

Acid, Nitro-Hydrochloric.—Diluted and in the same
doses as nitric acid.

Acid, Sulphuric.—Horses take of the medicinal acids
1 to 2 drams, cattle 2 to 4 drams, sheep $ to 1 dram,
swine 10 to 20 drops, several times a day, freely diluted
and often conjoined with aromatics and bitters. As an
external astringent, 10 to 20 drops of medicinal acid are
mixed with an ounce of water.

Aconite.—Horses, 20 to 30 drops; cattle $ to 1 dram;
sheep and swine, 5 to 10 drops. Fleming’s tincture of
aconite is about 4 times stronger than most others, and
must be used accordingly.

* A teaspoon contains 1 fluid dram; a dessert-spoon 2; a table-spoon
1-2 a fluid ounce; a wine glass 2 to 21-2 fluid ounces; teacups 5 to 7
fluid ounces: common tumblers from 8 to 10 fluid ounces.

In apothecaries’ weight 20 grains make 1 scruple, 3 scruples 1 dram, 8
drams 1 ounce; (pound not used except at wholesale, when 16 ounces,
avoirdupois, is the standard). In jlwid measure 60 minims make 1 dram,
8 drams 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pint, 2 pints 1 quart, 4 quarts 1 gallon. In
England 20 ounces make 1 pint, imperial measure.

14 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

Alcohol.—Of rectified spirit, that is, alcohol made from
grain, not the kind made from wood, horses take about
1 oz. (ounce), cattle 1 to 3 0z., sheep } 0z., swine 2 drams.
Rectified spirit is also called spirit of wine. Whisky, gin,
and brandy are about half the strength of rectified spirit ;
sherry and port about a third the strength of whisky; ale
about half the strength of sherry and port. In critical
cases they have to be given at intervals of 1 or 2 hours.

Aloes.—Horses, 2 to 10 drams; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces;
sheep, » to 1 ounce; swine, 2 to 5 drams, twice a day.
For colts allow 5 grains for every week of their age. Aloes
purge the blood as well as the bowels.

Alums.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep and
swine, 20 grains to 2 drams, in ball or solution.

Ammonize Liquor Fortior.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams;
cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep and swine, 1 dram. Liquor
ammonie and aromatic spirit of ammonie, being about
half the strength, are given in double doses.

Ammonium Carbonate.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cat-
tle, 3 to 6 drams; sheep and swine, 15 to 60 grains, in
ball, linseed meal, or gruel. Used cold.

Ammonium Chloride.—In same doses as ammonium
carbonate.

Ammonii Acetatis (Liquor).—Horses and cattle, 1 to
4 ounces, given in 5 or 6 parts of water, diluted spirit,
or linseed tea. Diluted spirit means half alcohol and
half water.

Amyl-Nitrite.—Horses and cattle, 8 to 10 drops. Try
small dose first. When given hypodermically, half doses
usually suffice. Inhaled, on sugar or in draught, with
rectified spirit or ether.

Anise.—Horses, 1 02.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and
swine, 2 to 3 drams, several times daily, powdered. Anise
oil, mixed with a little spirit and olive or other mild oil,
destroys lice. Linseed, palm, and cod liver are also mild
oils. ‘A little spirit’ means alcohol (in proportion.)

es ts

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. ay

Antimony Tartrate (Tartar Emetic)—When given
to horses or cattle for sedative, alterative, or expectorant
effects, 1 to 4 drams, 3 or 4 times daily, in ball or solu-
tion. As an emetic for swine, 4 to 10 grains.

Areca-Nut.— Horses, 4 to 6 drams, in soup, mucilage,
or milk. Also called catechu or betel-nut palm.

Arnica, Tincture.—Horses, 4 drams to 1 ounce; cat-
tle double the quantity, in water, ale, or gruel.

Arsenic.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 6 grains; sheep, 1
to 2 grains. Usually given once a day for 8 or 10 days.

Asafetida.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, 1 ounce;
sheep, 1 dram, several times daily, in ball or solution.

Atrophine (Sulphate).—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3
drams. Hypodermically, 1-5 or less the quantity. For
prompt and marked antispasmodic and anodyne effects,
it should be combined with equal parts of morphine.

Belladonna.—Of the dried powdered leaves horses and
cattle take about 2 ounces. It is usually made into ex-
tracts, succus, or tincture. Of the green extract (British
Pharmacopeia process), horses take 1 to 2 drams, cattle
2 to 3 drams, sheep 10 to 20 grains.

Bismuth.—Of the sub-nitrate horses take 1 to 2 drams.

Boric Acid.—Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 drams; colts
and calves, 20 to 30 grains.

Bromides.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams, in ball or water.

Broom.—Horses, 1 ounce of the succus (the fluid ob-
tained by pressing plants, flesh, &c.)

Buchu.—Of the leaves horses and cattle take 1 to 4
ounces, in linseed tea or barley water.

Caffeine.—Horses, 10 grains; hypodermically (under
the skin), 5 grains.

Calabar Bean.—Horses and cattle, 15 to 30 grains.

Calcium Oxide.—Of quicklime horses and cattle take
1 to 2 drams, sheep 20 to 30 grains. Of lime-water horses
and cattle, 4 to 5 ounces; sheep, 2 drams to 1 ounce.
Two ounces of lime-water and gentian infusion often check

16 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

diarrhea in feeble calves; half the dose for sheep. For
calves and dogs saccharated lime is used as an antacid
and stomachic. It is made by rubbing an ounce of slaked
lime with two ounces of sugar, transferring the mixture
to a bottle containing a pint of water, shaking, and sep-
arating the clear solution with a siphon. It renders the
milk conveniently alkaline, without diluting it as the lime-
water does. Antacids obviate acidity of the stomach.

Calcium Carbonate.—Horses, 1 to 2 0z.; cattle, 2 to
4 0z.; sheep, 2 to 4 drams; swine, 1 to 2 drams, in ball
or solution.

Calcium Chlorata.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams; cattle, 2
to 4 drams; sheep, about 1 dram.

Calcium Phosphate.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 drams ;
sheep, 5 to 10 grains, in food.

Calomel.—See ‘ Mercurous Chloride.’

Camphor.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams; cattle, 2 to 4 drams;
sheep and swine, 20 to 40 grains. For external use dis-
solve in 6 or 8 parts of proof spirit, linseed oil, or oil of
turpentine. Proof spirit consists of 5 pints of rectified
spirit and 3 pints of water.

Cannabis Indica.—Horses and cattle take the extract
in + to 1 dram doses. Tincture—horses, 1 to 2 drams;
cattle, 2 to 4 drams. ;

Cantharides.—Horses, 4 to 20 grains; cattle, 10 to 20
grains; sheep and swine, 2 to 8 grains, once or twice a day.

Carbolic Acid.—Horses and cattle, 15 to 40 drops;
sheep and swine, 5 to 8 drops, in ball, water, or glycer-
ine and water. Better in fluid.

Cascarilla Bark.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, 1 0z.; ~
sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, in ball, infusion, or
tincture.

Castor Oil.—Horses and cattle, about a pint; sheep
and swine, 2 to 4 0z., alone or with gruel, milk, or aro-
matics.

Catechu.—Horses, 1 to 3 drams; cattle, 2 to 6 drams;

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 19

sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, 3 or 4 times a day, in
mucilage or gruel.

Chamomile Flowers.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.;
calves, sheep, and swine, 1 dram. Sometimes used as
fomentations and poultices.

Charcoal (Carbon).—Horses, 4 drams to 1 0z.; cattle,
1 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 3 drams, in gruel or other
mucilaginous fluid.

Chloral (Hydrate).—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, 4
drams to 1 oz.; sheep and swine, 4 to 2 drams, in sirup
(syrup), every 2 or 3 hours.

Chlorine is made by heating common salt and man-
ganese black oxide with sulphuric acid. The gas is in-
haled or the fresh solution applied in spray for ulcerated
or diphtheritic sore throat in horses, and to abate the
discharge and fetor in diseases of the facial and frontal
sinuses (cavities). Both destroy the mites infesting the
air-passages of calves and lambs. The liquor chlori (wa-
ter charged with chlorine gas) is often introduced into
the windpipe. Chlorine is irritant, stimulant, antiseptic
(opposed to putrefaction), deodorant, and disinfectant.

Chloroform.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and
swine, 4 drams to 1 oz.; given on blotting paper or
sponge for sheep and swine; on sponge or in bag for
horses and cattle; put sponge in nostril. The chloro-
formed horse must have its knees protected with stout
caps. Internal dose—horses and cattle, 1 to 2 drams;
sheep and swine, 20 to 40 drops, in sirup, mucilage,
whisked egg, or weak alcohol, every 2 or 3 hours.

Chloroform, Spirit of.—Horses, 1 oz.; cattle, 2 oz.;
sheep and swine, 2 to 6 drams, in water.

Cinchona.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.;
sheep and swine, 1 to 4 drams, 2 or 3 times daily for
several days, reducing the dose or intermitting for a day
or two if nausea occurs. The above doses are for the
bark. An infusion is made by digesting for 1 hour, in a

18 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

covered vessel, 1 part of red bark in No. 40 powder with
} part of aromatic sulphuric acid and 20 parts of water ;
strain. A tincture is made by maceration and percolation
of 4 ounces of red bark, No. 40 powder, in 1 pint of
proof spirit.

Quinine is made by boiling the bruised cinchona bark
with diluted hydrochloric acid, and mixing the filtered
solution with lime until it is alkaline, when a precipitate
falls; is collected and boiled with alcohol, which dissolves
both the quinine and cinchonine. Quinine is obtained
from different cinchonas, but chiefly from the yellow, and
is the active principle of those valuable drugs. Horses
and cattle, 20 grains to 1 dram; sheep and swine, 5 to 20
grains, in ball, pill, or solution, 2 or 3 times daily.

Cinnamon.—Horses 4 drams to 1 oz. of the bark, 20
drops to 1 dram of the oil, on sugar, in sirup, &e.

Cod-Liver Oil.—Horses, 2 02z.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz;
sheep, 1 0z.; swine, 4 drams to 1 oz., twice a day and
repeated for weeks, omitting if diarrhea sets in; given
in milk, gruel, eggs, &e.

Colchicum (Autumn Crocus or Meadow Saffron).—
Horses, $ tol dram; cattle, 1 to 2 drams; sheep, 10 to
25 grains; swine, 2 to 8 grains, powdered and given in
salines. Salines contain a salt, or have the properties of
a salt. 1

Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol).—Horses, 1 to 2 drams ;
cattle, 1 to 4 drams; sheep, 20 to 30 grains; swine, 5 to
10 grains, in ball or solution, twice a day.

Creosote.—Horses, 10 to 30 drops; cattle, $ to 1 dram;
sheep, 5 to 15 drops; swine, 2 to 10 drops, in ball or sirup.

Croton Seed and Croton Oil.—Horses, 10 to 12 seeds
(3 grains to each seed); cattle, 15 to 20 seeds; sheep, 3
to 4 seeds; swine, 2 to 3 seeds. Of the oil, horses, 15
to 25 drops; cattle, + to 2 drams; sheep and swine, 5
to 10 drops.

Corrosive Sublimate.—See ‘ Mercurie Chloride.’

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 19

Curare (A South American arrow poison).—Horses and
cattle, $ to 1 grain. It is more effective if injected intra-
venously or subcutaneously (into a vein or under the skin).

Digitalis.—(So called because the flower resembles a
finger stall; also called Fox Glove.) Of the powdered
leaves horses take 10 to 30 grains; cattle, 4 to 1 dram;
sheep, 8 to 15 grains; swine, 2 to 10 grains. Of the
tincture, horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep, 1 dram.
The fluid extract made in the United States is nearly 10
times as strong as the B. P. (British Pharmacopeia) tinc-
ture. A horse was poisoned by two ounces of the pow-
dered leaves in twelve hours. In some cases six drams
have caused death in from twelve to sixteen hours.

Epsom Salt.—See ‘ Magnesium Sulphate.’

Ergot (of Rye).—As an ecbolic for the mare or cow, $
to 1 oz.; for sheep and swine, 1 dram, every % or 1 hour.
Swallow dregs and all. Sometimes 100 lbs. of hay yields
1 lb. of ergot. Ecbolics are used to cause abortion or to
hasten parturition. Avoid ergot pastures in grazing.

Ergotin.—Horses and cattle, 15 to 25 grains. When
used hypodermically, smaller doses should first be tried.

Ether.—As a stimulant horses take 1 to 2 oz.; cattle,
2 to 3 oz.; sheep and swine, 2 to 4 drams, in cold water,
diluted spirit, &c.

Eucalyptus (Blue Gum Tree).—Horses and cattle, 1
dram, in diluted spirit, mucilage, or milk.

Fern Root.—Of the powdered root horses and cattle
take 4 lb.; sheep, 3 to 5 oz. Liquid extract—horses and
cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep, 1 dram. The extract is
less bulky and surer.

Galls.—Of tannic acid horses take 20 grains to 2 drams;
cattle, 3 drams; sheep and swine, 15 to 30 grains. Tan-
nic acid is the principle to which oak-bark galls, log-
wood and many vegetable astringents owe their properties.
Galls, tannic and gallic acids differ only in the degree of
their action.

20 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

Gamboge (A Gum Resin).—Cattle, $ to 1 0z.; sheep,
20 to 30 grains, given with other purgatives and in so-
fution.

Gentian—Horses, 3. to 1 0z.; cattle, 1 to 2 0z.; sheep,
1 to 3 drams; swine, 3 to 1 dram, 2 or 3 times daily, in
ball or infusion.

Ginger.—Horses, 4 drams to 1 0z.; cattle, 1 to 3 oz.;
sheep, 1 to 2 drams; swine, $ to 1 dram, in ball.

Gum Arabic.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 3 0z.; foals,
calves, and sheep, 1 oz.

Glycerine, given shortly before meals, is useful in
checking undue gastric (stomach) fermentation, acidity,
and flatulence, both in calves and dogs. It is the basis
of many dressings for blisters, burns, cracked heels, &c.

Hellebore.—Do not use without medical advice. A
powdered ounce, with 2 ounces of alum, dissolved in a
gallon of hot water, will destroy caterpillars.

Hemlock.—Of the fluid horses and cattle take 2 to 4
oz.; sheep and swine, 4 to 1 oz. Neither the dried
leaves nor fruit is veliable.

Henbane (Hyoscyamus Leaves).—(Poison Tobacco,
Stinking Nightshade.) Of the tincture horses and cattle
take 1 oz. The extract is 6 times as strong as the tinc-
ture. Hyoscyamine, usually given as a neutral sulphate,
is 100 times more active than the extract. Sometimes —
used hypodermically. The leaves and seed are the parts
used in medicine. Eaten by swine.

lodine.—Horses, 20 grains to 1 dram; cattle, $ to 14
dram; sheep, 15 to 40 grains; swine, 10 to 20 grains, 1
or 2 times daily, 2 hours after eating, for a week or 10
days, omitting for a day or two if necessary.

Ipecac (Ipecacuanha).—Of the powder, as an emetic,
swine take 20 to 30 grains, in tepid water, either alone
or with 4 to 1 grain of tartar emetic. Some use Dover’s
powder (1 part each of ipecac and opium and 8 parts of
potassium sulphate). Of this expectorant and diaphoretic

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. mall

horses and cattle take 1 to 3 drams; sheep, 30 grains to
1 dram, several times daily. Plenty of diluents; clothe
comfortably; atmosphere 60° F. Expectorants induce
coughing, hawking, and spitting. Diaphoretics excite
perspiration. All watery drinks are diluents.

Iron, Sulphate (Green Vitriol).—Horses, 3 to 2 drams ;
cattle, 1 to 4 drams; sheep, 10 to 30 grains; swine, 5 to
20. The smaller doses are given as tonics and for the
blood, the larger as astringents, 2 or 3 times daily, in
ball, solution, or food.

Iron, lodide.—Same doses as iron sulphate. Avoid
overdoses.

Iron, Chloride.—Of the medicinal liquor and tincture
horses and cattle take 4 to 1 oz.; sheep, 20 to 30 drops;
swine, 10 to 20 drops. ‘Taken at the same intervals and
for the same purposes as sulphate of iron, above.

Jaborandi.—Of the fresh leaves, as an infusion, horses
and cattle take 2 to 4 drams; sheep and swine, 3 to 1
dram. Pilocarpine nitrate or hydrochlorate (a component
part of jaborandi), is used hypodermically in horses and
cattle in 1 to 2 grain doses.

Jalap.—As a purgative for swine, 1 to 4 drams, com-
bined with a grain or two of calomel.

Juniper.—Of the fruit as a stomachic horses and cat-
tle take 1 to 3 oz.; sheep, 2 to 4 drams, several times a
day, coarsely powdered and mixed with fodder. Of the
oil, distilled from the unripe fruit, as a diuretic, horses
and cattle take 1 to 2 drams, every 3 hours till water
passes freely. Diuretics increase the secretion of urine.

Laudanum.—See ‘ Opium.’

Lead Acetates.—Horses and cattle, $ to 1 dram;
calves and sheep, 10 to 20 grains; swine, 2 to 4 grains,
once or twice a day, in ball or solution. External use—
Sugar of lead is used in powder, ointment, or dissolved
in 20 to 40 parts of water, with a little vinegar, to in-
crease its solubility. Goulard’s extract, diluted with 4 to

22 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

6 parts of linseed or olive oil, is a cooling application
for blistered or contused surfaces. An equally valuable
astringent and anodyne is Goulard’s extract, 1 part, vas-
elin or glycerine, 6 to 8 parts. Equal parts of Goulard’s
extract and alcohol, diluted with 8 to 10 parts of water,
make a useful refrigerant astringent.

Lead lodide is occasionally prescribed as a gland stim-
ulant, and applied as a dressing for ringworm and indo-
lent tumors. Used as ointment or plaster.

Linseed Oil.—As a purgative horses take $ to 1 pint;
cattle, 1 to 2 pints; sheep and swine, 6 to 12 0z.; shaken
up in linseed gruel, milk, &c. For horses and cattle it
is sometimes mixed with a well-made bran mash.

Magnesia.—Colts and calves of 3 or 4 months old,
take, as an antacid, 3 to 1 dram. It is conjoined with
carminatives and given in milk or gruel. Carminatives
allay pain.

Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salt).—As a purge,
given in 10 or 15 parts of water, cattle take 1 to 13 lb.;~
calves of 2 or 3 months, 3 to 4 0z.; sheep and swine, 4
to 6 oz. To expedite purgation and prevent nausea and
griping, add a dram of ginger to the oz. of salt. One-
fifth or one-eighth of these doses are often effectual in
removing indigestion, keeping up the action of other
cathartics, and as febrifuges and alteratives. On horses,
when given alone, it is uncertain. For febrifuge and al-
terative purposes, in any class of patients, it is conjoined
with niter, mineral acids, gentian, and other bitters. Ca-
thartics are either purges or laxatives. Febrifuges are
opposed to or abate fever. Alteratives are supposed to
produce salutary changes in diseases, but without. excit-
ing any sensible evacuation.

Mercurous Chloride (Calomel).—As an alterative and
febrifuge horses and cattle take 10 grains to 1 dram;
sheep and swine, 5 to 30 grains, usually 2 or 3 times a
day, and frequently with equal weight of opium, to pre-

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 23

vent too rapid purging. As a purge calomel should be
combined thus: For horses—calomel, 1 dram, aloes, 4
drams. Cattle—calomel, 1 to 2 drams, Epsom or com-
mon salt, 1 lb., or oil, 1 pint. As a vermifuge (worm
destroyer) for horses: Calomel, oil of male shield fern,
and aloes, 1 dram each; ginger, 4 drams, in ball, with
linseed meal and molasses. As an emetic for dogs or
swine: Calomel, 2 to 3 grains; tartar emetic, same; or
(in place of tartar emetic) 15 to 20 grains ipecac. Calo-
mel destroys the acari (parasites) of scab and mange, kills
lice, abates the itching of eczema and prurigo, removes
the scales and heals the cracks of psoriasis, hastens the
removal of warts, and is one of the best remedies for thrush
in the horse’s frog. In the form of ointment, it relieves
piles in dogs. It should be used discreetly.

Mercuric Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate).—Horses
and cattle, 5 to 8 grains; sheep and large pigs, 1 grain,
in water or other simple fluid. For most external uses,
a solution is made of 2 to 5 grains to the oz. of water.
For itching—corrosive sublimate, 2 grains, prussic acid,
2 drops, water, 1 oz. Ointment—corrosive sublimate, 1
part, fatty matters, 12 to 20 parts, usually the latter;
used for skin and parasites.

Mustard.—As a stomachic, carminative, or mild stim-
ulant horses take 4 to 6 drams; cattle, $ to 1 oz.; sheep
and swine, 1 to 2 drams, in pill or electuary (confection. )
Large doses act as emetics in dogs, cats, and swine.

Myrrh.—(A brown-red gum-resin, from the coasts of
the Red Sea.) Horses and cattle, 2 drams; sheep and
swine, 4 to 1 dram, several times daily, in ball, decoc-
tion, or tincture; used with other tonics or with aloes.

Nux Vomica (Strychnine).—Of powdered nux vomica
horses take 4 to 1 dram; cattle, 1 to 2 drams; sheep,
10 to 40 grains; swine, 10 to 20 grains. The extract is
8 or 10 times as active as the powder. A tincture is
sometimes used. Strychnine is more uniform and more

24 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

readily absorbed than the crude drug, and upward of 50
times more powerful. Horses, 1 to 2 grains; cattle, 2 to
5 grains; sheep, 1-5 to 1 grain. Both forms are usually
given twice a day.

Oak Bark.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, $ to 2 o0z.;
sheep and swine, + to 2 drams. It is made with 1 or 2
oz. of bark to a pint of water; given with aromatics and
bitters; in dysentery, with opium and starch gruel; in
typhoid fever, with camphor and mineral acids.

Olive Oil.—Small doses are occasionally given to horses
and other animals to soothe the irritated mucous mem-
brane in chronic catarrh and bronchitis. Bronchitis is
inflammation or catarrh of the bronchial (lung) tubes.

Opium.—Of solid opium horses take 1 to 2 drams;
cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep, 10 to 40 grains; swine, 5 to
20 grains. Of morphine and its salts horses and cattle
take 3 to 10 grains; sheep and swine, 4 to 2 grains.
For hypodermic injections use the small doses first. Tine-
ture of opium (laudanum)—horses and cattle, 1 to 3 02z.;
sheep and swine, 2 to 6 drams.

Pepper, Black.—As a stomachic horses take about 1

dram; cattle, 2 drams; sheep and swine, 10 grains to 4
dram, in ball, water, alcohol, or gruel.

Peppermint.—Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 drops, on
sugar or in alcohol and water.

Pepsin is a preparation of the mucous lining of the
fresh and healthy stomach of pigs, sheep, or calves. Colts
and calves, 2 to 10 grains, in water, with a few drops of
hydrochloric acid.

Petroleum Benzin is used as a vermifuge, killing even
tapeworms. Horses take 2 to 4 drams.

Podophyllum.—(May Apple or Mandrake.) For chol-
agogue (cathartic) or sedative purposes horses and cattle
take 1 to 2 drams of the resin (podophyllin), with aloes
or calomel, or with niter or Epsom salt. Ginger prevents
nausea and griping. Sedatives depress the vital forces.

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 25

Potassium Bromide.—Horses and cattle, $ to 1 o0z.,
every two hours, in water.

Potassium Carbonate and Bicarbonate.—Of either
kind horses and cattle take 4 to 1 0z.; sheep and swine,
4 to 1 dram, several times a day, liberally diluted with
water. For stimulating gastric secretions they are given
half an hour before eating; but in most, dyspeptic cases
acids are more permanently effectual.

Potassium Chlorate.—(Chlorate of Potash.) Homes
1 to 4 drams; cattle, 2 to 6 drams; sheep and swine, 20
to 60 grains, 2 or 3 times daily, in ball or solution, alone,
or conjoined with bitters, tonics, or stimulants. Most
horses will take an ounce a day of their own accord. As
a soothing electuary for sore throat, it is conjoined with
camphor, belladonna extract, and molasses.

Potassium lodide.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 drams;
sheep and swine, 20 to 60 grains, two or three times a
day, in ball or solution.

Potassium Nitrate (Niter).—As a diuretic horses take
to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drams; swine,
to 1 dram. For fever 4 the dose, several times daily.
Potassium Permanganate.—As an alterative and feb-
rifuge horses and cattle take 1 dram, but it is not pref-
erable to either the nitrate or chlorate.

Potassium Sulphide.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drams,
for chronic cough, rheumatism, and skin diseases.

Prussic or Hydrocyanic Acid.—Of the B. P. 2 per
cent. acid horses and cattle take 20 drops to 1 dram; sheep
and swine, 10 to 20 drops, 3 or 4 times daily, in sweet-
ened water.

Quassia Wood. 1 part,
cold water, 80 parts, macerated 1 hour) horses and cattle
take 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and swine, 4 drams.

Quinine.-—See ‘ Cinchona.’

Rhubarb.—As a stomachic and tonic horses take 1 0z.;
cattle, 2 oz.; sheep, 1 dram, several times a day. It is

dole ne

26 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

used as powder, infusion, or tincture. Rhubarb, 2 parts,
magnesia, 6 parts, ginger, 1 part, all in fine powder and
thoroughly mixed, make an excellent stomachic and ant-
acid; doses double those of simple rhubarb. In diarrhea
in calves and foals it exerts carminative, laxative and sub-
sequently astringent effects. When the bowels are per-
sistently relaxed, 2 drams each of rhubarb and magnesia,
with 3 a dram of opium, may be given night and morn-

ing in well-boiled wheat-flour gruel, with 1 or 2 table-

spoonfuls of spirits or sweet spirit of niter. One-third or
one-half the quantity for lambs. ‘Spirits? mean whisky,
brandy, gin, rum, &c., as well as alcohol.

Salicylic Acid.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 drams;
sheep, 10 to 15 grains, every 1 or 2 hours, with an equal
quantity of borax to insure solubility; ball or solution.

Savin.—As a destroyer of worms horses and cattle take
3 or 4 drams of the volatile oil, dissolved in any mild
fixed oil, or in mucilage. Decoctions and ointments are
used externally.

Silver Nitrate.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 5 grains; sheep,
1 to 2 grains; swine, 3 to 1 grain, 2 or 3 times daily; ball.

Sodium Carbonates.—Of the carbonate horses and
cattle take 1 to 2 drams; sheep and swine, 10 to 50 grains.
The bicarbonate, possessing only about half the strength
of the carbonate, is given in double doses; ball or water.

Sodium Sulphate.—As a purgative cattle take 1 to 14
lb.; sheep, 2 to 4 oz., in ginger and molasses, followed
by a liberal supply of chilled water.

Sodium Sulphites and Hyposulphites.—Of the sul-
phites horses and cattle take 4 to 1 oz.; sheep and swine,
4 to 1 dram. Of the hyposulphites 4 these doses. Take
either several times daily, in powder or solution, or with
food.

Sodium Chloride (Common Salt.)—As a purgative
adult cattle take # to 1 lb.; sheep, 1 to 3 oz.

Sodium Chlorata,—Of the B. P. solution (about 23

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. a0

per cent. of the available chlorine), horses and cattle take
1 to 2 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, in water.

Spirit of Nitrous Ether.—As a stimulant and antispas-
modic horses take 1 to 3 0z.; cattle, 1 to 4 0oz.; sheep,
2 to 4 drams; swine, 1 to 2 drams. Do not mix with
other medicines or water till ready to give. Give in cold
water or linseed tea. Antispasmodics allay spasms.

Squill.—Horses take 4 dram of the sirup. The acetate
and tincture are given in about half the dose of the sirup.

Strophanthus.—Of the tincture (1 part to 20 of rec-
tified spirit) horses take 4 to 1 dram. The seeds are used
in Africa as an arrow poison.

Strychnine.—See ‘ Nux Vomica.’

Sugar.—Of sugar and molasses, as laxatives, horses and
cattle take 1 pound; sheep, 3 to 4 0z.; swine, 2 to 3 oz.,
‘given, with aromatics and salines, in water, milk, gruel,
or mash. :

Sulphur.—As a laxative horses take 1 to 4 0z.; cattle,
3 to 6 oz.; sheep and swine, 4 drams to 1 oz. As an
alterative 4+ the quantity.

Sulphurous Acid.—Of the B. P. solution horses and
-eattle take 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and swine, $ to 1 dram,
every 3 or 4 hours, in water or other mild fluid.

Taraxacum (Dandelion Root).—The fresh succus is
the best preparation. Horses about 1 oz.

-Thymol.—For vesical catarrh horses take 5 to 20 grains.
Its chief use is in antiseptic surgery.

Turpentine.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 0z.; sheep, 1
to 3 drams; swine, 1 to 2 drams, in milk, oils, eggs, We.
The larger doses are stimulant and antispasmodic; the
smaller, frequently repeated, are diuretic and inspissant
(thickening).

Turpentine Oil (Spirit).—As a stimulant and anti-
spasmodic horses and cattle take 1 to 2 oz.; as a diuretic
% to 1 oz.; as an adjuvant cathartic or vermifuge about
2 oz., combined with aloes in solution, castor or linseed

28 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.

oil, iron salts, quassia, gentian or other bitters. Large
cattle take double these doses. Sheep and swine, 1 to 4
drams; given in mild oils, linseed gruel, milk, &e. An
adjuvant medicine is introduced into a prescription to aid
the operation of the chief ingredient or basis.

Valerian.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz., several times
daily, in powder or infusion, conjoined with ginger, gen-
tian, or camphor, or dissolved in spirit of ammonia.

Veratrum Viridi and Album.—(Green and White
Hellebore Rhizome.) Of the powder horses and cattle, 4
to 1 dram; sheep and swine, 20 to 30 grains, every 3 or
4 hours, in ball or dilute alcohol. Used externally in the
several forms of powder, watery decoction (improved by a
little spirit), and ointment, made with 1 part of veratrum
to 8 of vaselin or lard. It is occasionally applied with
tar or sulphur dressings.

Verdigris, Blue (Copper Subacetate) is an irritant
poison, and is rarely used internally. It is used exter-
nally as a caustic, stimulant, astringent, and antiseptic.

Water is a valuable diluent, febrifuge, and evacuant.
It should be given moderately cold and at frequent in-
tervals. Except for a few hours previous to great exer-
tion, and when hungry, overheated, and prostrated, healthy
horses should not be restricted in their water supply. But
it must always be given judiciously, especially to the sick.

Zinc Oxide.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams, in ball
or solution. For external use there are solutions, lini-
ments, ointments, and pastes or powders.

Zinc Sulphate.—As an astringent and tonic for horses
and cattle, 1 to 3 drams; sheep, 10 to 20 grains, in solid
or fluid state. As an emetic for swine and dogs 8 to 15
grains, in 2 or 3 ounces of water. Externally it is used
in powder or solution—30 to 60 parts of water for the
latter. Zine sulphate, $ oz., lead acetate, 1 0z., water, 1
quart, constitute the well-known ‘white lotion.’ It is a
valuable astringent, sedative, and antiseptic.

MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 29

The foregoing doses, except where otherwise specified,
are for adult animals of medium size. Stallions, bulls,
and rams, owing to their larger size, require larger doses.
Difference of sex does not materially affect dosage in the
lower animals. Doses must be adapted to the age of the
patient. It is usually estimated that a 1-year-old colt
requires one-third the quantity of any medicine given an
adult horse; a 22-year-old, one-half; a 3-year-old, two-
thirds. A somewhat similar proportion is applicable to
cattle.

Medicines are usually given (1) internally, that is, by the
stomach; (2) by inhalation; (3) by absorption through
the skin. The latter mode has also three ways of ad-
ministration—epidermically, by in-rubbing; endermically,
by removing the epidermis (skin); hypodermically, by
injection into the tissues under the skin. A ready but
less prompt or certain substitute for hypodermic injection
with a syringe, consists in coating a thread with a strong
solution of the medicine to be introduced, and drawing
it through the skin. Medicine may be injected into the
veins or arteries; but this mode is rare and usually ex-
perimental.

MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.

Alkalies are caustic bases, are soluble in water and
alcohol, unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize
and change reddened litmus paper to blue, &c. Potash,
soda, ammonia, lime, and magnesia are the chief alkalies.

Alkaloids are usually powerful poisons or active med-
icines. Those chiefly used are morphine, atrophine, quin-
ine, cocaine, pilocarpine, ergotinine, coniine, nicotine, and
sparteie. Alkaloids are salifiable bases, that is, they are
capable of combining with an acid to form a salt. They -
are mostly derived from vegetable plants, in which they
ure usually the active principle. Alkaloid means a kind
or form of alkah.

Alteratives influence the amount and kind of tissue
change going on in different organs and cells. Sodium
chloride, sulphate, phosphate, acetate, and biborate; pot-
assium nitrate, ammonium chloride and carbonate, and
probably all salts excreted by the kidneys, increase tissue
change and the quantity of urea excreted. The urea is
a component part of the urine.

Anesthetics (Anzesthetics) diminish and absorb sen-
sation. Chloroform, ether, chloral hydrate, nitrous oxide,
chloride of olefiant gas, light coal-tar naphtha, &c. Used
locally (that is, for certain spots)—cocaine, carbolic acid,
and iodoform.

Anaphrodisiacs diminish sexual passion. Ice or cold
water locally ; potassium iodide and bromide; purgatives,
digitalis, and camphor; a spare diet and steady work.

Anhydrotics check perspiration and skin secretion.
Belladonna and atrophine, picotoxine, nux vomica, salts
of zinc, &e.

MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES. 31

Anodynes relieve pain. Opium, morphine, anesthetics
in small doses, belladonna, atrophine, chloral, conium,
hyoscyamus, stramonium, &c.

Antacids obviate acidity of the stomach. They consist
of the alkalies, namely, potash, soda, ammonia; the alka-
line earths, lime and magnesia, and their carbonates and
bicarbonates, &c. Horses instinctively lick lime-washed
walls or eat earth when suffering from acidity of the
stomach.

Anthelmintics kill or expel intestinal worms. For
bots—green food; a combination of aloes, asafetida, tur-
pentine, and ether. For tapeworms—areca-nut, filixmas,
kamala, kousso, pomegranate, turpentine, and chloroform.
For round worms—santonin, santonica (wormseed plant).
For thread worms—turpentine and essential oils, tannin
and tannin-containing substances; santonin, santonica ;
with injections of common salt, iron chloride, or lime-
water. For fluke worms—maintain strength by good feed-
ing; common salt and soluble iron salts exert general
tonic effects and limited vermicide action; a physic has-
tens expulsion of the flukes.

Antiperiodics mitigate the severity or prevent the
recurrence of certain diseases. Cinchona, quinine, and
arsenic are reliable antiperiodics.

Antiphlogistics.—See ‘ Antipyretics.’

Antipyretics lower the temperature of the body in
fever. They embrace cinchona alkaloids, benzoic, car-
bolic, and salicylic acids, salicylicates, salicin, camphor,
eucalyptol, thymol and other essential oils, alcohol, anti-
monial salts, aconite, digitalis, veratrine, nitrous ether,
antipyrin, opium, ipecac, cold bath, wet pack, cold drinks,
ice to surface, &c.

Antiseptics arrest putrefaction. Carbolic, nitric, hy-
drochloric, sulphuric, salicylic, and boric acids, corrosive
sublimate, iodine, creosote, zinc and iron chlorides, iodo-
form, ethereal oils, alcohol, eucalyptus, &c. Antiseptics

oR MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.

may yet be discovered capable of checking the multipli-
cation of septic germs in the blood and tissues, as they
now do in a wound, or external to the body. (Dun.)

Antispasmodics prevent or remove spasms. Sulphuric
ether, valerian, asafetida, musk, castor and aromatic oils,
alkaline bromides, salts of silver, zinc, and copper.

Antizymotics not only arrest fermentation, but they
destroy the several classes of ferments. Corrosive subli-
mate, chlorine, iodine, bromine; sulphurous, carbolic,
boric, salicylic, and benzoic acids; many metallic solu-
tions; temperatures above 200° F.

Aperients.—See ‘ Purgatives.’

Aphrodisiacs increase sexual appetite. When there is
lack of vigor, the most rational treatment consists in the
administration of tonics—iron, strychnine, &c. Canthar-
ides is unsafe.

Astringents contract the tissues with which they come
in contact and diminish their secretions. Alum, lime,
chalk, salts of the heavier metals, acids, and alcohol, with
tannic acid and such tannin-containing substances as oak
bark and catechu.

Blisters.—Cantharides, glacial acetic acid, turpentine,
strong ammonia, and boiling water. See ‘ Counter-irrita-
tion.’

Carminatives allay pain by causing the expulsion of
flatus (gases) from the stomach and intestines. They are
closely allied to antispasmodics. Chief among them are
the various aromatic oils, with ginger, mustard, peppers,
alcohol, ethers, and chloroform. Carbonic acid gas is
neutralized by ammonia preparations; sulphureted and
carbureted hydrogen gases by solutions of chlorine or
lime chloride.

Cataplasms.—See ‘ Poultices.’

Cathartics.—See ‘ Purgatives.’

Caustics burn and disorganize the parts to which they
are applied, causing sloughing. The most active are called

MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES. 33

escharotics; they are also called corrosives. They consist
of the concentrated mineral acids and alkalies, glacial
acetic acid, carbolic acid, chromic acid, antimony chloride,
arsenic, bromine, and the soluble salts of the heavy metals.

Charges.—See ‘Plasters.’

Cholagogues.—See ‘ Purgatives.’

Counter-Irritation is irritation of a healthy part to
counteract irritation or disease of a contiguous part. Mus-
tard, croton oil, tartar emetic, iodine, mercurial ointment,
mercuric iodide, vinegar of cantharides, and water (nearly
boiling).

Demulcents soothe, soften, and ensheathe parts; they
act mechanically chiefly and resemble emollients. Gums,
mucilage, linseed, cotton-wool and collodion, fullers’ earth,
starch, molasses, gelatin, albumin, fats, oils, glycerine,
and milk.

Deodorizers destroy smells. Chlorine, chloride of lime,
earbolic, sulphurous, and cresylic acids, iodine dissolved
in amyl-hydride, Condy’s fluid, McDougall’s powder, &c.

Diaphoretics excite perspiration. They are uncertain
as a class. They are all indirect agents; some sedative,
others excitant, and cannot therefore be used indiscrimi-
nately in disease. Ammonia acetate solution, sweet spirit
of niter, sulphuric ether, diluted spirits, jaborandi, ipecac,
or. Dover’s powder, warm or vapor baths—100° to 120° F.

Diluents.—All watery drinks are diluents.

Disinfectants destroy the specific poisons of communi-
cable diseases. Chlorine, chlorinated lime, carbolic acid,
sulphurous acid, corrosive sublimate solutions, iodine, &c.

Diuretics act on the kidneys and increase their secre-
tions. Digitalis, alcohol, strophanthus, squill, strychnine,
caffeine, broom, turpentine, juniper, copaiba, cantharides,
nitrites, liquor potassz, potassium acetate, &c. Ball for
horse—4 oz. each of niter, resin, and soft soap, daily for
4 or 5 days. If it is desirable to increase the solid as
well as the watery parts of the urine, add 10 or 15 grains

34 MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.

of powdered digitalis. The same ingredients, dissolved in
a pint of water, make a diuretic drink for the cow.

Ecbolics expel the contents of the uterus; they cause
abortion or hasten birth. Ergot, hydrastis, savin, and
thuja. Ergot is the only one is general use.

Emetics cause vomiting. Luke warm water, bitter in-
fusions, solutions of salt, mustard, alum, ammonium ear-
bonate, copper and zinc sulphates; tartar emetic, ipecac,
-emetine, apomorphine, senega, squill.

Emollients soften, soothe, and relax parts. They re-
semble ‘demulcents’ (which see), and include many of
the medicines specified in that class. Warmth or moder-
ate heat, generated by fomentations, poultices, lint, flan-
nel, or woolen cloth, and retained by a waterproof cover-
ing, are a species of emollient. Fats, oils, lanolin, vaselin,
paraffin, with soap and other liniments, are emollients.

Emulsions are soft, smooth, milk-like mixtures of oil
or resin, suspended in gum, soap, alkali, or white of egg.

Expectorants aid in removing secretions from the air
passages. Those of a depressant type are such as the an-
timonials, alkalies in small doses, ipecac, lobelia, jabo-
randi, apomorphine, and potassium iodide. The stimula-
ting are such as the acids, ammonium salts, nux vomica,
senega, squill, balsams, terebinthinates, sulphur, sulphur
oils, and saccharines (sweets).

Febrifuges.—See ‘ Antipyretics.’

Fomentations are topical baths. They usually consist
of water alone, but vinegar, salines, &c., are sometimes
added. They are usually made with a sponge or soft rags,
tow, or lint. The temperature ranges from 100°, 110°,
120° F., and upward.

Germicides destroy germs or bacteria. Sodium hydro-
fluosilicate (recently discovered) is a cheap and safe ger-
micide. (Dun.) Corrosive sublimate, chlorine, chlorina-
ted lime, bromine, iodine, quinine, beberine, &c., are all
good germicides, especially corrosive sublimate.

MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES. 35

Infusions are made by digesting vegetable substances
or drugs in hot water (usually 1 part of drugs to 20 of
water) 15 minutes to 2 hours. Avoid boiling.

Lotions (washes) are watery solutions for external use,
especially in chronic skin diseases. Strong lotions may be
used as counter-irritants. Lotions for the eye are usually
called collyria.

Narcotics are soothers as well as stupefiers. Opium,
morphine, ether, chloroform, aconite, belladonna, digitalis,
hyoscyamus, stramonium, conium, We.

Plasters usually contain lead oxide, conjoined with
resin, wax, soap, fats, tar, or pitch, spread on calico,
linen, or leather.

Poultices are made of linseed meal, bran, or oatmeal,
stirred into boiling water until the fitting consistence is
reached ; or of carrots or turnips, either steamed or boiled.
Bread and starch make mild porous poultices for *ab-
scesses; spent hops for light poultices. Apply in flannel
bag or folded flannel. i

Purgatives evacuate the bowels. They are usually clas-
sified as follows: Laxatives or Aperients—small doses of
oil, magnesia, sulphur and molasses, with fruit, roots, and
green vegetable food. Simple Purgatives—full doses of
oils, aloes, and the various species of rhamnus. Drastic
Purgatives—croton oil, colocynth, elaterium, gamboge, and
podophyllin. Hydragogues—elaterium, gamboge, croton
oil, &c., with large doses of the more active salines.
Cholagogues—calomel and other mercurial preparations,
aloes, jalap, podophyllin, and euonymin, for bile. Salines
—(See ‘ Salines,’ page 36.) Purgatives and other irritants
should’ be used cautiously in the case of the horse. If
possible, the animal should be restricted to mash diet or
green food for 24 hours previous to taking a purgative.

Refrigerants allay heat and thirst. Water, particles
of ice, acidulated drinks, mild mucilaginous fluids, allay
thirst and stimulate the secretion of saliva.

36 MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.

Rubefacients cause slight redness of the skin and con-
gestion. Ammonia solutions, mustard, iodine, mild prep-
arations of cantharides, arnica, alcohol, ether, chloroform
(if not allowed to evaporate), turpentine and many other
volatile oils, with smart friction and moderate heat, such
as that from a smoothing iron. The smoothing iron is
good for rheumatism and enlarged joints.

Salines contain a salt or have the properties of a salt.
They consist of the neutral salts of the alkalies and alka-
line earths, such as magnesium sulphate and citrate, sul-
phate of soda, potassium tartrate and bitartrate, &c. As
before said, ‘magnesium sulphate,’ is simply Epsom salt
(commonly called ‘salts ’).

Sedatives lessen the force and frequency of the heart’s
action. Aconite, veratrum viridi, and the antimonials;
also digitalis, lead acetate, opium, ergot, and topical ap-
plications.

Sialagogues increase the secretion of saliva. Acids,
alkalies, ethers, mustard, ginger; jaborandi, calabar bean,
and their alkaloids; mercury, tobacco, iodide of potassi-
um, &e.

Soporifics or Hypnotics induce sleep. Opium, mor-
phine, alcohol hydrate, croton-chloral, hyoscyamus, can-
nabis, bromides, &c.

Stimulants..—Ammonium and its carbonate, alcoholic
solutions, capsicum, nux vomica, ether, chloroform, oil of
turpentine and other volatile oils, aromatic oils, camphor,
opium and cocaine in small doses, &c.

Styptics are astringents specially used to arrest effusion
of blood from injured surfaces or vessels. They are (1)
matico, tow, lint, or pressure; (2) most astringents and
caustics (which see); (3) ergot, digitalis, ether spray, lead
acetate, ice, &e.

Sudorifics.—See ‘ Diaphoretics.’

Suppurants inflame the deep seated skin tissues and
bring pus. Euphorbium, croton oil, tartar emetic, mer-

43

MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES. 37
eury biniodide ointment; also cantharides, mustard and
other active blisters, when repeatedly applied to the same
spot. .

Tonics impart strength. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid,
iron, iron and copper sulphates, arsenic, cinchona, quinine,
quassia, cocaine, cod-liver oil, gentian, silver nitrate, zinc
oxide, buchu, &c. Heart Tonics—digitalis and its alka-
loids, casca (doom) and its active principle, erythrophlein,
strophanthus hispidus, squill, caffeine, nux vomica, and
strychnine.

Vermicides.—See ‘ Anthelmintics.’

Vermifuges.—See ‘ Anthelmintics.’

Vesicants.—See ‘ Blisters.’

14 if
3 Mi

Figure 1. The chief parts of the horse.

1 Ears. 16 Throat. 31 Leg.

2 Forelock. 17 Neck. 32 Tail.

3 Forehead. 18 Jugular Vein. « 33 Hock.

4 Eye. 19 Shoulder. 34 Shank or Cannon
5 Eye-pit. 20 Chest. 35 Arm. [ Bone.
6 Nose. 21 Ribs. 36 Knee.

7 Nostril. 22 Back. 37 Place for Girth.
8 Tip of Nose. 23 Loins. 38 Elbow.

9 Lips. 24 Hip. 39 Shank.

10 Lower Jaw. 25 Flank. 40 Bullet.

11 Cheek. 26 Belly. 41 Pastern. ~

12 Poll. 27 Haunch. 42 Coronet.

13 Mane. 28 Thigh. 43 Foot.

14 Withers. 29 Buttock. 44 Hoof.

15 Parotid Gland 30 Stifle, 45 Fetlock.

ne a

:
1

PART L.

iE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

SIMPLE OR CONTINUED FEVER

Is A comparatively mild and benign disease, lasting
from two to eight days. It disturbs all or nearly all the
chief functions of the body, occurs independently of local
inflammation or blood contamination, and is common
among horses brought into dealers’ stables.

Remedy.—Comfortable box; fresh air and light; quiet.
Clothe body; bandage legs; mild laxative. Salines; am-
monium acetate solution; potassium chlorate or nitrate ;
spirit nitrous ether. Mash diet; gruel; diluents; with-
hold hard, dry food. Alcohol, ether, bitters,* acids; tonic
as soon as acute symptoms abate. Catarrh, gastro-intesti-
nal or other special symptoms must receive appropriate
treatment. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

ACUTE OR INFLAMMATORY FEVER

Concurs with acute local inflammation.

Remedy.—Aconite; occasional bleeding in early stages
in robust subjects. Aperients, salines, laxative injections. °
Attend to any wounds; remove any causes of irritation.

* Bitters are usually spirituous liquors in which hitter herbs or roots
have been steeped, such as aloes, cascarilla bark, various cincliona barks,
gentian, myrrh, nux vomica, quassia, &e. Combinations of acids and bitters
haye long been used in dyspepsia, the good effects of the latter being
believed to result from their stimulating the movements of the stomach,
and from their action on the liyer, (Dun.)

4() THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Warm clothing, but cool air to breathe. Warm bath or
sponging with warm water. Sodium sulphite, sulpho-
carbolates, resorcin, or other antiseptics and antipyretics.
Alcohol and digitalis sustain heart tone. Salicylic acid
and salicin in rheumatic fever. Acids and bitters allay
thirst and aid digestion. Light, easily digested food ;
diluents; salines in drinking water. For doses, see pages
13 to 29.

LOW OR TYPHOID FEVER

Occurs in most epizootics in connection with blood con-
tamination, in inflammation of mucous membranes, and
in debilitated subjects. .

Remedy.—Mild laxatives and injections when required.
Salines, acids, bitters, antiseptics. Quinine, especially in
intermittent types. Arsenic in malarial cases. Alcohol,
ethers, or volatile oils promote excretion and maintain
heart action. Turpentine and iron salts for bleeding cases.
Suitable clothing; diet; hygiene (preservation of health) ;
sponging; baths. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLUENZA,
Also called Catarrhal Fever, Pink Eye, &c., is usually

epizootic and, comet-like, appears at irregular intervals.
Its worst visitation in North America perhaps was that
of 1872-73. Little is known of the exact nature of the
disease. It differs in form and symptoms as it appears
in different localities and at different times. Robertson
describes four forms of the disease—(1) simple catarrhal ;
(2) pulmonary; (3) intestinal catarrhal; (4) rheumatic.
Some of these forms may be caused by active living or-
ganisms (mites). The disease is very infectious. Severe
cases constitute pink eye.

Symptoms.-—Simple catarrhal: As before said, they
differ, but there are usually shivering fits, more or less
loss of appetite, sneezing, coughing; a somewhat dry or

ing

INFLUENZA. 4]

staring coat, eyes watery, the conjunctive membrane some-
times being of a clear pink color (pink eye); nasal mem-
brane red and dry; pulse 60 to 70; temperature 104;
dullness, debility, &c. These symptoms may steadily in-
crease in severity. Runs its course in about 14 days.
The pulmonary form, which is dangerous, may either
follow or be independent of the simple form. It has three

Fig. 2. Confirmed Influenza.

forms—(1) capillary bronchitis; (2) bronchitis with heart
disease ; (3) pneumonia, or rather pleuro-pneumonia.

The intestinal catarrhal form is sometimes so distinct,
and one of its symptoms or complications is so evidently
connected with the special functions of the liver, as to
cause it to be called bilious fever. The symptoms resem-
ble those of mild colic. :

The rheumatic form is usually a sequel to the simple
catarrhal. The parts usually affected are the great ten-
dons of the flexor muscles of the foot.

Remedy.—lIsolate patient and disinfect the premises.
Comfortable box; temperature 60 to 65° F.; pure air.
Rugs, hood, bandage legs. Injections, linseed mashes and,
if necessary, a laxative for bowels, Liquor ammonie ace-

42 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

tatis, Epsom salt, and niter for fever. Mash diet, with
a little green food, till fever abates; then digestible, con-
centrated, nutritive food.

Catarrhal symptoms treated by steaming head, medica-
ted inhalations, or sprays. (See ‘Catarrh.’) Flannels
wrung out of hot water and mustard, or other embroca-
tions, to the throat relieve congestion of the upper air
passages. Embrocations are fluid remedies for in-rubbing.

Swelling symptoms, treated with salines and antiseptics,
require early use of such stimulants as alcohol, ether, oil
of turpentine, or ferric chloride solution.

Pneumonic cases: Liquor ammonie acetatis, potassium
nitrate or chlorate, and camphor. Fomentations to chest ;
mustard applied, but washed off in 15 or 20 minutes;
reapplied if necessary, or injection of Savary’s mustard

.extyact. With salines give alcohol and ether, early, but
in moderate doses, every three hours.

Gastro-intestinal complications treated in earlier stages
by a few doses of gray powder or calomel, conjoined with
laxatives; in later stages by nitro-hydrochloric acid. Ab-
dominal pain relieved by chloral and cannabis indica in-
ternally, or by morphine hypodermically.

Rheumatic symptoms: Salicylic acid, oil turpentine,
diuretic doses of digitalis and salines, with stimulation of
affected muscles and joints. Patients, if reduced, require
milk, eggs, beef tea, and frequent alcoholic stimulants.
(For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

STRANGLES (PUS FEVER, COLT ILL),

Is a common and well defined disease, but veterinarians
are not agreed as to its exact cause or nature. It is at-
tributed by some to a strepto-coccus, which settle on and
irritate the nasal membrane. It is peculiar to but not lim-
ited to young horses, and seldom occurs but once. The
fever (Percivall calls it ‘strangles fever’) is nearly always
followed by an abscess or abscesses in the space between

SEE

STRANGLES. 43

the branches of the lower jaw, involving the adjacent
glands. The pus mites, it is said, are liable to be carried
to and inflame other glands in the shoulder, groin, or
internal organs.

The disease is probably contagious, and is sometimes
epizootic. It is well named, for it sometimes causes death
by strangulation. Robertson describes two forms of it—
“‘regular or benign,” which is easily cured, if not self-
curable, and ‘‘irregular and malignant,” which is dan-
gerous. It is disposed to run a ‘regular’ course, and
should be aided rather than retarded. The tumor, when

Fig. 3. Poultice and 8-tailed bandage for Strangles.

ripe, may be lanced, or it may be allowed to burst nat-
urally. Its most dangerous sequels are pus fever and
purulent and putrid blood poisoning.

Symptoms.—Usually mild catarrhal discharges; dull;
cough, pickish appetite, throat sore, interfering with swal-
lowing; head pointed forward; mouth hot and dry; may
be cutting the corner incisor teeth or the tushes; if so,
make crucial incisions over them; in doubt till tumor
appears under the jaw; tumor steadily increases in size,
becoming hard, defined, painful.

In the irregular or complicated form there is sometimes
a slight swelling at the jaw, but instead of maturing it
recedes, and may attack the glands of the head, neck,

CD es THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

chest, or even more remote parts, intensifying and mul-
tiplying the symptoms.

Remedy.—Good nursing; soft or green food. Perfect
sanitary surroundings. Steam head where catarrhal symp-
toms are troublesome. Fomentations or poultices hasten
tardy abscesses. Sodium sulphite and potassium chlorate
in the drinking water oppose fever and blood poisoning.
Sweet spirit of niter and quinine also for blood poisoning.
Cleanse discharging abscess daily with carbolic oil. Iso-
late; disinfect premises. Milk, eggs, beef tea, with ale
or wine if the animal is weak. When at grass, shelter
at night. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Tracheotomy affords instant relief, and is a safe op-
eration. ‘The incision is made at the point indicated in
the annexed cut. Should it be made higher than this,

S

Se

Fig. 4. Performing the operation of Tracheotomy by Lamp Light.

the tube will interfere with the application of a poultice.
Provided with a needle and thread, make a longitudinal
incision three or four inches in extent down to the wind-
pipe. After the windpipe has been pierced and the ani-
mal is in some measure relieved, draw the thread through

ERYSIPELAS. 45

the part that is to be removed, so that it cannot be drawn
inside and thus increase the impediment to breathing.
After this, cut out a circular piece of the tube about an
inch in diameter—a part of two of the rings that com-
pose the windpipe, not the whole of one—using a narrow
bladed knife. Then insert a pewter, ivory, or box-wood
tube, with shoulders, and holes through the shoulders, so
that it may be fastened around the neck with strings. <A
piece of elder, three inches long, with notches cut in it,
will answer the purpose.

The tube will require to be taken out from time to
time and cleansed. 'The animal should be watched and
fed on well-made gruel. In time soft food may be given,
and, should the case take a
favorable turn, the tube may
be removed.

Should the violent effort nec-
essary in coughing inconveni-
ence the animal, on account
of the partial escape of the air
through the artificial opening,
place the hand over it, and
thus compel the escape of the
breath through the larynx, the
proper channel.

ERYSIPELAS

Is a specific, febrile, inflammatory disease of the skin
and its subjacent tissues. Erysipelas mites (strepto-coccus
erysipelatous) are said to be present. The disease is some-
times epizootic, and severe cases are frequently fatal. It
is peculiar to the hind legs. The swelling is diffuse and
is accompanied with eruption and great pain. =

The disease differs from scarlet fever in that the swell-
ing is uniform and firm, not in patches; from purpura in

46 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

that it is local and painful, not irregularly distributed and
comparatively painless; from acute farcy in that there
are no corded lymphatics, and that the sores, when they
exist, have no hard, circumscribed bases; from lymphan-
gitis in that there are vesicles, sloughing sores, gangrene,
and sometimes structural changes in the membrane of the
mouth and upper air passages; also that it frequently
begins in the region of the hock, not in the inguinal
(groin) region.

Remedy.—Aperients for irritation; aconite for fever.
Salines, potassium chlorate, with spirit of camphor. Hot
fomentations for several hours; then moisten with borax
solution and laudanum. UHypodermic injections of anti-
septics sometimes limit swellings. Belladonna, internally
and locally, paralyzes sensory nerves. Open all abscesses.
Cleanliness, good sanitary surroundings, generous diet.
Milk, eggs, beef tea, alcoholic stimulants. Ferrie chlo-
ride solution, externally and locally, especially in weak
patients; also quinine. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

SCARLET FEVER (SCARLATINA),

Is characterized by fleabite-like scarlet spots on the mu-
cous membrane of the nose and mouth, scattered skin
eruptions—sometimes suppurations—and sore throat and
neck glands. It is a sequel of other diseases—epizootic
catarrh, &c. Unlike human scarlatina, it is non-conta-
gious. There are two forms—the simple, and the com-
plicated and severe. In the former the pulse varies from
60 to 70; in the latter 90 to 100, with great soreness of
throat, a loud, moist cough, a yellowish-red mucous dis-
charge from the nose and mouth after each cough, &e.

Remedy.—Comfortable box; light, digestible, laxative
food. Water, given with sodium sulphite and hyposul-
phite, as antiseptics. Ammonium acetate, spirit nitrous
ether and camphor in draught, thrice daily, abate fever.
Medicines given in electuary when swallowing is difficult.

PURPLE OR BLOOD FEVER. : AY

Inhalation of hot water vapor, medicated with antiseptics or
anodynes, relieve breathing. Fomentations, woolen cloths,
soaked in hot water or hot oil, for sore throat. Fomen-
tations with hot water, mixed with sulphurous acid, for
external swelling. Gargles of potassium chlorate, borax,
or sulphurous acid lessen discharge and fetor from mouth
and throat. Daily rubbing with vaselin or glycerine and
water removes scaling crusts. Small doses of alcoholic
stimulants, acid solutions of quinine or iron salts help
recovery. Rest, carefully regulated, nutritive diet during
convalescence. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

PURPLE OR BLOOD FEVER (PURPURA
HAMORRHAGICA),

Is an eruptive, intermittent, non-contagious fever, usu-
ally, but not always, a sequel to another disease, as in-
fluenza, catarrh, or strangles. Blood issues from the flea-
bite-like spots on the mucous membranes and a_ bloody
whey from the skin swellings. The latter are painful,
hot, hard, and shining, with small spots on the uncolored

Fig. 6. Head deformed by Purple Fig. 7. Lee of horse suffering from
Fever (Purpura Heemorrhagica). same disease.

surfaces. Vesicles about the size of a pea appear on the
lower part of the limbs, and cracks at the flexures of the

48 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

limbs, from which an unhealthy amber or purple colored
discharge issues. ‘The sheath, abdomen, breast, lips, nos-
trils, eyelids, &c., swell.

The disease is usually caused by blood contamination,
but it may arise from defective drainage, ventilation, or
bad food.

Remedy.—Potassium chlorate, 3 or 4 drams, 2 or 3
times daily; then half doses; usually given in drinking
water. Iron salts, sulphate, perchloride; quinine, oil of
turpentine. Good hygienic conditions. Concentrated,
nutritive diet; oatmeal gruel, milk, eggs, alcoholic stim-
ulants. Swellings, when limited and about head, bathed
with cold water and refrigerants; when about throat, body,
and legs, hot fomentations preferable, especially in cold
weather. Avoid scarification unless swellings are large
and causing inconvenience. Scrupulous cleanliness and
antiseptic dressings while skin is ulcerating or sloughing.
Open windpipe if necessary. (For doses, see pages 13
to 29.)

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD FEVER (CEREBRO-
SPINAL FEVER OR MENINGITIS),

Is a specific horse disease, characterized by congestion
and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their
nerve centers, causing paralysis, dizziness, and sudden
falling to the ground. ‘The neck and dorsal (back) mus-
cles contract so violently as to sometimes draw the head
back; the eyes are wild and injected, the head tossed
about, &c. The disease is probably caused by a specific
poison. It is often enzootic or epizootic, and always dan-
gerous. In veterinary medicine ‘enzootic’ and ‘ epizootic’
correspond to ‘endemic’ and ‘epidemic’ in human med-
icine. Enzootic diseases are local, and are confined to as
well as peculiar to (if not the product of) certain districts.
Epizootics are general, and may spread from country to
country, like the terrible influenza epizootic of 1872-73.

= oe

HORSE-POX AND DIPHTHERIA. 49

Remedy.—Slings if unable to stand. Full dose of
aloes; salines, laxative clyster injections, and mash diet.
Small, repeated doses of alcohol and quinine for prostra-
tion. Counter-irritation to spine; ammonia and soap lini-
ments; ice bag to spine. If urine is not passed freely,
use catheter. Chloral hydrate and atrophine hypodermic-
ally relieve spasms and pain. Also ergotin and atrophine.
Tron salts and strychnine for paralysis. (For doses, see
pages 13 to 29.)

HORSE-POX (VARIOLA EQUINA),

Is a specific, contagious fever, depending on a microbe
(mite) affecting the skin and mucous surfaces, and pass-
ing through papular, vesicular, and pustular stages. Rare.
(Dun.) The fever is mild—continued or intermittent—
and tends to self-cure.

Remedy.—Salines; antiseptics internally, cooling, lax-
ative diet. Borax and sulphurous acid solutions abate
irritation of aphthe (roundish, pearl-colored vesicles) in
mouth and throat. Lead subacetate solution, with glyc-
erine and water, relieve skin eruptions. Isolate and dis-
infect. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

DIPHTHERIA

Is a specific fever, characterized by inflammation of the
throat, accompanied by exudation and softening of mucous
surfaces. Contagious. Affects horses and dogs occasion-
ally. 7
Remedy.—lIce sucked. Spray with chlorine, iodine,
iodoform solutions. Ferric chloride tincture, internally
and locally. Electuaries of boro-glycerine or glycerine of
carbolic acid; belladonna electuaries relieve congestive
stage. Sodium sulphites and hyposulphites and sulpho-
carbolates internally and locally. Salicylic acid and pilo-
carpine aid in dissolving false membrane. Soft, nutritive
food; eggs, beef tea, alcohol. For doses, see pages 15 to

50 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

29. Boro-glycerine, or boro-glyceride, is made of 92 parts
of glycerine to 62 of boric acid. Glycerine of carbolic
acid is made of 1 part of the acid to 4 of glycerine.

A few fevers—more common to cattle than to horses—
appear in Part II.

RABIES

Is a nervous, febrile disease, originating in the dog,
occasionally in the cat, caused by a specific microbe (mite)
in the saliva of the rabid animal. Pasteur has demon-
strated that dogs and other animals inoculated with cul-
tivated virus do not take the disease when bitten by a
rabid dog, nor when inoculated with virus which would
kill unprotected animals. He also claims that the culti-
vated virus is usually protective, if used shortly after the
bite. (Dun.) Speaking of Pasteur’s experiments Williams
says: ‘‘If rabies be not of spontaneous origin, and if the
experiments all turn out successful, there seems to be no
reason why rabies should not be entirely extirpated.” But
he thinks the disease is sometimes spontaneous. He fur-
ther says that Pasteur has succeeded ‘‘in rendering ani-
mals absolutely proof against the poison of rabies.”

Symptoms.—The disease is manifested in a variety of
ways. Sometimes there is great apparent distress, sudden
perspirations, unruliness, stamping and pawing violently,
and finally becoming frantic and dangerous. Sometimes
the horse will bite the wound, tearing the skin off; in-
tolerance of light, nervousness, eyes fixed and staring,
pupils dilated; ears worked; saliva abundant. There are
intervals of quiet between the fits, but they become shorter
and the fits more dangerous.

Remedy.—When the disease is developed, there is no
cure, but excising the wound and then cauterizing it with
caustic potash or silver nitrate may possibly prevent its
development.

SPASMS, CONVULSIONS, PARALYSIS. 51

SPASMS AND CONVULSIONS.

Spasms are involuntary muscular contractions. When
attended with pain, they are called cramp. When consist-
ing of alternate contractions and relaxations, they are called
clonic spasm. When the rigidity is permanent, they are
called tonic spasm, as in lock-jaw. Convulsions are mus-
cular spasms of comparatively greater severity and extent
than ordinary or local spasms, but are essentially the same
im nature. The cause of the disorder is probably nervous
disturbance. The fibers of a spasmed muscle feel hard
and are shortened and swollen.

The disorder, which is rare, often attacks the hind
legs, when it may be mistaken for spavin (concealed or-
not), hock disease, or patella dislocation. (The patella is
the whirl-bone of the stifle joint. The whirl-bone corres-
ponds to the knee-cap in man.) The duration of the
cramp varies from minutes to hours and hours to days.
Relapses are common. Sometimes the disorder is of an
epileptic character (fits).

Symptoms.—When of a limb, sudden lameness; limb
may be dragged, or there may be both hopping and drag-
ging; hind leg may be caught up and thrown out in an
awkward manner; standing position natural.

Remedy.—For ordinary cramp of leg, exercise. Chlo-
ral hydrate, 3 to 4 drams. Chloroform inhaled and swal-—
lowed. When of spinal origin, morphine subcutaneously
(under the skin); spinal ice bag. When of cerebral (brain)
origin, bromides or ammonia internally. Cold water or
ice to head. When reflex, remove source of irritation.
(For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

PARALYSIS (PARESIS, PALSY),
Or loss of motor power, is a symptom of disease rather
than disease itself. It is nevertheless of great importance,
for it is dangerous. It is of four kinds—general, unilat-

52 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

oO

eral (one side), transverse (before or behind), and local.
Traseverse paralysis, on account of its intimate relation
to the spinal cord, is often called ‘ spinal paralysis.’ (Rob-
ertson. )

Paralysis is caused by falls or blows, fractures or inju-
ries, especially of the spine; overwork, blood poisoning,
crass staggers, the use of the vetch known as ‘lathyrus
sativus,’ &c. When horses are quartered in low, wet, cold
pastures, especially where there is stagnant water and cold
air currents, the disorder is liable to become epizootic.
The attack is usually sudden. The hind legs are very
susceptible to the disorder. It often affects first one leg
and then the other. The sense of feeling as well as mo-
tion may be lost, which may be detected by pricks, pinches,
or blows.

Symptoms —If of hind quarters, horse down, strug-
gling with fore feet to get up; in extreme cases the rec-
tum and bladder are also paralyzed; evacuations may be
retained, but oftener pass involuntarily; when retained,
remove artificially.

In complete paralysis of side, horse down on affected
side; in incomplete, can stand and even drag itself along;
head, neck, loins, and hind quarters incline to one side;
affected eye sunken; ear lops; lips pendulous and drawn
aside; drinking and mastication difficult.

In paralysis of head, the face is distorted; corners of
mouth drawn. upward; mastication impracticable; sight
affected, but eyes retain power of motion. The disease
called glass eye may follow paralysis of the head.

, Remedy.—Rest, quiet. Light, digestible food. Salines,
tonics. Friction, blisters, electricity, impart nervous and
muscular tone. Potassium iodide and salines if dependent
on pressure from fluid. Trephine and raise bone if from
depression of cranial bones. Remove any gastric, uterine,
or other local irritation, or blood contamination. Nux
vomica and strychnine stimulate motor centers and nerves.

TETANUS OR LOCK-JAW. ay)

When caused by embolism (blood clots or foreign bodies
plugging vessels), or by thrombosis (escape of a fluid and
the injury caused thereby) treat the first by rest, concen-
trated, rather spare diet, and ammonia salts; the second
by refrigerant applications or fomentations, bitters, and
scarification when the swelling causes convenience. (For
doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

TETANUS (LOCK-JAW),*

Has four forms. 1. Cramp of the muscles of the face
and neck, causing the jaws to close; the most common
form. 2. Cramp of the muscles of the back and loins,
causing elevation of the head and sinking of the loins.
3. Bending the body and neck forward, with arching of
the spine. 4. Bending the body laterally.

Fig. 8. Testing Tetanus. When the head is raised the haw projects over
the eye. :

The exact nature of the disease is still a matter of dis-
pute. Some horses seem to be predisposed to it. The
nerve centers chiefly if not solely affected are the medulla
oblongata and spinal cord. The medulla oblongata lies
between and connects the brain and spinal cord.

* Lock-jaw is only one of four different forms of Tetanus. This important
fact should be borne in mind; otherwise an intelligent diagnosis (determina-
tion) of the disease is impossible,

54 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

The disease is either acute or chronic. The acute form,
which usually results from wounds, is rapid in its course
and very dangerous. It is perhaps sometimes spontaneous
and epizootic. It attacks young as well as old, and lasts
from one to three or four weeks. When curable, the
turn comes in about ten days.

The disease has many causes. A nail in the foot,
mere tread, punctures, amputation of the tail, docking,
saddle galls, castration, especially where caustic clamps
are used; intestinal irritation, either from foreign bodies
or parasites; sudden changes of temperature, especially
after clipping; strychnine internally or injected; in fact,
any violence. It may occur even after a wound has healed.
Dun says the ‘‘ involuntary tonic (rigid) muscular spasms ”
of tetanus are probably caused by a microbe. The mites
would cause irritation of course.

Fig. 9. Feeding a horse suffering with chronic Tetanus. A catheter passed
through the nostril to the stomach; gruel pumped in,

Symptoms.—First stage: Neck, back, and loins stiff ;
appetite lost; swallowing difficult; lips about natural;
discharge of saliva; jaws refuse to separate naturally ;
erinding of teeth; nose elevated and slightly protruded ;

facial muscles twitch; excitable, irritable; throws head-

7

7
:

a

TETANUS—MEGRIMS. 5d

up if touched; eyes watchful, brilliant, the haws, their
natural shield, shooting across the eyeballs; pulse little
increased, but rather hard and incompressible.

Second stage: Muscles cramped generally; head drawn
upward and backward, presenting deer-like aspect; hence
the name “‘ stag-evil;” tail elevated and tremulous; limbs
stretched ; countenance haggard, ghastly; eyes wild, star-
ing, protruded, haws shooting over balls, if excited ; other-
wise dull and sunken; ears erect, rigid; nose protruded ;
nostrils dilated; gait hobbling; jaws more firmly locked,
&e., &e.

Third stage: Symptoms much the same, but intensified,
and distress more general. Sometimes the windpipe is
opened to prevent suffocation. Fatal.

Remedy.—Put in dark box; perfect quiet; loosely in
slings. Aloes, aided by nutritive mashes, gruel, molasses.
Salines in drinking water, kept within reach. Will suck
up sloppy food even when the jaws are closed. Foment
or poultice wound; remove any cause of irritation and
apply anodynes. Powdered opium and cannabis indica
extract, 30 grains each, softened by admixture of ammo-
nium acetate solution, 3 times daily among molar teeth.
Bromides and chloral hydrate give temporary, sometimes
permanent relief. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

MEGRIMS (VERTIGO, DIZZINESS, STAGGERS),

Is brain disturbance (cerebral congestion). Its usual
cause is tight or badly fitting collars. This seems to be
proved by the fact that horses subject to it are free of it
if worked with a band across their breast; further, by
the fact that loosening the collar soon stops a fit. If the
collar is not loosened manually, the horse will plunge
about till it falls, and thus loosen it itself. The disease
has other causes, such as general plethora (too much blood)
increased action of the heart, disturbed vaso-motor (vessel
movement) activity, &c.

56 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Symptoms.—Stops suddenly; shakes head either from
side to side or upward and downward; head sometimes
turned aside; head and throat vessels distended, their

Fig. 10. Characteristic look after repeated attacks of Megrims.

respective muscles twitching rapidly; eyes stare; nostrils
dilated; breathing rapid or stertérous; fore legs often
wide apart, as if for support; skin damp from perspiration.

Remedy.—Treat as above stated. Cold water on head.
Walking exercise. Hand-rubbing of body and legs. Mod-
erate bleeding or physic sometimes useful.

LYMPHANGITIS OR WEED (SWELLED LEGS),

Is inflammation of the lymphatic glands, absorbent ves-
sels and blood vessels, especially of the legs. It is pecu-
liar, as the name indicates, to lymphatic temperaments.
It is attributed to general disturbance of function, especi-
ally digestion and assimilation. Overfeeding and idleness,
cold and wet, nails in the feet, inherent tendency, he-
redity, &c., are predisposing causes. The blood abounds
in serum (a greenish yellow fluid). The second day after
it is drawn the clot will swim in it. In repeated attacks
the skin becomes thick and rough, as in ‘ elephantiasis.’
Sometimes abscesses dot the limb, especially the inner

LYMPHANGITIS OR WEED. THe

part. In chronic cases the lymph glands are sometimes
filled with calcareous material, grating when cut into.

The swelling of the hmb is sudden, and usually reaches
its hight in from 24 to 48 hours, remaining stationary
equally long before declining. Any limb is susceptible to
the disease, but it is a curious as well as interesting fact
that the one usually affected is the left hind leg.

Symptoms.—Leg swollen, tolerably firm, hot, painful
and sometimes moist, the swelling being from above down-
ward; when severe, drops of a yellowish fluid bedew the
skin; fever active, and sometimes ushered in by shivering
fits; pulse 75 to 95, the artery being tense and cord-like;
in severe cases the breathing is hurried, short, catching;
internal temperature increased from two to five degrees ;
mouth clammy; bowels inclined to be confined; urine—
not at first increased in quantity—is of a higher specific
gravity than natural; appetite more or less impaired, with
increased desire for fluids; slight restlessness, sometimes
simulating colicky pains; anxious countenance; looks
back repeatedly.

Remedy.—Bleed robust subjects and where fever is
acute. Purge, laxative injections, and salines in drinking
water. Bran mashes. Aconite for acute fever. Hot fomen-
tations for several hours; then swathe legs lightly in woolen
or hay bandages. If tender and painful, moisten with’
soap liniment and laudanum. Clothe well in cold weather.
Stimulants where preliminary rigor is severe or continued.
Exercise is injurious during acute symptoms, but service-
able later.

In hard-worked and debilitated subjects, bleeding and
aconite unsuitable. Give them a half dose of physic and
salines; foment leg; turpentine and alcoholic stimulants.

Aid reduction of swelling by exercise, followed by mod-
erate work. Smart friction of leg daily, with oil. Diu-
retics and tonics; iodine or potassium iodide internally 5
laxative diet and green food,

58 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Careful regulation of food, work, and rest diminish the
chances of relapses. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

HERNIA (RUPTURE),

Is a tumor or enlargement in any part of the body,
caused by the protrusion, by rupture, of a viscus or part
through its natural cavity. When the part can be re-
turned to its proper cavity, the hernia is called ‘ reduci-
ble;’? when it cannot, it is ‘irreductble;’ when it in-
terferes with the circulation, it is ‘strangulated.” The
kind or name of the hernia depends on the part affected.
The most common and important kind is

INGUINAL (GROIN) AND SCROTAL HERNIA.

It occurs in stallions, but is rare in geldings. It is
comparatively rare in this country and England, but in
France, Germany, India, Arabia, &c., where castration is
but little practiced, it is common. The causes are over-
straining of any kind, kicks, &c., but the latter is very
rare. It rarely exists on both sides at once. It is peculiar
to the right. Sometimes it is imperceptible, the small
intestines, which are the cause of it, not protruding fur-
ther than the inguinal canal. In this case feel for them.
When the intestines descend to the scrotum, the hernia
is called ‘scrotal hernia.’ Castration is necessary to a
permanent cure.

When the hernia is imperceptible, the following are the

Symptoms.—Indisposition to work; head erected; ap-
petite impaired; pain succeeding. animal breathes deeply,
paws, and assumes various postures for relief. Sometimes
the horse seems to be suffering from fatigue; at length
pulse becomes thready; eyes reddened and pupils dilated ;
inflammation causes slight colic.

The symptoms of scrotal hernia are very distinct, but
as the disorder is visible and the services of a surgeon
are necessary, a description of them is superfluous. <A

NAVEL AND BELLY HERNIA—FISTULA. a9
ease is recorded wherein the scrotum hung down nearly
to the hocks.

Sometimes hernia follows castration, caused by straining
perhaps. Frequently it is congenital, disappearing in from
three to six months. It may exist in the fetus (fcetus.)

Remedy.—Cast, and return the bowel by hand, and if
need be by application of ice or refrigerants. If this fails,
enlarge constricting ring. Covered castration operation in
stallion.

UMBILICAL (NAVEL) HERNIA

Is protrusion of a part of a bowel through the navel.
It is peculiar to the young, and is common in breeding
districts. Many require no treatment at all; others do,
for they sometimes cause death. In serious cases send for
a veterinary surgeon.

Remedy.—Fast for several hours; cast, place on the
back, and return the protruded part. Retain in position
by stitches, clamps of wood or iron, skivers or elastic lig-
ature. Cantharides blister applied to adjacent skin causes
swelling, and in slight cases shuts up opening.

VENTRAL (BELLY) HERNIA

Is caused by kicks, staking, the thrust of a horn, or
other violence. It is rarely dangerous. When small and
recent, the opening is usually closed by a blister. When
necessary, after returning the part, cut down and stitch
the opening.

Cases of artificial anus are recorded in both belly and
navel hernia. Hernia of the bladder is recorded. It was
as large as a man’s fist, and was separated from and hung
below the scrotum.

FISTULA,

A narrow, suppurating canal, may be internal or ex-
ternal, superficial or deep-seated, complete or incomplete,

60 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

that is, have an. external or internal opening only, or
both. The canal may be short or a foot or more in length.
Fistula (pleural of fistula) are caused by diseased bone,
cartilage, tendon, Wc., and are hard to heal.

Remedy.—Before pus is formed, reduce inflammation
with cold water to the part; then iodine and a purge;
do not puncture. After pus is formed, enlarge the canal
with a knife; pass seton or otherwise provide dependent
opening. Remove diseased bone or other irritant. En-
courage healing of wound from below. Where the knife
is unsuitable, inject saturated solution of corrosive subli-
mate, or sulphate of copper or zinc. Where milder treat-
ment fails, slough out ulcerating surfaces and secreting
walls with corrosive sublimate or arsenic plug. Dress with
carbolic acid or other antiseptic. (For doses, see pages 13
to 29.)

POLL-EVIL

Is a fistulous ulcer at the poll of the neck, near the
ears. From a simple swelling it develops into a tumor, from
a tumor into an abscess, and from an abscess into deep-
seated, chasm-like ulcers. It is caused by tight bearing-

Fig. 11. Poll-Evil; ready for operation.

reins, blows, bruises, pressure, friction, &c. A stiff and
hard halter or other head-gear or collar may cause fric-

FISTULA IN THE WITHERS. 61

tion, and a low door-way or loft floor may cause bruises.
The disease is slow and hard to cure. It will penetrate
to the bone, and has been known to cause pressure upon
the brain.

As poll-evil is the result of mismanagement, its best
remedy is the avoidance of the cause. For remedy, see
‘Fistula’ (page 60).

FISTULA IN THE WITHERS,

Like poll-evil, is the result of mismanagement and in-
juries. The withers are usually injured by saddles, har-
ness-pads, and collars. In chronic cases, or what may be
called the third stage, the disease will penetrate to and
cause disease of the bone, as in poll-evil.

The first stage of the fistula is a tumor. It may be
swelled, hot, and tender, or it may be indolent, mani-
festing neither heat nor tenderness. The former requires
a cooling lotion, applied with linen; the latter, which
usually has an eschar (crust or scab) on its summit, re-
quires a bagged bran poultice, confined by a surcingle.

Fig. 12. Fistulous Withers; worst stage.

The formation of pus may be called the second stage
of the disease. Some of the sinuses or holes are of such
depth that ordinary probes are useless. When practicable, .
the abscess should be laid open, to afford vent for the
pus. When not practicable, a counter-opening may ac-

62 ’ THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

complish this purpose. When practicable, setons in the
fistulous canals will not-only keep the apertures open, but
will aid healthy granulation. Carious bone, cartilage, or
ligament should be removed.

Remedy.—See ‘ Fistula.’

FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT

Is rare. It is a sinuous opening, communicating with
the interior of the duct, through which saliva is dis-

charged, especially during mastication. In chronic cases’

the duct becomes so enlarged by the accumulation of saliva
that, instead of being comparable to a goose quill, it will
admit the finger. ‘he situation of the fistula may be the
angle of the bone, the inner border of the jaw, or the
side of the cheek. The discharge of saliva proclaims the
nature of the case. The causes of the disease are abscess
of the gland, strangles (the disease), and injuries of all
kinds.

Remedy.—Percivall cured two cases with the follow-
ing injection: Lunar caustic, 4 dram; nitric acid, 1
dram; distilled water, 1 ounce. Judging by experience,
he recommends that the quantity of water be doubled.
In the second case treated by him, the gland was de-
stroyed. Distilled water is made as follows: Take of water
10 gallons; distill 2 pints of impurities and throw them
away; then distill 8 gallons. Put in glass bottles. Dis-
tillation is the operation by which, with the aid of heat and
closed vessels, the volatile or liquid parts of bodies are sep-
arated from the fixed or solid. Distillation is purification.

FISTULA OF THE ANUS,

When on account of the friction caused by the action
of the muscles of the tail, is greatly benefited by confin-
ing the tail to a rope fastened around the neck, the same
as horse dealers do when they link their horses together
for traveling. (Percivall.)

OO EE

DIABETES, RHEUMATISM. 63

DIABETES (POLYURIA),

Is a complex morbid condition, originating in or closely
connected with certain disturbances in the process of as-
similation, evidenced by excessive secretion of urine, great
and persistent thirst, rapid emaciation and loss of energy,
and in one form (the serious) characterized by the pres-
ence of saccharine (sugar) material in the urine. (Rob-
ertson.) Musty oats or hay, badly saved fodder, malted
barley, impure water, &c., are predisposing causes. <A .
horse has been known to drink 38 gallons of water in 5
hours. (Percivall.)

Remedy.—Half dose of physic. Iodine with potassium
iodide. With iodine alternate or conjoin iron salts. Chalk
or whiting in manger for acidity. Phosphoric acid and
bitters lessen thirst. Change food. Moderate supply of
water, with which mix sodium bicarbonate and wheaten
flour or oatmeal. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

-RHEUMATISM

Is an inflammation of the fibrous structures of the joints,
tendons, ligaments, sheaths of muscles, or of the heart
and closed cavities, caused by a specific condition of the
blood, and accompanied by fever, stiffness, and lameness.
It is shifting or erratic in its character. (Williams) It
is believed to depend on the accumulation in the body of
some product of nutritive derangement, probably lactic
(milk) acid. (Dun.) Cold, dampness, predisposition, the
debility caused by other diseases, and heredity are its chief
causes perhaps.

Remedy.-—Alkalies, potassium bicarbonate and nitrate
in drinking water. Ammonium acetate and colchicum.
Hot fomentations or flannels wrung out of hot water or_
oil to affected parts. Then moisten with aconite, opium,
or other anodynes. When acute symptoms abate, quinine,
arsenic, Donovan’s solution internally. Quiet, comforta-

64 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ble quarters. Flannels soaked with hot oil and alkaline
solutions, kept on for 1 or 2 hours, for stiffness and swell-
ing. Then soap lniment. Light work. If mild reme-
dies fail, apply cantharides ointment. Actual cautery
sometimes required in chronic articular (joint) rheumatism.
No bleeding. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.) Actual cau-
tery means the application of a red hot iron.

BARRENNESS.

Remedy.—Change diet and surroundings. Exercise.
Alteratives; potassium iodide; phosphorus and canthar-
ides, small doses. Gradual reducing of fat, plethoric sub-
jects. Good diet and tonics for debilitated. Dilate os
uteri if it be impervious. Change male. (For doses, see
pages 13 to 29.) The ‘os uteri’ is the mouth of the
womb.

DROPSIES,

Says Percivall, may arise from general or local plethora,
obstructed circulation, deficient absorption, or a thin or
watery condition of the blood. They are either external
or internal, acute or chronic. External dropsy is a col-
lection of watery fluid in the cellular membrane beneath
the skin. In internal dropsy the fluid fills the cayities
of the body—the chest, belly, head, &e.

Dropsy is the result of vascular (vessel) disturbance.

Vascular disturbance is therefore the exciting cause of
dropsy; debility is the predisposing cause.
- “Turned out” horses are often dropsical. They ex-
change a warm atmosphere for a cold and moist one, a
generous for a low diet, and sometimes wholesome for
unwholesome water.

ee

:
|
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1
|

DROPSIES. 65

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN OR PERITONEUM
(ASCITES),

The peritoneum is a watery membrane lining the ab-
dominal cavity. Anything that disturbs its healthy action,
such as disease of the liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, or
omentum (a prolongation of the peritoneum); improper
or insufficient food, exposure to cold, &c., may cause
dropsy. It is sometimes complicated with hydrothorax
and dropsy of the pericardium-—a sequel sometimes of the
latter. The pale, straw-colored fluid—aggregating gallons
—is sometimes mixed with flakes of lymph. ‘The disease
is peculiar to the young rather than the old.

Symptoms.—Dull; if in the field, alone; appetite and
general condition bad; disposed to rest; abdomen becomes
gradually pendulous; pulse weak and rather frequent;
membranes blanched. These symptoms may become in-
tensified and multiplied, the swelling extending to the
limbs, &e. When the liver is much diseased, the urine
is always scanty and biliary; when the kidneys are dis-
eased, it is charged with albumen.

Remedy.—Diuretics, salines, oil of turpentine. Digi-
talis in heart complications. Combat liver complications.
(See liver diseases.) Tapping gives relief.

Shelter, good food, some exercise. Cautious use of prep-
arations of iron. When bowels confined, moderate doses
of aloes at long intervals, or sulphate of soda steadily.
For albumen in urine, perchloride or sulphate of iron,
with dilute sulphuric acid, alternated with solution of
iodine or iodide of potassium—one in morning, other at
night—using diuretics, if at all, sparingly. Remove local
swelling by fomentation, smart friction, with simple oil,
and moderate exercise. For chronic, debilitated cases, 2,
3, or even 4 ounces cod-liver oil, twice a day, mixed with
4 or 5 eggs. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

-

"
q

66 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

DROPSIES, GENERAL (ANASARCA),

Swell the legs, sheath, breast, belly, lips, eyelids, &e.
They are often the result of either constitutional disease
or deficiency and poverty of blood. They are external—
beneath the skin—but in chronic cases there may be in-
ternal accumulations also, and sometimes sympathetic in-
flammation of the air passages. The latter is a very dan-
gerous complication. The swellings have a soft feel and
pit on pressure. Dullness, loss of appetite, strength, and
flesh, short and difficult breathing, and frequent and in-
distinct pulse are characteristic symptoms.

Remedy.—Turkish baths. Digitalis infusion and strych-
nine are useful in most dropsies, especially in dropsy of
the heart, in which give with salines. Copaiba in heart
and liver cases. Laxatives and potassium iodide in kid-
ney cases. Encourage vicarious functions of bowels and
skin in kidney cases. Iron and salines for lack of blood.
Friction, shampooing, external stimulants. Draw off water
with trocar. Also with aspirator (injection-like syringe).
Acupuncture (the introduction of needles into the living
tissues for remedial purposes. )

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM (HYDROCELE),

Is rare.
Remedy.—Evacuate by trocar and canula. Injection
of iodine or other astringent solution.

SEROUS ABSCESS
Is a kind of dropsy. It is usually situated on the outer
side of the thigh, in front of the stifle, the breast, the
shoulder, and the arm. Though circumscribed, the ab-
scesses are occasionally of considerable size. Their shape
is ovoid, flattened upon the surface. They have a soft,
fluctuating feel, and, when punctured, emit a jet of straw-

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 67

colored fluid, very like the serum (water or whey) of the
blood. ‘They are caused by blows or other contusions.
Percivall suggests that there may be another kind of serous
abscess—one that arises spontaneously.

Remedy.—Do not attempt to disperse these tumors.
Lance them. Inject with one of the following mixtures:
1. White vitriol, 1 scruple; distilled water, 1 ounce. 2.
Lunar caustic, 1 scruple; distilled water, 1 ounce. Or
pass a seton through the enlargement. After the injec-
tion, or after the withdrawal of the seton, a compress and
roller will agglutinate the sides of the cavity. The seton
should be retained only till healthy pus is pre@uced. In
some cases, especially where a bandage cannot be kept on
nor a seton be inserted, sloughing the sac with a sharp
escharotic (caustic), such as powdered blue vitriol, is the
best means of cure. (Percivall.)

GLANDERS AND FARCY

Is a malignant, contagious, and fatal disease, due to
the introduction into the animal economy, or of genera-
tion within it, of a virus (said by Dr. Struck of Berlin
to consist of an organism, the ‘ Bacillus mallei,’ about the
same size as those of tuberculosis), which, infecting the
whole system, shows specific effects on the nasal mem-
brane, the lungs, and” the lymphatic glands and duets.
It originates spontaneously in the horse, ass, and mule,
and is transmissible to sheep, goats, dogs, cats, mice, and
rabbits ; also to man, in whom the virus seems to increase
in malignancy. Cattle, swine, and fowl resist it, even
when inoculated. It may occur under at least four forms—
acute and chronic glanders; acute (bud) and chronic
(button) farcy. (Williams.)

Old age, bad food and management, overwork, exhaust-
ing diseases, such as diabetes insipidus; specific miasmatic

68 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

or animal poisons, especially those of overcrowded stables,
&e., are believed to be predisposing causes of glanders.

The discharge from the nostrils Caused by caries of the
nasal bones and the roots of the upper molar teeth (the
back molars), is sometimes mistaken for glanders. This
need not be if the following facts are noted: In glanders
the discharge, at first, is never fetid; in caries it is always
fetid. In glanders, however, the discharge becomes very
offensive in the course of time. The latter fact is very
valuable in a diagnostic point of view.

When described as distinct diseases, glanders is said to
affect the nasal membrane, farcy the skin.

Remedy.—Dress farcy buds with mercuric iodide oint-
ment or stick of silver nitrate. Sodium hyposulphite ;
iron and copper sulphates; arsenic internally. Liberal
diet; exercise desirable, except in acute cases. Isolate
from healthy animals; disinfect. Treatment only pallia-
tive. Better slaughter. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

OSTEOPOROSIS (HARDENING),

Consists in the excessive development of the tissues
which occupy the canals and cells of bones, while at the
same time the actual quantity of bony matter remains
unaltered. (Rokitansky.) From perverted nutrition the
bones are thus swollen and brittle. The cartilaginous
tissues, and even the teeth, undergo similar degeneration.
The disease occurs in horses, cattle, and sheep.

Incurable. Prevention consists in furnishing food con-
taining a proper proportion of all the elements of nutrition.

FLYBLOW (Magots from),

If neglected, may result in death. Sheep suffer more
perhaps than horses.

Remedy.—Turpentine; tar oil; corrosive sublimate —

solution. a

RICKETS. 69

RICKETS (RACHITIS),

Is faulty development and softening (causing bending)
of the bones of young animals, depending on disordered
nutrition of the osseous (bony) tissue; in fact, to the mal-
assimilation and non-development of the materials neces-
sary to the formation of
bone —namely, phosphate
and carbonate of lime.

Rickets appears when
the patient is a few weeks
or months old, and is caus-
ed by constitutional debil-
ity, scrofulous taint, or by
external and preventable
causes. Thus we find it
in calves that are not al-
lowed to suckle their moth-
er, and in foals that suckle
but two or three times a
day, the mother being at
work. Young animals fed
on artificial food instead of
milk, and not allowed prop-
er exercise, or reared under
any unnatural conditions, y
are liable to become rick- Fig. 13. Rickets in humerus of dog.
ety.

-Remedy.—Nourishing diet. Milk, crushed oats, with
.linseed, for horses, cattle, sheep, swine. Milk, meat soup,
cod-liver oil for dogs. In sucking animals, see to quality
and quantity of milk. An aperient or antacids will rec-
tify digestive derangement. Calcium phosphate; Parrish’s
food; iron salts; healthy surroundings. Splints and ban-
dages if needed. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

DISEASES OF THE AIR PASSAGES.

THE air passages are the nostrils, the larynx, the wind-
pipe and its ramifications, and the bronchial tubes. The
horse, on account of the great size of the soft palate, can-
not breathe through its mouth. The chambers of the nose
are therefore exposed to noxious effluvias in the air, while
the mouth is exempt. This difference from man in struc-
ture and economy probably accounts for the proneness of
the horse to pulmonary affections. The nasal membrane
should be frequently inspected. In health it displays a
dotted, shining, humid aspect, of a more or less flesh
color. Mucus is a sign of disease.

CATARRH,

An unhealthy discharge from the nose, in the membrane
of which it has its seat, is usually if not invariably the
result of cold—that is, cold that causes unusual suffering.
Percivall says that catarrh is much oftener the result of
transition from cold to heat than from heat to cold; also
that horses kept in the open air altogether are hardly
susceptible to catarrh.

The disease is peculiar to young horses and is sometimes
epizootic. It is common, but it is usually harmless. How-
ever, it should not be neglected, for it may lead to bron-
chitis, nasal gleet, roaring, &e.

Simple and Febrile Symptoms.—Sneezing; redness
and dryness of nasal membrane; watery, irritating dis-
charge, becoming in a few days turbid, yellowish, and
irregular; redness of conjunctival (eye) membrane; copi-
ous tears; hanging head; yawning; heat and pain over

CATARRH. alk

frontal sinuses; small, loose, diffuse swellings under jaw;
sometimes coughing, with or without soreness of throat;
varying degrees of fever, dullness, and debility; staring
coat; rigors or shivering fits; surface temperature now
elevated, now depressed; internal temperature elevated 3
or 4 degrees; pulse and breathing quickened; appetite
diminished. As the acute symptoms subside, the disease
becoming subacute or established as it were, the animal
improves. In some cases the symptoms are much more
severe than above described, sometimes threatening suffo-
cation.

Fig. 14. Steaming apparatus for Catarrh, Bronchitis, &c.

Chronic Symptoms.—The discharge is considerably
altered in character, and is for a time at least less in
quantity; but the quantity varies—more one day than
another. Sometimes the discharge is white and glairy;
sometimes a yellow mixture of pus and mucus; in rare
cases, opaque, thin, dirty-looking mucus; appetite good,
but animal lacks bloom, vigor, vivacity; coat open; skin
scurfy; nasal membrane rather soft, blanched, thickened,
and less vascular-looking, and of a slate or leaden hue.

Remedy.—Simple form: House comfortably; clothe
body and head; bandage legs. ‘Temperature 60 to 65° F.
Steam head with vapor of water alone, or medicated with
antiseptic or anodyne. Warm or vapor bath; dry quickly

72 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

and reclothe; mash diet or green food; laxative injec-
tions; purge if necessary. Ammonia acetate solution;
potassium nitrate and chlorate; other saline electuaries.
Hot fomentations; stimulating embrocations to throat.

Chronic form: Isolate; rest or light work; if the coat
is rough, clip or singe. Arsenic, iron, copaiba, terrebene
improve general condition. Inhalation or spray of sul-
phurous or carbolic acid or iodoform. Astringent nasal
douche or spray; blister over nasal sinuses. (For doses,
see pages 13 to 29.)

SORE THROAT (LARYNGITIS),

Is a rather common, rapid, and dangerous disease. The
inflammation usually extends to the pharynx and contigu-
ous parts. The swelling and mucous accumulations some-
times cause death by suffocation. The causes are the same
as those of catarrh and bronchitis, and most of the effects
and complications are the same also. Long-continued and
hacking coughs are frequently present.

Robertson divides the disease into two forms—catarrhal
and swollen. He also speaks of a chronic form, consisting
of muscular wasting and degeneration, with adventitious
growth and changes of inherent tissue—the same as in
roaring.

Symptoms.—Head elevated and protruded; more or
less difficulty in swallowing; ropy and tenacious saliva;
cough at first hard and rather sonorous; as the disease
advances and the secretion increases, it is less resonant,
rather suppressed, and emitted with evidence of pain.
More or less fever; restless; stamps, tosses head, pulls
backward. Pulse high, eyes prominent, legs and ears cold.
Spasms of the larynx sometimes occur, followed by great
difficulty in breathing, loud, shrill, trumpet-like sounds, &e.

Purple-hued nasal membrane, difficulty in breathing,
stupor, anxiety, restlessness, &c., according to Robertson,
are characteristic of the swollen form of laryngitis,

SORE THROAT—NASAL GLEET. "3

Remedy.—Comfortable box and clothing; protect from
drafts; moist atmosphere of 60 to 70° F. Steam head
and throat persistently with medicated vapor; heat and
moisture externally. Aconite and laxatives abate fever in
early stages of acute attacks. Hmetics relieve fever and
difficult breathing in dogs and pigs. Ammonium acetate
solution, camphor, and belladonna confections. Benzoin,
sulphurous acid, iodine, or chloroform as inhalation, spray,
or confection. Salicylic acid and potassium chlorate as
confection every hour where swelling is great. Counter-
irritants—soap and opium liniment, mustard, cantharides.
Tube in windpipe if necessary.

Chronic form: Alum, ferric chloride, sulpho-carbolates,
or tannic acid as confection or spray. Belladonna and
camphor, with glycerine and water, as anodyne gargle.
Thickening of mucous membrane treated by potassium
iodide and counter-irritants. Essence of mustard hypo-
dermically. Ulceration of the opening of the glottis (rima
glottidis) treated with silver nitrate.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

NASAL GLEET (OZENA OR OZENA),

Is usually preceded by an inflammatory or catarrhal at-
tack, but it may occur spontaneously. It is more likely
to follow chronic than acute catarrh. It is peculiar to
adult or old horses rather than young. It is sometimes
mistaken for glanders.

In most cases the discharge, which is usually from both
nostrils, continues long after inflammation has ceased. It
is more mucous than purulent, is remarkably white, and
about as thick as cream. Sometimes it is smooth and
uniform; sometimes lumpy; at others it is yellow, and
seems to contain more pus than mucus. Sometimes it will
collect about the nostrils and be ejected, in pretty regu-
lar succession, in flakes or masses. Again it is irregular,
ceasing for a while, as if cured, then returning in double

74 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

or treble the quantity. Sometimes the lower jaw glands
are swollen, sometimes not. Sometimes there is an offen-
sive smell, sometimes not. The nasal membrane becomes
pallid and leaden-hued, but is free from pus or ulcers.
Health, spirits, and appetite good. (Percivall.)

Fig. 15. Injecting for Nasal Gleet. Holes made by trephine.

Remedy.—Sulphurous acid, iodine, iodoform inhala-
tions. Nasal douches of salt and water, with a few drops
of iodine tincture. Bleaching powder scattered in box.
Copper or iron sulphates, arsenic, turpentine, buchu, co-
paiba internally. Blister over sinuses. Remove bad teeth.
When other treatment fails, trephine sinusus; after re-
moving as much pus as possible, wash out with antisep-
tics. Isolate all horses with suspicious nasal discharges.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ROARING

Is a symptom of disease rather than disease. It is a
species of unsoundness, and may be detected sometimes
by a mere fright—sudden jump; sometimes great exertion
is needed. Veterinarians detect it sometimes by a grunt-
ing or groaning cough, which they produce by grasping
the throat. It is sometimes hereditary. ‘The produce
of certain sires are nearly all roarers.” (Williams.) It

ROARING—COUGH. Mey

may depend on thickening of the mucous lining of the
nares (apertures), pharynx, or larynx, or on fibrous growths
in these regions; but the majority of cases are the result
of paralysis, wasting, and fatty degeneration of the whole
of the intrinsic muscles of the left side of the larynx
supplied by the recurrent nerve. The tube through which
the air passes being narrowed, the characteristic noise is
produced. Most roarers are wheezers, and also grunters,
and in the lghter breeds are whistlers. (Dun.)

Percivall ligatured a horse’s windpipe moderately tight.
It roared when trotted. He next compressed the pipe to
about half its natural calaber. The animal whistled. He
then drew the cord with all his strength. A minute af-
-terward the horse staggered a good deal, fell, struggled
violently, and expired in two minutes after falling. The
ligatured part of the windpipe admitted a crow’s quill.
In the two first experiments the sounds were louder in
inspiration than expiration.

Remedy.—‘ Spurious roaring,’ depending on cold, in-
fluenza, or strangles, is sometimes treated successfully by
stimulation of the throat, and by potassium iodide and
arsenic internally.

‘True roaring,’ depending on muscular wasting, is in-
curable. Smart blistering, the actual cautery, and gal-
vapism in the earlier stages, sometimes retard wasting.
Slow, easy work. A pad fitted on the nostrils, regulating
the supply of air, lessens the noise. A tube in the wind-
pipe affords relief. (See Fig. 5.) Removal of the para-
lyzed vocal cord is useless. Removal of the aretenoid car-
tilage is seldom permanently effectual.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

COUGH

Is symptomatic of various diseases. It may remain after
its cause is removed. It sometimes becomes chronic, es-
pecially if neglected.

76 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Remedy.—Comfortable housing and clothing, pure air,
careful feeding, oleaginous diet.

Catarrhal: Steam head; ammonium acetate solution,
salines, ether, mustard to throat.

Bronchial: Ammonium acetate, ipecac, squill, nitrous
ether, counter-irritants.

Dry, with scanty secretion: Ammonium acetate or chlo-
ride, potassium bicarbonate and chlorate, borax.

With profuse discharges: Balsams, eucalyptus oil, tar,
terrebene, creosote, astringent sprays or inhalations.

Irritable: Demulcents; camphor and belladonna, coni-
um, opium, hydrocyanic acid, cocaine. (Fora list of
demulcents, see page 33.)

Reflex: Bromides, chloral hydrate. Remove cause of
irritation.

Chronic: Careful dieting; wet the food; linseed mash
or oil. If the coat is long, clip or singe. Epsom salt or
other salines occasionally. Dick’s recipe—30 grains each
of calomel, digitalis, opium and camphor. Omit calomel
if given daily for a week, that is, if necessary. Belladonna,
camphor, alcohol, tar, creosote, arsenic. Counter-irritants
—mustard, mercuric iodide ointment, setons.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE (EPISTAXIS),

Is best distinguished perhaps from bleeding of the lungs
by the fact that blood usually issues from but one nos-
tril. Blood may flow in a stream or drop by drop. In
either case it is very apt to collect within the chambers
of the nose and about the nostril and cause irritation.
The horse will snort and blow out clots of blood, and
thus increase the bleeding. ‘The blood is mostly arterial
—usually a bright scarlet.

The cause may be constitutional, local, spontaneous—
the result of plethora or congestion—or traumatic (wounds).

NASAL POLYPUS. Ter

D’Arboval reports fatal cases, wherein the clots of blood
in the chambers of the nose resembled pus.

Remedy.—When from rupture of small blood vessel,
plug nostril and raise head. Ice to face and head. Fer-
ric chloride tincture in spray. When from purpura or a
similar disease, ergot, ferric chloride, or pyrogallic acid
internally, or ergotin under the skin.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

NASAL POLYPUS

Is very rare in horses. ‘‘ Manifold are the dangers of
the distemper,” says Vegetius (about 400 A.D.) <The
horse will be strangled by the stoppage of the passage of
his breath. He will snore, and humid mucus will flow
out of his nostrils.” Percivall says the mucus is some-
times highly tinged with blood, and that sometimes pure
blood runs from the nose. Also that an unequal rush of
air is felt from one or both nostrils. ‘‘ Inspection in a
full light discloses, higher or lower in the nostril, the
rounded base of a polypus.” He warns veterinarians not
to mistake the cartilaginous prolongation of either the
anterior or posterior turbinated bones for a polypus; nor
any rounded clots of blood near them.

The tumors, which vary in weight from a few drams
to three or four pounds, hang by a narrow neck. Some-
times they protrude three or four inches. ‘They are red
or fiesh-like in color, globular in shape, and have smooth,
shining surfaces. Some have a fibrous, almost cartilagin-
ous, structure, while ‘‘ others appear to be composed of
various little tumors agglutinated together.”

Remedy.—Excise with forceps. Dress antiseptically.
Pads over nostrils sometimes diminish noise. (For a list
of antiseptic remedies, see page 31.)

"8 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

BRONCHOCELE OR GOITER (Tumor of the Thy-
roid Gland),

Is rare in horses. It is usually small and harmless, but
when it increases to the size of a hen’s egg or larger, it
may cause choking. Percivall reduced such a swelling by
rubbing with compound iodine ointment daily for six
weeks, but he was in doubt whether the tumor caused the

choking or not.

Fig. 16. Bronchocele.

The tumor, as the illustration shows, appears just be-
low the part grasped to excite coughing. It is circular
or ovoid in shape, and is soft, puffy, moveable, and devoid
of sensibility.

DISEASES OF THE LUNGS.

THE lungs, though very susceptible to disease, possess
comparatively little sensibility, either in health or disease.
They are peculiar to themselves, and are extremely varied
in structure. The bronchial tubes constitute one part;
the air-cells, in which the tubes terminate, another; their
blood vessels a third; the inter-connecting parenchyma-
tous substance a hori. the cellular and pleural mem-
branes a fifth. In health they possess a pale pink, spongy,
light, and elastic interior, and will float in water. In
disease they are reddened and solidified (liver-like), and
sink in water.

In horses diseases of the lungs are more numerous in
proportion to other diseases than in man. They are also
more rapid in their course, death sometimes resulting in
a few hours. Young horses are more subject to them
than old. High-bred, tenderly reared, light bodied, long
legged, flat sided, narrow breasted, and thin skinned
horses are more predisposed to them than those of the
opposite kind. The causes of them are chiefly foul air,
especially when combined with heat; sudden changes of
temperature, dampness, overwork, and mechanical and
chemicai injuries. (Percivall.)

PNEUMONIA

Means either congestion or inflammation of the lungs,
independent or combined. Inflammatory pneumonia is
either simple or compound. When complicated with bron-
chitis, it is called ‘broncho-pneumonia;’ when complica-
ted with pleurisy, ‘pleuro-pneumonia.’ Its progress will

~
Pena!

80 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

vary according to circumstances. Usually it reaches its
hight in a few days, and gets better or worse in a few
days. (Percivall.)

Robertson and Williams describe congestion as a distinct
and sometimes independent disease.

Symptoms of Congestive Pneumonia.—Sudden or
gradual. When sudden-—the result of overexertion—the
horse is all over in a tremor; cold sweat; no pulse; legs
deathly cold; the frightfully wild look of the eyes—pupils
dilated—and the boring of the head and stupidity of the
horse, clearly indicate delirium. When gradual, the horse
is at first dull, listless, heavy-headed, and off its appetite.
Respiration gradually becomes more disturbed and oppres-
sive, partaking more of labor than of pain; pulse full
and quick, but so feeble perhaps as to be hardly percep-
tible; respiratory murmur lost; legs and ears deathly
cold; cold sweats; gradually sinks, and dies in convul-
sions and delirium.

Remedy.—Immediate bleeding—4 to 6 quarts.

Symptoms of Inflammatory Pneumonia.—There are
three stages; the first may be either absent or unnoticed.
First stage: Staring coat; legs cold, followed perhaps by
rigor; head hangs; no appetite; has had a short, dry
cough for several days, which comes on after exercise or
drinking; dull, dejected, laggard. Temperature 103, 104,
or even 106. Now come fever, quick pulse, hot mouth,
injected membranes of nose and eyes. ;

Second stage: Breathing. disturbed; nostrils open and
shut; flanks work laboriously up and down; breathing
indicates oppression rather than pain or rapidity. In other —
cases the flanks hardly move at all. The nostrils are an
important guide, as there is often a sparing, yellow, slimy
discharge from one or both; pulse, at first, quick and
usually distinct, but, as the disease progresses, is very apt,
from fullness and oppression, to become indistinct; ears
and legs colder than ever; nasal membrane moist and

PNEUMONIA. 81

reddened ; horse sometimes stands constantly in the same
place and posture, fore legs stretched out, head toward a
door or open window, looking backward from time to time
at its heaving flanks in a peculiarly despondent manner;
never lies down.

Third stage: Respiration quicker and more oppressed ;
pulse quicker, but less distinct; extremities cold; nasal

Fig. 17. Usual position during a serious attack of Pneumonia.

membrane changes from red to a leaden hue; convulsive
twitchings of the muscles of the surface; extreme un-
easiness; up and down; reeling gait; haggard counte-
nance; delirium, convulsions, death.

Auscultation, according to D’Arboval, reveals a crepi-
tating, humid rattle around the inflamed places, with a
louder respiratory murmur than in other parts. Percus-
sion reveals deadness in diseased parts, resonance in others.
When the roots only of the lungs are inflamed, these tests
are not present. Robertson says the heart sounds are also
intensified over the consolidated (lung) area.

Remedy.—Box; temperature 60 to 70° F. Clothe
body, bandage legs. Cold linseed tea; steamed food;
fresh grass for horses, cattle, sheep. Bleeding in acute

82 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

a

attacks if patient is robust. A few small doses of aconite
tincture for acute fever. If fever of low type, as it usu-
ally is in hard worked town horses, sulphuric or nitric
ethers, with camphor and ammonium carbonate, in draft;
while ammonium acetate, potassium chlorate and nitrate
are given in draft or drinking water. Potassium nitrate
and colchicum for kidneys when not acting. Rugs wrung
out of hot water to sides, with subsequent rubefacient
dressing. Alcoholic stimulants, ether, nitrous ether, spirit
of chloroform several times daily when melting of exudate
(oozing matter) has begun, or earlier in epizootic attacks,
or in weakly patients. Belladonna extract and camphor
allay cough. Linseed oil in mash, neutral salts in drink-
ing water, with laxative injections, secure regularity of
bowels. If laxatives necessary, oil preferable to aloes.
Cooling mash diet in earlier stages; in later, digestible,
nutritive food. For doses, see pages 13 to 29. For list
of ‘rubefacients,’ see page 36.

CHRONIC PNEUMONIA

May be a continuation of the acute form. It is insidi-
ous in its symptoms and dangerous; but it is mild, and
its progress is slow. It may end in solidification or indu-
ration, or in tubercles, abscesses, and consumption, the»
same as the acute form described above.

Symptoms.—Horse appears to be merely unwell; no
perceptible heaving of flanks; but little acceleration of
pulse; no apparent pain, yet mopes about, dull and de-
jected; appetite fastidious; seldom or never lies down;
coat unkind; general appearance unhealthy. Ask about
cough. Examine nostrils for disturbed respiration, and
also for expectoration from them.

BRONCHITIS

Means inflammation of the bronchial tubes—the two
lung branches of the windpipe. It is dangerous only when

BRONCHITIS. 83

its secretions clog the tubes, choking the horse to death,
or when it is complicated with other diseases. The latter
is unfortunately frequently the case, for it is often com-
plicated with catarrh, sore throat, and diseases of the
lungs. In fact, the causes of catarrh are the causes of
bronchitis. Bronchitis is simply -catarrh of the bronchial
tubes.

The disease rarely exists independently. It is acute,
subacute, and sometimes chronic. In the spring and fall
it is sometimes epizootic, especially among young horses.
When acute and favorable, it reaches its hight about the
fourth or fifth day; begins to decline about the sixth or
seventh day, leaving the patient out of danger about the
tenth or twelfth. If not favorable, the signs on the fifth,
seventh, or ninth day are: Respiration becoming very
oppressed; pulse quicker and fainter; skin and extremi-

‘ties cold; mouth cold and clammy; nostrils very dry.
Pulmonic or pleuro-pulmonic disease may now supervene.

Fig. 18. A horse dressed for Bronchitis.

‘Symptoms.—Breath hot; unusual nasal discharge ;
reddening of nasal membrane; cough; sore throat; dif-
ficult breathing; febrile irritation, sometimes without an-

84 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

tecedent shivering. Auscultation reveals a distinct cooing
sort of sound, arising from want of secretion within the
tubes. When the secretion returns, and in augmented
quantity, the rattle is distinctly heard.

In catarrhal bronchitis, in addition to most of the above
symptoms, the nasal discharge, which at first is but slight
and of a watery or muco-watery description, in three or
four days becomes of a puro-mucous nature and increased
in quantity. The symptoms of catarrh and sore throat
gradually abate and merge into that short and laborious |
breathing which clearly denotes high bronchial and pul-
monary irritation. When the horse coughs, which it does
more now, an increased discharge is expelled from the
nose; when it hangs its head, the discharge runs out.

Symptoms of independent (uncomplicated) bronchitis :
Sudden illness; violent blowing and distressful breathing ;
sudden and copious mucous discharges from the nose;
may obtain relief at the moment, but there is danger of
suffocation, especially if the discharges are frequently re-
peated. These sudden and violent attacks usually soften
down to ordinary bronchitis, but they sometimes increase
in violence and end in pulmonary disease.

Epizootic symptoms: Exceedingly sore throat and pro-
fuse discharges from nose; sometimes white, sometimes
yellow, sometimes even green, according to circumstances.
The green tinge arises either from malignancy or green
food. Great weakness of loins; also general weakness;
low febrile irritation.

Remedy.—Comfortable, cool, well ventilated box ; tem-
perature 60 to 65° F. Body and limbs clothed. Inhala-
tion of watery vapor from steam kettle, a large mash, or
bucket of boiling water promotes exudation in dry stage,
the inhalation to be medicated, as required, with expec-
torants, anodynes, or antiseptics. (See Fig. 14.) Fomen:
tations and mustard to throat and sides. Mustard in earlier
stages applied for 15 or 20 minutes, washed off, and re-

BRONCHITIS. 8d

applied if needed. Spirituous essence of mustard injected
hypodermically. Salines in drinking water for fever. A
few doses of aconite early in robust subjects, where the
symptoms are acute. Ammonium acetate solution, ipecac,
and squill while membrane is dry and congested. Ben-
zoic acid, eucalyptus oil, terebene, pilocarpine, mineral
acids diminish excessive secretion. Soap liniment and
laudanum rubbed into throat and down neck twice daily
for difficult breathing, especially when the secretion is
excessive. Belladonna stimulates respiratory center and
eases cough; often conjoined with camphor, ether, chlo-
ral hydrate, and in debilitated patients with small, re-
peated doses of alcohol. Confections or gargles of opium,
chloral hydrate, with glycerine, for cough. Potassium
chlorate and ammonium chloride promote fluid secretion
and moderate its quantity. Lobelia and opium where there
is much discharge and paroxysms of cough. Ammonium
carbonate when mucus is abundant and viscid and patient
is low. Mash diet. Regulate bowels, if possible, by in-
jections; purgatives dangerous in horses.

Remedy for Chronic Bronchitis.—Hquable tempera-
_ ture; pure, fresh air; comfortable clothing, which must
be removed and patient wisped over night and morning.
Salines, with or without mercurials, for congestion and
fever. Terebene and eucalyptus oil stimulate bronchial
secretion. Belladonna, balsams, and mineral acids dimin-
ish excessive secretion. Ammonium carbonate and chlo-
ride for viscid and irritating secretion. Belladonna and
ether stimulate respiratory and heart centers. Chloroform,
chloral, and opium abate cough. Mustard and other
counter-irritants, carefully used, lessen congestion, irrita-
tion, and cough. Mustard in-rubbing. Soap liniment,
with or without laudanum, often removes cough. Alco-
hol, ether, volatile oils, digitalis maintain heart action in
weakly subjects. Sulphurous acid, creosote, eucalyptus,
and other antiseptics inhaled or internally when secretions

G6o THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

are fetid. Arsenic occasionally relieves inflation. Careful
dietary; nutritive, oleaginous food. Linseed oil. Iron
and other tonics promote convalescence.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

PLEURISY (PLEURITIS),

Is inflammation of the pleura—a membrane investing
the organs of the chest. When the inflammation extends
to the lungs, the disease is called pleuro-pneumonia. The
secretions of the pleura are usually watery, with or with-
out lymph. The water is usually of a clear, bright yel-
low color, closely resembling the serum of the blood,
though in some cases it is rendered turbid by the lymph
floating init. In others it is red from being tinged with
blood. In others still it is of a sort of milky or whey
color, and fetid from being mixed with pus. The lymph
consists of masses of gelatinous or albuminous matter,
hanging about the chest in shreds ‘‘ after the fashion of
a cobweb,” and sometimes forming what are called adhe-
sions or false membranes. It sometimes walls the water
in as it were, confining it like pus within an abscess. It
at first probably gives rise to more or less pain, as it in-
terferes with the free action of the lungs, but the parts
evidently soon become adjusted to each other. Pus some-
times accompanies acute as well chronic pleurisy, and in
‘some cases gangrene and even abscess of the side super-
vene. In chronic cases the pleura becomes thickened and
tough, apparently less vascular, and assumes a morbidly
white aspect. Sometimes it is studded with tubercle-like
knots. Pleurisy of one side is rare; but the opposite
side often takes the disease from sympathy.

The disease has a dangerous tendency. It usually comes
and goes suddenly. Death is also sudden—a few hours.
The chronic form is slow and comparatively painless. It
may last for weeks. It may follow or be independent of
the acute form. The disease is peculiar to four and. fiye-

PLEURISY. 87

year-old horses, especially such as are kept in warm stables
and live high.

The causes are cold, immersion of legs in or drinking
cold water when heated, sympathy with contiguous in-
flammatory diseases, blood contamination, morbid growths,
external injury to membrane, overexertion,; &e.

Williams describes ‘epizootic pleurisy,’ which is “ pre-
ceded and accompanied by a low typhoid or adynamic
(sinking) form of fever.” It lasts from one to two weeks.

Symptoms.—Slight chill or rigor; fever; uneasiness,
gradually increasing till acute pain is manifested, when the
animal heaves or rather pants violently at the flanks, puffs,
blows, and casts piteous looks at its flanks; heat all over
body, in parts actually sweating with pain; great nervous
irritation ; cannot be quiet for a minute; looks here and
there, pawing, lying down, getting up. Pressure on the
rib spaces causes flinching, usually a characteristic grunt,
and an attempt to bite; a cough is often present, causing
such pain that the animal, in its effort to suppress it, makes
a sort of reiterated, hacking, half-cough of it; pulse very
quick, firm, and wiry; mouth hot and dry; breath cold;
nasal membrane reddened and moist; no discharge, unless
some catarrhal or bronchial irritation be also present.

When there is inflammation of the muscles (pleurodynia)
the horse moves in a very rigid manner; may fall; steps
slowly and very short; dejected; back arched; skin tender.

In the chronic form the symptoms are mostly very dif-
ferent, and some the reverse. Instead of restlessness and
watchfulness, dullness and dejection continue from first to
last. Even respiration does not cause embarrassment until
shortly before death, when the chest is nearly or quite full
of water. The inflammation of the pleura is about the
same, as are also the tenderness of the sides, the grunt,
and the respiratory murmur. The cough, if it still ex-
ists, becomes faint and sore, and now and then causes the
before mentioned grunt.

88 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

These symptoms usually follow epizootic catarrh, sore
throat, or bronchitis.

Remedy.—Hygienic treatment, as in pneumonia; bleed-
ing in acute attacks in vigorous horses and cattle. Emetic
and antimonials in animals that vomit. A few doses of
aconite tincture or calomel and opium for fever. Salines
and antipyretics, as in bronchitis and pneumonia. Pot-
assium iodide and colchicum to promote absorption of in-
flammatory exudate. Ferric chloride tincture for debility
and lack of blood. Digitalis and nux vomica aid removal
of fluid. Rugs wrung out of hot water to sides, followed
by in-rubbing of mustard, washed off in twenty minutes.
Moderate counter-irritation with ammonia and soap lini-
ments. Pain reduced by opium or by morphine hypoder-
mically. ‘Tapping if necessary. (See ‘ hydrothorax.’)

For doses, see pages 13 to 29. For a list of ‘ antipy-
retics,’ see page 31.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

For description, symptoms, and treatment of this dis-
ease, see articles ‘ Pneumonia’ and ‘ Pleurisy.’

HYDROTHORAX (Water in the Chest),

Is a very common termination of pneumonia with pleu-
risy. It may also follow compound bronchitis, or it may
occur independently, the pleura furnishing the water. In
some cases water in the belly and head coexist, accom-
panied by swelled legs, sheath, belly, &e.

The disease is dangerous, but it is sometimes curable.
Tapping the chest with a trocar is sometimes successful.
When water does not flow from one side, try the other.
Some puncture between the fifth and sixth ribs, some the
eighth and ninth, choosing the most dependent parts and
the least likely to cause injury. Make an incision through
the skin, and then introduce the trocar, with a rotating
motion, obliquely and upward as far as it will go, or till

WATER IN THE CHEST. 89

water escapes. The stylet must be withdrawn as soon as
resistance to the introduction of the trocar is felt. If
the hole in the trocar should be stopped up with lymph
or other substance, clear it with a probe. When clear
and within the cavity, water will flow if there is any in
that particular part. The trocar must not be kept in
unnecessarily long, as air will penetrate the chest through
its orifice. The operation is sometimes repeated several
times in the course of treatment. In an unsuccessful case
Percivall withdrew ten gallons of water. After death,
four days after the operation, there were six gallons more
in the chest and a quart in the pericardium.
Symptoms.—Hats daintily; looks disspirited; on the
approach of some one, rouses up for a moment only;
short, quick, labored respiration, becoming more and more
manifest as the chest fills with water. When the chest
is nearly full, the horse exerts its utmost power; seldom
lies down, but when it does, lies on the side containing
the most water, and is soon up again. D’Arboval says
the spaces between the ribs are enlarged. The pulse, at
first small and quick, becomes accelerated and fainter as
the disease advances, till it cannot be felt at all. Horse
steps with fore legs wide apart and stiffened; gait often
unsteady and reeling; breast, belly and sheath show drop-
sical swellings, which by degrees fall into the legs.
Auscultation and percussion reveal no sound, unless
there is gas or air in the chest, which is rarely the case.
Percivall says that if an assistant taps one side of the
chest while the surgeon holds his ear to the other, the
presence of water may be ascertained. In a recorded and
successfully treated case, the sound of the water was com-
parable to that of water in a rolling cask.
Remedy.—Digitalis; powdered cantharides; potassium
nitrate twice daily for a week. Then potassium iodide and
iron salts. Pilocarpine useful in human patients. Iodine
ointment and rubefacients externally, or insert under the

90 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

skin of the chest a plug of tow moistened with an irri-
tant. When necessary, tap with trocar or pneumatic as-—
pirator.

BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS

Is rare. It is dangerous, but the danger depends on
the origin, nature, and extent of the case. Plethora, high
or very fat condition, and violent work or feats are con-
ducive of bleeding. ‘The membranous tissues, being over-
charged with blood, are lable, on extraordinary exertion,
to give way; but the bleeding may be owing to over-force
of circulation. Wound of the substance of the lung: is
often the cause of sudden death. It may be caused by
violence in hunting, racing, &c., or result from ulceration
of the lung in consumption. * Pulmonic apoplexy’ (blood.
in the air cells) is said to be a dangerous form of i
bleeding.

Symptoms.—When from the bronchial membrane:
Blood from doth nostrils, usually scarlet colored and frothy,
attended with more or less irritation, coughing, or snort-
ing and sometimes interrupted breathing ; every time the
horse coughs or snorts fresh blood is ejected, often through
the mouth as well as the nose. The blood does not flow
in a uniform stream, as in bleeding from the nose, which
is usually from one nostril only, and is thus distinguished
from bleeding from the lungs, but is influenced by the
respiration and also the position of the head and neck;
the more the head hangs the readier the blood flows.
Sometimes there is febrile disturbance, quick pulse, hot
mouth, legs deathly pola or one cold while another is
warm.

Remedy.—Bleeding that cannot be got at, is arrested
(1) by cold or heat applied so as to act reflexly; (2) by —
lead acetate, opium, sulphuric or gallic acid or ferric chlo- —
ride; (3) hypodermic injection of orgotin.

CONSUMPTION. 91

CONSUMPTION (Tuberculosis, Scrofula, Phthisis),

Is a specific disease, resulting from the introduction into
the body of the ‘tubercle bacillus.’ This mite develops
irritation and inflammation, either directly or by the for-
mation of poisonous alkaloids, produced by its action on
the tissues. Hard growths appear, consisting of one or
more of three descriptions of cell—lymphoid, epitheliod,
and giant. ‘They exhibit a tendency to necrosis, followed
by caseation (curd or cheese), and occasionally by fibroid
degeneration. The disease may be localized in various
organs and tissues. It occurs in all animals, and is com-
municable from one species of animal to another. Cattle,
poultry, and hogs are more subject to its several forms
than horses, dogs, or sheep. (Dun.) Rare.

Symptoms.—First stage: Out of condition; rough
coat; hide bound perhaps; faulty or weak at work; sweats
on slight exertion; coughs occasionally after drinking or
when first brought out of stable; short-winded. Duration
uncertain; weeks, months,_and in rare cases years.

Second stage: Case develops itself more or less; respi-
ration probably slightly disturbed; if not perceptible at
the flanks or nostrils, apply the ear to the breast or side;
by the latter means or by the hand tenderness about the
sides may also be discovered; pulse quicker than natural ;
short, dry cough now and then; appetite fastidious and
changeable, now good, now indifferent; never quite lost ;
spirits same as appetite; sparing issue of yellow matter
from nose; flesh lost daily; hip bones begin to project ;
quarters lose plumpness; skin becoming tense and adher-
ent to sides.

Third stage: Increased disturbance of respiration; the
breath, mouth, and discharge from nose fetid; highly
quickened pulse; troublesome cough, with occasional
coughing up of expectorated matters through the nose
and mouth; emaciation and debility; partial separation

92 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

of coat, so that when but slightly twitched the hair comes
off; dropsical swellings perhaps of the legs, sheath, and
belly ; complete loss of appetite; general irritability; dis-
tressing, haggard expression of countenance ; irritable state
of the bowels and great proneness to diarrhea; the latter
is likely to result in death. Breath cold in all stages.

Remedy.—Generous, rather oleaginous diet. Maintain
healthy functions of bowels and other excreting organs.
No bleeding—not even where there is a tuberculous taint.
Milk and flesh liable to transmit the disease to men and
animals.

For pulmonary consumption (tuberculosis of lungs)—
common in cattle, sheep, and swine: Careful, generous
dietary. Good sanitary surroundings. Tonics, acids, alco-
holic stimulants, antiseptic inhalations. Arsenic sometimes
arrests early stage of consolidation. Jodine liniments and
rubefacients externally, also check consolidation and cough.
Chloral and morphine relieve cough. (See cough.)

For tuberculous disease of the mesenteric glands: Di-
gestible, nourishing diet. Treat on the same principle as
above. Feed off without delay cattle or sheep of tuber-
culous taint.

For tuberculous abscess of throat or other glands (king’s
evil): Foment if hot and painful. Dress with iodine lini-
ment. If pus forms, evacuate and treat antiseptically.
Liberal dietary, tonics, calcium chloride.

For tubercular arthritis (gouty inflammation), chiefly
affecting young animals: Good feeding and sanitation ;
comfortable quarters. Apply flannels wrung out of hot
water or hot oil, followed by mercury oleate and lauda-
num. Active counter-irritation is injurious.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

BROKEN-WIND,
If not asthma, is a sequel of asthma. Its chief cause,
according to Williams and Robertson, is eating an undue

BROKEN-WIND. 7 93

proportion of hay, especially hay that is overripe, heated,
old, dusty, or cut up too short. Robertson says that where
“‘horses are fed on part oat-straw and part hay, both cut
rather long, matters are not so bad.” Round, shallow-
chested horses seem to be predisposed to the disorder.

Williams says broken-wind “is fast becoming a thing
of the past.”

Symptoms.—Inspiration is easy and rather quick, but
expiration is a dowble action, two distinct efforts appar-
ently, after which the muscles relax and the flanks fall
peculiarly. Respiratory murmur weakened or absent; loud,
sonorous, sibilant wheeze, especially toward back part of
chest. Rattling and hissing all over chest; resonance in-
_ ereased, showing that the lungs are distended with air;
chest seems rounder, &c.

Cough: It is so peculiar as to be sometimes called
“‘broken-winded cough.” It is more than short—it is half-
- suppressed or chopped off as it were, and so feeble as to be
almost inaudible. It is often followed by wheezing, like
asthma in man. At first, and also when it afterward comes
on in fits, it is troublesome. When the disease is estab-
lished, and there is no special excitement, it is solitary
(but once) as well as short and feeble.

Indigestion : Appetite voracious, yet condition lean and
hide-bound looking. Well it may be, for the dung looks
like so much chopped hay mixed with oats and husks, caus-
ing flatulence and tumid, tense, drum-like beily, often
pendent from weakness. Flatulence (expulsion of wind)
follows exercise, coughing, dunging, &c., but subsides as
the animal relieves itself. In inveterate cases the anus
becomes weakened and is as often opened as shut. The
interior of the bowel is sometimes exposed, while the
anus itself protrudes and recedes with every breath.

Skin: Harsh, dry, and perhaps hide-bound; coat long,
rough, and open.

Remedy.—Incurable, but relieved by careful dietary ;

94 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

good, concentrated food, given damp; water frequently,
in limited quantity, but withheld before hard, fast work.
Laxatives and salines occasionally. Rock salt, chalk, or
whiting in manger. Linseed oil, with lime water, daily,
in drench or with food; 4% to 1 grain of arsenic, in the
form of Fowler’s solution, may be given daily, or every
other day, for months. Prof. Dick’s cough balls ocea-
sionally, consisting of 30 grains each of calomel, opium,
digitalis, and camphor. If used daily for a week or more,
omit calomel.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM.

The diaphragm is a large muscle separating the chest
from the abdomen. Its spasms are caused by overexer-
tion. It is also sometimes seen in lock-jaw. Its thump-
ings, sometimes audible at ten paces off, are often con-
founded with palpitation of the heart. It may be dis- |
tinguished from the latter (1) by a convulsive movement
of the whole body; (2) by difficult breathing; (3) the
pulse is small and weak and not synchronous with the —
beat of the diaphragm; (4) the heart beat is barely per-
ceptible; (5) sometimes profuse sweats and harassing
cough. :

Remedy.—Quiet; warm clothing. Good, diffusible
stimulant. If symptoms continue, give opium. If the
difficult breathing is dangerous, moderate bleeding. |

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Rupture of the diaphragm is common, but is usually
perhaps the result of after death swelling. Great inter-
nal violence may cause it during life.

Hernia of the diaphragm is like ruptured diaphragm,

~~ Te...

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pe ae

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

Diseases of the stomach depend as much perhaps on
a lack of mastication and salivary mixture as on the qual-
ity or quantity of food. ‘<The food of the horse contains
an abundant quantity of starchy materials, and the pro-
cess by which these are rendered soluble begins in the
mouth, not only by their admixture with the salivary
secretions, but by a chemical change, through which the
non-soluble starch is converted into dextrine and grape
sugar, and made fit for the action of the intestinal, bili-
ary, and gastric secretions, and for absorption by the
vessels of the intestinal walls. For the purpose of per-
forming this process the horse is provided with 24 mill-
stones in the form of molar teeth. Horses are best kept
in health when fed on an admixture of food requiring
thorough mastication, and cattle when, in addition to the
more nutritious aliments, they are freely supplied with
food requiring remastication, such as hay, grass, or straw.
An error in the diet or a sudden change from one kind
of food to another, not only deranges the stomach, but
the intestinal canal as well.” (Williams.)

In the horse the process of digestion is only begun in
the stomach; it is completed in the intestines. The
stomach is small in proportion to the size of the horse;
the intestines, in the aggregate, are not. The stomach
being small, requires to be often filled. A horse ought
not to be worked over five or six hours without food. If
it works ten hours, and is given enough food, it is liable

to gorge itself. It is also liable, in its haste, to bolt its

food.

ne 4

et

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH (GAS-
TRITIS),

Is rare as an independent disease. It is probably always
the result of irritation of the mucous membrane. This
may be caused by improper food, especially in foals and
calves; foreign bodies, specific fevers, mineral and vege-
table poisons, &e.

Symptoms.—There are no swre signs to detect the in-
dependent form of the disease. In the poisonous form
the symptoms vary with the dose and effect rather than
with the kind of poison. Blue vitriol, corrosive sublimate,
or arsenic causes nausea, loathing of food, often accom-
panied by a discharge of saliva; horse paws, looks dis-
tressfully at flanks, lies down, rolls about, rises in great
agony; quick and painful heaving at the flanks; finally
breaks into profuse perspiration. Other poisons cause vom-
iting, belching, enormous gaseous distension ; pulse at first
quick, then contracted to a thread, afterward impercepti-
ble; prostration ; reels in walking ; bowels either violently
purged or else so constricted that, notwithstanding painful
efforts, nothing but mucus is passed; grows delirious and
dangerous; falls, stretches limbs, groans, gapes, dies.

Remedy —An oily laxative removes any irritant and
irritant discharges. Ice, with hydrocyanic acid or mor-
phine, or morphine hypodermically, for irritation and pain.
Antacids and bismuth, with or without small doses of
opium, most useful in young animals. Hot fomentations
to abdomen. The brain symptoms and paralysis often oc-
curring in adult cattle, is usually relieved by full doses
of oil, followed by demulcents, molasses, salines, and lax-
ative injections. Patients nourished with milk, well boiled
gruel, and nutritive clysters. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Robertson describes a chronic or mild form of gastritis.

4
4
é
‘
i,
;

96 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

STAGGERS. 97

STAGGERS, STOMACH AND GRASS (ACUTE

INDIGESTION).

Stomach staggers, according to Robertson, ‘‘is chiefly,
if not entirely, the result of filling the stomach to reple-
tion.” Some foods are worse than others, such as brewers’
grain, damaged wheat, ripe vetches, and cooked food. The
disorder is not uncommon, and is sometimes very danger-
ous. In frequency, however, it has fallen off about fifty
per cent. in the past sixty years. Cause—regular and
judicious feeding. The infrequency of the disorder in
France is attributed to the use of laxative and digestible
foods. Sleepy, mad, and apoplectic staggers are apparently
only conditions or effects of stomach staggers, for severe
eases of the latter perhaps always affect the brain more
or less.

Grass staggers is caused by rye grass. It paralyzes the
limbs, especially the hind limbs, having little if any affect
on the brain. Robertson says it is caused by the seed
stems of the grass, which horses eat in preference to any
other part, and that the time of danger is the ripening
time. Cattle and sheep are little affected, for they eat the
body of the grass, losing, if they lose any part, the stem.
Lambs, however, he says, sometimes suffer, for they nip
the stems, but more in play than to obtain food. Williams
says the grass is also dangerous when it has been cut and
allowed to heat and ferment before being used. Little is
positively known about the specific poison in question.

Symptoms.—Stomach staggers: Usually sudden <“fu-
gitive abdominal pain;” lies down, but soon up; down
again; soon greater restlessness; continued or interrupted
pawing; head protruded; in some cases belching; in rare
cases attempts at vomiting, with a liquid discharge from
the nose. In severe cases Game pain, belching, straining
to vomit; les down carefully.

The sleepy stage (condition) is characterized by dullness ;

58 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

head hangs; disposed to press it against something; re-
fuses to eat; when forced to change position, shows want
of control over movements; disposed to press head against
wall again; breathing more or less stertorous.

The mad stage is dangerous; horse liable to do any-
thing. This stage appears to be very rare.

The symptoms of grass staggers develop gradually. Pa-
ralysis of hind limbs; in a day or two the weakness in-
creases; reels in walking; danger of falling; disinclined
to lie down; anxious countenance; partial paralysis of
fore legs; perfect consciousness; calm; bowels rather
confined; urine, appetite, breathing, and pulse natural.
In severe cases there is the same disposition to stand,
even steadying body against wall or stall. Muscular twitch-

ings sometimes occur, and in rare cases brain disturbance ;_

when unable to stand and down, muscular twitchings usu-
ally excessive; limbs move automatically; consciousness
impaired ; breathing stertorous; death near. These symp-
toms may vary, but chiefly as to rapidity of development
or intensity in individual cases.

Remedy.—Aloes or calomel and oil to unload the
stomach and bowels. Ether or spirit of ammonia every
two hours overcomes flatulence and spasm. Clysters, hand
rubbing, exercise. Hot fomentations or cloths wrung out
of hot water, or in-rubbing of merely warming dose of
mustard, abate spasm and pain. If pain persists, morphine
and atrophine hypodermically. One or two doses of acon-
ite tincture sometimes useful. Bleeding sometimes advisa-
ble if brain disturbance or breathing occurs. A long, fine
trocar and canula in extreme swelling. Strychnine and
counter-irritants to spine for paralysis. In young animals,
where stomach is overloaded with clots of curd, oil, fol-
lowed by ether or spirit of ammonia.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

}

DYSPEPSIA. 99

DYSPEPSIA (CHRONIC INDIGESTION),

Is a faulty conversion of food into its natural elements.
In the horse, owing to the food continuing in the stomach
but a comparatively short time, much of the digestive
process is performed in the intestines. Indigestion there-
fore is not altogether the fault of the stomach.

The seat of indigestion seems to be the hair-like or
velvet-like lining of the stomach or intestinal canal. These
membranes furnish secretions indispensably necessary to
the due conversion of food into nourishing and feculent
matter, and one or both of them may be functionally
faulty, causing irritation, inflammation, Wc. But there
may be other causes, namely—imperfect mastication and
salivary secretion; torpid liver; the bile may be defective
in quality or quantity; also the pancreatic juice; or there
may be derangement in the worm-like movements of the
intestines, by means of which their contents are propelled.

The disorder is peculiar to young horses, especially such
as are reared in low, marshy, cold, poor pastures. The
coarse, rank, sour grass seems to lay the foundation of
disease of the bowels.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are plain, but it is usu-
ally difficult to name the part or organ that is affected.
The horse is dull and spiritless, though the appetite may
be even voracious; but it may be intermittent—good at
one time, bad at another; sometimes it is depraved, horse
eating dirt, plaster, brick, wood, stones, &c.; coat pen-
feathered, dry, and perhaps scurfy, nor is it shed at the
usual season; hide-bound; dung either darker or lighter

than natural, with offensive odor, and coated with mucus;

when broken, crumbles to pieces. appearing to consist of
loosely compacted chopped hay, mingled with many entire
or imperfectly dissolved oats; colicky pains in severe or

advanced cases; inclined to be costive when in stable, but

exercise causes purging; skin sympathizes, as shown by

100 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the coat; it may be in a morbid or perhaps eruptive
condition.
Remedy.—Careful dietary ; avoid long fasts; vary food ;
water at reasonable intervals, or keep it in stable con-
stantly. A laxative is almost invariably the first requi-
site, conjoined with a cholagogue in bilious cases. (Chol-
agogues promote the flow of bile. See ‘ Purgatives,’ page
35.) Alkalies, chalk, magnesia before feeding, or with
food in debilitated cases. Ball of whiting and piece of rock
salt in rack. Alkalies may be conjoined with nux vomica
and other bitters. Hydrochloric or other mineral acids,
with bitters and iron salts, preferable to alkalies in per-
sistent cases. Hard worked horses often benefited by mix-
ing an ounce of linseed oil with food daily. Glycerine,
especially for young. Ox-bile with gentian or nux yvomica
in intractable cases. Bismuth and hydrocyanie acid in
chronic gastric irritability. Creosote, eucalyptus, pepper-
mint oils for undue fermentation. Arsenic with morphine
in chronic irritable cases, and where food causes diarrhea.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

BOTS (Afterward Gad-Flies),

Are little grub-like creatures, voided with the dung.
As a rule they are not injurious. In some cases, how-
ever, when present in large numbers, they are injurious,
and may cause, or at least aid in causing, death. It is
said that no known medicine will destroy the bot while
in the stomach. ;

The gad-fly or bot undergoes about as many transfor-
mations as the butter-fly. The egg is deposited on the
hair in autumn, is conveyed to the tongue by licking,
hatched by the heat and moisture almost instantly, and
is then conveyed, with the food, to the stomach, where
it remains during the winter, its dark-brown hooks being
securely fixed in the cuticular coat, a part that is said to
be as insensible to pain as are the hoofs. In the spring —

_— eS ees

- 2 we
j

.

REMEDY FOR BOTS, STOMACH RUPTURE, ETC. 101

it releases its hold, is conveyed to the intestines, and
sooner or later expelled. It dries, assumes a crysalis state
for about two months, and then is born as a gad-fly.
Remedy.—Turpentine and oils, bitters, hydrochloric
acid, copper and iron sulphates, arsenic; then purgatives.
Green fodder. Destroy larve and fly.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

RUPTURE OF STOMACH

_Is a natural though not necessary termination of unre-
heved gorged stomach, and perhaps also chronic indiges-
tion or other disease. It may also be caused by the strain
of yomiting, or attempted vomiting, the struggles of the
horse while suffering, stones in the stomach, external vio-
‘lence, &c. It is peculiar to old and exhausted horses.
Fatal. Morphine injected under the skin will afford some
relief.

FLATULENT STOMACH (COLIC),

Is caused by the stomach or intestines, or both, becom-
ing distended with air or gas (gas from food). The dis-
order is usually caused by green food—grass, wheat, rye,
&e._ The condition of the stomach is sometimes an im-
portant factor. Crib-biters are predisposed to colic. A
sharp trot will often give a crib-biter relief.

Remedy:—See ‘ Colic, Spasmodic and Flatulent,’ pages
102, 103, 104.

POLYPUS (TUMOR) OF STOMACH.

Dr. Brown describes one, weighing 74+ ounces that ap-
parently caused no inconvenience till it obstf®ucted the
pylorus. It had a rather tortuous pedicle, 3 inches long
by 1 in diameter, with an artery and 2 veins in its cen-

ter. About 15 inches of ‘‘ the first small gut were mor-
tified.”

DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES

THE intestines are more subject to disease than the
stomach. They are of far greater bulk, the part they
perform in the process of digestion is more complex, and
the aliment remains in them much longer, so that any-
thing hurtful it may contain has a better chance to de-
velop itself. Further, owing to their great length, tortu-
osities, and difference in shape and size, concretions are
more likely to form within and obstruct them. Again,
owing to their worm-like movements, one is liable to get
twisted or knotted, which may cause death. Some intes-
tinal diseases are acute and rapid in their course; others
are so mild and insidious that they are not noticed—or,
if noticed, not till it is too late. Remedies must be given
promptly.

. SPASMODIC COLIC

Is caused by spasm or cramp of some part or parts of
the intestinal tube. The tube, by means of its muscular
coat, possesses self-contracting power, which enables it to
propel its contents onward from the stomach. When the
contraction is such as to cause spasm or cramp, spasmodic
colic follows. The tube is usually contracted to a third
or a fowrth or more of its natural diameter, and at inter-
vals of Bvo, three, or four inches. Sometimes they are
one, two, or three feet apart. The usual seat of cramp
is the small intestines, but the large ones are not exempt.

According to Gamgee, who is corroborated by Williams,
colic is caused by an irritant in the intestinal canal, and
is best treated by purgatives and injections, Pain and
spasm are only symptoms,

SPASMODIC COLIC. 103

:
py
x

5}
Ne
~f

The causes are over and irregular feeding—even with
healthy food; cooked foods and foods of bad quality; too

much rye, wheat, vetches, peas, and other green foods;

sudden changes of food; overdrinking when heated; dis-
ease of, and parasites, poisons, and stones in, the intes-
tines; diseases of contiguous parts; the influence of cold
and damp on the surface of the body, &c.

Ordinary cases are relieved by a single dose of medi-
cine—sometimes without medicine. In severe cases if re-
lief does not come in about six hours, recovery is doubt-

- ful. Fatal cases usually terminate in about 24 hours.

Whatever is given must be given at once. Watch for

_ relapses.

Stallions should be examined for symptoms of rupture.
Examine the scrotum; also the inguinal (groin) canals and
abdominal rings. (See ‘Inguinal Hernia,’ page 58.)

Spasmodic colic is distinguished from inflammation of
the bowels (enteritis) in many ways, namely: there is no
preceding indisposition; no cold, hot, or shivering fits;
expressions of pain are stronger, and come on by fits and
starts; remissions of pain, but constant watchfulness, as_
if in expectation of pain; pulse contracted to a thread,
yet not exceeding 50; drops down suddenly and rolls
about, instead of lying down quietly; absence of heat
about the abdomen.

Symptoms.—Attack sudden; paws, stamps, and strikes
belly with hind feet; after bending knees and crouching
body several times, advances hind feet in attempts to le
down; at last drops rather than lies down, the fall caus-
ing a grunt; rolls, each time trying to balance on its
back; if, by getting against the stall, it succeeds, remains
quiet for a minute or two, the feet drawn down to the
belly, the head and neck curved to one side. perhaps.
Sometimes, if it fails to balance on its back, it will rise
suddenly, shake itself, and stand quietly for a time. But
it soon averts its head and looks at its flanks anxiously.

104 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Fit follows fit, each one usually increasing in length and
severity, the intervals of ease being imperceptible; phys-
ical exertion and convulsions cause profuse perspiration ;
drops of sweat stand on the brows and eyelashes.

The next state is one of delirium, violence, danger;
eyes wild; cold sweats; tremors; falls, or perhaps from
the maddening pain, throws itself down and dies.

The pulse at first and during remissions of pain is little
altered; during pain, as before said, it quickens and is
contracted to a thread, being at times almost impercepti-
ble; during extreme pain, its quickness and perceptibility
are increased; belly tense, sometimes swollen, and usually
very tender; bowels constipated, though dung will often
pass on the eve of an attack, and sometimes afterward ;
also urine.

Remedy.—See ‘ Flatulent Colic.’

FLATULENT COLIC

Is not as common as ‘spasmodic colic,’ but it is more
dangerous. It is caused by indigestion, foods which easily
undergo fermentation, such as raw potatoes, green clover,
brewers’ grain, wheat, and boiled food, erib-biting, Xe.
It may follow spasmodic colic. Its seat is the large in-
testines—cecum and colon.

Symptoms.—Unlike spasmodic colic, there are no re-
missions of pain, and the belly is more or less tensely
swollen and resonant on percussion; pulse soon becomes
rapid and feeble; breathing rapid and mostly thoracic
(belonging to the chest); extremities cold; more or less
delirium; reels to and fro; muscles twitch; lips re-
tracted, &c.

Remedy.—Purgative to remove irritant; aloes for the
horse, oils and salines for cattle and sheep. Purgation
hastened and pain relieved by copious laxative clyster in-
jections, hot fomentations, friction to abdomen, and gen-
tle exercise, ther, oi] of turpentine, other volatile oils,

Z

REMEDY FOR COLIC—ENTERITIS. 105

ammonia and ammonium carbonate combat flatulence.
Kther, alcohol, and chloral hydrate, with opium, bella-
donna, or cannabis indica, control spasm and pain. Mor-
phine and atrophine hypodermically promptly relieve
spasm. Inhalation of chloroform quiets violent spasmodic

cases.
Repeated recurring attacks in influenza, often connected

JREXNDERS &CO_
COPNRAGATED.

Fig. 20. Czecum and Colon Troears.

with liver disease, treated with half dose of aloes and a
little calomel, spirit of chloroform and mustard in-rubbing
to abdomen

In intractable ‘ Flatulent Colic,’ trocar colon.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS (ENTERITIS),

Is the most rapidly fatal disease perhaps to which the
horse is subject. causing death sometimes in a few hours.
According to Williams, it is more like an apoplexy than

106 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE. °

- s

an inflammation. Robertson says it is different from or-
dinary inflammations both in its clinical and after-death -
features. The large as well as the small bowels are liable
to attack, the weakest or most irritated parts suffering
first probably. “a

Its most frequent causes perhaps are overfatigue, cold
from exposure, washing with very cold water while heated
and afterward inadequately clothed, overfeeding previous
to hard work, injuries to the intestines, and certain dis-
eases. It is liable, in some cases, to settle in the feet,
especially the fore feet. Examine stallions for rupture. —
Pressure of the abdomen is a good test for enteritis; but
the surest test is examination per rectum with the oiled
hand.

Recoveries are rare, death resulting either from morti-—
fication or hemorrhage—blood in the colon or other in-
testine.

The disease is distinguished from spasmodic colic (1)
by the pulse, which is full, firm, and accelerated to double
or treble its natural frequency; (2) history of case; (3)
manner of attack-—not so sudden; (4) intermissions—
practically none; (5) progress of case.

Symptoms.—No appetite; dull and feverish; paws,
stamps, strikes belly, cringes, &c., very much as in spas-
modie colic; paws with one foot for hours; anxious and
painful expression of eye; belly tense, painful, and drawn
up toward flanks; dung hard, angular, and dark colored.
As the disease progresses, animal becomes restless, breathes
hard, sighs, perhaps snorts; breathing sooner or later be-
comes hurried as well as hard; nostrils dilated; counte-
nance painfully vigilant; bathed in sweat—one time hot,
another cold; occasional tremor; tail erect and quivering ;
mouth hot and dry; pulse 80 to 120—hard, wiry.

The last stage borders on delirium; wild, haggard stare,
pupils dilating; danger. Suddenly a change comes—the
change of mortification; pain ceases; quiet; drinks and

REMEDY FOR ENTERITIS—DIARRHEA. 107

attempts to eat; breathing tranquil, but breath more or
less fetid; pulse imperceptible; cold, clammy sweat; tre-
mor from head to foot; ears, legs, mouth deadly cold;
little dung has passed. Convulsions return. Death.

Sometimes the symptoms at first are comparatively mild.
They indicate mechanical obstruction perhaps.

Remedy.—Morphine and atrophine hypodermically at
intervals of 2 hours for bloody effusion. Ergotin has been
conjoined with these with view of contracting blood ves,
sels. Half dram each of opium, belladonna extract, and
camphor in pint of gruel every 2 hours. Where heart
action is violent, 10 to 15 minims B. P. tincture aconite
may be added. Bleeding sometimes useful in early stages
in vigorous subjects. No purging. Laxative injections.
From the first apply rugs wrung out of hot water around
trunk for 2 hours. ‘Then rub belly with soap lniment
and opium (opium in liniment).

Enteritis is not as sudden in other animals as in the
horse, nor so rapidly fatal. Bleed robust subjects. Few
doses of aconite, or oil and calomel. Hot fomentations,
mustard, and soap liniment. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

DIARRHEA

May be independent, or it may be the result of some
other disorder. When independent, it is simply an effort
of nature to rid itself of unhealthy matter. ‘This is well,
even if it is caused by green food. But it must not go
too far, for diarrhea may be followed by dysentery. Long

continuance in cold, wet, rank pastures sometimes has

this result.

Diarrhea may result from increased peristaltic (worm-
like) action of the bowels, congestion or inflammation of
their mucous membrane, disorder of the liver, mesenteric
glands, intestinal worms, &c. Too much cold water just
before work, or during work, is bad. Some waters seem
to possess diarrheal properties,

108 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Diarrhea in foals and calves is often attended with seri-
ous or fatal results, and it is sometimes epizootic. Its
cause is functional disturbance, which is intimately asso-_
ciated with the process of digestion.

Remedy.—Laxatives in first stage to remove irritant.
Rest; comfortably warm. Restrict water; diet carefully ;
wheaten flour gruel. Alkalies; chalk where dejections
(excrements or feces) are acid. Mineral acids or gallic
acid, with opium, in profuse watery discharges. Injec-
tions of starch gruels at 100° F., with lead acetate and
opium. Aromatics and camphor abate nervous irritability.
Oil of cinnamon in cases resulting from cold. Volatile
oils, ether, chloroform, chlorodyne in moderate but fre-
quently repeated doses relieve flatulence and spasm. Am-
monia carbonate where watery secretions are continued
and the heart action weak. Arsenic and opium in chronic
cases. Copper sulphate; corrosive sublimate, with creo- |
sote and opium, when chronic discharges contain mucus
and blood. Ergotin and opium, with keratin, where the
discharges are profuse and continued. Antiseptics, sul-
phites, sulpho-carbolates where discharges are foul. Nitric
acid and nux vomica when complicated with liver disorder.

For young animals: Castor oil with a few drops land-
num. While patient is fed on milk, if it disagrees when
given with lime water in cautiously regulated, restricted
quantity, substitute cooked starch food, or beef tea and
white of egg, with a little wine or spirit, if the animal
is reduced. Gray powder where the discharge is pale and
fetid. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.) ‘Spirit’ usually
means aleohol; but it also means whisky, gin, wine, &c. —

DYSENTERY OR BLOODY FLUX

Is comparatively rare, but dangerous. It consists in

inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane and —

glandular structures of the large and sometimes the small
intestines, and is attended with fever, occasional abdomi- —

REMEDY FOR DYSENTERY OR BLOODY FLUX. 109

nal pain, fluid discharges, mingled with blood or albu-
minous materials (floating, coffee-ground-like lumps). It
resembles diarrhea in several of its features, and some-
times follows it. It is caused by bad food and water and
exposure in low, wet, marshy pastures, the filth and ma-
laria of overcrowded stables, blood contamination, intesti-
nal parasites, &c.

The disease is best differentiated from diarrhea by the
character of the bowel discharges. These contain a mod-
erate quantity of true fecal matter, either soft or hard.
The liquid part is composed largely of mucus and a jelly-
like material, mingled with shreds of membrane or blood,
the whole being of a tenacious, gluey character, and emit-
ting a peculiarly offensive smell. .

me Se
SS SSS

Sins.

Remedy.—Digestible, soft food; restricted water sup-
ply; quiet. Small occasional doses gray powder or calo-
mel, with other antiseptics. Occasional dose of castor oil
and landanum for fever. Lead acetate and opium, gallic,

tannic, or mineral acids, with opium, or carbolized glyc-

erine and opium, in solution, or bolus incased in keratin.

110 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Chloroform, chlorodyne, with opium, relieve tenesmus- |
(inability to dung). Opium as anodyne—by mouth, in-
jection, and suppository. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

VETERINARY rd
HOLLOW SUPPOSITORIES. §

°

Fig. 22. Suppository. One of these Suppositories, filled with wet tobacco,
and inserted in the rectum, will usually cure colic in a few minutes. The
same treatment will destroy ‘ pin worms’ in horses, say Reynders & Co.

CONSTIPATION

May exist independently or be the result of a disease
or a combination of diseases. The independent form,
which is rarely dangerous, is usually the result of lack of —
bowel motion, fluid material, green or soft food, &e.

Symptoms.—Weakness; disturbed appetite; hair long;
skin dry; legs disposed to swell; often pot-bellied ; pulse
sometimes small, weak, and perhaps accelerated; mouth
fetid; mucous membranes and tongue soapy; in bad cases
lips and gums may be covered with dark, pus-and-blood-
like matter, &e.

Remedy.—Laxative diet, diluents, salines, regular ex-
ercise. Moderate purgatives, especially in liver disorder ;
laxative clysters. Aloes, oils, calomel, small doses Epsom
salt for horses. Epsom salt, croton, gamboge, calomel
for cattle. Gentian, quinine and other tonics for debili-
tated. Oil of turpentine by mouth and rectum for flat-
ulence. Soap suppository in young animals. Nux vomica,
belladonna, physostygmine in chronic cases. Electricity
and ergot give tone. ;

Where stones or twisted intestines cause the obstruction, —

ie.
~f Oe

ee

INTESTINAL STONES—WORMS. alguah

avoid purgatives. Use diluents, laxative injections, and
anodynes. (For doses, see pages 13 to 29.)

INTESTINAL AND STOMACH CONCRETIONS
(CALCUL),

Are divided by Prof. Morton into phosphatic, oat-hair,
and mixed. The phosphatic are hard, smooth, and pol-
ished, having hard substances (stones, &c.) for nuclei
(centers); the oat-hair are larger but less dense, having
beards of oats, barley, &c., for nuclei; the mixed are
composed of phosphatic salts, oat-hair, and fecal and in-
digestible matter. They vary in size from mere pebbles
to large stones—even 25 pounds. ‘The impassable stones
cause irritation and sometimes death.. When within reach
they may be removed per rectum. Sift the food. Phos-
phatic foods and hard water are factors.

Remedy.—Explore rectum; use long injection ‘tube.
Avoid active purgatives. Morphine and atrophine hypo-
dermically for spasm and pain.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

WORMS (INTESTINAL).

Four kinds are peculiar to the horse. 1. The ‘ Ascaris
lumbricoides,’ resembling the common earth worm, inhab-
its the small intestines. It is round, nearly as large as
the. little finger, and varies in length from three or four
inches to a foot or even two feet. It is white or reddish-
white in color. Usually only one is passed at a time, but
150 have been known to pass in a week. Chabert found
14 pounds in one horse.

2. The ‘ Ascaris vermicularis,’ a lively, needle-like
worm, inhabits the large intestines. It is perhaps the most
pernicious of the four kinds. It is from one-half to three
inches long. The head is obtuse, the tail sharp pointed.
There is a semi-transparent and a black variety.

3. The ‘Strongylus’ is similar in size to the red worm

Ibi by THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

used by fishermen. It is from two to four inches long, —
and has two distinet parts—body and tail. The tail is
thread-like, and constitutes more than half the worm’s —
length. When first voided, they appear black, the tail
and sometimes the head being transparent. When taken
from the dung, they vomit up their black contents and die.

4. The ‘Tenia’ (tape-worm) is white, flat, thin, broad,
and jointed at regular intervals. It is said to sometimes
measure twenty feet in length. The head, which is tuber-
culous and attached to the smaller end of the body, is
said to be directed toward and sometimes within the
stomach. They are rare. .

The worms are rarely numerous enough to cause death,
but when present in large numbers they cause more or
less harm. They die shortly after the horse dies. Poy-
erty of body, insufficient nutrition, stagnant water, and
miasms are said to be conducive of them. ‘They are pe-
culiar to young horses.

Symptoms.—Colicky pains; attempts to dung, but
little passes except glairy mucus; oscillatory motion of the
tail; rubbing root of tail, owing to itching about anus;
white or yellow powder about anus; depraved and fastid-
ious appetite; fond of salt; rubbing upper lip; coat dry
and rough, remaining in patches long after shedding time ;
hide-bound; lean and unable to thrive; feverish; pulse
small and quick; mouth unusually dry and warm. But
the best sign is the worm itself.

Remedy.—Aloes, oil turpentine, bitters. Ferrie chlo-
ride, copper sulphate. Aconite tincture, salt in manger.
Oil turpentine and male shield fern for tape-worm.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

TWISTED OR STRANGLED BOWELS (VOL-
VULUS),
Is usually caused by the worm-like movements of the
long, loose, and coiled intestines, but a long-neeked tumor, —

=

by winding itself around the intestine, may cause the same
result—strangling. ‘The symptoms resemble those of in-
flammation of the bowels. Rupture of the intestine may ©
result, but the disease is usually fatal whether it does or
not.

Remedy.—lt cannot be rectified by medical treatment,
but a surgical operation, if undertaken early, may be suc-
cessful.

INTUSSUSCEPTION OR INTROSUSCEPTION

Is the slipping of a part of one intestine into another,
usually the one behind. Cartwright reports a case of 12
introsusceptions, and another where a foot of intestine
was invaginated. Walker reports a case of 2 feet; Tur-
ner one of 16 feet 4 inches; Hales found the whole of
the cxzcum within the colon, and inverted at that.

The symptoms resemble those of inflammation of the
bowels, but there are intermissions of pain; also sighing,
groaning, lying on the belly, resting on the hind quar-
ters, and a disposition, when down, to stay down. Usu-
ally fatal.

Remedy.-—No treatment is of much avail. Restrict to
a limited quantity of soft food. No purging. Opium and
cannabis indica allay spasm and pain. Prof. Smith’s long
enema tube may be tried.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

BOWEL IRREGULARITIES. ths

PILES (HEMORRHOIDS),

Is rare in the horse. It is peculiar to dogs, and is the
result of congestion of the mucous membrane around the
anus and dilatation of the hemorrhoidal veins.

Remedy.—Oily aperients, laxative injections. Remove
hardened dung. Return prolapsed bowel. Cooling, diges-
tible diet. Gall and opium ointment, or zine benzoate
ointment.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

~~

7

aoe od,

114 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE. |

PROTRUSION OF THE ANUS OR RECTUM

Is rare. .

Remedy.—Return the bowel carefully, first washing —
with dilute alcohol, laudanum, and a little carbolic acid. —
Close external opening with truss or stitches. Control —
straining by opium or chloral. When the rectum is much
swollen, scarify carefully.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ee an ee

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

THe kidney is a very susceptible organ. It is easily
affected by medicine, a fact of great importance to prac-
titioners. Sometimes medicines given as purges, instead
of acting on the bowels, apparently expend their whole
force on the kidneys, giving the urine, which is copious,
a dark color. This fact probably accounts for mercury
being so slow in producing salivation.

A case of single kidney, but of double size, is recorded.

The urine may contain excess of water, urea, coloring
matter, and inorganic constituents; also a deficiency of

water and inorganic constituents. ‘There may be altera-

tion of other organic compounds, the acid constituents
and extractive matters. It may contain albumen, bile
compounds, sugar, blood, pus, mucus, calculi, &c. It is
naturally alkaline in herb-eating and acid in flesh-eating
animals. It differs in composition in various animals, but °
some of its constituents are identical.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRITIS),

Is rare. It is usually caused by medicinal irritation—
turpentine, the resins, cantharides (internal or blister),
croton oil, &c.; stimulating food, cold, water dripping on
the back and loins, injuries, &c. Robertson describes two
forms. He also describes kidney congestion.

Symptoms.—There are many, but the surest are scanty
secretion or total suppression of urine; frequent attempts
to stale, passing perhaps but a few drops of highly col-
ored, unhealthy urine. In the stallion retraction (draw-
ing back) of the testicle on the affected side may be pres-

116 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ent. ‘The symptoms are sometimes indicative of colic
rather than kidney disease.

Fig. 23. The test for Inflammation of the Kidneys.

Remedy.—Bleeding if febrile symptoms acute. Aco-
nite in early stages of acute cases. Gentle laxatives re-
move waste products and lessen work of kidneys. In sup-
pression of urine, digitalis decoction repeatedly apphed to
loins. Linseed, diluents, barley water. Promote skin func-
tions. Alkaline bicarbonates and sulphites as antiseptics.
Anodyne clysters relieve reflexly. Fomentations or fresh
sheep skins to loins. Where chronic irritation remains,
belladonna, opium, camphor as anodynes.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ALBUMINOUS URINE (ALBUMINURIA),

Is rare. It is best determined perhaps by chemical tests.
Tested with bichloride of mercury, it yields a copious
milky precipitate. If it does not coagulate on exposure
to heat, add acetic acid, and then prussiate of potash.

ae

KIDNEY DISORDERS. i Le

According to Percivall and Williams, the following are
more or less constant

Symptoms.—Standing with distended legs, perhaps all
day, not for staling, but for comfort; or standing ‘‘all
of a heap,” back roached, hind legs advanced. When led,
back and loins stiff; some fever. In severe cases there
are rigors, accelerated respiration; loud puffing at nostrils,
anxious countenance, small, quick pulse, disinclination to
move, pain in turning, and usually constipation.

Fig. 24. Positions assumed when suffering from Albuminous Urine.

Remedy.—When it arises from other than kidney dis-
ease, it will cease when the cause is removed. When de-
pending on kidney disease, the treatment is only palliative.
Aid kidneys by keeping bowels relaxed with good food;
keep skin warm; avoid cold; tonics or mineral acids;
light work. (Williams.) For list of tonics, see page 37.

BLOOD IN THE URINE (HAMATURIA),

May appear as bright fluid blood, mixed with the urine,
or it may contain a brown or dark colored deposit—blood
corpuscles, existing in entirety or undergoing a change.
When due to the bladder, it usually follows staling; when

118 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

from the urethra, it both precedes and succeeds it. It
may be caused by external as well as internal injury, dit
ease, strains, overwork, &c.

Remedy.—Oleaginous laxatives; sulphuric acid; iron
salts; lead acetate internally. Ergotin and belladonna
hypodermically. Fresh sheep skins to loins; spinal hot
water bag. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

URINARY STONES (CALCUL),

Are called ‘renal’ when in the kidney; ‘uretal’ when
in the tube leading from the kidney to the bladder;
‘cystic’ or ‘vesical’ when in the bladder; ‘urethral?
when in the tube leading from the bladder outward.

Kidney stones usually lodge in the pelvis (cavity) of
the kidney, but the funnels or canals are also sometimes
filled with them. Like other calculi they differ in size,
conformation, and consistence. Some weigh 25 ounces.

Uretal stones are rare. They may be felt per rectum,
and may be cut out.

Bladder stones are somewhat common. There are more
or less distinct symptoms of their presence, but the best
way to decide whether they exist or not is to feel per rec-
tum or vagina, especially when the bladder is empty. The
operation is easy and safe. Mares have been known, in
their agony, to expel their stones. i

Urethral stones are somewhat rare. They are usually
as large as a walnut, and hence cannot pass entirely
through the canal. They can be felt per rectum, and
sometimes, when near the external orifice of the penis,
can be touched with the finger.

Remedy.—Dilute mineral acids for horse. Alkalies or
alkaline bicarbonates diminish tendency to urinary depos-
its, common especially among highly fed rams and wethers.
Ammonia benzolate helps resolution of phosphatic depos-
its in sheep. Diluents; cooling, laxative foods. Raise
feeding sheep thrice daily and drive them a few hundred —

* ha gee

BLADDER DISORDER. 119

yards, to insure urination. Place sheep on buttocks; the
sandy deposits in the urethra are gradually moved by ma-
nipulation. Where the canal is hopelessly blocked, it must
be opened either at the ischial arch or by amputation of
the penis. Lithotomy (cutting for stone) in the horse and
ox and lithotripsy (triturating or powdering) in mare or
cow, the only means of removing large cystic stones.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION OR CATARRH OF THE BLAD-
DER (CYSTITIS),

Is usually caused (1) by foreign bodies, such as caleuli
and morbid growths; (2) by irritating medicines—can-.
tharides, &c.; (3) retention of urine.

Symptoms.—Restlessness; paddling or repeated move-
ing of the hind feet; occasional whisking of tail; fre-
quent discharge of urine in small quantities; pain on
examining bladder per rectum; in severe and long-stand-
ing cases, where the contractile power of the sphincter is
lessened, there may be continuous dribbling of urine;
sometimes more or less constitutional disturbance and
fever; sometimes subacute or chronic cases, which are
often indicated by pus and other cell structures in the
urine.

Remedy.—Oleaginous laxatives, aconite, calomel abate
fever. Bleeding, followed by above sedatives, in early
stages, for acute pain and fever. Belladonna, internally
in clyster, and suppository in vagina, for irritation. Soft-
ening anodyne injections; hyoscyamus, opium. Rugs
wrung out of boiling water, or fresh sheep skins to loins.
Mashes, linseed, boiled barley, diluents. Potassium bicar-
bonate, or other alkalies internally when urine is acid or
acrid. Benzoic or boric acid, sulphites, borax, sulpho-
carbolates, eucalyptus oil when urine alkaline, fermenting,
or fetid. Syringe female bladder with alkaline solutions
when urine acrid; when fetid, with boro-glycerine or

120 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

dilute copper sulphate. Buchu, bearberry, eucalyptus in
chronic vesical catarrh.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Suppression and Retention of Urine.—Suppression
signifies non-secretion of urine; retention inability to pass
urine. Suppression of urine may result from inflamma-
tion of the kidneys, or anything else that prevents the
performance of their functions. Retention of urine may
result from spasm or contraction of the neck of the blad-
der, the lodgment of stones, paralysis, &c. (Percivall.)

See ‘ Nephritis’ and ‘ Cystitis.’ at

Cysts in the Kidneys are not rare. A fibrous cyst,
as large as a fist, discovered by Percivall, contained eight
ounces of black fluid. The fluid was composed of the
different elements of the blood, particularly the coloring
matter. Usually, however, they contain simply the watery
parts of the blood.

Enlargement of the Kidneys (one or both) is not
unusual. In a recorded case one kidney weighed 24 lbs.,
the other 27. In another case the right kidney ‘‘ was
supposed to weigh upward of 112 lbs.” The left was
healthy, though rather larger than natural.

Inversion and Protrusion of the Bladder sometimes
occurs in foaling. If the protruded parts cannot be re- —
duced and returned, perhaps a ligature may be success- —
fully used. Send for a veterinarian. .

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GEN-
ERATION.

THE diseases of the organs of generation, especially
those of the male, are rare in this country and England.
Cause—castration. ‘They are also rare in non-breeding
females.

A disease—called by the French ‘ Maladie du Coit’ (a
disease of copulation)—much resembling syphilis in man,
-broke out in De Witt county, Illinois, in 1884, the prob-
able cause of which being an imported and infected French
stallion. The disease made its way to Kent county, On-
tario, Canada, in 1887. Great effort was and is being
made to stamp it out. It is as poisonous apparently as
glanders-farcy. It is sometimes followed by one or other
Aorm of this disease (described on page 67).

EQUINE SYPHILIS (MALADIE DU COIT),

Is a specific equine constitutional disease, characterized
by lesions of the urino-genital organs, and communicable
from coition by either affected horse or mare. (Dun.)

It is caused by filth, fatty concretions beneath the pre-
puce, foreign substances within the sheath or urethra,
acrid injections into the urethra, accidents, violence in
copulation, &c. (D’Arboval.)

The disease usually begins at the head of the penis,
extending upward sometimes as far as the lining of the
Sheath. At first the parts are tense, shining, and pain-
ful, but as soon as any morbid tissue appears, the lubre-
factive secretion becomes augmented, thickened, and fetid.
Sometimes it is mixed with a whitish whey, when the

122 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

skin of the penis peels off in flakes. Sometimes the dis-—
ease consists of small, circumscribed, red patches. These —
are succeeded by or converted into little bladders, which, —
bursting, leave chancre-like ulcers. When the disease —
spreads to the urethra, it causes a communicable discharge —
from it. (D’Arboval.) i

The mare, usually in eight or nine days, exhibits uter-
ine excitement resembling exaggerated sexual heat. The —
vulva becomes swollen; the mucous membrane of the —
vulva and vagina is reddened; there is a white, yellow,
grayish, or reddish vaginal discharge, at first of a watery
nature, which soon increases, becoming thicker, sticky,
and viscid, collecting about and soiling the tail and pe-
rineum. (W. L. Williams.)

Dr. Williams, whose experience is confined to the Tlli-
nois outbreak, calls the disease ‘ Equine Syphilis.’ It is
very insidious at first in the stallion, and is besides very
deceptive—appearing to be cured when it is not. Of its —
many bad effects, the worst perhaps is paralysis of the
hind quarters.

According to most authorities there is a benign form
of the disease. M. Rodloff says that the benign and ma- —
lignant forms are distinct diseases, and that the former
never appears with the latter except by accident.

Remedy.—Mucilaginous and anodyne vaginal injections —
allay irritation in the mare in the early stages. Follow —
with astringent injections of zinc or copper sulphates or
silver nitrate. Treat male with similar astringents. Cast.
The blood being very deficient in fibrin, French veterin-
arians prescribe bouillon of ox blood and horse flesh. -
Crushed oats and beans should also be serviceable. (Dun.) —

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Many months often elapse before cure is effected. In ~
Prussia stallions are not allowed to be used till three
years after recovery.

en

ie

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. ~~ 123

INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE OF THE
PENIS (BALANITIS), 2

Is contagious, especially when of a specific or impure
form.

Remedy.—Zine sulphate or lead subacetate, diluted
solutions. Zinc oxide ointment. Laxative. Anodyne in-
jections. Chronic specific cases, often caused by leucor-
rhea in female, accompanied by effusion and pain, require
scarification and continued fomentation. Horse or bull
must be cast and secured. Inflamed ulcerated surfaces
dressed with zine oxide ointment, carbolized, or mercuric
nitrate ointment. Quiet and rest; dose of physic. Lax-
ative diet. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA (URE-
THRITIS),

Is rare, being peculiar to stallions. Its causes are: Too
frequent acts of copulation; copulation with a female
having inflammation of the vagina, or a vagina small in
proportion to the male organ; irritation of the alimen-
tary canal, caused by drenches, balls of cantharides, &c.,
given to reinvigorate the stallion; irritation of worms in
the rectum; shifting of irritation; inflammation in the
bladder; retention of urine. (D’Arboval.)

Symptoms.—Horse, in act of staling, looks at flanks,
stamps, switches tail, moaning and showing uneasiness
when through; urethra red, swollen, and moist from dis-
charge. In a few days stales oftener, with increase of
pain and swelling; discharge increases, grows thicker,
turns yellow or green; it may be squeezed out, causing
streaks of blood perhaps; frequent and painful erections;
penis grows curved; engorgement of testicles, spermatic
cords, scrotum, sheath; testicles hang lower, sometimes
swell, growing hard and painful, especially the oblong
attachment called the epididymis; spermatic cord sym-

124 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

pathizes and presents a mushroom-like aspect; exterior
ulcers and buds on and near lower part of penis; some- —
times red, exuberant granulations also. (D’Arboval.)
Remedy.—Copper, zinc, or silver salts injected in dilute
solution, 1 part to 60 of water. Oils of copaiba and euca-
lyptus internally and locally. Prevent occlusion (closing)

ONT Ue,
HORSE CATHETER

Fig. 25. Catheter.

by cautious introduction of catheter. Persistent obstruc-
tion in male, from inflammation or gravel, sometimes re-
quires perineal opening. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION AND CATARRH (LEUCOR-
RHEA) OF THE VAGINA.

Acute inflammation, in the absence of injury, is rare.
In catarrh the discharge is sometimes whey-like, some-
times yellow and even purulent; often, in both cases,
becoming thin, clear, and water-like. The discharge col- —
lects and comes away every time the lips of the vulva
open with a sort of gush. In general there is not much,
if any, reddening of. the inside of the vagina.

Remedy.—Siphon or syringe the uterus and vagina
with tepid alkaline solutions, and subsequently with dilute

~~ =

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 125

earbolic acid or zine sulphate. Belladonna or iodoform

in suppository, or injection where there is excessive secre-

tion or pain. (See Fig. 22.) Copper or iron salts, tur-

pentine internally, especially in delicate subjects or in

obstinate recurring cases associated with tuberculosis.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB (METRITIS),

Is rare in the mare. It is usually caused by foaling,
and is accompanied by bloody discharges. Other symp-
toms resemble colic and inflammation of the bowels, but
the suffering is not so great. It is common in cows and
ewes, and is liable to spread by contagion. ‘The inflam-
mation sometimes extends to the peritoneum.

lower for hypodermic (under the skin) injections.

Remedy.—Siphon or syringe uterus with tepid water
and antiseptic. Remove remnants of placenta (the after-
birth) or blood clots; treat any wounds antiseptically.
Where walls of uterus are dilated or flaccid, inject solu-
tion of ergot and belladonna tincture. Rugs wrung out
of hot water over loins and abdomen, relieve spasm and
pain. Sulpho-carbolates, sulphites, or hydronaphthol in-
ternally. If bowels are torpid, half dose of physic, with
ginger, gentian, and molasses, and promote effect by lax-
ative injections. Remove urine by catheter. Sustain the
strength by generous diet, tonics, and stimulants. Sepa-
rate from pregnant or suckling animals. Disinfect.

126 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

HYSTERIA

Is usually caused by sexual heat. Sometimes it is the
result of nervous, convulsive, or spasmodic affections.
Breeding is perhaps the best remedy for sexual heat.

Symptoms.—Clenching jaws, grinding teeth, squint-
ing; unrelaxing spasms alternated with relaxing; kick-
ing, stamping, and other signs of nervous excitement;
sometimes rapid opening and closing of vulva, &e.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES.

Remedy.—Fomentations, anodynes, a dose of physic,
support testicle. Iodine liniment; potassium iodide in-
ternally. 'Tubercular form intractable; castrate in early
stage. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

PROTRUDED PENIS (PARAPHYMOSIS),

Is sometimes caused by loss of power (paralysis). In
the stallion there are many other causes, such as excessive
copulation, friction before copulation, by rubbing against
female; kicks and other injuries; introduction into anus;
attempt to cover a ‘ringed mare ;’ irritating substances
(medicines) in prepuce; warts, &e.

Remedy.—Amputate if necessary.

Confined (unprotrudable) Penis (phymosis) is very
rare.

Amputation of the Penis is practicable, and is some-
times resorted to as a cure for warts, ulcers, cancer, pro-
trusion, &e.

Cancerous Tumor of the Vulva is recorded. As it
did not yield to treatment, but gradually enlarged till it
filled “‘ two-thirds of the vulva,” the mare was destroyed.
The tumor existed nearly three years. :

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 12%

Dropsy of the Womb (Hydrometra), causes great
distention of the belly. In a recorded case the uterus
was filled with six quarts of thick, white matter, resem-
bling healthy pus.

Diseases of the Ovaries usually consist of watery or
bloody tumors, sometimes accompanied by dropsy. The
tumors, which sometimes weigh as much as 30 lbs., may
become cancerous.

Abscess of the Scrotum is described by Percivall.
The swelling filled one side of the scrotum of a gelding.
It was opened and then fomented. Cured.

Self-Abuse is not very rare in stallions. The remedy
is a net made for the purpose.

‘ss

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

Diseases of the heart are best distinguished from pul-
monary diseases, with which they are often eonfounded,
by auscultation. The heart’s beats may be felt, heard, and
counted, in either health or disease, and can therefore be
contrasted. The contrast between the action of a healthy
and a diseased heart should be carefully studied. Apply
the flat of the hand or the ear to the left side, just be-
hind the elbow. ‘The stethoscope (a hollow or perforated
piece of wood) may also be used. In health two succes-
sive sounds, followed by an interval of silence, are heard.
Exercise and agitation increase the heart’s action.

Fig. 27. A horse with Heart Disease.

Persistent coldness of the extremities, swelling of the
legs, chest, and abdomen, fainting fits, dizziness, languor,
difficult breathing, especially after severe exertion, are
more or less constant symptoms of heart disease.

Disease of the heart is either the result of functional
disturbance or structural alteration. Disease of the heart
and its membranes may be either acute or chronic.

am

DISEASES OF THE HEART. 129

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM
(PERICARDITIS).

The pericardium is the watery, membranous bag that
contains the heart. Pericarditis may be the result of cold,
exposure, or fatigue, but it is oftener the result of rheu-
matic fever, strangles, influenza, purpura, blood contam-
inations, diseases of the lungs, pleura, and heart itself,
cancer, parasitic growths, wounds, &c.

The disease, says Percivall, usually follows or is secon-
dary to pleurisy. The effusions of water and lymph pe-
culiar to pleurisy are often found within the pericardium,
“as though one membrane had sympathized with the
other.” The lymph is mostly disposed in layers on the
internal surface of the sac and the exterior of the heart
to such a degree as to cause adhesion between the two.
It is of an albuminous character. In time, when lining
the pericardium, it becomes firm, thin, and white. In a
recorded case it was of the nature of cartilage, and about
an eighth of an inch in thickness.

The symptoms of pericarditis are exceedingly variable.
(Robertson. )

Remedy.—Cautious bleeding, followed by small doses
of aconite, is serviceable in acute independent cases, but
is unsuitable in second stages or in epizootic attacks.

Morphine hypodermically usually relieves acute pain.
Woolen cloths wrung out of hot water to chest for an
hour or two at a time. Soap liniment,‘1-20th part opium
tincture, rubbed in freely between fomentations. Sodium
bicarbonate and sulphate in drinking water relieve fever
and maintain action of bowels. Digitalis may be used
carefully when heart action is feeble and rapid. In more
advanced stage, and when fluid is effused, supporting
treatment needful. Moderate doses of stimulants; potas-
slum or ferrous iodide, with mustard or cantharides to
chest. Digitalis and strychnine assist absorption of fluid

130 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

by ratsing blood pressure in kidney arteries and promoting
urination. |

Where dropsy of the pericardium (hydrops pericardi),
persists, remove fluid by special trocar. This is sometimes
described as a distinct disease.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

PALPITATION OF THE HEART

Is usually tumultuous and rapid action. Sometimes
there is a peculiar sound and irregular heart and arterial
pulsations. Sometimes the heart action seems completely
confused, and sometimes there is intermittency. The
palpitation may be continuous or only at intervals.

The causes of palpitation may be too much blood, blood
contamination, poverty of blood, &c. Nervous and ex-
citable temperament, debility, exhaustion, and youth are
said to be predisposing causes.

Remedy.—Rest, quiet, generous diet. Iron tonics for
anemic murmurs (a sound caused by deficiency of blood).
Small doses of aconite for violent action. Digitalis for
weak and irregular action. Bromides for irregular and
fluttering action. Laxatives for digestive derangement.
Belladonna for strain or overexertion. Strychnine is a
heart tonic. (For a list of heart and other tonics, see
page 37.)

Where there is fainting or loss of sensation and motion,
dash cold water over the head; ammonia to nostrils. If
the condition results from loss of blood, transfuse blood
from a healthy and vigorous horse:

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

OTHER HEART DISEASES.

There are other heart diseases, such as inflammation of
both the membrane and substance of the heart (endocard-
itis and carditis); both enlargement and wasting of the
heart; fatty changes in the heart; rupture of the heart,

RARE DISEASES OF THE HEART. BL

and also the pericardium; adventitious growths in connec-
tion with the heart, such as parasitic and malignant, fibroid
and vascular tumors; disease of the valves and orifices;
ossification (rare); air in the heart; enlargement of the
aorta.

The symptoms of most of these affections—many of
which are rare—are puzzling even to veterinarians.

Where heart disease is suspected, avoid overwork and
excitement.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

Diseases of the liver are somewhat rare in horses. The
probable cause is simplicity of diet. Hot climates, as in
man, seem to be conducive of equine liver disease. Liver
diseases are often insidious. They are sometimes mistaken
for lung diseases. Next to the lungs the liver seems to be
the most frequent seat of tubercles. Sometimes it is soft
or rotten and clay colored; sometimes hard and tough, the
color, however, being natural.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER (HEPATITIS),

Seems to be of three kinds or degrees—the cover or
membrane, the substance of the liver, or both. Percivall
and Williams give the following

Symptoms.—Dull; head heavy ; eyes drooping and lus-
terless; occasional cough; no appetite; apparent inward
pain, but not acute; stands up; very feverish; in two
or three days the fever or diffused bile causes the mouth
and eyes to become yellow, the blood golden-hued and
specked with yellow, floating particles; dung balls im-
bued with bile and sometimes coated with viscid, bilious,
mucous-like, reddish-brown matter, leaving an opium-like
stain when rubbed on white paper; ‘urine scanty and
thick, with bilious tinge and copious sediment; may lie —
on left side, but soon rises; right side tender, if not —
somewhat swollen; when standing, points (rests) the off
(right) fore limb; pulse quick, strong, bounding; breath-
ing sometimes disturbed, sometimes not; stupid; dizzy;
staggers; danger of apoplexy or bursting of liver.

ae

DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 133

Remedy.—Purgatives, salines, ammonia chloride. Ac-
onite for fever. Ipecac. Foment and stimulate over liver.
Digestible, laxative food. Exercise after relief of acute
symptoms. Nitro-hydrochloric acid in chronic cases. Sa-
lines and careful dietary safer than more active remedies
when the inflammation or congestion is associated with
epizootic or other disease. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Congestion of the Liver.—Robertson describes three
kinds—the passive, the active, and the biliary. These,
which may be the result of lung or heart disease, sudden
chills, specific fevers, blood contamination, too much or
improper food, lack of exercise, &c., seem to be preludes
to inflammation of the liver.

Robertson also describes ‘Scirrhosis of the Liver,’ a
chronic or subacute inflammation of the interconnective
liver tissue; ‘ Fatty Liver,’ ‘ Albuminoid or Lardaceous
(lard or wax) Liver,’ &c.

Liver Concretions.—Rigot found 90 concretions in
the bile ducts of a liver. The cavities were enlarged and
their walls thickened, but there were no indications of
liver disease during life. The same horse had a salivary
calculus (stone).

Hydatid Tumors of the Liver are rare. They are
bladder-like, and vary in size from a hazel-nut to an or-
ange, containing a clear fluid and numerous organisms
(mites). They cause very little if any disturbance.

Rupture of the Liver is caused by external violence,
overdistention with blood or bile, &c. Fatal.

JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS (ICTERUS).
Is a symptom of disease rather than disease itself. It
is usually attributed to either deranged bile secretion or
bile distribution, When the bile is taken into the blood

134 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

instead of its natural channel—the alimentary canal—it
unparts a yellow tinge to the eyes, nose, mouth, skin,
urine, and sometimes the dung. ‘The latter is sometimes
clay colored. Sometimes the bowels are deranged and —
there is a “defective movement of the right fore limb,” _
a dry, scurfy, and itchy state of the skin, loss of appe-
tite, strength, &e.

Remedy.—In ordinary cases light, digestible food will
sometimes suffice. A laxative, alternated with salines,
clears away excess of bile, and promotes a healthy action
of the liver. Ammonia chloride and salines useful where
a case is complicated with duodenal catarrh. (The duo- —
denum is the first of the small intestines.) .

When depending on suppression of bile, apply mustard
or other stimulant over liver. 'Thickened ox bile, in bo-
lus, twice a day, with moderate doses of aromatic spirit
of ammonia between. Nitro-hydrochloric acid, and quin-
ine with it when the patient is weak.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Little relief can be given in jaundice when it is caused
by scirrhosis or fatty degeneration.

DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN.

Diseases of the spleen are somewhat rare, but some
of them, such as moderate enlargement, Xc., may exist for
years without causing serious inconvenience. ‘The spleen
weighs from 3 to 4 pounds. When enlarged it sometimes
weighs from 14 to 20 and even 50 pounds.

Percivall describes inflammation, cancer, and rupture of
the spleen. Williams says atrophy (wasting), thrombosis
(coagulation. of blood), tubercle, cancer, hydatids, and
ossification are found after death. He also says that
American horses suffer from an intermittent fever in
which the spleen becomes enlarged. Robertson describes
surface growths of the spleen, the same in size as those
of the liver (from hazel-nut to orange), of grayish-white
color and usually firm consistence, with an immense num-
ber of tubercle-bacilli (mites). Some of these latter cases
cause much debility.

DISEASES OF THE EYES.

PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA (MOON-BLINDNESS),

Is a specific inflammation of most of the structures of
the eye. Relapses occur, lasting from 2 to 14 days. It
is dangerous, and is liable to be followed by a still more
dangerous disease—cataract. It is hereditary, but it may
be caused by rheumatic predisposition or blood contami-
nation, a bite or blow, foreign substances under the ld,
overwork, especially the young, filthy and badly ventilated
stables, the eruption of the tushes, compression of the

roots of the molar teeth on the fifth pair of nerves, work-

ing in coal-pits or other dark places, &c.

Fig. 28. First appearance of Fig. 29. Its termination.
Periodic Ophthalmia.

Symptoms.—First or inflammatory stage: Upper lid
droops; tears in superabundance; lids, venous vessels,
and conjunctive membrane swollen; the globe dull and
sunken; circumference of cornea sometimes exhibits a

broad, nebulous circle; front chamber, at first usually —

clear, becomes so obscured that the pupil is hardly dis-
tinguishable; the pupil is contracted and resembles the

THE DISEASES OF THE EYES. ay

black eye of a garden bean; cornea, if not already, soon
becomes obscured; this obscures the pupil and iris.

Second stage: Gradual decline of inflammation and
tardy clearing of the cornea; iris altered in color and
lusterless; pupil contracted but less sensitive to light;
whitish or yellowish lymph effusions in chamber; these
and other favorable signs indicate recovery, but a relapse
usually occurs in a few days.

Remedy.—The periodic or specific form is incurable,
but it is relieved by purges, febrifuges, anodynes, bella-
donna, or atrophine locally and internally.

For simple inflammation of the eye, occurring in all

Fig. 30. The haw. ,

Fig. 31. Tenaculum. i

animals: Remove any foreign body, securing the haw, if
necessary, with a tenaculum or stitch. Fomentation with
tepid water and decoction of poppy-heads abates irritation,
Whether depending on foreign body or cold. Half dose
physic. Where inflammation severe, bleed from angular
vein. Belladonna and atrophine, locally and generally,
diminish irritation and prevent adhesion of iris. Steam
head when occurring with swelled lids, as in influenza at-
tacks, Shade the eye.

138 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Silver nitrate and other astringent solutions for chronic
cases. or doses, see pages 13 to 29.

CATARACT

Is opacity of the lens or its capsule. Percivall says it
may also be the result of an effusion of an opaque fluid
between the two. ‘The opacity may be the result of in-
jury or disease.

Cataract is a common cause of either total or partial
blindness. It usually follows ophthalmia, but ophthalmia
may attack a cataractous eye. Cataracts are white, black,
green, yellow, brown, ash-colored, &c. At first they are
soft, but they acquire firmness by age. Some are called

Fig. 32. Partial Cataract. Fig. 33. Complete Cataract.

bony cataracts. They vary in size from a pin’s point to
a pea.

Percivall speaks of both spontaneous and congenital
cataracts; D’Arboval of a fluid cataract, which, from its
whiteness, is called milky; Gibson of colts being foaled
with cataracts or pearls in their eyes.

Lenticular cataracts grow slowly—l, 2, or more years.
The other kinds may appear in a few days, or even hours,
and without any detectible inflammation or previous dis.
ease. Capsular cataract is caused usually perhaps by ex
ternal injury. It is easily distinguished, and seems to be
absorbable.

GLASS-EYE, ETC. 139

In cataract with ophthalmia the iris frequently becomes
contracted and adheres to the capsule of the lens, thus
causing a permanently small pupil.

Remedy.—Extraction by operation. Belladonna or at-
rophine dilate the pupil for diagnosis (distinguishment),
alternated with physostygmine for obtaining free move-
ment of iris. Phosphoreted oil, instilled into human eye,
if borne, leads to final absorption.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Green Cataract (Glaucoma), is opacity of the vitre-
ous humor (glass-like fluid) of the eye. Incurable. Cut-
ting out (iridectomy) affords relief. Physostygmine dimin-
ishes intraocular pressure (pressure within the eye).

AMAUROSIS OR GUTTA SERENA (GLASS-
EVE),

Is caused by paralysis of the optic nerve and retina.
There may be many causes of the paralysis, such as dis-
eases of remote as well as contiguous parts, excessive bleed-
ing, narcotic poisons, drinking too much cold water when
heated, pressure from a tumor, &c. There is no visible
defect in the eye—nothing abnormal except its great bril-
liancy, from which it takes its name.

Symptoms.—Head and ears erect, the latter set in
motion to learn the cause of any alarming noise; lofty
step; eyes insensible to light; pupils usually fixed and
widely dilated; sometimes there is a sluggish motion and
only moderate dilatation, &c.

Remedy.—Except when depending on brain disorder
or debility, it is incurable. Blisters; setons around or-
bit. Strychnine in traumatic (wound) cases; also those
of nerve wasting, but unsuitable where there are brain
symptoms. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

140 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

WORM IN THE EYE

Is rare in this country, but is common in India. It is
like ‘an eel in a basin of water,” but is not always in —
sight, for it may hide behind the iris. Dr. Gibbs (of
India) has seen two worms in an eye at once. He has
also seen a second worm appear months after the removal
of the first. They are peculiar to cold weather and wet
seasons. Similar worms are found in the stomach and —
intestines. They probably reach the eyes through the
blood. If no operation is performed, blindness may result.
But the worm may die and become absorbed.

yrexnoersaesn.

COPNRAGATED.

Fig. 34. Trocars. An operation for Worm in the Eye would require a
special trocar.

The only remedy of course is to trocar or lance the eye,
an operation the skillful surgeon only can perform.

“WATERY EYVES”’

Are uncommon. ‘The real cause of the overflow of tears
is obstruction of the tear canals, which run from the eyes
to the nostrils; but superabundant secretion of tears may
sometimes occur perhaps. It seems to, be analogous to
stricture of the urethra in man. The canal is not uni-

THE DISEASES OF THE EYES. 141

form in size, diminishing at first, then enlarging, besides.
which it is tortuous near its center.

Remedy.—Syringe from above, and below also, if nec-
essary. If this fails, probe.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE LACHRYMAL
CARUNCLE.

The lachrymal caruncle is a small, reddish, follicular
body, situate at the inner angle of the eye. It is harm-
less when small. Its removal is sometimes followed by
more or less inflammation and sometimes ‘‘ watery eyes.”
Percivall removed one as large as a marble by ligature,
tightening the cord on the second, fourth, and sixth days,
when the excrescence (for such it had become) fell off.
The operation caused great local disturbance, but it did
not show itself till twelve days afterward. Bathing the
eye, purging, and salivation with calomel followed. Re-
covered.

TUMORS AND FUNGUS OF THE ORBIT.

Percivall operated successfully on an exostosis (bony
tumor) of the orbital arch. which had grown to the size
of a horse-chestnut. It half eclipsed and pressed upon
the eye. Doctor Perry treated a 3-days-old foal that was
said “‘to have no eyes.” He found a fungus within the
orbit of the near side about the size of a pistol-ball, with-
out any organic structure. That of the other orbit was
of similar appearance, but somewhat larger, with the ad-
dition of the haw.

All tumors interfering with the sight or the movements
of the eye should be removed.

DISEASES OF THE TEETH, MOUTHES
LIPS, 22 1

DECAY OR CARIES OF THE TEETH

Is rare, especially in young horses. The back teeth or
molars suffer more than the front teeth (incisors). They
are sometimes broken by stones or other hard substances
in the food. A severe blow over their roots sometimes
causes caries and the ultimate loss of the tooth. It is
possible to stop decay, especially of the front teeth, by
filling.

Care of the teeth is a matter of great importance. Mas-
tication of the food is indispensable to digestion, and di- —
gestion to health. Owing to the fact that horses’ teeth
(except the tushes, which are practically useless), grow
throughout life—the growth counteracting the wear and
the wear the growth—sharp and dangerous projections
sometimes cause lacerations. When the teeth meet in
perfect apposition—grinding surface to grinding surface—
the wear is regular; when they do not, the unworn parts
vill soon project. When they cause laceration of the cheek
tongue, file them, but do not interfere with the natural
slunt of the tables (crown or grinding surfaces). The
natural slant must be preserved, or mastication cannot be —
properly performed. The molar teeth of the horse are in—
this respect the reverse of human teeth.

Supernumerary teeth and dental cysts require surgical
skill. The so-called wolf teeth (really remnant teeth, for
they are the remains of what were once functionally de-
veloped teeth), that appear in front of the first upper

DISORDERS OF THE TEETH. > 143

_ molars, sometimes cause more or less trouble. It is bet-
ter to extract them, which any one can do with ordinary
forceps.

nt

Fig. 35. Abnormal growth begins at dotted line.

Figure 35 represents a back molar tooth which, on ac-
count of the loss of the opposite tooth, grew till it killed
the horse.

PARROT-MOUTH

Consists in the upper front teeth-—from irregularity and
overgrowth—projecting in front of the lower, like the

xe

144 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ~

upper bill of the parrot. The lower incisors are liable,
also from overgrowth, to injure the roof of the mouth.
Grazing is difficult and sometimes almost impracticable ;
but the animal may be fed from the manger. ‘The rem-
edy is usually only palliative. Forceps, files, and surgical

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skill are required, not only for parrot-mouth, but for many
other irregularities of the teeth, molars as well as incisors.

CRIB-BITING

Is doubly injurious to the horse. It wears and some-
times breaks its teeth and gives it the colic—crib-biters’
colic—which is caused by the sucking in of air. Fur-
ther, loss of saliva impairs digestion. The vice is a spe-
cies of unsoundness. Breaking the front teeth interferes
with grazing.

Remedy.—lIvon stable fittings. Manger, when not in
use, turned into recess in wall. Use muzzle or spiked
neck-strap. Concentrated, digestible food. Chalk, ant-
acids, and an occasional laxative relieve the indigestion
from which crib-biters usually suffer. Separate crib-biters
from other horses, as they imitate and acquire the habit.
For a list of antacids, see page 31.

DENTAL INSTRUMENTS. 145

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DENTAL INSTRUMENTS. 151

PLATE IV.

09-SYFIONATY PF es

DAREN NDERS & SO,

NAMES OF THE INSTRUMENTS.

1, 2, Adjustable Tooth Files. 3, Going’s Tooth Chisel. 4, French model —
of same. © 5, Tooth Mallet. 6, French model Tooth Saw. 7, Narrow Tooth )
Chisel. 8, Narrow Tooth Gouge. 9, Tooth Rasp, guarded. 10, Extra —
blade for Adjustable File. 11, Heavy Forceps. 12, Going’s Forceps. —
13, House’s Cutting Forceps. 14, House’s Pulling Forceps. 15, Wolf —
Tooth Forceps. 16, Wide Chisel. 17, Cutting Forceps, French model. 18, —
Moller’s Cutting Forceps. 19, Cutting Forceps, French model. 20, 21, 22, _
23, House’s Cutting Forceps. 24, Narrow Gouge. 25, Bow Tooth Saw. —
26, Key. 27. Plain Tooth Saw. 28, Chain Tooth Saw. 29, Fine ferruled —
Tooth Saw. 30, Narrow Tooth Chisel. 31, Hurlburt’s Gum Knife and —
Tooth Pick.

“DISEASES OF THE MOUTH, ETC. 153

LAMPAS

Is congestion, fever and swelling of the gums and bars
of the mouth. It is pecujar to the young, but occurs
sometimes in the aged also. The eruption of the teeth,
especially the tushes, is probably the chief cause in the
ease of the young, and their continuous growth through-
out life the chief cause in that of the old. Direct irri-
tation, bits, the action of certain foods, and gastric dis-—
order are also causes.

The remedy is lancing the gums and bars. Let the
blood out. Burning is not only useless but barbarous.
Soft or green food and astringent wash if necessary.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH (STOMA-
TITIS),

Is simple or catarrhal, vesicular, pustular, and ulcera-
tive. It is peculiar to the young, and is attributed to
defective sanitary conditions, improper diet, and the effect
of wasting diseases.

A contagious pustular form of the disease occurred in
Berlin, Prussia, in 1876.

Remedy.—Careful feeding, laxatives, salines for gastric
disorder. In sucking foals and calves, besides local treat-
ment, see that the mother’s milk is healthy and that she
is properly fed. Potassium chlorate or borax and glycer-
ine solution. Dress ulcers with glycerite of tannin, or
paint with silver nitrate, 10 grains to ounce of water.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE (GLOS-
SITIS),
Is rare.
Remedy.—lIrrigate with mild astringent solutions. Ap-
ply bismuth, oxymel, molasses, or vinegar. Soft, nutritive
food. Scarify if the swelling is extensive, -If laxatives

aut THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

cannot be given per mouth, inject. For doses, see pages
13 to 29.

Tumor of the Lip, usually the lower, causes more or
less swelling. It is about the size of a pigeon’s egg, has

a firm feel, is hot, and gives pain when pressed. Its or-~

igin may, as a rule, be spontaneous, but it has been
known to arise from a bite or a sting. It usually bursts
internally in two or three days, discharging pus. Cleanse
and inject with a solution of alum or borax daily.

Tumor of the Face is peculiar to young horses and
usually appears on the side, between the eye and the an-
gle of the mouth. Like other exostoses, they grow from
the bone; are round, broad at their bases, with little heat
and very little tenderness. They may be caused by blows,
and perhaps also by caries (bone rot). They do no great
harm unless they become fistulous; but they greatly dis-
figure the face.

Salivary Calculi (stone-like concretions), are sometimes
found in the salivary glands, usually within their canals,
the parotid duct (canal), &c. An oat or other substance
penetrates the canal, or possibly pierces the cheek. It is
the nucleus for a: stone-like or tartar-like concretion. Its
growth is slow. Sometimes it is superficial in depth, when
it can be seen or felt; but sometimes it is deep. Some-
times it lacerates the membrane of the mouth, grating
against the teeth. It will usually more or less obstruct
the flow of saliva. Sometimes it causes swelling.

Stricture of the Esophagus (Csophagus) is rare and
usually fatal. The tube (throat) sometimes becomes so

contracted at the part affected that it will not admit the |

little finger. As the horse cannot swallow solid food, death
results from starvation.

Dr. Cheetham treated a case successfully by opening r

4

DISORDERS OF THE THROAT. 155

the tube and passing probangs. ‘The first, an inch and a
half in diameter, was followed by larger ones, which were
passed two or three times a day for ten days. Afterward
the owner of the animal passed the probang occasionally
himself. The stricture was seated at the point where the
tube enters the chest. A sac or pouch three or four inches
in diameter had formed near the stricture, and had acted
as a receptacle for food.

Rupture of the Esophagus.—Dr. Cartwright reports
a case of rupture eight inches long that ‘had evidently
been made with some sharp or rough instrument.” The
mare died in eight days. A sheep’s probang stopped at
one-third of the neck.

Opening the Esophagus.—The esophagus lies near
but is deeper than, and, toward its center, somewhat to
the left of the windpipe. The incision must be made
carefully on account of the proximity of the jugular veins,
carotid arteries, &c. If the nature of the case will per-
mit, open the left side of the neck, three inches longi-
tudinally below its upper third, or near or at its center.
An assistant should press on the jugular. Near the wind-
pipe will be found “a firm, cordiform, shining, red sub-
stance.” This is the esophagus. Draw it outward with
a blunt hook, and make a longitudinal incision. Use a
tube if the case requires it. When through, stitch the
esophagus with silk and close the external wound with
pins. Apply a compress. Give liquid or soft food till
the wound heals.

Choking is usually the result of improper mastication
and greediness. Whole grains of corn, a small potato,
large pieces of turnip, egg shells, a hard ball of food—
even of grass—will sometimes lodge in the throat. Some-
times a draft of water or the hand will clear the passage,

156 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

but a probang is usually necessary. A cane, flexible if q
to be had, a whalebone, the butt end of a whip, or any —
similar instrument will answer the purpose.

Fig. 37. The Probang.

Dr. Holmes saved a horse from choking by opening the
esophagus and removing the obstruction. Dr. King saved
another by cutting down to the esophagus only. Finding
the obstruction, a ball of medicine, pliable, he manipulated
it. It was then washed down with water.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Disnases of the skin, though common, are of less im-
portance relatively than many other diseases; but they
are deserving of careful attention notwithstanding this
fact. Inability to perform work, not to mention disfig-
urement, alone renders the subject worthy of study. It
is noteworthy that a remedy that benefits one skin dis-
ease will benefit others more or less. The diseases may
be caused by agencies from without as well as from with-
in, both of which must be considered in the treatment.

Two liniments suitable for persistent skin diseases, en-
larged glands, and chronic indurations aaurdoned parts)
are as follows:

1, Mercurial ointment, 2 ounces; camphor, 1 dram;
oil of tar, 3 ounces; linseed oil, 4 ounces.

2. Mercurial ointment, 2 ounces; creosote, 1 dram;
liquor ammoniz, 2 ounces; linseed oil, 6 ounces. .

ERYTHEMA (Red, Rose-Colored),

Is a superficial inflammation of the skin, usually oc-
curring in patches more or less extensive, with sometimes
a certain amount of effusion into the deeper layers. It
is non-contagious, independent or symptomatic, active or
passive.

There are several forms of the disease—among them
mud fever—the mildest of which are troublesome. It
often results from injury. The patches are slightly ele-
vated, sometimes with well-defined margins, at others
gradually shading off into the healthy skin. There is
more or less exudation, scaling, and itching.

158 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Remedy.—Laxatives, especially in gastro-intestinal irri-
tation. Salines in drinking water, such as Epsom salt. —
Bicarbonate of potash and glycerine, or glycerine and
water. When the chafing is severe, a solution of tannic
acid with glycerine; or an ointment of tannic acid and
opium; or paint with a weak solution of nitrate of sil-
ver 1 part to 12 of water; or dust with flour. Blisters,
diuretics, and arsenic and quinine internally if necessary.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Horses liable to mud fever should not have the hair of
the leg removed, nor should the legs be washed.

NETTLE-RASH OR SURFEIT (URTICARIA),

Consists of irregularly distributed patches of nettle-sting-
like eruptions; soft, but possessing moderate resistance to
the touch. The patches usually appear and disappear with

Fig. 38 . Nettle-Rash or Surfeit.

equal rapidity, sometimes in a few hours. In some cases,
however, they persist for a week. One crop may follow
another. There is little scaling, but more or less itching.
Sometimes the coat remains slightly open for a while.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 159

The horse is often languid and moderately feverish. In
a few cases the bowels and kidneys are affected. When
the patches appear around the eyes and throat they dis-
figure the horse and threaten serious results.
The disease usually appears in the spring, and is usu-
ally caused by high feeding and little work. Percivall
says the eruptions may attack the air passages.
Remedy.—Wash: Bichloride of mercury, 12. grains;
dilute hydrocyanic acid, 4 drams; glycerine or almond

-mixture, 2 ounces; water, 10. ounces. <A laxative and

attention to diet. Salines, antiseptics, and tonics are ser-
viceable in debilitated subjects.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

LICHEN (Pimples) AND PRURIGO (Itching),

Are described by Robertson as different forms of skin
papulation (pimples). Both are chronic rather than acute.
In lichen the pimples are relatively larger in the horse
than in man. By abrasion there may be much exudation
and crusting in both lichen and prurigo. In lichen the
pimples do not suppurate, but they shed bran-like scales.
In prurigo they are more varied in size and are further
apart. The skin is hard, dry, and wrinkled. There are
collections of pus beneath the crusts, great shedding of
seales, itching, and sometimes swelling of the lymphatic
glands, with constitutional disturbance. Parasites are
sometimes present. :

The causes of these diseases seem to be more general
or constitutional than local. Malassimilation and defec-
tive nutrition seem to be important factors. Heredity is
probable.

Remedy.—lIf the animal is weak, good food, fresh ees
tonics. If strong, gentle purge, moderate but daily doses
of salines, such as sulphate of soda or magnesia. For
Severe itching 2 or 8 applications of the following mix-
ture: Nitrate of silver, 2 grains; cyanide of potassium, 38

160 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

grains; water 1 ounce. Sulphur iodide and wood tar
oils are alternated night and morning when the skin in
chronic cases is much thickened.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ECZEMA (CUTANEOUS CATARRH),

Of which there are four varieties, seems to be an inflam-
mation of the superficial layers of the skin, accompanied
by pimples, vesicles, or pustules, itching, and sometimes
scales and partial baldness. It is one of the commonest
skin diseases, and is lable to be confounded with other
diseases of its class, especially itch and erysipelas. It is
exudative or moist, and is caused apparently by anything
that disturbs the healthy action of the skin. It is the
result sometimes perhaps of nerve paralysis. It is dis-
posed to appear in successive Crops, and is usually inde-
pendent. It is most frequent over the neck, trunk, quar-
ters and around some of the orifices. The eruptive dis-
charges, sometimes sero-purulent, are disposed to collect
in crusts, which, if rubbed, aggravate and prolong the
disease.

Remedy.—Simple form: Laxative, cooling diet. Pre-
vent biting and rubbing. Clip long hair. As vesicles
dry, apply zine oxide and kaolin, alternated with tar oil.
Where discharges are profuse and skin puffy, apply as-
tringents dry; zinc oxide, mixed with 6 or 8 parts kaolin
or starch, or dust surfaces with bismuth ternitrate.

More inflammatory and moist form: Cleanse with soap
and water. Soak repeatedly with mercurous oxide wash,
and dress with zinc oxide ointment. Lead acetate with
glycerine and water for the inflammatory weeping stages.
Stronger lead lotions, with chloroform or laudanum, or
both, for dry, itching surfaces. Where spots are limited,
paint with 2 grains silver nitrate to ounce of water, or
water and glycerine. Laxatives, salines, cooling diet for —
hot skin and fever.

SKIN DISEASES. 161

Pus form: Mercurous oxide wash. Zine or lead ace-
tate solutions, watery or oleaginous. Occasional dressing
with eucalyptol or thymol abate suppuration and itching.
Opium and belladonna tinctures with astringents for irri-
tation and pain. Attend to bowels and kidneys. Mineral
acids and tonics internally. Digestible, nutritive diet.

Seales form: Soak crusts with oil till loose; remove.
Stimulate skin with a dressing of 1 part oleum picis; 4
parts potassium carbonate and sublimed sulphur, and 30
each of lard and olive oil. Leave on 2 or 3 days. Wash
off with soap and warm water. Wood tar oil or sulphur
iodide locally. Continue acid and tonic treatment, and
give arsenic. Hydrocyanic acid, potassium cyanide, ben-
zoin, chloral, chloroform, camphor, or cocaine relieve the
itching in all stages. A blister sometimes reéstablishes
healthy action in chronic cases.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

Sublimed sulphur (flowers of sulphur) is prepared by
distilling the crude sulphur and conducting it in the state
of vapor into large chambers, where it condenses in a fine,
spherically granulated, yellow powder.

HERPES (Creeping, Spreading),

Is usually of two kinds. The first, peculiar to sucking
foals, is composed of vesicles somewhat larger than those
of eczema, and is found in irregular patches at the junc-
tion of the skin with mucous membranes. The second,
peculiar to adult life, is composed of pimples, vesicles, or
pustules irregularly distributed over the body in circular
patches, the hair of which soon falls off, exposing the
eruptions and a slightly scaly skin. here is probably a
parasitic form.

The eruptions do not often break, their contents being
either absorbed or dried. For the first week they are
disposed to spread, the hair around the margins appear-
ing to die for want of nutrition, but reappearing when

162 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the scaling process is completed, usually in two or three
weeks. here is little itching and rarely any noticeable —
constitutional disturbance. The disease is thought to be
caused by nerve paralysis. It is probably not contagious.

Remedy.—Alkaline wash, after which rub in vaselin.
Boro-glycerine with a drop of hydrocyanic acid for itch-
ing. Half doses of physic or salines remove the gastric
derangement on which most cases depend. In foals see
to the health of the mother and state of milk.

The spreading variety, persisting often for weeks, prob-

Fig. 40. Appearance after Vesicles
have burst or evaporated. —

ably caused by a parasite, is treated by dilute solution of
iodine or other antiseptic. Pustular variety treated by
half doses of physic, dressed with zinc oxide or boric
acid. Itching abated by menthol. Growth of hair pro-
moted by mild cantharides or other stimulant.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ECTHYMA (‘Boil-Like Eruptions),

Is peculiar to American horses. It affects the deep
layers of the skin, appearing mostly over the back and
quarters where the harness rubs. The pustules, which
have firm but much inflamed bases, mature in about a
week, are moderately large, round, distinct, separate, and
have well-marked points. The disease, which differs from
true boil in that it does not have a core, is distinctively
pustular, but some of the eruptions may at first discharge

a

SKIN DISEASES. 163

a straw-colored, sticky fluid. Most of the pustules emerge
the first week; a few come later. They have dark-col-
ored, somewhat persistent scabs, and when healed leave a
temporarily indented scar.

UY IB
i oi Ai)
Ay oo
fi) a i)
Dives

Fig. 41. Eethyma.

The disease is probably caused by disturbed nutrition
and particular as well as general debility. The parasites
sometimes found in the running pustules are probably ac-
cidental deposits from the air.
~Remedy.—Laxative salines relieve gastro-intestinal or
other irritants. Exercise further hastens the removal of
waste products. Digestible, rather laxative diet. A mild
dose of aloes may be followed by 2 or 3 drams of sulphate
of soda or magnesia, 2 or 3 times a day in drinking wa-
ter; also, with the salines or separately, 2 to 4 fluid
drams of dilute sulphuric acid.

Mineral acids, iron salts, bitters, arsenic, act as anti-
septics and alteratives. Pustules treated by water dress-
ing, boric acid, zinc oxide ointment. Isolate and disin-
fect, as the disease is sometimes contagious. '

' For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

PSORIASIS (Scaly Inflammation),

Has two forms, the local and the general. The latter
is distinct, and is usually associated with considerable con-
stitutional disturbance. Both forms, in fact, are so dis-
tinet that they are not likely to be mistaken for others.

164 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Although purely a skin disease, horses of sluggish habits

and lymphatic temperaments are more liable to it than —
others, and it may be hereditary. It occurs chiefly about —

the flexures or joints, especially the carpal and tarsal,
‘causing lameness, mallenders of the fore leg and sallend-

ers of the hind. It also occurs over the tail and the neck, —

near the mane. It is disposed to spread, but not rapidly.
The dry, light-colored scales are usually deepest in the
center of the patches. The patches vary much in size.
There is some itching, and sometimes, in chronic cases,
cracks and suppuration also. ‘he disease is aggravated

by dirt, moisture, sudden atmospheric changes, and in- —

appropriate food.

Remedy.—Mild purgatives. Soak scales in a solution
of soda or potassium carbonate, followed by a coat of
iodine. Oil of mercury, weak ointments of biniodide of

mercury or chrysophanic acid are useful. Wood tar oils:

and oil of cade alternated with the foregoing in chronic

eases. Alkalies, sulphites, phosphorus, arsenic internally.

A triple compound of arsenic, iodine, and mercury is

given by Professor Williams. Green and oleaginous food,

with a liberal supply of linseed in it. Occasional diuretic.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ELEPHANTIASIS (CHRONIC WEED, DERMAL
AND SUBDERMAL HYPERTROPHY),
A thick, dark, wrinkled, tuberculate, insensible condi-
tion of the skin, is caused by excess of skin development.
It usually involves the larger part of an entire limb, and

is frequently the result of repeated attacks of inflammation —

of the lymphatic vessels of that limb, growing worse with —
each attack. It may follow one attack of lymphangitis —
(inflammation of the lymphatic glands). It_is dry, leather-—

like, sometimes scaly, falls into folds, and in chronie cases

may crack and suppurate. It causes much alteration of ©
the limb, deformity, and impairment of motion. As the:

*,

_ ee oS ee

SKIN DISEASES. 165

skin increases in thickness, the adjacent muscular parts
show waste.

Fic

ig. 42. Hlephantiasis.

-Remedy.—Usually only palliative. Laxatives, diuret-
ics, salines, tonics—vegetable and mineral. J[odine, pot-
assium iodide internally assist absorption. Mercurial or
iodine ointment. Iron, copper salts, arsenic for debilita-
ted. or doses, see pages 13 to 29.

PRURITUS (Itching, Nerve Disturbance, Perverted
Sensibility),

Is local or general, the latter form being caused prob-
ably by some general disturbance. It is sometimes caused
by parasites or other mites, but its cause is often insidi-
ous. it often appears suddenly and without warning.
Except in very mild cases, pimples, pustules, corruga-
tions, &c., appear, which, if rubbed or bitten, cause dis-
fisurement, followed, after cure, by permanent blemishes.
The disease seems to be affected by heat, moisture, and
food.

Pruritus is regarded by some authorities as identical
with Prurigo, but by Professor Robertson as a cutaneous
neurosis (nerve disturbance), occurring independently of

166 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

eruption or inflammation, and attacking both horses and
dogs.
Remedy.—Where blood contamination is suspected,
correct with general or special restoratives. For parasites
rub in sulphur or sulphur iodide ointments, mercury ole-
ate, carbolic or tar oils, stavesacre, or corrosive sublimate
solutions. When resulting from sun heat, put in shade —
and wash with potassium bicarbonate ; after which moisten
spots with 2 parts glycerine, 1 each of sugar of lead and
laudanum, 60 of water. Abate sensibility with hydrocy-
anic acid, potassium cyanide, or chloroform, alternated
with alkaline washes. Purges, salines, careful diet when
associated with gastric derangement. Iron salts, oleagin-
ous food, alkalies, arsenic for debility.

GREASE (ERYSIPELATOUS IMPETIGO),

Is a disease of the cutaneous glands. The parts usually
affected are the heels, especially the hind heels, where an
unusual quantity of oily or Inbricating substance is secre-
ted. It is peculiar to lymphatic and coarsely bred and
haired horses. It is caused by increased or perverted
secretion, cold, moisture, perspiration, filth, indigestion,
high feedmg Se.

Symptoms.—Swelling; oily dripping; hair matted;
soapy feel; bad odor; foot sensitive and stiff, but not
much lameness. Swelling, sensitiveness, and lameness in-
crease; exercise relieves latter.

Ulcerative stage: Disease extends half way up the leg,
swelling increasing; pussy crusts form.

Grapy stage (described sometimes as a distinct disease) :
Grape-like clusters (also compared to coat of pine-apple) —
form, growing vascular, red, and sensitive; in chronic
stage become cartilaginous and even horny; skin hard
and thrice its natural thickness; most of the hair falls
off; fetid, bloody, discharges from between grapes; in-
creased swelling and lameness. .

SKIN DISEASES. 167

Remedy.—Wash with soft or carbolic soap and warm
water. Diuretics, salines, green food. Trim hair. Apply
antiseptic bran poultice where there is much inflammation
and discharge. Soak scabs with salicylic acid in solution

Fig. 43. First stage of confirmed Fig. 44. Second stage; cracks.
Grease; exudative.

Fig. 45. Third stage; grapes.

of borax. - Zinc sulphate, acetate, sulpho-carbolate, or
ehloride lotions, 3 parts to 100 of water, with 2 parts
each of carbolic acid and glycerine. Vary dressing with -
sulphur iodide, wood tar oils, carbolic acid, or copper sul-
phate. Sulphuric acid and iron salts, iodine, arsenic in-
ternally. Remove the grapes with hot iron or caustics.
Dress with solution of zinc sulphate or chloride or car-
bolic acid. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

168 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

BALDNESS (ALOPECIA),

Is usually caused by disturbed nutrition and wasting :
changes of the skin-and hair-cells. Parasites may or may
not be present. It usually occurs suddenly, and is often
extensive, with little or no irritation, itching, exudation,
or swelling. The mane and tail are exempt. The bare
skin is smooth, soft, and unctious, with a very slight coy- —
ering of scales. The disease has a tendency to heal itself.

Remedy.—Oleaginous diet. General tonics, such as
arsenic, iron, with gentian or nux vomica. Stimulate skin
with ammonia liniment; cantharides tincture 1 part, soap
or camphor liniment 8 parts; or castor oil. Shave, and
rub in vaselin daily, dressing occasionally with the above
stimulants. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

LOUSINESS (PEDICULI, PHTHIRIASIS),

Is aided by damp dirt, barley straw, poverty, and pri-
vation. The horse suffers from three kinds of lice—two
peculiar to itself, one peculiar to domestic fowl. The
lice sometimes create such havoc that the hair falls off
in places.

Remedy.—Wash with soft soap and warm water and
rub in solution of stavesacre or tobacco, 1 part solution
to 40 of water. Oil of tar 1 part, oil of rape or other
mild oil 4 parts. Sulphur iodide ointment. Mercurie
nitrate ointment. Use cautiously. Creosote 1 part, glyc-—
erine or alcohol 2 parts, water 40 parts. Clip long, coarse
hair; isolate infected horses and cleanse premises.

MANGE, SCAB (SCABIES),

Is caused by several species of ‘acari’ (mange mites)
burrowing under the skin. It is peculiar to unhealthy,
unclean, coarse-bred, hairy-limbed horses and to cold
weather. It is very contagious and requires isolation and
careful treatment. A mangy horse will rub itself sore.

Symptoms.—The discovery of the insect, and the pre-

SKIN DISEASES. 169

cise kind, is the best—is proof itself. Itching, rubbing,
biting skin; hair falls off in patches; skin dry, white,
lifeless, shedding scales and white dust and disclosing red
pimples, and, in inveterate cases, becoming hard, dry,
corrugated.

Fig. 46. The mite or acarus known as Symbiotes Equi.. Magnified.

Remedy.—Wash: Cut up an ounce of common roll
tobacco; keep in water near boiling point 6 to 12 hours;
strain and make up 26 ounces, adding 2 to 4 ounces glyc-
erine. Liniment: Linseed oil 1 pint, oil of tar 2 fluid
ounces, sulphur 2 ounces. Rub one or other of these

170 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 4

dressings in well for 2 days, to remain 3 or 4 days; then
wash with soft soap and tepid water and reapply if nec-

Magnified.

Fig. 48 A piece of tangy skin, fe

=

‘ok by

SKIN DISEASES. Legale

essary. Wash and disinfect with carbolic or corrosive sub-
limate solution clothing, harness, stable fittings, rubbing
posts, we.

Fig. 49. The mite or acarus known as Sarcoptes Hqui. Magnified.

RINGWORM OR TETTER (Proper),

Is caused by vegetable parasites (gnawing worms), which
implant themselves in the hair follicles (secreting cells).
Dampness, darkness, and improper diet favor their pro-
duction. Young horses suffer most. The more or less
circular patches are clear gray and shining. The hair
falls out, disclosing either minute eruptions or distinct
and separable scales. Some patches have healthy spots in
the center, but it sometimes seems to cure itself through
the death of the parasites.

Ringworm, Yellow or Honeycomb, is also caused
by parasites, which may be transplanted to other animals.
The patches consist of cup-shaped, yellowish scabs or
crusts, sometimes separate, at others confluent. The odor

172 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

is peculiar. It has been likened to that of bruised hem-
lock ‘and mouse and cat’s urine.

Remedy.—Soak and wash with lead subacetate solution —
1 part to 90 of water. ‘Then moderately paint with com-—
pound solution or tincture of iodine; or a smart applica-
tion of common iodine ointment; or a thorough satura-

Fig. 50. Ringworm. Fig. 51. Another specimen of same. —

tion with corrosive sublimate, 2 to 4 grains to ounce of

water, adding a little glycerine. Paraffin is good. — Salines,

tonics, arsenic internally, help to abate irritation and

swelling. Soaking with oil softens and removes scales.

Isolate. Disinfect brushes, harness, &c. No currying.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

SADDLE SCALD

Is sometimes hard to cure. The skin may be in an
irritable condition, and therefore less able to stand the
friction of the saddle and the acridity of the perspiration.
From a slight, patchy excoriation, or perhaps only depi-
lation, the skin of the back and sides will sooner or later
become ulcerated, rendering the animal useless for saddle —
purposes.

Remedy.—Improve the fit of the saddle; line flaps”
with linen instead of serge, and make them more flexible
and smaller if necessary. The medical means are purg-

SKIN DISEASES. 1%3

ing and various local applications, such as are recom-
mended for mangy affections (page 169).

HIDEBOUND
Is caused by lack of nutrition (health-giving food) in-
digestion, worms in the intestinal canal, chronic inflam-
mation of the lungs, lack of exercise, exposure to cold,
&c. Sometimes the ribs can be. counted with the eve.
Coat staring. ‘The skin may be perfectly healthy. :

fie pee, ere AF RIS

ne eause of Hidebound.

a
de
on
bo
S)

“The remedy is nutritious food. ‘If there is disease,
eure it.

CRACKED HEEL

Is analogous in nature, cause, and remedy to grease,
namely: It is peculiar to the hind legs, to coarse, fleshy.
white legs, and cold, wet weather; consists in (transverse)
ulcerations; the legs fill; the secretion is disordered, but
the skin is stretched and cracked; remoteness of heel from
the heart; motion of heel; secreting nature of surface ;
filth irritation; need of astringent applications, poultices,
&c. Stopping thrush in feet will sometimes cause the

174 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

heels to crack and break out in pimples. This is best
counteracted by aperients and diuretics. |

Remedy.—Treated according to origin, duration, and-
condition. When from wet ground, remove to dry; when —
from filth, cool and jine legs by cautious purging. If the —
ulceration has not penetrated through the skin, bran poul- —
tices, mild astringent powder, weak solutions of blue vit-
riol, alum, tincture of myrrh, benzoin, &c.; poultice best.
If through skin, heroic treatment; slough with butter of _
antimony or nitric acid; some use lunar caustic or a red
hot iron. Wipe dry; sprinkle caustic; poultice. High-
heeled shoes if necessary. Watch frog. Overexercise in-
jurious. Green food. (Percivall.)

SORENESS ABOUT THE ANUS.

There is a sort of eruption consisting of patchy exco-—
riation and slight ulceration around the verge of the anus.
It occurs usually in the spring, and is accompanied by
costiveness. It is ascribed to a disordered alimentary —
canal, preternaturally hot, acrimonious fecal discharges, —
which increase the external irritation.

Remedy.—Wash twice a day, wipe dry, and sprinkle —
with common flour. Gentle purge if necessary.

WARTS (VERRUC#).

A horse may be so covered with warts as to be tempo-
rarily useless. ‘Their most common situations are the
head (eyelids, muzzle, ears), belly, sheath, penis, and in-
ner side of thigh and arm. They are said to be pro-
duced by the skin, whence they derive their coverings.
Some grow by pedicles; others have broad roots; others
still are incased in the skin, out of which they slip, if
pressed. when freed by the knife. Some are no larger
than peas, others as large as marbles or walnuts, while a
single wart has been known to grow till it impeded the —
action of a limb. They are usually enveloped in thin,

: SKIN DISEASES. gts

smooth, and hairless skin, but which in time becomes
callous and horny. Others are ulcerous and even fungoid,
bleeding on the least irritation and showing no disposition
to heal. Internally they exhibit a firm, fibro-cartilaginous
texture, little or no vascularity, and seldom bleed except
from their roots.

Fig. 53. Warts.

Remedy.—Remove by excision, torsion, or ligature.
To prevent return, cauterize the site of those about the
penis. Chromic acid, silver nitrate, and glacial acetic
acid destroy warts. The soft variety gradually removed
by daily moistening with commercial acetic acid.

Where the wart grows from a slender pedicle, a double,
well waxed, silk ligature, drawn tightly, is the best means
of removal. Should the ligature cut the wart, apply the
budding iron to its surface. Encysted warts require cru-
cial incisions and pressing only. If a wart has a broad
base, caustic is more effectual than ligature. Sprinkle
the wart with arsenic. It will fall off in about two weeks.
Sulphur made into a paste, with sulphuric acid, will an-
swer the same purpose. Chloride of zinc, powdered, and
rubbed with a simple ointment, is good. Warts of the
eyelids should be removed with the knife.

176 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE, =

Greasiness of the Skin.—Percivall describes the es
of a horse, recently returned from grass, which, whi
shedding its coat in September, showed an exceedin
greasy condition of the skin. It was washed with sc
soap, but in three days became greasy again. A week
afterward, after giving a fourth dose of physic, the an at
mal was washed in water in which an alkali had been
dissolved.

INJURIES.

IngURIES are mechanical, chemical, and mixed. Me-
chanical injuries comprehend wounds, contusions, abra-
sions, fractures, dislocations, &c. Chemical injuries are
eaused by heat, the concentrated acids, caustic alkalies,
lunar caustic, corrosive sublimate, arsenic, We. Mixed
injuries are caused by the bites or stings of mad dogs,
insects, &c. Also from inoculation.

WOUNDS

Are incised, contused, lacerated, punctured, gun-shot,
and poisoned. ‘The first danger, especially in incised
wounds, is bleeding, the remedy for which is (1) a liga-
ture; (2) a tourniquet or, what is better, a rubber band ;
(8) trickling water; (4) pressure (a compress if practica-

Fig. 54. Rubber Bandage.

ble); (5) styptics, such as tow, lint, matico, ergot, digi-
talis, ice, lead acetate.

Blood from a vein is dark colored, and flows in an un-
interrupted and comparatively tardy stream. Ligatures
should be withdrawn in 10 or 14 days, or they will fes-
ter. Cut the thread.

The bleeding stopped, the next thing after the removal

1%8 ‘THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

of foreign bodies and clots of blood, is washing with one —
of the following antiseptics: 1. Carbolic acid 1 part with
20 to 40 of water. 2. Corrosive sublimate 1 part, com-
mon salt 74, water, 1,000. 3. Zine chloride 1 part, wa-
ter 80 to 100. 4. Mercuric iodide and potassium iodide
each 1 part, water 1,000. 5. Hydronaphtol 1 part, rec-
tified spirit 1 part, water 300. 6. Sodium hydrofluosili- —
cate 1 part, water 500. The latter is ‘‘a recently discoy-
ered, éffectual, non-poisonous, cheap germicide.” (Dun.)

i" OT
V's mith IY
Lar FH il

il

Lor ea
li

Ye.
Z,
q
ty
tl
ih
HN

MY ee

|
i

Fig. 55. Interrupted Suture.

ay
| HZ

i

Hl.

|

i

numa ll

|

na
nS

ML FHNdI|QHWwN

WS SSS

{ |
ll

Fig. 57. Twisted Suture. Fig. 58. Zigzag Suture.

5

Incised wounds are brought together by sutures (stitches)
pins, or plasters. Bandages keep the parts in apposition —

ich creel

INJURIES. 179

and give support. Splints and slings are sometimes re-
quired. —

In large contused or lacerated wounds a dependent open-
ing must be made by drainage tubes or otherwise. Deeply
punctured and lacerated wounds are fomented for some
hours in order to limit inflammation. Apply a sheet of
earbolic lint, on which either place a poultice or let cold
water trickle over it. .

Superficial wounds heal by first intention (without pus)
when the edges are held together by plaster, styptic col-
loid, or shellac, applied in methylated spirit (90 parts of
rectified spirit (alcohol), 10 parts of wood spirit, or impure
methylic alcohol.)

Poisoned wounds are treated according to their nature.
Poison may be kept out of the circulation by ligature.
Excision of the poisoned textures may be desirable, and
also subsequent cauterization or irrigation with a suitable
germicide.

Wounds properly closed and healing satisfactorily should
not be disturbed except for cleansing and redressing. Do
not be in.a hurry about removing sutures.

If a wound becomes inflamed or painful, or the dis-
charges are unhealthy, remove the dressings, cut the su-
tures, remove blood clots or other irritants, irrigate or

J. REYNDERS & CO.
Fig. 59. Syringe.

syringe the surfaces with an antiseptic, and apply a poul-
tice over the carbolic lint if necessary. Use opium and
belladonna with poultices or antiseptics when there is
much pain.

Excessive granulation checked by pressure, astringents,
or occasional use of caustics.

A dose of physic, cooling, digestible diet, and healthful

180 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

surroundings are essential to the successful treatment of —
wounds.

>

INJURED EYES.

Blows are usually received on the orbital process (bony
projection), when the ball of the eye is rarely injured.
In such cases the upper eyelid is usually swollen and the
outer membrane of the eye itself may partake of it. Wet
and apply a linen cloth, or sponge the part as often as
it becomes dry. In cases of extreme swelling, local bleed-
ing and fomentations will be effective.

Fig. 60. The haw (the horse’s handkerchief ).

When hayseeds, insects, dirt, &c., get under the upper
lids, and the haw fails to expel them, turn back the lid
and remove them by hand.

Cuts and lacerations sometimes penetrate the ball. If
they extend through the cornea, the watery fluid will
escape and the iris protrude. Return the iris carefully.
Foment with warm water in which poppy heads have been
boiled. After this, apply healing washes with a camel’s
hair pencil. Shade the eye.

Laceration of the Eyelid is not an uncommon acci-
dent. It may be caused by a bite, a nail, hook, &e. It
usually begins at the inner, superior, and most projecting
part of the lid, but the reverse may be the case. The
wound usually causes considerable bleeding.

Remedy.—Secure the horse, cleanse the eye, and stitch

INJURIES. 181

with strong sewing silk, using a small, sharp, crooked
needle. In a week or so, or as soon as the parts cohere,
or when pus oozes out, cut-and withdraw the stitches.
After this it is important to secure the horse with double
straps, otherwise, owing to the irritation of the eye, it
will rub against the stall and dissever the parts.

INJURIES TO MOUTH, TONGUE, JAWS.

The tongue may be injured in various ways. It may
be bitten accidentally by the horse itself, also, when pro-
truded, by another horse; by sharp projections of the
teeth, rough or careless usage, &c. Stitch the parts to-
gether whenever necessary and practieable, cleanse the
wound if necessary, and leave the healing to nature.

The branches of the lower jaw are common seats of
fracture, a frequent cause of which is the use of sharp
curved bits, but rough usage will sometimes cause frac-
tures even with a smooth bit. The horse loses its appe-
tite and is unfit for work. The fractured bone must be
removed, but it is often better to wait a week or ten days
that nature may loosen the parts. Fractures are often the
result of external violence. A severe blow in the region
of the roots of the teeth may cause a fracture that will
necessitate the removal of both bone and teeth.

The jaw is also subject to injury from violence with
the curb-rein. The outside gum is squeezed by the crub.
An abscess forms within the bone, and there is usually
sooner or later bone to be removed. Keep the wound
open and encourage the discharge. A scruple of hydro-
chloric acid in an ounce of water is a good dressing. If
the horse must be worked, use a snaffle.

The outside of the lips and cheeks are sometimes severely
cut by sharp and twisted snaffles, the inside of the cheek
by sharp projections of the molar teeth. The only rem-
edy for the latter is to file the projections down, but not
so as to destroy the natural slant of the grinding surface,

182 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

as already explained on page 142. ‘The cheeks will heal _

without aid, but an ounce of alum in a quart of water is
a good wash for them.

SADDLE-GALLS, SITFASTS, WARBLES, TU-
MOR ON THE ELBOW.

These injuries are caused by pinching of the harness-
pad, girths, or collar, bad-fitting or overweighted saddles,
&c. If they are neglected or exposed to further injury,
they either turn to abscesses or subside into smaller tu-
mors and are indisposed to undergo further change, though
they are sometimes carried off by suppuration. Percivall
says that when a-bad-fitting saddle has been kept on too
long and evil results are expected, that it should be al-
lowed to remain on the back till the horse is perfectly
cool.

Cure saddle-gall by removal of cause. Bathe and cleanse
once a day; hot water if suppurating. Antiseptic dress-
ings. Swollen fatty follicles reduced with soap liniment;
in chronic cases foment and lance.

Fig. 61. Sitfast.

Sitfast is ‘‘a part of a horse’s back turned horny.” ‘To
use another simile, repeated injury by the saddle causes
the formation of horny excrescences resembling eorns of
the human foot. The sitfast acquires a well defined bor-
der. In many instances the skin withdraws from around -

INJURIES. 183

it, and a little matter oozes from between it and the skin.
This indicates that the sitfast will be carried off by slough-
ing. If the process is slow, it may be hastened by blis-
tering ointment. Dissect out if necessary.

Warbles or grubs “are small, hard tumors on the sad-
dle part of a horse’s back;” also the neck and sometimes
the tail. When recent they yield to stimulating lotions,
though sometimes they run on to suppuration and disperse.
Frequently, however, they become callous, in which con-
dition they may continue for years without serious conse-
quences. They may be dissected out.

According to Williams warbles in the ox is caused by
a bot-fly which lodges under the skin.

Tumor on the elbow (shoeboil) is caused by contusion
or pressure of the heel of the fore shoe or by the horse
lying on a hard pavement with insufficient bedding.

INFLAMED VEIN (PHLEBITIS),

Is usually the result of bleeding, but some horses are
predisposed to it. It is also the result of violence after
bleeding—disturbing the pin by rubbing against this or
that... Injury may also follow from using an unclean or
rusty instrument in bleeding. ‘The wound should be
speedily closed. The lips, unless disturbed, will rarely
fail to adhere. ‘Tie the horse’s head up to prevent rub-
bing. If worked, guard against injury by either bridle
rein or collar.

Remedy.—Open any abscesses. If swelling occurs while
the pin is in, withdraw it carefully so as not to disturb
the wound. Foment and poultice. Laxative diet. If the

-wound is foul and the vein corded up to the head, leave

the orifice open and apply a blister, renewing it as often
as needed. If necessary, the vein may be tied. In case
of fresh bleeding, pin or stitch and compress the wound,
keeping the head tied up. A horse with an impervious
jugular should not be turned to grass. Diffuse phlebitis

184 ,, THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

treated antiseptically, with salines internally: For a list
of antiseptics and salines, see pages 31 and 36 respectively.

LACERATED KNEE

Is usually a much more serious injury than a contused
or bruised knee, for it may penetrate to and even exes
pose the knee joint. The extent or depth of the wound
is a matter of great importance, for the treatment must —
be regulated by it. The healing of the wound requires
time and patience, for the part is much used and the
skin thereby stretched.

The accident is usually the result of tenderness and
lameness of the fore legs, tripping, cutting, and unequal
action, rough roads and pavements, rolling stones, &e.

The scar left is sometimes quite a blemish. Ordinary
scars may be removed by blistering the part, first shay-
ing off the hair. .

Remedy.—Cleanse the part thoroughly with warm wa-
ter and allay inflammation by fomentation. Use a cradle
for a few days to prevent the part from being bitten. If
the knee does not heal kindly, apply lotions or poultices. —
After this dress with tincture of benzoin or compound
tincture of myrrh. ‘Toward the end, a solution of blue —
vitriol may be needed. In place of the two last, after
poulticing, sprinkle daily with a powder of flour and
alum. In some cases it may be advisable to stitch the —
skin together. Quiet. Sling if necessary.

OPEN KNEE AND OTHER JOINTS.

A joint must be penetrated to constitute this injury,>
but even if it is not penetrated, it is often opened by
sloughing. It is a very serious matter, for the joint oil —
(synovia) often escapes, causing a stiff joint (anchylosis).
The discharge of oil, dinieeen’ does not necessarily indi-—
cate opened joint, for the sheaths of the tendons contain
an oil precisely like joint oil, ‘Tetanus (commonly called

INJURIES. 185

lock-jaw) may result from the injury. Opened joint is
usually caused by a fall, but it may be caused by a thorn,
a nail, or a sharp-pointed instrument.

Symptoms.—Knee clotted with dirt and blood; foot
rests on toe, not because the joint is painful, for recently
injured joints have little or no sensation, but because of
the painful ligaments, tendons, &c. In a day the parts
are hot, full, and tender, these symptoms increasing from
day to day. About this time the constitution sympathizes ;
fever; pulse rises; appetite and spirits lost; mouth dry;
eyes injected; skin and limbs warm; breathing disturbed.
The animal now exchanges its dull mood for watching
and irritability. If the irritation is not checked; it is
likely to exhaust the vital energies before the local in-
flammation even turns toward restoration.

Remedy.—Cleanse and foment. Antiseptic dressing.
Stitch, if the movement of the joint and tearing loose
ean be prevented. Styptic colloid, collodion, or plaster
for support and protection. Splints and bandages. Sling
or tie up to prevent lying down. Half doses of physic ;
cooling diet. Let a weak antiseptic solution trickle over
a calico bandage lightly laid over the joint. Blister if
necessary.

WOUNDED TENDONS

Are usually caused by thorns, stubs, flints, kicks, treads,
&e. If properly treated, they usually end well. A ten-
don may be even severed, and yet be restored by approx-
imation. Thorns have been known to work themselves
out between skin and hoof. Some fester and discharge
themselves. Some are sloughed out with medicines. In
some cases the parts around the foreign substance be-
come hardened and continue so without lameness. It is
possible for tetanus to follow wounded tendons.

Remedy.—Fomentations, poultices, cooling lotions.
Loosen as well as cool part. Sling. Splints, starch ban-

2

186 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

dages. When inflammation has moderated, stimulate ex- —
ternally.

INFLAMED LYMPHATICS

The office of the lymphatic system is to form and cir-
culate lymph. When disturbed, it is usually the result —
of wounds or pricks.

Remedy.—Remove cause. Cooling diet. Salines; pot-
assium iodide. Foment while heat and tenderness con-
tinue; after which apply friction, bandages, iodine oint-_
ment. Continue salines in drinking water.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

STRAIN OF LOINS (PSOAZ:) MUSCLES

Is caused by any injury that violently extends them.
It is liable to be confounded with ‘ broken back,’ from
which it is distinguished by the animal being able to
bend and extend the limbs. In some cases the animal
almost drags its limbs.

Remedy.—Rugs wrung out of hot water applied over
loims and abdomen. Anodyne injections (opium, mor-
phine, &c.) Slings if both sides are affected. _

BRUSHING OR INTERFERING

Occurs in horses with faulty action, especially when
tired or out of condition. ‘The part struck is the fetlock.

Remedy.—A 2 shoe, or a shoe thin on inside web, —
without heel on outside. Boot on injured fetlock. Care- —
ful shoeing. Improve general condition.

SPEEDY-CUT

Is a bruise in the inner part of the limb, near the ©
knee, caused by the opposite foot. Cause—round, high
action (stepping). The horse is liable to fall from the —
violence of the blow. 7

Remedy.—Fomentations; open any abscess; antiseptic
dressing. Prevent by reducing inner crust of offending —

INJURIES. 187

foot, using nicely fitting # shoes, removing shoes every 3
weeks. Protect leg with boot. Travel slowly.

SPRAIN OF MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND LIGA-
MENTS.
The fibers are severely stretched and in serious cases
some of them are torn.
Remedy.—Rest; foment; purge. Slings in bad cases.
When the tenderness and pain are abated, apply counter-

Fig. 63. Three-jointed, sharp Seton Needle.

irritants. Cantharides or mercuric iodide ointments.
_ Firing-iron. Seton.

RUPTURED TENDONS OR LIGAMENTS.

Remedy.—Fomentations allay inflammation. Treat as
for fractured bones. Quiet. Splints. Starch bandages.
Slings. When inflammation moderates, stimulate exter-
nally. x

188 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

PRICKED FOOT

Is caused by misdirected or defective nails in shoeing, —
nails picked up in walking, sharp instruments, flints,
glass, &c. The injury will vary with the cause, the part
injured, and the depth and direction of the wound. In
shoeing if a nail causes blood to flow, lameness will soon
follow; but if it only goes close to the quick, it may be ©
one or even two weeks before lameness results.

Remedy.—Remoye shoe and diseased tissue. Give pus —
vent by dependent opening. Inject with spirit turpen- —
tine. Keep hole free of dirt. Poultice.

BRUISE OF THE SOLE

Leads to the effusion of blood, but seldom causes seri-
ous lameness. Pare off the discolored horn and shoe at
least once with leather. 'T'reat as for ‘ Corns,’ which see.

BRUISES (General).

Treat general bruises as follows: Foment, poultice,
water dressing, refrigerants; carbolic acid and other an-
tiseptics. Hand rubbing and subsequent rubbing with oil —
promote absorption. Lead, zinc and other astringent so- —
lutions probably prevent leucocytes (white cells) exuding.
Belladonna, opium, aconite paralyze sensory nerves and —
relieve pain,

INJURIES. 189

TREAD AND OVERREACH

Are identical in nature. A tread is a contused wound
of the coronet of either the hind or fore foot, caused by
the opposite foot. An overreach is a tread on the coro-
net of the fore foot by the hind foot. The parts injured
consist of skin, cartilage, and horn. The injury is there-
fore complex and requires careful treatment.

Fig. 67. Overreach.

Remedy.—Remove hair and such lacerated parts of
horn as may harbor dirt. Immerse in warm water. Hot
poultice, but discontinue when healing begins. 'Turpen-
tine or nitric acid lotion dressing. Physic. Heels of
shoes well rounded off’ Light shoes. Protect coronet
with pad.

J FROST BITE (GELATIO),

If often repeated, causes the part to become perma-
nently weakened, slightly swelled, of a purple color, with
less heat, and afterward inflamed. The skin cracks, and a
discharge of sanguineous matter takes place. More intense
cold entirely suspends vital action, the part becoming
pale, insensible, and shriveled. The skin, especially the
heel, will often slough across from side to side, forming
a strip of dead skin, under which is a deep chasm, called
a cracked heel.

-Remedy.—Raise temperature of frozen parts gradually.

190 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Stimulants to affected parts; turpentine and oil; soap
lniment. ‘Treat sloughs antiseptically. .

QUITTOR :
Is a sore or wound on the coronet connected with a —
sinus (cavity) in the foot, the sinus running between the _
sensitive parts and the horn. It is usually caused by the
large, awkward calkins of the hind shoe, but any neg-
lected wound of the coronet may cause it. It may also
be caused by an abscess within the foot; also by a fes-
tered corn.
The disease at first is insidious, being covered by the
hair. When the tumor points, the hair falls off and re-
veals the cause of the lameness.

Fig. 68. Quittor before pus exudes Fig. 69. Quittor after exudation
through coronet. through coronet.

In severe cases of quittor the skin, tendons, cartilages,
and bones are more or less affected. When the bone be-
comes carious there is little hope of cure. A cure, even
in ordinary cases, requires two or three months. The
horse. is usually lame even after the healing. This is
owing to change of structure. The cartilage becoming
bony and the coronet destroyed, often causes the disor-
der known as ‘False Quarter.’ Caries of either the car-
tilage or bone is preceded by ulcers having a greenish
discharge mixed with synovia (joint oil).

Remedy.—Secure a free dependent opening. Remove
dead tissues or other irritants. Poultice. Inject corrosive
sublimate solution. Where cavities are numerous and dif-

INJURIES. 191

ficult of access, core them out with corrosive sublimate
or arsenic plug. Where foot is strong, no shoe is needed ;
if weak or broken, bar shoe relieves pressure. In very
bad cases diseased textures must be excised. Blister cor-
onet to promote reparative action.

FALSE QUARTER

Results from quittor more than from any other cause.
It may, however, be caused by injury or disease of any
kind destroying the coronary substance, on the integrity
of which the integrity of the wall depends. In the same
way that injury at the root of man’s nails causes divis-
ion, will injury of the coronary substance cause a groove
in the hoof. Hence the name. Its appearance is that of
agap. ‘'he gap is covered with a thin layer of soft horn,

Fig. 70. False Quarter. Fig. 71. Remedy for False
Quarter.

which sometimes splits and bleeds. Dirt or squeezing of
the internal parts sometimes causes inflammation, pus,
and lameness. If the fissure remains sound, however, no
inconvenience follows. False quarter may be palliated,
but not cured.

Remedy.—Restore secretory function of coronary band.
Dress and promote healing of any wounds in band. Press-
ure should generally be applied and dead horn trimmed
away. Bar shoe to relieve concussion. Fill cracks with
gutta-percha to keep out dirt. Blisters to coronet some-
times useful.

192 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

VENOMOUS BITES AND STINGS

Are caused by bees, hornets, vipers, &c. The adder’s —
bite is sometimes fatal, and swarming bees have been
known to sting a horse or ox to death.

Remedy.—Ammonia and oil; or an ounce of spirit of
hartshorn or turpentine in olive oil. Rub some on bite
also. Potassium hydrate or bicarbonate solutions. Bathe
the eyes with laurel water twice a week. Carbolie acid; —
prussic acid; chloroform; cold water dressings. For snake
bite ligature limb; excise wound, and sear with hot iron.
Alcoholic stimulants; ammonia. Artificial respiration.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29. ee

BURNS AND SCALDS. eae

Remedy.—Protect immediately from air and irritants
by layers of cotton wool, or apply carron oil. Liniment
of oil and litharge, with 5 per cent. boric, salicylic, or
earbolic acid, or peppermint oil. Whiting and water, or
Fuller’s earth, about the consistence of cream, applied
till well coated. Zinc oxide, with about 10 parts vaselin,
or of glycerine and water. Alkaline solutions, soap lather,
saturated solution sodium bicarbonate for slighter cases.
Where discharges are foul, add antiseptics to above dress- —
ings. Where there is irritation and pain, add chloroform
or laudanum, or both. Combat constitutional suffering
with antiseptics and anodynes internally. For doses, see
pages 13 to 29. For lists of antiseptics, anodynes, &c.,
see pages 30 to 37.

FRACTURES

Are usually caused by blows, falls, slips, &e., but a
horse, by struggling when cast, may not only fracture its
spine but perhaps some other bone.

Fractures are simple, compound, or comminuted; they
are also either transverse or oblique. They are indicated

INJURIES. 193

by a grating noise ; separation or displacement of the parts;
deformity, shortening, lameness; pain on pressure; heat,
swelling, tension, or the approach of inflammation. The
three chief principles of treatment are replacement, main-
tainment, and care.

Compound and comminuted fractures are hopeless. Re-
ducible simple fractures are sometimes curable, such as
fracture of the ribs, cannon bones, arch of orbit, nasal
bones, upper and lower jaw bones, tail bones, arm, hock,
leg, pastern, and coffin (foot) bones.

The following fractures are usually fatal: Skull, pelvis,
spine, scapula, humerus, femur, tibia, elbow, patella (stifle
bore) id the sesamoid (foot), coronary, and navicular

fh _ ‘ted displacements and indisposition to form callus
(bony substance between fractured parts) are also incurable.

Remedy.—Put bones in apposition. Splints of leather,
lath, block-tin, paroplastic, or gutta-percha. Incase in
plaster of Paris; starch bandages. Ends of bones may be
kept together by metallic sutures. Smart blister causes
outpouring of fibrinous, plastic, reparative material; also
favors parts being kept at rest. Large animals may re-
quire slinging. Wounds in compound fractures treated
antiséeptically. Calcium phosphate internally in weakly
subjects hastens union. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

DISLOCATIONS

Occur less frequently than fractures and are usually less
remediable. They are either complete or partial. They
are caused by blows, falls, wrenches, &c., or by violent
action of muscles. In some cases these causes seem to co-
operate. Replacement, retention, and care are necessary
to recovery.

The spine, especially at the neck, and the scapula and
hip are sometimes successfully replaced.

-Stifle dislocation is common and is easily remedied. 1.

194 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Back the horse forcibly and suddenly and somewhat diag- |
onally a few paces. 2. If the first remedy does not suc-—
ceed, fix a line around the pastern, the other end passed —
over the neck. Pull the limb forward till the fetlock is

nearly as high as the elbow on the same side. Press the —
bone forward and inward with a jerk. If the displace-
ment is inward, which is rare and cannot occur without
great violence, if the hand is not strong enough, press
the bone upward and outward with a piece of wood. -

To prevent a recurrence of the dislocation, keep the
horse quiet—in a sling if necessary—applying stimulants,
blisters, or plasters. A wide bandage, with a hole in the
middle for the patella (stifle), and laced behind the limb, —
may be successfully applied, especially if the skin is made ~
adhesive with Canada balsam. Keep the limb extended
with a line around the pastern and neck.

Abate inflammation in all dislocations by hot fomenta-
tions or cold water.

The symptoms of dislocation are: Change in the ap-
pearance of the dislocated part—depression at joint, prom-
inence and tenderness at the then place of lodgment;
peculiar noise and acute pain in moving the part; con-
siderable swelling. Compare the dislocated part with the
opposite side.

When the stifle is dislocated, the symptoms, in addition —
to the above, are: Backward protrusion of limb; pastern
and foot bent to utmost; cannot be straightened; limb
trailed, describing the segment of a circle when the ani-
mal moves.

ip aus

LAMENESSES.

CANKER

Is a constitutional disease of the feet, and is due to a
habit of body or grossness of constitution, as exhibited
by thick, round legs, large feet, and the lymphatic tem-
perament. It usually begins in the frog, but it may be-
gin in any other part of the plantar surface. It much
resembles grease of the leg, and often coexists with it.
There is an abundant, fetid, colorless discharge from the
frog, which is large, spongy, and covered by pallid, stringy

Vig. 72. Worst stage of Canker. Fig. 73. Improvement in Canker.

prominences of a fungoid nature, intermixed with an of-
fensive smelling, semi-dried, cheesy matter, composed of
imperfect horn cells. The sound feet of a horse predis-

posed to canker very often have an abominable smell, as

if the animal suffered from a ‘‘sulphureted hydrogen
diathesis.” (Williams.)

Remedy.—Remove all superfluous horn and fungous
growths. Dress with silver nitrate, chromic acid, zinc

196 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

chloride solution, or sulphuric acid and tar. In persist-—
ent cases caustics and astringents must be changed fre-—
quently. Tonics and salines. Liberal diet. Cleanliness. —
Pressure to fetlock for bleeding. Pack with dry tow;
bandage; protect with leather boot. For doses, see pages —
13 to 29.

THRUSH

Is a fetid discharge from the frog. The cleft is usually
first affected. If neglected the disease spreads over the
whole organ, the horn becoming detatched from the bulbs
of the heels to the toe of the frog. The cause is usually
filth, but the disease may originate in frost-bite, grease, —
swelled legs, ce.

Thrush differs from canker in the nature of the dis-
eased secretion, and also in its course and tractability.

Remedy.—Cleanliness. A leather sole may be placed —
within the shoe. Dust with calomel. Dress with tar or —
wood tar oil. Dose of physic, especially when associated —
with constitutional causes. Regulate feeding and work.
Shoe with tips if feet strong and animal works chiefly on
land.

BONE SPAVIN

Is a bony tumor on the inner and lower part of the
hock, arising from inflammation of the cuneiform and —
metatarsal bones, terminating usually in stiffness of one
or more of the gliding joints of the hock. It is very
rare on the outer side of the hock. |

Spavins arise from causes that are hereditary or consti-—
tutional and local. The local or exciting causes are sprains -
of the ligaments and concussion of the bones. One fer-—
tile cause is the alteration of the direction of the leg,
induced by the use of high calkined shoes. These high’
heels alter the relative position of the limb, from the hip
downward, and cause shocks of concussion at every step.

Remedy. Purgative and fomentations where

LAMENESSES. 197

there is much lameness. In young horses hasten the in-
evitable stiffness by a blister, firing, seton, or periosteot-
omy (dividing the periosteum, a very hard, elastic sub-
stance next to the bones and roots of the teeth). In old
horses sometimes incurable. The bone softens.

BOG SPAVIN,

When caused by inflammation of the joint, is a tense,
fluctuating swelling, accompanied by heat and pain. This
form constitutes unsoundness. It may be acute or chronic.
In the acute form the lameness is very great, with fever,
loss of condition, and the ability to put the foot to the
ground. It is apt to end in ulceration of the articular

Fig. 74. Bog Spavin, or distention of the chief synovial membrane of the
hock joint.

eartilage and partial stiffness of the joint. Some bog
spavins, however, are almost harmless, being mere dropsy
of the articulation (synovia for lubricating joints), arising
from some fault of conformation.

Remedy.—Rest; in severe cases sling. High heeled
shoe. Foment when hot and tender. Cold water and re-
frigerants when inflammation abates. Spring truss in
young animals sometimes gives equable pressure. Counter-
irritation encourages absorption. Firing-iron or seton in
chronic cases.

THOROUGH-PIN OF THE HOCK
Is a small, roundish or oval, membranous cavity on the
lower part of the thigh and upper and back part of the

198 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

hock, caused by disease of the tendon of the flexor pedis —
perforans muscle, which muscle is inclosed in a synoyial —
sheath on the inner side of the ‘os calcis,’ or by dropsy
of the sheath itself, without disease of the tendon. ‘The
fluid which fills it may, by pressure, be forced from one
side to the other. Hence the name thorough-pin (through
and through). ‘This may be described as true thorough-
pin, in contradistinctior to that associated with very large
bog spavins. ‘Thorough-pin is peculiar to short, fleshy,
upright hocks.

Fig. 75. Spring Truss for Thorough-pin and Bog Spavin.

Remedy.—Rest; high heeled shoe; flannel. bandages.
Equable pressure from a spring truss. Blister 1f swelling
persists. Open sac at most dependent part if necessary.

THOROUGH-PIN OF THE KNEE

Consists in swelling of the sheath containing the per-
foratis and perforans tendons, at the back and a little
above the knee joint, and is treated similarly to thorough-
pin of the hock.

SPLINT

Is a bony tumor (exostosis), usually, when on the fore
feet, on the inner surface of the metatarsal or metacar-
pal bones. Splint of the hind feet, however, is usually
on the outer surface of the metatarsal bone. It seldom
causes lameness in the hind feet, and does not always
cause it in the fore.

bal a ata
ee
sac

LAMENESSES. 199

Splint is caused by concussion and hereditary predispo-
sition, especially that arising from shape and form of leg.
The effects of concussion may be due to the nT
age of the bone, shape of leg, method of shoeing, or
overwork or speed when young.

Fig. 76. Splints (fine points of Fig. 77. “Dishing,” while on the
bone). trot, caused by irritation from
fine points of bone.

Remedy.
physic. Foment and then blister. In severe cases peri-
osteotomy. Pyro-puncture preferable to firing, as it does
not blemish. Mercuric iodide ointment usually reduces
deposit.

STRINGHALT (CHOREA),

Is a spasmodic movement of the muscles of the limbs,
usually the hind.

Incurable. Remove any spavin or other adverse condi-
tion. ‘Temporary benefit results from a laxative, a course
of bromides, and moderate work. Stretching and section
of the tibial nerves are of no avail.

Other muscles are subject to spasmodic action, especi-
ally those of the spine,

200 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

CURB
Is a sprain or injury of the straight ligament of the -
hock, causing enlargement of the joint. It is apt to cause ;
lameness in young horses, and, when of fresh origin, in
horses of any age. But when of long standing, and merely —
the result of former disease, lameness rarely ensues. The
form of hock the reverse of that liable to thorough-pin
is the one predisposed to curb.

Fig. 79. India-rubher bandage for
keeping wet cloths on Curb.

Remedy.—Foment; lead acetate solution ; refrigerants.
Counter-irritants; mercuric or iodide ointment; charges
(plasters). High heeled shoe; no toe pieces. Rest for
several months, especially in young horses.

CORNS

Are bruises of the secreting sole. They occur almost
invariably on the inside heel of the fore feet, and are

Fig. 80. Old Corn. Fig. 81. New Corn, Fig. 82. Test for Corns,

caused by bad shoeing, They are not horn tumors, but

LAMENESSES. 201

may become such. Sometimes they end in suppuration,
partial necrosis, or bony spicule.

Remedy.—Remove shoe, pare to relieve pressure and
insure exit of pus. Poultices soften sole and abate ten-
derness. Use light shoe with wide web. Shoe strong feet
with tips.

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS),

Is inflammation of the feet. It is a dreadful disease,
and may be caused by concussion as well as gastric de-
rangement (overeating). It is sometimes communicated
to the feet by other diseases, in which case the whole body
is affected, and the mane and tail as well as hoofs are

sometimes shed.
SENS \S
a:
hy i IN WN

a

Fig. 83. Founder.

Remedy.—Remove shoes. Thin horn. Bed box with
several inches of chaff or cut straw. Foment or poultice,
hot; cold bran poultice over entire foot sometimes bet-
ter than hot. Bleed from jugular or toe if severe, espe-
cially if caused by concussion. Repeated small doses of
aconite, niter or other salines for fever. Half dose physic
and laxative injections if needed, Vapor bath often ser-

202 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

viceable. When inflammation is subdued, removal of ex-—

udate is hastened by cold applications; later by blisters —

to coronet; occasionally by frog setons. Keep heels low,
toes short. Stout, wide-webbed, long-barred shoes.

If convexity and weakness of the sole result (‘ Pumiced
Foot’), use bar shoe with wide web. Lessen concussion
by tar dressing and leather soles. Stimulate coronet.

.For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS

Are forms of psoriasis (scaly itch), which see. They
are situated on the flexures of the knee and hock, that
is, mallenders appear on the back of the knee, sallenders
on the front of the hock. At first they are only scurfy
patches, but exhibiting considerable irritability. IZf neg-
lected, they degenerate into troublesome sores, with foul
discharges.

Fig. 84. Mallenders. Fig. 85. Sallenders.

Remedy.—Soft soap and water, mild oils and bran
poultices remove scales. Boro-glycerine or zine oxide oint-
ment. Mercuric nitrate or iodine ointments for thicken-
ing and infiltration. ar oils for chronic edses. Half a

dose of physic; salines; laxative diet. Iron tonics and

arsenic for feeble, For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

LAMENESSES. 203

RINGBONE |
Is a bony tumor or bony deposit around the pastern
joint or coffin joint, or both. It is of two kinds—true
and false. The latter, as a rule, is almost harmiess. True

Fig. 86. High Ringbone.

ringbone is of two kinds—high and low. They are not
the cause but the result of disease, especially inflamma-
tion of the bones and synovial membranes.

204 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

SIDEBONE

Is ossification of the lateral cartilages of the foot, usu-
ally the fore foot. Its causes are hereditary tendency —
and shoeing with high calkins. 4

Remedy.—Bar shoe; cold applications. Rest, blisters, —
firing, neurotomy (dissection and also section of a nerve). |

SPRAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS

Of the hind legs is common among draft horses, especi-—
ally those that are worked on hilly roads. The heel is
hightened, and the first remedy is high calkins (Fig. 87). —
If the horse is worked, the foot and leg assume the po-—
sition represented in Fig. 88.

When a horse’s heel hightens, examine the back sinews.
Feel them gently to discover if one place is tenderer,
harder, or even slightly warmer than another. If this —

Fig. 87. High calkins for Sprain Fig. 88. The result of work —

of the Back Sinews. after the sprain. én

fails, pinch them hard and run the fingers down them,
marking the part that causes flinching. Healthy tendon
will endure any amount of pressure; diseased tendon is
acutely sensitive. Cut the hair short and keep the part
constantly damp with a linen bandage. Do not blister,
bleed, seton, or fire, It requires from three to six months

LAMENESSES. 205

to effect a cure. The only remedy for a badly contracted
tendon is its division, but the operation weakens the part.

WINDGALLS
Are soft swellings of the fetlock joints, formerly sup-
posed to contain air. They really contain joint oil. They
are sometimes as large as walnuts.

Fig. 89. Windealls, before dissection. Fie. 90. After dissection.

Remedy.—Equable pressure by flannel or wash leather
bandages. Bandages wetted with white lotion (? ounce
of zine sulphate, 1 ounce lead acetate, in quart of water).
Rest, hand rubbing, blisters. Shoe so as to prevent con-
cussion.

SEEDY TOE

Consists in the formation of a cheesy or mealy and
therefore imperfect horn, which is incapable of maintain-
ing the union between the outer wall and lamine. When
the defective horn shrinks, a crack is left for the recep-
tion of dirt. When not caused by inflammation or press-
ure of the shoe clip, it originates in some inherent cause,
such as weak feet, &c. Lameness is not invaribly present.

Remedy.—Remove diseased parts; promote growth of
healthy horn by blisters and moisture. Bar shoes; sole
pressure; remove shoe clips.

206 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

NAVICULAR DISEASE (Grogginess),

Is a rarifying inflammation of the navicular bone, with
death of the articular cartilages and surrounding structures.
The tendon of the flexor pedis perforans muscle is subse-
quently inflamed and becomes adherent to the navicular
bone. Concussion and rheumatic predisposition are be-
lieved to be the chief causes. (Dun.)

It is the most fertile cause of lameness, and is the bane
of horse flesh. Strain or laceration of the tendon is never
a primary condition. The disease begins as an inflamma-

- Pr gs

ig nore

Fig. 91 represents the phalangeal bones in their naturally oblique position.
The upper part of the long pastern bone (a), to toe of os pedis (c), is a
continuously oblique line. This obliquity of position enables the bone
to act as a spring, modifying concussion and giving elasticity of step and
freedom from jar. The coronary bone (b) rests entirely on the os pedis.
The navicular bone (d), placed posteriorly, bears no weight, but gives
increased leverage power to the tendon (ec). This bone, like the sesa-
moids, is a muscular appendage, and is not intended to support weight.

Compare with Fig. 92 on opposite page.

tion of the cancellated structure of the navicular bone,
or of the cartilage on its inferior surface. It is caused
by the rheumatoid diathesis (taint), concussion, and change —

LAMENESSES. 207

in the relative position of the navicular bones, brought
about by turned down, calkined, or thick heeled shoes.
(Williams. )

Remedy.—Remove shoes and allow frog to come to
the ground. Stand in cold water or apply cold wet swabs
for several hours daily. Poultice at night. Physic and

Fig. 92 represents the bones after their naturally oblique position has been
changed to an almost perpendicular position by thick heeled shoes.
The lower end of the os corone (bd) rests partly on the navicular (@),
instead of wholly on the pedal bone (c); hence the disease.

cooling diet. After 2 or 3 weeks blister coronet lightly.
If necessary seton frog for 3 or 4 weeks. If disease still
persists, relegate to slow work; shoes without heels or toe
piece, or try neurotomy. Concussion is diminished by
shoeing with leather and using shoes thick in quarters
and thin at toe and heels.

208 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

HORN TUMOR (KERATOMA),

Is caused either by pressure of the toe clip of the shoe,
the clip having been hammered too tightly by the smith,
or by the animal striking the toe against the ground.
These tumors are analogous to corns in the human feet,
and consist of an increased secretion of horn. They are
peculiar to the hind feet, but they are not uncommon in
the fore. |

Fig. 93. Keratoma. a, horn tumor.

5:

Remedy.—First try properly adjusted shoes. If this
fails, isolate the diseased part by grooving, as in the pro-
cess of ‘stripping,’ but leave the horn unstripped. Strip-
ping consists in the removal of the whole of the crust
immediately over the diseased part, by cutting through it
on either side from top to bottom, detaching it from the
sole, and tearing it off, leaving the sensitive parts ex- —
posed. This cruel treatment should never be resorted to

LAMENESSES. 209

except where all other means have failed, for it is liable
to be followed by evil results.

CAPPED HOCK

___ Is of two kinds—synovial and serous. The synovial ap-

pears as a tense, fluctuating swelling, on both sides of the
point of the hock. It causes lameness ard sometimes
abscesses from caries of the bone. The serous (a watery
abscess) is caused by pressure or violence, especially kick-
ing. It is unsightly when large. It sometimes causes
lameness.

Fig. 94. Capped Hock. Fig. 95. Large specimen of same.

Remedy.—Hot fomentations; then stimulate by can-
tharides liniment or mercuric iodide ointment; soft soap
rubbed in daily. KEquable pressure sometimes applied by
truss. Evacuate serous abscess; inject cavity with iodine
or astringents. In bursal form of capped hock use shoe

raised at heel.
Treat Capped Knee and Capped Elbow the same as

Capped Hock.
SANDCRACK

Consists of a fissure of greater or less extent in any part
of the foot, but usually in the inner quarters of the fore
and the toes of the hind feet. The crack opens and closes
at every step, causing great pain and sometimes bleeding.
Some horses seem to be predisposed to the disorder, but
the cause is usually bad shoeing. Sandcrack never unites.
A new crust must be cultivated.

210 THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Remedy.—Remove shoe, bottom crack, clear away dirt, —
and allow pus, if any, to escape. Foment, poultice, rest.
Laxative when there is much pain and lameness. When
these are abated, pare away upper part of cracked horn,
cutting off connection with secreting coronary substance.
Bar shoe, made to relieve cracked horn from pressure and
concussion. When work is resumed, plug the crack with
gutta-percha to keep out dirt. Hold split parts together
by clasp, or by nails driven on the sides, with wire wrap- —
ped tightly around them. ‘Stripping’ in extreme cases
only.

PUMICE FOOT

Is a deformity caused by hard work. A horse reared
on marshy land usually has weak feet, which are soon
deformed if it is worked on stony roads or streets. The
symptoms are bulging sole, weak crust, strong bars, and
good frog. The hoof is marked by rings, the pastern be-
ing long and slanting. (Mayhew). Dun says the disorder —
is caused by laminitis (described on page 201).

Remedy.—Bar shoe of the dish kind, with wide web. —
Leather soles to lessen concussion. Stimulate coronet.

SHIVERING OR JINKBACK

Is imperfect motor power or weakness of the back and —
loins, and is usually shown in backing or turning a horse
rapidly. The forward movement may be natural. It is
probably caused by disease of the spinal cord, but it may
possibly sometimes be hereditary.

Remedy.—Treatment is of little avail. Light work
without weight on back. Sling at night (for rest) if nec-
essary.

all

D

ba
n\\

2-Year-Old, Lower Jaw; drawn from Nature.

8-Year-Old, Lower Jaw; drawn from Nature,

212

= a. eB e
“, ZE=_=
uy,

9 , ; VY ypu “SS

MY IN

im NS
: SS

i]
=
TOTPL

WE " =z)

NW
iw
inl
FP OPF?

LD

4
ii

4 i)

4-Year-Old, Lower Jaw; drawn from Nature.

\

.

\
\ lip
aw
fn"

%-Year-Old, Lower Jaw (Brandt).

AGE.

214

hi

>S=>

it}|

iy

“IMATE

AMT

About % nat, size.

8-Year-Old, Upper Jaw (Walsh).

U,

y

Yj
UL
xT

ci

9-Year-Old, Upper Jaw (Walsh). About 24 nat. size.

10-Year-Old, Upper Jaw (Walsh), About 7 nat, size,

AGE. 215

=

The Mark, dissected as it c, The Dentinal star, some-
were. (See page 221.) times mistaken for the
mark. (See page 221.)

12 years, Lower Jaw. Change in shape is now clearly defined.
The respective pairs (centrals, dividers, corners) assume in turn
(from 12 years till old age) various shapes—semi-square, rounded,

triangular, wedge-shaped, etc.

216

15 years, Upper Jaw.

217

sy

lv

Upper Jaw

AGE.

16 years,

Upper Jaw.

17 years,

18 years, Lower Jaw.

19 years, Lower Jaw,

218

238 years, Upper Jaw.

ay

219

AGE.

24 years, Lower Jaw.

25 years, Lower Jaw.

26 years, Lower Jaw.

27 years, Upper Jaw.

+ at

220 AGE.

arnt
ny i iM |
At

n
ea

nl
We ‘i vi i

i re fed,

ns

My

jh NG '

Vig mt
Th Sh MT
vi ny it &
igi ny

A Parrot-Mouth (lower jaw). The ten lines represent ten
years’ growth. The marks, having never been worn, represent
a 6-year-old. The horse is therefore 16 years old. (This cut,
as well as many of the preceding, is from Brandt’s “Age of
Horses.)

ee ee ee ee a es

THE MARK AND DENTINAL STAR.
(Illustrated on page 215.)

The mark (also called central enamel, infundibulum,
&e.) is composed of enamel, the hardest of the three con-
stituent parts of the teeth—enamel, dentine, and cement.

The dentinal star, so called because it is composed of
dentine, appears about the ninth year. It has a yellow
tint, which is the best means of distinguishing it from

_the mark. Its appearance is accounted for as follows:

When the tooth wears nearly to the pulp or nerve cavity,
the pulp becomes gradually converted into dentine, fill-
ing the upper part of the cavity from the inside as per-
fectly as a dentist can fill a cavity from the outside. The
star is visible eight or ten years. After it is worn out,
there will be a cavity of course.

x
:
a
:
:
7

PART II.

THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA,

Also called lung disease, pulmonary murrain, zymotic
or epizootic pleuro-pneumonia, &c., is an incurable febrile
disease. Gresswell says it is believed to be generated by
and due to a definite micrococcus (mite). It may be acute,
subacute, or chronic.

Symptoms.—Elevation of temperature or a slight cough
is usually the first sign. The temperature will range from
100 to 107°. Shiverings; hair stands wrong way; slight
loss of appetite; breathing difficult and laborious; nos-
trils dilated; flanks heave; mouth hot; muzzle dry; gums
pale, lilac color; walls of chest, rib spaces, and back from
withers to loins more or less sensitive to pressure; appe-
tite worse; milk diminishes; emaciation begins; bowels
regular; watery or sticky discharge from nostrils; ab-
normal sounds in bronchial tubes and mucous rattle over
lungs; cough worse; back arched and head and neck ex-
tended when coughing.

In what is. called the second stage, these symptoms are
intensified and others appear. Death sometimes occurs in
the first stage.

Remedy.—Slaughter and general and thorough disin-
fection of premises. Vaccination and inoculation should

-be left to the veterinarian.

224 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

‘Sporadic Pleuro-Pneumonia’ is described by Gresswell. —
He says it is ‘‘amenable to judicious treatment.”

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE,

Also called eczema contagiosa, eczema epizootica, epi-
zootic aphtha, aphthous fever, murrain, epidemic, &e., is
a highly contagious and infectious febrile disease, associ-
ated with a vesicular eruption in the mouth, between
the pedal digits, and around the coronets. In some cases
the mouth only is affected; in others the feet only. In
milk cows the mammary glands and lactiferous ducts are
sometimes affected. When this is the case, the milk is
unfit for use for either man or beast, for it may cause
eruptions in the mouth, larynx, pharynx, and alimentary
canal. Sheep, goats, swine, dogs, poultry, and even hu-
man beings are lable to the isease.

Dr. Klein says the disease is due to micrococci (mites).
Mild cases require little treatment, as the disease runs a
definite course and ends in recovery in about a week.

Remedy.—Salicylate sodium, 3 drams, spirit nitrous
ether, 1 fluid oz., water, 7 oz., twice daily.

Sulphite sodium, 3 drams, water 8 oz., 2 or 3 times
daily.

Sulphite sodium, 3 drams, aniseeds, 1 oz., fenugreek,
1 oz., in food 3 times daily, when other medicines are
not given.

Gargles: 1. Borie acid, 1 part, glycerine, 5 fluid parts,
water, 11 parts, several times daily. 2. Acid solution ni-
trate mercury, 4 drops, water, 1 0z., several times daily.
3. Permanganate potassium, 3 to 4 grains, water, 1 oz.,
2 or 3 times daily.

Ointments for feet and teats: 1. Borie acid, 1 part,
vaselin, 3 parts, lard, 3 parts. 2. Carbolic acid, 1 part,
lard or vaselin, 30 parts. 3. Iodoform, 20 grains, oil
eucalyptus, 20 drops, carbolic acid, 20 drops, lard or vas-
elin, 14 oz. Latter especially good for sores and ulcers.

GENERAL DISEASES. 225

TUBERCULAR CONSUMPTION (TUBERCU-
LOSIS),

Which is so prevalent among cattle, is doubtless caused
by a bacillus (atmospheric mite). It may be found, says
Gresswell, that bovine tuberculosis can be stamped out as
cattle plague, foot and mouth disease, sheep scab, pleuro-
pneumonia, and rabies can. There are indications that
protective inoculation with, tubercular matter obtained
from fowl which have died of the disease will throw light
on a method of prevention.

Symptoms.—In well developed cases the ox is emaci-
ated; sluggish movements; dull look; eyes sunken; skin
dry and adheres to ribs; hair lacks healthy luster and is
often damp; slight exertion causes sweating, laborious
breathing, and great distress; great weakness, sometimes
even lowering the head to the ground for relief; mem-
branes of mouth and other orifices pale yellow; appetite
capricious and less than in health; dejections (excrements)
bad; stomach may be more or less distended with gas;
constipation and diarrhea may alternate; coughs up a
viscid, usually inodorous, but sometimes offensive matter,
which may contain yellowish cheesy flakes, dc.

Remedy.—Well developed cases are incurable. In mild
attacks fatten and slaughter. In milk cows, stop milk-
ing; give fattening food, such as oil cake and good hay;
avoid grasses and roots. If there are any ulcerating scrof-
ulous glands, dress with carbolic acid and chalk or some

other antiseptic.

CARBUNCULAR FEVER (ANTHRAX),
Also called Texas fever, splenic fever, trembles, char-
bon, blain, &c., is supposed to be the disease referred to
in Exodus, chapter ix, as the ‘‘ boil which came forth as
blains upon man and beast throughout all Egypt.” (Rob-
ertson. )

226 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

The disease is contagious, very rapid in its course, and
is caused by the vegetable organism bacillus anthracis. It |
is both enzootic and epizootic, occurring whenever and
wherever conditions favor the growth of the germs, one
of which is rainy weather followed by heat.

Sy
he

(' y \
vi ‘oe

ype VI
SSH, ay,
%,

Sis

) \))? } nN bo ane

-

Fig. 97. Gloss-Anthrax or Blain, early stage.

Symptoms.—Stops feeding and chewing cud suddenly ;
shivers; moves stiffly and unsteadily; limbs rigid; soon
falls and is unable to move; may, however, stand for a
while, back curved. The spleen is usually especially af-
fected, but sometimes it is the bowels; severe convulsions
are not uncommon; tenacious mucus flows from mouth;
tongue becomes of a darker hue; belly distended; passes
liquid and blood-stained excreta and sometimes a large
quantity of dark blood; blood sometimes flows from nos-
trils; white of eyes become dark red; eyes sink in orbit;
tears flow over face, Xe.

Death may follow in a few minutes, hours, or a day.
Recovery is rare.

Remedy.—Sulphite sodium, 3 drams, salicylate sodium,
3 drams, tincture aconite (B. P.), 40 drops, water a suf-
ficient quantity, every 4 hours.

Liquified carbolic acid, 30 drops, gentiar, 2 oz., ani-
seed, 2 oz., in pint of water every 4 hours.

GENERAL DISEASES. 227

Mix 12 oz. (ounces) each of carbolic acid and sodium
bicarbonate with 4 fluid oz. of glycerine; give 2 table-
spoonfuls of the mixture in a quart of water 3 times daily.
The latter mixture is much used in America.

Kill all hepelessly sick cattle and bury the carcasses 6
feet deep, spreading quick lime over them. Disinfect
premises and everything used in treating the sick. Sep-
arate sick from well.

BLACK-LEG OR BLACK QUARTER,

Also called symptomatic anthrax, quarter ill, inflamma-
tory fever, carbuncular erysipelas, emphysema infectuo-
sum, speed, Chabert’s disease, &c., is a very fatal and in-
fectious disease. It is caused by a rod-like germ very
similar to the ‘bacillus anthracis.’

The disease is peculiar to calves and cattle under two
years of age. Setoning the dew-lap (fold of skin on
throat), first dressing the seton with black oil, is said to
be an almost certain preventive. Recovery from this dis-
ease is rare. Death usually occurs in two or three days
from blood poisoning.

Fig. 98. Three-jointed, sharp Seton Needle.

Symptoms.—Dull; listless; lame in one or two limbs,
either hind or fore; appetite fails; stops chewing cud;
thirst; head protruded; white of eye bloodshot; mouth
hot; moans; if forced to move, staggers and drops down ;
constipated ; then feces become soft and tinged with blood ;
skin dry and rough; harsh and staring coat; urine, at

228 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

first high colored, becomes deeply blood stained; loins,
back, ribs tender; painful swellings at fetlock, knee
joint, hock joint, stifle, elbow, or shoulder, which may
soon mortify, &e. .

Remedy.—Gentle laxative, then sulphite sodium, 1
dram, salicylate sodium, 1 dram, water a sufficient quan-
tity, every 6 hours.

Incise and dress tumors, if large, with carbohe acid, 1
part, water, 25. Good hay, mashes, linseed, or oatmeal
gruel. Drain wet pastures.

CATTLE PLAGUE

Is a contagious febrile disease, and is probably caused
by a micrococcus. It is peculiar to Asia.

ACTINOMYCOSIS,

Known in the past as cancerous, scrofulous, or schirrous—
tongue, in Germany as wooden tongue and throat boil, is
characterized by tumors of various size and shape on the —
tongue, jaw, tooth sockets, bones, and soft tissues of the
head, from which parts it may spread. It is described as
‘““a new and infectious disease of animals and man.” In-
cattle it is due to a fungus called ‘actinomyces’ (ray
fungus). Moldy straw, barley, or chaff, especially if the
mouth be sore or lacerated, is liable to cause the disease. —
Moldy foods usually contain vegetable parasites. As in:
foot and mouth disease, an ox will slaver and champ and
chew its hay, but will usually eject it. But it will eat
mashes and linseed gruel. ;

Remedy.—Incise the tumors and then apply the fol-
lowing mixture: Iodine, 1 part, carbolic acid, 4 fluid parts,
glycerine, 4 fluid parts. Tincture of iodine, plain or di-
luted with alcohol (methylated or not), will answer.

Gargle: Acid solution nitrate mercury, 8 drops, water,
1 oz. Will do for wash also after incision of tumors.

Tonics if necessary. Soft, nutritious food. —

GENERAL DISEASES. 229

RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA.
(See page 50.)
COW-POX VARIOLA VACCINA),

Affects the udder and teats of cows chiefly. The rash
consists of small, pale red, hard pustules, varying in size
from a pea to a horse-bean. The pustules are converted
into vesicles containing a viscid, yellow fluid. These
gradually increase in size, until in about eight and a half
days they are about five-eighths of an inch in diameter.
In the center they have a light blue tint, but toward the
margin they are reddish blue or yellow. Their contents
now become purulent. The center is usually depressed,
and a crust begins to form there, gradually extending to~™
the periphery. The border is hard, swollen, and painful
and a red areola forms, together with much thickening
under the skin.

About the fourteenth day a scab, which is thick, dark,
adherent, and shining, is formed, and about the fifteenth
day it becomes detatched, having a depressed scar, which
is at first bluish red, but gradually turns pale, and per-
sists for a long time.

The febrile symptoms are very slight and usually un-
important. The infection is not dangerous. A partial
loss of appetite, an abstention from chewing the cud,
trifling constipation, diminution, and deterioration of the
milk are observable. The udder is swollen, especially near
the teats, and milking causes pain. There may be more
than one eruption of pustules.

The disease usually lasts about seventeen and a half
days, but may be protracted to about five weeks, during
which time the milk is unfit for use.

Remedy.—Give a laxative and draw off milk with a
siphon. Draft: Solution acetate ammonium, 4 fluid oz.,
tincture aconite (V. P.), 40 drops, water a sufficient quan-
tity, 3 times daily.

230 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

DIPHTHERIA,

Or a disease resembling it, sometimes affects cattle.

Symptoms.—Throat sore and swollen; coughing spells;
flow of saliva from mouth and mucus from nostrils; ac-
celerated breathing, causing a crowing sound during in-
spiration; may be spasms of larynx, especially if animal
is excited; great debility finally supervenes; pulse, at first
quick, grows weaker and weaker as the disease progresses i
cough worse; about the third day lymph-casts of parts of
the air tubes, or flakes of lymph at least, are ejected.

Fig. 99. Steaming apparatus for Diphtheria, Catarrh, Bronchitis, &e. See
Fig. 100, an equally good and simpler method.

Remedy.—Careful nursing. Liquid food. Steam air
passages with an antiseptic inhalation, such as about a
teaspoonful of oil of eucalyptus to about a gallon of boil-
ing water; a free supply of water containing about a
dram of chlorate of potassium to half bucket water. Good
air. Salicylic acid, 1 dram, is useful; also same quantity
sulphite sodium.

Puncture throat if there is danger of suffocation. Ton-
ics if necessary.

GENERAL DISEASES. 2301

MALIGNANT CATARRH,

A very fatal disease, causing death in from three to
seven days, is said to be non-contagious and to result
from inflammation induced by exposure to cold. (See
*Catarrh,’ the simple form, page, 70.)

Symptoms.—Shivering fits; dull look; membranes
bluish red; eyes close; eyelids swell; tears flow over
cheeks; painful, frequent cough; feeble pulse; constipa-
tion followed by diarrhea; profuse discharges from nos-
trils and mouth; sometimes the horns drop off.

Remedy.—Remove to warm sheds. Tincture perchlo-
ride of iron, 1 fluid oz., salicine, 1 dram, simple sirup, 4
fluid oz., water a sufficient quantity, 3 times daily.

Gargle: Acid solution nitrate mercury, 6 drops, water,
1 oz.; or, permanganate potassium, 3 to 4 grains, water,

Fig. 100. Steam-bag for Catarrh.

Purge if necessary. Inhale steam from boiling water,
in which put a small portion of oil of eucalyptus or car-
bolic acid, as above for diphtheria. Tonics and good food

during convalescence,

Rd2 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

RHEUMATISM,

Like tetanus (lock-jaw), is practically the same in the
ox as in the horse. (See page 63.)

Remedy.—tTincture aconite (V. P.), 30 drops, salicyl-
ate sodium, 4 drams, bicarbonate potassium, 1 oz., water
in proportion, every 6 hours. Or, tincture colchicum, 3

Fig. 101. Knee joint after Chronic Rheumatism.

oz., tincture aconite (V. P.), 30 drops, bicarbonate pot-
assium, 1 oz., water in proportion, every 6 hours.

Liniment: Alcohol, 1 pint, ammonia, $ oz., oil orga-
num, ¥ 0z., oil sassafras, $ 0z., tincture capsicum, 4 0z.,
tincture opium, % oz., spirit turpentine, 4 oz., camphor,
& OZ .

GENERAL DISEASES. 233

RICKETS OR RACHITIS (Bone Softening),

When not hereditary, is caused by a lack of health-
giving food. It is peculiar to young animals. Give 14
to 38 drams phosphate of lime once a day, or cod liver
oil, 4 oz., lime water, 2 oz., once a day. Nutritious diet
and pure air. (See page 69.)

Fig. 102. Rickets in humerus of dog.

BONE BRITTLENESS (FRAGILITAS OSSIUM),

Is rare except in districts where the water and soil are
lacking in lime salts and phosphates. The general health
is affected and fractures are common.

Remedy.—Change pasture and water and feed on nu-
tritious, phosphatic foods. The salts of iron are valuable
tonics, Sulphate or carbonate of iron is useful, but the

234 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

citrate of iron and ammonium, in 2-dram doses, twice a
day, is even better. Vegetable tonics and the phosphate
of calcium are valuable. Soft water seems to be bad for
cows. (See ‘ Osteoporosis,’ page 68.

ANAMIA (Lack of Blood),

Is caused by underfeeding or unhealthy food. Prevent
by good feeding, and if medicine is necessary, give any
of the following :

Powdered gentian, 14 0z., powdered ginger, } 0z., gran-
ulated sulphate of iron, 2 drams, powdered nux vomica,
40 grains, powdered capsicum, 4 dram, in a pint of water,
gruel, or ale, twice daily.

Powdered gentian, 1 oz., powdered ginger, } 0z., car-
bonate ammonium, 4 oz., carbonate iron, 2 drams, in a
pint of warm water, gruel, or ale, twice daily.

Solution hydrochlorate strychnine, 2 drams, tincture cap-
sicum, 4 drams, tincture perchloride iron, 1 oz., in pint
of warm water or gruel, once daily.

DIABETES,

Though rare, is practically the same in the ox as in
the horse. (See page 63.) The remedies should be the
same as for anemia (above), giving a laxative first if nec-

' essary.

TETANUS (LOCK-JAW),

Is not as common in the ox as in the horse. If the
jaws are not too firmly locked, give bromide potassium, 4
drams, anise fruit, 4 drams, in warm water or gruel, thrice
daily. (See page 53.)

GOITER

Is enlargement of the thyroid gland, and is caused by
water obtained from magnesian limestone. It may be he-
reditary. Change water, or use rain water or water acted
on by carbonate of sodium. It is more common in sheep
than cattle, (See page 78.)

Cr

GENERAL DISEASES. 23

SCARLET FEVER

Is a specific, contagious, and infectious disease, com-
municable perhaps even to man by means of the milk
and inoculation. It is peculiar to recently calved cows.
The disease lasts from five weeks to even three months.
It is caused by a micrococcus.

Symptoms.—Short fever; quick breathing; hacking
cough; sore throat in severe cases; discharges from nos-
trils and eyes; eruption on skin around eyes; also hind
quarters; vesicles on teats and udder; teats double in
size; vesicles, at first the size of a pea, enlarge to half-
inch ulcers, with reddish brown scabs; scabs may remain
25 days or longer; watery fluid exudes from under scab ;
ulcers leave a whitish, flat, indistinct scar, &e.
~Remedy.—Solution acetate ammonium, 4 fluid ounces ;
spirit nitrous ether, 1 fluid oz., bicarbonate potassium, 4
oz., water, 34 oz., 3 times a day. Draw off milk with
siphon. Feed calf by hand.

PURPLE FEVER (PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA),

Is a specific, eruptive blood fever, of an intermittent
type, in which the skin, mucous membranes, connective
tissue of the lungs and kidneys and coats of the intesti-
nal walls are mainly affected. It seems to result from
exposure or foul air, and often follows a disease hke
catarrhal fever. It runs its course in about a week, and,
like anthrax, which it resembles, is often fatal. It is
peculiar to calves rather than adults. (See page 47.)

Symptoms.—Pain and slight swellings in one or more
limbs; may be purple or dark red spots in nostrils and
pimples on skin; blood seems to be thinner than usual ;
it or red serum, or both, exudes, especially on the mucous
and serous membranes; temperature changeable, but may
suddenly reach 106° F. or more; hot and rather cireum-
‘scribed swellings appear on yarious parts of the body,

236 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

from which, and also from.the nostrils, a reddish fluid
flows; these swellings interfere somewhat with breathing
and swallowing; heart weak and fluttering; pulse small
and double.

Remedy.—Nutritious, digestible food. Stimulants.

Drafts: 1. Quinetum (mixed alkaloids from cinchona
bark), 1 dram, tincture perchloride iron, 1 fluid oz., oil
turpentine, 4 fluid oz., water in proportion, twice daily.
2. Powdered gentian, 1 0z., powdered ginger, } 0z., car-
bonate ammonium, 4 oz., carbonate iron, 2 drams, in

pint warm water, gruel, or ale, twice daily.

POISONS.

Among the poisonous plants and minerals common to
cattle are the following:

Meadow Saffron or Autumn Crocus. Give mucilage of
linseed with 2 ounces spirit ammonia and 4 ounces brandy
every 4 hours.

Aconite. Give 2 ounces spirit ammonia with 4 ounces
of brandy in gruel every 2 hours, repeated as often as
necessary.

Yew. Give 4 ounces spirit of ammonia with 8 ounces
brandy in quart of mucilage linseed, repeated in 1 hour,
and at intervals of 2, 3, or 4 hours if necessary. Purge
with 8 to 10 drams of aloes, followed by a quart of lin-
seed oil after the first draft. Mustard to belly. Open
paunch and remove foliage if necessary.

Woody Nightshade. Treat as for yew. It is often
fatal.

Ergot is caused by the growth of a fungoid parasite
which infests most of the grasses and cereals. It is most
common in damp situations. Cut the grass when in full
bloom, and thus prevent the formation of ergot. ‘Tannin
and stimulants are antidotes for ergot.

Arsenic. Copious quantities of linseed mucilage and
gruel. Hydrated peroxide of iron, 1 ounce every hour

LEAD POISONING. rdsu

9

for 3 or 4 hours; then every-3 hours for a day or so.
Stimulate with spirit of ammonia and brandy and give
tincture of opium in 2-ounce doses for pain if it is nec-
essary.

Lead. Epsom salt, 10 ounces, Glauber’s salt, 10 ounces,
4 drams diluted sulphuric acid, 20 drops croton oil, in
gruel. Repeat in 8 cr 10 hours, giving half the quantity
only. After the first draft, mucilage of linseed or gruel
should be given in large quantities every hour; and at
each alternate hour 4 drams of diluted sulphuric acid
may be added.

DISEASES OF THE ALIMENTARY
SYSTEM.

THRUSH OR APHTHA 4

Is practically the same in cattle as in sheep. (See —
sheep.) As in the human species, young animals, espe-
cially sucking calves, are often attacked. The disease is
usually mild unless the vesicles or tiny bladders extend to
the gullet, stomach, or intestines.

Begin the treatment with a gentle aperient ; then gar-
gle with chlorate of potassium or alum, 15 grains to each =
ounce of water, 2 or 3 times daily. Laxative diet. In
severe cases carbonate of ammonium and other stimulants
are necessary.

HOVEN (TYMPANITES),
Also known as hove, hoove, blown, dew-blown, fog-
sickness, &c., is an important and common disease in
cattle and sheep, but is usually curable if taken in time

Fig. 103. Hoven.

and properly treated. The swelling, as is shown in the
illustration, is on the left side.

HOVEN. 239

The swelling is caused by gas in the first stomach (the
rumen or paunch), and is usually the result of injudicious
feeding. Sudden change from a poor diet to a rich one
is bad, for it causes overeating. The swelling is some-
times chronic, when it may depend on the presence of
foreign bodies in the rumen.

Remedy.—Begin with a purge; then give hyposulphite
of sodium, 4 oz., water in proportion, and repeat several
times at intervals of from 2 to 4 hours.

2. Ether, 2 fluid oz., carbonate ammonium, ¢ oz., spirit
chloroform, 1 fluid oz., water in proportion, at intervals
‘of 4 hours.

3. Sulphocarbolate sodium, 4 oz., bromide potassium, 2
drams, chlorodyne, 6 fluid drams, water in proportion, at
intervals of from 4 to 6 hours.

Fig. 105, The Probang.

When foreign substances or food causes choking, the
use of the probang is necessary, provided the obstructing
_ body cannot be reached with the hand. The probang

\

240 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

should be 6 or 7 feet in length. Its use is illustrated in

Figs. 104, 105. Some animals require to be very securely
fastened, while others may be held by hand.

+ her

ENGORGEMENT OF THE OMASUM OR THIRD
STOMACH (OMASITIS),

Also called fardel-bound and grass staggers, is probate
caused by old fog-grass, straw, dry, harsh, and badly cured
hay, and any coarse herbage or heath. Very bad hay can
only be made slightly available by being mixed with a
large quantity of cut turnips, mangold-wurzel, or grain.

Fig. 106. Impaction of the Omasum.

Symptoms.—Head held low; ears hang; breathing
difficult; tip of tongue protrudes; eyes staring and blood-
shot; sight impaired; grunts and moans; grinds teeth ;
head pointed toward abdomen, usually the right side,
on account of pain; hind legs often moved; tail lashed ;
rumen often swelled; staggers, rolls on side and lies there
with rigid limbs; convulsions and death.

Remedy. ‘dinary cases Epsom salt, 16 oz. or
more, clears the way for aloes, the former acting on the
bowels, the latter on the stomach. Oil is useful as an
adjunct. External stimulating for stomach inflammation.
Give injections regularly, and watch animal carefully.
Nitrated drinking water. Sulphate of physostygmine, dis-
solved, has been injected both intravenously and hypo-
dermically (in the veins and under the skin) in doses of _
3 to 1} grain.

ENGORGEMENT OF THE RUMEN. 241

ENGORGEMENT AND INFLAMMATION OF THE
RUMEN (PLENALVIA),

Which is caused by excessive quantities of food, entails
more suffering than hoven, which is caused mostly by
gas. The disorders are easily distinguished. The swell-
ing in hoven resembles an inflated bladder and is reson-
ant on percussion, while the engorged stomach has a soft,
doughy feel and pits on pressure. The swelling is on the
left side in both disorders. The animal is dull; suffers

oe LLU)
: = —— — = > I}

Fig. 107. The rumen exposed for mechanical removal of contents.

pain; no appetite; constipated, feces being hard and
glazed; pulse small and quick; lies on right side. Ho-
ven usually follows, accompanied by difficult breathing,
moaning, grinding teeth, arching back, protruding muz-
zle, &e.

Sometimes the paunch is opened and its contents re-
moved by hand, but this operation should be performed
by the veterinarian only. (Fig. 107.)

_ The rumen is sometimes ruptured in both hoven and

242 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

engorgement, and is usually soon followed by death. Hair
balls, caused by cattle licking themselves or one another,
and calculous concretions sometimes form in the rumen,
reticulum, and abomasum (the first, second, and fourth of
the four stomachs). See page 111 for ‘Calculous Con-

eretions.’

Fig. 108. Stomachs, &e. a, Rumen or first stomach. 6, Reticulum or
second stomach. c, Omasum or third stomach. d@, Abomasum or
fourth stomach. e, Esophagus, throat or gullet. jf Pylorus, entrance
to intestines.

Remedy.—Epsom salt, 16 0z., solution of aloes, 4 to
8 fluid oz., powdered ginger, 1} oz., aromatic spirit of
ammonia, 1 fluid oz. Mix with a rather large quantity
of warm gruel. Give slowly and carefully by horn. Fol-
low with 4 pint of linseed oil for the purpose of lubrica-
ting the passages, and if there be no relief after 12 hours,
repeat the first dose or give 2 pints of castor oil.

y "> a

INDIGESTION. 243

INDIGESTION —
Is caused by errors in diet. Cattle should be supplied

with food which requires remastication, such as hav,

grass, or straw, in addition to any more nutritious foods.
It seems to be caused by unwholesome herbage or acrid
or diseased vegetables, such as decayed turnips. The bow-
els are irregular, the coat stares, and parts of the cud,
while being chewed, are dropped. A pailful of thick,
green fluid may be thus lost in two hours. Flesh is lost,
the secretion of milk is checked and then stopped, the
appetite is impaired, capricious, and finally lost. Poverty
of blood and dysentery follow.

_ Remedy.—Each ox should receive a draft containing
14 oz. Epsom salt, 13 oz. gentian, and 15 oz. bicarbon-
ate potassium, mixed, and given in a pint of warm lin-
seed gruel. For about 6 days 6 drams bicarbonate pot-
assium should be mixed morning and evening with the
food of each animal; or, if preferred, the powdered salt
may be mixed with 14 oz. of gentian, and given as a
draft in gruel or linseed tea. If possible, take cattle to
a high, dry, and large pasture, or make an entire change
of food at least. Sound roots, good hay, with oil cake,
corn, or bran. It is often well to feed little or no green
food for a time in the case of animals which have been
on grass.

There is a very severe kind of indigestion of calves
known as

GASTRO-ENTERITIS.
Tt is caused by too much milk, and may result in in-
flammation of the stomach and intestines, causing an ac-
rid discharge called ‘white scour.” The bowels may, how-

- ever, be constipated.

Give alkales in rather large doses. If diarrhea comes
on, stimulant tonics and cordials are useful in addition

244 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

to more active medicines. Diminish the supply of milk
4. and substitute linseed gruel.

Young calves sometimes suffer on account of the pres-—
ence of hair balls. These may be broken up by the
movements of the stomach. If distress is great, relieve
with carbonate of ammonium or other stimulant. ‘Trocar
rumen if necessary.

Wii

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lf TE ae
Hy, AY Se
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"UGLY,

W))3y,_,, Up

iia

JRENNOERS BOD.
COPNRAGWTED.

Fig. 110. Troears.

In calves which have been partially weaned, the abo-
masum may be overloaded with food, the first and third
stomachs not having gained the power of properly pre-

COLICS AND CONSTIPATION. 245

paring the food for it. This may cause constipation. Give
oil, be the bowels loose or confined.

Chronic Indigestion may be caused by irregular feed-
ing, bad food, lack of exercise and ventilation, exposure,
internal parasites or foreign bodies, &c. As in the horse,
the appetite is depraved; the coat stares; the skin feels
harsh and dry; the feces are small, hard, dry, and glazed
with mucus; the flanks may be now hollow, now swollen;
‘flesh is lost; the animal has a tucked up appearance, &c.;
besides which rheumatism, tuberculosis, diarrhea, &c., may
supervene.

Remedy.—Change diet, surrounding conditions, &c.,
as in acute indigestion. Give 14 to 16 oz. Epsom salt,
followed by stimulants and tonics. A draft of bicarbon-
ate sodium, 2 oz., sulphur, 4 oz., ginger, 4 oz., gentian,
1 oz., mixed with pint warm water, twice daily, is some-
times beneficial. Puncturing the rumen is sometimes
necessary.

SIMPLE COLIC

Is very rare. When severe, all treatment can be avoided,
if the animal is in good condition, by slaughtering for
the market. The actions of the ox are similar to those
of the horse. Many are the same. (See page 103.)

Remedy.—Epsom salt, 16 oz. for full-grown ox. In-
jections. If plethoric, bleed. Drafts: 1. Aromatic spirit
ammonia, 2 fluid oz., tincture opium, 2 fluid oz. Repeat
dose in an hour and a half if necessary. 2. Oil turpen-
tine, 4 fluid oz., tincture opium, 13 fluid oz., spirit ni-

2

trous ether, 2 fluid oz., every 4 hours.

FLATULENT (GAS) COLIC

Is also rare. The symptoms are not so severe, but are
more continuous than those of simple colic. Sometimes
there is distention of the right side of the belly.
-~Remedy.—Full dose of physic. Walk a little, Rub

246 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

right side. Injections and manual exploration of rectum.
Draft: Solution ammonia, 1 fluid oz., spirit chloroform,
1 fluid oz., water in proportion, every 4 hours.

CONSTIPATION, ©

Like colic, is usually merely a symptom of disease.
There is usually redness of the hning membrane of the
bowels, and also of the eyes and nose. The disorder, as _
a rule, is due to some impediment, as strictures or en-
gorgements of the stomach or intestines, tumors within
the bowels or pressure on them from the outside, volvu-
lus, intussusception, various concretions, &c.

Remedy.—Soft food. Give a laxative now and then.
Mild cases often require only injections and bran, linseed,
herbage, and roots. In severe cases, give 14 or 16 oz.
Epsom salt.

DIARRHEA x

Is due to many causes, and like colic and constipation,
is often only a symptom of disease. It is a serious affec-
tion, and to be treated intelligently and effectively the
cause should be ascertained. It may be caused by in-
flammation, maldigestion, bad food or water, malignant
eatarrh, epizootic pleuro-pneumonia, cattle plague, an-

Fig. 111. Diarrhea.

thrax, tuberculosis, &c. There may be severe pain. The
‘ppetite is either diminished or depraved. Urine scanty.

é

REMEDY FOR DIARRHEA. 240

If the disease is due to increased activity of the liver,
whereby a large quantity of bile is discharged into the
small intestine, the feces are dark brown in color, watery,
and profuse; if from bad milk or too much milk, they
are light colored; if to blood diseases, they are often
black and fetid; if to disorder of the pancreas, they are
usually light colored.

Remedy.—Powdered opium, 2 drams, catechu, 2 drams,
galls, 2 drams, prepared chalk, 1 oz., water, 1 pint, twice
daily.

Catechu, 2 drams, camphor, 2 drams, powdered bael
fruit, 2 0oz., powdered opium, 2 drams, mucilage of starch,

- 1 pint, twice daily.

For calves: Pepsine, 20 grains, diluted hydrochloric
acid, 30 drops, sulphate cinchonine, 73 grains, water or
mucilage of starch, 1 pint, 2 or 3 times daily.

Diluted sulphuric acid, 30 drops, tincture catechu, 2
drams, spirit chloroform, 30 drops, water or mucilage of
starch, 1 pint, 3 or 4 times daily.

Salicylate bismuth in 2-dram doses; also salicylate iron.

eae DYSENTERY,

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the large in-

Fig. 112. Acute Dysentery.

testines, often follows diarrhea. It may be accompanied
by ulceration. It is either acute or chronic. It is due

248 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

to bad food, exposure, poison, complication with other |
diseases, Xe.

Symptoms.—Abdominal pain; back arched ; constantly
straining, passing a small quantity of watery material,
tinged with blood; there may be vesicles in the nostrils;
coat dry and staring; mucous membranes pallid; ears —
hang; eyes dull, glassy, sunken; rectum protrudes, &e.

Remedy.—Ipecac, 4 0z., powdered opium, 2 drams,
chalk, 2 oz., galls, 2 oz. Mix well and add a pint of
warm water or gruel, and give 3 times daily till cured.

INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES
(ENTERITIS), .

Is rare. It usually occurs among working oxen. It
may be caused by too much blood, exposure, drinking
cold water when heated, drastic purges, engorgement, &e.

Symptoms.—Pressure on abdomen or loins causes pain ;
feces often dry and in small quantities; toward the end
there may be a little stream of very offensive liquid ex-
crement, which has forced its way through the hard mass
of feces by which the rectum is distended; acute febrile
symptoms supervene; stands in one place with muzzle
protruded; hind limbs become weak; breathing quick-
ened; occasional tremors; excessive thirst; no appetite;
moans; grinds teeth; looks at right flank; rectum hot.
Other symptoms are like those of colic.

Remedy.—No purging. If plethoric, bleed and repeat
if necessary, taking even a gallon. Stimulate belly with
rugs wrung out of hot water, renewed at intervals, and
by liniments. Give thin, warm gruel with a little linseed
oil. Draft: Tincture opium, 2 oz., tincture aconite (V.
P.), 40 drops, every 3 or 4 hours. Impacted feces may
be removed manually. Anodyne and mucilaginous injec-
tions may be very advantageous. Assuage thirst with
nitrated water. ;

V. P. means Veterinary Pharmacopeia (Gresswell’s).

—_ -ae

A RARE BUT SERIOUS DISEASE. 249

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEUM
(PERITONITIS),

Is a rare but serious disease. The peritoneum invests
the intestines, stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, &c. The
symptoms resemble those of the same disease in the horse,
namely: At first stands in a very dejected manner; re-
peated fits of trembling or shivering, as from cold, fol-
lowed by a hot stage, throughout which the tremors par-
ticularly affect the hind legs and flanks; rumination sus-
pended and appetite lost; ears, horns, and extremities
cold; bowels acutely constipated, in some cases giving
way to diarrhea, which may be profuse and watery or
even bloody; abdomen swollen, tense, and tender near
the originally injured or diseased part; urine deficient
and highly colored; pulse hard, frequent, wiry; nostrils
dilated; respiration labored, quick, catching, but motion
confined to chest, abdomen being fixed; looks at flank,
crouches, paws, moans, grinds teeth; pulse has become
softer, weaker, smaller, while breathing is slower and less
painful and labored; membranes pale; eyes sunken; ox
stands crouching, with feet close together; coldness of
extremities, &c., increases; temperature suddenly declines
from 104 or 105° F. to 97 or 95° F.; abdomen falls and
is fuller and rounder; less pain and colic; pulse be-
comes smaller, more rapid, until it cannot be felt. Death
occurs in 4 or 5 days from the first appearance of the
disease.

Remedy.—No purging or bleeding. Draft: Tincture
opium, 2 oz., tincture aconite (V. P.), 40 drops, spirit
chloroform, $ oz., water in proportion, every 6 hours.
Injections every 4 hours till bowels are opened. Nutrient
injections for weakness.

250 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN (ASCITES),

Is caused by general debility or mechanical impediment
to the return of venous blood to the heart, occasioned

perhaps by disease of that organ or by disease of the

liver, and also by the pressure of a tumor on the portal
veins.

The disease is not frequent in the adult, but often oc-
curs in the fetus. The best plan in some cases is to cut,

by the aid of the concealed knife, through the abdomi- —

nal walls of the fetus and let the fluid escape. In the
adult the belly is distended, and if one hand be placed
against the abdominal wall, while the opposite side is per-
cussed, a wave of fluid may be detected. Dropsical swell-
ings appear on the belly and under the chest. The breath-

ing is thoracic (chest or thorax), and the animal gradu- °

ally loses blood. The disease is hard to cure.

Remedy.—Nitrate potassium, 2 drams, bicarbonate pot-
assium, 4 drams, oil juniper, 1 dram, spirit nitrous ether,
1 oz., water in proportion. Try to remove the primary
cause of the complaint. Tonics. Trocar between the
navel and the iliac bone if necessary. Insert instrument
gently.

oa

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VARIOUS DISORDERS.

Imperforate Anus (absence of anus), occurs mostly in
calves. Sometimes the opening is closed with skin. Some-
times the anus itself is perfect, but near the external
orifice there is a membranous partition. Sometimes the
large intestine may terminate in a ‘cul-de-sac’ (having
one end open only). In the first and second cases, open
with crucial incisions. In the third, try to reach the
blind end and open it. Then sew the edges of the opened
end to the edges of the cutaneous incision.

Distention of the Rectum with hard pellets of me-
conium (fetal excrements) is sometimes so serious as to
necessitate their removal by the oiled finger.

Piles may be removed sometimes by ligature or other-
wise. Soft food and an occasional laxative to counteract
constipation.

Prolapsus Ani differs from rupture in that the pro-
trusion is through the natural anal opening and consists
chiefly of mucous membrane. It results from violent
straining, labor pains, or obstruction to the flow of urine.
The protruded rectum may become strangulated, take on
a bright red hue, and subsequently, owing to effusion,
become very much enlarged; then cold and of a purple
color.

Remove the cause of the straining, wash the bowel with
cold water, and return the part carefully by pressure. If

252 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE. ae

edges. Soft food. Opium if necessary.

Volvulus (twist of an intestine) jouebines follows aia
Open abdomen on the right side and operate on the in-
testine, if slaughter is not desirable. :

Intussusception (entrance of one bowel within an-—
other) also follows colic. Rare. Operate as above.

Rupture (hernia) is about the same in the ox as in 4
the horse. In serious cases fatten and slaughter. (For —
description and treatment, see pages 58, 59.)

DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

THE liver of the ox is situated on the right side, be-
tween the third stomach and the diaphragm. Unlike the
liver of the horse, it is provided with a gall-bladder large
enough to contain several ounces of bile. The bile is
liable to become thickened and form calculi as large as a
walnut. These are sometimes discharged in the feces,
and the pain they cause is thus distinguished from colic.

Anything that interferes with the secretion of bile may
cause

JAUNDICE (THE YELLOWS).

Jaundice is easily distinguished by the yellow color of
the skin and membranes and the many other signs of
disorder which accompany it. But it must not be con-
founded with the yellowness caused by certain foods.

See page 133.

Remedy.—Small quantity of laxative, digestible food.
Purge with sulphate of magnesium (Epsom salt), 16 o0z.,
powdered aloes, 8 drams, powdered ginger, 4 0z., mixed
with a pint of warm water or gruel.

Draft: Chloride ammonium, 4 drams, bicarbonate pot-
assium, 1 oz., ginger, 4 drams, in pint of warm water,
twice daily.

Anything that interferes with the secretion of bile may
also cause

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

A good draft for inflammation of the liver is: Sul-
- phate sodium, 16 oz., caraway seed, 1 oz., in pint warm

254 ‘ THE DISEASES OF CATTLE. - =

water in Seen aca 3 times daily till i abates. Te “a
omit aconite. : 5 .

Draft for Torpid Liver: Diluted saa hydrochloric
acid, 4 fluid drams, spirit chloroform, 4 fluid oz., tine- : :
ture euonymin, 1 fluid oz., water in proportion, a

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM.

THE chief disorders of the circulatory system in cattle
are :

Anzemic Palpitation is the result of an attenuated
and watery condition of the blood. The murmurs, espe-
cially the aortic, produced when the blood is in this
state, are softer and more regular than those which arise
from disease of the heart. They are often made to cease
by a judicious use of tonics. (Gresswell.)

Rupture is rare and fatal. It is caused by overexer-
tion or violence.

Blue Disease (cyanosis) is the result of imperfect
closure of the oval foramen (the aperture, in the fetus,
between the auricles of the heart), whereby the venous
blood from the right side of the heart mingles with the
arterial blood of the left side, giving rise to venous pulse
and anemic palpitation, to a blue tinge of the skin and
mucous membranes, and to an emaciated and cold state
of the body. Moderate exercise may cause death. 'The
young animals usually either die or are killed.

The heart is sometimes found outside the body in calves
and lambs. Death usually follows shortly after birth.

Inflammation of the Pericardium (pericarditis) may
occur independently or in connection with rheumatism or
contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Careful treatment. Death —
_may occur in two days.

256 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Symptoms.—A shivering fit, then becomes dull; pulse
accelerated, moderately full and hard, but soon becomes
wiry; respiration quickened and labored; nostrils dila-
ted; bowels constipated and urine highly colored; head
held low; limbs very cold and usually become dropsical
toward the latter stage; sometimes the fluid may be de-
tected inside as well as beneath the chest, extending along
the abdomen; pressure on left side causes great pain;
flanks hollow; a line runs along the side of the abdomen
and chest corresponding to the external oblique muscle,
which appears to be unusually contracted, causing the
whole abdomen to act irregularly; friction sounds and
venous pulse are present, &c. Animals living beyond the
sixth day usually recover.

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v-:

Remedy.—Drafts: 1. Epsom salt, 12 to 16 0z., calo-
mel, + to 1 dram, croton oil, 5 to 10 drops, ground gin-
ger, 1 to 2 oz. 2. Epsom salt, 12 to 16 oz., croton oil,
10 to 30 drops, ground ginger, 2 0z., molasses, 1 l1b., lin-
seed mucilage, 1 quart. 3. Niter, 4 drams, powdered dig-
italis, 2 drams. Mix and give + part in a pint of gruel
every 3 hours.

Inflammation of the Lining Membranes of the
Cavities of the Heart (endocarditis) is usually a com-
plication of rheumatism. Careful treatment. Fatten and
slaughter. ;

—

«<

DISORDERS OF THE HEART. 257

Inflammation of the Heart (carditis) may be an ac-
companiment of either pericarditis or endocarditis. The
muscular substance of the heart is sometimes inflamed
near a deposit or seat of injury. Usually fatal.

Foreign Bodies in the Heart, such as pins, nails,
&e., is not uncommon. An animal may live some time
with a needle in its heart. If practicable, fatten and
slaughter.

Enlargement of the Heart (hypertrophy) is not un-
common.

Embolism is plugging a vessel, such as the iliac ar-
teries, the most usual seat of the disorder, with clots of
fibrin (a constituent part of the blood), lymph, We.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM.

BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS (EPISTAXIS),

Is the same in cattle as in horses. (See page 76.)

Remedy.-—Draft: Tincture perchloride iron, 1} oz.,
tincture ergot, 1 oz., water in proportion; or, sulphate
iron, 2 drams, powdered ergot, 1 oz., water in proportion.

Cold water and styptie applications or plugging the
nostrils may be necessary. If from a polypus, remove
with ligature or écraseur.

SIMPLE CATARRH,

The cause and symptoms of which are practically the
same in the ox as in the horse, is described on page 70,
which see; also ‘ Malignant Catarrh,’ page 231.

Remedy.—Draft: Solution acetate ammonium, 4 oz.,
bicarbonate potassium, 1 oz., spirit chloroform, 3} 0z.,
water in proportion, 2 or 3 times daily.

Steam with boiling hot water, to which has been added
a small proportion of carbolic acid or eucalyptus oil, and
put in warm but well ventilated shed.

SORE THROAT (LARYNGITIS),

Like the two preceding disorders, is the same in cattle
as in horses. (See page 72.) It differs from catarrh in
that the discharge is from the mouth instead of the nos-
trils.

Remedy.—Tincture belladonna, 6 drams, solution ac-
etate ammonium, 4 oz., water in proportion, 3 times a
day. Steam as for catarrh. Gargle: Tincture iodine, 1

Date niet mati l

Pe el

BRONCHITIS. 209

part to 20 of water. Liniment for throat: Mustard, 4
oz., oil turpentine, 5 oz.; or, powdered cantharides, 1
oz., Olive oil, 8 oz.

Fig. 114. Steam-bag for Catarrh, Laryngitis, Bronchitis, &e.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHIAL TUBES
AND TRACHEA (BRONCHITIS),

Is of rather frequent occurrence in the ox. It is usu-
ally caused by exposure or such mechanical causes as the
entry of solid or fluid particles into the air passages, or
the presence of parasites in the lungs.

Symptoms.—Pulse hard; respirations greatly increased
in number; cough frequent and distressing ; mucous mem-
branes purple, owing to want of oxidation; much debility ;
profuse discharge from nostrils, at first watery, afterward
becomes thick; death may result from suffocation.

Remedy.—Maintain strength; careful nursing; pure
air. Steam as for catarrh; stimulating applications to
chest and throat. Purge if necessary; injections may be
given. At a later time it is advisable to give diffusible
stimulants, together with vegetable tonics, and allow a
liberal diet.

260 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

Is frequent. There is a persistent hacking cough, gen-
eral weakness, a tendency to slight febrile attacks, ema-
ciation, and inability to undergo exertion. The disorder
may be associated with asthma, lung inflation, and con-
solidation of parts of the lung. Although in many cases
tonics, quiet, and digestible food will do a great deal of
good, slaughter is the best course. The following draft
may be given:

Carbonate ammonium, 3 drams, liquor strychnine hy-
drochloratis, 2 drams, spirit chloroform, 4 0z., water in
proportion, twice daily.

PARASITIC BRONCHITIS,

Also called hoose or husk, frequently occurs in calves
under a year old, causing considerable mortality. It is
caused by a worm known as the ‘Strongylus micrurus,’
which is found also in the alimentary canal and in the
heart and blood vessels. It is peculiar to wet seasons and
low, badly drained lands. Calves kept out late in the
autumn, on fields on which animals suffering with the
disease have grazed, are especially lable to it. The cough
is very forcible and has a special hacking character. It
causes the expulsion of stringy mucus, in which parasites
or their ova may be seen with a low power of the micro-
scope, and sometimes with the unaided eye. The calves
become emaciated and there may be diarrhea. The worms
are present in the bronchial tubes and air passages, im-
peding respiration. ©

Remedy.—Place the severely affected in comfortable
quarters. The bedding on which the discharges fall should
be frequently removed and destroyed. Place the slightly
affected on high and dry pastures. Pure water and rock
salt. Fumigation with the gas from burning sulphur and
iodine is strongly recommended, but it should be used

SIMPLE OR CURABLE PNEUMONIA. 261

cautiously, as the parasites can stand more perhaps than
the calves.

PNEUMONIA (Inflammation of the Lungs),

Is not common in cattle as a distinct disease, being
usually associated with pleurisy. Pneumonia must not be
confounded with the deadly, infectious, and incurable
pleuro-pneumonia already described. Simple, non-infec-
tious pneumonia is usually caused by cold, damp or chill.
It often takes a favorable turn in 10 days, but death may
result in 5, 10, or 14 days.

Symptoms.—Onset usually sudden and characterized
by shivering fits; respirations increase from 16 (about
the average normal number) to 40 or 70; pulse 70 to
100 (the normal pulse being 40 to 50); temperature is
raised several degrees (the normal or natural number be-
ing from 101.5 to 102.°5); febrile symptoms very mark-
ed; skin dry, parched, hot; thirst marked; as a rule—
unlike the horse—sinks to the ground; milk stopped;
breathing harsh and loud—distinguished by applying ear
to side of chest; cough, though sometimes not marked ;
bowels constipated ; urine scanty and high colored ; anxious
look; head and neck protruded; as disease progresses,
cough, not often frequent, becomes weak, and_blood-
stained expectoration may be thrown up, We.

Remedy.-—Place in well ventilated box or shed. Purge
with a fair dose of Hpsom salt in a pint of warm water,
and drench with solutions of carbonate and also acetate
of ammonium and camphor. Digitalis is also sometimes
useful. Apply cloths wrung out of hot water to the chest
every hour while acute symptoms last. Then blister on
one side with mustard and on the other, if it be also
affected, with ointment of cantharides or a strong am-
monia or turpentine liniment. It is customary to bleed
in acute cases, though aconite, in 45-drop doses, is a
good substitute for bleeding. In cases that are slaugh-

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7

26% THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

tered for food, aconite, for obvious reasons, must not be
given.

PLEURISY.

Or inflammation of the hning membrane of the chest
and lungs, seldom occurs alone in the ox, for it is nearly
always accompanied by pneumonia. Like pneumonia, it
is usually caused by cold and damp, but it may result
from injury or acute rheumatism.

Symptoms.—Fever; pulse 60 to 70, small and firm;
breathing: inspiration shallow and short, expiration easier
and more prolonged, the chest being fixed as it were, the
walls of the belly moving more, thus compensating for
the shallow motions of the chest walls; sides of chest
and rib spaces tender; by placing ear at side the usual
respiratory murmur may be heard, and in addition a loud
sound, as of leather creaking and rubbing; dejection and
anxiety; eyes half closed; head droops; ears lop; short,
painful, hacking cough; appetite diminished or lost, &c.

7

Fig. 115. Tapping the chest for the dropsical stage of Pleurisy.

In many cases the inflammation gradually subsides and
the animal slowly recovers; but in others water accumu-
lates in the chest and ends sooner or later in dropsy.

REMEDY FOR PLEURISY: 263

The symptoms change and gradually grow worse. If not
relieved by tapping, death soon follows.

Remedy.—No bleeding. After a laxative give a drench
of acetate ammonium, camphor, and nitric ether every 4
hours, with the addition of aconite in acute cases in vig-
orous subjects. Hot cloths and blisters as above for pneu-
monia. Stimulate with carbonate ammonium, iodide pot-
assium, and digitalis, combined, in dram doses. Tincture
perchloride of iron with nux vomica as tonic. Generous
diet.

Acute Pulmonary Congestion occasionally results
from overwork. It is manifested by extreme difficulty in
breathing, profuse cold sweats, cold extremities, very rapid
and almost imperceptible pulse, rapid respirations and
sometimes a mucous discharge, mingled with a little blood,
from the nostrils. The ox hes down, coughs frequently
and has a wild look.

Bleeding from the Lungs may be due to acute pol-
monary congestion, lung laceration, or consumption. The
blood may flow profusely, vary in color, be mixed with
mucus, and be discharged from both the nose and mouth.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

STOMACH STAGGERS

Affords a good illustration of the fact that the brain
depends for its well-being on the healthy working of the
stomach. When the stomach is very full, the ox may be-
come comatose, so much so perhaps as even to exhibit a
tendency to fall down, especially if the head be elevated.
The respirations are slow and deep, the pulse slow and
full, and the pupils of the eyes dilated. In short, the
symptoms may simulate those caused by narcotic poisons.

Remedy.—Give at once a full cathartic dose, and also
suitable stimulants. The disorder, as compared to the
same in the horse, is rather rare and unimportant. ~

DELIRIUM

Is not to be looked upon as a disease in itself, but as
symptomatic of different kinds of brain disorder. It is
met with in inflammation of the brain, in certain blood
diseases, in acute indigestion, in impaction of the oma-
sum, and as a result of some forms of poisoning, as, for
example, lead. ;

A delirious ox has a peculiarly wild look of the eye, is
excitable-—perhaps even frantic and furious; struggles vi-
olently against restraint; champs and exudes a frothy
saliva, &c. The best remedy is a bullet.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN (PHRENITIS),

Is not common among cattle, but it is dangerous. It
is declining in frequency. It is best distinguished from
simple delirium perhaps by the fact that there is a man-

REMEDY FOR PHRENITIS. 265

ifestation of acute febrile symptoms. Hither the mem-
branes of the brain or the cerebral substance itself may
be first attacked. In the former case there is always
good reason to fear the extension of this process toward
the material of the brain.

When the coverings of the brain are inflamed, spasms,
pain, and delirium are shown. The ox is violent, champs
the teeth, scrapes, stamps, paws, charges at objects which
may be near, displays irregular movements and more or
less extreme convulsions. Sometimes these symptoms make
their appearance at the first onset of the attack, and the
loss of nerve power, the dull and stupid look, the more
or less marked paralysis, the loss of sensation, resulting
from the extension of inflammation to the brain itself,
come on later.

The disorder is peculiar to hot countries and hot sea-
sons, especially if there be a sudden change from cold to
heat. Working oxen and the plethoric are the most lia-
ble to it. A blow on the head, fracture of the skull,
tumors, eating distillery refuse, and perhaps ergotized
grasses all seem to be causes.

Symptoms.—Besides those already mentioned, the ox
appears sleepy or foolish; pulse and respirations tardy;
eyes red and wild looking; head and horns hot; tem-
perature increased, &c.

Remedy.—Bleed freely; cold water to head. Purge,
even with croton cil. Hydrocyanic acid subcutaneously.
In many cases it is better to slaughter.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

MEGRIMS, FITS, STAGGERS (EPILEPSY),

Is peculiar to young and debilitated animals, and may
result from lack of blood or certain forms of blood dis-
ease. Cattle suffer from gastric vertigo (not unlike epi-
lepsy), and they may have epilepsy, it is said, as a result
_ of long sea voyages or rheumatism, The animal bellows,

266 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

froths at the mouth, and passes feces and urine inyolun-
tarily. Usually the fits soon cease; the ox rises and soon
appears healthy again. Fatten and slaughter.

APOPLEXY

Is caused by overdistention and bursting of the blood
vessels of the brain and the consequent pressure of the
flowing blood on its walls, to fracture of the skull, or to
the bursting of an abscess. In a general way the disor-
der arises from too much blood and from overdriving and
excitement in hot weather while in this condition.

Symptoms.—These vary in accordance with the seat
of the flowing blood. As a rule they are sudden and
marked; looks dull; reels and falls suddenly; uncon-
scious; unable to move or feel; blood vessels of head
and neck very full; heart and lungs are the only organs
which exhibit life; pulse small and thready; breathing .
slow, loud, and labored; body covered with cold sweat;
mouth open and animal breathing through it almost en-
tirely; eyes widely opened and rolling and staring; pupils
dilated; convulsive movements may show themselves, but
the muscles are usually soft and flaccid, &e.

Remedy.—Bleed and purge. Strong liniment to loins
and spine. If relief does not follow, slaughter. |

‘PARALYSIS

May be due to many different causes, namely, exposure
in low, damp pastures, pressure of the fetus on the pos-
terior aorta or the iliac arteries which supply the hind
limbs with blood, but which may cease after delivery;
poisons, lead palsy, for instance; pressure of tumors on
or disease of some part of the nervous system, falls, frac-
tures, &c. (See page 51).

Remedy.—lIf severe, slaughter. If not, let the animal
lhe comfortably and be frequently turned to avoid sores.
Iodide of iron internally and ointment of biniodide of

WATER ON THE BRAIN. 267

mercury may be useful. Nutritious, laxative food. Draw
urine with catheter frequently. Rub and keep affected
part warm. :

WATER ON THE BRAIN (HYDROCEPHALUS),

Is caused by the accumulation of watery fluid either
between or below the membranes which cover the brain.
It usually occurs in the fetus, in which case, in order to
deliver the fetus, the enormous head is tapped with a

Wig. 116. Hydrocephalus.

trocar (with long canula) or a knife. The head collapses.
The disorder may also appear after birth.

The same parasite that afflicts the brain of sheep may
afflict cattle. The disorder is known as ‘turnsick.’ Tre-
phining may be tried.

268 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

MILK FEVER OR PARTURIENT APOPLEXY

May occur in three days after calving, though it is said
to come on before calving, and even several weeks after-
ward. It often manifests itself after an easy delivery, in
warm weather, in plethoric subjects, in good milkers,
and in old animals; seldom before the third calf; usu-
ally after the fifth. A cow that once suffers is liable to
suffer again.

Symptoms.—Restless; raises first one hind foot then
the other, but not disposed to walk; if forced to do so,
staggers; appetite lost; no milk; eyes stare; hind limbs
give way; falls; eyes now bloodshot, protruded, and in-
sensible to touch; general loss of sensation and voluntary
motion; pulse full, soft, slow, but as disease progresses
becomes faster, smaller, and finally imperceptible ; -breath-
ing slow and after a time stertorous; mucous membranes
purple; head and horns hot; perhaps delirious; head
pitched about, or the animal may lapse into a state of
coma; bowels and urinary organs stopped; belly swollen
with wind, &c.

Remedy.—Bleed. Purge with Epsom salt, 12 to 16
oz., powdered ginger, 3 0z., In pint warm water. Draft:
Carbonate ammonium, 4 drams, powdered ergot, 1 o0z.,
whisky or brandy, 6 oz., in pint warm water, every 4
hours. Inject ergotin hypodermically—15 or 20 grains.
Rub spine with liniment of ammonia, 1 part, compound
liniment of camphor, 1 part. Don’t use liniment of bel-
ladonna. Apply wet pack or ice bag to head. Milk reg-
ularly. Draw urine with catheter. Digestible, laxative
food.

Cows sometimes suffer with a kind of general nervy-
ous debility during the latter period of pregnancy. They
are unable to rise, the body is cold, the pulse weak, and
bowels usually constipated, The disorder may persist after
delivery. ,

~\

STRINGHALT, ETC. 269

Remedy.—Injections for bowels; keep body warm;
maintain strength; stimulate and rub back.

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, so-called, may follow
ealying. The cow stands and is free of coma. The bow-
els may be only slightly deranged, or there may be a
fetid diarrhea. The patient may die of apoplexy in 4 or
5 days, or may gradually recover.

Softening of the Spinal Cord (myelitis) is not fre-
quent in the ox. It usually accompanies tetanus (com-
monly called lock-jaw).

_ Stringhalt sometimes occurs. In one case, where a
number of animals were affected, it was attributed to
burnt ale.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

DIABETES

Is rare in the ox. It is practically the same in the ox
as in the horse. (See page 63.)
Remedy.—Change food; nutritious diet with a fair
quantity of water. Gentle laxative. Tincture of iodine.
Iodide potassium in drinking water. Vegetable tonics.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ALBUMINOUS URINE (ALBUMINURIA),

Means the presence of albumen in the urine, the mi-
croscope revealing ‘‘ spherical, epithelial cells and granular
matter.” It is usually the result of cold, injuries, errors
of diet, such as too poor or too rich food and congestion
or inflammation of some part of the urinary tract.

Remedy.—House well; good, digestible food. Mustard
to loins sometimes beneficial. Cupping over loins in acute
inflammation of kidneys. Purges and injections if neces-
sary. Digitalis, if ordered by surgeon.

RED WATER, BLACK WATER, BLOODY URINE,
MUIR ILL, &c.,

Are different names for a disease characterized by the
emission of red-chocolate or black urine, containing albu-
men and the coloring matter of the blood in. a broken or
disintegrated condition.

The disease is divided into two kinds—parturient and
non-parturient. The former occurs eight or ten days af-
ter calving. It is believed to be caused by ‘a special
coccus” (mite), having ‘“‘a diameter of about half a mil-

REMEDIES FOR RED WATER AND NEPHRITIS. al

limeter,” but it is also attributed to impoverished pastures,
heathy moors, overfeeding on turnips, &c.

Symptoms.—Great prostraticn; febrile excitement ;
palpitation of heart; double, trembling pulse; pallor of
mucous membranes; diarrhea followed by obstinate con-
stipation.

Remedy.—Change diet; restrict supply of roots. Sa-
line purge; stomachics and bitters. Iron salts, turpen-
tine, ammonia chloride. For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRI-
TIS),

Is rare and seems to be confined to working oxen. It
may be caused by irritating diuretics, injuries, calculus
concretions, &c. (See page 115).

Tig. 117. Nephritis.

Remedy.—Tincture aconite (V. P.), 40 drops, solution
acetate ammonium, 4 oz., water in proportion, 3 times a
day. Warm injections and purges at outset. Sheep skin
or other covering over loins. Bleed if necessary.

Congestion of the Kidneys results from interfer-
ence with the heart’s action or the pulmonary circulation,
from which fact it derives its importance.

2

272 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Urzemia is the more or less complete cessation of the
excretion of the waste products of the body which the
kidneys ought to separate from the blood. (Gresswell.)

It is a serious disease, as the function ordinarily per-
formed by the kidneys devolves on the skin, bowels, and
liver. The blood contains an excess of waste products.
The disease follows inflammation of the kidneys.

SUPPRESSION OF URINE

May be complete, though rarely, owing to acute in-
flammation of the kidneys. It is often partly suppressed
in acute febrile diseases. In certain febrile states there
may be a deficient secretion of urine, and what is passed
will probably be of high specific gravity. The disorder
occurs in draft oxen, in dry countries, and in cattle kept
on dry pastures in hot, dry weather. Working oxen, fed
on dry food, should have about seven gallons of water
daily. Those at pasture should be well supplied also.

RETENTION OF URINE
May arise from obstruction or lack of expulsive power,
as in paralysis. As a rule the ox is very irritable; lashes
tail; lifts hind limbs; lies down often perhaps; tries to
pass water; looks at flanks. Sometimes, however, the
bladder may burst without manifestation of much pain.
Pass catheter and treat according to circumstances.

The name dysuria is given to the painful expulsion of
urine, and strangury to its passage drop by drop, as in
spasm or inflammation of the neck of the bladder.

A previous condition of the urachus (canal) may cause
constant dribbling of urine through the navel. Ligature
or stitch. It is most frequent in prematurely born calves.

BLADDER DISORDERS. Paves)

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (CYSTITIS),

Is rare. It may arise from the use of cantharides or
injuries. ‘he whole bladder or its neck only may be im-
plicated. There is retention of urine, which, when drawn
off with a catheter, is found to contain albumen.

Fig. 118. Cystitis.

Remedy.—Give plenty of watery gruel and nothing
else, and apply warm or cold water to the abdomen. In-
ject an infusion of poppies into the bladder if it can be
done without increasing the inflammation.

Stones or Calculus Concretions occur in the kid-
neys, bladder, urethra, &c., of the ox much the same as
in the horse, and are treated, when treated at all, in a
similar way. In serious cases slaughter is preferable to
treatment. (See page 118.)

Inversion of the Bladder (in the cow) may be caused
by excessive labor pains. ‘The organ may be returned
after the pains have ceased, but it is usually better to
slaughter.

Parasites have been found in the kidneys of the ox.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. ie

ERYTHEMA

Consists in a bright redness, diffused generally over the
skin, and more or less regularly exhibited. When press-
ure is applied, this redness disappears, but is soon re-
newed after the pressure is withdrawn. The disease is
rarely seen for many days as a simple erythema, except
in parts infected by parasites, for it becomes complicated
by the formation of vesicles or even pustules, the dis-
charge from which will mat the hair. The skin may ul-
cerate and slough off in parts. In some cases the disease
remains simple, the cuticle is shed, and health returns.
In fatal cases of simple erythema, the redness is confined
to the outer layer of the skin, the deeper part as a rule
not being much affected.

Simple erythema may become chronic, especially on the
teats of cows and sheep. The skin cracks and exudes a
thin, gelatinous fluid, which may infect the lips of the
calf or lamb.

Remedy.—Begin the treatment of chronic erythema
with a laxative; then give liquor arsenicalis, 3 drams,
bicarbonate potassium, 1 0z., water, 1 pint, twice a day,
after food.

Erythema of the Udder seems to be caused by a
constitutional specific infection, the vesicles formed con-
taining matter which causes scarlet fever in man. When
severe, handling the teats causes great pain. The milk
should be drawn with a siphon and rejected. Remove
the calf and dress its mouth if affected.

hy

eS eS eee) Ur

SKIN DISEASES. 205

Remedy.—Ointment: Extract belladonna, 1 part, bo-
ric acid, 2 parts, carbolic acid, 4 part, benzolated lard,
13 parts. Ointment of eucalyptus or salicylic acid is also
good. Support udder with bandage if necessary.

Compare the above and all other skin diseases of cattle
with those of the horse, pages 157 to 176.

ECZEMA

Consists in vesicles in certain parts of the skin, caus-
ing denudation of the hair. ‘There is much itching and
rubbing, the latter rendering the parts raw. Luxuriant
growths of vesicles succeed each other. If the disease be-
comes chronic, the skin thickens and cracks, and the
fissures may even become long, sluggish ulcers. The

Fig. 119. Rat-tails of chronie Eezema.

growths called rat-tails may be produced, especially on
the legs. Even the hoofs may slough, so virulent is the
disease.

Remedy.—Comfortable quarters; give a laxative; dress
parts with a lead and morphia (morphine) preparation.
Good food; cleanliness.

276 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ERYSIPELAS

Affects the whole thickness of the skin, sometimes in-
volving the subcutaneous tissue also. Pain and febrile
symptoms are exhibited. It is caused by injuries, strong
external applications, burns, scalds, &c. The skin is very
red, which does not disappear on pressure. The inflam-
mation may disappear or it may end in ulceration, mor-
tification, or gangrene.

Remedy.—Draft: ‘Tincture perchloride of iron, 14
oz., Spirit chloroform, 4 oz., water in proportion, every 4
hours; or, tincture aconite (V. P.), 40 drops, chlorate
potassium, 3 drams, water in proportion, every 6 hours.

HERPES CIRCINATUS
Consists in vesicles similar to those of eczema, which
arrange themselves in a gradually widening ring or rings.

Fig. 120. Vesicles forming. Fig. 121. Appearance after Vesi-
cles have burst or evaporated.

The vesicles burst, the fluid drying and forming scabs in
eight or nine days. The redness of the skin beneath
gradually dies away.

For remedy, see page 162.

SORE LIPS (IMPETIGO LABIALIS),
Occur in calves, lambs, goats, and pigs. Sometimes the
face and lips of older animals at grass are affected. In
calves the upper lip suffers especially, the eruptions ex-

—<

i ee

SKIN DISEASES. 277

tending to the membranes of the mouth and_ nostrils.
The disease may possibly be caused by the richness of
the milk or by acrid plants.

Change diet. Apply suitable ointment. A purge may
be useful.

NETTLE-RASH (URTICARIA),

Consists in numerous eruptions, averaging about two
and a half inches in diameter. ‘There is great itching,
some increase of temperature, but little or no tenderness
or fever. The hair is shed in a few days, leaving bald
patches. The eruptions appear suddenly, and usually dis-
appear in about twelve days. Cattle that have been badly
kept in the winter and have become rapidly plethoric are
most liable to the disease in summer.

it einer
ie =

Fig. 122. Nettle-Rash in the horse, the same as in the ox.

Remedy.—Strong saline purge. Paint patches with
lotion of glycerine, carbonate of sodium, and laudanum.
Sulphur and bicarbonate of potassium in food. Cleanli-
ness, comfort.

_ Draft: Bicarbonate potassium, } 0z., bicarbonate sodi-

278 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

um, + oz., nitrate potassium, 4 oz., water in proportion,
twice daily.
PRURIGO
Is sometimes called ‘spring-lice.’ It is especially com-
mon in the spring. Pimples appear on the body and legs,
crusts form, which, with the hair, are shed. Coat stares.
Treat as for nettle-rash.

ELEPHANTIASIS

Is said to be ‘‘a blood disease, probably originating in
an animal poison, and manifesting its existence either by
the deposition of a peculiar albuminous substance in the
skin, mucous membrane, and other surface tissues of the
body, or by affecting chiefly the nervous centers and the
nerves. This double mode of manifestation of the disease

Fig. 123. Elephantiasis.

has caused its division into two kinds—tubercular and
anesthetic.” ‘Both forms are chronic in their course,
commencing insidiously, progressing slowly, and lasting
for years, sometimes terminating in spontaneous cure and
sometimes in death.” (Erasmus Wilson.)

For further information and remedies, see page 164.

=

SKIN DISEASES. 279

ECTHYMA,
Which consists of large, prominent, well-defined, and
isolated pustules, is rare. The pustules burst, produce a
dark-colored scab, which, when shed, leaves a brown stain.

Fig. 124. Ecthyma.

The disease is liable to be mistaken for small-pox. Treat
as for nettle-rash.

PEMPHIGUS

Consists in watery bladders, which appear in all parts
of the body. In severe cases the bladders may contain
pus and blood. They differ in size. Some are as large
as a hen’s egg. They usually appear and disappear rap-
idly, sometimes in a few hours. The chronic form, how-
ever, may last for months. The bladders burst, or possi-
bly dry up without bursting. Scabs form, which, when
shed, reveal a red spot.

Remedy.—Open bladders. Gentle purge; then alka-
lies. Apply astringent powders, such as starch or the
_ oxide of zinc ointment.

Boils (Furunculus) are caused by intense localized
inflammation, involving the subcutaneous areolar tissue
and leading to death of a part of the structure, which
is expelled as the ‘core.’ Poultices and fomentations, as
in man. Ordinary boils may be left to nature.

280 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Carbuncles differ from boils mainly in the large
amount of tissue which dies. Remove dead tissue with
knife. Antiseptic dressings. Tonics if necessary. For
lists of antiseptics and tonics, see pages 31 and 37 respec-
tively.

Scurf (Pityriasis), is most frequent in young animals.
Mild sedative ointment. Change diet.

Nzevus means a slight tumor composed of blood ves-
sels. There is usually some enlargement of the superfi-
cial layer of the skin.

Warts or Angle Beries may be removed with the
knife, ligature, or écraseur. Stop bleeding, if necessary,
with hot iron. Some warts are as large as apples.

Baldness (Alopecia), may sometimes be cured by mild
but repeated stimulation with tincture of cantharides.

Dropsy (Anasarca), of the subcutaneous tissue of the
lower part of the body is not very rare. Careful nurs-
ing; hand rubbing; small doses of digitalis.

Emphysema (Inflation), is caused by the escape of
gases, resulting from decomposition, into the subcutane-
ous areolar tissue, as may be seen in some cases of black
quarter. Careful feeding. Give stimulant. Rub surface.
Make incisions through skin if necessary. Usually there
is marked debility.

PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES.

MANGE

Is caused by a minute acarus, peculiar to cattle, which
burrows itself in the skin. It usually first appears on the

Fig. 125. The mite or acarus known as Dermatodectes bovis. Magnified.

withers and the root of the tail, whence it spreads. The
parasite may sometimes be seen in the removed scurf with

282 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the naked eye. If it cannot, use the microscope to be
sure as to the exact cause of the trouble. The hair of a
mangy ox comes off here and there, and the removal of
the dry scales reveals small, raw pimples, which dis-
charge a yellowish, watery fluid. In chronic cases the
skin becomes thick and folded. The disorder is peculiar
to badly kept and debilitated animals.

Fig. 126. The mite or acarus known as Symbiotes Bovis. Magnified.

Remedy.—1. Sulphur, 1 oz., lard, 1 oz. 2. Oil of
stavesacre, 1 dram, lard, 1 oz. Either of these, or com-
bine the two with 20 grains of white precipitate of mer-
cury. Wash with carbolic acid soap and water before ap-

PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES. 283

plying ointment. Use ointment every other day till cured.
Separate affected animals. Disinfect premises.

ig. 127. A piece of mangy skin.

RINGWORM

Is caused by two kinds of fungus. A number of round,
scabby patches appear, usually about the head and eyes,
giving the animal a hideous look. The rings may unite
and form large patches. If the scabs are peeled off, a
raw surface is exposed, whence a yellowish fluid exudes,
by the drying of which the scabs are formed. ‘The dis-
ease 18 contagious.

Fig. 128. Ringworm. Fig. 129. Another specimen same.

Remedy.—Ointment of iodine, or ointment of acid

284 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

nitrate of mercury, or oleate of copper, 1 part, lard 5
parts. Lotions: 1. Sulphurous acid, 1 dram, glycerine,
3 drams. 2. Perchloride of mercury, 1 part, water, 500
parts. 3. Vinegar of cantharides.

LICE

May be killed with white precipitate of mercury, 1 part,
lard, 12 parts; or, stavesacre seed, $ 0z., soft soap, 2 02z.,
the bruised seed being boiled with the soap in a pint and
a half of water till only one pint remains. Tobacco in-
fusion is also good.

‘

= —_»-

DN ee

BOT-FLIES, GAD-FLIES, FOUNDER, &C.

THE WARBLE OR BOT-FLY
Is about a half an inch in length and somewhat re-
sembles the bumble-bee. It causes great annoyance. In
summer cattle of all ages may be seen galloping furiously

about their pastures, tails uplifted, in a state of great

excitement. Shortly they stop, look around suspiciously,
listen to the buzzing insects, utter a wail, and are off
again. )

The female lays its eggs on the back of the ox during
the latter part of May, and from that time on till the

Fig. 130. Warble or Bot-fly Fig. 131. Pupa (chrysalis state)
(Gistrus Bovis). of same.

first part of August. In December the lumps enlarge,

and by spring become about the size of small walnuts.
In May the full-grown warble emerges, remaining in
chrysalis state till about the middle of June.

Remedy.—The ointment of mercury will destroy the
parasite, a portion the size of a pea being enough.

It is desirable that cattle should shelter themselves in
sheds. Shallow pools are also serviceable. It is said that
the bot-fly will not pursue its victim over water. (Gress-

_ well.)

286 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

THE GAD-FLY

Is very different from the warble-fly. It pierces the
skin, sucks the blood and causes great pain. (Gresswell.)

Remedy.—Rub with a mixture of 4 oz. of flowers of
sulphur, 1 gill spirit of tar, and 1 quart of train oil; or
a mixture of spirit of tar, linseed oil, sulphur, and ear-
bolic acid.

FOUL IN THE FOOT

Is usually caused by dampness and is greatly aggrava-
ted by dirt and cold. It may, however, be caused by
injuries to the hoof or surrounding parts. Fetid dis-
charges often issue from the cleft of the hoof. Parts of
the hoof may come off, leaving an exposed, bleeding sur-
face, which may suppurate and even ulcerate. Fungoid
granulations may arise and involve the foot and heel.
The fetlock may swell and the general health be affected.
The horn, if growing irregularly, may split, or it may
cause rupture of internal tissues.

Remedy.—Care and cleanliness; place on level floor, |
with slight backward slope of course. Pare diseased horn
and apply linseed poultice. Purge if necessary. Apply
any of these ointments :

1. Carbolic acid, 4 drams, lard, 4 oz.

2. Boric acid, 1 part, lard, 7 parts.

3. Sulphate of copper, finely powdered, 1 part, alum,
finely powdered, 1 part.

4, Nitrate of copper, 1 part, tar, 6 parts.

Wrap hoof with antiseptic tow or lint. For a list of
antiseptics, see page 31.

FOUNDER |

Is uncommon, nor is it of much importance in the ox.
Purge; rest; cold water applications; salines.

Loss of a hoof may arise from other causes than foul
or founder (laminitis), as, for example, catching the foot

DISEASES OF EYES, WOUNDS, FRACTURES, ETC. <%87

in a stage-plank in shipping, unshipping, &c. If time is
allowed, a fairly perfect hoof will form.

Cattle are sometimes afflicted with fluke or liver worms.
The latter are from 50 to 100 feet long.

Cattle and sheep have practically the same diseases of
the eyes as horses, which see (pages 136 to 141). Ordi-
nary cases may be treated to advantage, but in severe
cases it is better to fatten and slaughter.

The same may be said of wounds, fractures, sprains,
tumors, &c. The bleeding that usually follows broken
horns may be stopped by pressure or the actual cautery.
Bind a tarred cloth over the orifice.

TEETH, GARGET, ABORTION, ETC.

TEETH.

THE eruption or cutting of the permanent or second
set of molar teeth is occasionally a matter of some diffi-

Fig. 132. Teeth of the ox. 1. Upper—a. from below; 06, from side. 2.
Lower—a, from above; 6, from side.

culty, owing to the unshed crowns of the temporary .or
first set of teeth becoming entangled with the new teeth.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DENTISTRY. 289

This causes irritation and prevents the animal from feed-
ing. In some parts of the country such animals are called
“rotten,” from their emaciated condition, and perhaps
from the fetor emanating from the mouth. When cattle
at two years and six months, or about that time, stop

Fig. 133. Incisors of the ox. a, crown. 6, root. c, neck: f, cutting
margin. g, inner edge. A, superior surface. B, inferior surface.

feeding, lose condition, or drivel from the mouth, the
teeth should be examined, and if the unshed molars are

causing irritation, they should be removed with the for-

ceps. Hundreds of young cattle have been sacrificed from
this cause—actually dying of starvation. (Williams.)

GARGET (MAMMITIS),

Or inflammation of the udder, may occur shortly or
some time after calving. It is often difficult to treat.
The whole udder or one or two only of its four quarters
may be affected; usually the latter. There is heat, swell-
ing, redness, and pain, and sometimes febrile symptoms.
If properly treated, the disease subsides, but severe cases
may end in exudation, suppuration, or abscess. A large
part of the gland may become indurated and suffer a per-
manent loss of secreting power. There may be lameness

290 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

in one hind leg; pulse quick and hard; chewing cud
may be suspended, appetite lost, &c.

The disorder may be caused by blows, scratches, or other |

injuries, and perhaps from plethora at the time of caly-
ing. Heifers are especially hable to the disorder, and the
heat of summer is said to be an exciting cause.

Remedy.—Bleed and purge if necessary. Foment ud-
der with warm water; apply linseed poultice containing
2 to 4 drams of extract of belladonna. Milk regularly.
Draft: Bicarbonate potassium, 1 oz., tincture aconite, 40
drops, water in proportion; or, nitrate potassium, 1 oz.,
tincture aconite, 40 drops, water in proportion, every 4
hours, and then 3 times daily as long as the temperature
remains high.

For chronic hardening inject bicarbonate of potassium,
1 dram, water, 1 oz. Rub with acetic liniment. Draft:
Bicarbonate potassium, 1 oz., iodide potassium, 2 drams,
water in proportion, twice daily.

Sore and Obstructed Teats are caused by minute
tumors and milk stones in the canal of the teat. Pass a
silver or other probe. A clean, oiled knitting needle
will answer. Warts about the end of the teats should be
removed by ligature. Sore or chapped teats are best
treated with ointment of turpentine.

ABORTION

Is liable to occur frequently and at almost any period
of pregnancy. It is sometimes epizootic. It has many
- causes, such as all kinds of unsanitary conditions, me-
chanical injuries, overdriving, innutritious and badly pre-
pared food, ergotized grain and poisonous plants, con-
sumption, sympathy (the sympathy of a well cow with an
aborted cow), malformations, blood and other diseases,
close in-and-in-breeding, the prolonged use of one bull in

a herd, &c. A cow that has once aborted is liable to

ABORTION AND RETAINED PLACENTA REMEDIES. 291

abort again. Such had better be fattened and killed for
food.

Remedy.—lIsolate aborted animals; burn, disinfect, or
deeply bury fetus and placenta. Disinfect and cleanse
premises. Irrigate uterus, vagina, tail, &c., with an ef-
fectual germicide, such as corrosive. sublimate, 1 part,
common salt, 40 parts, clean rain water, 4,000 parts; or,
mercuric iodide and potassium iodide, 1 part each, water,
1,000 parts. Use these injections to prevent abortion in
cows that have been herded with the aborted. Prevent
use of bull with balanitis (inflammation of mucous mem-
brane of penis). Gentle laxative; quiet; tonics.

RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA (THE AFTER-
BIRTH),

Often follows abortion, but it also follows an otherwise
natural delivery. It may be caused by weakness or con-
traction of the uterus. Decomposition of the placenta
causes blood poisoning and death.

Remedy.—Epsom salt, 16 oz., carbonate ammonium,
4 drams, in 2 pints warm water, repeated next day if
necessary. Traction (or attraction) may be applied by
the medium of the protruding part of the cord, the ef-
forts made coinciding with the labor pains; or the pro-
jecting parts may be rolled round two sticks. If this
does not suffice, introduce the hand gently and detach
the placental lobes. After removal, wash uterus with
chlorinated lime. Gentle laxative if necessary and- plenty
of good gruel. Brandy, spirit of niter, &c., if necessary.

Inversion of the Bladder is not frequent in cows,
but it is usually fatal. The bladder has the appearance
of a tumor. The end of the canals which convey the
‘urine from the kidneys to the bladder may be seen on_
either side; also the escaping urine. In the early stage
return is not difficult. If it cannot be returned, slaughter.

292 THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Inversion of the Vagina usually occurs in the de-
bilitated and before birth. Bathe with cold water, re-
turn part, and use truss till birth-time. Good food.

Inversion of the Uterus is common. Cleanse of
dung, straw, &c., and then detach the afterbirth. Place
on clean cloth, with a man supporting on each side.
Gentle and increasing pressure on neck of uterus: then
apply fist to lower part.

Fig. 134. Truss for Inversion of Uterus (prolapsus uteri).

It may be necessary to cast and place cow on back, the
hind parts being somewhat elevated with straw. After
return, apply a truss. Give opium if required. In some
cases it may be necessary to ligature the neck of the
uterus and cut off the remainder. This operation—am-
putation of the uterus—is of somewhat common occur-
rence.

Dropsy of the Uterus is not uncommon. The cow
looks as if in calf, so distended is the womb with water.
The closed mouth of the uterus may be dilated with the
finger.

NATURAL BIRTHS, TWINS, ETC. 293

Malformation of the Uterus is seen in hermaphro-
dite heifers, which are generally sterile.

In a natural birth the fore feet appear first, the head,
resting on the fore legs, next. There are many “false
presentations,” besides which the head of the fetus may
‘be enlarged by water on the brain, or its abdomen may
be enlarged by dropsy. Such cases require surgical skill.

Twins are somewhat frequent. When one has been
removed, look for another. They usually lie in reverse
positions, one being presented in the natural way, the
other with its hind legs first. Twins are usually small,
and are therefore delivered without much difficulty. They
are apt to become fixed together in the genital passages.
In such cases, the state of affairs having been ascertained,
the fore legs of the naturally presented calf are to be
secured with ropes. These being kept tight, the other
calf is forced back into the uterus. The first can then
be removed in the natural way. The second will usually
follow.

Obstructions in the Teats are not rare. In milk-
ing the animal, they can be felt as knots along the course
of the duct, and the flow will be more or less impeded.
These are masses of curdled milk, small tumors attached
by pedicles to the mucous membrane, or ‘ lacteal calculi.’
They must be removed, as they tend to produce mammi-
tis (inflammation of the mammary or milk glands). This
is not always an easy matter. When not removed, they
may be returnable to the contiguous sinuses (cavities),
where they will often remain without causing incon-
venience,

yn
emo IP =

—

Fig. 135,

The ox prepared for casting.

|
-
‘

PART III.

THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

THE diseases of sheep, says Walley, are usually caused
by an altered condition of the blood, namely, deficiency
in quantity, excess of normal elements, impoverishment
and degradation, depraved condition, &c. In-breeding is
a predisposing cause of disease. The rams should be
changed every year or two. Fatigue, clipping, and ex-
posure to cold wind (sufficient to cause a chill) induce
congestion of the lungs. Sheep can stand almost any
degree of cold alone, but they cannot stand cold and wet
combined. This is especially true of lambs. Cold and
moisture arrest the secretion of the yolk or greasy matter
exuded by the skin, rendering the wool dry and harsh
instead of greasy.

Avoid overfeeding and sudden changes of food and
management. Also the procreative exhaustion of the
rams and the excessive excitement of the ewes. Also
filthy, decaying, moldy, or frosted (frozen) food and im-
pure water. Also overforcing the fattening process, es-
pecially with such foods as Waterloo cake, cotton cake,
turnips, and swedes.

The sheep, like the ox, has four stomachs. The fourth
is the true digestive stomach, This complicated digestive

296 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

apparatus should be aided, when necessary, by health-_

giving foods, such as oats (crushed preferred), bran,
crushed linseed, and ground malt. Corn, beans, peas,
and wheat are good when given in their proper place and
quantity. Also thousand headed or other cabbage. Mut-
ton grown on ling and heather is sweeter and more sat-
isfying than that of trough or manger-fed sheep. ‘Tur-
nips and swedes alone are very bad, especially when filthy.
They produce flesh but no blood.

‘“T have seen sheep, especially lambing ewes, that have
been fed ad libitwm on swedes, without any complemen-
tary food, die in dozens, their carcasses laden with fat,
but not a teacupful of blood in the veins of any of them.
In the case of breeding ewes, I have seen the recently
born lambs the subjects of internal dropsies. Again, I
have seen ewes fed in the same way, on swedes which
have been forced with artificial manures, especially phos-
phatic manure, die in dozens from milk fever (so called in
some districts), while their lambs have succumbed to joint-
ill. Prof. Rebertson says he has, by way of experiment,
produced these diseases at will.” (Walley.)

THRUSH OR APHTHA

Has a benign as well as a malignant form. The benign
form usually attacks lambs, and the malignant may be
communicated to them by the milk. Both forms are at-
tributed to a fungus, the benign to that known as § oidi-
um albicans.” The benign is short-lived. It is character-
ized by a whitish, furred eruption in the mouth, with a
little fever and diarrhea.

The malignant form not only has eruptions in the
mouth, but also on the lips and about the body, with
bleeding ulceration, diarrhea, or dysentery, and even pu-
trefactive fever and abscesses about the head and lungs,
constituting pyemia (purulent contamination of the blood).

Remedy.—Alum, borax, sulphurous acid, chlorine, or

ERYTHEMA, ECZEMA, CARBUNCLE. 297

potassium chlorate solutions locally. lectuaries (confec-
tions) of oxymel, glycerine, and water, and glyceride of
starch. Laxatives, salines, hydrargyrum cum creta for
gastric disorder. ‘Tonics. Soft, digestible food.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ERYTHEMA

Is described on pages 157 and 274. If the lambs are
allowed to suck, protect the_teats with a gutta-percha
shield; otherwise they may become very sore. If they
do become sore, place the ewes on a scanty pasture apart
from the lambs. Rub the teats with boric or salicylic
acid ointment night and morning. Cleanse first if nec-
essary.

- ECZEMA OF THE LIPS

Is usually attributed to the irritation of fine particles
of sand or gravel, aggravated by long-continued wet, but
in some instances it may be caused by indigestion or
stomach irritation, and probably the irritating action of
pollen grain. It is a mild affection, consisting of crops
of small bladders on the lips, with some local inflamma-
tion and slight fever. If neglected and its cause be un-
removed, serious results may follow. The lips become
greatly swollen, misshaped, and tender, the skin chapped
and ulcerated. Small abscesses form along the side of the
face and in the lungs, followed by suppuration of the
neck glands. Flesh useless.

Remedy.—Change the pasture, give a little laxative
medicine, and smear some protective agent, such as car-
bolized lard, over the lips.

CARBUNCLE

Is less frequent than eczema, but is common in lambs,
especially during the autumn months. It is often called
‘hair and hoof’ and ‘orf.’ Like eczema, it is usually of
a mild character. If neglected, it may lead to deep-

=

298 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

seated inflammation, ultimately causing death by exhaus-
tion or blood poisoning. Its cause is not known, but it
may be due to a depraved condition of the blood, as the
result of injudicious management, to irritation of the
stomach and bowels, to a microscopic parasite acting lo-
cally, or to a parasitic product, such as ergot, acting sys-
temically.

The disease first appears as a painful, circumscribed
swelling on the coronet or lip, or both. Ulceration of
the skin results, and an angry looking sore, associated
with considerable thickening of the surrounding tissues,
is formed. If properly treated, this sore quickly heals,
but if irritated by dirt or otherwise, it takes on unhealthy
action, spreads, and becomes very intractable. ‘Treat as
for eczema.

ECTHYMA,

Consisting of small, pointed, pustular eruptions, occurs —
often in the summer time. It causes very little general ~

disturbance, and is of little importance except for the

Fig. 136. Ecthyma. Compare with figures 137, 138 (opposite page.)

fact that it may possibly be mistaken for sheep-pox, a
very serious disease. The pustules dry up without leay-
ing a sear. ‘The disease is sometimes called acne.

See pages 163, 279 for further information. concerning
this disease.

299

OF SHEEP-POX.

FORMS AND STAGES

SHEEP-POX (VARIOLA OVIN£),

a
infectious

ogous to small-pox and cow

and eruptive disease, anal-

P)

Is a contagious,

; said to depend on a

pox

the eruptive stage. 6, the pustular stage.

’

Sheep-pox. a

Fig. 137.

Fig. 138. The Confluent Form (union of two or more pustules).

microbe; runs a definite course, and as a rule occurs but

once.

300 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

There is both a benign and a malignant form. The
malignant form never produces vesicles; the sheep lose
their eyes; the wool falls off; the skin cracks in a zig-
zag manner, and the nostrils become filled with a fetid
discharge. In the benign form genuine vesicles appear,
which, after the scabs fall, leave pits in the skin, on
which the wool never grows again.

According to Prof. Simonds, the disease is not com-
municable to the cow or to children. Saccho, however,
says that ‘ovination’ is protective against small-pox.

Symptoms.—In 36 to 48 hours temperature rises to
105°, or even 107 or 108°; skin dotted with bright red
pimples; eyes bloodshot, and in severe cases the lids are
swollen and tears trickle down the face; breathing quick
and short; mucous discharge from nostrils, &e.

Remedy.—lIsolate healthy and watch them. Good
nursing. Gentle aperients; salines. Tonics; stimulants;
nutritive, digestible food for convalescents. Inoculation
of healthy sheep produces a rather severe and contagious
form of the disease.

MALIGNANT CATARRH

Is often very destructive to hill sheep, especially in bad™
seasons. It is very intractable. Beginning apparently as
a simple cold, it is soon followed by destructive inflam-
mation and ulceration of the lining of the nostrils; these
in turn by abscesses in the glands of the face and throat;
also in the lungs, and, if the animal lives long enough,
by wasting and diarrhea. The disease is probably caused
by a micrococcus. (Walley.)

Sheep sometimes suffer from simple catarrh, laryngitis,
and bronchitis. (See pages 70, 82, 258 &c.) Verminous
bronchitis is caused by worms in the air-tubes. (See
husk. )

ee

—— ee ee a ee

or

————— ee

ee

-A MANGE PARASITE. 301

MANGE, SCABIES, OR SCAB
Is caused by a parasite (Psoroptes ovis). The parasites
cause great irritation and itching. Sheep will rub them-
selves against anything. ‘To make sure as to the para-

7

Z

Fig. 139. The mite or acarus known as Dermatodectes ovis. Magnified.

sites, remove a little scurf and examine with a pocket
lens or microscope. If neglected the parasites will spread
to a whole flock and cause great loss.

Remedy.-—Dress with corrosive sublimate, 1 part, com-
mon salt, 8 parts, water, 500 parts. Decoction of tobac-
co, 1 part, water, 40 parts. Stavesacre decoction—1 part

$02 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP,

to 40 of water—with half ef which shake up when using
1 part each of wood tar oil and potassium carbonate. Any
of the foregoing, or sulphur, 1 oz., lard, 1 oz.

Fig. 140. The mite or acarus known as Sarcoptes ovis, from beneath.
Magnified. Compare with Fig. 141, opposite page.

In all bad cases the sheep should be bare shorn and
the affected parts well soaked with potash lye before the
insecticide is applied. Isolate affected sheep and wash

ANOTHER MANGE PARASITE. 003

racks, rubbing posts, &c., with corrosive sublimate solu-
tion.

Fig. 141. Same from above.

FOOT-ROT

Is inflammation and ulceration affecting various struc-
tures of the foot, and is frequently contagious. (1) Abra-
sion of horn; inflammation of secreting surfaces of sole
or walls, beginning below and extending upward. (2) In-
flammation of interdigital structures, with burrowing of
discharges under ‘the horn of inner walls of digits, be-
ginning above and extending downward. ‘The latter is
the more contagious form.

304 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Williams says the disease is not contagious.
Remedy.—Remove diseased horn and any irritating !
foreign bodies. Dress with mercuric nitrate solution, zine

Fig. 142. Confirmed stage of the first form of Foot-Rot. :

Fig. 143. The condition of the internal wall of the digit in an early
stage of the disease.

chloride, carbolic acid, tar oils, or silver nitrate, the
strength of the dressings being regulated according to
circumstances. Gutta-percha varnish may be sometimes
usefully applied over dressing. Walk sheep through wood-

THE DEADLY FLUKE WORM. 305

en trough containing 1 1b. each of arsenic and sodium
carbonate and 50 gallons of water; or, 1 part copper sul-
phate to 50 parts of water. Avoid beans and other forc-
ing food. Transfer flock to dry, upland pastures.

Fg. 144. Foot four weeks after first or Fig. 145. Bandage for
febrile stage. Foot-Rot.

ROT OR FLUKE DISEASE

{fs caused by a flat worm known as the fluke (Distoma
hepaticum or Fasciola hepaticum), which inhabits the
bile ducts of the liver, causing extensive inflammation,
from which result various organic changes, such as har-
dening and softening, leading in the end to destruction
of its function and, as a result, wasting, lack of blood,
dropsy, diarrhea, and death from exhaustion. When cold
nights follow warm days, many die from congestion of
the lungs as the result of chill.

The worm is seldom more than an inch in length. It
is bisexual (hermaphrodite), and is propagated by eggs,
which are passed out with the bile and the dung in

306 THE DISEASES OF SHEED.

countless numbers, often lodging on the grass. If they
fall on dry soil, they are harmless; if on wet soil, the
disease is propagated to other sheep. The egg is oval in
shape, has a lid at one extremity, and contains an em-
bryo which, when matured, is provided with delicate,
hair-like processes known as cilia. The lid is lifted, al-
lowing the embryo to escape. The latter at once begins
to search for a particular snail (the Limnus truncatulus),
whose body it penetrates by the aid of a boring appara-
tus. It undergoes a series of wonderful changes in form,
passing through several generations, until a tadpole-like
creature is produced. Emerging, it encysts itself in the
lower part of the blades of grass, from whence sheep pick
it up in grazing.

Sheep are more susceptible to rot than other animals
simply because they bite cleser. A hog-mouthed sheep
escapes; but many cattle and sometimes, in wet seasons,
colts also suffer.

Rot is never seen on dry lands, nor on salt marshes;
and even rotting grounds are safe after a frost.

Prevention.—Drain, and thereby kill the snails; salt
the pastures, and thereby kill both the snails and embryo
worms; slaughter sheep, mixing their excrements with
lime or salt; destroy the liver, intestines, &c., totally.
Isolate sound sheep.

The disease can be detected early by the sheep thriv-
ing very rapidly and by the yellow tinge of the membrane
of the eye.

Remedy.—Concentrated, dry food. Common salt and
ferrous sulphate dissolved in water, given daily, mixed
with bran or crushed grain. Slaughter all marketable
sheep.

For doses of ‘furrous sulphate’ (sulphate of iron), see
page 21.

REMEDY FOR DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY. 307

DIARRHEA

In the lamb is caused by unwholesome milk, cold, grass
(the sudden change from milk to grass), &c. In severe
eases death sometimes results in 24 hours. Full-grown
sheep also suffer, especially when the new grass comes on
in the spring.

Remedy.—Prepared chalk, 1 0z., powdered catechu, 4
oz., powdered ginger, 2 drams, powdered opium, 3 dram,
peppermint water, 4 pint; 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls morning
and night. A teaspoonful of laudanum and a tablespoon-
ful of rum or gin, well mixed, is good; repeated in half
doses if needed. Also 14 dram alum in half pint warm
water.

DYSENTERY

Usually appears in hot weather, with excess of moisture,
on rank pastures, and on overstocked and consequently
befouled pastures; in dry summers on lands having
stagnant pools of water, with rank growth of grass around
their borders.

The exact nature of the disease has not been deter-
mined yet even in man, but it is believed to be caused
by a fungus. Shepherds entertain such positive views as
to its contagiousness as to lead them to smear tar on the
nose. They had better smear it on the skin under the
tail, or remove the sheep from the contaminated pastures
and apply a top dressing of lime or salt.

Remedy.—If there is any prospect of cure, give an
ounce of castor oil with about 30 drops of laudanum in
a little gruel; repeat if necessary, or give an astringent
as for diarrhea. Cleanse with warm water and carbolic
acid soap. Dress any sores-with carbolic or salicylic acid,
or lard mixed with a few drops of spirit of tar. Tempt
appetite with well compounded gruel.

308 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

CARBUNCULAR FEVER (ANTHRAX),

Is caused, says Walley, by a minute, staff-like organism,
termed, from its shape, a bacillus, and belonging to the
class of fission (generative) fungi. It is, on the whole,
the largest of this class of fungi found in animals, and
in the blood streams and tissues multiplies only by fission ;
but when cultivated in proper media, or, what is of more
importance to farmers, when it gains access to suitable
soils, it multiplies rapidly by spores, which by various
agencies find their way on to vegetables grown on such
soils and into drinking water, and produce the disease in
other animals that may partake of the contaminated food
and water.

These organisms, and particularly their spores, possess
a wonderful vitality, and retain their destructive proper-
ties for a very considerable period in the earth. Hence

the necessity of utterly destroying every part of the car-

cass, the blood, and internal organs of animals which
have died of the disease.

The disease is communicable to man, and is known un-
der various designations in many parts of the world.
There is reason to believe that it may be disseminated by
artificial manures, and sometimes even by artificial food,
as it often appears in situations where it has never been
seen before.

Anthrax, which, owing to the dark color of the local
lesions, is compared to a burning coal, is the most deadly
disease of its class. So-called ‘red braxy’ is often noth-
ing more or less than anthrax.

‘ Black-leg’ is a disease somewhat allied to anthrax, but
the organism that produces it is of a rather different
character, and it is much less virulent.

Remedy.—Free scarification of limited external swell-
ings and introduction of antiseptics seem to arrest some
slight cases. Intra-yenous injection of virus usually in-

WATERY BRAIN CYSTS. 309

®
sures immunity from attack. Setons produce a condition

of the body less favorable to development of micro-organ-
isms. Careful dietary. Removal from exposed, undrained,
infected grazings.

Compare above article with pages 225, 226.

STURDY, GID, TURNSICK,

Also known as turnside, goggles, vertigo, &c.. is due to
a bladder worm in the brain. It is called sturdy because
the animal is stupid. A synonymous term in Norfolk,
England, is ‘dunt.’ If the sheep turns to one side or
round and round, it is known as turnsick, gid, &c., while,
owing to peculiarities of gait, sheep are said to be sailors,
trotters, or swervers. The disease is peculiar to cattle
also.

Fig. 146. Brain of sheep, showing hyda- Fig 147. Cyst, showing em-
tids or tapeworm cysts. bryo worms in various
stages development.

The bladder worm or hydatid is the immature form of
one of the tapeworms of the dog; possibly also the fox.
It is known as the many-headed hydatid. Sheep become
the victims of it by swallowing the eggs of the tapeworm
while grazing. The embryo finds its way to the brain
either by the circulation or by boring, and sometimes it
gains access to the spinal cord, in the neck, and causes
the condition known as thorter-ill,

fa

310 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Prevention consists in destroying the brain instead of
throwing it to the dogs. Keep dogs as free from tape-

worms as possible.

Fig. 148. Large conic Trephine on handle; small conie on right; cyl-
indric on left.

Remedy.—Trephine; remove by trocar. But it is
better to kill the animal as soon as it shows symptoms
of the disease, and make the best of it.

HOOSE OR HUSK,

Scientifically known as verminous bronchitis, a parasitic
disease of lambs and calves, is caused by a round worm
(Strongylus filarius), which when mature resembles a piece
of white thread. The female, which is larger than the
male, is about 15 to 2 inches long. It inhabits the wind-
pipe and bronchial tubes, but its embryos gain access to
the deeper parts of the lungs, causing much. irritation
and patchy inflammation. The development of the worm
is not understood. One thing, however, is certain—salt
spread over the contaminated pastures is a preventive.
Drainage is also useful. Destroy the lungs instead of
feeding them to either people or cats. Cooking, however,
kills the worms,

? | toe
ee a eT

REMEDY FOR WORMS. 311

Many sheep suffering from hoose die from debility in-
duced by diarrhea. Others die from suffocation, and many
from congestion of the lungs, if exposed to a chill. Yel-
lowish, millet-seed-like knots are found in the lungs of
thousands of slaughtered sheep. They have often been
mistaken for tubercle (consumption), but the microscope
reveals the embryonic parasite in their interior.

Remedy.—Oil of turpentine, given in oil, milk, or
lime water; it is still more prompt and effectual when
injected into the trachea. Sulphurous or chlorine inha-
lations; spirit of chloroform, swallowed. Liberal, concen-
trated dietary. Isolate healthy sheep.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ANOTHER WORM.

Another round worm, the twisted strongyle (Strongy-
lus contortus), is often the cause of great loss among
sheep. It is small, resembles a piece of red thread, and
clings, by aid of barbs, to the membrane of the fourth
stomach. It causes inflammation, diarrhea, wasting, and
death. It is most seen on old pasture land, where there
is plenty of fog for cover. Hence the necessity of remoy-
ing the fog from such pastures by burning and by chain
harrows. Top dressing with lime or salt should also be
tried.

Remedy. —Chabert’s oil, 1 part, oil turpentine, 3 parts.
Kamala in doses of 4+ to 1 dram or more, given in thick
gruel or molasses. Potaceien picrate, 2 to 10 grains daily
in linseed mucilage.

The only tapeworm of importance found in the sheep
is the ‘ tenia expansa.’ But it is questionable if it does
much harm. It is seldom found unassociated with other
parasites.

312 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

JOINT-ILL (ARTHRITIS),

Except as a purely sporadic disease, is due to a com-
bination of two causes—(1) a depraved or impoverished
condition of the mother’s blood—nearly always, in my
experience, brought about by injudicious management—
whereby the milk contracts deleterious properties; (2)
the combined effects of cold and wet. In some cases the
actual cause is inflammation of the umbilical (navel) vein,
as a result of which abscesses form in the liver. Suppu-
rative inflammation of the joints follows. The probable
primary cause of the disease is a micrococcus. (Walley.)

Lambs from two to five weeks old are very liable to
the disorder. They are often stiff all over before the
swellings appear. Sometimes they crawl on their knees.
Sometimes they are prostrate. Usually they either die or
become incurably lame and worthless.

Remedy.-—Keep warm and dry. Mild purges if cos-
tive. Cordial medicine in hot gruel. Liniment: Oil of
turpentine, 8 oz., strong solution of ammonia, 3 0z., soft
soap, 4 oz.; digest, shake at intervals, adding water to
make 2 quarts in all. Rub once or twice daily.

RHEUMATISM

Is the same in sheep as in other animals. Treat the
same.

NAVEL-ILL OR NAVEL-POCKING

Is the result (1) of a depraved condition of the moth-
er’s system; (2) the action of poisonous germs on the
clot of blood which is always found in the umbilical vein
of newly born animals. If the system is healthy, no in-
jury is caused by septic or poisonous organisms; other-
wise the vitiated blood acts as pabulum for their devel-
opment. Septic, sometimes erysipelatous, inflammation is
set up, the products of which becoming absorbed, cause
putrefactive inflammation of the joints, especially those

4

TREATMENT OF NAVEL-ILL. 313

of the hind limbs. In some cases, however, the inflam-
mation extends along the cellular tissue to the fore legs
in a forward direction and to the abdomen, thighs, and
hind legs in a backward direction, the parts soon becom-
ing of a black or purple hue from mortification.

Sire SEF : Aa eater Bs
Fig. 148. Navel-Ill.

In both joint-ill and navel-ill the condition of the
mother’s blood should be improved, and the navel cord
of the lamb should be tied with a silk or cotton ligature
and dressed with an antiseptic lotion or liniment imme-
diately after birth. (Walley.)

Aperients or neutral salts, such as sulphite or the sa-
licylate of sodium, for ewes as well as lambs. Feed ewes
very moderately.

LAMBING OR MILK FEVER (METRITIS),

Is probably caused by blood poisoning, blood poisoning
being caused by germs called micrococci. The germs
may be communicated from ewe to ewe by means of the
blood on the hands of shepherds engaged in delivering
ewes. Hence the necessity of disinfecting or washing the
hands with 1 part of carbolic acid to 50 of water, or even

314 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

with carbolic Soap § or 3 grains permanganate of potassi-
um to 1 oz. of water. The vagina of all infected ewes
should also be washed, and the sick separated from the
well. The disease is due sometimes perhaps to wounds
and the retention and decomposition of the afterbirth.

Remedy.—Siphon or syringe uterus with tepid water
or antiseptic. Remove remnants of placenta or blood
clots; render any wounds aseptic (non-poisonous). Where
walls of uterus are dilated or flaccid, inject solution of
ergot and belladonna tincture. Rugs wrung out of hot
water over loins and abdomen. Sulpho-carbelates, sul-
phites, hydronaphthol internally. If bowels are torpid,
give half dose physic with ginger, gentian and molasses,
and promote effect by laxative injections. Remove urine
by catheter. Generous diet. ‘Tonics, stimulants.

For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

ABORTION, AFTER-PAINS, AND GARGET

Are much the same in ewes as in cows. (See pages
289-291.) Ewes are more easily frightened than cows,
and they are much oftener injured in casting. They
should not be cast when pregnant, nor be roughly used.
They should be carefully watched about the middle period
of gestation. (The full period of gestation is about 150
days.) They should not be overfed and fattened just be-
fore lambing, for this is one of the chief causes of after-
pains.

In garget (sore udder), 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom salt
may be necessary, and may be repeated. Foment with
waim water and rub with ointment, &c., as for cows.

LOUPING-ILL OR TREMBLING,

Says Williams, entails great loss among hill sheep every
year. It has been described as a species of ergot intoxi-
cation or nervous excitement. There is sometimes squint-
ing, at other times convulsive movements of the eyes.

SHEEP TICKS. 315

There are also convulsive movements of the body and
legs, and more or less increase of fluid in the spinal cord.

Veterinarians are not agreed as the cause of the dis-
ease, but as good food and pure water are preventives of
it, bad food and impure water must be predisposing causes
of it.

Fig. 149. Sheep Tick.

Louping-ill is only seen on land infested with ticks.
Ticks are the cause of the disease. It is possible, how-
ever, to have land infested with ticks and yet have sheep
free of louping-ill, as all ticks do not seem to contain
disease germs.

Improve moors and pastures where it exists. The cure
is uncertain, but many sheep recover.

316 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

MEASLES

Which consists of red, irregular spots on the chest,

Fig. 152. Same,
magnified.

highly

Fig. 153. Slice of roasted sirloin beef.
a, measles divided by knife into
nearly equal parts.

Fig. 154. Measle or Bladder Worm
of beef. Magnified.

thighs, head, and sides, is preceded by slight febrile
symptoms, sneezing, coughing, swelling in the region of

_—

Se

——

MEASLES TRANSMITTED BY INOCULATION. Oly,

the head, discharge from the nostrils, hot mouth, dry
skin, constipation, loss of appetite, &c. The skin has a
peculiar odor. The red spots are hard in the center; if
pressed, they appear white for a time. They seem to do
good, for in about 24 hours after their appearance the
febrile symptoms and swelling of the head subside. The
spots become brownish in four or five days, and disap-
pear in about five days more. ‘The skin then peels off.
Some symptoms of catarrh continue. In fatal cases diar-
rhea sets in about the ninth day.

We now know that mutton and beef as well as pork
may become measled. ‘These three kinds of measles are
perfectly distinct from each other, and are derived from
different species of tapeworm. (Willams.)

The disease can be transmitted by inoculation. Out of
103 animals inoculated by way of experiment, only 1 died.

Give plenty of water and niter to lick.

HOVEN

Is practically the same in sheep as in cattle (page 238).
Remedy.—Half a pint of linseed oil; if no relief fol-

lows in 2 or 3 hours, give 4 oz. aromatic spirit of am-
monia in a pint of warm water, or about 6 oz. of brandy

a aes Hoa
ARENNDERS &CO.
GOPNRAGATED.

155. ‘Troears.

or whisky, slightly diluted with warm water. Trocar if
necessary, and retain canula as long as there are signs
of distress.

318 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP.

TETANUS (LOCK-JAW),

Is about the same in sheep as in horses and cattle, and
should be treated the same. The animal may die in twelve
hours. Exposure to cold, especially after shearing, is con-
ducive of the disease.

Keep warm and quiet. Give gruel, to which add a little
gin. Castor oil or Epsom salt; repeated if necessary. (See
pages 53 and 234.)

RABIES

Kills sheep in from three to seven weeks. It develops
itself in from two to four weeks after the bite, but it
may remain dormant till the eleventh week. ‘The sheep
gradually grow sick. Sometimes they die of paralysis, at

Fig. 156. Rabies,

other times of convulsions. They have great thirst, but
no fear of water; become furious and fight among them-
selves, but do not bite mankind. (See page 50.)

SHEEP BOT-FLIES
Are a little larger than ordinary house-flies. They are
of an ashy gray color. They deposit their eggs in the
nostrils of sheep during July and August, where, if not

expelled, they remain till spring. Being then full-grown,

:
.
4
:
:
:
:
:

EE -

_——

REMEDIES FOR BOT-FLIES, RED WATER, ETC. 319

they fall to the ground and become pupe. The pupe-
cases open in summer and they are freed. They deposit
their eggs and live till fall. The maggots penetrate to
the sinuses and sometimes even to the brain.

Remedy.—Snuff, solution of common salt, tobacco in-
fusion, diluted vinegar, or a weak solution of turpentine
may be injected into the nose. Many flies will be expelled
by sneezing. If any remain in the sinuses, trephine and
syringe with tepid water containing a small proportion of
carbolic acid.

RED WATER

Kills sheep and lambs as well as cattle. (See page
270.) If the disease is discovered in time, slaughter for
food. It is claimed that the disease is due to a lack of
iron in the system. Whether true or not, salt of iron
seems to be useful. Give 15 grains of sulphate of iron.

OPHTHALMIA (Inflamed Eyes),

Is frequent and sometimes severe in sheep. . As a rule
it is the same as in the horse (page 136), but it has
special features. One of these is where the eyelids ad-
here to the eyeball, common but not confined to sheep
suffering with scab. Shepherds separate the lid from the
ball by means of a thin, hard, and polished piece of
wood, wash with a decoction of mallows or poppyheads,
and sometimes rub in a little oil.

Sometimes the disease is epizootic-—among cattle as well
as sheep. This form is known as ‘the blind,’ and is pe-
culiar to young sheep, especially when exposed. It is
dangerous, besides which the blind animal is liable to fall
over a precipice. Apparently it is due to exposure to
cold, but it may possibly be due to a micro-organism.
It is highly infectious.

Remedy.—Dark, well ventilated shed; nutritious food,
with a lump of rock salt in trough. Tar or ointment of

320 THE DISEASES OF SHEEP. 7

salicylic acid around margin of eye, renewed in four days.
Rub with a mixture of castor oil and corrosive sublimate,
or blow, with quill, salt dried by heating into the eye.

In diseases of the eyes, in either sheep or cattle, it is
better, when practicable, to fatten and slaughter than to
waste time and money in treatment, especially in such
diseases as amaurosis (glass-eye), glaucoma, We.

NON-SECRETION OF MILK (AGALACTIA),

When not depending on any disease nor on wasting of
the udder, may usually be restored, or partially restored,
by the use of nutritious food and the following draft:
Powdered aniseed, 2 0z., powdered gentian, 2 0oz., in a
pint of warm water or beer, 2 or 3 times daily.

The ears of sheep require to be kept clean, as they
are lable to inflammation from dirt and maggots. The
head is carried lower than usual, often a little to one
side, and is occasionally shaken.

Fractured and Broken Limbs are sometimes cura-
ble, but unless the sheep is very valuable, it is cheaper
to slaughter.

PART. IV.

THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

THE stomach and digestive organs of swine and dogs,
says Dun, much resemble those of man and are acted on
in nearly the same way by most drugs. The best purge
for-swine is three or four ounces of Epsom salt, or a
like quantity of linseed or castor oil, given in a shallow
spoon or bottle. An assistant should hold the animal
firmly by the ears. From two to five drams of aloes is
also a good purge, but it takes from twelve to fifteen
hours to operate. Also one to three drams of jalap, but
large doses may cause nausea or even vomiting. Five to
ten drops of croton oil is a prompt and effectual drastic
purge, but requires, as in most other patients, to be used
with much caution.

To be healthy, swine (in herds) should be kept in large
fields or inclosures, and be provided with grass, pure,
running water, and shade, especially in summer. Corn
and other fattening foods are good for winter. Careful
feeding, breeding, and management are very important
factors in swine rearing, more important perhaps than all
the medicines combined. Still simple disorders may be
successfully treated. _

Unlike cattle and sheep, the pig has but one stomach,
which is nearly as simple in structure as that of the
horse. Its teeth are adapted to the mastication of many
kinds of food. he tushes are formidable weapons.

322 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

SWINE PLAGUE OR SWINE ANTHRAX,

Also known as hog cholera, red soldier, blue sickness,
“measles, erysipelas, intestinal fever, typhoid fever, &c., is
a highly contagious and infective disease. It has a period
of incubation, after inoculation, of about five days, when
the temperature is 104 or 106°, succeeded by signs of
general ill health and usually a rash on the skin. It is
epizootic, and is the most fatal swine disease. Pigs dif-

Fig. 157. Part of cecum (blind gut). a, ilio-ceecal opening. 0b, b, 8,
ulcers in various stages.

fer in their susceptibility to it. It appears to be caused
by contagion or infection only, no amount of misman-
agement, filth, lack of drainage, or decomposing food
being sufficient to induce it. (Williams.)

3
;
.

ee

a

SWINE PLAGUE. 323

Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; general prostration ;
small and frequent pulse; hanging ears; sullen appear-
ance; painful and haggard expression; watery eyes, the
conjunctive membranes being red and spotted; dirty se-
cretion about the eyelids, usually preceded by a red blush
and red spots on the ears, the abdomen, and internal as-
- pects of the extremities. The reddened spots are at first
hot and painful to the touch, but become cold, humid,
and insensible even to the pricking of a pin. As the
disease advances trembling and convulsions are manifest-
ed; grinds the teeth; flexor muscles of limbs contract ;
stands on toes. These symptoms are succeeded by paral-
ysis of the posterior extremities, or of the whole body,
involuntary defacation (bowel evacuation), and high col-
ored and even bloody urine. The bowels are at first gen-
erally torpid, but the feces may be soft and mixed with
very black, fetid blood and thick, tenacious mucus. Di-
arrhea, however, often sets in; the evacuations are then
profuse and exhaustive; the breathing becomes catching
and convulsive; a painful cough is present; the convul-
sions increase in violence and may continue to do so till
the end; but sometimes the animal becomes comatose and
remains so till the end.

‘In some cases the first observable symptoms remain
stationary from 24 to 48 hours; then the surface of the
body becomes burning hot and very sensitive to the touch,
notably at the sides and abdominal walls. If touched,
the animal cries with pain. To these signs are added
trembling, convulsions, grinding of the teeth, and tetanic
(tetanus or lock-jaw-like) contraction of the muscles, suc-
ceeded by rapid diminution of temperature. ‘The mem-
branes of the eyes become brown, the eyes themselves
bleared; tongue dirty, thick, bluish; the animal, ex-
_tended on its litter, is incapable of any regulated move-
ment, and dies in from 24 to 48 hours.

These symptoms are liable to various modifications, de-

324 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

pending on the intensity of the fever and the locality
of the poison. In some cases the virus seems to expend
itself on the serous membranes, causing either inflamma-
tion of the peritoneum or pleurisy ; sometimes on the
mucous membranes, as shown by bronchitis or broncho-
pneumonic congestion and hemorrhage, and enteric (in-
testinal) congestion and ulceration; sometimes even to
perforation or rupture of the bowel.

In many cases the animal is amaurotic; wanders to
and fro; falls, rolls, kicks. Now and then it will rise
from its bed and give a piercing cry, the whole body be-
ing involuntarily convulsed. (Williams. )

Dr. H. J. Ditmers says swine plague ‘‘is not a single
or separate disease, but rather a group of several kindred

diseases, similar to each other in regard to causes, mor-

bid process, contagiousness, and final termination, but
differing very much as to symptoms, seat of morbid pro-
cess, course, and duration.” .

Swine plague is classed among the incurable diseases.

APOPLEXY

Occurs usually in fat hogs. Several forms have been
described, but all are chiefly caused perhaps by too much
blood and confinement—lack of exercise. The specific
blood poison of anthrax may not be present. The dis-
eases of pigs to which the term apoplexy is applied, how-
ever, partake more of the nature of anthrax than other-
wise, especielly in young and growing animals,

Symptoms.—Restlessness; eyes bloodshot; appetite
variable; constipation; dung and urine scanty. As the
animal eats, it suddenly stops, reels, and falls down dead,
a great quantity of foam issuing from the mouth.

Remedy.—As apoplexy is a most fatal complaint,
_ prompt preventive measures should be instituted on its
first appearance. Place healthy swine on a low diet;
exercise; cleanliness. Give Epsom salt, 2 to 4 oz., cal-

———— ee

:

BLEED FOR APOPLEXY. 825

omel, 3 to 10 grains, ginger, 2 to 3 drams, with molasses
and linseed mucilage in proportion—immediately. Give
same dose to sick hog, that is, if it does not die too soon.
Clysters for constipation. When down and _ breathing
heavily, bleed from the veins of the inner surface of the
ears. The palate veins and also those of the fore limbs
may be opened if necessary.

EPILEPSY

Prevails more among swine than among either cattle
or sheep. Its exact nature is not understood further than
that it depends on some peculiar morbid condition of the
nervous system, probably degeneration of tissue, arising
from defective nutrition; also on remote causes, such as
abscesses, tumors, &c., in the spieen, brain, and other
organs; worms in the stomach or intestines, and other
conditions producing reflex action. It is peculiar to young
animals generally, but it occurs in the old also as a result
of blood diseases, blood poisoning, &c. It is rarely ¢urable.

Symptoms.—Severe convulsions, with coma (sleepiness)
and foaming at the mouth; staggers; eyes protrude and

Fig. 158. Epilepsy.

stare; violent champing of teeth; drops on haunches;
fore limbs rigid; head elevated, turned from side to side
rapidly and now and then tossed up; muscles convulsed ;
urine and feces pass involuntarily; tongue bitten; falls,
_ struggles violently, and soon becomes unconscious; heart

326 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

beats strong; membranes increased in color. A long
sleep may follow, or the animal may soon regain con-
sciousness, but only to be speedily reattacked; dies.
Remedy.—lIf caused by nervous disorder, give bella-
donna or atrophine. If from worms, give a vermifuge.
Proper food and housing; exercise. At the time of attack
little can be done. Dashing cold water over the head
and face is the most proper course, deferring other mea-
sures till the seizure has passed. Strychnine, quassia,
gentian or other tonic for lack of blood; less nutritious
diet for too much blood; also exercise. As a means of
reducing the severity of an attack, and while there is
power to swallow, chloroform, chloric or sulphuric ether,
chloral hydrate, &c., should be given, or the animal may
inhale the first, the latter being injected beneath the skin.
When it is known that a nerve is at fault, it may be
divided, or the firing-iron may be applied over the locality.
For doses, see pages 13 to 29.

TRICHINA SPIRALIS (WORMS),

According to Williams, is usually found within capsules
or cysts, occupying the muscles of some animals, such
as the pig, or even of man. When full-grown, the female
is much larger than the male, being one-eighth and one-
eighteenth of an inch in length respectively.

Small animals, such as rats, cats, and rabbits, when
seriously infected, like man, soon succumb to the disease.
The health of larger animals, however, is rarely affected.
A pig that was experimented on in the Royal Veterinary
College, showed no signs of the disease, notwithstanding
an after-death examination indicated that its flesh prob-
ably contained 16,000,000 of living worms! Other pigs,
however, showed much general disturbance and suffering,
arising from the irritation of the worms in the intestines
and during their passage into the muscular tissue. The
irritation of the alimentary canal, which lessens toward

COOK PORK WELL. 327

the end of the first week after pigs have swallowed trich-
ine, is denoted by loss of appetite, vomiting, colic, diar-
rhea, dullness, arching of the back, and an inclination
to lie down and hide in the litter. These symptoms, ex-
cept the diarrhea, usually disappear in from six to eight
days.

eS
7 fe

= EG

NESS

Fig. 160. The immature worm, highly magnified.
e

When the trichine are numerous, the membranous pas-
sage of a great number of them induce in some pigs a
fatal inflammation of the peritoneum; in others a form
of inflammation of the intestines, with ejection of false
‘membrane.

Trichinous pork, if used at all, must be well cooked.
Great heat is necessary to kill all the worms. The only
safe plan is to cook all pork meat thoroughly.

328 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.
:
:

MEASLES
In swine, cattle, or sheep means an internal or intra- :
muscular disorder, not an external eruptive disease. It q

Fig. 161. Measles in pork.

Satan
ee ee

= he

Fig. 162. Same, highly
magnified.

aF
Fig. 163. Slice of roasted sirloin beef:
a, measles divided by knife into
nearly equal parts.

.
:
4
|
|

syess ae

Fig. 164. Measle or Bladder Worm
of beef. Magnified.

is caused by a tapeworm technically known as ‘ Tenia
solium’ (solitary tapeworm), which imbeds itself in the

WHAT MAY CAUSE TAPEWORM. 329
flesh. The eggs of the worm are taken up by the pig in
its search for food here and there, especially amorg dung
heaps and other filth. The worm is nearly spheroidal in
shape, having an average diameter of about 1-694th of an
inch, and therefore readily enters the circulation, whence
it is carried to various parts of the body. It is very pro-
lific. It lives about two years and produces at least 1,600
joints, each of which contains 53,000 eggs—total, 85,000,-.
000. Fortunately, like the ova of other parasites, many
are destroyed in various ways.

After the ova enter the flesh, several changes occur.
The germs are inclosed in small cysts or bladders, each

Yo. >
Nie

-Fig. 165. Larva of Pork Tapeworm, Fig. 166. Head of Teenia Solium
with caudal vesicle, liberated or Pork Tapeworm.
from eyst. Hooks at top.
having a small, rudimentary head, with hooks and suck-
ers, &c. They remain in the body till the pig is slaugh-
tered, when, if the pork is not thoroughly cooked, they
produce full-grown tapeworms. An unusually large num-
_ ber of them may kill a hog. They are peculiar to the

330 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

tender flesh of young animals, being unable to enter the
solid flesh of those even one year old. (Armitage.)
Prevention.—Feed swine on healthy food.

PROTRUSION OF THE RECTUM

Is common. The causes are violent straining during
constipation, diarrhea, impaction of the stomach, worms,
piles, and injuries inflicted in the anus or intestine; it
may also follow difficult parturition and stitching across
the vulva to prevent eversion of the uterus or bladder.

Fig. 167. Protrusion of the Rectum.

Remedy.—When recent, the color bright, and the tn-
mor of moderate dimensions, merely wash parts gently
with warm water, the whole carefully compressed at the
sides by the fingers, which are spread so as to include as
much of the tumor as possible. By a kneading move-
ment, in which the thumbs should be especially active,
the central part gradually returns, followed by the outer,
until the whole is replaced. Subsequent straining is to
be checked—when not caused by constipation—by a full
dose of opium or chloroform, chloric ether, &c., and in-
jections of the same fluids may be required. When con-
stipation is the cause, purgatives should be given, com-
bined with anodynes. Change food if necessary. Some-
times the organ is protruded six or seven inches, is greatly
swollen, and now and then lacerated by being seized by
other pigs. Foment for two hours or more, and if nec-

.

REMEDY FOR CONSTIPATION. 301

essary apply ice, astringents, &c. In other cases, when
time has elapsed, the organ may be livid or dark purple
in color and injured by the movements of the patient.
Treat as above and recovery often follows. The cause
of the protrusion must be ascertained and removed be-
fore a permanent cure can be effected. (Armitage.)

CONSTIPATION

Is caused by the excessive use of highly stimulating
food and lack of exercise.

Symptoms.—Dull; refuses food; avoids companions,
even hiding in the straw or in a dark corner of the stye;
is obstinate, even bearing punishment before rising ; walks
crampy, grunting or screaming; anus clean and firmly
contracted; belly tender, pressure on which causing the
animal to scream, rush away, and crouch at a distance;

Fig. 168. Usual position when suffering from Constipation

the invariable position is as shown above (Fig. 168) ;
pulse rapid, full, hard; membranes injected; abdominal
pain; up and down, screaming or grunting; urine de-
ficient, high colored, ammoniacal. If not relieved, the
symptoms increase in severity; becomes frantic; apoplexy
may end life. Sometimes the abdominal pains increase,
diarrhea ensues, and the animal dies in from 12 to 24
hours of prostration.

Remedy.—Purge early with Epsom salt, 2 to 4 oz.,
powdered ginger, 1 dram, powdered gentian, 2 drams,
calomel, 5 to 10 grains, mixed in linseed mucilage. In-

jections of soap and warm water every half hour. In 2

332 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

hours after giving the internal dose, give the following
stimulant: Spirit nitric ether, 2 to 4 drams, essence of
ginger, + dram, tincture of belladonna, 1 dram, in a half
pint of warm linseed tea. Friction to skin; general com-~
fort. Laxative food at first, in sparing quantities and at
regular intervals. Drink, tepid water, with a small quan-
tity of oatmeal, linseed tea, &c. Let animal roam. Care-
ful attention to food to prevent another attack. (Armi-
tage.)
SCROTAL RUPTURE (HERNIA),

Is very common among young pigs, and such should
be castrated by the covered operation. The general prac-
tice is to castrate in the usual way and stitch the divided
scrotum. Sometimes castrators include the intestine in
the suture, causing death. I have cut pigs with hernia
by merely inclosing the scrotum in a loop of twine-—first
returning the intestine—and allowing the parts to be re-
moved by sloughing; and they have done well. Pigs are
peculiarly liable, during some seasons, to suffer from te-
tanus (so-called lock-jaw) after castration. (Williams.)

CATARRH

Is the same in nature in swine as in other animals, and
should be treated the same. Give laxatives in warm
mashes, and protect from exposure to cold, dampness, and
drafts. (See pages 70 and 258.)

DIARRHEA,

Which usually attacks sucking pigs, should be treated
on the same general principles as diarrhea in other ani-
mals. ‘The dose must be small for young pigs, and is
best given in a shallow spoon or bottle, but for older
imals it may be mixed in a dainty dish. In sucking pigs
see that the sow has healthy food; in fact, look to the
food in every case. (See pages 107, 246).

A VALUABLE LINIMENT. 333

PARALYSIS OF HIND QUARTERS

Is not common, but it should be combated with care
and suitable remedies. Simple turpentine rubbed over
the loins and back sometimes gives relief. If it fails, rub
with the following penetrating liniment: Alcohol, 1 pint,
ammonia, + oz., oil organum, 4 oz., oil sassafras, $ 92z.,
tincture opium, 4 oz., tincture capsicum, 4 oz., oil vur-
pentine, $ 0z., camphor, 4 oz. A teaspoonful of this lini-
ment, diluted with a wine-glass of water, will check di-
arrhea or colic in man as well as the lower animals. Re-
peat dose if necessary. Horses and cattle would require
about $ an oz. internally for colic; water in proportion.

RHEUMATISM

Should be treated with the above liniment, or some
other equally soothing and penetrating. Give gentle lax-
ative in food if necessary, and keep swine in warm, dry
quarters.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS (PNEUMO-
NIA),

Also called heaves, thumps, &c., is a dangerous and
usually incurable disease. (See pages 79, 261.)

QUINSY

Is an inflammation of the throat and adjacent parts,
accompanied by more or less fever. It is similar to if
not the same as laryngitis (sore throat). Apply warm
fomentations and rub with soothing liniments. If exter-
nal suppuration takes place, encourage it, and treat it as
a boil. If the animal can swallow, a tablespoonful of
turpentine and oil may be given in swill.

Quinsy, or strangles, as it is sometimes called, on ac-
count perhaps of the difficulty of breathing, is a danger-
ous disease.

334 THE DISEASES OF SWINE.

MANGE

Is caused by the mite illustrated below (Fig. 169), 15
is transmissible to man. (See pages 168, 281, 301.)

Fig. 169. The mite or acarus known as Sarcoptes suis. Magnified.
For Lice, see pages 168, 284.

For Jaundice, see pages 133, 253.

For Foot and | Mouth Disease, see page 224.

For Scrofula or Tuberculosis, see pages 91, 225.

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