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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT:

The , Be

Perfected
Poult rv &

Lwas~ Of America

A CONCISE, ILLUSTRATED TREATISE of the RECOGNIZED
BREEDS OF POULTRY, TURKEYS, AND WATER=FOWL

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etiten. by T.- Fi MeG REWA-GC GEO. Ey HOWARD
Wate US E10 HOLS Oy 1 OM, eS PG REACH Av Ni

COPYRIGHT, 1907

BY THE HOWARD

PUBLISHING CO.

ee eS ee
=— ee ee eee

LIBRARY of CONGRESS
Two Coples Received
DEC 16 1907

Oopyrignt Entry

, tee

ve YEARS) :
f weit sired awT
HAT the ‘peultry. interests of America have
long démanded.a-beok!like this can not be

Soule are great volume of literature

on the {subject is so disconnected that it

would be-méxt-to the-impossible to trace

the subject-matter with any degree of sat-

isfaction. Therefore, the importance of

having in one volume the information per-

taining to the Perfected Poultry of Amer-
ica has long been realized by those interested in
the poultry industry.

The authors appreciated this fact very fully, and
began the foundation work years ago, fully under-
standing their responsibilities and obligations to
each individual variety of fowls herein represented.
It is essential for every breeder of thoroughbred
poultry, desiring success, to have a better under-
standing of his fowls, and he should not only know
their history, qualifications, and general appear-
ances, but their points of excellence as well. To do
this properly, we have drawn upon every source of informa-
tion at our command, and have endeavored to present our re-
sults without partiality to any breed or variety. We have
given the facts and truths of the recognized breeds of Per-
fected Poultry as we have found them in every-day life, using
living models and personal experiences as the foundation of
our work.

Page 9

The Perfected Powliry qf America

The illustrated portions of this book are unusually interest-
ing, and are presented with a great deal of satisfaction. The
artist has performed his work well, and his models have been
the best to be found. No attempt has been made to idealize
the specimens, but rather to give drawings that would be
recognized and appreciated for the types of fowls to be seen in
the average breeding yards or show rooms of the country.
These drawings probably will be eriticised in some minor de-
tails, yet, as a whole, we are satisfied they will be regarded as
typical specimens of the American breeder’s fancy, and will be
given credit as being a truthful portrayal of breed types. As
a reference book, it should prove of untold value to every
breeder and fancier, and by following its pages the chances of
success in breeding and mating should be enhanced for the
expert as well as the novice.

THE AUTHORS.

Washington, D. C.

AEP BREEDS "THe ets ce f 2) eke ee 17
OV NGAUS REDS TRUBS oe ie «uence ona) pa aes 39
MEDITERRANEAN BREEDS, THE .................. 87
PINCLISH BREED THE. oo. Se ee 115
SEE IMGTONIEREED DHE: a crs deed on sale eet aadese 124
MRBNEH BREEDS BEE. settee kl Oe oo. Lak ca. 134
BOLESH ERD SUT: iteke meets ood... Salk: 142
LORE I HURT, ES oye We es ee ae 149
PHOGAP BRED. THB). 1 sree eee. won 156
LATED FE Jad 9 8 Re A SO 160
GE RPONEMINT AT BAN TA MS aes (she ret knee J uangsakies 180
MUMMIES tc zt Se, ORO ST Ea eek Fila Seat ae 193
SUNN MONVM, TETE ...9,) 0 ou. pose axes sts ase fea ee 202
MMU Ree cee ine Keel Terres bt) ula. 205
GE DTES TS. Se 2 Ooi Rings eee nee ell Ra oar ct A et eel) GRD nae 220)
MHS OR MEULY RMB G MR, 0k sate Sacred aad cee dae ae 228
OTS © Bile ONO ow vets se oe ee ide, ek ate 939-247

Pa.2 e411

ILLUSTRATIONS

GOR SODA ERAS
Cay
NII

The Asiatic Breeds

Page
Brahma, Derk, female and feathers. .....2.....0...:.0 0% 23
Brahma, Dark, male tndieaqthers ... 05.0.2 ..0h ee ssh ae 24
Brahma, Light, feniale wad feathers: ........2..0...054-. 21
Brahma, light, maléjattd featners. 2... .0. 08.2 o2n5. 20
Oochins, “Blick and Wie ook. some eee ae ee 33
Cochin, Buff, male and female and feathers.............. 27
Cochin, Partridge, female and feathers........../...... 31
Cochin, Partridge, male and feathers ... 02+: suas ...<2a5 30
Kanoshans: Black’ and” Whitew te 022.208 4 eae ee 37

The American Breeds

American Dominique, female and feathers.............. 71
American Dominique, male and feathers ............... 76
buckeyes and” feathers. 3oe eke lk. saeco eee 69
Javea: Mottled. feathers irom’ 4.2. 22. o.. Bsc eee 84-85
Java, Mottled, female and feathers..>.......:..2...+022 80
Java, Mottled, male: and ‘téathers...... <0. 2.42. aa nee 81
davae, Black and heathers, 02) Wii. Be son dee eee eee 83
Plymouth Rock, Barred, female and feathers............ 42
Plymouth Rock, Barred, male and feathers............. 43
Piymouth Rocks Butt sand? Witte 60. \o. rk ee ee 45
Rhode Island Reds, Rose-combed, and feathers.......... 73
Rhode Island Reds, Single-combed, and feathers......... tL
Weandottes; Bult and White ...0/ 2.5 0.002 eee 5D
Wyandotte, Columbian, female and feathers............ 66
Wyandotte, Columbian, male and feathers.............. 67

Mie Pertected Poultry of -Amerrea

Page
Wyandotte, Golden-laced, female and feathers.......... De
Wyandotte, Golden-laced, male and feathers............ 52
Wyandotte, Partridge, female and feathers.............. 59
Wyandotte, Partridge, male and feathers ............... 58
Wyandotte, Silver-laced, female and feathers............ 47
Wyandotte, Silver-laced, male and feathers............. 46
Wyandotte, Silver-penciled, female and feathers......... 63
Wyandotte, Silver-penciled, male and feathers........... 62

The Mediterranean Breeds
neon snemale and Teabmers.”, dvs ci S\e< sos a ie es eb bees 111
mneona. male and. Teatherss eis ohh. dee). sks ona ewe 119
Andalusian, Blue\female and: feathers... .......5..2-..+: 106
Andalusian, Blue, mate and feathers.............0.....% 107
Leghorn, Rose-combed Brown, male and feathers........ 90
iechoris. taamand Pyle... cet See ca ce elbae andes eens 93
Leghorn, Rose-combed Brown, female and feathers...... |
Leghorn, Rose-combed Brown, male and feathers....... 90
Leghorn, Silver Duckwing, female and feathers......... 95
Leghorn, Silver Duckwing, male and feathers............ 94
Minoreas, Single and Rose-combed Black ............... 101
Minoreas, Single and Rose-combed White............... 103
Spanish, White-faced Black, and feathers................ 105
The English Breed
Dorking, Colored, female and feathers.................. 115
Herkimer Coimred, male and feathers. :..........3.225 8. 119
Dorking, Silver-gray, female and feathers............... 122
Dorking, Silver-gray, male and feathers ................ 123
Dorking, White, female and feathers. .:...... 052.0566. uD Ey
Dorking, White, male-and feathers ...........5........ 116
The Orpington Breed

Bropinetoms. Pui aid Widen: sts eo on stack > tee co ee at 129
Orpington, Jubilee, female and feathers................. 127

Page 13

The Perfécted ‘Poamhtiry cof 4umerics

Orpington, Jubilee, male and feathers)... 2) .jvs0- 227 -e 126
Orpinetons, Single-combed Black and Rose-combed Buff.. 125

The French Breeds

@revecoeur, female-and feathers: . 22s. sc %) . fe eee ee 141
Creveeoeur, male.and fearhers? fe. 7... Sen oe oe eee ee 140
Foudan. female and’ feathers: oh. Ae 2 Cee eee d
Houdans male tamd Leatineess «05 5s. canes ae eee ee ee 133
ba. Pieche: female and teareers.... cbt. alata eee 136
fa Blech. male: and feabmers’.s cn heres cee Sete ere 137

The Polish Breed

Polish, Buff-laced and White-crested Black............. 143
PolishGolden. fémale*and feathers. 225 2s. sacs ee eee 146
Polish, Golder. malevand teankhers:\cfcir svete eee Dee 147

The Dutch Breed

Hamburg, Golden-penciled, female and feathers ......... 155
Hamburg, Golden-penciled, male and feathers .......... 154
Hamburg, Silver-spangled, female and feathers ......... 150
Hamburg, Silver-spangled, male and feathers ........... 151

The Redcap Breed

Redcap, female and’ ‘featu6ers: .< 49+ J2<4. cee ree 158
ihedeap, male and feathers i.5°30 4 saccs << caashen a eee eee. 159

The Game Breed

Game, Black-breasted Red, female and feathers.......... 166
Game, Black-breasted Red, male and feathers........... 167
Game, Brown Red, female and feathers................. 163
Game, Brown Red, male and feathers. 2. <tc. cee eee 162
Game, Cornish Indian, female and feathers.............. 171

ieee erfected Powltry of America

Page
Game, Cornish Indian, male and feathers............... 170
Game, Red Malay, female and feathers.................. 174
Game, Red Malay, male and feathers......:<..../...... 175
Game Bantams, Silver Duckwing and Red Pyle.......... LTT
Ornamental Bantams
Black-tailed Japanese Bantams and feathers............. 189
pramma, and) Cochin -Bantains 52504. . e oeee eee So 181
Rose-combed Bantams, White and Black................ 185
Popa Bantams andeeapmersir. corsa. fl 54 0 was. ab 183
Turkeys
Bron lurkeys «and Leathers ite) oe. 2S. od apa sk ek 195
Brouze and Narragansett Turkeys 2). os. oes ce ccc ws 197
Hgtand Hurkers uit -and. Witte a... Saesse ss: siden. oe 201
Marcracansett Lurkeys ‘and teathiers, .... 4. sus os sven oon 19%
The Guinea Fowl
Bear anedy Waite, Gamnica, Hons wasn Ac eats a2 ts Sak aks 203
Ducks
yes omry “ane... lek ine Wek row... 7s a5. oa oot hee a ee aie 207
Colored-and White Muscovy Dueks .. 2.5) )25..4289s -. 205
Hast eindia and Cayuea: Ducks! .o 9s oo aren Seekers SOD 209
Cry, calles ward: heathens. i5 Was. es occ. boeken nde 215
indian ‘Runner, female-and feathers ....2.0.0.620.02.. 216
fdr humner male and feathers oo. 2. oc... «Sees. . 217
hove remaleamd heaghers ...'5.% 6: ii.ce ios Ce ose b ene: PAL,
hovenermale ame heatherg *<') 0.4 fees) eee GoPees sb enw es 213
Geese
meuticum Geese ald feathers. Sees. ey oe es repay
Gancoinn Geese-and: Teatherd, e825 secede lw Sacks lew 224

Page 15

The Perfected Poultry of America

Page
China, White; and Embden Geese: : :..2. sa... aa. see 221
Chimese Geese, Brown, and: feathers. .<.2.2..225.- seen 227
Toulouse Geese and feathers» .27 -...¢%.. i665 see eee 223
Toulouse and. Embden .Geese 4.1.25 ts ee See 219

Miscellaneous

Combs, Showing: Imperfections. o2..< oc teedue oa oe eee 242
Feathers, Showing Imperfections. .. «..%..o00s. 4 s¢<n.204 244
Heads of Miscellaneous; Powls. . 2: . 2 02. eecusuen. 2 2: 240-241
Heaas. OF Ply MO mba MOCKS «<7. a:!.0e 0 pa eee eee ene 23d
Heads ‘of Rose-combed erhorns ...6 2.5 bes Se eee een 238
Heads of Single-combed Leghorns ..................::- 237
eqs tot. Wiyandethes <5. 825 he... sachet ee eee ee 236
Imperteet: Conrb: and! Wine +4. 03. pakke ces a ee 239
HMB EE REEL AML) + ode £25. cic ae a ok he Se ee 2 eee ae ee ee 243
DBEechions. diva LP Owl Denmmed \Scsud .s saletwme ees ae ae ee 234
Shanks and Feet, Miscellaneous Fowls .............. 245-246

phank and Foot, Cochin Howl w+. ...0./.0. 302 toe eee 247

The PERFECTED POULTRY of America

~@

CO SAO

KEES at A

ERY
CLES

THE ASIATIC BREEDS

HE Asiatic family comprises the Light and

Dark Brahmas, the Buff, Partridge, White
and Black Cochins, and the Black and White
Langshans. These varieties represent the
meat-producing fowls of the poultry indus-
try. They are the largest of all poultry, the
Brahma ranging in weight from eight to
twelve pounds; the Cochin from seven to
ten pounds; the Langshan six to ten pounds, but all these
fowls are frequently bred from one to two pounds heavier than
the weights above mentioned.

The Light Brahma is often referred to as the king of all
poultry. It is appreciated for its great size, strength, and
vigor; has yellow beak, shanks, and skin, and lays large eggs,
with rich brown shells. They are prolific egg producers and are
much valued for producing broilers, roasters, capons, as well
as for cross-breeding to improve the size and quality of other
poultry, and are very valuable as setters and mothers to
broods.

The Dark Brahma is the same as the Light in every way, ex-
cepting that they grade a little smaller in size and have the
dark-colored plumage. As a general-purpose fowl for all cli-
mates the Brahmas are quite valuable. They are easy to fat-
ten—in fact, are rather inclined to take on too much fat when
overfed.

The Perfected Poultry of America

The Cochins are not so large as the Brahmas, and have short
legs and low-set bodies. They are compact, closely-built fowls ;
have yellow skin, beak, and shanks, very long plumage which is
largely down or under-fiuff, are rather quiet in disposition, and
take on flesh very rapidly. They do not lay as many eggs as the
Brahmas, besides being of a smaller size, and the shell is of a
lighter brown tint than the others of the Asiatic family. They
are splendid exhibition fowls and make excellent table poul-
try as broilers and roasters. They are valued next to the
Brahma for capons and market. They are remarkably hardy,
quite apt to become broody, and make the best of mothers for
young chicks. They are easily confined, and will scarcely at-
tempt to go over a three-foot fence. The young are very hardy
and easy to raise, and develop quickly. Some prefer them to
the Brahma for crossing with the Indian Game for the pro-
duction of table poultry.

The Langshan is a large appearing fowl, having unusually
long shanks and thighs, with very prominent tail and long
neck. These distinctive features give the Langshan the ap-
pearance of having greater size and weight than really belongs
to them. They were originally most highly valued as ege-
producing fowls and market poultry, and their eggs are about
equal in size to those of the Brahma, but of a darker brown
color. They have been as successfully bred in the South as in
the northern or colder climate, and are much valued as market
poultry in localities where white-skinned fowls are preferred
to yellow ones.

Classification in Detail

THE BRAHMA. The Light Brahma was the American fan-
cier’s original creation in poultry. Although the foundation
of these came from the Oriental countries, they came in such
crude form that one would scarcely recognize the present
Brahma as being in any way related to them.

Light and dark varieties are of the same family, both having
come from one original strain. The Light Brahma came from
lighter-colored specimens, while the Dark Brahma was devel-
oped from darker or gray-colored specimens. Each year has
added improvement to them in color and markings and
Brahma characteristics.

Page 18

Mier Perfected Poultry of America

LIGHT BRAHMA HISTORY. The late George P. Burn-
ham, of Boston, in early days bred from fowls called the Gray
Chittagongs and the Brahmapootras, which were called Brah-
mas. Later a better type was produced by Mr. Virgil Cornish,
of New Britain, Conn. Mr. Cornish and Mr. Nelson H. Cham-
berlain coming in possession of some specimens brought over in
a trading vessel, established a distinct type of Brahmas, which
‘might be termed the Chamberlain-Cornish strain. This type
was taken up by such fanciers as E. C. Comey, Philander Wil-
liams, I. K. Feleh, and others. This strain has been so much
improved in form and color that we now have birds as beauti-
ful as they are represented in the illustrations.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Light Brahma should have size,
vigor, and strong bone formation equal to sustaining their
enormous weight of from fourteen to sixteen pounds. Notwith-
standing the fact that their average weight ranges from eight
pounds for the pullet to twelve pounds for the cock bird, it is
not unusual to meet with specimens fully two pounds over
these weights. The Brahma type is distinctive, quite different
from that of the Cochin or Langshan. The main features of
the Brahma type are the long, broad back, fulness at shoul-
ders, and the back having a proper rising to a concave forma-
tion from the shoulder, well up on the saddle. Here the forma-
tion is changed from the fact that the tail opens up to a very
pronounced A-shape, widening out as it curves down to the
base in a manner that fills out the cushion and the side forma-
tion over the thighs, making the full, broad appearance of the
back which is so much desired. This characteristic is strongly
present in the female. The cushion formation of the Brahma,
both male and female, is built out through the shape of the
tail, not ike the Cochin, where the fulsome formation is largely
created through the heavy, downy under-fluff of the plumage.
The Brahma should stand firm and plumb upon its shanks.
The bend at the knee so often seen in specimens in the exhibi-
tion pen is not the true Brahma type. They should stand
erect upon their feet as shown in the illustrations, which
present true Brahma shape in both the male and the female.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Brahma male might best be de-
seribed as having a stately, attractive carriage, full, round,

Page 19

Plate I

Light Brahma Male and Feathers

fi
\
PN
Uy,

Page 20

Light Brahma Female and Feathers ~ Plate IT

The Perfected Poultey ot. America

broad, deep breast; body, rather long, and of heavy plump
formation ; neck, beautifully arched, and of a strong, imposing
appearance, with hackle falling down well over the shoulders.
This, in connection with the rise and spread of the tail, makes
the proper formation of back which is characteristic of the
Brahma. The head of the Brahma is, perhaps, one of the most
beautiful of all its features, small, broad over the eyes, of a
length proportionate to beauty; beak, strong, imposing; comb,
of that peculiar pea shape which describes three separate
combs united together, the center one being the largest and
highest of the three, all of them conforming to the shape of
the head. Where the head joins onto the neck, there is a
slight indication or marking which shows distinetly the end.
Having described the formation of the tail and back, it is only
necessary to say that the under-body should be strong and full,
the abdomen well developed and covered with profuse plum-
age, which follows the shape of the leg or thigh to the hoek
joint, ending there with a beautiful round formation entirely
free from hock plumage. The color of the Brahma is clearly
defined black and white; the hackle of both male and female
centered with beautiful black; the wing-flights should have a
predominance of black with white edging on the lower web;
the secondaries, lower portion of lower web, white in the male
and female. Tail-coverts, black edged with white, main tail
feathers rich, glossy black; the feathers on the shanks and toes
may be intermingled with black, the richness of plumage
largely depending upon the purity of both colors. The illus-
trations of the feathers will convey intelligently the real de-
mands for color and markings.

DARK BRAHMA HISTORY. The Dark Brahma came from
the same original importation from which the Light Brahmas
were produced. In writing of these in 1860, Mr. Virgil Cor-
nish states that there was a tendency to throw dark chickens
from the original or lghtest-colored pair. The other two pairs
of the original importation were quite dark and red in color.
The light gray ones were selected, and from them both the
Light and Dark Brahmas were grown. Notwithstanding the
tendency of these birds to throw the dark-colored chickens,
there was a greater tendency toward the lighter shades. By

Page 22

mines Pertected Poultry of America

separating these into the light and the dark matings the two
distinct varieties were made possible.

CHARACTERISTICS. The same general characteristics
will apply to the Dark Brahma as given above for the Light.
Too much importance can not be attached to type or gen-
eral breed characteristics. For each and every breed there is
an established type or shape description, from which there
should not be any deviation, no matter what the variety may
be, if it belongs to that particular breed. To be successful in
obtaining the best, first preference must always be given to
breed characteristics.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Dark Brahma,
male and female, should be identical with the Light Brahma.
The color, however, is quite different from that of the Light
variety. The top color of the male bird, including head, neck,
back, and saddle, should be of a clean, clear silvery white; the
center of the hackle plumage, having a black strip extending
through the middle of each feather, conforming almost exactly
to the shape of the feather. The saddle should be marked with
black the same as the hackle; breast, under-body color, includ-
ing thighs, and fluff, black; the color of the surface of the
wing gives the appearance of a perfectly white wing, bow and
bay separated with a partially crescent-shaped bar of black;
tail, a glossy greenish black, with the lesser coverts edged with
white. The feathers on shanks and toes, black, or black
shaded with greenish white; the color of the female is de-
seribed as silvery white. Many prefer to call this a steel-gray
color, each feather of which shall be penciled with black, the
penciling to conform to the shape of the feather. Each feather
on the entire body should thus be marked; the neck hackle
having a black center with a light-gray edging. In most in-
stances, the hackle feathers of the Dark Brahma are not so
white, nor is the black center so large as is frequently seen in
the best of the Light variety. Main tail feathers, black, with
the upper ones penciled or stippled on the upper edge. Too
often do we find the greater portion of the back and under
plumage of the Dark Brahma female stippled, not penciled,
the stippling in formation being quite like the marking of the

Page 23

Plate III Dark Brahma Male and Feathers

Page 24

Dark Brahma Female and Feathers Plate IV

Thee’ Perfected “Poultry on Warerica

Brown Leghorn female. This is very detrimental indeed to
exhibition quality. Wings of the Dark Brahma female should
be black with a narrow edge of gray penciling on lower web
of primaries and secondaries as well. It is most usual to find
the lower portion of the secondaries stippled or mixed with
black.

THE COCHIN. The Cochin family, composed of four dis-
tinet varieties, is known as Buff, Partridge, White, and Black.
The originals of the Cochin family were also known as Shang-
hais, taking that name from the fact that they first came from
the port of that name in China. Later, they were called
Cochin Chinas. Following this, the descriptive name of Cochin
became general throughout the world. The first importation
of these were the Buff variety, some of which carried the hight
lemon shade of plumage, others being very much darker in
color, including the darkest cinnamon. Following these poorly
marked specimens, from which the Partridge variety was bred,
were a few Blacks of very poor quality, and some pure Whites
came later. The Cornish Brahmas came to this country in
1847. The first Cochins reached England in 1843. The origi-
nal Cochins stood quite erect on very long legs, fashioned
somewhat after the Malay type; some with feathers on their
shanks, others with none. All fowls that came from the Orien-
tal country prior to 1860 were called Shanghais.

BUFF COCHIN HISTORY. High tide in poultry culture
was reached when, in 1855-60, the English went wild about
Cochins, and we were equally excited over Brahmas. About
that time the fanciers of the world began the careful separa-
tion of the several colors into the varieties of the Cochin fam-
ily. Three distinct shades of Buff were recognized—the
Lemon, the Buff, and the Cinnamon varieties. One peculiar-
ity of this family of fowls has always been the better Cochin
type, with the heavier shank and toe feathering, and a greater
amount of fluff in the lighter shades of buff than in the others
of their class. Almost thirty-five years elapsed before one
true shade of buff was selected as proper for color. With this
came the acceptance of the low-set, short, compactly-built
birds with very heavy fluff and leg and toe feather, and the
obliteration of the vulture hocks. Since 1885 there has been a

Page 26

Plate V

Buff Cochin Male and Female and Feathers

Page 27

The Perfected “Poultry “of, Americ:

continued improvement in size, shape, and color, until now
they are produced in a wonderfully high degree of perfection.

CHARACTERISTICS. The entire Cochin family should
have the one breed characteristic, and the body of the Cochin
should be of round formation in every section. The marvelous
creations of back, cushion, under-body, and fluff is owing to the
existence of a remarkably dense under-fluff formation of the
feathers. More than three-fourths of the entire plumage of the
Cochin should be an under-fiuff so constructed as to build out
the rotund formation, giving the bird the attractive appear-
ance of loose plumage, which should be so placed as to form
the true Cochin type. A feature of remarkable beauty in the
Cochin is the soft, feathery formation at the hock, where the
feathers of the lower part of the thigh mingle gracefully with
the shank plumage and have a remarkably fluffy appearance,
without having any stiff or vulture hock plumage, or the least
appearance of a break or a division at the hock line. Shank
and toe plumage is very profuse. The stoop or leaning-forward
position is natural to the Cochin, quite in reverse to that of the
Brahma. From back of the comb to the end of the tail in both
male and female of the Cochin family there should be a regu-
lar incline and decline, forming perfect curves in the neck,
back, saddle, and tail. The tail of the female might be encour-
aged to droop away just a little so as to meet the requirements
of being carried rather low. Too much of a droop, showing an
inclination toward artificial formation, should not be encour-
aged. The more profuse the cushion and fluff plumage, the
better.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of all Cochins might best
be described as being all curves. A separate description of the
comb and head is unnecessary, and is described in the illustra-
tions far better than words could do. The neek of the Cochin
male and female should have the appearance of being short
and dense in formation. The flow of the hackle into the back,
coming almost in contact with the front elevation of the sad-
dle, or cushion, shortens the back, giving the appearance of
the one flowing gently into the other. The back and cushion
of the Cochin are almost identical. If the feather plumage is
short, or hard feathered, as in the Brahma, making an elonga-

Page 28

weer Perfected Poultry (of America

tion of the back, it detracts considerably from the beauty of
the Cochin. The real beauty of the Cochin is in its well-formed
back, hackle, saddle, and tail, fluff, body, and perfect breast.
When viewed from behind, the highest type of Cochin seems
to have equal breadth with its length. The well-settled body,
deep down between the shanks, widens, giving greater width
for both breast and abdominal formation. When both of these
are well filled out, the massive, most attractive Cochin type is
presented. There is but one shade of color permissible in the
Buff Cochin—namely, an even shade of rich golden buff
throughout, free from shafting, shading, or mixed appearance.
The top color of both male and female should be always more
rich and brilliant than the balance of the plumage. This comes
from the natural glossing over of the top plumage. One fea-
ture of the greatest importance is the laying on of the color so
close and dense as to present a strong surface color, which
should be upheld by a shade of under-color sufficiently strong
as not to have the appearance of white, or lemon shade ot
under-color. The Standard goes so far as to say that the pref-
erence shall be given to the specimens carrying the richest
under-color, other things being equal. This means that where a
specimen carries an unbroken shade of color through each and
every section upheld by the true Cochin type, if the under-
color is of a nice shade of buff, the preference shall go to such
a specimen.

PARTRIDGE COCHIN HISTORY. Dr. Baylies is credited
with having bred the first good Partridge Cochins in America.
The original stock from which these were produced were
brought from England about 1847. For many years the best
Partridge Cochins were produced in the district of Massachu-
setts lying between Providence and Boston. Later Connecti-
eut became famous for the best. No variety of fowls has de-
manded so great an amount of ability to produce of a high
character as the Partridge Cochin. Several fanciers through-
out the country have now and again made themselves famous
through the beauty of their Partridge Cochins, but very few
have continued for any length of time in handling them. The
greatest success has come to those who have followed them
faithfully for many years. There is no kind of marking and

Page 29

Plate VI Partridge Cochin Male and Feathers

Page 30

Plate VII

Partridge Cochin Female and Feathers

Page 31

The Perfected Poultry of America

color more difficult to produce than the shades and markings
of the Partridge Cochin. Formerly the female- carried the
clay-colored breast; to-day, her entire plumage, through ana
through, with the exception of the hackle, should be of one
even shade of color. The English type is so different from
ours as to give it the appearance of being a separate variety.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general characteristics given in
the deseription of the Buff variety must be applied to all va-
rieties of Cochins. This makes unnecessary repetition of the
description of the other varieties. Formerly the Buff Cochin
carried by far the best breed formation; at present, honors are
almost even as to breed characteristics with the Partridge,
Buff, and White varieties. There must be some improvement
made in the Blacks to bring them up equal with the other
three. When we consider, however, that ten years ago the
Black variety trailed far in the rear of the others, we will more
fully realize the advancement the Blacks have made. This en-
courages the belief that they will ere long be fully the equal
of any of the other varieties.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of all Cochins must be
the same, the description given for the Buff applying equally
as well for the whole Cochin family. In color the Partridge
Cochin is most distinct. They are what may truly be termed
a black-red variety; the male bird being colored almost like
the Black-red Game fowl; the original females had the same
kind of plumage as the Black-red Game hen. This has
been transformed, through care and selection, into the beau-
tiful penciled plumage that distinguishes them from all others.
The top color of the Partridge Cochin male should be a rich
dark red. The only deviation from the even shade of rich,
dark top color is on the back, which is generally described as
a dark reddish-brown. We are inclined to take issue with this
color description, because we have never as yet seen a per-
fectly colored Partridge Cochin male bird that had a brown
back. A dark, reddish-brown, might be construed into almost
any shade of color, but a deep, rich, brilliant red, of a dark
shade, is much better understood. The neck hackle carries a
very heavy, brilliant, black stripe down the center of each
feather, which should have the appearance of being laid upon

Page 32

Black and White Cochins Plate VIII

The “Perfected Powltty- of )Aumernica

the top. The same stripe is present in the saddle. It is not
unusual to find the same black center well up into the back of
the rich colored male birds. The breast, bright, glossy black;
under-body color, and fluff, the same, including shanks and toe
feathering; a little less brillianey of plumage is permissible in
the fluff. The female should have a bright red hackle, each
feather centered with black. The more distinet the edging
from the center, the more attractive. While the center of the
hackle may be penciled, the real beauty of the hackle in high-
class specimens is represented in the distinct division of these
colors without any center marking. The entire balance of
surface plumage, including leg and toe feathering, should be of
a rich mahogany red, most distinctly penciled with black or
brown. Formerly the penciling was brown alone; of recent
years either brown or black are permissible. However, only black
is seen upon the best specimens. The tail, or rather the main tail
feathers of the Partridge Cochin female are black, unless
marked or penciled with the same color as the body plumage.
The wings usually earry in flights and secondaries brownish
black feathers, some showing a tendency to black in both prim-
aries and secondaries, but the most elegant show specimens
have but little inclination toward black in the feathers of the
wing. The most attractive feature of Partridge Cochin color
is the perfect evenness of shade throughout in the female, and
a blending of type and under-color in the male.

COLOR OF THE BLACK COCHIN. Every feather on the
body of the Black Cochin should be perfectly black, covered
with a rich, beetle-green sheen, carrying very dark under-color
in both shaft and fluff of feather to the skin. White or pur-
ple disfiguration of the plumage are most objectionable. Noth-
ing but rich, lustrous black plumage is admissible in the Black
variety. Shading with any other color should discard the
specimen from competition.

COLOR OF THE WHITE COCHIN. ‘The White Cochin,
male and female, should carry absolute white plumage
throughout to the skin. The surface color should be as true
and white as snow, shaft and under-color the same. The least
infringement of any other shade of color in the true white
plumage of the White Cochin is most detrimental and objec-

Page 34

Mine, Perfected Poultry of America

tionable. The shanks and beak of the Buff and White varie-
ties should be bright yellow; the shanks of the Partridge
Cochin yellow or dusky yellow; those of the Black usually
quite dark. Where the shanks shade somewhat into yellow,
it is preferred the soles of the feet of the Black Cochin should
always be yellow. This is direct opposition to that of the
Langshan, which have pinkish-white soles on their feet.
THE LANGSHAN. Whether or not the original Black
Cochin was a Langshan will never be known. We can remem-
ber, however, when the greatest stress was laid upon them
having the yellow feet and red eyes of the Cochin, while
the dark brown eye is essential to the Black Langshan. We
also remember that some of the most beautiful Black Cochins
ever shown carried solid black eyes, and the color of the bot-
tom of their feet created so much contention that it was finally
settled that bottom of feet other than yellow was made a dis-
qualification. Whether or not the original Black Langshan
and Black Cochin were of one and the same type, need not now
be considered of any consequence, because the breed charac-
teristics are so distinct as to widely separate them, one from
the other. The original Langshans were imported into Eng-
land about 1872. From there they came to this country, and
were highly favored for many years. Lately less attention
seems to have been given them, and some of the most success-
ful breeders of former years claim that the Black Langshan
was sacrificed at the altar of color disqualifications.
LANGSHAN HISTORY. It is unnecessary for us to con-
sider what is known as the Croad controversy on Langshans,
and it is sufficient that the Langshan was brought into the
poultry fancy of England. Considerable controversy has been
carried on as to the true or proper Langshan type. No mat-
ter what any one may have thought, the fact remains that they
have been developed into the type and character of fowls that
are shown in our plates. The English type are even more ex-
treme than these, the tendency there being to have them so
elevated as to have the appearance of unusually long legs, quite
like the Standard Game type. Some considerable attention
has been given to the cultivation of the White variety. If
equal determination was displayed by the specialty clubs in

Page 35

The Perfected Powltry oF “America

the interest of all three of the families of the Asiaties, they
might have greater popularity by far than is enjoyed by them
at the present time. Nothing proves this more conclusively
than the comparison of Langshan popularity to-day with that
of a few years ago.

CHARACTERISTICS. We might best deseribe Langshan
characteristics by quoting the words of a fancier who wrote:
‘*The Langshan is a very large fowl with a long body;; its tail
carried on a level with the top of the comb; its legs noticeably
long. In comparison with the Brahma and the Cochin, the
Longshan has a stilty appearance.’’ Both the Langshan male
and female have good-sized heads, large combs, heavy wat-
tles, very long tails, carried rather upright, and very broad
breast, long, deep back, heavy thighs, and but little fluff as
compared to. the Cochin; the shape of the female is quite at-
tractive, the sweep of back and tail making a distinctive for-
mation. They do not have nearly as much shank and toe
feathering as either the Cochin or the Brahma, but little or
none upon the middle toe.

SHAPE AND COLOR. To go further than the above state-
ment as to shape seems quite unnecessary, from the fact that
our illustrations give a clearly defined idea of the present type
of Langshans. In color, there is nothing in black more bril-
hant, or more glossy black, than the plumage of the Black
Langshan. The black is so rich and glossy as to be at times
termed a glistening green shade of black. The color should ex-
tend to a lesser degree clear to the skin. Beak, dark; shanks
and toes, bluish black, showing pinkish indication between
the scales, clear down to the end of the toes, and bottom of
the feet pinkish white. It is remarkable that fowls carrying
such beautiful black plumage should show any tendency what-
ever to white in plumage. This slight presence of white in-
duced the stringent clause of disqualification on one-half inch
of white in any part of plumage, except in the feet. When
this determined rule was established, Black Langshans were
sacrificed at the altar of color disqualifications.

SHAPE AND COLOR OF THE WHITE LANGSHAN. The
shape of the White Langshan should be identical with that of
the Black variety; plumage throughout pure white, under-

Page 36

Black and White Langshans Plate IX

Page 37

The ‘Perfected Powhtrye of “.merica

color the same. Pure white plumage in the Langshan is just
as necessary for exhibition quality as the pure black in the
Blacks. If the white of the White Langshan is marred with
any other color, it calls for disqualification. The beak and
shanks are of a bluish shade of color. These, as in the Black
variety, show pinkish inclination between the scales. The
eyes. of both varieties are dark brown—in the Black, brown,
and hazel in the White. The same misfortune seems to follow
Whites as Blacks, the Whites showing an inclination to have
off color in plumage, the same as the Blacks.

Page 38

THE AMERICAN BREEDS

HE American family comprises three recog-
nized varieties of Plymouth Rocks, the
Barred, Buff, White, and the later varieties,
the Silver-penciled, Partridge, and Colum-
bian; the eight acknowledged varieties of
Wyandottes, Black and Mottled Javas, Sin-
gle and Rose-combed Rhode Island Reds,
and Buckeyes. The American classes are
considered the general-purpose fowls of the country. They

average in weight from five pounds for the immature pullet to

ten pounds for the mature male birds, and it is not unusual for
specimens to weigh from one to three pounds more than these
figures.

Undoubtedly more Barred Plymouth Rocks are grown each
year than any other variety. The elongated formation of the
Plymouth Rock type tends to a greater production of medium-
sized eggs and are considered profitable producers of fine
brown-shelled eggs; they are exceptionally good sitters and
mothers, and as market poultry are highly valued. The White
Plymouth Rocks have grown in popular favor in recent years,
and the Buffs have also forged strongly to the front. The
recently recognized Silver-penciled Plymouth Rocks, the
Partridge Plymouth Rocks, and Columbian Plymouth Rocks
are all equally strong in their family characteristics.

The original of all the Wyandotte family, the Silver-laced
variety, is one of the most valuable of fowls. These have
won the honors in the yearly egg contest for two years
in Australia. They are beautiful in plumage, but difficult to
breed in the highest quality, and make excellent layers and
market poultry. Undoubtedly the Whites have gained more
popularity than any other variety of the Wyandotte, and more
of them than any other kind are to be seen in the show-room
at the present time. They are very popular for the produc-
tion of broilers, medium weight and heavy roasters, as well as
capons and old fowls. The Buff variety follows the Whites in
popularity, and close to these are the Silver-penciled and

Page 39

The Perfected Poultry et Mmerives
SS
Partridge varieties, but no other one variety of the Wyandotte
family has gained so much in public favor in so short a time
as the Columbian Wyandotte. The Blacks do not advance as
rapidly as they should. Being originated many years ago,
they have trailed along as an occasional visitor to the better
class of shows; but of late they have been taken up by both .
the English and American fancier, who, we predict, will bring
them into greater favor in the near future.

The Javas, Mottled and Black, are bred more, we imagine,
through sentiment than public favor, but no bird could be more
attractive than a well-finished Mottled Java.

The Dominique, the original American fowl, the top cross
used for producing the Barred Plymouth Rock, are not as
carefully selected and bred as they should be. The Java, the
Dominique, and the Buckeyes, which have been recently taken
into public favor, might all three of them be pushed for greater
results, and prove to be very profitable fowls.

Undoubtedly the Rhode Island Red has become a factor in
the race for popularity among the best birds for egg producers
and market poultry. They have wedged their way into the
hearts of those who dwell in the rural sections of our entire
country, and are to be found from ocean to ocean, and large
classes of them are seen on every hand.

The distinctive breed characteristics between the Plymouth
Rocks and Wyandottes, are found in the formation and
general make-up of the body and back of the two breeds. The
Plymouth Rocks should be longer in all sections than the
Wyandottes. The back of the Plymouth Rock should show
but little inclination toward cushion, while the tail of the
female is gathered together more than the tail of the Wyan-
dotte. The tail formation of the Plymouth Rock gives a well
lengthened out appearance, while that of the Wyandotte is
short and compact; the tail of a Wyandotte is more like the
formation of a Brahma. Cushion, fluff, and rotund appearance
is characteristic of the Wyandotte as compared with the more
elongated, closer-feathered appearance of the Plymouth Rock.
The Java is more like the Plymouth Rock, but with longer
body formation, straighter back, longer keel, and heavier
appearance in all sections, but they do not average in weight
as heavy as the Plymouth Rocks.

Page 40

iting )Pertected Poultry of America

The Dominique has much the same style of finish in shape
and markings as the Penciled Hamburgs. As now bred, they
are more than double the size of Hamburgs and barred like
the Plymouth Rocks. The Rhode Island Reds are not unhke
the other two members of the American family. The Buck-
eyes were created for the set purpose of having more eggs
and more good, edible meat for market purposes.

Classification in Detail

THE PLYMOUTH ROCK. The Barred Plymouth Rock
was created and improved by a number of New England
fanciers, who secured specimens from the primary cross made
of the American Dominique and the Java. The originals were
but slightly marked with the lines of two shades which have
now become known as bars. The White variety came as
sports from the Barred Plymouth Rocks. They have been
developed from the crude original into one of the most admired
varieties of the Plymouth Rock family. Buff Plymouth Rocks
did not have any of the Plymouth Rock blood in their con-
ception, but were suggested from some buff specimens that
bore a slight resemblance to the Plymouth Rock. To this con-
ception has been added, by careful breeding, the type and color
necessary to make them truly Buff Plymouth Rocks.

The Silver-penciled Plymouth Rocks, just accepted as mem-
bers of the family, are large, attractive fowls, fairly good in
type, remarkable in their color and marking, and of the same
plumage as the Dark Brahma. The Partridge Plymouth
Rocks are, undoubtedly, sports of the same variety from the
Wyandotte family. Their color is, perhaps, improved through
the use of other blood. The Columbian variety, just presented
for public favor, are undoubtedly sports from the Columbian
Wyandotte.

BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK HISTORY. Among the
records of poultry history in 1847 and 1850 is recorded the
existence of a fowl named for the landing place of our fore-
fathers, but the foundation of our present-day Barred Plym-
outh Rocks was originated later. The ancestral lines leading
back to the source of this strain, travels many pathways, but
there is no one who disputes the use of the American Domi-
nique in the original cross. All admit the union of the Domi-

Page 41

Plate X Barred Plymouth Rock Female and Feathers

Page 42

Plate XI

Barred Plymouth Rock Male and Feathers

Page 43

The ‘Perfected: Powltry sof America

nique and some black-plumaged hens. Some claim that these
black-plumaged hens were Javas, while others say they were
Shanghais, and some others believe them to have been Black
Cochins or Langshans. We feel that each of these claims
point to the one type in the original female, and that was the
smooth-shanked, black-plumaged poultry that came from the
Asiatic country to America and England in the early days.
The union of the American Dominique and these biack fowls
produced some single-combed specimens, having bars and
plumage color like the American Dominique. These were
sifted out by the New England fanciers, carefully paired, bred,
and selected to get what became the foundation stock of the
present-day American Barred Plymouth Rock.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Barred Plymouth Rock should
possess the characteristic formation of the family, which sug-
gests at a glance striking ability to reproduce their kind, and
to be very successful in a long-continued egg yield to a most
profitable degree. Their length of body, fulness of breast,
length of keel, and general make-up, leads to the conclusion
that they were improved and cultivated for the general pur-
pose fowl of the time. In these suggestions we have the well-
recognized incentive that led to their perfection. The Plym-
outh Rock was created to follow in line with the popularity
of the Brahma. They are to medium-weight poultry what the
Brahmas are to the meat-producing fowls. The back and tail
of the Plymouth Rock suggests the same formation in the
Brahma. Such formation tends toward the larger egg pro-
‘duction connected with the larger size of the egg. The Plym-
outh Rock stands boldly erect, and presents a well-rounded
elongated formation throughout its entire make-up. When
compared as a breed, the Plymouth Rock has the appearance
of greater size or weight than the Wyandotte. In recent
years, however, the Wyandotte has gained considerably in
average weight throughout their classes. Comparison of
characteristics would describe the Plymouth Rock as medium
in length compared with the Brahma, but longer in general
formation than the Wyandotte.

Page 44

Buff and White Plymouth Rocks Plate XII

: 0
pK:
gp PTI Rag

Page 45

Plate XIII Silver-laced Wyandotte Male and Feathers

Page 46

Silver-laced Wyandotte Female and Feathers Plate XIV

The Perfected Poultry of America

SHAPE AND COLOR. The general carriage of the Plym-
outh Rock male might well be described as of noble and at-
tractive appearance, with a full, rounded breast, and body
well developed at the shoulders, but long enough in back to
gracefully uphold a well-proportioned neck and tail that
would naturally belong to a class of poultry created for gen-
eral purposes. The Plymouth Rock male must have an evenly
poised body, centering from the thighs and shanks. When
deficient either front or back they have an ill-proportioned
appearance, which naturally detracts from their beauty ot
symmetry. Shape in the Plymouth Rock male is a matter of
more contention, perhaps, than in any other breed or variety.
The demands of shape in the Plymouth Rock are for a long,
broad, moderately deep, well-developed, well-rounded forma-
tion, with a medium long keel, well-developed abdomen, the
back to be covered closely with feathers, which build up a ris-
ing incline or concave sweep to the tail, with a moderate fluff
development about the abdomen. Whenever a defective breast
and long body, or a badly developed, bunchy tail is present,
there is no more Plymouth Rock shape than when the well-
developed cushion and heavy fluff is found upon them.

The color description of the Barred Plymouth Rock calls for
the yellow beak, shank, and skin, eyes bright red, plumage a
grayish white, barred across each feather with well-defined
bars of a darkish-blue color that stops short of positive black.
The present description may be quoted as follows: ‘‘Plumage
grayish white, each feather crossed by narrow, dark bars that
stop short of positive black.’’ To-day the claim is for a com-
bination of grayish-white bars parallel with dark or black
bars, so shaded as to produce a combination having the bluish
appearance. The inclination toward the too dark shade of
color and the heavy barring to the skin has created a metallic
surface color, which is now admitted to be of more than pass-
ing injury to the color qualifications of the variety. The head
points of the Plymouth Rock might be described as round and
full head formation; strong, well-shaped beak; eyes, bright, at-
tractive red or bay in color; comb, single, well placed on the
top of the head, curving front and back from a given center,
which should be most prominent, evenly cerrated, and per-
fectly smooth in formation. The barring of the Plymouth

Page 48

Mhe Perfected Poultry of America

Rock, both male and female, should continue throughout the
entire plumage of the fowl. Every feather upon the specimen
should be evenly, clearly, and well defined in barring, the-na.-
row, even bars being the best. Most important of all is the
clear, clean surface color throughout that carries prominence
enough in barring to the skin to come within the demands of
the color description. The Barred Plymouth Rock female
shows more of the elongated formation than the male. Her
back seems longer in comparison than the back of the male;
tail formation rather gathered together as an ending of the
sweep of the back, never separate, as should be the tail of the
Brahma. The back of the Plymouth Rock female should gather
together at one common center, taking into its formation both
sides well down to the line of the wing-bow, all of which
gathers together from the neck to the tail in a well-defined
sweep, which creates perfection of shape in the Plymouth
Rock female. Color of plumage the same as above described,
every feather beautifully barred with narrow markings of the
light and dark that create the attractive Plymouth Rock eolor.
To support these, the full, plump breast, body and abdominal
formation is necessary, all to be upheld by yellow shanks
and beak, free from color markings of any kind most desirable,
as most often seen, the beak shaded with dark, and the shanks
more or less spotted with same.

_. WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK HISTORY. Some twenty years
ago there appeared among the flocks of Barred Plymouth
Rocks specimens having a grayish-white plumage. Later these
were selected and placed by themselves, and cultivated for
what has proven to be one of the most attractive varieties of
poultry. Within ten years they have worked their way into
public favor to such an extent as to become the rival of their
noble ancestor, the Barred variety. In breed characteristics
and Plymouth Rock formation, the Whites have become the
model for the other varieties. Better shape, finish, and color is
found at present among the Whites than in any other variety
of the Plymouth Rock family. Their plumage is beautifully
white, and their shanks and beak are attractive in rich, yel-
low color. Size and type have almost made them leaders for
market poultry, and their history tells of more than expected
success.

Page 49

The «Perfected; /Poultry, of “America

CHARACTERISTICS. The characteristics of the White
Plymouth Rock should be the same as that demanded for all
varieties; yet it may be said to their credit that they might
well be accepted as the ideal type for breed characteristics.
The back, tail, breast, body, and abdominal development is of
the high character that we have aimed to present, both in the
illustration and description of the breed.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Having so thoroughly described
Plymouth Rock shape, it is only necessary to call attention to
the fact that all Plymouth Rocks should have the same identi-
eal shape. The color of the White Plymouth Rock, for both
male and female, should be absolutely white throughout their
entire plumage; the surface color, the quills, and the under-
eolor of pure white. There should not be the least indication
of any other shade than white in their plumage. The shanks
and beaks are yellow, and the eyes bright red. There should
never be found upon the shanks or between the toes, or upon
any portion of the shanks or toes, the least sign of stubs, down,
or feathers. All smooth-shanked fowls should be perfectly free
from the slightest growth of feathers.

BUFF FLYMOUTH ROCK HISTORY. The first of this
variety originated in northern New York. Some of them were
exhibited at the World’s Fair in Chicago. These were known
as the Wilson Buff Plymouth Rocks. Following this they were
distributed among the breeders and fanciers throughout New
York State and New England. A number of crosses were made
and several claims are made relative to the crosses that pro-
duced the best. They were not truly separated into a class by
themselves until the demands came for quality as between the
Buff Plymouth Rock and the Rhode Island Red. Since the
dividing line between these was so strongly drawn, and the
Buff Plymouth Rock required to be a Plymouth Rock having
perfect buff color, they have advanced rapidly into a most en-
viable position and have gained to a remarkable extent the
highest qualifications exacted.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Buff Plymouth Rock has the
same general type or breed characteristics as the others. Some
of the females are equal to any of the Plymouth Rock family
in shape. The males are so greatly improved as to enable them

Page 50

Mine Perfected’ Poultry :of America

to win often in close competition a special for the best Plym-
outh Rock shown.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of both male and female
is the same as has been described for the others of the family.
In color they should both have a true, even shade of golden
buff throughout their entire plumage, this to be free from
shading, shafting, or other imperfections. Every feather in
the body, including the wings and tail, should have this true,
even, buff color. If any shading of color at all is permissible,
it should be confined to the flights and the main tail feathers.
The less of this, the better, for the desirable color of plumage
is one even shade of golden buff throughout. Beaks and shanks,
rich, attractive yellow; eyes, bright red; comb, wattles, and
ear-lobes. of all Plymouth Rocks bright, attractive red; comb
formation even, smooth, of fine texture, evenly placed upon
the head, the high point in the center, grading gradually away
from the center, front and rear, forming a handsome, evenly
cerrated single comb, which does not exceed five evenly placed
cerrations, dividing off a well-constructed point or section of
the comb. The top color of the male Buff Plymouth Rock is
always richer and more brilliant than the under-body color, or
the surface plumage. Under-color to the skin, including the
entire shaft of feather, buff, of a shade that does not show
shafting in the feather. This combination of color upon a
bird of the Plymouth Rock type and characteristics gives the
combination of the true Plymouth Rock of the Buff variety.

SILVER-PENCILED PLYMOUTH ROCK HISTORY. This
variety has just been accepted as worthy of standard qualifica-
tions. There are many claims as to their origin. Some of these
claims give credit to several kinds of fowls not generally
known, but it is conceded that the best birds came as sports
from the original Brackenbury-Cornell strain of Silver-
penciled Wyandottes. This strain has produced some beauti-
fully marked specimens; others were equally fortunate in
the selection of single-combed specimens from their strain.
The best of these have produced specimens of splendid size
and beautiful markings. The females are quite as attractive
in color and marking as the best Dark Brahmas.

Page dl

Plate XV Golden-laced Wyandotte Male and Feathers

Golden-laced Wyandotte Female and Feathers Pl. XVI

age 53

iP

The Perfected Poultry of America

CHARACTERISTICS. This new variety must be bred to
the true type of the Plymouth Rock, and they must possess
all the characteristics of the family to which they belong. The
same lessons that have been taught through the Buff and the
White Plymouth Rocks will undoubtedly be followed by those
who breed the Silver-penciled Plymouth Rocks. By the time
this new variety is admitted to the Standard of 1910, they
should have reached a state of perfection that will identify
them as true Plymouth Rocks.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the male and female
of this variety must conform to the family description. In
color, the male and female are the same color as has been
described for the Dark Brahmas. Much attention should be
civen to obtaining a clear, even shade of gray throughout the
entire surface plumage of the female, the feathers to have
penciling of a darker shade, following the outline of the
feather. Main tail feathers should be black, except some of
the upper feathers, which may be powdered with a ‘grayish
cast; the primaries of the wing of the female should be edged
with gray penciling. One of the most attractive color features
of the female is the silvery-white hackle with black stripes,
occupying the middle portion of the feather, conforming to
its shape. The male has the silvery top color of hackle and
saddle striped with black, tail a bright, glossy black, having a
rich sheen; flights of the wing and primaries nicely finished
black, with a narrow edging of white on the lower web.
Lower part of secondaries should be white except near the
ends of the feather.

PARTRIDGE AND COLUMBIAN PLYMOUTH ROCK
HISTORY. For several years specimens of the Partridge
Plymouth Rocks have been shown. These fowls have a
resemblance to the Plymouth Rock, with the same plumage
color as the Partridge Wyandotte. During the winter of
1907 specimens called Columbian Plymouth Rocks have been
shown; both of these are sports from the Wyandottes of the
same name. In richness of plumage and delicacy of marking
the Partridge Plymouth Rock is the equal of the Partridge
Wyandotte. The Columbian Plymouth Rocks do not as yet
have color and markings equal to the Light Brahma, whose

Page 54

Plate XVII

Buff and White Wyandottes

The Perfected Powltay Vafii America

plumage color they bear. Both of these are what might be
termed immature varieties, and must be permitted to make
their own history.

CHARACTERISTICS. The same family characteristics
must be bred into these two new varieties that are demanded
of the other members of the Plymouth Rock family. Until
this has been accomplished it is only necessary to say that the
same type, size, and color must be bred into them which are
demanded of other members of the family.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Their shape must be true to Plym-
outh Rock type. Their color must be true to that previously
described as necessary for the Partridge Cochin and Light
Brahma, or the same as the color description given for the
Partridge and Columbian Wyandottes.

THE WYANDOTTE. The Wyandotte represents the third
family of fowls created by the American breeder. The original
Wyandotte was produced by crossing several families. The
Silver-laced Wyandotte was the first member of this family.
The original males had the same kind of plumage as the early-
day Dark Brahmas; the males had almost solid black breasts
with some frosting in the feathers. The females had narrow
stripes or spots of white in the center of the feathers, which
were called ‘‘small white centers.’’ In the males, the breast
was black, with medium-sized white centers, tapering to a
point near the extremity. These narrow or indistinct center
markings are far removed from what we have at the present
time.

Following these came the Golden-laced variety, which resem-
bled the Silver Laced in general character, but were of a black
color with the feathers centered with yellow, the breast being
much more open-laced than the back. In some instances the
breast plumage might have been called yellow, edged with
black. In the males, the dominating color, black; hackle and
saddle, reddish bay, with black stripes through the center. In
fact, the top color of the male leans toward a reddish bay,
centered or striped with black, while the breast was black,
with yellow or bay centers.

The White variety came as sports from the Silver Laced.
Then came the Buff variety, created through the union of

Page 56

UmeiPertected »Poultry of America

white and buff fowls. The Blacks came as_ sports. The
Partridge, Silver-penciled, and Columbian varieties came from
the various sources so well known.

SILVER WYANDOTTE HISTORY. The Silver Wyandotte
was the first variety of the Wyandotte family, and was origi-
nated in northern New York by Mr. John P. Ray and other
breeders, in about 1868. Those who have given them the most
thought, eredit Mr. Ray with having conceived the breed, but
at the same time believe that others in connection with him
were concerned with their improvement. In 1868, they were
called Sebright Cochins, presumably having been produced
from a cross of the Sebright and ‘‘ Yellow Chittagong.’’? From
1871 to 1876 they became quite generally distributed through
Pennsylvania, Michigan, and parts of the West. Later, they
were taken up by the eastern breeders, who had much to do
with their advancement.

These early birds were undoubtedty intermingled with Ham-
burg, Cochin, and Dark Brahma blood. They were presented
to public notice under numerous names, one of which was Co-
lumbias. After almost thirty years, the same name has been
applied to the latest variety of the family, the Columbian
Wyandotte. For a number of years there was the strongest
contention between the members of the American Poultry As-
sociation as to their admission to the Standard. They were so
unusual in character and color as to meet with but little con-
sideration at the hands of the association, but were finally
presented to the meeting of the association for revision at
Woreester, in 1883. It was at this meeting that Mr. Fred A.
Houdette, of Waltham, Mass., proposed the name Wyandotte,
which was accepted as the distinguishing name for the breed,
and which has since become one of the strongest and most ap-
preciated fowls for both exhibition and utility qualities. The
original description called for the web of the feathers on the
breast of the females to be white, each feather distinctly and
evenly laced with black; for the back of the female, the feath-
ers were black, having a small white center. The breast color
for the male, black, with medium-size white centers. As stated
above, the male birds of 1880 to 1883 had the color markings
of an inferior-colored Dark Brahma male, centers more lke
white shafting in the plumage. Some of them had feathers

Page 57

Plate XVIII Partridge Wyandotte Male and Feathers

Page 58

Plate XIX

Partridge Wyandotte Female and Feathers

9

Page 5

The Perfected (Poultry Mott niermne a

spangled at the end with crescents, something like the feathers
of a Seabright bantam, carrying only a heavy black lacing at
the point. For a few years following their recognition, there
was considerable strife over the question of size and shape orf
the white centers of the plumage. This was finally settled by
one or two of the most advanced breeders of America and Eng-
land, who produced some wonderful specimens having true
Wyandotte characteristics, with the feathers having large cen-
ters of white, known as open lacing. Since then great im-
provement has been made along these lines, which nothing
eould explain so well as the illustrations of this variety and of
their plumage. There has been one continuous debate about
the dark metallic shading in the top color of the male birds.
This is radically wrong and has been considered so for years,
but for some reason it can not be controlled or driven out with
any degree of certainty. Undoubtedly this will be maintained
as long as there is so little attention paid to the tapering cen-
ter of white in the saddle, and so much stress laid upon dark
under-color. With the arrival of other varieties, this and the
Golden have become generally known as the Laced Wyan-
dottes, and this ean be rightfully applhed to them from the
fact that the feathers carry a lacing around the outer edge,
which follows the shape of the feather.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Wyandotte type is quite dis-
tinct from the Plymouth Rock, from the fact that the gen-
eral description of the Plymouth Rock ealls for a more ex-
tended type than the Wyandotte. The Plymouth Rock is rather
long, broad, and deep, while the Wyandotte is short, deep, and
round in formation. The Wyandotte is a closely built, compact
fowl, carrying considerably more cushion and fluff than is per-
mitted in the Plymouth Rock. They are round, plump, and
rather low-built, leaning rather toward the Cochin form; not
so short, however, in back or body formation as the Cochin,
nor so profusely feathered. The Wyandotte has been termed
the market poultryman’s friend, from the fact that it grows
quickly to a plump, presentable broiler, and is always a fairly
well-finished roaster at maturity. To have the best formation
the thighs and shanks must be set well apart, leaving sufficient
space for the round, broad, deep, full breast, and body forma-
tion which belongs to the Wyandotte. When considered in

Page 60

The Perfected Poultry of America

comparison with other fowls, the Plymouth Rock would oc-
cupy in the American family the position that belongs to the
Brahma in the Asiatic family, and the Wyandotte a similar
place to that of the Cochin.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The head of the Wyandotte should
be round, surmounted with the double, or what is best known
as the Wyandotte type of comb. The eyes of the Wyandotte
should receive considerable attention regarding size and color.
They should be prominent, in color—a clear, bright red; neck
short, thick set, with plenty of hackle, which flows down over
the back, thus shortening its appearance. The back should
begin to rise just a few inches in the rear of the hackle plum-
age, and should swell out toward the tail into a very broad for-
mation having considerable cushion. The tail should grow out
of this in the male somewhat like the tail formation of the
Cochin, the female having the A-shaped tail like the Brahma,
surrounded with coverts that carry the markings to the ex-
treme end of same; in the male beautifully striped. The wings
of the Wyandotte are never carried as close to the body as
the wings of the Plymouth Rock; this gives the broader ap-
pearance at the shoulder. When the point of the wing is en-
tirely tucked away beneath the breast plumage, it gives the
well-rounded breast formation so desirable in the Wyandotte.
Top color of the male silvery white, including the entire top
plumage from the comb to the beginning of the main plumage
of the tail; hackle beautifully striped with black, the saddle
the same. Wing-bow and middle portion of back should be
silvery white; wing-bay white; between the bow and bay, two
-half-cireles of white centers edged with black, forming what
is known as the double wing-bar. One of the most important
features in the color of the male is the presence of a diamond-
shaped center of white in the saddle plumage; this so far
back as to be hidden from view on the surface. This
white centering is very valuable. The breast, thighs, and
under-body plumage should have the white center edged
with black, the more open the lacing, the more beautiful the
specimen. The beak should be dark, or yellow shaded with
dark; shanks and toes, yellow; tail plumage, glossy black;
primaries of wings, black, with an edge of white on the lower
side ; secondaries black, lower portions white. In the female, the

Page 61

Plate XX Silver-penciled Wyandotte Maleand Feathers

Silver-penciled Wyandotte Female and Feathers PI. XXI

The /$Pertected)Pomliry jot heAammerica

hackle, silvery white centered with black, the balance of the
entire body plumage, white in the center of each feather, com-
pletely laced around with black—the more open lacing being
preferred; the main tail feathers, black; wing-flights, black;
secondaries, black, the lower portion of both of these, white
edged with black. Clean, beautiful shanks in both are much
admired.

GOLDEN WYANDOTTE HISTORY. Shortly after the
recognition of the Silver Wyandotte, the Golden Wyandotte
was produced by Mr. Joseph McKeen, of Wisconsin, and others
through a union of the Partridge Cochin, Brown Leghorn, Gol-
den Hamburg, Black Breasted Games, and the Silver Wyan-
dotte. The ground color of these birds at first was much lke
the early-day Partridge Cochins. Black and golden bay were
the distinguishing colors of these birds instead of the black
and silvery white of the Silver variety. Less difficulty was ex-
perienced, probably, in bringing these into shape and color, as
the makers of this variety had the Silver variety as a founda-
tion and a model. These were naturally larger in size than
the Silvers. This is true in many strains at the present time.
For many years the Goldens excelled in shape and color, and
the best grades were distinguished by a cleaner, clearer plum-
age, and better markings than are usually seen in the Silvers
at the present time. For many years there was a brisk demand
for these birds both for exhibition and utility purposes, and as
a class they have kept pace with the others.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Golden Wyandotte must be
identical in type and breed characteristics, not only with the
Silvers, but with all varieties of the family, and there should
not be any difference whatever in type throughout the entire
Wyandotte family. Wyandotte characteristics are the same
throughout, and whenever there is any deviation from the true
Wyandotte type, they lose their identity as a fowl of beauty
and quality.

SHAPE AND COLOR. There is no difference whatever in
shape between the Silver and the Golden Wyandottes. Both of
these varieties have become known as the Laced Wyandottes,
and the markings of both should be alike, the only difference
being in the plumage color, which in the Goldens should be a

Page 64

The Perfected Poultry of America

clean, clear, golden, the top color in the male being of a richer
shade than the centers of the breast and body plumage. Wher-
ever the Silver is black, the Golden is the same, and the white
markings of the Silver are golden bay in the Golden variety,
while the centers are equally open and attractive in both
varieties.

WHITE WYANDOTTE HISTORY. In 1872, before the Sil-
ver-laced variety was well distributed, some white sports were
produced from them, which were gathered together and eare-
fully bred until they had proven to be a true variety that
would reproduce both shape and color. Mr. Hawkins states
that the first and best of these were in New York about 1885.
From these original New York White Wyandottes, crossed
with other fowls to improve size, shape, and color, has been
built up one of the most attractive and most popular varieties
of Wyandottes. Breeders throughout the country have estab-
lished strains possessing distinct characteristics, but the best
White Wyandottes may be traced back to the originals that
came as sports from the Silver-laced variety.

CHARACTERISTICS. The White Wyandotte should have
the true Wyandotte shape to a greater degree than any other
variety. Coming as they did, as sports from the foundation
strain, they naturally inherited the proper Wyandotte shape.

SHAPE AND COLOR. They must be true Wyandottes in
shape. Color of the plumage throughout, pure white to the
skin. The whiter the plumage color, the more they are valued
as exhibition fowls. Beak and shanks, rich yellow; eyes,
bright red. An important feature in all the Wyandottes is the
clear, clean, bright-red color of comb, face, wattles, and ear-
lobes. Whenever metallic white shows in lobe or face, it is a
‘blemish which should almost bar the fowl from the exhibition
pen. This metallic white should not be mistaken for the whitish
appearance that sometimes shows in these sections, which is
caused from lack of condition or the absence of a full flow of
blood into the head and face. Metallic white is like the white
on the ear-lobes of the Mediterranean family.

BLACK WYANDOTTE HISTORY. Black Wyandottes first
made their appearance in the yards of Mr. F. M. Clemens, Jr.,
Mechanicsburg, Ohio, about 1885. The first of these were a

Page 65

Pl. XXII Columbian Wyandotte Female and Feathers

Columbian Wyandotte Male and Feathers Pl. XXIII

The Perfected *Poultry {of 9Amerred

pen of black pullets, sports from the Silver Wyandottes, mated
to a cockerel that was almost entirely black. These were care-
fully bred and selected until they were of sufficient quality to
secure them recognition as a pure variety, in 1893. For many
years, in fact, until recently, they were bred but little, and
seldom ever seen even in the showroom. Of late years they
have become more popular both in this country and in Eng-
land, and it seems that the special favor now being bestowed
on black fowls has brought them more into prominence. Size,
shape, and color have improved considerably since the dark, or
black-colored shanks, have become admissible, when the bot-
tom of the feet are yellow.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Black Wyandotte characteris-
ties are identically the same as in all other varieties of the
Wyandottes.

SHAPE AND COLOR. In shape the Black Wyandotte must
be true to the demands made upon the other varieties. The
color of the beak, black, at times shaded more or less with
yellow; eyes, a beautiful red; face, comb, wattles, and ear-
lobes, bright red; shanks and toes, black preferred; the more
brilliant the black, the better the influence on the body plum-
age. If shanks and toes are shaded with yellow, or willow, it
is not entirely against them, but the bottom of feet must, how-
ever, be yellow. Plumage throughout a rich, glossy black,
carrying a finish of greenish sheen; this is more striking in the
top color of the male than in the bres:t color, or in the plumage
of the female.

BUFF WYANDOTTE HISTORY. The Buff Wyandottes
were originally conceived by Mr. George H. Brackenbury, of
Auburn, N. Y., who used as the foundation for buff an almost
clean-shanked Buff Cochin pullet. Dr. Aldrich and other fan-
ciers used Wyandotte and Rhode Island Red crosses. Mr. For-
sythe began with buff sports from the Golden Wyandotte.
These, with other crosses, were used as producers, and the se-
leections formed the foundation for the present day Buff Wy-
andottes. The best of these did not make their appearance un-
til the lines were closely drawn between the Rhode Island Red
and buff varieties of the American classes. When the demand
was made for Wyandotte type, and true, clear, clean buff color

Page 68

Buckeyes and Feathers Plate XXIV

The-.Perfected Poultry of oA merica

throughout, the improvement was quickly noticed, and they fell
in line with the other varieties in the qualifications of size,
shape, and color.

CHARACTERISTICS. Breed characteristics must be the
same in the Buff variety as in all other Wyandottes, and noth-
ing short of this is permissible.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Shape is the same as in all Wyan-
dottes. Beaks, shanks, and toes, yellow, the richer and more
golden in shade the better; eyes, bright red; comb, face, wat-
tles, and earlobes, bright red; surface color of plumage an even
shade of golden buff, so evenly laid on as to entirely fill the
web of the feather and prevent a lighter under-color to show
through. Nothing but a true, golden buff is correct; a tint
within the lemon shades not to be considered. Under-color
should be buff, a shade or two lighter in color than the surface
color. Thinness of color in surface, showing ticking, or shad-
ing through the plumage is not to be permitted.

PARTRIDGE WYANDOTTE HISTORY. In New York
State Messrs. Cornell and Brackenbury produced a strain of
Wyandottes having the color of the Partridge Cochin, known
as the Golden-penciled Wyandotte. In the western portion of
the country a strain was originated having the same color and
known as Partridge Wyandottes. After some discussion, they
were both accepted as Partridge Wyandottes. All of them
were made from the Partridge Cochin, Golden-laced Wyan-
dotte, and Golden Hamburg crosses. Since their recognition
they have been greatly improved in size, shape, and color. They
have grown from a crude beginning to a beautiful Partridge
Cochin-colored variety of Wyandottes, which fills a very envi-
able position as an exhibition fowl.

CHARACTERISTICS. Breed characteristics for the Part-
ridge variety are the same as demanded for all varieties of
Wyandottes.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Partridge Wyan-
dotte should be the same as for all Wyandottes. The color of
the male quite like the Partridge Cochin. All head points, in-
cluding the eyes, bright red. The plumage of the neck, back,
and saddle, red, shading in the center of the back darker than
the hackle and the saddle; hackle and saddle beautifully

Page 70

Single-combed R. I. Reds and Feathers Plate XXV

The Perfected Poultry of America

striped with black. Breast, body, and fluff, black; tail, black;
sickles, well glossed with a sheen; wings have flights of black
edged with red; secondaries the same; the wing-bow almost as
rich in color as the center of the back. Shanks and toes of
both male and female should be yellow. Often the shanks of
the female are badly shaded with dark. The color of the plum-
age of the female, the same throughout as the Partridge Co-
chin, being a mahogany red, or reddish brown, penciled with
a very dark brown, the shape of the penciling always follow-
ing the outline of the feather. The main tail feathers of the
female a brownish black, the upper ones powdered more or
less with the brown color; the more beautiful and finished the
color of both the better.

SILVER-PENCILED WYANDOTTE HISTORY. Mr. Brack-
enbury, of Auburn, N. Y., as above mentioned, originated the
Silver-penciled Wyandottes. Many crosses were made, using
the male of the Silver Laced having a black breast, with a fe-
male Dark Brahma, and Silver Hamburgs were crossed with
the original crosses, which created the original ground work of
the Silver-penciled Wyandottes. Other crosses were made from
Silver-laced Wyandottes and Dark Brahmas. These, through
careful selection and mating, have produced a Wyandotte of
great character, with even more beautiful plumage and mark-
ings than are found in the Dark Brahmas. The males of this
variety are by far more beautiful in plumage than the males of
the Silver Laced. They have become a most attractive and
beautiful variety of Wyandottes. The Buff, the Partridge,
and the Silver Penciled can all, more or less, trace their source
back to the home of Mr. Brackenbury at Auburn.

CHARACTERISTICS. Breed characteristics are the same
as with the other Wyandottes.

SHAPE AND COLOR. They have, to a marked degree, an
excellent Wyandotte shape. The color and markings are iden-
tical with the Dark Brahma. The top color of the male, silver-
white; hackle and saddle, penciled with black; wing-bow,
black; breast, and body color, including tail, black; shanks and
beak, yellow; female, hackle, silver-white, with a distinct black
center; balance of plumage, gray, with dark lines marking each
feather, the shape of which follows the outline. The entire

Page 72

Rose-combed R.I. Reds and Feathers Plate XXVI

Page 73

The Perfected Poultry of America

plumage of the body is distinctly marked in this way. Main
tail feathers, black; primaries and secondaries, black, edged
with gray. Shanks and toes should be yellow; this is true to
a marked degree in the males. Many of the females lack very
much in shank and toe coloring. Comb, face, wattles, and ear-
lobes, rich, clear, red, with no markings or disfigurations.

COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE HISTORY. The first Wyan-
dottes created had as one of its names, Columbias. Later, a
variety was originated by Rev. B. M. Briggs, who used Barred
Plymouth Rocks and other fowls. The present-day Columbian
Wyandotte descends from an original cross of White Wyan-
dottes with almost bare-shanked Light Brahma fowls. These
have been carefully selected and bred until now we have a
variety of the Columbian Wyandottes that are a credit to the
Wyandotte family, and follows close in line with the rich, Light
Brahma color. Those most interested in the future of this va-
riety kept away and apart from all crosses excepting the one
in which the union of the White Wyandotte and Brahma was
carried out. They have become very popular within the past
few years. Having been accepted as a variety of the Wyan-
dotte family, they have been taken up and carefully bred by
the most successful fanciers until they have obtained their
present high qualities.

CHARACTERISTICS. Breed characteristics should be the
same as for all Wyandottes.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Nothing but true Wyandotte shape
is permissible. Color of beak, and shanks, beautiful yellow;
comb, face, wattles, ear-lobes, and eyes, rich red; color of plum-
age, the same as for the Light Brahma; the hackle, beautifully
striped with black; tail, rich, glossy black; coverts of male,
edged with white, with a double row of laced coverts about the
tail of the female; flights and secondaries, black, edged with
white, black predominating, but in many instances at present,
the white has the ascendency in color of flights. The Colum-
bian Wyandotte must be a true Wyandotte in every section.
Color of body plumage an exact imitation of the Light Brahma.

HISTORY OF OTHER VARIETIES. In making the several
varieties of Wyandottes, the Buff-laced variety cropped out,
which has the buff center and the white edge in plumage. Be-

Page 74

The Perfected Poultry of America

sides these, what is known as the Violet variety was produced,
resulting from a cross between the Golden and the White Wy-
andotes, but with which some other color was, perhaps, inter-
mingled. The Violets have the ground color like the Golden,
the feathers being edged with a violet blue color. The Cuckoo
Wyandotte is an imitation of the Pea-combed Plymouth Rock,
and the only difference seems to be that the Pea-combed Plym-
outh Rock had the pea-comb of the Brahma, while the color
of the Cuckoo Wyandotte is that of the Plymouth Rock. These
three have had but little consideration. The most successfully
handled are the Buff-laced, which have the plumage color the
same as the Buff-laced Polish. The late Harrison Weir made
a color-plate of this variety, and called them White-laced Red
Wyandottes. In a letter received from Mr. Weir, he stated
that the pair illustrated by him were really as described—
fowls having a reddish-bay plumage, edged with white.

JAVA HISTORY. The Javas as now bred are not the same
fowls that were used in the original cross for producing the
Barred Plymouth Rock. Javas are mentioned by writers as
early as 1850; some of the birds were described as black, others
as having a brownish colored plumage. The Javas as we have
them to-day are thought to be the result of careful breeding by
fanciers in some one of the western states. Specimens of these
were taken by New York breeders many years ago, and by the
most painstaking efforts were grown into the present-day type,
which is a large-sized, long-bodied fowl, midway between the
Plymouth Rock and Langshan. They have short shanks, long
bodies, and were bred for the production of eggs and market
poultry. Later, the Mottled Java was produced by crossing
the Blacks with the White Plymouth Rock female. However
they may have been created, there is nothing more attractive
than a beautifully finished Mottled Java fowl.

CHARACTERISTICS. The marked characteristic of the
Java is the full length of body, having considerable breadth
and depth, with a long breast bone, heavy thighs, and well-
rounded back. The comb is single. Entire body formation is
best described as having better length than either the Plym-
outh Rock or the Wyandotte.

Page 75

Plate XXVIT American Dominique Male and Feathers

American Dominique Female and Feathers Pl. XXVIII

Page 77

The Perfected Poultry ot America

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of both the Black and
the Mottled varieties require the single comb, the well-formed
wattles and ear-lobes, the long, heavy formation of neck, full
length of breast, back, body, and fluff, the heavy thigh and
great length and depth throughout. The color of comb, face,
wattles, and ear-lobes, in both, bright red. The plumage color
cf the Black variety, lustrous black throughout; beak and
shanks, black; toes, black; under part of feet, yellow. In the
Mottled variety, the color of plumage is of a mottled black and
white, the darker shade predominating. Shanks a mixture of
yellow, shaded with darker color, but the preferred coior
would be yellow, spotted with a bluish-black scaling through-
out; no metallic white whatever is permissible in the face or
ear-lobes of either of these.

DOMINIQUE HISTORY. No one has definitely placed the
origin of what is known as the Rose-combed American Domi-
nique. These birds represent a color that in some localities is
termed blue-barred fowls, by others, cuckoo-colored fowls;
with us it belongs to what is known as the American Domi-
nique and the Barred Plymouth Rock. Just how the original
American Dominique was created no one will ever be able
to tell. The suggestion is made that they were bred from a
crossing of the original Dutch Hamburg with the white and
black fowls of America. They were known as a profitable egg-
producing fowl for the farmer, and their great egg-producing
qualities led to the union of the black fowls called Javas, which
were heralded throughout the country as the greatest of all
egg producers, which cross eventually resulted in the Plymouth
Rocks. The Dominiques have been neglected in recent years.
If an equal effort were given to their advancement that has
been devoted to others, they might regain some of their early
day popularity.

CHARACTERISTICS. The American Dominique is more
like the Hamburg in type than any other fowl, but they are
more than double their size, with the double or Hamburg
comb, with short legs, and quite different from the Plymouth
Rock.

SHAPE AND COLOR. They are of medium size and length;
can be described as medium in all sections compared with the

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The Perfected Poultry of America

other American breeds. They should have their own peculiar
form. The female is quite like the Penciled Hamburg, or the
Leghorn, and the male is fashioned somewhat after the Ham-
burg, with more black in body plumage; length of tail plum-
age, not near so long; color, light and dark; the body-color a
light grayish white, barred throughout with parallel lines of
very dark, bluish black. Shanks and beaks, yellow; comb, face,
wattles, and ear-lobes, rich red; eyes, red.

THE RHODE ISLAND RED. This fowl is the result of the
general effort throughout New England to produce the best
grade of utility fowls. All kinds of poultry have been inter-
mingled with the farm stock to improve the character of the
product, and Rhode Island became the most persistent along
these lines. This section has helped through the Rhode Island
Red to improve many varieties of the American family, es-
pecially the Buff Wyandotte and the Buff Plymouth Rock.

RHODE ISLAND RED HISTORY. Even the most active
enthusiasts of the Rhode Island Red can not say more of their
history than that they were created through the mixture of
Shanghais, Cochins, Malays, and every other known kind of
fowls that could be found upon the farms of Rhode Island, and
‘which were cross-bred for utility purposes. From the best of
these fowls those were selected having the finest shape, and
combs, with color markings that were admitted to be best
fitted to the purpose. An army of fanciers in New England
took them up, and brought them strongly into public
prominence.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Rhode Island Reds are fash-
ioned more after the Plymouth Rock than any other breed. But
while they are very much like the Plymouth Rock, in general
appearance, they differ considerably from them in the forma-
tion of back and tail. Notwithstanding the fact that it is desir-
able to have both varieties the same shape, the Rose-combs at
the present time are not a facsimile of the Single-combed
variety.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Single-combed and the Rose-
combed Rhode Island Reds may both be described as having a
broad, deep body, of medium length. They are proportioned
and built along utility lines, and carry a large amount of flesh

Page 79

Mottled Java Female and Feathers

Plate XXIX

ge 80

Pa

Mottled Java Male and Feathers Plate XXX

The Perfected Poultry of America

on their unusually well-formed bodies and breasts. The length
of the body indicates fine egg production. They are rather low
built, heavy set, having equal poise of body front and back of
the shanks. The color of shanks and _ toes is yellow or reddish
yellow; beak, the same; comb, face, wattles, and ear-lobes, in-
cluding the eyes, red; main tail feathers, including the sickles,
black, having a greenish sheen; coverts mainly black, pow-
dered with red; surface plumage in males, top color, rich, bril-
hant red; breast, and under-body color, not so brilliant as top-
colored plumage. In the plumage of the male or female, no
color should appear, but the rich red, with the black shadings;
no white permissible. The plumage color of the female is of a
lighter shade of red and more even throughout than the color
of the male; the under-color of both male and female is red or
salmon; the tips of the lower hackle feathers of the female
should have a black ticking, not striped or laced; the wing pri-
maries in the male and female, black; upper web, red; second-
aries, lower web, red; upper web, black. In the male, wing-
bow, and coverts, red. The main tail feathers of the female,
black, or greenish black.

BUCKEYE HISTORY. The Buckeye was originated by Mrs.
Metealf, of Warren, Ohio, and was originally called Buckeye
Red. In the production of these birds a cross was made of the
Asiaties, Black, Red, and Indian Game Fowls. From these a
type of fowl was bred that has the appearance of both the
Asiatic and the Indian Game. They have been carefully
guarded for the best results in egg production and market
poultry, and they were accepted as a member of the Ameri-
ean family, under the name of Buckeye.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Buckeye is a _ large, well-
proportioned fowl, resembling the Indian Game more than any
other individual breed. They are strong and vigorous, about
equal in size to the other members of the American family.

SHAPE AND COLOR. In shape one might best describe
the Buckeye as an imitation of both the Indian Game and the
Plymouth Rock family. They are large and full in breast and
body ; tail, of a medium length, carried rather upright; strong
in thighs and thick in shanks, and well proportioned through-
out. They have a pea-comb, which is smaller than the average

Page 82

Plate XX XI

Black Javas and Feathers

age 83

P

Plate XXXII Feathers from Mottled Java Male

Page 84

Feather from Mottled Java Male Plate XX XIIT

Page 85

The Perfected Poultry voimAmerica

Brahma comb, attached close to the head. Wattles, ear-lobes,
face, including comb, a bright red, and well proportioned for
the size of the bird. Beak and shanks, yellow; general surface
color of plumage, dark red, shaded in top color with garnet, or
very dark cardinal. There should be a total absence of yellow
or buff color in the plumage. The female is not so dark in
shading as the male. They are not unlike the Rhode Island
Reds in color, except that the general run of the specimens in
this breed are not quite so deep in surface and under-color as
the most admired shade of the Rhode Island Reds. Nothing is
more attractive in these birds than an even shade of surface
color throughout, no matter what the shade may be. The wings
contain more or less of black coloring.

THE MEDITERRANEAN BREEDS

O FAMILY of fowls has become so generally
distributed throughout the world as the
Italian or Mediterranean breeds. These com-
prise the Leghorns, Minoreas, Spanish,
Andalusian, and Anconas, and like all Euro-
pean varieties, produce eggs having the
white shell. White-shelled eggs belong al-
most exclusively to the European races of
fowls, while the tinted shell is a characteristic of the Asiatic.

Leghorns have been classed with the Spanish, Minorea, and
Italian families, and in some instances the Anconas have been
classed with the Spanish or Minoreas, and still in other cases
they are counted as a branch of the Leghorn family. Leg-
horns were so designated from the fact that the first importa-
tions were credited to Italy, the Minoreas, Spanish, and Anda-
lusian were classed as Spanish, while at the present time An-
conas are mentioned as belonging to the same race as the
Leghorns.

These five families are recognized as the ege-producing
fowls. Originally, the White-faced Black Spanish, or, as
termed in the early years of their existence as a recognized
breed, Black Spanish, were the producers of the largest eggs
having the white shells. Of recent years, however, the Minor-
cas have been credited the best producers of the largest size
white-shelled eggs. Many persons class the Minorea as a red-
faced Spanish fowl, and claim they are both of one and the
same original family. The claim is made that one had been
cultivated as an egg-producing market fowl, with red face and
white ear-lobes, while the other was bred as a purely ornamen-
tal fowl, with the extended white face, wattles, and ear-lobes.

The Andalusian, the blue Mediterranean fowl, has always
been classed with the Spanish family, especially by the Eng-
lish writers. Just why this should be, we can not say, nor do
we believe that they should be classed with either, from the
fact that they are evidently the result of the White and Black

Page 87

The Perfected Poultry of America

Mediterranean fowls. Some of these fowls show a very marked
resemblance to the Minorea, while others have the appearance
of the Leghorn, but as seen to-day, the greater portion of them
are strongly Minorea in ‘every way, excepting carriage.

The Ancona is classed with the Italian or Leghorn family,
and while this is true and generally accepted, the comb of the
Ancona more closely resembles that of the Andalusian than of
the Leghorn, but with greater size and more cerrations than
are admissible in the Leghorn. They also have the same kind
of fold in the comb of the female that is desirable in the
Minorea.

Classification in Detail

THE LEGHORN. These birds are the most extensively bred
of the Mediterranean family, which has nine well authenti-
cated varieties. These varieties are divided into single and
rose-combs, as follows: In Whites, Browns, and Buffs are both
the rose and single-combed varieties, while in Blacks, Duck-
wings, Pyles, and Dominiques, there is only the singled-combed
kind.

The first to be considered are the Whites, from the fact that
they were the first to become generally known throughout the
world. They were placed first in order in what might be called
the original standard. The Browns followed in regular suc-
cession; then the Dominique, and then the Black variety.

WHITE LEGHORN HISTORY. Notwithstanding the fact
that Mr. Simpson, of New York, believed that he was the first
in America to breed Leghorns, later developments seem to
have proven that other varieties might have come in advance
of these. Undoubtedly, the first real White Leghorns that
came to this country were purchased by Mr. Simpson from a
ship owner in the year of 1853. This lot of birds was composed
of a cock and four white hens and one blue hen. The fact that
these were rather large in size and had white shanks, coupled
with the presence of the blue hen, leads to the conclusion that
they must have come from Spain. These were bred together,
and produced among others, some birds of well defined Domi-
nique markings. Later Mr. Simpson received other importa-
tions of White Leghorns with yellow shanks, which were cred- -
ited to the port of Leghorn as their original home.

Page 88

Plate XXXIV

Brown and White Leghorns

Page 89

Pl. XXXV__ R.C. Brown Leghorn Male and Feathers

Poave-e 90

R. C. Brown Leghorn Femaleand Feathers Pl. XXXVI

Page 91

The Perfected Poultry or “America

These facts seem to establish the belief that the original
white specimens with the blue hen were of the Minorea breed,
as was indicated by the color of the shanks; the second lot
were from Leghorn, Italy, and had the yellow shanks, which

were much preferred to the white. Some contend that the
originals having the white shanks were crossed with some of
the Asiatic fowls. This is searcely worthy of credence, from
the fact that of all the varieties of Leghorns none produce
whiter shells than this variety. They have been improved to
such an extent that no other variety of the family has been
as popular. The single-combed variety, the original of the
White, so far outnumbers the rose-combed variety as to scarcely
warrant giving them the same consideration. Undoubtedly,
the rose-combs were created by crossing the White, or some
other variety of Hamburgs, with the Leghorns, to produce the
so-called rose-comb, which is, in fact, a Hamburg comb, and
this result was influenced by the Hamburg cross with the
points of head, comb, and wattles. The White Rose-combed
Leghorn should be the same in all requirements as the Single-
combed, with the exception of the Hamburg comb in place of
the single-comb of the Leghorn.

CHARACTERISTICS. The White Leghorn is one of the
most active, hardy, and prolific of all domestic fowls; none
seem to equal them in activeness, egg production, and in their
general inclination to forage in search of food. The Leghorn
has the single-comb above mentioned, which should not be
overly large in size, nor coarse in texture. The true Leghorn
comb is of beautiful formation, with the distinctive feature of
not following the shape of the neck, as it extends back beyond
the head,and with five equally divided, perfectly formed points
or serrations. In the rose-combed variety the comb should
be nicely formed, of rather small size, well developed through-
out, with a prominent spike in the rear, the whole top of the
comb covered with small, round points. Wattles of both va-
rieties should be thin, soft in texture, nicely formed, and
fairly well developed. Ear-lobes smooth, soft in texture, of
generous size, carried close to the head, opaque white or
enamel white in color. The neck of the Leghorn should be
rather long; back, breast, and body of a well-proportioned

Page 92

Plate 2X XV

Buff and Pyle Leghorns

Ple XXX Vb S. D. Leghorn Male and Feathers

Page 94

S. D. Leghorn Female and Feathers PIXXXITX

The Perfected Poultrys of PAmerica

length, rather long for the size of the bird, and of equal poise,
front and back, from the line of the shank; the breast full and
well rounded; abdomen, prominent, which is a desirable and
necessary formation for egg production. The tail of the Leg-
horn is called a spread, or fantail, and it should not be car-
ried close, that is, the feathers should not be confined to a
common center, but spread well out with an A-shape between
the separated row of feathers. Thighs, strong and prominent ;
shanks, rather long, and smooth; toes, strong, and well set.
The carriage of the tail in the male is distinctive from the
female, which should be prominent, rather low, full and with
long, sweeping sickles. The comb of the female should be of
fairly good size, turning over in the rear against the side of
the head, with the two forward spikes erect. Some claim that
but one spike of the comb should stand erect, but the most
beautiful combs carry the two forward spikes just a little
more upright than the others, the forward one being quite
erect.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Leghorn is a fowl rather under-
sized when compared with the American varieties. This is a
characteristic of the breed which should be cultivated to a
reasonable extent. Nothwithstanding the fact that large size
is much admired, Leghorns should not be larger than is neces-
sary to maintain their proper shape. They are naturally up-
right in carriage, and have the appearance of the Game rather
than the general-purpose fowl. In shape they are long in back
and body, full in breast and abdomen, deep, and full, from
center of back to breast, end of keel, and abdomen. The tail
is carried rather down; back, fully formed, and well developed,
in both male and female. The Leghorn is generally described
as long in neck, back, and body, but medium length might
better be applied to them. They have the full, round, plump
breast and abdomen, so well known and characteristic of them.

In color, both varieties of White Leghorns must have the
yellow beak, shanks, and toes; eyes, face, comb, and wattles,
bright red; ear-lobes, white; plumage, pure white, including
the quills. Any inclination to white in the face of the males or
females is detrimental.

BROWN LEGHORN HISTORY. No other variety of the
Leghorn family has had the same trouble to establish their his-

Page 96

tire Perfected Poultry. of .America
—_—_—_—_——
tory as this one. Perhaps the most conservative statement we
have is contained in the Brown Leghorn book by H. H. Stod-
dard, wherein it is recorded that the first Brown Leghorns
came to New York City in 1835, but others say that the first
importation did not reach here until 1853, and that these were
crossed with the Spanish and Black-red Game. Undoubtedly,
the first specimens of real merit were bred by Mr. A. M. Hal-
stead, of Rye, N. Y. One would be easily led to accept the
statements made that this variety was crossed with the old
type of Black-red Game, from which they gained the dis-
tinetive color, but with loss of the true Leghorn type. The
original Brown variety was not inclined to have the white ear-
lobe, which is credited to the Black Spanish cross.

The writer carried on a spirited controversy relative to the
white ear-lobe and the rose-comb in Leghorns. Those who took
part in this controversy were the original breeders. Mr. Hal-
stead said the early importation had red ear-lobes, while
Messrs. Beard and Bonny claimed that they had white ones.
Mr. Kenny, of Worcester, stated that his birds came in 1853,
while Mrs. Maples claimed that her rose-combed Browns came,
through Captain Gates, to Mystic, Conn., the same year, and
that they had the rose-comb when they arrived. This contro-
versy brought out the fact that one fancier, who visited Italy,
could not find a rose-comb, nor did he find a standard Leghorn
of any kind except the Black variety. Going over past records
leads us to some of the early-day statements, when it was
claimed that only Black Leghorns could be found in Italy.
More recent statements tell us that they are not separated for
any distinctive variety or color in their native land, but that
they have been taken to other countries and bred, as in Amer-
ica, to the many beautiful varieties that now make up this
family of interesting fowls.

The original Brown Leghorns were of very inferior char-
acter as to color, but this was improved, as above stated,
through crossing with the Game and Spanish. Later, when the
mania came for the heavy striping in hackle and saddle, Black
Leghorn females were crossed with Brown Leghorn males.
This produced males with the heavy black stripe, and the male
line of females almost black in color. It has been claimed, on
the other hand, that the Duckwing female was crossed with

Page 97

Theil Perfected. Pawltry of \Ammerred

a well-selected female producing male, giving the original
strain from which has been produced the more delicate and
soft-tinted shades of color in the female.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general characteristics of Brown
Leghorns should be identical with the description given for the
White variety. Each individual point of breed characteristics
should be exactly the same in all varieties, including the two
styles of comb. While there should not be any difference in the
actual type, yet there is more or less diversity of form between
the White and the Brown variety. Both male and female of
the Brown variety are somewhat heavier in body formation
than the White. The tail of the male is not so much inclined
to droop down and back, as is most desirable for the highest
type of Leghorn.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Brown variety is
the same as given above for the Whites. In color the Brown
Leghorn differs materially from the others. Head, eyes, face,
and comb, of both male and female, a bright red; beak, of a
darker color; ear-lobes white. In the male the neck, back, and
saddle, are of a rich, bright red; the hackle, and saddle plum-
age, both heavily striped with glossy black, which must follow
the shape of the feather to the extreme point, the red edging
about the black to be absolutely free from taint of foreign
color. At times the best quality of exhibition specimens are
so dark or black in striping as to form a black color about
the neck, which is absolutely wrong and much to be despised.
Breast, body, and fluff, black, with a glossy sheen; wings, red
on the bow; primaries, black, lower web, a rich brown, which
forms the wing-bay when it is folded. Between the wing-bow
and bay, should be a broad bar of rich, brilliant black. Entire
tail, black, sickles, and coverts, a rich, glossy black. Shanks
and toes, yellow. In the female, the color of plumage of neck,
orange yellow, with a bright, black stripe in the center. The
beauty of the neck of the female depends upon the clear, dis-
tinetive orange yellow, centered with black. The web of the
surface plumage, light brown, stippled with a darker shade of
same color, the lighter shade strongly predominating. This
produees the soft, even, light-brown surface color, so much ad-
mired in the Brown Leghorn female. Breast, salmon; wing

Page 98

(ie Perfected Poultry of America

primaries, a slaty brown, edged with the body-color; coverts,
about the tail, the same as body-color; main tail feathers, and
tail, black, the principal ones stippled with a light brown;
shanks and toes, yellow. The real beauty and attractiveness
of the Brown Leghorn female depends upon the absolute even-
ness of color throughout. Any deviation detracts from the
beauty and value of the specimen.

BUFF LEGHORN HISTORY. Mr. Edward Brown, in his
‘“Races of Domestic Poultry,’’ states that White, Brown, and
Black Leghorns were taken direct to America from Italy, and
that these same colors also went to Denmark, and in addition
to these some yellows were taken there. He also claims that
White, Brown, Black, Cuckoo, or Dominique, and Yellow Leg-
horns are all to be found in Italy. The original Yellow or Buff
Leghorns from Italy and Denmark were most successfully han-
dled by Mrs. Lister Kay, who crossed these with Buff Cochins,
from which were produced the original Buff Leghorns that
came to this country. The first of these were far from attrac-
tive in either form or color, but with care and selection in
breeding they have been brought to a type of form and color
fully the equal of any of the Leghorn family.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general breed characteristics of
this variety must conform to the description for the Whites.

SHAPE AND COLOR. There is but one acknowledged Leg-
horn shape. All varieties, including the Buffs, must conform
absolutely to this. The Buff variety being produced both in
single and rose-combs, the conditions must be considered un-
der each description. In color, the Buff Leghorns have eyes,
face, comb, and wattles, of a bright red shade; ear-lobes, white,
beak, shanks, and toes, yellow. The entire plumage of the
Buff throughout must be an even shade of rich golden buff,
free from shafting or foreign color of any kind; the color so
close and finely laid on as to present the smooth even surface
of golden buff, with an under-color of a lighter shade of the
same color. Evenness of color with no foreign tint is most de-
sirable in this variety.

BLACK LEGHORN HISTORY. There has never been any
question raised as to the existence of Black Leghorns in their
home country. Great improvement has been made in them by

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The Perfected. Poultry of America

selecting the best specimens, and carefully pairing and mating
them for the rich, glossy black plumage most desirable in this
variety. Prior to a few years ago, yellow shanks and beaks
were thought best for them, but this has been altered in recent
years and many more of the proper type and color have been
produced than ever before.

CHARACTERISTICS. The breed characteristics of the
Black Leghorn are the same as in all varieties of Leghorns, ex-
cept as to color of shanks and plumage.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Black Leghorn must have true
Leghorn shape. Many of them surpass the other varieties in
this. The color for both male and female: Beak, of a dark,
yellowish-orange color; eyes, face, comb, and wattles, bright
red; ear-lobes, white; shanks, and toes, yellow, or yellowish
black, in color. Notwithstanding the fact that black shanks
should disqualify under the Standard, there are many speci-
mens of the highest character with legs almost absolutely
black. This is most desirable for producing the best colored
specimens. Bottom of feet should always be yellow. Plumage
throughout of a rich, glossy black, finished with a greenish
sheen. It should be remembered in all varieties of Leghorns
that the most undesirable features are white in face, red in
ear-lobe, and badly formed combs. Where yellow shanks are
demanded, they should be true yellow, and not shaded with
any other color. The darker the shanks of the Black Leghorn
within the bounds of yellowish black, the better for breeding.

SILVER DUCKWING LEGHORN HISTORY. These birds
have undoubtedly been produced from the Duckwing Games
and other varieties. It has been claimed that a pyle-colored
Japanese Game cock crossed with a Pyle Leghorn pullet pro-
duced the original Silver Duckwing Leghorn. As there is not
any absolute certainty as to how they were originated, the
above is given as the best information to be obtained.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Duckwing Leghorn should have
the same breed characteristics that are possessed by the best
of the family. This they have not yet attained, but have been
greatly improved in the last few years.

SHAPE AND COLOR. True Leghorn shape is demanded in
this variety. Color of the male, silvery white, including all the

Page 100

Single and Rose-combed Black Minorcas Plate XL

Page 101

The ‘Perfected \ Poultry. of —America

plumage from and including the head, down over the back, to
the main tail feathers. Beak, shanks, and toes, yellow; breast
and underbody color, including fluff, black; eyes, face, comb,
and wattles, bright red; ear-lobes, white; hackle plumage, sil-
very white, with a narrow black stripe down the middle, al-
most to the end of the feather. Black, and saddle plumage, in-
cluding wing-bows, silvery white; the wing having a bar of
black. Wing-bay, white; tail, black; sickles, long and lustrous,
black. The male, and, in fact, the female as well, should be
colored like the Silver Duckwing Game. Beak, shanks, and toes,
of the female, yellow; eyes, face, comb, and wattles, red; ear-
lobes, white. The neck, from the throat down the breast to
between the thighs, light salmon; color of hackle, silvery
gray, having a narrow, black stripe; back, light gray; body
and fluff, an ashy gray; wing-bows, light gray, the upper part
of both primaries, and secondaries, gray; lower web, slate
gray; tail, black, upper feathers, powdered with a light gray
color. The entire plumage of both male and female free from
shafting or foreign color.

PYLE LEGHORN HISTORY. The Pyle Leghorn can be
created almost at will by crossing the Brown Leghorn male
with the White Leghorn female. The first cross occasionally
produces fairly good birds. Careful selection and breeding
these for years has produced some remarkably fine specimens.
They are kept but little, and then more for the fancy or for
the novelty of having a rare variety.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Plye Leghorns should be of the
same general type throughout as the other Leghorns. The ma-
jority of them, however, have overly large combs, but this may
be reduced by careful breeding and mating to a medium size,
which more nearly meets the requirements for comb on
Leghorns.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Pyle Leghorn should have the
same formation demanded in all these varieties. Color of beak,
shanks, and toes, yellow; eyes, face, comb, wattles, and ear-
lobes, red. In the male, the hackle is light red; back, dark red
or crimson, shading off to a lighter color on the saddle, and
free from all foreign color. Breast and body, white; wing-
bow, red or crimson, the wing having a white bar; entire body-

Page 102

Plate XLI

Single and Rose-combed White Minorcas

The Perfected Poultry of America

color, including tail, white. The color of the female is white
throughout, except the hackle, where the feathers end with an
edging of golden shade, and the breast, which is salmon color.
The beauty and attractiveness of the Pyle Leghorn consists in
the clear color markings of red, orange, and white, properly di-
vided, as are the colors on all varieties of Games, but the Pyle
color to be attractive must be clean and true. Weak colored
specimens, too deeply colored specimens, and specimens show-
ing bad markings are undesirable. ~

DOMINIQUE LEGHORN HISTORY. While this is one of
the earliest color varieties, they are seldom seen at the present
time. They are Leghorns having the true bred characteristics,
and clothed in the plumage of the Barred Plymouth Rock. In
America they are called Dominique Leghorn, and in England
are known as the Cuckoo Leghorn. Their plumage throughout
is barred and colored, like the plumage of the Barred Plymouth
Rock, which has been produced by crossing White and Black
Leghorns, and also White Leghorns and Andalusians. These
birds are mentioned, whether true or not, as one of the natural
productions of Italy. They have been neglected and allowed
to disappear almost entirely from public notice, and were
dropped from the Standard ten years ago, owing to the fact
that they were seldom, if ever, exhibited in the show-room.

THE MINORCA. Some of the best writers claim that the
Black Minoreas have been in existence for over a hundred
years, and were known at one time as Red-faced Spanish.
Whether they and the Black Spanish fowl were originally of
the same character can not be stated positively. The Island of
Minorea, near the coast of Spain, is the accredited home of the
Minorea. The peculiarity of this fowl is its white skin and
dark-colored shanks, which places them beyond all question in
a class by themselves.

BLACK MINORCA HISTORY. Scientific writers claim that
the Minorea descended from a fowl called Castilhan, which
was considerably bred in Spain. Whether this is true or not,
the fact still remains that Minoreas, which were brought from
an island of that name, were of a type quite like the present-
day Minorea, except that they were smaller in size, and not
as well formed as the best specimens bred at this time. Many

Page 104

White-faced Black Spanish and Feathers Plate XLII

Page 105

Blue Andalusian Female and Feathers

Plate XLIII

Page 106

Blue Andalusian Male and Feathers Plate XLIV

Page 107

The Perfected (Poultry “of > wunernred

specimens of the black Minorea variety have been grown that
would tip the scales at ten pounds or better. Both the males
and females are very much larger than they were a dozen
years ago.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Minorea is a very large fowl,
has a very long body and breast formation, considerable tail
plumage, which grows down and back, and of erect carriage.
The best type of tail slants more to the rear than is seen on the
average specimen and is valued as a great addition to the bird.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Minorea might properly be
termed an oversized Leghorn as far as shape is concerned. -
They have a very long, slanting back, which is broad at the
shoulder, a natural tendency toward a dropping tail, with
rather an erect carriage in the males. The females are corre-
spondingly larger in size than the Leghorns, but not nearly so
active. They produce very large eggs with white shells, but do
not seem to give as many eggs in a season. The size of the
egg is undoubtedly influenced by the size of the specimen and
the unusual length of the back and breast. Color of the Black
Minorea is a rich, glossy black throughout, entirely free from
any foreign color. Beak, shanks, and toes, a dark slate, ap-
proaching black; eyes, face, comb, and wattles, red; ear-lobes,
white; the ear-lobes of the Minorea are considerably larger
than the ear-lobes of the Leghorns, and they are very pure and
white in color.

WHITE MINORCA HISTORY. The White Minorea seems

to have been originally of that color in their home country and
are fashioned similar to the Blacks. They have been taken up
by those anxious to have a larger white fowl of the Leghorn
type. '
CHARACTERISTICS. All Minoreas are of the same gen-
eral make-up, and the White Minorea represents the largest
white fowl of the Mediterranean breeds, which was strongly
in their favor from the start. A number of them were crossed
into the White Leghorn, which worked an injury to the Leg-
horn, from which it took considerable time for them _ to
recover.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The White Minorea has the same
general form as the Black variety. In color, plumage through-

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ioe rerfected- Poultry of America

out a pure white; beak, shanks, and toes, white, or pinkish
white. The ear-lobe of all the Minoreas is considerably larger
than that of the Leghorns.

ROSE-COMBED MINORCA HISTORY. The first of the Rose-
combed Minoreas were the Blacks, which were originated in
this country, and bred to a greater state of perfection as egg-
producing and general-purpose Mediterraneans. The creator
of this variety states that they came as sports from the Single-
combed Blacks. Following these the Rose-combed White Mi-
noreas made their appearance but have never been as plentiful
or popular as the Rose-combed Blacks.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Rose-combed Minoreas have the
same general breed characteristics that are demanded for the
Single-combs. Some of the Rose-combed Blacks have been pro-
duced fully the equal of any of the single-combed variety, but
the Whites have never equalled the Blacks in the most desir-
able features.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Both of the rose-combed varieties
must be bred to true Minorea shape. This has been attained
by the Blacks, and bids fair to soon be equalled in the Whites.
The color of both of these is identical with the single-combed
varieties.

BLACK SPANISH HISTORY. Almost as old as history it-
self are the Black Spanish fowls. To-day these are known as
the White-faced Black Spanish. In early days they were of
modest size, having only the white face, with shght markings
of white upon the wattles, while to-day they are bred with
white face and ear-lobes which extend considerably below the
line of the wattles. These large white faces have been pro-
duced after many years of constant care in breeding for this
one feature alone. In doing this both type and constitution
have been more or less undermined and lost, and there are not
nearly as many of them bred as in former years. In some local-
ities they are considered unprofitable for table purposes, but
we know from our own experience that a Black Spanish fowl
may be fed into fairly good table poultry.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Black Spanish of to-day is an
unusually tall fowl of upright carriage, having almost un-
natural length of thigh and shank, giving them a stilty appear-

Page 109

Plate XLV Ancona Male and Feathers

Page 110

Plate XLVI

Ancona Female and Feathers

Toe oF WING

Page 111

The Perfected Poultry of America

ance. They are long in breast and body, and built for egg pro-
duction. . Formerly, they were very hardy fowls, but as now
bred for the white face points, they must be continually pro-
tected from frost and dampness, which seems to injure their
health and is detrimental to their white-faced wattling.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Black Spanish,
while Mediterranean in character, is more elongated through-
out. Every section of the Spanish has more than ordinary
length in its make-up. The face, wattles, and ear-lobes are
more than double the size of any other fowl. The tail has a
peculiar formation something like the tail of a game fowl. In
color: Beak, horn-colored; shanks, and toes, blue or darkish-
blue; eyes, face, and wattles, red; ear-lobes and face, clear
enamel white. Color of plumage, greenish black throughout.

ANDALUSIAN HISTORY. The Andalusian has no other
history than that the blue fowl has been known and grown
since the beginning of poultry, and they have been produced
throughout the world as the result of crossing Black and
White varieties of the same breed. The Blue Andalusian, the
Jersey Blue, and the Slate Turkey have all been created after
the same fashion, while the details of beautifying and general
improvement are the result of great care and attention in
breeding and establishing a type distinctive to the breed. The
best specimens came from England and from Canada, where
the largest size, and type markings have been produced.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Andalusian is next in size to the
Minorea and is larger than the Leghorn. The combs of both
the male and female are considerably larger than the Ameri-
can type of Leghorn. They are rather more erect of carriage
than the Minorea.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Blue Andalusian is
a compromise between the Leghorn and Minorea. While they
are Mediterranean in shape, they do not conform exactly to
either the shape of the Leghorn or the Minorea. In color they
have been bred with a body color that might be described as
a soft bluish tint. The main body color is a glossy bluish-
black, the feathers edged with a darker shade of color. Beak,
shanks, and toes, of a leaden-blue color; eyes, face, comb, and
wattles, bright red; ear-lobes, white. The most beautiful Anda-

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Wwe rerfected Poultry of} America

lusians have a softer bluish tint in body color than would be
deseribed as a bluish black. This color throughout the female,
and upon the breast and underbody color of the male, is most
attractive. Naturally, the top color of the male is very much
darker than the other portions of the plumage. The main tail
or sickle feathers are bluish black, which usually conforms to
the shade of the breast-color. The general description of color
of the female would be for a lighter shade than the coloring of
the male.

ANCONA HISTORY. Many claims have been made as to
the origin of the Ancona. Some claim they are the result of
erosses of either White and Black Leghorns, or White and
Black Minoreas. The most recent investigations lead to the
opinion that the Ancona color is quite as natural in their
home country as that of the Leghorn or Minorea. Fowls
colored like Aneonas are said to exist plentifully in Italy, and
they were imported into other countries where they were
successfully bred. All of these claims are undoubtedly true.
No matter from whence they came, they are a perfected fowl
ereated by the true fancier, and their color and markings
prove the care and attention given to them. Some writers
claim they are true Leghorn in shape, while others call them
of the Minorea type. The fact that they have the yellow
shank like the Leghorn, and not the Minorea-colored shank,
would lead to the opinion that they belong to the Leghorn
family.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general characteristics of the
Ancona are the same as the Leghorn. While some of them are
larger, others average in size with the Leghorns. Whenever
the unusually large size exists, the increased size of the comb,
and the darkening of the shanks, point to Minorea influence.
The Ancona should be of the true Leghorn type and of fairly
good size.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Naturally the Ancona would be
called the Mottled Leghorn. In color: Beak, shanks, and
toes, yellow, mottled with black; the shanks have the ground
color of yellow, some of the scales showing the darker color
frequent in Houdans and Plymouth Rocks; eyes, face, comb, and
wattles, red; ear-lobes, white; plumage, greenish-black ground

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The Pertected::Poultryof America

color, each feather tipped with white; the more even the mot-
tling, the more attractive the specimen. Some of the most
beautifully marked specimens have a crescent formation of
white, tipping the end of each feather. The main tail feathers
of the male often show more white than is desirable. This
same tendency is prevalant with other broken-colored fowls.

DAP ECAEYES )
ees

RIL

THE ENGLISH BREED

HE oldest, perhaps, of all fowls known to
poultry literature are the Dorkings. The fifth
toe, so peculiar to them, was mentioned
in the earliest agricultural history. The
only other breeds having the early-day ex-
istence with the fifth toe, are the Silkies and
the Sultans. One of these is known as the
Polish fowl of Turkey, and the other, the
Silkie, is attributed to Japan. This brings the fifth toe of the
Dorkings from the Roman Empire, the other two from Turkey
and Japan. The original of all Dorkings is thought to have
been brought into England by the Romans. Facts tend to
show the Dorkings as being bred to the highest state of perfec-
tion about Surrey, England. The original Dorking was of the
white variety, and had the peculiarity of the rose-comb, while
all others and the Red Surrey fowl as well, have the single
comb.

The White Dorking is undoubtedly the truest of all Dork-
ings, although not nearly so large in size as the other varieties.
Lately they have been much improved. The other two varie-
ties—the Silver-gray and the Colored Dorking—seem to have
greater popularity than that enjoyed by the Whites. Why
this should be can not be understood, but Dorkings have not
been extensively bred in this country until of recent years, and
a more complete test must be made to fully determine their
true value.

WHITE DORKING HISTORY. White Dorkings were prom-
inently mentioned as one of the most attractive breeds of fowls
nearly one hundred years ago, by Moubray, the greatest writer
on poultry topies of the time. From then until now they have
been constantly bred and valued as excellent poultry.

CHARACTERISTICS. The White Dorking has a very long
body, full breast, and a broad and deep body formation. They
are low-set on legs, long in back, plump, and compact in build,

Page 115

Page 116

White Dorking Male and Feathers

Plate XLVII

White Dorking Female and Feathers Plate XLVIII

Page 117

Plate XLIX Colored Dorking Female and Feathers

Page 118

Colored Dorking Male and Feathers Plate L

Page 119

Phe Perfected, Poultry of eAimerica

and have the rose-comb, the only one of this family having
this distinctive mark; white skin, and shanks, with pinkish
white colored meat. No other fowl, it seems, has enjoyed
equal popularity with the Dorking for table poultry.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of all Dorkings demand
the full-sized head; neck, full, and of medium length; back,
long, broad, straight; body, very long, broad, deep, and full.
The entire formation seems especially constructed for the pro-
duction of eggs and market poultry. The color of the White
Dorking: Beak, shanks, and toes, white; eyes, face, comb,
wattles, and ear-lobe, red; plumage, throughout, pure white.

COLORED DORKING HISTORY. Authentic information
relative to the Colored Dorking does not seem to prove satis-
factorily the manner of their creation. Evidence points to the
fact that they were produced by crossing some of the five-toed
Dorking race, probably the White or the Red Dorking, with
some of the very large dark-colored Surrey fowls. Since gain-
ing the distinction as a true variety, they have been carefully
cultivated and trained to gain attractive form and markings,
and they have become one of the most admired varieties of the
family.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Colored Dorkings have the
same general breed characteristics as described for the
Whites. .

SHAPE AND COLOR. All Dorkings have the same general
shape. The color and markings of the Colored Dorkings, male:
Head plumage, light gray; beak, dark; eyes, face, comb, wat-
tles, and ear-lobes, red; neck, straw colored, with a well de-
fined black stripe in hackle; back and saddle feathers, straw
colored, with a black striping in the saddle primaries, and
secondaries of wing, almost black; lower web, edged with
white, or entirely white; tail, black. The female: Neck,
black, edged with gray; back, very dark gray, marked with
black; breast, salmon colored, marked with black; body,
brown, or black, mixed with gray. Primaries, dark brown;
secondaries, black; lower web, dark gray. This color gives a
much darker shade in the female than in the male.

SIVER-GRAY DORKING HISTORY. Of all the Dorkings,
the Silver Gray, when well finished, is the most pleasing. It

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iene: ertected..Powltry of: America

is thought that the rich, attractive color of the Silver Gray is
the influence of the Silver-duckwing Game cross to fix the
color.

CHARACTERISTICS. In breed characteristics the Silver-
gray Dorkings are similar to the other varieties.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of this variety is identical
with the other Dorkings. Top color of the male, silvery white ;
breast, and underbody color, including tail, black; shanks and
toes, white; beak, of the same color; eyes, face, comb, wattles,
and ear-lobes, bright red; some of the males show a narrow
stripe in hackle, and occasionally a little shading in saddle.
The wings have primaries and secondaries almost black, the
lower web of each showing more or less white. The female
has a, silvery-gray body-color throughout, made from a mix
ture of white, finely stippled with gray. Breast, a reddish
salmon color, shading off to an ashy gray, between the thighs;
eyes, comb, wattles, and ear-lobes of all Dorkings have the
same rich, red color; shanks, and toes, in all varieties, white.

ACE

« G @

CaS Prt

Plate LI Silver-gray Dorking Female and Feathers

Page 122

Silver-gray Dorking Male and Feathers Plate LIT

THE ORPINGTON BREED

O THE late Mr. William Cook is credited the
honor of having originated the Orpingtons,
which were named after his own home.
There has never been any contention as to
his having originated all the varieties, we
believe, except the Buffs, and there was
some little dispute about this, some claiming
that what he called Buff Orpingtons were

fowls known under the local name of Lincolnshire Buffs. The

final outcome, however, recognizes them all as Orpingtons, and

Mr. Cook has the credit of their origin.

BUFF ORPINGTON HISTORY. As originated by Mr. Cook,
the Buff Orpington is a compact fowl, created through the
Golden-spangled Hamburg, Buff Cochin, and Colored Dork-
ings. Mr. Cook publishes in his own book a complete history
of the entire Orpington family. This contains many pages,
and we have selected from them the few statements that we
consider of value for reference. The Lincolnshire breeders
claim that their fowl was formed, perhaps, through the com-
mon fowls they had in their neighborhood, crossed with Dork-
ings and Buff Cochins. No matter which of these may be ac-
cepted, there can not be any getting away from the fact that
Mr. Cook did produce a grand strain of Buff Orpingtons,
which have been accepted throughout the world.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Orpingtons are a_ large-sized,
compactly-built, general-purpose fowl, broad, deep, with a
fairly good length of back and body, built perhaps a little
more after the Cochin type than any other of the general-
purpose fowls. They have wonderful vitality, are good egg
produeers, and highly valued as table poultry. Special claim
is made for the length and fulness of the breast and plump-
ness of their careass. All varieties of Orpingtons are very
attractive fowls, and have gained great reputation throughout
the world in a very few years.

Page 124

S. C. Black and R. C. Buff Orpingtons Plate SRT

Plate LIV Jubilee Orpington Male and Feathers

0
a
oO
A
g
Z
4
@

Plate LV

Jubilee Orpington Female and Feathers

Pave 127

The’ Perfected /Poultry~ot. Ameried

SHAPE AND COLOR. There are two varieties of the Buff
Orpingtons, the single and the rose-combed. Their shape
might be described as favoring our American breed, with the
addition of a little more of the appearance of bulkiness like
that found in the Dorking and the Cochin fowls. Their color
is absolutely buff throughout; beak, and shanks, pinkish
white; comb, face, wattles, ear-lobes, and eyes, red. The
color of the flesh and skin of the Orpington, like the shanks,
is pinkish white, which is typical of all English market-bred
poultry.

BLACK ORPINGTON HISTORY. Mr. Cook states that the
Black Orpington was produced from Black Minorea male
birds, black sports from Plymouth Rocks and Black Langshan
males, only clean-legged specimens being selected. This
united the blood of the Minorea, the Plymouth Rock, and the
Langshan, after carefully selecting their offspring to produce
the present-day Black Orpingtons, both single and_ rose-
combed.

CHARACTERISTICS. This variety has the same general
breed characteristics demanded of all the varieties of the
breed.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Black Orpington
conforms to the Buffs, except that they lean rather toward
the Langshan than the Cochin. They are naturally larger
than the Buff variety, but are not so much lke the Cochin as
the Buff and Jubilee varieties. In color of plumage they are
a rich, glossy black, some of them beautiful in finish; bottom
of the feet showing the pinkish white; eyes, dark; face, wat-
tles, and ear-lobes, bright red; skin, pinkish white. The only
difference between the single- and rose-combed specimens of
this variety les in the combs.

WHITE ORPINGTON HISTORY. The White Orpingtons
are supposed to have been produced from White Leghorns,
White Dorkings, and Black Hambures. This might have
produced the rose-combed variety, but the best specimens of
the White Orpingtons seem to lead one to believe that they
must have been produced in much the same manner as the
Blacks, using White Langshans in place of Blacks. The
history of all Orpingtons is so confusing as to lead one to

Wo

Page 12

Buff and White Orpingtons Plate LVI

Page 129

The “Perfected Poultry) of “Amierrca

believe that they must have been created through breeding
many of the Mediterranean and Asiatic breeds.

CHARACTERISTICS. The same general type of breed
conformation belongs to all the Orpingtons. Notwithstanding
this, there is more or less difference in the type of the several
varieties. As stated previously, the Buffs and the Jubilee
varieties lean toward the Cochin type, while the Blacks and
Whites favor the Langshans. The White varieties, both single
and rose-combed are quite strong in Orpington breed charac-
teristics.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the White Orpingtons,
both single and rose-combed, is similar to the Black variety,
but the length of back in the female and the general carriage
of the male have less of the Cochin formation than the others.
Color of plumage, pure white throughout; beak, and shanks,
white, or pinkish white; eye, comb, wattles, and ear-lobes,
red. All of the Orpingtons lay eggs having tinted shells.

JUBILEE ORPINGTON HISTORY. In the creation of
what Mr. Cook termed the Diamond Jubilee Orpington, he
had in mind producing a fowl similar to the Speckled Dork-
ing. These fowls were named in honor of the Queen’s Dia-
mond Jubilee. The experiment made for the production of
this variety consisted in crossing Hamburgs, Cochins, and
Speckled Dorkings. These crosses produced birds of fine size,
possessing prolific egg-producing qualities. They must have
four toes on each foot, white legs, ight horn, or white beaks.
These fowls have been but little bred in this country, but
some very creditable specimens have been shown.

CHARACTERISTICS. These fowls are bred in both the
single and rose-combed varieties. They have a deep body,
long, prominent breast, skin, and flesh very white, with round,
bulky formation, typical of the Orpington family.

SHAPE AND COLOR. True Orpington shape is demanded
in this variety. The color is brown, black, and white, the
mixture of colors forming the combination in both male and
female, quite like the old Speckled Dorking, and some what
favoring the color of the Spangled Game; this intermingling
of colors is quite attractive, especially when the brown is of
a rich color. In hens, the tail and wings show considerable

Page 130

The Perfected Poultry of America
—_—_—_—__———_———
white. The tail is always carried fairly well back. The
breast of the male bird is of a reddish-brown color, with white
and black conforming to the shade of the female; hackle,
saddle, in fact the entire top color, of a reddish shade; the
feathers stroked with white and black; flights—of the male—
and the greater part of the tail, white predominating; the
eyes of this variety, reddish bay; beak, horn color, grading
to white; shanks, white or pinkish white, some of them
marked with darker shading.

Houdan Female and Feathers

Plate LVII

cil A td ns

2

Page 13

Houdan Male and Feathers Plate LVIII

Page 133

THE FRENCH BREEDS

®) HE French breeds familiarly known in this
WA country are the Houdan, Crevecoeurs, La
Fleche, and Faverolles. All of these origin-
ated in France and are largely cultivated
there for table poultry. They are thought
to have more or less of the Polish blood in
their veins. The French are credited with
some fifteen or twenty separate kinds of
poultry, cultivated principally for the production of eggs and
meat for market, and of all these, but four kinds have been
cultivated as American poultry. The French fowls have the
pecuharity of the pinkish-white skin and flesh, and all but the
La Fléche have more or less of the bulky Asiatic type in
their make-up. The La Fléche are fashioned somewhat after
the type of the Andalusian.

Classification in Detail

THE HOUDAN. This is the most favored of all the French
breeds throughout the world. They are heavy-set, long-
bodied, full-breasted fowls, and their general appearance —
would lead one to accept them on sight as a model type of
table poultry. Being short in shank, there is the least possi-
ble amount. of waste when dressed for the table, and having
attractive plumage, and a beautiful make-up of form and
feather, they combine the several qualities that go with the
general-purpose fowl. They are producers of white-shelled
eggs, are fairly quick in growth, and easy to rear. They
must be protected from dampness, possessing as they do large
crests. They can not be exposed to heavy rainstorms with-
out danger of their crests becoming so wet that they contract
colds unless quickly dried. It is not unusual to see their
crests closely cropped during the breeding season.

HOUDAN HISTORY. From the fifth toe of the Houdan
and their crest and beard, one might readily suppose that the
Dorking and the Polish had been largely used in their original

Page 134

iitve Perfected.).Poultry of America

making. Some writers disclaim the use of the Dorking, but
admit that common five-toed fowls, Crevecoeurs and Polish,
were used in creating the Houdan. Many writers have dis-
eussed the subject. Mr. Wright suggests that the fifth toe
was not strongly defined in many of the early-day specimens.
The leaf-comb is not even eredited to them as a certainty in
the early stages of their development. In the past twenty-
five years the leaf-comb had been considered a mark of purity
until the American fanciers changed to the V-comb. Origi-
nally Houdans were bred in this country with the true English
leaf-comb, but at present leaf-combs have been almost entirely
displaced by the V-combed type.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general make-up of the Hou-
dan justifies us in calling them the ideal general-purpose fowl.
They are built for egg production, meat production, quick
erowth, and are a valuable poultry product from four weeks
of age to the full-grown roaster. To say that they are nearer
like the Orpington or the Dorking than any other varieties of
our poultry, best describes the general characteristics of the
breed. There is a little too much disposition on the part of
some breeders to change this general formation into a type
more like the Game, but the true value is largely in the com-
pactly-built, long-bodied fowl, with a great deal of breast meat.

SHAPE AND COLOR. In head points the Houdan is fash-
ioned after the Polish. The description of crest, head points,
and beard of the Polish will apply equally well to the Houdan.
The comb is V-shaped, of small size; crest, very large; the
beard, full and prominent; the ear-lobes are almost if not
entirely hidden from sight by the crest; back, rather long,
broad, and sloping to the rear; breast and body, round, plump,
fairly long, and well proportioned; tail of the male, full and
fiowing; female, of a closer formation, something like that of
the Plymouth Rock. In color, beak, dark; eyes, face, comb,
and wattles, red; ear-lobes, white; shanks, and toes, pinkish-
white color, marked with dark-colored seales; plumage, a
beautiful black, the ends of the feathers tipped with white,
black predominating

CREVECOEUR HISTORY. Accepting the fact that the
Houdan owes part of its ancestry to this breed, they are nat-

Page 135

Plate LIX La Fleche Female and Feathers

Page 1386

La Fleche Male and Feathers Plate LX

IP aee) 137

The Perfected Poultry of America

urally an older fowl than the Houdan. They are accredited
to a town of the name they bear. Just how they were created
ean not be positively stated, but the general impression is that
they owe part of their origin to the Polish fowl. They have
always been highly considered in their own country, but bred
very little in America

CHARACTERISTICS. They are a large-size, squarely-built
fowl, broad and deep in their general make-up, with large,
round, black crests, with a muff or beard; full in tail; very
deep in breast and body; short of legs, indicating the general-
purpose fowl. Like the Houdan, they are medium in size,
ranging from five to nine pounds from the young pullet to the
old male bird.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Crevecoeur is me-
dium in comparison to the Asiatic family. Heavy set, well pro-
portioned, compact in formation, with the long, deep, broad
body, so distinctive in the French table fowls. The color of
their plumage throughout is a rich, glossy black; beak, shanks,
and toes, quite dark, almost black; eyes, face, comb, wattles,
and ear-lobes, red. The V-comb is most pronounced in this
breed.

LA FLECHE HISTORY. This might be ealled a local fowl
of France, being more prevalent in given localities than else-
where. We remember having seen some of the early-day La
Fléche with a small tuft or crest upon their heads. Whether
these were true to the breed or not we can not say, but we
know that at one time the small crest was cultivated. Promi-
nent writers state that they have never become very popular
even in their own country. They are not considered as hardy
as the other two breeds above mentioned. They have not
proved a marked success in this country.

CHARACTERISTICS. The La Fleche might be ealled a
Mediterranean type of French fowl, the male favoring the
Andalusian in general carriage. They are longer in shank than
the other French breeds, but not so prominent in breast and
body. Their tails are carried rather low and fashioned after
the Leghorn type.

SHAPE AND COLOR. They are rather long in all sections,
including neck; round and plump in body; full in breast; the

Page 138

The Perfected Poultry of America

female resembling the medium type of the present-day Mi-
norea. They have the V- or antler-shaped comb. Carriage of
the male erect; color, beak, shanks, and toes, quite dark or
black; eyes, face, comb, and wattles, red; ear-lobes, white; the
entire body plumage throughout a rich, glossy black.

FAVEROLLE HISTORY. From the French we have the
origin of the Faverolle as being mixed varieties crossed with
the Dorking and the Cochin, or the Dorking and Brahma, with
the Houdan or Crevecoeur. In all the different varieties,
whether the Cochin, the Brahma, or the Langshan crosses were
used, either the Houdan or the Crevecoeur was largely repre-
sented. They were carried from France to England and from
there to this country. Of recent years they have been consid-
erably bred in this country, greater attention being paid to
the Salmon Cochin cross of Faverolle, the Brahma, and the
Dorking type. They were named after a village from which
they were thought to have emanated. The peculiarity of this
breed is the single comb.

CHARACTERISTICS. The characteristics of the Faverolle
resemble the composite make-up of the Dorking and _ the
Cochin. They have the single comb, and the beard, with no
erests, some feathers on their shanks, and possess five toes.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape is a composite type, such
as might come from the union of the Houdan, the Dorking,
and the Asiatic family. In color, they are described as part-
ridge, black, white, salmon, and red. The Salmon Faverolles,
which are most generally bred in this country, have in the
male much the same color as the Silver Dorking; the female,
a salmon-buff color, with light and dark markings throughout
Tail plumage, dark, and at times, almost black in the female.
There is as yet no set rule for color, each variety favoring the
color which describes the variety.

Page 139

Plate LXI Crevecoeur Male and Feathers

Page 140

Crevecoeur Female and Feathers Plate LXII

Page 141

THE POLISH BREED

F ALL the many breeds of poultry there is
none that has a more striking individuality
than the Polish family. The peculiar for- :
mation of skull and nostrils, and the dis-
tinctive comb belonging thereto are pecu-
liarities found in no other breed of fowls.
It is not necessary for us to go into their
details from a naturalist’s point of view, as

has Aldrovandi and others of the early time. Even Darwin

himself does not venture beyond elassing all fowls of this
kind under the ‘‘ecrested or Polish breeds,’’ including all fowls
with crests under the same classification.

The marked peculiarity of skull in the crested or Polish
family is the formation of the rounded knob on the top of
the head, from which the crest grows. Polish fowls having
small crests naturally have the smaller-sized knobs on top of
the head. As a long-time Polish breeder remarked to the
writer, ‘‘To have Polish with enormous crests, you must breed
from specimens with the largest protuberance on the top of
the head.’’ Some writers claim that the French are the only
nation that has fully realized the commercial value to be
obtained from the Polish by crossing them with other vari-
eties. The Houdan and the Crevecoeur are remarkable evi-
dences of the value of the Polish blood used in creating new
breeds. The La Fléche and Faverolle have the same influ-
ence in their general make-up, and all of these are valued
highly as market poultry.

The varieties of the Polish family are the White-crested
Black, Bearded, and the Non-bearded, and Non-bearded
Silver, Bearded and Non-bearded White, and the Buff-laced
Of all these, the most beautiful are the White-crested Blacks
and the Bearded Silvers. Well-formed crests upheld by a
profuse bearding adds to their beauty as an ornamental fowl,
and the more of these ornamentations they possess, the more
attractive are they to the amateur and fancier.

Page 142

Buft-laced and White-crested Black Polish Plate LXIII

Page 143

The: Perfected “Poultry jof“Aimerica

WHITE-CRESTED BLACK POLISH HISTORY. The
Polish fowls were originally called Polanders, from the fact
that Poland was credited with being their original home; and
from this comes the present name Polish. Contentions have
been raised against the name of the Cochin and the Hamburg,
but we are of the opinion that no other name would be more
applicable to these breeds. The Black Polish fowl] of fifty years
ago had but a small erest. They were kept and valued for
their hardiness, and were prolific producers of beautiful white-
shelled eggs. The English fanciers have done more for the
improvement of the Polish fowls than any other breeders.
The Canadian fanciers, being closely allied with their home
country, imbibed the love and ability of improving the breed.
Some of the most beautiful specimens that reach the show-
rooms of America are brought here by Canadian fanciers.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Polish family in general con-
form more to the type of the Leghorn and the Hamburg than
to any other breed. They are fairly long in body; tails,
earried rather low; body, shehtly upright; shanks, of medium
length, set well apart; the back, very symmetrical. The most
striking breed charactertistic is the head formation and the
erest. The head, rather large, with a knob forming a half
cirele, like the half of a small-sized ball on the top of the head.
They have a V-shaped comb, rather small in size, lying against
the front of the crest, often entirely hidden. The larger and
the more globular the crest of the female the better. The
erest of the male is composed of feathers lke the hackle
feathers of the same specimen; the crest of the female of
feathers more like body plumage. The long, flowing crest of
the male appears somewhat like a very long head of hair
flowing three ways from the center, while that of the female
stands out like a ball. The beard, of the Bearded variety,
erows upon the throat beneath the beak, extending from
right to left, to beneath the eye growing down to a point
forming a very wide V of feathers beneath the beak. The
wattles are small, as are the ear-lobes. They are close feath-
ered birds, having very long tail plumage in both male and
female, the former carrying long, flowing sickles.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Polish is similar
to the European and Mediterranean fowls; and is termed the

Page 144

Mace Perfected Poultry of America

egg-producing type, with the long, straight back, broader at
the shoulders than at the saddle; rather full in abdomen;
wings of good size, closely placed against the body; thighs
and shanks of medium length. The color of the White-
erested Black Polish plumage is pure, glossy black throughout,
excepting the crest, which is pure white, bordered in front
with a few black feathers; beak, and shanks, of a bluish shade
of color; eyes, face, and wattles, red; ear-lobes, white. One
of the most difficult problems in breeding this variety is to
gather all the white plumage into the crest, and avoid the
presence of any foreign color in the body plumage.

GOLDEN POLISH HISTORY. There are two varieties
that have the same colored plumage, one having the beard,
the other without it. Both have the same color and undoubt-
edly the same origin. These are evidently a made variety
ereated through the art of the fancier.

CHARACTERISTICS. The same general characteristics
apply to these varieties as those previously described.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of all the Polish varie-
ties is the same. The Golden varieties have the ground color
known as golden bay, each feather edged with a narrow band
of black. All the plumage must be free from mossing or bad
color in the center. The center of the Polish plumage is quite
like the center of the Laced Wyandottes; the specimens gain-
ing beauty as the center becomes more open and expanded.
The tail of the male is most pleasing from the fact that the
long, flowing sickles edged with a darker color match so well
with the hackle-shaped plumage of the crest. As the feathers
of these two specimens become more expanded and beautifully
tinted and laced, the birds are considered more attractive.
Shanks, beak, eyes, face, and wattles conform to the color of
the White-crested Blacks; all Polish should have the same
color in these sections. The non-bearded variety conforms in
every way to the bearded, with the exception of the absence
of the beard.

BEARDED AND NON-BEARDED SILVER POLISH. The
history and characteristics of this variety are exactly the same
with the Golden, except the color. Where the Golden have the
bay color of plumage, the Silver have pure white. Nothing is

Page 145

Plate LXIV Golden Polish Female and Feathers

Page 146

Golden Polish Male and Feathers Plate LXV

TAA
MANS

Page 147

The Perfected Poultry of America

more beautiful than the plumage of the Silver Polish. The —
clear, clean white, edged with black, seems to fit most beau-
tifully the general make-up of these two varieties.

WHITE POLISH. The two varieties of Bearded and Non-
bearded White Polish must conform in every way to the
general make-up of the other two varieties, with the exception
that they have pure white plumage throughout.

BUFF-LACED POLISH HISTORY. Whether the Buff-
laced Polish have been cultivated from the Golden Polish is
not easily determined. When first seen in this country, they
were of a very weak, or pale buff color, with a narrow light
edging in the plumage, which looked more like supplementary
lacing than actual marking. With care and attention, both
here and in other countries, they have been improved into one
of the most beautiful varieties of the Polish family. But few
are seen from the fact that they are most difficult to produce
in good quality.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general breed characteristics of
this variety are the same as in all Polish.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Laced Polish is
similar to that of all Polish. The plumage throughout is fash-
ioned after that of the Golden Polish, the color being a rich,
clear buff, each feather having a narrow white lacing. All
other sections are the same as in*the Golden Polish. When
they possess a clean, clear, buff center, with the perfect white
lacing, they are magnificent spécimens; the color of the male
is always of a deeper shade than that of the female.

THE DUTCH BREED

F HAMBURGS there are six varieties:
Golden and Silver-penciled, Golden and
Silver-spangled, White, and Black varieties.
The original was undoubtedly the Penciled.
The Spangled, the White, and the Black,
were probably created in England from
some of their own varieties of spangled-
plumaged fowls, the selection being made to

gain what is to-day among the most beautiful of all varieties

of exhibition fowls.

PENCILED HAMBURG HISTORY. The story of the
“‘everlasting laying hen from Hamburg’’ has been written and
re-written so often, that it is only necessary to know that
fowls came from the port of Hamburg that have since been
cultivated into the beautiful Penciled Hamburgs. Why they
were called Penciled Hamburgs, we are at a loss to under-
stand. The female of the two varieties is barred, not penciled,
but has been known under this name and has become so dear
to the heart of Hamburg fanciers that nothing could ever
change it.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Penciled Hamburgs have a
breed type to themselves. Their general make-up is quite dif-
ferent from the spangled varieties. A grand pair of Rose-
combed Leghorns conforms almost to the same description that
would be given to describe the Penciled Hamburgs. They are
Mediterranean in their general appearance. If there were
rose-combed Italian fowls, and if some of them found their way
into the Dutch territory and had their influence in the making
of the Penciled Hamburgs, they could not have been truer to
such a type.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The most distinctive feature of the
Hamburg is the Hamburg comb. It can be pictured, but
scarcely described. It has a formation all its own. Other
fowls have received the comb influence through crosses, but
none have the beautiful comb of the Hamburg, save the Ham-

Page 149

Plate LXV1 Silver-spangled Hamburg Female and Feathers

Silver-spangled Hamburg Male

Lee en eee
Ne ay

2 My

ys

Page 151

and Feathers

Plate

The, Perfected. :Ponltry sof = America

burg or Rose-combed Bantams; the wattles, like other fowls;
the ear-lobes, prominent, smooth, and closely placed to the
head, are of a most beautiful white color. Otherwise the shape
of the Penciled Hamburg is more like the Leghorn than any
other fowl. In color there are two varieties. The Golden
Penciled has plumage of a reddish-bay color; the sickle feath-
ers of the tail we will describe as black, many of them having
a coppery bronze shading that conforms to the body plumage.
This, edged with a reddish bay, gives the appearance of black
sickles, edged with a reddish bay, and the whole surface glis-
tens with a coppery bronze shading. When folded, the
wings beneath the saddle show some of the markings the same
as the female. The hackle plumage of the female, reddish
bay; balance of the entire body plumage, reddish bay, each
feather barred across with straight bars of glistening black;
beaks, of both male and female, dark; shanks, and toes, of a
bluish color.

THE SILVER-PENCILED HAMBURGS. The only differ-
ence between the Golden and the Silver-penciled Hamburg
female lies in the fact that where the one has the reddish-bay
body-color, the other has the pure white with the barring of
black. In the male the same conditions exist, the body-color
being pure white. It is usual in the Silver-penciled males to
find more or less shading of black in some parts of the plumage.
The fluff of all males is powdered with gray; the tail, black,
edged with white; the purer and clearer the white, and the
more distinct the dark markings, the more attractive the
specimen.

SPANGLED HAMBURG HISTORY. Some of the English
fanciers suggest that more than likely the Spangled Hamburgs
were made by intermingling other English fowls with the
Penciled Hamburg, and that by selecting the best from these
the present type has been built up. There are two varieties,
the Golden and the Silver-spangled Hamburgs. Both have
been produced in much the same manner; and have been
brought to a distinctive type and beauty that is solely their
own.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Spangled Hamburgs have a
type to themselves, being heavier in body, and are naturally

Page 152

fire Perfected Poultry of America

of larger size. Otherwise they are Hamburgs in general
make-up and breed characteristics.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The comb, wattles, the ear-lobes, ”
are the same as the other varieties. In body they are heavier
throughout. The color of the Golden-spangled variety is deep
bay, spangled with greenish black; the formation of the
spangling, the bay, web-color, and the under-color is better
described in our illustrations. The male is more profusely
marked with black than formerly; the hackle, saddle, wings,
and the breast plumage, carrying more dark shading than
formerly ; these attractive features are shown by illustration.
Beak, shanks, and other sections are the same in color as the
Penciled variety.

SILVER-SPANGLED HAMBURGS. The same as the
Goldens with the exception that the body plumage is white,
spangled with black.

THE BLACK HAMBURG. Whether the Black Hamburg is
a sport from the Silver-penciled or a made variety, we pre-
sume will never be absolutely known. They are beautiful
black fowls, having the distinctive Hamburg features, and
clothed in the most beautiful black plumage possible. They
are of excellent quality, and attractive in every manner, and
are not as difficult to produce as some of the other varieties,
yet to have the best quality, they must be bred in line for
years from the very best strains. Beak, dark in color; shanks,
dark blue or black; eyes, face, comb, and wattles, red; ear-
lobes, a most beautiful enamel white. Plumage, greenish
black throughout.

THE WHITE HAMBURG. The White Hamburg has failed
in quality for many years, but recently they have been im-
proved, and some attractive specimens are occasionally seen.
They are truly Hamburg in every way, an exact counterpart
of the Blacks, except their beak, and shanks are not so dark
in color, and their plumage is pure white.

Page 153

Pl. LXVIII Golden-penciled Hamburg Male and Feathers

Golden-penciled Hamburg Female and Feathers Pl]. LXIX

Page 155

THE, REDCAP BREED

E HAVE examined authorities, going back to
the oldest poultry publications, and find that
from the beginning the Redcap has been
described as a portion of the Hamburg fam-
ily. One writer calls them cross-bred Ham-
burgs, and ascribes the cross as the Golden
Hamburg, with the market poultry in the
neighborhood where the cross was made.

REDCAP HISTORY. Messrs. Hewitt and Wragg, two of
the most accomplished English fanciers, seemed to be the
accepted authorities, as what they have written has been re-
written in almost every poultry book published in recent years.
They write that the Redcap is one of the oldest breeds, having
been kept in the counties of Derbyshire and Yorkshire prior to
their becoming popular as exhibition poultry. Over thirty
years ago fairly well filled classes were seen. Mr. Lewis
Wright, in the last issue of the Book of Poultry, states that
Redeaps were then largely kept in the United States and other
foreign countries, and that they are a near relative to the
Golden-spangled Hamburg, the old English Game having been
used in their conformation.

CHARACTERISTICS. To describe the characteristics of
the Redeap it can be well said of them that they are Hamburg
in general make-up, the male being fashioned somewhat like

the old English Game, while the female is a Spangled Ham-
burg, with the addition of the heavy formation of the present-
day Minorea. The prominent breast, long back, and deep
abdomen, point to a naturally heavy egg production. ‘he
unusually large comb that is peculiar to this one breed alone, is
undoubtedly responsible for the name they bear, for it is a very
large and a very red cap upon their heads. They are usually
of the one distinctive golden color, yet mention is made of some
showing the silver-spangled influence in the cross.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the present-day Red-
cap male leans rather toward the English type of heavy-built

Page 156

Mire teriected “Poultry of America

fowls. While they are Hamburg in general formation, the
body is somewhat hke the Dorking, with large comb and wat-
tles, and the full flowing tail of the Hamburg. The female is of
Hamburg formation, with a longer body and more prominent
breast and abdomen, with full spread Hamburg tail, having
more the appearance of the possibilities of market poultry than
the Hamburg. The foundation or body-color is brown, the
male having a richer shade of color, which often imitates the
shading of the Partridge Cochin. The ear-lobes are bright red.
The male has rich, brilliant black color in the tail, which is not
so pronounced in the female. The markings are crescent
shape, of a glossy black shade.

Plate LXX Redcap Female and Feathers

Redcap Male and Feathers Plate LXXI

Page 159

THE GAME BREED

HE Game fowls have been in existence as
long as poultry has been known. The ear-
lest personal information came to us from
a friend who had traveled the world over,
and who told us that he saw a large flagon
that was said to have been taken from the
ruins of Pompeii, on one side of which was
engraved a peafowl, on the other a game
cock. If India is older than history tells, this would indicate
that Game fowls were in existence beyond the records, and
establishes the fact that Game fowls of some kind seem to

have existed in India as long as it has been inhabited by man.

There are eight well-defined varieties of the perfected Game
fowl of America, known as the Black-breasted Red, Brown

Red, Golden Duckwing, Silver Duckwing, Birchen, Red Pyle,

White, and Black. The present type has come to use from the

English fanciers, and the American fowl differs but little in

the same varieties from those bred in England.

THE GAME FOWL. The evolution of the Game fowl from
the original Pit Game type to the present standard variety has
been gradual. Through selection and careful mating they
have been brought to their present form. No other fowl has this
upright characteristic tail carriage, and their pecuhar forma-
tion and general appearance is that of stiltiness. Their sta-
tion, as it is termed with Game fowls, describes an erect car-
riage from the sole of the feet to the top of the head. Usually
the exhibition game, when of the best quality, carries its head
in the position that places the eye almost directly over the
hock joint. This has been brought about through years of
careful study and mating, and a few fanciers of America have
lent their aid in the improvement of these fowls. Their com-
mercial value is so limited as to exclude them from general
cultivation. Their history travels back over such an expanse
cf territory as to make it impossible to record it, and they
have come from the originals through many stages and
changes up to their present type.

Page 160

iieaherfected jp Poultry.iof “America

BLACK-BREASTED RED GAME HISTORY. The original
Black-breasted Red Game was of the Pit Game type, and they
are commonly known as the Old English Game. Among Pit
Games there are numerous kinds of Black Reds. The Derby
Game has the distinctive chacter of white or very light-
colored shanks, but the type that conforms to the present-day
exhibition Black-breasted Red have the willow shanks. This
variety has been more extensively bred than any other, and
undoubtedly have descended direct from what might be ealled
the Old English Black-breasted Red Game, having the dark-
eolored willow shade of shanks.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general characteristics of all
exhibition Game fowls are the same; it is a type that has an
individuality. The body might be called egg shaped, from the
fact that it tapers from the shoulder to the tail, much like the
formation of an egg. The carriage is quite erect; the tail,
gathered so closely as to be termed whip tail. They have long
thighs, with shanks placed very near the center of the body,
in a direct line below the neck, and almost straight. The back
slopes downward from the neck to the tail, the tail being ear-
ried down and back, the lower line of which forms almost a
direct line from the thighs to the end of the tail.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The general make-up of the Game
is short, even the breast formation is rather short; they are
strong across the shoulders and through the body at the point
of the thigh. The neck is rather long, and carried erect, with
a beautiful curve under the throat to the end of the beak, and
they have rather a pugnacious appearance; the shape of the
female conforms to that of the male. The color of the Black-
red Game is, for the top color, red; throat, breast, and body-
color, black; tail, black; neck, of an orange-red shade; wing-
bows, red; wing-bay, of a darker shade than the bow; back,
red, shading in the saddle to conform with neck plumage;
beak, shanks, and toes, of a dark willow color; face, and eyes,
red. The female has the golden-colored plumage in hackle,
which is slightly striped with a darker color. The general
body-color is brown, penciled with a darker shade. The birds
most admired at present have the lighter shades of brown that
have a golden appearance rather than a dull brown; breast,

Page 161

II

‘Plate LXXII Brown Red Game Male and Feathers

s

je RE ne

Page 162

Brown Red Game Female and F eathers Plate LX XIII

Page 163

The 'Perfected” Powltty Yor romerica

Ne nner
a TS SE SS

salmon, shading off to a light, or ashy brown; the main tail
feathers, brownish black, some of the feathers powdered like
the body-color; beak, shanks, and toes, dark or willow; face,
comb, wattles, ear-lobes, and eyes, red.

THE BROWN RED GAME. So far as the history and gen-
eral characteristics of this variety are considered, they con-
form to the same description given for the Black Red variety,
and the only difference between the two varieties is found in
the color and markings. Where the Black Red variety has the
red plumage, this variety has the lemon, or frequently the
orange shade of plumage. Where the Black Red variety has
black plumage, the Brown Red variety is black. The breast
plumage of both the male and the female of this variety is
laced with a lemon shading. Beak, shanks, and toes are usually
darker in color than the same sections in the Black Red. The
female, throughout has the ground color of black, with a lemon
hackle, carrying a narrow striping and a lemon lacing on the
breast plumage, as above mentioned. The eyes of the Brown
Red are quite dark in color, and they have what is known as
the gypsy face; this dark purple color is the same in comb,
face, and wattles.

THE BIRCHEN GAME. This is the companion variety to
the Brown Reds, having all the features of the other variety in
general as to color and markings, except where the Brown
Reds have the lemon or orange markings, the Birchens have
silvery white, and the breast plumage laced with silvery
white. They are the exact counterpart of the Brown Reds,
with the exception of color; in one, the color is lemon, orange,
and black, while in the Birchen it is black, marked with white ;
hackle plumage, silver white; top color of the male, silver
white; the female, black, with the silver-white hackle and lac-
ing of same.

THE GOLDEN DUCKWING GAME. This is one of the
most beautiful of the Game varieties. The color of the male
and female can hardly be excelled except in the most beauti-
ful of the silver colors. The Golden Duckwing male has yel-
iowish white, or straw color, in hackle; with a little darker
shade of same on back; top color of a lighter shade of yellow
than in the other variety. The female has a gray body-color

Page 164

fice Periecteds Poultry of “America

penciled with a darker shade; breast, dark salmon; tail,
brownish black; some of the feathers stippled with gray ; eyes,
face, wattles, and ear-lobes, of this variety, red; the wing-bow
conforming to the top color in the male.

THE SILVER DUCKWING GAME. This variety is the
eompanion to the Golden Duckwing, but they are of a lighter
shade of color throughout. The top color of the male is white;
the balance of the body-color, ineluding tail, black; shanks,
and beak, willow: beak, darker in shade than the shanks. The
general color of the female is of a light silver gray, penciled
with a darker shade of gray. The general distinction between
the two varieties of Golden and Silver Duckwing is in the
shade of the plumage; the Silver Duckwing is naturally lighter
throughout than the Golden, but as shown sometimes there is
not the marked distinction between the females that there
should be. The difference between the Golden Duckwing fe-
male and the Silver Duckwing female should be that of a dark-
eray body plumage compared to a hght gray. The penciling
in one should naturally be darker than in the other; the breast
of the Golden of a darker salmon color than the Silver.

THE RED PYLE GAME. The Red Pyle Game has yellow
beak, shanks, and feet; eyes, face, wattles, and ear-lobes, red;
otherwise their markings are the same as in the Black-red va-
riety, except that the top color is orange or hght red; the
breast, and body-color, including tail, white. In the female
the color of plumage is white, except the breast, which is sal-
mon, and the hackle edged with gold. Some of this variety are
seen with willow shanks, but this detracts very much from
their appearance, and makes any other shade of beak, shanks,
and toes, than vellow most undesirable.

THE WHITE GAME. This variety has the same character-
istics and general breed formation as the other varieties; beak,
shanks, and feet, yellow; face, comb, wattles, ear-lobes, and
eyes, red; the entire plumage, white.

THE BLACK GAME. These have the same breed character-
istics as the other varieties. Beak, shanks, and feet, black;
face, comb, wattles, ear-lobes, and eyes, red; the entire plum-
age, lustrous black throughout.

Page 165

Pl. LXXIV_ Black-breasted Red Game Female and Feathers

Page 166

Pl. LXXV

Black-breasted Red Game Male and Feathers

Page 167

The Perfected Poultry of America

OTHER GAME BREEDS. The Indian, Sumatra, and Ma-
lay Games form a class by themselves. The Indian Game,
known as the Cornish Indian Game, and the White Indian
Game are so nearly allied with the Malay and the Azeel as to
be placed in the kindred class. The Sumatra, the beautiful
black Game fowl that may have come from the island whose
name they bear, have become more popular within the last
few years than ever before. These four varieties might be ac-
credited to the Oriental countries, notwithstanding the fact
that the Indian is a made breed, and has been so improved in
form and plumage as to bring it forward prominently as an
exhibition fowl of great character.

THE INDIAN GAME. This breed should undoubtedly be
eredited to the English fanciers, and, being of such recent
origin, there should be something more definitely told of them.
They are a heavy-bodied, deep-breasted, highly-valued table
fowl, and were evidently originated with this intent in view:
They carry a great proportion of breast meat on the carcass.
They are more domestic and less pugnacious than are the other
kinds of Games, and, if grown together as chicks, may be kept
in flocks almost up to maturity without danger of their quar-
reling to any great extent.

INDIAN GAME HISTORY. This bred originated in Eng-
land, unless we are to admit that they were bred direct from
the Azeel, which undoubtedly had something to do in their
general make-up. We imagine that there is Old English
Game, Malay, and Azeel blood in their veins. This conclusion
would be warranted owing to the style of the comb, if for no
other reason, and English writers credit their origin to much
the same sourees. Of late years they have been greatly im-
proved, but while highly favored in some localities, they are
not generally bred. They are bred in two varieties, one called
the Cornish Indian Game, the other the White Indian.

CHARACTERISTICS. The characteristics of both varieties
of the Indian Game should be the same; the Cornish variety,
however, is a much more heavily proportioned fowl than the
White. The latter seem to cling more to the Malay type, while
the Cornish have been bred to that of the Azeel. This type

Page 168

Tire Perfected Powltry of \America

is very heavy in body, short in neck, strong in shank, and built
on lines similar to the heavy draft horse, while on the other
hand the White variety leans more to the Game type.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Indian Game is
broad, deep, full, and round, every portion of the body con-
structed for the purpose of carrying the largest proportion of
meat. This is the valuable make-up of the Indian Game. In
eolor the Cornish, both male and female, have yellow beak
and shanks, pearl eyes; bright red face, comb, wattles, and
ear-lobes; plumage color of the male in hackle, greenish black ;
back, glossy black; intermingled with dark red; saddle, the
same; breast, and body-color, black; the markings of the
wings, shaded with dark red; the plumage throughout rich,
glossy black; the dark red intermixed with the top color ear-
rying more or less of a reddish-colored shafting. The female
is colored something like the Partridge Cochin, except that the
body-color is not quite so deep a shade, while the pencilings
which usually follow the shape of the feather in double rows,
are of a lustrous black; the main tail feathers of both male
and female are black; those of the female irregularly marked
with bay.

THE WHITE INDIAN GAME. In every respect the White
Game is similar to the Cornish variety, except as to plumage,
which is pure white.

THE AZEEL. This is the original Game fowl of India. They
are bred in many colors. They are low, and very heavy set,
and are more bulky and heavily built than any of the Indian
Game varieties. They, as well as the Indian Game variety,
have the peculiarity of the pea-comb, similar to the comb of
the Brahma. Probably the Azeel is the original pea-combed
fowl. The Brahma and the Indian Game may owe this peculiar-
ity of comb either to the Azeel or to the original form to which
the Azeel were bred.

THE BLACK SUMATRAS. This breed of Games is dis-
{inetive. It possesses the pea-comb, the very long, flowing
tail, and plumage similar to the Phoenix fowl, or the Japanese
Game. Beak is dark in color; the same in shanks. They have
the general drooping formation found in the Japanese Game,
but the distinctive difference, however, is the pea-comb, so

Page 169

Plate LXXVI Cornish Indian Male and Feathers

Page 170

CornishIndian Female and Feathers Plate LX XVII

Pace lst

The Perfected Poultry ote merica

ee
ala,

well defined in the Sumatra. No fowl has a richer and more
brilliant sheen upon its plumage than the Black Sumatra. They
are more bulky in body than the exhibition game, but set very
low upon their legs, and the tail of the male is apt to drag
upon the ground. While their original formation may be
likened unto the Pit Game, they do not have the upright, vin-
dictive carriage of that breed. In color of plumage, there is a
rich, glossy black, throughout; beak, shanks, and toes, dark
olive color; eyes, brown; face, comb, wattles, and ear-lobes,
red preferred; often they have the purple or gypsy-colored
face.

THE MALAY. Whether the Malay or the Azeel is the older
fowl is a question which has not been fully decided. Writers
think there can be but little doubt but that the Azeel can be
traced far beyond the Christian era, and the Azeel is credited
direct to India. Other writers credit the Malay to the same
country, and still others to Southeastern Asia. The distinctive
difference between the Malay and the Azeel is that of greater
station or length of shank and thigh in the Malay. The Malay
has the knob or bunch-comb, while the Azeel has the pea or
triple comb. The influence of the comb of the Azeel is a dis-
tinetive feature with the Asiatic Brahma. The yellow shank
of the early-day Shanghai, together with the length of limb of
the Langshan, points somewhat to the Malay. Perhaps if
greater thought and closer study were given these two Asiatie
originals, there might be found somewhere back in early times,
that one or both of these had more or less to do with the con-
struction of the Asiatic family, which were originally brought
from China

MALAY HISTORY. Information gathered from numerous
poultry books and other publications greatly confounds the
Malay, the Chittagong, the Cullom fowl of India, and perhaps
the Azeel. While the Malay is credited by some to India, and
others to Southeastern Asia, early writers may have referred
to India as being included with these portions of Asia. Among
the earliest writers about the Malay was Mr. Nolan, of Dub-
lin, who obtained his first stock from vessels landing at Lon-
don. We understand that he traced their home to Malay;
others believe their origin to be that of Southern Asia and the

Page 172

mer ertected “Poultry of America

Philippines. Mr. Brown, in his recent work, records facts
gathered from many authors, which credit them to Malay, the
islands of the Indian Ocean, and the eastern coast of Africa.
Undoubtedly these fowls were scattered throughout the world
by the sailing vessels of early days. Mr. Brown quotes from
the Livestock Journal Almanae, of 1888, the fact that Mr.
Montresor says that he beleves the Malay is no other than a
eross from the Indian Game cock and Chittagong hen. If this
be true, it would prove the fact that the Azeel was the first,
or the original, and the Malay only a product gained from the
eross as above stated. Both the Malay and the Azeel have evi-
dently been used in making the Indian Game, judging from
the fact that some of the Indian Games show an inclination to
the knob-comb, while others have very distinct pea-combs. The
first records of the Malay indicate that they arrived in Eng-
land about 1830, while other importations that came later,
were of a different type, which indicated that they were not
true to breed even in their own country.
CHARACTERISTICS. The Malay is a heavy, bulky-shaped
fowl, having very long thighs and shanks, and an upright
earriage of body. They have a long, bulky formation, are sav-
age in appearance, prominent in skull, strong in neck, back,
and thigh. They differ from the Azeel, which is a heavy-
bodied, bulky fowl, and low set, on shorter shanks and thighs.
SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Malay is in line
with the Azeel, Indian Game, and Old English Game type of
fowl. The head is broad, rather long, with a projection over
the eyes, which are very bright and clear. The comb is de-
seribed as a knob, or strawberry comb, having the appearance
of a lump on the forward part of the head that somewhat re-
sembles a strawberry in formation. The wattles are very small,
often scarcely discernible; the back, breast, and body, long,
broad, and full, and very muscular; tail, of medium length,
shaped, and carried somewhat like the tail of a standard
Game. Their plumage is not very dense, but rather short,
hard, and closely fitted to the body. The female resembles the
male, and, in fact, they are quite like the Indian Game in body
formation. The Black Red male has plumage much like the
Game fowl of the same color; face, comb, wattles, and ear-

Page 173

Plate LX XVIII Red Malay Female and Feathers

PRIMARY
REPRESS

Page 174

Red Malay Male and Feathers Plate LX XIX

Page 175

The.-Perfected -PowltrySof-“Ameried

lobes, of a deep red, verging on purple; the back is of a dark
red, or maroon color; breast, and body, black; shanks and
beak, yellow. The color of the female ranges from a
cinnamon brown to a lighter shade of yellow brown.
Usually the color is not evenly spread over the body; brown,
and at times black, is intermingled in the tail, the wings, and
off-colored feathers on the body. In addition to this variety,
there are whites, blacks, and a mixed-colored specimen in their
original state.

THE GAME BANTAMS. There are eight varieties of Game
Bantams, which are identical in shape, color, and markings to
Standard Games, and perfect dwarfed types of the fowls they
imitate. Fifty years ago the type of the Game Bantam resem-
bled more the shape and earriage of a Rose-combed Bantam
than the present type, excepting that the males and females
were longer and heavier in body, and had more tail plumage.
The first mention of these in good quality was in 1852, which
record told of a pair of Duckwing Game Bantams of fine
character, and also that there were a few Black-breasted Red
Game Bantams that were fairly good imitations of the larger
fowls. Later, in 1867, considerable improvement was re-
corded. From this time up to the present, great advancement
has been made, until we now have even better quality in the
bantams than in the standard size Game.

GAME BANTAM HISTORY. To follow the Game Bantam
in this country would be to tell the history of the members
of the Game and Game Bantam Club, who have worked con-
tinually for the improvement and quality of these little beau-
ties. Importations have been made, and the stock thus re-
ceived has been most successfully handled by a number of the
most active breeders, who have continued to exhibit and dis-
tribute the stock throughout the country.

CHARACTERISTICS. The general characteristics of the
Game Bantam must equal or excel the varieties of the larger
fowls they imitate. It is not unusual to see the type greatly
exaggerated into that extreme in station wherein les the ele-
gance and value of the Game Bantam.

SHAPE. The description of shape of these varieties would
include the proper carriage, which is upright, and erect, for

Page 176

Silver Duckwing and Red Pyle Game Bantams Plate LXXX

Pare. 177

12

The Perfected Poultry of America

without symmetry and station, they could not be included
among specimens of quality. Head, narrow, long, and beau-
tifully curved at the gullet; beak, strong, and of artistic for-
mation; for nothing adds so much to their attractiveness as a
thin, well-curved throat, tapering away from the well propor-
tioned neck; neck, long; hackle, short, fitting close to the neck,
well separated in front, showing the neck plumage; shoulders,
broad, carried well forward. The best shape of body imitates
a well-formed egg, the larger end representing the shoulders
and tapering away to the tail. The back is short and flat; the
tail, angling off with a gentle decline from the end of the
back; the tail of both male and female is gathered close to-
gether; wings, never extending beyond the root of the tail;
thighs set on the body, in a direct line below the neck; thighs
and shanks, straight, and long; eyes, prominent; comb and
wattles of females, very small; the female naturally carries
her tail a little less erect than does the male. The female
should have a body formation in every way possible resem-
bling the male.

COLOR. The dubbing of the male presents the head, face,
and upper part of the throat, a bright red in all varieties, ex-
cept those birds having the gypsy face; the same might be
said of the female. Eyes of the Black Red variety, top color,
and general markings of the male, red, shading into an orange,
or light red in hackle and saddle; and the greatest stress
should be laid on having the color pure and true. Breast and
under-body color of the Black Red variety, a clear, clean black ;
wing-coverts, showing the glossy black bar; tail and thighs,
black; sickles and coverts, glossy black; shanks and feet,
willow colored. The female of the Black Red variety should
have a golden-brown color, penciled or stippled with a lighter
shade. The English favor a slightly darker shade than we do
in this country. Breast, salmon-colored; this is of more im-
portance in the smooth, even shade of body-color, and the
well-defined breast, shading off to a lighter shade between the
thighs, than an absolute solid shade. The judges of the pres-
ent time select a golden-brown shade of body-color, penciled
with a little darker shade. Throat of a light salmon color;
breast, darker, shading lighter between the thighs; shanks,
and feet, willow.

Page 178

“iter Pertected Poultry of America

The Brown Red variety is marked like the Black Red in gen-
eral coloring, excepting that the top color of the Brown Red
is a lemon color or dark straw color. The breast, black; the
feathers laced with the same shade of lemon as the top color.
The hackle of the female of the Black Red variety is of light
golden, striped with black, while that of the Brown Red is
lemon, striped with dark. The beak and shanks of the Brown
Red, of a darker willow than the Black Red. Eyes, dark brown.

The Birchen Game conforms to the Brown Red in color and
markings, both having very dark beaks, purple or gypsy face,
and dark-colored eyes, the only difference being that the
Brown Red is marked with lemon or straw color, while the
Birchen markings are of silvery white.

The two varieties of Golden and Silver Duckwings are the
same as that description given for the Standard Games. The
male of this variety is marked with a darker shade of yellow
or orange, while the silver is marked with a silvery white.
The females are identical, both being gray in color, stippled
with a darker shade, the female of the Golden variety averag-
ing darker in plumage color than the females of the Silver
variety.

The Red Pyle Game Bantams imitate the Black Red variety,
except that they have yellow beaks and shanks; the black
markings are misplaced by the pure white breast and under-
markings of the male, and the entire white body of the female,
with the hackle edged with orange or golden yellow; the
breast, marked with a salmon shade.

The White Game Bantam has yellow beak, red face, comb,
wattles, ear-lobes, and eyes; shanks, yellow; plumage,
pure white throughout. The Black variety has black beak,
shanks, and feet; face, wattles, ear-lobes, and eyes, red; plum-
age, black throughout, with a yellow luster.

The Malay Game Bantam and the Indian Game Bantam con-
form in shape, color, and general make-up to the same variet-
ies described for the larger Games. Both of these were
originated by the late Mr. W. F. Entwisle, of England, who
has done more toward originating and producing new variet-
ies of Bantams than any other man in the world.

Page 179

ORNAMENTAL BANTAMS

of Asiatic Bantams includes the Light and
Dark Brahmas, Buff, Partridge, Black,
White, and Cuckoo Cochin Bantams. They
are the miniature in form and the exact
So counterpart of the larger fowls whose name
they bear. They have been dwarfed to Ban-
tam size by much scientific breeding and
carefulness, and form one of the most attractive classes of the
show-room. The size is controlled through the female, and the
smaller the female in any variety, the better and smaller will
be the offspring. A gigantic Brahma male mated to a small-
sized Brahma Bantam female will produce youngsters, some of
which will not exceed two to two and a half pounds in weight ;
while, on the other hand, a small Light Brahma male mated to
a large Brahma female will produce specimens weighing from
four to six pounds. The success in the cultivation of Brahma
Bantams has come largely through the careful selection of
small-sized females.

BRAHMA BANTAM HISTORY. The first Brahma Ban-
tams of both varieties were produced in England and they
were made from crosses of the Brahma with Japanese and
White Cochin Bantams. Very much the same blood was used
to produce the English type of Dark Brahma Bantams, as was
evidenced by the early importations which were distinctly of
the Japanese Bantam type. The males and females of these
early importations crossed with under-sized Light Brahmas,
produced the best quality of this variety in America.

The best of the Dark Brahma Bantams in this country were
produced by Mr. McGrew, who selected two of the best Eng-
lish male Dark Brahmas, and mated them to an under-sized
Dark Brahma female, which was presented to him by Mr.
Newton Adams, of Ithica, N. Y. Two males, the result of this
product, were crossed on females from England. Some chicks
hatched in March or April were bred back as pullets to their
sire in September. Young chicks from this cross, which were
left out of doors during the entire winter with the mother

Page 180

Brahma and Cochin Bantams

Sn acy
Pes that PS Gs
= ¢

gone

Page 181

Plate LXXXI

The Perfected Poultry) ofje4merica

hen, gave the original product from which the greater part
of the best Dark Brahma Bantams in this country descend.

CHARACTERISTICS. While true Brahma characteristics
should be the rule, it is evident that three distinct types of
Light Brahma Bantams exist. One leans toward the Japanese
type, the other resembles the Cochin, and the third, and proper
type, is the result of crossing the best of the other two with
American Brahmas. The true American Brahma type should
be selected and cultivated to the true Brahma characteristics,
and the same conditions to a great extent should exist in the
Dark variety. Too much encouragement is given to the Co-
chin type and to the profuse shank and toe feathering.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Brahma Bantam should have
the true Brahma shape and color, as described in the early
chapters of this book for Brahmas, and there should be more
than passing consideration given to improvement in both
shape and color, clean, distinctive striping of neck, black, in
wings, and the general shaping up to the true Brahma type.
Careful consideration of both shape and color should be given
both varieties.

COCHIN BANTAM HISTORY. The five varieties of Cochin
Bantams came from the original importation of what were
known as Pekin Bantams that were brought from- Pekin,
China, in about 1860. The originals were of a reddish-buff
color, and many of them had green shanks; they threw chicks
of several colors, and there was a trace of both the Japanese
and the Silkie Bantam in their make-up. Five toes were not
infrequent in the offspring; more than one of the early-day
breeders were known to clip the fifth toe on specimens, and
then to cauterize the spot. Finally these imperfections were
fairly obliterated, but even to the present day the influence of
blue is still prominent in the shanks and toes.

The first true-colored Buff Cochins were shown in Madison
Square Garden. They were the result of a double cross made
with Buff Cochin Bantams, and with White Cochin Bantams
having the creamy tint in their plumage. Three years of
breeding and selection gave the perfect even Buff color
throughout in both males and females.

Page 182

Sebright Bantams and Feathers Plate LX X XII

Page 183

The Perfected Poultry of America

Black Cochin Bantams were one of the original colors im-
ported, and these specimens contained much of the same blood
as did the other Cochins and Cochin Bantams brought over
from England, but they were never, we imagine, bred true to
feather in their own native country. They were selected to
conform to an original type of color, cross-bred with other va-
rieties of Cochin Bantams, finally selected and improved in
color. For many years white in neck and wings, and red in
surface color were prevalent; but all of this has now disap-
peared, to the benefit of the breed.

The American White Cochin Bantams were originated
largely from sports that came from the Buff variety. lm-
portations from the other side mated with these, and White
sports from the Black variety produced the early-day Madison
Square winners. Since then selection and careful mating has
been responsible for the improvement made.

The Partridge variety of Cochin Bantams that has been suc-
cessful in this country, and from which the best now in Eng-
land seems to have descended, were originated by Mr. Me-
Grew, who bred them from an original trio imported from Mr.
Entwisle. The females of this importation were very good,
the male being quite small and inclined to the Game type. The
results from these birds the first year were crossed both ways
with a small pair of Partridge Cochin fowls, donated by Mr.
Mitchell, of Bristol, Conn. The results of these crosses were
carefully selected and bred, and gave the original start from
which all the best Partridge Cochin Bantams of the present
day have descended. The male that won for many years at
New York and Boston was a direct descendant from this origi-
nal cross. Since that time other crosses of the Mitchell stock
have been made.

Cuckoo Bantams have been produced all over the world, the
result of mating Blacks and Whites together. It is a long
and tedious process from which to produce good color, and
they have never been popular. We bred them for a number of
years, but were never partial to them.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape and color of all Cochin
Bantams must conform in every particular to the large Cochin
fowls. The shape of a Cochin Bantam should, if possible, ex-
eel that of the large Cochin fowls, as without perfect shape a

Page 184

White and Black Rose-combed Bantams Pl. LX XXIII

Page 185

The, Perfected Poultry oof VAmerica

Cochin Bantam has but little value. The color of the plumage
of the Buff Cochin is a true golden buff throughout. Natur-
ally the White Cochin Bantam is pure white, and the Black
Cochin Bantam is of a brillant black. No foreign color of
any kind is permissible in either the White or the Black va-
rieties. Some little black in the main tail feathers, and a little
stippling of same in the wing, flights, and secondaries, of the
Buff variety is permissible, as is a small amount of white in
these same sections, but the white and the black are to be con-
sidered an imperfection, and dangerous in the breeding pen.

In Partridge Cochin Bantams, color is essentially a matter
of importance, and they should have the same color and mark-
ing as given for Partridge Cochin fowls. Great importanee is
attached to the proper color and marking of the Partridge
Cochin Bantam, as specimens having poor color are of scarcely
any value.

BOOTED BANTAM. These little fellows belong with the
feather-shanked varieties. They have been bred in many col-
ors during the past century. The most beautiful and the best
known of these are the Black and the White varieties. Booted
Bantams are bred of two distinct types; one very short in
thigh and shank, and fashioned after the Japanese Bantam
type, and the other, larger and more erect, fashioned after the
Sultan. All kinds of Booted Bantams have long stiff hock
plumage, with considerable shank and toe feathering. Whether
White, Black, Cuckoo, or Spangled, they must have the same
color of plumage that belongs to the Cochin Bantam of the
same variety. They have single combs; the White variety
have white shanks, as other than white shanks debars them
in competition in the show-room. Some Booted Bantams have
been bred with a beard.

SULTANS. While Sultans are not Bantams, we describe
them here for want of a better classification, with the other
feather-shanked fowls. The Sultan has more distinguishing
features than any other one breed. They have V-shaped
combs, erests, beard, vulture hocks, with feathered shanks and
toe feathers, and droop their wings even more than the Booted
Bantams. They stand quite erect with their full crest, beard,
ead peculiar carriage of wing, against the hock, and the toe

Page 186

Tine Perfected ~Poultry.-of America

feathering. They are pure white in color; shanks, and toes, of
a bluish cast, and are more of a novelty than otherwise.

SILKIES. These we classify here for the same reason. The
Silkie has been known for many years as the Woolly Hen, the
Silkie Fowl, the Silkie Bantam. The influence of their plum-
age has been noticed in other fowls. Their plumage is more
like a woolly cotton than like a feather. Their skin and shanks
are of a peculiar bluish purple, and their plumage white. They
have a knob or walnut-shaped comb, and are specially used
throughout the world for hatching bantams and pheasants,
but are not to be considered for this purpose with the Cochin
Bantam fowl. They are a novelty, and are kept principally
for this reason.

FRIZZLE BANTAMS. Of late years a number of Frizzle
Bantams have been shown. We saw a number of them in
Northern New York during the winter, 1906-7; they were per-
fect little bantams, with the plumage of the Frizzle fowl.
Frizzle fowls are bred to a limited extent. There is no author-
itative description for them other than that they carry their
plumage curved forward, causing a frizzled appearance. They
have single combs, and are bred in white, black, buff. and
broken colors.

SEBRIGHT BANTAM HISTORY. The Sebright Bantam
was originated by an Englishman by the name of Sir John
Sebright. The history of these fowls, so far as he is connected
with them, is more or less clouded. One who claims to have
been connected with the original work of Sir John states that
they came into possession of a small bantam possessing some
indications of lacing, and that this bird was made use of, as was
also the Nankin Bantam. A elub was formed in 1820 for their
advancement. Then began the radical changes pointing
toward a positive shape with color of plumage and legs. Since
that time Sebright Bantans have been bred with a purpose in
view. The hen tail feathering of the male, the drooping of
the wings, the erect carriage, and the short hackle plumage of
the male have all been guarded up to the present time. The
contention for and against the tail plumage has been threshed
over so many times as to have absolutely settled the demand
for hen-feather plumage in the males. Sebright Bantams in

Page 187

The “Perfected? Poultry, ef America

America have been so carefully bred by some of the most ex-
pert handlers of bantams that a quality has been produced
here that is seldom excelled even by the best specimens on the .
other side. While it is true that the foundation of improve-
ment in the American Sebright has come from abroad, our fan-
ciers have done as much or more to improve them.

CHARACTERISTICS. The most prominent breed charac-
teristics of the Sebright are their attractive appearance, erect
carriage, beautiful poise of head and tail, and the graceful
droop of the wings just below the hock joint. The most at-
tractive specimens have a spread of tail, which adds greatly
to their beauty. Whether running at large or cooped for ex-
hibition, these little Bantams always have a proud, important
strut, which attracts attention to them.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Sebright Bantam
ean best be understood from the illustrations which have been
made from some of the finest specimens that have been shown
for years. The feather illustrations show the latest fashion of
markings, also the shape of the feathers. There are two vari-
eties of these, one the Silver, the other the Golden variety. The
chief feature is that the surface plumage of the Silver variety
has a pure white center in each feather, which is distinetly
marked about the edge with a very narrow lacing of black.
The white should be clear and true, and the black as brilliant
and glossy as possible to have it. In the Golden variety, the
centering of the feather is of a golden tinge of yellow, rather
more of a reddish yellow than is sought after in the Buff va-
rieties of fowls. The center of the feathers of the Golden va-
riety is of this attractive yellow shade, each feather edged
about with black, the narrow lacing being the most admired.
The beauty of the Sebright is to have both the white and the
yellow as true and bright as it is possible to have it, and the
edging of a proper width, so as to embellish, not to mar it,
with too much black. Nothing is to be so much despised in
the color of the Sebrights as is frosting, or black shadings,
mixed in with the white centers of the plumage. Clear, clean
centers, edged with black, is the most desirable feature for
beauty in the color of the Sebrights.

ROSE-COMBED BANTAM HISTORY. Black Bantams have
been known from the earliest records, and they have been

Page 188

Black-tailed Japanese Bantamsand Feathers Plate LX X XIV

Page 189

The Perfected Poultry of America

known as Black Africans, Black Bantams, and we can remem-
ber when some called them Black Sebrights. No matter where |
or what the early-day Black Bantams were termed, the Rose-
combed Bantam of to-day should be -a miniature Hamburg
from the tip of the beak to the end of the toes and tail. The
most desirable of all Rose-combed Bantams are those that are
strictly a miniature of the beautiful Black Hamburgs. Within
the last twenty years the Whites -were seemingly neglected,
but recently they have been so improved as to really bring them.
alongside of the Blacks in quality The history of the Rose-
combed Bantam really begins, when the improvements began
about. twenty years ago and continues up to the present time. |
They should be fully the equal of the Hamburgs in quality.

CHARACTERISTICS. The peculiarities of the Rose-combed
Bantam are the beautiful Hamburg Head, carrying the most
_ attractive of any of the rose-combs, and their large-sized, oval-
shaped ear-lobes, of pure white. The finish of the head has
much to do with the quality of the bantams. Their shape
must be truly Hamburg, carrying the long, drooping tail, in
both male and female; the wings drooping beneath the abdo-
men, but always carried above the hock joint, while in Se-
brights the wings droop below the hock-joint line.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Rose-combed Ban-
tam is the same as demanded for the Black Hamburg. We
say the Black Hamburg, because this is the true English type
of Hamburg, and the most stately and the most attractive of
all the Hamburg family. The Black Rose-combed Bantam of
the best quality is identical with these fowls. The color of the
variety is a true, glossy black, throughout, and should be very
rich and glossy. The White Rose-combed Bantams have pure
white plumage, and white ear-lobes. In Black Rose-combed
Bantams the beak and shanks are very dark in color. In the
White Rose-combed Bantams beaks, shanks and toes are
white.

JAPANESE BANTAM HISTORY. Notwithstanding the
faet that we have, within a year, had considerable conversa-
tion with the representative of the Poultry Department of the
Agricultural Department of Japan, we are unable to learn
much of the history of the Japanese Bantam, other than to

J

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The Perfected Poultry of America

state that they have been made from other bantams in Japan,
and that all kinds and colors are bred in that country. The
gentleman from Japan told us that the main tail feathers of
the Bantams in Japan were not carried so erect as is the fash-
ion here, otherwise our Japanese Bantams are the same as
they have in Japan. These Bantams have been scattered all
over the world, and are bred in considerable numbers, more in
this country, England, and Canada than anywhere else. What
might be called true-colored Japanese Bantams are the pure
White, pure Blacks, and the Black-tailed Whites. They have,
however, been cross-mated and promiscuously bred until there
have been produced side varieties of many kinds and colors.

CHARACTERISTICS. The true characteristic of the Jap-
anese Bantam is their miniature build, something like that of
a boat, with the tails carried high, something like a sail, and as
they move along they have the appearance of a boat gliding
over the water, so smooth is their movement, which is different
from that of almost any other fowl. They have very large tails,
short legs, erect carriage of head and tail, resulting in striking
peculiarities in their general make-up. -

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of a Japanese Bantam
could seareely be described in words. The illustrations far
exceed any description that might be written. In color the
Black-tailed White variety has yellow beak, red face, comb,
wattles, and ear-lobes; beak, shanks, and toes, yellow; all the
plumage white, except the black markings of wing and tail.
’ The edging of white, about the tail plumage, when nicely laid
on, is most attractive. The Blacks are pure black in color,
while the Whites are pure white. The beak and shanks of the
White variety are yellow, as are those in the Black, excepting
that they are often shaded with dark, and some of them have
shanks quite near to slate color. The other varieties have
about the same marking, one of the most prominent, resem-
bling the Silver Duckwing coloring, and the other, a little
darker in shade, might be compared to the Golden Duckwing
eolors. Yellow-spangled, and mixed-colored varieties, have
also been bred. |

POLISH BANTAM HISTORY. Polish Bantams have ‘been
bred for many years. Mr. Zimmer, the bantam fancier of

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The Perfected Poultry of America

SS
SS a A SESE

New York State, has done more, perhaps, for the real im-
provement of Polish Bantams than any other fancier in the
world. He had the first White Polish Bantams with true Pol-
ish characteristics. From other parts of the world occasionally
came other Polish specimens of several varieties, and at one
time there were a few White-crested Blacks, but these came
more as a surprise than an established fact.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Polish Bantam of whatever va-
riety must be a miniature of the Polish fowls in every feature,
and the color throughout must be in exact imitation of the
larger fowl.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Shape for bantams must be true to
Polish type; color must conform in every respect to the va-
riety they imitate, and must be quite as perfect as to the color
and marking as is demanded for the larger Polish fowl.

OTHER BREEDS AND VARIETIES. Among Games and
Game Bantams there are often seen the Wheaten hens, Azeel,
Game Bantams, Old-English Game Bantams, and occasionally
Pit Game Bantams, and many Pit Game fowls. Among the
ornamental kinds we have mentioned the Frizzles, and kindred
to these may be mentioned the Burmese Bantams, the Rump-
less, Nankin, and the Scotch Gray Bantams. There have been
produced a few Langshan Bantams of quality, and there are
now in sight some very creditable specimens of what might be
ealled Barred Plymouth Rock Bantams, Wyandotte Bantams,
and others of the American breeds

TURKEYS

SZ; MERICA is the natural home of the turkey.
Y, Wild Turkeys are divided into three distinct
families: First, the Wild Turkey of North
America; second, the Southern, or Mexican
Turkey, and third, a wild fowl found in
Honduras and Central America, known as
Y the Ocellated Turkey. The coloring of the
latter is most beautiful, but they have never
been domesticated as far as is known. The Southern or Mexi-
ean variety has light or whitish markings of plumage, much
like the Narragansett variety. The Wild Turkey of North
America, the original ancestor of the American Bronze Tur-
key is the most sturdy and valued for domestic purposes.

TURKEY HISTORY. In very early days the English and
French carried home specimens of the Wild Turkey, and the
greater portion of these, we imagine, were from the southern
portion of America, perhaps those of the Mexican variety.
These were bred in other countries, and later specimens of the
North American variety, the Wild Turkey, from which were
ereated the Bronze descendants, were carried back to Eng-
land. It has been stated by some breeders that the Wild North
American Turkey mingled with the common domestic varieties
in North America, thus creating the Bronze. As the domestic
specimens kept must have come from England, it goes to show
that the Wild Turkeys of America were domesticated in Eng-
land long before they were bred for domestic purposes in this
eountry.

BRONZE TURKEY HISTORY. As mentioned above, the
Bronze variety originated by crossing the Wild Turkeys of
North America with the domestic turkeys in the barnyards. This
cross produced what is considered the best variety of domestic
turkeys that the world has ever known. The Bronze Turkey is
known the world over. These were so well appreciated that
the entire world, where turkeys were bred, scarcely considered
any other variety of turkeys for many years. Carelessness in

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The Perfected Poultry oe merica
————————
breeding them permitted inbreeding to such an extent as to
destroy the sturdiness of the variety, weakening the flocks
with the most destructive ailment that has ever visited domes-
tic animals of any kind. This disease is commonly known as
blackhead, a liver trouble caused by close inbreeding, and can
only be cured by renewing the strength and vigor of the flock
through the introduction of fresh, new blood to build up the
depleted constitution. This and other ailments did much in-
jury to the Bronze variety for some years, but since these con-
ditions have become thoroughly understood and improved, the
Bronze Turkey has become better and better each year, and
they are undoubtedly the most liked and generally bred of all
varieties of turkeys.

CHARACTERISTICS. The Bronze variety is the largest of
all turkeys, averaging in weight from twelve to forty pounds.
The lighter weights will be found in the younger, undeveloped
specimens, while the heavier weights are a feature of the old
gobblers. The chief characteristics of the Bronze Turkey
are found in the length, breadth, depth, and plumpness of body.
The breasts are round and full, and so well developed as to
earry a large per cent. of most desirable white meat. These
are the distinctive features of all varieties of turkeys, and
they are so much alike that one description will refer to all.
The body of the turkey should be remarkably large and of
good length, with thighs that are long and closely placed; the
shanks, well developed, showing strength sufficient to support
very heavy bodies. The hens are usually about two-thirds the
size of the males of the same age, and having originated from
the same stock, the size and development depend largely upon
the care and attention given to their breeding.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of all turkeys is clearly
shown in our illustrations. The color of the Bronze Turkey
is of a black foundation color, finished with bronze, and a bril-
lant lacing of a greenish sheen. This intermixture of bril-
laney is beautifully offset in the Bronze variety, with an edge
of white at the end of almost every feather in the plumage.
The eyes are dark in color; head of the male, very red, which
changes somewhat at the different stages of its existence; beak,

Page 194

Bronze Turkeys and Feathers Plate LXXXV

yh

/ ;

Page 195

The Perfected Poultry of America

horn color; shanks, dark; as they grow older they become
shaded with a pinkish east. The plumage of the female is
quite like that of the male, with perhaps more white on back
plumage. Others sections, same as the male. The chief
beauty of the Bronze Turkey is the finish of plumage that is
so well illuminated with a coppery bronze jad glistening
black.

NARRAGANSETT TURKEY HISTORY. The history of the
Narragansett variety is about the same as that of all turkeys.
It is thought that perhaps the influence of the southern va-
riety of Wild Turkeys made the plumage that gives this va-
riety of turkeys its name. They were at one time largely bred
in parts of New England, and have recently come into more
general use. They should be generally bred, and are one of
the most valuable varieties. They are rather more domestic
than the Bronze, quick growing, and are ready for the market
early in the season.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Their general characteristics and
shape are similar to the Bronze. The color of the plumage of
the male Narragansett differs from the Bronze, in the fact that
each feather ends with a broader band of grayish white, the
body-color being black, bronzed over with a luster, not so
pronounced as in the Bronze variety, but the mixture of the
black, the bronze, and grayish white, produces a rich, beautiful
combination of colors. Each feather ends with black, which
forms a combination of black, with the gray edged with black,
and a rich sheen. The shanks and toes of the Narragansett
variety are of a lighter shade than the Bronze, and the female
is quite like the male.

BLACK TURKEYS. The Black variety might be termed the
original turkey of America, and was undoubtedly known in
England as the Black Norfolk Turkey. They were of a black
plumage, and were used originally for the cross that produced
the Bronze. They were successful at first, but through care-
lessness of inbreeding, they became very small and unpopular.
A cross with the Bronze variety increased their size, improved
their plumage, and brought them back to their original posi-
tion as the best light-weight turkeys on the market. They have
an even covering of lustrous black feathers throughout the en-

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Bronze and Narragansett Turkeys Plate LXXXVI

The Perfected Poultry? of {america

tire plumage; shanks, and beak, quite dark. In size they range
from ten to thirty pounds. The color of their skin is more of
a yellowish tinge than that of the other varieties, and they are
one of the most valuable breeds for market purposes.

WHITE HOLLAND TURKEYS. These White Turkeys are
ealled the White Holland in this country, but were originally
ealled the Australian Whites. They undoubtedly originated as
sports from some of the other turkeys. Their size and vigor
have been greatly improved the last ten years by breeding
from white sports from the Bronze variety. For some little
time the evidence of this cross was plainly apparent in the
shanks, but of recent years, the result of careful mating has
given us a variety of White Turkeys that equal in size the
Narragansett variety, with beautiful pink-colored beak and
shanks, and pure white plumage. Naturally they are the most
domestic and easiest to care for, and are less inclined to roam
about than are some of the other varieties.

SLATE TURKEYS. This variety of turkeys came as the
result of crossing the White and Black varieties. These have
a bluish, slate-colored plumage, occasionally dashed with black
spots. The color of the beak and shanks is of the same shade
of blue as the plumage. These are not generally kept, and like
other blue fowls they are considered more for the fancy than
for a market fowl.

BUFF TURKEYS. For many years there has been bred in
this country a variety of turkeys known as the Buff variety.
Their real color is of a reddish buff or chestnut. Another va-
riety, known as the Bourbon Reds, differs from these some-
what by having a deeper shade of color and less white in
plumage than is usually found with the Buffs. The Buff va-
riety has white in wings and tail. The Buff variety and the
Bourbon Reds are valuable market varieties, and the inter-
mingling of the two has produced some strong, vigorous mar-
ket specimens. Some claim that the Bourbon Reds were origi-
nally a variety indigent to the mountains of Kentucky, but
this has never been thoroughly authenticated. From appear-
ance one would be led to declare the Bourbon Reds were the
result of crossing the Bronze with the Buff variety. A distin-
euishing feature between the two is in their size: the Bourbon

Page 198

Narragansett Turkeys and Feathers Plate LXXXVII

Page 199

The Perfected » Poultry: ‘of? America

Reds being much larger than the Buff Turkey, which aver-
ages from nine to twenty-five pounds, while some of the Bour-
bon Reds are almost equal to the Bronze variety in size and
weight. The color of the Buffs is that of a pure buff, the
wings being shaded with a hghter color; beak and shanks, a
bluish-white tinge. The Bourbon Reds are of a deep chestnut

eolor of plumage, edged with black, with tracings of bronze
black throughout.

Ny 44

SAID A MALY
ALS 7 <—F = @as

EAS IN
CLOSED

Plate LXXXVIII

Buff and White Holland Turkeys

Page 201

THE GUINEA FOWL

PSG HE Pearl and the White Guineas belong to

) the ‘‘helmeted’’ branch of the poultry fam-
ily. They were originally found in the wes-
tern portion of Africa, and unquestionably,
~} the original of these is the Pearl Guinea.
These have thrown the white variety, we
imagine, as sports, and the many subvari-
eties are the result of the intermingling of
the pearl and white varieties.

GUINEA FOWL HISTORY. So little is known of the early
history of the Guinea fowl, either in its original home or with
us, as to restrict us to the plain statement that they were
brought into the civilized countries more by accident than
otherwise, having been picked up for provisioning ships, and
carried, we presume, by the early-day trading vessels, into
this and other countries. They have never received, so far
as we know, sufficient recognition to have a definite standard
prepared for them. The original of all, undoubtedly, is the
pearl variety, which is classed as the common Guinea fowl of
Africa. The other more beautiful and less common kinds,
among them the Vulturine Guinea fowl, have never been kept
outside of parks or estates, where they are used merely for or-
namental purposes.

CHARACTERISTICS. The breed characteristics of the
Guinea fowl are so pronounced as to cast their influence not
only throughout their own line of breeding, but where they
have crossed with other kinds of fowl their breed character-
istics show plainly on every descendant.

SHAPE AND COLOR. Shape is peculiar to the breed, and
is best described through our illustration. The Pearl Guinea is
quite uniform in color and marking. The entire head and
portion of the neck are bare of feathers, with a helmet-formed
comb, color of all these being red. The plumage is of a dark
purplish-gray shade, each feather being marked with a round,
white spot, which resembles a pearl. From this marking they

Page 202

Pear] and White Guinea Fowl Plate LX X XIX

The. Peérfected (Poultry: toh 74 meres

derive their name. The white variety should be pure white
throughout the entire plumage, with the same color of head
and neck as the other variety. The only difference between
the male and the female is that the male is slightly larger
than the female, comb and wattles more pronounced, and the
voice of the male is more masculine. When the male plays
to his mate, he walks, or rather trips, about on tiptoe, as if
highly delighted with their associations.

DUCKS

a} MERICA, next to China, is perhaps the great-
f est duck-producing country in the world.
AY In China, millions of ducks are hatched in
the public hatcheries, and grown along the
streams in flocks, and herded by men in
boats, in somewhat the same manner as eat-
tle are herded on the ranches in this coun-
try. There are a number of farms in this
eountry which hatch and market from twenty to fifty thou-
sand ducks a single season. The ducks used for this purpose
in both countries are the Pekins, known in some loealities as
Imperial Pekin Ducks. Besides these, there are large numbers
of farm-grown ducks of all varieties, which are the result of
eross breeding. The cultivation of ducks for market has
tripled in the last twenty years. The perfected varieties of
ducks are the Aylesbury, Rouen, Pekin, Cayuga, Call, East
India, Indian Runner, Blue Swedish, Muscovy, and the Crested
varieties.

DUCK HISTORY. Perhaps all varieties excepting the Mus-
covy have descended from the wild duck generally known as
the Mallard. This duck seems to have been distributed
throughout the northern section of the entire world. Ducks in
America have been brought to their high standard through
eare, selection, and careful breeding. The original white duck
of the world seems to have been the Aylesbury, which is one
of the most practical and elegant exhibition ducks that has
ever been grown.

AYLESBURY HISTORY. This is distinctively an English-
bred duck, notwithstanding its French origin, and has the dis-
tinective feature of a pale, flesh-colored beak, and very light
yellow shanks, with a pure white plumage. The cross_be-
tween the Pekin and the Aylesbury partially obliterated the
original qualities of the latter, and of late this variety has been
largely kept for exhibition and the production of winter roast-
ing ducks at country places.

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The Perfected Poultry of America

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Aylesbury is shown
in our illustrations; the color of plumage, pure white; beak,
and shanks, almost white; eyes, a darkish shade. The beauty
of the Aylesbury Duck is to have the plumage as white as
snow, and beak very light, with a pinkish east.

ROUEN HISTORY. English writers say that there are but
three distinct varieties when exhibition qualities are consid-
ered—the Aylesbury, Rouen, and the East India. The latter,
they claim, have been almost entirely displaced by the Black
Cayuga Duck of America. The Rouen variety originated in
France, as did the Aylesbury, but are considered distinctly
English, owing to the careful breeding bestowed upon them by
English fanciers. Rouen Ducks have not been largely bred in
this country, but of recent years a few fanciers have been
paying especial attention to them. They are unquestionably
the best from which to produce roasting ducks for winter.
The fact that so little attention has been paid to their egg-
producing qualities has counted against them from the practi-
eal standpoint. They are a large, thrifty, quick-growing duck,
that are worthy of having more attention paid to them.

COLOR. The color of the plumage of the Rouen Duck is
almost identical with the Wild Mallard, but with the addition
of the beautiful markings on the feathers of the female. This
marking or penciling follows the shape of the feathers like the
Partridge Cochin. The shade of the plumage is not unlike that
of the lighter shade in the Partridge Cochin. The color of
plumage in the drake is very rich and attractive, the breast
being a deep brown color, shaded with claret; under-part of
the body, a grayish shade, a gray-brown mixed with green,
and shaded with claret; head and neck, green; the color of the
neck, divided from the body-color with a white ring. The
plumage of the female is a light brown, penciled with a green-
ish black. The colors of the Wild Mallard are distinctly
strong in this variety.

PEKIN HISTORY. The Pekin Duck originated in the far
East, but they are distinctly American. They were produced
from the eastern originals and shaped into the Pekin form of
the present day. The earriage of tail, and the width between

Page 206

Aylesbury and Pekin Ducks Plate XC

Page 207

Plate XCI Colored and White Muscovy Ducks

Fast India and Cayuga Ducks Plate XCII

Page 209
14

The Perfected Poultry of America

the legs, with the rich orange color of bill, and shanks, are at-
tractive features of the Pekin Duck. They are of quick growth,
strong and vigorous, and are considered the best of all vari-
eties for broiler ducks.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Pekin Duck is
rather upright, with the tail turned up; the rear portion of
the body flat; the back straight; breast, very straight and full,
set very close to the ground; and rather slow of motion in get-
ting about. In size, very large; color of beak, shanks, and
feet, yellow; plumage, white throughout. There is a tendency
to a creamy shade in their plumage which is not desirable.

CAYUGA HISTORY. The Cayuga is a black variety ac-
credited to the lake of the same name in Northern New York.
Statements are made that this variety was found wild in that
locality. They have been more or less bred throughout the
world, and have largely displaced the East India, another
black variety which preceded them.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Cayuga Duck is
quite like the Mallard Duck. Color of plumage, pure black
throughout; shanks, toes, and bill, black; eyes, very dark; at
times the wing feathers of the female are of a brownish east.
It is not unusual to have the shanks and toes shaded with a
lighter color.

EAST INDIA DUCK HISTORY. The East India Duck dif-
fers from the Cayuga in carriage of body, and has more of a
wild or game appearance, but the shape otherwise is quite
alike. The East India is accredited to India as its original
home. Those who are most directly interested in this variety
contend very vigorously for their separate type, while those
less interested in them fail to grasp the distinction between
them. So few of these black varieties are kept that they
should be classed with the special varieties, rather than with
the general-purpose ducks.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape is more like the Wild
Dueck than the domestic varieties. Color of beak, dark, or
greenish yellow; that of the female is darker than the bill of
the male; eyes, dark; shanks, and toes, dark; plumage, a rich,
glossy black.

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fete Perfected Poultry of America

CALL DUCKS. The two varieties of Call Ducks are the ban-
tams of the Rouen and White varieties. The Gray Call Duck
is the miniature of the Rouen or Wild Mallard, while the
White Call is the same of the white varieties. A distinctive
peculiarity of the Call Duck is the little squeak in their voice,
which is more like a whistle than a quack.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Call Ducks are shaped like the
Wild Mallard, but they are quite small in size. The Gray
Call is an exact imitation of the Wild Mallard in color and
marking: the White Call is like the Pekin, having the yellow-
ish shank and beak.

BLUE SWEDISH HISTORY. Blue Ducks have been known
to history for many years, largely considered as a sport pro-
duced by chance cross of the White and Black varieties. They
are of a bluish color, much like the plumage of the Andalusian
fowl, but are marked with white on breast. At times they
have considerable white on the back, under the folds of the
wings, toward the tail, and the under portion of the body.
They are not largely bred, but have value as exhibition and
market ducks.

CRESTED WHITE. This variety of ducks has pure white
plumage, with round balls of soft feathers growing on the
head, but otherwise they are like other white ducks. Bills and
shanks, orange in color; eyes, of a bluish shade; plumage, pure
white. The specimen gains in value as the larger, more oval,
and straighter the crest is placed on the head.

INDIAN RUNNER. The origin of this variety of ducks
ean not be authentically established. Some claim that they
were first bred from a fawn-colored duck that originally came
from India, while others claim they were produced from
crosses of other varieties. Just what their original foundation
was, we can not positively assert, but it is admitted that they
have been crossed with Rouens to improve their size. This
cross has done a great injury to the color of plumage, espe-
cially of the females, which are marked with indistinct pen-
ciling in the plumage. Wherever this is found, it should be
considered a mark of impurity. The true Indian Runner color
is always a mark of quality that should be sought after. These
birds are of a small size and are credited as being the most

Page 211

Plate XCIII Rouen Female and Feathers

Page 212

Plate XCIV

Rouen Male and Feathers

Page 213

The Perfected Poultry of America

prolific egg producers of the duck families. They dress at
about four pounds for roasting in the winter, are good rangers,
and are highly valued for exhibition and farm-grown poultry.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the Indian Runner
duck is of a peculiar and a very erect carriage, almost upright,
with long, extended necks and bills, unusually large for the
size of the duck. The peculiarities of marking are the white
stripe.around the bill in front of the eyes, a hood and the side
markings of the head and face, and the heart-shaped color of
the fawn feathers of the back. The neck, below the throat,
white; breast, and body-plumage half-way back, fawn; some
breeders say fawn and white, for colors, others, gray and
white. The most admired color is the fawn and white: the
fawn color should be carried half-way back of the breast, and
straight across; balance of under-body color, white: wing-
flights, when folded, white; back, down to the end of the tail,
beneath the wings, fawn colored; bill, yellowish, or greenish-
yellow color; when yellow it should be spotted with a green-
ish shade; eyes, dark, shanks, and toes, yellow.

MUSCOVY HISTORY. This variety is credited as being of
Peruvian origin. In early days they were known as the Musk
Duck, and they are a distinctive breed to themselves, not being
1 kindred to the other varieties of ducks. As a wild duck they
were very pugnacious, and are said to have built their nests
in the trees. Even at the present time it is not unusual to see
them alight in their flight on trees and outbuildings. The head
of the male is very large and covered with ecaruncles, some-
thing like the rough surface of the turkey gobbler. The female
has the same red color of head and face, somewhat smoother
than the male. The drakes are wickedly disposed, quite will-
ing to attack young children who attempt to bother them, and
will not turn away from a grown person when defending the
female and her young. While it is claimed that young pro-
duced from them crossed with other varieties will breed, there
has never been any authentic proof of them so doing. It is the
accepted opinion that they will cross-breed, but not reproduce
with other varieties.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape of the body of the Mus-
eovy Duck is very much lke the body formation of the Wild,

Page 214

Plate XCV

Gray Call Ducks and Feathers

Page 215

Plate XCVI Indian Runner Female and Feathers

Page 216

Indian Runner Male and Feathers Plate XCVII

"Lhe tdi Cede

ammeter

ioe”

SS,

Paese 217

The Perfected Poultry »oef America

or Canadian goose. They are very long and oval in body, the
male having the appearance of being almost double the size
of the female. While this is not true, in fact, their general ap-
pearance leads one to this belief. The color of plumage of the
eolored variety is broken, black and white, with a predomi-
nence of black throughout the plumage. Bill, usually of a
pinkish shade, grading to a darker hue; the black plumage,
richly embellished with a greenish sheen. The white in plum-
age is pure and clean. In the white variety the plumage
throughout is pure white; eyes, ight in color; bill, shanks, and
toes, an attractive flesh color, shading into yellow. The eyes
of the colored variety are considerably darker than in the
white variety.

Toulouse and Embden Geese Plate XCVIII

Page 219

GEESE

roe fk J ONE of the geese originated in this country,
4 but all of the better kinds have been
brought here and bred considerably. The
most popular ones for breeding are the Tou-
louse, Embden, Chinese, African, and Wild,
or Canada Goose. Within the last ten years
more geese have been fattened and fed for
market than were grown in the fifty years
previous. Geese are brought from as far north as Nova Scotia
into New Jersey and New England to be fattened for market,
and in many localities of the country their breeding has be-
come quite a feature of poultry growing.

TOULOUSE HISTORY. Undoubtedly the Toulouse origi-
nated in France, perhaps in the locality near the city for which
it is named; they were carried from there to England, and
bred to form and feather. The flocks of this country have
been principally bred from those that came from England.
More than passing attention has been given to their careful
breeding for form and feather in this country. In England the
winning specimens in the show-room usually have reached an
age past usefulness, time having given them extremely promi-
nent dewlaps, and almost deformed them through the bag-
ging down of the abdomen. With us too much of this is con-
sidered a deformity. For many years the size of the specimens
shown in our show-rooms did not equal the proper demand, but
of late years, the quality of the Toulouse has been fully the
_ equal of any produced in the world. History suggests that this
variety has come from the old-time Gray-lag goose, which is
undoubtedly true, and some go further by claiming that all
geese came from this same original source.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The omission of characteristics in
geese is pardonable from the fact that there are scarcely any
breed characteristics; the several varieties are so much alike
in type that we are compelled to refer to the illustrations as the
best description of type and character. The Toulouse variety
is generally described as the Gray Goose. The color of plum-

Page 220

Plate XCIX

White China and Embden Geese

Peer NKR at

ae

Pace 221

The Perfected: Poultry~ ofesAmerica

age of body is gray, shading darker in the neck, but grades
away lighter from the shoulders to the extreme end of the ab-
domen. Legs, bill, shanks, and toes, of an orange color; eyes,
dark; under-body color, at times, rather light.

EMBDEN HISTORY. A legend tells us that a White Swan
was lost from its flock, weary of wing, settled down in a pond
of Gray Geese, paired with them and produced the White va-
riety of Embdens. Germany was the original home of the
White Goose, but the improvement and high quality of the
Embden undoubtedly belongs to the English. The history of
poultry does not go back far enough to record the beginning
of the Embden variety. They were brought many years ago
into this country, where in the last twenty years they have
greatly improved according to the American fancy.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The Embden Goose might best be
described as having a canoe formation, the nether portion be-
ing shaped hke the bottom of a canoe; the back is rather
straight, but the carriage is less upright than in the Toulouse.
The Embden should not have the dewlap; any hanging down
of the abdomen is considered a deformity. Color of plumage
throughout is pure white; bill, and shanks, orange; eyes, of a
bluish east.

AFRICAN GEESE. The English class the Chinese and Afri-
can as being nearly of the same variety. The African Goose is
of a larger size, and has a body more than double the size of
the average Chinese. One distinctive feature between the Afri-
ean and Chinese is that the African is short and heavy in neck,
short bill, heavy in head, and earries considerable dewlap,
while the Chinese have long, slim necks, small head, and no
dewlap. The Chinese with us is the bantam guose, while the
African is large in size and highly considered as the best to
use for crossing with other varieties, preferably with the Ca-
nadian Goose. This cross produces what is known as the Mon-
erel Goose, which is considered best of all for market pur-
poses in the New England states. The African and the Brown
Chinese Geese are much the same in color. The African Goose
is of a grayish shade of color, striped with darker shading.
The bill and knob are black; shanks and toes dark orange. The

Page 222

Toulouse Geese and Feathers Plate C

i ee

f ys if; so
WP

Page 223

Plate CI Canadian Geese and Feathers

Page 224

atic Geese and Feathers

Plate CII

15

The Perfected Poultry of America

neck, which is dark gray in color, has a darker stripe running
down the center of the back of the neck.

CHINESE GEESE. There are two varieties of these, the
Brown and the pure White. As stated above, these are the
bantam geese, which should be bred small in size, and not be
encouraged in overweight. The peculiarities of these geese
are the long, slim neck, the close, compact body, well-placed
legs, and their active motion.

SHAPE AND COLOR. The shape is similar to that of the
African variety; color, grayish brown, in the Brown variety ;
pure white in the White variety; shanks, and toes, of a dusky
orange, in the dark variety, bright orange, in the White va-
riety ; the bill of the White variety is orange, while that of the
Brown variety is dark; eyes of the Brown variety are dark,
and in the White they are of a bluish east.

WILD GOOSE. This variety is the link between the duck
and the goose, and their peculiarity lies in the fact that when
cross-bred with other domestic geese, they produce a Mongrel
that will not reproduce. They have been fairly well domesti-
cated, but when so kept their wings must be pinioned. They
are bred considerably in New England, where they are largely
used for cross-mating with the African or others for produc-
ing the Mongrel Geese.

SHAPE AND COLOR. In shape and color they differ from
other geese. They are more like the island varieties of Ameri-
can swans in form, and their shape and color is best repre-
sented in the illustration. The general body-color is dark gray,
shaded with black. The white crescent about the throat, the
white breast, and rear part of the abdomen are their striking
characteristic plumage markings. Bill, shanks, and toes, black ;
eyes, very dark. These geese breed very true to plumage.

EGYPTIAN GOOSE. The Egyptian Goose is a variety but
little seen, as they are usually kept for their beauty of plum-
age about country places and in parks. They are not pro-
lifie breeders; in domestication rather quarrelsome and ugly in
disposition with other kinds. Their beautiful rich plumage
colors are very attractive. Their bill is of a purplish red;
eyes, orange color; shanks, and toes, reddish yellow; body
colors, gray, chestnut, and black; under parts of body, yel-
low or buff, marked with dark pencilings.

Page 226

Brown Chinese Geese and Feathers Plate CIII

Page 227

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

BARS OR BARRING. Alternating stripes across a feather, as
in Plate XI.

BEAK. The horny portion composed of upper and lower man-
dible, forming the mouth.

BEAN. Small oval tip at the point of the upper mandible of
a duck.

BEARD. Feathers about the throat of a fowl. See Plate CXI.

BILL. The mouth of water-fowl.

BRASSINESS. The yellow shading on the surface of white
plumage.

BREED. The family name, like Wyandotte or Cochin.

BROOD. The family of chickens under one hen or brooder.

BROODY. The desire to set and incubate.

CAPE. The feathers beneath the hackle between the shoulders
shaped lke a cape.

CARRIAGE. The position or attitude peculiar to the style of
a breed.

CARUNCLES. The protuberances on the head and neck of
turkeys and Muscovy Ducks.

CHICK. The young of chickens under six weeks of age.

CHICKEN. The common name applied to the domestic fowls
of the gallinaceous division, and made use of to distin-
geuish them from other fowls.

COCK. A male fowl in its second year or older.

COCKEREL. A male fowl under one year.

COMB. The protuberance that grows upon the top of a fowl’s
head.

COVERTS. See illustration, Plate CIV, for tail and primary
coverts.

CREST. A crown of feathers on the head, commonly termed
a top-knot.

CUSHION. The mass of feathers on a fowl’s back about the
tail, strikingly developed in Cochins.

DEAF-EARS. Improperly applied to ear-lobes.

Page 228

Migemeerertfected (Poultry of America

DEWLAP. A skin formation beneath the throat of fowls
usually developed by age.

DRAKE. Male duck.

DUCK. Female of the duck family.

EARLOBES. The folds of skin hanging below the ears.

FACE. Flesh around the eyes usually bare.

FIFTH TOE. The additional toe, as shown in Plate CIV.

FLIGHTS. The primary feathers of the wing.

FLUFF. Downy feathers about the thighs and abdomen, also
the downy part of feathers.

FROSTING. Supplementary lacing or bad colored edging, as
in Plate CXIV, Fig. 3.

GILLS. Name improperly applied to the wattles.

HACKLE. Narrow feathers on the neck, also saddle of the
male bird.

HOCK. The joint between the thighs and the shanks, where
the vulture hock feathering grows.

KEEL. The vertical part of the breast-bone, also applied to
the loose flesh and skin that hangs beneath the breast of
water-fowls.

KNOCK-KNEED. The hock joints growing close together
instead of well apart.

LACED, LACING. A stripe or edging around a feather, as in
Sebrights and Wyandottes.

LEAF-COMB. The original comb of the Houdan, shown in
Plate CXI.

LEG. In a live fowl the shank; when dressed for table, the
joint above the shank; often made use of to describe both
thigh and shank.

LEG FEATHERS. Feathers growing from the shank, as in
Brahmas or Cochins.

LOPPED COMB. An imperfection plainly shown in Plates
CLIX and CXIL.

MEALY. Imperfect surface coloring in the web of the feather,
as in buff frosted with white. See Plate CXIV, Fig. 4.
MOSSY. Confused or indistinct in marking. Plate CXIV,

Bigs

MOTTLED. Marked with spots.

MUFFS. The growth of feathers on either side of the face
below the eyes. See Plate CIV.

The Perfected Poultry of America

PEA-COMB. A triple comb resembling three small combs in
one, as in the Brahma, Azeel, and Indian Game.

PENCILING. Line markings or stripes that follow the shape
of the feathers, as in the Dark Brahma. Straight lines, as
in Hamburgs, are termed penciling.

POULT. A young turkey.

PRIMARIES. The flight feathers of the wing.

PULLET. A female fowl under one year.

ROSE COMB. aA broad, compactly-built comb, the top of
which is nearly level and covered with small points, the
heel of which ends in a round, tapering point, as in Ham-
burgs, Rose-combed Bantams, and others.

SADDLE. The long plumage of the back just in front of the
tail, portion of which is called saddle hackle.

SECONDARIES. The quill feathers of the wing above the
primaries, which are visible when the wing is folded.

SELF-COLOR. A uniform tint throughout the entire plumage.

SERRATION. One of the points of a serrated comb.

SHAFT. The quill of a feather.

SHAFTING. The quill showing either lighter or darker than
the web of the feather.

SHANK. The portion of the leg below the hock joint.

SICKLES. The top curved feathers of the tail of a male.
Properly applied to the two uppermost sickles, which are
called main sickles, the other lesser sickles. See Plate CIV.

SIDE SPRIG. An unnatural growth on the side of a comb.
See Plate CXII.

SINGLE COMB. An upright, evenly-formed, nicely serrated
comb, as shown in Plates CV and CVII.

SLIPPED WING. Unfolded feathers of the wing, as shown
in Plate CIX.

SPANGLING. Markings as in the Spangled Hamburg, shown
in Plate LXVI.

SPLASHED. An irregular disposition of color.

SPUR. The sharp growth on the side of the shank. Plate CIV.

SQUIRREL TAIL. A tail carried forward toward the neck.
Plate CXIII.

STATION. The type or pose of the Game fowl.

STIPPLE. The small, dotted markings, as in the plumage of
a Brown Leghorn female.

Page 230

titres Perfected Poultry of America

STRAIN. An established family bred in line from the original
ancestors.

STRAWBERRY COMB. An unevenly formed knob as in the
Malay or Silkie fowl.

SURFACE-COLOR. The color seen in the web of the feather.

SYMMETRY. The perfect assembling of all sections of a fowl.

TAIL-COVERTS. The soft feathers curved about root of tail.

TAIL FEATHERS. The straight, stiff feathers of the main tail.

THIGHS. The joint above the shanks.

THUMB-MARK. An irregular cavity in the side of the comb.
Plate CXII.

TOE FEATHERING. Growth of feathers on the toes.

TRIO. A male and two females.

TWISTED COMB. One of irregular shape. See Plates CLIX
and CXII.

TYPE. The proper breed formation.

UNDER-COLOR. The color of the fluffy portion of the feather
beneath the web.

VARIETY. Term used in separating into classes by color, as
Buff Leghorns, Partridge Wyandottes. This enables the
division of breeds into families.

VULTURE-HOCK. Stiff, projecting quill feathers at the hock
joi, “Plate. Cry.

V-SHAPED COMB. A two-pronged comb, as seen in the La
Fleche, properly termed antler comb. Plate CXI.

WATTLES. The pendent growth at each side of the base of
the beak, most prominent in males.

WEB. The web of the feather is the flat or closed plume por-
tion ; the web of the foot, the skin between the toes; of the
wing, the triangular skin at the section of the joints.

WING-BAR. A line of color across the middle of the wing.

WING-BAY. The triangular part of the folded wing between
the wing-bar and the points.

WING-BOW. The shoulder part of the wing.

WING-BUTTS. The corner or ends of the wing. The upper

- ends are more properly called the shoulder-butts.

WING-POINTS. The end of the flights.

WING-COVERTS. Feathers covering the roots of the sec-
ondary quills.

WRY TAIL. A tail turned to either side. Plate CXIII.

Page 231

The “Perfected Poultry (off America

THE- FERTILITY OF EGGs

Eggs may be considered fertile that are laid the tenth day
after the pairing of the birds, and fertility ceases at the
expiration of twelve days after removal of the males. There
is no danger of contamination in chicken hens after they have
been separated from the males for two weeks. This is the
same with ducks and geese. With turkeys a single mating of
the turkey hen with the tom will fertilize the entire clutch.
This makes it quite important that all undesirable toms should
be removed from the turkey hens as early as the first of
January.

MARKET POULTRY

Fowls might be grouped as follows: Meat-producing fowls:
Asiaties—The Brahmas, Cochins, and Langshans.

General-purpose fowls: American, English, and French vari-
eties.

Egg-producing fowls: Mediterranean—Leghorns, Minorcas,
Andalusians, and Anconas.

Ornamental varieties: Games, Bantams, Polish, Hamburgs,
and other varieties that are not bred in sufficient quantities
to be classed with the more useful breeds.

The following is a list of fowls kept for egg production,
which are divided into two classes, one producers of brown-
shelled eggs, the other the white-shelled, although some of these
are exceptions.

Page 232

iemer Perfected Poultry of America

FOWLS THAT LAY BROWN-SHELLED

EGGS
LEVEE TE, aS nies) az JOU Nera hs age ae gee ea two varieties
(SU CLT TTT ARO Can SW ON Ye four varieties
iamesWansies Ag soko eerste Ses bts vake lass two varieties
Ed Rigi Cony 4H diel 107) -<-] eae eter ee three varieties
ch Egon BG 62 Rae NE a eae ay OR ne eight varieties
PRIN, MERE oe ve ROR Ge Ne Ge etree two varieties
EO LU DIEING NOLES Moa ao ae ae eee ee Aree one variety
Pelee mes ne aie, oss oa oe cee four varieties
Heyer Olle 2 caps att Selec S esa on ane all varieties
bri eise ne AG AMES: eee es ike ches eee two varieties
epee gas hy eee naa SiR ele ae all varieties
finodetsland! dreds .5 2 os 3 Scio heed all varieties
C35 Ori 2 C7 A ge ei ae i ce et Ral eget all varieties

FOWLS THAT LAY WHITE-SHELLED

EGGS
SCENES TV is Se eae gS Ran ge See pe seven varieties
PUTAROCYEL ASE SR Oe. clin Ph pee aA Gh eee eae Lee one variety
MIDORI SE fac nk Bist, Ue tae oe ce ee four varieties
PATE SIEM Se ANU b ae sah ee ee an eee one variety
SCONCE SI Gg peo a ape see pee Cg ita ae eget errands se ws one variety
LET) VS] NRE oe Reel eee RTE SLRS iar me eA eight varieties
| OY] 0 1D eos < oe eR MC Lema cos ec ae tec six varieties
1 TET 2 (ET 07 eae ae a ee a aes ma 2 one variety
Palais watccnes. ceS es co daiael ee Ie Ea one variety
Crevecoeurgs 70). eae ae Bee ee one variety
[Dee SAGO 12s sek Ra SS CR Re ay BE ne gain Ps Ah one variety
(MCR SNe coe: HES a. ois oe MS eight varieties
SHULD bi <a Oe gree tam Pe) Oa pee od Aa ea pe one variety
VLRO ENS ae hep Pa oe st ik Sd Gulcicas ate ie one variety
Sa Ue nse ee est Sa eta. Lm soste Sora ks Ace: one variety

Page 233

Plate CIV Sections of a Fowl Defined

TERMS APPLIED TO SECTIONS

1. Comb 18. Hock 25. Lesser sickles

2. Beak 14. Leg or shank feathering 26. Main sickles

3. Wattles 15. Outer toe feathering 27. Main tail

4. Face 16. Shank 28. Shoulder

5. Ear-lobe 17. Spur 29. Wing-bar

6. Muff 18. Fifth toe 30. Secondaries forming the
7. Whiskers or beard 19. Fourth toe wing-bay

8. Crest 20. Middle toe 31. Primary coverts

9. Hackle 21. Third toe 32. Flights or primaries
10. Breast 22. Back 33. Abdomen

11. Keel 23. Saddle

12. Thigh 24. Coverts

Page 234

Heads of Plymouth Rocks Plate CV

Proper type of head and single-combed formation. Plymouth Rock female.

Proper type of head and single-combed formation. Plymouth Rock male.

Page 235

Plate CVI Heads of Wyandottes

\\, ¥'
= % ) )
, FA “ ih i
7 y fy, " .
\ uN} RYAN arises
y G ; N Ne PA\\
Z Nt ) HK, /)
fe NO a
lf i NWA Seco I,
7 I
a Wf x \
/ ‘|

Proper type of head and rose-combed formation. Wyandotte female.

Proper type of head and rose-combed formation, Wyandotte male.

Heads of Single-combed Leghorns Plate CVII

//
ul

AA
——— \\ YY

hy}
AY)
Ny
Ls BN i
tty Py
Yi

\

(y A H'\
VA A\\\\
\\s

Proper type of head and single-combed formation. Leghorn male,

Page 237

Plate CVIII Heads of Rose-combed Leghorns

oe whut Wy

Jip?
PHP.

Proper type of head and rose-combed formation. Leghorn male; also
found in Hamburgs and Rose-combed Bantams.

<a)
= ALY , .
NK uA “fl "ee Ye .
} ANS ’ ve : .
\ YY
NY & ¥ , x
AN aris \
Proper type of head and rose-combed formation. Leghorn female; also
found in Hamburgs and Rose-combed Bantams.
Re . y
RA AK 0) ia 3 oo. .
RRA FY
aS SS y ‘ i re >
f : 7 RS
: PNY
\ Vas SSW TA
NaN \

Imperfect Comb and Wing Plate CIX

go =" &! 4 by
<A =< (\\ sae

4
f
y |
| AY -
: \ aa
! ANY
N \ \
\
Y\ ‘VY
\
Improper type of head and rose-combed forma- j
tion, showing twisted heel, split in center, |

hanging over to one side.

|

My)
Lily
MA

WY),
Wj

SS

SON

PAG

& wie [Improper wing formation, showing slipped flights.

Page 239

Plate CX Heads of Miscellaneous Fowls

Proper type of the triple or pea-comb. Fouud in the Brahma, Indian and
Azeel Games,

Wi) Me he
AN
ae ur it io |
{ \ y

Proper type of the walnut or knob-comb. Found in the Malay and Silkie.

Page 240

Heads of Miscellaneous Fowls Plate CXI

Proper type of antler or V comb. La Fleche male, also found in Creve-
cceurs, American Houdans, and Polish.

Proper type of head and leaf-combed formation with crest and beard.
Houdan male.

Page 241
16

Plate- CX Combs, Showing Imperfections

—

ZZ z = ASS

'“Y~NGZZEZ

Wh Af VE

Yer i) j | Umm
Hi Ws) {EE

YM Ge

ay

Lopped single comb, showing thumb-mark, side sprig, wrinkled ear-lobes,
and wattles.

Page 242

Imperfect Tails Plate CXIII

VEE A | |

SS

eagnest z ae a .
ST
ee
\ SS
ss XK
NS
it
SY
b
aS!

=
SS

fy

Te es

Squirrel-tail Formation.

Page 243

Plate CXIV Feathers, Showing Imperfections

S
iad NV /
Ca”

WS
At SS

1, Shafted. 2. Mossed. 3. Frosted. 4. Mealy. 5. Bad spangling, showing crescent in place of
spangle marking.
Page 244

Shanks and Feet, Miscellaneous Fowls Plate CXV

Proper type shank and toes. Leghorn varieties.

Proper type shank and toes. American varieties.

Page 245

Plate CXVI Shanks and Feet, Miscellaneous Fowls

Mottled shank and toes. Found in Anconas, Houdans, and Mottled Javas.

\ Ni
yy
Sa 97

Shank and five-toed foot. Found in Houdans. Dorkings, and Silkies.

Page 246

Shank and Feet, Cochin Fowl Plate CXVII

~\ y

N

AMO} SS \'
x } :

) Ni
0) an

A KS uJ

Proper Asiatic type. Cochin shank and toe feathering.

Page 247

1 IN: Dees

Page

Re Taliaca tae ACR SS ee eer ial a A ae oe nate A eR ERE 222
femiinieam ec mas: WCE oO. <i eases Succes ba Ste eu Se 39
MSP ATT HO OWA TAVGMOR sei. oS Sx oye 0d ws age aes Slate ol Sa é
UVa NES SoG phd ca gas ls Sr Rg NA ge POP) a 82
SIGUE le RONIS ERIS ASS ch hd eee ane Pree eee nae eres 7)
Pca IA. POMS. -< 4520 fa ote o haldls 8 0B wand hee wile Rm « 4}
Pane Malad COS. 2 oes Mate ae wate, wists tel wi aueaed oe ele fe)

sii GBT AGA 20,6 oe igh eS oe AR Re ig Oe re Eee AO Oe 56
Srarermiessr OMG UES. 2.5. 5... a am eens a em ed Se we eae 73
PRT LIN CON MMseres Lay ener: ho oa detest Ua 5 a Cats, Sp Pace se Syawe 113
STIGIERHD'S cae 11 eee ee PRR a a ite
eevee MesBeEPIWS oc rare 2 ©. ue) x ord Wrote See rg ase eins Pak og 180
, ELIT AE, eee I © Spans aOR Ra eA So np, AL nes Pe PR MAN eR gh 180

Po ihc lae Mee apcet ake Gate Someta een bate whe Oe old ot ag earn 182
BETES GRE BC OT0 LU UC as AR CS ae Beane ORO Ue Per) ae |
1B 2 hu Ge eee URS SIS Sige ae ae Ome fe tee Rensy oo eee Suet ar 18

SOC TNT SO lt ART ee NR gg ag ETH re 26
Mireswaee ia taps pha) Fes ee Sees io das 2 oa we eee Se eg 30
Prue Min E AMIE Kon «cei eect aryel fo tan) Se epataie eSes Bienes eee 205
Ce EET) oR Es AO ge ett la aa et een Me eee oR gi 169
amin IS aR Aue? prem hiner trina Swat ie Sey LAN Sete ate OR a ate 180
J SETI TEER Aen eee noes OM ed ee pe oniecte o a aP 180
Depa Pee ae ere Pere eh, Gate ee Sy oe ta ale GALE Lod Ghacs honky 176

Se MeUCtaE aL sata ert A A anes OR ee Sts 8 ae erat os, oe ss 180
NAPE) VENOM ERO ONG cae costae is Saleen Soon x) BEAR Cw pie nS a 4]
Semen ihe eg heh oe ee eh eg Re om Geis atihn vere wie Ae oss 164
Eames Gerite -Eramtai 62 022 sca coke bo ance. oss Gees 179

Page 249

The: Perfceted , Poultry, ) om america

Page

iack-Coehiia oo. 9 chee dee tinh ot ee eee 34
hicks Game 0. sh st path a oe a ad Be ae eee 165
Plaeks ram bore, loli cers ee oa ik te orn! ne cen eee 153
Pilarcle davas so Ce arcs © oo cial sae oe eA ee ri)
Black Linoshan’ «.\." 22x ren kaa Avie kako s se ee ee 36
Blaek Memhori S08 oo Sek Stn o> et ole tae: dae oe as eee 99
Bink MWORGR. A oe eo eens sis 5 aera tiene ne ae 104
Bleak: Orpumehowiy se 2.2 ee. Meus gether: ae cae ee, eee 128
Ae SUMA ARTA oc hac Poe a. ¢.¥ rit wa eeu an ee 169
Place Pur eerie ios gis ah lec.ce Lwin A a eae ke ea ee 196
ie W yandovbe™ 05. So. sa. a ead eee cael ee 65
Black -wreasted hed Game: \)\iia7o. > brad. cece ahneeieeotee 161
Black teed Wane Tana os. 2.7. Ya 6:2 okie oc oe ee ee 178
EIT WV GAEL NORRIE! S055 oo ata F's a fos cis tea ek eee ae ne 211
ESO LG Ea ean NED goers cate 5. otece oie dP Skate ovate 8 ec 186
Beeaiiies SNGr so Pe he Lites shart a oh aisha raraic) atti sare Bale ane ate 15
beatae ote oe pik RIES. oP he See Sere ok ach oh oe ROR LOR ee ere a ea eee 22

| Dif a oe Ree we WO Oi al TR Sh rach aM eee bts RRR en ARG * 19

| ETO (Th 1 eel S21 0 10 ee SS ee cae nny Pa EE ya ale 180
ISTO: WE ICON wpe x Sie. 5 cE Dateeh Bee alaos ants, Orestes Gratien eee 193
BOW Tie OORT ts oS hi eee in ae we ta eon eae nel cee 96
rowan awn Aas oo. a el enjoins oie eee 164
Prowa Red Game Games: 6. ec se ies oon ee ee ee
PEO Wate RNC CE OOF. Ls es Salat ie epee GM aint al ene 233
CHO TUE a5 asas, Sees ae gE ot SIRE, ky cng tea sn eee 82
Bre Waele oe oo rat a ckan ig fa Ue tans race oe grea 26
eer OR eek on he ae wees he ae ee ee os See 99
PAUL EE MOT LEREEGED oie. /<oe sei eave Pemee tes ye Oo h oke eaae e ae 124
Bue Ey rei Oe ber 8 cer, 40 Seto ee econ, cee ee 50
| SUT Gis Nl €2), eel eh oe ee OR eit UMN reser Au Cra 198
EV ERLE, WW ILO UH Ae hwo gs ee Bie ee otha eet agen ee 68
Bid-laced. F OSH: 27. sie, cel ee sees 3 wt oe eels ae eee 148
Bubestaeed: Woy aridovie ics hse Faced spate eteckaeie 2) oo ere 74+
(etl ADIGE > boots or one tec rode Cd Aa ee ee OR i ates ae 211
Oly gu bes: Ma 10 Ccl che teenie ANIL Grats APM EEN Mer tired nah MIE eo 210
@himesa. Geese... VS o kad Lah ee es ce
Gochims The. oo. nce oles eats Saeed © oe rae a oes Ole eee 26
ede sk 2d gonad gence ae ORAS eS eR Oe 34

m@eiges Perfected Poultry- of: America

Cochin, The—Continued Page
(ESTER EW earned, Cada ORR Oye YM RP Tee Or neal PPAR PD 26
[OC 1 | 212 ne a oe ear CEE Te 29
SOLENT Eig SREMES 6 foe Ee Se a Rec Se eaCes tp EI ee A NO 34

“RV CUTILANES 2 TOIT ce ete age a) a lee se ee a eA ec 182

ero eale (ROK ee sede lies ate Sie istd a Sok ak SE Oe ee 120

Elim bie slo hymn o Clie ae a cad Sci. ons et Se o4

Columbian Wyandotte... iecsn Je... Veo hae eee a 74

Peresred «Wilhine Ome ea cn wiclely soe a Pee isl:

“LLP DOT ELECT TRAM Ne ee a al a A PT oe = <3 135

eG) WV AMO Ge 2oi oc" eta Sea en ie 6 he 75

Lule) S10 Ree a I ase REM tad 2 22

rac rigor OMIM Se tele A Cte gk rected Stvelau's Sk Dake RT 228-231

DGD Pe AOU ORIRSY 3.055 one aye 15 ans Garicne oid whe Qe as ole 104

HAE GUGM ONERTR NMI NGM ye gle TEP Aiea a) eacpeanter aie BA Crh he aig at ab EG NS cee EOE lal
MPRA ECM yp he « eos ce Secon uh sy Oe kre oe ssnp ha aoerds eee ae aS 120
RBS te ARENT <a tsectk ¢scame e ahaovig otoliars egies A eee OP ane 120
UVM epee atie) st here chiGaa ciatane ake Latte RE de Siam Scheie as

PPE ee ea ere ay, Wb Neate st Ek. Wag ved SDS ae ae NEN cng tech os cater ete ek 205
PREV GC SINUS Peete Sc owe le hee okie eG eR a gos eee 205
(GST Met hee Be ys Ae eae a aah a I eee a eae EE g* Lite at SP a 211
SEN TGTE RCE Qa had ig ln gee R gn as a aris 0 oh ARC, tac SE alg al NE 210
fe resree Py MING eso et chy eee eens coer eee cea sar tee paige
BAA RENCLNAG so eee tes ae oa ARR a hae oe ea ke aed Be 210
LEAT CWE? EWU TYFER 1 aly Gi emeWaeta mal erates entrain Lmmemanie ee Ren aN Aa ra ee P Es 211
WSO wae ae isc amen Re Soa Aa otek oo samen a io ok, Seommaae 214
BERTI yen ecient BR SS Boy ras ed Share WS at a ee eee ee ee 206
BO TNCIA ati ee neh te ns Sy ree ota Oe ges a AEG Le I ee 206
Swedish )..% caves PN coasts Sapa sabe Loos 2 Fe tec hs Rakcineterh: Saale tw eae ae yal

ERTS DRS BEV ete INS 1 SR eon ae en LO a Dp Ae rt 149
EE iE center cr cce ee Mates Cie c' Be cian ce Rak ew Poe Vea ape 149

a SLE 0 Te al 2) 5 a SR Se ina ena oe ae a ee a ee 210

Pees re a ca EE AE gh Yn ah WR Via ROR che SNR fhe uae conse eS 232,
TESTU DESL! (2 C0270 DE in ie act aa ye a A 233
ATAU (SRS) Te IBS ¢ RES ae a a 2 Rn es Sg Ie

Rabe larariha Metta Ne DOSES tial soa oii ay tN AN Sec dicen S Arata wtieae ee © Label maa 226

TELLERS STE 2175 aA grt gn a gg ee AR ET Or 22

Page 251

The Perfected Poultry of America

Page

Buclish ipeeed, Whe ©. si.024 ble ok. k els scele eee seve ee aa 115
Dorkimby ..O0%....4 Go tens eee ie be eee eee Is
Bawerotles The. § «ay. .2skain iit eae iene oe ease le aoa a 139
Herthility of Egos... 242 ioe inne’. sone ek ae eee 2a2
Fowls that Lay Brown-shelled Eggs .....:............. 233
Fowls that Lay White-shelled Eggs .....0...........55. 233
Brench. Breeds, Theo. 2.4.5 466 tA.k eee le ee 134
Greyecoeurs 2: {4 ce Yes eR AAS Se eRe eee ee eee 138
Houdamg. 6.650.260 52.00. Rea e Bee e e ee 134

ey ECS a oF ep X hae Ye MeO Oe ete eee 138
Bride Bantam $2. 50. Sls ae ee gee eae eke oes 187
Guinea, Bantam, “The: .. 5 5 seid aia Sa Bee laa ot eb ke rele teete 176
PeUPCMER. Catia cada acim Seas Ma deae Ble SIO ASN SLs 179
Bacio Wed cgi h. 7h Se lies c eebal ee th em ea eee eee 178
Brown: leds {0s > oo ys t Aas oo eee oe Oe ear 179
Golden Duckewane. .: 54's Ks soot BU Ae eee fs)
Tela ee eos ces, ees be ace ee ee 179
Wielaiye SR te ts a a ES MO See AS. ate Sco a ae 179
REGMP ye Seas Acid aye Buse 334 ee Rel ce eee ren ee 79
Silver” Duckwiise =<. 5 sigs oo ek be eee ee ee See 179
Wine: oes Sr seas ee cease eh bare RR are cen ene eee ea 179
Game Breed)’ Vie 20s occ icc By O55 te es See eee ee 160
WBCCRS EF Fee Soe Ne aE e ee ee Ke cos eee coe eee 169
BONN. ea os a Yeas ey Soe are Lee ee ee 164
Bilgele cokes ee Ce ee Rare ee oe ten teen hake eee 165
Black-breasted: Ried’ ..; voet sae 0 kOe Ss ae pee ee 161
Brow Red 20614, 2 0s chs 2 alee oe Pe eee 164
Golden: Duckwine G5 ..72eem 55 ¢ 4 eee ee Shee eae 164
Brategtats 35). 2 Oecd he Oa 2 ae ee es 168

Wi elaiy oars cho occa ee te Keele acta ot Soden a nan ee eee et 172
reg yes ee Fhe Pha ok pes ets ca Sec pie ee oa 165
Silver Dae kwame™ so8 Aye deen ase ore rales petnae aera 165
SUMMERS Thy as ote rakes GR Se ca eae ne cies ee 169
WW on ok he eck Te ee ae ieee oe 165
aes Coe ee teas eee ee ee 220
Atiriedmcs 60s SE). oe Be er ee ae ee 222
@himese 44 b5 oh Soa Coke eo ot RE AU ee nee 226

Page 252

The Perfected Poultry of America

Geese—Continued Page
1 oct ai Ae So eR Aree, ea a Sd 226
LP eld, Ss a Eee eee NO Pn a 222
AIC NOS ES: Mateus ie << aE peiea eae 8 eck eae erie eee 220
DOV aU teh Beste dn Seat Gs) ses Sa Reha. vm Ss op ee 226
Pal dcae tuck wy iiMme WG am oo 2. eter ee vs Ss ee 164
olden Duckwine Game Bantam ~ oo. .6. 0.5. See. OS 179
Reem Crie HON Iae te, ay, SYP icg me wk Pe ORS OL eee 145
CLC SEG Ger 6 0 8 eee ed ne ee ee een er oe 64
Peiden-pencied Hamburg Oo... ke ee 152
oaen-spancled. Ham bur’ : 60. o.).5:cc. Wokie aie ate Se © 153
Soe Tyee MIRC Wd ll 1 pecan rer PASS oer eI CU oy ic ada 202
(BE gas madly eae fod aha os Oe Veh apa eee red RR Ne ee et Pe 202
RMA HES; Perea Mates ra tersectade “sete acesd «ar Dea te SOR a eM an 204
EAR OURE rh We 38 Goats ce fen 8s age doa Sa IS Bis Vals BE SOS 149
ee ar Near tek ae caster ee atone aa ee iy Ne ee ne Dee 153
OCI MOUIGILOE: ta 09 6% «cone. oe aio sels o's" s Os De See 152
POMPE S AON OR iat M o cig! 6G Pele aie oe ee ee ee 153
Sot RPC INS MO ERT) shalaion se Puig cob Ul eich wiaivi U) cha’ arte epee 152
REE SPameene Ge Hisal ai sho .ce kts ow sake wie re ned ate ee 153
DpU iach ase Pas ASS on es SoS SEE te Las nes Vantin teen 153
MPG@IRG AIS ONE he rca cnt SP aor Lied a eats w te aaicetto hat ol Metta snare ee 134
PMpeErneEh COMMS 2. sl ualeute os ne hg oo te Ree ese eee 242
imaperrcetCompbsand Wine \ sie. ote os le cate #8 239
iperheeE Meo MOES <a tecs facies ts Lone aae a eee eee eee 244
Renmreecn et class Setter ciate en sx al aig CSA were By Sooke eens 243
riebte el Granite fo) cea hs oooh hs Th oe wi a © oon coe SEE Oe 168
Pearle Cea nitessRUnepat cuss 4s Ga ees es «Seb ook ote eee oe 179
ere hg IRMMeT “AICI > Naee.cs hata a e'e 2 ain eo . Oa SE ad ara eee 211
Pepa ered Mt hy heMp). Seari aed hcaeth ah of RI Sote Ew wlece uae See 190
Dita Ce ene ek ahaa he Sow cies MEAS ee DE RES EN OLE Pe 15
idlter Celta NOD SNA etn ae Be eae athe Oot nee” Ty
CG Pe ths Sa ete Stat Pumas eee Eee es 15
yh) DENS Ore 07 SG ee ee ea ee ge areca 130
12. da] SR RESL MS Le Ye gS Ae ge ore eae ren eee rae 138
Wert Seni enemies tiie eta RS eae ast ers! y tre wane ON hae ake 35

Page 253

The Perfected Poultry af America

Langshan, The—Continued Page
EPA Hite 8 eis. 5 weet ait slo oie bis wee See coeee ieee 36
INTE, ie oo a: Fo ce bane can’ el one. 0 RG oe neo sions Mak che ee 36

eonOrn.~ TRE. i )hons 25 an Gas ORS ke Sear e Oo Be Rate ee 85
ek bis ae a cations eo Deas Gag ob sb Seve 99
SEG 02 Ae Uae His wisreels SSinlcyees BOR Ped PD ee ee ee 99
PROVE 2) oa we stants maple fe a! San @Oe AI Se Rene Retaale bah stesso ee 96
WomMMGmey if Fiche. ob ote Be ne oe eee 104
Dlecen at. © asrios Geis SS ke bp ow tee Bets? Ue ee 102
Silver Dek wines sak aos oc eperene 6 PE ee eee 100
VSG AST Seo ayes Sek ad halo Face oe RE roe 88

wien G SES PAMUMIS 'e ca em sic eos he ocd Se eee ee ee 19

Diallo eb Wet, 55) Os tan hs tie woe eos ae Sake heehee ae ee 172

Wilehy AG ame Waite oy rye ie goin. 554 3 eee oe eee 179

Market PouMliry. sc 353i isn eo Siete ee sane oe 232-233

Wediperrancean, breeds. The c205 oa ios tees bast eA ae fi
PRAEVC GMA Se eo i Sp Te watin he UR 0 dash, es eck ae Bake 13
ATi aT AM is bs soso de lesa vm Dhak eA ee eee Bi Be.
Wee horns.) fe 5 seo Swe shod ieee Sees ee 8h
IVEIIOM GAG BAS i355) ko arog on a ee asl GA oes ee ee 104
RD SMLIGN Aas ooo bid been Sher et ca st eet lide, <i dae eee te ches aa eee 109

Whraromeaen Te sities 1s gavin s. cots dic Glee ey heyhe Perea ant eae 104
Bae lat ih Sek k tN we oy hush pedo Diese ee 104
TRG sie Pes cto st aia. ve Seipasay nd celta > need ess a RC 108

Mottled awar io io cck. oaicley, i4 Glace ka Oh RISR Lo alsa TE 45

Mijaseowy Duele. of x isos boo, ee ek cok aoe Red ae eee ee eee 214

Waxracansett: Markey «2s tae 2 he 3 coke area oes eee eee 196

Orpmeton breed, (Phe: oi. 31. 28s «is kets epee ee 124
RSI oy eye Rag ins, PUPS, ohiat tte. Sa o kon eT ee 124
Places 222 dpe s eo manera neces eke oe Ae a Re eee 128
Vinatieri ke yanises ie a. Siete, chain ace ons ee Re ee Se 13%)
WV Rent eee ity bee les 2 ues Jae J Da ae ea oat ee Cort 128

Ornamental Bantams: 4c). tes cs eae ke ols ee eee 180
Booted oi ike hook castailee, seine ee oe ee eee 186
Brahmas 2630 '.nGGb See e. Ck oe ee ee ee 180
C@ehiiys x7 onic iif ks 8 Re seks oats, As ee ee 182
CinehO Gina ek SA DE Rb Sass ES a 184

Meee F erfectedt Poultry ;of:sAmerrca

Ornamental Bantams—Continued Page
Omer eae ete. oo. oe Soko s BETTER ERS Ale bee 187
BP raIMee hen Ae Ath 3-3 Ao cas Se Rnd Metateuw Gs Meade he, Moe 190)
JE gi iis] teint 2S Spe ee Ree eee edhe i eRe SRT Rare Nn © cae ie cee 191
SIO Te Eas ye Seen a pie ae a eM ee ce, Ne RMR PE cette UN amo 187
RVC MMIDORN Lee yom ee dpae ete eae Se reg St as « nes Sash ole eee eR Ie 187
USCIS ATNG Mae gh Efe id gt Me Be erie aa ee ae ge RR Se OF ba oe 29
Pecunia meuehy mi Omiis. POGK 6-4 oo ci ois as oe Reise ed om ean eR Ot
Pereridce Wyandotte. .. 06.2 ce eee ait rc ohare es ee 70
PMN Da sg 258s) 2's ok ya CER ea eke Shee A EO
arent NS Ree erp Shr, hr Mm Fc K bindchuwene et bated Sie o cis arabe eros 206
amCRTINO ELL SIRO ee ota so i: ah, ue as at Sa eee eae 41
FVENC Cot reer eee es Aa hae eh Out pT a oie 41
LEVEE a Pant yd PS ue aa de aR ae Re mw ae Ree eee Sp rgd 50
Paonia Ney peo as ame a Be ich i 22 2s om ae ae on ae ENE as D4
PECUIE HLS ERAS ee ao al lO ar ee ne Re ee Sey CA a et 54
aM EVENT AS ai 2 na en 0S ee ade ayn elaeae se elec © = La aut eae a1
Pe Paattee te Sete ht) 2 oe sas ant Sc) eee ee a ie eee aes 49
porn) WSL GaR Sie 20a a Eo a SR tla Remo DREW cree earns AO Mee eh 142
pins RCO eres et ae aol che Naar tant ec a ah Oey pan Oe Oe 148
LFA Dre 1S fates ka op Le a aR Ze eee PtP 145
SIU 2] OUTER Pane fi ne Dee an ier areitin Se bn VAP NOR an ots 145
USL TI’) Nags Spa Calipers at a a eR aie Nat mae eas Sela cod 148
Wiinrbezereshed (mla@ke 2 02.0. Lobe he ota Bare oem 144
LSITIVISH TS) Bie 102 eee ae a De ae ARE, oer a oye Nein. rom
Proper Heads of Miscellaneous Fowls ............... 240-241
erooer Hcads.o: Piymoutm WROCks 2.05. Lav iewns « vole eee 239
Proper Heads of Rose-combed Leghorns ................. 238
Proper Heads of Single-combed Leghorns ............... 237
Proper tHeadsiof W yandottes oo. 225. Suen el oe ee 236
Peoper mianicg ane (Pee ea o.0s od oss sors se ee ee a EO
Pe oMMCOHOVTE atte ey Seas eee in Se Se ee 102
Pee tleadipmishecd Peet oes Me act. ae atk tas Sos oo eee 156
Peete lee aie ie trs a erecta Mor x Adee AdueR aa Paw cee OD 165
Pear yiecGame Pama: ook, os edckad ak Sw we ee a ee eh 179
ama dicec tol rinnnt ene Chee MGoWs «cicecsa 5-8 coins ee Baa wee ede koe 79
ROSE COUNDG Ge oe resets erica nets ees UL ee ame a aioe 79
SLUNG CONMIGO Se eS var os cia Seto ee Pa ee eee AS 79

Pa ote. 255

The: Perfected. Poultry) otimamerica

Page

Rose-combed Bavitaii- 2+.'. \ ..- ete s.. «a ae ee 1838
Roge-combed, Black: Minorca. . ie ut. eee eee 109
Rose-combed. Rhode Island .Wed: |g sh. 0 )oie eee 79
Rose-combed. White Mimorea: sina... ss. sa siyane nee 109
momen mek: 42 SiR iNe oe mde sola ta occ Slee ee ee ee 206
Sebricht Baktams..2oy shoes cane a US at ee 187
Sections: of a) Howl Detineds 5) s.< ven se ee ee ee 234
OMMIES sis Sea ee ek ASSES one Oe RS oO ee 187
silver: Dueck wine «Games; . 40s 224 tcc toee Fe Re eee eee 165
Silver “Duckwine Game Bantam = -.c5cl eee ¢ Sen Pee eee 179
Silver Duckwime heshorm 3.06. 4: 5% ess eee a eee 100
Sriverebolisies 2.2.2 (Ee deere HOF ek A bois ce 145
SMMEr, VW VOMCOLLE? sy hohe ot aut et aban Se ae hone cee 57
SM MeEAOire ORNS ik OP aa eo es ares a eee ne he oe eee 120
Siivervencited Hambure 25>. 0.2 btieee ik esi e samen 152
pilver-penchied Piymouth Roek is. <5. vast seth aa gs ol
pluverpenciled Wyandotte: : tees uss oso 5. anwereeie mes 72
Silyer-spangcied Hamburg... ist. es at. os ea re eee ee 153
Sincle-combed Rhode Island Red oo 2.45% se hae eee ee a
Slaieaie ee ya 522 5. coo <#-s o-0 tie ieee LSS cae el aa eos Cae ee eae 198
SPAMS ew Me Boer Syn ss keke, Seco ee a ee 109
ULL GM oss 2 SE eae wher as vse 6 Age Es gh arn eae eee nee 186
SS UUMIR EAT al AALS sre ssh ws vc, 2 > kak Sy ace ei Re 169
Peoples; AG CRG cv Seco! oes ee Sauk et hie ener re 220
ADAP ISOMIS he Te Noss seit aah soi Pate A oats che Sd ae ee 193
15-210) ane ea, ee Ca fal comey aia toe ERAN emer Cais oy OSS 196
SROMZG, i554... SE cakes ae wis Skates Dime bead eee eae 193

BS Ole s las ceca Case aro oT he BOR RRs de TRAE eee 198

Noa AMIS SGT 9 Renny sooo aye Goes otal vty Ae ene ee See 196

RP Rha atelde, Wate, ease aches Vie eae Reticle ote eer 198
WWihite: Polly nd oy.60)5 oes aes ws ghee oon ete ne 198
Waglep Wiyanadotte ©. 2... s..58s8 soo ets eee ee (6)
P18 ay ook OGY C) Oh | a inate ie ere rea eOnmpran tN se 80k Le l= 3t
Wile, Dorking. ..\24./) aoe ce Ce ee 115

Mime Perfected Poultry of America

Page

Vi) TESS GE 712) aie Po, Ud eh ER Ee CEC eee er 165
Re lirierCammectsatiianites .. <4 os. ferences otately Alacds alere ie bh ene g of oe mews ino
SMM SUA PRUELESEIN See ae 2 ye oe ios eke SOR os, SEF vernal Bae DaPev'e 8 Kom 204
nine: Eran ur es gos. o.h es Pb teea AS, Duo ee alo Bar eiSa% 153
Perinat etag icine: WUT ICE ns Soe esas yd Shs, Dheeodeste ee eae ee, os 195
NaS ores Erar@ CTPE alg Gz3111 1 (2 ani RN tee Rn ie SR SPIO aS Ree Er 169
enibeeleat Cs ine a Giese argent ths Git crs Wie) eed earth roan 36
Bara rab dG Eerie td Sue sd Pe Gs nics Ar. Singers na one ee 88
Raise VUPROHO A Soho cae Gee ha eee wee ead Shs lo ene TN dae 108
Pereira OhTePUNNECHON 2 5. c «spite bahar ales aly Seatets &o tien tiara Sen 128
Seeene de yMMOuie hOGK, 5s OSs. nooks were Sela! 46 eo os 49
OIE LE, USS RAE NCS «SOO eae ne ners ee ot mane ne Metra as Sect e ass 148
Scie Ny ART COUGE ak MeN 2 Sete sc hot Sasa tS Sie ck ae wee oh eet 65
Mehige-crestea: black molush. 40 oa eo. a o Sietian te pL eee 144
DM bine-taceds blac: Sp amShi 2). 2 2 oho. viet Salou es ate one's 109
Des Me WEG DE OS. on 4.Sc.o8 3. St ete Nein Sad Sk ow Shee es 233
Tt | CSS) 57 aan le, (aaa ag et ne Merten eer ee eated oe a se cd 226
immer AOR ne Ue iba a Sie der ola seid was un Ag 56
TUTOR ahs Sr EIN, segs tee ent cree at om yep doicoehe Ceemetene 65
puis ores Cuaerae oles ete cites eal Sek ate ete, are 58 2, ee 68
Pita le@eds hac A ies. Sey cies od grskheceee aes Reema, Sak ees I 74

CG OIE TIND ATI. Se eke oT te ES He ae eos des ae er Se ae a nn rae 74
RCAC HOUU DMN MPa ES ote get ech arte cage ee ene ats te DPA etre 19

CC EOAC Tit Rts 7 Ine, Memes ra ood oie mae eee ae a hs ee 64
eet Cana ss ponte nt ohiorny are Sa e Sue Sad tie Oe eee 70
Soimeier ee Ay baw) gh pete ton atl oes ny Sheer ae ee a

Sil OR EMeiedsar ads mass i cin. = eerste 8S Cates 72
\VETOUR EEE ems a een ane eg a Mao RMR Rene ee cae Phe Pn Os yf yas

‘Gl CTL Gin eR RRR a) TALS eae RRA A APE MM 65

WN nit cooke

7 2h ¥ bot ¢ tie tl ? “ 3)
re vd . er A Sn SAW Sw eae 1 ya oR oe
my OD ier Sei 7

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ae

7 eo ‘7b Ss 5 i. : - ; ' 3 d . . has Tash tnns Sa

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