Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. “4 pated jaa ‘i ony xP oe pe eh ras aed : CO rey 5 2 omar "yi Oe. (ap snanee = *% re or a Be = (9 poe ie! — « = to) cad 2 = aa eS aes =A ay Circular No. 824 March 1950 * Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Performance of Morgan Horses Under Saddle By WaLKER M. Dawson; animal husbandman, Rautpu W. PuiuxiPs, collaborator, ! formerly animal husbandman, and Earu B. Krantz’ animal husbandman, Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural Research Administration 2 CONTENTS Page Page Imtroduction= == >— —= Ree a Meee ee 1 | Results—Continued Materials and methods_________ 2 Transmitting ability of the IVES QUiiGe sce ao ose te ee 5 SIRS pe his: Ue ean ee 29 NS) GLANS ba ee aioe Se eapn e t Se DIS CUSSTO Te eye eee 32 Pndurancesese 25 228 19° Suma y eee ae 34 ase or ridings.) 24 32 aes 20: iteratune citeds ses eee 36 Othemcharacters.92=s2— 2 24 INTRODUCTION Since 1941 the Bureau of Animal Industry has. been*conducting performance tests of 3-year-old Morgan horses for the purpose of determining the characters associated with performance and whether these characters are inherited and therefore can be used in the selec- tion of breeding stock. The three types of performance that have been studied are speed, endurance, and ease of riding. A large number of characters were measured or scored for each horse so that associations between them and performance could be determined. Although many records on the performance of light horses have been made, the results have generally been difficult to interpret, according to Williams and Jackson (/2).? Relatively few analyses have been made, and these have dealt with only certain phases, such as the relation of winning performances on the race track or in the show ring to ability to produce offspring which also win, as shown by Laugh- 1 At the time the study was made, Dr. Phillips was an animal husbandman in the Bureau. He is now deputy director of the Agriculture Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2 The authors are indebted to 8. R. Speelman, animal husbandman, and to W. V. Lambert and J. O. Williams, formerly animal husbandmen, of the Bureau, for assistance in planning the study and collecting the data. 3 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 36. 841794°—50——_1 2, CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lin (4, 4), Jackson (3), and Steele (11). Few attempts have previously been made to devise and use objective tests under carefully controlled conditions similar to those in actual practice for ordinary saddle horses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were available on 79 three-year-old Morgan horses that were raised and trained at the United States Morgan Horse Farm, Middle- bury, Vt. Eleven of these animals had a tendency to pace and were omitted from the study. The remaining 68 horses were sired by 8 different stallions and ranged from 2 to 25 offspring per sire. There Ficure 1.—Morgan mare Damsel being tested under saddle at the trot onthe training track at Middlebury, Vt. Time for 1 mile, 4.2 minutes; stride, 12.3 feet. were 6 stallions, 20 geldings, and 42 mares. Most of the horses were tested in the spring of the year that they were 3 years old. All data were not available on all horses. Distribution of the offspring by sires, years, and sexes is shown in table 1. The training and testing procedures have been described by Phillips, Speelman, and Williams (9) and Phillips (6), together with the general plan of the breeding program; hence only the tests under saddle are described here. The tests under saddle included a 1-mile walk around an eighth-of- a-mile oval track, a 1-mile trot around the same track (fig. 1), and an 11.35-mile cross-country ride. The track had a surface of sand and clay and was smoothed and rolled at frequent intervals during the tests. The cross-country ride was on unpaved roads and over rolling country with several steep grades. During this ride each horse walked 4.65 miles, trotted 5.65 miles, and cantered 1.05 miles. Markers were placed along the course to indicate to the riders the gaits to be maintained over each portion, as shown in figure 2. Each horse HORSES UNDER SADDLE MORGAN PERFORMANCE OF ~~ OIppe'yT Pee adie is oe gen ~uOspn yy )PleBPICD “OUIABOg SuLy AoMd) Gale ~~ quoulpoqy ~ppoyuey ae) eee OC GI, Fei Nene ploysue fy GP 0G 9 39 Gl Gl 91 9 9 TT eMedia cee ey pret, een Sas Cae, Wie [BIOL G 0 0 G G 0 0 0 0 0 Qe. aterm a besat go eee Vantin ‘ 6 0 0 6 0 G 0 0 I 0 Oe Rarrr |, aes 3h a ee eM get) : 9 L G GG 0 0 VI 9 V I 0 Megas vas ; G 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 0 G Oe eae eGR ee oO ED Rie dat ; G 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Gig Deel: oh ca hgh es te ae 9 8 G 91 8 8 0 0 0 0 ORS Fig eo ence oc nel Me cee ; Vv G 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 ie aoa eee Doe tee L re G Gl G G G 0 I G ibaa ee nk ae lane cane aca 40Q 40q 40Q 4OQ 40q 40q MOQ 40q 40q 40q 40qQ “UNAT | -UubLn N | ~ULNAT | ~ULILAT | SUL AT | SULLA | SUL AT | SULA | SULLA | UL AT “UN AT - _ | Séul | SUOTT ue be eae ai ne SolB IA] -pjory | -[e99 [BIOL | LUG | OPEL | SHEL | PHOT | EVEL | SHGT | IV6T OIG x09 IBOK saras pun ‘supahi ‘saws fig sasuoy upbiopy fo Gursdsfjo fo woungrssyJ— | ATA I, 4. CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE carried a load equivalent to at least 20 percent of its body weight. One pound of dead weight (bridle, saddle, and ballast) was considered equal to 2 pounds of live weight (rider). An effort was made to have the weight carried exactly equivalent to 20 percent of the body weight, but in some cases this was not possible, particularly with smaller horses, for which the weight of the available rider and a saddle rae i WEYBRIDGE EYON 49 TURN / S338 eeS% = ON BARN 5.555 s | a. 455 4.45 LARGE ELM 4 tome, FARM BUILDINGS 4 LARGE ELM 6 HOUSES \W3.7 /IN TURN | t RIVAIT - \ 5 a FENCE Fince eee (2.95~ NCE 4 egy aS : NEAR TOP OF RISE, 7 oes Le te ON TREE AT TOP OPPOSITE AT LEFT LARGE GRAD GRIVEWAY ELM . iN. - \06 MILES peace SEWETHBARN TEN aeten © DRAW, FEN yw PINE AT BOTTOM \W% once ie CORNER THIRD TREE | HOUSE FROM BARN 1 1 4 Wade ioe we — OF LONG HILL PORTIONS OF COURSE TO BE COVERED AT VARIOUS GAITS ARE INDICATED AS FOLLOWS: WALK TROT - o*~ CANTER **t#* pa a MAIN BARN U.S. MORGAN RSE FARM ‘Gas. 12 5 TOTAL DISTANCES AT EACH GAIT ARE: WALK-465 MILES TROT - 5.65 MILES CANTER-|.OSMILES SHEEP BARNS MARKERS ON COURSE INDICATING POINT TO BEGIN F 4CH GAIT ARE: WALK a TROT e CANTER & COVERED BRIDGE MAP OF ROADS IN VICINITY OF THE U.S. MORGAN HORSE FARM SHOWING A 11.35 MILE COURSE FOR CROSS-COUNTRY RIDE _ USED AS ONE TEST OF PERFORMANCE FOR HORSES UNDER SADDLE MIDDLEBURY VERMONT Figure 2.—Map showing 11.85-mile course for cross-country ride, one of the tests for performance of horses under saddle, United States Morgan Horse Farm, Middlebury, Vt. somewhat exceeded the desired weight. Loading the horses on the basis of a percentage of body weight was an arbitrary procedure since data are not available on the relation of body weight to ability to carry a load. Work by Dawson (1), Phillips, Madsen, and Smith (S), and others has shown that light horses are able to pull relatively heavier loads for short distances in dynamometer tests than heavy horses, but no such tests have been conducted under saddle; hence an arbitrary basis had to be used. Training of the horses began late in the fall and continued, except during the most inclement weather of the winter, until the recorded PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 5 tests were made in May. All animals were given approximately the same training. The horses were tested at their normal gaits without being pushed or allowed to lag. The test at the walk was given before the test at the trot with a 2-minute rest period between. The cross- country test was given on another day. Speed and endurance were determined by trained observers— speed, by the time required to cover the total distance in each test; endurance, by scores for condition (signs of fatigue) at the end of the cross-country ride. The possible range of scores for fatigue was from 1 to 5, 1 indicating most fatigue and 5 the least. Ease of riding was measured by the riders’ scores for ease of handling, performance of gait, and ease of gait to rider, at the end of the cross-country ride, for the walk, trot, and canter. These scores ranged from 1 to 5, 1 being the poorest and 5 the best. Other data obtained in the tests and studied for association with performance were humidity, temperatures, riders, years, and the number of strides on the second, fifth, and eighth laps of the mile tests, from which the average length of stride was calculated. Studies of association with performance were also made of the fol- lowing factors: Height at withers, depth of chest, height at floor of chest, distance from point of shoulder to point of hip, heart girth, circumference of fore cannon, hind cannon, and knee, width and depth of fore cannon and depth of hock, general conformation, style and beauty, head, neck, top line of withers, top line of back, top line of croup, slope of shoulder, size and shape of feet, quality, condition (fleshing), temperament, action at walk, and action at trot. For most of these characters a score of 1 was the least desirable and a score of 9 the most desirable, but for some characters, such as tempera- ment, a medium score was most desirable. The data were analyzed principally by the analysis-of-variance technique given by Fisher (2) and Snedecor (10). RESUETS SPEED The time required to walk a mile averaged 15.1 minutes (table 2), the range among individuals being from 10.0 to 18.5 minutes. The variations by years are shown in table 38. Analyses of variance showed a significant association between the time required and the following: Sires (table 2), years (table 4), length of stride (table 5), slope of shoulder (table 6), action at the walk (table 7), riders’ scores for performance at the walk (table 8), and size and shape of feet (table 18). It was impossible to evaluate accurately the effects of sires and years on the time required to walk a mile since the same sires were not used each year (tables 1 and 3). However, the variance between the offspring of sires within the same years and same riders was significant table 4). Significant differences were found between the time required to walk a mile by the offspring of individual dams, but it was not possible to separate these effects from those of the sires, owing to the small number of offspring from each dam. On the average, there was not CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ‘queogiusis ATYSIY =x% JUBOYIUSIC =x 5 "4s0q 947 6 pu’ UOTIDB YSo100d oY} SuIyueSeIdod [ ‘6 0} [ Jo 9[BOS B UO P2IOIG ¢ “ISBO] OY} G PUB PONSI}VBJ YSou OY} Suljueseider [ “GC 04 [ Jo B[BOS B UO PolOdG “JUBOYIUSIS BIOM SOIIS UVOMJOq SVDUBIOTIP ¢ 6 UBOU 9SVIDAG OY} JO OUOU DUIS ‘OI[QB} UL POPNIUI JOU SLOpII OF JIS Jo osBo Io ‘YIVS Jo voUBUTIOJIOd “SUI[pUBY Jo OSBO OJ SOIODS SIOPTY 1 ee ae ne sl. 9S pe ag Saree merarle ees scala hae is cae 9 Dee et pee CaCO Z9) 1 68 TI 0¢ VE © 68 © a VI EL WT €¢ 1 OO Gorin eri ea ha tae an i ea Sots UY M 00 Fx LV 1 9 vg 0 TS “Gx 81 0 LG 1GExx | 86 Tx SI € DEER Stee WOMis ae a Mepis igs: es Sw SOUS UVOMIOY woop woop , sole~nbs uve | -90df Jo , sorenbs uve -901J Jo VDUBLIBVA JO 90INOG so01d0q seo1d0(, uy GHONVIUVA dO SASATVNY ; ae ite) Use 3) LG 8I 7 0 OI ol 60T i ol Sil BON a ey eee er ea VSBIOAB 10 [BIO], 0S 7 00 ¢ G 00 0 6 Vag LOT 09 v GI Gi PRR ik TT eg Sn Ieee eh eae a oIppB'T 00 “2 00 9 6 Sé V EO vos CIT US G91 Ga Rl ee 3 (cos Sieh ened Dee pe ge ae uospn yy 9Z L 61 9 61 vO V G Ol ya OIT LS L V1 GOs ge Sra hi ee eae Ste eee) PIPDPIOD 00 2 OOO 7 | 00 + 60 | ee IIT 0°¢ S “ST Gores ieee ee eulAveg sury fomdy Nae a al ae aaa 0 00 TV 88 Gas GGl T 9 GuGit G BRO ee eee UOULO GT oI 9 1é 9 9T WwW V 9 Ol VG OOT 6 TV 9 TI 2) Rees ibe Nee Seager © ps gage tage preygue) 00 9 €8 9 9 €8 ¢ 6 6 Os Ill Gas I GT Oi SE aia ee oO ema eee Hoqqy 82 9 L9 9 6 LIV € 6 1S cael 3 9 0 9T (Alera ye oR cee SE nel Ve REM RS. Pleysue LaQUnN 999 929 saynurpy | Saynuapy | saynurpy | Laquenay dSIN0d ate z 9SINOd ‘S Bias: O[TUI O]TU ae Burd | CRUSE TT ee — ena) BIONL | PATEM | Surids ai JORDMe ai OdtS HO 4B ONDI}BJ BO —}e — 8 UOT}JOE IO} 9109G ous apluys Jo yysueT OF) ERMINE GAULT GAONVNYOMUAG ADVUAAYV ,aounipa fo sashjoun pup sais quaiaffip fo Buriudsfo fo aaunwuaofuad abniaay—'Z ATAV J, ® * PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE : TaBLE 3.—Variations, by years, in time required to walk and trot a mile and to cover an 11.85-mile course Year Average time required to— Walk 1 mile Trot 1 mile Minutes 15. 15. 15. 13. 14. 15. 14. OH © o> 00 O1 00 Minutes UOT OV OU SD me We CONT © Cover 11.35- mile course Minutes 122. 113. 116. 108. 108. 107. 39: OrOOWOr1O0O TABLE 4.—Analyses of variance of time required by the offspring of different sires within the same years and with the same riders Time to walk a mile Source of variance De- erees | Mean of free-| square! dom Between’ years = 55a 6 *4.17 Between riders within years_-_ 14 Mes Between sires within riders BNC eyeCATS= so Besse Se 15 *2. 30 Within sires, riders, and years_ 32 Heb MRO Geieeee = eres (G7 ac ste els a De- erees of free- dom 6 14 15 32 1 *— Significant; **=highly significant. Time to trot mile Mean square Time to cover 11.35-mile course De- grees | Mean of free-| square ! dom 6 /**424, 73 17 100. 70 14 *87. 68 30 38. 31 Od | Se ees 8 CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 5.—Association of length of stride with speed and analyses of variance AVERAGE PERFORMANCE Time required Time required Length, in feet, Length, in feet, of stride at |Horses of stride at Horses walk Walk ae 35. trot Trot ee ee | anil Dl paie. mile course mile course Num-| Min- | Min- Num-| Min- | Min- ber utes utes ber utes utes Tes) lea Bhs Wen re PATS S50. Od | 0-7 ee ie) Ge505) St r0 AeA ANG meee ae eee Qa 1G62 2541235 2180-89 2nrseee es OF|"65 38) l4et A= ALO a we te es AD 54 eA O22 8 5leOr0— 0.0 mae eee 205-5642 bks.6 HQ = 5120 a a 15 T4865) bt Os | a 0:0=10: Ose 200 ba Odal elLOGsS Fy Sas Das, ve ee 2A ba 235 OSes pall OSiie 9. ee e 1Os|242 613 sO HiG= Oi See 5 eee LG shl4s 59) OSS Onl el 22002 eee 3 1-4. 205) 10650 yh (pee eaten ean ae B35 be eS IIe Uh Total or av- eragesi. = 683/15 0G) = TOG. 2 aie ave ee eee ee 68 | 5. 32 | 109. 1 ANALYSES OF VARIANCE De- De- Source of ae Mean Source of See Mean variance frees squares ! variance free squares! dom dom Between length Between length Ol Strides s a2 6/*3. 50) 542355.2 OlStridess a= 5|*4. 76|**306. 6 Within length of Within length of Stridesie= ai Gli el 53 85. 7 Strider! an 6212835 82.3 ‘Rotalfss: 2-5 Ty Aleem ce EPEC SPN re a G7 (ice Be eee 1 *— Significant; **=highly significant. PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 9 TABLE 6.—Association of differences in slope of shoulder with time required to walk a mile and uth action at walk and trot, and analyses of variance _ AVERAGE PERFORMANCE Time Score ue action required Score for slope of shoulder ! Horses to walk Horses ae geal Walk? irote Number | Minutes | Number See eee DCs aes Se 1 Les 1 3. 0 3. 0 A cc 7a et eae a ag ep 15 15. 8 15 6. 3 6. 5 Saas lg a a gd 24 04. 6 19 6. 8 6. 7 (Cah se oe ra Bd Al 14. 6 10 fe 2 7. 5 Cfo at tah So, A i a 7 14. 9 a 6. 0 6. 1 Seen 2 ee See 5 15. 2 5 6. 0 6. 4 Motaloraverage=— 2.2552 63 15. 0 57 6. 5 6. 6 ANALYSES OF VARIANCE Degrees Degrees Source of variance of i aa 2 of Mean squares 3 freedom | °4 freedom Between slope of shoulder_-____-_ 5 *4. 15 5 *4. 43 *4. 62 Within slope of shoulder______- 57 LS 9¢/ 51 1. 53 1. 65 Ro ire Rates eee 8 ie eee ia ee a O2e Serta EOE es | eet 1] = steep —, 2 = steep, 3 = steep +, 4 = medium —, 5 = medium, 6 = medium +, 7 = very sloping —, 8 = very sloping, 9 = very sloping +. 21 = poor —, 2 = poor, 3 = poor +, 4 = medium —, 5 = medium, 6 = medium +, 7 = good —, 8 = good, 9 = good +. Scores of 1, 2, and 3 indicate very deficient action; scores 4, 5, and 6, no major faults but in some cases slug- gishness and minor faults; scores of 7, 8, and 9, straight and snappy action. 3 * — Significant. 841794°—50——2 OF AGRICULTURE S. 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IOptl mamnoo | op | gf) | aomn | omm samnoo or | gi, | em | ome pee eyo | ee ae e 19013 4e ou all i @ 1 ye ye ae HT jo a T | oprays | 4014 |sosto py oouvUrLojiod sent jo e L | oprays | ypem |sosao7y oouBuLLoj.od ae OSBO Re Jo 074 IO} SOLOOS SMOpNy | - 04 oSBO a ae jo 04 LOJ SOLODS SAOPTYY oul, | 4 ae ren | Ae Mb sump, | Hae oe ypouoy | ouwly, d100Q : AONVWUOTUAT LOVUAAV a0uUDiUDA {0 sashjpun pun ‘aoupusofiad fO SAuUNSDAUL LOYIO YPM JOU) PUD YIDM Jo aouUNULLOfuad LOf SAL098 SLapiL [O WOLMLIOSSTT—'S ATA J, PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 13 a significant difference between the groups of dams to which the sires were mated, in time required by their offspring to walk a mile (table 18), but the offspring of mares mated to Mansfield and Hudson were significantly slower than those of the same mares mated to Canfield. Colts by Mansfield also were significantly slower than those out of the same mares by other stallions (table 9). Ii6 MINUTES AND OVER (TO WALK | MILE) 15.0 -15.9 MINUTES MEAN— 14.0-14.9 MINUTES UNDER 14.0 MINUTES NUMBER OF HORSES O-NWHO-NWAUADHDNDAOO—-—NUDBUAHO-NWH 4.0 4.5 5.0 EE 6.0 AVERAGE LENGTH OF STRIDE (FEET) AT WALK Ficaure 3.—Distribution of horses with different length of strides according to time required to walk a mile. Horses having a medium slope of shoulder had the fastest walk, as shown in table 6. Horses covering the distance in the shortest time invariably had a fairly long stride (table 5). _Slow horses, on the other hand, had either a short or a long stride. These findings are demon- strated in figure 3, which shows that slow horses (those requiring 16 minutes or more to walk a mile) varied in length of stride from 4.1 to 5.8 feet, whereas fast horses (requiring less than 15 minutes) varied from 5 to 5.9 feet. None of the sires produced all progeny with both OF AGRICULTURE 5S. DEPT. U. s co CIRCULAR 824, 00 ‘T+ 6 (RG 0° = OSeaz Oot Carts 0 t+ il. een Ni? ae LV Olt = Oe eV o— v0 + (is EAL = ¢0 + {Qs Sf Ale cher Me [nae Y6 oS ilar (ot Cae OORT e209 h Were OG 0g) 0 Cuca 0 OZ ar 0 Ol = (Wh a OOM ss 0Gi ss € ST—4 Dilnea Gigect 21 OOM n mod in mp SOnatot a mriemon Rent YOR aie bP + (Jae ZG OV + Oe aa SOMMaa I Gon coca We OS | LAW A (OL Mean | 1) GS “Cee hrs (Oe a 106i saynurypy 1oyuBy | JOLT, HIBM | 199UBD | OAT, AIEM a8anod oy LU oouB sete: [Al —JB QDUBULLOJLO] —ye Suljpuey jo oseoy -inpuo | SUMOoAo/) SUIPLI JO OSBO LOJ 01000 LOJ BL00Q saynurpyy Olu | COs MRT ET ae eer kn ae ae Sean OLD Em Coc F Se et ag ee ee uOSspn yy 69 =b4} (7 2Pe ae eee DOU DOs) C1 |e 10 00 we ee OULABO CUD Aoma | OC —FAle Th Sie ae Po ee ee ree ee CLOUT OG) Elche i es ee Se PIS ee oye iuor iG) OT Aaa nid Sigh Ten Se See EEN TOC CIN: Arias Welles ei he ae al eae ia ees Ope M tS VUd ZN Hl SaynUryy OU | BUIYIOLT,| SULTTC MA —ul poodg WouLf Ing saus 4ayjo WOLf asoy) fo dbp.ay pup a418 paywo_pur WOLf Dursds fo waanjag , aunUsofuad Ur OLG [UOSTABAdULOD LO} O[GBILCAB OLOM SOdIS JOYJO E YSBOT YB WWOAJ SI[OD] SULDP AULDS OY) sours ffuJ— 6 UTA J, 15 PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE “‘quBOgIUSIS ATYSIY SVM DIUBIOPYIP oY} VY} ‘ny ‘JUBOBIUTIS SVM DOUDIOYIP oY} IVY ‘y ‘yUBOTUSIS ATIBOU SBM sousIETIp oy} yey} ‘| f1o100d o19M Koy} YeYY ‘— ‘SoIIS 1oY}O OY} JO 9SOYy UBY} 10}}0q 919M POWTBU IIS oY} JO suLAdsyo Jey} SozywoIpul + | he k= Je 8. [oe SSizara 60 -— 00 ‘I+ GS + OL Soames ake RR GEN ok oIppe'T OS ar SS) ea WAS ae WL Se VO) ate i Saas (oi) eee ere cha ge oa hE er uospn yy 60 Tx War 16 “+x Gomes £0 “— sis 0 2} 0 ae rehire ame eee CC RA oe Gece Se PIPEPIOD OSs 0¢ ‘I— 0¢ ‘I— 09 “+ Gy + 0 0¢ “+ OC Ae tees Saat ce oe Ga oulAvedg surly Aomdys) Be a oc Pi et a Hoe | Se eT I 60 T— So ar 06 “— 00 T+ URS Se teen ere he ee COIR GT €0 “+ 89 + Bo) G8 +x 0) Ae 80 “+ 68 "4: GIO a eal: Mee ite. cee ae Oe ppyuey pe 1-4 LOe VOR Gis Nike CC Vi ieee i aie ROO e Ee ete yoqqV OIL [Le 0S 0— 88 O+ (09 T—«*« | 6F O—x« | 90 OT 98 0o—} OZ NO era Ag ine os ee ee eee ee Pleygsus yl 199 199 19} UB) VOLT, AIPM yor yyeM yueul 4B uolyy | 7B UOTPY | -e1oduaT, yor TPM —4e 4IVd JO ose OIG SI9JOVIBYD IYO IOJ 9109G —4®8 opliys Jo yysueT SUIPII JO WSB9 IOJ 910DG 16 CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE a fast walk and a long stride. Canfield had the best record, 69 percent of his progeny being in this group. Slope of shoulder and length of stride at the walk were not significantly associated although both were associated with length of time required to walk a mile. Horses with good action at the walk generally made better time than those with poor action, as shown in table 7. Most of the difference in speed was found between the 5 horses with a score of 2 (a small narrow foot) that averaged 12.9 minutes to walk a mile and 58 horses with scores of 3 to 8 that averaged 15.2 minutes. Horses given a good score by the rider for performance at the walk made on the average consistently faster time than those given poor scores for this character (table 8). The time required to trot a mile ranged from 3.8 to 7.3 minutes with an average of 5.3 minutes for the 68 horses. Sires (table 2), length of stride (table 5), general conformation (table 10), and years (table 18) were all significantly associated with time required. Analy- sis of variance showed that on the average there was not a significant difference, in time required, between offspring of different sires within the same years and with the same riders (table 4). In general, fastest average time at the trot was most closely associated with a medium score on general conformation, as shown in table 10. TaBLE 10.—Association of general conformation and slope of croup with time required to trot 1 mile and analyses of variance AVERAGE PERFORMANCE a | Average A Average core for general time to core for slope of time to conformation ! Horses trot 1 croup 2 Horses trot 1 mile mile Number | Minutes Number | Minutes a SS aM 3 Geo Ru fe eae pe ees es 2 6. 3 Ey eae Ee ne an we ene 7 Lita kg ints Beye canes eae A IR 4 Daal Oe ae eee tone 11 Ae Ogos Rata canes eailieeat e 15 Buel Y Ee Net aie 26 Liar: Belk =¥ 0 etdon ie meee els cs crc ct 21 5. 4 Baa een ere alam 12 en Ny (eis toe De SEN eco eee ge 15 50 On ae ii reer ahaa ni 4 GAZ S| Si ee See a ees 6 5. 6 Total or average_ 63 Eyre | teeta a eae a ee 63 iy ANALYSES OF VARIANCE | we | Degrees| Degrees Source of variance | of free- |_ Mean 3| Source of variance | of free- sbene dom _ | Sauares dom | S@uares Between general con- 5 *1.09 | Between slope of 5 0. 93 formation. croup. Within general con- 57 .41 | Within slope of 57 . 42 formation. croup. Lotal=esacnatso. G2 sic) A | a ee ee 62452 38sens 11—poor—, 2=poor, 3=poor+, 4=medium—, 5=medium, 6=medium-+, 7=good—, 8=good, 9—good-. 21=steep—, 2=steep, 3=steep+, 4=medium slope—, 5=medium slope, 6=medium slope+, 7=level—, 8=level, 9=Ilevel+. 3 *— Significant. PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 14. Horses with a long stride at the trot (11.0 feet or more) averaged 2 minutes faster than those with a short stride (less than 9 feet), as shown in table 5. None of the horses with short strides made fast time and none with long strides made very slow time. Canfield’s progeny showed up better than those of the other sires, 62 percent of his offspring having long strides and making fast time. None of the progeny of Mansfield, Delmont, Hudson, or Laddie had a stride of more than 10 feet or trotted a mile in less than 5 minutes. The sex of horses (table 11) and the slope of croup (top line of croup) (table 10) appeared to have some association with speed, although for neither of these characters was the average difference quite significant. Mares and geldings trotted at about the same speed, but the six stallions were on the average 0.6 minute slower. A medium slope of croup seemed to be the most favorable to speed at the trot, although the results were not consistent. TaBLe 11.—Association of sex and performance and analyses of varrvance | AVERAGE PERFORMANCE : 3 Length of Score Time required to— ee An Bente Pi fatigue at end Sex Horses Guiek a Walk trot: ai 1i1e35= - 11.35- amile} mile mile Walk | Trot mile course test ? Min- | Min- Number| utes utes |Minutes| Feet Feet SGalliqn22se 222s se Fey G50 RA OS) SS i 9.1 AL 7 Celdinge Sows se eas oe PRO) 1) ALS = | MOG KI) WO 4.3 I Wey ce eee res ee IS AA NO HS} AO) a yh 1h); 4.0 Total or average _____ 687) 15: J 5.3 | 109. 1 5a LOE O 4.2 ANALYSES OF VARIANCE Degrees Source of variance of free- Mean squares 3 dom Between sexes_2_-2 _- = 2 OS On| ele OG EDO OR NO PHE NES GS) Sil De Wathimesexessee. at tes Vile (ayo) | dl PE Pole OOS 2 . 98 aoe WoOtala gis EE 6 ogee OA aa [tO ih lV Al A ae i RG Ba 1 Riders’ scores for ease of handling, performance of gait, and ease of gait to riders were omitted from the table because none of them were found to be signifi- cantly associated with sex (table 18). 2 1=extremely exhausted, 2=exhausted, 8=marked signs of fatigue, 4=slight signs of fatigue, 5=no sign of fatigue. $ *— Significant. 841794°—50-~—3 18 CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE | The time required to cover the 11.35-mile cross-country course ranged from 83 to 129 minutes and averaged 109. It was significantly associated with sires (table 2), years (table 4), length of stride at the walk and trot (table 5), action at the walk and trot (table 7), score for performance at walk (table 8), top line of back (table 12), and riders (table 18). The average time required by the offspring of different sires ranged from 100 to 121.5 minutes (table 2). For years, the time required ranged from 122.8 for 1941 to 99.9 for 1947 and showed a constant decrease except for 1942 (table 3). The riders had a signifi- cant effect on the time made on the cross-country ride. They changed over the years. Some were used but 1 year; one was used 6 years. Obviously, it is impossible to separate entirely the effects of sires, years, and riders on the time required to cover the course. However, the average differences between the time required by the offspring of the different sires within the same years and with the same riders were significant (table 4). TABLE 12.—Association of top line of back and slope of croup with time required to cover 11.35-mile course and analyses of variance AVERAGE PERFORMANCE | Average Average time re- time re- . | quired quired Score HOUND line | Horses | to cover S Coreeiey SORE of | Horses | to cover : 11.35- P 11.35- } mile mile | course | course | ‘Number| Minutes | Number| Minutes A BABA As mad Re A vi Pits |e gatets se See See 2 122. 0 Spas pee 2s NHI OOM at ee | FS ak pee el Bs Sg bc Ee ed a ee Oe a ee + 106. 2 Goi Be BE nappa a Fog Ube OY: SAR a es hee ae re lhe Sot 15 109. 7 nS AR oe Reg | B68 | gOS 63 = aOee te oe eee gee 21 109. 2 RE GS Rite cot Me Ht 1 Ogi ees wh Meera eae 15| 103.1 : (beasts Peau ile [be Sele 4 er 2 6| 108.5 Total or average_| 63 | 108.0 | a | fee aes supe eee ro MEN CoS 63 108. 0 ANALYSES OF VARIANCE | Degrees| Degrees Source of variance | of free-|_ Mean | Source of variance _ of free- Mean dom (Squares 3} dom | Sauares Between top line of | 4 | *207.6 | Between slope _ of | 5) 167. 2 back. | croup. | Within top line of | 58 | 81.3 | Within’ slope _ of 57 82. 7 back. | | croup. Rotals ales Sauer (ipa Weettes ted lis predityear(. Scarred aay | +862 eset | 11—low, long —; 2=low, long; 3=low, long +; 4=medium —; 5=medium; 6=medium +; 7=short, level — ; 8=short, level; 9=short, level +. 2 See footnote 2 of table 10. 3 *— Significant. PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 19 Horses with the shorter, more level backs (score of 6, 7, or 8 for top line of back) covered the 11.35-mile course in 105.9 minutes, on the average, whereas animals that were longer and lower in the back (score of 4 or 5) averaged 112.7 minutes (table 12). Analyses of variance indicate that the scores for action at the walk and trot are significantly associated with the time required for the cross-country ride. In general, the horses given the best scores at the walk made better time than those with poorer scores (table 7). At the trot the results were inconsistent. There is no indication in the data that horses with good action at the trot performed better than those with medium action. There is, in fact, some indication that those with medium action at the trot may be the most efficient at covering ground. The two horses with poor action (score of 3) were much slower than the others. On the average, horses with a long stride at the trot covered the distance on the cross-country ride in significantly less time than horses with a relatively short stride (table 5). Thirteen horses with strides of more than 11 feet averaged 12.4 minutes faster than ten horses with strides less than 9.0 feet At performance at the walk, horses that were given good scores by the riders made much better time on the cross-country course than those given poor scores (table 8). Sixteen horses with a score of 5 covered the distance in an average of 104.9 minutes, whereas five horses with a score of 1 or 2 averaged 121.9 minutes. The association of the score for slope of croup with the time required to cover the 11.35-mile course approached significance (table 12). However, the averages for the different scores did not show a trend except that the two horses having the steepest croup had very slow time. The relationship between the atmospheric temperature and the time required for the cross-country ride also approached significance. Temperatures of 40° to 49° F. appeared to be slightly more favorable than any others for making fast time, and temperatures of 80° or above were unfavorable. However, few horses were tested at these extremes. | As would be expected, the time required for the cross-country ride was significantly correlated with the time required to walk a mile (r=0.42) and to trot a mile (r=0.35). ENDURANCE At the end of the 11.35-mile course, 19 of the 68 horses were fresh with no signs of fatigue (score of 5); 42 showed slight signs (score of 4); and 7 showed marked signs (score of 3). None of the horses were recorded as exhausted (score of 2) or extremely exhausted (score of 1). Both years and sexes were significantly associated with the degree of fatigue. The horses showed less fatigue in 1943, 1946, and 1947 than in other years. The 6 stallions showed the least fatigue, the 42 mares the most, and the 20 geldings were intermediate (table 11). Neither riders, sires, nor time required for the 11.35-mile test were significantly associated with the degree of fatigue shown. The rela- tion between this character and the others has not been studied except for the measurements of the cannon bones and the circum- 20 CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ference of the knee. No association was found between them. So few horses showed fatigue that it was clear that a more severe test would be required if the scores for this character were to be used as a measure of endurance. EaszE OF RIDING Rider scores for ease of handling, performance of gait, and ease of gait to the rider were significantly associated with one another. Horses that performed the gait well were generally scored as easy to handle and had an easy gait from the standpoint of the rider (tables 8, 138, 15, and 18). In addition to these, the following associations were found: Ease of handling at the walk was significantly associated with length of stride at the walk (table 13), temperament (table 14), and general conformation (table 18). Ease of handling at the trot was significantly associated with action at the walk (table 18), temperament (table 14), and height at withers (table 18). Ease of handling at the canter was significantly associated with scores for style, head, and temperament (table 18). Horses given the best scores for ease of handling at the walk, on the average, walked significantly faster than those given poor scores (table 13). Four horses given the highest scores on general con- formation had the best average score for ease of handling at the walk, and three horses with the lowest score for general conformation had the poorest average score for ease of handling. Scores for intermediate classes, however, did not show a consistent trend. In general, horses receiving intermediate scores for temperament were the easiest to handle at the walk (table 14). The association between action at the walk and ease of handling at the walk was not quite significant (table 7). In general, horses with the best action were easier to handle than those with medium action. Horses with low scores for action were not consistent for ease of handling. Straight, snappy action at the walk was more closely associated with easy handling at the trot than was medium action. The few horses that had the poorest action were not consistent. Horses that were easiest to handle at the trot were intermediate in height at withers. Fatigue, as measured by the score for condition at the end of the 11.35-mile test, was on the average not quite significantly associated with ease of handling at the trot. The three horses with the lowest scores on general conformation were on the average much harder to handle at the trot than the others. Although differences in style and head were significantly associated with ease of handling at the canter, the results were not consistent. Horses with an intermediate score for temperament were most easily handled at the canter. The association of differences in general con- formation and ease of handling at the canter approached significance. There was, however, no consistent trend in the means except that the 3 horses with the lowest score for general conformation were much harder to handle than the other 60 horses. 21 OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE PERFORMANCE ‘quBoyiusis ATYSIyY yy !VuBOyIUSIG=y z "qsoq 94} G puB ysotood oy Suleq [ “G 04 [ Jo 9[BOS B UO SdoplA OY AQ po.A0dg |, — —_— — eRe Mal |e ts ter he Sa |e ee ee eI ete L9 TA Pecans eMC ORY ENR 7S Soh oan ae ae Mie wana 41°) Pe VEN OY L G6 eZ G9 LORT = 6 69 ~~ $8f00S UTM | O26 62° 19° B1iy La Ti] Biaal merch’ Nag | cae eo SOLOOS UY TM & 661 O€ “Gxx! EV Exx| 60 T | SOT | V ~ Seloos UdOM JO | 6 OFT | VS Exx! 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S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE DISCUSSION The results presented must be considered as only an approach to many of the problems involved. Although the number of animals was fairly large considering the relatively long ‘interval between generations of horses and the expense of raising and training them, the number and distribution of progeny by sires or dams were not adequate to more than indicate some of the possibilities from the standpoint of inheritance. Moreover, most of the tests should be repeated several times with each horse in order to get reliable esti- mates of its ability. Ina preliminary study, Phillips, Brier, and Lam- bert (7) found this to be true for time required to walk or trot a mile in the carriage. In repeated tests, however, with the same horses Tae saddle at the trot no significant differences were noted between the tests. No check has been made of the reliability of the data obtained for the time required to walk a mile under saddle or to cover the 11.35- mile course; for the riders’ scores for ease of handling, performance of gaits, and ease of gaits to riders; or for the scores given by the trained observers. The significant differences between the progeny of different sires oive strong indications that factors controlling the following charac- ters are inherited: Speed at the walk and on the 11.35-mile course, height to floor of chest, length from point of shoulder to point of hip, style and beauty, slope of croup and shoulder, and action at the trot. Such significant differences as were found are undoubtedly due to both environmental and genetic factors. With the data available there is no way of accurately measuring all these effects. However, in the case of speed, which one would expect would be affected mate- rially by environmental influences, the indications of the influence of inheritance are strengthened by the significant differences for speed at the walk and on the 11.35-mile course within the same years and with the same riders, the significant differences for speed at the walk between the offspring of different dams, and the significant differences between the offspring of certain sires mated to the same dams. The fact that differences in temperature and humidity at the time of the test did not, on the average, have a significant effect also tends to eliminate these environmental factors. Some of the differences that were not statistically significant, such as differences between the off- spring of the different sires for speed at the trot in the same years and with the same riders, might with repeated experiments and differ- ent samples prove to be inherited to a measurable degree. Many of the interrelationships among the characters have not been adequately studied. Some of these may be complex, as Dawson (1) found in studying the relationship of weight and heart girth to pulling ability in draft horses. A number of the associations found may be coincidental. For example, some of the sires might transmit both small feet and speed to their offspring, thereby making it appear that speed was dependent on the size of the feet, when actually there was no relationship other than that both characters were inherited to- gether and the sample was not large enough to randomize such occurrences. PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 33 It should be borne in mind that the primary purpose of the breeding work at the United States Morgan Horse Farm has been to produce animals for use both under saddle and in the carriage. To qualify as good saddle horses, they should have clean gaits that are easy on the rider, be easy to handle, possess considerable endurance, and have a reasonable speed. Excessive speed, as that of race horses, is not desired or attempted. The speed that a horse attains in a given test is due to the influence of many factors. From a breeding standpoint, the factors that ap- peared to be most important in this study were length of stride, temperament, action, length of leg, slope of shoulder, and slope of croup. Shape and size of feet, which were found to be associated with speed of walk, were probably coincidental combinations. The five horses with the smallest feet were by two sires, Canfield and Gold- field, which also had the fastest walking progeny. Sex undoubtedly had an influence on speed both directly and through its association with length of stride at the trot and general conformation. Unfor- tunately, there was not a normal distribution of sexes. The castra- tion of most of the males and disposal of others before testing were undoubtedly factors that resulted in the elimination of certain types. The fact that the stallions, on the average, had a shorter stride at the trot than the geldings might indicate a selection for a type with a shorter stride. On the other hand, it might be due to a difference in temperament directly connected with the: presence or absence of the sex glands. At the walk, a long stride was not necessarily associated with speed since a considerable number of horses with long strides did not naturally walk fast. Speed, however, was dependent on the horses’ having a reasonably long stride since none with short strides walked fast. Since straight, snappy action was associated with speed at the walk, it is evident that ability and willingness to move the feet fast in combination with ability and willingness to take a long stride are essential for a horse to make good time at the walk. Although slope of shoulder, which was found to be associated with time required to walk a mile, did not seem to be associated with length of stride, it was associated with action or willingness and ability to move the feet fast. At the trot, none of the horses with a long stride were very slow and none with a short stride were fast. Slope of croup was also associated with speed at the trot but was not significantly associated with length of stride. The apparent lack of association where it might be expected may be partly due to the fact that medium slope of croup was found to be the most favorable. The same statement may apply also to slope of shoulder in relation to speed of walk, and to top line of back and withers where a medium condition was associ- ated with a longer stride at the trot but not with the greatest speed at the trot. Also the lack of association may be due to the characters’ being related to speed in different ways but not necessarily to one another. On the cross-country ride, speed was an even more complicated measure since it involved three gaits and, furthermore, the long distance might involve endurance to a much greater extent than the 1-mile tests. The fact that only seven horses showed marked ‘signs 34 CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE of fatigue and that the association between speed and fatigue was not significant indicates that the test did not satisfactorily differentiate endurance between the horses. The differences between riders (environmental factors) were also associated with speed to a greater extent than on the shorter tests. This fact may in part account for the correlations between time on the cross-country test and on the shorter tests not being higher. On the average, horses with short, level backs made the best time on the cross-country test. This may have been due to the association between top line of back and length of stride at the trot, or it may have been a coincidental association. Canfield’s offspring, on the average, had relatively short backs and were also the fastest. The riders liked a fast walk with good action and were able to recognize it, as indicated by the fact that in general they gave the best scores for performance at the walk to horses with the fastest time, longest stride, and best action. They were not, however, so consistent in scoring performance at the trot, indicating that they did not all prefer the fast trot with a long stride or that they did not recognize it. However, in scoring performance, they liked a straight, snappy action at the trot. Just why good action at the walk should have been associated with ease of trot to the rider when good action at the trot was not, is not clear to the authors. Many horsemen believe slope of shoulder is associated with ease of riding. It did not appear to be in this study. According to Steele (71) the need for progeny testing has already been recognized by some light-horse breeders but more need to practice it. He says, in effect, that performance and meritorious production should be made the basis of selection and retention rather than the current use of lengthy pedigrees. SUMMARY This circular presents results of performance tests for speed, endurance, and ease of riding under saddle of 68 three-year-old Morgan horses raised and trained at the United States Morgan Horse Farm, Middlebury, Vt. These horses were by 8 sires and ranged from 2 to 25 offspring per sire. Tests consisted of 1 mile under saddle at the walk and 1 mile at the trot and an 11.35-mile cross-country ride at the walk, trot, and canter. On the 1-mile tests records were made of the time required for the test and the length of stride. On the 11.35-mile test records were taken of the time required; fatigue at the end of the test; and riders’ scores on each horse for ease of handling at each gait, performance of gait, and ease of gait to the riders. Other measurements and scores were made on each horse. Horses with a fast walk, on the average, had a long stride, straight snappy action, and a medium slope of shoulder. Slow horses had either a short or a long stride. None of the sires produced all progeny with both a fast walk and a long stride. Canfield had the best record, 69 percent of his progeny being in this group. Horses with a fast trot had a relatively long stride and in general had a medium score on general conformation. Differences between the offspring of the different sires were not on the average significant when the sex of the progeny was considered. PERFORMANCE OF MORGAN HORSES UNDER SADDLE 35 On the cross-country ride, horses that made the fastest time had a long stride at the trot, performed the trot well in the opinion of the riders, and had relatively short, level backs. At the end of the cross-country test, stallions showed the least fatigue and mares the most. So few horses showed fatigue that the test was not considered adequate as a measure of endurance. The easiest horses to handle at the walk, on the average, were those with a long stride, a high score on general conformation, and a medium score on temperament. Horses that walked fast and had a long stride, high scores for head, an intermediate slope of croup, and straight snappy action generally had the best scores on performance at the walk. In general, horses with a fast walk and a straight snappy action at the walk and trot had the easiest walk for the rider. At the trot, horses that had low or medium scores for temperament, straight snappy action at the walk, and intermediate height at the withers were, on the average, the easiest to handle. Horses that were active but not vicious or difficult to handle and had straight snappy action at the walk and trot as a rule performed best at the trot. Horses with a straight snappy walk had the easiest gait at the trot to the rider. Riders did not prefer horses with the longest stride. At the canter, horses with intermediate scores for temperament were the easiest to handle. Horses that were very active but easily handled performed the best. The significant differences between the progeny of different sires give strong indications that factors controlling the following charac- ters are inherited: Speed at the walk and on the 11.35-mile course, height to floor of chest, length from point of shoulder to point of hip, style and beauty, slope of croup and shoulder, and action at the trot. Characters that were associated with performance and that differed significantly between the sexes were length of stride at the trot and general conformation. Canfield’s colts, when compared with colts by other stallions from the same dams, made the best showing on per- formance of any of the sire progeny. Mansfield’s colts had a higher average for style and beauty than those from other stallions. Because of the relatively few sires and inequalities of distribution of the progeny and sexes, some of the results may be due to coincidence of characters being transmitted together. The results of this study indicate that some of the existing beliefs concerning the relation of physical characters to performance of saddle horses are not based on sound assumptions and that more compre- hensive studies should be carried out to determine the relationships between form and function. Until better information is available, it is suggested that breeders select for characters shown in this study to be associated with performance and, when possible, use breeding animals with proved ability to transmit performance. 36 CIRCULAR 824, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE LITERATURE CITED (1) Dawson, W. M. 1934. THE PULLING ABILITY OF HORSES AS SHOWN BY DYNAMOMETER TESTS IN ILLINOIS. Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proce. 1933: 117-121, illus. (2) FisHer, R. A. 1946. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR RESEARCH WORKERS. Ed. 10, 354 pp., illus., London. (3) Jackson, B. F. 1942. A BREEDING ANALYSIS OF THE LEADING SIRES AND STAKE WINNERS OF 1940. Natl. Horseman 78 (2): 8-9 and 60. (4) LauGuauin, H. H. 1934. RACING CAPACITY IN THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE. I. MEASURE. OF RACING CAPACITY. Sci. Monthly 38: 210-222, illus. = (5) 1934. RACING CAPACITY IN THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE. II. INHERITANCE OF RACING CAPACITY. Sci. Monthly 38: 310-821, illus. (6) Pures, R. W. 1946. THE UNITED STATES MORGAN HORSE FARM—ITS WORK AND OBJECTIVES. Morgan Horse Mag. 5: 29 and 40-45, illus. (7) ——— Brier, G. W., and Lampert, W. V. 1940. A STUDY OF SOME PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN MEASURING PERFORMANCE IN THE HORSE. U.S. Dept. Agr. A. H. D. No. 75, 34 pp., illus. (Mimeo- graphed.) (8) —— Mapsen, M. A., and Smirtu, H. H. 1940. DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF DRAFT HORSES. Utah Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 114, 14 pp., illus. SPEELMAN, 8. R., and Wiuiams, J. O. 1942. HORSE BREEDING RESEARCH AT THE U. S. MORGAN HORSE FARM. Vt. Horse and Bridle Trail Bul. 6, pp. 7-14, illus. (10) SNEDECcOR, G. W. 1946. STATISTICAL METHODS APPLIED TO EXPERIMENTS IN AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY. Ed. 4, 485 pp., illus. Ames, Iowa. (11) Sreets, D. G. 1944, A GENETIC ANALYSIS OF RECENT THOROUGHBREDS, STANDARDBREDS AND AMERICAN SADDLE HORSES. Ky. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 462, 27 pp., illus. (12) Wriiurams, J. O., and Jackson, W. 1936. IMPROVING HORSES AND MULES. U.S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1936, pp. 929-946, illus. 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