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D.., Chief, Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry; Plant Physiologist, Bureau of Science; and Associate Professor of Botany, College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines and Arthur F. Fischer, C. E., M. F., Director of Forestry; and Dean and Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry, University of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Bureau of Forestry Bulletin No. 15 Arthur F. Fischer, Director of Forestry MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1918 160091 CONTENTS PREWADES TEECACE TON Sip cso Be es eee i a ea ees ee oe 5 Bem ERD BON KG etc eee RIS es EMER A a Pe eens Ws OES eile ke, Se il EPRNUADVED CODD Dr ©) Nia tees Pets. ee Ree ae eS, as Lead a oe een ie eRe 9 PBR Vere EO) ay BINS Ate ie oe, SER AN ae PR Uae lai aN) RICE sa DIP SCREP TION GOR “SPECIUS 3: 5sc seis. ore aa ch ae 12 ALTSU TOG DOE gl 62 1 ele a ea aR epee at PMR Nira A Seen RAy AMR eneT Oa EES ear 2, IE ReDEET UL Rage se ah ca ann nc Oe Satta ier hh ae yen Ga ee Main ieee SPORT ee 2, Senhnalosbachy Um. see i eee SS PO Te real eS ae 14 WEOROCANATINUS fu. 332. eee rence aerate ce es eR eh ee eae 15 LJ TIT OEIC) OR ee see Ne a a le es ee eR Meee Sr i eR a! COPA 15 CTO ATIEOC Oe ets cm ER eer ie es WA Ue Raa eect 16 SUN LGU chopra ee SR tS oo ed a OA Pe ae ee 16 SNC EPI ZO SUA INV UINN) oo eee ek 2 el Se ee i a eae 17 Ee BNP BEN GaOle EyANMIB OO? 2.22200 sese58k ace ce ected at ee in, A 20 CHANVEHe ORS VIATURED CLUMPS: 2. 2.0 ae A eee ee a 24 COSTRORMLARVESTING AND “ERICHS) .. cic o 28 a 32 160091 3 IPBATE I. Jif GLE. IV. VE War VLE WEED. IX. X. XI. DIN XIII. XIV. .a'@ XVI. SOV AT: MVITT. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. ».O.4 008 XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXIT. XX XIII. ILLUSTRATIONS View along a trail in forest of Schizostachyum mampao. (Frontispiece.) lu- Arundinaria nitakayamensis Hayata. Bambusa cornuta Munro. Bambusa merrillii Gamble. Bambusa spinosa Roxb. Clump. Bambusa spinosa Roxb. Base of clump. Bambusa spinosa Roxb. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Clump. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Base of clump. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Cephalostachyum mindorense Gamble. Cotype specimen. Dendrocalamus merrilianus Elm. Clump. Dendrocalamus merrilianus Elm. Cotype specimen. Dinochloa ciliata Kurz. Dinochloa elmeri Gamble. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Dinochloa pubiramea Gamble. Dinochloa scandens O. Kuntze. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Guadua philippinensis Gamble. Cotype specimen. Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz. Schizostachyum dielsianum (Pilger) Merr. Schizostachyum currant Gamble. Schizostachyum diffusum (Blanco) Merr. Schizostachyum fenixti Gamble. Cotype specimen. Schizostachyum hirtiflorum Hack. Cotype specimen. Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr. Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr. Interior of mature forest of Schizostachyum lumampao. Schizostachyum luzonicum Gamble. Cotype specimen. Schizostachyum palawanense Gamble. Type specimen. Schizostachyum textorium (Blanco) Merr. Schizostachyum toppingu Gamble. Cotype specimen. Type specimen. Type specimen. PREFACE This bulletin is the first of a series to deal with minor forest products. By minor forest products are meant all the products of the forest other than timber, the latter being regarded as the principal product. In the Philippines, as in other tropical forests, the minor products, while of less importance than the timber, are very varied and of great economic value. For this reason, it has been deemed advisable to prepare a series of bulletins dealing with them; particularly as at the present time it is especially desirable to have, in an available form, informa- tion concerning our resources. In preparing a work of this kind there are always points concerning which further informa- tion would be desirable and in the Philippines there is a great lack of data which would be necessary to make the treatment of the minor forest products reasonably thorough. It is believed, however, that the presentation of such data as we have is advis- able particularly as it can then serve as a better starting point for obtaining further information. The writers are greatly indebted to Mr. E. D. Merrill, of the Bureau of Science, for valuable assistance and suggestions and to Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, formerly chief of the Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, for extensive records left with the Bureau and for helpful criticisms of the present paper. Without the information obtained from Mr. Merrill and from the records left by Dr. Foxworthy, the preparation of the present bulletin would have been impracticable. The authors are in- debted to Mr. R. C. McGregor for assistance in preparing this manuscript for the printer. All plates except VI, VIII, IX, and XXIX are from pho- tographs taken for the writers through the courtesy of the Bureau of Science, Manila, by their official photographer, Mr. E. Cortes. fl PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS By WILLIAM H. BROWN AND ARTHUR F. FISCHER INTRODUCTION The bamboos form a section of the grass family and contain the largest known grasses, many of which are of tree size. Bamboos, according to form, can be divided into three classes: clump-forming erect species; erect ones which send up shoots singly from an underground stem; and climbing bamboos. Erect clump-forming species are characteristic of tropical countries, while those which send up shoots singly are more charac- teristic of subtropical or temperate regions. Bamboos are the most useful plants for domestic purposes in the Philippine Islands. Their most promising possibilities for export are as paper pulp, hats, baskets, mats, and matting. These products will be discussed in later bulletins. In the Philippine Islands are found about 30 species of bamboo, 17 erect and 13 climbing, as follows: ERECT CLIMBING Arundinaria niitakayamensis Hayata.| Cephalostachyum mindorense Gam- Bambusa cornuta Munro. ble. Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Sieb.| Dinochloa ciliata Kurz. Bambusa merrill Gamble. Dinochloa elmeri Gamble. Bambusa spinosa Roxb. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. © Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Dinochloa pubiramea (Merr.) Gam- Bambusa vulgaris striata Gamble. ble. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro. Dinochloa scandens O. Kuntze. Dendrocalamus merrillianus Elm. Schizostachyum luzonicum Gamble. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Schizostachyum curranu Gamble. Guadua philippinensis Gamble. Schizostachyum dielsianum (Pilger) Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz. Merr. Schizostachyum hirtiflorum Hack. Schizostachyum diffusum (Blanco) Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr. Merr. Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) | Schizostachyum fenixii Gamble. Merr. Schizostachyum palawanense Gam- Dendrocalamus curranii Gamble. ble. Schizostachyum textorium (Blanco) Merr. Schizostachyum toppingii Gamble. At present the climbing bamboos are of slight commercial importance, and are rather a disadvantage than an advantage, as they occupy space which might be utilized by more valuable plants. They grow at the edge of the forest or in deserted caingins,' or in the forest whenever space has been opened up *A word used in the Philippines for a clearing made for temporary cultivation. 9 10 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS by the falling of large trees. They require considerable insola- tion for their best development and then grow very densely—so densely that it is very difficult to penetrate the thickets formed. In fact climbing bamboo forms the most impenetrable thickets that are to be found in our forests. They seem to be decidedly inimical to tree growth, and are hard to eradicate when once they have fully occupied an area. The erect species may, for convenience, be divided into thick- and thin-walled bamboos. The frame work of a great majority of the houses in the Philippine Islands is constructed from the thick-walled species. Unsplit culms are used for posts, beams, and rafters. The same species, when split and flattened, are used for the sides of houses; or when split in two employed like tiles for roofing. Most frequently the sides and partitions, and occasionally the floors, are formed from thin-walled species split and woven into a coarse matting (sawale). Sawale is a promising material for the construction of light- material bungalows even in temperate countries. It is also very attractive as an interior finish in strong-material houses. Sawale is of particular advantage in the construction of large temporary buildings. In Manila there is held an annual Car- nival, in which very imposing structures are constructed rapidly and cheaply with the aid of this material. When the Philippine National Guard was organized, all the barracks were constructed very quickly on account of the use of sawale. In the entire Philippine exhibits at the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion at San Francisco, California, various weaves and classes of sawale were used extensively in the installation of the dif- ferent booths. This proved so attractive and demonstrated so clearly its use, that people visiting the Exposition ordered mate- rial of the heavier weave for summer cottages in California. These orders, aggregating 3,000 linear yards, were for the kind of material used in the exhibits. It was only due to a lack of an organized industry and the subsequent rise in freight rates that a considerable export trade did not result from this beginning. The domestic uses of bamboo are innumerable and include bridges, fences, rafts, fish-traps, vessels for carrying and storing water, cooking, splints for baskets, hats and mats, vehicle shafts, chairs, cupboards, tables, beds, benches, flower pots, etc. In fact, on account of the ease with which it is worked, bamboo is used for almost every purpose for which wood is employed in temperate countries. The young shoots of many species are also used for food. As an interesting use of bamboo we may mention that complete bands, in some cases having 32 or more pieces, KEY TO GENERA fi are equipped with musical instruments constructed of bamboo. These pieces are of the same general character as brass instru- ments and include horns, clarinets, flageolets, saxophones, flutes, piccolos, and drums. A church in Las Pinas, a few kilometers from Manila, has a famous organ with bamboo pipes. For construction purposes bamboo should be cut a year after it has reached mature size and after the rainy season; that is, in most part of the Philippines, after November. If cut during the rainy season the culms are full of sap, which soon attracts small beetles in great numbers and these rapidly destroy the bamboo. In practice, newly cut bamboo is often kept in water for several weeks in order that the sap, or at least the sugar and starch contents of the sap, may be eliminated. Filipino bamboo carpenters say that when flies gather around the newly worked bamboo, it is a sign that this bamboo is not durable. The flies, of course, are attracted by the sugar in the bamboo. Owing to the wide distribution of bamboo and the ease with which it is worked without any special implements, it offers a promising field for the development of local household in- dustries for the manufacture of various useful and ornamental articles. If this industry were developed, no doubt considerable export trade could be secured. Key to the genera of Philippine bamboos. 1. Climbing. 2. Flowers in widely scattered, dense, globose heads; rare, known GMlytEon Wind O08... 2 ae es Cephalostachyum. 2. Flowers not in widely scattered, dense, globose heads. JO pieletsa.viery small ovate 22.22 eee ee Dinochloa. 3. Spikelets elongated, linear or linear-lanceolate. Schizostachyum. 1. Erect. 2. Two and a half meters in height or less, cnly on high mountains, PUVA Chngeetenmaiens tenten et tu RENEE Rc EW eae Fe a ee ea oe Arundinaria. 2. Clumps one to three meters in height, leaves small and whitish, cultivated only ss sis 2 ee Ae ee ee, Bambusa glaucescens. 2. More than 3 meters in height. 3. Base of clump protected with long interlaced spiny branches. Bambusa spinosa. 3. Base of clump not protected with long spiny branches. 4. Culms thin walled; mostly small or medium sized bamboos. 5. Keels of palea broadly winged; rare, known only LOM eE VOLT ATA Ou ss ete rae Pee eaten CNY arene Guadua. He alea not, wineed. = Ne ke. Schizostachyum. 4, Culms thick walled; mostly large bamboos. 5. Pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. GM laments) frees fos. 23s. ee ee ee Bambusa. 6. Filaments connate in a thin tube.... Gigantochloa. 5. Pericarp fleshy or crustaceous, separable from the SECC eam serra eA ee Nit te ieee Dendrocalamus. 12 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES Genus ARUNDINARIA Michaux ARUNDINARIA NIITAKAYAMENSIS Hayata. Urtop. Among the Igorots, this bamboo is known as utod. It is the only representative of the genus found in the Philippines. This species was originally described from the mountains of Formosa, and is known only from Formosa and the mountains of Luzon. It is locally very abundant, forming dense thickets, at altitudes from 2,100 to 2,600 meters in the Mountain Province, Luzon. This bamboo reaches a height of 2.5 meters, but in unfavorable habitats is frequently only a few centimeters in height. Its maximum diameter is about 1 centimeter. Its only recorded use in the Philippines is for pipestems. A flowering specimen is shown in Plate II. Genus BAMBUSA Schreber 1. Culms unarmed. 2. Small shrubby species 2 to 3 meters high with glaucous leaves. B. glaucescens. 2. Coarse species of tree size. 3. lLeaf-sheaths with rounded auricles —* 2-2 B. vulgaris. 3. Leaf-sheaths with hornlike, erect processes. 4. Leaves large; spikelets glabrous; keels of the palea not prominently (ciliate: 222) eee B. cornuta. 4. Leaves small; spikelets densely hirsute; keels of the palea prominently 7ciliate-= 4) 8 Pees ae B. merrillu. i FeCu lms ssp yess ss. ers ee ao ee ee ee B. spinosa. The genus Lambusa is represented by five species, of which at least three appear to have been purposely introduced. It includes the most valuable single species of the entire group in the Philippines. With one exception, all of the species have large, tall culms. BAMBUSA CORNUTA Munro. LopPa. Common name: lopa (Isinai). Rare in the forests of Nueva Vizcaya and Benguet, known also from Java. An erect bamboo reaching a height of 7 to 8 meters, and a culm diameter of 3 to 3.5 centimeters, with inter- nodes 40 to 45 centimeters long. It is characterized by promi- nent horns at the tip of the leaf sheath. A flowering specimen is shown in Plate III. BAMBUSA GLAUCESCENS Sieb. KAWAYAN-CHINA. Common names: kawayan-china, kawayan-sina (Tagalog). Kawayan-china is a native of China or Japan and occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced and cultivated plant. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES 13 The clumps are usually from 1 to 3 meters in height, the culms up to 2 centimeters in diameter. The culms may be 5 meters in length but when long are usually much bent. The leaves are from 3 to 10 centimeters long and whitish in appearance. This species is planted for ornamental purposes and in some parts of Manila is used as a hedge plant. The stems are used for fishing rods. BAMBUSA MERRILLII Gamble. This species is known only from collections from the Caraballo Sur mountain ranges in Nueva Vizcaya, where it grows in forests at an altitude of about 600 meters. It is an erect straggling species about 18 meters in height. See Plate IV. BAMBUSA SPINOSA Roxb. (B. blumeana Schultes f.). SPINY BAMBOO. Common names: dugian, kabugadwan, marurigi, rugian (Bikol); ka- wayan, kawayan totoo (2. e. true bamboo), kawayan tinik (Tagalog) ; aon-o, batakan, paua, kawayan-gid (Bisaya); kawdyan si-itan (lloko) ; bayog (Zambales); lam-nuan (Isinai); baugin (Pampanga); pasingan (Cagayan); cana espina (Spanish). This bamboo is the one te which the name kawayan is most frequently applied. It is found throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, and is apparently always planted, there being no valid reason for considering it a native of the Archipelago. This bamboo was apparently pur- posely introduced at an early date. Spiny bamboo, as well as the other large, probably introduced species, has been cultivated quite extensively in clearings which have since been abandoned, so that considerable areas are now covered by virtual forests of this species. Spiny bamboo offers considerable possibilities as a valuable reforestation crop. Spiny bamboo reaches a height of about 25 meters and a culm diameter of 20 centimeters. The internodes are usually hollow, and from 40 to 60 centimeters in length. The culms have thick walls, becoming progressively thicker toward the lower part of the culm. It occasionally happens that the lower internodes are so thick walled that they become almost or quite solid. The stem contains a large amount of silica and sometimes an internode is completely filled with a hard white siliceous mass, which damages any instrument use in cutting it. This bamboo is rarely found in flower and the interval between flowering periods is not known. It is by far the most commonly used bamboo in the Philippines, being prized above all others by the Filipinos for building purposes on account of its great strength and durability. It is distinguished from all other spe- 14 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS cies of Philippine bamboos by the fact that it grows in large clumps, the basal portions of which are surrounded to a height of from 2 to 3 meters by a densely interlaced thicket of very spiny branches, which make access to the culms exceedingly difficult. The function of these spiny branches, apparently, is to protect the delicate young shoots from herbivorous animals. This species is illustrated in Plates V to VII. The splints from green stems of this species are used exten- sively in the manufacture of baskets and hats, it being the most valuable species for hatmaking. It also has some com- mercial possibilities for paper pulp. The basal portions of the culms have been used as heads for polo mallets and for shuttles on hand looms. Distributed in southern China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, and Malay Archipelago. BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. KAWAYAN-KILING. Common names: kawayan-kiling, kawayan bayugin, kawayan hobéro, taiwandk, tewanak (Tagalog); bulinau, burirau, linas, sinambdang (Bi- saya); kaboloan (Bikol). This is a clump-forming spineless bamboo, which reaches a height of about 17 meters or more and a diameter of about 12 centimeters. The stems are smooth, usually yellowish or yel- lowish-green. It is usually smaller than Bambusa spinosa and has thinner walls. This species is illustrated in Plates VIII ton Kawayan-kiling is one of the building bamboos and is gen- erally utilized in the regions where it grows for the various purposes, such as house construction, bridges, furniture, for which the coarse erect bamboos are adapted. It is much inferior to Bambusa spinosa. Like the spiny bamboo, it is probably not a native of the Philippines, but was purposely introduced in prehistoric times on account of its general utility. The variety striata Gamble is occasionally cultivated in Manila and in other large towns for ornamental purposes; it is readily distinguished by its culms being bright yellow with a few green stripes. This form is a native of China or Japan, but is now widely distributed in cultivation. The native country of Bambusa vulgaris is so far unknown; it is cultivated and half wild in Asia, Africa, and America. Genus CEPHALOSTACHYUM Munro CEPHALOSTACHYUM MINDORENSE Gamble. BAKTO. This species is rare and known only from Mindoro. It is a climbing species well characterized by having its flowers in DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES 15 dense globose, widely scattered heads the larger of which are about 2 centimeters in diameter. See Plate XI. Genus DENDROCALAMUS Nees Spikelets, larse; leaves large: 220-2... £ct5 oh cee eet D. latiflorus. Spikelets medium-sized: leaves~lomg........---2- esc. erect D. curranii. SUPE ISSA st 0 er UES ee eee ape eee area Fears ee es eae D. merrillianus. This genus of large erect bamboos is represented by three species. It is economically unimportant and none of the species are especially abundant. DENDROCALAMUS CURRANII Gamble. A rare species known only from Sampaloc, Tayabas, and the Island of Polillo off the coast of Luzon, and possibly not distinct from Gigantochloa levis, DENDROCALAMUS LATIFLORUS Munro. Boron. Common names: boténg, bolong-sina (Bikol, Bisaya); butwn (Bisaya) ; kaboloan, patong (Bikol) ; kawayan-sina (Tagalog). This is a tall, tufted, spineless bamboo apparently of general distribution in the central Philippines. It is frequently utilized for building purposes, but is not considered to be good material for basketry. DENDROCALAMUS MERRILLIANUS Elm. BAYOG. Common names: baydg (Ilocos); kawdyan-bayog (Pangasinan). This bamboo is apparently widely distributed in the Philip- pines. It is a tall graceful bamboo with slender stalks forming large clumps. The culms have very thick walls and prominent nodes. They are used for vehicle shafts and for other purposes where great strength is desired. The green culms of this bamboo are split and made into ropes, used particularly for hauling logs. A flowering specimen is shown in Plate XII. Genus DINOCHLOA Buse 1. Woody. 2. Leaves broad. 3. Lodicules absent; caryopsis globose; floral rachis glabrous. D. scandens. 3. Lodicules present; caryopsis oblong; floral rachis pubescent. D. pubiramea. 2. Leaves narrow; no lodicules, 3. Culms smooth; caryopsis globose.................... eee ceria D. ciliata. os. Culms-rough,; .caryopsis, oblong: D. luconiae. 1. Herbaceous, or woody only at the base; lodicules present........ D. elmeri. The genus Dinochloa is represented in the Philippines by five species. With one exception our representatives are all scandent, thick-walled, sylvan forms and are locally very abundant, form- ing almost impenetrable thickets under favorable conditions. 169091 2 16 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS No special economic uses are indicated for any of the forms, yet like all bamboos they are more or less utilized by the Fili- pinos for general purposes. They should be adapted to the same special uses as the thick-walled scandent species of Schizos- tachyum. The most common species is Dinochloa scandens, zigzag bamboo, (Plate XVIII) which is abundant and widely distributed in the central and southern Philippines; it is charac- terized by its very broad leaves and is variously known as baia in Palawan, bokaue in Balabac, bukau in Basilan, usiu, timak, and bolokaui in Mindoro. Most of these names are also used for the scandent species of Schizostachyum. Dinochloa luconiae (Plate XVI) is very similar in general character to Dinochloa scandens, but has much narrower leaves, which is also true of Dinochloa ciliata (Plate XIV). Dinochloa luconiae is known as baito (Tagalog) and esu (Iloko). D. pubiramea (Plate XVII) is a broad leaved species similar to D. scandens and distinguished chiefly by having the branches of the in- florescence pubescent. Its local names are kandy (Bis.) and bukao (Moro). WDinochloa elmeri (Plate XV) is a dwarfed, half woody form growing in the mossy forest at the summits of high mountains. Genus GIGANTOCHLOA Kurz GIGANTOCHLOA LEVIS (Blanco) Merr. Bouo. Common names: kawdyan-b0o0, kawayan-sina, kawdyan-puti, bohd (Ta- galog) ; boko, bolo, botong (Bisaya). Gigantochloa levis is a stout bamboo reaching a height of 20 meters or more and a culm diameter of 20 centimeters. Its culms are very straight and smooth, dull green, covered with siliceous pubescence, and entirely unarmed. It is found in and about towns in the settled areas of the Philippines, and also in the forests. The stems are used as pipes for temporary water supplies, as they are usually long and straight, and for building fish traps. They are, apparently, rarely employed in building operations, except for walls of houses, perhaps because they are not especially durable. A flowering specimen is shown in Plate XIX. The Philippine specimens referred to Gigantochloa robusta . Kurz and Gigantochloa atter Kurz are not considered by Mr. E. D. Merrill to be specifically distinct from G. levis. Genus GUADUA Kunth GUADUA PHILIPPINENSIS Gamble. This is a rare species known only from a single collection from Mindoro. The nodes are reported to be about 75 centimeters DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES ee long and 2.5 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The culms are thin- walled and 4 to 6 meters in height. A cotype specimen is shown in Plate XX. Genus SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees 1. Climbing. 2. Flowers in long panicles, usually from flower-bearing culms or auxillary on leafy ones. 3. Leaves usually broad, rounded at the base, mouth of leaf sheaths and ligules long-bristly-ciliate, A-popikelets; elabrouse 2.20 4.0 cle ee ae S. diffusum. 4. Spikelets densely pubescent.................0000002022220022... S. fenixii. 3. Leaves usually narrow attenuate at the base, mouth of leaf sheaths and ligules not or only slightly bristly. 4. Spikelets very sharply pointed; apicules of anthers Shonth ysl suite: fro) ta 9) ey S. dielsianum. 4. Spikelets acute only; apicules of anthers very long bristly. S. palawanense. 2. Flowers in short, terminal spikes up to 10 centimeters long; leaves NCTE Vee TOW is sat ied as aR tart «sce He ms We eI S. textorium. 1. Erect. 2. Spikelets sharply pointed, not in rounded capitula. S. longispiculatum. 2. Spikelets sharply pointed, usually in rounded capitula; no lodicules. 3. Spikelets glabrous outside. 4. Internodes about a meter or more in length or longer. S. lima. Ar lmternodess.ShoOkterey 6. ees ie iene eee S. brachycladum. 3. Spikelets more or less pubescent outside; anthers obtuse. 4. Spikelets densely white-hairy, both on the empty and on the flowering glumes; leaves 1 centimeter broad. S. hirtiflorum. 4. Spikelets shortly white-hairy only on the flowering glume; leaves over 1.5 centimeters broad................ S. lumampao. 2. Spikelets hardly sharp-pointed, obtuse or acute, usually in long panicles; lodicules usually present...............................- S. luzonicum. The genus Schizostachyum is extensively developed in the Phil- ippines. Among the bamboos it has by far the largest number of species, and presents several of the most common and widely distributed bamboos in the Archipelago. All of the species are indigenous, and none of them are cultivated. The genus contains both erect, thin-walled species, and scandent thick-walled ones, several of which are used for special purposes. None of the species are of large size. Most of them are sylvan or subsylvan and usually do not occur in the open settled areas. Several of them are gregarious and in some provinces occupy rather large areas of land to the practical exclusion of other vegetation. SCHIZOSTACHYUM BRACHYCLADUM Kurz. Common names: bohé (Isinai and Mindanao) ; bagdkai (Leyte) ; bagakan (Palawan). 18 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS . This is an erect bamboo about 10 meters in height and up to 5 centimeters in diameter. A gregarious species abundant in Palawan and Culion on dry open slopes. Reported from Nueva Vizcaya, Leyte, Butuan, and Palawan. A flowering spec- imen is shown in Plate XXI. | SCHIZOSTACHYUM DIFFUSUM (Blanco) Merr. - BEKAL. Common names: bikal (Tagalog, Iloko, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Caga- yan); usiu (Tagalog); baliaro, balikau, bongbong, lo-ob (Bisaya) ; hindi, indi, inrt (Bikol) ; butor (Isinai) ; babui (Bikol). Bikal is widely distributed in the forests of the Philippines and is endemic. It is characterized not only by its habit, but also by its very thick walls. Sometimes the lumen is almost entirely wanting, especially in the lower parts of the stem. The plant is well known to all Filipino woodsmen as a source of drinking water, as water of good quality can be secured from the internodes. In some parts of the Philippines this bamboo is extensively used in making baskets, while it is now beginning to attract attention for the purpose of making chairs, for which it is adapted on account of its thick stout walls. A flowering specimen is shown in Plate XXIV. The very closely allied Schizostachyum dielsianum, bikal-babui, (Plate X XII) has the same names, distribution, and uses as S. diffusum, and is distinguished only by minor characters. SCHIZOSTACHYUM LIMA (Blanco) Merr. ANOS. Common name: anos (Tagalog). This endemic, erect, thin-walled bamboo is distinguished among all the Philippine forms by its long internodes, which are usually about one meter in length. It is sometimes called bolo and bagakai by confusion with Schizostachyum lumampao. It is used by the Filipinos for making blow guns, while the cortex is hard and rough and can be used for polishing brass. It is also used for the various purposes for which all thin-walled bamboos are utilized, and after boiling, even for weaving fans, cushions, and hats; broad splints prepared from it are used in making the broad shallow baskets used for winnowing rice. Widely distributed in the Philippines. A flowering specimen is Shown in Plate XX VII. SCHIZOSTACHYUM LUMAMPAO (Blanco) Merr. BUHO or CANA-BOJO. Common names: cana-bojo (Spanish-Filipino) ; bdlo, boho, lumampdau, bokdui, kaudyan-songsong (Tagalog); bagdkan, bagdkai (Bisaya); biulu, bolo (Bisaya, Iloko); ords (Bikol). This species is endemic and widely scattered in the Philippines. It is a thin-walled, erect, gregarious bamboo usually reaching DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES 19 a height of about 10 meters, and often nearly exclusively occupy- ing considerable areas. Forester Medina has surveyed two tracts of this bamboo in Bataan Province, one containing 1,200 hectares, of which 800 hectares have a dense stand; the second containing 650 hectares, of which more than 40 per cent is covered with Schizostachyum lumampao. There are also very extensive areas in other parts of Bataan, in Zambales, and in the Cagayan Valley. Fifteen small plots of Schizostachyum lu- mampao have been measured in Bataan Province back of the town of Limay. These plots aggregated 3.5 hectares and covered stands at widely separated intervals. The surveys showed an average of 8,983 canes per hectare. One of the surveys of one quarter of a hectare indicated a stand of 19,162 canes per hectare. This thin-walled bamboo is the species chiefly utilized in mak- ‘ing the building matting known as sawale. It is also used for making baskets, fences, fish corrals, fish poles, flutes, and for many other purposes. Buho has been thoroughly investigated by Richmond as a paper-making material, and it is probably the one species of Philippine bamboo that, without extensive cultivation, promises commercial possibilities for this purpose. This point will be discussed in a bulletin on paper. Observations on its rate of growth are given later. This species is illustrated in Plate I (frontispiece) and Plates XXVIII and XXIX. SCHIZOSTACHYUM TEXTORIUM (Blanco) Merr. KALBANG. Common name: kalbdang (Tagalog). This is an erect bamboo with small leaves, which is locally abundant in the Provinces of Batangas and Rizal, Luzon. The stems are used in the manufacture of looms, as they are very straight and smooth. A flowering specimen is shown in Plate ee El, z Among the other Philippine representatives of the genus are Schizostachyum palawanense (Plate XX XI), a scandent species known from Palawan and Laguna; S. hirtiflorwm (Plate XXVI), a widely distributed species closely allied to and with the same growth form as S. lumampao; S. toppingi (Plate XX XIII), erect or subscandent, reported from Laguna, Rizal, and Mindoro; S. curranu (Plate XXIII), scandent, a species of higher altitudes in northern Luzon; S. luzonicum (Plate XXX), known only from Zambales; and S. fenixi (Plate XXV), reported from Abra, Cagayan, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, and Panay, known as paua in Iloilo, and puser in Abra, Luzon, and there utilized in the manu- facture of baskets. 20 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS PLANTING OF BAMBOO Until very recently almost no reliable information concerning the rates of growth of planted Philippine bamboo was available. For this reason, Mr. H. M. Curran and Dr. F. W. Foxworthy in 1912 started a bamboo plantation at the Division of Investiga- tion of the Bureau of Forestry at Los Banos, Laguna, the direc- tion of the planting being intrusted to Rangers de Mesa and Villamil. This plantation was started on a rather dry hill on steep slopes, covered with a mixture of tall grass and small second-growth trees. The material selected for planting was from shoots 1 to 2 years old or older from poorly grown plants which were overtopped and not well supplied with light, and from upper twigs. A few butts were also used. The length of cuttings was from 60 centimeters to 2 meters. The cuttings were collected 3 to 36 hours before planting, and were laid in water at the edge of a stream whenever it was not possible to plant immediately. During the time that this work was done the weather was very rainy and so there was less than the usual amount of drying out. The planting was done between August 29 and October 10, 1912. The implements employed were mat- tocks and heavy pointed sticks, the mattocks being used only when rocky soil was encountered or when very large pieces were to be planted. In all there were planted 1,015 cuttings of Bambusa spinosa, 145 of Bambusa vulgaris, and 105 of Gigan- tochloa levis. The area of the plantation was 2.2 hectares. More than half of the area was covered with a dense tangle of small trees and climbing bamboo. All of the small brush and climbing bamboo was cut, but some of the larger trees were left to shade the young plants. Where the bamboo was shaded it has done better than it has in the open. This may perhaps be due to the fact that the planting was done toward the end of the rainy season so that the young shoots were exposed to dryer conditions than they would have been if planted earlier. On January 10, 1914, the living bamboos were counted; these included 349 individuals of Bambusa spinosa or 34 per cent of the original number planted, 46 of B. vulgaris or 32 per cent, and 6 of Gigantochloa levis or 6 per cent. This low percentage of success was probably due in part to several avoidable causes. The planting was done toward the close of the rainy season, so that young plants did not have as favorable moisture condi- tions as they would have had if planted earlier. Again the methods of planting, as previously described, were not favorable, while some of the young plants are known to have been destroyed by cattle; moreover, the selection of material was poor, and the DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES joa) | site unfavorable. The best material for planting is from stumps, which, though harder to prepare, will probably be cheapest in the long run. Small twigs are much harder to handle than larger pieces. The cutting should be planted oblique to the ground. Planting material should be taken from full size shoots which are not fully mature. Subsequent careful planting of small numbers of these same bamboos in the early part of the rainy season gave 100 per cent success. During the year 1914, blanks in the plantation were filled. Ramboo cuttings, at first, send up thin whiplike shoots and it is only after a considerable period that regular culms are produced. The number and size of these culms increases yearly until mature size is reached. In Table 1, from a report by Ranger Oro, is given a summary of the height of the culms in December, 1915; from this table, it will be seen that in three years some of the culms had reached a height of from 8 to 9 meters, but that most of them were much smaller than this. TABLE 1.—Heights of bamboo clumps at Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, P. I., December, 1915, three years after planting. [The figures in the table give the number of clumps. ] | Height in meters. Species. | | Sigua | ! IOS aa ta ¥ Asia gunn atl fen ea ies eae ae a a [Se (messi ale 8 a3 | | | Basibusa spinosa o 05.25) ee te 85.) 591) 6b) |) 27 Gn), 13a) 100510 | Bambusa vulgaris ____________ 5 Ee ee ee ny | We | 12 6 3 Laer ae | | | Gre amcocnloalleviss.ss pee eed re ae ee ah Eth pt 7 | a eae | 1 | 2 | In Table 2, also from a report by Ranger Oro, is given a summary of the height of the clumps and the diameter of the canes in October, 1917. It will be seen that, five years after the original planting, most of the culms were still small, but 26 clumps of Bambusa spinosa, one of B. vulgaris and one of Gigantochloa levis were between 13 and 15 meters in height and seven of Bambusa spinosa over 15 meters in height. Bam- busa spinosa had produced 80 culms, 7 centimeters in diameter; 71, 8 centimeters; 29, 9 centimeters; and 17, 10 centimeters in diameter; while Gigantochloa levis had produced 3 culms, 11 centimeters in diameter. The culms of Bambusa vulgaris were smaller, the largest being 8 centimeters in diameter. These figures show that in five years, the planted bamboo had produced some usable culms; and, judging from the difference in the 22 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS size of the bamboo in 1915 and 1917, it may be predicted that a considerable number of usable canes would be produced in another two years. TABLE 2.—Heights of bamboo clumps and diameters of canes at Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, P. I., October, 1917, five years after planting. [Figures represent number of clumps. ] Height of clumps in meters, October, 1917. Species. | | | Less | 4_ e 2 vw i 2 ie pane 1.| EBS | poy, ete I) Ves i Oat, 11-13. | 13>15)|\ W5=17%% | Bambusa spinosa.____________-_. | 2 | 26 24 32 53 55 | 44 26 | Bambusa vulgaris_.__.-_______| Ti a3 8 5 7 5 | 7 i Gigantochloatleyvish.= eee). see eee eee | il 1 14 3 | 1 [Figures represent number of canes. ] | Diameter of canes in centimeters, . October, 1917. Species. = = 5 | Less chan 5 5 6 ie 8 9. | 10 11 Bambusa spinosa__.-..---..._..--------------------| 994 | 150'| 97 |), 80: h7a)|t/29)) ic ee HS DIMOU S aay asl See ee | 153 nal 10 5 y. We erp ia ee eS ee, Gizantochloaileviste se ee eee ee 33 MOE | te 3 4 2 2 3 | In Table 3 is given a summary of the number of cuttings planted in 1912 and the condition of the plantation at subsequent dates. TABLE 3.—Summary of bamboo cuttings planted at Division of Investiga- tion, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, P. I., in 1912, and condition of plantation at subsequent dates. Species. | Summary. | ne a Gienne | “spinosa. | vulgaris. | *ehloa. Number of cuttings planted in 1912____________________- Se See oe 1, 015 145 105 (Number of. clumps.alive, January 10/1914 "=" 2 =e | 349 46 6 | Per cent of original planting alive, January 10, 1914_______________- 34. 38 81.72 5.71 INumberof clumps. Decemiber, 1915 yaa ee eee 285 47 a Total number of canes, December, 1915_________---_--__------------ 628 98 30 WeAveraceiheirht. December 19] saan e see. a eee ee 3.01 2.81 5.57 INumberjotclumps> Octobers 191. sees sn eee 269 40 7 Totalinumberiot canes) October) 191% 222222 2 ae ee eee 1, 440 183 66 Average number of canes per clump, October, 1917 _____-__--___---- 5. 04 4.56 9. 40 | Greatest diameter of canes in centimeters, October, 1917___-------- 10 8 11 fe Greatest heichtinjimeters; October, 1817/2 = 222s. ee 16. 87 13.11 13.14 Averacenerzhtiini October O17, eae ee 8.51 6. 87 10. 40 PLANTING OF BAMBOO 23 The area planted was 22,000 square meters. The time em- ployed in selecting cuttings was 200 hours, in clearing 207 hours, and in planting 140 hours, making a total of 547 hours. Assuming labor at 10 centavos per hour, the cost of planting would be 25 pesos per hectare, planting being at intervals of 2 to 3 meters. During the first four years the plantation was cleaned twice a year, which included the cutting back of vines and felling and pruning of trees. This was done at a cost of about 10 pesos per hectare, per year, with labor at 10 centavos per hour. A second bamboo plantation was started by Dr. F. W. Fox- worthy at the Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, at Los Banos, during June, 1917. This plantation covered 2 hec- tares and was planted with a single species, Bambusa spinosa. The planting was done in the months of June and July during the early part of the rainy season. The ground was covered largely with small trees and climbing bamboos, there being very little grass. The climbing bamboos were cut, but the trees left standing. The planting was done with stump and stem cuttings. The stump cuttings used had roots and were about a third of a meter in length. They were planted either in a slanting position or erect. A stem cutting consisted of a segment with a node at either end. A slit was made in the internode, and then the whole segment buried in the ground, except that the slit was left uncovered to permit water being poured into the internode. In all there were planted 225 stump cuttings and 800 stem cuttings. All of the living shoots were counted and measured during December, 1917, and again at the end of June, 1918, when the plants were about a year old. The results of the measurements are given in Table 4. An examination of Table 4 shows that at the end of the year 59 per cent of the stump cuttings and 40 per cent of the stem cuttings were alive. A comparison of these figures with those given in Table 3 indicates a greater per- centage of success in the second than in the first plantation. TABLE 4.—Record of plantation of Bambusa spinosa at Division of Inves- tigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Philippine Islands. Renee | December, 1917. June, 1918. | of cut- ee se tings | planted i : Height, | Percent- Height, | Percent- Tie pe centi- | age liv- Number centi- | age liv- 1917. 8- | meters. ing. & | meters. ing. Stump cuttings__________ | 225 198 150 | 88 | 133 260 59.1 | Stem cuttings____________ | 800 | 560 | 150 70 320 210 40. 0 | 2A PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS There is, however, reason to believe that much better results than those recorded in Table 4 could be obtained as the dry season of 1918 was unusually severe and the plants were not irrigated. It will be noticed that there was a high percentage of mortality between December, 1917, and June, 1918. Moreover, many of the plants were probably subjected to too much shade, as they were freed from vines only once during the year and in general those plants which survived received more light than those which died. The total cost of selecting, transporting, and planting the cut- tings were 72.82 pesos per thousand. This cost was considerably more than in the case of the 1912 plantation, which is accounted for by the greater care used in the selection of cuttings for the second than the first plantation. The superior cuttings used in 1917, however, gave much better results than the poorer ones employed in 1912. It appears from the data derived from the planting at Los Banos that the commercial planting of bamboo on a large scale would be very profitable and that bamboo should be a valuable reforestation crop. A number of bamboos, other than those here considered, have been propagated from hard-wood cuttings at the Division of Investigation of the Bureau of Forestry at Los Banos, and it is probable that all or most Philippine bamboos can be thus re- produced. GROWTH OF MATURE CLUMPS Actual measurements of growth of canes in mature clumps are available for only three species, Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa vulgaris, and Gigantochloa levis. A clump of Bambusa spinosa sends up yearly a number of shoots, the number in some cases being as large as 130. In clumps from which the mature canes are harvested, the number of new shoots may exceed the num- ber left in the clump when the new culms are produced. A considerable proportion of the young shoots die before reaching maturity, many of them while still quite small. In Table 5 are given observations on the number of shoots produced by 8 clumps of Bambusa spinosa. The greatest number of canes produced by any clump recorded in Table 5 is 128; these grew from a clump having 49 mature canes. However, only 24, or 19 per cent of the 128 canes, reached maturity. The average of all the canes produced, by the 8 clumps, which reached maturity is 28.5 per cent. In all, the number of mature canes produced is 46.5 per cent of the total mature canes originally in the clumps. GROWTH OF MATURE CLUMPS 25 TABLE 5.—Number of shoots produced and yield of mature living canes from 8 clumps of Bambusa spinosa at Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Data from report by Ranger Oro. | | New shoots. Total | number pomcent, Percent- of mature, Total Total Total ae age yield.) canes. | number | number | number me | lof shoots.| of dead. | of living. 39 78 58 20 2050 51 24 29 24 5 Ys) | 21 18 20 10 10 | BOM en 55a 21 30 22 8 26.5 | 38 8 12 9 3 25 SD | 13 34 25 9 26.5 69 | 31 35 19 16 45.5 | 51.5 49 128 104 24 19 49 Average: ose eae ental 28.5| 46.5 Observations were also made on 5 clumps of Bambusa vulgaris. The results are given in Table 6. Thirty-eight per cent of the young shoots reached maturity, which is 6 per cent of the original number in the clump. Bambusa vulgaris produced fewer canes than Bambusa spinosa, but showed the same general phenomena which have just been described for Bambusa spinosa. TABLE 6.—Number of shoots produced and yield of mature living canes from 5 clumps of Bambusa vulgaris at Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Data from report by Ranger Oro. | | New shoots. Total | | pimber, ~~ Percent | percent ofmature Total Total Total | ing, 28¢ yield. | canes. | number | number | number | of shoots. of dead. of living. poe ee aah | oe Bee ee SEL 48 48 | 34 14 29 29 | 9 | 24 13 11 | 46 122 30 | 39 | 3 9 | 23 30 22 20 | 12 3 40 36 44 | 52 | 25 27 52 61 Mv Craver 2.5 Soe see ee eee 38 | 56 Gigantochloa levis also produces a very large number of new shoots, many of which fail to mature. Records obtained from 5 clumps of Gigantochloa levis are given in Table 7. It will be seen from this table that 31 per cent of the new shoots reached maturity while the yield of the new culms is 54 per cent of the number originally in the clump. 26 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS TABLE 7.—Number of shoots produced and yield of mature living canes from 5 clumps of Gigantochloa levis at Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Data from report by Ranger Oro. New shoots. Total 2: number | Per- Per- of Total Total | Total centage | centage | mature | number | number | number | living. yield. canes. of of of shoots. | dead. living. ee: eyed lee = : 22 | 36 | 25 | 11 31 50 | 16 39 | 27 | 12 31 15 12 | 26 | 19 7 27 58.5 10 | 14 | 10 | 4 28 40 60 72 45 27 37.5 45 AVeG@TaAG es = Joes ee eee ee 31 | 54 The death of the young shoots is due to various causes; some of them are attacked by insects or rats; others are broken by the wind; while still others die without any very apparent reason, but probably because under the existing conditions more shoots are produced than can be matured by the clump. This may be due to scarcity of food, water or other causes, but con- cerning this point we have no information. The culms of Bambusa spinosa and Bambusa vulgaris start to grow during the latter part of the dry season, but make very slow growth until the rainy season. Gigantochloa levis starts to grow about the beginning of the rainy season. The period of rapid growth is in the latter part of the rainy season. Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa vulgaris, and Gigantochloa levis reach about full height in approximately five months. This means that for this period there is an average daily growth in large culms of Bambusa spinosa of about 17 centimeters, in Bambusa vulgaris of about 13 centimeters, and in Gigantochloa levis of 13 centimeters. Beginning with 1912 and extending up to the present time, measurements of the rate of growth of bamboos have been taken by the Division of Investigation of the Bureau of Forestry at Los Bafios, Laguna, by means of a measured stick. The most extensive series of measurements of large culms were made by Ranger Oro in 1915. From this series we have selected for presentation in the following tables all shoots of Bambusa spinosa which reached a height of more than 20 meters, and of Bambusa vulgaris and Gigantochloa levis which reached a height of more than 12 meters. This selection has been made so as to repre- sent the growth of only large commercial culms. In Table 8 are given the measurements of the rates of growth of Bambusa spinosa. The first measurement was taken on June GROWTH OF MATURE CLUMPS 21 5, 1915, while a considerable proportion of the canes were not measured until after this date. The height at the time of the first measurement is given in the first row of figures in the table. Each column shows the growth figures for a single culm during successive weeks, the first space in each column being for the week ending June 12. When measurements were not started until later than June 5, the first measurement of growth is recorded lower in the column, the number of blanks appearing before the first measurement of growth indicating the number of weeks after June 5 that the first measurement was taken. It will be seen that, as is usual in the growth of plant parts, the rate is at first slow and gradually increases until it reaches a maximum, after which it decreases as the culms assume mature size. The most rapid growth usually occurs nearer the end than the beginning of the growth period and takes place in the latter part of the rainy season. Three of the shoots showed a weekly growth in excess of 3 meters; the fastest rate was 3.17 meters, or an average of 45 centimeters a day for a week. TABLE 8.—Growth of culms of Bambusa spinosa, at Division of Investiga- tion, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Data from report by Ranger Oro. Height in meters at first measurement. 24 .16 06 | 10 | u 40 | ey | | | Growth in meters during successive weeks. 04 . 08 | 09 | (U0 [aire nail S08 ieee cllet at uae | 13 | 09 | 16 | SOD aa ger Reeomuee | 56 AD Pee tut otha a | .13 09 | . 20 . 08 2H || arene a . 84 Rate i ee dey ey, | 48 | 16 | 7A | 04 50 abe 1.19 ST es Ta eee as 73 It . 82 .04 59 | . 00 Pall S| 45 | .29 95 43; 1.85 oe ere 03 DOZN (e Wele SONG Sal s24 | enon |e Meee S85 1.43 . 83. -| 1 15 | 1.28 | 100 2.48 | 122 ihaat oly lees 1.57 | 1.10 2. 32 81 | 1.68 | 54 | 2.45 | 168 | 1520 List 1.56 1.41 | 2.19 72 | 1.65 | .89 1. 88 | js Ce ee mae aaa nC 1.34 | 1.29 | 2.97 | . 86 | 1.76 | 91 1.99 2596) |e 20402276 1.22 | 1.49 | 1.33 1.15 | 1.26 | 1.56 | 2.92 | 2. 40 16812833 137 137) 94 1.20 | 1.75 | 1.63 1.84 1.339] 9° 2068 2702) 1.48 | 1.78 | 1.02 1.09 | 1.91 2.44 1.63 2.88 | Sa | 1.56 | 1.89 1.10 retire | 1. 96 22 1.84 2.42) 2.62] 1.60 | 1.60 2.10) 2.15 | 2.59 | 1.85 | 2. 18 | 152i 2. 30 1.75 1.40 | 2. 85 2.75 | 1. 65 | 2.93 | 2.34 NTO) a esate lls RR al nal 1. 66 2.44 | 2. 33 | 2. 02 3.05 | 1.54 DOD is | eee ig We a a 1.05 1.57 1.53 1.94 | 1.26 2. 88 15 DBAS I eV yoo Ss barat Me a 94 1.15 5 aes 27 8 ee ee AeA Re Wi del nS. LG ANS BE phate nae .68 58 baie Peso ee Mpinener 8 ae ee TOS st Se os Sead ee ae rnd PR ee |e cies a evi? = ! = —— ! | Total height. | | | | | | ai acap = helene | 23. 36 24.00| 24.41! 21.10 | 24. 04 21.29) 22.31/ 28.30 22, 41 | 21.66 | 28 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS TABLE 8.—Growth of culms of Bambusa spinosa, etc.—Continued. Height in meters at first measurement. | | | a Poe al ; She] ; | | | ay 23 44 | 39 35 | 27 24 1.6 | 24 54 } uy | Growth in meters during successive weeks. : — oo c ee | 7125) SUS oe (a ees icoeuey eae | m2 20 | .08 0) ee | .16 Se | aie 22 157 205 eee | 45 19 | .16 | 14 | 56 | 56 | 70 .34 .56 44 1.00 70 | 50. . 20 98 94 | 1.04 . 92 1.01 97 1.15 99 | 285) | 45 | 111 1.29 | 1.10 95 1. 49 1.25 1.73 17225) 1.07 | 17 1873 | 1.49 1.65 1.56 1. 48 1.43 | 1.64 1.60 | 1.34 | 1.19 | 1.97 | 2.09 | 2.11 2.33 2.08 1. 92 2.09 1.00 | 1.64 | 1.28 2.35 2.06 2.51 1.79 2.13 2.26 | i 2.26 | 2.00 | 1.21 | 1.79 2.80 | 2.25 1.97 2298 2.35 2.18 | Say, 2.75 | 2. 88 | 2.18 2.86. 2.64 2.89 | 2. 20 2.38 2. 67 | 2.49 2.35 2.24 1.80 | 1.98 | 2.63 | 2.91 2.36 2.76 2. 68 | 1.95 | 3.07 | 2e3iu 2.65 | 2.33 | 2.43 2.30 2.58 2.46 2.94 | 1.85 2.61 | 2.89 | 2.94 | 12930) 1.94 1.09 1.49 1.74 1.68 1.58 2.68 | 2.03 | 2.15 | ala 1.01 |S eee 1.94 1.18 1.23 | 1. 06 | 1.47 1. 89 | 2.57 78 AS) |. eee 90 17 91 eres Mex | 96 1.43 | 1.72 |..-22..-2.|--2-2. 2-0 |e ee eee eee (eee eRe 91 | 15, |.s2sccsoke|-2. cone -s|-t ee ae Total height. Ge a aarti ee 282102! | 524201 23.79 | 22. 87 | 22. 84 22. 62 | 20. 93 | 21.98 | 22. 93 | 23.05 From the table it would appear that the period of most rapid growth of any individual culm depends rather on the height of the culm than on the season. The culms for which measurements are given in Table 8 were all large or fairly large; smaller culms show slower rates of growth, but mature in about the same length of time. In Table 9 are given measurements of the growth of culms of Bambusa vulgaris. This table is constructed in the same manner as the previous table for Bambusa spinosa. The rates of growth are slower than those for Bambusa spinosa, as might be expected from the fact that Bambusa vulgaris is a smaller bamboo. These figures show even more clearly than do those for Bambusa spinosa that the time of most rapid growth depends more on the stage of the development of the culm than on the season. GROWTH OF MATURE CLUMPS 29 TABLE 9.—Growth of culms of Bambusa vulgaris, at Division of Inves- tigation, Bureau of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Data from report by Ranger Oro. Height in meters at first measurement. -10 ae 20 14 | 928264), (0t 90, |" 1508.) tele ate10 PyeSuneda5e) | 1068) eee-934, a 1049| |” 1,40) | pe torseille 1 sauce. 27 BO 200) >. Th TOR) 2803: ae S54 ee s4a| ieee. (2803 Pstetsahe 2.00-\-. A075 exc. 1.40} 95 90| 1.49] 1.70 1 ASE (ee 2 gis en eae PISS Olek, 60 70| 1.80] 1.20 Bm St 85 |. se3'| | 98) +. 50 80) ge le85 | ede 20 | 27 1.15 | 26; |e 64, 30 30 45 78 Pai: t's ey ral Beene si a ae aro ode cam ES ie 10) Peed OR ee ee. Sy WA ed ee SO een em | | | | Total heights. | | | | 15.90 “atl 15.24 | 15.00] 13.67 | 15.0 16.20, 11.90, 12. 76 Osmaston! found that Dendrocalamus giganteus at Dehra Dun, India, began to develop new culms toward the middle of the rainy season and that these did not complete their growth until two months after the rains normally ceased. It would appear from this that all bamboos do not behave alike in respect to their season of growth. *Osmaston, B. B., Rate of Growth of Bamboos, Indian Forester, Vol. 44 (1918), page 52. 160091——-3 32 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS Ranger Mabesa has made counts of the number of shoots produced in one season on two areas of Schizostachyum lu- mampao, each area consisting of 100 square meters. The two areas together contained 340 canes and produced 35 shoots, or 10 per cent of the original number. All canes were cut from two smaller-sized plots in May, 1917, and the number of new canes counted in November, 1917. These two plots originally contained 221 canes. After the clearing they sent up a large number of shoots about the size of a lead pencil and 10 usable canes, which is only 4.5 per cent of the original number. This would indicate that it requires some years for this bamboo to regain its original density when once completely cut-over. COST OF HARVESTING AND PRICES Data on the cost of harvesting were collected during the year 1916 on the College of Agriculture farm at Los Banos, Laguna. One man was employed for a total of 91 days, during which time 1,000 canes of Bambusa spinosa were harvested, an average of 11 canes per day. The cost of labor was 80 centavos per day, making the total cost of harvesting 1,000 canes 72.80 pesos or an average per cane of 7.28 centavos. In the same locality these canes sold at 4 pesos per dozen. Bamboo sold in Manila is floated down the river from the. country behind or across Manila Bay. In Manila the present prices for canes in the river are: First-class canes, 32 pesos per hundred; second-class canes, 27 pesos per hundred; and third-class canes, from 18 to 20 pesos per hundred. The cost of floating bamboo to Manila is very small, as rafts containing large numbers of canes can be operated by a very few men. PLATE II. ARUNDINARIA NIITAKAYAMENSIS HAYATA. BAMBUSA CORNUTA MUNRO. PLATE Ill. PLATE IV. BAMBUSA MERRILLII GAMBLE. TYPE SPECIMEN. “ Pe, ou — ae x eS eed Td Oa SE Be PLATE V. BAMBUSA SPINOSA ROXB. hee ER ony ey Pr te) Les BAMBUSA SPINOSA ROXB. PLATE VI PLATE Vil. BAMBUSA SPINOSA ROXB. ear ae eT a tS bab bab had se Sad a BAMBUSA VULGARIS SCHRAD PLATE VIII PLATE IX. BAMBUSA VULGARIS SCHRAD. BAMBUSA VULGARIS SCHRAD. PLATE X. COTYPE SPECIMEN. CEPHALOSTACHYUM MINDORENSE GAMBLE. PLATE X\l Ee PLATE XIl. DENDROCALAMUS MERRILLIANUS ELM. PLATE XII]. DENDROCALAMUS MERRILLIANUS ELM. COTYPE SPECIMEN. PLATE XIV. DINOCHLOA CILIATA KURZ. PLATE XV. DINOCHLOA ELMERI GAMBLE. PLATE XVI. DINOCHLOA LUCONIAE (MUNRO) MERR. 160091——-4 DINOCHLOA PUBIRAMEA GAMBLE. TYPE SPECIMEN. PLATE XVII. DINOCHLOA SCANDENS O. KUNTZE. PLATE XVIIi. PLATE XIX. GIGANTOCHLOA LEVIS (BLANCO) MERR. PLATE XX. GUADUA PHILIPPINENSIS GAMBLE. COTYPE SPECIMEN. SCHIZOSTACHYUM BRACHYCLADUM KURZ. PLATE XxXI. PLATE XXII. SCHIZOSTACHYUM DIELSIANUM (PILGER) MERR. PLATE XxXIill. SCHIZOSTACHYUM CURRANII GAMBLE. = >) i) Ww SCHIZOSTACHYUM DIFFUSUM (BLANCO) MERR. PLATE XXIV. PLATE XXV. SCHIZOSTACHYUM FENIXI] GAMBLE. COTYPE SPECIMEN. 10cm : : : PLATE XXVI. SCHIZOSTACHYUM HIRTIFLORUM HACK. COTYPE SPECIMEN. PLATE XXVII. SCHIZOSTACHYUM LIMA (BLANCO) MERR. Ye ge ep, SCHIZOSTACHYUM LUMAMPAO (BLANCO) MERR. PLATE XXVIII. baie i Ss F ~ INTERIOR OF MATURE FOREST OF SCHIZOSTACHYUM LUMAMPAO. PLATE XXIX. COTYPE SPECIMEN. SCHIZOSTACHYUM LUZONICUM GAMBLE. PLATE XXX PLATE XXxXI. SCHIZOSTACHYUM PALAWANENSE GAMBLE. TYPE SPECIMEN. SCHIZOSTACHYUM TEXTORIUM (BLANCO) MERR. PLATE XXXIl. 160691——-5 COTYPE SPECIMEN. SCHIZOSTACHYUM TOPP!NGII GAMBLE PLATE XXxXiIll. “Balen we. Ete ‘G912)—Yolume stable eves! ee : t eS ‘Bulletin noe Brant ch te ae ai vant er be ae a Fe | ‘ be SO Z Sy HG TOM Petey tres, et arpa ri op | pris s Mute . adhe se AGT se LE ; : He ay is i / ut : BY > le Py ptt SS Th o AP ‘m Stee J ", i ae i SS a yl ill 5 Heart "2 ( | 4 fh, Oi, oem Js, cred ST aH Stuy afd. pole eta f “ rf aN 2 ase es Ai eee i fed ~“ a Kidpect’ aL, Ned SS . F j oa é o ch ot aN = iy h | ‘i oN: peat ae Pag iy UP es ee Site he vA Q oe ay at ey ES oN LAT oT, A os "Gees gee. RS oy Pro it a OME Le prt 2) ae «~ io nite ‘ah, SPF veis iri " (iat See Teer, or P ett ae ae ak a & Af Kp 4, < a a vez ie p Sek SiS RN \ é a fi Wasa ae v6 Jy We eK. jeg LMS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 4&4 OO02Sb4c0 2 nhbot SB317.B2B7X Philippine bamboos,